Report
The Biennial report of the Industrial Commission has been issued in five separate bulletins each biennial period, 1922/24 respectively as follows no. 1.…
Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.
Report
Utah. Industrial Commission
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REPORT of
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The Industrial Commission 1
Of Utah
Period
July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1920
INLAND PRINTING COMPANY Utah
State Of Utah
i
Report
The Industrial Commission
Of Utah
Members Of Commission
P. A. THATCHER, Chairman WM. M. KNERR, Commissioner W. P. MONSON, Commissioner
CAROLYN I. SMITH, Secretary
Administering
Workmen's Compensation Act
Department of Immigration, Labor and Statistics Metal Mine Inspection Coal Mine Inspection
Boiler and Elevator Inspection Labor Inspection
Factory Inspection
Firemen's Pension Law
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Report Of Industrial Commission
Members Of The Industrial Commission
Of Utah
P. A. THATCHER, Chairman
WM. M. KNERR, Commissioner
W. P. MONSON, Commissioner
Carolyn I. Smith, Secretary B. D. Nebeker, Referee J. J. Peters, Reporter
Gladys Davis, Chief Stenographer Mrs. L. King/ Statistician Edw. Jenkins, Assistant Statistician Alvera Linden, Chief File Clerk Viola Hall, Assistant File Clerk Alda Silcox, Multigraph Operator
C. A. Allen, Chief Mine Inspector John Crawford, Coal Mine Inspector
Wm. E. Harrison, Metal Mine Inspector Gerald R. Yearsley, Factory Inspector
Geo. B. Spahr, Boiler and Elevator Inspector Zina H. Smoot, Labor Inspector Viola DeHon, Stenographer
Agricultural Department
Miner M. Justin, Agricultural Statistician
Official Staff
Inspection Department
Vera Rose, Stenographer
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Report Of Industrial Commission 5
December 15, 1920.
To His Excellency, Simon Bamberger, Governor of Utah.
Sir: Pursuant to the requirements of the act of the legislature creating this department, we have the honor to submit herewith the Second Report of the Industrial Com- mission of Utah, for the period July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1920, same being the First Biennial Report of the Commis- sion and the Fifth Report of the State Bureau of Immigra- tion, Labor and Statistics, for the period 1918-20.
Respectfully submitted,
The Industrial Commission Of Utah.
P. A. Thatcher, Chairman. Wm. M. Knerr, Commissioner. W. P. Monson, Commissioner.
He Port Of Industrial Commission
Introduction
The following pages contain the Second Report, which is the First Biennial Report of the Industrial Commission of Utah; also the Fifth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, which bureau has been brought under the supervision of the Industrial Commis- sion.
In addition to reports of heads of departments, there is contained herein much detailed information on payroll expenditures of industries which come under the Workmen's Compensation Act, and the relationship which such payroll expenditures bear to industrial insurance premium rates, amount of premium paid, analytical study of compensa- tion and severity of industrial injuries, with compensation costs, including medical and surgical service.
A brief summary is given of the principal manufac- turing industrial of the state, showing:
(a) Number of establishments reporting,
(b) Capital invested in industries,
(c) Raw material used,
(d) Value of finished product,
(e) Total wages paid,
(f) Number of employes, male,
(g) Number of employes, female.
A distinctly new feature appears wherein the counties of the state are treated separately, showing the splendid development of the past and the enormous opportunities of the future in each. In a state so rich in historical data, in agricultural and mineral production, in scenic beauty, in future possibilities agriculturally, industrially and commer- cially, in climatic excellence, varying from the semi-tropical in the southern counties of the state to that which divides the year into four distinct seasons in the northern counties, such feature of this report cannot fail to arouse widespread interest.
Bulletin No. 1, containing decisions rendered in cases in dispute coming before the Industrial Commission, to- gether with a brief summary of decisions in cases ap- pealed to the Supreme Court, is published separately to avoid burdening this work with reports in which a minor fraction of the public only are interested. This supple- mentary portion of this report is available to those in- terested in this particular field of the Industrial Com- mission's activities. It contains also a concise report of
8 Report Of Industrial Commission
lump sum or commuted payments made under award of the Commission.
It appears hardly necessary to outline the functions and duties of the State Industrial Commission in this re- port. A careful review of the work herein outlined will disclose the nature of the work imposed upon this body more effectively than to read a brief resume of the law creating and defining the duties of the Industrial Com- mission of Utah. Such review, consistently made, will acquaint the individual with his rights under the Workmen's Compensation Law, as well as his rights under the other laws administered by the Commission. The relationship between the public and the public servants who are ap- pointed to hold office upon the Industrial Commission will, it is hoped, be better understood and result in benefits de- sired by all.
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Report Of Industrial Commission
REPORT OF REFEREE For Biennium Beginning July 1, 1918, and Ending
June 30, 1920
In compliance with your request, I respectfully report that in addition to the regular duties connected with the hearings held in relation to Workmen's Compensation cases, the referee has heard, considered and action taken toward the adjudication of minor complaints received from various parts of the state, numbering 436, including the collections of wages for labor performed, male, 240, female, 58; con- troversies involving agreements and wages earned, 102; differences arising between prospective employes and em- ployment agencies, 28; assistance extended wherein bad checks were issued in payment for labor, 9; together with many complaints outside the jurisdiction of the Commis- sion, in which the referee could only advise and offer sug- gestions for settlement.
Assistance has been extended and actual collection made in small amounts to that of substantial sums, without cost to the parties concerned, and in which justice has been secured without recourse to the common remedy and ex- pense of court litigation.
We have not always met with success, however, the results have been well worth the effort.
Respectfully submitted,
B. D. Nebeker,
Referee.
The Following Orders
Adopted By
The Commission
Pertaining: To
The Conduct and Supervision
of
Employment Agencies
Report Of Industrial Commission 13
Resolution No. 56
Be It Resolved That, by virtue of Sub-section 6, Sec- tion 3076, Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, as amended by the Laws of Utah, 1919, the following order be and the same is hereby promulgated by the Industrial Commission of Utah:
That all private employment agencies now existing within the State of Utah and any person who shall begin the operation of a private employment agency, shall file with the Industrial Commission of Utah a statement, under oath, setting forth the name under which such employment agency is or is to be operated, the location thereof, the name of the person owning same, the officers and direc- tors, if it be a corporation, and the name of the person constituted as agent of such person or corporation, the names and addresses of the sureties providing the indem- nity as required by Section 2443 of the Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, the prices to be charged for the service and generally and particularly a statement of terms and con- ditions under which said employment agency is or is to be operated.
It is hereby ordered that the Secretary of the Indus- trial Commission of Utah mail to each private employment agency doing business within the State of Utah, and to the official collecting the licenses in the cities of the state, a certified copy of the foregoing order and that the action of the Industrial Commission in promulgating such order be given to the press, in order that the same may be dis- seminated as quickly as possible.
Approved by the Industrial Commission of Utah Aug- ust 9, 1919.
Resolution No. 59
Pursuant to a public hearing held August 25, 1919, under Resolution No. 57, and discussion then had, from which it appeared that Resolution No. 57 should not be made a permanent order of the Commission, but that the terms thereof should be modified, Be It Resolved, that said Resolution No. 57 be, and the same is hereby rescinded; and be it further
Resolved, that by virtue of Section 3076, Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, as amended by the Laws of Utah, 1919, the following order be and the same is hereby pro-
14 Report Of Industrial Commission
mulgated by the Industrial Commission of the State of Utah:
On and after October 1, 1919, no private employment agency within the State of Utah shall furnish any work- men to any employer of labor of any kind or description, without having a bona fide order for the same from said employer and without having secured from said employer the following information, which shall be set out in detail in tickets given by the employment agent to workman or employe, to- wit:
The name of the prospective employer ;
The place of such employment;
The kind of labor to be performed ;
The wages to be paid ;
The date of pay days, whether weekly, semi-monthly or monthly;
The eating and sleeping accommodations and cost thereof, whether such accommodations are conducted by the employer or by others under contract or other arrange- ments ;
The cost of transportation to the place of employment and whether or not the same is advanced by the employer, definitely stating further the terms and conditions under which the same are to be repaid.
Where and to whom the employe is to report;
Generally and particularly any information which will give the employe a full and comprehensive knowledge of the conditions under which he will be expected to work ;
Whether or not a strike or lockout is in progress among the employes of said employer.
Said information shall be set out in detail on a ticket, the form of which will be prescribed by the Industrial Commission and which ticket, when issued to workmen or employes, shall be signed by the employment agent issu- ing the same and by the employe or employes receiving the same.
One copy of said ticket shall be retained by the em- ploye and one delivered by him to the employer, and a full copy of the same shall be retained by the employment agent.
Passed by the Industrial Commission of Utah, August 28, 1919.
Report Of Industrial Commission 15
Resolution No. 64
Pursuant to the provisions of law and of Resolution No. 61 adopted by the Industrial Commission of Utah on September 4, 1919, the following are now adopted by the Industrial Commission of Utah as the Rules and Regula- tions to be observed by employment agencies:
1. It shall be unlawful for any person to open, es- tablish or operate within the State of Utah any employ- ment office for the purpose of procuring or obtaining for money or other valuable consideration, either directly or indirectly, any work, employment or occupation for per- sons seeking same or to otherwise engage in the business or in any way to act as a broker or go-between between employers and persons seeking work, without first having obtained from the Industrial Commission of Utah a license so to do.
Any person performing any of the foregoingi enu- merated services as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an employment agent within the meaning of this resolution.
2. All persons required to pay licenses as provided in this resolution shall pay to the Industrial Commission of Utah the sum of five dollars ($5.00) per annum for such license.
3. The license issued by the Industrial Commission of Utah shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the agency conducted by the person obtaining such license.
4. Application for license shall be made in writing and on a form prescribed by the Commission, to the Indus- trial Commission of Utah. Such application shall state the name and address of the applicant, the street and number of the building or place where the business is to be carried on, the business or occupation engaged in by the applicant for at least two years immediately preceding the date of application.
The application must be accompanied by affidavits of at least two reputable residents of the city where the busi- ness is to be carried on (preferably business men) to the effect that the applicant is a person of good moral char- acter.
5. Upon receipt of such application for license, the Commission may cause investigation to be made as to the character and responsibility of the applicant and of the premises designated in such application as the place where it is proposed to conduct such agency.
The Commission may administer oaths, subpoena wit- nesses and take testimony in respect to matters contained
16 Report Of Industrial Commission
in such application, and in complaints of any character against the applicants for such license, and upon proper hearing may refuse to grant a license or may revoke one outstanding.
Each application shall be granted or refused within thirty days of filing.
Whenever it shall be shown, after hearing upon notice, that any licensee, or his agent, has violated or failed to comply with any of the orders, rules or regulations of the Industrial Commission, or any state law or city ordinance, or when such licensee has ceased to be of good moral char- acter or when the conditions under which the license was issued have changed or no longer exist, the Industrial Com- mission will revoke any outstanding license. At the hear- ing conducted by the Industrial Commission, it will not be bound by the technical rules of evidence.
6. Every license shall contain the name of the person licensed, the name of the city, and shall designate the street and number of the house or premises in which the person licensed is authorized to carry on such employment agency, and the number and date of such license. Such license shall not be transferable or assigned without the written consent of the Commission and such license will not protect any person other than the one designated in the license.
No municipality in the state shall issue license to any person to carry on the employment agency business unless or until he shall have first obtained from the Industrial Commission a license to carry on such business, and the municipality shall revoke the license of any employment agent issued by it to such licensee, upon the filing with the proper officer of such municipality of a proper notice from the Industrial Commission to the effect that said Commission has revoked such license after a hearing.
This resolution of the foregoing rules and regulations shall be in effect on and after January 1, 1920.
Wm. M. Knerr. Wm. P. Monson. P. A. Thatcher.
Rkport Of Industrial Commission
Resolution No. 58
Be It Resolved, that it is the sense of the Industrial Commission of the State of Utah that hereafter an em- ployer of labor who places with any employment agent an order for more employes than he actually desires, or who places duplicate orders for employes with employment agents, shall be liable to the employes who are in good faith furnished by said employment agent or agents in excess of the number actually desired by said employer, for costs of transportation both ways incurred by such employe or employes, and for reasonable expense incurred by such em- ploye or employes by reason of the trip to the place of employment and for the time actually lost by said employe or employes in answering such excess or duplicate order.
Passed by the Industrial Commission of Utah, Salt Lake City, August 28, 9919.
18 Report Of Industrial Commission
Employment Agencies Licensed By The Industrial Commission Of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Salt Lake Employment Agency (two licenses)
Western Employment Agency.
Herman Kuhn Employment Agency.
Strock's Employment Agency.
Utah Employment Agency.
Intermountain Employment Agency.
Jeff Pino Labor Agency.
R. H. Canham Employment Agency.
J. E. Dillon Employment Agency.
Salt Lake Guarantee Employment Agency.
M. J. Dixon Employment Agency.
National Employment Agency.
State Employment Agency.
Ogden, Utah:
Jones Employment Agency. Ogden Employment Agency. Interstate Employment Agency. Mutual Employment Agency. Major Employment Agency. Davis Employment Agency.
The Following Report
♦
Relates To
The Board Labor Conciliation and Arbitration
As Provided In
Title 58 Compiled Laws of Utah
Report Of Industrial Commission 21
Salt Lake City, Utah, August 29, 1919.
The Industrial Commission of Utah, State Capitol.
To Whom It May Concern:
The following statement, issued by the Industrial Com- mission of Utah, is made with a view to giving employers and employes the necessary information which we believe they are entitled to, in case of controversies existing be- tween employer and employe.
Chapter 100, Session Laws of Utah, 1917, as amended by the legislature of 1919, designated as Title 49, Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, created the Industrial Commission of Utah.
Under Section 3076, Sub-division 9, the law provides: "All duties, liabilities, authority, powers and privileges conferred and imposed by the law upon the commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics, state mine inspector of coal and hydro-carbon mines, and board of conciliation and arbitration are hereby imposed upon the commission. All laws relating to the commissioner of immigration, la- bor and statistics, state mine inspector of coal and hydro- carbon mines, and board of conciliation and arbitration shall apply to, relate and refer to the Industrial Commis- sion of Utah. The Industrial Commission of Utah shall be deemed the commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics, state mine inspector of coal and hydro-carbon mines, and board of labor, conciliation and arbitration with- in the meaning of existing laws."
.Title No. 58, Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, relating to the Board of Labor, Conciliation and Arbitration, under Section 3636, provides that whenever it shall come to the knowledge of the said board that a strike, or lockout, is seriously threatened in the state, involving any employer and his employes, if he is employing not less than ten per- sons, it shall be the duty of said board to put itself into communication as soon as may be with such employer and employes, and endeavor by mediation to effect an amicable settlement. Said board shall also request each of the parties to forward to its secretary an application for arbitration.
Section 3637 provides that as soon as practicable after receiving" such applications, the board shall request each
22 Report Of Industrial Commission
of the parties to the dispute to agree upon a written state- ment of facts relating to the controversy, and to submit the same to the board ; provided that, when such agreement and statement cannot be reached, each of said parties may separately submit to the board a written statement of grievances. Applications to the said board for arbitra- tion on the part of the employers must precede any lock- out, and, on the part of the employes, any strike; pro- vided that, in case lockout or strike already exists, the board shall accord arbitration if the parties shall resume their relations with each other, as employer and employes. Said applications shall include a promise to abide by the decision of the board and shall be signed by the employer or em- ployers, or his or their authorized agent, on the one side, and by a majority of his or their employes on the other.
You will notice that this section makes it mandatory on the part of the board, in case a lockout or strike al- ready exists, to accord arbitration if the parties shall re- sume their relations with each other as employer and em- ploye and the application for arbitration shall include a promise to abide by the decision of the board and shall be signed by the employer or employers or his or their au- thorized agents on the one side and by a majority of his or their employes on the other.
Under Section 3639, the board shall have power to sum- mon as witnesses by subpoena any operative or expert in departments or business affected, and any person who keeps the record of wages earned in those departments, or any other person, and to administer oaths, and to ex- amine said witnesses, and to require the production of books, papers and records. In case of disobedience to a subpoena the board may invoke the aid of any court in the state in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses, and the production of books, papers and docu- ments under the provisions of this section.
Section 3640 provides that it shall be the duty of mayors of cities and sheriffs of counties, when any condi- tion likely to lead to a strike or lockout exists in the cities or districts where they have jurisdiction, to immediately forward information of the same to the secretary of the State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration (the Industrial Commission of Utah). Such information shall include the names and addresses of persons who should be communi- cated with by the board.
Section 3642 provides that as soon as practicable after the board has investigated the differences existing betwt-en the employer and employes, it shall make an equitable de-
Report Of Industrial Commission
cision, which shall state what, if anything, should be done by either or both parties to the dispute, in order to ami- cably settle and adjust the differences existing between them. The findings of a majority of the board shall con- stitute its decision.
Section 3643 provides that this decision shall at once be made public, shall be recorded upon the proper book of record to be kept by the secretary of said board, and a short statement thereof published in an annual report to be made to the governor.
During the period of the war, the Industrial Commis- sion of Utah endeavored to do everything possible to main- tain harmonious relations between employers and employes, to the end that the output of our industrial institutions should be maintained at the highest possible point of pro- duction. In doing so we frequently exerted out influence to conciliate differences, whether real or imaginary, even thougrh in some cases it required the intervention of the Commission where strikes had actually been declared. Since the war is happily ended, the necessity for such intervention does not appear to be longer justified.
In its work as a Board of Conciliation and Arbitration the Commission will hereafter be guided strictly by the spirit and letter of the law which created the board. We in- vite all parties to any controversies involving questions of working 1 conditions, wages, or of whatsoever other cause which may seriously threaten a strike or lockout, to submit their cases to this Commission in the manner provided for by the sections above enumerated. In all such cases we will make such investigations as may seem proper and arrive at decisions as speedily as possible. We are convinced, however, that to invoke a strike at this time, in order to increase wages, merely aggravates the situation and acts as a positive hindrance to the proper ajudication of differ- ences that may exist. May we respectfully suggest at this time that parties to all controversies of this character re- frain from taking any action that will have a tendency to cause dissatisfaction and misunderstanding, or in any way aggravate the situation or hasten ill-advised action. It is understood, of course, that the law is not compulsory and that it rests with those for whom it was enacted wheth- er they will avail themselves of its provisions.
24 Report Of Industrial Commission
The following is a brief synopsis of the different dis- putes coming before the Commission, together with the awards rendered by the Commission sitting as a Board of Labor Conciliation and Mediation.
December 18, 1918, the telephone operators of Salt Lake City of the Mountain States Telephone company claimed that they were being discriminated against on account of their affiliation with the operators local union, the matter was referred to the United States Department of Labor with the request that they assist in the adjudica- tion of the controversy, the United States Department of Labor sent Mr. Rodier to assist the Commission and on December 17, 1918, the Commission held a hearing and secured statements from a number of telephone operators, same was forwarded to the United States Department of Labor, the matter was finally settled without a strike.
On August 8, 1918, Mr. Lee, representing the metal trades, telephoned the Commission relating that the men employed by the Bingham & Garfield Railway had asked for an increase in pay and he related that the company did not seem disposed to grant the increase. The Com- mission advised Mr. Lee. that the difference existing be- tween the officers and employes of the miners and smelters in that district had been referred to the War Labor Board and advised that they do the same, which was agreed to. No strike.
On September 4, 1918, Salt Lake Printing Pressmen's Union No. 148, of Salt Lake City, were unable to agree as to the question of wages to be paid, the Commission at that time requested all members of the union to submit the question to arbitration. The members of the Printing Pressmen's Union rejected the offer of arbitration and called a strike to take effect September 5 on all shops that refused to pay the scale of wages as proposed by the committee. On September 6 the Printing Pressmen's Union decided to submit the question to arbitration, provided Commissioner Knerr would be a member of the arbitration board, and the other two members to be secured as follows: One member by the employers and one members by the em- ployes, this was agreed to and the employes returned to work after being off for a period of six days. The award was rendered by the board and accepted by both parties.
On September 27, 1918, the proprietors of the barber shops of Salt Lake City advised the Commission that the journeymen barbers threatened to strike and requested the Commission to use their best efforts to prevent the strike. The Commission succeeded in having the journey-
Report Of Industrial Commission 2">
men barbers enter into negotiations with the master bar- bers with one member of the Commission present, and the barbers finally agreed to satisfactory settlement and agree- ment. No strike.
On July 5, 1918, certain employes of the Ogden Packing & Provision Company claimed that they were discharged on account of their affiliation with the local union, affiliated with the American Association of Labor, the Commission referred the matter to the War Labor Board, the War Labor Board selected the Hon. Verner C. Reed and D. P. Marsh, who made investigation, the matter was finally settled peacefully.
On July 12, the Gas Workers' Local Union agreed to submit to arbitration the controversy between them and the Utah Gas & Coke Company. The arbitration board consisted of one member selected by the employers and one member by the employes and the two members thus selected appointed Mr. F. C. Richard, president of the Salt Lake Commircial Club, to act as a third member. The Utah Gas & Coke Company requested the Commission to use their good offices in requesting the employes to com- ply with their agreement to arbitrate. After conferring with the employes they finally agreed to submit to arbi- tration and the matter was settled peacefully.
On July 13, 1918, the employes of the Utah Light & Traction Company in the mechanical department were dis- satisfied as a result of Mr. Scobee having been discharged, the men asking that Mr. Scobee be retained as the head of the various departments involved. It was finally agreed by the Utah Light & Traction Company and a committee representing their employes, that a member of the Indus- trial Commission of Utah arrange to take a canvass of the employes employed at the shops for the purpose of ascertaining their attitude in relation to this matter. The majority of the employes voted that the matter be dropped with the understanding that if it later developed that Mr. Scobee became obnoxious, the employes should have the right to take the matter up with the company in the regu- lar way as stated in the agreement between the traction company and its employes; settled peacefully without a strike.
On October 9, 1918, the Painters' Local Union No. 77 requested the Commission to induce the contracting painters to submit the question of dispute of wage to arbitration, they charged that the contracting painters locked them out on September 23, 1918, and the Commission submitted a communication to the Contracting Painters' Association
Report Of Industrial Commission
on October 11, 1918; they refused to submit the question to arbitration, related that the master painters had broken no agreement or contract and the men could come back to work at $6.00 per day. Finally a number of contracting painters agreed to submit the question to arbitration, and the arbitration board was selected on the following basis: contractors selecting one member, employes selecting one member and the two thus selected to appoint a third mem- ber. They appointed Commissioner Knerr to act with them on October 15, 1918. The arbitration board rendered their award increasing the wages from $6.00 to $6.60 per day; however, where they employed men on contract prior to September 23, 1918, in that case the scale to be paid should be $6.00 per day, overtime should be paid at the rate of double time. This was satisfactory and accepted by all parties concerned.
On November 22, 1918, the Electrical Workers' Local Union No. 354 claimed that they had no jurisdiction to do the inside electrical work on the Deseret National Bank building. It appears that the telephone company was in- stalling cable from the street to the Deseret National Bank building and had an agreement with the Electrical Workers' Union No. 57, to do any na dall electrical work required to be done by the telephone company; members of the Local Union No. 354 and the building trades crafts threatened to strike unless this matter was settled satisfactorily. The in- ternational officers of the Electrical Workers' Union finally instructed the members of Local Union No. 354 to return to work pending the arrival of one of their international officers, this was agreed to and all returned to work.
During the month of January, 1919, the employes of the Utah Copper Company and the Garfield Smelting Com- pany were somewhat agitated over the prospect of receiv- ing an increase and a possible decrease in wages. At the request of the United States Department of Labor at Wash- ington, D. C, a member of the Industrial Commission, to- gether with a member representing the different crafts, were invited to come to Washington for the purpose of dis- cussing the situation of the copper producing mines. After the conference at Washington, presided over by the Hon. William B. Wilson, secretary of the United States Depart- ment of Labor, it was agreed to be practically impossible to grant an increase of wages at this time on account of the copper market. The committee returned and at a meeting of the employes on February 14 and 15, the em- ployes of the Garfield Smelting Company voted to strike. The United States Department of Labor, together with
Report Of Industrial Commission 27
the Industrial Commission of Utah, made an effort to stop the strike, and after considerable negotiation the men agreed to go back to work with the understanding that the Garfield Smelting Company arrange to have employes' com- mittees elected for the purpose of taking up any disputed matters that may arise in the future.
On February 17, 1919, street railway employes of the Utah Light & Traction Company requested the Commis- sion to refer possible controversy over wages to the War Labor Board, finally agreed between both parties to submit the matter to the arbitration board, consisting of one member selected by the employes and one member selected by the employes, the two members thus selected to appoint the third member. Award rendered by the arbitration board accepted by both parties. No strike.
On May 1, 1919, the members of the Culinary Alliance Union No. 815, Cooks and Waiters, walked out on account of a misunderstanding as to wages. On May 5 the Com- mission succeeded in having the members of the Culinary Alliance and members of the Restaurant Men's Associa- tion agree to submit to arbitration three questions: First, hours; second, wages and overtime; third, the arbitration board was to consist of one member selected by the Salt Lake City Hotel and Restaurant Men's Association, one member to be selected by the union, and the two members thus selected to select the third member. It was agreed that the Salt Lake City Hotel and Restaurant Men's Asso- ciation agree to re-employ the men who joined in the gen- eral walkout. After the arbitration board was organized the employes indicated that when they agreed to arbitrate with the employers it meant an agreement on the part of the employers to recognize the union agreement or closed shop. The employers resisted and would not agree on this point, offering the counter proposition as follows: "First, that the members of the Restaurant Men's Association will not discriminate against the union members, and that where conditions are equal they will give them preference in em- ployment; second, that the Restaurant Men's Association recognize the right of every man or woman to join any organization or union not repugnant to law, and feel like encouraging the same, but in doing so they do not deem it advisable to enter into an agreement for an absolute closed shop." The employes rejected this proposition on May 13, 1919, and voted to strike and did strike. The matter has to this date not been settled, the majority of the restaurants operating under open shop.
Report Of Industrial Commission
On May 5, 1919, the Master Bakers' Association of Utah addressed a communication to the Industrial Com- mission asking that they endeavor to have the journey- men bakers agree to arbitrate the question of wage. The Commission endeavored to induce the employes to accept arbitration; instead of accepting the question of arbitra- tion they requested the Commission, if possible to arrange a conference between them and the employers. Under date of May 6 the employes requested the Commission to sub- mit a proposition to the master bakers for arbitration with the understanding that the employers agree to employ only members of the local union in case they agree to arbitrate. This the master bakers refused to do and the Commission informed both parties they were unable to ajudicate the difference. The matter was finally settled without aid of the Commission.
On May 6, 1919, the Industrial Workers of the World in Park City succeeded in having the men join them in a general walkout. They demanded the six-hour day at $1.00 per hour. On May 7 the Commission proceeded to Park City for the purpose of offering our services to the men on strike and on that day the men held a meeting and per- mitted Commissioner Knerr to address them. The meet- ing was in absolute control of the Industrial Workers of the World and our negotiations in this case failed. We re- quested the assistance of the United States Department of Labor and after prolonged negotiations the matter re- mained unsettled. The facts are that the Industrial Work- ers of the World took the men by storm and off guard. It later developed that the majority of the miners in Park City regretted the step they had taken in joining the strike and the mines remained closed up to and including June 18, 1919. It appears to the Commission that this strike was lost and detrimental to the general welfare of the community and to the employes of Park City.
On May 24, 1919, employes of the Cudahy Packing Company of Salt Lake City threatened to strike. They requested the Commission to aid them in securing wages in accordance with the Judge Alschuler award, made in Chicago; the Commission got in communication with the general manager of the Cudahy Packing Company, Chi- cago, the matter settled satisfactorily to both parties. No strike.
On June 23, 1919, the Commission received a request from the Brick and Clay Workers' Union No. 318, to act as mediator between the members of the union and the Utah Fire Clay Company, a strike being in progress since
Report Of Industrial Commission 29
June 21, 1919; the Commission got into communication with the Utah Fire Clay Company; the employers refused to make any concession to the men. On June 26 the Com- mission made an effort to induce the employer to submit the matter to arbitration and on the same day the employ- er definitely refused to arbitrate, giving as a reason that there was nothing to arbitrate, that "the chances of having to stay shut down were better than the possibility of being compelled to operate at a higher cost of production." In this case the Commission failed. The men finally went back to work.
On July 5, 1919, the members of the Glaziers' Local Union No. 911 voted to strike unless the employers granted their demand for an increase in wage, the employers de- clined, the men did strike on July 5, 1919. The employes and employers involved agreed to submit the controversy to the Industrial Commission of Utah, both sides agreed to abide by the decision of the board and the majority of the members of the board on October 23, 1919, rendered an award denying their request for an increase in wages. The following is a copy of the award rendered by the Commis- sion. Employes returned to work August 16, 1919.
Report Of Industrial Commission
In the Matter of the Controversy between Glaziers' Local Union No. 911 and Employers, wherein the question has arisen as to wages and hours, and in which the Industrial Commission of Utah was requested by both par- ties interested, under date of September 23, as to the Glaziers' Local Union and September 26 as to Employers, to sit as a Board of Arbitration to determine the question.
Decision
Said Commission, having heard the evidence submitted by both sides and having made considerable inquiry to familiarize itself with existing conditions in competitive fields, and also as to the conditions locally governing this class of work as compared with employment in general, it is concluded by the Industrial Commission, acting as a Board of Arbitration in this case, that there is no legi- timate cause for complaint on the part of the employes in this case. The board finds that the conditions under which these men work are, comparatively speaking, satis- factory. We further find that the wages paid for this class of work as compared with other wages in this lo- cality, and also in competitive fields, are in keeping with the nature of the work performed.
It is therefore the decision of this board that the exist- ing conditions maintain until such time as there should arise a sufficient change in conditions generally to justify a modification of this decision.
Board Of Labor, Arbitra- Tion, And Conciliation.
W. P. Monson.
P. A. Thatcher.
Report Of Industrial Commission 31
Dissenting Opinion
I feel obliged to submit a dissenting opinion in this case. We may well ask: "Does arbitration mean that the workmen will be compelled to submit to conditions that do not conform to the present well established standard?" as a peaceful means of settling labor disputes.
While the war was raging, the workers were promised that they would be given a larger voice in the affairs of industry, that labor would be given a larger share of the profits, that conditions of labor would be better, that hours would be shortened, that wages would be larger, and the Jot of the workingman would be good. Labor accepted all these promises at their face value and worked and fought with redoubled vigor to win what was to be secured for themselves and the generations to come after them — all the good things promised to labor — and this was done with implicit faith that these promises would be fulfilled to the letter after the war had been won by the allies. Now that the war is over, labor is naturally looking to those in power to fulfill their promises. Shall this Commission say to the Glaziers' Local: "We refuse to concede to you the justice of your contentions for the fourty-four hour week," when as a matter of fact, over 95 per cent of the building trades crafts of which the glaziers' are a part have estab- lished a forty-four hour week as the established standard? Investigation of one hundred twenty-five of the principal cities of the United States indicates that one hundred three out of the one hundred twenty-five cities enjoy an eight- hour day and forty-four hour week. I feel that the grant- ing of the forty-four hour week to the workmen at this time is even more important than an increase in the wage. Taking into consideration the fact heretofore mentioned that practically all the building trades workmen in Salt Lake City today have for a number of years past enjoyed a forty-four hour week, it seems to me that it should be recognized in the building trades as an established stand- ard. Generally, the reasons advanced for the reduction of hours and more often emphasized is the health danger. It seems to me that the lack of leisure time for family life, for recreation, for all the requirements of citizenship, is no less an evil. Surely, we all agree that without specific leisure the process of forming character can only be begun. It can never advance nor be completed. People would be mere machines of labor, nothing more, unless we recognize that the Workers are entitled to a certain amount of time
32 Report Of Industrial Commission
which they may invest in educating themselves and secur- ing and enjoying the necessary recreation.
It is argued that if the Saturday half-holiday is grant- ed that the output will decline proportionately. This might be true if human beings were mere machines and not living creatures who grow tired, but as a matter of fact, the lack of diminishing returns operates no more strikingly in short- er hours of labor. Statistics of output before and after the shortening of hours of labor show that when the human element enters into production, hour reduction by no means implies a decrease in output. No one can or will deny that where you have a dissatisfied group of workmen, you will find production at its lowest ebb. Naturally, the glaziers of this city are dissatisfied to work forty-eight hours per week for the reason that they know their fellow crafts- men work only forty-four hours per week. It seems to me that the greatest stimulant to efficiency and production can be obtained by establishing certain fundamental and satisfactory standards for the workmen. A refusal at this time of the forty-four hour week means that the worker has very little time for the finer things of life. He is a machine, working merely to keep himself alive, to go on working, and sooner or later the consciousness of this ebbs into his soul and he becomes discontented, careless and, too often, a material to be molded into the hands of the radicals and extremists.
In my opinion, higher wages and shorter hours must obtain in order to enable the worker to keep himself and his family decently, and by thus removing the main cause of industrial unrest, you offer a substantial incentive and give the worker more encouragement to put his full energy into his work. Shorter hours and higher wages are neces- sary not only because the workers of this country demand them, but because it is only by reducing hours and granting high wages that the output can be increased. The three things, short hours, increased production and high wages, are inseparable. They act and interact on each other.
For the reasons above mentioned, I cannot agree in the decision rendered by the majority of the Commission.
Wm. M. Knerr,
Commissioner.
Report Of Industrial Commission 33
On August 20, 1919, the employes employed in the Contract Machine Shops in Salt Lake City voted to strike. The question in controversy was one regarding wages and the open and closed shop. The Commission in this case offered its services, advising both the employer and the employes that the Commission would be very glad to act as mediator and conciliator with the understanding that both parties agree, in case our effort to conciliate failed, to sumbit the question to arbitration. The parties in interest did not seem to be willing to accept the services of the Commission. On June 30, 1920, the matter remained un- settled, the employes claim that the men are still out on strike and declare the various contracting shops unfair to organized labor; whereas the employers claim that they have replaced all men who went out on strike; so far as they are concerned, the matter is settled. They declare the strike lost.
On August 30, 1919, the Commission addressed a com- munication to the management of the Ogden Gas Plant and employes, offering to assist in the ajudication of the labor dispute over wages. The matter was settled without a strike and without the aid of the Commission.
On September 2, 1919, the Printing Pressmen's Union No. 148 went on strike for increased pay; they remained on strike for a period of seven days; the Commission of- fered to assist in ajudicating the dispute; however, before the parties in interest had time to reply an international officer of the Pressmen's Union arrived and ordered the men to go back to work pending negotiations with the em- ployers.
On September 4, 1919, the Commission addressed a communication to the Globe Grain & Milling Company of Ogden, Utah, offering our services in the ajudication of a dispute, the men being on strike. The Commission failed to receive a reply from either party concerned. The mat- ter was settled without the aid of the Commission.
On November 11, 1919, the Union Mine Workers of America addressed a communication relating that certain members of their local organization employed by the United States Fuel Company and the Standard Fuel Company in Carbon county, Utah, were discharged for the reason that they were members of the Union Mine Workers. This mat- ter was referred to the United States Department of Labor, who made a complete investigation of the matter and it was settled peacefully.
On October 17, 1919, the employes of the Utah Light & Traction Company addressed a communication to the
34 Report Of Industrial Commission
Commission asking that we arrange a joint meeting to be held under our direction between the representatives of the Utah Light & Traction Company, the Public Utilities Com- mission, the City Commission of Salt Lake City, the Com- mercial and Rotary Clubs, representatives of the American Federation of Labor and the employes of the Utah Light & Traction Company for the purpose of discussing the ques- tion of an increase in wage. It appears that the employes had an agreement with the Utah Light & Traction Com- pany running up to the 1st day of May, 1920. The em- ployes represented to the Commsision that they had no desire to violate their agreement, they felt that the cost of living was so high that if a conference could be arranged as above outlined with the parties mentioned that the com- pany might voluntarily grant them an increase. The Com- mission addressed a communication to the parties involved at the conference and after considerable correspondence it was decided inadvisable to hold said conference and the em- ployes dropped the matter.
On December 20, 1919, the employes of the Ogden Port- land Cement Company went out on strike. On December 22, 1919, the Commission addressed a communication to the Ogden Portland Cement Company and the employes on strike, offering to assist them in abdicating the differences provided the men would be returned to work in their for- mer positions without discriminations. On December 26 the employes advised the Commission that they would com- ply with the request of the Commission. On December 31, the Ogden Portland Cement Company, through its repre- sentative, Mr. Day, also agreed to comply, the men returned to work were out on strike for a period of six days. The matter was finally submitted to the Industrial Commission as a Board of Arbitration. The following is the award ren- dered by the board on November 25, 1920. On July 2, 1920, the employes of the Ogden Portland Cement Company asked the Commission to determine the question as to whether or not the employes at this time would be entitled to an in- crease in wages and on July 31, after having held a hear- ing granting the employes an opportunity to show cause why the former award of the Commission should be modi- fied and the wages increased. On July 31, the Commis- sion advised the employes that the request for wage in- crease was not justified and therefore denied.
Report Of Industrial Commission
In The Matter of the Controversy " Between the Employes and the I Ogden Portland Cement Com- pany. J
Award of Arbitration
By the Industrial Commission of Utah.
On December 23, 1919, a committee representing the employes of the Ogden Portland Cement Company called on the Industrial Commission and informed the Commis- sion that such employes were then conducting a strike for higher wages and shorter hours of labor, and several other minor differences. It appears that the employes had then been out about six days. This committee appealed to the Commission for aid in adjusting their differences. The men were advised that as a condition precedent, all em- ployes must return to work in accordance with the law, and that they then negotiate with the company for an adjustment of their differences and that if it were desirable the Commission would be glad to tender its services after an agreement had been reached upon as many points as possible and any difficulty could not be so resolved, in an endeavor to bring about an amicable adjustment. The men, following the advice of the Commission, agreed to return to work and the Commission accordingly approched the employer and the employer agreed to take back all striking employes without discrimination and to follow the course suggested by the Commission.
In accordance with the suggestions made by the Com- mission, negotiations between the employes and employer resulted in an adjustment of several of the difficulties and there was finally referred to the Commission for investi- gation, arbitration and award the following question: The amount of wages per hour, with time and one-half for over- time, using as a basis an eight hour day.
The Commission appreciated very much the spirit shown by the employes and employer in submitting this case without reserve to the Commission as a Board of Arbitration, both parties agreeing to abide by the decision of the Commission with the understanding that the award of the Commission should remain in full force and effect for one year, dating from January 15, 1920, to January 14, 1921. The Commission feels, however, that it may be necessary to reopen the questions at hand at the end of six months from the date of the award on account of the existence or development of unforeseen or peculiar cir- cumstances, and it is therefore understood that owing to such circumstances the questions herein ajudicated may
36 Report Of Industrial Commission
be reopened and re-examined at the end of six months.
The Commission, in making its investigations prelim- inary to the award, found that they had thirty classifica- tions of employes and some inequalities. In determining the matters involved, the Commission made a visit to the plant and made a study of the working conditions, and as a result of its investigations, has reduced the classifica- tions of employes to seven classes, which the Commission feels is more nearly just to the employer and employe and reduces to a minimum the inequalities found in the old classification.
Upon the issure submitted to the Commission, the Commission finds and decides as follows:
CLASS "A" 75c per hour
Blacksmiths
Machinists
Electricians
CLASS "B" 65c per hour
Carpenter Repairman Coal Miller Burners Engineer
Excavator operator
Class "C
60c per hour
Wet end miller Finish miller Stock house foreman Repairman helper Carpenter helper
CLASS "D" 55c per hour
Coal miller helper J Electrician helper Burner helper Excavator operator helper
Rkport Of Industrial Commission
CLASS "E" 50c per hour
CLASS $7.50 per day
r
Laborers (including all not
otherwise scheduled) Wet end miller helper Finished miller helper Gypsum man
Teamsters
All of the foregoing wages are based on an eight-hour day, with time and one-half for overtime.
Special
Storekeeper $127.00 per month
Night watchman $140.00 per month
Contracts to stand as they are without change.
The master mechanic was not included in the list of employes interested in this matter, but the Commission suggests that he receive a proportional increase with the increases herein awarded.
Wm. M. Knerr, W. P. Monson, P. A. Thatcher,
Commissioners.
Report Of Industrial Commission
On May 3, 1920, controversy arose between the Utah Association of General Contractors and Building Trades Council; the building operations in Salt Lake City were technically at a standstill. On June 24, the Commission addressed a communication to the parties concerned, offer- ing our services. The Utah Associated General Contractors, under date of June 28, 1920, replied to the Commission that in their judgment building in the city was pursued with- out dispute as to wages and working conditions and that they were unable to see why this condition between the contractors and craftsmen would be a matter susceptible to arbitration. The craftsmen replied to the Commission that they felt that nothing would be gained in entering into negotiations at this time, the main question involved in this dispute was the question known as the open and closed shop. On June 30, 1920, the matter, according to the representative of the Building Trades Council, was un- settled.
Twelve of the foregoing disputes resulted in a strike, two of which were settled by arbitration. Four disputes were referred to the United States Department of Labor, assisted by the Commission. Three were referred to the War Labor Board, two were settled by arbitration without a strike.
It is charged in three disputes that the employers prac- ticed discrimination. Four disputes were caused by con- troversies over wages. The Commission failed to settle five disputes. Three disputes involved the question of open and closed shop; two were settled by the Commission sit- ting as a Board of Labor Conciliation and Arbitration, and three were settled without the aid of this Commission.
The foregoing merely represents disputes of which the Commission had official notice.
To The Honorable Industrial Commission
State Capitol
In accordance with your requirements, I am transmitting herewith :
Financial Statement Of
The State Insurance Fund
For the three years ending June 30, 1920, with detail of the following accounts:
Premiums - Losses - Reserves - Expense Office Equipment - Surplus
Our personnel follows:
CHARLES A. CAINE, Manager WILLIAM LESLIE, Consulting Actuary ALBERT W. GRIGGS, Accountant J. LORIN HATCH, Payroll Auditor ARTHUR W. COLLINS. Claim Adjuster DR. CHARLES F. WILCOX, Medical Examiner GEORGE B. SPAHR, Inspector HELEN CORNELL, Policy and Payroll Adjustment Clerk ANNIE E. RESSLER, Claim Clerk and Stenographer GERTRUDE A, PETERSON, Voucher Clerk and Stenographer
EMMA BENGE. Stenographer ALDA SILCOX, Multigrapher.
Report Of Industrial Commission 41
Statement Of The State Insurance Fund Of Utah
From July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1920.
Return Premiums $ 80,139.01
Deposit Premiumi Returned.. 11,470.88
Dividend* Paid 82.8 U.89
Benefit* Paid 188.628.0S
Expense 41.260.58
Office Equipment 2.644.13
Bond Premium and Discount 9,167.04
Accrued Interest on Bond Pd. 2,684.68
Bond Investments 872.900.00
State Premium* — Monthly
and Period Adjustments
Out. 22.794.77
Accrued Interest Out 6,282.91
Cash on Hand 20.387.81
$738,819.63
State Appropriation $ 40.000.00
Preumiums 643,802.34
Deposit Premiums 16,986.88
Interest - - 26,267.67
Interest Accrued 6,282.91
Sec. 79: Non-dependent* 1,600.00
Unclaimed
$733,819.63
Liabilities
Bond Investment* Office Equipment preciation)
(20%
$372,900.00
De-
22.794.77 20.337.81
Benefit Paid
I420.1S0.71
Reserve— Claim Maturities $281,627.68
Bills Payable 106.47
Deposit Premiums Returnable 5,46r..oo
Compensation Unclaimed 30.93
Sec. 79: Non-dependenta 1,500 00
Surplus 134,406.79
$423,135.87
$423,136.87
The increases for the year are $123,605.36 in assets; $25,848.05 in surplus; $105,409.72 in reserves, and $161,- 800 in investments.
The net premiums written for three years were $563,- 663.33 and the gross expense 7.3 per cent.
The dividends of $32,814.89 were paid on the first two years' business, but on account of reducing our multiplier from the stock company basis of 2.72 to the fund basis of 2.24, the additional saving to our policyholders for the third year was about $44,700.
The net premiums written for the last year were $209,009.73.
Anticipating $70,000 premium receipts for July and August, and loan receipts of $25,000 early in September, we reduced our cash balance to a minimum by purchasing $36,000 Honeyville bonds June 30, thereby increasing to a maximum our interest-bearing investments.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Our interest income now exceeds our gross expense. The bond investments are as follows :
Beaver City $ 6,000.00
Brigham City 40,000.00
Duchesne 14.000.00
Grantsville City 1,500.00
Hyde Park 8,000.00
Iron County School District 15,000.00
Koosharem 7,800.00
Richfield City 30,000.00
Spring City 5,000.00
Tremonton 40,000.00
Utah State Road 40,000.00
U. S. Liberty Loans, 2, 3, 4 and 5 45,000.00
War Savings Stamps 1,600.00
Washington County School District 8,000.00
Hurricane 14,000.00
San Juan County 36,000.00
State Board of Loan Commissioners on State
Road Bonds (Due Sept. 1, 1920) 25,000.00
Honeyville 36,000.00
$372,900.00
Our claimants are given prompt and most equitable consideration and if the initial surgery proves inadequate, we immediately furnish the best possible additional surgical skill in our efforts to rehabilitate injured workmen.
The last report of the Insurance Commission shows that 19 stock companies doing business in this state wrote .$605,399.54 in Workmen's Compensation premiums for the year ending December 31, 1919, and as the State Insurance Fund wrote $209,009.73 for the third year, it is doing 25 per cent of the business written by insurance carriers. Had we used the stock company multiplier of 2.72, our third year's premium would have been approximately $253,- 700 or 291/2 per cent of the total.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Premiums Written
Total
General Classes Coal Class
$107,042.80 $127,934.82 $188,756.05 $423,733.67 . 81,179.12 38,496.86 20,253.68 139,929.66
$188,221.92 $166,431.68 $209,009.73 $563,663.33
Losses Paid
Injuries
Injuries
Injuries
Total
First Year—
Compensation $ 13,478.59
Medical Exclusion 11,378.08
Medical and Medicines.. 1,938.70
Hospital and Nurses 969.00
Funeral 866.50
Loss Expense (n. o.c.).. 80.00
$ 28,710.87
Second Year—
Compensation $ 11,814.27 $11,407.54
Medical Exclusion 424.92 6,922.84
Medical and Medicines.. 961.80 3,614.95
Hospital and Nurses ... 339.00 790.85
Funeral 150.00 864.60
Loss Expense (n. o.c.) 80.00
$ 13,769.99 $ 23,600.78
Third Year—
Compensation $ 8,106.66 $ 8,917.80
Medical Exclusion 482.10
Medical and Medicines.. 57.13 1,240.32
Hospital and Nurses. .. 137.87 388.03
Jmicrftl
Loss Expense (n. o.c.).. 45.00 361.40
$33,545.40 5,781.61 9,788.32 2,551.70
1st Year
$ 28,710.87 2nd Year
$ 37,370.77 3rd Year
$_8,346.66 $ 11,389.65 $ 52,705.08 $ 72,441.39
Grand Totals $ 50,827.52 $ 34,990.43 $ 52,705.08 $138,523.03
44 Report Of Industrial Commission
Expense
Total
Salaries
$ 8,005.33
$l0,85o.60
$14,912.00
$33,7/2.93
Printing and Station-
1, 151.26
rri Q A A
2,2.36.48
Telephone and Tele-
act ee
1/So Ee
Postage — Including
Stamped Envelopes..
r i 17 Of!
net A 4*0
1,298.30
Traveling — Adjust-
ments and Inspection
fipnfTa] V -r
uciieiai rAptrusit: —
Prem's on Custodian
and Fund Emp. Bonds
1,27055
Depreciation in Office
Equipment
1,074.62
Supscription Dunn's
Rating
Compensation Prem's
Fund Emp
Miscellaneous
$ 10,616.24 $ 13,232.04 $ 17,412.25 $ 41,260.53
Office Equipment
Total
Purchased
$2,386.82
$ 599.49
$ 632.44
$3,618.75
1,074.62
$2,544.13
Equipment per Statement $2,544.13
Depreciation Third Year 723.75
Shown in Assets $1,820.38
Report Of Industrial Commission 45
Detail Of Reserves
PREMIUMS 11*17-18 1918-19 1919-20 Total
General Classes ... 4107.042.8Wi 65' , I 69.677.H2 Coal Claw 81.179.1275' 60.884.34
General Classes 127.9S4.82lW 65'J $ 88,157.68
Coal Class 88.496.86CC 75' c 28.872.65
General Classes 188.756.05ft/ 85,, ' $160,442.64
Coal Class 20.253.6S*i B5/, 17,215.6*
Cross Reserves $130,462.16 $112,080.28 $177,658.27 $420,150.71
Losses Paid 60.827.52 84.990.43 62.706.08 188.528.08
RESERVES FOR CLAIM MA- TURITIES $ 79,684.61 $ 77,089.85 $124,958.19 $281,627.68
flURPLl'S COMPOSITION
State Appropriation $ 40.000.00
Statutory Requirement, First and Second YearsW 10'} 85,465.86
Statutory Requirement. Third Year<56C f 10.450.49
Interest Received and Accrued 28.966.85
Expense Loading '--Less Statutory Sun>!u $ 97.596.77
Dividend* Paid :i:!>U.Mt
Expense Paid 41.2fi©..->3
Bond Premium ami Discount* 3.1<;".f).|
Office Equipment ,.'.11.13
Bills Payable „ - 10.'..4T 79.892.06
Addition Expense Saved $ 17.704.71 $ 17.704.71
Possible Dividends $ 41.230.44
Paid 32,814.89
Unapplied, account Cancellations and Withdrawals $ 8.415.55 Balance Expense Loading $ 56.366.83
Paid, except Dividends 47.077.17 $ 9.289.16 $ 17.704.71
Office Equipment. Less Depreciation 1,820.88
$184,406.79
' , auC
46 Report Of Industrial Commission
Our risks are inspected semi-annually by us and we are affiliated with The Associated Companies Bureau for Coal Mine Inspection and Rating, and with The Industrial Commission on Coal Mines, Metal Mines, Industrials and Special Hazards.
As the reserves appear to be more than adequate to mature claims, the individual and class experience in detail for the first year will be completed later for submission to William Leslie, Consulting Actuary, for the setting up of specific reserves and determination of additional distribu- tions to policyholders of that year.
Respectfully submitted,
CHARLES A. CAINE, Manager, The State Insurance Fund.
Report Of Industrial Commission 47
The Industrial Commission Of Utah Financial Statement
July 1, 1918 - June 30, 1920
July 1st, 1918, Balance Cash on Hand $ 4,365.35
Disbursements July 1, 1918 to March 31, 1919
Coal Mine Inspection - " $ 2,168.89
Express 2.25
General Inspection 1,840.28
General Expense 1,038.89
Labor, Conciliation and Arbitration 15.40
Metal Mine Inspection 1,139.51
Office Expense 136.56
Office Equipment 1,128.56
Postage 199.10
Referee Hearings 1,570.85
Salaries 19,255.60
Stationery and Printing 1,536.21
Telephone and Telegraph 264.02
Traveling Expenses 852.40
$31,148.52
Deficit March 31, 1919 $26,783.17
Appropriation April 1, 1919 $96,600.00
Disbursements April 1, to June 30. 1920
Board Arbitration and Conciliation $ 144.53
Commissioner's Salaries 15,000.00
Contingent Fund 3,174.09
Commissioner's Traveling Expenses 1,694.81
General Office Salaries 5,974.00
Inspection Department 17,358.59
Medical Advisors 242.51
Printing Department 4.733.53
Referee Hearings 5,320.47
Statistical Department 2,795.00
$56,437.53
Cash On Hand $40,162.47 $96,600.00
48 Report Of Industrial Commission
Statistical Department
MRS. L. E. KING, Statistician.
Herewith are presented in tabular form statistics per- taining to workmen's compensation in Utah for the two years ending June 30, 1920.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, there were reported 73 fatalities, 3 permanent totals, 95 perma- nent partials and 8718 injuries, causing temporary disa- bility or receiving medical attention. The waiting period for this year was ten days.
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, were reported 99 fatalities, no permanent totals, 126 permanent partials and 9,958 cases causing temporary disability or receiving medical attention. The waiting period for this time was three days.
The following tables include an analysis of these in- juries :
Table I, as to cause of injury by extent of disability.
Tables II and VI show the payroll exposure.
Tables III and VII show the payrolls, premiums and losses by industry classification.
Tables IV and VIII give the details as to dependency and cost in fatal cases.
Tables V and IX give a detailed analysis of all injuries causing permanent partial disability.
Report Of Industrial Commission
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State Of Utah, County Of Salt Lake
P. A. THATCHER, WM. M. KNERR, W. P. MONSON, being first duly, severally sworn, each upon his oath de- poses and says :
That he is a member of The Industrial Commission of Utah ; that he has read the foregoing report and knows the contents thereof, and that the statements therein made are true to the best knowledge, information and belief of affiant.
P. A. Thatcher Wm. M. Knerr W. P. Monson
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 15th day of December, 1920.
C. I. Smith,
Notary Public.
My Commission Expires August 6, 1921.
(Seal)
150 Report Of Industrial Commission
Utah Manufactures, 1918
As no funds were available for a field worker to assist in gathering statistics for 1918 the returns are very incom- plete. Many concerns failed to answer repeated inquiries. The following summarizes the returns made.
0
9
of
ployces
c tt
it
68
of Ra rial
-5
.§
Name of
3
& J
£ 0
It
Industry
S 554.500
S 978.335
$1,508,297
t 242,303
Box Manufacturers
100,575
78,577
Candy Manufacturers
1.581.520
2.760.68:.
4.076.921
Canning
1.664.924
1.065.871
3.640.439
580,518
Cement and Plaster
20.184
Creameries
1.017.266
2.876.533
4.S76.956
Engravers
1H.274
Ice Manufacturers
a
230,000
Knitting Manufact'g
1,019.931
Mattress and Bedding
Manufacturing
4.403.000
6.350.345
9.052.587
489,475
Metal Workers
1.677.659
2.708.102
3.637.888
Flour and Grist Mills
1.847.625
3.230.188
3.791.782
Miscellaneous
6.924.375
3,194.823
5,326.208
"76.970
Pickling and Vinegar
Salt and Non-Miner-
als other than coal.
5.221.275
472,656
1.998.284
Soda Water
710,312
136,656
Tailor*
818,000
188,304
Report Of Industrial Commission 151
Utah Manufactures, 1919
As no funds were available for a field worker to assist in gathering statistics for 1919 the returns are very incom- plete. Many concerns failed to answer repeated inquiries. The following summarizes the returns made.
a z
of Raw rial
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U
Name of
is
u
K
Industry
Bakeries
630.500
t 994.422
1 1.593.001
t 276.586
Brick and Tile
611. Moo
Canneries
2.075.724
1.309.497
3,796.323
691,056
Cement and Lime
Manufacturers
2.052.822
1.219.164
Cigar MunufacturinK
65,349
64,638
Confectioneries
1.778,942
2.159,533
3,600.863
Creameries
1.085,892
1.938.383
4.318.334
833,307
Flour and Cereal MfK.
a
1.356.832
3.466.506
3.982.052
Harness and Leather
Goods
Hosiery and Knit
Goods
1.885.269
Metal and Sheet Iron
Workers
1.677.559
2.663.102
3.687,888
Miscellaneous
3.008,500
182,000
Salt
1.023,650
Sheet Metal Workers
414,682
706,331
1.288.815
Slaughter Houses
"
2.662,750
2.161.602
2.663.034
Soft Drinks. Mineral
and Soda Water
448,922
] 69,28 1
Report Of Industrial Commission 153
Utah
Agricultural
Statistics
19 19 - 19 2 0
United States Department Of Agriculture
Bureau of Crop Estimates
Co-operating With
THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF UTAH State Statistician
Agricultural Department
Miner M. Justin, Agricultural Statistician Vera Rose, Stenographer
154 Report Of Industrial Commission
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Crop Estimates.
THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF UTAH State Statistician.
The following estimates of crop acreages, yields, pro- duction and value, of Utah crops for 1920 are made by the Bureau of Crop Estimates. Comparisons are made with 1919. Acreages, production and values are in thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.
Crop
tl
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u
B
e
B
is
us
Dollars
Unit
Winter Wheat
10.:.
Bu.
Spring Wheat
Corn
n
s?
2,397
72
Alfalfa Seed
Hay—
Ton*
Alfalfa
::
Grain Hay
Other Tame
All Tame Hay
Total Hay
M
Bu.
Suitar Beets
Tons
Total
Mis'
Report Of Industrial Commission 155
The Agricultural Season Of 1920
The winter of 1919-1920 was unusually cold in the early part and many peach blossoms were killed by the low temperatures. Because of the heavy feeding made neces- sary by the severe weather the short hay crop was exhaust- ed early in the spring and heavy losses of stock occurred in many parts of the State. Precipitation was above or near average until the latter part of May when a severe drouth began. This lasted until August and injured dry land grain considerably. The supply of irrigation water was sufficient throughout the season.
Winter wheat was good though the yield per acre was not up to the average established when only the more fav- ored sections were farmed. The average yield of spring wheat was reduced by the poor crop on unirrigated ground. The favorable spring and high prices of wheat caused rather large sowings on dry land.
The acreage of oats was increased partly as an alfalfa nurse crop. The yield was good though not remarkable. Barley also made good yields. The acreage was again re- duced the third season in succession. Rye was grown on a larger area but made a rather small yield. Drouth caused much injury and heavy pasturing due to feed shortage was a considerable factor.
Potatoes in the State showed an unchanged acreage though there were numerous local shiftings. The season was favorable throughout and a heavy yield was harvested.
Corn made a remarkable increase in acreage and a somewhat larger yield than last year. The increasing num- ber of silos is in part the reason for more corn but a very large acreage is grown on dry land in the southwestern part of the State where silos are rare.
An excellent hay crop was harvested from an increased acreage. Alfalfa is taking a more prominent place as a hay crop. Other tame hays show surprising shifts in acreage. It seems probable that this is simply a matter of different names for mixed grasses as the total area is little changed. Pasture and ranges have been better than usual the entire season. Livestock sent to market has been of good quality. The crop of lambs and calves was somewhat smaller than usual.
Sugar beets had a good season. The acreage is the largest ever grown and the yield excellent. The price of beets is high. The value of the crop is larger than that of
156 Report Of Industrial Commission
all the grains or the tame hay and is only slightly less than all hay values.
Peaches were injured by cold weather in the winter but the short crop was of greater value than the bumper crop of 1919 as prices were the highest ever received.
Apples were more productive than last year and were of very good quality. Other fruits produced fairly well in spite of some frost injury.
Canning peas made a good yield on an acreage larger than average. Tomatoes were excellent in yield though the acreage contracted was much smaller. Truck gardens were exceptionally good.
The Agricultural Season Of 1919
The winter of 1918-1919 was deficient in precipitation which resulted in a severe shortage of irrigation water. The monthly precipitation was below normal from Novem- ber to August with the single exception of February. The lack of moisture was aggravated by exceptionally high tem- perature throughout the growing season of 1919. Damag- ing frosts occurred about June 1. In September good rains fell and caused a great improvement in late crops. The last three months of the year were cold with heavy pre- cipitation, which made beet and potato harvest very diffi- cult. The extreme weather also made it necessary to begin feeding stock at an unusually early date.
The yields of practically all crops in Utah in 1919 were much below the average. This was due mainly to the drouth. Winter wheat was one of the worst sufferers, the yield per acre being the lowest ever reported. Spring wheat also suffered severely showing the lowest yield since 1893. This is in part due to a larger proportion of the acre- age growing without irrigation compared with former years. Oats and barley acreages were reduced in favor of sugar beets and alfalfa. Their yields were also reduced because they were not irrigated when water became scarce, more valuable crops being favored. Potatoes were low in both acreage and yield. The Davis-Weber potato district made a much better showing than the rest of the State.
Hay was a light crop as damage was done by drouth and frost. The scarcity created by the short crop was ag- gravated by the severe weather which began in October and lasted until late in the spring. As pasture and ranges were poor throughout the season stock entered the winter in poor flesh. The average weight of lambs was low though an unusual percentage was marked.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Sugar beets made a splendid finish of an unfavorable season. Sevier County was seriously troubled by disease. The larger acreage enabled the State to produce a greater tonnage than ever before.
The peach crop was one of the largest ever produced and the quality was good. It was readily marketed at satis- factory prices.
Apples were abundant but the quality was poor. The size was below average and a high percentage was wormy. Cherries and pears were fairly good.
Tomatoes for canning made good yields. Peas were decidedly below average. High temperatures as they blos- somed and neared maturity were generally held accountable. Market truck gardens were generally good.
Utah Farm Prices And Values November 1
Price per Unit Value per Acre
Winter Wheat
Bu.
$ 1.60
Sprint Wheat
If
Corn .
Oats ...
Barley
M
Potatoes
Ton
Sugar BeeU
Apple*
Bu.
Peaches
Pear*
Crop
158 Report Of Industrial Commission
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Crop Estimates.
THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF UTAH State Statistician.
The Bureau of Crop Estimates makes the following estimates of livestock on farms and ranges in Utah on January 1:
Price
Number
Per Hend
Tot*] Value
Horses-
Mules -
Mii.Ch Cows —
Other Cattle-
191H
191*
Swine—
nr.,ooo
$ 78.00
$11,310,000
148,000
12.2S4.000
145,000
12.905.000
I2.oo<;.ooo
12.566.000
156,000
8.502.000
8.692,000
7.056.000
5.551.000
6.952.Oo0
518,000
20.357.000
24,194.000
20.062.000
14.289.000
40S.O0O
14.280.000
2.245,000
23,128.000
2,223.000
24.453.000
2.340.000
31,824.000
2.089.000
16,604.000
2.089.000
11.280.000
1.710.000
133,000
2.686.000
2.040.000
1.060.000
112,000
Report Of Industrial Commission
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Report Of Industrial Commission 163
Percentages Of Utah Crop Acreages Irrigated In 1920
From Assessor's Statistical Reports
All
.
Sprit.
Po-
Counties
Crop*
Corn
OnU
Rye
Wht.
Wht.
tatoes
Beaver
too
Box Elder
Ml
M
Cache
Ml
Daggett
Davis
Ho
Emery
(iarfirld
74
75
70
50
45
70
90
Oand
Juab
S
Kane
.1
Millard
72
96
94
39
75
S\l
Piute
too
Rich
Salt Lake
San Juan
Sanpete
H8
Sevier
M
Summit
96
60
65
96
Tooele
66
90
96
89
20
8
62
99
Uintah
U9.6
Utah
Wasatch
Washington
Wayne
1M
Weber
"
State
f,f,
Estimated.
Note: Sugar beeta and hay crop* are nearly nil grown under irri- gation. The portion not irrigated in so amall it waa considered negligible.
164 Report Of Industrial Commission
Statement Of Number Of Farms, Acres In Crops And Fallow
New Ground Cropped and Number of Silos for Utah in 1920
Estimated From Reports of Assessors and Crop Reporters
Counties
o
fl
1
Number of Farms
Z o
Acre* Fallow,
New Land
Cropped, 1920
h z°
t- :
'£
o
M3
Z o
Heaver
:
878,
17,447
8,100
42,000
Cache ...
3J.600
Dainrett
t
1.174!
82,304
2,260
Emery -
30.586 570
Garfield
236; 540
t
105| 114
5,537
Iron
Milmrd
t
Morgan
Rich
Salt Lake
1,818
H18
51,697
87,794
t
t
Utah
1,810
7,000
Waohinirton
73S
Wayne
t
Weber
1,226
6,950
State
1.178.025
147.S24
|No data to acreaire fallowed available.
191K or 1919 fiirurea. Not included in State total of number of farma.
Of Industrial Commission 165
Utah
Acreages Of Cereals, Potatoes And Sugar Beets Planted In Utah In 1&20
Estimated From Reports of Assessors and Crop Reporters
Arrt-
Counties
Acres of Cereal* for Grain
O
Bo* Elder
Cache
Carbon ru.k'icett
Davis D aches ne Emery Garfield Grand
Iron
Juab
Kane Millard
Piate Rich
San Juan Sanpete
Sevier
Summit
Tooele
Uintah
L'Uh
Wasatch
Washington
Wayne
Weber
State
610 1.015
19,050
1,840
25,000
h:.o
*1H
4.420;
1,450
4,950
5,960
l.sso
2*0 600
5*0
3,000
H
so
1,300
16,000
8.1*0
1.800. 400
3M
1.K60
11*
10*
1,240
20*
5.7*0
7,000
3,140
3,*00
15,*20
18,500
2.Ho0
1*0
63 r.
5,650
1,770
10,500
32,930
19,7*6
167.94* 132.97*
16.696 114.676
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH HAY ACREAGES, 1920 Estimated From Reports of Assessors and Crop Reporters
Counties
Alfalfa
X >-2
Wo
Clover
Timothy
Timothy and Clover Mixed
fcf*
T -
Grain* for Hay
O
s
e a
Beaver
10,950
1,735
Box Elder
31.48)
Cache
25,850
1,240
2,220
1,000
32,090
7,100
2,620
7, Is"
2,119
Jo
1,122
1 1,19.
Duchesne
a l.ooo
, 34,7 Is
1,565
a £ ilk V.MU
Grand
Iron „ „..
14,820
Juab
7,966
Kane
no
, 3,640
MorKan
!
Piute
5,600
1,195
10.26S
Salt Lake
96,
San Juan
Sevier .
Summit
9,680
10.S05
Uintah
26,550
j 28.445
Utah
Wa*atch
Washington
6,560
Wayne
4,520,
880; 4.870
Weber
1.350; 15.964
State
393.422;
116.306:471.563
d by
Report Of Industrial Commission 167
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS AND ITEMS FOR UTAH, 1920 Estimated From Assessor's Reports
Counties
Number of SiUw
if
Is
|3s
a
it
tis
Bfe
lis
£
Beaver
Box Elder
Cache „
Carbon „
Dareett
:v.u
Da via
Duchesne
Emery
Garfield
".rand
Mm
in;,
iron
Kane
Millard
Moron ...
Piute ,. „
Rich
Salt l-ake
San Juan
Sanpete ,
t
Sevier
Summit
Tooele
Uintah
flab
I.04S
Washington
Wayne
Weber
So
State
Sis
8,782
Report Of Industrial Commission
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Winter Wheat In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors, Crop Reporters
and Threshers
. ,
COUNTIES Acres I Yield per Acre I Production
Bu. Hiuheb
lain
1 Ma
960)
39,400
82,512
572.400;
vbukto - — — -
1 tLA
1 Crt
Jov
1 A A
10. D
i a a
niiint
7M
m A
Duchesne
82
4.6K0
2.1W
15,200
116,000
1.1*0
14.8H0
12.K
190,464
Morgan
13.9*0
Rich -
T,iT,
5,995
n.OOO
6,700
82,688
50.4 M
San Juan
2.W0
52,200
Sevier
3,140
4.4M
Tooele ... . . . ">i H
13,300
119.70O
Uintah
8.40O
J.400
Utah -
6.65H ?:;
Washington
S5.890I 27.Koo
2.164J
Weber
State
164,000
2.348.790
1.722.000
igitized by
Report Of Industrial Commission"
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Spring Wheat In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors, Crop Reporters
and Threshers
Countik-S
I Yield pr Aer*
Production
rVsver ... Box Elder
CarboO
Hut*
Rich
Salt Lak
Summit I'inUh
W.ber
State
109 A
1S10J
1Q1 Q
S0.672
m.noo
12, 530
213,010
210,265
Ao. V
4.204)
8,800
132.E.00
137. 0H0
2,000
18.H
27,000
1,066
65,000
9,300
28,600
1,220
2S.060
23,000
10,000
2H0.0O0
2,660
3V2,600
7,000
3. Ho
65,940
B4.240
622,060
1.3R0
34.50A
132, 97M 189,720
24.4 ) 14.0
3 IRTj
1,960,000
170 Report Of Industrial Commission
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Oats In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors, Crop Reporters
and Threshers
Counties
Acres
1 Yield per Acre Bu.
Production Bushel*
Beaver
44.6As
Box Elder
CucHe
Curlxm
— — —
4,455
17Kj00
1S3.Mh
818| 48.0
620! 43 0
25,870
26.6M
Duchesne
198,000
S2,lXK>
207,200
171,875
Garfield
Grand 4 .
8,404
70,221
J lammiliui.mn.tii
60,930
Moriran
,u
Piute
Rich
105,000
2.8.T0
San Juan
Sevier
2,570
100.4?:
Summit —
112,000
Tooele
58,900
6,800
149.Jo0
Utah
270,000
Wayne
1,730
1,620
3.180.406
115,200 2.448.000
Report Of Industrial Commission
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Barley In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors, Crop Reporters
and Threshers
Counties
Acres
Yield p*r Acre
Production
Bu.
Buahela
lit 19
; 1919
, 1920
9 A A
16, j 04
3,463
2'.500
Carbon
ftunrttt
Davu
1,080
S2.0
Emery
5,250
Garfield
— .V 1
Grand
Jo
Iron
Si.O
11.4M
H
Millard
Morgan
Piut , '
6,000
) 47.0
Salt Lake
SanprU „
Serier
Summit
15,600
Uintah ..
S66
Utah .. ,
2,400
WaiaUh
5,200
Wayne ..
6,600
Weber .
25,170
172 Report Of Industrial Commission
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Corn In
Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors and Crop
Reporters
COUNTIES Acres Yield oer Acre Production j Bu. j Buaheb)
1 V V
1 Q1 Q
1Q1Q
I V — V
1S.420
7 A A
*Ja
9A A
?n ft ou.v
1 ft HAA
1 ft ?0A
i hja
7 An
Bft A
18,200
Mi
If ft
1 & Aaa
ft 73U
Duchesne
Emery
Garfield
Grand
6,280
Juab
Kane
Millard
Moriran
PluU
Rich
Salt Lake
Sevier
Tooele
Uintah
Utah -
Wasatch
Weber
4S2.120
Report Of Industrial Commission 173
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Potatoes In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors and Crop
Reporters
COUNTIES Acre* Yield per Acre Production I I Baahtk Buahela
:uo
Box Elder
Too
Cache
363,000
Carbon
66,915
Daggett
2 Oh
Da via
Ducheane
Emery
61.6(0
Garfield
41),.'.60
Grand
20H
Iron
Juab
1?0
Millard
l4
Mortran
240,
Piute
Rich
Salt Lake
San Juan
207!
68
Sanpete .. .
640'
Summit
Tooele
10H
Uintah
460'
Utah
Waahinirton
Wayne
Weber
3.238.019
2.897.0O0
174 Report Of Industrial Commission
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Alfalfa Hay In Utah, 1920 And 1919
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors and Crop
Beaver
Box Elder Cache Carbon
DnvU Duchesne Emery ... Garfield Grand
Iron Juab
Millard Morgan
Piute ...
Rich
Salt Lake San Juan . Sanpete
Uintah Utah .
Wanntch
Washington Wayne
Statu
f
21,900
12.57S
26,600
13,110
6,811
10,420 11.800
83,344
99,200
11.200 1.65
24,067
21,000
S3, 345
7,620
33.600 29.220
67.26*
.'..6001 1.900
25,200 20.900
1*0.640
65.83".
10.S09
88,480
9,250
9,000
26,200
22,800
80. Cwo
26,240
4,900
12,850
1.118.887
Report Of Industrial Commission 175
Acreage, Yield And Production Of Rye And Wild Hay In Utah, 1920
Estimates Based on Reports of Assessors and Crop
Reporters
Kye Wild Hay
Counties
Acres Har- vest- ed
Yield per Acre
Produc- tion. Bushel*
Acres 1 Har- 1
ed
Yield per Acre
Produc- tion. Tons
Beaver
Cache „
Carbon
Davis
So
r..rf Ui
Grand
Juab
1,956
Millard .
Monran
1,430
972;
1,820
Rich „
Salt Lake
2,250
San Juan
Sanpete
" 13.640,
11,200
17,920
Sevier „
Summit
1,220
4,550
Utah
Wasatch ...
So
Wayne
H0
Weber
State
8.S
116,805
Digitized
176 Report Of Industrial Commission
The Climate Of Utah
By J. Cecil Alter, Meteorologist, United States Weather Bureau.
Utah is situated in latitude 37 degrees to 42 degrees, which is the same as Kentucky and Indiana, and has a gen- eral altitude of from 3,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level; being also at a considerable distance from the ocean, its climate is semi-arid, of a well defined seasonal type, fairly- representative of the middle temperate zone.
Owing to variations in topographical exposure there are rather wide varieties of climates within the State, the colder, moister regions being of limited extent in the moun- tains, and the warmer, drier sections are confined to the sheltered valleys at the lower altitudes of the extreme southern portion.
Temperature.
The general average annual temperature for the State is about 48 degrees, which is practically the same as for Iowa, though the Utah summers average appreciably cooler, con- sidering the means of the maximum and minimum values, the winters very much milder. The climate of Utah is thus more equable than that of Iowa, though, typical of the ele- vated, arid regions, the daily ranges of temperature, from afternoon maximum to early morning minimum, are much greater in Utah.
For instance, the general average temperature for Utah for all Januarys of record is about 26 degrees, the warmest state average for January being 32 degrees and the coldest 15 degrees, within which limits all Januarys have fallen; while the general average January temperature in Iowa for all records is about 18 degrees, the warmest January state average being 28 degrees and the coldest 4 degrees, a range of 24 degrees over which the January mean has varied, as compared with 17 degrees for Utah.
Also, the general average July temperature for Utah, all Julys considered, is about 71 degrees, the warmest July being 75 degrees and the coldest being 68 degrees, an ex- treme range of only 7 degrees; while the general average for all Julys of record in Iowa, comprising about 28 years as do the Utah averages, is 74 degrees, the warmest state-
Report Of Industrial Commission
wide average being 82 degrees and the coolest 68, an extreme range of 14 degrees.
The mean annual temperature for Salt Lake City, which is fairly representative of the more densely populated por- tion of the State, is about 52 degrees, or the same as for Springfield, Illinois; though the summer means, for June, July and August combined, at Salt Lake City, is 72.5 de- grees, and at Springfield, 74.5 degrees; and the winter means, for December, January and February, combined, at Salt Lake City, is 31.5 degrees and at Springfield, 29.1 de- grees, these means being determined in the usual manner, of combining the highest and lowest temperatures daily.
The warmest valley in Utah, situated in the extreme southwestern portion, and represented by the weather rec- ords at St. George, has an annual mean temperature of 59 degrees, which is the same as for Oklahoma City, Okla- homa; though, owing to the wide daily range between the maximum and the minimum temperatures at St. George, its July mid-afternoon maximum temperatures for all records, average an even 100 degrees, or 20 degrees warmer than those for Oklahoma; and the average early-morning mini- mum temperatures for January at St. George is 22 degrees, or 12 degrees lower than similar values for Oklahoma City.
One of the higher valleys in Utah, in which a rather widely diversified agriculture is practiced, and represented by the weather records at Heber, has an annual mean tem- perature of 43.5 degrees, which is practically the same as for St. Paul, Minnesota. The July average afternoon maxi- mum temperature at Heber is 86 degrees, or 13 degrees higher, and the January average early-morning minimum is 9 degrees, or 2.5 degrees lower than the similar values for St. Paul.
The severity of either the maximum or the minimum temperatures in Utah is greatly tempered by the dryness of the atmosphere and the infrequency of the storms, and the cold waves. The temperature changes from day to day in Utah are also very much more equable, the average change in the mean temperature from one day to the next being 4 degrees in winter at Salt Lake City and 8 degrees at St. Paul.
The mid-summer mean temperature, (mean of the maximum and minimum) at Salt Lake City, covering the last week in July and the first week in August, is prac- tically the same as at Kansas City, Missouri, though be- cause of the comparatively low relative humidity, the so- called "sensible" or wet bulb temperature, is approximately the same as for Sault Ste. Marie, upper Michigan.
Report Of Industrial Commission
The afternoon temperature in the principal settled por- tions of Utah will frequently reach the upper nineties in midsummer, and the early morning minimum values of zero are reached occasionally in midwinter in these areas, the valleys and settlements at the higher altitudes having zero temperatures more frequently. However, at Salt Lake City, twenty of the ninety winter days have minimum tem- peratures above freezing, indicating moderate winters.
The open growing season between the latest killing frost in spring and the earliest in autumn, has a wide range in Utah, varying from more than six months to the extreme southern regions to only a few weeks in the higher mountain valleys farther north; though in all districts the native vegetation and hardier crops make considerable growth be- fore and after the killing frost dates. At Salt Lake City, representative of a large agricultural section, the season between killing frosts, on the average, is 182 days, which is the same as the open season at Springfield, Illinois.
The general average precipitation for Utah is about one -third the average for Illinois, ranging from less than five inches over the so-called Great Salt Lake Desert, in interior northwestern Utah to more than twenty inches along the western slope of the Wasatch Mountains. This mountain range extends across the State from north to south about the middle, and intercepts the average storm tracks about at right angles.
The precipitation increases with altitude on the west- ern slopes of the Wasatch from about 15 inches at 4250 feet altitude at the base to about 35 inches at 9,000 feet. The precipitation in these higher altitudes is very largely in the form of snow, which accumulates in storage from October to March, inclusive, from which frozen supplies the sum- mer irrigation and electric power enterprises on the streams are supplied through the summer. The increased rainfall in summer at the greater altitudes serves also to sustain stream flow, and to support the summer pasturage on the mountain for cattle and sheep.
The principal agricultural areas immediately west of the Wasatch Mountains, receive from 14 to 18 inches of precipitation annually, while in eastern Utah the cultivated sections receive from 8 to 15 inches, excepting in extreme southeastern Utah where an important area of plateau lands receives from 15 to 20 inches. The areas receiving under 10 inches do not as a rule support an extensive agri- cultural industry, excepting in the Duchesne river basin in
Precipitation.
Report Of Industrial Commission
northeastern Utah, where high mountains nearby provide irrigation water. The more arid regions of the State pro- vide sufficient forage in summer for supporting the State's livestock at large, in winter, the winter snowfall being ample to provide the necessary livestock moisture.
The distribution of the precipitation in normal years is fairly heavy in winter, for western Utah particularly, when the mountain snow stores are accumulating, and much heaviest in the springtime when the crops are in greatest need; it is driest in summer and early autumn during the harvest seasons. East of the Wasatch Mountains the dis- tribution is somewhat the same though thundershowers may be depended on to bring good rains in July, August and September at many stations, making these the wettest months of the year.
The average number of days with 0.01 inch or more precipitation, in the areas of the State receiving from 14 to 18 inches annually, is about 10 per month in March, April and May, which is about the same as for Iowa, and about 4 per month in June, July and August, this being about one-half the frequency in Iowa.
Fluctuations from the mean precipitation are notice- able in Uta has in any arid region, though the relative or proportional variation is not greatly different from that in such a state as Iowa. For instance, the 28-year state- wide average in Utah is about 13 inches, the wettest year averaging 19 inches, or 146 per cent of the mean, and the driest year averaging 8 inches or 62 per cent of the mean ; while the average in Iowa for a similar period is 32 inches, the wettest year being 44 inches, or 138 per cent of the mean, and the driest year was 20 inches, or 62 per cent of the long record mean.
Droughts or periods without rain of value to pastures or crops will endure in Utah in occasional years from 30 to 50 days, in the regions receiving around 15 inches annually, and from 60 to 90 days in regions receiving from 8 to 12 inches, though since agriculture is chiefly dependent on irrigation, and the livestock pastures in summer are on the mountain slopes where heavier precipitation is the rule, the droughts are of greatly reduced importance,
In the average year there are about 182 clear days, 97 parti ycloudy days and 86 cloudy days in Utah, the num- ber of clear days increasing considerably over the more arid portions, and decreasing somewhat over the regions receiving greater precipitation. The sunshine averages from 60% to 70'; of the possible amount, indicating only
180 Report Of Industrial Commission
a moderate amount of sunshine as compared with definitely arid regions elsewhere.
The relative humidity at Salt Lake City averages 46 f on mdisummer mornings and 26' i on midsummer evenings, and about 74% on midwinter mornings, and 70 r on mid- winter evenings. Evaporation from a water surface, as determined for a few stations along the western foot of the Wasatch Mountains, averages between 45 and 55 inches annually, about 77% of which occurs from May to Sep- tember, inclusive, though these values will vary with the temperature and winds. Hail, thunderstorms, and high winds are relatively infrequent over most of the State.
Explanation of Tables.
Precipitation includes rain, and melted snow, hail and sleet. The averages and extremes are rather instable where the length of record is for only a few years. Many indi- vidual records are representative of only limited areas, owing to local topography. The interpolations necessary for determining the shadings on the accompanying chart of Normal Annual Precipitation, having been based on avail- able precipitation records and a consideration of the vege- tation, altitude and other factors. In the Killing Frost table a minimum temperature of 32 degrees (or lower) has been substituted frequently, where the actual formation of frost was not observed, due to dryness or other causes. The short record averages in this table, as in the precipitation column, are subject to rectification with the accumulation of records.
Data similar, and in addition to the tables, are avail- able for practically all places in the United tSates, for com- parison, on application to the Chief of the United States Weather Bureau in Washington, D. C. Detailed weather data for any station in Utah may be obtained, free, of the local office of the Weather Bureau in Salt Lake City.
Rkport Of Industrial Commission
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Report Of Industrial Commission
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Report Of Industrial Commission
The following pages contain a brief report of the factory, labor, and boiler and elevator inspections, together with a more detailed and complete report of the Mine Inspection Departments.
190 Report Of Industrial Commission
Salt Lake City Utah,
November 29, 1920.
The Industrial Commission of Utah, State Capitol Building,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Gentlemen: During the period from July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1920, there were seven hundred and sixty-five inspections of places where women and children were em- ployed, ninety-four violations of the eight-hour day, four violations of the minimum wage law ; in three of these cases back pay was collected.
Summary.
Department stores, factories, canneries; in fact, every place where women and children were employed in the State, with the exception of the beet fields, orchards and farms, are included in the number of inspections noted above. Conditions surrounding employes in all industries are vostly improved; in some instances they are found to be excellent. Each year employers of women and children have come to realize that concern for the welfare of the employes makes for efficiency.
Nothwithstanding the number of violations of the eight-hour law, it is generally observed by employers every- where, and the majority of them give it their unqualified approval. Department store managers report that the efficiency of their sales people is increased under the eight- hour law, and a larger percentage of sales is had during eight hours than were formerly obtained in nine hours.
The violations noted above were special cases, and in a number of instances were due to the ambition of the girl who wanted to obtain the extra money she would re- ceive for working overtime. In these special cases there have been threats that the incoming Legislature would be asked to repeal the eight-hour law. This would be a step backward, one which the State of Utah could hardly afford to take, as she would be the one reactionary state in all of this Inter-Mountain Region as well as the states of the Western Coast, all of which have an eight-hour law for women with the exception of Oregon, whose law states
Report Of Industrial Commission
that women be not required to work more than nine hours in one day or more than forty-eight hours in one week.
If such action should be taken by the incoming Legis- lature, it would be all the more regrettable for the reason that Utah led all of the Western States in welfare legisla- tion for women. The interest of more than 12,000 women workers in the State of Utah should not be jeopardized because of a few women ambitious to earn more money, who seek to influence the incoming Legislature to repeal this splendid piece of legislation. I would rather recom- mend to the Legislature that they amend the law by making the women equally responsible with the employer for in- fractions of the eight-hour law.
I also find little disposition on the part of the employer to take advantage of the emergency clause of the law.
The minimum wage fixed by State Law is too small to warrant very many violations. During the war the mini- mum was lost sight of because of the scarcity of help. Women were paid the wages they demanded and needed because of the increased cost of living. However, since the war ended, some employers are now keeping strictly to the minimum, which makes it very hard, indeed, for the girls and women compelled to work for such a small pittance in view of the fact that living conditions are still high.
There is but one just way to establish a minimum wage law, and that is for the Legislature to do as other states have done, to give to the Industrial Commission the power to establish wage boards — under such a system employers and employes, alike, will receive just consideration, it is to be hoped that the incoming Legislature will do something to relieve this situation.
I am happy to report that with but few exceptions, employers and managers have been uniformly courteous to the inspector, and have assisted in every way to make the inspection required by law complete.
I would recommend an amendmnet to Section 3669, relative to providing seats for female help. In department stores particularly, seats should be provided for women behind the counters, where they can avail themselves of rest while momentarily disengaged. As a rule, managers object to this, as they think it does not look well to cus- tomers for a girl to be seated behind a counter. Some employers provide seats some distance from the counter, and when the girl is needed it takes some time to bring her back to the counter to wait on a customer. No woman will object to seeing a girl seated, provided the girl is
192 Report Of Industrial Commission
prompt to wait on her. For that reason the seats should be provided behind the counters.
As per my report of August 25, 1920, by trip to Madi- son, Wisconsin, where I attended the convention of the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United States and Canada as the representative of the Industrial Commission of Utah, was very successful. The proceedings of the convention were interesting and helpful to me, es- pecially the remarks of Dr. John R. Commons, of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. My report of welfare and labor legis- lation in the State of Utah and the administration of our Industrial Commission was highly commended.
Respectfully submitted,
Zina H. Smoot,
Labor Inspector.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Mr. P. A. Thatcher,
Chairman, Industrial Commission of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Dear Sir: Herewith is report of inspections made during my term from October 20, 1919, to June 30, 1920, inclusive.
The first two weeks were taken up with installing a three-way Card Index System, by which easy and quick reference is made to any firm in the state, i. e., firm names alphabetically, industries alphabetically, and inspection re- ports by towns alphabetically. This is a modern system and is of great assistance to the work. It is being added to each day, and we expect to have every industry in the state listed within a very short time.
There were a total of 555 inspections made by myself during this period, 456 of which were general, 45 special, 38 re-inspections, and 16 female and child labor.
The general inspection consists of a visit to the differ- ent plants and a thorough inspection made of the proper safeguarding of all machinery and dangerous places; the welfare of the employes, i. e., sanitary conditions, ventila- tion, light, toilet accommodations, use of goggles, proper clothing, etc., and recommendations made to the proper authority regarding same.
Upon return to the office, these recommendations are typewritten and the original copy sent to the manager of the plant with a request to notify this office when the work is completed; a duplicate copy is sent to the Industrial Commission of Utah, and a triplicate copy filed in the office.
If no response is received from the manager within a reasonable time, a follow-up letter is mailed, requesting immediate information on the subject, and sometimes a re- inspection is necessary to check up the work, and especially is this true where rebuilding has occurred or machinery been replaced or moved.
In this way a very careful record is kept of each and every plant in the state.
Of the special inspections, seven were on fatal acci- dents, 16 on non-fatal accidents, and the balance on miscel- laneous work.
Two thousand one hundred twenty-two miles were covered by automobile, 526 miles by trains, and during the months of December and January the work was carried on
Report Of Industrial Commission
by the use of street cars on account of bad weather and roads.
These totals do not include the boiler and elevator in- spections made by Mr. Spahr, whose report is submitted. We have records in the files of about 150 general and spe- cial inspections which were made previous to my employ- ment.
Considerable time has been spent upon formulating the very important Boiler and Elevator Codes, which com- prise the basic principles of the A. S. M. E. Code, with modifications suitable for this state covering existing in- stallations, etc. The tentative drafts were submitted to and revised by committees composed of the leading boiler makers, elevator contractors, architects, building manager associations, mechanical engineers, and building inspectors of the state, who recommended their adoption. (These were adopted by this Commission on July 10, 1920, and made effective August 15, 1920.) Printed copies will be distributed to the leading factories and other places where necessary-
A factory Lighting Code is now in the process of for- mation, and will shortly be submitted for adoption, also rules covering the erection and maintenance of moving picture booths. These have been delayed on account of lack of time and assistance in the office, but should be issued as soon as possible, for it is one phase of protection which has been sadly neglected in many places.
There is a very common but great hazard predomi- nating in the homes, offices and factories of this and other states, which will be impossible to control except by educa- tion, and that is the 110 and 220-volt lighting systems. Most people believe that there is no danger in handling these wires. This is true if conditions are correct, but unless one is thoroughly familiar with the conditions, it is best not to handle them. We have records in this office where three strong, healthy men have been electrocuted within the last three weeks by currents not to exced 220 volts each, by actual test. This is appalling, and should be remedied at once. A code on the subject will obviate the defect in the factories, but publicity through the daily papers is about the only way to reach the homes. An article has already been published in this city regarding this sub- ject, but a series of articles should be published through- out the state, where the home owner makes his own repairs instead of calling upon an electrician.
A most pleasing co-operation has been manifested by the management of the different industries, and all seem
Report Of Industrial Commission 195
to thoroughly appreciate the assistance we are able to give along safety lines. It is a well known fact that even a small accident has its mental effect upon all the -employes of an institution, and when one occurs, the efficiency of all decreases until the accident is forgotten, thereby lessen- ing the output. A fatal accident has been known to almost demoralize the regular system of an institution for days, and the mental attitude of the employes for a longer period. It therefore behooves the employer to take every precaution possible to avoid any accidents, no matter how trivial. Then again, the safeguarding of machinery reduces the rate of insurance and thereby saves money on the overhead ex- pense. Some do not realize this, but the rate of insurance is based upon the hazard, and will be reduced as the hazard is reduced.
Respectfully submitted,
G. R. YEARSLEY, Chief Factory Inspector.
Report Of Industrial Commission
REPORT OF WORK DONE From July 1, 1919, to July 1, 1920
The Industrial Commission of Utah,
Gentlemen: In reporting the work done in this de- partment I cannot be either as comprehensive nor as accu- rate as I should like to be, owing to fact that about the last week of September, 1919, I was informed that no further weekly reports would be required of my work, and no specific account of all of my work has been kept since. At this time I was called out of the city so often and on a variety of work that it was practically impossible to keep an accurate account of my activities.
It occurred quite frequently that in going to outside work, that I had to inspect boilers, elevators, industrial risks and mercantile risks and classifications, and I have not been able to properly segregate time consumed, and particulars of each and every survey that I have made. I, too, am called out quite often to give instructions where material changes are in progress on boilers and elevators, also to pass on alterations in new installations. Another matter that has taken up considerable time at intervals is this, that owing to the fact that I am charged with boiler, elevator, fund, and industrial inspections, I have never felt safe in making appointments a week or so ahead for boilers, so that they can be properly cooled and cleaned. It is absolutely essential that from a week to ten days notice be given to have boilers ready for inspection. This I could not do as I never knew how soon or when I would be called to make a different survey anywhere in the state, and be unable to keep dates made to have boilers ready.
Elevators have been attended to when nothing else was pressing, and am pleased to report that with one or two exceptions, we are having good success in having safe- guarding done, and the machines I have had time to inspect since new code became effective are gradually being brought up to comply with code by their owners or lessees. The adoption of the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code and new Elevator Code has increased office work, at least doubled it, and now more time is needed in office to care for correspond- ence, checking inspectors' reports, filing and keeping rec- ords.
Go
Report 0 Findustrial Commission 197
It is up to this department to get a line on all uninsured boilers and inspectors' reports from all boiler insurance com- panies doing business in the State, and as soon as we can get the serial numbers to them we are in a fair way to get age, condition, and history of every insured boiler in the state.
It is up to this department to get a line on all uninsured boilers, but I am convinced that no one man can do it, un- less it will be made his sole business, and even then I have grave doubts that any one man can do justice to the Com- mission, the job, or himself.
From July 1, 1919, to October 1, 1919, I made 119 boiler inspections, 49 elevator, 10 mercantile and 8 industrial surveys, and investigated a number of accidents. From October 1, 1919, to July 1, 1920, I can only give an esti- mate of the number of surveys made, but in addition to my common ordinary duties, the boiler and elevator regulations were being compiled and put in workable shape, and consid- erable time was used up in compiling, conferences with boil- ermakers, elevator contractors, insurance and safety men, and insurance inspectors, revising and proof reading.
From October 1, 1919, to July 1, 1920, a conservative estimate of inspections made is thirty per month, or 270 inspections, all told, for the period named above. These surveys covered boilers, elevators, industrial investigations of accidents, and mercantile inspections, and follow-up sur- veys, of which no record is kept, unless something extra- ordinary develops, as for instance, defiance of our authority to require betterments to be made or neglect to follow our recommendations.
This, I believe, is the best report of the work of this department I can give, and I regret very much that I can- not give a more specific report for the time between Octob- er 1, 1919, and July 1, 1920. I know that the estimate of work done is below the actual, but would rather have it so, than give you an account that would not accord with the facts.
198 Report Of Industrial Commission
To Summarize.
Actual number of inspections made when strict account was kept :
Boilers 119
Elevators 69
Mercantile 20
Industrial 8
Total 216
Estimated at 30 per month since
October 1, 1919 270
Making a Grand Total 486
for the year ending July 1, 1920.
In this period I found it my duty to condemn five boilers and two elevators that had outlived their useful- ness, and been called on a number of time for advice and instructions on both new and existing installations.
Respectfully submitted,
GEO. B. SPAHR, Boiler and Elevator Inspector.
Report Of Industrial Commission 199
Serial Numbers For Boiler Insurance Companies In The State Of Utah
Utah lto 500-U
Maryland Casualty Company 501 to 1000-MC
Ocean Accident & Guarantee 1001 to 1500-OAG
Hartford Insurance Co 1501 to2200-H
Royal Indemnity Co 2201 to 2600-RI
Copy mailed to every boiler insurance company doing business in the state.
Report
Of The
Mine Inspection Department
To The
Industrial Commission of Utah
Mine Inspection Department
C. A. Allen, Chief of the Department,
Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines. John Crawford, Coal Mine Inspector. Wm. E. Harrison, Metal Mine Inspector. Mrs. Viola De Hon, Secretary to the Department. Miss Thelma Lubeck, Typist.
In presenting to the Industrial Commission a report j of the work of the Mine Inspection Department, mention I should first be made of the co-operative arrangements whereby the department assisted and was assisted by other State and Government bureaus in certain phases of the work of preventing accidents and gathering statistics re- garding the mineral industry of Utah.
The first of these agreements between the Commission and the U. S. Bureau of Mines, whereby an engineer of the Bureau was made the Chief of the Mine Inspection Depart- ment, has resulted in the experience and advice of the Bu- reau of Mines staff of experts being made available to the work in this State, and also made available to the State the laboratories and considerable of the equipment of the Federal Bureau. In return, the State has made available to the Government all experience gathered by the Inspec- tion Department, and further benefit accrues in that the accident and labor data is gathered from the operators by the State and furnished to the Bureau of Mines, making j figures more reliable and eliminating duplication on the , part of the operators.
The second agreement was between the Industrial Com- mission and the U. S. Geological Survey, whereby the pro- duction figures of the coal mines are gathered only by the Geological Survey and copies furnished to the Commission.
The third arrangement was entered into with the U. S. Bureau of Census, whereby the labor data gathered by the Census for the year 1919 was made available to the State and also to the Bureau of Mines.
The object of these agreements was to prevent the duplication of effort and expense, as between different state and governmental agencies, and to eliminate any duplication in making out reports by mine operators. Not only has considerable expense been avoided but closer and more friendly co-operation has been secured.
The work of the Mine Inspection Department, as it has been carried on during the last two years, can be briefly summarized as follows:
1. The answering of inquiries regarding the mineral resources of Utah.
2. Inspection of metal mines.
(a) General inspection for safety.
(b) Inspection of fatalities.
(c) Preparation of metal mine safety orders.
<
Report Of Industrial Commission 203
(d) Analysis of accident and labor data.
3. Inspection of coal mines.
(a) General inspection of the mines.
(b) Inspection of fatal accidents.
(c) Preparation of coal mine safety orders.
(d) Analysis of production, labor, and accident data.
4. Inspection of mills and smelters.
5. Inspection of quarries.
6. Welfare work among employees.
(a) Co-operation with mine rescue car.
(b) Publication of Utah Safety Record.
Inquiries Regarding the Mineral Industry of Utah.
There have been a very large number of inquiries re- ceived by this department regarding the mineral resources and the condition of the industry in Utah. Most of these have been answered direct, but a number have been referred to Professor Wm. Peterson, the State Geologist. Due to the fact that the State has never had a geologist until within the past two years, and during that time all his ener- gies have been spent on valuation work, most of the data that has been published regarding the State's resources has been published by the U. S. Geological Survey.
Taking into consideration the variety and extent of undeveloped resources, Utah equals, if it does not exceed, any other state in the Union, and it is not out of place to suggest that funds should be provided for the State Ge- ologist to gather further detailed information that could be given out to those making inquiries. A great deal of this information could be much better furnished by a geo- logical and mineralogical department than by the Inspec- tion Department. In order, however, that this report may serve as a guide to those desiring information regarding the State, the following data is given :
Precious Metal Mines.
The following list of the metal mines of Utah, which are now active, will give an idea of this industry in the State. It will be noted that most of the metal mining is con- fined to the three camps surrounding Bingham, Eureka and Park City. Outside of these camps, Ophir and Vipont are the two largest in point of production. The most important developments during the period covered by this report were in the district east of the town of Eureka, which is known
204 Report Of Industrial Commission
as the "East Tintic District," and at the Vipont mine in the extreme northwestern corner of the State.
In East Tintic the Tintic Standard Mine, which had been under development for a number of years under most discouraging conditions, encountered, a few years ago, a large and very valuable body of ore which caused great interest to be taken in this district. A large number of claims in a strip several miles long and a mile wide were grouped into a number of different holdings and develop- ment work started. Due to the fact that the Tintic Stand- ard ore body was found at about 1200-foot depth, most of the other companies planned on sinking shafts from 500 to 1200 feet deep. At one time there were 15 different shafts being sunk in this district and most of this work is still being prosecuted. It is a credit to the State of Utah that a great deal of this work has been done with money fur- nished by the citizens of the State, and, for the most part, the promotions have been clean and legitimate.
Unfortunately, none of the new companies have, as yet, uncovered any large deposits of ore comparable with that of the Tintic Standard Mine, and this is probably not due to the fact that all the country is barren but due to the difficulty of locating those places favorable to ore deposition. The ge- ology of the district is somewhat complex and the need of a general study to correlate the evidence from all the propert- ies is sorely needed. Practically all of the new openings have been made since any detailed geological study of the district was made and certainly another investigation at the present time would be of inestimable benefit to the oper- ators.
At the Vipont Mine, in northwestern Utah, a large body of low grade silver ore has been known for a good many years and during 1919 the property was taken under option by interests closely allied with the Utah Consolidated Mining Company at Bingham. Under this new company, the mine has been intelligently developed and a concentration and flotation plant installed. Over 100 men are employed and the activities have been of great benefit to the com- munity which was previously an isolated district with scat- tered farms in the surrounding valleys. The Vipont district is located 28 miles from the nearest railroad at Oakley, Idaho.
On the whole, the metal mines of Utah are at present struggling under many adverse conditions. The majority of the mines, which have furnished the bulk of the produc- tion of precious metals in the past, are finding it increas- ingly difficult to locate new ore bodies to replace those
]
Report Of Industrial Commission 205
which are rapidly being exhausted. Labor has been scarce, and while there are still a large percentage of high class trained miners, there have been many "floaters" employed in the mines who are neither efficient nor dependable. The large percentage of these men has served to reduce the total efficiency of the labor to a very serious degree. After the war, metal prices dropped, but there was no correspond- ing decrease in wages nor the prices of commodities, and, recently, the high prices paid at the coal mines have drawn a number of men from the metal mines. These conditions, taken together with the increased taxes of various kinds, have made metal mining a rather discouraging undertaking. A study of the accompanying tables shows how these con- ditions are reflected in the fewer number of men employed and decreased production.
The general public must realize that, with the exception of copper, it is difficult to see where the deposits of the other precious metals are to be found, with which to supply the future demands of the world. There are undoubtedly many large ore bodies still undiscovered, but to locate them will require expensive explorations, with consequently in- creased chances of serious financial loss. State legislatures, especially, should take cognizance of this condition and not further discourage capital from going into mining by im- posing any hardships in the way of taxes that can legiti- mately be avoided.
Within the past year, there have been issued two ex- cellent publications which are available, without cost, to anyone desiring additional and definite information regard- ing the mineral deposits. These are :
Bulletin No. 12 of the University of Utah, entitled, "The Mineral Industry of Utah," by Rob- ert S. Lewis, of the University, and Thomas N. Varley, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, which can be secured from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
The other paper is Professional Paper No. Ill, of the U. S. Geological Survey, entitled, "The Ore Deposits of Utah," which can be secured from the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, Washing- ton, D. C.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Utah Mining Companies
(Not including coal mines)
Names in parenthesis indicate district or town where mine is located.
Apex Standard Mining Co., 609 Newhouse Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Austin Mining Co.,
1022 Boston Bldg., City.
American Con, Mines Co., 323 Judge Bldg., City. (Cottonwood)
Bullion-Beck & Champ. Mg. Co., 416 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Bingham Conger Copper Co., 306 Kearns Bldg., City. (Bingham)
Beaver Copper Co., 609 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Beaver County)
Michael Bamett, Marysvale, Utah.
Cardiff Mining & Milling Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood)
Coin Silver Mines Co., 411 Dooly Bldg., City.
Deer Trail Mining Co., 321 Felt Bldg., City. (Marysvale)
Eureka Mines Co., 723 Kearns Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Eureka Hill Mining Co., 9th East and 1st South St., City. (Eureka)
Godiva Mining Co., 723 Kearns Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Gemini Mining Co., Inc., 723 Kearns Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Grater Con. Mines Co., 201 Ness Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood)
Grand Central Mining Co., Provo, Utah. (Mammoth)
Globe Con. Mining Co., 420 Boston Bldg., City. (American Fork Canyon)
General Eng. Co.,
159 Pierpont Street, City. (Salt Lake City)
Howell Mining Co., 209 Felt Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood Canyon)
Mr. Ernest R. Higginson, Lessee, Silver City, Utah. (Sun Beam Mine)
Iron King Con. Mining Co., Box 267, Provo, Utah. (East Tintic District)
Iowa Copper Mining Co., Park City, Utah. (Big Cottonwood)
Independence Mining Co., Eureka. Utah. (East Tintic)
Idaho-Utah Mining Co., Oakley, Idaho. (Box Elder)
Keystone Development Co., 1116 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Stockton)
Mr. D. W. Lynch & L. L. Travis, Gisbom, Utah.
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES— (Continued)
Louise Mining Co.,
407 Deseret Bank Bldg., City. (Alta)
Lehi Tintic Mining Co., Boston Bldg., City. (N. E. Tintic)
E. J. Longyear, Eureka, Utah.
Mineral Products Corp., Marysvale, Utah.
North Beck Mining Co., 422 Judge Bldg., City. (Eureka)
New Stockton Mining Co., 1116 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Stockton)
Price Mining Co.
Utah Sav. & Tr. Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood)
Ridge & Valley Mining Co., 723 Kearns Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Ramshore Mines Co., 321 Felt Bldg., City.
South Standard Mining Co., 422 Judge Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Stockton Standard Mining Co., 523 Atlas Bldg., City. (Stockton)
Silver Shield Mining & Milling Co., Bingham, Utah. (Bingham)
Silver Reef Con. Mines Co., 1110 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Cedar City Country)
Lakeview Mining Co., 418 Eccles Bldg., Ogden, Utah.
Tintic Standard Mining Co., 422 Judge Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Tushar Range Metals Mining Co., Marysvale, Utah. (Marysvale)
Tecoma Con. Mining Co.,
1407 Walker Bank Bldg., City. (Near Tecoma, Nevada)
Union Assay Co.,
152 South West Temple, City.
Utah Zinc Co.,
525 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Near Tecoma)
Uncle Sam Con. Mining Co., 515 Dooly Bldg., City. (Near Tecoma)
Vipont Silver Mining Company, 608 Dooly Bldg., City. (Box Elder)
Victoria Gold Mining Co., 422 Judge Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Wasatch Mines Co.,
713 Judge Bldg., City. (Alta)
Zuma Mining & Milling Co., Eureka, Utah. (Eureka)
American Smelting and Refining Co., 714 McComick Block, City.
Big Indian Copper Co., Provo, Utah. (Southern Utah)
Dalv Mining Co.,
1003 Boston Bldg., City. (Park City)
Garfield Smelting Co.,
714 McComick Block, City. (Garfield)
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES — (Continued ) (Not including coal mines)
Gold Chain Mining Co., Provo, Utah. (Mammoth)
International Smelting Co., Cashier, Tooele, Utah. (Tooele)
Mammoth Mining Co.. 409 Hooper Bldg., City. (Mammoth)
Niagara Mining Co., U. S. S. R. Co.. Newhouse Bldg., City. (Bingham Canyon)
Ophir Hill Con. Mining Co., Ophir, Utah. (Ophir)
Silver King Coalition Mining Co., 1008 Kearns Bldg., City. (Park City)
Utah Copper Co.,
600 McCornick Bldg., City. (Bingham)
U. S. Smelting Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Midvale)
Utah Con. Mining Co., Dooly Bldg., City. (Bingham)
Annie Laurie Gold Mines, Care of Salt Lake Harware, City. (Marysvale District)
Bingham Mines Co., Dooly Block, City. (Eureka and Lark)
Peter B. & Robt. Bradley, 92 State St., Boston, Mass.
Bullion Coalition Mines, Dooly Block, City. (Stockton)
Bonneville Development Co., 413 Dooly Block, City. (Provo)
Crisnion & Nichols,
229 So. West Temple St., City. (Assayers)
Eureka Lily Mining Co., Judge Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Eagle & Blue Bell Mining Co., 404 Dooly Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Emma Silver Mines Co., 515 Dooly Bldg., City. (Alta)
Mr. D. P. Fenkell, Scranton, Utah. (Scranton)
H. B. Hullinger & F. Marzoli, Ophir, Utah.
G. A. Hokanson, et al,
On premises of the Ontario Silver Mining Co., Summit County, Utah.
A. L. Inglesby, et al, Bingham, Utah.
Liberty Development Co., Bingham, Utah.
Majestic Copper M. & S. Co., Milford, Utah. (Near Milford)
Milford Copper Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Near Milford)
Mr. Earl L. Mclntyre, Mammoth, Utah. (Supt. Mammoth Mines)
Morgan Chief Mining Co., Morgan, Utah. (Near Peterson)
Ophir Coalition Mines Co., Care of Mark Hopkins, Cullen Hotel, City. (Ophir)
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES — (Continued) (Not including coal mines)
Ontario Silver Mining Co., 161 South Main St., City. (Park City)
Quad Metals Mines Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. (Frisco)
Salt Lake Copper Co., Walker Bank Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah. (Near Tecoma, Nevada)
St. Croix Con. Mining Co., Star Mining District, (12 miles southwest of Milford, Utah)
Grant Snyder, 414 Judge Bldg., City.
Union Chief Mining Co., 515 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Santaquin)
Utah Silver Lead Mines Co., Walker Bank Bldg., City. (Box Elder Co.)
The Woodman Mining Co., Gold Hill, Tooele Co., Utah. (Near Gold Hill)
Yosemite Mines Co., City. (Bingham)
Scranton Leasing Co., Scranton, Utah.
Alta Tunnel & Transportation Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood)
Alta-Michigan Mines Co., 161 Main St., City. (Alta)
Albion Mining Co., 135 Main St., City. (Alta)
American Leasing Co.,
Tying P. O., American Fork C, Utah. (American Fork)
Messrs. Berolatti Brothers, Stockton, Utah.
Buena Vista Co.,
Big Indian Via Moab, San Juan Co., Utah.
Babcock Mining Co., Calleo, Utah.
Bingham Empire Mines Co., Care of Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Bingham District)
Chief Con. Mining Co., 822 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Eureka)
Colorado Con. Mines Co., Provo, Utah. (Eureka)
Cottonwood Metals Mines Co., 503 U. S. & Trust Bldg, City. (Big Cottonwood)
Creole Copper Mines, 525 Atlas Bldg., City. (Big Cottonwood)
Copper Leaf Mining & Milling Co., Eureka, Utah. (East Tintic)
Mr. C. C. Crismon, 229 South West Temple St„ City.
Dragon Cons. Mining Co., Care of Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Silver City)
Mr. E. F. Birch, Assistant Manager, Knight Investment Co., Silver City, Utah.
Big Hill Mining Co.,
Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (East Tintic)
Boston-Acme Mines, Morgan, Utah.
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES— (Continued) (Not including coal mines)
Columbus Rexall Con, Mines Co., Care Columbia Trust Co., City. (Alta)
Centra] Standard Mining Co., Eureka, Utah. (East Tintic)
Daly West Mining Co., Deseret Bank Bldg., City. (Park City)
Empire Mines Co., Cate Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Mammoth)
Walter Fitch, Contractor, Eureka, Utah.
General Reduction & Chemical Co., 23 West 2nd South, City.
Griggs-Huish Leasing Co., Eureka, Utah. (Eureka)
Iron Blossom Con. Mining Co., Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah.
Judge Mining & Smelting Co., Deseret Bank Bldg., City. (Park City)
Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. General Mining, etc.
Knox & Co., P. O. Box 143, Midvale, Utah. (Midvale)
May Day Mining & Milling Co.,
Dooly Block, City.
(Eureka) Michigan Utah Con. Mines Co.,
Felt Bldg., City.
(Alta)
New Quincy Mining Co., 202 Atlas Block, City. (Park City)
North Standard Mining Co., 520 Judge Bldg., City. (N. E. Tintic)
Ohio Copper Co. & Bingham C. Ry., Lark, Utah. (Bingham Canyon)
Park Utah Mining Co., Judge Mining Co., City. (Park City)
Pinion Queen Mining Co., 422 Judge Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Stimpson Equipment Co., Felt Bldg., City.
Tar Baby Mining Co.,
South Fork, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah. (Big Cottonwood)
Tintic Central Mining Co.,
Care R. L. Anderberg, Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Tintic District)
Tintic Milling Co.,
Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Silver City)
Tintic Drain Tunnel Co.,
Care Knight Investment Co.,
Provo, Utah.
(Tintic and Silver City)
Utah Leasing Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. Absolute.
Sharp Lead Co., Inc., 421 Judge Bldg., City.
Guy Sterling,
Newhouse Bldg., City.
Wasatch Range M. & M. Co., American Fork, Utah.
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES — (Continued ) (Not including coal mines)
American Chemical & Ozokerite Co., Soldier Summit, U'ah.
American Chemical &
Ozokerite Co., 1801-5 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111.
Alta Cons. Mining Co., 335 South Main St., City. (Alta)
Messrs. J. W. Currie & Co., 70 West 3rd South St., City.
G. T. Christison, Eureka, Utah.
Crown Point Cons. Mining Co., Juab and Utah Counties. Provo, Utah. (Eureka)
Mr. Elmer Duncan, Eureka, Utah.
East Tintic Coalition Co., Provo, Utah. (East Tintic)
Eureka Tintic Coalition Co., Ptovo, Utah. (Tintic District)
Harry Gardner, 134 North Main St., City.
Greeley M. & M. Co..
Provo, Utah. (N. E. Tintic)
Mr. W. Marion Johnson, Silver City, Utah.
Keystone Mining Co.,
163 South Main St., City. (Park City)
Mt Nebo Cons. Mining Co., 403 Utah Savings & Trust Bldg., City. (Santaquin District)
Nail Driver Mining Co., 163 South Main St., City. (Park City)
John Sanberg & Max Krotki, Marysvale, Utah.
Sylvester Brothers, Knightsville, Utah.
Tintic Paymaster Mines Co., Eureka, Utah. (N. E. Tintic)
West Toledo Mines Co., 210 Judge Bldg., City. (Alta)
Woodlawn Copper Mining Co., 134 North Main St., City. (Alta-Cottonwood)
Western Utah Copper Co., 606 Newhouse Bldg., City. (Gold Hill)
Eastern Iron & Metal Co., 353 West 7th South St., City.
Mr. E. M. Hardy, Midway, Utah.
Peruvian Cons. Mining Co., 809 South 9th East St., City. (Alta)
M. J. Dailey, Lessee, 1008 Kearns Bldg., City.
Eureka Bullion Mining Co., Provo, Utah. (East Tintic)
Florence Mining & Milling Co., Marysvale, Utah.
Horn Silver Mines Co., Frisco. Utah. (Frisco)
Imperial Lead Mininr. Co., Care W. Mont Ferry, City. (West of Eureka)
Jackson Leasing Co., Park City, Utah.
11 K Port Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES— (Continued) (Not including coal mines)
A. O. Johnson & J. J. Cronin, Silver City, Utah.
Mr. Thomas Keams, Ker.ms Bldg., City.
Keno Mining & Milling Co., Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah.
Keystone Metals Reduction Co., Farmers Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. W. Larson Leasing Co., P. O. Box 131, Eureka, Utah.
Lakeview Lead & Silver Mining Co., 18-20 East 1st South St., City. (Promontory Point)
E. J. Longyear,
1265 East 1st South St., City.
George Merrill Co., Newhouse Bldg., City.
Albion Con. Mining Co., Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (AlU)
Miller Hill Mining Co., Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (American Fork Canyon)
Nephi McKee,
Knightsville, via Eureka, Utah.
Milford Magnolia Mines, Milford. Utah. (Near Milford)
O. K. Silver Mining & Milling Co., 611 Kearns Bldg., City. (Tooele County Near Tintic Junction)
Old Scotia Mining Company, 914 Boston Bldg., City.
The Ore Product? Corp., Green River, Utah.
Parowan Co-operative M. & M. Co., Parowan, Utah.
Paloma Gold & Silver Mining Co., 631 Judge Bldg., City. (Near Milford)
Pioneer Leasing Co., 310 Judge Bldg., City.
Red Warrior Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. (Near Milford)
Verner Z. Reed & James Doyle, 1020 First Natl. Bank Bldg., Denver, Colorado.
Mr. Wm. B. Ridgely. Boyd Park Bldg., City.
Sells Mining Co., 201 Judge Bldg., City. (AUa)
South Hecla Extension Mining Co., 161 South Main St., City. (Alta)
South Helca Extension Mining Co., 161 South Mtain St., City. (Alta)
South Utah Mines & Smelters, Newhouse, Utah.
Silver King Cons. Mining Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Park City)
John Stormberg, Eureka, Utah.
Sioux Mines Co.,
Care Knight Investment Co., Provo, Utah. (Eureka)
Triangle Mining Co., Alta, Utah.
Three Kings Con. Mining Co., Newhouse Bldg., City. (Park City)
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES — (Continued) (Not including coal mines)
Tintic Delmar Mining Co., Room 1, Knight Block, Provo Utah. (Tintic District)
The Southern Utah Mining Co., St. George, Utah*
The Utah Mines,
402 Kearns Bldg., City. (Fish Springs)
Utah Revenue Mines Co., 503 Boyd Parks Bldg., City.
Utah Metal & Tunnel Co.. 611 Walker Bank Bldg., City. (Bingham)
Utah Natural Products Co., Boston Bldg., City.
Utah Boston Development Co., 702 Walker Bank Bldg., City.
Messrs. Wilson Brothers, 209 Brooks Arcade, City.
B. Wheelock & E. G. Jensen, Mammoth, Utah.
West Mercur Mines Co.,
11 Broadway, New York City.
Whimpey & Paxman, Silver City, Utah.
The New York Mining Co., 730 Symes Bldg, Denver, Colorado.
Zalinski & Hilsriale, 308 Kearns Bldg., Salt Lake City, UUh.
Caffey & Glaser, Beaver, Utah.
J. F. Gibbs,
Duquesne Exploration Synd. Co., Marysvale, Utah.
East Crown Point Mining Co., 427 Ness Bldg., City. (East Tintic)
Minerals Separation N. Amer., Corner 61 Broadway, New York City, Naw York.
Needles Mining Company, 343 South Main St., City.
Raven Mining Co., of Utah, Cor. Broadway and Adams St , Chicago, 111.
Utah-Apex Mining Co., Bingham, Utah. (Bingham)
Utah Ore Sampling Co., 820 Newhouse Bldg. (Midvale)
820 Newhouse Bldg., City.
Apex Standard Mining Co.,
609 Newhouse Bldg., City.
(East Tintic) Black & Deason, Inc.,
165 South West Temple St,
City.
Capitol Mining Co., 202 Atlas Bldg., City. (Near Milford)
Garrison-Monster Mining Co., Gold Hill, Utah. (Gold Hill)
Humboldt Mining Co.. 202 Atlas Block, City. (Star Mining District, 5 miles southwest of Milford, Utah)
Montana-Bingham Cons. Mining Co., Inc., Dooly Block, City. (Bingham)
Ophir Metal Co., 1609 Walker Bank Bldg., City. (Ophir)
Wm. F. Peters & Sons,
1609 Walker Bank Bldg., City.
Lear E. Riter,
are
Tintic Mercantile Co.
Eureka, Utah.
Report Of Industrial Commission
UTAH MINING COMPANIES— (Continued) (Not including coal mines)
Western Utah Extension Co., 313 Walker Bank Bldg., City. (Gold Hill)
Republic Develooment Co., Calleo, Utah. (Near Calleo)
Syndicate Mining Co.,
B. H. Bullock, Prove, Utah. (Near Payson)
Payson Eldorado,
R. A. Porter, President, Payson, Utah.
Pacific Gold Mining & Milling Co.. American Fork. (American Fork Canyon)
American Con. Mining Co., 3 Exchange Bldg. (American Fork)
South Park Mining & Develop- ment Co., Desert Bank Bldg., City. (American Fork)
Leonora Mining Co.,
135 East 3rd South St., City. (Near Milford)
Utah Sulphur Corp., Deseret Bank Bldg. (Morrissey)
City.
Southern Pacific Gold & Copper Co., 1306 Walker Bank Bid*?., City. (North of Ogden)
Report Of Industrial Commission
Utah'S Smelters
Location of
Kind of
Name of Company
Plant
Smelter
American Smelting & Refining Co.
Murray
Lead
Garfield Smelting Co.
Garfield
Copper
International Smelting Co.
Tooele
Copper and Lead
Judge Mining & Smelting Co.
Park City
Electrolytic Zinc
U. S. Smelting, R. & M. Co.
Midvale
Lead
Utah Zinc Co.
Murray
Zinc
Utah'S Ore Dressing Plants
Name of Company
Location of Plant
Type of Plant
Chas. Moore Park City
Chief Consolidated Mining Co. Eureka
Deer Trail Mining Co. Marysvale
Glen Allen Mining Co. Park City
Griggs-Huish Leasing Co. Eureka
Horn Silver Mines Co. Frisco
Judge Mining & Smelting Co. Park City
The Knox Company Midvale
Mineral Products Corporation Marysvale
Ophir Hill Cons. Mining Co. Ophir
Quad Metals Co. Frisco Silver King Coalition Mining Co. Park City
Tintic Milling Co. Silver City
Tintic Standard Mining Co. Goshen
U. S. Smelting, R. & M. Co. Midvale
Utah-Apex Mining Co. Bingham
Utah Consolidated M. & M. Co. Tooele
Utah Copper Co. Arthur
Utah Copper Co. Magna
Utah Ore Sampling Co. Murray
Vipont Silver Mining Co. Vipont
Western Utah Copper Co. f.iold Hill
Concentration
Concentration
Cyanide
Special
Special
Concentration
Concentration
Concentration
Lixiviation
Concentration
Concentration
Concentration
Special
Special
Concentration
Concentration
Concentration
Concentration
Concentration
Testing
Concentration
Concentration
Report Of Industrial Commission
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218 Report Of Industrial Commission
Labor Data Mines Of Utah Other Than Coal Mines
1916 1917 1918 1919
Average days worked per
man 318 326 340 325
Average num- ber of men employed —
Underground.. 4,690 5,079 4,165 3,057
Open Pit 1,500 1,626 1,437 782
Surface 1,194 1,228 1,299 760
Total 7,384 7,933 6,901 4,599
Total day's labor —
Underground.1,445,661 1,626,780 1,403,926 977,780
Open Pit 547,500 588,410 518,659 278,990
Surface 351,846 370,846 425,048 240,653
Total 2,345,007 2,586,036 2,347,633 1,497,423
Report Of Industrial Commission 219
Labor Data Ore Dressing Plants And Smelters Of Utah
Ore Dressing Plants.
Men employed..
3,017
4,103
1,942
1,382
Days of labor
..1,073,745
1,459,383
691,255
483,852
Average days
active
Smelters.
Men employed..
2,401
2,658
3,173
1,8.32
Days of labor.
878,426
952,918
1,158,145
667,450
Average days
Auxiliary Works.
Men employed.
1,811
1,885
Days of labor
310,352
657,387
681,762
258,652
Average days
active
220 Report Of Industrial Commission
The Coal Fields Of Utah
The U. S. Geological Survey has published a number of bulletins describing most of the coal fields in the State, and the State Geologist, Wm. Peterson, is now making a further detailed study of the coal beds. There is, how- ever, no general summary and map which would be con- venient for reference to anyone desiring a general knowl- edge of Utah's coal. To supply this need, the accompany- ing map has been prepared to show the approximate loca- tion of all the different coal fields, which are briefly de- scribed as follows:
Henry Forks Field.
Coal has been found in the vicinity of Henry Forks Valley in northeast Utah and southern Wyoming. Oppo- site Linwood postoffice, about one-quarter of a mile north of Henry Forks, two thick beds are exposed, outcropping in an almost vertical position. The beds are 8 ft. 9 in. and 10 ft. thick, respectively, without partings, and are of appar- ently a good grade of coal. Other beds are exposed along Spring Creek and on the north side of Henry Forks. No estimate is given of quality or tonnage.
The Vernal FiekL
As shown on the map, coal is found from the Colorado line to west of Vernal. It occurs in two formations — the Mesaverde and the Mancos, both of cretaceous age. ' The coal is classed as low grade bituminous ; the beds dip 14 de- grees to 20 degrees and are up to 7 feet thick, but frequently contain impurities which, taken with the fact that they are far from transportation facilities, makes the coal of value for local consumption only. There are several wagon mines operating in this field, all on beds in the Mancos formation. Further information can be found in Bulletin 415 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
The Deep Creek Coal Field.
This is a small isolated area of coal, 10 miles north- west of Vernal, and about 15 miles north of Fort Duchesne. The coal occurs in the Mancos formation and is of similar quality to the Vernal coal. There is only one workable seam, which is from 3 to 6 feet thick and dips 15 degrees. The coal frequently contains partings of shale and bone, which make it of value for local consumption only.
Report Of Industrial Commission
The Government Mine, of the U. S. Indian Service, is the only mine at present operating, but the Larson Mine, of the Littlewater Coal Company, was formerly a producer.
This field is described in Bulletin No. 471 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Black Tail Mountain Field.
The Black Tail Mountain Coal Field lies in Wasatch County and extends from about 5 miles northwest of the town of Tabiona across the Duchesne River, along the head of Red Creek, and across to the head of Currant Creek. Its length is about 32 miles and it contains an area of about 150 square miles. It is much the most important coal area in the Uintah Basin, for the reason that it contains a large number of thick, clean coal beds. The eastern end of the field contains the coal only in the Mancos formation and one mine is opened on the Winchester bed and is now operated, under lease from the Indian Service, by B. T. Clark, of Tabi- ona, Utah. The bed at this point is 5 feet in thickness and contains no partings.
Farther west, in the Black Tail Mountain Field, on the head of Red Creek, a number of workable seams are found, both in the Mesaverde formation and the Mancos shale. One of the coal beds in the Mesaverde, known as the Fraugh- ton bed, is 20 to 25 feet thick, and practically clean coal.
In the Mancos shale one bed reaches a depth of 18 feet in places, but the coal apparently occurs in great lenses and is not uniform in thickness.
There is no work being done in this part of the Black Tail Mountain Field nor in that part which lies on Currant Creek. The coal dips at a very steep angle varying from 45 degrees to 58 degrees and is somewhat crushed, due to the folding of the rocks. The crushing action, however, is not great, but means that the percentage of lump coal will not be as large as would be secured from undisturbed beds. The pitch of the seam is not a serious disadvantage, on account of the fact that Red Creek has cut a deep valley through the formations and there are probably five million tons of coal which can be mined from the hills above water level.
A further description of this field can be found in Bulletin No. 417 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
It will be noted on the map that the Black Tail Moun- tain Field, as well as Deep Creek and Vernal fields, is far distant from railroad transportation. There is a probabili- ty, however, that a railroad will be built from Springville, Utah, over the Wasatch Range and down the Strawberry
222 Report Of Industrial Commission
River Valley. This will bring transportation facilities with- in 20 miles of the Black Tail Mountain Field, which is the commercially important field in this part of the State. A branch line could be constructed, without any unusual cost, up Red Creek if the condition of the market warranted opening the field.
The Coalville Field.
This field of coal, lying adjacent to the U. P. Railroad, in Summit County, Utah, was one of the first coal fields in the State to be opened and coal from it was hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City over fifty years ago. The beds are considerably folded, the dip varying from 10 degrees to 25 degrees. A number of mines have been opened, and there are at present three well equipped mines operating, all on the Wasatch seam, which is the principal seam of the area. The coal varies in thickness from 8 to 14 feet and contains very little impurities. Its heat value ranges from 11,039 to 11,800 British thermal units but, due to the high moisture content, it crumbles and slacks on exposure to the air and is, therefore, not suitable for storing. It gives out very little smoke or soot and finds a market in nearby cement plants, also at the mines of the Park City district.
This field is described in Bulletin 581-e, of the U. S. Geological Survey.
The Morgan County Coal Field.
About 10 miles northeast of Devil's Slide, in Morgan County, there is a small area of coal which has been opened by wagon mines in past years but has not proven of com- mercial importance. It is described in Bulletin 621-j of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Coal in Sanpete and Sevier Valleys.
Coal is found both east and west of Sanpete Valley in Sanpete County and on the east side of Sevier Valley, east of Salina and Sterling, Utah. Small mines have been oper- ated in this part of Utah for a number of years but the coal seams are not so thick and the coal has higher ash and sulphur contents, and, for these reasons, has never been able to compete with the larger mines of Carbon County, except for strictly local consumption.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Coal in Carbon County.
Carbon County, Utah, produces 90 per cent of the coal mined in Utah, and, due to the number and thickness of the beds, quantity of the coal and accessibility to rail trans- portation, can be classed as one of the great coal fields of the world. There are from two to five workable seams, some reaching an average thickness of 27 feet, with prac- tically no impurities, and very few of the mines are working coal less than 7 feet in thickness. The average of all mines would probably be 18 to 24 feet of coal in two seams. The coal is a good grade bituminous coal, and the eastern part of Carbon County contains a good coking coal. The Utah Fuel Company, at Sunnyside, has two mines producing cok- ing coal and the same class of coal extends both ways from their property for a number of miles.
The Carbon County Coal Field, due to its great extent, has been usually divided into different geographical or topographical districts for discussion. The northern part of the field is considered as part of the Book Cliffs Field, while the southern part is part of the Castle Valley Field. For convenience, however, the Main Carbon County Field may be considered as extending from Sunnyside westward to Castle Gate, thence southward by Spring Canyon and Wattis to Hiawatha, and Mohrland in Emery County. In the northern part of the field the coal dips northeastward from 5 degrees to 18 degrees, gradually becoming more nearly level, until at Hiawatha it dips but very slightly. The pitching veins are opened by slopes and the flat veins by drifts. A number of the mines are located on the Cliffs considerably above the tipple sites, making necessary the use of surface inclines. There are no shaft mines.
Pleasant Valley Coal Field in Carbon County.
This field includes the coal in the western part of the county, in the neighborhood of Scofield, Winter Quarters and Clear Creek. It is described in Bulletin No. 316 of the U. S. Geological Survey. In the same bulletin is also de- scribed the Main Carbon County Field, including the out- crop from Kenilworth to Castle Gate, and south through the Spring Canyon district to Mohrland.
The Book Cliffs Field in Carbon County
The Book Cliffs Field takes its name from the high bluffs or cliffs which form a permanent rim north of and roughly parallel to the Denver and Rio Grande Railway from Helper, Utah, to Palisades, Colorado. The Mesaverde
Report Of Industrial Commission
226 Report Of Industrial Commission
coal-bearing formation is found in these cliffs throughout its entire distance and, at most points, the seams are of commercial importance.
A description of this field, as far west as Sunnyside, Utah, will be found in Bulletin 371 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
The Book Cliffs Field in Grand County, Utah
As before stated, the Mesaverde coal-bearing forma- tions extend from Carbon County, Utah, well across into Colorado, just north of the Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Coal beds of commercial importance are found throughout practically the entire distance and in Grand County, Utah, one large mine is being operated at Neslen, owned by the American Fuel Company.
The Castle Valley Coal Field in Emery and Sevier Counties
Castle Valley is the name given to the broad mono- clinical area that extends from Price, Utah, southwestward for a distance of 80 miles. It parallels the eastern foot of the Wasatch uplift and on its westward slope is fringed with coal seams for the entire distance. A valley is formed in the easily eroded Mancos formation, and above this lies the Mesaverde formation, which is distinguished by steep massive sandstone cliffs. Tremendous deposits of worka- ble coal are opened in the Mesaverde formation from Castle Gate to Hiawatha, in Carbon County.
Southward in Emery County, coal seams as thick as 32 feet are being mined at Mohrland. The same formation is found on both sides of Huntington Canyon where at least 19 feet of workable coal is found in two seams, one seam being 12 feet in thickness and the other 7 feet.
South of the town of Huntington, the Mesaverde for- mation has not been thoroughly prospected but it continues for many miles southward, as indicated by the dotted lines on the map, and in Section 22, Township 25 South, Range 4 East, the formation is known to contain at least one 12- foot seam of coal. Also, from the town of Emery, south- ward for 25 miles the Mancos shale is coal-bearing. The coal beds in this formation are at least 14 in number, some of which reach thicknesses up to 20 feet of clean coal. The beds dip gently to the westward and form a tremendous reserve for future mining.
Report Of Industrial Commission 227
The Escalante Coal Field in Garfield County
About 40 miles south of the southern terminus of the Castle Valley Coal Field, coal is again found along the head waters of the Escalante River, near the town of Escalante, which is said to extend southward to Henrieville. No de- tailed investigation of this field has ever been made, so far as the writer is aware, but there are reported to be three seams of coal. A lower vein 6 feet in thickness, a middle vein 24 feet in thickness, and an upper vein 8 feet in thick- ness. A specimen sample of this coal, taken from a pile outside of the mine, was furnished by one of the operators and gave the following analysis on an air dried basis :
Heat value in British Thermal units . .11, 107
The New Harmony Coal Field in Washington County, Utah
In Washington County, near the town of 'New Har- mony, coal formations outcrop for a distance of 3 miles. The coal dips from 45 degrees upward, due to the strata being disturbed by intrusives, and these intrusives have also served to metamorphose some of the coal so that it resem- bles anthracite. The beds are thin and the coal has a high ash content, and although considerable prospecting has been done no commercial mines have been opened.
From Cedar City, south to Kanarra, and then south- eastward to Mt. Carmel, Utah, coal outcrops in lower cre- taceous rocks. A number of wagon mines have been opened in the vicinity of Cedar City and Kanarra, but the rest of the field is practically unprospected. The coal is of a good grade, with gentle dips of from 1 degree to 2 degrees north- east. Several partings occur in the seams around Cedar City, but farther south the beds are cleaner.
One interesting occurrence in this field is the presence of cannel coal in a limited area on the north fork of the
Per Cent
Moisture
Volatile matter Fixed carbon ...
Ash
Sulphur
(.59)
The Cok>b Coal Field.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Virgin River. This coal gives a high yield of oil per ton, as is shown by the following analysis :
Gallons of oil per ton, 68.8. Specific gravity of the oil, .9045. Setting point, 36 degrees centigrade. Per cent ash in the coal, 22.2. Per cent nitrogen, 1.30.
A complete description of this coal field can be found in Bulletin 341 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
The Kanab Coal Field, Kane County.
The Kanab coal field is an extension of the Colob coal field and is only separated from it by the Sevier fault, which has a throw of 2,000 feet. The coal is of the same variety as that in the major portion of the Colob field but the beds are thinner, and, due to the extreme isolation from transportation, are of value only for local consumption.
Analyses of Utah Coals.
The following table shows analyses of coals from most of the fields. Some of these analyses, however, especially in the less developed fields, are of coal near the outcrop and the coal farther under cover will undoubtedly show higher heat values. For more complete analyses, the reader should refer to Bulletins 22, 85 and 123 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
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Report Of Industrial Commission
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Report Of Industrial Commission
List Of Coal Mining Companies Of Utah
(Numbers show location on the map of the coal fields
Carbon County
(8) CAMERON COAL CO. F. H. Roiapp, Vice-Pr< Gen. Mgr., Newhouse Bldg., S. L. C. Mine Castle Gate, Utah. Charles Leger, Supt. Seaton, Mine Foreman.
(16) CARBON FUEL CO. L. F. Rains, Prest., 31,
621 Newhouse Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Rai Utah. Walter Wetzel, Supt. (Carbon & Mor Mines.)
(11) Independent Coal & Coke Co. J. H.
kin, Mgr., 1511 Walker Bank Bldg., S. L. Mine at Kenilworth, Utah. Wm. Ellwood, Su Bob Smith, Mine Foreman.
(7) KINNEY COAL CO. Wm. Monay, Mgr., Kear Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Scofield, Utah. B. Manley, Supt.
(15) LIBERTY FUEL CO. F. N. Cameron, Vice-Pres 811 Kearns Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Latuc Utah. Geo. Schultz, Supt. Gus Goodart, 3Ii Foreman.
(17) LION COAL CO. D. H. Pape, Gen. Mgr., Ogde
Utah. Mine at Wattis, Utah. W. L. Reid, Sup Wattis, Utah.
MUTUAL COAL CO. Fred Leonard, Mgr., Gift Hotel, Salt Lake City, Utah. Mine at Rain Utah.
(12) PEERLESS COAL CO. Ezra Thompson, Pre*
Newhouse Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Peerle* Utah. Robert Howard, Supt., Peerless, Utah.
(6) SCOFIELD COAL CO. J. H. Martin, Vice-Prest Evanston, Wyo. Mine at Scofield, Utah. Newren, Supt. Andrew Hood, Mine Foreman.
Digitized byGoogle
Report Of Industrial Commission 231
OF COAL MINING COMPANIES— (Continued)
SPRING CANYON COAL CO. Jesse Knight, Prest. J. Will Knight, Mgr., 817 Newhouse Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Storrs, Utah. Geo. Murphy, Supt. Otto Reichart, Mine Foreman.
STANDARD COAL CO. 924 Kearns Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Standardville, Utah. F. C. Hennes, Supt. Harry Parmley, Mine Foreman.
UNITED STATES FUEL CO. Moroni Heiner, Vice-Prest., Kearns Bldg., S. L. C. R. M. Ma- graw, Gen. Supt., Hiawatha, Utah. Mines at:
Black Hawk, Utah. C. N. Orr, Supt. J. Taylor, Mine Foreman.
Hiawatha, Utah. Otto Herres, Supt. John Jones, Mine Foreman.
Panther, Utah. J. E. Pettit, Supt. and Mine Foreman.
UTAH FUEL CO. A. H. Cowie, Vice-Prest. H. G. Williams, Consulting Mgr. A. C. Watts, Chief Engineer and Geologist, Judge Bldg., S. L. C. Mr. Wm. Littlejohn, Gen. Supt., Castle Gate, Utah. Mines at:
Castle Gate, Utah. W. J. Bowns, Supt. Oliver Sutch, Asst. Supt. Geo. A. Wilson, Mine Fore- man No. 1. Zeph Thomas, Mine Foreman No. 2. Clear Creek, Utah. Thos. A. Stroup, Supt. H. H. Norgard, Mine Foreman.
Sunnyside, Utah. Emil Ostlund, Supt. Dave Crawford, Mine Foreman No. 1. John Thorpe, Mine Foreman No. 2.
Winter Quarters, Utah. Thos. C. Harvey, Supt. Horace Simpson, Mine Foreman No. 1. R. J. Stone, Mine Foreman No. 2. ( Utah Mine, Utah. Thos. W. Tweeddale, Supt. Wm. S. Wilde, Mine Foreman.
Duchesne County
BEN CLARK. Tabiona, Utah. (Leased from the Government.)
232 Report Of Industrial Commission
LIST OF COAL MINING COMPANIES— (Continued)
Emery County
(20) UNITED STATES FUEL CO. Moroni Heiner, Vice-Prest., Kearns Bid?., S. L. C. R. M. Ma- graw, Gen. Supt., Hiawatha, Utah. Mine at Mohrland, Utah. F. C. Hill, Supt. Peter For- ester, Mine Foreman.
IRA BROWNING. 450 Capitol Bldg., S. L. C.
Queatchuppah Mine No. 1. KNIGHT INVESTMENT CO. Provo, Utah. THOMAS LAMPH. Orangeville, Utah.
Grand County
AMERICAN FUEL CO. R. W. Van Derek, Mgr., Ut. Sav. & Tr. Bldg., S. L. C. Mine at Sego, Utah. M. C. Moffett, Supt. R. J. Cams, Asst. Supt.
Iron County
T. S. ATKINS. 60 East South Temple, S. L. C. Cony Mine, Cedar City.
URIAH JONES. Cedar City, Utah. Jones-Bulloch Mine. Heber Jensen, Lessee.
THE LUNT MINE. Cedar City, Utah. Steven & Nelson, Lessees. (H. H. Lunt, Mgr.)
WM. REEVES. Kanarra, Utah.
ED. H. WHYTE. 1522 Fulton St., San Francisco. Calif. Ed. Whyte Coal Mine.
JESSE F. WILLIAMS. Kanarra, Utah.
THE WOOD & TAYLOR MINE. Cedar City, Utah. John Holland, Lessee.
ANDREW CORRY. Cedar City, Utah.
Report Of Industrial Commission 233-
LIST OF COAL MINING COMPANIES— (Continued )
Sanpete County
OLE BLACK. Sterling, Utah. Ole Black Mine. Owned by Sam Duggins and Marinus Beaure- gard, Gunnison, Utah.
ALBERT CHRISTENSEN. Fairview, Utah. New York Mine. Owned by Utah Fuel Company.
JOSEPH JENSEN. Sterling, Utah. Morrison Mine 3 miles east of Sterling.
H. R. THOMAS. Wales, Utah. Wales Mine.
Sevier County
J. F. LIVINGSTON & GEO. IVORY. Fountain Green, Utah. Livingston Mine. 16 miles east of Salina, Utah.
Summit County
CHAPPELL BROS. COAL CO. Coalville, Utah. Mine at Coalville, Utah.
GRASS CREEK FUEL CO. Grass Creek, Utah. Mine at Grass Creek. Mr. J. H. Roberts, Supt.
WEBER COAL CO. H. C. Cohen, Secy., 163 South Main St., Salt Lake. Mine at Coalville, Utah. J. T. Lewis, Supt.
Uinta County
GEO. GRAY & SON. Vernal, Utah. Mine (North Star) at Vernal, Utah.
LITTLEWATER COAL CO. Vernal. Utah. PACK & ALLAN. Vernal, Utah. Mill Mine, 10
miles from Vernal. JOS. RICH. Vernal, Utah.
U. S. INDIAN SERVICE. Deep Creek, Utah. (Government Mine.)
Report Of Industrial Commission
Production Of Coal In Utah, 1870-1918,
In Short Tons
1 8 j 3 —
189S ..
Totals
213,120
$ 8.816 606,171
m6
Is 98 1S99 190.-,
603,243 1.233.978 1.882.470 1.641,436 1.782.178 1.563.274 1.602.528 1.839.219 1,967.651 1.844.849 2.322.209 2.526,093 2.601,471 3.088.356 3,289,265 8.149.491 3,108.715 3,567,428 4,125,230 5,186,825
55.424.967
3 661.:
2.71* S.025; 3.83:.- 4.420J 5.21S.S2 5.658.8S 5,795,9*- 8,531.33 13. 937.0?
Report Of Industrial Commission Tonnage Produced, 1919
Totals
January 387,948
February 318,781
March 322,027
April 247,342
May 297,228
June 349,055
July 386,211
August 426,262
September 407,152
October 470,649
November 467,473
December 533,594
Miscellaneous small mines 16,000 (Est.)
4,629,722
Summary Of Coal Produced, 1918
County
Employees
5 Z J5.Ee
Carboa 4,607.192 $ 12.529,485 3.736.898; 2.675
nd Grand I 463.172| 1,205.806 442.892j 307
68.759' 160,600 58.928
3.882 12.887 None
S13.937.097 4.238.718
r
3.071 1.095
4,166
as
4.126.230
$ 8.531,382 3.292.758
State
total 8.567,428 $ 5.795.944 2.686.880
Only six employees reported.
236 Report Of Industrial Commission
Tons Of Coal Made Into Coke At The Mines
1916 1917 1918
786.853 669,816 788.802
Distribution Of Coal From Utah'S Mines
In 1917 And 1918
(From figures of the U. S. Fuel Administration)
1918 1917
Tons produced that were shown in the
distribution 5,096,372 4,103,226
Made into coke at the mines 738,302 669,315
Railway fuel 1,088,977 876,582
Used in Utah 1,532,885 1,510,797
Shipped to Nevada 325,660 182,156
Shipped to California 633,522 352,424
Shipped to Idaho 436,460 340,971
Shipped to Oregon 132,015 30,739
Shipped to Washington 106,870 25,010
Shipped to Montana 48,056 20,415
Shipped to Colorado 683 1,310
Used at mines and local sales 52,289 93,508
Shipped from southern Wyoming into Utah in 1917 — 385.- 227 tons; in 1918, 220,000 tons.
Of Industrial Commission
SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF COAL Produced in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States, 1918— (Net Tons)
K
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M
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Use Or Destination
Z
E
Utah
M
—
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e Z
Wash
UKU in norm? ouiic , soiu 10 ioi&i
39,000
Used at mines for steam and heat .
Made into coke at mine*
1.108.000
1,080.000,
Shipped to points in home State.
4.519.000
1.987.000
1.512.000
1.088.000
Total used in home State
1.401.000
6.346.000
3.102.000
2.034.000
1.511.000
Shipped to other States —
225,000
Colorado — — .
Idaho
7,000
Kansas
Minosaota
Nebraska
1,133.000
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oregon
Utah
Washington .
t
[
54.000
Total shipped to other States
2.791.000
2.777.000
1.389.000
Delivered to railroads by nil-mil
1.736.000
3.247.000
5.553.000
4.183.000
1.871.000
Exported by rail
4.023.000 12.4Oh.Oo0
11.502.000
7. 606.000
4.082.000
NOTE: Figures by U. S. Geological Survey. These figures are revised and do not check in some cases with those of the Fuel Administration.
238 Report Of Industrial Commission
Tonnage Produced By Principal Mines Of Utah In 1919
Company —
Cameron Coal Co. (Royal) 146,482
Carbon Fuel Co 265,906
Grass Creek Fuel Co 32,155
Independent Coal & Coke Co 344,723
Liberty Fuel Co 170,741
Lion Coal Co. (Wattis) 136,593
Peerless Coal Co 154,865
Scofield Coal Co 123,540
Spring Canyon Coal Co 296,217
Standard Coal Co 272,029
U. S. Fuel Co 1,058,831
Utah Fuel Co 1,480,233
Weber Coal Co 16,878
Other Mines (partly estimated) 130,529
Total 4,629,722
Coal Produced In Utah The First Six Months Of 1920
January 589,668
February 515,214
March 527,606
April ; 298,424
May 400,938
June 531,600
Small Mines (estimated) 12,000
Total 2,875,450
Report Of Industrial Commission
Coke In Utah
The first efforts to make coke in Utah were in the early fifties, when small beehive ovens were built near Cedar City in an endeavor to coke the coal of the Colob coal field for use in smelting iron ores just west of Cedar City. The coke produced was friable and carried about 5% sulphur, which made it unsuitable for the smelting opera- tions.
In 1878 ten beehive ovens were constructed at Con- nellsville, in Huntington Canyon, and the coke, although not of a high grade, was hauled to the smelters operating in Salt Lake Valley.
In 1890, the Pleasant Valley Coal Company erected eighty beehive ovens at Castle Gate and for nearly ten years coal from the "A" seam was coked for use in the state's smelters.
In 1898, it was found that the coal at Sunnyside was a good coking coal and mines were opened at Sunnyside. where are now the only ovens in operation in the state. The Sunnyside plant consists of 819 beehive ovens of 12 and 13-foot size, which makes it the largest single beehive plant in operation in the United States. The coke produced is an excellent metallurgical coke and it is used by the four smelters operating in Utah. It runs from 83% to 87% fixed <*rbon, 11% to 13% silica, to 1% sulphur, and .3% to .5% phosphorous.
The following table gives the production of coke in Utah, 1890 to 1917, and the tons of coal made into coke from 1916 to 1918:
Year
Tons YfRr
Tons Year
Tons Year
Tom
1891 7.947
1892 7.242
1*93 16.007
1894 16.067
1895 22,517
1897 23.619
1898 28.327
1899 26.882
1900 32.780
1901 39.860
1902 78.230
190S 158.099
1904 156.337
1905 220.706 1906 259.924
1907. 817.926
1908 180.074
1909 184.746 1910 150.677
1911 174.0
1912 302.457
1913 332.31.6
1914 349.898
1915 301.420
1916 424.828
1917 874.775
Tons Op Coal. Made Into Cokk
Report Of Industrial Commission
Production Of Hydro-Carbons In Utah
Utah is one of the few places in the world where the hydro-carbon minerals, gilsonite, elaterite and ozokerite, are produced. These minerals are valuable for many uses, prin- cipally in the manufacture of high class paints and var- nishes, electrical insulating material, and as a substitute for rubber. The veins occur in vertical fissures in sedi- mentary rocks, and they are usually mined by underhand stoping from the surface.
At present, there is no ozokerite being produced, but four companies are producing gilsonite and one is producing elaterite. The gilsonite mining companies are the Gilson Asphaltum Company and the American Asphalt Associa- tion at Watson, Utah, and the Raven Mining Company and the Basin Gilsonite Mining Company at Myton, Utah. Mr. H. D. Ford is superintendent of the Gilson Asphaltum Com- pany, Mr. E. V. Deshayes of the American Asphalt Asso- ciation, Mr. Fred C. Feron of the Raven Mining Company, and Mr. Charles Walker of the Basin Gilsonite Mining Com- pany. The Raven Mining Company is also the sole producer of elaterite which comes from their mine on Big Indian Creek, southwest of Duchesne, Utah.
The following figures show the activity of the industry in 1918-19:
Tons of Gilsonite and
Underground
Surface
No. of Days
Year
Elaterite produced
Employee*
Employees
Active
31,918
32,857
Gilsonite was worth about $27, and Elaterite $65 to $75 per ton, f. o. b. cars at main line railroad points during
Report Of Industrial Commission 241
Hoisting Sacks of Gilsonite at the Mines of the Gilson-Asphaltum Company
Starting Work on One of the Gil- sonite Mines of the Gilson- Asphaltum Company
242 Report Of Industrial Commission
Oil And Gas Developments
A great many inquiries have been received by the Mine Inspection Department regarding the oil possibilities of Utah. In order to furnish the information, as regards op- erations in the past, the following review of oil and gas prospecting is abstracted from Bulletin 711-A of the U. S. Geological Survey:
"San Juan Field — Oil occurs in the San Juan field in rock of upper Pennsylvania age (Good- ridge formation), which contain five reported oil- bearing sands at about the following depths below the top of the Goodridge formation ; Baby, 29 feet ; Goodridge, 74 feet; Third, 190 feet; Mendenhall, 231 feet, Little Loop, 381 feet. Oil seeps are re- ported to occur at several localities in the Good- ridge formation along San Juan River westward from Goodridge to boundary of the field. At some places the oil seeps from crevices and at others it saturates the unbroken rock, but the oil impregna- tion seems to be local and to occur at no definite horizon in the sand. Several wells were drilled no deeper than the Baby sand, but most of them went as far as the Goodridge sand and a few penetrated to a depth of 1,425 feet. Woodruff believes that as all the wells with more than a good showing of oil are in the syncline the area of basin structure con- tains most of the oil. In this field during 1916 one dry hole was completed and one well formerly classed as a producer was abandoned. The five other wells in the field reported as capable of pro- ducing were closed through lack of marketing facilities.
Green River — Prospecting for oil near Green River has extended over 20 years, and interest has several times been revived by the increasing de- mand for petroleum and by the discovery of other oil seeps. Two wells, Levi No. 2 and Collins, have penetrated Lupton's McElmo and entered the un- derlying La Plata sandstone. The Levi well, in sec. 35, T. 22 S., R. 17 E., was drilled to a depth of 1,500 feet, and the Collins well, in Sec. 2, T. 21 S., R. 17 E., to a depth of 2,100 feet. No oil or gas was reported from the Levi well, but gas was re- ported in the Collins well at 850 feet (in Dakota
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sandstone) and at 976 feet, gas and salt water at 1,840 feet, and dry gas at 1,980 feet. Rainbow colors on the water accompanied each flow of gas. Most of the other wells in this area were drilled into the McElmo, but a few stopped in the over- lying Mancos shale, from which most of the gas was derived.
The results of drilling up to 1912 gave little encouragement for further exploration, because three out of seven wells proved to be dry holes, three encountered traces of oil and small quantities of gas, and one struck "pockets'* of gas without oil. The Green River field contains no anticlines or domes favorable for large accumulations of oil or gas.
San Rafael Swell — Several wells have been drilled for oil or gas southeast of the San Rafael Swell, and northeast of Hanksville, near the junc- tion of Fremont and Dirty Devil rivers, in Tps. 26 and 27 S., R. 12 and 14 E., in Emery and Wayne Counties. A well 600 feet deep was drilled just south of the "Flat-Tops" in sec. 18 or 19 (unsur- veyed), T. 26 S., R. 13 E., which possibly passed through Lupton's McElmo formation and penetrat- ed about 35 or 40 feet into the La Plata sandstone, but found no oil or gas. The Des Moines Oil Com- pany's well near the center of Sec. 29, T. 26 S., R. 14 E., had in November, 1912, been sunk to a depth of 2,140 feet but did not obtain oil or gas. It is estimated that the upper 600 feet of this well was in the Navajo and Todlite; from 600 feet to 1,325 feet the drill penetrated the Wingate. Fresh water was encountered at several horizons from 310 feet down. The Mount Vernon Oil Company's well, 10 or 12 miles southwest of the Des Moines well, in the NE 1/4. of Sec. 9, T. 27 S., R. 12 E., probably started in the Navajo and penetrated to a depth of 2,715 feet. Oil is reported to have been found in this well at 2,175, 2,530 and 2,655 feet below the surface, all of which may be in the Pennsylvania ( ?), but it is possible that the first show of oil, at 2,175 feet, was in younger rocks. These wells, ac- cording to Lupton, are near the axis of a broad, nearly flat east-west anticline which connects the San Rafael Swell, on the west, with another re-
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ported anticline occupying a position near the junc- tion of Grand and Green Rivers on the east.
Southwestern Utah — The rocks exposed in the Virgin River field range in age from Carboniferous to Eocene and so far as known contain oil only in the lower red beds, of probably Permian age. Oil seeps near Virgin, on Virgin River, in Washing- ton County, southwestern Utah, have probably been known for many years, but no prospecting by drilling was undertaken there until recently. The first well, in the flood plain of North Creek about 2 miles north of Virgin, was drilled in the summer of 1907 to a depth of 610 feet and struck oil in the Permian (?) rocks at 556 feet. This well yielded oil at the rate of 10 barrels a day and stimulated the drilling of six other wells, none of which produced oil in paying quantities, but it is reported that some oil was found in all the wells. Interest in the Virgin River field has again been revived, but, although some drilling is reported, at the date of writing (September, 1918) there has been no commercial production. The oil has a spe- cific gravity of 0.9225 (22 degrees Baume), con- tains some paraffin and a large percentage of as- phalt, and is essentially a fuel oil. Richardson believes that the source of the oil is in the under- lying Carboniferous limestone, that the oil-bearing rocks occur as lenses rather than as persistent beds, and that oil accumulated in this field only in lenticular beds and not in folds, because the rocks are flat-lying.
Great Salt Lake and Sevier Lake Basins — At many places in the Great Salt Lake and Sevier Lake basins considerable drilling for oil and gas has been done, but, so far as the writer knows, oil has not been encountered in commercial quan- tities.
Juab Valley — Several holes have been drilled in Juab Valley, near Juab, in Juab County, but no production of oil has been reported. The rocks exposed in the valley are probably Lake Bonneville beds. Rocks of Eocene age dip westward from Gunnison Plateau beneath the valley floor, but the writer has no knowledge of the local structure of the rocks in the vicinity of the wells.
Digitized b
Report Of Industrial Commission 245
San Pete Valley — A hole was drilled in the north end of the San Pete Valley near Mount Pleas- ant, but no information is available regarding the results. The beds that crop out on both sides of the valley are Tertiary.
Shores of Great Salt Lake — More or less inter- est and some excitement has for many years at- tended the drilling for oil and gas along the shores of Great Sale Lake. Oil has not been encountered in paying quantities, but considerable gas was pro- duced by wells about 12 miles north of Salt Lake City. This drilling has probably been stimulated at various times by the gas bubbling from hot- water springs, by reports regarding "showings" of oil in water wells and springs, and by the oc- currence of solid asphalt deposits such as those south of Rozel Hills, on the west side of the Prom- ontory Range, on the north shore of the lake. A well was drilled to a depth of 2,480 feet near the Southern Pacific railroad track at Lemay, about 80 miles west of Ogden, but found no oil or gas. The drill penetrated, according to reports, 850 feet of clay carrying gypsum, fossiliferous limestone, and brown sandstone. Another well along the same railroad was drilled to a depth of 800 feet at Strong Knob, at the north end of the Lakeside Mountains, about 52 miles west of Ogden, and obtained some gas but no oil. Several shallow wells were drilled south of the Rozel Hills, on the west side of the Promontory Range, to test the extent of asphalt beds, but no wells deep enough to test the oil or gas possibilities of this region are reported. A well about 1 mile southwest of Farmington was drilled to a depth of 2,000 feet in unconsolidated lake beds but found no oil or gas. It is reported that an- other well is now (September, 1918) being drilled near the site of the old well, but no information is available regarding the results. Several wells drilled a few miles south of Farmington and about 12 miles north of Salt Lake City produced consid- erable gas. The deepest well was 1,400 feet deep but did not pass through the unconsolidated lake beds. The gas in most of the wells came from depths of 500 to 700 feet below the surface and was piped to Salt Lake City, where it was used for about 19 months, until the wells failed to yield
246 Report Of Industrial Commission
sufficient gas to pay the costs of operation. A deep well has been drilled on the south shore of the lake near Grant's Station, on the Western Pacific Railroad, and in April, 1916, oil was reported to have been encountered at a depth of 1,900 feet. Many shallow wells have been drilled for water on the east and south sides of the lake, but so far as known these wells have found no oil or gas. Drilling in the Lake Bonneville beds for oil or gas is attended with great uncertainties and is purely wildcatting, because the nature and thickness of the lake beds and the underlying bedrock are not known.
Since this resume was prepared by the Government geologist, additional drilling has been carried on, but so far as the writer is aware there is only one section of the State where oil is being produced at the present time. On North Creek, about a mile north of the town of Virgin, in Washington County, shallow wells about 500 feet deep have produced small quantities of oil. The Dixie Oil Company has been the principal operator and a small refinery has been operated intermittently. Farther west, in the same county, between St. George and Hurricane, the Virgin Dome Oil Company has been drilling for oil for some time, also other companies. The latest advices are that the deepest well had reached a depth of 2,200 feet but had not secured oil in commercial quantities. This field was described in the Salt Lake Mining Review under date of March 30, 1919.
Near Moab, Utah, there was considerable oil excitement in 1919 and a number of companies were organized for drill- ing. The principal work was done by the Big Six Oil Com- pany, 3 miles southeast of the town of Moab, and a well was put down which, at last reports, was over 800 feet deep. Some oil was encountered, but not in commercial quantities.
In Uinta County, the Uinta Oil and Explroation Com- pany put down one well about 1*4 miles north of Moffat, which reached a depth of 1,100 feet, and about 4 miles south- east of Moffat another well was started with a standard rig which, at last reports, was still drilling.
One of the most noteworthy attempts to find oil in Utah has been in Juab County just east of Juab station on the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. This drilling has been carried on by the Utah Petroleum Company, Mr. Fred J. Wheeler, Manager. The first well was started in the fall of 1908 and reached a depth of 2,400 feet. A second
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well was drilled to a depth of 3,000 feet and a third well, about 7 miles southeast of Juab station, reached a depth of 2,400 feet. A fourth well wai drilled to a depth of 3,829 feet. A fifth well is now being drilled which has reached a depth of 3,000 feet and is still being drilled. Oil in com- mercial quantities has not been secured but the indications in the wells were sufficient to encourage further drilling. The efforts of this company are deserving of success.
Since the new leasing laws went into effect a large number of companies have applied for oil leases or pros- pecting permits in Utah, and there promises to be a great deal of activity in the near future. Applications cover many different parts of the State. The largest number are con- fined to three different areas, namely, the Circle Cliffs region in Garfield County, near Caineville, in Wayne county, and on the San Rafael Swell in Emery County. There has also been considerable activity in San Juan County. At the present time, standard drilling rigs are being taken into nearly all of these fields. The developments being under- taken in the Circle Cliffs field are especially interesting, due to the great distance from the railroad and the rough- ness of the country which has to be traversed to get to the region. Drilling rigs for this field are unloaded at Marys- vale and thence hauled around by way of Escalante.
248 Report Of Industrial Commission
Oil-Shale Work In Utah
By Martin J. Gavin, Refinery Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines.
The oil-shale industry in the United States is still in an experimental stage. Some 15 or 20 retorts for producing oil from shale have been erected in various parts of the country, but these, with one or two possible exceptions, are all too small or operate under such conditions that little idea of their feasibility for commercial purposes can be determined.
The State of Utah probably ranks first among the states of the Union in content of oil-shale. The greater part of the shale in this state occurs in the northeast part and principally in the counties of Uintah, Duchesne, Carbon and Wasatch. While estimates have been made of the amount of oil-shale deposits occurring in this state, I would not venture to use these estimates or to make one of my own, because exploration and sampling work so far accom- plished have been too inadequate to base reliable estimates on. Mr. D. E. Winchester, formerly of the United States Geological Survey, estimates that the Utah portion of the Uinta Basin contains sufficient shale to produce nearly forty-three billion barrels of crude shale oil. In any event, it may be stated that shale deposits of Utah indicate that ultimately the state will be a great producer of shale oil.
To reach a great stage of development, economic con- ditions throughout the country, of course, must be right. Primarily the success of the oil-shale industry will depend on the condition of supply and demand for petroleum prod- ucts ; particularly in the case of Utah adequate transporta- tion facilities must be furnished to shale fields before any great measure of success can be obtained.
To my knowledge there are at present, five oil-shale plants of various sizes in the State of Utah ; three of these are experimental plants in the city of Salt Lake, the other two are attempts at commercial plants, but apparently have capacities too small to consider them truly commercial. One of these plants is near Dragon, Utah, where one retort is now in operation and three more being erected. The esti- mated capacity of the completed plant is 50 tons of shale per day. North of Watson on the White River, another company has under construction a battery of 18 retorts with, according to the company's statement, an estimated capacity
Digitized by C fo
Report Of Industrial Commission 249
of 400 tons a day. It is impossible to predict when this lat- ter plant will be fully completed.
The staff working on oil-shale at the Intermountain Station, Bureau of Mines, consists of:
M. J. Gavin, Refinery Engineer and in charge of oil-shale investigations for the Bureau.
L. C. Karrick, Jr., Refinery Engineer.
J. J. Jakowsky, Petroleum Engineer, Department of Metallurgical Research, State of Utah.
R. D. Howard, "Fellow" on oil-shale investigations, Department of Metallurgical Research.
Miss Louise A. Helson, Junior Clerk.
The work accomplished during the present calendar year has been the development of apparatus and methods for assaying oil shales for their oil content; the construc- tion and operation of several laboratory types of retorts and the examination by distillation and chemical analyses of the oils produced from them and the sampling, assaying and chemical analyses of shales from various parts of this and other states. The principles of two or three proposed new types of retort systems have been studied and the oils produced from them examined. Samples of shale and crude shale oil have been obtained from the commercial plants of Scotland and have been studied and are being used as points of reference for the shale work. At the present time, work is just beginning on a new shale retort designed to make possible a study of the results of using steam and other gases in the distillation of oil shale. Conditions for the recovery of nitrogen from oil shales are also being studied. It is felt that much valuable work has been accom- plished to date and that at least a beginning of knowledge of the complicated processes by which oil is produced from oil-shale has been established.
The following publications have been published by writers at this station during the year:
"Oil Shales and Their Economic Importance"
By M. J. Gavin. "Oil-Shale Investigations of the Bureau of Mines"
By M. J. Gavin. "The Necessity for Research in the Oil-Shale Industry"
By M. J. Gavin. "Problems in the Production of Oil-Shale"
By L. C. Karrick and J. J. Jakowsky.
Report Of Industrial Commission
"Possibilities of Producing Oil From Oil-Shale"
By M. J. Gavin. "The Next Mining Problem"
By M. J. Gavin.
At the present time there are in course of preparation three short papers giving results of work accomplished to date, and a manuscript for a regular bulletin of the Bureau of Mines on the oil-shale industry, has been completed and is ready to send to the Government Printing Office. It is expected that this bulletin will be ready for distribution early in the spring of 1921.
The Bureau of Mines is also co-operating with the State of Colorado in oil-shale studies. This latter work is directed from the Salt Lake office and the work at the two institu- tions is planned so that no duplication will result. In every possible way, the work in Utah and Colorado has been planned to yield results of value in the shortest possible time.
Of Industrial Commission 251
Safety Inspection Work In The Metal Mines
The work of inspecting the metal mines for safety has been carried on by periodic visits to the mines which have averaged about one visit to each mine every four to five months. Utah had practically no laws covering metal mine inspection prior to the passage of the Workmen's Compen- sation Act and there had been no metal mine inspector. In the spring of 1919 a complete set of metal mine safety regu- lations was prepared, based on the recommendations of a national committee of metal mine operators. The report of the national committee was published in Bulletin No. 75 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and represented the results of over five years' investigation of the different State metal mining laws and the general safety needs of the industry. After a draft of safety regulations for Utah was prepared, based on the recommendations of this national committee, it was submitted to a local committee representing the min- ing industry of Utah. The personnel of this committee was as follows:
Representing Mine Operators:
C. E. Allen, Gen. Mgr., United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Company, Mining Depart- ment, Salt Lake City, Utah.
V. S. Rood, General Managar, Utah-Apex Mine, Bingham, Utah.
0. N. Friendly, General Superintendent, Judge Mining & Smelting Company, Park City, Utah.
A. P. Mayberry, Superintendent, Centennial-Eu- reka Mine, Eureka, Utah.
Representing Mine Employees: Ephraim Adamson, Park City Miners' Union. John McClean, Park City Miners' Union.
Representing the Insurance Companies: W. E. Allen, Safety Engineer, Ocean Accident &
Guarantee Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. Julius Goodrich, Inspector, Aetna Life Insurance
Company, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Representing the Industrial Commission: Wm. E. Harrison, Metal Mine Inspector, C. A. Allen, Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Chief of the Mine Inspection Depart- ment.
252 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL COiMMISSION
A number of changes were suggested by this commit- tee and after these were made, suggestions were received from the industry at large and the final regulations, as agreed upon, were made effective August 15, 1919. These regulations are officially known as "General Safety Orders Covering Underground Metal Mining Operations," and are as complete as it was considered practical to make them. With a few rare exceptions, the operators have shown the heartiest co-operation in making their safety conditions so as to comply with these orders. The Utah Chapter of the American Mining Congress, through its Board of Directors and its Secretary, Mr. A. G. Mackenzie, has given excellent co-operation of the same kind. Some of the provisions have put the mines to considerable expense. There previ- ously had been but very few of the shaft cages equipped with gates or doors to prevent men from falling into the timbers while being hoisted. At the present time, due to the requirements of the orders, practically every shaft cage in the State is so equipped. Another provision re- quired the guarding of trolley wires, that are under 6*4 feet in height, wherever men pass under them. Most of the mines have already complied with this provision, some at considerable expense.
The matter of overwinding devices for hoists had also been overlooked at a number of mines in the state but since the adoption of the Orders, efficient safety devices have been installed at the larger mines. The restrictions, which were placed upon the use of dry drilling machines, were as drastic as they practically could be made, as it was realized that siliceous dust in metal mines is a cause of a large mortality among the miners. Up to the present, it has not been possible to secure all the benefits which were aimed at in the provisions regarding dust but every effort is being put forth to remove the danger as quickly as pos- sible. One serious disadvantage has been that there were no wet stoping drills on the market which had proven satis- factory. There has recently been developed, however, at least one new stoper which uses water to allay the dust and their adoption in the mines of the State can be ex- pected.
A decided improvement in the safety conditions of the underground workings of the metal mines since the adop- tion of the Safety Orders has been noted in the manner of guarding open holes. Ten to 15 per cent of underground accidents were formerly caused by men falling down open holes in the stopes, raises, chutes and ladderways. The Orders require all these holes to be railed off or else cov-
ed by G(
Report Of Industrial Commission 253
ered with grizzlies, in which the spaces are not over 11 inches wide. This has resulted in a gratifying decrease in the number of this class of accidents.
One of the difficult problems in accident prevention during the past few years has been to get the men to prop- erly take care of themselves. There are a large number of miners in the mines today who are experienced and as careful as any miners have ever been but, unfortunately, on the other hand, a large percentage of "green" men have entered the mines who are neither careful nor efficient. The better class of miners have shown as sincere a willing- ness to co-operate with the Inspection Department in pro- venting accidents as have the operators themselves, but the "floaters" have, in many cases, shown an utter disre- gard of their own safety whenever it required any appreci- able effort to make the conditions surrounding their work safe.
A Water Tank With Sprays
For Allaying Rock Du.st in Metal Mine Drifts. Picture Taken at the Deer Trail Mine, Marysvale, Utah.
The following tables show plainly where the accidents of the State are occurring and an effort has also been made in these tables to place the responsibility for the fatalities that have occurred. The large table gives the fatalities in Utah, as compared with those in other Western States, and it shows that Utah's fatality rate in metal mines is lower than most of the others.
254 Report Of Industrial Commission
FATAL ACCIDENTS Metal Mines.
Wm. E. Harrison.
L. J. Rushton was fatally injured January 1, 1919. at the Utah Copper Company gravel pit, Bingham, by delayed blast. Died next day. Left widow and 10 children.
A Cut-Off Saw
Showing a Guard Placed Around Saw Itself— Also Guard in Front of Belt Which Drives the Saw. Picture Taken at the Plant of the U. S. Smelting Co.. Midvale, Utah.
U. Kawaguchi was injured January 18, 1919, at the Utah Copper Mine, Bingham, by flying rock from blast. Died January 19.
Report Of Industrial Commission 255
Henry Salo (Maki) was injured February 6, 1919, at the Highland Boy Mine, Bingham, by falling ground from hanging wall, breaking both legs and hip. Died March 13. Leaves widow and two children.
N. Okada died February 9, 1919, as a result of being injured December 18, 1918, in open pit of Utah Copper Company.
Wm. Umbleby, age 29, was killed February 26, 1919, at the Utah Copper Mine, Bingham, on "M" level, by slide of rock. Leaves widow and two children.
Jacob Harsla, age 56, was killed March 20, 1919, at the
A Mine Cage
With Properly Built Doors for the Safety of Men While Being Hoisted. Picture Taken at the Eagle and Blue Bell Mine, Eureka, Utah.
Utah-Apex Mine, Bingham, by falling rock in No. 9 stope. He was climbing a short ladder, under last shots, when rock fell, crushing hip and leg. Died next day.
L. Rustom was injured March 20, 1919, at the Utah
256 Report Of Industrial Commission
Copper Mine, Bingham, by rolling rock from bank. Died March 25. Left widow and four children.
J. Notti was killed March 30, 1919, at the Utah Cop- per Mine, Bingham, by rolling rock. He was gang" boss. While clearing up track, rock rolled down and struck him. Left widow and seven children.
Walter Albert Wells was killed August 30, 1919, at the Tintic Standard Mine, Eureka, by rolling rock in stope. He was knocked down against a larger rock, breaking- his back.
J. A. Mac Vicar was killed on September 12, 1919, at the Imperial Lead Mine, Tooele County, by falling rock in a tunnel.
Harry Bulopulas, locally known as "Harry Brown," age 28, was killed September 19, 1919, at the Colorado Consoli- dated Mine, Eureka. He ran a car into the shaft and fell with it.
Ed Apostle, age 28, was killed October 13, 1919, at the Utah-Apex Mine by falling rock. He had worked under a slab for six hours before it fell, killing him instantly.
Alvin Jensen, age 23, was instantly killed on October 23, 1919, in the Ruby Shaft, owned by the Knight Invest- ment Company, located near Silver City, by a loaded bucket falling upon him. The cable slipped out of the thimble.
Gorcho Estimoff, age 33, was killed November 3, 1919, at the Utah-Apex Mine, Bingham, by falling from a bucket while being lowered down the shaft. Leaves widow and one child.
John A. Murphy, age 43, was killed December 11, 1919, at the Silver King Coalition Mine, Park City, by falling into an ore chute.
Thomas R. Hicken was killed January 5, 1920, at the Iron Blossom Mine on account of wrong signals. He was carried up by a cage with a loose car of rock on it and was crushed. He leaves a wife and 1 child.
W. G. Wood was killed at the Vipont Mine, January 6, 1920, by powder smoke in a raise.
Steve Kolos was killed February 1, 1920, at the U. S. Mine, Bingham, by falling down a timber raise.
R. F. McGinty, a leaser, was killed February 23, 1920, at the Salt Lake Copper Company, near Tecoma, by falling rock. He was squatting down, picking up ore immediately under a large rock. Was warned of danger. Rock weigh- ing one-half ton fell, crushing him. No family.
Report Of Industrial Commission 257
H. W. Clays, age 40, was killed March 2, 1920, at the Peruvian Mine, Alta, by a snowslide. Leaves one child.
John Howry, age 38, was killed March 2, 1920, at the Peruvian Mine, Alta, by a snowslide.
Harry Gardner and Fred Hansen, employees of the Woodlawn Mine, Big Cottonwood, were killed March 6, 1920, by a snowslide while going along the electric power line to locate the cause of the power being off. Left one widow and six children.
Chris Korofegas was killed March 7, 1920, at the Utah Copper Mine by a rock from a blast. He was sitting in his cabin, near the blast, and a rock passed through a small opening, struck him on the knee, crushing it, from which he died two weeks later.
Angelo Sabelli, age 33, was killed by being crushed by a cage in shaft March 13, 1920, at the Utah-Apex Mine. He . was caught between the cage and shaft timbers. Leaves a wife and child in Italy. Confusion of signals seems to have caused the accident.
W. S. Gammon, age 47, was killed March 28, 1920, at the Utah-Apex Mine. He was cleaning the mud from a roller under a conveyor belt, when the car being used caught belt and roller and flew up and broke his neck. He leaves a wife.
John J. Haskett, age 30, was killed March 31, 1920, at the Victoria Gold Mine, Eureka. While working at the bottom of the shaft he was affected by gas. When he at- tempted to climb out, he fell back and broke his neck. Leaves a widow.
Swen Odgaard and Gertrude Odgaard, employed as boarding house keepers by the Wasatch Mines Company, at Alta, were killed April 5, 1920, by a snowslide which swept down the mountain and carried away the boarding house.
Stanley Cox, age 28, single, was injured on April 17, 1920, at the Ontario Mine, Park City, by being struck by a sliding rock. Died next day.
Thomas Dixon, age 21, single, was killed April 26, 1920, by a piece of rock falling down raise next to chute, from which he was drawing ore.
Jokovas Jiakoumakis was killed April 27, 1920, at the Utah-Apex Mine, Bingham, Utah, by fall of rock in stope. No family.
R. C. Livingston, age 20, was killed May 9, 1920, at the Judge Mine, Park City, by a blast, while loading a hole. The explosion seems to have been caused by tamping, al- though a wooden rod was being used.
Fred Phizacklea, age 36, was killed June 17, 1920, at the
258 Report Of Industrial Commission
U. S. Mine, Bingham, by drilling into the bottom of an old hole. He leaves a wife and six children in Bingham.
John Hakla was killed July 2, 1920, at the Daly-West Mine, Park City, by a premature blast while spitting his holes, the hole being full of powder with no tamping. It seems sparks from fuse caused it.
Three Japanese laborers — Katsuji Fukumoto, Masutaro Sudow, Nihei Ito— were killed August 13, 1920, at the Utah Copper Mine, Bingham, in a railroad collision. They were thrown from a flat car to the track and crushed by loaded ore car. Confusion of signals given as the cause. Each leaves a wife in Japan.
Walter Carr, age 23, was killed August 21, 1920, at the Judge Mine, Park City, by blast. He drilled into a missed hole. It was one of his own holes.
George Hondropholus was killed August 25, 1920, at the Montana-Bingham Mine, Bingham, by rolling rock. He was working on an ore bin ; a rock was started from above by men handling timbers, rock struck him on the head. Died 5 hours later.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Fatal Accidents
Smelters.
Wm. E. Harrison.
Sam Anest, age 32, single, was killed June 25, 1919, at the Garfield Smelter. He was crushed between car and timber when he stepped off the car.
Peter Starapolis, age 32, injured July 27, 1919, at the Mid vale Smelter by fall of platform upon which he was working. Broken ribs and internal injuries. Died Aug- ust 2, 1919.
Ben Brown, age 32, was fatally injured on August 6, 1919, at the Midvale Smelter, by falling from a swinging platform. Died August 8. Leaves a widow and five chil- dren.
Jim Lakis, age 28, was injured October 9, 1919, at the Murray Smelter, by falling between two railroad cars, while trying to release the dog. Died next day.
Andrew Kazas was killed July 24, 1920, at the Midvale Smelter by electrocution. He was a slag tapper but at- tempted to run an electric engine. He was found lying across the controller, dead.
John Lundy, age 27, was killed August 24, 1920, at the Murray Smelter by being crushed between two railroad cars. It is not known why he went between the cars. He leaves a widow and one child.
260 Report Of Industrial Commission
Fatal Accidents
Mills.
A. A. Perry, age 59, was killed August 12, 1919, at the Utah Copper Company, Arthur Mill. He was struck by a car while crossing the railroad track. Died on the operating table. Leaves widow and daughter.
John Henry Scott, age 23, was killed October 21, 1920, at the Knox Mill, Midvale. While oiling, his clothes were caught on a shafting. He was instantly killed by his head being crushed against a timber. He leaves a widow and child.
Elton Cook was killed February 26, 1920, by the ex- plosion of a digester at the Alunite Mill of the Mineral Products Corporation at Marysvale. He left a wife.
Allen Hilding was killed at the same time as Elton Cook. He left a wife and four children.
Report Of Industrial Commission 261
Fatal Accidents
Quarries.
Albert Davis, age 28, was killed January 15, 1920, at the Florence Quarry, Payson, Utah. Struck by a rolling rock on the back of the neck. Died in 15 minutes. Leaves a wife of one week.
In studying the circumstances which result in fatali- ties it is sometimes difficult to determine upon where to place the responsibility. It is necessary, however, to ana- lyze the causes and place the responsibility as nearly as possible in order to put forth intelligent efforts to prevent the occurrence of similar accidents in the future. An analysis of the accident reports, from which the above ex- tracts were made, indicated that the responsibility rested approximately as shown in the following table.
Responsibility for fatalities in the quarries, mines, smelters and mills for 1919 and 10 months of 1920 (ex- cluding coal mines) :
Open Pit Under- Mines and ground Quarries Mines
Mills and Smelters
Fatalities due to condi- tions which could have been avoided by the
companies 30%
6V 2 %
30%
Laxness of foremen or bosses in some cases shared by the man killed
16% 6i/,%
Fault of fellow employes.. 40%
Carelessness of the man
killed 10%
Purely Accidental 20%
29% 42%.*
20% 50%
Includes 20% of fatalities, which were caused by snowslides.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Labor And Accident Data Mines Of Utah Other Than Coal Mines
A venire number o( men employed:
6,079
Open Pit
l.r.oo
1,194
1,228
76©
*,384
(.938
a r fWt
Total day's labor:
1 J4,).bfil
1.626. (So
1.403.yJb
977.78©
588,410
278.99©
851,846
To till
2,345,007
2.586,036
2.347.633
1.497.423
Number killed:
Underground
Open Pit
Total
Number injured:
1,117
1,893
Open Pit
1,018
2,262
In 1919 ix wives were left widows and twenty-four children left fatherless.
Report Of Industrial Commission
ACCIDENTS IN ALL MINES EXCEPT COAL OPERATED IN UTAH DURING THE YEARS 1918 AND 1919
If
Underground:
Pall of rock or ore from roof or wall. Handling Rock or Ore:
(a) Loading at face
ib) Loading at chute
ie) Sledging
Timber or Hand Tools
Explosives :
(a) Transportation
<b) ChartfinK
(c) Suffocation
(d) Drilling into old holes
(e) Striking in loose rock or ore
(g) Caps, detonators, etc. (hi Unguarded Returned too (j) Premature shot (k> Miscellaneous
Haulage:
(a) Hand and animal
(b) Mechanical ... Palling Down Chute. Winze.
ioUe or Stope
of Ore from Chute or Pocket Drilling (by machine or hand drill)
contact with trolley
(a) Direct wire
(b) Tool or bar striking trolley
(c) Contact with motor
(d) Others
10. Machinery Other than 5 and 8
11. Mine Fires
12. Suffocation from natural gases 18. Inrush of Water
14. Nails and Splinters
15. Other Causes:
(a) Falling objects other than 1. 2 (b> Flying objects, other than 2(c)
(e) Burns
(d)
Tot*l
killed or injured...
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Report Of Industrial Commission
ACCIDENTS IN ALL MINES EXCEPT COAL OPERATED IN UTAH DURING THE YEARS 1918 AND 1919
i-
Hi
"6 1 J
go
Slightly injured (time lost, 1 tu 14 day*)
Shaft Accidents:
' 1919
.umber killed or injured by—
Objects falling down shaft
Breaking of cables
S
Overwinding
;
CaKc, Skip in- Bucket:
(at Runaway
(b) Riding with rock or ore
(c) Riding with timber or
(d) Struck by
Other Causes
Total number killed or
injured
by shaft accidents
Report Of Industrial Commission 265
ACCIDENTS IN ALL MINES EXCEPT COAL OPERATED IN UTAH DURING THE YEARS 1918 AND 1919
Seriously injured (time lost more than 14 days)
Slightly injured (time lost 1 to 14 days)
Surface Accidents:
191B
At Surface Plants and Shops —
Number killed or injured by—
I '
22. Haulage:
t ja t rinfln Jinn fiftimiil
tb) Mechanical -
23. Railway can and locomotives
r.
24. Run or fall of ore in or from ore bins
27. Hand tools, axes, burs, etc.
28. Electricity
(a) Direct contact with trolley wire
(b) Tool or bar striking: trolley
l rc —
(c) Contact with motor .
SO. Other Causes:
(b) Flying objects
s
(d) Miscellaneous
Total number killed or injured by
1 z
Report Of Industrial Commission
ACCIDENTS IN ALL MINES, EXCEPT COAL, OPERATED IN UTAH DURING THE YEARS 1918 and 1919
£ 5-
Opkn-Pit Accidents :
1919 1918 1919 I 1916 f 1919
Number Killed or Injured in Pit by—
Falls or slides of rock or ore
Explosives :
(a) Transportation
(b) Charging
(c) Suffocation
(d) Drilling into old holes
(e) Striking in loose rock or ore
If) Thawing
I g) Caps, detonators, etc.
(h) Unguarded shots
(i) Returned too soon
(j) Premature shot (k) Miscellaneous
Haulage :
(a) Hand and animal
(bl Mechanical
(c) Railway cars and locomotives
Steam Shovel „ ... [
Fall of persons ...f
Falls of derricks, booms, etc.
Runs or fall of ore in or from ore
Machinery (other than 33 and 34 Electricity :
la) Direct contact with trolley wire
(b) Tool or bar striking trolley wire Contact with motor
(d) Other*
Rand tool* ,
Other cnu*es :
I a Fnllinir objects other than 31
lb) Flying objects
Ic) Rurnft
Id) Miscellaneous
Total number killed or injured by open-pit accidents
Grand total
1 ,
n
Report Of Industrial Commission 267
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Report Of Industrial Commission
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270 Report Of Industrial Commission
INSPECTION WORK AND ACCIDENT AN D LABOR DATA IN THE COAL MINES OF UTAH
Previous to the passage of the Workmen'* Compensa- tion Law, Utah had had a coal mine inspector since 1896 and also had a brief set of coal mining laws. The conditions in the coal mines of the State, from a safety standpoint, compare favorably with other coal producing states of the Union but the fatality rate has been much higher than the average for the whole United States. The average height of the coal seams worked in this State is higher than in any other state, which would probably explain a higher fatality rate, due to falls of roof or top coal, but a careful study of the causes of the fatalities shows that too large a number of deaths have occurred from other causes, such as haulage, electricity, and surface accidents.
In 1920, having had the benefit of a number of months of experience with the metal mine safety orders, the ques- tion of applying additional safety regulations to the coal mines arose. Utah's coal mining law was very brief but it had been quite effective. It was realized that it was too brief because many conditions, such as the use of electrical equipment, methods of blasting, the maintenance of rescue apparatus and many other things were either omitted or only slightly covered. However, these matters could have been left to the separate orders of the coal mine inspector had it not been for the demands which any workmen's com- pensation act places upon the physical conditions of the mines. The principal of these is the fact that compensation insurance rates are based on the number of accidents that have happened, also on the conditions at the mines which might permit others to occur.
In considering the preparation of new coal mine laws or safety orders we were, therefore, influenced by the fol- lowing conditions :
First, the briefness and age of the old law.
Second, the fact that the insurance companies demand good physical conditions at the mines or they will charge high rates.
Third, that public sentiment demands very careful con- sideration looking toward the welfare of the workmen and these demands from the public will probably become more insistent.
Report Of Industrial Commission 271
After it had been decided to adopt additional safety regulations for the coal mines, the question of whether to make them specific and detailed enough to include many minor matters or whether to cover only the larger conditions and leave the rest to the judgment of the inspector was the most difficult problem to solve. It was finally decided to make them specific for the following reasons :
First, every inspector has different ideas regarding a good many practices and a change of inspector would work a hardship on the operators if they required changes to comply with their individual ideas. In other words, the regulations would serve as a guide to the inspectors.
Second, as far as possible each mine should adopt such methods and devices as have proved safest under the given conditions; that is, the methods and practices should be standardized as far as possible.
Third, carelessness in small things frequently is the cause of injury, and added protection to the workmen is secured by doing them in the right way.
Fourth, the old-time Scotch or English miner learned all the details of safe mining from experienced ancestors and served an apprenticeship that gave him an excellent education regarding the right and wrong way of doing his work, but many men in the mine today, both officials and miners, have served no such apprenticeship and consequent- ly any set of safety regulations that covers many details of operation will serve as a book of instructions for them.
Fifth, not only the larger conditions but the smaller conditions are taken into consideration by the insurance companies in arriving at their rates. And last, but not least, we wanted to be able to say to the miners, "We have required the operators to make their mines safe in every possible way, now you must do your part." This does not mean that all the requirements are for the operator. The miner is given some strict rules, but, naturally, most of the regulations govern operating conditions.
Most of the coal mining companies of Utah have adopt- ed for their own use much more stringent rules than were required by the State law. Mr. Sharp, of the U. S. Fuel Company, and Mr. Williams, of the Utah Fuel Company, were pioneers in a number of things helping to safeguard the men. In preparing a tentative draft of State regula-
272 Report Of Industrial Commission
tions, full advantage was taken of the combined experience of the operators of the State and also we were benefited by the regulations of the companies writing compensation insurance. After the tentative draft was adopted, it was thoroughly discussed and revised by a committee of coal mine operators, consisting of:
Mr. R. M. Magraw, General Superintendent of the U. S. Fuel Co.
Mr. A. C. Watts, Chief Engineer for the Utah Fuel Co. Mr. Frank Cameron, General Manager of the Liberty Fuel Co.
Mr. William Monay, Manager of the Kinney Coal Co. Mr. J. H. Martin, General Manager of the Scofield Coal Co.
Mr. Leonard Wilson, Consulting Electrical Engineer, and Messrs. H. T. Plumb and F. A. Rank, engineers with the General Electric Company, also assisted in preparing the electrical provisions of the Orders.
After these men had passed upon the regulations we felt assured that they were practical as well as effective. In fact, we feel that Utah's regulations, as they have now been adopted, could serve as a model for any state which desires to revise its laws to meet the new demands imposed upon the industry by workmen's compensation acts.
As before stated, one of the principal reasons for issu- ing specific regulations to the operators was in order that we might go to the workman with clean hands. We recog- nized that the best way to reduce accidents is to educate the workmen to be careful. It was felt that the best results would come from inculcating a spirit of safety among the men and we wanted to have the slate clear first, as far as the operators were concerned, and we also wanted to have rules for the men in such shape that we could, to a certain extent, by force of law, make the wilfully careless man take care of himself.
While we are wont to make the statement that most fatalities are due to the carelessness of the men and our tendency is to criticize the present-day miner quite severely, I believe that we make a serious error when we make a blanket accusation against all miners as a group. Our ex- perience has been that a certain per cent, probably more than half, of the miners are good, conscientious workmen and are looking out for their own safety to the best of their ability. The remainder, however, are men who are thinking only of loading another carload of coal and are putting the
Report Of Industrial Commission 273
dollar to be earned ahead of their own safety or the safety of their fellow workers. Many of these men are "money mad" and their only desire is to make as much as possible with as little effort as possible.
However, if we assume that the men are responsible for many unsafe conditions that they might correct, yet due to the fact that workmen's compensation laws make every accident a burden on the industry, as a whole, we must place the responsibility on the mine officials of in- sisting that the men keep their working conditions safe. It not infrequently happens that a foreman or fire boss simply suggests to the miner that he put up a prop, instead of in- sisting that it be done and done at once. In other words, the first way to educate the miner is by strict discipline and we believe that if the mine foreman or fire boss allows men to work in an unsafe place it warrants a consideration of cancelling his certificate.
Under present conditions, the mine bosses are seriously handicapped in maintaining discipline because if a man is discharged it is no punishment, on account of work being so plentiful. We have therefore, in our regulations, pro- vided a number of rules for the men and the original statute requires them to obey orders and do everything else rea- sonably necessary to preserve their own safety and we be- lieve that if any workman refuses to do these things that he should be prosecuted the same as he would be for any other offense against public policy.
Having provided these means of forcing the careless worker to change his ways, the only other method that can be applied is that of education. The efforts that will be put forth in this direction are explained under the heading of welfare work.
274 Report Of Industrial Commission
A Steel Mine Car
U. S. Fuel Company. In Addition to the Safety on the Coupling Pin Nearly All Coal Mine Cars in Utah Have Safety Chains on Both
Sides of the Cars.
PROPERLY BARRICADED POWDER MAGAZINE Hiawatha Mine in the U. S. Fuel Company.
by
Report Of Industrial Commission
SUMMARY OF FATAL ACCIDENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN THE COAL MINES OF UTAH SINCE I WAS APPOINTED COAL MINE INSPECTOR
By John Crawford.
Christobol Martinez, a Mexican, 27 years old and single, was killed August 11, 1918, No. 1 Storrs Mine, by being caught by picks of chain of the mining machine. Accident was caused by slipping of jack pipe while he was holding it, causing him to lose his balance and his foot was caught in the picks of the mining machine.
Tom Kruzich, an Austrian, 23 years old and single, was killed August 30, 1918, Standardville Mine, while pulling the pin, horse turned around suddenly and he was caught be- tween the car and shafts. He walked home by himself and died 11 hours later.
Alger Larsen Skain, a Norwegian, 38 years old and single, was killed September 9, 1918, Clear Creek Mine, by fall of slate while in the act of drilling hole. Caused by a smooth slip unobserved until after the accident.
H. B. Stevens, an American, 19 years old and single, was injured October 14, 1918, Clear Creek Mine. He was working nights and the mine foreman told him that he wanted him to sprinkle the mine. The young man went after the hose and on one of the double partings he saw a motor standing there. He got on it and loosened the brakes and started down a 3 per cent grade. He got excited and forgot how to apply the brakes. After running down the entry for 1,500 feet the motor ditched on a curve and the young man's leg was crushed between the motor and the lower rib of the entry. He died from his injuries two days later.
Henry P. Bjarnson, an American, 16 years old and single, was killed October 19, 1918, Scofield Mine, by being caught by a fall of coal while loading a car with his older brother, who was his partner.
Y. Yoshimoto, a Japanese, was killed November 4, 1918, Hiawatha No. 1 Mine. This miner went back into his pillar after the props had been pulled out. He started to relay the track that had been taken out before the props were pulled; and while working on the track a slab of rock,
Rkport Of Industrial Commission
8 feet wide, 20 feet long and 11 inches thick, fell from the roof, killing him instantly.
Roy Monroe, an American, 29 years old and married, leaves a wife and four minor children. He was killed No- vember 19, 1918, Hiawatha Mine Tramway, by coming in contact with signal wires carrying 230 volts. He met his brother, who was coming down the tramway, while he was going up, and in going to speak to him he turned around, stepped on the rail and at the same time took hold of the signal wires and before his brother could liberate him he was dead.
Kazuto Hatai, a Japanese, age 27 years, single, was killed November 28, 1918, Spring Canyon No. 3 Mine, by a chunk of coal falling from the roof, which weighed about 25 pounds; it struck him on the head and dislocated his neck. He was brushing out the bottom coal.
Clyde McClanihan, an American, married, leaves a wife and one child, was injured December 19, 1918, Wattis Mine, by a slab of coal rolling over him, which he had shot down the night before. He was loading a car in front of this piece of coal, which measured 7 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet thick, when all of a sudden it rolled over and caught him between the end of the car and the chunk of coal, in- juring him so seriously that he died January 22, 1919, at the St. Mark's Hospital.
Jefferson Bradley, an American, 35 years old and married, leaves a wife and 5 children, was killed January 8, 1919, on the tramway of the Storrs Mine, by being run over by an empty trip of cars. The rope was off the rollers and while he was trying to put it on he did not observe the empty trip until he was struck by the cars and thrown under the trip. He died 15 minutes after the accident.
Fred Young, an American, 27 years old and married, leaves a wife and one child, was fatally injured January 14, 1919, Sunnyside No. 2 Mine, by falling under a trip of loaded cars. While trying to get on the trip his foot slipped and threw him under the cars and dragged him 397 feet before he let loose. The last car passed over his leg and crushed it so that it had to be amputated, from which he died in the St. Mark's Hospital, Salt Lake City, January 18,
K. Yamada, a Japanese, 31 years old and married, leaves a wife and no children, was killed January 15, 1919, Carbon Fuel Company. Yamada was helping on a machine, he was told by the machine runner to go and sand the rails in the next room so that when the place they were working in was finished they could go into it and cut it also. Yamada
278 Report Of Industrial Commission
came back and got into where the machine was running, when all of a sudden the top coal caved on top of him, kill- ing him instantly. The machine runner was warned by the fire boss not to work under that top coal as it was dangerous. The machine man, T. Wakia, looked around and said that he had cut worse places than this, hence the accident.
William Burton, an American, 41 years old and mar- ried, has a wife and 5 children and another child about to be born, was killed January 20, 1919, Spring Canyon Coal Company. He was instantly killed by being run over by a D. & R. G. box car that was being pushed in by the switch engine, the tipple was running off coal at the time causing a noise so that Burton did not hear the engine when he made to cross over the track under the tipple.
Antonia Asdrobolini, an Italian, 44 years old and mar- ried, has a wife and four children in Italy, and Steve Cur- cich, Serbian, single, were killed February 10, 1919, Mohr- land Mine. Antonio Asdrobolini and Steve Curcich were partners and were working in No. 10 room. They had their last car of coal and told the driver that they would not need any more cars that day. They started to work on their track and while doing so were both instantly killed by a fall of coal from the rib of pillar between rooms 9 and 10. The fall of coal also knocked out 3 props that were set about 2 feet from the lip of top coal. These also fell on top of them.
E. Acroterianakis, a Greek, was killed March 7, 1919, Winter Quarters Mine, by a bounce which occurred in No. 1 room on the fifth level of the 11 raise. A rock fell on him weighing about 2 tons, which killed him instantly. This place had been inspected by the fire boss about 45 minutes before the accident and found to be in good condi- tion, except for a prop that was needed on the right hand side, which he told them to put up but they neglected to do so.
Nick Colis, a Greek, 27 years old and single, was killed March 17, 1919, Kenilworth Mine. He was cleaning up bottom coal when the top coal caved on him, killing him instantly. The coal measured 6V2 feet, 41/2 feet wide and 71/2 feet long.
John Simons, an Austrian, 52 years old and single, was injured April 6, 1919, Utah Mine, by fall of slate. He drilled and tamped two shots, one on the top and one on the bottom. He fired the top shot first and went back into his place to light the bottom one, and was stooped over in the act of lighting it, when the slate fell upon him.
Report Of Industrial Commission 279
Thomas Forester, an Englishman, 28 years old and married, leaves a wife and no children, was killed June 8, 1919, Castle Gate No. 1 Mine tipple. He was employed as chief electrician and was moving an electric Jeffrey loco- motive from the motor barn across the bridge at the tipple. One of the cross beams on the bridge broke and the motor fell down to the ground, a distance of 22 feet, with Mr. Forester under it. He was killed instantly.
Louis Dakovich, an Austrian, 41 years old and married, leaves a wife and 3 children, who reside in Austria, was killed June 28, 1919, Hiawatha No. 2 Mine, while loading a car, by fall of coal caused by a bounce on the pillars.
Louis Kerkos, a Greek, 27 years old and single, was killed July 11, 1919, Castle Gate Mine, by fall of rock caused by bounce on pillars.
Mike Tsoouroupakis, naturalized Greek, 24 years old and single, was killed July 17, 1919, Winter Quarters Mine, while employed as a machine helper. He was holding the jack pipe which slipped, on account of not being sunk deep enough in the top coal. He was caught in the chain picks of the mining machine.
George Gardner, an American, 30. years old and mar- ried, leaves a wife and one dependent child, who reside .at Clear Creek, Utah. He was fatally injured July 28, 1919, and died July 31, 1919, Clear Creek Mine, from injuries re- ceived by being caught between the car and shafts. He missed getting his sprags in and tried to pull the pin to liberate the horse from the car, when the horse turned sud- denly and caught him between the shafts and car.
James Moore, an American, leaves a wife and one child, who reside at Heiner, Utah. He was fatally injured August 11, 1919, Panther Mine. He was holding the jack pipe when it slipped, on account of the hole in the roof to hold pipe was only inch. He lost his balance and put his foot on the cutter bar and the picks caught the bottom of his loose overalls. He was dragged into the machine and had his left leg and arm crushed so bad that Dr. McDermaid had to amputate them.
Mark Menotti, a naturalized Italian, 28 years old and single, was killed August 15, 1919, Sunnyside No. 1 Mine, by being caught on the chain pick of the mining machine. Caused by the jack pipe slipping and over balancing him so that his left foot was caught on the machine picks, also ripped the body up to the shoulder. The left leg was en- tirely taken off.
Ichigoro Nozumi, a Japanese, 42 years old and single, was instantly killed August 16, 1919, Kenilworth No. 2
280 Report Of Industrial Commission
Mine. While riding in a three-car trip of empty cars pulled by a horse, he got between the cars and attempted to get out and was caught between the rib and the car and was crushed to death.
S. E. Long, an American, 24 years old and married, leaves a wife and three children, who reside at Winter Quar- ters Mine, by a chunk of coal 3 feet long, 2 feet wide and 18 inches thick, which tapered to 4 inches, fell on his head and dislocated his neck. The coal fell from a slip which was unobserved until after the accident.
Mike Babionitackis, a Greek, 50 years old and single, was fatally injured September 11, 1919, and died September 18, 1919, Standard Mine. He lit a shot which missed fire. He then went back and took out some of the tamping but did not pull out the powder, then he reloaded the hole with new powder and tamped it. After the shot went off he went back to see what it had done. When about 5 minutes later the powder that he put in the hole in the first place went off. He was injured and burned so severely that he died from the effects of the explosion.
Christ Bozas, a Greek, 34 years old and single, was instantly killed October 13, 1919, Wattis Mine, by jumping off an empty trip that was going at a great speed ; when he jumped off he fell against a rock which fractured his skull. He died a few minutes later.
Richard Dark, an American, 40 years old and single, was killed October 21, 1919, Kenilworth Mine No. 1, by being struck by a slab of coal 8 inches thick, 8 feet long and feet wide, which tapered down to 14 mcn on t ne outer edge, which broke off close by one of the props while he was removing track from entry stope. He was instantly killed.
Mike Carvounis, a Greek, 40 years old and married, leaves a wife and three minor children, was killed October 30, 1919, Clear Creek No. 1 Mine, by a fall of top coal while loading his car.
James Wilde, an American, 34 years old and married, wife dead, leaves five minor children, who reside with their grandfather, Wm. S. Wilde, at Clear Creek, Utah, and Chas. Blackham, an American, 29 years old and married, leaves a wife and four children, who reside at Clear Creek, Utah, were killed November 26, 1919, Clear Creek No. 4 Mine, by a fall of rock which they had tried to take down but could not. They started to work under it when all of a sudden it fell, striking them both and killing them in- stantly.
Manus Frangudakis, a Greek, 40 years old and single,
Digitized
Report Of Industrial Commission
was killed December 2, 1919, Sunnyside No. 2 Mine, by a fall of cap rock, 7 feet wide, 9 feet long and 14 inches thick. He was loading a car. His partner had set a prop and Manus was making room for another prop to be set, when all of a sudden the cap rock threw the props out and fell on him, killing him instantly.
Chas. Johnson, a Finlander, 61 years old and single, was burned by gas October 13, 1919, and died of these burns December 8, 1919, at the St. Mark's Hospital. He was warned in the morning by the fire boss not to go in his place as there was gas in it. He paid no attention to the fire boss and went into his place and set off the gas which burned him severely, from the effects of which he died December 8, 1919.
John Marcovich, an Austrian, 25 years old and single, was injured December 30, 1919, Sunnyside No. 1 Mine. He was pulling props preparing to brush roof, when all of a sudden a piece of top coal fell and struck and injured him so severely that he died January 7, 1920, St. Mark's Hos- pital.
Burdell Anderson, an American, 21 years old, married, leaves a wife and child, who reside at Eureka, Utah, was killed January 5, 1920, Sego Mine. He was killed by being run over with a loaded car after he had pulled the pin from the gun, which liberated the horse from the gun. He was found under the car. His neck and right leg were broken.
Tony Kelakis, a Greek, 36 years old and single, was killed January 13, 1920, Clear Creek No. 3 Mine. Tony had fired two shots on the side of his pillar and was taking down the loose coal, when all of a sudden the cap rock or drawslate caved on him. The slate was 34 feet long, 29 feet wide and 4 feet 2 inches thick. Tony was instantly killed. A slip which was on the right hand side of the place, 30 feet long, was not observed until after the acci- dent, as the place was propped in good order.
John Hajianis, a Greek, 36 years old and single, was killed January 30, 1920, Black Hawk Mine. He was holding the jack pipe when it slipped which overbalanced him and he was caught by the picks on the chain of the mining machine. His left leg was crushed by being pulled into the machine. He died 20 minutes after the accident.
James Bonterakis, a Greek, 26 years old and single, was killed February 7, 1920, Castle Gate No. 1 Mine. He was riding rope on the second raise and was dropping a trip into the main west entry and thinking that the switch was
282 REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL COiMMISSION
lined up for the entry he walked down the dip entry and as switch was lined up for the dip entry, instead of going in the west entry. The trip caught him and he was thrown under the third car of the trip and when found he was dead.
K. Okuji, a Japanese, 33 years old and single, was killed February 7, 1920, Mohrland Mine. His working place was 16 feet high, the top coal was shot down clear to the top. The top coal was farther in than the bottom. He was loading a car when the loose coal began to slide. Okuji stepped back and at the same time a piece of coal rolled from the top of the loose coal and struck him, throwing him against the car and fracturing his skull. He was instantly killed.
Angelo Ketros, a Greek, single, was killed February 9, 1920, Clear Creek No. 1 Mine. He was working in a pillar and had broken through to the adjoining room. This coal he was cleaning up, when a chunk of rock 6 feet square and about 18 inches thick, caved about 15 feet in the room they had holes into. This chunk of rock rolled over on the top of the loose coal and struck him, killing him in- stantly.
Bernie Larimor, an American, 18 years old and single, was killed February 16, 1920, Liberty Fuel Company, by being run over by car. He was a driver and in coming onto the parting he was riding on the front end of the car and was holding on to a chunk of coal, with his right hand, which broke when he pulled the pin out of the gun to liber- ate the horse from the car. He fell in front of the car which ran over him injuring him so that he died 6 hours later.
Orson A. Arnold, an American, 40 years old and mar- ried, leaves a wife and four minor children (Mrs. Arnold is also expecting another child), was killed February 19, 1920, Wasatch Mine, by being electrocuted. He was killed by taking hold of a live wire that carried 220 volts, but through a short circuit in the transformer this wire was carrying 11,000 volts.
S. Ochi, a Japanese, 43 years old (divorced), was killed February 26, 1920, Hiawatha No. 1 Mine, by fall of coal. He was loading a car of coal, when all of a sudden a piece or chunk of coal fell from the left side comer of the pillar, striking him on the head and killing him instantly.
Luigi Silvestri, an Italian, 23 years old and single, was killed May 28, 1920, Hiawatha No. 1 Mine, by fall of coal. He was pulling a spike from an old tie and was bent over resting on his knees when a chunk of coal, 5 feet long, 2 feet 4 inches wide and 2 feet thick at the top and tapering down
Diqjti z
Report Of Industrial Commission 283
to a feather edge at the bottom, fell without giving any warning, striking Silvestri on the back, dislocating it. He died about 2 hours later. A circular wet slip, 5 feet long, 2 feet 8 inches wide, was the cause of this coal falling off the corner of the crosscut without giving any warning.
Bernel Frances Decker, an American, 28 years old, was killed May 31, 1920, Liberty Mine, by being suffocated by fumes of powder smoke. He was working in a tunnel and had spit a round of 16 holes. All the shots went off except one. This was just as they were coming off their shifts. He told the other men to go home and he would go back and spit the shot that had missed. The men went home and about 15 minutes later they heard a shot go off. The contractor, Mr. Gibson, got out of bed when he heard the one shot go off. He went into the mine or tunnel and found Mr. Decker dead. He was about 42 feet back from the face of the tunnel.
Orvin Rich, an American, 21 years old and married, leaves a wife and no children, was killed June 14, 1920, Rains Mine, by an electric shock. Unknown to anyone he got on top of the roof of the conveyor with a pinch bar in his hand, the bar came in contact with an electric wire that ran over the top of the roof of the conveyor, which carried 6,600 volts. Rich died about 6 hours after the accident.
Tony Galanis, a Greek, 38 years old and single, was killed June 15, 1920, Sunnyside No. 2 Mine, by a fall of rock caused by a bounce. Tony and his partner, Chas. Bikakis, were setting a prop. While his partner was putting the cap pieces on the top of the prop Tony held it, when with- out any warning the roof gave a bounce which threw out two props also the one they were setting. The roof caved and a chunk of it 9 feet wide, 12 feet long and 4 feet thick, fell on Tony, killing him instantly and injuring his partner.
Jim Paloni, an Italian, 34 years old and married, leaves a wife and one son, was killed July 16, 1920, Sunnyside No. 2 Mine. Killed by being run over by trip. He was working on the track tamping ties on the new parting the fifth left raise. The rope rider run his trip in and lifted out three empty cars and took them to 5th right which is 50 feet above the left raise. The rope rider then pulled out a trip of 12 loaded cars from the 5th right raise and started them down the track, but instead of going down the raise they run into the 5th left switch because the rope rider had not thrown the switch for the straight track when he pulled out the empty cars. The trip struck Jim while he was tamp- ing ties on loaded track on the parting. He was dragged
284 Report Of Industrial Commission
34 feet on the rail before the trip stopped. He died before he got to the hospital.
Wm. McDermaid, an American, 38 years old and mar- ried, leaves a wife and 8 children, was killed July 22, 1920, Hiawatha No. 1 Mine, by a fall of rock. Wm. McDermaid and his brother, Dick, were pulling back the chain pillars off second west entry. On July 12, 1920 (about 1 :45 P. M.) while they were loading their ninth car of coal a slab of slate, 3i/ 2 feet long, 2i/ 2 feet wide and 10 inches thick, fell from the roof and struck Wm. McDermaid, killing him in- stantly. Just previous to the accident he had set a prop which was thrown out when the slate caved down. The reason for the prop being thrown out was because the slate had broken just inside of the cap piece on the prop when the top sandrock had started to break, which always oc- curs before it caves in on pillar work.
Victor Hakkinen, a Finlander, 35 years old and mar- ried, leaves a wife and two children, was fatally injured July 23, 1920, Hiawatha No. 1 Mine, by fall of coal. Victor was taking down loose top coal that had been shot the night before, when all of a sudden it fell on top of him breaking his back. He died at the St. Mark's Hospital July 24, 1920.
John Apostalakis, a Greek, 28 years old and single, was killed August 14, 1920, No. 1 Hiawatha Mine, by a fall of top coal in gob. While he was sawing a prop to replace another one which had broken, the lip of the coal suddenly broke off close to the end of the cap pieces that were set on three props which were set under the top coal fell, in- stantly killing Apostalakis and seriously injuring Mike Stambalkis, who was standing on the right side of the car speaking to John Apostalakis.
Andrew Faure, a naturalized Frechman, 41 years old and single, was killed August 19, 1920, at the Black Hawk Mine, by being struck by a loaded trip while walking down the incline. Employees were forbidden to walk this in- cline and there were five signs warning them to keep off of it.
Homer Peacock, an American, 28 years old and married, (divorced) leaves two children who reside with their mother, was killed August 25, 1920, Panther Mine, by being caught between the car and the rib. He was driving on second east entry, the grade was about 2 or 4 per cent in favor of the loaded cars. At place where accident occurred he had no sprags in his cars and it appears that horse turned out when he came to a place in the entry where it was 15 feet wide, but where Homer was found the entry was 11 feet
Report Of Industrial Commission 285
wide. His breast was crushed between the corner of the shaft and the rib. His left foot had been caught by the gun the horse turned around. He and the horse were in- stantly killed.
Frank Germann, a German, 41 years old and single, was killed August 20, 1920, Peerless Mine, by fall of slate. Frank Germann and his partner, John Selan, had finished cutting crosscut from west main to back entry and had pulled out mining machine to move to another part of the mine. They were ready to load the machine on the truck when John Selan stepped back to relight his lamp with carbide and while doing so he heard the roof crack and shouted to Frank to look out. Frank stepped from the crosscut in toward entry face, when suddenly a piece of slate 3 feet long, 2 feet wide and 4 feet thick, which tapered to V2 inch around the edge, fell striking Frank on the head and killing him instantly. The slate dropped in between two crossbars of timber that were set 5 1/2 feet apart and 12 feet wide, 6 feet high and timbered within 25 feet of the entry.
Nick Del Duke, an Italian, 57 years old and married, leaves a wife and two sons, was killed September 13, 1920, Liberty Mine, by being electrocuted. Nick Del Duke and two other men were grading upon the lower side of the transformers, outside the mine, when all of a sudden de- ceased laid down his shovel and went up to the upper side of the transformers. In some unknown way he came in contact with insulated wires that were carrying 11,000 volts into the transformers and was instantly killed. There was a two-wire temporary fence around the transformers, which was 7 feet wide, 14 feet long with two barbed wires, one wire 2 feet from the ground and the other 4 feet from the ground. The wires he came in contact with were 6 feet above the ground and over 2 feet inside the temporary wire fence.
Mike Tziblakis, a Greek, 31 years old and single, was killed September 27, 1920, Clear Creek No. 3 Mine, by being run over by trip. Mike while coming out from his work on the first south entry seeing a motor coming stepped into a crosscut, which was 10 feet wide, 6 feet high. At this crosscut on the opposite side it was 6 feet wide from the rail to the side of the entry. The motor was in front of 7 empty cars. At No. 6 room the motor was uncoupled from the empty cars so that it could be switched into No. 6 room so that the cars could coast down by themselves past No. 7 switch, then the motor ran out of No. 7 switch onto the main track and pushed the cars in front of it to the
28G
Report Of Industrial Commission
big parting, when the motorman passed Mike he told him to look out for the empty cars and just then Mike stepped on the track and was knocked down and dragged 24 feet before the trip stopped. His back was broken. He died 15 minutes after the accident.
Frank Bluck, a Luthanian, 39 years old and single, was killed October 12, 1920, Clear Creek No. 3 Mine, by fall of rock and coal. Frank Bluck was just starting to work after eating his dinner when all of a sudden a slab, 8 feet 6 inches high, fell off the right side of pillar striking Bluck and knocking him down. A second later a chunk of slate fell from above where the coal fell off also falling on Bluck, killing him instantly. The slate measured 5 feet long, 2 feet wide and 1 foot 2 inches thick, tapering out to a feather edge. The place where the accident occurred was 12 feet 7 inches wide, 15 feet 6 inches high. This place should have been timbered before allowing men to work in it. Wm. A. Chase and J. A. Totten had the contract for grading the hoist road. Frank Bluck was working for them but had been hired as a miner by the acting Superintendent, Wm. A. Shaw.
Mike Stamblakis, a Greek, 35 years old and married, leaves a wife and two daughters, who reside at Hiawatha, Utah, was fatally injured August 14, 1920, and died October 10, 1920. He had worked 7 months in No. 1 Mine, Hia- watha. He was injured while visiting John Apostalakis, who was killed by top coal falling upon him. Some of the coal rolled over striking Mike and throwing him against a car breaking his legs, also fractured at spinal junction.
Tom Canelos, a Greek, 33 years old and single, was killed October 14, 1920, Castle Gate No. 1 Mine, was killed by a bounce. Tom Canelos and his partner, George Callas, had loaded two mine cars of coal and were waiting for the driver to pull them out, when without any warning, a bounce came on the pillar throwing out a large amount of coal from the pillar, also throwing out the crossbars and props and caving slate, which was about 4 feet thick, burying the two miners with props, coal and slate. Tom Canelos was in- stantly killed by the slate falling on top of him. George Callas was rescued by the Mine Foreman, George Wilson, Santo Fendo, and Charles Mandryth two and one-half hours later. These brave men showed their courage in risking their own lives to save the life of a fellow workman.
James Clintus, a Greek, 32 years old and single, was killed October 21, 1920, Mohrland Mine. Jim and his part- ner were loading two cars on the right hand side of the place. Jim moved around to the left hand side so that he
Report Of Industrial Commission 287
could chunk his car. He started to pull car from among the loose coal that was lying on the floor. The pulling out of a chunk caused a movement of the loose coal which was against a slab of loose coal on the rib, causing this slab to roll over striking Jim on the head and killing him instant- ly. The coal slab that rolled over was 11 feet 6 inches high 6 feet wide and 2 feet 3 inches thick.
Charles Rigby, an American, 42 years old and married, was injured October 22, 1920, and died October 31, 1920, Clear Creek Mine No. 3. He was driving close behind an- other trip. First trip stopped and Rigby's horse ran into first trip causing Rigby to be caught between the car and the shafts. He was taken to the St. Mark's Hospital. His injuries were so serious that he died October 31, 1920.
C. W. Allred, an American, 26 years old and single, was killed October 23, 1920, Black Hawk Mine, by a fall of rock 5 feet wide, 7 feet 4 inches long and from 3 to 5 inches thick, thinning out to % inch. He and his partner knew the day before the accident that this rock was loose and had figured out that when their shots went off to bring down the top coal it would also bring down the rock. On the morning of the accident there was 6 feet of loose coal under this loose rock. They took down the loose coal and when they heard the motorman coming with an empty car for them they started to clean the loose coal off the track, when all of a sudden the rock fell striking Allred and injur- ing him so seriously that he died two hours after the ac- cident.
The writer believes that in coal mining, or any other kind of mining, the time will never come when accidents will be entirely eliminated, because there are so many dan- gers that cannot be seen until after the accident occurs. On the other hand, accidents can be minimized by always being on the lookout for dangers and by applying the rule of "Safety First," which is simply for a man always to take care of himself. A miner should also always try to protect and warn his fellow worker of danger.
Of the four fatal accidents that occurred outside of the mines there were no unseen hazards connected with them. They all could have been avoided if the rule of safety had been thoroughly carried out.
There is little excuse for a miner that allows loose coal to fall on him, because it is his specific business to pull down all loose coal and make his working place safe.
A miner can be deceived by sounding a rock roof with his pick because when rock or slate has a smooth slip around it, such as is sometimes called a "horse-back," it may not
Report Of Industrial Commission
give any sound of being loose when tested by the miner. Sometimes rocks are in the shape of a pot or boulder and show no signs of being loose until after they fall out of the roof. These are some of the unseen hazards that the miner has to contend with and which have been the cause of many of the unavoidable accidents.
It is frequently difficult to place the responsibility for an accident and different persons would not always agree as to just where the blame should lie. We can, however, place the blame for some of them, and in the following table I have endeavored to show where, in my judgment, the responsibility should be placed for the fatalities which have been briefly mentioned above.
Fault of the man who was killed 39%
Due to conditions which could have been
avoided by the company 9%
Fault of fellow employee 11%
Purely accidental 41%
Of Industrial Commission
A Workman'S Cottage At Sunnyside, Utah
Utah Ranks Second to Not a State in the Union in the High Standard of Her Coal Camps.
WORK AND CHANGE HOUSE Sunnyaide, Utah
REPORT OF INbUSTRIAL COMMISSION
FATALITIES IN COAL MINES OF UTAH 1892 to 1919 by Causes.
Killed Underground:
1H92 I to 1913 I 1914
1919 Tot!
Fall* or Rock (coal. rock, etc.)
Fall* of Face or Pillar Coal Mine Cars and Ix>comotlvc* Can Explosions and Ruminic Gases Coal Dust Explosions (Inc. vaa and
dust)
Explosives .
Suffocation from Mine G Electricity
Animals
10. Mining Machines
11. Mine Fires (burned,
etc.)
12. Other Causes
a.
M M
U
suffocated.
Killed In Shaft:
18. Falling Down Shafts or Slopes 14. Obieeta Falling Down Shafts or
Slop*
16. Case. Skip or Bucket 16. Othrr Causes
Killed On Surface:
Mine Cars or Locomotives
Electricity
Machinery
Boiler Explosions lor steam pipes) Railway Cars and Locomotives Other Causes
Tttal
sr.r.
S
1!)
lift J9
g
Fatalities per 1000. 2000-hour worker* Tons produced per fatality
Tons produced per man day
Average days mines operated
2H2.610
S.41
270.359 171,471
Digitized by £U&
Report Of Industrial Commission 291
Accidents In Coal Mines Of Utah During The Year 1918
Underground:
1. Fall* of Roof (coal, rock, etc. I:
lal At working face
Ibi In room or chamber
tc> On road, entry, or gangway
2. FalU of Face or Pillar Cool:
(b)
At working face On road, entry
Mine Cars and Locomotives- (at Switching and Spragging Coupling can Falling from
Run over by car or motor icl Caught between car and rib if) Caught between car and roof while riding trip
MUcellaneou*
(In
(cl (d)
(hi
Gas KxploKiom und Burning Go* : IbI Due to open light ibl Due to electric- arc
If I Miscellaneous
Explosive* :
(hi Unguarded shots i I Returned too (ji I'remature shot
(k) Spark* from match, lamp or candle
8. Electricity :
(d| Contact with machine feed wire (e) Contact with haulage motor
9. Animals ,
10. Mining Machine, (other than Se>.
12. Other Cause* :
la) Fall* of person (b( Machinery I other than (el Rush of coal or gub (d Falling timber (f| Hand tool*, axe*, bar*, (hi Miscellaneous
ll)i
etc.
Total*
r>2
S
So
In
N
]
M
1,
i m
292 Report Of Industrial Commission
ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINES OF UTAH DURING THE YEAR 1918— (Continued)
is
Tir
t.
s
In Sum 1:
Brought Forward
Is
13. Falling Down Shafts or Slopes
14. Objects Falling Down Shafts or Slopes
15. Cage. Skip, or Bucket:
la) Runaway
(b) Riding with timber or tools
Id) Struck by
(e) Miscellaneous
16. Other Causes:
lb) Breaking of Cable* Ic) Miscellaneous
ON SURFACE: IT. Mine Cars and Mine Locomotives
18. Electricity
19. Machinery -
20. Boiler Explosions or Bursting Steam Pipes
21. Ruilwny Cars and Locomotives
22. Other Causes:
la I Explosives
<b) Fall of person
(r) Falling objects I derrick, boom, etc. I let Falls or slides of rock or coal (g) Hand tools
Miscellaneous
Grand total
Is
u
J
S
9o:
Report Of Industrial Commission
Smelters Ore Dressing Plants And Auxiliary Works
A comparison of the accidents which have occurred in the smelters, ore dressing plants and auxiliary works of "Utah during the year 1917 and 1919, inclusive, is a source of satisfaction.
Labor and Accident Data for Smelters, Ore Dressing Plants and Auxiliary Works.
Total day't labor
2.262.523
S.069.68K
2.531.162
1.409.954
Fatal accident.
Total accident.
1.0Tt
S50
Fatal accidenta per 100.000 shifta
M
Total accident, per 100.000 .hifu
The accident experience of these industries show a gradual betterment year by year with 1919 presenting an improvement of 44 per cent over 1916. The improvement in the case of fatal accidents is especially marked with at rate of but .35 per 100,000 shifts for 1919 as against .57 and .58 per 100,000 shifts for 1916 and 1917, respectively.
These figures demonstrate what can be accomplished by safety work conducted in an intensive manner. Nearly all these plants employ a safety specialist whose duty it is to make frequent inspections of the plant, recommend safety devices and safe practices, instruct in and keep en- thusiasm aroused among employees as to "Safety First."
As further evidence of the benefits derived from work of this nature the result obtained at the Garfield Smelter of the American Smelting and Refining Company, located at Garfield, Utah, is a striking example. A safety engi- neer is employed whose full time is given to education en- deavor in safe practices, and providing means and meas- ures for safeguarding all processes and machinery abo- the plant. The record of this plant speaks for his efforts.
294 Report Of Industrial Commission
Garfield Smelter.
Fatal Accidents
Permanent Disabilities
Total Accidents
Accidents Per 100,000
Men Employed
With a view of co-ordinating the efforts of the safety specialists of the several smelters in Utah and to give them an opportunity to profit by the experience and practices of their fellow specialists a monthly conference was inaugu- rated.
These conferences are held consecutively at one of the smelters or with the Industrial Commission. When the smelters are visited the plant is inspected and notes made of dangerous conditions as well as any specially well guard- ed hazards or novel devices for enhancing safety. Follow- ing the inspection a general round table discussion is held during which matters pertaining to safety or health are in order. These conferences have been the means of keeping not only the smelter representatives alive to the best prac- tices in teaching and effecting "Safety First," but also the members of the Inspection Department have benefit- ed along the same lines.
Report Of Industrial Commission
ft
LABOR AND ACCIDENT DATA SMELTING PLANTS AND THEIR AUXILIARY WORKS— UTAH
Smelters.
1916 1917 1918 1919
2,401
2,658
1,832
878,426
952,918 1,
158,145
667,450
Average days active ...
Killed
Injured
Auxiliary Works.
Men employed
Days of Labor
310,352
657,387
681,762
258,652
Average days active . .
Killed
Injured
In 1919 — One wife left a widow, and 5 children fatherless.
296 Report Of Industrial Commission
Accidents In All Metallurgical Plants During The Years 1918 And 1919
Is tii
Jj
Ore-Dressing And Milling
1918 1919
1918 1919
Accidents
Number Killed or Injured by—
1. Haulage System :
(a) Cars and Motors
i Mechanical conveyors
2. Railway cars and locomotives
9. Crushers, rolls or stamp
4. Table, jigs. etc.
5. Other Machinery
6. Kails of persona
7. Suffocation in ore bins
8. Falling objects (rocks, timbers, etc.*
9. Cyanide or other poisoning
10. Scalding (steam or water)
11. Electricity .
12. Hand tools, axes, bars. etc. .
13. NaiU, splinters, etc.
14. Flying pieces of rock from sledging
or crushing
15. Other Causes
Total number killed or injured at mills
s
1918 ! 191S
!
;
t
U It
it d
Digitized bl
Report Of Industrial Commission
Accidents In All Metallurgical Plants During The Years 1918 And 1919
Ei- re*
- -&
3
i b
Smelter Accidents :
Number Killed or Injared by—
IS. Haulaite System :
lb) Mechanical Conveyor* Railway cars and locomotives
Cranes —
Other Machinery
Falls of persons Suffocation in Ore Bins
IT. If.
28*
1918 1919 1918
Flyinir or Falling Object* (rock, tim-
Gas (bums or asphyxiation)
Scalding (steam or water)
Electricity ...„..„,
Hand, tools, axes, bars, etc.
Naila. splinters, etc.
Burns from Matte, Slax or Molten
Metal (pouring or spilllnir) Hot Metal Explosions Other Causes —
Total number killed or injured at Smelters
'I
e
U — -
S4
S3
298 Report Of Industrial Commission
Accidents In All Metallurgical Plants During The Years 1918 And 1919
AUXILIARY WORKS' A(< IDKNTS: (Yards Shops. Constructions, Ktc.)
Number Killed or Injurrd by —
31. Hun lane System* (earn, motor*, etc.). 83. Railway Care and Locomotives
33. l-'iil I of persons
34. Kallinir objects (rocks, timbers, ete.l.
35. Nails, splinters, etc.
36. Hand tools, axes, bars, etc. 87. Electricity
8t*. Machinery
89. Failure of ladder, scaffold, or other support
40. Handling hot material
41. Other causes
Total number killed or injured by shop and yard accident*
(irand totals
191H
l'.'l'.t
A
i —
en
Ij
M
1Mi
) 1
tl
Is
t
Report Of Industrial Commission
Labor And Accident Data Ore Dressing Plants Of Utah
Men employed
3,017
4,103
1,942
1,382
Days of Labor ..
1,073,745 1,
459,383
691,255
483,852
Average days active..
Killed
Injured
In 1919, one wife left widow and one child fatherless.
Quarries
The following is a list of the quarries in Utah which have been inspected by the Mine Inspection Department, together with the location of the plant and the kind of rock quarried.
List of Quarries.
Company Location of Quarry Material Quarried
American Smelting Refining Co. Topliff I Ruah Valley (Lime Rock
J. S. Smelting. Refining Mining Co. Topliff Lime Rock
Portland Cement Company of Utah Parley's Canyon Cement Rock
Union Portland Cement Company Devil's Slide Cement Rock
Strange Magoire Richfield Lime Rock
Langton Lime 4 Cement Company Salt Lake City Lime Rock
Santaquin Lime 6 Quarry Company Santmtiuin Lime Rock
Thomaa Roardman I'rovo Lime Rock
Utah Lime A Stone Company Tempe Lime Rock
Florence Lime Quarry Santnquin Lime Rock
Labor Data at Quarries, 1919.
Average number of days operated 289
Average number of employees in the quarries 165
Employes in crusher plants, etc 37
300 Report Of Industrial Commission
Accidents In The Quarry Industry During 1918
Us
w
In And About Quarry:
Number hilled or Injured by —
3. Timber or hand tools
G. Haulajre:
(a) Hand and animal .
8. Flying objects :
From sledicini;
Out81Dk Works:
(To include rock -dressing plant*, rrushcrs, rement mill-, kiln* .etc.)
18. Hand tools
26. Other cause*
Total number killed or injured at outside works
,
Report Of Industrial Commission
Accidents In The Quarry Industry During 1919
IN AND ABOUT QUARRY: Nanber Killed ar Injured by —
I Falls or slides or rock .'. Handlin* rock at fare 3. Timber or hand tool*
Explosive
(a) Hoistlnic cables and attachments te> Other machinery
Total killed or injured at quarries
Ol'TSIDE WORKS:
(T.
. crusher*, etc.)
Seriously in- jured (time lost more than 1ft
! s Sir
1*.
2!. Falls of persons
JJ. Flying: objects :
H. Handling rock by hand
Total number killed or injured at outside work* Grand total
Other
Report Of Industrial Commission 303
Welfare Work Among Employees
Welfare work designed to bring the Industrial Com- mission in closer touch with operating officials, miners, mill workers and smelter employees of the State has been undertaken.
Besides the intimate contact made possible by inspec- tions and conferences held on the works of Miners' Number of Utah's Safety Record has been established. This publi- cation was planned to carry to the workers in a brief but interesting form ideas pertaining to health, safety and wel- fare. In scope it covers matters of human interest con- nected with mining and metallurgical work, changes in and additions to the General Safety Orders, articles on health and safety, bits of humor and apt cartoons depicting safety first.
The circulation of the Miners' Number of Utah's Safety Record was at first mainly through the officials of the employing companies who were forwarded copies to be dis- tributed among their employees. With a view to ascertain- ing the extent of the interest on the part of the employees in the publication and also to provide a means of establish- ing a closer contact with the individual employee, there were enclosed with each copy of the second issue a return letter and envelope by which more copies could be requested and names be sent to the Industrial Commission to be placed on the mailing list for the future issues.
The 2,692 additional copies requested and the 1,176 names sent in to be added to the mailing list was a gratify- ing manifestation of the interest which the Safety Record aroused.
Through co-operation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines training in Mine Rescue and First Aid has been carried on throughout Utah. The U. S. Bureau of Mines Rescue Car No. 11 was assigned to this district in July, 1919, and started training in Utah immediately. Most of the metal and coal camps of the State have availed themselves of the courses of instruction offered.
The following summary gives the camps visited and the number of men trained.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Metal Mines.
Men Trainel
First
Mine
Camp —
Mine —
Aid
Rescue
Alta
Bingham
Eureka
Gold Hill Ophir Park City
South Hecla 18 0
Utah-Apex 7 0
Utah Consolidated 8 2
Utah Copper 16 0
Apex Standard 3 0
Centennial-Eureka 10 1
Chief Consolidated 35 7
Colorado Consolidated 1 0
Eagle & Blue Bell 18 7
Eureka Lily 1 0
Gemini 3 0
Godiva 2 0
Tintic Standard 16 6
Tintic Zenith 1 0
Walter Fitch, Jr., Co 2 0
Western Utah Copper 12 0
Ophir Hill Consolidated 49 9
Daly West 3 0
Judge „ 4 0
Ontario 3 0
Silver King Coalition 6 0
Silver King Consolidated 4 3
Total 222 35
REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION Coal Mines.
Men Trained First Mine
Camp — Mine — Aid Rescue
Castle Gate Utah Fuel Co 16 13
Clear Creek Utah Fuel Co. 14 12
Hiawatha U. S. Fuel Co 22 14
Kenilworth Independent Coal &
Coke Co 20 12
Mohrland U. S. Fuel Co 44 16
Scofield Kinney Coal Co 6 5
Scofield 17 10
Sego American Fuel Co. 11 8
Spring Canyon Carbon Fuel Co 14 7
Spring Canyon Coal Co. 16 8
Standard Coal Co 12 7
Sunnyside Utah Fuel Co 35 28
Winter Quarters Utah Fuel Co 39 11
Total 266 151
Miscellaneous.
Men Trained First Mine
Camp — Mine — Aid Rescue
Watson Gilson-Asphaltum Co 33 0
Arthur Utah Copper Co. Mill , 79 0
U. of U. School of Mines 8 0
Total 120 0
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These certificate men trained in First-Aid and Mine Rescue added to those previously trained gives Utah a large number of men trained in resources useful in case of dis- aster or accidents. For so considerable number of men to take the prescribed courses of the Bureau of Mines is evi- dence of the interest those engaged in mining are taking in their own safety and the safety of their fellow employees.
Plans for the future welfare work contemplate a more comprehensive program. Arrangements are being complet- ed to carry intensive safety and welfare campaigns direct- ly to men. In co-operation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines the Industrial Commission will conduct a two weeks' cam- paign in each of the large coal and metal mining camps of the State. The first week will be given over to a general safety and health rally during which motion pictures, lan- tern slides and talks will be given daily. Every possible co-operation will be enlisted, newspapers, schools, churches, women's clubs, miner's organization and fraternal associa- tions will be asked to stir up interest and lend their every support to make the campaign a success. The second week will be given over to training in First Aid and Mine Rescue. It is hoped by these campaigns to get every man, woman and child sufficiently interested in health and safety that they not only realize that health and safety are desirable but that they are sufficiently desirable to strive after and work for 365 days in the year.
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The following pages contain a treatise by G. N. Child of the Educational Develop- ment of Utah.
A treatise by President E. G. Peterson of the Agricultural College on the oppor- tunities and development of the State of Utah.
A story of the irrigation development, and possibilities of the State.
A series of short stories giving an insight into the conditions, development, and pos- sibilities of the several counties of the State.
Followed by a table showing bonded in- debtedness of Counties, School Districts, and Incorporated Cities and Towns in Utah as of January 1st, 1920.
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Utah'S Educational Growth
The people of Utah are proud of their schools. They generally support them well both financially and morally as evidenced by excellent buildings and a very high percent- age of school attendance. The growth of the school system has been very steady and comparatively rapid. Indeed, since 1890 up to the present time the schools of Utah have made more rapid advancement in certain carefully selected determining qualities than any other state in the Union. The Russel-Sage Foundation, after conducting an exhaustive survey, gives us the following reports concerning Utah's educational standing as compared with other states of the Union. The survey covers the period of twenty-eight years, from 1890 to 1918, and shows the place Utah occupied in 1890 and again in 1918.
1890 1918
Per cent of children of school age
attending
Gain
Days attended by each child of
school age
Days school were kept open
u
Proportion of children in high
school
Per cent of b.oys to girls in high
school
4)
Expenditure per child attending
Expenditure per child of school age
It
Expenditure per teacher employed
Expenditures for non-salary pur-
poses
Loss
Average salary per teacher em-
ployed
Gain
Average
Gain
It will be noted from the above report that on an ave- rage Utah gained 20 points in twenty-eight years, and that in all the selected bases of the survey the State made ma- terial gains, except in expenditures for non-salary purposes. No other state has been able to make a like showing.
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During the past two years, with the lessons of the war burned into our consciousness, a very marked growth has taken place in Utah's educational activities. In conse- quence, certain definite educational objectives were agreed upon in 1919 and set up for realization. Chief among these objectives were good health, good citizenship, vocational efficiency, proper use of leisure, and good habits of study and work.
It soon became apparent that a first step necessary in carrying out this new educational program was a set of laws setting standards and providing necessary adminis- trative powers. Accordingly, a committee on legislation, representing various educational interests was chosen. This committee, after several weeks' of study and careful de- liberation, evolved and recommended to the Legislature of 1919 what has since become known as Utah's Advanced Educational Code. This code includes a number of import- ant laws, among which are the following:
Health Education.
Under Health Education an act was passed, creating the office of State Director of Health Education; also pro- viding that Health Education, consisting of sanitation and personal and school hygiene, should be a requirement of all teachers of the public schools in the State. This same law delegates to the State Board of Education the right to determine the professional requirements of supervisors and school nurses. It makes it possible, also, for local boards of education to pay out money for health education among children of pre-school age.
The law has been in operation since May 12, 1919. Considering the short time it has been in operation, a great deal of excellent work has been accomplished. Teachers of the State, quite generally, have read several books dealing with the physical welfare of boys and girls, as prescribed by the State Board of Education. Most districts have pro- vided expert health directors, or school nurses. Medical inspection has become the rule and the teaching of hygiene has taken on more and more the phase of habit formation. In connection with this work, the home and school have worked harmoniously together, the parent-teacher organ- izations having been most important factors in the work accomplished.
As a part of the health legislation, $10,000.00 was set aside by the Legislature to aid establishing free dispensaries and clinics. Under the stimulus of this provision of law, most excellent service has been rendered at the Civic Center,
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Salt Lake City, under the direction and through the efforts of voluntary organization.
Part-Time Schools.
To provide education for young people between 14 and 18 years of age, who are obliged to discontinue regular school to go to work, a part-time school law was passed. This law compels young people to attend a regular public or private school until they are 18 years of age, unless ex- cused from attendance by school authorities, or unless ex- empt from attendance by provision of law. It further pro- vides that whenever such young people are excused, by school authorities, from attendance at regular schools, such persons must attend a part-time or continuation school at least 144 hours per year.
The effect of the part-time law has been to increase attendance in the regular day schools, especially high schools; the increase, in a number of cases, running as high as 50 per cent. In many of the smaller districts, there- fore, part-time schools have become unnecessary. In a few of the larger cities attempts are being made to establish them.
Salt Lake City, no doubt, has the largest part-time school in the State, under the direction of L. M. Gillilan. It was in operation during the whole of the year 1919-1920, and is again in successful operation this year. At this school, several hundred young people, who are engaged in the various offices, stores and factories of the City, attend for class instruction in chosen subjects.
From short experience with the part-time school we are convinced that it is an institution which fills a real need and is therefore destined to grow, both in size and func- tion. It is to be regretted, however, that very little finan- cial support was provided by the Legislature which passed the law. Adequate financial support is, therefore, an urgent problem at the present time.
Americanization Schools.
The war taught us the importance of Americanizing foreigners. The first step in this process is recognized to be teaching foreigners to speak and read the English lan- guage. To meet this demand an act was passed making provision for Americanization classes and compelling attend- ance thereon of all foreigners between 16 and 45 years of age, until they possess the ability to speak, read and write the English language as well as pupils completing the 5th
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grade of the public- schools. An appropriation of $20,000.00 was made to cover the biennium beginning September 1, 1919,
Under tin- provisions of this lav a Director of Ameri- canization was appointed by the State Board of Education, which had been made the administrative head, and hun- dreds of foreigners have been organized into classes and taught the essentials of tie- English language. Most of these classes have former n pari of the evening school. In Salt Lake City; approximately 400 foreigners are now in attendance. There is no doubt but that these American- ization classes serve a most excellent purpose. It is import- ant, however, thai they, too, be properly financed and since tlie Americanization - i*s is consistently a national
and state problem, rather than a local responsibility, it is but fair that the large burden of financial support rest upon the Nation and the State.
Better Citizenship.
Since the public schools have become important insti- tutions on which the State depends for training its young people to become law-abiding, intelligent, moral citizens, it is not surprising thai added authority and consequent responsibility should, from time to time, be given to school
officers.
The part-time law, heretofore referred to, makes the school, in a general way, supervisors of all young people up to is years of age, whether outside or inside of school. The purposes to be attained are the physical welfare, the intel- lectual growth, and moral development of the young people. Activities in society and during i hours are therefore important as affecting educational results. What young people do, what they think, and how the live, are matters of concern to those who control or direct education.
During the past year, a great deal of attention has been given to organizing association.' for the civic improvement of young people and to supervising their environments v rever their labor make- it necessary for them to spend a number of hours each day. Utah's program of education may be said to be an all-year-round program, including in its general scope all the activities of all the young people during the prescribed school age.
The results of this ambitious program are yet to be determined, us (he laws which li<- back of it are so recent. It is reported, however, thai much less ju\ en ile delinquency - prevalent throughout our Slate at the present time, than
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during the period preceding the attempted systematic moral betterment of all young people. The Juvenile Court records show a decided reduction in the number of cases brought to its attention.
G. N. Child.
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Home Opportunities In Utah
By President Elmer G. Peterson, of the Utah Agricultural College.
In the selection of a home various factors must be considered. Undoubtedly the most important of these, granting reasonable climatic and economic conditions, is the social and educational factor. The people among whom one lives and rears a family must be people with whom association is desirable and there must be opportunity for the education of the children in the family.
Utah is blessed beyond measure in that its valley com- munities represent a high average standard, of citizenship, with hardly an appreciable division into classes.
The population of Utah is predominately agricultural, the character of the agriculture being of a fairly intensive kind which presumes high intelligence on the part of the farmer. The general educational standard in the state is probably as high as anywhere in the United States and much higher than it is in most sections. The Utah school system distinguishes the State doubtless to a greater degree than any other feature. A strong elementary and high school system exists throughout the State, together with a well developed university and collegiate system. These factors of a social and educational character make Utah unusually desirable as a place for the building of homes and the rearing of families.
The tillable soil of Utah is, on the whole, unusually fertile. The production of certain of the standard crops bring the highest production in the world and the produc- tion along all lines which the climate permits is excellent both in quality and quantity. The land is largely held by the people who till it, instead of being concentrated into large estates. This is itself a factor of great and far- reaching importance. It insures a permanency in our civil- ization which is not possible under different conditions. Valuable range which gives pasturage for hundreds of thousands of heads of live stock is generally to be found close to the arable lands. The type of farming practiced in the State is varied, ranging from vast dry farms in the regions of lightest rainfall, to dairy and beet farms where efficient irrigation systems combine with rich acres to pro- duce big crops. The sugar beet business is one of the most important in Utah and provides a substantial income to
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the farmer, which makes farm development much more satisfactory than it could otherwise be. The condensed milk business is in an unusually thriving condition in the north- ern part of the State.
A one hundred per cent increase in the population, pro- duction and prosperity of Utah is not beyond the possibility within the next two or three decades. Such a prediction is based mainly upon the immediate accessibility, under Gov- ernment patronage, of vast supplies of irrigation water not yet impounded, the expensive area of good land not yet under the plow, the unexploited, but extensive, underground waters available by pumping from practicable depths, and the doubling of the duty of our present supply of water, which is entirely practicable throughout the State. This increase in duty is dependent as much upon more scien- tific distributing systems, involving unifying channels in many cases, as upon the application of the water to the crops.
In Utah and Idaho the present estimated irrigated area is 3,250,000 acres and in these two states alone there is estimated to be 5,750,000 acres which can yet be added to the irrigated area. This means practically a doubling of the intensively cropped area, with a resultant increase in wealth which will transform these states. Dry-farming likewise admits of very great increase throughout the State if properly and scientifically developed. In dry-farm- ing, extraordinary care is necessary to prevent the attempt to cultivate areas of too limited rainfall or of imperfect soil storage possibilities. Properly selected areas yield very satisfactory returns and admit of good earnings if the busi- ness is wisely organized and administered.
In the older sections of Utah the canals are continually being moved higher up, resulting in the fuller utilization of large areas. Drainage of water-logged lands is assuming immense proportions. For instance, there is at present under way the redemption of 125,000 acres of land by tile drainage. Sevier and Millard counties have each organ- ized their fourth drainage district. The drainable land of the West is usually the choicest land, very fertile and well located with respect to market.
The range of the State is continually decreasing; its carrying capacity, however, need not decrease proportion- ately. The methods of reseeding of grasses, rotation system of grazing, and bedding out herding with sheep, practiced by the Forest Service, insure maximum use of all available plant food.
A greater yield per acre is the problem confronting
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the grain growers. A yield of 16.6 bushels per acre for winter wheat throughout parts of Utah, which is mainly dry-farm grain, and 24.7 bushels per acre for spring wheat, most of which is irrigated, is the report obtained from threshing machine records collected under authority of the U. S. Food Administration in 1918. In more than half the counties of the State, work is being done to standardize the wheat crop. Variety tests are used to select varieties best adapted to the locality, while pure seed of varieties adopted is obtained by fiield selection and from seed plots. Swedish Select oats have proved their superiority over other oats grown in this area through variety tests and are now almost universally accepted as the standard variety. Corn for silage is fast becoming an important crop. The supply of seed adaptable to our many localities are solving the prob- lem by local seed selection.
The growing of sugar beets has raised the plans of farming in every section where they have been introduced. Farmers recognize beets as an important and staple crop. A new incentive to beet culture has recently been added through the use of beet top silage. The pit silos used are inexpensive; the big item is the labor required to put the tops in the silo at the same time the beet crop is being harvested. Results from feeding this silage to cattle and sheep in combination with protein feeds indicate that a far greater value is obtained out of the tops by this method of preserving than is obtained by pasturing off as has been commonly practiced. Among other crops, potatoes are re- ceiving considerable attention in the matter of seed selec- tion. The returns from canning crops are making them profitable in favorable localities. In the fruit sections young orchards are being set out. Demands for trees exceed the supplies of the nurseries.
Crop pests are being brought under control by cultural methods and the use of poison. The saving of crops and range grass through the proper use of strychnine in killing rodents will amount to many thousands of dollars. Grass- hoppers have been killed with arsenic. Confidence in this control method has been established and the people no longer fear total loss of crops from grasshoppers.
The range cattle of Utah have been improved by the grater use of pure-bred bulls. In many sections the forestry officials and range users, through their grazing associa- tions, co-operate in upholding this practice. There remains yet, however, considerable need for improving the quality of Western range cattle. Fattening cattle for market is becoming an established industry in several sections and
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could profitably be extended to other localities. Feeding first centers around sugar factories because of more eco- nomical gains connected with feeding beet pulp and syrup. Range sheep will no doubt decrease in Utah, but this loss may be made up in part by sheep on the farm. During 1918 farm flocks were increased in Utah by 13,000 head. Lamb feeding for the fat market is furnishing a good local market for many feeder lambs and is netting profit to the careful feeder. Dairying in established dairy sections is improving in grade of stock and in dairy equipment. Out- side of these sections dairying is giving way to other branches of live stock which are more profitable. Better stock and simple but sanitary equipment should make dairy- ing profitable in the State, which imports many million dollars worth of dairy products annually.
A new feature connected with the hog industry in Utah is that of co-operative marketing, which has been fostered by the farm bureau organizations. Shipping days are ap- pointed, fat hogs are brought in from ten or twenty farms to make a carload, which is sent to market. The proceeds minus actual expenses are turned over to the owners of the hogs. A gain is always realized over the prices of the local buyers. Often this difference is several cents per pound. Under this method of marketing, the hog raiser knows he gets all there is in the hogs and is encouraged to continue in the business.
Farm poultry is generally neglected in Utah, but here is no question that a little investment in equipment and labor would return big dividends. The time is coming .oou when the mountain states will not only supply their own requirements, which amount to several millions of dollars per year, but will become an important national center for the distribution of poultry and poultry products. Ideal conditions of climate, native feeds, and freedom from dis- ease, insure a great increase in the poultry industry in the near future.
A review of the agricultural situation in Utah as re- vealed by the 1920 census shows that the state is resting upon a sound foundation.
The number of farms in Utah, according to the re- cent census, is 25,662. These farms contain 5,050,410 acres, of which 1,715,380 acres are improved land. Since 1910, the number of farms has increased 18.4 per cent ; the total acreage, 48.6 per cent, and the improved acreage, 25.4 per cent. Nine and six-tenths per cent of the land area of the state is in farms, and 34.0 per cent of the farm land is improved.
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The value of all farm property is $311,275,728, as com- pared with $150,795,301 in 1910.
The total number of cattle in Utah is 505,578, includ- ing 397,563 beef cattle, and 108,015 dairy cattle. Beef cows alone number 175,128, and dairy cows 66,724. The value re- ported for all cattle is $22,627,870; for beef cattle, $16,- 805,429, and for dairy cattle, $5,821,441. The number of cattle in 1910 (excluding spring calves) was 379,292.
The total production of milk in 1919 was 29,339,512 gallons, as compared with 26,306,070 gallons in 1909. The production of wool in 1919 was 11,690,303 pounds; of honey, 1,232,239 pounds; of eggs, 5,709,076 dozen, and the number of chickens raised, 1,107,446.
The value of all dairy products, including home use of milk and cream, was $4,409,087; of eggs, $2,112,359; of chickens raised in 1919, $775,212.
The value of all crops for Utah in 1919 was $57,980,827. The total value of cereals was $12,388,557; of clover and alfalfa seed, $1,247,961; of hay and forage, $24,583,157; of potatoes, $3,494,607; of other vegetables, $2,121,281; of beets harvested for sugar, $10,048,611, and of fruits and nuts, $3,822,739. As compared with 1909, the total value of crops shows an increase of 218.0 per cent; clover and alfalfa seed, 299.1 per cent; hay and forage, 230.8 per cent; beets raised for sugar, 441.0 per cent, and fruits and nuts. 330.3 per cent.
In 1919, 549,967 acres were in hay and forage, includ- ing 365,190 acres in alfalfa, 74,744 acres in tame grasses and clover, 80,942 acres in wild grasses, 15,589 acres in small grains cut for hay, 6,638 acres in corn cut for for- age, and 3,890 acres in silage crops. The total production of hay and forage in 1919 was 1,031,609 tons, of which 748,949 tons were alfalfa, and 31,390 tons silage. In 1919 the total acreage in hay and forage (not including corn cut for forage) was 405,428 acres, and the total production, 1,016.075 tons.
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Team Work In Irrigation Development
This paper is a digest of some of the features of two papers on irrigation development written by A. F. Parker, chief engineer of the Utah Water Storage Association. The organization itself is perhaps unique. It is an association of eight counties of Utah, all of which are interested in com- mon sources of water supply. They have joined hands with the aim of getting data sufficiently accurate and reliable, if possible for the formulation of a plan for the most ex- tensive ultimate development possible of the common supply. Mr. Parker, under their direction, has had engineering par- ties in the field for two seasons working on the problem. His final report to the association has not yet been made. The two papers, which form the basis of the present article, therefore, could only state in a general way some of the important features of the problem, and point out the neces- sity of co-operation, or as he has phrased it, of "team work" in its solution.
The eight counties in the Utah Water Storage Asso- ciation are Summit, Morgan, Weber and Davis, which in the main draw their water supply from the Weber River system ; Wasatch, Utah, and Salt Lake, watered by the Provo River, and its extensions, Utah Lake and the Jordan River; and Tooele County, which at present has no large water source, but which can, it is believed, obtain a valuable supply through the Provo and Weber systems. The two papers by Mr. Parker deal primarily with the irrigation problems of these eight counties, or such parts of them as derive, or can derive, their water supply from the two rivers. Situa- tions similar to that in the eight counties of the association face practically every county in Utah. The pioneer period, the period of individual or local community effort, has about passed. What remains to do, if ultimate maximum development is to be obtained, is a different as well as a difficult problem.
According to best available estimates, the crop value of the eight counties for 1919, a year of marked water shortage, and therefore of a crop value below normal, was well over $20,000,000. Ultimate development of the water supply from the two river systems will much more than double this.
The irrigated acreage alone, it is indicated by data available, can be more than doubled. The production can be much more than doubled, for the reason that the water supply, developed to its limit, will be sufficient for the en-
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tire irrigation season on the irrigated areas. A large pro- portion of lands now classed as irrigated are watered only during the flood water season, which ends, on the average, July 1. Such lands can not be devoted to the cultivation of the later-maturing and more profitable crops.
Therefore, if the crop value in a season of shortage of irrigation water is $20,000,000, it is certainly an estimate low enough to satisfy the most conservative person who learns the facts, that the agricultural production of the lands watered from the Provo and Weber systems may be increased by $20,000,000 to $30,000,000 annually, even after allowance has been made for the fact that 1919 prices were probably above normal.
It must be kept in mind that the estimates are based on the possibility of the full and ultimate development, by storage, by high line canals, and by the production of elec- tric power. Power may be produced from irrigation water in transit, giving cheap hydro-electric energy for pumping water for irrigation. It would be utilized in pumping from reservoirs, such as Marsh Lake for Weber County and some Box Elder County lands; from Utah Lake, and to areas above the high line canals. Pumping is probably feasible in Tooele County for certain areas. The power would also have a large commercial value, for it can be produced throughout the year.
Along the Weber River it is possible to irrigate 190,000 acres, in four counties. This is more than twice the area now irrigated and the area now irrigated is chronically short of late water. The prospective water supply will correct this shortage and insure a full supply for all land all season.
The water supply of the Weber River, on an average, a surplus over demands of 77,000 acre feet. This normally can go to supplement the Provo River area, where it is necessary to irrigate, in round numbers 145,000 acres not now irrigated, of which 40,000 are in Tooele County, and also to supply later water for an additional 100,000 acres, which now have irrigation water only early in the season. In the counties obtaining their supply through the Provo there are at present, according to the best information avail- able, 194,000 acres of irrigated lands, not more than half of which has water supply sufficient for the development of the late crops.
Combining the figures for the Weber and the Provo systems, in round numbers, 540,000 acres are possible of irrigation from the two rivers. The present irrigated acre- age in the eight counties runs around 285,000 acres. The
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counties contain the major portion of Utah's population and wealth. It is well under the mark to say that 15,000 acres in Utah county are irrigated from the Strawberry project and from southern Utah streams not tributary to the Provo proper. Deduct even that small area from the total of irrigated lands in the eight counties, and it is found that the area possible of irrigation with a full season's water supply is just double the area now under irrigation from the Provo and Weber systems.
It may be safely asserted that in years of average pre- cipitation, by developing the total possible storage of the flood waters of the Provo and Weber systems, there may be had a supply of water sufficient, if put to the proper beneficial use, for these areas. But this full storage can not be realized on the Provo without securing a surplus that on average years exists on the Weber, the 77,000 acre feet before mentioned. It must be kept in mind that this Weber surplus is only available on years of water supply that is at least average. In years of light precipitation there will not be enough water for all the lands needing it on the Weber itself.
There is a possible source of supply on the Bear River, where water may be stored in reservoirs on Yellow Creek and Coyote Creek, and thence brought down Echo Creek to the Weber River. There it may be used to replace water diverted to the Provo higher up the Weber. But the water supply of the Bear River is all used to keep up the storage capacity in Bear Lake. There is a flood flow on Black's Fork, in Wyoming, a tributary to the Green River. This might become available to replace the Bear River water diverted to the Weber.
Physical conditions render such a series of exchanges practical. Matters of interstate and other right and inter- ests would have to be adjusted. But the need is insistent, and this matter should not be forgotten. Rather should there be persistent efforts looking to securing this much needed water supply. The interests of the densely popu- lated and highly developed areas watered from the Weber and Provo demand it.
So far as is now possible to estimate costs, it is indi- cated that about $5,000,000 will be required for a full ulti- mate development of the water supply of the Weber River system. On the same basis of cost, which is, of course, only tentative, the full development of the Provo area will cost about twice as much as the Weber River development.
The total is about half of the resulting increase in one year's production, as noted above. Double the estimated
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costs, and the cost per acre is still below prevailing prices in Utah for irrigation water rights. It is much farther below what some of the other states are investing to get irriga- tion water on their lands.
In Utah the white race began irrigation. Yet during the past 15 or 20 years, it is authoritatively stated, the irrigated area of Utah has not materially increased. De- velopment of new areas has largely been offset by the water- logging of lands already irrigated.
The figures given above show some of the possibili- ties, and also the magnitude of the problem. The magni- tude requires methods of development other than have been practiced in Utah in the past.
The outstanding reason that the development of Utah's water supply has not been pushed further is a failure to apply co-operation on an extensive scale, under effective organization and with the aid of the State under proper laws. It is probable that the farmers do not fully realize conditions; that business and professional men are busy with other matters. All the development possible for in- dividual or local community initiative and effort to accom- plish in a way of developing water has long since been done. That remaining to do, and so vitally necessary withal, is of such magnitude that general co-operation is needed under organization, directed by men of vision, enterprise, initiative and sound judgment.
Our water supply belongs to the people as a whole. Its development and beneficial use is a matter of tremendous moment. The job requires teamwork. Is it worth while to double the irrigated areas under these two river systems? Is it desirable to provide an additional late water supply to lands now irrigated up to the first of July only, and thus to permit them to mature later and more profitable crops, and to undergo more intensive cultivation generally?
If so, all are concerned in seeing to it that some definite means of co-operation — of team — under proper organization is instituted and that constructive legislation and action is had, to the end that our undeveloped natural resources of water supply may be put to proper beneficial use.
The Utah Water Storage Association is entitled to the thanks of the people for rendering its possible, through sur- veys and investigations, to make the foregoing statements as to acreages and as to water supply available. They may be relied on as conservative and to the extent necessary to reach definite conclusions as to what may be accomplished.
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Beaver County
Beaver County is the cradle of the metal mining indus try in Utah. Along in the '50s when Brigham Young learned of the approach of Johnston's army, he sent Isaac Grundy down to Beaver County to open up some lead de- posits, which the Indians reported had been worked by Spaniards, so that the Mormon pioneers might have plenty of "bullet metal" for emergency purposes. Grundy went to a point about four miles north of the site of the present town of Minersville, on the eastern slope of Mineral Range, and opened up what was purported to have been one of the old Spanish mines. The ore he smelted in a small furnace and the bullion was sent to Salt Lake. The property later became known as the Rollins Mine of the Lincoln Mining district and the industry born there has contributed ap- proximately $50,000,000 to the wealth of the county.
The prosperous days of Beaver County began in 1872, when Shauntje, Shenandoah City, Elephant City and South Camp were thriving. In 1875 the Great Horn Silver deposit at Frisco was discovered and for ten years or more the Horn Silver was one of the most productive mines in the State. Up to this time it has produced approximately $21,000,000 and has paid dividends aggregating about $7,000,000.
The San Francisco, Preuss, North Star, Beaver Lake and Rocky districts lie adjacent to each other in the north central part of the county, about 180 miles a little west of south from Salt Lake City. Milford, a few miles east of the district and on the Los Angeles & Salt Lake Rail- road, is the railroad center of the region. A branch line extends from Milford to Frisco and Newhouse and serves the Horn Silver, Cactus and other mines.
To the west of the San Francisco region in the Wah Wah range are the Pine Grove, Wah Wah Pass and Eng- lish Springs districts. In the western part of the county, about 35 miles north of Modena, is the Indian Peak dis- trict. The Mineral Range, in which are the Lincoln, Brad- shaw, Granite, North Granite, McGarry, Antelope and Jar- loose districts, is about 10 to 15 miles east of Milford and between the Milford and Beaver valleys. Silver and lead are the principal metals, but gold, copper and zinc also contribute liberally to the yield. The Rob Roy and Sheep Rock mines in the Newton district have produced some exceptionally rich gold ore and some unusual gold discov- eries at Fortuna have created considerable excitement, but
324 Report Of Industrial Commission
the mother lode has not been found in either camp. Both the Newton and Fortuna districts are situated in the foot- hills of the Tush,ar range, east of Beaver City.
Even before Isaac Grundy started the mining industry on its way the Mormon pioneers had discovered a rich sul- phur deposit in the low mountains in the northeastern cor- ner of the county. Subsequent investigations indicate that the deposit is one of the really great deposits of high grade sulphur yet discovered. In a primitive way the deposit was worked by the pioneers. About forty years ago an eastern syndicate established a considerable plant for those days and produced an unusually high grade sulphur, but eventually the distance from rail transportation proved too great a handicap in marketing the product and the prop- erty was sold to the Mormon Church. A disastrous fire about ten years ago resulted in the suspension of activi- ties. During the war the old sulphur mine and several thousand acres adjoining were acquired by Chicago in- terests and the Utah Sulphur Corporation organized. Since that time large sums have been expended in reopening the deposit and in the construction of a modern plant. The construction of a branch railroad to serve the camp, now known as Morrissey, has been discussed but as yet no action in this direction has been taken. The sulphur ore runs from 20 to 80 per cent in purity and with ample transportation facilities the Beaver County property should become one of the world's great sulphur producers.
Nature's generosity to Beaver County has not been confined to minerals, however. It has some of the finest grazing lands in the west; fertile valleys and its moun- tains furnish excellent hunting and fishing. Stock-grow- ing is an important industry and aside from mining is probably the chief source of income. However, agriculture is forging to the front through the reclamation of arid lands. The soil and conditions generally are well adapted to crops common to a mile-high altitude. The county has an area of 1,712,000 acres, of which less than 200,000 acres are in private ownership according to the assessment rolls. Like in most counties in the western part of the state, de- velopment in Beaver has followed two separate and dis- tinct lines— one along the railroad and the other in the back country along the trail blazed by the pioneers. Min- ing activities probably had much to do with fixing the location of the railroad. Along the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad are a few small settlements with Milford the most important and the center of the mining region, and the terminus of a branch line which serves the camps
]
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of Newhouse and Frisco. With the exception of mineral development, almost the entire western portion of the county is devoted to stock raising and practically all of the country is an open range.
In the vicinity of Milford, the Delta Land and Water Company is developing an irrigation project which is in- tended to reclaim about 12,000 acres of land. Some of the land has been under cultivation several seasons and the results have demonstrated that the soil is exceedingly pro- ductive when ample water is available. Som*? recent experi- ments in this vicinity have been very encouraging for the development of water for irrigation by means of wells. The investigations have not yet reached the stage that will permit conclusive figures as to water flow and costs. That there is room for further agricultural development is reflected in the farm census for 1920, recently reported by the federal government, in which Beaver County is cred- ited with 373 farms, an increase of about 50 since 1910.
Most of the farming activities are concentrated in the eastern part of the county, in the vicinity of the town of Beaver — the county seat. There the majority of the farms are well watered by mountain streams. Conditions gen- erally are favorable to dry farming in this section. The annual precipitation at Beaver is about thirteen and a half inches as against about eight inches in other sections, ex- cept at Nada, where it is a little above fourteen inches. In the vicinity of Nada, the tests for underground water have been encouraging.
The town of Beaver is situated on the old pioneer trail to southern Califronia, within a stone's throw of historic old Fort Cameron, long since abandoned as a military post and converted into an institution of learning — Murdock Academy. It is a picturesque and thrifty little city and since the improvement by the state of the north and south highway through that section, Beaver has become one of the most important controls for Utah-California motor traffic. It also is connected by a good road with the rail- road at Milford and the completion of the Fort Post road will give the county good highway outlets in all directions. In addition to Murdock Academy, Beaver has good public school facilities and is making further improvements by the construction of a $200,000 grade and high school build- ing. It also aspires to a fuller enjoyment of the outing possibilities afforded by the Tushar range just east of town. Included in its program in this direction is the construction of a road to Puffer's Lake, an ideal fishing and
326 Report Of Industrial Commission
outing resort, and the establishment of a free camping ground at old Fort Cameron.
While Beaver has been bitten slightly on various oc- casions by the "mining bug," generally it has proceeded along the even tenor of its way and devoted its efforts to agriculture and stock raising. That it has enjoyed a pros- perous growth is indicated by the condition of its financial institutions, which show and increase in deposits of about 250 per cent in the past five years. Recently the stock- growers have been improving their flocks and herds through the importation of pure bred stock. This movement, along with conditions of an ideal character otherwise, has di- rected attention to the possibilities for the dairy industry. The establishment of a local creamery has been under con- sideration for some time and any movement in that direc- tion undoubtedly would receive the hearty co-operation of the farmers. With proper attention and encouragement Beaver County should become one of the great dairying sections of the state.
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Box Elder County
Peach Day is a Box Elder County institution. To be more exact, it is peculiar to Brigham City, the county seat and the center of the peach growing district in northern Utah. Along about the first week in September each year, when Box Elder peaches are at their best, Brigham City stages a big celebration in honor of the luscious fruit that has brought the community fame, and invites the world to partake of her hospitality.
No section of the state is converted more conclusively to the "back to the soil" movement than Box Elder county. It goes in for the best in agriculture, horticulture and .stock raising, and maintains just enough in the manufac- turing line to stimulate the development of its natural re- sources. Fruits of excellent quality are grown in abun- dance with peaches as the feature crop. The returns from agriculture are abundant, the sugar beet challenging the peach for recognition as the county's leading product. And in the live stock field there are many big flocks and herds on the open range and the farms which contribute sub- stantially to the annual income, but for many years past the farmers and stockgrowers have been devoting more and more attention to pure bred animals until now Box Elder County is one of the leaders in the state in this re- spect. In the ranch of former State Senator Willard Han- sen, near Fielding, Box Elder has one of the model farms of the state and the west. There are few poultry exhibi- tions in the intermountain region where Box Elder is not represented among the prize winners.
In its mountains, too, Box Elder has its scenic canyons and pleasure resorts, as well as valuable minerals. Among the minerals are gold, silver, lead, zinc and some copper and molybdenum, and in the vicinity of Brigham City are extensive deposits of graphite. But on the whole Box Elder residents prefer products of the soil to products of the mines, and mining development has not been extensive.
Its schools are among the best. For proof, see the medal awarded Box Elder schools at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition for marked proficiency.
Box Elder County embraces an area of 5,079.1 square files — 3,250,624 acres — or a little more than the state of Connecticut. Of this, more than one-third is unreserved and unappropriated public land, and subject to acquisition under the various federal land laws.
The county is unusually well situated in relation to
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transportation facilities. It is traversed by the new main line of the Southern Pacific across Great Salt Lake, by the old main line of the Southern Pacific around the north en< of the lake, by the main line of the Oregon Short Line am its branch from Brigham City to Malad, Idaho, and the Utah-Idaho Central interurban. In addition it has a nan surfaced highway connecting Brigram City and Ogden and improved roads between all the principal towns.
Most of the more important towns are situated along the railroads, among which are Brigham City, Willard. Tremonton, Garland, Fielding, Bear River, Corinne, Honey ville, Deweyville and Collinston.
Although Box Elder boasts more of its peach crop, it grows in abundance and of very excellent quality prac- tically all fruits common to the north temperate climate.
The Elberta peach is the favorite and represents probably 95 per cent of the crop. Peach orchards vary in price, some changing hands as high as $1,000 an acre, but $600 an acre probably would be a fair average. The apple cropi too, is a money maker. The .Jonathan apple is the fav< although the fancier brands, such as the Winter Banana the Spitzenberg and the Delicious are receiving mon tention each year. The cherry also is growing in popu- larity. The average cherry tree will yield about 200 pounds each years and the average price is around 5 cents a pound The hardy dewberry has practically displaced the black- berry in Box Elder, but the raspberry still is an important commercial fruit. In the vicinity of Brigham City some
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interesting experiments are being conducted in the growing of English walnuts.
It would seem as though nature had in mind the beet sugar industry when it started the Bear River meandering through the county. From the time the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company entered the valley about eighteen years ago, vast sums have been expended and much hard work has been put in to properly develop the industry, but the result has been highly satisfactory. Lands with good water rights which formerly were available at $50 an acre now are in demand at $200 to $400 an acre. From a single factory
PEACHES Box Elder County
at Garland the industry has prown until it now supports factories at Brigham City and Honeyville and has beets to spare to send to the Amalgamated Sugar Company's factory at Ogden. The average yield of sugar beets is around fifteen tons to the acre, although some run as high as twenty-five tons, and the guaranteed price this year is §12 a ton. The guaranteed price for sugar beets is one of the big attractions the industry has for the farmer. Re- gardless of the fluctuations of other crops, the farmer knows each year the minimum he will receive per ton for his beets, and under the agreement now in effect he stands
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a good show to participate in further profits when the price of sugar advances. There were in excess of 15,000 acres of beets planted in Box Elder in 1920, which, at an average yield of $150 an acre, would mean a gross income from sugar beets alone of $2,250,000, and pay days are regular and sure.
There are approximately 30,000 acres planted to al- falfa which yield on an average of about four tons to the acre. Alfalfa is grown almost exclusively in the Bear River valley, which is one of the most fertile regions of the west. Most of the soil is rich, black loam with a sandy clay subsoil. An excess of water in some sections has made drainage necessary. The largest drainage district is in the vicinity of Corinne, where the land has been reclaimed at a cost of $20 an acre and the value has increased 100 per cent.
Professor J. W. Paxman, formerly dry farm specialist for the Utah Agricultural College, has voiced the opinion that within five years Box Elder County would be pro- ducing as much dry land wheat as any two other counties in the state. In the northern part of the county are t'.ie Park Valley, the Curlew Valley, the Raft River Valley, the Salt Wells Valley and the Promontory country, all adapted to dry farming, and the big open range is rapidly being dotted by homesteaders' cabins. Nearly a thousand farms have been added to the county in the past twenty years and a very large share of them have been established in the dry farming sections.
During the past year there were in the county ap- proximately 40,000 acres planted to winter wheat and about 10,000 acres to spring wheat. Crop reports indicate that the average yield of winter wheat will be about IS* bushels to the acre, and of spring wheat about 20 bushels. On some of the best irrigated lands, however, a yield of 50 bushels to the acre is not unusual.
Besides sugar beets, alfalfa and wheat, Box Elder grows hundreds of acres of oats, barley, rye, corn, potatoes, timothy and wild hay, and canning crops, such as tomatoes, peas, beans and asparagus. The oat yield frequently is 90 bushels or more to the acre and the average for the past year will be about 70 bushels. The barley crop will average better than 30 bushels to the acre and rye will average about 16 bushels to the acre. . Corn has not been grown exten- sively until within the last year or two, when its value as ensilage began to be appreciated.
Five canning factories in the county have stimulated the production of tomatoes, beans and peas. The tomato
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crop, especially, has reached large proportions. The yield is heavy and the quality is excellent. A Box Elder County farmer holds the state record for tomato production, his average being a little more than 36 tons to the acre in 1918.
Box Elder's chief claim to distinction in the mineral line is in the mineral earth in the old lake bed at the north end of Great Salt Lake, a few miles from Brigham City. There the Ogden Portland Cement Company has established a mammoth plant to work the big deposit of marl and clay, the only one of its kind yet discovered. The plant has been in operation almost ten years and the company is one of the big cement producers of the west.
In addition to the cement plant, the sugar factories and the canneries, Box Elder includes in its manufactures a modern creamery at Tremonton. The opportunities in the dairying industry are many and efforts are being made to bring about the establishment of a milk condensory.
Although one of the wealthiest counties per capita in the state, its development is in its infancy.
Cache County
It is a source of wonderment to succeeding generations how the trail-blazers of civilization, with uncanny intuition, mark the routes that eventually become the main arteries of travel and commerce and select the sites for flourishing and prosperous communities. While Peter Skeen Ogden, erstwhile factor for the great Hudson Bay Company, gave little thought to future development when he and his voy- ageurs tramped down from the north about a century ago in search of beaver, nevertheless his selection of a field of operation marked the beginning of civilization in one of the most prosperous counties in Utah and supplied the motif which prompted its name. For, to facilitate trading with the Indians and to insure a central point of trapping operations, it was necessary to select a suitable site for headquarters and a cache for supplies and furs, and because of his selection the valley inherited the name of Cache, which subsequently was bequeathed to the county when it was organized as a political division of the common- wealth.
Cache county, with its 1,205 square miles of territory — 771,200 acres — embraces only about half the valley which took its name from the activities of the fur traders. The remainder is in Idaho. Of this area, 181,348 acres of ar-
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able land have been Improved and 1 o~, acres susceptible to improvement are ye1 to be developed. The Cache Na- tional Fores! embraces 267,000 acres and the most of the remainder of the land is principally valuable for grazing purposes. From an irrigation standpoint it is one of the best watered sections of the west, and as for agricultural development, with exception of the lands immediately ad- jacent to the larger cities, it is on*- of the most intensively cultivated districts ol the state. In fact, it might be termed the cradle of agriculture in Utah, for at Logan, the county scat and about the center the valley, is the Utah Agri- cultural College, one of the foremost institutions of its kind in America.
While unusually favorable natural conditions and the thrift and industry of it* i itizenship are primarily responsi- ble for agricultural developmenl in 'ache, the close and friendly iations with the College and the constructive
criticisms of the members of its faculty have elevated farm- ing in Cache a plane that is the envy of rural homebuild- ers throughout the west.
With possibly but fe eptions, Cache County comes nearest to exemplifying the ideas Brigham Young in the settlement of a new i Brigham Young was a thor-
ough believer in agriculture and his followers naturally were primarily an agricultural people. It was his idea that the settlers should move in groups and establish and maintain homes at a common center town, surrounded by their farms, so thai they mighl enjoy the privileges of worship, education and social intercourse which go with community life. Cache County is a vasl checkerboard of farms, dotted at frequent intervals by thrifty and thoroughly modem
am and ctric railroads and im- proved highways. Among ihe more important towns are Logan, one of iated and beautiful little
ol the west; Mendou. Ilyrum, Wellsville, Richmond. Smithfield. Hyde Park. I ton, Providence, Millville and
lectrtc railroad facilities, or both, the majority of 1 re connected by hard
surfaced highways, the prii one of which forms an important link in the Sail Utke- Yellowstone Park route.
asual mention for many ons. II i or travel resulting from
nviable situation by thi tion of some of the finest hostelries in the stab outside ol Salt Lake City. From the Logan River, or more properly from one of its tributaries. Logan obtains a water supply which is not excelled in pur- ity, or quantity to meet the demand, by that of any city
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in the Union. Immediately back of the town is the entrance to Logan Canyon, one of nature's beauty spots and an ideal and much frequented summer resort. The climate is de- lightful, ranging from the warm, growing months of sum- mer, through the brisk, exhilarating spring and fall, to snappy winter weather with characteristic winter sports of the outdoor life. In addition, Logan is the commercial cen- ter of the Cache Valley. Its four banks have resources of $5,676,525. The four knitting factories do an annual busi- ness of half a million dollars, and to carry out the quar- tette idea, the four candy factories are responsible for an- other half-million dollar business each year. Then there is a beet sugar factory and a milk condensory which are subject to discussion in connection with these industries as a whole, and the vegetable canneries. It has an active Chamber of Commerce whose services are at the disposal of investors, homeseekers and tourists seeking informa- tion concerning the city and the county.
While Cache has its model orchards and broad fields of grain, its two big money making industries are beet sugar and dairying. There are three beet sugar factories in the county — Logan, Lewiston and Cornish — which, it is estimated, will pay to the farmer for beets this year $4,- 752,000. The output of the factories this year will be worth in the neighborhood of $11,000,000, part of which will be disbursed for labor, besides the disbursement for beets. In 1919, the milk production averaged 160,000 pounds daily with a total value for the year of $1,655,776, and 1920 should equal or be better than that of the previous year. The milk condensories, of which there is another quartette, shipped 530,710 cases of milk, with a value of $2,918,905.
Figures for 1920 on the wheat production of the county show the yield of winter wheat to be 598,537 bush- els, and of spring wheat, 327,336 bushels, or a total of 925,873 bushels, valued at $1,759,196. An excellent market for wheat is afforded by ten milling and elevator companies in the county. The aggregate output of the mills when working to capacity is 1,420 barrels per day.
The adaptability of certain sections to the growing of peas has led to the establishment of canneries. The pea canning industry was started in 1918 on a small scale. In 1919, 25,000 cases of peas were put up and this year the cannery production was 150,000 cases with a value of $450,- 000. Fifteen hundred acres were planted to peas this sea- son and the crop yielded the farmers $157,000. The pea crop is easily grown, is taken off the land early in the
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season, and is an excellent crop for rotation, especially with sugar beets.
In some parts of the county the soil is ideal for po- tatoes and the average yield for the county is approximately 200 bushels to the acre. The estimated value of the potato crop this season is $285,000. Barley, oats, hay and hardy tree and bush fruits are all successfully grown. The alfalfa hay crop this year is valued at $1,486,080; other hay, $236,- 244; barley, $63,577; oats, $289,368.
With the development of the dairy industry, corn has become an important crop because of its value as ensilage. The growing of corn is confined chiefly to the dairy farms and the production is about twenty tons to the acre. The climate of the valley is well adapted to the dairying in- dustry. With five or six months to pasture, the feeding season is not excessively long and extremely hot or cold weather are practically unknown. The value of the dairy herds of the county is estimated at $456,300 ; range or beef cattle, $194,850; sheep, $731,192; hogs, $12,772. In addi- tion to the crops grown, an excellent feed for fattening stock is afforded in the beet pulp from the sugar factories.
In giving prominent mention to the Utah Agricultural College it was not intended to lend inference that this was the only educational institution of note in the county. Cache stands high among the counties of the state in re- lation to its public school system and among other insti- tutions of learning are the Brigham Young College, sup- ported by the Mormon Church, and the New Jersey Acade- my, a model boarding and day school for girls, which is under the management of the Women's Board of the Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church.
Cache County can accommodate many times its present population. It offers unusual opportunities to the investor and to the homeseeker who is an energetic and progressive farmer. To the tourist, it offers an invigorating climate, inspiring scenery, a pleasing environment and first class accommodations.
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Carbon County
The mention of Carbon County immediately suggests the chief source of Utah's coal supply and one of the chief sources of the coal supply of the intermountain and Pacific Coast regions. Development of the great coal resources of the county has gone ahead at a rapid pace and has done much to divert attention from other natural resources of the county. But the production of fuel has reached such proportions as to make it one of the great industries of the state as well as the county, and for scores of years to come the name Carbon will be associated with the coal in- dustry of the western country.
In discussing the coal resources of the section it is almost impossible to confine statistics to Carbon county, inasmuch as the enormous coal measures fail to take cog- nizance of county lines and penetrate the surrounding coun- ties of Emery, Grand, Sevier and Uintah. In considering the development of coal resources of the region, however, it is much easier to make a distinction because the greatest activities in this direction have been in Carbon County. Railroad facilities have figured extensively in the growth of the coal industry in Carbon County, and, on the other hand, the accessibility of the coal measures in Carbon County have had considerable influence in the matter of railroad construction. Nearly 90 per cent of the state's annual coal output is produced by the mines of Carbon County, and about 98 per cent of it comes from the district of which Carbon County is a part.
Experts who have made an exhaustive survey of the coal resources of the region on behalf of private concerns have given an estimate which they deem conservative, that there are seven and a half billion tons of coal in the district that can be recovered profitably under present mining meth- ods -and conditions. At the current rate of production, which is from four to five million tons a year, there is coal enough in this field to keep the mines operating for the next fifteen hundred years, or enough to supply the wants of the entire United States in bituminous cop.l for the next fifteen years at the present rate of consumption.
In this region is the only good coking coal yet dis- covered in Utah. Coking activities originated in the vi- cinity of Castle Gate, but in recent years it has been learned that certain of the measures around Sunnyside carry coking coal and the coking industry has been moved to that point. At Sunnyside the Utah Fuel Company has built what is
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said to be the largest battery of bee-hive coke ovens in the United States. The ovens have a capacity of approximately 400,000 tons of coke annually, but are seldom worked to capacity. The coke is used principally by the smelters of the intermountain country, but a movement is now under way to increase the production and utilize the product in connection with the development of the vast iron resources of the southwestern part of the state.
With the exception of three mines, the bigger proper- ties under active development in the region are situated in Carbon County. A number of strong companies have been operating in the field for many years, among which are the Utah Fuel Company, the United States Fuel Com- pany, the Independent Coal & Coke Company, the Standard Coal Company, the Spring Canyon Coal Company, the Cam- eron Coal Company, the Liberty Fuel Company, the Peerless Coal Company, the Carbon Fuel Company and the Wattis Coal Company. The production of Carbon County for the past five years follows:
Year
Tons
Value
2,671,055
$ 4,212,559
3,182,244
5,039,438
3,701,891
7,689,788
4,607,192
12,529,435
♦1919
4,122,338
12,000,000
Estimated.
The mines are equipped with machinery of the most modern types and are operated under the latest approved methods. The companies have spared neither effort nor expense to make model mining camps and to provide every facility for the safety and comfort of the men. Among the more important coal camps are Castle Gate, Kenilworth. Wellington, Standardville, Hiawatha, Rains, Sunnyside. Winter Quarters, Scolield, Clear Creek and Storrs. Until recently the town of Helper was an important division point on the Denver & Rio Grande railroad and it now serves a useful purpose in the movement of coal from the adjacent fields. Price, the county seat, is the most important town and commercial center in eastern Utah. Not only is it the business center for the coal industry, but it is the railroad
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338 KKl'OKT <)K INIU'STRIAL COMMISSION
shipping point for Uintah Basin points. It has a popula- tion of about 4. nou, three banks with deposits in excess of a million dollars, modern hotels and business institutions, and boasts of being "the biggest little city in Utah."
The coal fields an ed by the main and branch lines ol* the Denver & Rio Grande railroad and by the Utah Coal Route, which is controlled by the United States Fuel Com- pany. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been ex- pended in recent years in Improving the highways of the count) and other big expenditures arc contemplated in the next few years in connecting the principal towns of Carbon with Uintah Basin and Emery county points.
Despite all that lias been done the development of the natural resources of the county still is in its infancy. Many important coal properties are yel to be opened up and the vast deposits of bruinite, ozokerite, elaterite, weggerite and oil shales have not been touched. Promising oil formations have been found but actual development work has not been undertaken. The bruinite deposit, believed to be the larg- est in tlu> world, is situated near Sunnyside. and the ozoker- ite, elaterite, weggi I iti and oil shales are in the northwest- ern part of the county, adjacenl to the Denver & Rio Grande main line.
The following interesting data is supplied by R. L. Stone, executive secretary of the Price Chamber of Com- merce :
"The average elevation of the county is 5,500 feet. The maximum summer temperatures range from 95 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and the minimum in winter from 13 to I'.i below zero. The average growing period between killing frosts is 126 days, and t la-re are H!7 full days of sun- shine annually on the average.
"In potential wealth Carbon county surpasses any other section of like size in the I nited States. There are at present eighteen mining camps running full time with an annual output d five million tons of
coal. Besides coal, then tire asphalt beds, gypsum and a great variety of other mineral bearing strata. More than 5,000 miners are kept busy the year round.
rbon County has gr< issibilities in agriculture, its large population of miners who are producing the nec- essities of life, must be feci and 00 per cent id* their living ' times from outside points. The miners want a good living and are willing to pay well for it. During 1919 patches of onions netted the owners as much $1,000 an acre. Cab-
acre. The best
farming lands of the country are a- yet undeveloped. There
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are thousands of acres on the higher levels that are adapt- ed to dry farming, and much of this acreage is still a part of the public domain. There is ample room for more food production in the county and there is a ready market for practically everything that can be produced at the mining camps. The total area of the county is 951,000 acres, of which 75,000 acres are farm lands. The recent decision of the Carbon Water, Land & Power Company to rebuild the Mammoth dam, it is estimated, will put 200,000 acres of the best land in the county under cultivation.
"The population of the county is 15,539, an increase since 1910 of 6,915, or 80.2 per cent.
"Price, the county seat, is situated at the mouth of Price Canyon, 121 miles by rail southeast from Salt Lake City. It is the distributing point for the great Uintah Basin, as well as for both Carbon and Emery County points."
Sheep raising is one of the big industries of the count}'. During the season of 1919 more than 150,000 head of sheep were sheared and 45,000 head were sold and shipped. At the beginning of 1920 there were in excess of 100,000 sheep in the county. Carbon County sheep in 1919 produced seven and one-half pounds of wool per head which was sold at an average of 48 cents a pound. The wool shipments ag- gregated 1,275,000 pounds. The average sale price for sheep last season was $6.50 a head. The sheep fed on hay and grain numbered 30,000 and the remainder were fed on the desert winter range of the public domain. Two or three times as many sheep could be fed if the acres of good undeveloped land were put under cultivation.
The cattle and dairy industries must not be overlooked in Carbon County. There are approximately 250 ranches in the county with over 1,000 milk cows, averaging a little better than four per ranch. During 1919 more than 6,000 head of mixed cattle were shipped east, the variety being about equally divided between Durhams and Herefords. There were fully 12,000 head of cattle left after the fall shipments. The average price received was about $65 a head.
There is a big local market for dairy products. The 5,000 miners in the county consume large quantities of dairy products, much more than is produced locally. There is room for 10,000 head of dairy cattle in the county, as the Salt Lake and Denver markets are easily assessable if there should be an over production for local use.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Davis County
Someone has remarked that articles of the highest quality or value are put up in small packages. Then some wag has been unkind enough to mar this rather pretty sentiment by suggesting that a similar condition obtains in the case of the deadliest poisons. But such a conflict in opinion does not deter Davis County from being a garden spot of Utah and the smallest county in the state insofar as land area is concerned. For, while statistics concerning the state show Davis County to be a trifle larger than Mor- gan County and charge it with an area of 651.2 square miles, it is on rare occasions only that there will be an ex- planatory note to the effect that almost two-thirds of Davis County is covered by the briny waters of Great Salt Lake. Aside from Antelope Island, the land area of Davis county is confined to a narrow strip along the east side comprising approximately 275 square miles, the majority of which has been converted into a big truck garden with orchards here and there to break the monotony. Supporting the sug- gestion in relation to diminutive size and high quality in its application to Davis County, it is only necessary to refer to the assessment rolls which show that although Davis is twenty-ninth, or last, among the counties of the state in size, it is eighth in assessed valuation.
Davis County is just a narrow strip of exceedingly fertile and generally highly cultivated land wedged in be- tween the Wasatch Mountains and the great inland sea, which supplies not only a large share of the foodstuffs but as well the main paths of commerce and -communication between the two chief cities of the state — Sale Lake and Ogden. Insofar as transportation needs are concerned, those of no county in the state are so well cared for as are the needs of Davis. Serving this narrow strip are the main lines of two transcontinental railroad systems — the Denver & Rio Grande and the Oregon Short Line — the Bamberger Electric Railroad, one of the links in an inter- urban system which serves approximately 80 per cent of the state's population, and a branch of Salt Lake City's traction system between Salt Lake City and Centerville. In addition to the rail facilities, this same narrow strip of land is traversed from end to end by a hard surfaced high- way which connects Salt Lake and Ogden and the northern and southern parts of the state as well. From the county's southern line, which is almost within the northern limits of Salt Lake City, northward to Layton, a distance of about
Report Of Inim Striai. Commission
twenty miles, so thickly is the country settled along this hard surfaced highway that it is difficult to tell where one town stops and another lupins. Within this territory are North Salt Lake — the stock yards and packing house dis- trict — Bountiful, Centerville, Farmington, KaysviQe and Layton. And all arc thriving, progressive and thoroughly modern little cities.
Although Davis County serves many useful purposes, primarily it is a truck garden and orchard section and des- tined some day to become one of the choice suburban resi- dence sections of the state. With ready markets for every- thing in the way of foodstuffs that can be grown, it is to be expected that the day of cheap lands in Davis County has passed. That is. cheap lands in the ordinary sense of the term. For, while the sale price or market price of the lands may sound high, as a rule the net annual returns from the property would represent anywhere from 10 to 20 per cent on the investment at the market price. Educa- tional and transportation advantages, environment and ev- erything considered, the prices asked for the lands generally are decidedly reasonable.
The country around Bountiful and Centerville is prob- ably the most highly improved section of the county. It is devoted to gardening, fruit growing and floriculture. From Farmington — the county seat north, in the section includ- ing Kaysville. Layton, Clearfield, Syracuse and Clinton, land prices generally are cheaper. The bench lands produce de- ciduous fruits unexcelled by those of any district in the state. From Ka.v ille northward, tomatot s and sugar beets are produced in quantity and of high quality. The toma- toes of that section are keenly sought by canners and have won more than a local or sectional reputation for quality. There are lining factories and one sugar factory
in the county which provide ready markets for all sugar beets and canning crops that can be produced.
Large land holding? sin exceptional in Davis County. Mosl holdings are small and if the land is suscepti- ble to cultivation it usually is being farmed on an intensive scale by the owner. There are approximately 1,600 farms in tin' county and tin- total nrea classified as farming lands, which include- pasturage and dry farms, is about 63,000 acre-. Of tin' total farming area. 'JT.ooo acres are irri- gated. IT.ooo acres air dry farm lands, and 11.000 acres are waterlogged and available for pasturage only when they can lie utilized at -ill. Generally it lias been considered that approximately 15.000 acre.* I'ere susceptible
to irrigation but more recent investigations indicate that
Report Of Industrial Commission
the possible irrigable acreage is about 80,000 acres. This large an irrigated acreage, of course, would contemplate construction of high line ditches and the pumping of water to a considerable height, all of which no doubt can be done at a rather heavy cost, and will be done when land values will justify the expense. When it is considered that the average return on garden crops in this section is around $250 an acre, it is not difficult to conceive an expenditure
East Creek Reservoir
Impounding Water for Irrigating Weber and Davis County Farms
of $200 or more an acre if necessary to obtain the water with which to make the land productive.
Crop estimates for the year 1920 are not yet available, but those of 1919 reflect conditions fairly well in Davis County, although the yield generally throughout the semi- arid country was far below normal because of the unusual drouth. The 1919 figures on staples in Davis County are:
344 Report Of Industrial Commission
Total
Average
Crop
Acres
Production
Yield
Winter wheat
5,940
99.000 bu.
16.7 bu.
Spring wheat
83,800 bu.
21.8 bu.
Oats
26,660 bu.
43.0 bu.
Barley
1,300
42.510 bu.
32.7 bu.
Corn
22,500 bu.
30.0 bu.
Alfalfa
11,800
34,200 tons
2.9 tons
Potatoes
1,600
265,360 bu.
165.0 bu.
An experimental farm recently has been established by the Utah Agricultural College near Farmington that is expected to be of great benefit to the farmers of the county. The College has obtained twenty acres at an annual rental of $80 an acre on a five year lease, with option to purchase. Features of the work to be undertaken are crop rotation, soil treatment, seasonable planting and irrigation.
While some of the lands are irrigated from the moun- tain streams and a few from wells, the most of the water comes from the Weber, Ogden and Jordan Rivers. The Davis & Weber Canal Company supplies water for the greater portion of the land now irrigated, having an aggre- gate acreage of 49,200 acres, of which a part is in Weber County. There are about 8,000 shareholders in the canal company. The shares now have a market value of about $150 a share and have a rental value of $12.50 to $15 per share a year.
Steps to increase the water supply for irrigation al- ready have been taken and it is expected that some addi- tional acreage will be put under water next year. The Bon- neville Irrigation District was organized several months ago and embraces about 5,000 acres of choice land around the city of Bountiful. Practically all of the land in the dis- trict has been or is now under cultivation and some of it has a partial water supply. It is estimated that the project will cost about $600,000 and a bond issue in that amount has been authorized. The lands in the district now have an assessed valuation in excess of $1,600,000, and the pro- posed improvement is expected to enhance the value close to a million dollars more.
Another irrigation district is being organized in north- ern Davis County, but details of its plans have not yet been announced. Another work that would mean a great deal
Digitized b;
Report Of Industrial Commission 345
to the county would be the drainage of the waterlogged lands in the lower part of the valley. In this same section persistent efforts are being made by several companies to produce oil and gas for commercial purposes. A score or more years ago several gas wells were brought in west of Centerville and Farmington, and the gas was piped to Salt Lake City. For some reason the supply of gas was reduced to such an extent that the contract became a sub- ject of litigation and all activities ceased. Operations have been resumed by new companies recently in an effort to get the old wells and new ones back to a producing basis, but nothing of importance has resulted as yet. An ade- quate supply of gas from this field would be a boon to Salt Lake City and the surrounding country.
Kkpokt Of Industrial Commission
Daggett County
The residents of the northeastern corner of the state found it decidedly irksome to travel four to eight hundred miles through two states the major portion of the year when they had business at tin- scat of county government hardly fifty miles away, so they sought permission to es- tablish a county to lit their particular needs. In 1917 the whole of Uintah county, of which tin* dissatisfied district was a part, voted on the question and the county of Daggett, the newest in the state, was born. The cause of the division was the fact that the road from the northern portion of the county across the Uintahs to Vernal was never good for more than a very uncomfortable and frequently hazardous trip by wagon, and for probably nine months out of the year it was almost impassable even for horseback traffic. When the road was impassable a iourney to Vernal meant an overland trip northward to the railroad in Wyoming, a rail ride to Salt Lake or Price, or sometimes to Mack, Colo- rado, and a stage ride from the railroad to the Uintah county seat. It may cost a little more to operate a separate county government, bul then certainly is a considerable saving in rail and stage fares as well as in time.
Daggett county is small in area and population, but comfortably situated in relation to natural resources, con- tented with its lot and confident that coal and oil develop- ment some day will make it at power in the sisterhood of counties. Roughly, it includes that part of the state east of Summit county to the Colorado line and between the ridgepole of the Uintah mountains and the Wyoming line. On the whole the country is rough, but there are numer- ous little valleys with fertile and well watered by moun- tain streams. The section is peculiarly adapted to stock raising and In that industry it is chiefly devoted. The mountains and higher land- furnish excellent grazing during the summer months and the lowlands form one of the finest winter range- in the state. Contrary to what might nat- urally be expected in that country and that altitude, ex- tremes in temperature are practically unknown in the lower country and the winters are mild.
On the whole conditions are not especially favorable to the growing nf vegetables and fruits generally, but the hardier vegetables and fruits are grown to care for local needs. The soil and tin- climate are adapted to hay and small grain and there is a ready home market for all hay and grain grown. While some dry farming is done, most
Digitized by_(j.Q
Report Of Industrial Commission
of the land cultivated is under irrigation. Much of the reclamation work is the result of individual effort, but in the Lucerne valley the Sheep Creek Irrigation Company has brought under cultivation or canal about 10,000 acres of fertile land. In this vicinity are the town of Manila, the county seat; Linwood and Antelope. Bridgeport, situated on Green river, is the principal settlement in the eastern part of the county.
In discussing the resources of the county its citizens insist upon calling attention first to the unusual oppor- tunities Daggett offers to seekers of health and pleasure. Its climate embraces four distinct seasons, none extreme but each and all exhilarating. In its mountains, snowclad throughout the year, is some of the most inspiring scenery in the Rocky mountain region and hunting and fishing which are seldom equalled in the territory between the Rio Grande and the Canadian line.
But Daggett has other resources that are of interest in a strictly commercial way. Investigations in recent years by the federal government indicate that one of the great phosphate fields of America lies along the foothills on both sides of the Uintahs. No detailed investigation to determ- ine the magnitude of the deposit in the various localities has been made, but the surface showings in Daggett are sufficient to indicate the importance of the field to future development of the county. There have been discoveries of metals in the Uintahs, too, some very high grade copper showings, and occasional pockets of other minerals, but the most of the work still is left for the prospector to do.
Coal is another resource from which Daggett expects much. The principal coal discoveries are situated in the Henry's Fork country where the vein appears to be eight to ten feet thick and the coal of good quality. While there may be some coal taken out to supply the local demand, no mining of any pretensions has been undertaken.
The oil boom in Wyoming in recent years has caused Daggett county people not a few thrills and some serious reflection. The various developments in that part of Wyom- ing adjacent to Daggett have been of sufficient interest to oil operators and geologists to cause them to make some rather extensive investigations as to the oil possibilities in Daggett County. Of course, oil is where it is found and usually it takes a drill to find it, but several oil operators and geologists and almost every citizen of Daggett are confident that the oil field does not stop at the Wyoming state line. For several months plans have been under dis-
Report Of Industrial Commission
cussion which are intended to provide for drilling operations next spring to prove or disprove the theory that Daggett County is within the oil zone.
Daggett County has good agricultural and grazing lands available at very reasonable prices; it has many op- portunities for the man of energy and integrity; it needs more citizens.
Digitized bi
Report Of Industrial Commission 349
Emery County
Embracing an area of 4,549 square miles, Emery county has been well named the "Empire of Emery," for it is a veritable empire in itself with the single exception of popu- lation. The largest oil land withdrawal in the State and one of the largest in the United States is situated in Emery County and embraces approximately a million acres in the San Rafael region. Vast coal deposits are known to exist but development has only begun. And there are carnotite ores, gypsum and other mineral deposits representing po- tential wealth of untold millions.
Within the boundaries of the county is embraced two- thirds of Castle Valley, so named because of the many castel- lated monuments that appear within and define its boun- dairies, which give to the eye a feast of imagery and fascina- tion, and to the susceptible mind and inspiration of illimit- able possibilities.
At the southern end of Castle Valley is the San Rafael swell, one of nature's most peculiar geological curiosities, and from which arises the most fantastic peaks, spires, domes and turrets to be found on the continent, bearing forms of castles, temples and cathedrals, with here and there lofty peaks and precipitous cliffs, and all revelling in a riot of color. When the rays of a rising or sinking sun flit from one point to another upon this heterogeneous mass of earth's mammoth mole, nature is seen in her most playful and spec- tacular mood, presenting scenes that irresistibly seize the beholder and fill him with awe until the enchanting spec- tacle dissolves from view.
Paradoxically, this peculiar scrap-pile contains great mineral wealth, for within it lie untold millions of dollars' worth of carnotite ore, and near it fields of oil, evidenced by numerous seepages which produce a few gallons daily. Ex- perts are not inclined to accept oil seepages as indicative of the immediate presence of an oil basin, but results following exploitation upon and near the San Rafael swell, in the Sin- bad Valley and in the field about Green River City, justify its continuance by a dozen or more companies. And since the passage of the oil leasing bill by Congress there has been a rush to the district by many of the larger oil cor- porations of America to stake out locations for filing with the Government in connection with applications for permits to prospect for petroleum.
For several years Green River City has been the ship- ping point for several car loads of carnotite ore, dug from
3f)0 REPORT lNlM'STKIAI. COMMISSION
Emery and Wayne counties. Another great asset to the county, though as yet undeveloped, are great beds of gyp- sum, one of the largest of which outcrops on the west flank of the San Rafael swell. The gypsum area is sixty miles long by twenty-five miles wide, and particularly large out- cropping. are round m ar the town of Cleveland on the north, and the tow n of Emery on the south. C. E. Lupton of the United States Geological Survey estimates the amount of gypsum contained in the Emery County deposits to be 9,701,- 600,000 tons; 2,420,400,000 tons are in one bed, which has an average thickness of ten feet, and over 7,000,000,000 ions in another bed, having a thickness of thirty feet.
Bordering tin' county on the west the Wasatch moun- tain range, on the Emery count) side of which for a distance of nearly seventy miles i re some of the greatest measures of tin' best coal in the Stale. It is estimated that this field alone contains in the neighborhood of six billion tons of bituminous coal. Carbon County, to the north, having been provided with better transportation facilities, has obtained start on it- phbor in the development of its
coal measures, hut within recent years, Mohrland, one of the newest and largesl coal camps, has been opened up in the latter county. A cottier new coal camp is Black Hawk, situ- ated on the Emery-Carbon line with the mines in Emery County.
While rich in mineral resources that have been pro- vokingly slow in developing, agricultural development has l>een somew hat more rapid. The county has a land area of 2,849.920 acres, much of w hich is mountainous and broken, and eon-, juentl to i tltivation. There are
75 11 rms and ahoul l)0,i res under irrigation. Some fifty independent irrigation enterprise a have more thi n 250 miles of canals and fifteen reservoirs with a ca- pacity of 1 1,001 1 acre feel of water. Among other districts
; tor irrigation pmenl are 5.000 acres at Woodside, oO.OOO acres in N i thorn Vallej and 65.000 acres west and north of t he San Rafael Rh er, besides t he mammoth project at Green River City which is contemplated to cover about 240,000 of land, approximate!; half of winch is in Emery 1 The Given River projed contemplates the con-
struction nl a hug* dam about thirty miles north of the of Green River, and unci isideratkm by the intion Sen I re is ample unap- ted water for these and other tracts of first class agricultural systems to conducl the water to the soul
Wheat, oats, barley and rye are profitable crops, and
Report Of Industrial Commission 351
alfalfa thrives exceedingly well. Emery county was among the first to engage in the growing of alfalfa seed, a crop which yields exceptional returns for the labor. Alfalfa hay yields an average of three tons or better an acre.
The soils are particularly adapted to the culture of sugar beets. Experts of the State Agricultural College have pronounced these soils equal to the best in the state. Trans- portation and factories are the only essentials lacking for the establishment in the county of one of the greatest sugar manufacturing industries in the state.
Horticulturally, Emery county is a proved success. In Castle Valley, from Huntington south to Ferron, apples, pears, plums, prunes and cherries are most profitable crops. Around Ferron is a small peach belt equal to any in the state insofar as quality of the fruit is concerned. In Castle Valley prodigious crops of currants and gooseberries and, in some parts, raspberries, near perfection.
The Green River city fruit belt has long been famed for its peaches, pears, apples, grapes and other fruits. In recent years special attention has been given to the growing of cantaloupes and watermelons, particularly winter melons. Nature seems to have placed in the soil of this section the proper constituents to produce perfect cantaloupes and winter melons.
In the production of honey, Emery County is second to none. Its vast fields of alfalfa and red clover bloom and fruit blossoms give both quality and quantity to its bee colony products, and eastern markets for its honey have long been established and several carloads are shipped an- nually.
The live stock industry is most important to the county. Large flocks of sheep and herds of cattle and horses pas- ture on the national forests in the summer and on the stretches of the open desert in the winter.
Few counties in the state are provided with better home markets for their products. The local and Carbon County coal camps are near the Emery county fields, or- chards, farmyards and stock ranches, and everything pro- duced thereon finds ready sale at consumers' prices.
There are vast tracts of unappropriated lands in the county. Land, too, with primary water rights can be bought at prices ranging from $20 to $100 an acre. In fact, it appears safe to say that in Emery County there is more good irrigated land available at lower prices than in any other section of the state.
Opportunity awaits the poultryman and hog raiser in Emery. Everything necessary for the production of mar-
352 Report Of Industrial Commission
ketable poultry and hogs grow in abundance and the con- sumer is nearby with ready money to purchase the com- modities.
What has been accomplished in the development of the county covers but a short period, for it was only in the early seventies that Orange Seely headed a colony of Sanpete farmers to Castle Valley and established the first white settlement in the county. Now there are a number of towns ranging in population from 300 to 1,000 inhabi- tants, many having water systems, electric light plants and all splendid, modern school facilities. Castle Dale, the coun- ty seat, and Ferron have academies besides, where high school courses are given.
The rivers of the county, particularly the Green River, are sources from which cheap power may be obtained for manufacturing as well as for use in irrigating fields and orchards.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Garfield County
If Garfield County had nothing else to commend it to public attention it has in Bryce Canyon an attraction which, when proper publicity is given, will bring people from all corners of the earth to pay homage to a masterpiece carved by nature in her most fanciful mood. Western America abounds in scenic wonders, but Bryce Canyon is something different. Only within recent years, since the motor car
brought about an improvement in the highways of the southern part of the state, has the existence of this wonder spot become known even to the people of central and north- ern Utah. Each year sees the list of visitors grow larger and yet the volume of sightseers is very small because the canyon is somewhat off the beaten trail. Many descrip- tions have been written of it and all are different, but one of the earlier visitors gave expression to his feelings as follows :
"Bryce Canyon — a name so prosaic as to be utterly without a suggestion of the extraordinary or the beautiful — is one of the scenic features of America, in comparison
IN BRYCE CANYON Garfield County
KKl'ORT INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
with which the world-famed Garden of the Gods appears no more than a mediocre piece of nature's handiwork. And it deserves to be, and doubtless some day will be, set aside and protected i>y the national government as one of the natural and scenic- wonders of the western hemisphere.
"There is bul one Grand Canyon; there is only one Little Zion. Vet in fantastic carving, in gorgeous coloring, in splendor to the point of barbarity, neither excels the southern Utah chasm of prosaic name— Bryce ('anyon — sit- uated in the Pink did' district near the rim of the Great Basin, less than ten miles off the main traveled highway between Panguitch and Tropic.
"Gradually my eyes became accustomed to the dazzling splendor of the chasm ; terror gave way to appreciation, and I tiptoed to the brink of the precipice and gazed in wonder and admiration upon fantastic carvings ami gorgeous color- orings of nature, the like ol which 1 have seen nowhere else.
"Slowly, in the intensity of the mid-day sun, the mass of color dissolved; from it came a chaos of all hues of red — deep, dark, almost somber, to brilliant Vermillion, and tapering down to a delicate, pinkish white — and figures jutting upward a hundred feet, live hundred, possibly a thousand, like gigantic stalagmites stained with blood, as- sumed definite form. And. by way of contrast, deep down on the floor of the canyon, at tin bottom of a thousand feet of emptiness, flashed the peaceful, yet vivid Kreen of an- other forest.
"Massive cathedrals of darker hues pushed heavenward their delicate spires; grotesque gargoyles scupltured by wind, sand and water, glared from cornices. And to com- plete the illusion, splotch. - of tin- mon delicately colored sandstone glistened in the sunlight like stained glass win- dows. Between the massive walls were wonderful rooms and hallways chiseled by lime and the elements.
"Tall and graceful pedestals of brilliant hues were ill. - a delicate pinkish white; on spires, buttresses and monoliths were perched fanciful carvings of birds and animal- of prel and below, in atti- tude of watchful waiting, si I the Figures of giants and
gnomes. Ki ruunei ble were aligned row above low
in semicircular formation in :! bowl shaped amphitheater, while on the mammoth stage t.. the front, others, clothed ii brillianl scarlet, wen arranged with military precision in long, straight lines, as though on parade,
"In the distance the formations once again became a chaos to snow-white stretches and hummocks
<yi3l*
Report Of Industrial Commission
of sandstone which merged with the ridges rising gradu- ally to form the opposite wall of the canyon. Every turn brought something new and startling and the formations and the colorings changed almost continually with the shift- ing of the shadows. At no time was the black art of the conjurer necessary to the evolution of something novel and wonderful.
" 'Daddy,' came a wee voice which rent the canyon stillness with the startlingness of a pistol shot, 'when do the fairies play?' And that query conveys more eloquently than any words of mine the atmosphere of Bryce Canyon after the first terrorizing view."
And Garfield County has more than Bryce Canyon to offer in the way of scenery, but the county is not all scenery. It has an area of 5,345 square miles — 3,420,800 acres — of which more than one-third is occupied by national forest. The eastern part of the county is little explored, but such exploratory work as has been done indicates that the sec- tion is exceptionally rich in mineral resources. In the vi- cinity of Hite on the Colorado River prospects have been conducted in a sporadic manner for many years. The work has been carried on chiefly by individuals and the output has not been large. Northwest of Hite are the Henry moun- tains where some metal properties have been worked in a small way. While a comprehensive survey of the district has not been made, the information available indicates that the section is heavily mineralized and that if rail transpor- tation were available considerable development would be undertaken.
The greater part of eastern Garfield county has not yet been surveyed. That oil indications were favorable in some parts of the section is evidenced by the fact that a large area has been withdrawn by the federal government as oil land. All this, however, now is subject to development under the provisions of the oil leasing bill passed by con- gress about a year ago. In the vicinity of Escalante nu- merous cropping* of coal have been reported and in a few places the veins have been opened up in a crude manner to provide fuel for local use. Information of an authoritative character on the resources in this section is extremely scarce inasmuch as such investigations as have been made were for the most part conducted by inexperienced persons.
The county as a whole is especially adapted to stock raising and that is the principal industry. In the western part of the county there are numerous thrifty settlements with nearby farms which are devoted principally to grain and hay. In the extreme western part is the upper valley
356 Report Of Industrial Commission
of the Sevier River, an extremely fertile and well watered region but a little high and cool for other than hay and grain crops. The whole section should make an ideal dairy- ing district if rail transportation were available. Panguitch, the county seat, is in this region, as are the towns of Hills- dale, Hatch, Tropic, Henrieville, Cannonville, Georgetown, Widtsoe and Escalante.
The country around Widtsoe is one of the most promis- ing dry farming sections of the state. The town is situated pretty well up toward the head of what is known locally as John's Valley, more recently christened Emery Valley. There are probably 40,000 to 50,000 acres of arable land in the valley and there are now about 8,000 acres under culti- vation or in fallow. Wheat, oats and barley are the prin- cipal crops and the products are of an exceptionally high quality and the yield generally is very satisfactory. Widt- soe is only a few years old and growing rapidly.
The country around Tropic, Cannonville and Henrieville is lower and fruits of excellent quality are raised chiefly for local consumption. All three of these towns are within a few miles of Bryce Canyon and the tourist travel gradually moving in that direction is steadily providing a wider mar- ket for foodstuffs produced in that locality.
Panguitch is the principal town and outfitting point in the county. It is fifty-five miles from the railhead at Marysvale. A good highway has been built, however, con- necting Panguitch and all the principal towns north through the central part of the state as far as Salt Lake City. The highway improvement has gone south of Panguitch and gradually is being extended further south toward Kanab in Kane County. The construction of this line of highway was undertaken primarily, of course, to give the southern towns a northern outlet but now the work is being pushed with a view to providing a scenic circle tour which would include Salt Lake City, Fish Lake, Bryce Canyon, Grand Canyon, Zion National Park and the Cedar Brakes region — one of the greatest scenic tours in America in anything like the same mileage.
Report Of Industrial Commission
Grand County
Its early settlements dating back within ten years of the arrival of the pioneers in Salt Lake Valley, and rich in natural resources, Grand County remains one of the un- tamed sections of the state. Its surface, its elevation and its climate highly favorable to grazing, the county as a whole has given its attention chiefly to pastoral pursuits and ranks as one of the big stockgrowing districts of the commonwealth. Embracing 3,819 square miles of terri- tory, its population is small and scattered. In itself it is a little empire which some day will be one of the great pro- ducing; sections of the intermountain region.
The oldest and principal town is Moab, the county seat, situated in the southern part on the Grand River. Other settlements are Dewey, Castleton and Richardson, and the principal shipping point for the county — Thompsons. With the opening of coal deposits in the Book Cliff region in recent years the town of Sego has been established. The main line of the Denver & Rio Grande traverses the county east and west about the center, and a branch line serves the mines at Sego. In the past half dozen years consider- able highway improvement has been undertaken to connect Moab and the towns of San Juan county to the south with the railroad at Thompsons.
While stockgrowing is the chief industry, in a county of small and scattered population it naturally would not assume proportions of a great magnitude. According to the assessment last year, the live stock in the country were valued at $1,737,000, of which the sheep represented in excess of $1,200,000, and cattle approximately $500,000.
Although the agricultural possibilities are great, de- velopment has been only in keeping with the increase in the number of settlers. Being a stockgrowing section, the principal object of the farmers has been to provide hay and grain for such winter feeding as was necessary. And this has been comparatively little, for the climate is so mild as to make it necessary to feed only a short period each winter. Moab boasts of an average of 325 days of sunshine each year and of its two crops of strawberries annually. The thermometer rarely registers below zero and seldom as low as zero, and the Grand County resident takes particular pleasure in comparing the climate there with that of south- em California. And he always makes particular mention of the absence of fogs.
In the central and northern parts of the county there
Report Of Industrial Commission
has been very little agricultural development, although the west central section promises to hecome one of the great fruit and melon districts of the west when water for irri- gation is available. Tin- water is then-, in the Green River, but to attempt to make use of it would require co-operative effort on a gigantic scale or big capital. A project provid- ing for the storage watt n oi the Green River in Emery County above Green River City is under contemplation by the United States Reclamation Service, The construction of the project would initio under water approximately 240,000 acres of land, the area being divided about equally between Grand and Emery Counties. The construction of the project also would provide energy for a 90,000 horse- power hydro-electric planl which would care for the power needs for that section for many years to come.
In the country around Moab fruits of most unusual quality are produced. The valley is surrounded by high bluffs w hich afford protection from the winds and reflect the sunshine to the soil, and the soil itself is wonderfully fertile and t ree from minerals. .Moab peaches, apples, pears and grapes are prize winners wherever they are exhibited and command top market prices. Apricots, persimmons, cotton, almonds and English walnuts are products of the valley, and watermelons, cantaloupes and winter melons attain great size and are of delicious flavor.
Alfalfa is a staple crop and the yield is heavy. The yield of wheat, barley, oats and other small grains is highly satisfactory. According to estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, land values in the county are unusually high. Farm lands are valued from $53 to $120 un acre, the average price per acre being .SI 10. Corn thrives in 'Ins section, one farmer raising 156 bushels to the acre a few years ago.
rand County, like it< neighbors, lias vast coal re- north of Thompsons is the mine of
American Fuel Company, a concern controlled by Salt Lake capital. The property was opened up in 1912 and
The estimated coal
resources in thai the Book Cliffs field are in
excess of 21,000,000 tons.
mil list] i in the county — Little Bji i, Richat n, Wilson Mesa and La Sal. Little (Jrande manganeese is the principal
product. Copper is the predominant metal in the Miners' Basin area, although some gold placer mining has been done. Vanadium ore- are characteristic of the Richardson district and pi the Wilson Mesa. From the
Ice Port Of Industrial Commission 359
La Sal district has been shipped copper ores carrying some gold and silver.
Moab is the center of what is probably the greatest carnotite belt in the world. It is the greatest yet discovered. Prospectors have been taking small fortunes in carnotite ores from the hills of Grand and San Juan Counties for several years* Just prior to and during the war some de- velopment of big proportions was undertaken and shipments were made with considerable regularity for a time. Since the war, however, the bigger operations have slowed down and the prospector is again the principal producer.
The carnotite strata are encountered about twenty miles south of Moab and continue about seventy-five miles southward. It is estimated that the carnotite area covers about 6,000 square miles in that section, of which about 3,000 square miles are in Utah. Carnotite ore contains both uranium and vanadium. The uranium is a bright canary yellow and has been used since time immemorial by the Indians for painting their faces and coloring their gar- ments. Often it occurs in a decomposed form and is as soft as putty. The vanadium ore is a coal black. Both are easily distinguished by the experienced prospector. The values vary from $80 to $160 a ton. Little other than the ordinary prospectors equipment is necessary to work the deposits unless it is desirable to undertake a big develop- ment campaign. What systematic development may mean is reflected in an instance of not very ancient date, where a claim was sold for $150 and under systematic development the same claim yielded ores valued at $250,000.
Of more interest than all else in Grand County just now is the efforts of various companies and individuals to find oil in commercial quantities. That oil and gas existed in Grand County has been a matter of common knowledge for many years because of numerous oil seeps and discov- eries of escaping gas. Oil prospecting has been undertaken at various times during the past twenty years, but nothing of moment was accomplished. About two years ago, how- ever, some of the old oil prospectors of the district returned from successes in other regions and begun work. Their efforts have been watched with keen interest, attended by no little excitement, but as yet no accomplishment of im- portance has been reported. Activities have been stimu- lated not only by apparently promising oil conditions locally, but because vast tracts of a somewhat similar character in the neighboring counties have been set aside by the federal government as oil reserves.
Grand County is the mecca for the pioneer and the prospector.
REPOkT OF INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
Iron County
The greatest deposits of high grade iron ore in western America, billions of tons of bituminous coal, scores of thou- sands of acres of fertile agricultural lands available, and one of the finest grazing areas in the state — these are a few of the resources upon which Iron County is counting for future commercial supremacy in the intermountain re- gion. Among other items expected to contribute liberally to her rise are some of the most striking scenic attractions in America, vacation retreats which include excellent shoot- ing and fishing grounds, and the fact that her principal city is the gateway to Zion National Park.
When Parley P. Pratt explored the region the second year after the pioneers came into Salt Lake Valley he found the great croppings of magnetite and hematite iron in the mountains on the Escalante desert and instantly visionec a great industry which very naturally suggested the logical name for the political division to be formed embracing thai section of the state. Iron County seemed especially appro- priate and it stuck.
There was very little in the activities of those hardy pioneers which was not practical and their visions usually were in keeping with their practical training. Also, thought usually was followed by immediate action. When Mr. Pratt returned to Salt Lake to report his discoveries he recom- mended the opening up of the iron deposits west of Cedar City and of the coal deposits to the east ; the establishment of a camp in the vicinity of the present town of Cedar City as the industrial center ; the establishment of the town of Parowan in the Parowan valley and the cultivation of the surrounding lands to supply foodstuffs for the mining and industrial camps.
Iron ore was smelted probably for the first time west of the Mississippi River in a furnace within the walk of Cedar City in 1853. The plant was installed by the Deseret Iron Company, organized in England with a capitalization of $20,000 and chartered by the legislature of Deseret on January 17, 1853. Two appropriations aggregating $7,000 were made by the territorial legislature to aid the industry, but after about two years the plant was closed. That the initial efforts were not without some success, however, is indicated in the fact that the spikes used in the construc- tion of the Salt Lake theater at Salt Lake City were forged from Iron County iron.
The iron field embraces three deposits, all apparently
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connected, stretching from the Iron Springs district on the north through the Pinto district about the Washington- Iron County line, and down into Washington County to the Bull Valley district. The Iron Springs district is about 22 miles east of Lund, on the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad, and 12 miles west of Cedar City. The field in its entirety is about sixty miles long and a mile to a mile and a half in width and the tonnage of ore available is esti- mated at anywhere from 500,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 tons. Four hundred samples taken from various workings and croppings in the field show the ores to have an average metallic content of 59.64 per cent, equal to the best ores of the Lake Superior region. The comparative analyses of the Iron County, Lake Superior and Alabama ores follow:
Utah
L. S.
Ala.
;
Phosphorus
Alumina
Water above 220
Copper
Sulphur
Manganese
Carbonic acid
f t
Vast deposits of bituminous coal exist in the moun- tains east of Cedar City and constitute the Colob coal field. The coal crops rather high up on the mountains from north of Cedar City at intervals to Kanarra, a little village on the southern rim of the Great Basin. The United States Geological Survey estimated about ten years ago that there were in excess of two billion tons of coal in the field, but more recent investigations made by the Utah State Ge- ologist indicate that the survey estimate was entirely too conservative. The deposits have been opened up in a small way in a number of places to obtain fuel for local use and it was from this field that coal was obtained for the opera- tion of iron smelting furnaces in the early days. Recent tests of the coal indicate that it is not a good coking coal and this shortcoming has been in a way responsible for lack of development of the iron deposits. The coal is a good
r
t
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steam fuel and answers domestic needs very well in the southern country, and. with railroad facilities, it should find a ready market in southern California.
The need for a railroad has long been apparent and surveys from the vicinity id' Lund to the iron and coal fields have been made on sev eral occasions, but actual construction Las not yet been undertaken. The distance from Lund to Cedar City is about thirty-five miles and across a compara- tively flat country which presents no big engineering fea- tures and practically no heavy construction- The construc- tion nt such a line, which is now under contemplation, not only would open up the coal and iron fields, but it would bring railroad facilities miles nearer Zion National Park and the famous Dixie country and stimulate the develop- ment of a vast area of agricultural lands. In the coal coun- try there are large timber resources, a considerable share of the eastern pari of the county being within the Sevier National Forest.
In this same section also there are extensive gypsum deposits, which have not been touched, and the Cedar Breaks region, one the most spectacular scenic attractions on the continent. The formation in the Cedar Breaks territory is very similar to that at Bryce Canyon in Gar- field County, but Cedar Breaks cover an area many times the si/.e of that occupied by Knee Canyon. The Cedar Breaks region is but little known to those outside the im- mediate vicinity because of its inaccessibility. About the only way to reach it is on foot or horse, but a good highway is being built from Cedar City into the Long Valley country in Kane County w hich will pass through the Breaks region and open up some of the timber resources of the section.
Practically all the count? is ideal for grazing purposes. The mountains supply large herds of cattle and flocks of sheep with grazing I during the summer and the
arid count i i i the vvesl Cedar City and clear to the Nevada line is an ideal winter range, In view of such highly favorable conditions it is nol surprising that stock raising the principal industry of the county. Iron County als: has the advai irhhors to Ihe east and south
in thai i s northwestern section is traversed by the Los An- geles & Salt I lilroad. Lund is the principal railroad
station in Iron Co th< hipping point for most
of the com nun Iron. Washington and Kane Counties.
An ing the mon important to i in Iron County besides Lund and Ceil 1 tire i an, the county seat, Para- gonad and Kimcli in til i eastern part, and Nada, Modena. Beryl and Heist ttlong the railroad.
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Until within recent years agricultural development has been confined chiefly to the eastern part of the county in the vicinity of Cedar City, Parowan and Paragonah, all towns along the pioneer trail between Salt Iake City and southern California. In these sections water for irrigation was obtained from mountain streams, except in the Paro- wan Valley, where some artesian wells were brought in. Discovery of flowing wells in the country around Parowan encouraged considerable drilling and numerous other wells were brought in, but it was necessary to pump most of them. Test wells put down in recent years on the desert west of Cedar City has resulted in the discovery of an un- derground flow of water which will mean the reclamation of thousands of acres of land on the desert country between Cedar City and Lund. For the most part the farms in Iron County have consisted of large holdings, principally by stockgrowers who were interested chiefly in the production of hay and grain for winter feeding, and in having acreage for grazing purposes. The discovery of underground water undoubtedly will stimulate more intensive farming and prob- ably the cutting up of the large land holdings to a consider- able extent. Another item which means much to irrigation by wells is the extension of electric power lines into the farming communities, thereby making available cheap power for pumping purposes. In the vicinity of Parowan other efforts to increase the irrigated area are being prose- cuted successfully. Near Parowan is Little Salt Lake, a small dead sea, the chief purpose of which has been to sup- ply to some extent the salt needs of the section. Among the improvements contemplated and under way, is one to drain this dead sea and convert it into a reservoir for the storage of fresh water for irrigation. Dry farming has been carried on in some sections of the county with gen- erally satisfactory results, but where water can be obtained at a reasonable cost the dry farms are rapidly being con- verted into irrigated ranches.
AH hay and grain crops flourish in every part of the county where farming has been undertaken. The soil and climate also are adapted to the growing of the fruits com- mon to the Great Basin region, but there has been no at- tempt to grow even as much as can be used locally because of the proximity of the Dixie fruit section. There are thou- sands of acres of fertile lands, some partially improved but mostly unimproved and in the public domain, awaiting the coming of more settlers and farmers. That agriculture is destined to play a far more important part in the affairs of the county and in that section of the state as a whole,
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is indicated in the fact that the state government has seen fit to establish at Cedar City a branch of the State Agri- cultural College. Although a branch, it is a considerable institution in itself. While its purpose is to serve agricul- ture generally, its special purpose is to give particular at- tention to conditions in that section of the state. Besides carrying the message of scientific agriculture to the younger generations it is a material aid to the older farmers through the readiness of the members of the facultry to offer help- ful advice and supervision.
Iron County is destined to become some day an impor- tant center for the iron and steel industry in western America as well as one of the great agricultural sections of the state.
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Juab County
Three great industries — mining, agriculture and stock- growing — reflect the character of the resources nature has bestowed upon Juab County to insure its prosperity. When the pioneers were cutting their modest farmsteads from the sage and planning the town of Nephi they learned that the bounties of nature were not confined to fertile soil and luscious grasses in that region within the shadow of ma- jestic Nebo. From the mountainside they picked the raw materials from which they made plaster to make the rude cabins more homelike, and from the nearby canyons they obtained salt for themselves and their animals. Thus, the three great industries of the county got practically an even
NEPHI, Jl'AB COUNTY
start insofar as time was concerned. But the real boom in the mining industry did not come until several years later, about 1869. when the original discovery of rich metal deposits in the Tintic section, west of Nephi. was reported.
Although the pioneers were quick to avail themselves of gypsum and salt deposits to add to their comfort, they were more interested in their farms and their live stock. They diverted the waters from the mountain streams and brought under cultivation the fertile lands of the valleys. In the summer they grazed their stock in the mountain forests and in the winter they grazed them on the desert,
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providing the Indians did not interfere. And they do these things today, only on a much bigger scale and without fear of interruption by the Indians. But they do more also. Juab County is almost the home of dry farming in Utah. Until a comparatively few years ago it was believed the semi-arid region would produce profitable crops only by ir- rigation. The theory of dry farming was advanced. Nephi residents lacked water for irrigation of thousands of acres of* fertile lands nearby. The theory of dry farming interesting and they gave it a trial. Sixty-seven bushels of wheat to the acre on an average from a dry farm field started a new era of farming, not only in Juab County but throughout the semi-arid regions of the great west.
Development is confined largely to the eastern part of the county, both the farming district around Nephi — the county seat — and Levan, and the mines of the Eureka sec- tion being in that region. The western part of the county is heavily mineralized in spots, but that section is chiefly valuable as a winter range for sheep. The mountain for- ests in the eastern part furnish the finest kind of grazing for live stock during the summer.
By far the major portion of the county is in the public domain. With a total area of 2,245,120 acres, only about 225.000 acres of farming and grazing lands are in private ownership, according to the assessment rolls. There is a considerable acreage held as metal mining lands, either owned outright or held under the mineral location laws, but not nearly so much as comes under the ranch classifi- cation. Then, too, the Nebo National Forest occupi limited acreage in the extreme eastern part of the county, but there are probably a million and a half acres unreserved and unappropriated, mostly in the western part.
The area under cultivation probably would not exceed 65,000 or 70,000 acres, fully half of which is cultivated by dry farming methods. While there are some ranches in the vicinity of Eureka and scattered through the v em part of the county, the biggest agricultural develop- ment is in the vic inity of Nephi and Levan. Some water has been obtained from the mountain streams for the irri- gation of small an as and efforts have been made to obtain water from the Strawberry project but as yet nothing in this direction has been done.
The assessment rolls for the year 1920 shows 67,360 acres of improved farming lands with an average value of $32.33 an acre; 50,507 acres of unimproved farming lands with an average value of $9.56 an acre; and 107,509 acres of grazing lands with an average value of $5.22 an acre.
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Approximately 44 per cent of the lands cropped this sea- son were under irrigation. In addition, there were about 20,000 acres of dry farm lands under fallow for next year's crops. The crop reports indicate there were 1,050 acres in corn, 922 acres in oats, 368 acres in barley, 3,000 acres in rye, 16,000 acres in winter wheat, 1,700 acres in spring wheat, 350 acres in potatoes, 500 acres in sugar beets, 7,966 acres in tame hay — principally alfalfa — and 3,200 acres in wild hay. The average yield of winter wheat was about 14 bushels to the acre; spring wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 44 bushels; barley, 31 bushels; corn, 21 bushels; po- tatoes, 150 bushels; alfalfa, 3.15 tons; rye, 9 bushels, and wild hay, about a ton to the acre. Rye and winter wheat are the principal crops grown without irrigation, although some of practically all varieties of grains and hay and some vegetables and fruits are raised on dry farms. The country around Nephi and Levan is well adapted to dry farming and development has been stimulated considerably because of the establishment near Nephi of an experimental sta- tion of the Utah Agricultural College. The purpose of the station is to try dry farm methods in the cultivation of the various grains, hays and other products. The experi- ments have been of deep interest not only to the residents of the section and of the state as a whole, but has attracted the attention of distinguished agriculturalists from various parts of the world.
The livestock of the county is valued on the assess- ment rolls this year at approximately $1,500,000, of which the 115,000 sheep represented about a million dollars and the 10,000 range cattle represented about $325,000. The opportunities for dairying are promising in the county but the industry has not been developed to any extent as yet.
The big money maker of the county is the mining in- dustry, principally metal mining, which is conducted on a big scale in the Tintic district west of Nephi and surround- ing the town of Eureka. Some of the famous mines of the west, past and present, are situated there and to date the camp has produced approximately $200,000,000. And it still is producing at the rate of about ten million a year. The discovery of lead carbonates rich in silver and the staking of the Sunbeam claim in 1869 was the starting of the camp. Shortly afterward the famous old Mammoth and other great producers were discovered and the ores were mined and hauled nearly thirty miles to the railroad and shipped out of the state for smelting. After a while the railroad came to the camp and it was possible to work
368 Report Of Industrial Commission
profitably the lower grade ores. Some of the older mines are still producing and new ones are added almost every year. There probably are more metal properties under development in Tintic district than in any other region in the state. To the north and to the west in the same range of mountains some very promising properties are being developed and the indications are favorable toward both sections figuring conspicuously among the producing districts. The western part of the county contains a great amount of mineral, but lack of rail transportation has seri- ously hampered development except of occasional rich pock ets. In the south central part of the county is the old Detroit district ; in the northwestern, the Fish Springs dis- trict and in the west is the Trout Creek region. Fish Springs and Detroit are old producers and are still being worked in termittently, and some interesting discoveries have been reported in the Trout Creek country.
The gypsum deposit opened up just east of Nephi by the pioneers to get materials for plastering their cabins has been developed in recent years to one of the most important plaster producing concerns in the western coun- try. The gypsum is of exceptional purity and in great
OUTCROPPING OF GYPSUM Juab County
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3G9
quantities and since the Nephi Plaster Company was or- ganized and took charge of the operations it has become a decidedly profitable industry. The quality of Nephi plas- ter is known throughout the western country and various sections of the east, and some of it has won recognition foreign lands. The most notable effort of the company was to supply the material for the scores of beautiful build- ings at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco a few years ago. The walls of all the buildings there were made of Nephi plaster, tinted to suit the de- mand. It is a product of high quality and with favorable transportation rates would permit it to be marketed on a scale that would stimulate further development of the vast gypsum deposits in that vicinity. What appears to be the same deposit outcrops a few miles farther down the mountain range near Levan. A company was organized and the deposit opened up several years ago, but because of the overland haul of ten or twelve miles to the railroad it was not possible to meet competition and the plant was closed down.
NEPHI PLASTER MILL Juab County
In the early days some salt was mined up Salt Creek Canyon east of Nephi, but the properties have been sold by the original owners and the purchasers have suspended operations.
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Juab is one of the counties with fairly good transpor- tation facilities, reasonably close to markets, with good lands at reasonable prices and untold mineral resources, that is standing on the threshold of a new era of develop- ment.
Report Op Industrial Commission 371
Weber County
The mere suggestion of the name of Weber County immediately brings to mind Ogden, the county seat and second city in Utah and which is rapidly gaining recogni- tion as the manufacturing city of the intermountain region. Weber County is comparatively small as counties go in Utah, its total area being only 694 square miles, approxi- mately 150 of which are covered by waters of Great Salt Lake. Its land area is- pretty evenly divided between moun- tains and lowlands. A large share of the lowlands are included in the Great Salt Lake Valley and the remainder are fertile and well watered mountain valleys and foot- hills or mesas. Large land holdings in the agricultural section are exceptional, most of the holdings being in the shape of small farms tilled by the owners and forming one of the most intensively cultivated sections of the state.
The mountainous area of the county is principally valu- able for grazing purposes and have an average market value of about $10 an acre. Unirrigated mesa lands are valued at approximately $75 an acre, while improved irri- gated lands for intensive farming average about $350 an acre in market price. Water for irrigation purposes is supplied for the larger portion of the valley lands from the Ogden and Weber Rivers and smaller streams, but by the storage of flood waters and the construction of new irriga- tion systems a large area of higher lands also can be fur- nished a full water right. To accomplish this, it was voted recently by property owners to form an irrigation district, store the flood waters and reclaim approximately 45,000 acres more land. There are some lands in the Salt Lake Valley which will require other methods to reclaim. Thou- sands of acres in the lowlands of Weber County are water- logged and are valuable for pasturage, affording revenue on a valuation of about $100 an acre. When water for irrigation is available the waterlogged lands can then be drained and devoted to the growing of canning crops, which yield big returns in this section.
The soil and climate of Weber County are adapted to the culture of fruit, truck and canning crops, sugar beets, early potatoes, hay and grain. The annual income from agricultural products is estimated at approximately $4,- 000,000, most of which are turned to manufactures in the vicinity and take on an added value of about $6,000,000 on the market. Within recent years the majority of the grain and hay crops have been supplanted by sugar beets,
Report Of Industrial Commission
tomatoes, peas and other crops for canning, more than doubling the financial returns. This evolution has been responsible for the application of dry farming methods to unirrigated lands formerly devoted to grazing and the results generally have been highly satisfactory.
In Weber County this year there are approximately 11,000 acres planted to sugar beets which will yield the farmers in the neighborhood of $1,500,000. There is a sugar factory at Ogden and one at Hooper, which will cut beets from about 15,000 acres, a portion of the supply being received from neighboring counties. Since none of the agricultural lands of Weber County are more than five or six miles from a steam or electric railway, the sugar companies have dotted the country with beet loading sta- tions, thereby reducing to the minimum the farmers' ex- pense of hauling to market.
Peas and tomatoes are the staple canning crops of the district. The tomatoes are of a very high quality, meaty and firm in texture and of an unusually rich color. Large quantities of Weber County tomatoes are shipped east each year to be used in the manufacture of catsup. Can- nery operators situated in or near Ogden have learned that the peas grown in the higher valleys are of a su- perior quality and to facilitate the handling of the crop and stimulate production they have established numerous substations throughout the county for the separation of the peas from the vines before sending them to the can- ning factories. During the season about 50 tons of shelled peas are moved daily from the farms in the higher val- leys through Ogden Canyon to the canneries in the lower country.
Because of its excellent transportation facilities Og- den has attracted many manufacturing enterprises, es- pecially manufacturers of foodstuffs. It is a junction point for the Union Pacific, the Southern Pacific, the Oregon Short Line, the Denver & Rio Grande, the Bamberger Elec- tric and the Utah-Idaho Central interurban. In addition to the railroads it has hard surfaced highway connections with Salt Lake City on the south and Brigham City and Cache Valley points on the north.
The canneries represent the initial effort in a manu- facturing way and the industry has flourished and stimu- lated intensive farming. There is no inclination at this time to encourage further canneries as the plants are able to care for the crops grown and the companies are ready to expand as rapidly as production will justify. The can- ning industry and the transportation facilities have com-
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bined to attract plants for the manufacture of containers. Including cans for condensed milk, there are approximately 60,000,000 cans used annually in the section, and the candy and cereal foods afford a market for about 2,000,000 cases and boxes each year. Fiber and corrugated boxes are gradually displacing wooden boxes for shipping products packed in cans, cartons or paper boxes. To care for this business the American Can Company and the Keickhefer Box Company have established branch factories at Ogden.
ONE OF THE FLOUR MILLS Ogden. Utah
Within the past two years strong companies handling and milling grain have erected big plants at Ogden which make it the milling center of the intermountain region. At present the grain exchange is situated in Weber county and all grain shipped in the intermountain country comes through Ogden, where there is a storage capacity of more than 2,000,000 bushels and the mills are capable of turning out more than 6,000 barrels of flour daily in addition to the cereal and stock foods.
374 Report Of Industrial Commission
Transportation and other favorable conditions have contributed liberally to Ogden's claim for recognition as the center of the livestock industry in the intermountain region. Three or four years ago the so-called stock yards consisted of half a dozen or so pens to care for through shipments, and there was no local market for anything in the way of live stock. Now it has a yard which is about the last word in stockyard construction. The sheds and pens are of heavy construction with concrete floors, com- plete water and sewerage systems and splendid drainage. Seventy-eight thousand carloads of stock were handled through Ogden yards last year, and as many as 10,000 head have been handled in one day without confusion. Six live- stock commission firms have established offices at the yards. Adjacent to the stockyards is the Ogden Horse Sale Com- mission Company, which supplied the United States and its allies with 65,000 head of horses during the war.
OGDEN UNION STOCK YARDS Weber County
The packing industry at Ogden has enjoyed a growth rivaling that of Omaha in its early days. The same condi- tions that caused the growth of the packing industry at Omaha prevail at Ogden. On arrival with his stock
Digipy
Report Of Industrial Commission 375
the shipper can iell on the Ogden market or he can go on to Omaha without loss of time or additional freight charges beyond what he would have encountered on through shipment. Other points in Utah may share equal advan- tages in the matter of freight charges, but there is a loss of time which is important as every day's delay to live- stock in transit means a reduction in weight and probably in value of the shipment. Omaha is so located that the Nebraska farmer buys and fattens stock for the packing plants. Ogden has a similar condition in the Utah Milling & Feed Yards, which manufactures stock foods and pro- vides yards for the fattening of stock arriving in poor condition. This plant makes the stockgrower reasonably sure of a market and assures the packing plant of a supply of fat stock.
But while Weber County is a center of industry and commerce, it also includes among its resources some moun- tain scenery of rare beauty. The principal attraction of this character is Ogden Canyon, immediately back of the city, with its hundreds of beautiful summer homes and the attendant resorts which are accessible by motor car over highly improved highways and by interurban line. The canyon is a narrow gash in the mountains and bordered by rugged and majestic cliffs and peaks, while along the floor is the beautiful Ogden River, inhabited by the elusive and gamey trout. It is an ideal section for rest and recre- ation, and Weber County residents, realizing the value of pleasure as an asset to business, are inclined to make the most of their opportunity.
Report Of Industrial Commission 377
Kane County
Before interest in the Grand Canyon developed the sentiment for a north and south highway through the cen- tral part of the state to its southern border, people of Salt Lake City and northern Utah listened to mention of Kane county with about as much enthusiasm and knowledge as though some foreign land in which they were not con- cerned was under discussion. Even yet, people of the northern part of the state and Kane County are not ac- quainted, but at least they have been introduced. The highway to Bryce's Canyon and the Grand Canyon has es- tablished a line of communication that makes even the citizens of Kane forget t hat they are from 90 to 150 miles from a railroad. And when the new road through Cedar Breaks into Long Valley and the proposed road between Zion and Grand Canyon National Park is completed, no- body in Kane County will care particularly how far they are from a railroad insofar as being neighborly is concerned.
Because of carefully planned and efficiently executed publicity campaigns covering a period of years, the people of the country had learned to think of Arizona and the Grand Canyon in the same breath and to consider the Grand Canyon as a strictly Arizona institution. It is true that the great gorge is in Arizona, but the exploratory efforts of inquiring motorists, supplemented by the road building activities of the United States Forestry Service, revealed to the world that the finest views of the Grand Canyon were from the north rim and that the north rim was acces- sible by motor car through Kane and Washington Counties in southern Utah. It also was brought out that the pleas- ures of a visit to the north rim of the canyon were aug- mented in no small degree by a fifty-mile drive through the wonderful Kaibab forests, one of the great bodies of standing timber left in western America. The motor ex- plorations of the section were made only a few years ago, but they stimulated highway construction and improve- ment and were sufficient to divert in that direction a vol- ume Of motor tourist traffic that is growing bigger each year. Thus, people from the outside are becoming ac- quainted with Kane County and to appreciate its possibili- ties.
Although several slices have been taken from its terri- tory since it was created a political division of the state, Kane County still is larger than several of the New Eng- land states. It has an area of 4,373 square miles, or 2,-
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798,720 acres, about two-thirds of which is unsurveyed and much of it practically unexplored. If the assessment rolls are acceptable as a reflection of conditions, less than 100,- 000 acres are in private ownership and only about 15,000 acres are under cultivation. But there is little incentive at present for a big farming acreage in Kane County, even though it w r ere available, as the situation of the section in relation to transportation and conditions generally are so favorable to stock raising as naturally to make it the principal industry. Even that cannot well take on impos- ing dimensions, for, in a country practically unexplored, it is to be expected that the population will be small and scattered. It does, however, boast of the largest goat herds
GRAND CANYON FROM BRIGHT ANGEL North Rim Reached from Kanab, Kane County.
in the state and the farmers find goat growing a very profitable industry. The number of sheep in the county averages about 110,000, and cattle 10,000 to 15,000. Since the advent of the parcel post and motor vehicles, the dairy- ing industry has been yielding good returns to Kane County ranchmen. The cheese produced in that section is of an excellent quality and finds a ready market in the cities.
But because the agricultural acreage is small it must not be inferred that farming is not possible or profitable. Although the county is largely mountains and plateaus, it has some rather extensive and exceedingly fertile valleys. Where water is available without too heavy an expense, irrigation is practiced, but dry farming methods have yield- ed very satisfactory results generally. On the higher lands
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in the vicinity of Alton, where the average annual precipi- tation is in excess of 20 inches, yields of 40 bushels of wheat and 70 bushels of oats to the acre on dry farms are not uncommon. In the lower country around Kanab the precipitation averages about 14 inches, the dry farm yield is about half that at Alton. As to potato country it prob- ably cannot be excelled in Utah as the average yield is about 250 bushels to the acre.
Aside from around Kanab, the county seat, the de- velopment of the county is most advanced in Long Valley, near the headwaters of the Rio Virgin. The valley is about twenty miles long and probably averages a mile in width. Along the river are the towns of Glendale, Orderville and Mt. Cannel, Besides being an agricultural section, Long Valley is in the timber district, the Sevier National Forest extending down from Garfield County. To afford this sec- tion a more direct outlet to the railroad and to make avail- able the timber resources, a highway is being constructed across the mountains from Cedar City, in Iron County. This road also will make accessible another of the great scenic attractions of southern Utah — Cedar Breaks — and some of the vast coal deposits of the Colob Plateau.
The Colob field embraces a large area around the cor- ners of Kane, Iron and Washington Counties, and is esti- mated by the United States Geological Survey to contain in excess of 2,682,000,000 tons of coal. The deposit has been opened up at various places in Kane County to supply local needs. The coal is of fair quality, bituminous to sub-bituminous in character, and occurs in veins from a few inches to about seven feet thick. In this field near the headwaters of the Rio Virgin a vein of cannel coal more than five feet thick has been discovered. Because of the inaccessibility of the cannel deposit, very little ex- ploratory work has been done and its extent is unknown. Some recent tests made by the Geological Survey indicate that the coal is high in petroleum, the samples submitted for test yielding at the rate of about 90 gallons to the ton.
In addition to the Colob field, Kane County has the Kanab field, which is the eastern continuation of the Colob and generally more accessible. The coal is of about the same character as that in the eastern part of the Colob field and has been opened up in several places to care for the local demand.
That there are oil possibilities in Kane is indicated by the withdrawal by the federal government of thousands of acres as oil lands. The Kane County lands were withdrawn along with some in Washington County and northern Ari-
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zona, the development of all of which was made possible by the enactment of the oil leasing law.
Development in the county has been confined almost exclusively to the western half. The eastern part of the county not only is undeveloped but it is almost unexplored. Pahreah, near the junction of the Paria River and Cotton- wood Creek and just about the center of the county, and Arizutah, a few miles to the south, are the most eastern settlements in the county of importance. East of them is the Kaiparowits Plateau, a country which affords a rare treat as well as some hardships for the geologist, the pros- pector and the explorer.
In the vicinity of Pareah and farther east, along the Colorado River, some gold discoveries have been made but mining has not proved profitable so far. In the mountains near Pahreah some very rich copper ore has been found but the records do not indicate any extensive mining opera- tions or shipments.
Considering the sparse and scattered population, Kane County has a very good school system. Kanab has a model high school, the building for which was completed only recently and embraces the modern ideas for structures of that character. Kanab, too, is the most important town in the county, not only because it is the seat of county government, but because it is the gateway and a very im- porant control for tourist traffic to Grand Canyon National Park. And a visit to Grand Canyon National Park by way of the northern gateway is only a part of one of the greatest circle tours to scenic attractions in America, embracing Yellowstone National Park, Great Salt Lake, Fish Lake, Bryce's Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park and Zion National Park.
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Millard County
When Brigham Young stood on the steps of the old red sandstone statehouse at Fillmore more than half a cen- tury ago and predicted that Millard county some day would be the granary of Utah, conditions then existing appeared ta justify the attitude of the scoffers. The country on which he gazed was a sage covered desert stretching north- ward from the old-time capital city, a vast and almost tree- less expanse which had been given the name of the Pahvant Valley. But in this, as in other predictions and plans bear- ing on the development of Utah, the pioneer leader proved himself a man of wonderful foresight and vision. For to- day waters are gushing forth in the Pahvant Valley and the vast expanse of sage covered desert is being trans- formed into green and productive fields and Millard County is moving rapidly in the direction of the granary of Utah.
Millard County may have undiscovered mineral re- sources of great value; in all probability she has. Her di- versified area furnishes grazing lands of high quality both winter and summer and the live stock industry has flour- ished. But the greatest wealth and her greatest value lies in the enormous acreage adapted to argicultural purposes. That the advantages in this direction are becoming recog- nized more rapidly each year is indicated in the farm census taken by the federal government in 1920 which showed that Millard County had increased the number of farms within her borders by nearly 50 per cent during the past ten years regardless of the lure of the cities and of the call to arms that have taken countless young men from the fields during the past four years.
Millard County is about 100 miles long east and west and about 60 miles wide north and south, embracing 4,335,360 acres or considerably more than the combined areas of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Through irrigation de- velopment the farming acreage has been more than dou- bled during the past four years and now totals 345,584 acres as against 8,164 acres listed as grazing lands in private ownership. This acreage of grazing lands, however, does not reflect the status of the livestock industry, which last year represented a valuation of $4,209,380, an increase of approximately 100 per cent in the last four years. The biggest increases in the live stock industry from 1916 to 1919 were in sheep growing, the number of head increas- ing from 182,783 to 282,244, and the value from $1,073,809 to $2,872,125. The remarkable increase in farming acre-
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age was due chiefly to development of irrigation water by construction of reservoirs and canal systems and by tap- ping underground flows. In some sections, however, dry farming is quite a factor and is being conducted with very satisfactory results, but dry farms are being turned into irrigated farms, as rapidly as water is available. In 1916 there were 170,541 acres of farming lands shown on the assessment rolls with a valuation of $3,834,883, and in 1919 the farming lands on the assessment rolls aggregated 345,584 acres, with a valuation of $6,602,903. Western Millard County is mostly what is termed a desert country, while the eastern part of the county, which includes both the Delta and Fillmore districts, is being brought under irrigation and cultivation very rapidly and is one of the choice farming sections of the state. The desert country to the west is given over largely to grazing purposes and most of it still is in the open range or public domain. The desert region is adapted especially to winter grazing for sheep, while in the eastern part of the county excellent summer grazing is found in the mountains and in the Nebo and Fillmore National Forests.
The eastern part of the county is divided into two agricultural sections, the Delta and Fillmore, but the gap is being rapidly closed until within a few years it will be all in one big farming area. The reason for this apparent division in the eastern section is that the pioneers built their cabins close to the mountains where timber and water were available, and then when the railroad came through it chose the line of least resistance without any definite ideas concerning farming lands or water for irri- gation. Millard County was settled shortly after the pio- neers came into the Salt Lake Valley. The approach of Johnston's army sent the population in the northern part of the territory scurrying southward and the territorial capitol was transferred from Salt Lake to Fillmore, where it remained long enough for the erection of a state house and one session of the territorial assembly. Other towns in this section are Holden, Meadow and Kanosh, all of which are prosperous communities.
The older settlements served by the railroad are Oasis. Deseret, Hinckley and Abraham, all within a radius of a few miles, the settlement of the region having been in- fluenced largely by agricultural possibilities. The same influence was responsible for the establishment in recent years of the towns of Delta, Sutherland, Woodrow and Lucern, all of which are within a short radius and in the same region as the older settlements of the Oasis group.
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Water for irrigation of the old settlements in the Fillmore region is obtained from mountain streams, or has been until recently. The district along the railroad obtains its water supply from the Sevier River by the construc- tion of a mammoth reservoir in Juab County. Various companies have joined in the construction of the dam, in- cluding the Deseret Irrigation Company with 12,000 acres ; the Abraham Irrigation Company with 10,000 acres; the Melville Irrigation Company with 6,000 acres; the Midland Company with 2,400 acres; the Delta Land & Water Com- pany with 32,000 acres, and the Sevier River Land & Water Company with 66,000 acres. The 32,000 acres of the Delta Land & Water Company are divided between the north and south tracts. The south tract is tributary to Oasis and Delta and the north tract to Delta, Woodrow and Suther- land. The tract of the Sevier River Land & Water Com- pany stretches from Lynndyle south to Delta, largely moun- tain slope land. It is through the latter company and by the bringing in of some of the biggest artesian wells in the west that the additional acreage in the vicinity of Holden, Fillmore and Meadow is being brought under irrigation.
While fine fruits and vegetables and high grade grains are grown in Millard County its most noted and probably its most profitable crop is alfalfa. Millard County alfalfa is recognized by experts as being of superior quality and Millard County alfalfa seed is in demand throughout the country. One-half of all the alfalfa seed raised in Utah comes from the Pahvant Valley. There was recently shipped from Oasis $600,000 worth of alfalfa seed. On a single farm near Fillmore last year there was produced $50,000 worth of alfalfa seed. Yields during the past sea- son ranged from eight to nineteen bushels per acre, netting the farmer from $160 to $360 and therebv paying 5 per cent on land values all the way from $3,200 to $7,200 an acre.
In the Oasis district the land is low and in some in- stances it has become waterlogged through seepage from the higher grounds. Steps already are being undertaken to overcome this evil by the installation of drainage pro- jects under the supervision of federal or state government authorities.
The operations of the Delta Land & Water Company were responsible for the founding of the town of Delta, which is now only about ten years old and probably the biggest town in the county, with the possible exception of Fillmore. Its growth was like that of a mushroom as the settlers moved in from all parts of the country and, under
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the direction of competent engineers of the Delta Land & Water Company, began to turn the desert land into produc- tive farms. From the start alfalfa was the favorite crop and its culture did much to stimulate hog raising. Later some experiments in sugar beet culture were so satisfactory that a beet sugar factory was erected at Delta and it has been in operation now for four or five seasons. The early estimates of the sugar beet production this season was in the neighborhood of 100,000 tons, but it is probable that this is considerably high.
About four or five years ago the first artesian well was brought in near Fillmore. Since that time nearly three score wells have been brought in to supply water for irri- gation purposes and thousands of acres have been put under cultivation. The extension of the canals of the Sevier River Land & Water Company also has added about 30,000 acres to the list of cultivated lands in the Holden region. And still only a comparatively small fraction of the lands susceptible to cultivation in the Pahvant Valley are being worked.
One handicap under which the Fillmore-Holden section has been laboring all these years is lack of transportation. On several occasions efforts have been made to build a branch line from the vicinity of Delta eastward as has been done to the west and north to open up the farming country, but as yet nothing in the way of construction has been ac- complished. In an effort to overcome this, however, good highways are being constructed to connect the principal railroad towns with the inland communities. Already there is a good highway between Fillmore and northern Utah cities that is serviceable for motor vehicles practically the year round.
Lynndyl is a division point on the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad and also is under the Sevier River Land & Water Company's project. The agricultural possibilities there appear to be about the same as in the other sections and some remarkable developments are expected within the next few years.
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Morgan County
Although Morgan County may find it difficult to refute the charge that it is the smallest county in the state, it can boast of two of the largest individual industries in the commonwealth. It might go a little further without suc- cessful contradiction and assert that one of these indus- tries not only is the largest of its kind in the state, but the largest in the United States and possibly the largest in the world. The two individual industries of which Mor- gan County is justly proud are the Union Portland Cement Company at Devil's Slide and the pea canning plant of the Morgan Canning Company at Morgan, the county seat. The cement plant at Devil's Slide is the biggest factory of the kind in the state and the pea canning plant at Morgan, according to information available, is the biggest pea can- nery in the United States and probably in the world. While in the matter of annual returns the cement industry means more to the county than that of pea canning, still it is to the tiny vegetable that Morgan County attributes mostly its fame. For wherever tinned goods are in common use the Morgan County pea has made its way and won a repu- tation for quality that is excelled by none.
The entire area of the county is but 407,744 acres, of which approximately 100,000 acres are included under the general characterization of farming lands, although less than 20,000 acres are now under irrigation. To insure an adequate supply of water for a greater acreage there has been organized recently an irrigation district which con- templates the construction of reservoir facilities for the storage of the flood waters of the Weber River. Not all of the 100,000 acres designated as farming lands are under cultivation, although dry farming is practiced very suc- cessfully in many instances. In fact, about 90 per cent of the lands of the county can very properly be called graz- ing lands.
As has been intimated already the four chief lines of endeavor in Morgan County are cement manufacture, vege- table and fruit canning, farming and stockgrowing. The cement industry has assumed gigantic proportions. The plant at Devil's Slide is one of the most modern in the country and is electrically operated throughout, power be- ing generated on the premises. The plant has a production of 2,000 barrels of cement daily and its storage facilities aggregate 50,000 barrels. The plant is situated in a small canyon near the Weber River and is served by a spur from
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the main line of the Union Pacific railroad. The plant was the second Portland cement plant erected in the state. Lime and shale are the raw products used in the manufacture of the product and both occur in practically unlimited quanti- ties in the section where the plant is situated. A model little town has been built up a short distance down the can- yon for the accommodation of the employes at the plant. And nearby is situated that rather unusual piece of nature's handiwork from which the town derived its name — the Devil's Slide.
DEVIL'S SLIDE Morgan County
But the homeseeker is more interested in the possi- bilities for development, probably, than in the established industries. The biggest opportunities are to be found in farming and stockgrowing, chiefly in the former. Although peas are an important product and have won deserved prom- inence, other prolific crops in the vegetable line are cabbage, cauliflower, pickling onions and tomatoes. Morgan pota- toes are famous throughout the state and for many years the county has held the record for production per acre. The soil and the climate are particularly adapted to the growing of vegetable crops common to the intermountain country.
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The lands are too rich and too high in price to encourage the growing of grain and hay where water is available for irrigation. Grain is a profitable crop on dry farm lands and the yield of wheat sometimes is as high as fifty bushels to the acre. Excellent fruits are grown in the county, especially apples, pears, plums and garden berries.
Last year there were 600 acres of peas grown in the county and the total production was 1,050 tons, or an ave- rage yield of 1.75 tons to the acre. The average cannery output is 95 cases of 24 cans each to every ton of peas, making the canned pea production for the year approxi- mately 100,000 cases, or 2,400,000 cans.
Some instructive information concerning the pea grow- ing industry is furnished by Professor M. C. Merrill of the Utah Agricultural College, who said in part:
"The canning pea of Utah is gradually extending its domain and its influence for good. And it is well that it should. It makes a good respectable neighbor in any hay fields. It exacts little and returns much.
"During the past few years the multiplication of sugar factories has necessitated an ever-increasing amount of land in beets. In many cases too large a proportion of the farm has been devoted to beets year after year, and as a consequence there has not been that well balanced rotation that is best for the farm in the long run.
"In those sugar beet areas where canneries have been available (and this is the usual conditions, for sugar beet factories and canneries go hand in hand exceedingly well), the canning pea crop has been a great asset to the farmer by furnishing him an excellent rotation. This has been exemplified in numerous instances of late years. For illus- tration, this past summer the writer saw many fields of beets growing on land that was planted to peas the pre- ceding season. The contrast was striking and the lesson one that should be remembered. In every case where such conditions prevailed the beets were far better on the land that had been in peas.
"Where the conditions for pea growing are favorable, the financial returns range all the way from $60 to $150 an acre. On a plat of 1.8 acres at the college $196.38 worth of canning pea seed has been produced. When one con- siders the small amount of work required to grow and har- vest a crop of peas as compared with some other crops, it is seen that the net returns are very satisfactory.
"But now there are some limitations to the profitable production of peas for the cannery. Among the most im- portant of these are the temperature, the area, the cultural
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requirements and the variety. The pea is a cool season crop and does not thrive well where the temprature is too high. It is well adapted to Utah's valleys, but the mistake is made too often of planting too late. The area planted to peas should not be too large to be properly handled at harvest time. The peas must be gotten to the vinery at just the proper time. As to culture, the pea thrives in a variety of soils. The seedbed should be prepared and irrigation is of particular importance. The water must be applied at the right time and in the proper quantity. One very com- mon mistake is to irrigate too much, causing the peas to ripen prematurely. The variety should be well chosen but usually the cannery does this for us."
Another vegetable grown extensively for canning in Morgan County is cabbage, which is manufactured into kraut. There were 50 acres planted to cabbage last sea- son and the yield was 500 tons.
Good plow lands in the county are valued at $250 an acre, according to the estimates of the United States Bu- reau of Crop Estimates for March, this year. Poor plow lands are valued at $95 an acre, while the average for the county is given as $150 an acre.
The mountain lands are covered with an abundance of rich and nutritious grasses, affording excellent oppor- tunities for the dairy industry which is only partially de- veloped. Some creameries are now in operation and some of the larger companies operate in the section through branch or shipping stations. Probably some of the most promising opportunities in the county are in connection with the development of the dairy industry.
The hills are well supplied with good growths of pine and aspen, and trout and other fish abound in the streams. Thousands of tourists and sportsmen visit the county dur- ing the year and find it one of the best fishing sections of the state. Deer abound in the hills and wild chickens are reported to be more plentiful in Morgan County than in almost any other section of the state.
Mineral development has been neglected in the county, probably because of the fame of the established camp of Park City in the neighboring county of Summit. Some promising mineralized areas have been found and prospect- ed to a limited degree. The phosphate zone passes through a portion of the county, but this resource, like others in the mineral line is awaiting development.
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Piute County
When the British blockade stopped German shipping in the latter part of 1914 the probability of a serious potash shortage caused serious apprehension among the agricul- tural interests of the country. And there was good cause for apprehension because practically all the twelve million dollars worth of potash consumed annually in the United States came from Germany and insofar as was generally known the American potash resources were negligible and successful methods for production in a commercial way were nil. By the following spring the Federal Government had its experts scouring the country for raw materials and its chemists working overtime in an effort to develop satis- factory processes for the manufacture of potash. It was about this time, along in 1915, that Piute County sprung a surprise for America and the world, in the form of a ship- ment of twenty-eight tons of American-made potash.
POTASH PLANT, ALUNITE Piute County.
Potash from a pink spar called alunite was the answer. The initial shipment of potash soon was followed by more and all during the war period, except the period when the burned plant was being rebuilt, a steady stream of potash was moving from Marysvale to fertilizing and munition manufacturing centers. The production of Piute county was not sufficient to meet the potash demand by any means but it helped materially and stimulated further exploration
Digitize<
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and investigation. And today the manufacture of potash is one of the principal industries of the county.
The reputation of Piute County as a mining center was in a sad state of repair when Tom Gillan tucked a few pieces of pink spar into his grip about ten years ago and set out for Salt Lake City. Veterans of the district wagged their heads knowingly and their comments were anything but encouraging, for hadn't they tried samples of that same pink spar for metal values years before, and hadn't they seen tenderfeet meet with similar disappointment almost every summer? In the eyes of the miners the only redeeming feature of the pink spar, which was so abundant in the region, was that it was not difficult to bore through in the search of more valuable minerals.
But there was a hurried change in feeling when Gillan and Custer plastered the south hillside in Little Cottonwood canyon with location notices, and the secret leaked out that the pink spar was alunite running high in potash and alumi- num. Interest soon altered to excitement and when the Mineral Products Company began the construction of the first potash plant there was a full-grown stampede for alunite ground in Piute County, and the old camp of Marys- vale was in the throes of an old-time mining boom.
Omitting symbols and fractions, alunite contains sul- phuric acid 38 per cent, water 13 per cent, potash 10 to 13 per cent and alumina 35 to 37 per cent. Some of the ores in Piute County carry a lower potash content and some considerably higher but the alumina content is about sta- tionary. About two-fifths of the alumina is metal alumi- num, or roughly, about 280 pounds of aluminum to the ton of ore. The development of the alunite industry would be stimulated considerably if some process could be worked out which would permit the production of metal aluminum in a commercial way. The construction of the original plant of the Mineral Products Company about seven miles south of Marysvale built the new town of Alunite, and if metal aluminum can be produced profitably there will be half a dozen or more camps similar to Alunite spring up almost overnight. Following the signing of the armistice there was a big sag in potash prices which brought about the suspension of activities at practically all the alunite camps in Piute County. The lull at Alunite, however, was only temporary. Certain qualities of the potash produced there are especially adapted to tobacco culture, qualities not found in German or other American potash, and the demand is so great that the plant at Alunite soon was re- opened and has been working at capacity since. The de-
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velopment of the vast deposits of alunite is only in its infancy and its progress probably will be slow until some use is made of the alumina or until potash producers are confident that they can meet foreign competition.
The alunite excitement was not Piute County's first experience with mining booms. As early as 1856 gold was discovered in the gravel of Pine Creek near the site of the present town of Marysvale. The find was kept secret however, until about 1869. In that year a party of pros- pectors tried panning the Pine Creek gravel and ultimately discovered the Webster mine and precipitated the first mining boom in the section. Half a dozen or more famous old properties were worked about this time, all of which, except the Deer Trail, have been abandoned or are worked indifferently. Along in the early '80s a rich gold strike was made in the Gold Mountain section and the camp of Kimberly was born. The Annie Laurie was one of the famous producers in this section and was worked within recent years. The total production of the Gold Mountain district is estimated by the Geological Survey to be approxi- mately $3,250,000. The Ohio and Mount Baldy district* are south of Gold Mountain and include several famou? properties, some of which still are operated intermittently. The production records of these districts are far from com- plete but the figures available show an aggregate output of about $210,000.
The most highly mineralized section of the county is in the Tushar range, one of the majestic and really beauti- ful mountain ranges in the state, and the highest range in southern Utah. Among its notable peaks are Belknap, De- lano, Baldy and Barrette, all above 12,000 feet. Nestling ir. little pockets along the range are many beautiful little lakes, the most notable of. which is Puffer's Lake in the vicinity of Mt. Baldy. The entire section is ideal for vaca- tionists who want to get away from the beaten path and can stand a little roughing, for the highways, other than those connecting the principal towns, are little more than trails, and the way to the most pleasing retreats and the most majestic scenery is little more than a dimly outlined path.
Piute County is considerably smaller than its neigh- bors. The country generally is broken and about the only agricultural possibilities are found along the rather narrow valley of the upper Sevier River, along Otter Creek and in Grass Valley. The mountains are covered with good timber, about one-half of the county's area being included in the Powell, Fish Lake, Fillmore and Sevier National For- ests. These conditions are ideal for stock raising and. de-
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spite the mineral resources, stock growing is the principal industry.
In the vicinity of Marysvale the Sevier Valley is very narrow, but it widens to the south in the vicinity of Junc- tion, the county seat. Between Marysvale and Junction is situated the Piute reservoir which stores water for thou- sands of acres of fertile lands in Sevier County. The valley widens again to the south of Junction and there has been established the settlements of Circleville and Kingston.
Although not the seat of county government, Marys- vale is the most important town in the county, especially from a commercial viewpoint. It is there that the railroad ends — a branch line of the Denver & Rio Grande railroad from Thistle — and Marysvale is the shipping point for prac- tically all that big country from there to the Arizona-Utah state line, a distance of more than 200 miles. Vast coal and timber resources exist in the country to the south and preliminary surveys have been made for branch rail- roads to tap the section when conditions may justify.
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Rich County
Green-clad mountains, fertile valleys traversed by gur- gling mountain streams, a fresh-water lake of wonderful beauty and generous proportions, and an invigorating cli- mate combine to make Rich County an ideal refuge from the turmoil of the business world and a mecca for those who appreciate the beauties of nature in the rough with modern conveniences nearby.
Situated in the northeastern corner of the Utah pan- handle, rich in resources but rather small in area. Rich County has been permitted to work out its transportation problems as best it could, with the result that it is without a railroad except along its southeastern corner, and the development of the country generally has suffered. Grad- ual improvement in the highways since the advent of the motor vehicle has done something toward the solution of the transportation problem and has made accessible to the vacationist the restful retreats of the region. Only a few hours' ride from Logan through a canyon of rare scenic beauty and scarcely more than half a day's journey from Ogden and Salt Lake City by motor, Rich County is destined to become one of the great summer playgrounds of the urban population of Utah.
The principal attraction for the vacationist is Bear Lake, a beautiful body of fresh water twenty-two miles long and eight miles wide, nestling between the mountain ranges and about evenly divided between Utah and Idaho. Rustic summer homes, tent colonies and pretty little cities peep from among the trees which dot its shores; trim rowboats and lean motor launches race across its surface, and bathers gambol in the shallow waters along white and sandy beaches from June to September. Fish there are in abundance and the anglers make the most of their opportunity. Around its shores are grouped the picturesque and thriving town? of Garden City and Laketown, in Utah, and Fishaven, St Charles and Turnpike, in Idaho. For, although the city dwellers to the south have begun to appreciate Bear Lake a summer resort only within recent years, citizens of south- ern Idaho towns have been making their annual pilgrimage for a decade or longer.
But Rich County's resources are not confined to its vacation resorts. The very agency, or lack of it, — rail transportation — that has prevented development along many lines, supplemented by ideal range conditions, has made Rich County one of the leading livestock sections of the
ed by
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State. The luxuriant grasses covering the mountains fur- nish unexcelled grazing during the summer months and the fertile valleys produce ample hay for winter feeding. Some years ago Rich County farmers began to appreciate the high-grade stock, and pure-blood animals now are nearer the rule than the exception.
Rich County apples are among the most delicious in the State, and other small fruits and berries of unusual flavor are raised in abundance to care for the local needs. But because of the livestock industry, agricultural efforts are devoted largely to hay and grain. The soil is deep and exceedingly fertile and the valleys are well watered by mountain streams. On the mesas the average annual precipitation is about fifteen inches, making conditions high- ly favorable to dry -farming which is practiced with success. Thirty bushels of wheat, fifty bushels of barley, sixty to seventy bushels of oats or three tons of hay to the acre are not unusual yields.
In the Crawford Mountains is one of the great phos- phate areas of the United States. There are outcroppings of phosphate strata aggregating 113,000 feet, and the United State Geological Survey estimates there are in the deposit 90,000,000 tons of available phosphate rock carrying seventy per cent or better of bone phosphate. Smaller de- posits occur in other parts of the county but investigations made have not been sufficient to justify an estimate of the tonnage. Some development work has been done in the Crawford Mountains and several thousand tons of phos- phate rock have been mined and hauled by wagon to the railroad at Sage, Wyoming. However, this method of hand- ling the product proved too expensive to justify undertaking development on a big scale and there is no activity in the field at this time. To the north in Idaho, near Paris, a big property has been opened up recently and an extension of the railroad built to permit the shipment of vast quantities of the rock to Pacific coast points.
Along the western border of the county is a range of mountains which is heavily mineralized. Many small de- posits of unusually rich ore have been found, carrying prin- cipally silver, lead and copper. Prospecting has been con- fined chiefly to persons living in the vicinity who are with- out experience and practically nothing has been done in the Way of development.
Besides the towns in the vicinity of Bear Lake, there are Randolph, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, and Woodruff, in the eastern part of the county, both prosperous farming and stock growing communities.
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A road building program has been undertaken, which, when completed will connect all the principal towns of the county and give them good highways to the cities and towns in neighboring counties.
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Salt Lake County
"Salt Lake City — an institution; not a curiosity."
Allen D. Albert's terse description of the intermountain metropolis certainly is expressive but to some it may not be convincing. Thousands of tourists visit the city annu- ally as a curiosity. If they are observing they learn that it is an institution, but most of them prefer to cling to the opinion that they have seen a curiosity as well. And Salt Lake citizens are not inclined to argue the question. They welcome the curiosity seekers as well as home seekers as quite frequently the curiosity seekers eventually become home seekers. Any way, they like to make new acquaint- ances. It supplies the most effective channel for the dis- semination of correct information concerning conditions, re- sources and opportunities, not only those afforded by the city but by the State and the Intermountain region as a whole.
Salt Lake City is the business and manufacturing center of the great Intermountain region. It is the largest city between Denver and the Pacific coast cities, barring Spo- kane. Commercially it is one of the most important inland cities in the great West. It is the distributing point for Utah, western Colorado, eastern Nevada, southern Idaho, western Wyoming and parts of Montana and Arizona. It is headquarters for most intermountain branches of outside business institutions as well as the majority of the bigger business institutions of the Intermountain region. It is served by transcontinental railroads radiating in all direc- tions as well as local interurban lines. It is a thrifty, healthy youngster, scarcely more than in its infancy. It is one of the most modern cities on the continent and its progress is continuous. Its population in 1910 was 92,777 ; in 1920 it is in excess of 118,000 — an increase of 28 per cent; no boom, just a natural healthy growth, stimulated by the develop- ment of the state and the Intermountain region. And the development of the State and the Intermountain region has only begun. Their illimitable resources have scarcely been scratched. The opportunities that have been grasped are only a drop in the bucket as compared with the opportuni- ties of the future.
Naturally, Salt Lake City is the financial center of the region it serves. The bank clearings this year should ap- proach and possibly exceed a billion dollars. New develop- ment is fostered and encouraged to the extent of the capital
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LOOKING NORTHWARD ON MAIN STREET Salt Lake City — State Capitol in Right Background
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available. But the resources are so great that rapid devel- opment can come only with the aid of outside capital.
There is a firmly established opinion abroad that Salt Lake is strictly a Mormon city. True, it was founded by those hardy pioneers of Mormon faith, and they and their descendants have taken a large part in its building. But, strange as it may seem, the population of Salt Lake City is approximately 60 per cent non-Mormon. Almost every sect known to the North American continent is represented in Salt Lake City by one or more churches, and all work harmoniously toward the building of a greater city and a greater State.
The public school system of Salt Lake ranks near the top among the schools of the larger cities of the country. There are schools also that are supported by various re- ligious sects. The climax in educational institutions in both City and State is the University of Utah, situated in the eastern part of the city.
Most of all, Salt Lake is a city of homes. Its percent- age of home-owners is unusually high and the homes are substantial as well as of artistic design. The transient population is small but ample provisions have been made for those desiring only temporary homes. Apartment houses are steadily increasing in number and among the hotels are some of the finest west of the Missouri River. As a con- vention city it has a reputation equalled by few and ex- celled by none.
The climate of Salt Lake is ideal for those who are old-fashioned enough to want four seasons each year. Salt Lake has four seasons, each distinct but none extreme. The altitude, too, is a happy medium — approximately 4,200 feet above sea level. In the warmer days of summer, the nearby canyons afford cool and pleasant retreats and are accessible over good highways by motor trips of anywhere from fifteen minutes to two hours. Half a dozen or more of the nearer canyons are dotted with summer homes of the city dwellers. And while the winters in the city are mild, the nearby mountains afford excellent fields for all kinds of winter sports. And, in passing, one of the most effective antidotes for summer warmth is a dip in the briny waters of Great Salt Lake, thirty minutes' ride by motor or inter- urban from the heart of the city.
But Salt Lake City and Salt Lake County, although closely allied, are separate entities. Their interests are much in common but each maintains its governmental or- ganization. The city has approximately eighty per cent of the entire population of the county but occupies less than
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three per cent of the territory. Along the main highways, however, the towns are so closely situated that it is ex- tremely difficult at times to determine where one town ends and another begins.
There are few more fertile spots in the country than Salt Lake County, especially that portion of it situated in the Great Salt Lake valley. Practically all crops common
BATHING IN GREAT SALT LAKE Salt Lake County.
to the north temperate zone, north of the cotton line, are grown successfully and yield heavy returns. Eighty-nine per cent of the crop acreages of the county were under irri- gation this season. There are some bench lands that are not susceptible to irrigation under existing systems and there are many thousands of acres of land between Salt Lake City and Great Salt Lake awaiting drainage to become among the most fertile and productive in the West.
Intensive farming is the rule in Salt Lake County. Truck gardens, orchards and sugar beets assure the high- est yields. Grain and hay are grown as rotation crops and as a valuable adjunct to the dairy industry which yields handsome returns. Land values are too high to permit the cultivation of the usual farm crops to any extent. As a rule the tillable lands are cut into small tracts and cultivated by the owners.
The county shares with the city the honors of a manu- facturing center. There are upwards of a thousand manu- facturing establishments of various kinds in the State and
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approximately 60 per cent of them are situated in Salt Lake City and Salt Lake County.
On the eastern side of the county are the Wasatch mountains and on the western are the Oquirrhs, each a treasurehouse of metals. In the Wasatch mountains the principal camp in the county is Alta, and in the Oquirrhs is the famous camp of Bingham. And down in the valley between the two ranges are the smelters and other reducing plants incidental to the mining industry. Each of the camps
TYPICAL HARDS URFACED HIGHWAY Salt Lake County.
has been a consistent producer since pioneer days, but in the past twenty years Bingham has outdistanced its neigh- bor across the valley. Among the famous mines at Bingham now in operation are the Utah-Apex, the Utah Consolidated and the Utah Copper, the latter being one of the big copper producers of the world today. It is a big open-air mine, where, under normal conditions more than a score of steam shovels work twenty-four hours a day, gradually tearing down a mountain and moving almost as large a daily tonnage as was moved in the construction of the Panama Canal. It is a mountain of low-grade copper ore, connected with the
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company's two big mills by a private railroad constructed at a fabulous cost. Some idea of the immensity of the proposi- tion and what it means to the County and the State is re- flected in its banner year's operation when copper was in demand during the war, when the production amounted to about $75,000,000 and $24,000,000 were paid in dividends.
The principal smelting plants in the county are situ- ated at Murray and Midvale, south of Salt Lake City, and at Garfield, west of Salt Lake City and north of Bingham, and near the Arthur and Magna mills of the Utah Copper Company. On the bench between Bingham and Garfield is situated the Utah plant of the Hercules Powder Com- pany.
In the north end of the county is the center of the packing industry. There are the Salt Lake Union Stock Yards and the plants of the Cudahy and the Utah Packing & Provision Company, which have gone a long way toward making Salt Lake City and County the center of the packing industry in the Intermountain region. There are other packing plants of lesser importance in other parts of the county, especially that of the Murray Livestock Company, south of Salt Lake.
Salt Lake City and County invite the vacationists, the curiosity seekers and the home seekers to avail themselves of the magnificent opportunities awaiting in all three fields.
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San Juan County
With an area of only a couple of hundred square miles less than the state of Massachusetts, San Juan County has a population equalled by many New England villages. With- in its borders are more than 8,000 square miles of terri- tory and its gross population, including Indians, is not much in excess of 4,000, or about half a person to the square mile. It is a goodly share of the last frontier in the United States — a country where the cowpuncher, the Indian, the prospec- tor and the log cabin of the homesteader are genuine parts of the scenery and not incongruities. It is a land of un- paralleled natural scenery, a country of magnificent dis- tances and big opportunities, a region with a most fescinat- ing history. It is the home of the purple sage.
Situated in the southeastern corner of the State, San Juan is the most isolated of all the counties from rail trans- portation, but this very isolation causes the most to be made of one of its greatest resources — the greatest livestock range left in the West. The country is broken and in some places extremely rough, but, withal, exceptionally adapted to grazing purposes. Of the 5,100,000 acres in the county, less than 500,000 are in private ownership, according to the assessment rolls. About 450,000 acres are within the La Sal National Forest; another 500,000 acres are within the Navajo Indian Reservation; some 200,000 acres have been withdrawn by the Federal Government as oil lands but are now subject to lease. The State school sections account for another half million acres and still there are left subject to homestead and desert land entry some 3,000,000 acres, or about 60 per cent of the county's area.
The late Professor L. A. Merrill, after a wide experience as head of the Extension Division of the Utah Agricultural College, declared San Juan County not only the best dry- farming county in the State but best in the West. Subse- quent developments have done much to vindicate his judg- ment. With an average precipitation in most of the dry- farming districts of 15 to 20 inches annually and soil condi- tions unusually favorable, San Juan has been inclined to encourage the application of this method of farm develop- ment rather than expensive irrigation projects. Wheat is the principal dry-farm crop, although oats and barley re- spond to this method of cultivation. The dry-farm wheat is superior to most grown by irrigation and the yield of 35 to 40 bushels to the acre under favorable conditions is nearer the rule than the exception.
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In the Colorado, San Juan and other rivers there is ample water to reclaim all the arid lands of the section were it not that the expense of building the projects would be prohibitive. However, there are several small irrigation projects in operation with highly gratifying results, the mushroom growth of the town of Grayson being responsible to this character of development. General conditions are favorable to the growing of a wider variety of crops in San Juan than in the central and northern portions of the State but inasmuch as everything grown must find a home market or move on its own feet, there has been little call for diversified farming.
With all its agricultural possibilities, San Juan is not a farming section primarily. Its principal industry is stock growing. Interest is pretty evenly divided between cattle and sheep but horses are not entirely out of style.
San Juan's chief claim to fame at this particular time, however, is its remarkable natural bridges. About a dozen have been discovered up to this time and about half of them would make from two to four of the famous Virginia natural bridge, so long considered one of the wonders of the new world. Three of the bridges — the Edwin, the Caro- lyn and the Augusta — are situated in the White Canyon region almost west of Grayson and are included in the Na- tional Bridges National Monument. The greatest natural arch yet discovered is the Nonnezoshe, northwest of Navajo Mountain and near the Colorado River, and now included in the Rainbow Bridge National Monument. It is 308 feet high and has a span of 275 feet. The Sansosie, in Monument Park, near the Utah-Arizona line, has been discovered more recently and has not been included in any government with- drawal as yet. It is 350 feet high but has a span of only about 75 feet.
Numerous efforts have been made within recent years to build a motor highway through the natural bridge region and connect them with Mesa Verde National Park on the east, and Grand Canyon and Zion National Parks on the west. Much of the San Juan country, however, is unex- plored and the population of the county is so small that if any extended road program is undertaken the financing must be done on the outside. The State, in connection with the county, however, has undertaken the improvement of the main highway between the principal towns of the county and the railroad at Thompsons on the Denver & Rio Grande. While the bridges are decidedly unusual and interesting, there are many other natural wonders in the region. Some of the most remarkable formations in the
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west are to be found in the Monument Valley country, which, in many ways bears resemblance to the Painted Desert dis- trict. Also, there is the Colorado River and its wonderful gorges leading to "the Grand Canyon and scores of side canyons, many of which are yet unexplored. Then, too, there are historical curiosities of deep interest in the form of ruined habitations of the Cliff Dwellers. Some of the most famous of these ruins are Kitsil, Betatakin and Bat Woman House, but new discoveries are being made by the archaeologists each year.
In these days of motor driven vehicles, a report of an oil discovery commands attention throughout the country, and if the discovery appears of any magnitude the interest extends far beyond our national borders. San Juan had its thrills from oil discoveries more than a decade ago. It was demonstrated conclusively that there was oil in the county but in those days oil wasn't worth a great deal. Then there was the question of transporting materials and machinery into the field and getting the oil to market and the shortage of experienced labor. To further dampen en- thusiasm, the Government withdrew all public lands in the district from entry. The enactment of the leasing law in February, 1920, makes it possible for private interests to develop the field and the steadily increasing demand for oil makes it important that they do so.
The field lies in the valley of the San Juan River west of Bluff and the oil obtained is high in gasoline and kero- sene, testing usually from 35 to 40 Baume. Although oil seeps were observed along the San Juan River by freighters and traders in the early '80s and the first claim was filed upon by E. L. Goodridge in 1882, no drilling was done until the fall of 1907, and on March 4, 1908, San Juan celebrated the inauguration of William Howard Taft by bringing in a "gusher" which threw oil 70 feet into the air. The excite- ment that followed brought drilling rigs from all parts of the country and during the winter of 1910-11 it was reported that 27 rigs were being operated and others were on the way. Transportation, lack of markets, labor shortage and land withdrawals gradually overcame the enthusiasm but not until many wells had been brought in and title estab- lished to some of the land. That the possibilities were equally favorable for oil in other parts of the county than where the discoveries were made, was the opinion expressed by E. G. Woodruff of the United States Geological Survey after an investigation of the region in the summer of 1910. Since the enactment of the leasing law interest has again
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been awakened in the San Juan country and within another year some highly important developments are expected.
Where there is room for the explorer it is only natural and proper that the prospector will be found. In the river sands are fine grains of gold but on the whole the metal is too scarce or the grains too fine to encourage extensive operations. In recent years, however, the prospector has brought in something almost as precious as gold. It is carnotite ore, from which we obtain radium and vanadium, and ordinarily it ranges in value from $80 to $160 a ton. Northern San Juan County is a part of the greatest known carnotite field in the world.
In the northern part of the county, too, there is an- other unusual metal deposit — a veritable sandstone moun- tain impregnated with copper. The property is known as the Big Indian and a company bearing that name was or- ganized several years ago to work the deposit. A large sum has been expended in development of a process for treating the ore and in the erection of a mill, and it is expected that blister copper will be moving to market before the end of the year.
San Juan is the biggest of our counties and it offers big opportunities to the man who is willing to follow the precepts laid down by that hardy breed of men and women who built the rest of the West — the pioneers. And it is not all wilderness — there are towns such as Monticello, the county seat ; Blanding, Grayson, Verdure and Bluff.
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Sanpete County
Geographically Sanpete County just about occupies the center of Utah. Its fertile valleys are among the banner farming regions of the State. The farms of Sanpete and its neighbor on the south, Sevier County, rival in fertility and productiveness those of the famed Cache and Bear River Valleys and Cache and Box Elder Counties in the northern part of the State. Generally, the products of the two sections are very much alike.
Sanpete County embraces an area of 1,013,760 acres, including the Sanpitch valley, through which the river of that name flows on its way to join the Sevier. The valley is Y-shaped, with the stem to the south and the prongs to the north. In the west fork of the Y are the towns of Fountain Green, Freedom, Moroni and Wales, while in the east fork are the towns of Milburn, Fairview, Mt. Pleasant and Spring City. Near the junction of the forks are Chester, and southward are Ephraim, Manti, Sterling, Mayfield and Gunnison. The Sevier valley also reaches into the southern part of the county and in it are the towns of Centerf ield and Axtell. The northernmost town in the county is Indianola, which is over the summit in the Spanish Fork drainage. East and West of the valley are great mountain ranges which afford excellent summer grazing and from which come numerous mountain streams to supply water for irri- gation in the valley.
As has been intimated, agriculture is the chief industry of the county. According to the 1920 census there are approximately 2,000 farms in the county. Under the 1919 assessment classification there were 175,199 acres listed as farming lands with a valuation of $3,951,623 and 139,649 acres as grazing lands with a value of $609,305. The total assessed valuation of the county was $14,092,550. The assessment rolls showed 22,930 head of cattle in the county, valued at $970,985 ; 46,685 sheep, valued at $460,890 ; 3,243 swine, valued at $29,590, and 5,977 horses, valued at $408,790.
Hay and grain are the principal crops of the county, although excellent garden vegetables and fruits are raised for local use. Sugar beets also form an important crop, especially since the erection of beet sugar factories at Mo- roni and Gunnison or Centerfield. Prior to the establish- ment of local sugar factories the farmers of Sanpete county raised large acreages of beets and shipped them to the factories of Sevier and Utah Counties. During the 1920
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season there were 9,400 acres planted to winter wheat, 15,000 acres to spring wheat, 6,600 acres to oats, 1,800 acres to barley, and 26,800 acres to alfalfa. The estimated yield was 175,000 bushels of winter wheat, 330,000 bushels of spring wheat, 283,800 bushels of oats, 63,000 bushels of bar- ley and 110,000 tons of alfalfa. Potatoes form another staple crop and recently considerable attention has been given to the growing of peas for canning purposes. The Sanpete Val- ley furnishes an excellent field for the canning industry. The first canning plant in the section was erected at Ephraim in 1913 and the results of the experiment have been very gratifying. Moroni, Fountain Green, Mt. Pleasant and the Gunnison Valley are the principal sugar beet sections. Al- falfa seed is grown in various parts of the county but prob- ably is given more attention in the Gunnison valley than elsewhere.
Two branch lines of the Denver & Rio Grange supply rail transportation for the county. The Marysvale branch traverses the county north and south and another branch between Manti and Nephi, the latter in Juab County, affords another outlet. In addition to the railroad facilities, the county is well supplied with good highways which not only connect the principal towns but connect the county with the cities of Utah, Salt Lake and Weber Counties on the north, and of Piute, Sevier, Garfield, Wayne and Kane Counties on the south. Besides the markets of the cities of the more populous sections, Sanpete farmers find a ready demand for much of their produce, especially poultry, in the mining camps of Carbon and Emery Counties.
For many years the farmers of the county were de- pendent on irrigation, or believed themselves to be, but the advent of dry-farming has been responsible for the cultiva- tion of vast areas of fertile bench lands. This is especially true in the regions near Indianola, and on the benches near Freedom and Wales and west of Manti. For many years the country north and west of Fountain Green was con- sidered too dry and gravelly to be of any use except for grazing. About ten years ago it was put on the market by the State and bought by farmers of the section for experimental dry-farming. It has proven to be excellent dry-farm wheat land and has encouraged dry-farming in various other parts of the county.
Luscious native grasses, excellent hay and highly favor- able natural conditions have stimulated the dairy industry. The section is ideal for dairying, rivaling Cache County, and creameries have been established at Manti, Ephraim, Mt. Pleasant, Fairview, Gunnison and other points in the
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valley. Many farmers operate their own separators and ship the cream direct to market. Other branches of the livestock industry figure extensively in the activities of the Sanpete County farmers. For many years sheep grow- ing predominated but more recently attention has been turned more and more to cattle growing. The sheep and cattle are grazed during the summer months on the forest reserves, which occupy a considerable part of the county's area, and on privately owned grazing lands. In the winter some of the sheep and all the cattle are fed in the valley but large flocks of sheep also are wintered on the deserts in the western part of the State. Fountain Green, Mt. Pleasant and Manti are the principal wool shipping points, but considerable wool also is produced in the vicinity of Fairview, Spring City, Wales, Ephraim and Gunnison. Some of the finest pure-blood stock in the western country is found in the county, especially in the vicinity of Mt. Pleas- ant, where some of the most progressive farmers and stock growers have specialized in pure-bred animals.
Some of the finest building stone in America occurs in great quantities near Manti and Ephraim. It is an oolitic limestone, very similar to the famous Caen stone, a beautiful white color and easily worked and hardened after exposure to the air. The stone was used in the construc- tion of the Mormon Temple at Manti and for interior walls of the State Capitol at Salt Lake City. Large quantities of the stone have been shipped to various points on the Pacific coast and in the eastern part of the United States, notably for the interior of the mansion of the late E. H. Harriman in New York. Two well equipped quarries are operated near Ephraim.
There are no large cities in the county but there is a group of towns, all progressive and nearly all modern in the way of improvements, varying in population from 800 to three or four thousand. Most of the towns have electric light plants, water systems (some municipally owned), ce- ment sidewalks, modern schools, churches and public li- braries. The growth of none of the towns has been rapid or spectacular, but more along substantial and conservative lines.
While most of the irrigation is accomplished by direct diversion of water from the streams, there are some im- portant reservoir projects. The Wales reservoir, between Wales and Moroni ; the Gunnison reservoir, near Gunnison, and the Nine Mile reservoir, near Sterling, are examples. In the Gunnison reservoir is stored the high waters of the Sanpitch River. The Piute project, which embraces the
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storage of surplus waters of the Sevier river at a point near Junction, in Piute County, and covers a considerable part of the reclamation of the lands in the Sevier Valley, Sevier County, also extends a short distance into southern Sanpete County.
There are no big tracts of public lands open in Sanpete County. Practically all the big tracts of Government land left in the county are in the forest reserves. There are, however, large acreages of good farming lands which are being divided from year to year as farming is practiced on a more intensive scale, and these lands are available at reasonable figures. There is a need for more intensive farming, and to accomplish that end Sanpete County needs more settlers.
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Sevier County
Given soil which is unexcelled and ample water for all purposes, Sevier County is one of the banner agricul- tural sections of the State and the western country. The soils in most parts of the county are of clay and sandy loam, particularly adapted to the growing of alfalfa and small grains but highly favorable to all kinds of agricultural pursuits.
Sevier County has an area of 2,068 square miles — 1,323,520 acres — approximately two-thirds of which are in- cluded in the Fish Lake and Fillmore National Forests. The agricultural area is confined largely to the broad valley of the Sevier River, from which the county derives its name, and which occupies the major portion of the area outside the forest reserves. Water is available for practically the entire valley and nearly all of it is under irrigation. On the east and west sides of the valley, along the mountain foothills, fruit growing is a profitable industry.
Water for irrigation is obtained chiefly from the nat- ural flow of the Sevier River, together with several reser- voirs which have been built in the mountains. The biggest project is the Piute, built by the State Land Board. The reservoir is situated in Piute County near the town of Junc- tion and has storage capacity for approximately 90,000 acre feet of water. Recently the project was sold by the State to the landowners under it at about $1,500,000. Out- side of the Sevier valley there are a number of large basins of extremely fertile land that have been yielding big returns to the dry-farmers. On the whole, the farming lands are pretty well taken up, but as a rule the holdings are large and could be segregated into smaller tracts if there were sufficient settlers to undertake farming on a more intensive scale. Approximately 80 per cent of the agricultural lands in the county are under cultivation. Estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture indicate that poor plow lands in the county, of which there are few, were valued at $109 an acre as compared with a general average of $60 in the State as a whole. Good plow lands were valued at $258 an acre, while the general average value of lands of this character throughout the State was $135 an acre. The average price of all plow lands in the county was $200 an acre as compared with a general average of $103.
During the season of 1920 there were 600 acres planted to winter wheat, 3,300 acres to spring wheat, 2,600 acres to oats, 400 acres to barley and 23,200 acres to alfalfa. The
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estimated yield of each was 12,000 bushels of winter wheat, 72,000 bushels of spring wheat, 112,000 bushels of oats, 14,000 bushels of barley and 95,000 tons of alfalfa.
The total assessed valuation of property in the county for 1919 was $11,113,980. The assessment rolls showed 174,840 acres in private ownership, of which 68,813 acres were classified as farming lands with a value of $3,847,918, and 92,411 acres as grazing lands with a value of $433,436. The livestock assessment showed 31,311 head of cattle val- ued at $1,365,676; 56,755 head of sheep valued at $608,099; 3,455 swine valued at $32,756, and 4,962 horses valued at $366,350.
As reflected in the assessment, stock growing is an important industry and has been stimulated considerably by the beet sugar industry and the adaptability of Sevier County lands to alfalfa. The Sevier is one of the finest sugar beet sections in the State and furnishes an ample supply of beets for the factory near Elsinore. Since the erection of the factory, thousands of head of cattle have been wintered annually in Sevier County. The beet tops are utilized extensively for fattening hogs, thereby eliminating to a considerable extent the use of grain. The farmers get three good crops of alfalfa and enough of a fourth crop to afford excellent pasture. The alfalfa usually finds a ready market among the stock growers who use it for winter feeding.
There are a number of modern and progressive towns in the county, the principal one being Richfield, the county seat and the metropolis of south-central Utah. It is one of the most progressive cities in the State. It has every modern convenience, paved streets, sidewalks, a lighting system which is the envy of many cities of several times the size of Richfield and an excellent drainage system. The city has expended during the past two years $325,000 in the construction of sidewalks and paved streets. Its schools are fully in keeping with other modern and progressive features of the city. Among other towns of note are Salina, Monroe, Elsinore, Joseph, Annabelle, Central, Sigurd, Red- mond, Aurora, Koosharem and Burrville. The biggest de- velopment is taking place in the towns along the main north and south highway, especially at Richfield, which is an important point on the Salt Lake-Bryce-Grand Canyon Highway and the gateway to the famous Fish Lake resort. Fish Lake is a beautiful body of water situated in the moun- tains about fifty miles southeast of Richfield and is one of the finest fishing resorts in the West. A new road from the main highway to the resort is now practically completed,
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which will make the region more easily accessible and make the country much more popular with vacationists and sports- men.
Dairying also is proving a money-making industry for the farmers of the county. Some local creameries have been established and some dairy products find their way to the Salt Lake City market, but there is a great deal of room for development in this respect. Some efforts have been made to bring about the establishment of a milk condensory in the Sevier Valley which appears to offer a splendid oppor- tunity for such an institution. Poultry raising is growing in popularity, especially in relation to turkeys.
Sevier County has made no great claim for recognition on account of its mineral resources but nevertheless some of the State's big coal beds are found within its boundaries. The coal fields of Sevier are an extension or continuation of the Carbon-Emery County fields are situated in the northeastern section. They probably are more accessible from Salina than any of the other important towns and a branch railrbad was built many years ago up Salina Canyon to develop the deposits. At that time there was not a wide market for coal in this part of the country and other diffi- culties arose which resulted in the suspension of operations. The coal market has developed wonderfully in recent years and surveys have been made for the construction of a rail- road from the vicinity of Price, in Carbon County, through Carbon and Emery Counties and into the Sevier Coal fields. As yet, however, no construction work has been undertaken and no definite plan for the building of the extension has been announced.
Gypsum is one of the minerals which is being developed in the county but no ways near its possibilities. One of the finest and biggest gypsum deposits opened up in the State is being worked by the Jumbo Plaster Company at Sigurd. The gypsum tests better than 99 per cent pure and the supply is of such magnitude that it might be termed prac- tically inexhaustible. The products of the mills are market- ed throughout the Intermountain and Pacific coast regions and in sufficient quantity to keep the quarries and mills working the year round. The company also produces a land plaster which is shipped extensively to California and northwestern points.
Rock salt is mined in open cuts near Salina.
There are but two metal mining districts in the county — the Henry district, five miles south of Sevier, and Salina Creek, near Salina. The production has been small and re- ports at present indicate there are no producing properties.
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There are many opportunities for development in the county but its chief attraction is that it is a well settled, well improved and well watered country, especially adapted to intensive farming. It should appeal to the home seeker who desires to take up his abode in a prosperous and well developed section where the opportunities are greatest for some building along the line well established in the central and middle western states.
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Summit County
There is a lure in the thought of taking precious metals from the ground — wealth overnight — that few can resist. It is this fascination that has drawn men and women from various parts of the world to Summit County. Since the discovery of rich silver-lead ore in the old Ontario mine at Park City in the early '70s, Summit County has been recog- nized as one of the great silver regions of western America. Nearly two hundred millions of dollars have been wrested from Mother Earth in the Park City district and each year sees a material addition to the production record of this wonderful camp. The old Ontario, whose discovery started the mining boom in the region, still contributes daily its share toward the maintenance of the record of the camp, as do others of ancient date — such as the Silver King Coali- tion, the Judge, the Daly and the Daly-West — and scarcely a year goes by that a new bonanza is not recorded. And yet, probably not more than half the mineralized area of the district has been explored.
Summit County has within its borders 1,232,192 acres of land, practically all of which is in the heart of the moun- tains. The area that has produced fabulous wealth from mineral development is small and is situated in the south- western corner of the county, about thirty miles from Salt Lake City. On the whole the topography of the county is rough — mountains covered with majestic forests interrupted frequently by green and wonderfully fertile valleys. The forests are practically untouched as are many of the mineral resources outside the Park City district, and the valleys are being cultivated only to a limited extent.
Included in the mineral resources to be developed are extensive deposits of bituminous coal in the vicinity of Coalville, phosphate along both flanks of the Uintah Moun- tains and hematite iron east of Park City. At Coalville some work has been done toward opening up the coal field but the output is chiefly for local consumption except in the case of the Weber Coal Company. Nothing has been done on the phosphate deposits, the investigations as to the ex- tent being only of a limited character. Many years ago the hematite iron deposit was worked to obtain iron for flux at the Park City smelters. The ore was mined under ad- verse conditions and was hauled to Park City in wagons. Operations at the property have been suspended for many years but there is a ready market for a considerable output
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of hematite iron at the Salt Lake Valley smelters if rail transportation were available.
While attention has been focused chiefly on mining operations in Summit County, stock growing has been given considerable attention because of the excellent range. For- est reserves generally are among the choicest grazing sec- tions of the West and almost half the county is included in the Uintah and Ashley National Forests. Wild grasses grow in profusion on the mountainsides not covered by the forests and in the valleys a nd furnish not only the finest grazing but provide excellent hay for winter feeding.
Generally, the valleys are well watered by mountain streams and irrigation is practiced by individual farm own* ers. So far there has been no co-operative effort of any proportions to reclaim big areas and usually the valleys are so small that efforts in this direction on a big scale would not be justified. The altitude is such that the country is best adapted to the growing of grains and grasses, and, furthermore, there is a ready market for these products. Potatoes and other root crops also yield good returns and many of the valleys should produce a superior grade of peas for canning purposes. The soil is a clay loam, varying in depth from ten to seventy feet and with no hard pan. The elevation in the valleys caries from 5,300 feet at Henefer to 6,335 at Pine View and 6,500 at Kamas and Snyderville. There are 615,265 acres of privately owned grazing land and about 35,000 acres of tillable land, of which 80 per cent is under cultivation. The tillable area includes the land along the Weber River and its tributaries, the Kamas and Parley's Park Valleys. The Bear, Green, Provo and Weber Rivers rise in the mountains in the county. The streams and mountains abound in fish and game, and Holiday Park, at the head of the Weber River, is a rendezvous for sum- mer c ampers from Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo and other Cities of the State.
Summit County is a natural dairy country, the con- ditions there rivalling Wisconsin in this respect. Besides the mining camp of Park City, Salt Lake City and Ogden furnish nearby markets for all the sweet m ilk and cream that can be produced. In the upper Weber Valley, where the distance to market is a little longer, the cream is separ- ated on the farm and sent to butter plants, one of which is at Hoytsville and another at Oakley. Many pounds of butter are made on the ranches. In the fall of 1919 an up-to-date cheese factory was opened at Kamas, in the heart of the Rhodes Valley, by the Mutual Creamery Company, and an- other plant is planned to be erected by the same company
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next spring at Wanship. Parley's Park, Kamas and Weber Valleys offer splendid fields for milk condensories.
The high quality of Summit County beef is known throughout the West. Mountain pastures are good for about five and a half months out of the year, ranch pastures Tor about two months in the fall, and the hay raised is suf- ficient to feed the remainder of the year. The Herford breed has forced itself into prominence in recent years but in Parley's Park and the Kamas Valley and Echo Canyon the Southern predominates.
The range also is excellent for sheep. Large flocks are grazed each summer on the Summit County range and small flocks on the farms prove very profitable. Hog rais- ing also is developing into a profitable business. Park City offers a good market for dressed pork and Salt Lake and Ogden markets readily absorb hogs on foot.
The county has within its confines 50 miles of the Lincoln Highway, that part of it between Park City and Salt Lake City being a real boulevard. The larger towns of the county also are served by branch lines of the Union Pacific and the Denver & Rio Grande railroads. Among the more important towns besides Park City and Coalville, the county seat, are Kamas, Wanship, Peoa, HoytsviHe, Oakley, Snyderville and Henefer.
There are flattering opportunities in Summit County in the various producing industries but at this time the pro- fessional field and the ordinary business field are pretty well covered. There are thousands of acres of mineral lands to be developed, farm lands to be put under cultivation and the dairy industry is in its infancy. In the eastern and southwestern parts of the county are great stands of timber, some of which is being utilized to a very limited extent now. To bring about the development of this great resource, how- ever, more railroad lines are needed. The timber is largely of the fir family but there are occasional groves of white and yellow pine of good quality, and some Norway pine and balsam. It is estimated that fully 80 per cent of the timber is suitable for building purposes. The Forestry Department estimates that there are more than three billion feet of saw timber in these forests. The development of this re- source will mean not only the establishment of a new and valuable industry in the State but it will also keep hundreds of thousands of dollars home each year that now go to lum- ber regions of other states.
Up in the timbered region also are some of the highest peaks in the State. Among them are Gilbert Peak, 13,687 feet high; Tokewana, 13,450; La Motte, 12,892; Hayden,
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12,500 ; and Bald Mountain, Hoyt's Peak, Mount Watson and Reed's Peak, all above 11,000 feet in elevation. In the Uintah range, especially, there are hundreds of beautiful little mountain lakes which are the source of numerous mountain streams and all abound in trout. The region as a whole is one of the best fishing and hunting sections and potential vacation resorts on the western slope of the Rockies. The lakes furnish wonderful sites for camping and for summer homes but development along these lines will be deferred until highways are built to make them accessible. It is understood that the United States Forestry Service is outlining a program of road construction in this section and that the work probably will be begun in the year 1921.
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Tooele County
In 1855 Lieutenant E. J. Steptoe laid out a military reservation to include Rush Lake and the luxuriant meadow pasturage to the post at Camp Floyd. Then came General Patrick Connor and his volunteers from California to relieve Colonel Steptoe in 1862 and they pitched their tents on the shores of Rush Lake. Those Californians knew something about gold mining and when guarding the stock on the range around the lake they undertook a little prospect work in the nearby hills. A piece broken from a promising ledge assayed rich in silver. A mining district was organized and the town of Stockton was surveyed and organized in March, 1864, and made a military post known as Camp Relief. The ores in the Ophir district were discovered the following year. Treasure Hill, in East Canyon, had long been a sacred spot whither the Indians repaired each year to hold councils and to obtain metal for bullets. Soldiers of General Connor's command, attracted by these legends, located a cropping of lead ore at the St. Louis lode, now known as the Hidden Treasure Mine. Thus began the exploitation of the mineral resources of Tooele County — a resource that has scarcely been scratched, although it already has yielded its millions.
In size, Tooele County ranks second among the counties in Utah. Within its boundaries are 4,719,360 acres, or an area almost as large as that of New Jersey. Great Salt Lake invades the northeastern part of the county and practically all the western half of the county, except the southwestern corner, is covered by the Great Salt Lake Desert. On the whole, the surface of the county is chiefly valuable for grazing, especially as a winter range for sheep. But many of the valleys are extremely fertile and yield profitable crops where water for irrigation is available. Inadequate water for irrigation purposes has done much to retard agri- cultural development although in recent years the applica- tion of dry-farming methods has brought considerable areas under cultivation in the eastern part of the county.
In Tooele Valley, situated just south of Great Salt Lake and in which is located Tooele City, the county seat, the major portion of the tillable land has been taken up and put under cultivation but it is possible that there may be some dry-farming land still available. In Rush Valley, south of Tooele, dry-farming has made good headway, espe- cially in the southwestern part. In normal years the wheat yield on these dry farms averages around seventeen to twenty bushels to the acre, however, there are some tracts
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that have yielded as high as thirty-five bushels to the acre. There are about 100,000 acres of dry-farming land in this section and water sufficient to care for culinary needs and to irrigate small orchards or gardens. Artesian water has been found in nearly every part of the valley. Dry-farming also is being practiced with success in the Cedar Valley, just over the mountains eastward from Rush Valley. The Skull Valley lies west of Rush and Tooele Valleys, and it, too, contains thousands of acres of excellent dry-farming lands. In the western half of the county, the Deep Creek Valley, in the southwestern corner, is almost the only district settled. Grain and hay are the principal crops and for these there is a ready home market supplied by the stock men who winter in that vicinity. The streams in the county are small and can supply irrigation water for only a limited area. Before any big irrigation development can take place it will be necessary to store waters in other sections and take it into the Tooele County valleys by means of long canals. It is the dream of some who have seen irrigation grow in this State, that some day the surplus waters from Utah Lake will be led around the eastern foothills of the Oquirrhs for the reclamation of the fertile lands of Tooele and Cedar Valleys and probably some of Rush Valley also. With Salt Lake City scarcely fifty miles from any point in any of the three valleys, and adequate rail transportation, the irriga- tion of these lands would undoubtedly result in the cutting of the big farms into truck gardens and orchards.
Stock growing, of course, is a highly important in- dustry in a region so peculiarly adapted to that line of effort. Ordinarily there are approximately a quarter of a million sheep and 10,000 head of cattle grazed annually in the county, representing a total value of three million dollars or more.
Two railroads traverse the county — the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad serving the eastern part from the south end of Great Salt Lake to the southern border, and the Western Pacific from the southern end of the lake to the Utah-Nevada line. With the exception of the Gold Hill section in the southwestern corner of the county, practically all the settlements of importance are in the eastern part. Besides Tooele City the important settlements in the eastern section are Grantsville, International, Stockton, St. Johns and Vernon. The development of the salt and potash in- dustries in recent years has made the towns of Burmester and Salduro, along the Western Pacific, of more than ordi- nary importance. With but few exceptions, the principal
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settlements of Tooele County were the result or in connec- tion with mineral development.
Camp Floyd, of course, was a military camp originally, and it was due largely to the activities of the occupants of the post that the mining towns of Mercur, Ophir and Stock- ton were established. Mercur, which is in the Camp Floyd mining district, was one of the early-day gold camps and produced in excess of $19,000,000 before operations were suspended. Stockton and Ophir are in the Rush Valley coun- try and only a few miles apart. The two camps have a production record of nearly $32,000,000. But little work has been done in the Stockton mines since about 1915 but some of the old mines at Ophir are working regularly. There are many persons, some mining experts, who firmly believe that some of the great ore bodies in both camps are yet to be discovered and prospecting work is carried on almost con- tinuously.
The county as a whole probably is one of the most highly mineralized sections of such an area in the West. Besides the camps already mentioned there are the following organized mining districts in the county: Blue Bells, Clif- ton (Gold Hill), Columbia, Desert, Dugway, Erikson, Granite Mountain, Lakeside, North Tintic, Silver Islet, Tooele and Willow Springs. All have been active at one time or an- other and most of them are being prospected now. The Clifton or Gold Hill district produced sufficient ore a few years ago that a branch was built from the Western Pacific at Wendover to the town of Gold Hill. Most of the ores in that region are low-grade but there is a wide variety. Practically all the ordinary metals as well as some gold and silver are produced, and some tungsten and bismuth have been mined. The Dugway district is in the south-central part of the county and about forty miles from a railroad. Some very rich ore was taken from the old Buckhorn prop- erty in the early days of the camp and shipments of the better grades have been made from time to time since. It is one of the promising mineral sections of the State but better transportation facilities or the discovery of a bonanza will probably be necessary to enlist the aid of sufficient capital to carry on proper development.
At the town of International, about four miles north- east of Tooele City, is the smelting plant of the International Smelting Company which ordinarily gives employment to about 1,000 men. Not only ores from the nearby camps go to International for smelting, but ores from various other metal producing states of the Intermountain and Pacific coast regions.
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But Tooele County's mineral resources are not confined to metals. In the western part, about the middle of the Great Salt Lake Desert, are vast beds of almost pure salt, left there by old Lake Bonneville. The area covered by the salt is probably sixty miles east and west by twenty miles north and south, and the salt varies in thickness from a few inches up to about twenty feet. The Western Pacific track is laid directly across this great deposit. For years the property was in litigation between the Federal and State Governments but since the trouble was settled about five years ago a consistent development program has been car- ried on, first by the Capell Salt Company and more recently by the Solvay Process Company, the latter being interested chiefly in the manufacture of potash.
POTASH AND SALT PLANT (Diamond Match Company)
Burmster, Tooele County.
Even before the Solvay Company became interested in the sale beds, the Diamond Match Company had begun to feel the pinch from the potash shortage brought on by the war and had begun the erection of a plant on the shore of Great Salt Lake at Grant's Station on the Western Pacific. The purpose of the plant was to treat the waters of the lake and make potash and this was accomplished, while salt was manufactured as a by-product.
About the same time the station at Grants was getting its name changed to Burmester, the Western Pacific was cutting in a siding a few miles from Grantsville to aid in opening up the enormous deposits of dolmitic and high cal-
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cium lime and great beds of silica at the new camp of Dolo- mite. The manufacture of a really plastic dolomite lime hydrate was begun at that time and is rapidly growing into one of the big industries of the county. Opportunities for other and further development if capital and men of energy are available.
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The Uintah Basin
Uintah and Duchesne Counties
Embracing the western half of the Uintah Basin, one of the greatest undeveloped regions of the west, Duchesne and Uintah Counties form a vast treasurehouse of natural resources that will be unlocked with the arrival of rail trans- portation. Billions of barrels of oil in shales, billions of tons of coal, millions of tons of hydro-carbons, hundreds of thousands of acres of fertile land, water sufficient to irri- gate many times the area and grazing lands equal in area to some of the New England states — these are a few of the things which await capital and transportation. And capital will not be long in coming when facilities for mar- keting the products are available.
The Uintah Basin is a big, bowl-shaped area approxi- mately 200 miles east and west and 80 miles north and south, and is about evenly divided between Utah and Colo- rado. Duchesne and Uintah Counties embrace Utah's por- tion and the conditions and interests of the two counties are so nearly identical and so much in common that it is diffi- cult to treat them separately.
But the application of the term "undeveloped" in this instance does not mean that the region is unsettled, al- though there is room for many times the present popula-
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tion. So rich are the resources and so abundant are oppor- tunities that many settlers have been attracted there, and thriving agricultural, stockraising and mining communities have sprung up, confident that the time would not be far distant when the tonnage offered must bring the railroad to haul their products to market. The population of the two counties is approximately 25,000, and the property has an assessed valuation of about $14,000,000.
These settlers have built thriving communities with handsome business blocks, churches, schools and homes, knowing that the railroad's advent will more than justify such expenditures of time, money and energy. The ma- jority of them are keen business men from thickly popu- lated areas. They dwell on the frontier in a sense, but it is not frontier community that the visitor or the railroad builder will find. Instead, it is a vast territory dotted with modern cities and productive mines and farms.
The grazing lands of the Uintah Basin are noted for their excellence. There is a certain amount of live stock scattered through the basin on the farms in accordance with the diversified farming methods followed by the pio- neers. It is estimated that there are about 150,000 ewes in the basin. This breeding stock under range conditions yields an average increase of 75 per cent in addition to the wool. The number of cattle in the basin is estimated at 54,000 ; horses, 18,000 ; hogs, 8,000, the latter being on the increase. These estimates are substantiated by the records of the United States Forest Service, which practi- cally controls the summer ranges of the region. Permits for grazing were issued last season for 340,000 head of live stock on the forests of the north and east rims of the basin.
In an arid region it is the water rather than the land which measures the agricultural possibilities, and the arid region irrigationist marvels at the abundant supply of water in the Uintah Basin. The Duchesne carries the waters of the western end of the basin into the Green River; and is itself fed by several important tributaries, including the Strawberry, the Lake Fork and the Uintah. Ashley Creek flows southeasterly through Vernal and the Ashley Valley into the Green. The Green itself, rising far to the north, traverses the basin in a general southwesterly direction, with immense possibilities both for storage and power.
The annual runoff of the basin is estimated at 3,370,000 acre feet. The Duchesne runoff alone in twenty years av- eraged 700,000 acre feet.
In the region drained by the Duchesne and its tribu-
d by
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taries power sites have been reported sufficient to develop 8,760 kilowatts. Ashley Creek can develop 18,900 kilowatts, while the Green River has possibilities for 136,000 kilowatts.
There are several proposed storage projects on the Duchesne and its tributaries, the most promising at pres- ent being the Castle Peak, which is under consideration by the United States Reclamation Service and proposes to store water to irrigate about 80,000 acres on the South Myton, Castle Peak and Parietta benches — situated partly in Duchesne and partly in Uintah Counties.
The tillable area of the Utah part of the basin is ap- proximately 750,000 acres. Of this, 500,000 acres can be irrigated, the region being among the best watered in the semi-arid west. There are under cultivation by irrigation about 175,000 acres, the land being valued at prices rang- ing from $25 to $150 an acre.
So far there has been practically no attempt to store water for irrigation purposes, the regular flow of the streams sufficing for existing needs. The biggest project is the Dry Gulch, which takes water from the Lake Fork River and covers approximately 100,000 acres, of which probably 75,000 acres are under cultivation. This is a co- operative company owned by the landholders. The com- pany has reservoir filings, but as yet has not found it neces- sary to store water to meet its needs. In the Ashley Val- ley there are approximately 50,000 acres under ditch, the water being taken from Ashley and Brush Creeks. Among other private and co-operative projects are the Ouray Val- ley, the Colorado Park, the Duchesne and Farmington Canal Companies and the Blue Bench. In addition to these, the United States Indian Department has put thousands of acres under ditch for its wards, and more and more of the acreage is being put under cultivation each year and in most instances the improved lands are subject to lease to white settlers at nominal figures. In this connection it might be well to observe that the White River also is available for irrigation and power purposes in southeastern Uintah Coun- ty. It has an annual runoff of about 475,000 acre feet and can be utilized for the reclamation of the Dead Man's Bench country which embraces about 40,000 acres of tillable land.
Dry-land farming also is practiced to a limited extent and could be applied much more extensively if occasion arose, but at present there is such a large acreage under canal that there has been little need for dry farming.
The average annual yields per acre from irrigated lands are : Alfalfa, four tons ; wheat, about 30 bushels ; oats and barley, 80 bushels ; corn, in some sections, 75 bushels. Po-
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tatoes, melons, apples, peaches, pears, apricots, prunes and grapes are grown in quantity. Annual production from about one-third of the irrigable land in the basin gives the following totals which could be increased from seven to ten-fold with marketing facilities and an adequate labor supply: Hay, 150,000 tons; wheat, 750,000 bushels; oats. 650,000 bushels; corn, about 190,000 bushels; potatoes, 270,- 000 bushels. In 1917 the basin country produced 557,348 pounds of beans.
Experiments have demonstrated that the successful culture of sugar beets of high saccharine content is possi- ble. Up to this time, however, this branch of industry has been neglected because of lack of transportation facilities precluding the establishment of beet sugar factories.
National forests in the area tributary to the basin in Utah cover 1,978,400 acres and have 701,000,000 feet of merchantable timber according to the latest estimates pre- pared by the office of the district forester. The forests are largely on the Uintah mountains and in them are hundreds of beautiful little lakes which are not only the sources of the basin's water supply, but furnish some of the finest trout fishing in the country. Some big game also is found in that region.
The basin region is one of the greatest honey sections in the west. Thousands of tons of honey of a quality un- excelled are produced annually and marketed in all parts of the country by parcel post. The federal government has put on a line of more than a score of motor trucks to handle the mail to and from the basin, practically all of it being moved by way of Helper or Price on the Denver & Rio Grande railroad. Duchesne County is not touched by a railroad but there is a narrow gauge line extending from Mack, Colorado, into the gilsonite fields of Uintah County. The northern terminus of the line is Watson, about 52 miles from Vernal, the county seat of Uintah County. The line is about 60 miles in length and crosses the mountains by way of Baxter Pass, with a grade of 7Va per cent.
The principal towns in Uintah County are Vernal, Jen- sen, Maeser, Whiterocks, Ouray, Randlett, Moffatt, Watson, Dragon and Fort Duchesne. Vernal is a modern little city and the commercial center of the county. The Indian agency is situated at Fort Duchesne and Ouray and White- rocks are branch agencies.
In Duchesne County the principal towns are Duchesne, the county seat, at the head of the Duchesne Valley ; Roose- velt, a prosperous and rapidly growing town in the heart
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of the Dry Gulch project; Myton, in the center of the irri- gated Indian lands region; Tabiona. Mountain Home, Bo- neta, Talmage, Altonah, Bluebell, Hanna, Redcap and Upalco.
Flour mills of the most modem type have been erected at several points in the basin to care for the wheat grown. In the vicinity of Vernal the growing of canning vegetables and fruits has been stimulated to a considerable degree by the establishment of a canning plant at Vernal. The en- tire section also is ideal for dairying and this industry has been receiving some attention since the establishment of a branch of the Mutual Creamery Company at Duchesne. The erection of another plant at Roosevelt is in contem- plation.
Geologists are of the opinion that the entire basin is underlaid with coal-bearing strata. Some of the more im-
Modern Rank And Office Building
Vernal, Unit-ah County. (Built From Brick Shipped in by Parcel Post.)
portant fields have been investigated by the United States Geological Survey. The Blacktail or Tabby Mountain field is in the western part of the basin and mostly in Duchesne County. The field covers an area of about 150 square miles and the tonnage is estimated at 1,857,000,000 tons. The coal is a good, low-grade bituminous with good stocking qualities but is non-coking. The deposit has been opened up in several places to supply local needs.
The Deep Creek or Vernal field is situated west of Vernal and north of Fort Duchesne and covers an area of
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about 25 square miles. The coal is a low-grade bituminous and similar generally to that of the Tabby Mountain field. Some mining has been done to supply the government needs at Fort Duchesne and to care for the wants of the settlers nearby. Near Vernal several properties have been operated for years to supply the fuel wants of Vernal, Maeser and Jensen. The tonnage is estimated at approximately 35,- 000,000 tons.
The United States Geological Survey estimates that seven thousand square miles in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado are underlaid with oil shales. In Utah the major portions of Uintah and Duchesne Counties are underlain by these shales, which contain organic mat- ter that may be converted into crude petroleum by destruc- tive distillation.
Shale Beds
Where the White River Has Cut Shale Beds in Uintah County
Dean E. Winchester, who investigated the field for the Geological Survey, estimates that the Utah shales in the basin region contain 42,800,000,000 barrels of crude petro- leum and perhaps 500,000,000 tons of ammonium sulphate. In many places, he suggests, steam shovel mining can be carried on without difficulty. Samples of rock were dis- covered by the exploration party that ran as high as 90 gallons of oil to the ton, although the general average would
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be not more than half that quantity, probably about one barrel or 42 gallons to the ton.
Some time ago the Ute Oil Company began the con- struction of a shale reduction plant near White River sta- tion, about ten miles north of Watson. The plans of the company contemplated the construction of a plant with a capacity of about 400 tons of shale daily at a cost of about $800,000. The work has progressed slowly, however, and no production has been reported. In the vicinity of Watson there has been erected recently a test plant employing the Galloup process which is reported to have operated very successfully. The Ute Oil Company is using the Wallace process.
The oil wells of the basin, as such, are on the Colorado side of the line just as gilsonite is confined to Utah. Some formations which appear favorable to oil production, are found in the vicinity of Moffatt and between Moffatt and Vernal. Some wells are being put down in this district but they have not yet attained a depth at which oil is expected.
Asphaltic sands, sometimes called rock asphalt and sometimes oil sands, are found near Whiterocks, Upper Deep Creek and west of Vernal. At Vernal and Fort Du- chesne the native product has been used extensively for sidewalks and street paving.
Uintaite or gilsonite occurs almost exclusively in Utah although the largest veins are situated near the Colorado line. It is used for high grade paints, black varnish for smokestacks and chemical containers and as a preservative against sea water or weather ; in the manufacture of lubri- cants, mineral rubber and paving material. The available tonnage is estimated at 150,000,000 tons. Among the bigger properties now operated are those at Dragon, Rainbow, near Watson and Castle Peak. The Rainbow is the principal producer, its output beig about 75 tons a day, or about 80 per cent of the State's production. The product is worth about $25 a ton delivered at Mack, Colorado. Gilsonite also occurs in the vicinity of Fort Duchesne where the oldest workings in the State are situated.
Elaterite, a higher grade hydro-carbon than gilsonite, is found in the western part of the basin, almost exclusively in Duchesne and Wasatch Counties. The available quantity is estimated at 50,000 tons.
Closely akin to elaterite is wurtzilite, which is found in the western part of the basin also. Another similar composition is tabbyite, which is used to a limited extent as a rubber substitute, the limitation being due largely to the quantity available. Weggerite is of the same family
432 Report Of Industrial Commission
and is available in almost unlimited quantities. Grahamite, albertite and other forms of hydro-carbons are also present in the basin region though not highly developed.
The presence of phosphate in the basin has been a matter of common knowledge for many years but owing to the isolation from rail transportation no effort toward development has been made. During the war period the Geological Survey made some investigations and expressed the opinion that phosphate beds extend along the Uintah Mountains on both sides from the Wasatch range to Split mountain, east of Jensen. In most places the deposit is reported to carry 70 per cent tricalcium phosphate or better and the tonnage Is so great that the limited investigations do not justify an estimate.
On Douglas Mountain east of Vernal some promising metal deposits have been discovered but the distance to the railroad has precluded development. Placer mining for gold has been practiced for many years along the Green River with varying success, the gold being so fine that difficulty has been experienced in working the sands at a profit.
The Uintah Basin is an empire awaiting development. A railroad and more settlers will make it one of the great productive regions of the West.
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Utah County
Inasmuch as Provo, the county seat, has been accorded recognition as the "garden city" the residents of Utah County are justified in the assumption that their county merits recognition as the garden county of the State. They have the soil, the broad valley lands, the mountain streams, the biggest body of fresh water in the State and they have the citizenship with the will and the inclination to make Utah County the greatest agricultural section of the State. And they are sparing no effort in doing it.
Utah County is one of the medium sized political di- visions of the State. It has an area of 2,342 square miles — 1,498,880 acres — of which one-third or more is included in the Nebo, Wasatch and Uintah National Forests. Utah Lake occupies in excess of another hundred thousand acres and about 500,000 acres are in private ownership or are in the process of acquisition by homesteaders. Forest covered mountains occupy practically the entire eastern third of the county and form a great storage for winter precipitation which supplies the water for irrigation in the summer season. West of the mountains is the beauti- ful Utah Valley, one of the most productive and one of the larger valleys of the State, and several smaller valleys of equal productivity.
The Utah Valley is the most highly developed of them all, although in recent years the construction of the Straw- berry project has brought thousands of acres of bench lands in the Goshen and other small valleys under cultiva- tion in the southern part of the county. Down the Utah Valley on the east side of Utah Lake the country is so thickly settled that it is difficult at times to determine where one prosperous town ends and another starts. From the Jordan Narrows on the north, which mark the northern boundary of the valley and the county, there are the towns of Lehi, American Fork, Pleasant Grove, Orem, Provo, Springville, Spanish Fork, Salem, Lakeshore, Geneva and Benjamin, with Santaquin perched on the ridge at the southern end of the valley, and around the foothills the set- tlements of Goshen and Elberta. All are thriving and prosperous communities and most of them have water sys- tems, power for lighting and pumping, sidewalks, and in the larger towns, paved streets.
The county is ideally situated for any kind of farming, except that the high yields from fruit and vegetable crops make the lands in many instances too valuable to be de-
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voted to hay and grain except as rotation crops. Sugar beets, too, must be figured in the highly valuable crops which make land prices soar. Utah county is immediately south of Salt Lake County, with which it is connected by a hard-surfaced highway, two steam and one electric inter- urban line. The highway and all the railroads traverse that section of the valley between the lake and the mountains and supply all transportation facilities necessary to hurry crops and produce to the Salt Lake market only a few miles away.
BUSINESS SECTION Provo, Utah
On the west side of the lake development is not so far advanced. The principal water supply for irrigation must come from Utah Lake and because of the elevation it usually must be pumped. In the main, the improvements on the west side have been confined to individual efforts on the part of the settlers, although the Mosida project, em- bracing several thousand acres, was launched as a pumping project several years ago, only to meet with financial diffi- culties which have seriously handicapped development.
The country between the mountains and the lake is exceptionally well watered. Besides the water from the various streams and som from Utah Lake, this section is served also by the only Government reclamation project yet completed in the State — the Strawberry. The waters of the Strawberry River across the divide east of the valley are stored in a reservoir covering the major portion of the Strawberry Valley. This water is brought through the
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Wasatch Mountains by means of a tunnel and down the Spanish Fork River to the southern part of the Utah Valley, thereby reclaiming approximately 60,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Spanish Fork, Payson, Salem and Goshen. A few years ago thousands of acres of bench lands were still in the public domain and others could be bought for $10 to $25 an acre. With the completion of the Strawberry project these same lands have come under cultivation and command $100 to $200 or more an acre.
In this stretch of country from Lehi to Payson, a distance of about 45 miles, there are four sugar fac- tories in operation. The oldest factory in Utah is situ- ated at Lehi and besides the beets handled at the plant, thousands of tons are cut at a cutting station farther south and near the lake and piped to Lehi to be manufactured, into sugar. The second sugar factory in the county was established at Payson several years ago and more recently beet sugar factories have been erected at Springville and
HARVESTING WHEAT The Background Shows a Typical Rural Community in Utah County
Spanish Fork. Reports indicate that there were 18,500 acres planted to beets in the county this season. The ave- rage yield is about 12 tons to the acre, and the guaranteed price this year is $12 a ton, meaning that the beet sugar industry will bring to the Utah County farmers this vear approximately $2,500,000.
The fruit crop ordinarily will bring about a million dollars to the county, besides the vegetables and canning crops. Apples, peaches, pears, cherries and strawberries are the principal fruit crops and are grown to a greater or lesser extent in practically all parts of the valley. The
436 Report Of Industrial Commission
larger fruits are grown more extensively, however, in the vicinity of American Fork, Pleasant Grove, Springville and on the Provo and Mapleton Benches. The peaches, apples and pears produced on the Provo and Mapleton Benches are of unusual quality and attain considerable size. They are moved extensively in carload shipments to Salt Lake and eastern markets. The average production of peaches is about 1,200 cases to the acre; apples, 800 bushels; straw- berries, 400 to 600 double cases, and sweet cherries, 10,000 pounds.
Potatoes, onions and tomatoes also are profitable crops. Onions and potatoes yield $400 to $800 an acre, while the tomato yield is from fifteen to twenty tons to the acre. Canneries have been established at various points through the valley to care for tomatoes, peas and other fruit and vegetable crops. The potato production for the past season is estimated at 450,000 bushels.
The mountain forests supply fine summer grazing and the livestock industry has not been neglected. Last season there were 28,000 head of cattle reported and 26,300 sheep. The sheep are wintered on the desert usually, but hay and grain are grown for winter feeding of the stock kept on the farms. The alfalfa production this year is estimated at 80,000 tons and there were approximately 35,000 acres planted to the various grains, about half to spring wheat.
With ideal conditions locally and a nearby market and excellent transportation facilities, dairying is a profitable and growing industry. Most of the milk and dairy products are sent to Salt Lake but a milk condensory is being erected at American Fork by the Mutual Creamery Company.
Provo is the principal city of the county and the third city in size in the State. It is a modern little city of ap- proximately 10,000 inhabitants and is situated about 45 miles south of Salt Lake City. Besides the canning fac- tories it has candy factories and woolen mills, and several other important manufacturing establishments. Besides its public schools it has the Brigham Young University, one of the important institutions supported by the dominant church, and Proctor Acadamy, a Congregational school.
Although attention is given chiefly to agricultural pur- suits, the county has three important mining districts — the East Tintic, the Santaquin and American Fork — with promising properties under development.
Utah County also offers exceptional opportunities to the vacationist and the sportsmen. Utah Lake abounds in bass and the mountain streams in trout. Back of Provo is Mt. Timpanogos, the highest peak in the Wasatch range,
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Report Of Industrial Commission 437
and on which is Utah's only glacier. Hiking trips to the glacier and the summit of the mountain are conducted annually by the residents of the county, usually under the auspices of the Brigham Young University faculty. But independent trips are made almost weekly by individuals and private parties during the summer months.
Upper Falls Beautiful Provo Canyon
Provo Canyon, Utah County UTAH COUNTY
For the western country, Utah County is a well settled and highly developed region but there is ample room for many times its present population.
438 Repor Tof Industrial Commission
Wasatch County
Situated on the ridgepole of the State, Wasatch County maintains without serious effort its claim as the highest county in Utah. The general elevation is approximately 7,000 feet above sea level, which is about 3,000 feet higher than the Salt Lake Valley. It is a magnificently watered section, the Provo, Weber and Strawberry Rivers and their tributaries traversing the principal valleys of the county. Natural conditions make it especially adapted to stock raising, and Heber City, the county seat, is probably the greatest originating and destination stock shipping point in the State. Except for a branch of the Denver & Rio Grande from Provo to Heber City, and the short distance the main line of the Denver & Dio Grande cuts across the south- western corner, Wasatch County is without rail transporta- tion. It is served, however, by good highways connecting the Heber Valley towns with Provo and Park City and Salt Lake.
Some interesting information concerning the resources, development and opportunities in the county is supplied by E. Parley Cliff, secretary of the Heber City Boosters' Club, as follows :
"One of the most beautiful valleys in the world is a comment often heard from tourists who pass through the beautiful Provo Valley during the summer season. Heber City, the thriving county seat of Wasatch County, is located in the center of the valley. It has a population of about 2,500, own as a municipality its water system and electric light plant, is noted for its most substantial public school buildings, beautiful churches, attractive residences and hos- pitable people.
"Heber City was named in honor of one of Utah's great pioneer leaders, and the valley takes its name from the Provo River, which flows through the valley on its way to Utah Lake. The county is called Wasatch because it is in the midst of the Wasatch range of mountains.
"A branch line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad runs from Provo City, twenty-six miles distant, through Provo Canyon, one of the most picturesque and widely known summer resort sections in the West, to the branch terminus at Heber City. Heber also is one of the important points on the Pike's Peak-Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, over which thousands of tourists pass each year on their way to and from the Pacific coast. Wasatch County is famous for its thoroughbred cattle, sheep, horses and swine, Charles-
Report Of Industrial Commission 439
ton, six miles south of Heber, being the home of several breeders of national reputation.
"The natural grasses and feed of the valley as well as the high mountain ranges nearby are particularly adapted to the production of some of the best beef, mutton and pork to be found anywhere. More native sheep are shipped to market from Heber than from any other point in the United States, Heber being the nearest shipping point for the numerous flocks that graze on the Uintah National Forest. Many of the flockmasters are residents of Heber City and their lambs always bring top prices on the eastern markets. There are also about 125 cars of beef cattle shipped to the eastern and western markets from Heber each year.
"Wasatch County is admirably adapted and situated to become the leading dairy section of the Intermountain region. The foremost company of its kind in the west, the Mutual Creamery Company, has just completed and put in operation two modern cheese factories at the cost of $30,000, one being located at Heber City and the other at Midway, four miles west. These, together with others yet to be built in the near future, are known as the Alpine sys- tem of the creamery company, so named because nowhere else are conditions so nearly like those of the Alpine dis- tricts of Switzerland, recognized the world over as ideal for the production of cheese and other dairy products.
"At the recent exhibition of the Pacific International Live Stock and Western Dairy Show held at Portland, Ore- gon, Heber cheese took first prize and the gold medal. During the month of September, the first month the plants were operated, 124,202 pounds of milk, which produced 13,662 pounds of cheese, were received by the two stations. The Clover Leaf Dairy of Charleston has been in operation six years and ships to the Salt Lake market daily over one ton of pasteurized milk and cream.
"In the year 1918 the Woods Cross Canning Company erected a modern pea cannery at Heber City. Six grades and several varieties of the best peas are canned here. This is proving to be a profitable industry for "both manufac- turers and farmers, and land values have nearly doubled in the last two years, mainly as a result of the establishment of the pea cannery. The company has found that peas of the most excellent quality can be taken care of. The plant has a capacity of 60,000 cases a year, and 400 acres of peas were planted last year. Viner stations are being es- tablished in various sections of the county, the shelled peas being moved by auto truck to the factory. About 4,000 tons of sugar beets are raised annually in the county. In
440 Report Of Industrial Commission
this connection it is worthy of note that the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, after experimenting in sugar beet seed culture in various places, decided to make this section one of its principal and permanent fields for growing sugar beet seed.
"No article on Wasatch County would be complete with- out mention of the famous Midway Hot Pots, near Midway, on the west side of the valley. These are natural mineral springs, whose temperature ranges from lukewarm to near- ly boiling, and which have formed- themselves into curious- looking "pots." The water is piped from the pots to bath- houses nearby, and thousands enjoy the pleasure of a dip into the tepid water during the summer season. In fact, nearly every one who visits Wasatch County takes a bath in her famous "pots."
"Good roads are rapidly being built into and through Wasatch County, over $100,000 having been spent by the federal, state and county officials during 1919, and with the natural resources, the cool climate, beautiful scenery and favorable location of the county, this section is destined to become the greatest summer resort in the West. The Heber Boosters' Club extends a hearty welcome to all de- siring an ideal summer home.
"The Strawberry, project, the larger part of which is in Wasatch County, provides for the storage of water in a reservoir on the Strawberry River; the discharge of the stored water through the Strawberry tunnel, approximately three and three-quarters miles long, into Diamond Fork, a tributary of the Spanish Fork River, and the diversion of water from the Spanish Fork River into canal systems, watering lands east and south of Utah Lake in Utah County. A hydro-electric plant on the south side of the river sup- plies power for construction and commercial purposes. Part of the power developed may ultimately be used for pumping water for irrigation of high lands and drainage of low lands. The United States claims all the waste, seepage and unappropriated spring and percolating water arising within the project an*d purposes to use such water in connection therewith."
With the transfer of the division point of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad from Helper, in Carbon County, to Soldier Summit, Wasatch County recently has acquired another thriving community. A reservoir has been con- structed recently with a capacity of a million and a half gallons of water to supply water for the town and the railroad. Residences are vary much in demand and the erection of probably two hundred homes will be necessary
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Report Of Industrial Commission 441
to care for the demand. The construction of a $50,000 Y. M. C. A. also is contemplated.
In the vicinity of Soldier Summit is found one of the rare hydro-carbons — ozokerite. Some sporadic efforts have been made to mine the mineral, for which there is a ready market, but so far the development of the industry has been slow. To the east of Soldier Summit is found another hydro-carbon which is almost as rare as ozokerite. This mineral is known as elaterite. The principal property being operated is in Indian Canyon and the product is hauled from the mine to the railroad by wagon.
In the northeastern part of the county are extensive deposits of hematite iron, the development of which must await the coming of rail transportation. The same con- dition obtains with reference to the extensive deposits of bituminous coal in the eastern part of the county. Crop- pings of coal have been found along Currant Creek and Red Creek and toward the headwaters of the Duchesne. The field is listed by the United States Geological Survey as the Tabby or Blacktail Mountain field. Some local mines are operated to obtain fuel for local use and to supply some of the nearer Uintah Basin towns. The field is nearer by direct line to Salt Lake City than the mines of Carbon County and with rail transportation would figure consider- ably in the coal production of the State.
44
Report Of Industrial Commission
Wayne County
Off the main traveled highways of the State and with much of its area unsurveyed and unexplored, Wayne County should carry a strong appeal to those who seek the oppor- tunities of the new and open country. In actual miles Wayne County is not nearly so far from the shriek of the locomotive as several other Utah counties but it just so happens that it is hemmed in away from main traveled roads in such a manner as to lend impression of unusual isolation. It is a sparsely settled county, mainly due, prob- ably, to its awkward situation with regard to inter-county lines of communication.
Like most of the counties of the south, Wayne de- votes its attention very largely to stock raising, the moun- tain forests in the northwestern part furnishing fine sum- mer grazing and the warm and open country in south and east supplying a winter range difficult to surpass.
Agricultural efforts are confined chiefly to the pro- duction of hay and grain as an adjunct to stock raising. The valley lands are very fertile and in most instances ample water for their irrigation is available from mountain streams. In the warmer portion in the south small fruits .of good size and quality yield abundantly.
The eastern portion of the county, insofar as it has been explored, is heavily mineralized. Coal croppings are frequent and apparently vast deposits underly a large por- tion of that part of the county. Some interesting metal discoveries have been reported, too, but in neither the case of the coal nor the case of the metals has sufficient devel- opment been done or undertaken as to reflect other than vaguely the resources of the region.
Wayne, too, comes within the range of probability in relation to oil and development planned for the coming year in the San Rafael region which practically reaches into the northern border of Wayne, is expected to reflect with considerable accuracy the oil possibilities in Wayne County.
In this same eastern part of the county there have been discovered in recent years a number of deposits of carnolite ores. It appears that this section is included in the carnolite district of which southern Grand County is the center, and which is reckoned as one of the greatest and probably the greatest uranium belt in the world.
Despite a rather small population for the county as a whole, there are a number of thriving little towns. Loa,
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Report Of Industrial Commission
on the headwaters of the Fremont or Dirty Devil River, is the county seat and principal town. Among other towns in the county are Fremont, Thurber, Torrey, Teasdale, Lyman, Fruita, Grover, Giles and Hanksville.
Because it is off the beaten path, Wayne County is reported to offer some of the best hunting and fishing in the State. Almost touching the northwest corner of the county is Fish Lake and in this vicinity the hunter and the angler enjoy their greatest opportunities. And the county as a whole offers notable opportunities to the home seeker, the investor and the prospector.
444 Report Of Industrial Commission
Washington County
General Crook and Geronimo had not started their animated discussion of certain phases of border etiquette in the vicinity of Arizona's future Pima cotton belt when the Mormon pioneers were raising cotton in Washington County to provide themselves with clothing. While the Argonauts were digging and scratching California's soil in search of gold, these same Washington County settlers were planting orchards and vineyards. Yet it took the motor car and the modern highway, and, more recently, the creation of Zion National Park, to bring a true realization of the unusual opportunities and the wonderful charm of Utah's Dixie Land.
Below the southern rim of the Great Basin in the southwestern corner of the State, Washington County prob- ably affords the lowest altitude in all Utah and a climate that approaches the semi-tropical. Its lowlands are princi- pally along the Rio Virgin, with altitude ranging from 2,800 at St. George to about 4,000 at Springdale, at the portal of Zion National Park. Then come the mesa lands at altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 5,000 feet and which produce very profitable crops of grain in the sections where precipitation is heaviest. Above the mesas are numerous little mountain valleys of unusual fertility and in most instances they are well watered from mountain streams. The precipita- tion ranges from about eight inches annually in the low- land country around St. George to 17 inches on the mesa at Enterprise and 22 inches in the mountain valleys at New Harmony and Pine Valley. Snow is common in the mountains during the winter and not infrequent on the mesas but snowfall in the lower country around St. George is an event.
Because of its moderate climate and its enchanting atmosphere the lowland country in Washington County looks forward to the day when it will be the winter play- ground for the Intermountain region. Ninety miles from a railroad is a handicap which it is no easy matter to over- come, especially when highway improvement is only getting well under way in the region. However, road building and the motor car already have done much toward opening up the country and with the prospect that in the not far distant future there will be a hard-surfaced highway be- tween Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, the people of the Intermountain country — those of Washington County in particular — are awakening to the possibilities the future
Report Of Industrial Commission
ZION NATIONAL PARK From Rim — Washington County
446 Report O Findustrial Commission
holds in store for Dixie Land. The mean temperature for the year normally at St. George is about 58 degrees. The coolest month normally is January with a mean temperature of 38, and the warmest month is July with a mean temper- ature of 83.
Utah's Dixie Land is a region of sunshine and flowers, the country of the fig and the pomengranate. The valley of the Rio Virgin is extremely fertile and with adequate transportation facilities would rival the famous Santa Clara Valley of California as a prune and apricot region, the Fresno country for its grapes and raisins, Imperial Valley for its melons and the valley of the Sacramento for truck gardens. As for peaches, after inspecting the display of Dixie peaches at the Irrigation Congress at Sacramento, Luther Burbank expressed himself "In all my life I have never seen such a magnificent display of peaches." Then there are figs and almonds and English walnuts and pomen- granates and mayhap olives. With a climate which is not oppressive in the summer, during the other three seasons equal to the best that the country south of the Tehachupis can offer at any season and without the disagreeable fogs, Washington County has demonstrated its ability to grow successfully and of excellent quality almost any fruit com- mon to the country north of the Rio Grande except those of the citrus family and the date palm.
Down in the vicinity of St. George, Santa Clara and Washington fruits have been a staple crop since pioneer days, as was cotton until the old cotton mill at Washington was unable to meet the competition of the Southern states only a few years ago. About a dozen years ago some three- score families, driven from the upper reaches of the Rio Virgin by the floods of the wayward and terbulent stream, founded on Hurricane Bench the town of Hurri- cane. Water to slake the desert's thirst was brought by long canals from the Rio Virgin. Today, Hurricane is a thriving city of some two thousand souls, one of the most prosperous communities in the State, and the surrounding country presents a scene seldom visioned except on theater drop curtains. And there are 30,000 to 40,000 acres more stretching from Hurricane southward across the Arizona border, all of the same character and which, at no far distant date, will have water led upon it and begin to blossom as the rose. Just bear in mind — eleven growing months and five crops of alfalfa.
But Washington County need not depend upon products of the soil alone for future greatness. In its hills there is a wealth of minerals — coal, iron, gold, silver, copper and
Report Of Industrial Commission
perhaps some lead— and in the valleys, or some of them, there is oil. And up in the northeastern corner of the county is another natural resource from which it expects more probably than any other— Zion National Park, the newest of our great national playgrounds.
BIRD'SEYE VIEW HURRICANE VALLEY, Washington County
Just about fifty years ago Washington County was experiencing its first real mining boom following the dis- covery of the remarkable silver deposits in sandstone west of Leeds. Almost overnight a prosperous and exceedingly active camp was established and given the name Silver Reef, although the district is known as the Harrisburg mining district. Records of production are very incom- plete and estimates vary all the way from seven to twenty million dollars. The ore started at the grass roots and the pedominant metal was silver with the copper content in- creasing with depth. Because of poor transportation it was necessary to mill the ore at the camp and the old-time pan amalgamation process was used. This process worked satis- factorily until the copper content of the ore reached the point where it ate up so much mercury as to make the cost of production prohibitive. Then Silver Reef died and today untold millions in metals are locked in the sandstone reefs awaiting the development of a satisfactory process for treating the ores. Millions of pounds of high-grade copper
448 Report Of Industrial Commission
have been shipped from the Tutsugabut district southwest of St. George and with rail transportation it would be possi- ble to operate on a considerable scale in this region. There are some silver-lead poperties in the Tutsugabut district and in the Pine Valley country, while in Bull Valley are found the extensions of the famous Iron County iron field, probably the greatest deposit of high-gade iron in western America. In Bull Valley, too, gold, silver, lead and copper ores are found, and at intervals the reports of gold finds result in a stampede in that direction.
Early settlers found coal almost anthracite in charac- ter in the vicinity of New Harmony and in the mountains south of Cedar City in the northern part of the county they discovered a bituminous coal. In more recent years channel coal has been found along the north fork of the Virgin River above Zion National Park. The coal around New Harmony is partly semi-anthracite and partly bituminous but is rather dirty and the vein is not more than about six feet in thickness at any point it has been opened up. No mining has been done except to supply local needs. The coal at New Harmony is in the New Harmony field while the bituminous coal to the north and the channel coal are in the Colob Plateau field.
Oil was discovered in the vicinity of Virgin City about a dozen years ago at a depth of about 500 feet. The oil was of a good grade and the find created considerable excite- ment. Several wells were put down when the government made extensive withdrawals of public land in the region as oil lands. This and the financial stringnecy about that time put an end to operations until some three or four years ago. The withdrawals extended from the Virgin City section down into Arizona and east into Kane County, most of which are now subject to development under the provis- ions of the leasing law.
Zion National Park now is one of our national insti- tutions and its inclusion among our great playgrounds is significant of its importance among the scenic attractions of the continent. It defies description. It is a master- piece of nature's handiwork — a great cleft in the mountains with the sheer walls and imposing battlement of the Yose- mite, and the brilliant colorings and lavender haze of the Grand Canyon. A good highway has been built into the park and excellent accommodations are afforded at the Wylie camp about a mile or so inside the park. Stage service is provided between the park and the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad station at Lund, Utah.
The settlements in the county are pretty well confined
Report Of Industrial Commission 449
to the Virgin River country where are found the towns of Springdale, Rockville, Grafton, Virgin City, Toquerville, La Verkin, Leeds, Harrisburg, Washington, Hurricane, St. George and Santa Clara, all of which are in the fruit belt. To the north and west of the Virgin River country are the settlements of Pine Valley, Grass Valley, New Harmony, Gunlock and Enterprise. Enterprise is one of the newer towns in the dry-farming country and has enjoyed a re- markable growth in view of conditions. It is a modern settlement, which is being improved rapidly by the de- velopment of adjoining lands through irrigation from wells or project construction. Hurricane and St. George are the strongest communities but Enterprise must be reckoned with before many years have passed.
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Index
Page
Accident Causes, by Extent of Disability— Table No. 1 49 to 15
Accidents, Fatal and Injury 2M to 3Q 2
Acreage, Assessed Value 162
" Barley 165
" Beet, Sugar 165
" Cereal Grains 165
" Corn 165
" Crops and Fallow IM
Hay 166
Irrigated 163
Oats " 165
" Potatoes 165
Rye 165
" Sugar Beet 165
" Wheat 165
Agriculture 153
Alfalfa Hay 174
Alfalfa Seed 167
Analysis of Coal 229
Arbitration and Conciliation, Labor 19 to 38
Assessed Value, Lands 162
Assessment, Live Stock 150
Barley 171
Barley, Acreage 165
Beaver County, Development , ..223 to 326.
Beet, Sugar, Acreage 165
Benefits Paid and Outstanding, Permanent, Partial Disa- bility, 1919-1920, Table V 1116 to U4
Benefits Paid and Outstanding, Permanent, Partial Disa- bility, 1918-1919. Table IX 142tol46_
Board Labor. Conciliation, Arbitration 12 to 38
Boilers and Elevators 19JJ to 199
Boiler Insurance, Serial Numbers l f J9
Bonded Indebtedness, Counties, School Districts, Cities and
Towns 450 to 467
Box Elder County 321 to 331
Cache County 231 to 334
Carbon County 335 to 340
Cattle, Number. Price per Head, Valuation 158
Cereal Grains, Acreage if;-.
Child and Women Labor 199 to 192
City, Bonded Indebtedness 450; to 4t7
Claims, Mining, Assessed Valuation i r2
Climate 1 71;
Climatological Data — By Stations 18.2 to 187
Coal Analysis 229
" Fields 220 to 228
" Mining Companies 230 to 233
" Produced by Principal Mines 238
" Production 23J
" u by Counties 235
I" " by Months 235 to 238 " " Distribution 230 to 231
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Report Of Industrial Commission
Coke, Production 239
Compensation, Cost— Table III., 1919-1920 91 to 98
Corn 1 1 2
" Acreage 165
Cost, Compensation, Table III., 1919-1920 91 to 98
Counties, Bonded Indebtedness 450 to 467
County, Development 323 to 449
Cows, Number, Price per Head, Valuation 158
Crop Acreage, by Counties 165
Yields, Production, Value 154
Crops, Irrigated 163
Daggett County 346 to 348
Davis County 341 to 345
Death Cases, 1919-1920, Table IV 99 to 105
1918-1919, Table VIII 137 to 141
Dependency and Cost in Fatal Cases, 1919-1920, Table IV 99 to 105
" " " 4i 1918-1919, Table VIII.137tol41
Development, Beaver County 323 to 326
Box Elder County 327 to 330
Cache County 331 to 334
" Carbon County 335 to 340
" Counties in Utah 323 to 449
Daggett County 346 to 348
Duchesne County 425 to 432
Emery County 349 to 352
Garfield County 353 to 356
Grand County .357 to 359
Iron County 360 to 364
Irrigation 319 to 322
Juab County 365 to 370
Kane County 377 to 380
Millard County 381 to 384
Morgan County 385 to 389
Piute County 390 to 393
Rich County 394 to 396
Salt Lake County 397 to 403
San Juan County 404 to 407
Sanpete County 408 to 411
Sevier County 412 to 415
Summit County 416 to 419.
Tooele County -.420 to 424
Uintah Basin 425 to 432
Utah County 433 to 437
Wasatch County 438 to 441
Washington County 444 to 449.
Wayne County 442 to 443
Weber County 871 to 87*
Disability, Accidents 254 to 302
Extent of, Accident Causes 49 to 75
Permanent, Partial 1919-1920, Table V 106 to 1141.
" 1918-1919, Table EX 142 to 14$
Distribution of Coal from other States 237
" " " Utah 236
Duchesne County 425 to 432
Educational Growth 309 to 313
Elevators and Boilers 196 to 19*
Emery County ....349 to
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Report Of Industrial Commission 471
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Employment Agencies, Orders Concerning, Licensed 11 to 18
Child 190 to 192
44 Rates, Premiums on, 1918-1919, Table VI 115 to 128
44 " 44 1919-1920, Table II 76 to 90
" Women 190 to 192
Factory Inspection 193 to 195
Fatal Cases, 1919-1920, Table IV 99 to 105
44 1918-1919, Table VIII 137 to 141
44 and Injury Accidents 254 to 302
Farms, Number 164
44 Prices and Values 157
Financial Statement, Industrial Commission 47
% State Insurance Fund 39 to 46
First Aid and Mine Rescue Work .303 to 306
Garfield County 353 to 356
Gas and Oil Developments 242 to 247
Gilsonite 240
Grand County 357 to 359
Grazing Ranges 160 to 161
Hay, Acreages 166
44 Alfalfa 174
Wild 175
Hogs, Number, Price per head, Valuation 158
Home Opportunities in Utah 314 to 318
Horses, Number, Price per head, Valuation 158
Hydro-Carbon Production 240
Indebtedness, Bonded, of Counties, School Districts, Cities
and Towns 450 to 467
Industrial Accident Summary 48
Injury and Fatal Accidents 254 to 302
Insurance, Boiler, Serial Numbers 199
Introduction 7
Iron County 360 to 364
Irrigated Crops, Percent 163
Irrigation Development 319 to 322
Juab County 365 to 370
Kane County 377 to 380
Labor, Arbitration and Conciliation 19 to 38
" Child 190 to 192
44 Data, Metal Mines 218
14 Ore Dressing Plants and Smelters 219
44 Women 190 to 192
Lands, Assessed Value 162
44 Irrigated 163
Letter of Transmittal 5
Live Stock, Assessment 159
" 44 Number, Price, Valuation 158
Losses and Premiums, Payroll, 1919-1920, Table III. 91 to 98
" " " " 1918-1919, Table VII 129 to 136
Manufacturers, 1918 150
1919 ; 151
Metal Production by Counties 217
Millard County 381 to 384
Mine Inspection Department 201
Mine Labor, Data, Metal 218
Mine Rescue and First Aid Work 303 to 306
Mining Claims, Assessed Valuation 162
Ik. Jfelt
472 Report Of Industrial Commission
Mining Companies in Utah, Coal .230 to 233
" " other than Coal 207 to 215
Morgan County — 385 to 389
Mules, Number, Price per head, Valuation 138
Oil and Gas Developments 242 to 247
Oil Shale -248 to 250
Opportunities, Home, in Utah .314 to 318
Ore Dressing Plants 216
" Labor Data 219
Partial Disability Summary 147 to 148
" Permanent Disability, 1919-1923, Table V 106 to 114
Payroll, Rates and Premiums, 1919-1920, Table II 76 to 90
u " 1918-1919, Table VI. 115 to 128
" Premiums and Losses, 1919-1920, Table III. 91 to 98
1918-1919, Table VII 129 to 136
Peas 167
Permanent Partial Disability, 1919-1920, Table V. 106 to 114
Permanent Partial Disability, 1918-1919, Table IX 142 to 146
Piute County .390 to 393
Potatoes 173
Potato, Acreage 165
Precipitation 181
Premiums and Rates, Payroll, 1919-1920, Table II 76 to 90
" 1918-1919, Table VI 115 to 128
" " Losses, Payroll, 1919-1920, Table III 91 to 98
" 1918-1919, Table VII 129 to 136
Production, Coal 234 to 238
Coke 239
" Hydro- Carbons „ 240
Metal, by Counties 217
Rainfall '. 181
Ranges, Stock Grazing 160 to 161
Rates and Premiums, Payroll, 1919-1920, Table II. 76 to 90
1918-1919, Table VI 115 to 128
Real Estate, Assessed Value 162
Referee's Report 9
Rescue and First Aid Work, Mines 308 to 306
Rich County 394 to 396
Roster of Members and Employes 3
Rye 175
" Acreage 165
Safety Inspection, Metal Mines 251 to 253
Salt Lake County 397 to 403
San Juan County 404 to 407
Sanpete County 408 to 411
School District, Bonded Indebtedness .450 to 467
Sevier County 412 to 415
Shale, Oil 248 to 250
Sheep, Number, Price per head, Valuation „ 158
Silos 167
Smelters 216
Labor Data 219
Spring Wheat 169
State Insurance Fund 39 to 46
Report Of Industrial Commission 473
Stock, Live, Assessment 169
" Number, Price, Valuation 158
Sugar Beet Acreage 165
Summit County 416 to 419
Swine, Number, Price per head, Valuation 158
Tomatoes 167
Tooele County 420 to 424
Towns, Bonded Indebtedness 450 to 467
Uintah Basin 425 to 432
XJt&h Count v — — .433 to 437
Utah Mining Companies (other than Coal) .207 to 215
Coal .230 to 233
Wasatch County 438 to 441
Washington County 444 to 449
£i n c County — — — — — .442 to 4*43
Weather Data 182 to 187
Weber County 371 to 375
Welfare Work Among Employes 303
W host C r"Cfl|2£€ 1 60
Wheat, Spring 169
Winter — 1 0 H
Winter Wheat 168
Women and Child Labor Inspection 190 to TJ2