The American Gas Light Journal 1881-09-02: Vol 35 Iss 533

1881 · Historical

The American Gas Light Journal 1881-09-02: Vol 35 Iss 533 (1881). Catalog record in the Mountain Man Mining Library.

This 1881 document, The American Gas Light Journal 1881-09-02: Vol 35 Iss 533, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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Ml DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VY ENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE,

VOLUME XXXV--No. 5. Whole No. 533.

New York, Friday, September 2, 1881.

A. WM, CALLENDER & CO., Proprietors. OC, E. SANDERSON, "'manager. G. WARREN DRESSER, C.E., Editor.

Canada, $3 per annum. European Countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 frances). All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents.

Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.

Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, advertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the sane, but they are not authorized to receipt for money.

Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jonrnal a gazette of intelligent discussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for publication from all who make the study of these subjects a pleasure or a profession.

Books.—We will mail, post-paid, at publishers' lowes'. rates, any book—scientific

be sent C. O. D.

The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers Street, New York, are agents for this Journal. Newsdealers will send orders to them,

Contents.

e@~ An asterisk denotes an illustrated article

American Gas Light Association Likantethas bicsdiatslniysts nas ceanteness 97 EprroRIALs—

Progress of the Science of Gas Making ccccccseseeeeeee seeees 97 Darkness for Half an Hour i AMAEESE WrumayeNtnr sede enie chossasecdeareesece . 98 Ratio of Accidents and Production in Mines ..c00 ceeseseeees 98 Quah: TExCO 0G iliac ccc cesecssenscnse sevccsctenineseesesarescosvecicsesccoes ; 98 Artesian Wells in the Coke Districts c.c000 ves sscccessosvessenens 98 Gas Engines* 0..ccccctscccvescccesessooceesoescstesesercvecesccsccsesseee ses 2 Mr. R. P. Spice on the Electric ERIE casks Sie Wi accassecssescereeys eee 104 The Economics of Gas Management ...ccessececsceeeessereenesees . 105 London Water Supply se00 papas SaaligtawatPbgesivescasvesecnsee-4s 107 The Petroleum Outlook +:ce008 Rcadyvintsadisinlesions gens Caen 108 is as aces xk dicains sav wh RWas tr TOs 050 100500 decade ss sgyeeveees . 108 Brick Foundations for Machinery c.c0sccececectseveeseccneeeeenees 108 An Improved Ammoniacal Manure ..csecceeeeceeeeetenteeteeeeens - 108

[OrrictaL Notice. American Gas Light Assoeiation.

OFrricrE AMERICAN Gas Licur AssoctaTIon, 142 CHampers SrreetT, New York.

To the Members of the Association:

The Ninth Annual Meeting will be heJd in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, on the 19th, 20th and 21st days of October next. Headquarters during the meeting will be at the Hotel Branswick. The meeting will be called to order at 11 a.m., Wednesday, 19th of Uctober, in the Hall of the Institute Le of Technology, opposite the hotel.

' ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Ye. AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.

Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and tary of the subject selected, so that the order of business may be arranged

so as to give all an equal opportunity of being heard. Committees appointed at last annual meeting are respectfully reminded that they will be called upon for reports.

As every effort is being made to render this meeting full of interest, the Secretary trusts that each member will feel that some share of the responsibility for the success of this effort rests upon himself, and contribute, therefore, from the experiences and matured results of the past year to the general information. No subject bearing upon the vast interest represented in the Association is too trivial, or unworthy of careful investigation and report

. Data of observations, results obtained in experimental or practical

or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books will throw more light 1

workings, old facts seen.in new lights, or theories of management, all form The object

of these gatherings being to advance the interests of a common calling,

a valuable basis upon which to found discussions or write papers,

it is binding upon all to add to the stock of information any fact that will ipon if,

During the meeting the Association will be the guest of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, and the Boston Gas Light Company. The local Committee of Arrangements has provided in a complete y1:.nner for the social entertainment of the members, A sail on the harbor, a drive through the beautiful suburbs of Boston, and a dinner being prominent features in their programme.

Members wishing to reserve rooms, and those intending: to bring ladies with them, are requested to communicate with M.S. Greenough, Esq., Chairman of Committee

blank applications for membership can be obtained at this office, where arrears of dues can also be paid until Sept. 30th.

Wa. Henry Ware, Secretary.

Progress Of The Science Of Gas Making.

In times like the present, when it is somewhat the fashion to appeal to

science on all matters affecting the comfort, convenience, health and even the luxuries of daily life—it may not be unbecoming the gas maker to look to it that he is, in all respects, following a scientific procedure in order that

he may be prepared to give a reason for the faith that is in him, and may

be at all times able to repel the insinuations so often cast: in a slurring, or, perhaps, in a patronizing way to the effect that '' gas may do for a crude, ordinary light"; but that Science will develop a far better, more " scientific light" than we now hav

scientific pro

Far be it from us to put a straw in the way of such development. Let

those who have time, genius, and money (either of their own or other peo- s p

ples') to devote to such development, bend every energy for the accomplishment

of the desired end

Whatever conduces to the health, happiness

or wealth of the community is for good, and should be encouraged and supported

by all

But the pol it in whi the gas maker should be most deeply interested is his'own progress. It well to keep well informed as to the progress of others ; but his energy should not be wholly expended in that direction, unless he is willing to sit down under the opprobrium of waste of energy.

It is wich most cere pleasure that we are able to bear testimony to the

press that is being made in our own industry. If one looks

Members intending to prepare papers are requested to notify the Secre-back but a few years, how different was the status of the manufacture from

( bd ep? we ty 98 American Gas Light Fouraal. Sept. 2, £881. what it is to-day. The main characteristic of a gas works, as seen from the each death by accident. In the preceding year (1879) the fatal accidents ra outside, nsed to be the conspicuous sign and deaths in the proportion to the number of persons employed were one 'Positively, no Admittance," accident and one death respectively amongst the numbers of 610 and 490, and this sign, in many cas2s, was enforced as strictly against all knowledge, whilst in proportion to the tons of minerals raised the corresponding figures

information, or new ideas, as it was against the people of the neighborhood, (1879) showed one accident and one death for the quantities of 185,890 tous,

or the visit of some fellow-manager from another works. The inference and 149,400 tons respectively, showing for the year 1880 an increase of pro-that

could have been drawn from that sign might have been that no production per fatal accident, and a decrease per hfe lost.

gress was desired. The summary of fatal accidents and lives lost in and about the mines But better times have come. The formation and steady growth of Asso-| shows that at the mines classed under the Coal Mines Regulation Act, in

ciations of gas makers, who meet from time to time for mutual consultation, Great Britain and Ireland, the fatal accidents were 815 in number, and the

information and improvement, has probably contributed more than any-| deaths occasioned thereby (some of the accidents causing more than one

thing else to the change. In Germany, France, England and Ameriea, death) amounted to 1,318 ; showing an increase upon the previous year of* there are well-established associations devoted to the advancement of the 33 in the number of fatal accidents, and of 345 in the number of lives lost. science of gas making. The oldest of these is but twenty-one years, and| In another summary it appears that in the aggregate, 484,933 persons yet, we firmly believe, that the published reports of the papers and dis-| were employed in and about the coal, fireclay, ironstone, and shale mines of cussions of these various societies will, taken as an aggregate, compare Great Britain and Ireland, exclusive of those employed in and about mines most favorably with like reports of any other profession. It is but neceswhich are classed under the Metaliferous Mines Regulation Act. The numsary to turn over the pages of these reports for a very few years to see how ber and ages of the persons employed underground are distinguished from marked and how positive has been the progress in the application of true those employed above ground, Of the total number of persons employed, scientific principles to the conduct of our business. While there is no man- 391,381 were underground, and 93,522 (of whom 4,640 were females) above ufacture more delicate or more complex in its various details, it 1s a great! ground. Compared with the returns for the previous year an increase of wonder that it was-ever established at all when we consider how little was 8,123 is shown in the number of persons employed.—Sci. Press.

known of its chemistry and its physics at the outset; and had it not been

that the vast superiority of gas as an illuminating agent was so apparent Our Exchanges.

that people were willing to pay high prices for it, in all probability the early

rule of thumb management of the business would have ruined it. The InsunctTion AGAINST THE Execraic Lignt.—Akron, Ohio, August 2d.— philosopher spoke truly when he said, Gas is a good thing; isn't it ?" This afternoon at 5 o'clock Judge S. H. Pitkin, as a taxpayer and citizen,

The ever increasing cry for cheaper gas has been a spur in the flank of through his attorneys, Judge R, P. Ranney, of Cleveland, and Judge S. W. the profession which could not be resisted, and the demand lias been met by McClure, of Akron, filed a petition enjoining the city from entering into a more scientific, more careful, more rational procedure in the manufacture, contract with the Brush Light Company for the further extension of the Economies once unknown have been found and practiced, and we doubt not electric light in this city. The city of Akron and the Brush Light Company, that the half is not yet discovered, By no means can one sit down and say of Cleveland, are defendants. The developments of the ease will be watched we have done a//. More must come, or science is false. Look at the heat with great interest as it is believed the gas company is at the bottom of the wasted in the bench, the costly waste of hand labor, the unnecessary ex-injunction.—Cincinnati Commercial. ; pense attending the want of proper mechanical appliances for handling material, the small value derived from (what ought te be a mine of wealth Exvecrric Fire.—Paris, August 25, 1881.—A fire, attributed to a defect the tar well and the ammoniacal liquor tank, and these alone will give opin the fitting up of some incandescent lamps, broke out this morning in the portunily for future economy, future improvement, and future progress, reading room of the Electric Exhibition, 'The alarm was quickly given and practical, scientific and financial alike, the fire was extinguished before it had spread far. In attempting to tear

We are approaching the time for the meeting, in Boston, of our American lout the wires with his hands a fireman was twice knocked down. A scien- Gas Light Association. The Secretary has sent bis appeal to the members tific commission, headed by MM. Dumoneel and Breguet, to-day made an to prepare themselves. We trust we may be pardoned if we most urgently examination of the connections of the various exhibitors and there is now press upon every member to do what he can to contribute some testimony uo further danger to be feared, —New York Herald, that will show we have made a marked progress during the year. There are ae many things, in embryo, as it were, ideas not yet fully put in practice, and An Opp Piacue,—St. Louis claims to have lately had a plague in the

others that have been well worked out and shown to be suecessful—let the shape of flies. Nearly all the scientists in the town have investigated the

record be made so that the proceedings of our Association in Boston next insect, but no one has yet been able to tell to what genus or species it be- October shall be second to none at home or abroad, longs. They throng about the electric lights at the hotels by millions, and

'on one Sunday night their immense numbers necessitated the extinguishing Darkness for Half an Hour. of those lights at the Lindell and Laclede. Chicago has as yet taken nu

nm steps towards counterbalancing this new attraction.

The Brush electric la nps on Broadway between Fourteenth and Thirty fourth streets, were again unlighted last night between 7:35 and 8 o'clock. Ratner UNREASONABLE.—A_ well-to-do Philadelphian was an earnest Different explanations have been given from time to time to accoant for the suitor for the heart and hand of a sprightly Camden widow. After a long failure of these lights. On one occasion it was stated that the continued courtship, whi iad fai.ed to satisfy his expectations, he ventured, upon a wet weather then prevalent wis the cause of the obscuration. Subseque ntly c rtain occasion, when she seemed to be in a particularly good humor, to rewhen the lamps again failed to burn, the Superintendent told a Times reproach her for her indifference. ' Ah," she said, coquettishly, I want to . porter that this was occasioned by the slipping of a band in the machinery, believe you, but how can 1? You're a director in half a dozen gas compa- Last night, when interrogated as to the cause of the breaking dewn of the ni ie system of illumination, the person in charge at the central station in West

Twenty-fifth street said there were several causes, but that he was too Imsy Fur, Gas.—The Coney Island Fuel Gas and Light Company has been to speak about them. While the reporter was speaking the man in charge organized, and will commence the construction of works iramediately, so as

was approached by one of the private patrons of the Brush company, and to be ready to supply to the hotels gas for cooking purposes at the opening

Tne next s ison.

was told that the light must be supplied with greater regularity or the 1

of it would be dispersed with altogether.—New York Jimes, Aug. 24]

Artesian Wells in the Coke Districts.

Ratio of Accidents and Production in Mines.

ae The Connellsville Cow*ier says that coke manufacturers and furnace men

There is a certain ratio between the amount of ore raised in t min ind within easy rea if the Youg gheny are going to that stream fora perthe number of men employed. In this country we do not ke p these statis 1) ent supply of water, others not so fortunately located are forced to ties accurately. but in England where they have government suspect f; adopt other plans. The Lemont Fuinace Company and the Fayette Coke mines whose duty it is to report all such things, they are kept ca vy. land Fm Company have su ssfully surmounted the difficulty by put- The reports of these inspectors have just been published. By t state. tit i artesian wells. At the Oliphant furnace, operated by the latter ment it appears that, oa t e, in 1880. in Great Britain and le i water sufficient to fill ten-inch pipe was obtained ata depth of there was at all the min ider the Coal Mines Reg tion Act. tw lred ; Lat I tan inch and a-half stream was struck at accident amongst every of pet mployed in and t depth ol hundred and twenty-five feet. The sand in this latter well one death by accident amongst every 368 persons em] so thut 1ells stro y of petroleum, La pint of oil was skimmed from a bucket

119 tons of mineral were got for each fate] accident, and 122.509 ions full of wat

ie

he

he ne e- id

a

et

Sept. 2, 1581 American Gas Right Fournal, 99

[A Graduating Thesis Read before the Stevens Institute of Technology rurnishe heat units are withdrawn, then we Gas Enzines, X K —— a By Ausert Spies, M.E, Cy 1,225x ++ .535) Cv b stant volume, and being equal to (Continued from page 79.) 1684x +- .286 THE ATMOSPHERIC GAS ENGINE, x + .48

It was the aim of the inventor to overcome all the defects of the earlie gas engines— especially to avoid the shock which occurred at each explosion x? +. 1,48x + .48 —and in his efforts he was governed by the following principles :

[t is known that by the combustion of explosive mixtures heat is generated producing either increase of volume or increase of pressure in the co! ing vessel. This increased pressure lasts as long as the products of bustion lose no heat; if, however, they are cooled by the surrounding Dl atmosphere, or by some other agent, they contract. Since the pressure is Ws may wer tt y of variation during the ascent of the piston by to be utilized as a motive force, we may ask, '' What time elapses between ;: P the heating and the cooling of the gases?" It is known that this time is of very short duration ; and consequently if the heat generated by the com : : bustion is not immediately utilized by allowing the heated gases to expand nme wnhes by a gas volume when the law of variation of very rapidly, a large portion is lost by conduction and radiation through thi caleb ala ai prtiatie I! socks Pamvie is cylinder walls. This loss of heat corresponds evidently to a loss of moti power. If, then, we have an engine constructed like the Lenoir engine, Pat a ee ee for example, with a connecting rod and crank, we have opposed to the fore of the explosion in the cylinder not only the useful work, but the mass of the whole system. Such an engine, in order to utilize the whole explosiyv force, must work with an enormous velocity ; but the moving parts ca never take an acceleration corresponding to the intensity of the explosion and therefore the heat which is not utilized will tend to heat the piston and volume of the charge (volume before cylinder. The inventor of the atmospheric gas engine on this account discarded the direct utilization of the explosive force, opposing to it but very Denoting the pist j quare meters, and the distance to which slight resistance, but, after the expansion of the hot gases, made use of "© pss! bu] ters, es being the height of piston before their contractile action as a source of power. t

The engine consists essentially of a cast iron cylinder in which a metal piston moves air-tight up and down, At every explosion of the gas mixture this piston is shot up the cylinder, having but little more resistance opposed to it than its own weight and the resistance of the air. The mixture, afte: being fired, therefore expands very suddenly, and also cools rapidly, b cause the cylinder is furnished with a cold water jacket. On account of thi ; Ly sudden cooling of the gases, their tension falls far below the atmospheric pressure, and the piston is forced down by this latter pressure. It should here be mentioned that the cylinder is vertical and open at the upper end. "oe The downward motion of the piston is that which is transferred to the e he I as gine. The piston rod is, properly speaking, a rack which gears with a sn spur-wheel, the latter transmitting motion to the shaft. This spur-wheel is his won de part motion to the piston, to overcome its so constructed and arranged that, when the piston ascends, it turns fg SRO, Oe stance of the air, To overcome this last on the shaft ; on the descent of the piston, however, it tightly clutches the shaft and forces it to participate in its motion, Fsp.(1 ' (a

The proper supply of gas is admitted to the cylinder by means of a slide Letting t R, then to overcome it requires the folvalve. In the gas conductor there is a cock, by which the proportion of gas V to air can be so regulated that the piston is shot up by the explosion to a y desired distance, thus altering the performance of the engine at pleasni Puttis R Q)]

Since the useful effect, however, is greatest for a certain height of rise of R QF e,) (h)

the piston, it is desirable so to regulate the force exert at the throw o ae , he piston, " 8 — ted that the throw of If th elit t pist rod P, then in order to raise it to a height

the piston may be always the same, and hence be independent of the per-|;._ , mr : necessary ta formance of tlie engine in a given time. This is accomplished by maki . the number of strokes of the piston independent of the number of revolu tions of the shaft, and for this purpose the exhaust pipe is provided with a cock, by adjusting which the products of combustion are allowed to escape : ZF — e,) (c) more or less rapidly, which causes the piston to descend more or Jes The worl 's must then be equal to the sum of the rapidly. If this cock is wide open, tlie engine works with its maximum three ¢ ' , Cherefore we have power, ) ' The main differences of this gas engine from the earlier engines, then, Fs} Esp)! 1 e, + QI es Sites are— 1. Intermittent actioa of the piston. which, Dy : 2. The special construction to transfer the downward motion of the piston to the flywheel. 3. Difference of the valve motion from other engines. 4. The regulation of the performance by changing the number of st:

of the piston for a constant number of revolutions of the flywheel. tO Bw e.)

Theory of the Atmospheric Gas Engine. me Let T, be the absolute temperature of the gas mixture, consisting of x and since Q, Z irded as known quantities, n may be decubic meters of air and 1 cubic meter of gas, and let T, be the absolute termined. temperature after explosion, Takine the fa se power, then we have for F, e,, 8, P, and R

Assuming, as before, that from the heat which every cubic meter of gas tin following ¥ s, as determined experimentally by Mr, Meidinger:

PDT So OOP RABE

Light dournal Sept. 2, 1881.

F .01767 square meters. e; .114 meters.

P 21.8 kilogrammes,

R 7 kilogrammes,

Therefore we have

P ZFp 21.8 .°. Z ——— - 119 01767 LOZ34 R QF po Fate @ — . 038 .O1767 x 10334 These values substituted in our last equation give (1 + .038 + .119) (1 - 114) ] e,n—1 n— ] 1.215 or, 1.215n — 2.215 —e,n ~—1,°, en —1+ 1,215n 2.215

which equation gives for n the value 1.6, and therefore

pv" piv nb pv! 6 piv 1.6 is the law of variation of pressure and volume for this case. we can now determine the pressure and temperature at the end of the

stroke of the piston.

Knowing this,

Designating this pressure and temperature by p and T respectively, we have

p y,1.6 y,1.6

p y1.6 y1.6 ty y,1.6 1 vy, 6 y,.6 i ss ee", T ce ¥. v1.6 1 y.6 y.6

During the descent of the piston the useful work is performed by the engine, the descent being due to the weight of the piston, combined with the excess of the atmospheric pressure over the pressure beneath the pis ton. the atmospheric pressure, and in driving them out of the cylinder through

Some work is again expended in compressing the inclosed gases to

the exhaust port, and another part if required to overcome the piston friction. We must now calculate at what height of piston above the bottom of the cylinder the gaseous products are compressed to atmospheric pressure, the mechanical work necessary to compress them from p to p, and finally the theoretical delivery of the engine. I. To calculate the height of piston above cylinder bottom at which the gaseous products are compressed to the atmospheric pressure p It is known that a volume of air (v) at a pressure p and temperature T weighs pv G RT but since in our case we have to deal, not with pure air, but with a mixture of air and carbonie acid, ete., R will have a different value. it K,, then

If we place for

p Fe,s R,T

the pressure and temperature being p, and T, respectively.

G

This weight If

when the gaseous products are compressed to py (the pressure of the air),

must be the same at every position of the piston unless there is leakage.

the temperature is T, and the volume Fe.s, e.s being the distance between the bottom of the cylinder and the piston, we have

p Fe.s G R,T From these two equations we have p e:T pe, T p ¢ r. ] T

at whie

ducts of combustion are compressed to atmospheric pressure.

and therefore e.s is the height above the cylinder bottom h the proof

compression the exhaust valve is opened and allows the gas to escape.

II. To find the mechanical work necessary to compress the combustion

produets from p to Pp

Let the law of variation of pressure and volume during the descent of the piston be represented by the equation pv® Pot p and v being the pressure and volume at the highest positi: of tl piston, and p. and vy, being the pressure and volume at the height e.s from the bottom of the cylinder. Then p Vol Fe.s Pp yn i

At this point

For the ascent of the piston we

pv! Therefore p y,! - n p yn Dividing the upper equation by th: ave

from which n, may be found. The.z .. 1ical work necessary to do the work of compression from the pressure p to is given by the equation

Furthermore, the air pressure and the weight of the piston must overcome the piston friction, which requires an amount of work represented by the equation

— e:) QF sp,(1 — e:) Hence the work for both resistances is Fsp (1 ey )Q on F'sp a n, — 1

The work furnished by the air pressure and piston weight is l—e.+Z (1 Fsp, (1 + Z) (1 — e.)

Subtracting the upper equation from the lower one, we obtain the following

Esp

value for the theoretical delivery per revolution :

em

F'sp which equals

e ni

F sp yy — -

ni ] and if the engine makes u revolutions per minute, the delivery per second will be

F'sp

meter kilogrammes. Dividing this by 75, we obtain the horse power developed

. In the double-acting engine it often happens that at almost the end of the stroke the internal pressure becomes very low, by the condengation resulting from the combination of oxygen and hydrogen, and an expenditure of power is required to overcome the difference between the

internal and external pressures. This negative work, which must be subtracted

from the work developed during the period of expansion, exercises

visible influence on the performance of the engine, and the suppression of

this cause of enfeebled action must necessarily be synonymous with an increase of useful effect. At the

tested, and they were reported to consume about 38.1 cubic feet of gas per

Paris Exhibition, in 1867, several Otto & Langen engines were horse power per hour, this being a noteworthy advantage over the Lenoir and Hugon engine, these consuming about 70 and 74 cubic feet respectively.

In the year 1870 a number of tests of the atmospheric gas engine were

made, a few of which are here given, TRIAL GF AN

Otto & Langen Engine,

These trials were conducted by M. Tresca, the first one taking place Mareh 27, The dimensions of the engine were as follows:

.222 meters. acket Pee ae .965 "es Pressure of gas, 30.5 mm.; duration of trial, 4 hours,

Diameter of piston Maximum stroke Height of water Diameter the engine making during this time 20,563 revolutions,

The engine

meters, the

was provided with a brake, the length of whose arm was .75

weight at the extremity of the arm being 10 kilogrammes, and

therefore the dynamometrical HP was

4 x 3600 x 75

During the 4 hours of trial the gas consumption was 4070 liters, or 1017.5

liters per hour ; and therefore the consumption per horse power per hour

was

"4

'r

Sept. 2, 1884. American Gas

Mstimat thi LS ption of the burne if GO liter ( for the 1 yp for the w k ] rf l 1] OO meters, 1135.6 liters being equal to 1.135 cubic meters, and 60 lit ecubie meters. Then, assuming that the heat dise: L by the

of 1 eubie meter of gas was 6000 calories, we have for the total

GO00 6450 calories. he quantity of

around t eylinder w 110 liters, and wa

ions, Which Lives r op hou

t 1126 calories ( pari this t total heat expended, we find that the cooling water carries off about sixth of the heat produ this value ever, bein ) t low since t! vater cools before its temperature leter

Tho en ie y ae lated that at every revolut V im 3 was admitted t e cylinder, this y ime bein HI) 5.61 liters, ( H M4

where D t 1eter of t eyli ! met 3 ' fi bot f the eyli r to the pistol t m Pine tt total ( iW tO70 liters i " 1 r liters per hour were requ L e burne the only 3830 lite: fx ut ! fou ul the vol ' used per! ut N 5 PSH The voh ( I luced at ¢ 9.6] t consequently pol I ir ] 1 i I 61 L862 10.12 vork pert med ( 270.000 ROG iv letel O40 1 [7,—Gas p1 re 6m dui f i revoluti auribpg Ol 1917: lent ( I t io the appliea wel efore, 10 kilogram ) rv pow 6.2 a 10 LO] S5o7 HI yt) iw The gas consumpti 1085 liters, and the consumption was determined to be 65 liters per hom then the total consumpti HP per hou LOR5 807 1266 liters (about 44.68 cubic feet Phe vas cons tion of t engine alone equals 1, 2¢ mo) 1,20] meters i tLerefore the heat disengaged w it 720 lor [ cooling water, amount to 107 liters, was raised 9 deerces ' (from 33° to 42 represent v 104 OD ! the 1 210,000 S04 (206 The volume of gas used per rey lution w L020 117 ) the proportion of air was 5 6] 207 27 i Lil G pi ul ) f ty ) of revolut s during trial, 2446; t f arm pil l wel kilog Dy ' tric rs 6.28 d 7) O44 126 HI Total gas consumption during 30 minutes, 280 ters, pet hour, and therefore the consumption per horse power per

8036 calories: heat absorbed by cooling water, 321 calories Ratio heat expended to heat lost, 3036 + 321 9.4. Work perfo1 per expended

270.000 426 37.8 mete , OUB6 Gas consumed per rt lution, 253 P4465 103 liters. Prop rt to gas, 5.61 103 D4. 46. Trial 1V.—Duration of trial, 30 minutes ; number of revolution: 2399.

Gas pressure, brake ar

vious trial. Dynamometrical horse power, 6.28 x Oo .15 x 2399

LSO0 x 75

trial

The gas consumption during the was 280 liters, or 560 liters pe hour ; and consequent Vy the consumption pel horse power per hour was 560 — .418 1339.7 liters (46 cubie feet, nearly). The heat expen led was 6000 5088 3052.8 calories, and the heat ab bed by the cooling water was in th e not determined. The work per calorie was

, and applied weight were the same as in the pre-fey

Light

ittrl

f i t I Fig. 4

Phe ey

as int

lournal, 101

) 2. 16 liters. Proportion of W r table ' - 20 4% oS aoe a ho a os Rye] L sae re - a 5 8 Om SS SP : en. EW hoo. oF em M. Kilos , ©. 140 7.5 oo4 Y 2.1 3.69 Gs ' Ny 2.06 fi re of t enpiue, and must be rky the piston, allowing very little time ft the cyhuder walls. This proves, in a ition of economy in gas engines as t vorking fluid expands within a of heat to the steam engine, with this differpressing pump and reservoir, for the t quantity of combustible gases, f ! ud at a pressure exceeding that exerted in the cylinder The reservoir, then, that the boiler has to the steam engine, 4 SSS SEES PN by a J

Of The Brayton Non-Explosive Gas Engine,

piston has metallic packing rings, xl of lubrication being applicable. ; wire gauze, similar to that of the safety inder ports, in order to prevent the ignition of the gak charge in the cylinder is fired by a small gas

e meth

' rs ol

102 American Gas Light Zourual,

Sept. 2, 1881.

jet, as will be explained later. The reservoir containing the gas mixture is Va provided with a safety valve of sufficiently large area to avoid serious acci

deut in case of explosion. If fluid hydrocarbons are used in place of gas, Vb the reservoir is filled with pure air only, and carburization takes place be- Va being assumed to be 1 cub

tween the reservoir and the cylinder. To find the temperature Te,

The mixture of gas and air is not exploded as in other gas engines, but combustion of one cubic meter

simply burns as it flows into the cylinder ; and the gas pressure, up to the W® have ' © . t point of cut-off, is as uniform as in eny steam engine. In a trial of one of ! ae these engines the maximum pressure was found to be 75 pounds per square Tk

inch at the beginning of the stroke, gradually diminishing to 66 pounds at J being Joules equivalent, 424

'

the point of cut-off, where the speed was nearly a maximum ; from the point of cut-off the pressure declined, in accordance with the laws of expansion of gases, A 5-horse power engine of this style, tested at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873, developed as a maximum rather more than its rated power. The mean power, as determined by a dynamometer, was 3.986 HP, the indicated HP at that time being 8.62. The engine consumed on the therefore in the equation average about 32.06 cubic feet of gas per dynamometrical HP per hour, It is surprising, at first, to find the great difference between the indicated and dynamometrical horse power of the engine, but when we consider that, besides the friction of the engine, some power is lost in overcoming the Pb and Pe are equal and drop difference should exist.

Figure 4 represents a sectional view of the cylinder of the engine. A is Tb

heating. P is the piston, and as this is directly exposed to the ignited Vd, since

gases, it is protected by a separate plate of cast iron and a layer of asbestos. Vd The upper end of the cylinder is used as a compressing pump, and is pro- Ve vided with the two valves a and b. It is obvious that as the piston descends

the induction valve a opens and admits the gas and air into the cylinder ; Also :

when the up-stroke of the piston occurs, the eduction valve / opens, a is as " closed, and the gases are forced into the reservoir. At the bottom of the le rk cylinder, and below the range of the down-stroke of the piston, there is a Pd Vd chamber in which there are two or three diaphrams of wire gauze, kept in : position by two outside plates, The partition is termed the '"' intercepted," Pe Ve

because it guards the passage leading from the reservoir, and prevents the

ignition of the gas mixture therein. This intercepted is so located that all] whence we have PeVe PdVd

the gas consumed in the engine must pass through it. The induction valve a' is opened for every up-stroke of the piston by means of a cam or rock

shaft, thus admitting the compressed mixture of air and gas into the cylin- Te Td der. A constant flame is maintained on the surface of the intercepted, by Pe

making a small aperture through the valve seat wall, its area being regulated

by means of a pointed screw, 7. The exhaust valve m is worked by some Pd suitable mechanism, opening it at the proper time to admit the escape of The value of H, is the products of combustion. H

Having thus given a general description of the engine, we will now pass and tl

over to the theory of it. H, IDCs

'Consequently E equals efficie: r H,—H,

H

be The available heat pel dics

L,YSO, 000 ft

Fig. 5.

The annexed figure (fig. 5) represents an indicator diagram of the engine,

AB being the curve of compression and CD the curve of expansion of the and dividing this by the actual

gas. Let Ta and Pa be the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere #0n.

respectively, being also the temperature at d pressure of the gas ind air T

mixture as 1f 18 taken into the 'compressing pump ; let also Pe. le, Pd, Td, 116.4 ll . ¥ ' 1 equals Z1ib lbs. per square f

% Te. and Pb, Tb be the pressures and temperatures corresponding 'i

' phe gent Ks ' 2g F pe . I ling to the meter. Let Pb equal ¢

points E, D, C, and B,—Ve, Vd, Ve, and Vb being the corresponding vol

umes. The specific heats for constant pressure and constant volume be ing 4] . Aliso assume given respe ctively by the formuls

fas MIxXture sist O1 124 V 2375x + 643 1684x + YRG wa lane , Cp - and UY - F x tS x i8 2010 LZ Cp equals we have for the value of k, Cp UN Assuming the temperature Ta, we 12 ean find Tb from the equation is Ta Pak - Patk A ON Lv eq 1als a —-- [b Ta 2 Tb Pbh&—1)+k Pbk —1)+k ( 2551 The pressure Pb, which is the pressnre in the reservoir, may be assumed

The value of Vb is found from the equation . Cr 1842

The increase of volume from

engine ; this pressure 1s equival

Pal k Vb

ic foot or .0283 cubic meters.

we must assume or obtain experimentally the

The action of the engine is exactly similar to that of the steam engine. value of H,, which is the number of meter kilogrammes developed by the

of gas mixture. Then, if D is tie density,

Te Tb. ipD

;

meter kilogrammes, From this equation we

obtain the value of Tc, namely,

H Tb JCpD

B to C is effected at constant pressure, and

PbVb PeVe Tb Te

out, giving

resistance of the compressing pump, it seems quite natural that this great Vb Ve Vb

Ve : . Te

Te Tb

the working cylinder, surrounded by the water jacket BB, to prevent over- Determining the value of r, the ratio of expansion, we can by its aid find

Vd Ve xr

! 1k —1 I'd iy - rk 1 a Vd k Pd Pc a k Ve-k

Pe Pd Pe Re - Td 1'e Td Pd Pa ld x Td Pd

icy of engine, equal

ited horse power per hour is 73, 754.8

meter kilogrammes.

€ ficiency. efficiency is 273, 754.8

From D the pressure falls at constant volume until the point E is reached,

1e value of H,, the meter kilogrammes rejected per cubic meter, is

efficiency, we get the actual gas corsumppressure

Pa, equals atmospheric

t, equals 10334 kilogrammes pe

Zio 288° absolute temperature,

lumes of air to 1 of gas; then for Cy

pressure,

r square

atmospheres, the pressure in the reservoir of the

it to 62004 kilogrammes per square meter.

Let the

— equals - equals ,2551 ; 86 2.391 é juals equals 1842 is 12.98 ials 1.385; therefore k 1 equals .385

1d

id

Sept. 2, 1881.

American Gas Light Fournal. 103

k— 1 equals .278

— equals .722

With these values we can now find Tb from the equation

Ta Pakk—1)+k 288 10334 .278 278 Tb Phk—1)+k Tb 62004.278 6.278 whence Tb 458.7°. Also, (§).722 Vb .0077 cubic meters. Vb

S

Te ' , Nw 2 "

we

Nn

Average Pressure, 21.1 lbs. Scale, 1-48.

and the gas cons ption equals 273, 754.8 .1098 cubic meters, 85.067.88 providing the efficiency were perfect ; since the efficiency is, however, only 386, the gas unption is .1098 386 2844 cubic meters (about 10

cubic fe et

This is a remarkably v figure when we consider the consumption of other gas engines Chus, the Lenoir engine consumes about 70 cubic feet per horse power per hour, and t Hugon engine about 74 eubic feet. The Otto silent engine consumes less gas than the two just given, the requisite quantity being about 17 to 18 cubic feet for large sizes (40 HP) and about 22 cubic feet for smaller sizes, Experiments were made at Dentz regarding the gas consum} t sine, and it was found that for an engine

Fig. 6.—Cards of the Eclipse Engine.

J 87 / 80

—=om

Scale, 112 lbs. equal 1 inch.

Fig. 7.—Cards of the Otto Silent Engine.

Assuming H, to be 185,067.88 meter kilogrammes per cubic meter, we

have H 185,067.88 Te — Tb 1365.4 JCpD 424 x .2551xd

Therefore Te equals 1365.4 + 458.7 equals 1824.1°

Vb Ve Vb .0077

ee ae XS a % taoeF .0306 cu. meters

Tb Te Tb 458.7

Va we know to be equal to .0283 cubic meters.

If now we assume the ratio of expansion as 3, we have

Vd . r 3..°. Va 3 x .0306 .0918 cubic meters. Ve f Td 1k—1 1.385 Td 1.385 —— i Td 1824.1 x —— 1200 Te rk —1 3.385 1824.1 3.885 ; Pd 0918 — 1.885 F Pd 13,534.2 kilos. per sq. mete 62004 .0306 — 1.885 Also, Pe 10334 x 1200 Te ee i. ee 916° Pd 13534. 2

Pe being equal to Pa, which is the atmospheric pressure.

grammes per cubic meter. We can now get the efficiency, which is H,—H, 185,067.88 — 113,488. 7055

H, 185,067.88 The available heat per I. horse power per hour is 273,754.8 + .3886 702,209 meter kilogrammes,

S's ue . al — / t 6

& ee ©, oer a al Avera ms Seale, 1-48 ;o oN co PL yy Peds? 7 T + + SS with a 64 ineb cylinder and 12 inch stroke, about 1-40th to 1-44th of a cubic foot of gas was required for one charge, the amount varying, of course, with the quality of the ind the work to be performed. Since an engine of the nbove-mentioned dimensions develops about 54 horse power at 160 rev tions per minute, it follows that 21 cubic feet per

I, horse power pe approximate consumption. This, however, does not include the mption of the slide lights, which require about

5 eubie feet per I ul In figures 6 and grams with the 1egular, unbroken expansion curves are indi rams obtained from an Otto silent engine,

while the other two dia were obtained from an Eclipse engine, which,

though altogether different principle from the Otto engine, was found to consume very nearly the juantity of gas,

Figure 8 also represents a1 locator card of an Otto silent gas engine, the arrows indicating the direction of the piston. The horizontal line A is

Fig. 8. just below the atmospheric line, and represents the outward stroke |of the piston (single acting), drawing in by suction a charge of gas and air. When the piston performs its back-stroke, the mixture is com-

'pressed, as shown by the compression curve BB, Having completed this

+

Lod. American Gas Light douraal. Sept. 2, 1881.

stroke, the explosive mixt ignited, producing a rapid elevation of dantly proved by the brilliant. specimens of gas lamps which have been set pressure ; the piston, yielding to this pressure, moves f ward, and the ex-up in London and in the cities and large towns of the provinces,

pansion line C is traced Finally the piston, returning as shown by the Pe rhay s the best known specimens of public lighting by electricity are t

arrow D, expels the products of combustion. This action, then, is continu-| be seen in the metropolis ; and respecting its character and durability, ally repeated, and it will be observed that the engine makes two revolutions is not too much to say, public opinion is divided. Some admire it, som , or four strokes for each individual explosion, The engine must therefore accord to it qualified praise, and others object that it is cold and disagree: "2 have a very heavy tlywheel, the momentum of which performs three strokes able in character, while the intensity interferes disagreeably with the visio ty out of the four, The proportion of the number of explosions for a certain in passing from one intense light to another, through the comparative) number of strokes may be varied to suit the occasion, thus allowing greater obscure space which intervenes. economy of gas when light work only is cone. We can not have more than Then, again, another objection with which observers in general cannot one ¢ xplosion for four strokes,' but we can have more than four strokes fail to sympathize 1s the vital defect of its unee rtainty. This has ve ry ofte: th for one explosion. Economy of gas is also secured in this engine by| been proved most inconveniently, all the lights on a circuit having gone out the greater dilution of the required gas with air, this being possible because again and again through some unobserved defect by which the flow of th: the charge is ignited under pressur current has been stopped, the effect being to leave the district in total The principle of compression of the working fluid was first employed in| darkness, This bas occurred several times on the Thames Embankment Captain [ericsson's air engine, in which it served a double purpose on the Holborn Viaduct, and in some of the wost i portant streets of th q 1. It diminished the temperature to which the air had to be raised, and city of London. ; wa thus diminished the excessive heat so pernicious to these engines. popular fallacy has iately been widely and industriously propagated, 2. It permitted the reduction of the size of the several parts for a given' that this may be overcome by the ' storage of electricity," Sir Willian th power, Thomson having had a box of it sent over to him at Glasgow all the way But if the previous compression is so advantageous in the working of the| from Paris! Wonderful, certainly, but worth nothing practically, except engine, it may be asked, Is it equally advantageous to its practical per-| for scientific purposes. Who would think of sending a box of gas from formance In other words, is the advantage gained an adequate return for Paris to Glasgow, except to show that it could be done? And who does not the work expeuded in compression ? know that either the one or the other, gas or electricity, can be much more Caleulations show that the same quantity of gas not compressed would i where it is wanted than it can be made and stored yield a greater amount of tot ul motive force ; but, on the other hand, the] and sent in a package from oue place to another, the two places being some loss resulting from the compression is compensated by a better utilization hundreds of miles apart of the heat generated And then, again, as to the quantity of ' electric energy" sent to Glasgow Numbers of gas engines, and especially those of the Otto type, are now being stated as amounting to '' one million foot-pounds," this appears to R

coming into use, and, judging by the variety of purposes to which they are} me to be studiously delusive, The box containing this energy is said t applied, a great and promising future is in store for them. The prejudice have weighed 75 lbs., and this weight of coal is capable of giving out 12 of the public against them at first was probably due to the failures of the} million foot-pounds, and the boasted one million foot-pounds of electric

earlier engines, and to the jealousy of makers of small steam engines, who] energy means about the same quantity as is contained in two cubic feet o!

, , . - ing saw in them formidable rivals to (heir productions. Some difficulties still compressed gas - am . , , 17 : mo

remain to be overcome in their construction and action, but this will not Ihe whole thing, indeed, practically considered, is a delusion, and has ' : . é : era hinder their present practical utility, as 1s shown by the m ny thousands in not advanced the storage of ele ctricity one single step. We are just where th mice f i ; k : oth

use in different parts of the world. we were, and nowhere else, as concerns the question of storage.

. P enc Electricity has to be produced as it is wanted, and conducted to where it ; : : sali

Ne is wanted, and any trifling hitch in the combined operation will prove fatal Mr. R. P. Spice on Electric Light. : I : dar

to the continui'y of the current and extinguish the lights depending

The following letter, written to the Directors of the Dublin Gas Com-| "PO? ™ blic lig)

, : 5 uch for the application of electricity to lic lig or

pany, gives the views of one of the leading vas men of England on the 9 much for the tp] iti electricity t pu " ightipg, ail

f Che most important experiments and display of its adaptability to the

electric light. An effort is being made to induce the Dublin authorities to : gies in ¢ grant pe rmussion to an lectric hight company to lay wires, ete., the re al oblighti g of oe r,Ors have a ntiyvy been made in be House of Commons ; obs ject of which is to give the shares a good send-off and establish the and the result, me r several trials, was a failure. ahs character of the light whi electric light company in Dublin on a business basis without the trouble was object seg hag uncert — iy is more than — made disagreeably ge of going to Parliament for powers, as gas companies are obliged to do, manife st, and the old system of lighting by gas was decided to be prefe rable. ie

: While these experiments were going on, another practical application of 21 ParuiAMENT Srreet, Westminster, S. W., / it was sought to be effected by an old established firm, having large. busi-the 12th July, 1881, ' : ' a ra : in

; ness premises in Westminster, to which they have recently added a carpen- To the Chairman and Directors of the Alliance Gas Co., Dub , ters' shop, adapted to the requirements of sixty workmen; however, as th: 100 Gentuemen [ have tiot been unobservant of the attention paid and the sum required by the Company for the requisite fittings and dynamo-electri: a encouragement afforded to the efforts made for the promotion of electric machine was £700, the luxury of the light was abandoned, for the simpl sete lighting in your city reason that the 3 T ary ythe machine to pr "luce the light, the ex a Nor have I been surprised at the effect produced thereby on the market pense of att lance Uj} ts working, and wear and tear, a.lded to th a value of the property of your company, experience having proved that pub-interest on t t htt ld greatly exceed the cost of gas. whe lic opinion is ea ly affect d, adverse ly to the interests of the holders of This may serve you as a gauge to en ible you to measure pretty accurately ascag property in gas indertakings, by the highly colored statements of the] the chances of your busines f gas supply being interfered with by electri: : numerous advocates of the light of the future," as it is fondly called by lighting finder ; way generally into interiors, And it may well encow — its patrol which, they say, is to supersede gas as a lighting power age and resto) fi t al elders, whose faith in the continued But, while it is to be deplored that the holders ef shares in a perfectly prosperity ' ive been shaken by the assertions ot py mund and stable undertaking ich as yours, should be deluded into part-electricians that the days of gus lighting are numbered." gone ing with their interest t at a price or prices far below its intrinsic value Po ly days 0 e numbered, but no one has yet ventured to pro} the conso.ation remains ¢ you, ual 1 those of your shareholders who know predict t l er, nor ca yvonne determine it within a ec utury o cede better than so erifice their property, that & prospe is and good The prediction was made more than thirty years ago, when a great ste] ate paying cern, 1 Worth as nu as it ever has been, in adval W effected, and the light was exhibited at the Polytechni 0 ¥ [ make this stater t to you all seriousness, with as full and intimate Institut but althoug! generation has passed away since then, the onsets Aan acquaintance the facts as regards the surroundings of the two sys-pro] vi gins unfulfilled, and just about as far from fulfillment as ever. tems of light yone can obtain, and without an at m of Side by side with modern electric fighting in its most improved forms, the i an prejua ' . ' tric regarding it, indeed, ¥ t vor, 1 oO 3] lily on at an accelerated rate, tion my opinion vel t to be, t gas companies, r lng in It would be difficult mec to point to any business which has prospered of ¢ disgui so steadily through 1ong ¢ t ed seasons of depre ssion and convulsions scale For thi b dus . 1 proclaiming the doctrine, that, as whi LV haken the vé y foundations of commerce, and never has thi Ar pt yple be me i t of great intensity, sucl is the electric prosperity gas under kings been more solid and assured than at th: milli light, they will find 16 ext nvenient to puf up with the less pow pr t time Nor could a better incentive to increased means of economy mane erful gas burners, such the parsimony f local authorities in production, and consequent widening of the base of this prosperity b: milli have hitherto commonly t as being sufficient for lighting the devised the electric light, and this will be proved as certainly in Dub-rm streets of cities and towns ; and the truth of this doctrine has been abun-|lin as in Lond in th

capit

Lit

re it fatal ding

yn ol busirpen- s the etris mpl

e ex

rately

ectri

ehnl 1, the

ever, Ss, the

Sept. 2, 1881.

American Gas ZV

It is cheering to know that while the zeal of some prominent electric upably exceeds their common sense, and has led them to make ridicule assertions, there are others, such as Dr. Siemens and Mr. Preece whos

inments in this special branch of science are of the highest order a

-econd to none, who have over and over again publicly declared their eo

victions that the use of gas will not be prejudicially interfered with by el

trie lighting. These foremost electrical authorities are content with wid:

ins

¢ the field of their operations, well knowing there is ample room for both nd we gas men know equally well that the more electric lighting prospers

, its acknowledged proper sphere, the better it will be for that interest the prosperity of which we are more particularly concerned, My advice to your shareholders, therefore, is that those of them wh

iin object is a sound investment, steadily yielding a satisfactory incon

i¢

ck to their property, which will certainly continue to flourish, and let

se of their fellow citizens who are so minded, manifest their patriotic) by taking shares in the projected '' Dublin Electric Light Company," an

wait patiently for the result of its operations, whic! uch needed lesson, calculated to enlighten us respecting the actual cost the luxury, concerning which a great amount of ignorance prevails. lam, gentlemen, Yours faithfully, yD M.I.M.E., F

Spice,

M. Inst. C.E.,

R.G.S

(From the London "Journal of Gas Lighting The Econom:cs of Gas Management.

By Mr. Read at the Faghteenth Annual Meeting of the British Managers, held at Birmingham.

Henry Woopatu, of Leeds. Association of (

[ have long held the opinion that whatever importance may be attache

the engineering details of gas works and manufacture, or however captivat ing prospective improvements connected therewith, there are at the prese

moment, waiting our command, certain simple commercial principles,

erally little observed, which, if put inco full operation, would distance

It shall be endeavor to put before you, in as short a space as [I can, a few of the

other considerations in the advantages they would confer.

salient features of the policy which recommends itself to me, and daring to hope that my views will meet with general acceptance, I ha doubt that many of us will derive some advantage from the discussion, Of two great evils which beset gas consumers—extravagant engineer the latter inflicts the most widespread injury ; the for Here

observation will meet with an eloquent response in the breast of a man

acd Parliament

in occasional instances, the most acute. and there, [ am sure

whose deserts never can be appreciated, simply because the works he m ages were constructed by an engineer who, reckless as regards expendit has so heaped up the capital, that everyday economies are smothered in which the amount required to pay the statutory dividend exceeds

1000 feet, in a locality whet dividend might have been paid, and gas sold at about 2s. 6d. per

upon a reasonable capital, the same rate LOOO fe Now, under no ordinary conditions, as regards management or tuture er About per 1000 feet has bcen wasted ; and though the public may never ki

neering, can gas be sold at such a place at a reasonable price

where to put the blame, it will stand as an enduring reproach to the dir tors under whose management such engineering was permitted.

upon expenditure, whether large or small, without regard to its i upon the price of gas, Parliament has shown strange generally that the future success of our undertakings may be in inve proportion to the success achieved when we have induced Parliament t

cede to our most ardent demands.

it should be the careful study of the manager to provide that any ang tion of plant should be accomplished, not only without swelling th

of capital expenditure in relation to gas sold, but ata greatly 1

scale. An ordinary rate of expenditure on capital account has been £600 million feet of gas manufactured per annum; but at the present prices

And, apart fri

million feet, or less than half the original expenditure. price of materials, every year is witnessing au linprovement in the situati

in this respect, as 1 shall presently be able to show. The dividend

the burden of interest inexorably demanded. I have in my mind an insta:

I am strongly of opmion that, in granting a commou rate of divide

consumers interests, and I should be glad if I could pe rsuade gas manage

capital of £600 per million feet, at an average rate of eight per cent. ,cos

disregard for the

It is rarely that coal or any other item or group of items in om influences the price of gas to the consumer so material yas thed {ey nor is there any item so difficult to move in his favor by the manage seeing with what certainty price and demand act and react upon eac they

materials it is not difficult to meet increased demands at a cost of £250 per

may possibly teach

pract i

feet l

te, ca

ight

ght Fournatl.

f 1 that I t I n . od P - nl, pr Py r ' it W I t t w show f 1 ' ; t pel i) i retort 1% feet + ' 1]

ensions of nt t be effected dividend on this limited,

then upon this the cost is

lin ing of 9d. per thousand y 1 increase in the demand

ton lly,

LOOO or less,

vorks, including mains and meit may be shown that such

£50,000 for a make of a milrate of

constructed to-

i smaller capital

could not be

posing this wer impossible, it 1y estimate is amply sufficient. nnum is but the produce of one period of 200 day the average

ind that conse juently by every

lis retort-house, he is saving

in which economies of this kind

he eff ed I nt on this item, a retort house conne 100 ( 1000 feet, and afterwards improved ' vy) value by at least £1000, and if happer to be eomme urate with t] ri s double this amount r ine thr us of our plant which we genchow ¢ W 1 necessity demands, I will p to ! t, supposing their capacity to be equ 4 about 30 per cent. of our total cpr , W yn Lt may b trained on this t em are va rs be converted into double-lifts, or f er ity fur new land and tanks; t t better st t to t @ capacity to, say, 80 per n-| cent. of the greatest day 1 to endeavor to equalize the demand throug t thy lay and ht It the happy tence ney of our te r . During the day gas is being used for t purpos for night we have to thank the A pe t created a taste for better street ' ft ! p sider uivantage, bor ¢ bh t T nterprisin ( ry} I v ime Tf best P ¥ y tal inal edst f pul thoroughfares, in ' hout winter nights, iry and benefit to health of os equal ' t vii that t can be conferred, y means f i gl ie or thereabouts, we shall ! I that the t i the demand of one Pp riod of the 24 f irs ial I t d I hed Ch latt ( ad reference to the saving to be effected by dim pacity to the day's sale ; for manifestly if was were in re t rate it might be sent to the consumers lizect freon ¢ p rs cuspens d with altogether And the nearer we approach t the more we diminish the relative cost of plant, and the rect advantage by the amount of in i terest But weve tac 1 to us to encourage the sale in winter it is clearly move ] table t prove it in summer; for while a demand rs which is p ty thy t ¢ year—that is to say, which necessitates se the tion of , t proportion van be met, as I have enleav red t c per t san Tae@u, ¢ n thi um 1s saved Ip t 10 t Ww shall be in @x- t r , lain. Suppose the t tl ann ial consumplit i Livi Ly ke giving 200 as ' ' y find that whilst the preat- ' if you have increased your the year h l increased to 29%) lions which has not required vy ext 1 rest amounts to Is. per.l000 feet, enn 1 the quotient here simply to f r nend it ad opted it, as a re audy method of re m or retrogression in our bus- t ure is increased. Were it not that rgin to admit of repairs, 365 would , Ww mand uniform throughout t 'the year, and t fully employed

aos EF tee

ae

American Gas

>is

i,

Sept. 2, 1881.

ight Hournal.

I need not occupy your time by dwelling upon the smaller cost of mains and services in relation to an increased sale, for it is generally understood that a quadruple capacity can be acquired only at a twofold cost, and also that to improve the supply throughout a densely populated district, it is frequently only necessary to intersect the district by a single main of large area ; and thus where the original system of mains may have cost £200 per million feet, it is quite feasible to give a double supply at a rate not exceed ing £50 per million feet. '

I think it will be fonna the total expenditure in plant.

generally that meters cost about Where meter rents are charged—and I conof both buyer and seller alike that

there is no manifest gain to a gas company upon a

sider it to be decidedly to the advantage they should be charged limiting of expenditure in this direction. But what is of equal moment to

us is'that the consumer profits the more,

the more duty he extracts from the meter. If he burns 60,000 cubic feet of gas per annum, and his meter rent is 5s., the meter costs 1d. per 1000 feet. Lf he consumes double this quantity he has purchased his gas at an abatement of one halfpenny ; and were he conscious of the economy he was effecting, he would be inclined to prize it at double its value, because he had seenred it to himself by his unaided Ana here I would predict that the day is near at hand when

three-light

intelligence.

the manufacture of two and tailed.

that the smaller meters must

meters will be very largely cur (tas Is now being used so protuse ly, and for such various purposes, speedily give piace to larger ones in such numbers that those brought away will meet the demands of new property [ would advise managers to be very circumspect in ordering these smaller sizes, or it may shortly happen that they will find their stores encumbered [ confidently look forward

in

with a costly stock for which there is no outlet.

to the 10 light meter supplanting the three thousands of cases in

my own town within a period of three years

To tilt at Parliament may be about as profitable as at windmills, and far

less entertaining. Nevertheless it may be well to remark upon the serious

consequences which have resulted to gas consumers from the want of some guiding principle in parliamentary legislation as it affeets them. One com

ion feet, advised by its solicitor, asks for £100,000 of original capital to bear

pany spending at the ra'e of £1000 per n 10 per cent. dividend, and gets it, at a cost of 2s. per 1009 feet to the consumer, and is removed beyond the In the rate of

pale of legislation for many years Same session another company, whose expenditure has been at the £500 per million feet, asks for

£20,000, and quickly spending it, comes again tor capital, and is limited to 7 per cent., and in ten years the difference, commencing at one shilling, has improved to 1s, 2d. in favor of the consumer. Well, there recently came a time when there appeared to be a probability of consistency in legislation, when it was enacted that new shares should be put up at auction, and the premiums obtained become capital without bearing interest—an excellent

system, almost as good as to have left the legislation

this

previous alone, and

simply to have limited new shares to 5 per cent. At juncture there

sprang into existence the sliding scale, which, however much it may recommend

itself at first blush to gas managers and proprietors, must in the long run prejudicially affect the interests of the former, if not of both, while

there can be no question as f

+

Previously to the introducti

mort

the burden it puts upon the gas consumer, the auction clauses, Parliament was lim iting the dividends on new capital to 6 per cent. But as premiums on ten 100 per

auction, capital

as high as

per cent. capital generally ran

thought that by putting up shares at

cent., 16 was evidently

would be raised at a

Five then was con- Look applies for it under

It needs to spend ipon which amounts to £500, but by

L000 feet, the

charge to the consumer of only 5 per cent per cent.

sidered by Parliament to be an adequate return upon gas investments

you now what follows. A company

requiring capital

the new regulations, Its previous capital was £100,000,

perhaps at once £10,000, 5 per cent

reducing the price of gas 4d. per

company obtains the right to pay an extra one per cent., not only up

n the new £10,000, but also on

the original £100,000, and in this way uew capital, which was denied more than 5 per cent, by Parliament, has become a charge upon the consumer to

the extent of 16 per cent that this

10st advisedly to every gas manager

prese nt, sort of thing cannot be profita le either to him or to

the consumer, ard in the long ru

may be found prejudicial to the interests of the I

proprietor himself, by retarding the growth of the busine 38,

exciting cupidity, and inducing reprisa 8 on the part of towns' authorities, fully sympathize with the manager who, having a bill before Parliament. seeks to secure to his em] vers the best return he can for their investment but let him look all the facts t face, and I venture to think he will ses that the interests of seller i buver are and that Mr. Se llers, of York, when he contented himself s company with a hard and fast 5 per cent. showed more wit than he receiv: credit for at the time

Having now touched upon t nnerin which capital charges and rats of interest affect the price of g Iw puss ou to notice the incidence of certain charges in the rev unt. Itis not my intention to occupy your time by discussing the 1 y items in such an account severally, and

so, for convenience, I will deal generally with a hypothetical case of gas at 3s. per 1000 feet. 1 will assume that such a price may be divided into three, as follows Net cost of gas in the holder, after allowance for residuals. Ils. Od. Distribution, including repairs of meters, mains and ser vices, rates and taxes, collection, inspection, salaries, printing, ete , ' Dividends ; 1 0

Total 3s. Od.

In respect of the first section of the account, I have only to say that it

does not fall within the province of this paper to deal in any way with economies

in manufacture. The third section I have previously treated of.

There is,

however, a mine of wealth in the second section, for all of the items in the group there is scarcely one that is materially influenced by the quantity of gas supplied. Mains are laid down in the early career of a company, and ramify to the utmost limits of supply, and the maintenance of these, as also of the service pipes, costs no more whether gas flows through in a rapid stream or is stirred only by the leakage. The repairs of roadways to the mileage of mains, and are

are in relation inno way affected by the

sale of gas. It is as easy to take the index of a meter which has registered a million feet as if the quantity were only a hundred, and the collection of

ithe larger account is frequently the this, too, I am

simpler matter. Of

positively certain, that salaries are by no means proportionate to the sale of gas. Repairs of meters, rates and taxes, office expenses, printing and

the Now, if I were to say that a doubling of the consumption would not

stationery, are all of them items which are not affected relatively to sale. increase the aggregate cost of this group of charges by more than 20 per |cent., I should feel quite safe ; but I will be liberal and allow 25 per cent And so there accrues a saving at the rate of 9d. per 1000 feet again, which, per 1000 [ have said nothing hitherto about leak-ww

to be of

together with the previ us saving of 9d. on capital, makes 1s. 6d.

feet on newly acquired business

lage, which to many minds I kn vital consequence. Leakage I

the length of mains and their the

of gas flowing through them.

regard as being affected almost wholly by

condition, plus the adverse difference in f meters, and The gain, there

fore, under this head, by doubling the consumption where the present ratio

registration ¢

hardly at all by the quantity would be 5 per cent., which, taking the value of gas in the a little hd. per 1000 However, I will not take this item into account, and will oaly deal i.e., 1s. 6d

is 10 per cent holder at Is., feet.

with the figure I have previously named

would result in a saving of more than Now, the question is how to make the best of our opportunities in regard to this large advantage. If we wait until the business doubles in the regular way, years go

make

competition 1s € neouraged,

by and the ab itements we can are small and unappreciated . the

'

price, too, being high, If we divide the gains

over all consumers alike, irrespective of profitable consumption, we give to the many at the cost of a few, and we limit the possibilities of our business in like proportion

The incidence of commercial charges will form the subject cf a paper by Mr. Warner, and therefor

but will give an illustration of the mode in which we can apply the advan-

[ will not dwell upon this part of my subject, tage T have endeavored to show that we possess. There is a competition in progress between electricity and gas for public lighting. The cost of gas is

reckoned at its present market price. Electricity gives a more powerful light, which the vendors do not fail to take cognizance of when making their

Ni Ww,

seeing at what a seminal price an extra quantity of gas can be made, and

comparisons. It is only by so doing that they can hope to compete.

delivered to the public lamps, why should not the company say to the lighting

authority: '' If you want additional light, and will enter into a contract

to consume a double supply of gas, we will charge you for the extra quantity

at half the price you pay for your present consumption ?" The gain by

vould e mutual,

such an arrangement and it would only be securing to

lighting autho

che uivantages they would be fairly entitled to. There can be no doubt that if all

tent I have indicated, the price

classes of custom were expanded to the ex-where

uniform, would be uniformly reduced

. It erefore, one § m of cur consumers, clearly defined as are the light thorities, show a disposition to increase their demand, it is but rational, to my mund, that ey should receive at once the fullest advantage we can concede For my own part, I should rejoice to see the conenmption of gas in the public lamps of Leeds increased from to 5 eubiec feet per hour, at a charge for t additional quantity not exceeding 1s, per

1000 feet. It 1s desirable, and in most instances absolutely necessary, that

advances s] yuld be comme! vision in our Acts of

lamps shall be not higher than the lowest price charged to any consumer.

1 with public lighting, for it is acommon pro-

Parliament that the price of gas supplied to public

ps certainly are not our best customers, but an

nt the public lam

+

additional supply thereto may be sold under most advantageous conditions,

ywn locality I have no hesitation in saying that 1s. per thousand

and in my

vere

at

onof. the the m- of zh Lys the red of am ale ind the not per nt

ch, N00 ak- e I and re

tio the O00 leal ion 'ango the ins to

yan- 20n- ibie per that problic ner. t an ons, sand

——Ee

Sept. 2, 1881. American Gas

Light dournai, 107

feet on the extra supply would yield a higher rate of profit than our present business taken in the gross.

What the possibilities of gas lighting are may perhaps best be explained by putting my own experience briefly in the concrete form. In 1876 the sale in Leeds amounted, in round numbers, to 800 millions, and the income from gas alone to £150,000. In 1881 the sale is 1200 millions, and the income £120,000; so that a favorable combination of circumstances has re sulted in 400 millions of feet being given away, and £30,000 a year with it Let it be granted that there is* now an end to the special conditions unde which these results were obtained, still I think I have shown that we have ample grounds for pursuing our business with large handed enterprise. 1 trust also that it will be quite patent that the electric light has really compete with gas at less than half its present price, and also that schemes for supplying two qualities of gas through separate systems of mains can mly result in disaster if ever carried into practice. To adjust the price t the consumption, or to vary it with the character of the business, is not quite so easy in any uther case as in that I have offered as an illustration of the working of the principles Iam advocating ; but as time goes on, and new markets present themselves, the difficulties of the situation wil doubt prove to be more apparent than real.

I dare not trespass upon your time to pass in review the host of m considerations which fall within the range of my subject—such as meter rents, discounts and differential charges, deposits, methods and times of col lection, trading, advertising, ete. These I shall be happy to deal witl other time

[ have little doubt some present may be disposed to think that, in my earnestness on behalf of the gas consumer I have forgotten that Iam a manager. This, however, is far fror: being the cuse. I am proud of th office I hold, but I look for a much greater future for our industry than ] could have anticipated only a few years ago. When I tell you that the in creased manufacture of gus at Leeds, for the year just ending, approaches

140 millions, or 11 per cent., you will, I think, agree with me that the low price is hkely to tax the best energies of the management; and though

say it, who have perhaps less reason to speak hopefully than many another,

[ still say that such development of our business must inevitably result in

an improvement of the status of our profession. London Water Supply. er The recent hot weather in London made a severe demand on the various

water companies that supply the city, and, in addition to the heat, at the very time when everything was most pressed to meet the demands, a larg main pipe burst in one of the districts, which caused much inconveniences and a deficiency of supply.

We publish the following letter as valuable mainly to show just what th supply of water is in London To the Editor of the Times:

Sir—Having been officially concerned for many years with the

ment of an important portion of the London water supply, and hay thers by acquired a practical knowledge of the whole question, yet havi '

direct interest in the matter, we should like to say a few words at the pres

ent moment upon what has been designated as the recent metropolis '"water famine," That something defective exists with regard to the water supply of the

metropolis is evident, otherwise no such deficiency as that lately experienced

in certain districts would be possible.

Unhappily, defects in other matters affecting the metropolis are not far to seek. Notwithstanding a plethora of food, we have instances of sta) tion in our midst, and we have had evidence recently that the fish supply of London, while abundant, is yet extremely scarce. So, with the supply of

water to London—while myriads of millions of gallons have been constat tly running away over the weirs of the river Thames, householders have beer complaining of great deficiency in the water supply. It may, then, be worth while to expend a few minutes in endeavoring to ascertain what this defect really is and who is responsible for it.

The question naturally divides itself into two heads—viz., the supply of water into London and its distribution after arrival. On the subject of supply it has been assumed that some neglect or insuffici ney of pumping pow er has existed on the part of some of the metropolitan water companies, Let us, therefore, first inquire if this assumption is based upon fact.

If we refer to the Water Examiners's (Colonel Bolton) reports for the year ending June 30, 1881, we arrive at the fact that during that year the average daily supply of the whole water companies has been 145,732,116 gallons. Bat this figure, of course, includes hot weather and cold, drought and losses uf water in frost,ime (the latter a very heavy item, ete For the present purpose it will be simpler to compare the gross amount of thé daily supply as reported in the above return for the month of December last with the recent quantity pumped into London during the so-called

' water fa [ turn for last December shows that the daily supply to Lond lu that th was 134,710,844 gallons, while during the month of ; : the supply reached 162,305,736 gallons, showing an rease t uy of 27,594,892 gallons. During three weeks

f the. {Ju vhen the three elements of drought, heat and the veme of a vere all united, and it required the greatest. exertions 1 the t of the companies to meet the wants of the public the the supply increased to no less than 172,326,135 gallons. o1 ! 1 above the December supply of 37,616,135 nad 107,191 g ns above the average daily supply in

Now, what res represent as regards the individual house supplies of troy : The total number of houses supplied in December last was 601,210, so that the water supply of 134,710,844 gallons is supply per house of 225 gallons. Butin the mth of J t t mber of houses had increased to 609,847, and the

gross supply to 6 gallons or an average daily supply per house

With part : those, for instance, at the West-end of Lonible houses are to be found, where water exist, and where, moreover,

from the é f f ries, ete., nearly the whole of the supply is

ige per house is greatly in excess of 1 Junction and in the Chelsea Companies' districts has at ted 1 8 ga sper house per day. The return for the present m f J whe published, will show, of course, a still

rher 1 ' the very hottest of the weather, on two days

W eof the West companies had increased its supply from an to 17,771,640 gallons on the 19th, and 17,- 85.290 g t dt f July, representing a consumption of upwards

15 gall pi liem, or two and a-half times the quantity agreed by eminent experts t é essary. Yet this is what in popular language

Chadwick was president of the Board of Health, pul me sensible and very strongeremarks upon the extrav unt ' vate London houses, and he took the trouble, with

ren t ! roup of houses of a good class in the western part of gauge the quantity of water flowing into the houses and flower t ag he same period into the drains and sewers. he res f ent was that be ascertained that no less than 50

lLaway in the form of direct waste during

lhe fact that the Pa entary powers of the company as to house stations for regulat f fittings and prevention of waste, backed up by no side authority t be efficiently carried out without at once creating if lomestiec espionage," of interference with t Bing istle,"' ete. Things must, therefore, take their Met water authority is created, but whether this

authority 1 trust, or a commission, or a municipality, it i Ten as vit t power to act vigorously in the organization of

stic a ter supplies, and na/ens volens will be compelled to

xert it it ty st ent n order that by systematic regulation and may realize the full advantages of the supply, and 1 it present, to prejudice his neighbor's water sis somewhat different to the popular belief that ¢ lers will have that full and unlimited control over 1 pI which under the existing arrangements they make forts to obtain ; for it is evident that, without proper precaut to pre Bs mous waste, neither 160 millions, nor 180 million ther er of millions of gallons of water poured into London w titut tisfactory supply, and that, in the midst of a glut

ol cabin lers will suffer from occasional '' water

The ] indeed, yet to learn that not only the suppliers, but also the recite ' the wate ve essential duties to perform in connection with the su ' itil the control is placed in the hands of a public authority. 1 either be understood nor appreciated to its full extent. The good time : s to have the full control of its own water supthat it is a case of hope deferred with the

oe " to the present water companies, it should be rememof years they have by great ingenuity and talent lp e (and in the earlier time by heavy and unremunerative outlay) first 1 then continuously improved the means of supplying t eno} is city, containing now upwards of four and a-half lions f iy iy bit te th water, should have been left to private enterprise is now admitt t e been a grave error, but it is not too late to remedy it,

'pian oy Din ~geeree ys

yee

' '

Right Fourual.

Sept. 2, 1581.

and in the interest of all concerned it is to be hoped that legislation in kidd 1dhees should delve rou ling of a further length of one m hneaeh

important subject wil! no longer be delayed. The recent aecizent best ested Whan thane tw ' they certainly es

main of the Grand Junction Company, which resulted in so much incon-|in sit months—one tenth of the quest was dealt with. If that were snevenience

to their tenants, affords an apt illustration of the disadvantage lcessful he should, he t ght. propose further treaty with t French

the present system, and a fortiori the advantages which would result weutlemen under which the r e miles on each side would be

unity of management and amalgamation of the various companies - done, and they wou et Lie ( the ¢ nel It t t we slecessful, the whole questi W ) ' t

for under the latter arrangement connection could be made betwe various works, and the ma'ns of one district would be avulab ply of any other in cases of emergency.

We are, Sir, your obedient serv ints,

JosePH Quick & Son,

29, Great George-sireet, Westminster, S.W —London Times.

The Petroleum Outlook.

ing off in the production of the wells also in the nun

The tables of statistics which we present this month show a decide ib

le for the

er of wells drilling

Until the matter was proy dl, r. ither the Fy th nor t British

investor would be asked fo ¢ pit n the undertaking, The South- Fastern shareholders were t were, the founders of the feast. They had taken all the risk, and they had authorized an expenditure of not more ithan £20,000 upon the afhu N great deal of what they wanted to

prove had been proved

He meant to isk the ' er how best to m ke what h d been pr ved more positive, and then to ler wh r they should not get up a sm: limited liability company, or mpany, to taxe the matter in hand, ; without further interf vith the finances of the South-Eastern Com-pany

.

and rigs building. At this time last year throughout the whole northern This was a question desert ious consideration at their hands, They field there was a marked activity displayed in drilling new wells and erect-| must, however, never forget that it was absolutely essential that this ing rigs, which is now seen only in a limited way, and in a limite tunnel matter s uld 1 r South Kasten ntl Van Ne tory, trand'

In July last year there were 452 wells drilling and 431 rigs buildin against 379 now drilling, and 376 rigs building : shewing 128 wells kk Brick Foundations for Machinery. gressing than at the same time last 4 —

In July last year there were 13,275 producing wells with a daily average Experiments and observation ; the strength and utility of brick production of barrels per well ; now there are 17,000 with a daily average foundations for ichinery hav ( immarized by the age of lustry. of 4.7 barrels per well ; showing that as the number of wells increase, rautwine is voted as say! t uther soft brick will erush under average production decreases in about the same ratio. weight of 450 to 600 pom ls inch, or about 30 to 40 tons pe

The stock of ernie oil held in th producing region has been inere square foot, while a first-rate m pressed brick will require from 300 in the last eighteen months prior to the month of June at the rate of about to 400 tons per square foot. J tisabout the crushing limit of the one million barrels per month, or nea y one-half of its production ; during best sandstone—two-thirds as 1 the best granites or roofing slates.

the month of June the shipments were very large, which absorbed a large But masses of bi vork, he not llerush under ich smaller loads

amount of the surplus stock at the wells, leaving 648,163 barrels, or only than single br

about one-fourth of the production to go into stock ; iu July the shi were much larger than in June, which made a still larger draft

stock, leaviug a surplus of only 447,146 barrels, or about one fifth

production.—Stowell's Petroleum Repo

The Channei Tunnel!

ae

Ata meeting of the proprietors of the South-Eastern Railway, held on the

16th of August, Sir Edward Watkin, M.P., the chairman, described

perimental works which bad been undertaken, with the view to show whether the making of a tunnel under the Channel between Englan:

France was feasible and practicable

The whole question he said divided itself into two parts. One was wl

they could pass under the Channel through astratum which was lpery to water. The second point was whether, by the aid of machinery, tl

could shorten very considerably thy probable time of construction. What

they had done was this

They had already sunk two shafts on this side of the Channel the Abbot's Clitf Tunnel, and the other on this side of the Shal Tunnel, From the first of these shafts they bad driven a gallery

800 to 900 yards, of a diameter of seven feet, which had all been ex

by raachinery. Last week, with that machinery. which was not they excavated 67 yards of lineal distance on the extension of that

If that were the maximum speed cach week, it meant about two milk

progress a year. Of course, as they w irked from two ends. and as

tance was only twenty miles, practically speaking, it meant five yé

complete a gallery seven feet in di meter, experiment. w whole length cf the Channe! As to the second shaft, at the Shakspere Cliff. they had sunk t

to a depth of 155 feet. Chey had it world from the bottom thre

to a further depth of 106 feet hey had ind no trace wl in the old grey chalk. There wa ll quantity of faee, but this is always expected. He theret ee questions of the speed at wh they lof the pe the strata to the leakage of water

On the other side of the ¢ l the ] pany had su important shafts, and they found tle the same 3 ' ascertained on this side As tot ' they cluding another arrangement with Capt sh. ( el Be M. Figou, the proprietors of th e with w they ha

ing. Under this new arrangement, they 1 pav merely for the

the machine, and by means of it tx y thos snerime siderably further It had been arranged betwee:

In some English expel ts, ferred to byt author, small eul masses only nine 1 1 each led laid in ent, crushed under 27 t 1) tons per square foot. Other th piers nine inches square and two fee four inche height, i ement, y two days after being built, required

14 to 62 tons per square I Lt Ul m. Another, ot pre sseq brick, in

best Portland cement, is said to have withstood 202 tons per square foot, and

with common ' tal ni irtl ! "

The same aut rit s cal t tal veve the state nt that crackng nd pitt ally l r about one-half tl ' ishing load Lo by f ! t ls should not exceed one

eight ! e-tent tl ru also with stone More over, h t ( per j I ' with low masses, but tl strength cect pro} t ht to the thickness increases He cites the t Lm}

Phe pressure tow re, 246 feet hig sti ated at s.x and 4 per tina bri ( it Griasgow, Sc 1, 465 t t

Professor Rankin calculates t y gales this pressure is iner to hifeen t 3 t i vaila of bot! re. of course. 1

base would b i four-t t per squ foot He prudently eludes that with i t 8 subject, 16 Car b 1dere sal to expose e% pres by VO! ] cel to more than twelve o1 sq é , and good hand-mould br ke ¢ 7 yo ¢ tw + I 2)

An Improved Ammoniacal Manure

oe

nat ;

Pt ré f ' t be I 3 t Cari I bbe iw I il i. Be l

Sept. 2, 1881. Aierican Gas Lioht Fourinal 109

Gas Stocks. Advertisers Index. Quotations by G. W. Close Jr., Bre ana Dealerin Gas Stocks GAS EVGINEERS. With W HE Scott& Co,

A. M. Callender & Co.,,

As Works Apparatus And Construction.

PROPRIETORS. Si ° cw The f a f $1 per sl a2 Editor—G. WARREN DRESSER. ' a v . ris 0. 807 J i [ Manager—C. E. SANDERSON Ee aaa oe Central M 'BLISHED ON THE 2ND anD 16TH oF EacH MONTH) pyaylom 1 At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. - Manhattan.. ; This is a recognized ofvcial organ of— Metropolitan GAS AND WATER PIPES. IGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, ve Scrip... VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, Mutual ) if AND GENERAL SCIENCE. sag args np 'Sapedsyie

ene n Municipal " ' SUBSCRIPTION—Three Lollars per annum, In advance, New York

AGENTS lWoithern WASHERS AND SCRUBBERS. New YORK—AMERICAN NEws Co., 39 and 41 Chambers §t Gas ¢ ft BosToNn—S, M,. PETTENGILL & Co., 6 State Street. Brooklyn ) RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. PHILADELPHIA—PRATT & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. . England—C. W. Hastin@s, 22 Buckingham St., London, W.c, Ulllzens Jermany—B. WESTERMANN & Co., of New York ' §8. F. Bonds Fulton Mu pal FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1881. Peoples. N.¥ : Bond Official Report of Examinations of Gas for) yetropoiitan ae three Weeks ending Aug. 20, 1881, mad@! nocgay DEIENTERICHUS REGENERATOR FURNACE, at the Photometrical Room of the Depart- ' M "4 ment of Public Works Wittiomaburch ro GAS METERS. Corrected Illuminating Power. ' B P ; Bo1 , of. oc] of é4 itichamond Co., 8. I ; Dayut ..t% & % st 'te ie : GAS STOVES. S81.) which Sn oH Buffalo Mutual, N.Y ) Staats , fest were Az 3% Bg Fe 8: Co ea Aug made. Boy! a $5| Boa : ; Citizcus, Newark ' VALVES. t . Chicago Gas Co., I Rost M t 24 19.09 26.76 24.21/18. 30 29 1: no Re se : tes et leech EX HAUSTERS, Between 6.48 . , 70 18 ( ,4e6t' onsolidated 3 9.30 a.m Bond ( Gg 97 O4 PRLS 4 ( ss .6L1 Bast Boston, M GAS COALS. and ' 8 2017.8; (98 94.95 18.74 99.76 Hannibal, Mo l P.M Bartiors, C 5 6.68/19.57 28.39 24.0718 53/29.32] Halifax N.S Hamilton, Ont nM ' e 7 ' wy 8 +14 : Jersey City . ' ( 7] Average 26.78 18. 74.27.41 23.99 18.61'29.4 Jacksonville, Lewistown Mair t I ° ' P-SF127 8 217.42 28.30) Laclede St Louis M ; Cc: 4S ENGENES, ) (7.87 27.87/28. 64/20.32/99.17 Montreal, Ca New Haven, Con 8 25.05 17.58 2 24.37 19.97 28.54! Oakland, Ca STEAM STOKES. és ee . 2 a anion. 4a Peoples Jersey ¢ : : sential ' -. Ba PURIFIER SCREEN 10.19.26 27. 10.24.28 18.79 30.09 Pittsfield, Mass q a a SS es ss 18.4 ¥% 92 18.9 Pw " STA is. , Y ! - NO MORE WASTE LIME! SAVE THE VALUABLE PRODUCT! Average 23.:)7 18.42 26 54.23.8219. 20 28. 8¢ 7 Vl we "Rak EG REGENERATIVE PROCESS i - 4 98 ]8 4-40 24, 82119.52 ( P 4 J 3 lA i t 16 6.71. 18.10/ 25.36 Most Effectively and Econon ly Rest t Waste ad Infinitum Q 118.08 20 .¢ T S.5 +18 ( ( rest é - irt it wnnwe t 1 s c ' , cy Scotland) Gas W I ry le ' t ' Five foot lava tip with check proves the 1 ) ] opted b I Bray's slit union, No. 7 , Bray's slit union, No. ; 't : . ARTHUR TODD, No. 6 East 18th Street, N. ¥. City.

E. G. Love, Gas Examiner

2 er Yabo, Sen "Snes

Te

oe

American Gas Light Fournar. Sept. 2, 1881.

Burners.

©. Geter, Pate. Ps 'S KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER'S

Purifying Material.

Connelly & Co., New York City 10}

Stea™M Blower For Burning Brebse.

H. E. Parson, New York City RF PROCESSES. Gwynne Harris New York City 114

trong Gas and Fuel Co., Yonkers, N. Y. 110 EDGE'S PROCESS. HEMIOVING CARBON D. D. Flemming, Jersey City, N J : eeewadede 110 GAS FIXTURES. Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City

CEMENT. Se TDA NDA RID"

&. L. Merchant, New York City 113

—— Washer & Scrubber.

To Gas Companies And Others.

A Practical Gas Fitter and Plumber of 30 years' experience

Geo. Shepard Page, 49 Wall Street, N. Y.,

wishes a situation with a gas or water company Is thoroughly competent to take charge of men, and can furnish the highest

" rT oad A AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

testimonials as to character, ability, sobriety, et Address *E. B.,°? 924 North Second St., Phila., Pa

oe REMOVES ALL AMMONIA nd 80 per ct. of SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN & CARBONIC ACID Situation Wanted

re 9 . 1 , m 3 By a young man just over from England ields LO to 15-02, hi wor, Pressure absorbed. less th: ' 7 ; . ast ; ater . lan halt an inch, 8s Manager of a Sma orks or Fore- : ian : res ° ", . man of Larger. Adopted by over 100 companies in Europe, and at Newport, R. [L., and

Can lay services, take meters, and is well up in gas works. Has ( duel eC, ( 'a. kK. rT elrculars W it h f1 art) rs 'aga 5s

had good experience, and is a life abstainer. Testimonials and . ? ull pal CICULATs, a l It as al OVE,

references can be given. Address DIXON PALMER, Janesvit_e, Rock Co., Wis

Wanted. Circular To Gas Light Companies.

AN ENGAGEMENT WITH SOME-GAS CO. a

Manufacturing 20 Million Feet Or Upward Per Annum

Brancn OFFICE OF THE StroNG Gas Fuen anp Licgutr Company.

Also : : DESIRE TO LEASE GAS WORKS OF ANY CAPACITY... CoRNER Broapway AND MAIN Srreet, YONKERS, July 2, 1851. 5 References given when required. Address The Yonkers Fuet Gas Company is now in successful operation, manufacturing Water Gas by 529-6t E. MCMILLIN, Pomeroy, Ohi lthe Srrona Process, for Heat, Power, and Lier. It has about two and a half miles of mains already in use through the heart of the city of THE PROCESS FOR REMOVING Yonkers, and is supplying gas for cooking, heating, and various industrial purposes. THE The problem of a purely fuel gas is at length practically solved, and is a complete success - That it must speedily go into universal use is apparent to everyone Carbonaceous Incrustations die vi Gas Light Companies are cordially invited to visit Yonkers and inspect this new system, which FROM if electricity should eventually drive them out of the field of illumination, will open to them another THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF CLAY RETORTS, field still more vast and fruitful, and from which they never can be dispossessed. The Westchester ras io" % y . nb) yr Tonkers en moO — Pr ee For i PATENTED BY THE LATE GEORGE W. EDGE. Gas Light Company of the city of Yonker iployes the Lowe Process for making its gas. Here, then, can be seen, side by side in business competition, the Strong : he Lowe agai : The subscriber, having secured the title to the abort a ae ) l€ , ipetiti , the Strong and the Lowe against the Motay

is prepared to negotiate with gas companies for irs ust and the old coal gas methods, and each observer will be enabled to form his own opinion as to their on very reasonable terms, The great economy of this pro-lat ee T] Clare aoe .

cess has been thoroughly demonstrated in this country and F@@tve power and vaitle, 1e STRONG Gas Fven ann Ligur Company is the proprietor for the in Engiand, and is the only method so far discovered that State of New York of the Strong Patents, five in number, ind of the Lowe Patents

removes this troublesome accumulation expeditiously and two in number.

without injury to the retorts. Address All applications for licenses or for information should be addressed, as above, to D. D. FLEMMING, Jersey City Gas Works, . R. W. VAN PELT, President of the Company JERSEY CITY, N. J. 1nd also President of the 4 Fuel Gas Co., and of the Weetchest Ges Light Co NOW READY, MWOTTOm

: To Gas Engineers and Investors in Gas and Water Works VOLS. I. AND I. OF

A large manufacturing concern, now building gas and water works on the latest improved plans desires to associate capital and gas engineering skill for tlhe erection and ownership of gas and water

works in several important towns and cities,

. . a : 17 . Kin Ig Treatise on Coal Gas The advertiser will take a large interest in each of the works built by them. An excellent ' opportunity for engineers with moderate capital, or the profitable employment of capital alone in any

amount. For infor ition, address

Post Office Box 2776, Phila., Pa.

Iron Sponge NEW BOOKS.

Ins On Glass As An Obstructor And

Bound In Cloth. Price, $10 Each.

Reflecto! Artificial Light

A. M. CALLENDER & CO., CAS EXHAUSTERS., ™s tt or sexmmuars ror Gas works, si GAS ENGINEER'S DIARY AND TEXT BOOK FOR 1881, CONNELLY & co.., ' 4. "I. CALLENDER &€ CO.,,

42 Pine Street, N. Y. No. 407 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY 42 PINE STREET, N. Y. C1Ty

Sept. 2, 1881. American Gas Light FZournal, 11K

AMERICAN METER CoO..

Sole Manufacturers Qf The

"Economy" Gas Stoves

In presenting these stoves, we would respectfully say that afte: most thorough and lengthy investigation of the different apparatus used for cooking by gas, it is with the utmost confidence that we can recommend our new and improved iy Economy ig Cooking stoves as being the Host etheiel t, ecol omiucal, and durable Cas STOVeS ever offered to the publhie, Efficient from the rapidity with which they do their work Keonomical as to the consumption of gas, and Durable from the quality of material and workmanship employed in their manufacture. The wide-spread reputation which we enjoy for producing only first-class articles in all our manufactures, we feel confident will attach itself to our " Econom) " Gas Stoves. AMERICAN METER COMPANY.

No Extra Charge For Nickel- Plated Fittings.

Broiler Under The Fire Without Smoke.

Unequaled Economy Of Gas For The Quantity Of Cooking Done.

An Open Roaster Under The Fire Without Smoke.

A THOROUGHLY DIFFUSED HEAT THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE STOVE. WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH,

ALL THE OVENS TIGHT, JACK- ETED, AND PERFECTLY VENTI- LATED DOWNWARDLY RADIATING

Burners Of Great Power.

PATENT SMOKELESS GAS-AND ATR BURNERS OF SUPERIOR POWER FOR BOILING, FRYING, STEWING, PRESERVING, JELLYING, HEATING SAD-IRONS, ETC.

RADIATING BURNERS THAT CON- SUME THE GAS OF ANY LOCALITY WITHOUT ODOR OR SMOKE.

General And Special Super Iority In All Cooking Opera Tions.

Burners That Are Practical- Ly Indestructible From Time Or Usage.

No, 9 Economy" Gas Range.

They Are Made In All Sizes, To Meet The Requirements Of Families.

All Qualities of Gas can be Used. Will Burn at a Low Pressure.

Bolling Stove. Gas Broiler. Hot-Platc,

With these Stoves all the operations of cooking can be carried on at the same time, thus avoiding annoyance and trouble,

SEND FOR ILLDSTATED CATALOGUE. AMERICAN METER CoO., New York and Philadelphia.

Unsurpassed Excellence Of

oe ee

& ¢ ;

112 American Gas Light Aournal,. Sept. 2, 1881.

J. H. CAUTIER & CO.., LACLEDE MANHATTAN CORNER OF 7 ene Sener FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, CAS RETORT WORKS prETORT WORKS. JE RSE y CITY. N. ar. CHELTENHAM, MO. MANUFACTURERS OF I me a a trot ig G iass Furnace. Bri ADAM WEBER. and Capola Ties, Etc. SS L@LAY GAS RETORTS Clay Gas Retorts, a Bricles and Tiles AND RETORT SETTINGS Gas House Tiles, Pot Clay. Fine Gr yand Cla yend Fire Bricks. Sewer FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc - 9901 Fine Street, 56. Louis, Mo. Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. ¥. Ground Clay, Fire Brick and ESTABLISHED EN 1845. Bor ner & O'Brien, cee a aisle cium Be KREISCHER & SONS, 5 naueee Gs 1. B. GAUTIER oFFIOE FooT or novston st.,a.n,w.x, |GLAY GAS RETORTS BROOKLYN AND RETORT SETTINGS,

Clay Retort & Fire Brick Works, Gas Feetorts, rine tricks, tives, eve.

Manntnc es Hews alacmertuic TILES, FIRE BRICK. wOd Bt., more Race, VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS, whmeueate icgsegumme Office, SS Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. ¥. AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. TWENTY YEARS' PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE.

Locrfort Pa. Gardner Brothers, Mt. Savage Tumotion, Md.

ESTABLISHED tis64.

CLAY GAS RETORTS, RETORT SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, Ete.

MINERS & SHIPPERS OF FIRE CLAY. OFFICE, 116 SMITHFIELD ST., PITTSBURGH, PA, C. H. SPRAGUE, No. 13 EXCHANGE PLACE, BOSTON, MASS., Agent for the New England States.

OFFICE, 418 to 422 E ESTABLISHED 1856. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERS

HENRY MAU REE, Excelsior Fire Brick & Clay Retort 'Works

Clay Gas Retorts, Bench Settings, Fire Brick, Tiles, Etc.

CHAPMAN LUDLOW VALVE MANUPAGTORING COMPANY, Valve Manf's Co.,

Office And Works

938 to 044 Nver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Ave

Steam, Gas, and Water Valves hits: sha oi. and Gates,

gy FIRE HYDRANTS, z WITH POSITIVE DRIP a 1 Hvdrants furnished with 4 rh, "Zi a2 iA Babbitt Meta! Seats & Non-Corrosive .: in Working Parts. ZR WORKS AT INDIAN ORCHARD, MASS. & eens Boston Office, 77 Kilby St. New Vork Office, 28 Piatt St. Ni i al - eal ALL WORK GUARANTEED. 4 BRASS AND IRON SLIDE VALVES, C. GEFRORER. KINC' S$ TREATISE (Doul ind Single Gate, winch to 36 inch—outside nsid vs, Indicator, etc.,—for Gas, Water, Steam, and 4 i+ AS BU RNERS, "£0 i. L GAS [YDRAULIC MAIN DIP REGULATORS. D COOFING API ALS

4TTERS' Paevi NG APPARATUS, ETC. N 18 North Eighth Street, 1 A. Mi. CALILENDER & (O,. 4: Pine street N FIRE HYDRANTS.

Sept.

American Gas

Aight

Hournat.

PP. HH. & FF. M. Roots'

Improved Gas Exhauster

With Eng BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FITTINGS, &C.,

rine

on Sime

Bed Plate,

P. H, & F, M. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers,

S. TOWNSEND, General

Jas. Beggs & Co.,

WM. COOKE, Selling Agent,

Agent, 6 Cortland St. Selling

or without.

Furnished To Order.

Connersville, Ind,

and 8 Dey St., N. ¥ Agents, 8 Dey St., N. Y. G Cortland St.,

Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price List.

SMITH & SAYRE MANUFACTURING COMPANY No. 245 BROADWAY, N. Y.

Builders Of

Machinery and Apparatus for Gas Works.

Ensators

Wati

Comi

£. Se a S oe SC S as Z aC yy ee [2 mR et eS &

3 T

REN Ew me o aA Ee AO . QW Z.

mm ne i # . 2 Samay © SH yw a al a — Oy Z si) QB — St — os ' 4 7; ; - — S a a x Ly

MITCHELL, VANCE & CO. Manufacturers of

CHANDELIERS And Every Description of GAS FIXTURES, ) Manufacturers of and Marble Clocks, warranted bes Time-

Mantle Ornaments, &c,

Salesroom, S36 DROADWAY.

NEW YORK al designs fuarr ied for Gas Fixtures

oges, &c,

for Churches

Portland Cement, Roman Cement, Keene's Cement

Sellars Gas Cement.

English Fire Brick, No. 1. ' se Silica Fire Brick. IMPORTER

S. L. Merchant & C0,

'1 Broadway, New Vork,

Just below Trinity Church, 344-1y ents in post Lainps for new Treatise on Portland Cement, sl! ing how,to mix it and how to use it

rE. O. NORTON, tilya music Clement,

nder water it is capa

results than Portland or any other cem it,

G. W. Dresser, Ce, Consulting Engineer

qaas Manufacture

Residual Products

"How to Burn Gas."

book has been is

. Jas. Somerville,

I ler this title a eat little

ead at the last meeting at Cincinnati, tegcther taken from Prof, Chandler's lecture, the loss of ight resulting from the use of

ue te., of diferent kinds of glass. e iufended for sale to Gas Compa

ratuitously among consumers

( ponies Can induce their consumers to bett burners and shades. one-velf of the finding will cease.

[he price is $10 per thousand. Orders may

nt to tie office of this journal,

Preserve the Journal!

furnish to our subscribers an importan tent form, the num

rs of the Journal as it is issued at tke very low prico of $1.25. Sent

for preserving im a co wen eitkzx by Eaprese or Mail, aa y mail the postage will tw &% cents, which will be rice of the Binder. Send orders to

A. M. CALLENDER, & CO. 42 Pine Street, Koom 18 New York,

114 American Gas Light AZournal

A. HoH. M'NEAL,

Burlington, N. J.

"HAO MA jesquey

Flange-Pipes Aipuno4

Cast. Iron, Pi Pes

For Water And Gas

JAMES S. MOORE, Pre

AS. P. MIC HELLON, Sec, BENJAMIN CHEW, Tre. is

STER IRD N ae a "i CITY Wy, Wo ire

q ——

R. D. Wood & Co.

PHILADELPHIa. MANUFACTURERS OF

CAST IRON PIPE FOR GAS AND WATER Lamp Posts. Valves, Etc.

Mathew's Pat. Anti-Freezing Hydrants,

£00 Chestnut Street. J 'AMES MARSHALL & CO.

Franklin Foundry and Pipe Works,

Manufacturers Op

Gas, Water, And Oil Pipes

Works, ISth, 19th, 20th and Railroad Street, Office, No. 23 Nineteenth Street.

Pittsburgh, Pa.

N.B.—Pipes from 8-fuch and upwards cast in 12 ft. lengths. te" Sond for Circular and Price List,

Bergen Iron Works. R. A. Brick,

Cast Iron cas Wale Pipes, Stop Vals, Fir Ayirans Gasholders AC.

Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadel Ha Pa

Established 1856.

WARREN FOUNDRY iw MACHINE CO,,

Works At Phillipsburgh, N., J. New York Of Fice, 153 Broadway.

Cast Iron Water and Gas Pipe

From Two To Forty-Eight Inches Diameter. Also All Sizes Of

FLANCE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work. Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc.

es GAS CONSUMERS HAND BOOK, by Wx. Rica- SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, "5200002 Bee

GAS CONSUMERS MANUAL, by E. 8. Carugts, CLE. 10 Cents

We are prepared to furnish to GAS MANAGERS PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THomas ' : Box Second edl YT $5 nd others interested in the topics treated of, the fol 0X. & n. lowing Books, at prices named

Atr As Fuel, Or Petroleum And Other Min-

Manufacturer Of

, Cast Iron Pipes,

FOR WATER AND GAS, Valves, Fire and Dock Hydrants, Lamp-Posts and Flange Work,

WILLIAM W. CAMPBELL, Selling Agent, Office, 85 Liberty St., N. ¥.

Mellert Foundry & Machine Co,

Zuimited. Established 1848, MANUFACTURERS OF

GAS a IRONe WATE Red

Speciais—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. Machinery and castings for Furnaces, Roll'ng Mills, Grist and Saw Mills, Mining Pumps, Hoists, etc.

ARNOLD MELLERT, Supt., READING, PA.

National Goal Gas Company.

320 Broadway, N. Y., Rooms 50, 51 & 52. H. P. ALLEN, President.

The process known as GWYNNE-HARRIS but from later most essential improvements. more appropriately called tho ALLEN-HARRIS, or AMERICAN HYDROCARBON process for making Water Gas," by the decomposition of superleated steam, in fire-clay retorts, set similarly to those in Coal Gas Works, is au established success, More than One Hundred Miilion cubic feet of gas have been made under this process, and for permanency and brilliancy, a8 well as economy both to the manufacturer and consumer, it is supe-

ERAL OILS UTILIZED BY CARBURETTING AIR, by GAS MANUFACTURE, by Wituiay Kicnanps, 4to,) COWEN C. D. Ross, Member Institute Civil Engineers. with numerous Engravings and Piates, in Croth bindouteny ny ing. $12. FODELL'S SYSTE 5 OF BOOKKEEPING FOR THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by FW Dart GAS COMPANIES. § LEY. $2.50. The above will be forwarded by Express, upon receipt of

StS, TECHNICAL VALUATION, PU. Price ANAL Ys, ion oe USE OF Lady ASe vy We will take especial pains in securing and forwarding , wt . ten : ¥ any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. Rev. W. —— Bngravinge. SV. aii remittances must be made t y Check, Draft, or Post Office Cloth. $4. Money Order, NEW RBIGGING'S HANDBOOK, by ) commas New- Ae M, CALLENDEKR & CO, BIGGING, C. E. $3.75 Room 18, No, 42 Pine St., N. Y.

rior to any gar made by the old, or any other method. Our process is not intermittent but continuous. The steam and the oil are admitted into the retorta by gauge cocks, and run for days without change. All the materials required besides the steam, are 17 lbs. of Anthracite coal and about 34g gallons of Petroleum or Napbtha, per 1000 feet of brilant gas. Rights for sale. Inquire of the President,

Sept. 2, 1881.

American Gas Light Aournat, 115

HERRING & FLOYD, Oregon Iron Works,

738, 740, 742 & 744 Greenwich St., N. Y.

Practical Builders of Gas Works,

Manufacturers Of

All Kinds Of Castings "Apparatus For Gas-Works,

from benches of one to six Retorts each. - WASHERS: MULTITUBLAR AND : AIR CONDENSERS ; CONDEN- SERS; SCRUBBERS wet and dry), and EXHAUSTERS for relieving Retorts from pressure. 3ENDS and BRANCHES of all sizes and description. FLOYD'S PATENT MALLEABLE RETORT LID. PATENT SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. FARMER'S PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. SABBATON'S PATENT FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME,

Butler'S Coke Screening Shovels.

Bench Castings

GAS GOVERNORS, and everything cceanected with well regulated Gas Works at low price, and in complete order, SELLER'S CEMENT

for stopping leaks tn Retorts.

N.B.—STOP VALVES from three to thirty nches— at very low prices,

Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished. SILAS C. HERRING.

H. RANSHAW, Pres. & Mangr. T. H. Brrew, Asst. Mangr.

Ww. STacey, Vice-Pres,

Stacey Manufacturing Co.,

Manufacturers Of

Sinole and Telescopic Gasholders,

IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, WATER AND OIL TANKS, COAL ELEVAYOR CARS, COKE CRUSHERS,

, BENCH CASTINCS And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the ere tion of Coal and Oil Gas Works. Rolling Mill Machinery ; and Heavy Castings a Specialty. Foundry: Wrought Iron Works: 43, 35, 37, & 39 Mill St., 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, & 26 Ramsey St.,

Cincinnati, Ohio,

— Morris, Tasker & C0,,

Iuimiteda,

, Philadelphia, Pa.

JaMES R. FLOYD.

R, J. TARVIN, Sec, & Treas.

Builders of Gas Works,

1842. Deily & Fowler 1881.

LAUREL rron works. 'he Kert Murray Mig. Co,

Address, 39 Laurel Street, Phila

Manufacturers Of

CAS HOLDERS, SINGLE AND TELESCOPI( WITH CAST OR WROUGHT IRON GUZDE FRAMES.

We are prepared to furnish Holders, Wrought Iron Roof ra. Purifier iw

The Latest Improved

Gas Apparatus Frames, Bench Castings, Condensers, Scrubbe Drips, Bends, Tees, and all other Lron Work Gas Works. We have built 12 gas works a Personal supervision given to the erection

And

Holders built at following places since 1868

Lancaster, Pa. (2 Indianapolis, I M A CHINERY Williamsport, Pa. Jacksouvi

Bristol, Pa. (2) Joliet, Il 9 Catasaqua, Pa. Lawrence, Kansas

Kittanning, Pa. Jefferson City, N. O. La

Hazelton, Pa. Algiers, N. O., La. WW

Freeport. Pa, Kalamaz M rought Iron Roofs an Huntingdon, Pa. B uff: alo, N. Y. (2

Pittston Fa, snsburg, N. ¥ e

Bethiehem (8). Pa. Waverly, N. Bench Castings Sharon, Pa. Little Falls, N. Y. ' Canter, Pa Penn Yann, N. ¥

Carlisle, Pa, WwW atin, N 2

Annapolis, Md. (2 Bi atay aN} SINGLE LIFT AND TELESCOPIO Parkersburg, W. Va. Gloucester, N. J.

Lynchburg, Va. Salem, N.J

Va. ; Sa waukee, Wis GASHOLDERS. Youngstown, O Burliagcon

Steubenville, O, Hoosick Falls, N, '

Mansfeld,'0. Mount Holly, N. J FORT WAYNE, IND.

Marion, O. Mount Joy. Pa

Belleaire, O, Rockaw Bea

Barnesville, 0, Lancaster, O

Newark, O. Blackwell's Isla

Columbus, O, Waltham, Mass

Franklin, Ine Do ester, Mass ' ' Plaintield, N. J. Wheeling, W

Englewood, N. J. Lansing, Mi

bover ita, Pa ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS Pittsfield, Mass. Galveston, .

Meriden, Conn

Manufacturers Of 4As Holders, Bench Castings, Multitubular

Brown & Owen, Water And Air Condensers, Common And

MANUFACTURERS OF TOWER SCRUBBERS, ROTARY & STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS, WROUGHT IRON ROOF FRAMES.

Gas and Water Works Supls, "rss seem

Every Description Of

Particular attention given t Estimates and Drawings furnished, WORKS: THOS. R. BROWN, R. PITT OWEN,

Late Chief-Eng. Phila. Gas Works

Cors, Pratt, Scott, McHenry, Ramsay and Bartlett Streets. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

Address all communications to

N.W. Cor. 12th and Noble Streets,

{82-ly PHILADELPHIA. scmnios amie "ea and Estimates furnished, call oe ee WORKS. Sa es a . F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,

Greenpoint, Brooklyn, N. Y

Engineer And Manufacturer Of

ei GAS-HOLDERS.

CONDENSERS, SUKUBBERS, VALVES, PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY- DRAULIC MAINS,

- and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and

— - Distribution of Gas. Plans and Specifications prepared ' and Proposals given for the necessary Plans for Lighting

GASHOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. Cities. Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.

; No. 1211 MARKET

UW IN a. IN Cr EE

Engineer and Builder, STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENN.

. Builder And Constructor Of All Kinds Of Gas Machinery,

m ON THE LATEST AND MOST IMPROVED PLAN.

; Bench Castings, 1. Centre Valves,

Condensers, Scrwbbers,

Estimates and Drawings Furnished upon

Purifiers, Gasholders, Stop Valves, Etc., Ete.

Application.

Jo Rae parma ae EES

American Oas Light Fourna?. Sept. 2, 1881.

"Scott'S" Ocean Mine Youchiocheny Gas Coal. (

q : W. L. SCOTT & CO., Proprietors, ERIE, PA.

, This Colliery is located at tt Haven, on the Youghiogheny River, Westmoreland County, Pa., directly adjoining the Penn Company's gaia gheny Mine.

Over One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Tons of this Coal Sold in 1880

for delivery during the y ending March, 1881, distributed among forty different Gas ( oMmpany s, including ever: Company in New York City, Brooklyn, Jersey City, and Newark, nearly every Company on the Hudson River as far as All tun and Proy, as well as all the prominent Com 1p iil) He Ss On thi al rund aul Boston and other New Kneland ports. i The universal favor with which this coal has been re (has induced Messrs. Scott & Co. to Increase then already large facilities fon meeting the Wits of Gras Cx Lp ane ely ing tO CONSUME! a undoubted "uarantec that delivery will he aptly niade, Nit aloe addr SS ed tt "ay undersigned will meet with prompt response, Orders for delivery in New England can be sre ed to our Boston office, No. 21 Excuance Prac or P.O. Box 3003, Bos 'PERKINS & CO., General Sales Agents, 45 S$QOLD' DTH SPREE T, ™®. WY. y McoCRICKART, Pr J. E. MCCRICKART, Man 9 THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL. THE FORT PITT COAL C0 , 0 BY ri Ww. HARTLEY, A.1.C.E., M.S.E. E. & F. N. SPON, PUBLISHERS. Miners and Shippe rs of PRICE, $2.50. a CONTENTS. Secon ses of ry. Standard light, Standard burner. Gas 3 1 Amendment Act, 157 Regulations imt t of test ry Apparatus, 1 e of testing for illum Ga ip! ted h en, I ript f t I t Prey i e Readings um} temperat ers, 17 par ate ! jet} pan I] Durati l atl tio Fi ; " 1 m1 ( ! ft a miaayp s l i gy gravity. To find the 5 unity of dy 3 ect t kand ft veight of gas LPPt 1uxX.—Kules and i t I mina i I 7 valu and degr ¢ of pu f coal Phot rast su aa ossicles 1 Londor ihe ga No. 337 Liberty Street, refer P i f test r r pressu i n. roposeud stan A. M. Callender & Co., 42 Pine Street. N.Y. " PITTSBURGH, PENN, A FOR -

Cooking Purposes. ;

This is a small Pamphlet containing the Paper read by

Mr. William W. Goodwin, Of Philadelphia, Pa.,

At the recent meeting of the American Gas Light Association. If IS INTENDED FOR GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CONSUMERS

Price, Twelve Dollars per Thousand.

A, M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

Rs

America Gas Right Aournal 117

Gas Coals. Gas Coals. Gas Coals,

NEW YORK AND CLEVELAND hc THE CAS COAL COM'Y PENN GAS COAL COMPANY

Of Pittsburgh, Pa. COAL, CAREFULLY SCREENED,

Miners And Shippers Of And Prepared For

Youghiogheny Gas Coal. Tas Purposes.

Sept. 2, 1881,

4 ) Asan ek screhetbnac gett bar mtrweencingeal Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal basin, near Irwin's aad Penn Station ; any point reached by raiiroad or navigation. on most favor yn the Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River, able terms. ' General Office—89 Wood Street, OFFICES PITTSBURGH, PA.| No. 209 {South Third Street, Phil'a. 90 Wall Street, New York, ° Branch Office—120 Water Street, PLACES OF SHIPMENT. CLEVELAND, OHIO. Pennsylvania Railroad, Pier No. 2 (Lower Side). WILLIAM A. McINTOSH, President. Greenwich Wharves, Delaware River. A. CARNEGIE, Vice-President, 366-ly Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. de

W. P. DE ARMIT, Treasurer.

way wowraittons. GANNELTON COAL COMPANY

Miners of the celebrated CANNELTON CANNEL, ackn owledged to be the best enricher produced THE NEWBURGH in this country, yielding 10,000 cubic feet of 64.54 candle gas per ton of 2,240 pounds.

Orrel Coal Company,

Mines at Newburg, Preston County, W. Va. SaLes jc. & O. R'way Coal Agency, N. Y¥. BENEDICT & DOWNS, New Haven.

— s Office, No, 52S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. AGENTS : (DANIEL W. JOB & CC Boston DAY is, MAYER & Co., Baltimore. . OLIVER O'DONNELL, Pres't. CHAS. MACKALL, Sec'y,

Cuas. W. Hays, Agent in New York, Room 7, Trinity Build-

"man ar ser at ao Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency,

: 'yields 10,996 cubic feet of gas to the ton of 2,240 lbs. of good illuminating power, and of remarkable purity; one y

J. TATNALL LEA, Treasurer, P. O. Box 1747 Philadelphia.

Sie ERNE SUPERIOR KANAWHA GAS COALS,

thas been for many years very extensively used by various

Ges Companes in the United States, and we beg to refer to A, Iso, a I re I 4k . . 4 es FES A ML CoO A Ts

ie Manhattan, Metropolitan, and New York Gas Light Companies of New York; the Brooklyn and Citizen's Gas Light

Companies of Brooklyn, N. Y '; the Baltimore Gas Light Com- From the Kanawha and New River R 3, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way. iny of Baltimore, Md., and the Providence Gas Light Com- c oO curr pa ny, Providence, R. I. &3. Ee SECRETARY ) Hest dry coals shipped from Locust Point, wharves, and vs. dv. GORDON. SALES AGENT. § OFFICE, 22 PINE STREET, N. Y. ympt attention given to orders for chartering of vessels, , Pely n - tee

THE AMERICAN TYRCONNELL GAS COAL., THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR YVINED IN TAYLOR COUNT i WEHS1 VA,

Despard Coal

Company's Office, 25 S. Gay St., Baltimores

y Y if Al y 4

GAS-LIGHT JOURNAL. ) Gas Light Con.panies throughout the country.

Agent, ALFRED PARMELE, No. 32 Pine street, N. Y. BANGS & HORTON, No. 31 Duane street, Boston. CHARLES W. HAYS, Agent, Room 7, 111 B'way, N. Y. Mines in Harrison County, West Virginia,

Wharves Locust Point 2é >yr Te INT) SHIPPING Pornt—Baltimore, Md,

Compaty's Ofiice, 15 German st.,} Baltimore. $3 PER ANNUM. ; i \mong the consumers of Despard Coal, we name: Mantan

Gas Light Company, New York; Metropolitan Gas

CHARLES MACKALL, Secretary.

me Company, New York ; Jersey City Gas Light Company, This cou "y ds 10,000 cubic pn sine {lluminat N.J.; Wash ngton Gas Light Company ; Portland Gas Light . 4 7 + ng power of over 16 candles, Forty bushels of very supcerict ( bt. Maine 42 Pine street, N, ¥y 'ke, with little Ash and scarcely any clinker i-1y ." Reference to them is requested) W4-.

Nd

English and Provincial Gas Coals,

The Best Qualities Of Provincial Coal From The Mines At

Sydney,-Glace Bay, And Louisburg, C. B.

ALSO Abram Co.'s Arley Gas Coal and Cannel, Higginson's North Ince Hall Gas Cannel, Townley & New Pelton Newcastle Coal. DELIVERED AT ANY PORT IN THE UNITED STATES.

21 Exchange Place, Boston. PERKINS & CO., 45 South Street, New Yors.

2 a eaten eet

Ss

118 Amevican Gas Light Fournal. Sept. 2, 1881.

—

International-- 1876--Exhibition.

OO OO OO hE

The U.S. Centennial Commission

Have Decreed An Award To

Harris, Griffin & Co.,

eS

12th and Brown Sts., Philadelphia, and 49 Dey St., N. Y., U.S, A..

For The Following Reasons :

The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use cf the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, ard embody a number of sundry improvements which, with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.

Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, Secretary, pro-tem, Director General President.

Farmer'S Patent

BYEm-PASS DIP-PtPa.

Farm®R'S Patent Bye-Pass Dip-Pipe.

William Farmer, Architect And Ceneral Cas Encineer,

Rooms 87, S9, 91, 111 Broadway, New York.

WILLAAxw. FARMER may be consulted upon all matters relating to the Mannfacture of Illuminating Gas. Will furnish Specifications, Drawings,

and Estimates fos the Erection of Gas Works of any Capacity, and will erect the same either on Commission or by Contract. Having mude the Construction of Gas Works a Specialty, perfect satisfaction can be guaranteed. Sole Agent for the FOULIS HYDRAULIC MACHINE for Drawing and Charging Retorts. Sule Ageat for the AITKEN and LOUNG PROCESS FOR MAKING ILLUMINATING GAS.

Patentee Of The Following Inventions.

EXHAUSTER (Screw Propeller) for Gas or Air, and Condensation. DUMPING BARROW for Wheeling Coal, Coke and Lime, Ete. BYDnHRAULIC MAIN for Reducing Pressure on Retorts. ZIGZAG SCRUBBERS for Napbthalizing the Gas and Rem ving the 'Tar, Ammonia, and Wapbtualine. BY-PASS DIP PIPE for reducing the Pressure on Retorts, Etc., as per cut above. SELF-ACTING WATER DISTRIBUTOR gor Scrubbers and Washers, Etc. MOVABLE DIP PIPE for Reducing and Equalizing the Pressure on Retorts. TOWER SCRUBBERS (Jack- 'Kted) for Economizing Space and Building Material. DUPLEX CENTRE SEAL for Keeping all the Boxes in a set continuously in action.

Ref£Rs By Permission To The Following Gentlemen.

veotesser 4. SILLIMAN, New Haven, Conn, D. Hostetrer, President Pittsburgh Gas-Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pe. JBN Room, President Manhattan Gas-Light Company, N. Y. CC, VANDERVOORT SMITH, Engineer Manhattan Gas-Light Company, N. Y. @aan. MICKENLOOPER, President Ci nnoatt Gas-Light Co., Cincinnaftti, Ohio, S. L. HusTer, President Laclede Gas-Light Company, St. Louis, Mo.

4. 4. Benson, President Brooklyn Gas-Lighi Company, Brooklyn, Ni. ¥ EK. VAADERPOOL. Engineer, Newark ( ius-Light Company, Newark, N, J.

Sept. 2, 1881. American Gas Light Fouwrnal, 119

T. C. HOPPER, Prest. WM. . HOPPER, Vice-Prest. WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. and Treas. WA. H. DOWN, Seo.

"AME RIC AN METER tO MPANY 4 A 4 ) —4 4 CO ett ; De aM 3 WET AND DRY GAS METERS. PRESSURE REGISTERS. ITER PROVERS, STATION METERS. PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS PORTABLE TEST METERS. EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. DRY CENTRE VALVES. CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS; GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. MARSLAND WATER METERS BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS, Mamufactorics: ) GAS STOVES—AM ERICAN, FRENCH, & ENGLISH. A goncics: SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER. 37 Water Street, Cinci the 512 W. 22d St., N. i # ae "ST creel ARGAND BURNERS. ALSO NN AND TTT ) 20 south Canal Werect, Cnsenal: Wet Meters, with Lizar's **Invariable Measuring'? Drum, S10 North Second Street, St. Louis. Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. Sole Agents for Wm. Cowan's Automatic Pressure Changer. 122 & 124 Sutter St., San Francisco, HEL™ME & MeILHiENnNNYyY,

Successors to Harris & Brother.

ESTA LBUISEEYD isas. PRACTICAL GAs Wwe WANULACTURERS,

Continue as heretofore at the OLD ESTABLISHMENT, Nos. 1115 and 1117 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa,

To manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, EE Meters, Meter Provers, Centre Seals, Governors, Pressure Registers, Indicators, Photometers, and all kinds of Gas Apparatus ; Also furnish all other Articles

appertaining to the use of Gas W orks.

From our long "AC tiral Experience of the 3 Pusines 8 (cover ing a pe , 1008 0 f 33 ' Years) and from orrm personal supervision of au Work, we can guarantee all orders to be exec uted promptly, and in ever r spect satisfactorily.

WILLIAM HELME JOHN McILHUENNY.

WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas, WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. li, DUMONT WAGNER, Supt. S. L. JONES, Sec. Ss. MERRICK, Asst. Sec,

The Goodwin Gas Stove And Meter Compan

Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. i. No. 1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

No, 142 Chambers Street, New York MANUFACTURERS OF GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.

ia

Dry and Wes GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King's and Sugg's Experimental Meters, Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Registers, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry aud Wet Gov: ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also

Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas,

Coodwin's Improved Lowe's Jet Photometer.

Special attention to repairs of Meters, and ali apparatus connected with the business All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.

Now Ready And For Sale,

Review of Gas and Water Engineering. F ODELL'S

ISSUED WEEKLY. System of Bookkeeping FOK GAS COMPANIES Edited and Published by CHAS. WwW. HaAstTINGs, ah Buckingham Se London, Eng ign $5, bre ch should be sent elther in Check P, O. Order ¢ ' . or Registered Letter. Biank Bocks, with printed headings and forms on this Sys

tem, will be supplied to Gag Companies, by applying to W, P. Fonrin Patladelphia, or

Each number contains articles in connection with the manufacture and supply of Gas; summary of latest intelligence on the subject of Electric Lighting ; articles upon Water Supply ; also ihe Censtenall 1 Maint dit Cie ater Gi Reuk Work Sie A M. CALLENDEK & CO

7 ® e 8 4 dad, Teh orks on the Construction and Maintenance of Gas, ater, an wage rks, OFFICE GAS LIGHT JOUTRNAL, 42 Pine St., N. ¥

Cathel'S

' The Gas and Water Companies' Directory. MANUAL. pens

Price, 13s., Postpaid.

Edited and Published Annually by CHARLES W. HASTINGS,

; Enables every Gas Consumer to ascertain at glance, with. : . ' ' . . ' . "a . ont any previous knowledge ¢ Ge ple 3) 7 This Work gives a complete list of all Gas and Water Companies throughout England, Scotland, Irelend ' aiapdl a know odge of the Gas Met r,the quantity 4 Wal ff ' f ; Fall off and money valine of the Gas consumed. Aiso the best metro1 . 2 v z n a Of ali Officer 3 Incine ge on) 10 . . an ales ; date o Ormenon, aihatorete of capita and names of all officers, etc. ; in Inding carLonization of obtaining from Gas the largest amount of tts light, returns, prices paid for gas, dividends, ete. It will be to the advantage of Gas Compunies to supypis ; , : : 2 : . rConsumers vith one of these Guides, as a means of prerice n Cl cers, 58.2 *upper Covers, 3: rd *stage EHatri te : P Price, in loth Covers, Sey Pay ers, 3s. Gd. Posta Extra. venting complatrt arising from their wantct knowledge to Address, 22 BUCKINGHAM STREET, ee a : : 4. M, CALLENVER & CQ Orders Received at this Office. LONDON, W.C., ENGLAND 42 Pine Street, Now York Roow 1

A

American Gas Light Fournal. Sept. 2, 1881.

In Ot Lsc Bb.

The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Company are the Sole Agents for the

sale af Bray's Burners anno Lanterns in this country. We are now prepared to furnish 100 and 200-candle power Burners and Lanterns. Send

for Circulars.

The " sun Dial" Gas Stove,

1012, 1014, 1016, Filbert St., Phila., and 142 Chambers St., N.Y.

One Gold And Three Silver Medals By

Medals Awarded.

Centennial - - 1876.

CHARLESTON - - 1879. THE MARYLAND CINCINNATI - - 1879. INSTITUTE, AT PHILADELPHIA - - 1879. BALTIMORE - - 1878.

—— These are the most complete Gas Stoves in the world. Over 50 different

sizes and kinds, suitable for any sized family or hotel. The only Gas Stove

by which joints and poultry can be roasted as before an open fire. These FF

stoves are constructed especially to meet the requirements of domestic

economy. 'They possess the following advantages :

1. More economical than coal or wood. 2. An open roaster. 3. Freedom from all contact with gas. 4. A well ventilated oven. ' 5. No confined vapors. 6. A regular diffused heat. ; 7. A broiler free from smoke. 8. A hot plate fitted with patent air and gas : burners, arranged for boiling, stewing, and frying. 9. No coal to bring 4

up, no ashes to empty, no smoke. Only a match required for kindling wood.

Great Economy Of Gas.

From Twenty-five per cent. to Forty per cent. of gas saved by the use of our NON-CONDUCTING LINING. Patent applied for.

SMOOTHING IRON HEATERS. In the laundries of hotels or private dwellings, by hatters, tailors, ete gas can be used for heating smoothing trons, especially on account of the facility with which they may obtain heat in a few minutes, We manufac-

"5

tyre them for heating one. two. three. four or more irons at once.

WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. H. DUMONT WAGNER, Supt. SAMUEL V. MERRICK, Asst. Sec. WM. H. MERRICK, Vice-Pres. S. LEWIS JONES, See. WM. H. WHITE, Mang. N.Y. Branch.