First report of progress in the anthracite coal region. the geology of the Panther Creek basin or eastern end of the southern field. By Chas. A. Ashburner
Mr. Chas. a. Ashburner, geologist, in charge of the Survey of the Anthracite coal fields; headquarters, address 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Overview
First report of progress in the anthracite coal region. the geology of the Panther Creek basin or eastern end of the southern field. By Chas. A. Ashburner is an 1883 historical mining reference by Ashburner, Charles A. (Charles Albert)., preserved in the Mountain Man Mining research library. Mr. Chas. a. Ashburner, geologist, in charge of the Survey of the Anthracite coal fields; headquarters, address 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
This 1883 document, First report of progress in the anthracite coal region. the geology of the Panther Creek basin or eastern end of the southern field. By Chas. A. Ashburner, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.
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Scale 16 miles to / imeh, .
Second Geological Survey Of Pennsylvania.
Aa.
First Report Of Progress
In The
Anthracite Coal Region.
The Geology Of The
Panther Creek Basin
Or
Eastern End
Of The
Southern Field.
By Chas. A. Ashburner.
WITH AN ATLAS OF 13 SHEETS OF MAPS AND SECTIONS, 6 PAGE PLATES, AND 2 FOLDED PLATES.
Harrisburg:
PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in tlie year 1883, according
to acts of Congress,
By WILLIAM A. INGHAM,
Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
Electrotyped and printed by LANE S. HART, State Printer, Harrisburg, Pa.
Py G345/2.19/4 Aa
Board Of Commissioners.
His Excellency, ROBERT E. PATTISON, Governor,
and ex-offi,cio President of the Board, Harrisburg,
Akio Pardee, - - . . . Hazleton.
William A. Ingham, Philadelphia.
Henry S. Eckert, Reading.
Henry McCormick, Harrisburg.
James Macfarlane, Towanda.
Charles A. Miner, Wilkes-Barre.
Joseph Willcox, Media.
Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown.
Louis W. Hall, Harrisburg.
Samuel Q. Brown, PleasantviUe.
SECRETARY OF THE BOARD. William A. Ingham, Philadelphia.
State Geologist.
Peter Lesley, - - Philadelphia.
Assistants In 1883.
Professor I. C. W hite, geologist, in Huntingdon county ; address Morgantown, W. V.
Mr. E. V. D Invillibrs, geologist, in Centre county; 711 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Mr. A. E. Lehmaij, geologist, in Cuinberlaud and York counties; 711 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Dr. H. Martyn Chance, geologist, in Clearfield county; 2423 Eafrniouut Avenue, Philadelphia.
Professor E. W. Claypole, geologist, in Perry and Juniata counties ; address in future, Akron, O.
Mr. J. Sutton Wall, M. E., Monongahela city. Pa.
Mr. A. S. McCreath, chemist ; 223 Market street, Harrisburg.
Mr. Leo Lesquereux, fossil botanist ; Columbus, Ohio.
Mr. E. B. Harden, topograiher, in charge of illustrations for reports, and general correspondence at head-quarters; 905 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Anthracite Survey.
Mr. Chas. a. Ashburner, geologist, in charge of the Survey of the Anthracite coal fields; headquarters, address 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Mr. Charles B. Scott, assistant and secretary, Philadelphia oflice.
Mr. O. B. Harden, topographer and artist, Philadelphia office.
Mr. Frank A. Hill, assistant geologist, in the Northern Coal Field; Scranton, Pa.
Mr. John C. Branner, topographer, in the Northern Coal Field; Scranton, Pa.
Mr. T. J. Williams, assistant, in the Northern Coal Field; Scranton, Pa.
Mr. A. D. W. Smith, aid, in the Northern Coal Field; Scranton Pa.
Mr. Arthur Winslow, assistant geologist, in the Eastern Middle Coal Field ; Philadelphia office.
Mr. William Griffith, assistant, in the Eastern Middle Coal Field; Pittston. Pa.
Mr. Bard Wells, assistant geologist, in the Western Middle Coal Field; Pottsville, Pa.
Mr. H. N. Sims, assistant, in the Western Middle Coal Field ; Pottsville, Pa.
Mr. Baird Halberstadt, aid, in 'Western Middle Coal Field ; Pottsville, Pa.
Table Of Cooteots
First Report Of Progress,
Antheaoite Sueyey.
List of illustrations in atlas, (Southern Anthracite
List of Plates bound in the Report, x
List of Cuts in the Text, x
Errata on Atlas sheets, xi
Letter of Transmittal, xiii
Prefatory Letter, xxiii
C liapter 1.
Introduction, 1
Arrangement and publication of results, 4
Mine sheets, . 6
Cross section sheets, 12
Columnar section sheets, 13
Topographical sheets, 14
Miscellaneous sheets, 16
General plan of work, 16
Chapter II.
Panther creek mine sheets, 21
Basins and anticlinals, 22
Locust Mountain basin, 24
Hell Kitchen anticlinal, 26
Hell Kitchen basin, 26
Rhume Run overturned anticlinal, 27
Greenwood basin, 27
Shaft anticlinal, 28
Lansford basins, 29
Coaldale anticlinal 30
Bull Run basin, 31
vi AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 0. A. ASIIBURlSrER.
Page.
Summit Hill anticlinal, 32
Summit Hill basin, 33
Dry Hollow anticlinal, 33
Dry Hollow, Tam aqua, and Sharp Mountain basins, . 33
Deepening of the Panther Creek basins, 34
Tidal elevations, 35
Chapter III.
Panther Creek cross section sheets, 41
Section No. 1, through Old Tunnel at Hacklebarney, . 43
Section No. 2, from Nesquehoning valley to Mauch Chunk valley through Rhume Run (No. 1) tunnel, . 47
Section No. 3, through Tunnel No. 2, 61
Section No. 4, 330 feet west of Slope No. 3, Nesquehoning, -55
Section No. 5, through east end of workings of Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6, and Slope No. 4, and west end of Nesquehoning workings, 56
Section No. 6, tlirough Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6, and Slope
No. 4 workings, 57
Section No. 7, through Tunnels Nos. 4 and 7, and Slope
No. 1 workings, 62
Section No. 8, through Tunnels Nos. 8 and 9, and Slope
No. 2 workings, 66
Section No. 9, through Heriing's Hollow, Tunnel No.
Section No. 10, through Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11, . . 74
Section No. 11, through Tunnel of Greenwood Slope
Section No. 12, along the Little Schuylkill river, showing the structure of the Pottsville conglomerate No.
XII in the Locust and Sharp Mountain gaps at Tarn aqua, '73
Chapter IV.
Identification of the Panther Creek coal beds, 83
Third Upper Red Ash bed 85
Second Upper Red Ash bed, 86
Table Of Contents.
AA. vii
First Upper Red Ash bed, Second Twin beds, . . . . First Twin beds, . . . .
Jock bed,
Washington bed, . . . . G or Upper Red Ash bed, F or Lower Red Ash bed.
Mammoth bed,
C bed,
A bed,
Lykens Valley beds, . .
Page.
Chapter V.
Estimation of the contents of the anthracite coal beds, 107 New method adopted by the Geological Survey, . . . 109 Discussion of the errors involved in the new method, 112 Development of the areas of the coal beds in the Panther Creek basin, (Miscellaneous Sheet, No. 1,) . . 121
Chapter VI.
Introduction, 126
Surface areas underlaid by the coal beds of the Panther Creek Valley , 131
The actual area of the surface of the coal beds in the
Panther Creek Valley, 133
The actual surface areas of the coal beds where exploited at each colliery, 134
Average thickness of the Panther Creek coal beds ; Tables I to XXXIV inclusive, showing the tons of commercial coal originally contained in the Panther Creek Valley and tons which still remain ; the tons taken out at each colliery and the tons left in supports, with other facts connected with the methods and economy of mining in the Panther Creek Valley, 135
viii AA. PwEPORT OF progress, c. a. ashburjster.
Chapter YIl.
Page.
Composition of the Panther Creek coals, 177
Composition of Bony Coal from Colliery No. 10, . . 181
Composition of the market sizes. Panther Creek coals, 181 Composition of the Ash of the Panther Creek coals, 184 Relation between the composition of coals and their Gfeological structure, 184
Chapter VIII.
Total shipment and production of Anthracite Coal in
Pennsylvania, 188
Anthracite Coal Tonnage of the different Transportation Companies, 192
Historical Notes connected with the Development of the Anthracite Coal Fields, 194
Chapter IX.
Description of Map, Sections, and Statistics on Miscellaneous Sheet No. II, 197
List of Operating Collieries with their Total Production, 1881 and 1882, 200
Total Production and Shipment from Mine Inspectors'
Districts, 1881 and 1882, 215
Total Production of Counties for 1882, 218
Columnar Sections showing the Average Thickness of the Coal Measures in the different Anthracite Fields, 218
Northern Field, 222
Eastern Middle Field, 229
Western Middle Field, 234
Southern Field, 236
Difficulties of Identification, 240
Appendix A.
Determination of the latitude and longitude of Wilkes Ban-e and Pottsville. By Prof. C. L. Doolittle, . . 243
Appendix B.
Theory of Stadia Measurements. With Tables. By
Artluir Winslow, 325
Index to the Volume., 345
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOHIS m ATLAS.
Southern Anthracite Fields Vol. I
Mauch Chunk, Mine Sheet No. I,
Lansford, " " "II,
Tamaqua, " " " III,
drawn on a scale of 800 feet to 1 inch, of nature,
showing the plan of all the mines in the Panther Creek Valley, and the sliape of the floor of the Mammoth bed, where mined, and its most probable structure in undeveloped areas, by contour curve lines, 50 feet apart. One topographical sheet, scale 1,600 feet to 1 inch. Tglths of nature, showing the topography of the surface of the Panther Creek Valley, by contour curve lines, 10 feet apart, by R. P. Rothwell, Mining Engineer.
Three cross section sheets, scale 400 feet to 1 inch. of
nature, showing the geological structure of tlie coal basins, by 12 cross sections, &c.
Three columnar section sheets, showing the thickness and character of the coal measures, scale 40 feet to 1 inch, ;flTTths of nature ; of the coal beds, scale 10 feet to 1 inch, of nature ; and of the Carboniferous (Pottsville) Conglomerate, scale 100 feet to 1 inch, of nature.
Three miscellaneous sheets as follows :
Sheet No. I, containing a diagram showing the surface area of the Panther Creek Coal Basin, underlaid by the Mammoth bed (E or Top Split,) and the actual area of the floor of the coal bed developed into a horizontal plane, scale 2,400 feet to 1 inch, Itjths of nature; accompanied by tables showing the surface areas of the basin, underlaid by the G and F (Upper and Lower Red Ash,) Mammoth (E,) and Buck Mountain coal beds, together with the actual area of the floor of each coal bed in acres and square miles.
X Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Sheet No. IT, containing x>relbninary General Map of the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania and adjoining counties, scale styoViyTyths of nature, columnar sections of the Coal Measures in prominent localites, and a list of the Operating Collieries and their production in 1881. Sheet No. III. — Diagram and tables showing the annual production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania, since 1820, and the amount produced in each region, together with the tonnageof the transportingcompaniessincel870. Compiled by P. W. Sheafer. Mining Engineer, and John H. Jones, accountant of the transporting companies.
List of Plates Bound in the Report.
Frontispiece : Map of the Anthracite Coal Fields showing the progress of the Survey, January 1, 1883.
Plate No. I. Cross section through Mount Pisgah, page 2o " "II. " " " Tunnel No. 9. " 68
" " III. Geometrical figures to illustrate discussion
of method for determining the area of
the anthracite coal beds, 114
" " IV. View of the model showing the shape of
the floor of the Mammoth coal bed in the Panther Creek basins ; scale 2,400±
feet to inch, opposite page 242
" " V. Map of the Panther Creek basins, showing
the shape of the floor of the Mammoth coal bed, by contour lines, 50 feet apart ; scale 2,400 feet to 1 inch, opposite page 243
" " VI. Map of the surroundings of the Wilkes
Bari-e astronomical station, page . . 247 " " VII. Map of the surroundings of the Pottsville
astronomical station, page . . . 249
List of Cuts in the Text.
Figures 1 to 4 inclusive on pages 325, 326, 329, and 330 respectively, illustrating Appendix B, on the Theory of Stadia Measurements, &c.
List Of Eerata Atlas Sheets,
"Southern Anthracite Field, Vol. I."
Mine Sheet No. III.
Elevation of "second level," Tnnnel No. 8, sliould be 7o6' instead of 736'.
Elevation of "third level," Tunnel No. 8, should be 588' instead of 589'.
Cross Section Sheet No. III.
The distance between cross sections Nos. 1 and 2 should be 10,900' instead of 7,300'.
The distance between cross sections Nos. 5 and 6 should be 9,300' instead of 9,100'.
The bearing of the plane of cross section No. 7 is S. 16° 20' E. instead of S. 18° 20' E.
Columnar Section Sheet No. I.
In section No. 4, the total thickness is 465' 11" instead of 468' 11", and the total coal is 114' instead of 112'.
In section No. 12, the thickness of the coal bed (4') next below the Red Ash bed is placed on the right-hand side of the section ; it should be on the left. The total coal should be 56' instead of 52'.
Columnar Section Sheet No. II.
In section No. 46, the thickness of the second stratum from the top should be 6' 6" instead of 66'; the thickness of the lowest stratum should be 405' instead of 305', and the total thickness should be 1111' 1" instead of 1011' 1'.
xii A A. REPORT OE PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURXER.
In section No. 48, the number (24') after the bracket and before the words ''Nut Conglomerate," about the middle of the section, should be 25'. The total thickness should be 905' instead of 878'.
Miscellaneous Sheet No. I.
The second sentence of the note under "Table Y" should read : The developed Area of the Coal Bed was ascer tallied by iiroportion, based upon the relation of the Surface Area underlaid by the Mammoth (E) Bed, to the constructed Developed Area of the Bed itself.
Miscellaneous Sheet No. II.
''East Branch of the Susquehanna" should be. West Brandi of the Susquehanna.
" Upper and Lower Townships " should be Upper
and Lower Augusta Townships.
"Tamawqua" should be Tamaqua.
In section No. 1, the loAvest coal bed is 8' thick instead of 12' thick ; the total coal 22' instead 26'; and the total thickness 325' instead of 329'.
In section No. 3, the " I bed" should be the J bed.
Miscellaneous Sheet No. III.
The Nesquehoning R. R. tunnel at Lansford was opened in 1870 instead of 1872.
Letter Of Transmittal.
To His Excellency Governor Robert E. Pattisoi, ex officio
Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of the Second
Geological Survey of Pennsylvania :
Sir : With the greatest satisfaction, I have the honor of presenting to the Board of Commissioners Mr. Charles A. Ashburner's first report of progress of the Anthracite Survey, with its atlas of maps and sheets of sections, illustrating the geological structure of the eastern end of the Southern or Pottsville field, extending from Mauch Chunk to Tamaqua.
Three years have elapsed since the first steps were taken to set on foot this section of the Survey of the State ; but the rate of its progress must not be measured by the long delay of the publication of this first reiort, which, important as it is, exhibits but a small part of the work accomplished in these three years and in various stages of preparation for publication.
Besides the 13 sheets of maps and sections accompanying this report, 2 others (Plates lY and Y) will be found bound into the volume.
Of the Western Middle field 7 sheets are engraved, 7 engraving, and 3 ready for engraving.
Of the Eastern Middle or Lehigh field 11 are ready for engraving.
Of the Northern or Yilkes Barre field 12 are engraving, and 4 ready for engraving.
But even these 59 sheets do not represent the whole amount of work done during the last three years by the Anthracite corps under the direction of Mr. Ashburner. Other sheets are in various stages of preparation upon which the surface surveys and underground examinations,
xiv A A. EEPOKT OP PROGKESS. C. A. ASIIBUKNER.
cross section calculations, and colnmnar section recoi'ds, verified or to be verified, have been already delineated.
As the practical usefulness of the geological survey of the Anthracite region depends and will depend uion the minute accuracy of the maps and sections which it publishes, especially of its underground contoured maps, and its vertical cross sections, these have to be constructed slowly and carefully, revised again and again, submitted to every kind of intelligent and practical criticism, and supervised in the press at any expense of time and trouble. The patient industry of Mr. Ashburner and his whole corps has been equalled only by their unwearied zeal and their earnestness in overcoming the various kinds of obstacles which the nature of the work continually creates, sometimes in the most unexpected forms. Bat the final publication is mostly delayed by protracted and repeated proofreadings of the complicated mass of facts ; by corrections, additions, and substitutions made necessary by circumstances connected with that stream of information which keeps pouring in to the different offices of the survey — a flood of detailed facts respecting every colliery and every tract in the region.
The sheets of cross sections and columnar sections prepared by this survey offer no new feafnre for remark. They are such as all geological surveys x)ublish. All that need be said of them is that no geological survey has ever constructed such sheets from more copious data, or with more minute care ; and the distinction is visible between what is certain and Avhat is only probal)le or possible.
The sheets of underground maps on the contrary, exhibit a feature to which I invite sjecial attention. Although not entirely new, I am not aware that it has ever before characterized a whole suite of publications of any geological survey. Not a few single collieries and iron mines have been mapped in contours so as to show the plications of the mineral beds ; but in this survey the whole Anthracite region will be so mapped ; the levels running from colliery to colliery, undergronnd, from one end of each basin or group of basins to the other. By this means the shapes
Letter Of Transmittal.
Aa. Xv
of the rolls arid overturns are exhibited, and means ai'e afforded to mining engineers and superintendents tor directing their headings with less anxiety respecting what is in advance of them.
The high value of this kind of information has been already generously acknowledged, and has produced a demand for single sheets as fast as they can be got through the press. So important are these underground contoured maps to those who direct the mines, that a certain number of each edition are sold separately as soon as printed, in rolls, instead of being folded for publication, so that the creasing of the paper may not interfere with the measurements of those who desire to use the sheets for plotting the progress of old workings and planning new ones.
If one will picture to himself a dozen copies of such an underground map sheet lying on the otSce tables of the collieries existing within its limits, consulted by everybody interested in these collieries, and in daily use by every one of their mining engineers and superintendents plotting instruments in hand — he will get a good idea of the necessity under which Mr. Ashburner and his corps continually live to anticipate this microscopic criticism by an extreme accuracy of observation, drawing, and proof-reading in the case of each sheet. I repeat that this involves not only great labor but great delay ; and the greatest delay is caused by repeated corrections in engraving.
Respecting the organization and conduct of the survey described in Chapter I, I need only say that the credit of it belongs to Mr. Ashburner, to whose scientilic and executive ability I am glad to have this opportunity of testifying.
The nomenclature of the Anthracite fields has always been a puzzle from the time the region was first systematically surveyed, in 1838-9, by the talented Assistant on the First Survey, Dr. Janies D. Whelpley. Professor Rogers adopted a different method from Dr. Whelpley' s, but it has not been used. Mr. Ashburner employs well known local names for the different anticlinals and synclinals (rolls and basins) as described on page 23. ,
The method of constructing cross sections pursued by
XVi x\A. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
Mr. Asliburner (see page 41) will be closely criticised by the niiiiiRg engineers of the region ; I am convinced that they will not only resiect the conscientious carefulness, but more and more admire the scientific skill with which this part of the work has been done. I think that they cannot help feeling a considerable conhdence in the probahility of the construction wherever there is a lack of actual data. At all events many new and useful ideas will be contributed to the engineering science of tlie region.
The identification of the coal beds of one colliery or basin or district with those of another is a problem of much more than scientific interest ; for, it affects the market value of a fuel mined whether it be called by the name of a bed in high repute like the old Diamond, or Primrose, the Mammoth, the Buck mountain, or the Lykens valley — or whether it be named as coming from a less known or less favorably known bed.
But Mr. Asliburner wisely postpones the classification of the coal measures as a whole, and confines his use of names to cases and places where they are absolutely approved. In every case of doubt the local name is used, so as not to produce trouble for the future. (See page 84.)
As the survey advances — as new underground connections are made — as borings and tunnels multiply — whatever general system really exists in nature touching the number and order of the coal beds, it will gradually make itself known ; but, the knowledge acquired by half a century of mining the anthracite beds not only inspires a wholesome caution in asserting the identity of beds in each neighborhood, but suggests a deep distrust of all generalized sections hitherto made. If the Mammoth can spread its partings tlirough two or three hundred feet of vertical range, as it is known to do west of Pottsville, we may well ask ourselves what confusions of the column are there which are not possible everywhere throughout the region.
The imprudence, or rather the uselessness of attemx)ting at present a still larger identification of the whole column of coal measures at points even so near together as Pottsville, Shamokin,Hazelton, and Wilkes Bari'e — to say nothing
LETTEIl OF TRANSMITTAL.
A A. xvii
of the identification of the anthracite column with that of the bituniinons regions of the northern and western parts of the State — at least not until a thousand columnar sections all over the anthracite region have been verified and compared among themselves — is described and illustrated by Mr. Ashburner in Chapter IX, § 5, page 220. In the following pages, 222 to 239, he gives selected typical general columnar sections of the coal measures in various i>arts of the region, to show' how impossible it is at present to recognize wdth certainty the different anthracite beds at different places ; in other w'ords, to follow any one bed over the whole region wdth a security against mistaking for it here and there some other bed overlying or underlying it.
To convince readers of this report that such assumed ignorance on this point is the actual outcome of our constantly increasing accurate knowledge of local facts, I may cite what the survey of the Panther creek basin has taught us respecting the extraordinary variability} of the great Conglomerate at the base of tlie coal measures tsee plate of columnar sections, Xo. Ill) — a variability which we wdll find repeated in the case of all the Conglomerate and sandstone intervals of the coal measures themselves Avhen w'e get all our columnar sections made and verified. It wms made known by the first survey forty-five years ago, that the great Conglomerate w'as 1,000 feet thick along the Sharp Mountain and only 400 or 300 feet thick in the middle and northern fields ; but Mr. Ashburner' s sections show' a far more I'remarkable local variability at short distances, not across but lengthwdse of the region ; and everybody now' is familiar w'ith the fact that the great Lykens Valley bed near the bottom of the Conglomerate fades aw'ay and becomes one of the so-called " streaks " in the direction of the- Lehigh river. If then such a bed inclosed within the welldefined limits of the Conglomerate cannot be identified w'ith certainty as far north as Wilkes Barre, how' rash w'e should be to 5'ield to a demand of owners (say in Sullivan comity) to pronounce a coal-bed there to be the Lykens Valley bed. What is true of this bed is more or less true of every other bed in the coal measures, not excepting even the Mammoth. B AA
XviiiAA. IlEPOKT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURN ER.
The model of the flexed floor of the Mammoth bed was made by Messrs. E. B. & O. B. Harden, on a scale of 800' to 1" (vertical and horizontal), photographed (reduced to one third) from various points of view and under various lights, and then a selected photograph drawn on stone by an artist in the establishment of Julius Bien & Co., N. Y.
Plate ly, although exhibiting the model distorted by being foreshortened, nevertheless serves the intention of illustrating to the eye the remarkable shapes of the subbasins, and of the sharp, steep, and sometimes overturned anticlinals which separate them.
The most striking feature of the plication of the coal beds of this basin is its sharpness, the raritj of those soft and gentle curvatures which characterize the bituminous coal basins, a rigid plainness of the up and down slopes, suggestive of (1) a severe lateral compression in the jaws of a vice, and (2) a humid plasticity of the coal measures at the time of compression.
These features are equally well exhibited by the numerous cross-sections on the sheets of the Atlas.
It would advance structural geology a long step if we could get at the data for portraying equally well the shape oC the Avhole of the Conglomerate (No. XII). Hitherto,
whenever transverse sections of the Palaeozoic sjstem were made deep enough beneath the surface to include the underlying red shale (XI), the plane of contact has been conceived as a series of sinq)le and compound waves of such a shape that the curves of the synclinals were struck with a larger and those of the anticlinals Avith a smaller radius. But we have always been and still are ignorant for the most j)art of the true character of this contact plane.
If, AAdien AAe knoAv if better, it should turn out to be plicated as sharply as Ave knoAv the contact xflanes at the top and above the top of the Conglomerate are, the fact would go far to prove that the Conglomerate itself was as humid and plastic as the coal measures Avhen first compressed. It Avould also reinforce the opinion that no Palteozoic plication occurred until the close of the coal age ; and, that it took place then at once, and for all.
Letter Of Trasmittal.
AA. xix
Although our ignorance of the shape of the bottom plane of the Conglomerate is great, what little we do know about it is significant. It can be studied, more or less unsatisfactorily, at the summits of the spur mountains in which terminate the numerous coal basins of the region.
Along some miles of the western end of the Dauphin County coal basin the basal layers of the Conglomerate, which form the crest of the mountain, are tightly pinched like the Panther Creek Coal measures ; and it is 2ossi- bJe that such pinching obtains along the line of every sharp synclinal in the Pottsville basin. If this prove true, we shall have a partial exiDlanation for such amazing local variations in the thlclcness of the Conglomerate as are exhibited by the vertical section from Tamaqua (where it is 1,700') through Lansford (where it is 900') to the Hackleberry tunnel (where it is again l,.o00' thick). For if both top and bottom planes of the Conglomerate are sharply plicated, it is evident that there must have been a universal shifting of all the materials of the formation, both in various dii'ections, and in various degrees, commensurate with the irregular construction, imperfect parallelism, and diverse amplitude of the different folds.
In other words, as the local bulging of the coal beds, so well known to miners, is imitated in the shales and sandstone intervals, similar local bulgings of the Conglomerate must have taken place ; and that on as much larger a scale as the Conglomerate (as a whole) excels the coal measure intervals. In the case of crush faults or bulges in coal beds the statification is naturally obscured or destroyed ; but in the case of the shale and sand intervals the stratification is nearly or quite preserved ; therefore, in the case of the Conglomerate the transaction would take in all place (or some) of the strata, without causing their mutual interference ; the increase in thickness of the entire formation being measured by the sum of the increments in the several strata swollen by the operation.
It is of considerable importance that this view be discussed, and that a large amount of additional information on the subject be obtained, because of its bearing iqx)n
Xx Aa. Heport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
opinions more or less incorrect that the very variable thickness of Conglomerate has been cansed by n previous extensive erosion of the Manch Chunk Red Sliale formation (No. XI) which underlies it: that valleys and hills of red shale were produced ; and that when the Conglomerate de- 230.sit was made it was necessarily thickest in the valleys and thinnest on the ridges of red sliale.
Now, scarcely a single trace of any such erosion of the red shale has ever been observed, and what erosion has been noticed is so local and very minute* that it must have taken place under water. Moreover no such erosion has been observed throughout the flat lying bituminous coal regions to any extent Avorth mentioning.
The variable thickness of the conglomerate, therefore, must be discussed on one of two hyiAOtheses : either, 1, we must surmise extraordinary and unaccountable variations in the quantity of gravel and sand deposited on neighboring parts of the red shale sea bottom ; or, 2, we must ajaply the mechanical law that the folding of a jilastic mass shifts all jru'ts of the mass to allow of its accommodation in a smaller sjAace.
Of the second hyAOthesis I have said enough to jiresent it fairly for geological examination ; but respecting the first hyjiothesis something remains to be added to jU'event misconcetAtion.
"While rapid local fluctuations in the original thicJcness of the conglomerate formation seem to be inadmissible with our 2)resent amount of knowledge on the subject, the wellknown fact remains unchanged, that this conglomerate formation has a laretty uniform normal thickness of 300' throughout Pennsylvania, excejat in the Southern field of the Anthracite region — a comiAaratively narrow belt through Carbon, Schuylkill, and Dauxfliin counties. This belt, no doubt, formerly extended in an E. N. E. and W. S. W. direction towards the Delaware and Potomac rivers ; of which we can now say nothing. But along the hundred miles between the Lehigh and the Susquehanna rivers where it
*One pretty little exhibition of it may be studied in Solomon's Gap south of Wilkes Barre.
Letter Of Transmittal.
A A. Xxi
has been spared to onr observation, a sudden, rapid, and immense increase of the thickness of the conglomerate takes place, from north to south ; not exactly" across the belt from N. N. W. to S. S. E., but diagonalh", from north-west to south-east, or perhaps from W. N. W. to E. S. E.
Some years ago I endeavored to restore the formation in plan by means of contour lines, each line representing an observed thickness of BOO', of 400', of 500', &c., up to 1,200'. With the imperfect and uncertain data at my command I found these contour lines to throw themselves in concentric curves of great radius, the center of radiation being in the far south-east, say at Trenton, N. J.
The conclusion seemed to me irresistible that an explanation of the increased thickness of the Conglomerate southeastward must be sought for in a supposition of some shore line backed by extensive lands in that direction, far enough away to be beyond the Middle or Lower Paheozoic outcrops, and yet near enough to account for the suddenness of the increase of thickness within the belt of observation. But the present topography of the Atlantic border furnishes nothing for this purpose except the South Mountain range from Reading eastward and its continuation on a larger scale as the Highlands of New Jersey. But the now completed topographical map of the South Mountains between Reading and Easton' seems to prove very jilainly, what I have long believed, that the Azoic core of this range was entirely covered by the Palmozoic sediments at the time of the deposit of the Pottsville Conglomerate.
But apart from this consideration the problem of the origin and method of deposit of the Conglomerate, regarded as continuous over a large part of the United States, can hardly be much affected by our inability to explain its abnormal thickness along the narrow belt of the Southern Anthracite coal field. All the more important then become Mr. Ashburner's new measurements of the Conglomerate along the Locust mountain, and the xossihility (for the hypothesis has still to be tested by fresh facts) that its extraordinary variations i')proceed from the bulging of the
Published in the Atlas to Report D, Vols. 1 and II, 1883.
xxii AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
whole formation, on a grand scale, when in a humid plastic state, at the time of tlie emergence of the continent and plication of the coal measures.
Mr. Ashburner's estimates of quantities of coal in place, mined out, wasted and marketed, in chapter Y (commencing on page lU7j are based (1) upon a long series of personal measurements in the mines, and a new method of applying the data thus obtained to the cross sections of the basin ; and (2) upon lignres freely placed at his disposal by the suj)erintending authorities, with whom all his conclusions have been fully discussed. His method (described on page 109) has been criticised as too elaborate and difficult; but this seems to me less objectionable than the vagueness of the ordinary more offdiand method, which takes no account of overfolds and other disturbing elements, and assumes roughl} an average for thickness and a pei'centage for dip. The real importance of such estimates, apart from gratifying a laudable curiosity, lies in the stimulus they give to inventions for reducing the relative proportion of toasted to marketed fuel ; and in the indications they afford that mining comj)anies are pursuing an improving policy.
One discovery of the survey, mentioned on page 181, should have its value set forth in tlie clearest light ; for, experts at the mines have expressed the opinion that it will save to the general business of the State more than the Geological Survey has cost. So-called " bony" coal, thrown aside as unsalable, but shown to be first class coal and quite salable when broken into line sizes, has now taken its j)i'oper place in the market.
The manuscript of this report was edited and the index prepared by Mr. Ashburner.
I remain, sir, yours respectfully,
J. P. Lesley.
Philadelphia, 1008 Clinton street, Dec. 7, 188S.
Prefatory Letter.
907 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, November 1, 1883.
Professor J. P. Lesley, State Geologist :
Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith, my first report of the progress of the Geological Survey in the Anthracite Coal-tields.
This report relates particularly to the geology of the Panther Creek basin, at the extreme eastern end of the Southern Anthracite Field, between Mauch Chunk, on the Lehigh River in Carbon County, and Tamaqua, on the Little Schuylkill River in Schuylkill Countju
Thirteen (13) sheets of maps, sections, etc., to illustrate the report, are contained in an atlas entitled ''Southern Anthracite Field Yol. I, AA."
Most of the manuscript was completed, and ready for the printer on the first of Januarj, 1883, but various circumstances prevented its immediate publication.
The general plan adopted for the survej of the Anthracite District is explained in Chapter I. Although in the main it is the same as that originally proposed in November, 1880, many of the details connected with its practical execution have been modified, or changed, as the exigency of the work required.
Chapters II to YII contain a description of the geology and mines of the Panther Creek basin and chapters YIII and IX have special reference to the entire Anthracite Region.
Professor C. L. Doolittle, of Lehigh University, has contributed a valuable paper, published in appendix A, which contains a detailed statement of his observations and computations made in determining the longitude and latitude
xxiv xlA. REPOUT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBUPtXER.
of Wilkes Barre and Pottsville respectively. In a second ap2:)endix, lettered B, is published a careful and original discussion of the Theory of Stadia Measurements, accompanied by Tables of Horizontal Distances and Differences of Level, for the Reduction of Stadia Field Observations, by assistant Arthur Winslow.
My princi]3al object has been to make the results of the Survey practically useful to those directly interested in the exploration and exploitation of the anthracite fields ; and therefore the work in the field has been prosecuted under the constant review of those connected with or engaged in the mining of coal.
The policy of pushing the purely geological and mining work of the Survey at the outset, in order that practical men might see some I'esults and be able to judge of their utility, not only to themselves, but to all having interests in the anthracite region, has proved a wise one. The publication (in advance of the report) of the 13 atlas sheets accompanying this report has already secured to the Survey the support of every one in the region, from the miner engaged in cutting coal in the mines, to the Presidents of the coal transportation companies, all of whom were unanimous in urging the appropriation which was made by the Legislature of 1883.
Geodetic Sai'tiey.
Should the Legislature of 1885 see proper to make appropriations for the continuance of the Anthracite Survey, provision should be made for a triangulation of at least a narrow north and south belt, by wdiich our local surveys in the Northern, Eastern Middle, Western Middle, and Southern fields can be accurately and sufficiently connected.
When this survey was organized, two years ago, I urged the necessity} for such a geodetic base to precede the making of detailed maps. As our survey advances we feel the need of such a base of connection, more and more. If we had absolutely fixed points in the various disconnected areas of which we get local maps, or in which we are doing local work, it would save time, trouble and money in the
Prefatory Letter.
Aa. Xxv
preparation of the Atlas Sheets. Sooner or later exact connections will have to be made between the different fields ; but, the appropriation of 1883 was not sufficient to permit of this geodetic work, without seriously hindering the survey of the collieries above and under ground. At present we have only two points in the whole anthracite region fixed with accuracy and these we owe to the zealous labor of Professor C. L. Doolittle, of Lehigh University, who at my solicitation in June, 1881, and without pay for his services, established astronomically the latitude and longitude of a a point in Wilkes Barre and Pottsville respectively.
These j)oints I have used in my linear surveys for coordinating other points in their neighborhood ; but the x>i'ocess of linear surveys is no substitute for triangulation ; and errors increase in proportion to the distance from the fixed starting-point. Xothing but a belt of secondary triangles carried across from Wilkes Barre to Pottsville will suffice to make the survey of the Anthracite region a comjilete whole, by connecting with scientific accuracy our detailed maps of the four divisions of the region.
Continuation of Anthracite Survey and Estimates.
As the continuation of the Anthracite Survey after January, 1885, when the work will stop if no additional appropriation is secured, and its ultimate completion are matters of concern to those who are directly or indirectly interested in the mining and transportation of anthracite, I must allude to the subject of estimates.
In November, 1882, I endeavored to make an estimate of the time required to complete it, on the supposition that the plan then pursued would be continued. Since then, however, the details of the work have been considerably modified by the demands made upon us to make our examinations more and more minute ; the results of which ai'e evident to all who examine our published and unpublished sheets. It is therefore impossible for me to estimate the amount of time required to get over the whole region. The intricacy of the geological structure increases as we advance into parts of the field which have been less explored
State Rivenue feom Direct Taxation on Anthracite and Bituminous Coal,
Revenue derived from the tax of 4 cents per ton on Anthracite Coal mined from March 22d, 1867, to January 1st, 1874, under
act of Assembly approved March 22nd, 1867.
XXVi A A. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER
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Total tax oil Anthracite Coal, (82%,) 13,315,345.49
" " " Bituminous Coal, (18%,) . 707,577.04
Total, $4,022,922.53
Grand total of tax received from the mining of Anthracite Coal, $4,820,954.86
The above table does not include the tax derived indirectly from the anthracite coal trade.
Pkefatory Letter.
AA. xxvii
than those already mapped. The practical usefulness of this survey can be justly estimated, only by those directly interested in the develoxtment of the Anthracite Region. But the most indifferent observer cannot fail to ai)xu'eciate the important relation which anthracite bears to all the industrial and material interests of the whole State.
The mining of anthracite coal is the most important and largest mining industry in any one of the States ; in fact, there are but two such industries in the United States which exceed it.
During 1882 the estimated value at the mines of Pennsylvania Anthracite was $70,5o6,094. Tlie value at the mines of all bituminous coal mined in the United States Avas $70,076,487, and of all gold and silver combined, $79,- 300,000.'" During the vear 1880 the United States census estimated that of all the capital invested in coal mining in the United States ($256,502,373) one third was invested in the mining of Pennsylvania anthracite.
The only direct tax which has ever been levied u|)on the mining of any mineral in Pennsylvania was that upon anthracite, and afterwards ujAon bituminous coal. The table on the ojAposite page, compiled from the Auditor General's Reports, shows that up to the end of the year 1882 there had been paid into the State Treasury by the miners of anthracite coal $4,820,954.86, and by the miners of bituminous coal, $707,577.04. This is but a small x)roi')ortion of tlie revenue derived by the State fi'om the mining of anthracite, as the tax j)aid upon coal lands, by coal transportation comx)anies, and other industries whose extent dep>ends n|Aon the mining of anthracite, must be looked u}Aon as revenue dex)endent upon the develoxment of these fields.
Economy of Mining and Exhaustion of Fields.
The question of the economical miningof coal in special districts is one of practical concern. While that of the ultimate exhaustion of the coal fields may not be of much practical value at the present time, it is one which always
Report on " Mineral Resources of the United States," 1883, by Mr. Albert Williams, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey.
xxviii AA. report of progress, c. a. asiiburner.
elicits general interest, and which, in the future, is bound to be considered by those directly interested in the mining of coal, or by a government commission.
A number of demands have already been made upon the Survey for a solution of these problems, and the plan upon which the work is at ju'esent being prosecuted provides for their consideration. In the case of the Panther Creek basin, the amount of coal which has been left in the mines for supports, that which has been taken out of the mines and tlu own upon the culm banks, and that which has been shipped to market, have all been carefully computed. (Page 170.) Estimates* have also been made as to the amount of coal which is still available, and the dex)th at which it will be found. (Pages 141, 168 and 169.)
AVhile the facts and conclusions stated in the tables in Chapter Y1 (pages 126 to 177 inclusive) apply in a special sense to the Panther Creek basin, it is believed that they will be of value as affecting the economy of mining throughout the entire region, when a comparison, of all the details connected with the mining of coal in special localities, shall be made with those which are found to obtain in the Panther Creek region. Whether this investigation, which has been made with such ndnuteness in the Panther Creek valley, can be similarly pursued in other localities remains to be seen. An endeavor will be made, in any event, to obtain the most reliable data, bearing upon the subject, and to draw the most reliable conclusions which it may be possible for any one to arrive at.
As to the ultimate exhaustion of special parts of the coal fields, or of the entire region, the Survey has at present no data ui)on which to base any conclusion which would be of practical value. I have never made an estimate as to the duration of the Anthracite Coal Fields, because the Gleological Survey has not advanced sufficiently to enable me lo do so. Ill fact the Panther Creek basin, which covers about one fortieth of the entire area of the field, is the only
*In making tlie necessary estimates for these investigations, and in computing the results, great credit is due toMr. Frank A. Hill, who superintended many of the details.
Prefatoky Letter.
AA. xxix
locality where any measurements have been completed l)y the Survey as to the amount of coal taken out, or that which still remains to be mined.
Mr. P. W. Sheafer, who has probably given tliis subject more careful consideration than any one else, has named something less than 200 years as the time when the Anthracite Fields will be practically worked out. Mr. Sheafer has made a general statement that the field originally contained about 25,000,000,000 tons of coal. Up to January 1st, 1883, I have estimated that the total production amounted to 509,333,695 tons. It has been generally thought that but one-third of the coal contained in the area which has thus far been mined over in the entire region has been consumed as fueP ; so that up to last January, an area had been exhausted which originally contained about 1,500,000,000 tons; 23,500,000,000 tons remaining untouched. If this same proprotion of production to original content be applied to that which still remains, about 8,000,000,000 tons would represent the possible future production.
According to the Mine Inspectors' Report, there was produced last year 31,281,066 tons. If this production should remain constant for all future time, the field would be exhausted in a little over 250 years.
Such a conclusion is quite untenable, for our yearly production is rapidly increasing. In 1870, there was ship])ed from the region 16.182,191 tons, and in 1880, 23,437,242 tons. The abrupt exhaustion of the coal fields is a practical impossibility, nor is it reasonable to suppose that if, on an average, for every ton of coal won there are two lost, this will be the practice in future mining.
The Geological Survey has in its possession already many facts to throw light on this subject, but as it is hoped that the Survey will be completed before this question of ultimate exhaustion will become one of practical concern, it would be folly for me to make any statement now, as to how long our Pennsylvania anthracite will last.
♦Less than one-third of the original contents of the exploited areas in the Panther Creek Valley has been consumed as fuel (page 176) ; on account o) the difficulties of mining in that district, this pfercentage (27 per cent) may be considered to be below the general average.
Xxx Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburxer.
Composition and Fuel Value of Penna. Anthracites.
Since the Survey lias commenced its examination in the Anthracite Fields, numerous requests liave been made for chemical analyses of the dilferent coals ; not, so much to show tlie minera logical characteristics of the bed, as the fuel constituents of tlieir commercial product. On account of the limited apxropriation to provide for the anthracite work, it has been inqoossible, at the outset, to undertake an investigation of all the X)problems, both of a jjractical and scientific character, which have suggested themselves, and whicli it will be necessary to consider, in order to render the Survey complete, and its results of the greatest value.
One of the questions, which is beset with the gaavest difficulties, is that of the mineralogical and chemical study of the anthracite coals. This has to do with the origin of our Pennsylvania anthracite, which is still an open question. Although we liave many facts to indicate its probable answer, I feel that it will be necessary for a very careful mineralogical and chemical investigation to be made l)efore we can with any ussurance apjroximate to a final solution. The chemical investigations of Mr. J. W. Thomas, Dr. Eniest Yon Meyer, and Marsillay, of the characteristics of British and European coals, have thrown much light ux>on the questions of the formation of coal, the influence of the atmosj)here nj:)on its deterioration, and the character of the gases evolved from the coal in the mines. Such investigations are of interest and value as aids in determining the deterioration of maj'ket coal when subjected to atmosphei'ic inffnences under varying conditions, and the jn'oxer and most economical ventilation of the mines, either to dilute or entirely remove the gases which affect, not only the health of miners in the inhalation of slightly imj;)nre air, but their safety in the j:)prevention of explosions.
The analyses of American chemists of many of our anthracite coals show the liability of the coal beds, or portions of them, to change their constitution and character within very short intervals. This feature has been more prominently demonstrated by the analyses of Dr. Charles M. Cresson, made for the Phila. & Reading R. R. Co.
Pkefatouy Letter.
AA. xxxi
The governmental researches of Professor Johnson made in 1842 and those made a little over a year ago by Quartermaster General M. C. Meigs, U. S. A., prove wide differences in the effective fuel value of many of the Penna. anthracites, and clearly indicate the economy in the purchase of special coals ; although at the present time the coal trade makes no reliable distinction between the coals which are shown to have such different evaporate capacities. The tests of Sheerer-Kestner, and C. Meunier-Dollfus, reported to the Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse, and those of William Kent, of Pittsburg, are claimed by Mr. Kent to show that theoretical estimates of calorific power, based upon ultimate chemical analysis, might sometimes vary as much as 15 per cent from the results obtained by a direct calorimetric trial; but the estimate based upon analysis was always the lower of the two. It is also noticeable, that generally the greater the percentage of oxygen in the coal, the greater the difference between the experimental and calculated results. Mr. Kent claims that chemical analysis, and especially the ultimate analysis for total carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, is a valuable guide to the steaming power of coal when properly burned ; although, the results of the tests of both Professor Johnson and General Meigs indicate a directly opposite conclusion.
These references certainly show the necessity for the Survey making a thorough investigation as to the constitution of coal contained in the anthracite beds. What would be the best plan to be jursued can not yet be determined, nor was it intended that the Survey should enter upon these problems at all, until the purely mapping and geological work in the region had progressed further than at ])resent.
The consumers of American coals are beginning to realize the fact that the value of a coal, as an effective fuel, under varying conditions of consumption, is not solely dependent upon its physical characteristics or the locality from whence the coal is obtained."
A prominent anthracite operator related to me an incident which illustrate. the prejudices of the trade in regard to the values of coals. This gentleman was operating a colliery in the Shamokin region, and had connection from his
xxxii AA. KEPOliT or PE0GRE3S. c. a. ashburner.
Chemical Analyses of Penna. Anthracites.
During the past year demands have been made for chemical analyses of market coals, showing the proportion of fixed carbon, volatile matter, water, sulphur, phosphorus and ash ; and although such analyses are probably among the least important which should be made, it was deemed advisable in the case of the coals of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., mined from the Panther Creek Valle}', where the purely geological and mining work of the Survey had been completed, that such market specimens should be collected and analyzed. These analyses are contained in Chapter VII of this Report, where special reference is made to them.
After the proof of this report had all been corrected and the index placed in the State Printer's hands for publication, a special request was made for similar analyses of coals in different parts of the field, which are accepted by the coal trade as being of similar constitution and value to the Panther Creek coals. In consequence coals were sampled from these collieries similarly to those from the Panther Creek Valley. Tliese specimens have been analyzed by Mr. A. S. McCreath. (See Table No. 1, pages xxxiv and XXXV.)
colliery with both the P. & R. R. R., which transported their coal down the Schuylkill Valley, and the L. V. R. R., which shipped their coal to market down the Lehigh River. A contract was made for regular shipments of coal from his colliery over the L. V. R. R. at a time when there was a discrimination of 50 cents between the Lehigh and Schuylkill coals in favor of the Lehigli ; the coal trade generally understanding that Lehigh coal was coal shipped over the L. V. R. R., and Schuylkill coal, that shipped over the P. & R. R. R.
The Ij. V. lateral which took his coal to the main line of the road had to be closed for some days for repairs, and he was compelled, in consequence, to fill his orders by shipment over the P. & R. R. R. But a few days had elapsed before his consignee complained of receiving a very interior Schuylkill coal, instead of the superior Lehigh coal which he had formerly received, and he was forced to make a rebate of 50 cents a ton on the coal which he had temporarily shipped over the P. A R. R- R.
It is gratifying to know that among the more intelligent consumers no difference is recognized between the coal transported through the Lehigh Valley, and that through the Schuylkill Valley. In fact several favorite brands of coal which cannot be excelled, are now shipped almost entirely down the Schuylkill Valley.
Pkefatoky Lettek.
AA. xxxiii
If the water, sulphur, aud earthy impurities, classed unde]' the head of ash, be disregarded in these analyses, and the fuel constituents be alone considered, the percentages of these which are fixed carbon and volatile hydrocarbon respectively are given in columns Nos. 12 and 13 of this table. The fuel ratio of each coal, or the carbon divided by the volatile (hydro-carbons) matter is given in column No. 14. This plan, of designating the relationship existing between the fuel constituents of coal, was used by Prof. Walter R. Johnson in his report on American coals made to the United States Government in 1844, and has been employed in the reports of the Second Geological Survey as a convenient method of classifying the analyses of Pennsylvania coals.
Specimen No. 1.
Collected from Hollenback shaft No. 2 at Wilkes Barre, Luzerne Countv, Northern Coal Field, October 10th, bv Assistants Prank A. Hill and Arthur Winslow, assisted by Mr. Finney, outside superintendent. Lehigh and Wilkes Barre Coal Co., operators.
The Baltimore (Mammoth) bed is the only one which is regularly mined at present at this colliery. A gangway is being driven however in the Hillman bed. There is beingmined daily from this colliery, at present, about 103 mine cars of coal, only 3 of which contain coal from the latter bed. The coal was sampled from the market cars, which were loaded ready for shipment, by the method described on page 178. The number of cars (32) from which the specimen was collected, and the character of the coal contained, was as follows :
From 4 market cars of lump coal.
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Chemical Analysis, Physical Proferties
xxxiy AA. report of progress, c. a. asiiburner,
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Pkefatory Letteb
A A. Xxxv
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Specimens Nos. 22 to 30 inclusive In this table, are the same as specimens Nos. 1 to 9 respectively, noted on pages 179 and 180. t See page 181.
xxxvi AA. EEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
Specimens Nos. and 3.
Collected from D. & H. C. Co's, colliery No. 5, at Plymouth, Luzerne Country, October lOtli, by Assistants Hill and Winslow assisted by Mr. A. W. Vandling, outside boss. D. & H. C. Co., operators.
The two splits of the Baltimore bed, known respectively as the Cooper and Bennett, are mined at this colliery. At j)resent about one-fifth of the coal sliipped is mined from the Cooper bed and four-fifths from the Bennett bed. The Bennett bed is considered by the operators to be the superior coal, as a great deal of slate and bone are found in the coal from the Cooper bed. The difference between these two coals is clearly shown by the analyses. The Cooper coal contains 6 percent, more ash than the Bennett, and nearly 6 per cent, less fixed carbon. The specimen from the Cooper coal bed (specimen No. 2) was collected from 12 mine cars coming from different parts of the mine, and that from the Bennett bed (specimen No. 3) from the same number of mine cars from different parts of the mine in that bed.
Specimen No. A
Collected from Jeddo Nos. 3 and 4, or Oakdale Nos. 1 and 2 collieries, at Jeddo in the Black Creek Basin, Luzerne County, Eastern Middle Coal Field, October 6th, by Assistant Winslow, assisted by Mr. C. E. Albright, junior, engineer and Mr. Ario Thompson, shipper. G. B. Markle & Co., operators.
The Mammoth bed is alone mined at these two collieries. The mine workings supplying the breakers are so intimately connected, and in reality form parts of one mine, that specimens were taken from loaded market cars at each breaker. The greatest shipments made from these collieries are in larger sizes ; very little pea and buckwheat coal being sent to market.
The sample was taken from 37 loaded market cars as follows :
From 3 market cars of lump coal from Jeddo No. 3.
" 5 " " " broken " " " " 3.
Peefatory Li:Tter.
AA. xxxvii
From 4 market cars of egg coal from Jeddo INo. 4.
" 14 " " " stove '' " " '' 3.
" 10 " " " cliestnut " " " " 3,
To the above were added 3 small sliovelsfull of pea coal.
Specimen No. 5.
Collected from Ebervale No. 2 colliery, at Ebervale in the Black Creek basin, Luzerne County, Eastern Middle Coal Field. October 6th, by Assistant Winslow, assisted by Mr. J. D. Jones, superintendent. Ebervale Coal Co., operators.
All the coal shipped from this colliery is mined from the Mammoth bed. The samples were taken from 23 loaded market cars as follows :
From 4 market
" 5 "
u u
" 2
U 0 u
" 2
cars of lump coal " " broken
" " stove ''
" " chestnut ''
chutes of pea "
The Ebervale and Jeddo collieries adjoin one another, on the Union Improvement Co's property ; the Ebervale Coal Co. and. G. B. Markle & Co. being the respective lessees.
Specimens Nos. 6 and 7.
Collected from Coleraine Nos. 1 and 2 collieries and from the stripping at Coleraine in the Beaver Meadow basin, Carbon County, Eastern Middle Coal Field, October 8th, by Assistant Winslow and Mr. John Wear, mine boss. Wm. T. Carter & Co., operators.
Both the Mammoth and Wharton beds are worked at this colliery. The coal mined from both beds passes through one breaker and is mixed before being shipped to maiLet. It is estimated that the colliery is at present shipping daily one fourth of its coal from the Mammoth bed and threefourths from the Wharton bed. The Mammoth coal which is taken from the strippings is considered by the operators to be very poor coal. The specimen of Whartoii (sjjecimen
xxxviii AA. p.eport of progress, c. a. asiiburxer.
No. 6) coal was sampled from 0 mine cars from colliery No. 1 and from 4 mine cars from colliery No. 2. The specimen from the Mammoth bed (specimen No. 7) Avas sampled from 4 mine cars from colliery No. 2 and from 4 mine cars from the stripx)ing.
Specimens Nos. 8 and 9.
Collected from Spring Mountain colliery No. 4 at Jeansville, in the Beaver Meadow basin, Lnzerne County, Eastern Middle Coal Field, October 8th, by Assistant Winslow assisted by Mr. Wm. McParlane, breaker boss. J. C. Haydo)i & Co., operators.
Both the Mammoth and Wharton coal beds are mined at this colliery, about fonr-lifths of the daily shixAinent being mined from the Wharton bed and one hfth from the Mammoth bed. The coals are not shii)};)ed to market sejaarately, hoAvever, but are mixed in the market cars. The Wharton coal mined at colliery No. 1 is considered to be a harder and better coal than that mined from the same bed at colliery No. 4. Tlie Mammoth coal (sjAecimen No. 8) was sainjAled from b mine cars at breaker No. 4 and in addition 3 lumps were taken from a hea}) at the blacksmith's shop. The Wharton coal (sjaecimen No. 9) was sanpAled from 10 mine cars at the same breaker.
Specimens Nos. 10 and. 11.
Collected from Spring Brook colliery No. 5 at Yorktown, in the Beaver Meadow basin. Carbon County, Eastern Middle Coal Field, October 9th, by Assistant Winslow assisted by Stexhien Cann, mine boss. Geoi'ge H. Myers & Co., operators.
Both the Mammoth and Wharton beds are mined at this colliery ; the Mammoth bed jArodncing about tliree-foni'ths and the Wharton bed about one-fourth of the daily shipment. About half of the Mammoth coal is at present taken fi'om the inside workings, and the other half from the strippings ; the latter coal being considered the poorer. All the Wharton coal is mined niider cover The Mammoth coal (sjaecimen No. 10) was sampled from 5 inine cars from the strixaxaing workings and 3 mine cars from the
Pkefatory Letter.
AA. xxxix
covered workings, about an equal amount of coal being taken from each place. The Wharton coal (specimen No. 11) was sampled from 6 mine cars.
Specimens Nos. 12, 13, and Ilf..
Collected from St. Nicholas colliery, at St. Nicholas, Schuylkill County, Western Middle Coal Field, October 15th, by Assistants Wells and Winslow, assisted by Mi'. William Sauerbrey, outside boss. Pbiladelphia and Readng Coal and Iron Co., operators.
The middle and, bottom sjlits of the Mammoth coal bed, and the Buck Mountain coal bed, are worked at this colliery. At present there are being mined daily about two thirds of the shipments from the Buck Mountain bed, about one sixth from the middle sjlit of the Mammoth, and about one sixth from the bottom split of the Mammoth. The middle split Mammoth coal (sj:)ecimen No. 12) was sampled from 8 mine cars ; the bottom split Mammoth coal (specimen No. 13) from 4 mine cars from the drift level, and the Buck Mountain coal (specimen No. 14) from 10 mine cars.
Specimens Nos. 15 and 16.
Collected from Gilberton colliery at Gilberton, Schuylkill County, AVestern Middle Coal Field, October 13, by Assistants Wells and Winslow, assisted by John W. Howell, inside mine boss. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co., operators.
At this colliery the Buck Mountain and the Seven Foot coal beds are mined, the better coal being considered to come from the former bed. The coal from the Seven Foot bed is shelly. About two thirds of the daily shipment is mined from the Buck Mountain bed and one third from the Seven Foot bed. The Seven Foot coal (specimen No 15) was samjJed fi-om 10 mine cars, and the Buck Mountain coal (specimen No. 16), from 6 mine cars.
Specimens Nos. 17 and 18.
Collected from Draper colliery at Gilberton, Schuylkill County, Western Middle Coal Field. October 15th, by As sistants Wells and Winslow. Draper Coal Co., operators.
xl AA. EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. C. A. ASHBUENEE,
At this collier} the Mammoth and Primrose beds are the princiial ones mined ; about two-thirds of the daily shipment is mined from the Manmioth bed, two-ninths from the Primrose bed, and one-ninth from the Holmes and Buck Mountain beds combined. As tlie Mammoth and Primrose beds supply the principal product of this colliery, they alone were sampled, the specimen from the former (specimen No. 17) being sampled from 8 mine cars, and that from the latter bed (specimen No. 18) from 7 mine cars.
Specimen No. 19.
Collected from Turkey Run colliery at Shenandoah, Schuylkill County, Western Middle Coal Field, October 13th, by Assistants Wells and Winslow, assisted by Mr. F. Reese, outside boss. P. and R. C. and I. Co., operators.
The Mammoth bed alone is worked at this colliery, about 500 tons being shipped daily. The specimen was samx)led as follows :
From market chute of steamboat coal.
kk
k k
broken
k k
cars
k k
egg
k k
i k
k k
kk
k k
stove
kk
k i
Ck
kk
k k
small stove
kk
u
k k
k k
kk
chestnut
k k
kk
kk
k k
pea
k k
k k
k k
k k
buckwheat
k k
Specimens Nos. W and '21.
Collected from Kohinoor colliery at Shenandoah, Schuylkill county, in the Western Middle Coal Field, October 12, by Assistants Wells and Winslow, assisted by John C. Glover, boss. R. Heckscher & Co., operators.
At this colliery both the Mammoth and Primrose beds are mined, and the coal from each is shipped from a separate breaker. The specimen of Mammoth coal (specimen No. 20) was sampled as follows :
From 1 market car of lump coal.
" 8 " "of steamboat coal.
Prefatory Letter.
AA. xli
From 1 market chute of broken coal.
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 3 " 1
" of egg coal.
" of stove coal, car of small stove coal, chutes of chestnut coal. " of pea coal.
The Primrose coal (specimen No. 21) was sampled as follows :
From 1 market car of lump coal.
U U
u
U
U
small stove coal, egg coal, chestnut coal, pea coal, large stove coal, chute of broken coal.
" of steamboat coal.
Specimens Nos. 22 to 30 inclusive.*
Collected from the collieries of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in the Panther Creek basin, Carbon and Schuylkill counties, Southern Coal Field, June 26 and 27, 1882, by Assistant Winslow, assisted by Mr. John C. Rutter, mining engineer. The individual specimens were sampled as follows :
Specimen No. 22, sampled from
3 mine cars from tunnel workings.
3 " " " shaft "
No. 23, sampled from
3 mine cars from slope workings.
5 " " " shaft "
No. 24, sampled from
3 market cars of egg coal.
8 " " " broken coal.
2 " " " lump coal.
No. 25, sampled from
3 market cars of lump coal.
Specimens Nos. 22 to 30 inclusive, referred to here, are the same as specimens Nos. 1 to 9 respectively noted on pages 179 and 180.
xlii AA. REPORT OP PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBTJRNER,
No. 25, 5 market cars of broken coal.
No. 26, sampled from 4 mine cars.
No. 27, sampled from
4 mine cars.
No. 28, sampled from
5 market cars of broken coal.
5 " 0O'O' "
No. 29, sampled from
4 market cars of buckwheat coal.
4 " " " 26a "
4 " " " chestnut "
4 " " " stove "
4 " " '' broken "
No, 30, sampled from
15 market cars of buckwheat coal.
7 " " " pea "
3 " " broken "
As has already been stated, these specimens (1 to 21 inclusive) were sampled in the same way as the Panther Creek coals. The specimens were collected in all cases in the jpresence of the superintendent, engineer, or mine boss at each colliery. As it was desired to obtain the constitution of the market product, the specimens were collected from the market cars wherever it was possible to do so. In some instances where the coal shipped came from two beds, and was mixed in the market cars, specimens were taken from the mine cars, in order to make an analysis of the coal from each bed. In such cases special care was taken to sample the coal, so that it would represent a product of equal purity to that shipped from the breaker. It is possible, however, that the analyses of such specimens will show a smaller i;)ercenta,s:e of ash than if the coal could have been taken from the market cars, as it is impossible to include or exclude just the same proportion of slate or bony coal as might be found in the market product. Naturally the tendency in sampling would be to reject the pieces of poorer coal.
Prefatoky Letter.
AA. xliii
Mr. McCreatli, in remarking on the analyses of these coals, savs, " In nearly every case where the ash is high the sample indicated it by showing considerable slate, sometimes as small lenticular masses of slate in the coal, and sometimes by separate pieces of slate. In the case of specimen 17, whose analysis shows 1.5 per cent, of snlphnr, a large proportion of the sulphur was contained in a single piece of slaty coal, which on being broken was found to be strongly impregnated with iron pyrites.''
Although the analysis of this particular coal may probably show too much sulphur, I believe that the percentage of sub phur, shown in tlie analyses generally, is not above the averao-e of that contained in the coal marketed from each col lier}", for which the analyses have been made.
The analyses in table No. I have been grouped in the order of the geographical positions of the collieries from which the coals were obtained, from north to south. In No. II, page xliv, I have arranged them in tlie order of the fuel ratio of the individual coals, and, in addition, have added the percentage of ash in the specimen anal3sed, for convenient reference.
The amount of ash which manj of these analjses show is, doubtless, due to an imperfect separation of the slate and poor coal from the better coal in the preparation of the market product. In many cases, I believe the percentage of ash could be reduced the construction of better breaker machineiy and a more careful handling of the coal. It is important to remember that the practical solution of such questions is dependent upon so many varying conditions, that it would be impossible to saj that it would be economical, for all operators of anthracite coal, to adopt an}- standard of product, as far as the percentage of ash is concerned. If a trade can be found for a coal containing ten ])er cent of ash, it would certainly be unwise in anj operator to adopt more expensive methods to reduce the ash in his coal to six per cent. Avithoiit gaining an increase in profits. The coal trade, however, is becoming more discriminating every year in regard to the true fuel value of coals, and it is probably
xliv AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER
Table No. II.
No. of specimen.
Name of Colliery and Coal Bed.
Fixed carbon.
Volatile combustible matter.
h
a
p
-j
S'
a
Percentage of ash in specimen analysed.
Coleraine Nos 1 and 2, Wharton bed,
Spring Brook No. 5, Mammoth "
Spring Mountain No. 4, "
Coleraine Nos. 1 and 2, " "
Spring Brook No. 5, Wharton "
Jeddo Nos. 3 and 4, Mammoth "
Ebervale No. 2, " "
Spritig Mountain No. 4, Wharton "
Kohinoor, Mammoth "
L. C. & Nav. Co.'s No. 8, Mammoth
bed,
St. Nicholas, Bot. split Mammotii bed.
L. C. & Nav. Co.'s No. 6, Red Ash (F)
bed, . .
Kohinoor, Primrose bed,
Turkey Run, Mammoth bed,
Draper, Primrose "
L.C.ife Nav. Co.'s No. 6, Mammoth bed
Draper, " "
St. Nicholas, Buck Mountain "
Gilberton, " "
Tj. C. & Nav. Co.'s No. 3, Red Asli (F)
bed, . .
Gilherton, Seven Foot bed, .
I). A H. C. Co.'s No. 5, Bennett "
St. Nicholas, Middle split Mammoth
bed, .
L. C. & Nav. Co.'s No. 4, Mammoth
bed.
L. C. &. Nav. Co.'s No. 3, Mammoth
bod.
HollenhackShaft No. 2, Baltimore bed
L. C. ANav. Co.'s No. 10, Mammoth "
D. A FL C. Co.'s No. 5, Cooper "
L. C. ANav. Co.'sNo.ll, Mammoth "
L. C. A Nav. Co.'s No. 10, Bony I
coal No. 1,
L. C. A Nav. Co.'s No. 10, Bony 1 g'H
coal No. 2, 1 2- S
L. C. A Nav. Co 's No. 10, Bony 1 ' g
Ill table No. Ill nn average analyses lias been computed of the coals from the individual beds in the different coal fields, and arranged in the order of their fuel ratios.
Table No. III.
Prefatory Letter
A A., xlv
to
o
Cb
O
Co
o
0 p
rueirauu y jj
O
o
C<1
Ol
0 a
to
Co
Co
o
Volatile combust-rr
ec
to
to
to
to
Co
o
id
I2 2 O
ible matter.
Co
to
d
lO
o
S o
Fixed carbon.
to
to
Co
to
tP
o
cd
id
lO
id
c:
Oi
<Ji
O
h-
h-
t-
fH
lO
Specific gravity.
O
Co
t-O
to
to
Co
Co
lO
Co
Co
F-
lO
l-H
o
o
o
o
o
o
O
o
o
Total.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
l-H
t-H
l-H
1-H
l-H
-f
lO
d
ir:
r-
o
Ash.
C<1
Co
o
i-H
d
Co
id
o
rH
rp
cd
Co
p-
Sulphur.
to
o
Oi
o
to
Co
rp
lO
Hp
Co
d
F-
o
o
r>-
Co
Co
1-
Co
o
Fixed carbon.
to
Co
d
cd
cd
y—
o
cd
cd
s
Ed
R
o
Tt<
Co
p-
to
lO
O
Volatile matter.
o
o
p-
p-
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
Hp
Hp
Co
9—
o
h-
Water.
r>-
to
Co
o
o
Hp
o
F—
Hp
o
d
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
R
,
o
cT
a
Q
Q
o H
g
u
n
u,
a
G
O
o
Gc
u
O
Izi
o
o
-iH
fe a o a
o 5"
<p-
s
o
-t-9
H W
s
O
s
g S
G
o
s
G
©
o
s
o
G
G
V Oh
'C
Oh
s
w
z
§
s
o
o
p-
Co
lO
o'M
fH
rH
rH
Average of specimens,
oT
X cT
rH 1-H
fH
Nos.
tc
td
lO
id"
cd"
Hp
d
oT
d
i-H
d
xlvi AA. REPOUT OF PP.OGUESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
not premature to call the attention of coal operators to what seems an unreasonably high percentage of ash in their product.
As has already been stated, the investigation, which has been made by the Survey, of the constitution of the anthracite coals is a very necessary preliminary one, but the results thus far attained are of comparatively limited importance to the coal trade. What is wanted is a measure of the evaporative capacity of the different coals which are marketed ; and it is hoped that the resources of the Survevg sometime in the future, will permit of such an investigation being made.
Personal Acknowledgments.
The liberal support and generous assistance, which has been everywhere rendered us, by the executive officers, superintendents, engineers, and mine bosses of the anthracite companies, and by the individual operators and their employees, is worthy of note. Their names are too numerous to be mentioned here ; credit is given in the report and atlas, in each case, for the information which they have furnished.
In the case of some of the larger coal comj)anies no personal acknowledgment has been made in the report and atlas, of the assistance rendered, and of the information procured from the individual employees of these companies. In all such cases, ati acknowldgement has been made solely in the name of the cf>mpany, by the special request of the executive officer through whose authority the information has been obtained.
All of the assistants of the Anthracite Corps have shown an individual interest in the work and have been untiringdn their industry and zeal in furthering my plans. Special reference should be made here to Messrs. A. W. Sheaferand Frank A. Hill who assisted me in the Panther Creek Survey, and to my secretary, Mr. Charles B. Scott, who read the proof of the report.
In closing this letter, I wish to acknowledge the hearty
Prefatory Letter.
AA. xlvii
and cordial assistance which you have rendered me in the organization and conduct of the Anthracite Survey.
I remain, respectfully and obediently your servant,
Chas. a. Asiiburner.
First Report Of The Progress
Of The
Second Geological Survey Of Pennsylvania
1. Introduction ; 3. Arrangement and Pnllication of Results ; 3. Mine Sheets ; If.. Cross Section Sheets ; 5. Columnar Section Sheets ; G. Topographical Sheets p 7. Miscellaneous Sheets; S. General Plan of Vork.
In August, 1880, a reconnaissance of the Antliracite Coal Fields was ordered by the State Geologist, in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Commissioners that the special survey of that district should be commenced. After examining the methods adopted by the mining engineers for representing on maps and sections their surveys, and consulting with private operators and with tlie executive officers of the mining companies, I reported in the following November a method for representing on a horizontal plane
*The plan of mapping proposed was briefly described in a paper which I read at the Philadelphia meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, February, 1881, entitled "A New Method of Mapping the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania," (Transactions, volume IX, page 508.)
In The
By Chas. a. Ashbubner.
Southern Field, Panther Creek Basin.
Chapter I.
2 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
all the mine workings of the region, on sheet maps arranged in series according to tlie principal geographical divisions. The first sheet* so constructed was published by order of the Board, as a specimen to invite criticism, among the illustrations of Mr. Franklin Platt's Report (A") on the "Causes, Kinds and Amount of Waste in Mining Anthracite," January, 1881.
In May, 1881, the Board being enabled by a new appropriation of the Legislature to enlarge their plan, so as to, embrace a systematic and exhaustive examination of the region, I was instructed to organize the Anthracite Survey; and, to furnish for publication all available data of a geographical and geological nature, both on the surface and underground, to meet the demands for information which persons interested in the mining of anthracite woiild be likely to make upon the Survey. This plan provided for such work, other than that of mapping, which is a necessary accompaniment of a complete geological survey of the coal fields.
To make the work of practical value in coal-mining, it appeared necessary to devise some new way of mapping the general structure of the coal basins The mine maps of the region are so accurate and complete that it would be folly for any government survey to attempt, with the limited means at its disposal, to inform the individual operator or mine owner of any of those characteristic features of the worked areas of their coal beds which depend upon accurate mine surveys. f
It seemed evident that it would be useless for the State
The area covered by this sheet was remapped, after July, 1881, in a much more detailed way. The new sheet will be published with Vol. I, Western Middle Coal Field.
f Next to the triangulation surveys made by the United States and several State governments, the mine surveys in the anthracite region are, without doubt, the most accurate, of any of the extended surveys which have been made in America. I do not make this assertion without a thorough knowledge and appreciation of the other classes of work which have been done by the Government and by individuals in the United States.
The surveys are made with the vernier, and the State law requires them to be carried to the face of the gangways and breasts and plotted to a scale of 100 feet to 1 inch every 6 months.
Introduction.
Aa. 3
to do any work which should not be, to a great extent, new and original and furnish information in the form of reports, maps and sections, which are not already extant, and which should have a direct bearing upon mining problems concerning the future exploitations of the coal basins.
What is wanted are better and more accurate maps, and better and more accurate sections, both vertical and columnar, of the coal strata than those that are now within the reach of the public, f
It must be remembered that although the law requires the mine surveys to be accurately made and plotted, chat these maps are on a very large scale, are only of individual collieries, are disconnected, and are not accessible to the general public. In some localities the mine-owners and operators deem it necessary to the protection of their business to retain many important and geological facts,
beyond the reach of operators mining in adjoining tracts. To collect, examine, systematize, and publish such valuable facts, without jeopardizing the interests of the individual mine-owners, which shall be of practical utility to all anthracite operators, and particularly those mining in the vicinity where special information has been obtained, it is necessary that the work should be done confidentially by disinterested parties. None can so well inspire the confi-
*The word exploitation is used as meaning the productive working of the coal basins as distinguished from their exploration.
I About two months after the work was commenced it was judged advisable to publish a geological map of Schuylkill county, to accompany the maps, drawn to a scale of 2 miles to 1 inch, of the counties already completed. It was thought that a map of this small scale could be easily and sufficiently accurately constructed from the following maps : Professor Roger's Map of
the Anthracite Coalfields, 1858; Map of the First and Second Anthracite Coal basins, published by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 1879, ana Strauch and Cochran's Map of the Anthracite Coal fields, 1879.
1 reduced each one of these maps to a common scale of 2 miles to 1 inch, and upon reproducing each one on to one sheet, 1 was very much surprised to find that there was no agreement between the geological lines limiting the coal basins. Each one of these three maps is considered to be authoritative, as showing on a small scale the position of the coal basins, yet they all differ, in consequence I was obliged to abandon the construction of the county map.
I mention this fact in order to convey some idea of the accuracy of the best maps which are published.
4 A A. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
deuce of the mine-owners, and so well execute the work, as competent engineers and geologists emplojmd by the State.
The demands which it seemed necessary to meet are as follows ; First, to collect all tlie mining information concerning each colliery, such as the elevation of the coal outcrops, the dip and strike of the coal bed, the thickness of the bed and its stratigraphical relationships, the area which is exhausted and under exploitation, and any special details connected witli the methods of mining :
Second, to represent the geological structure of the areas where the position of the beds is known, either by actual workings in the coal or through tunnels, shafts, and drillholes :
Tliird, to represent the most prol)able structure of the areas not worked or unexplored :
Fourth, to estimate the amount of coal which has been taken out of individual collieries or basins, the amount which is still available by more economical mining in areas already worked, and the probable amount which is still contained in areas as yet untouched.
In order to classify these facts in the most practical way for ready reference and use, it seemed necessary to place them on maps whose scale should be safFiciently large that measurements might be taken directly from them.
Arrangement and Pnhllcailon of Results.
The results of the survey are to be classified and published on six different series of sheets, as follows :
1. Mine sheets,' scale 800 (IjcViy nature).
2. Cross section sheets, scale 400'=F' nature).
Hock sections, scale 40'=F' nature).
4. Topographical sheets, scale 1600'=1"+ nature).
*Feet are frequently designated by ' (800') and inches by " (1") in this report.
t A smaller scale was adopted for the topographical sheets on account of the cost of publication
A.Kra2Gement And Publication Of Kesults. Aa. 5
These sheets are to he of a uniform size of 32"X26''; space inside of the border line to measure 28f'X23f". This size is awkwardly large for handling, and was only adojited from the fact that the illustrations could he more conveniently jilaced upon this size of sheet than any other, and in the end much less paper would be needed than if a smaller sheet had been used ; thus saving to the State a large amount in the cost of publication. In order to jirevent the scale of the illustrations being destroyed in publication— which is so often done — a uniform length and width to the space inside of the border line of eacli sheet was proposed. On the mine sheets this sjiace is always to measure, in length, 23,000' ground measure 28f" map measure, and in width 19,000' ground nieasure=23f" map measure ; on the topographical sheets, which are of half the scale of the mine sheets, the space will measure, in length, 46,000' (28f") and in width 38,000' (23f"). In the case ofthe topographical map of the Panther Creek basin, accompanying this report, a modilication was made in this plan, on account of the size of the contoured area.
The coal fields have been divided into sections, and, as the sheets illustrating the geology of each individual section are completed, they are to be ininted and distributed to the public with a short descriptive report."' After the survey of the entire region is completed, the geological report of all the basins will be published in two volumes ; one on Descriptice Geology and the other on Systematic Geology. The preliminary reports published with the sheets will only contain facts relating directly to them, with such brief explanations as may be thought necessary to make tlie illustrations perfectly understood.
The report next following this will be A'olume I, AVestern Middle Coal Field, which will contain maps and sections of the eastern half of the field between Delano and Ashland ;
*The descriptive reports to be published with future issues of the anthracite sheets will probably not be as long as the Panther Creek report. In this report it seemed desirable to give a brief description of the general plans of the Anthracite Survey.
6 Aa. Repokt Of Peogkess. 0. A. Asiibupker.
this latter report Avill be followed by Volume II of the same coal field whicli will relate to the western half ; by three rejorts on the Northern Coal Field — Volume I, Shickshinny to Wilkes Barre ; Volume II, Wilkes Barre to Scranton ; A'olume III, Scranton to Forest City Colliery ; by one volume on the Eastern Middle (Lehigh) Coal Field, and probably by three volumes on the Southern Coal Field west of Taniaqna, making in all ten volnmes of preliminary reports and two volumes of final reports, for the Anthracite Survey. The small accompanying page map (frontispiece) shows the progress of the woilv up to January 1st, 1883. No estimate has been made of the time required to complete the work, as it is impossible to anticipate the difficulties that may be met with, in districts where no work has yet been done. It has consumed two years to coniffiete the survey of less than one third of the entire region. Some of the most difficult areas to be surveyed are in districts where no work has been done. The time required to publish the illustrations of the survey is such that it will probably require two years to edit the maps and reports of the Survey after the completion of the field work.
The first series, designated as mine sheets will contain maps of all the coal -basins drawn to a scale of 800 feet to 1 inch, (557T nature,) each sheet to cover an area of 15.67 square miles. On these sheets will be represented :
Surface Features.
6. Towns, coal breakers, etc.
7. North and south meridian lines, and east and west parallel lines. 2000' apart, will be drawn across the surface of
UIDERCtROUND features.
Aa. 7
the mine sheets, as well as the topographical sheets. These lines will be found of great value in the practical use of the maps and have been found necessary to prevent the material on the maps from being contorted, both in the engraving and printing. The lines are to be drawn parallel and perpendicular to the true meridian. In the case of the Panther Creek sheets, however, they have been placed parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic meridian. At the time these sheets were constructed the Survey had not completed the observations for the determination of the magnetic variation, so that it could not be used in locating the true lines on these sheets. Rather than delay the publication the sheets were prepared as they are. The lines will be numbered continuously north and south, east and west, from initial points whose longitude and latitude are known relative to the Washington meridian and the equator, so that the absolute position of each mine and topographical sheet on the surface of the earth will be known ; and the distance between any points on different sheets, however distant, maybe readily determined by computation without scaling across the intermediate sheets.
In addition to this material, which may be classed as surface features, a uniform style of title and scale has been adopted for all the sheets. These are illustrated by the accompanying Panther Creek sheets.
Underground Features.
1. Contour curve lines of the most extensively developed coal bed in the individual districts, (Mammoth bed principally.) Contours 50 feet vertically apart.
2. Area worked out and area being worked of contoured bed.
3. Gangways, tunnels, drifts, airways, etc., driven in all the beds, to be represented by a conventional color and line for each bed.
A map containing these facts will be of the greatest value ; it will show :
8 A A. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburker.
2. The area of the individual beds worked out and being worked.
3. Area of the coal basins not worked.
4. The structure of tlie basins where mined, with their rate of rise and fall.
5. The most probable structure of the areas where no mining has been done.
6. From these facts and measurements made in the mines, the amount of coal which will be available at different deDths may be estimated.
The hypotheses and generalizations will be distinctly stated as such, and Avill be boldly sejAarated from the absolute facts.
This system of representing underground structure in . sedimentary beds, Avas originated in America some tAventyfive years ago by Professor Lesley. It Avas first employed by him in xriAate reAorts for showing the geological structure of coal and iron XAroperties. Professor Lesley has made constant nse of the method Avherever jAossible in his professional practice. Since the commencement of the Second Geological Survey, several such maxts have been constructed for the exhibition of sxecial structural features.
Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman has constructed underground contours on several maps of his xnlvate American surveys, and more recently has introduced the same method into the imxAerial surveys of Jaxtaii.
Within the last two or three years Hon. Eckley B. Coxe has used such contours, to a limited extent, for the definition of local mine dpAS. The method has also been employed in a number of EuroxAean surveys.
The first time the system has been used on an extensive scale in America, has been in the construction of the mining geological sheets of the anthracite coal field. The data which are available for constructing these maxAS are very extensive and very accurate. The method has been found to furnish tlie best means for intei'XAreting tlie geological structure and the best Avay of rexAresenting it ; so tliat, in this the demands of the geological investigator are satis-
Uxdergrouxd Features.
A A. 9
fied. At the same time tliat this end is accomplished, the facts, relating to the structure of the coal bed in the mines and adjoining tracts, are best classified and placed in such a form as to be of practical use to the mine superintendent and engineer.
The information which a geological mining map constructed on this plan contains, relative to the coid bed which is contoured, may be classified under the followingheads :
a. Elevation above tide of the coal outcrop.
b. Dip of the bed.
c. Strike of the bed.
d. Depth of the coal basins.
e. Rate of fall or rise of the basins along their axes.
f. Position of the synclinals and anticlinal crests in the coal bed.
g. Data from which a vertical cross section of the bed may be made at any point across the basins.
h. Data from which the absolute area of the coal bed may be obtained, aud the amount of coal contained in any special surface area estimated.
a. In order to obtain the elevation of the outcrop at every point, it is necessary that the bed should be contoured on a topographical map of the surface, as a basis.
b. The horizontal distance between the contour curves represents the cosine of the angle of dip.
To avoid overloading the map the degree of dip is not recorded in figures. The degree may, however, be readily determined by reference to the tale given on the mine sheets, in which the relation is shown existing between the distance between the contour curves, to a scale of 800 feet to 1 inch and the degree of dip of the coal bed.
c. The direction of the contour curves shows the strike of the bed and the direction of the a-angwavs which have already been driven or the most probable direction which approximately level gangways will assume if driven beyond the present mined area.
d. The most probable depth of the coal basins can be
10 AA. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBURlSrER.
better estimated by this method of coiistriiction than by any other.
After all possible facts are obtained by pros3ecting, through surface diggings, shafts and drill holes, it is very imi)ortant to classify them, in order to ascertain the depth of the basins for the prox)er location of shafts and slojies from Avhich to mine the coal. This is admirably illustrated by tlie Panther Creek mine sheets. There are large areas in the center of this coal field where no mining has been done, but where the beds must intimately be worked from deep shafts. It would be presumption to claim that the structure of the Mammoth bed in this basin will be found to be exactly as represented by the underground contours ; but the structure is defined by them, as accurately and as minutely as it is possible to do with the present facts which are available.
e. The rate of rise and fall of the basins along their axes is a very important fact to determine, in order to locate mining works for the exploitation of the deejest portions of the basins ; and more particularly, to establish the best elevation at which to drive gangways to command the greatest area of coal, with the least expenditure for the driving of permanent traveling ways and the lifting of the coal and pumping of the mine-water.
f. It is a well known fact, to the practical mining geologist, that the x)osition of the crest of an anticlinal in a coal bed is not in the same vertical jilane as the anticlinal axis of the overlying and outcropping strata. Where the dip on both sides of the anticlinal is the same, this necessarily follows : where the axial plane of the anticlinal is inclined, the axis in the outcropping strata may be many feet to one side or the other of a vertical plane, passing through the axis in the coal bed. The distance depends upon the inclination of the anticlinal, and the depth of the coal bed below the surface. This fact is illustrated by sections of the Panther Creek basin, (See Cross section sheets Nos. I, II, and III.)
g- It is apparent that a vertical section of the contoured coal bed may be constructed directly from the curves, run-
Underground Features.
Aa. 11
ning across the basin in any direction. The position on the section plane of the overlying and underlying strata may be located from columnar sections.
h. One of the most important applications of this method of construction, is the estimation of the absolute areas of the coal beds under any given tract, and consequently the coal contained. It is readily j)received that, when the contoured surface of the bed is developed or ironed out into a horizontal plane, allowance will have been made for every degree of dip which the bed possesses in its true position, and the real area of the bed on the llat will be shown.
Special reference is made to this in the description of Miscellaneous Sheet No. I (See Chapter V.)
In constructing the contour curves along the floor of the coal bed (Mammoth bed principally), the contours in those areas where the bed has been mined are flrst drawn. Where the elevations through the mines are sufficiently numerous, these contours show the absolute structure of the bed as proved by mining it. The structure thus deflned is of interest to the general student, but of comparatively little practical value to the miner in illustrating the structure of the mined bed, since the workings in the bed have already given him, in a more practical way, the structure which the map defines. It must, however, aid him in extending his workings into new territory ; and, where two or more coal beds are contoured, one above the other, the map enables him to determine quickly the thickness of rock between any two beds and the direction of thickening or thinning ; this is particularly of value where the beds have flat dips and are close together.
In the second class of areas where there are no workings in the bed which is to be contoured, the contour curves are constructed from surveys made in the mines in beds underlying or overlying the contoured bed. The position of the contours in these areas is determined from a study in crosssection of the shape of the underlying and overlying beds. The structure of the contoured bed, which is thus defined, is of great practical value to the miner, if it is correctly solved. The correctness of the solution depends upon the
12 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBTJRlSrEE.
accuracy of tlie cross sections, which are mostly made on the supposition that the different beds are x>arallel The Survey is obtaining innumerable sections in the different districts, which move beyond a doubt that the coal beds themselves, and the intervals between them, thicken and thin within narrow limits. In fact, instances might be named where l)oth coal l)ed and rock stratum double their thickness within short distances. Although such instances are numerous, thej may be considered as exceptions and not the rule. While there are few facts to Avarn the miner or geologist of this occurrence, the experienced mining geologist, before constructing vertical cross sections, will consider the possibility of the interval between the beds thickening or thinning ; and, if he correctly understands the features of the general structure, can frequently locate the areas where it is lu'obable such instances occur.
The third class of areas in which the floor of the coal bed has l)een contoured are those Avhere there are no mines either in the bed contoured or in those underlying or overlying it, and where but few facts can be obtained from surveys and examinations to enable the geologist to determine the structure. In these areas such facts as it has been possible to obtain have been carefully studied, and cross sections have been made, winch, although hypothetical, may be accepted as embodying all information which can be obtained on this subject, and as representing the structure as correctly as it is possible to do.
From the way in which the maps are constructed these three areas are clearly defined. The structure of the first none can question ; that of the last two any one can modify to agree with his individual views, after a resurvey of the facts which we have represented, or from incorporating other facts which Ave have not obtained.
J. Cross Section Sheets.
The mine maps are to be supplemented by sections across the coal basins, to sIioav the same structure on a ver-
Columkar Section Sheets.
Aa. 13
tical plane that the mine majis show by their contours on a horizontal plane. These sections are to be drawn on a scale of 400 feet 1 inch, nature.) Jso special plan,
either in the distances of the cross sections apart, or the method of representing the structure which they Avill illustrate, can be adopted for the entire region. The frequency of the sections in any basin must be goi'erned entirely by the difficulties in the structure to be solved, and the number of facts which it is possible to obtain.
In the Panther Creek region 12 general sections across the basin were constructed, Amrying in distance apart from 16r)0' to 9100'. In the case of the Nesquehoning Avorkings the sections Avere more frequent, not only ])ecause the structure AAms more difficult than elseAvhere, but because more facts have been obtained from mining in the center of the basins than to the Avest, Avhere the sections Avere placed further aijart ; here the structure of the coal beds in the center of the basins may ultimately be proved by mining to be as complicated as at Nesquehoning. There are reasons, hoAvever, Avhich Avill be stated in the final report, Avhich lead me to suspect that this aaTII not be found to be the case.
These sheets are to contain columnar sections of the coal measures and coal beds, to shoAv graphically the character and vertical thickness of the strata included between the coal beds and the divisions and character of the individual beds AAUth the intercalated slate and sandstone. They will be divided into tAvo sets : First, those containing: the rock sections, Avhich are Avithin the limits of the productive coal measures, to be draAvn to a scale of 40'=1''; in these sections, the entire series of strata popularly knoAvn as a coal bed, Avhether coal or refuse, Avill be printed solid black and designated as coal ; the rock sections, Avhich are below the limit of the productive coals, Avill be draAvn to a scale of 100'=1". This latter scale (100'=:1") is that aaTucIi has been universally used in the publication of the bituminous
14 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
coal measure sections in all the survey reports. In the case of the anthracite sections, where the character of the strata between the coals has been recorded with greater care, and where the sections are of more in-actical value in mining, it was necessary to adopt a larger scale, in order to show by a system of line shading all the details of the stratification. The scale of 40'=!'' was adopted, as it was thought it could be more readily referred to with the ordinary foot and inch scale which is used in all measurements thronghont the region ; in the case of a pocket rule as ordinarily divided, 10' would be ecpiivalent to The second class of sheets will contain coal bed sections to be drawn to a scale of 10'= 1". In these sections the alternations of good coal and poor coal, of sandstone, slate, bone and dirt, will be shown with as much minuteness as is actually found in the bed, in the mine.
From a study and comparison of these sections, after they shall be placed in vertical columns, the beds can be best identified. The proper identification of tlie coal beds will be one of the most important results to be derived from a geological survey of the anthracite coal basins. Some of the inconsistencies which at present exist are shown in the sections accompanying the general map of the coal fields (Miscellaneous sheet. No. II). Special reference is made to these sections in the descriptive notes, relating to this map, in the latter part of the report.
In addition to these three groups of sections' to be constructed to scales of 40', 100', and 10' to 1" respectively, diagrams of sections to illustrate special features constructed to varying scales will be placed on the columnar section sheets. The necessity for this is shown by the diagrams contained on the Panther Creek sheets Nos. II and
Surface contour curve maps will be published of most of the coal basin areas. These maps will be on a scale of 1600'=!". or one half the scale of the mine sheets. The
TOPGGPAHiriCAL SIIEPPS, AA. 15
topographical sheets will be covered by a system of north and south, and east and west block lines, drawn 2000' apart, which will correspond in their relative positions, with those similarly placed on the mine sheets. The area covered by one of these blocks on the topographical sheet being equivalent to the area covered by a corresponding block on the mine sheet. The relation of the geological structure of the coal beds to the surface topography, particularly that of the bed contoured, would be more clearly defined by placing the contours of the surface directly over the map of the underground features. In the case of the coal basins, where surface contour maps have been constructed, which have been placed at the disposal of the Survey, and which the law creating the Geological Survey compels the Board to publish, it has been found impossible to do this. The topographical maps, which have come into the possession of the Survey, have not been found sufficiently accurate, to make it possible to combine them in this way with the mine sheets constructed by the Survey corps, without completely revising them on the ground. As the restricted means of the Survey have prevented this revision, it was decided to publish these maps separate!}", and on one half the scale of the mine sheets, in order to reduce the cost of publication. This difference of scales makes a comparison of the two sets of sheets inconvenient.
Before the completion of the Geological Survey of the Anthracite Fields, it is hoped that surface contour curve maps may be constructed by the corps of the following areas :
1. Northern Coal Field, north-east of Scranton, to supplement that south-west of Scranton, constructed by Mr. E,. P. Rothwell.
2. Eastern Middle Coal Field.
3. Western Middle Coal Field, west of Mount Carmel, to supplement that east of Mount Carmel, constructed for the Lehigh Valley Railroad, by Messrs. Stephen and Joseph S. Harris and A. J. Womelsdorf.
4. Southern Coal Field, west of Tamaqua
In some of these areas the contours of the surface can no
f f
16 AA.' EiiiaBT' o',F- pro.gke3&% ' o. a. ashburneu.
doubt be placed to advantage on tlie mine sheets, without overloading-the map to such an extent as to produce confusion.
The principal material to be placed on these sheets will probably be the grapliical development of the surface of the coal beds into horizontal planes, as a means of estimating the areas of the beds under exploitation, not mined, and the approximate tonnage of the coal still remaining. This method is siecially described in the explanation of Miscellaneous sheet No. I of this report. Other illustrations besides those to be placed on the four series of sheets just noted will be placed on the miscellaneous sheets.
S. General plan of loorlc.
The general plan of work adopted, is practically tlie same in all the districts which have as yet been occupied ; and the general method of classifying and of representing the results of the Survey, will be everywhere the same. The details of the work and of the method of representation, however, have to be greatly modified to suit special conditions and circumstances connected, both with the mining of coal and the plan pursued by the operators in the different districts, of recording their surveys and the geological facts which they have noted. For instance, everywhere in the coal regions, the oiierator has maps of his mines showing the workings, constructed on a scale of 1()()'=1, " which maps are supiiosed to be brought up to date every six months. This is one of the conditions of the laws on the subject, and the operator is forced to its conpiliance by the Mine Inspectors. Beyond this, there is no law or custom which controls the recording or graphical representation of any other facts, which the operator may obtain in the course of mining. The greatest difference exists in making surveys of the levels in the mines. Through the Eastern Mid-
Geisteral Plan Of Work.
A A. It
die, Western Middle, and Southern Coal Fields accurate level surveys of the mines have been made, and in most cases, the elevations are referred to a common datum, that of mean high tide being the one generally accepted. In the Xorthern Coal Field, there are comparatively few of the mines which have ever had any level surveys made of them. Of the sixty collieries Avhich the Survey corps have already (January 1, 1883) mapped in this basin, west of Enterprise colliery, twenty-nine have had levels run through tlieir workings, eighteen have had partial levels taken at sx)ecial points, and thirteen have had no levels.
In the Western Middle Coal Field most of the 100' maps of the mines have been reduced, by the resident engineers, to large connected maps constructed on a scale of 300'=1". In this district also, a great many cross sections of the basins have been constructed. In the Lehigh region there are, with but one or two exceptions, no complete maps of the mines on a scale less than 100'=1," and but few cross sections of the basins, as compared with the number in the Western Middle Coal Field. Here, however, on account of the narrowness of the basins, many of the 100' maps have been placed on one connected map, which in some cases extends the entire length of the basin.
In the Xorthern Coal Field no general system has been adopted in the construction of maps of the mines on a scale less than 100'=1". Some of the companies have a connected map on a reduced scale (200', 300', or 400'=1") of their own mines ; but these maps do not show, as a rule, the connection of the mines which they control, with those on adjoining properties. Where such a connection has been shown, we have generally found it to be incorrect, and have been obliged to establish a new connection from a replotting of the facts represented on the independent 100' maps of the two companies, or from lines run in the held. But few cross sections have been constructed showins; the structure of tlie Xorthern basins. If mine levels and cross sections are of any practical value as aids to the proper and economical mining of anthracite coal — as I believe they are — I know of no basin in the coal region where they would be 2— AA.
18 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
of greater assistance than in the Wyoming and Lackawanna regions.
These differences make the details of the work in the Pottsville, Hazleton, and Wilkes Barre offices quite different. The general plan of doing the work of the Survey has been, to first construct general mine maps and cross sections by collating and sjvstematizing all the facts which it lias been possible to obtain from existing records. These facts are then supplemented by field Avork of the Survey coi'ps, Avliich is found necessary to clear up inconsistencies in the records thus obtained, and to make the maps and sections reasonably complete. The corps have been required to do nincli more field Avork than Avas at first expected. Although the surveys and maps of the territory Avhich is at present being Avorked are accurate and complete, there are large areas, betAveen the individual mines and along the edges of the basins, of Avhich no careful snrveys have been made. In such cases, it has been necessary, not only to make instrumental surveys to obtain a basis for the iieAV maps and sections, but to make careful and minute geological explorations, both inside of the mines next adjoining these unsurveyed areas, and outside over the areas themselves. Where this has been done, in some territories Avliose geology has been supposed to be thoroughly understood, Ave have found, after collating all the facts which it has been possible to obtain from different sources, some of the greatest inconsistencies in the results indicated. These surve3''s are not made, hoAvever, until everyone avIio knows anAdhing about the questions involved has been intervieAAed. In this Avay a duplication of facts is XP'evented. In some instances, some of the finished mine niajis and vertical cross sections, Avhich have been furnished tlie Survey by the oj)erating coinxianies, and Avhich it Avas siijiiiosed could lie taken as authoritative, just as they Avere copied, have aftenvards had to be reconstructed in the SurveA offices. The amount of information Avhich, bj" degrees, is coming into the xiossession of the Survey is so great, that in mari} cases, facts are obtained Avliich have a dii'ect bearing nxion the geology shown on the majis and sections con-
General Plan Of Work.
Aa. 19
structed by parties who liave never possessed much of the information in tiie hands of the Survey corps. After the partial completion of the mine and cross section sheets in this way, a personal examination is made in the mine of the geological difficulties which have been encountered in the colliery Avorkings. During this examination, sections of the coal beds will be measured, Avherever it is deemed necessary, to supplement those already measured by and obtained from the resident engineers. The columnar sections are then constructed and arranged upon sheets for publication. The facts i)procured in this personal examination in the mines, will form a basis for the estimation of (1) the amount of coal which was originally contained in the area under exploitation ; (2) the amount which has been taken out of this area, and. (3.) consequently, that Avhich still remains. Of this latter amount, it is proposed, as in the case of the Panther Creek mines, to estimate (4) that which can still be removed, and (5) that which must remain, either as a permanent supj)ort to the superincumbent strata, or to insure temporary support while further mining is being carried on. The estimates for the Panther Creek mines are given in Chapter VI.
The primary object of the Survey being the solution and representation of the geological structure of the coal fields, only such surface topographical surveys are made by the Survey corps as are necessary aids to the accomplishment of this object, and as are needed to supplement and complete the many topographical maps which have been constructed by the mining engineers in the region, and which everywliere have been placed at the disposal of the Survey.
The illustrations necessary to supplement those contained on the mine, cross section, columnar section, and topographical sheets are then made, and the material placed in the hands of the Superintendent of Public Printing for publication. Final proofs of these sheets are obtained, for the different districts into which the region Avill be divided to be reported on, and examined by those who have furnished facts to aid in their construction; after this a preliminary and descriptive report is written by the Geologist
20 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
in Charge, when the published results of the Survey are available to the public.*
On account of the slow progress of the work, both with the Survey corps, and in the printer's hands, due to the minute details which are considered and represented on the sheets, it is absolutely impossible to have the different series of sheets, to be contained in any one atlas, finished about the same time. Past experience has shown that it requires about one year to engrave and print the mine sheets, after the originals have been completed in the Survey office. It is not practical to commence printing the section sheets until proofs have been received of the mine sheets ; so that, in most cases, a complete atlas will not be available to the public until about two years after the survey of the area which it covers has been practically finished. To meet this difficulty, the Board of Commissioners, at a recent meeting, decided to place a limited number of the single sheets on sale as soon as each shall be printed, to meet more particularly the local demand. The single sheets can be purchased by addressing Mr. Wm. A. Ingham, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners, 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
Chapter II.
1. Panther Creek Mine Sheets ; 2. Basins and Anticlinals ; 3. Locust 2Iountain Basin; L Hell Kitchen Anticlinal ; 5. Hell Kitchen Basin ; 6. Rhume Run Overturned Anticlinal ; 7. Greenwood Basin ; 8. Shaft Anticlinal; 9. Lansford Basins ; 10. Coaldale Anticlinal; 11. Bull Ran Basin; 12. Summit Hill Anticlinal; 13. Summit Hill Basin ; IJf. Dry Hollow Anticlinal ; 15. Dry Holloio., Tamaqua, and Sharp
Alountain Basins ; 16. Deepening of the Panther Creek Basins; 17. Tidal Elevations.
1. Panther Creek Mine Sheets.
The mine sheets were originally constructed on a scale of 400'=1" and were afterwards reduced by photography to the scale of publication, 800'=1". The surface and mine surveys of the Panther Creek basin, made by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company have been plotted as the law requires, on a scale of 100'=1". These maps, between Hacklebarney tunnel and Tamaqua, were reduced by Mr. R. W. Symons on to one connected map, on a scale of 400'— 1". This reduced map was used in conjunction with the original maps as a base for the mine sheets. Much additional material was added to this map from the surveys of the Nesquehoning, Switchback, Lehigh and Susquehanna and Lehigh Valley railroads, and from the field work done by the Geological Survey.
The block lines drawn across the face of the sheets are 2000' apart and are parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic meridian of 1869. This meridian was adopted, as it is the one to which all the company' s surveys are referred, and up to the time that the sheets Avere placed in the printer's hands no observations had been completed by the Geological Survey, to establish the trne meridian.
22 Aa. Report Of Progress. 0. A. Asiiburiter.
In August and September, 1881, Prof. C. L. Doolittle determined the longitude and latitude of the Pottsville and Wilkes Barre Court Houses and established the true meridian in each locality. The results were as follows
Latitude Pottsville Court House, 40° 41' 10"
Longitude Pottsville Court House, east of Washington, . 51' 10.6"
Latitude Wilkes Barre Court House 41° 14' 40 '
Longitude Wilkes Barre Court House, east of Washington, 1° 10' 3.6"
In January, 1882, the average variation of the magnetic meridian, from the true meridian established by Prof. Doolittle at Pottsville, was determined, from twelve independent observations made by Assistants Sheafer and Wells, and found to be 5° 52' west. In 1869 Mr. Richard P. Rothwell located the true meridian at Lansford and found the magnetic variation to be 5° 45' west. This latter is the variation recorded on the mine sheets.
The magnetic variation at Wilkes Barre was determined by Mr. Frank A. Hill in April, 1882, to be 6° 30' west.
The method used in constructing the contour curves along the floor of the Mammoth (E) bed is referred to in the description of the cross sections.
The general features of the mine workings shown on the mine sheets are briefly referred to in Chapter VI, where tables showing estimates relating to the production of coal from each collier} are given.
Basins and Antlclinals of the Panther Creek Valley.
The system which has been adopted by the x>resent Survejg of designating anficlinals in the coal measures, is substantially the same as that which was imrsued originally by the first State Survey. The general xhin adoRed by Prof. Rogers was to make use of the name of "a village or colliery ; and where greater x>i'ecision was demanded, they were designated by some well known seam of coal arching across them ; also, for the sake of still gicater precision, by letters. Still better to classify them, the leading anticlinals
*See Prof. Doolittle's report. Appendix A. The exact position of the points from which the observations were taken are described in the Appendix.
Basixs Axd Axticlixals.
Aa. 23
were designated by capital letters only, tlie lesser ones by small type.""
This same plan of naming has been similarly applied to synclinal Hexnres or basins. The lirst Survey named synclinals from the anticlinal flexures which confined them. The marginal basins of the coal fields Avere named from the bounding anticlinal or monoclinal. This Avas an unfortunate classification, and Avas never generally accepted, from the fact that Avhere the basins Avere broad, and their centers far removed from the axes of the bounding anticlinals, the connection betAveen the tAvo Av'as difficult to retain, in consequence the basins have come to be more generally knoAvn by some geographical name, as in the case of the anticlinals. The use of letters to designate flexures in the strata has never proved popular in Pennsylvania. Although letters have been frequently used for this purpose, yet it is seldom that AA-e find them referred to in the held, or in con- Amrsation, as a means of defining either anticlinals or basins.
In the Panther Creek basin, names liaA'e been adopted for the subordinate basins and anticlinals by using the name of a village or colliery, or a topographical feature Avhich is AAell knoAvn and located directly OA'er the basin or anticlinal. No difficulty should be experienced, by a careful observer of the mine and cross section sheets, in tracing these individual anticlinals and basins from one end of the district to the other. It is important to note here, that the flexures are not parallel Avith the main direction of the valley included betAA-een Locust Mountain on the north and Sharp Mountain on the south, but, in going from the eastern end of the valley Avest toAvards Tamaqua, they gradually approach the Locust Mountain or northern side of the valley.
*The true classical method of naming flexures existing in sedimentaryrocks, is to apply the name anticlinal to those strata which dip in opposite directions from a common ridge or axis like the roof of a house ; and to apply the word synclinal to those strata which dip from opposite directions inward, like the leaves of an open book. In the case of the maps and reports to be published Ijy the Anthracite Survey, 1 have diverged from this general plan, and will designate the latter by the word basin, rather than sjmclinal. This has been done for the reason that the word basin is more generally applied to the latter flexure by practical men, and has been universally assigned, with local names prefixed, to well recognized synclinals.
24 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
This basin forms the main trough of the strata under Mt. Pisgah. The axis of tlie basin crosses the Lehigli River in tlie Mancli Clmnk red shale, No. XI, at a point 1800' above the East Mauch Chunk bridge. The accompanying cross section''- through Mt. Pisgah, at the head of the plane, shows the general shape of the basin at this point. The crest of the mountain is not directly over the axis of the basin. The latter at the engine house is about 450' north of the former. As Hacklebarney tunnel is approached to the west, this basin gradually sinks, and the coal measures become folded and form two basins ; as may be observed in section No. 1 (Cross section sheet No. I) through the old tunnel at Hacklebarney. At this point the tunnel cuts the Buck Mountain bed on both sides of the basin. At Mt. Pisgah there is but one basin in tlie Conglomerate, that of Locust Mountain. After the basin is broken into two subordinate synclinals, the northern one, or the Locust Mountain basin, gradually rises, and disappears entirely west of the tunnel, while the southern, or Hell Kitchen basin, broadens and dips to the west. The Locust Mountain basin never becomes deep enough to take in the Mammoth bed. Gen. Wm. Lilly, of Mauch Chunk, has directed my attention to the occurrence of this basin east of the Hacklebarney tunnel, where he claims the Buck Mountain bed has been oi)eiied along its outcrop. A personal examination has been made at this point, but the facts obtained were not such as to permit of the outcrop of the Buck Mountain bed being jilaced on the map. It is expected that a further survey will be made prior to the publication of the final report when nioiA detiiiled facts will be given as to the special characteristics of this basin. East of the Lehigh River this basin is the synclinal of the area known as the Kettle, which is enclosed by the escarpment of Pocono rocks forming Kettle Mountain.
The base of the Pottsville Conglomerate, No. XII, in the center of the basin, north of Mt. Pisgah, is estimated to be at an elevation of 320' above tide, at the Lehigh section,''
Constructed by Ass't Arthur Winslow. All the drawings electrotyped for page illustrations were executed by Ass't O. B. Harden.
H
R
R
P:
f
s-
S
20 AA. JiEPORT OF PliOGIlESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
which cuts across the Kettle ahont one mile east of the river ; the conglomerate is entirely eroded in the basin; the restored position of its lower horizon would be about 260(t above tide. The distance of these two sections apart is 9,000', and the course of the axis of the Locust Mountain basin between them is S. 70° W. The dip of the bottom of the basin to the S. W. is at the average rate of 14°,
If. Hell Kitchen Anticlinal/'
This anticlinal in all probability makes its first appearance in the strata about f of a mile west of Mt. Pisgah engine house. It is cut by the Hacklebarney tunnel, where the Buck Mountain bed is passed through on both the north and south dips. Like the Locust Mountain basin, it disappears west of the tunnel. It is not possible, however, to trace it on the surface as it seems to make no mark upon the topography.
The most eastern outcrox) of the Mammoth bed in the Southeiai Coal Field is contained in this basin, at a jDoint about of a mile east of Hacklebarney tunnel. Between this tunnel and No. 1, or Rhunie Run tunnel, the strata on the southern side of the basin become overturned, and form the northern side of the Rhume Run overturned anticlinal. The deepest X)art of the basin is probably under Rhnme Run tunnel. West of the tunnel it gradually rises, and the strata on either side are squeezed more closely together ; the basin will probably be found to disax>X3ear entirely about half a mile west of slox:)e No. 3.
The name Ilell Kitchen in the Panther creek report must not be confounded witli the name of the Green or Hell Kitchen Mountain (Upper Lehigh) basin, which is west of White Haven and south of Nescopeo creek. The Hell Kitchen anticlinal and basin in the Panther creek region have been named from the Hell Kitchen run, which rises west of Hacklebarney tunnel, flows west in the center of the valley and falls into Nesquehoning creek, immediately north of the village of Nesquehoning.
Gueenwood Basin.
A A. 27
G. Khume Run Overturned Anticlinal.
This anticlinal probably affects the Mammoth bed iirst about midway between the Hacklebarney and Rlnime Run tunnels. Like the Hell Kitchen basin, it disappears apxiarently somewhere in the territory between section lines Kos. 4 and 5. It separates the Greenwood basin x>roxier from the Hell Kitchen basin. It has generally been sniixiosed that what I have designated as the Hell Kitchen anticlinal, cut in the Hacklebarney tunnel, and the Rhnme Run overturned anticlinal, cut in the Rhunie Run tunnel, are the same, and that the Hell Kitchen basin, as develoi)ed in the former, is the same as the Greenwood basin, develojied in the latter tunnel. They are evidently, however, inde|)endent flexures.
The eastern extremity of this basin must be looked for at the point where the Rhume Run overturned anticlinal commences. It is boldly developed at the Rhume Run tunnel, and at this xioint forms the basin in which the most extensive mining oxierations have been carried on, with the excexition of the northern side of the Hell Kitchen basin, where the Mammoth bed has been mined in gangways at four different levels. A noticeable feature, in the form of the basin here, is the shai'pness of the bottom, which is clearly defined by the rock sloxie, which was driven ux) in the bottom of the basin, from what has been designated Phillixis tunnel, west of Rhume Run tunnel (See section No. 2.) This basin is clearly defined in the Nesquehoning mines, and forms the basin at the mouth of Tunnel No. G, through the south-dipxiing strata of which the tunnel x>asses. It is the only basin cut by the Nesquehoning railroad tunnel and Tunnel No. 8. In the latter, (See section No. 8,) the G, or Ux:>per Red Ash, bed is cut by the tunnel, near the bottom of the basin. The strata in the bottom of the basin at this point, are squeezed into an anticlinal tongue forming two subordinate basins. The same feature may be seen in section No. 9, where the bed has been shafted on in the
28 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Greenwood basin. In Tunnel No. 10 the same bed has been cut by the tunnel and two slopes driven down, one on either side of the anticlinal. In Greenwood slope, No. 2 tunnel, which is directly east of line of section No. 11, a number of crumjjlings in the Mammoth coal bed have been cut in this basin. The last indication of the Greenwood basin, and of the shaft anticlinal, which separates it from the Lansford basin, is found in the vicinity of Greenwood tunnel. In measuring-the section of the strata exx30sed in Locust Mountain gax>, it wms suxposed that some indication would be found of these two flexures. Although there is a continuous southern dix:> of the rocks in the gax?, it was thought that the strata might be overturned, and in this way account for the excessive thickness (1700') of the rocks between the E bed and the top of the Mauch Chunk Red Shale, No. XI. It was, however, decided that the strata were not overturned, after a careful examination of both sides of the gap, and of the topography between the gap and Greenwood tnnuel.
One of the most xi'eminent structural features of the Panther Creek basin is this anticlinal, which is cut by Tunnel No. 2, directly south of shaft No. 1. Its name has been given from its close xi'oximity to the shaft. This flexure forms an arch in the Mammoth bed about three fourths of a mile east of Rhume Run tunnel. Directly over the tunnel the Mammoth bed crops on the anticlinal. South of shaft No. 1 there is an area 900' long and 100' wide, more or less, where the bed has been eroded. This area is indicated by a dotted line on Mine sheet No. II. The anticlinal in the Mammoth bed is clearly defined by the Nesquehoning workings, from which to Tunnel No. 6 it has a course of about S. 70° AV. Its axis crosses section No. 6 about 600' in front of Tunnel No. 6. It is cut by Tunnel No. 7, near its mouth, and by Tunnel N o. 8. Directly in front of the mouth of Tunnel No. 7, a wu'inkle in the G bed occurs in the south
Lansfokd Basin'.
A A. 29
dip, and forms a small flexure which has been mistaken for the Shaft anticlinal. In Tunnel No. 8 there is a falling of the strata in the middle of the anticlinal by which a little basin is formed, which is observed in the rocks underneath the G bed.
The anticlinal is cut in Tunnel No. 10, and the coal on what would be the north dip of the F or Lower Red Ash, if the strata were not overturned, is entirely squeezed out, as shown on cross section No. 10. As has been stated, the last indications of the anticlinal on the west are found in Greenwood slope. No. 2 tunnel.
The longest, broadest and the deepest basin under the Panther Creek valley is that which has been named the Lansford basin. The extreme eastern end of the Buck Mountain coal bed in this basin is 2800' west of Hacklebarney tunnel at trial shaft No. 9. The outcrop of this coal bed around the end of the basin has been definitely located by trial shafts, whose positions are given upon mine sheet No. 1.
The basin, from a point about f of a mile east of Nesquehoning tunnel west to a point in the vicinity of section line No. 5, is divided into two subordinate basins, which for convenience of reference, will be called the Northern or Lansford basin No. 2, and the Southern or Lansford basin No. 1, with a saddle between called the Mammoth anticlinal; so named, from the fact that the Mammoth bed, where it passes over the toji of the anticlinal, has been cut by the Rhume Run tunnel. Basin No. 2 dies out to the east, before the outcrop of the Buck Mountain bed is reached. The outcrop of the bed, around basin No. 1, unites directly with the outcrop of the bed on the north dip of the Greenwood basin, passing around the Shaft anticlinal at a point 4800' east of Nesquehoning tunnel. Both of these basins are clearly defined in the section through Rhume Run tunnel and Tunnel No. 2 (See Cross sections Nos. 2 and 3.) In
REPORT OP PPtOGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
the latter tunnel, the Mammoth anticlinal between the two basins is overturned towards the south
The Ct l)ed was located on the south side of the saddle, but is squeezed out on the north side, no representative of it being found there. The squeezing out of the bed here probably has a direct connection with the squeezing out of the Mammoth bed at the foot of slope No. 4, and the l)ulge in the coal bed in shaft No. 1 tunnel. The last direct evidence which we have of the existence of the Mammoth anticlinal towards tiie west is in Tunnel No. 2. It is probable, however, that it will be found to influence the shape of the Lansfoi'd basin, as far west as the iwint indicated. It is thought that the northern or more prominent of the two basins in the vicinity of Tunnel No. 1 is the one that dies out to the west. The general latin rises and becomes narrower to the west, attaining its greatest height three fourths of a mile east of Tunnel No. h, and its minimum width between Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6. This feature of the structure is probably occasioned by the force which produced the Summit Hill anticlinal. This same force may occasion the squeezing together and narrowing of all the Panther Creek basins, to the north of Summit Hill. West of this xtoint, the Lansford Itasin broadens and deepens, forming the first basin in front of Tunnels Nos. 7, 8, and 10, and Greenwood tunnel. West of the latter, it is the most northern basin of the Panther Creek valley, the rocks forming the Locust Mountain, north of Tamaqna, being the south-dipping rocks of the Lansford basin.
The most eastern indications Avhich have been found in
Most of the overturned or folded Ilexures met with in Pennsylvania are overturned toward the north, that is, what would otherwise be the northern dip of the anticlinal is inverted into a southern dip. Notable instances of this kind of structure are found in the Great Limestone No. II, of the Kittatinny valley. Well-known examples in the antliraoite region are those of Rhume Run, Shenandoah, and Stanton overturns the latter in the vicinity of Wilkes Barre. The folding of tlie anticlinal of Tunnel No. 2 to the South is an exception to the general rule, as most of these anticlinals, as has been said, are folded to the north.
Bull Run Basin.
A A. 31
the mines, of the existence of this anticlinal, are in the extreme eastern workings from Panther Creek slotieAo. 4 and Tunnel No. 6. The anticlinal at this point is clearly illustrated hy cross section No 5. Going toward the west from this point, the north dip of the anticlinal steepens very much. In the vicinity of Tunnel No. 5 it is nearly vertical. From this loint towards the west a reversal takes, place in the intensity of the dips on either side of the anticlinal, those on the north side becoming flatter, those on the south side becoming steeper, and probably overturned slightly in the vicinity of Tunnel No. 9. Where the line of this anticlinal crosses Tunnel No. 9, tliere were no strata found in place in the tunnel. All the rocks were broken up and confused, and on the original section of the tunnel which was constructed, a mud hole was shown at this point. From the tunnel the anticlinal takes a straight course through Coaldale to a point in front of breaker No. 10, where it bends to the south, passing under East Tamaqua in the vicinity of Union St. The crest of the anticlinal from its eastern extremity to Tunnel No. 5 falls rapidly to the west. From Tunnel No. 5 to Lansford it rises, and from Lansford it falls continuously to Tamaqna. No examination has as yet been made by the Survey west of Tamaqua, but it is probable that between Tamaqua and Tuscarora the Coaldale anticlinal disappears, and will be found to be replaced by the Dry Hollow (Summit Hill) anticlinal.
This basin, which has been named from the fact that its axis passes directly to the south of the settlement of Bull Run, commences along the Sharp Mountain, south of the western extremity of the Nesquehoning mines. It is clearly defined by the Mammoth bed mine Avorkings from Panther Creek slope No. 4, and Tunnel No. 5. It sinks rapidly to the west from this point, and passes under the noi'thern end of Tunnel No. o in a nearl} direct course to the foot of the old Summit Hill plane No. 1, over Avhich the coal Avas
32 Aa. Repout Of Progress. C. A. Ashburnek.
originally lianled from tlie Panther Creek valley to the end of the Switch Back railroad, at Summit Hill. From this point the axis of the basin deflects to the south, and the basin probably attains its greatest dej)th between Coaldale and Bull Run, from whence its axis is nearly straight to Tamaqua. From Bull Run to Tamaqua it is probable that the basin rises. The Bull Ron basin widens out rapidly south of Coaldale, and a local anticlinal and basin come in on its western slope. These tiexnres have been named Foster tunnel anticlinal and basin respectively, from the fact that they are clearly defined in the rocks cnt by Tunnel No. 2, Foster's tunnel, (See section No. 9.)
The Summit Hill anticlinal is one of the boldest and earliest recognized flexures in the anthracite region. It has special characteristics which are of interest to the student of structural geology, and has probably influenced the general shape of the Panther Creek basins more than any other flexure. Sj)ecial reference to its structural features will be made in the final report. The anticlinal commences in a broad conglomerate area north-east of the Switch Back plane downMt. Jefferson. It jasses directly under Summit Hill village toward the west as a broad fiat arch, which has made it possible to quanq the Mammoth bed from surface openings west of Summit Hill. South of the extremities of Tunnels Nos. 3 and 9 the flexure suddenly becomes sharper and narrower, and the roll dies away between the Summit Hill mines and No. 6 slope in Dry Hollow. What has generally been considered to be the Summit Hill anticlinal, west of this point, is in reality, the Dry Hollow anticlinal, which commences near Sharp Mountain, south of the old Summit Hill mine, worked from No. 1 slope. This fact is shown by the shape given to the Mammoth contours east of the Dry Hollow slope.
*On account of the close relationship existing between the Summit Hill and Dry Hollow anticlinals, it has been thought well, in designating them, to employ both names, preference being given to the latter.
Dry Holloy Anticlinal.
Aa. 33
This basin is quite different in its structure from any of the Panther Creek basins, from the fact that it is practically a closed synclinal commencing south of Summit Hill, and ending east of the Dry Hollow slope. The general form of the basin is shown by cross sections Nos. 7 and 8, which pass directly through the mines worked from old slopes Nos. 1 and 2. The northern dip of the basin is very much steeper than the southern dip,"
H. Dry Hollow Anticlinal.
This flexure commences along the Sharp Mountain about a mile south-west of Summit Hill. It passes in a nearly due west course to the head of No. 6 slope in Dry Hollow, at which point it deflects to the south, and passes immediately south of breaker No. 11, under the old Greenwood breaker, and passes under Tamaqua near the intersection of Patterson and Biddle streets. The exact position of this anticlinal, and its structural features, are shown on the cross section and mine sheets, having been determined in a general way from such surface facts as could be obtained, and a comparative study of the cross sections.
15. Dry Hollow, Tamaqua and Sharp Mountain Basins..
The Dry Hollow basin lies between the anticlinal of the same name and Sharp Mountain, and has been considered to extend as far west as Tunnel No. 11, where the basin appears to be divided into two subordinate basins, named Tamaqua and Sharp Mountain respectively, separated by an anticlinal which has been designated as the Tamaqua
*In a report on the Panther Creek basins by Mr. R. P. Rothwell, he notes the following : " The northern dip of the basin is inverted in places, and the coal, having slipped upon itself, forms a peculiar doubling of the vein." It was impossible to get into the mine at this point, or to get any facts to illustrate this feature, other than those which have been so clearly reported by Mr. Rothwell.
34 Aa. Kepoet Of Peogress. C. A. Ashburker.
anticlinal. West from the tunnel the basins broaden and deepen, and the anticlinal between them broadens and rises. It is probable that west of the Little Schuylkill river these flexures will form a prominent part of the geological structure. Near Sharp Mountain there is every indication of the existence of a basin south of the Sharp Mountain basin. This has been named the Shaft basin, from the fact that it has been developed by a shaft in the mine workings on the western side of the river. A special study of this basin will be made when the surveys in the Pottsville basin, west of Tamaqua, are commenced.
16. Deepening of the Panther Greek Basins Toward the
West.
The general deepening of the Panther Creek basins to the west is shown on the longitudinal section on cross section sheet No. II. On this section the deepest point at which it is surmised the Mammoth bed occurs along the line of each section is given, as follows :
Lowest Tidal Level of Mammoth Bed Basins.
-f 260'
As may be observed from this section and table, there is a progressive fall in the general basin from the eastern outcrop of the Mammoth bed to a point opposite Tunnel No. 8, where the lowest jooint is 740' below tide. From this point, to a point opposite Tunnel No. 10, there would appear to be a slight rise in the general basin ; although, it is so nearly
Section No. 1,
" 10,
" " 11,
" " 12,
Tidal Elevations.
Aa. 35
liorizonfcal as mapped, that it is quite an open question whether there is a fall or rise at this point. From Tunnel No. 10 westward, the basins fall. The maximum longitudinal dip of the basins is between Sections N os. 1 and 2, and N os. 4 and 5, The dip of the individual basins in an eastern and western* direction may be obtained by measurement directly from the sections, or from the Mammoth contours. In the descriptions of the individual cross sections the elevation of the bottoms of the Mammoth basins and the tops of the Mammoth anticlinals are given where each section plane intersects the flexures. It must be remembered that many of these elevations which have been noted are purely hypothetical, being based upon a comxiarative study of the few facts which could be obtained in the unworked and unexplored areas. They are only proposed as the best conclusions which can be deduced from the facts at present available, and must necessarily be held open to revision, as additional information shall be obtained, through prospect workings or extension of the mines. The practical man must exercise caution and discrimination in the use of the estimates which have been made. No difficulty should be experienced, however, as actual facts are clearly distinguished from the hypothetical deductions on the Cross section and Mine sheets.
17. Tidal Elevations Panther Greek Mine Sheets. Old Hackleharney Mine\ {abandoned).
Mine Sheet No. I.
Mouth of tunnel, 1252.44
Apex of slope, 1273.73
Second level, 1140.50
Foot of slope, top of rail, 9.37.33
Gangway heading, third level, top of rail, 953.56
Nesquehoning Mines.
Mine Sheet No. I.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 979.69
Eastern and western are used in a general sense; the general course of the Panther Creek valley and basins is about S. 16° W. t Sometimes called Mauch Chunk tunnel.
36 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Tunnel No. 2.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 1049.23
Elevation of surface in first ravine west of tunnel on outcrop of Red Ash bed, (proposed location of slope,) 1230.11
Mine Sheet No. I.
Apex of slope, 1041.88
Second level of slope, 816.09
Third level, 633.73
Mine Sheet No. II.
Apex of slope, 1055.63
First level below tunnel No. 1, or bottom of slope, 865.63
Mine Sheet No. II.
Cross casting, foot of outside plane, 1070.31
Apex of same 1149.72
Apex of slope, 1151.02
First level or tunnel No, 1 level, 1011.06
Second level or bottom of slope, 878.26
Mine Sheet No. II.
Apex of slope, 1100.11
Level of gangway from tunnel No. 2, 1054.33
Bottom of slope, 948.61
Shaft No. 1.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of shaft No. 1, 1074.86
Foot of same, 764.86
Drift in G. bed.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Mouth of drift, 1070.47
Summit Hill Mines.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Mouth of tunnel, 1266.4
*In designating the different parts of a mine the conventional names of the local engineers are generally used. The word gangway is seldom used in this district in connection with the word level, although it is understood.
Tidal Elevations.
Aa. 37
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, level surface of ground slope No. 2, 1371.99
Second level on slope, 1197.21
Third level on slope or -waterway, 1113.01
Mouth of waterway, 1100.46
Fourth level on slope, 1033.61
Fifth level on slope, 960.98
Point in leg, foot of air hole from 5th level gangway west, 974.33 Iron point, head of air hole to 6th level gangway west, . . 968.60
Sixth level on slope, 870.15
Iron point in leg on east side, foot of slope, 871.57
Top of rail near heading, east side 6tli level, 881.86
Top of rail, 12th breast from foot of slope, west side, . . . 872.73
Iron point, foot of air hole to 5th level, 884.79
Top of rail at heading of west gangway 6th level, 883.21 Iron point in leg, east side of slope between 5th and 4th level
marked F, ... 1007.66
Iron point, tunnel. No. 9 at head of air hole from slope No.
Panther Creek Mines.
Tunnel No. 2.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 978.70
Iron point, heading of tunnel, 985.10
Surface directly over air hole in fault, east gangway, . . . 1268.22
Heading of air hole in rock fault, 1197.18
Gangway level, foot of air hole, 992.70
Outcrop of Red Ash, south dip, on tunnel line, 1276.56
Outcrop of Red Ash, north dip, on tunnel line, 1348.00
Outcrop of 30' bed 1381.81
Outcrop of 18' bed, 1395.00
Tunnel No. 3.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Mouth of tunnel, 1209.58
Tunnel No. A
Mine Sheet No. II.
Mouth of tunnel, 1190.72
Tunnel No. 5.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 1142.58
Top of rail, head of tunnel, 1148.59
Old landing, slope No. 4, 1301.92
Foot of 2d level, 897.46
Third level, foot of slope No. 4, 650.06
38 Aa. Eepoet Of Peogeess. C. A. Ashbuenee.
Tunnel No. 6.
Mine Sheet No. IT.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 1072.47
Top of rail, apex of slope No. 3, 1076.39
Top of rail, foot of slope No. 3, 869.42
Heading, west gangway, 897.66
Heading, east gangway, 903.15
Top of rail in tunnel, west outcrop, 1238.65
Apex of letting down plane, 1232.84
Apex of east slope, 1373.75
Bottom of east slope, gangway level, 1070.04
Bottom of west slope, gangway level, 1102.46
Top of rail, 1st turnout west, 885.06
Top of rail, main road, under breaker, 1067.14
Surface on mountain over fire, in tunnel No. 6, 1377.97
Tunnel No. 7.*
Mxne Sheet No. IT.
Top of rail, north end of tunnel, 1012.89
Top of rail, south end of tunel, 1015.00
Iron point, south end of tunnel, west side, . . 1015.46
Iron point in east side of arch, through Mammoth bed, . . 1018.67
Iron point, south-west corner of Hansford office, 1017.71
Tunnel No. 8.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 962.32
Head of tunnel, 969.32
Second level, 756.28
Third level, 587.59
Outcrop of Mammoth bed, tunnel line, 1267.23
Apex small slope on mountain, 1283.19
Foot of small slope on mountain, 1181.35
Mouth of tunnel, near outcrop, 1181.62
Landing at tunnel, slope No. 5, 970.30
Tunnel No. 9.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of rail, 1st Eed Ash bed, 988.09
End of tunnel, . . 993.66
Top of rail at 7th breast in east tunnel level gangway, east
of plane No. 1, . . 1007.98
Apex of letting down plane, east gangway, 1082.00
Apex of slope, tunnel level, 995.57
Foot of slope, 2d level, 851.45
Gangway of old No. 4 tunnel, at air hole to plane No. 12, . 1209.69
Where counter gangway connects with air hole, 1292.82
Surface of 1st air hole, east of old No. 1 plane, . . . 1393.06
*A11 mining has been abandoned from this tunnel. It now forms the south end of the Nesquehoning Valley railroad (Tamaqua Branch) tunnel between Hansford and Hauto.
Tidal Elevations.
Aa. 39
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 984.13
Top of rail under new breaker, Tamaqua Branch R. R., . 981.21
Tunnel No. 10.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 958.34
Top of rail under No. 10 breaker, 892.04
Tunnel No. 11.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, mouth of tunnel, 1043.87
Mine Sheet No. III.
Apex of slope, 1298.04
Foot of slope, 1115.04
Slope No. 7.
Mine Sheet No. II.
Top of pump way, 1163.24
Apex of slope, 1464.30
Mine Sheet No. III.
Mouth of tunnel, 913.91
Slope No. 1. F Bed.
Mine Sheet No. III.
R. R. spike in cribbing, at apex, 1097.47
Top rail, surface landing, 1094.23
First or tunnel level, 918.80
Second level, 656.96
Mine Sheet No. III.
Top of rail, lower landing, 1165.20
First level, 944.88
Level of gangway from tunnel No. 10, ' . . . . 811.83
Top of rail, north end of inside tunnel to Mammoth bed, . 746.02
This is the only locality in the Panther Creek basin where any coal has been mined below an elevation of 500' above tide level.
40 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Slojye No. J. E Bed.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Bolt head in stringer, west side of slope, 1077.89
Approximate elevation of foot, 644.00
Approximate elevation of drift level on D bed, 878.73
Approximate elevation of drift level on E bed, 852.81
Apex, Swartz slope, ' 1159,35
Gangway level, foot of Swartz slope, 1075.52
Mine Sheet No. III.
Apex of slope, 888.40
Gangway level, foot of slope, 630.97
Tamaqua Mines.
Slope on Sharp Mouniain. E Bed, {abandoned.
Mine Sheet No. III.
Apex of slope, 832.31
Where water runs from old drift, 785.31
Foot of slope, ... 639.07
Heading of inside gangway, 671.78
Heading of drift, , 1142.58
Top rail, mouth of Randall's drift, 826.21
Miscellaneous Elevations.
Mine Sheet No. I.
Junction of the Leliigh and Susquehanna and Nesquehoning
Valiev Railroads, 532.30
Nesquehoning depot, 801.10
Mine Sheet No. II.
Head of Mt. Jefferson Plane,* 1539.7
Foot of Mt. Jefferson Plane, 1042.4
Summit Hill depot, 1498.36
Lansford office, Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., southwest corner, (B. M. iron point,) 1017.71
Mine Sheet No. III.
Tamaqua depot, Tamaqua Branch, L. & S. R. R., 801.8
Broad street, Tamaqua, at crossing of Philadelphia and Reading R. R., 797.78
The description of the points of elevations, given in the the original notes, is preserved as far as possible in the above tables.
*The elevations given in Report N, page 70, of the Switch Back R. R., are to be questioned. They differ from several elevations found among the level notes of the L. C. & Nav. Co.
Chapter III.
1. Panther Creek Cross Section Sheets; 2. Section No. 1 through Old Tunnel at Hacklebarney ; 3. Section No. 2 from Nesquehoning Valley to 2Iauch Chunk Valley through Rhunie Run {No. 1) Tunnel ; t. Section No. 3 through Tunnel No. 2 ; 5. Section No. f 330 feet lost of Slope No. 3 Nesquehoning ; 6. Section No. 5 through east end of workings of Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6 and Slope No. If. and lost end, of Nesquehoning loorkings ; 7. Section No. 6 through Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6 and Slope No. If. workings ; 8. Section No. 7 through Tunnels Nos. Itand 7 and Slope No. 1 work mgs ; 9. Section No. 8 through Tunnels Nos. 8 and 9 and Slope No. 2 workings ; 10. Section No. 9 through Herring'' s Hollow, Tunnel No. 2 {Foster's Tunnel) and Dry Hollow Slope; 11. Section No. 10 through Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11 ; 12. Section No. 11 through Tunnel of Greenwood Slope No. 2 and Tunnel No. 11 workings ; 13. Section No. 12 along the Little Schuylkill River showing the structure of the Pottsville Conglomerate No. XII in the Locust and Sharp) Mountain gaps at Tamaqua.
1. Panther Creek Cross Section Sheets.
In constructing these sections the method pursued was as follows ; The general structure of the entire basin as represented by the mine maps (scale 10()'=1") and vertical cross sections (scale 200'=1"), in the possession of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, were carefully examined and the points, where the structure was considered most difficult and least known, were determined; from this examination locations were established where it was considered desirable for the Survey to construct a section for publication. Sections were first made independently from the facts, on record in the company's office, in the immediate vicinity of the line
42 Aa. Repoet Of Progress. C. A. Ashrurner.
of the section. In many instances these facts had already been incorporated into cross sections constructed by the company's engineers ; and, where a subsequent examination by the Survey veriiied these sections or parts of them they have been directly reproduced on the accompanying sheets. No one of the twelve sections, however, agrees throughout with those which had previously been constructed : .field examinations for the sections, made by the Survey in every case introduced important modifications. In those parts where there were but few facts obtained the anticlinals and synclinals Avere drawn in hypothetically.
After each section was constructed in this way, they were all studied collectively and each one Avas materially modified, by a comparison of its structure Avith that shown in the adjoining sections. In this Avay a second construction was obtained, Avhich Avithout doubt more nearly ap)proached the actual iDosition of the strata. Field examinations Avere next made in the vicinity of each section ; both on the surface and inside of the mines, wherever the structure was particularly difficult or uncertain and Avhere it Avas thought additional facts could be collected. Thus a second change Avas made in most of the sections and a third solution of the geological structure procured.
The floor of the Mammoth coal bed Avas then contoured (curves 50 feet vertically apart) from the mine maps and the cross-sections thus constructed ; it Avas discovered, however, that in many minor iiarticnlars the structure shown by the sections had to be changed ; since it AAns thought, that the direction and fall or rise, which the cross sections indicated for the anticlinals and basins, Avere abnormal. By this method, a final solution of the geology Avas obtained, as illustrated by the cross sections on the atlas sheets. The structure under the areas where the coal beds have not been actually located, either by mining or prospect bore-holes or shafts, is probably as correctly represented as it is possible to do Avithont practical explorations.
All theoretical deductions, especially in structural geology, must be accepted as such. The anthracite coal beds are subject to such unexpected and oftentimes inconceivable
Section No. 1.
A A. 43
freaks, in the numerous foldings which they make, that it is frequently impossible to even suggest a solution of the structure. Such theoretical deductions must, however, necessarily precede a practical exploitation of the coal beds; their explanation of the geological structure, as the mining will ultimately disclose it, is directly proportional to the number of observed facts and the experience and judgment of the investigator. In printing these sections an effort has been made to clearly separate all facts from liypotheses; so that, as future facts shall be obtained they may be added to those already recorded in the sections, and confirm, modify or disprove the hypothetical structure, which is offered as a provisional, rather than as a final solution.
The plan of representation has been as follows : Wher-ever
the character of the strata is known they have been shaded ; all coal beds whose iiositions have been certainly determined are printed in full black ; when the plane of section passes through a gangway or breast from which the coal has been taken a white space has been left, with the top and bottom of the bed indicated by a single line in each case ; where the position of the bed has been determined hypothetically, the bottom of the bed has alone been marked by a single line.
The vertical planes upon which the sections have been projected are placed at right angles to the general direction of the axes of the basins or synclinals across which they pass. The direction of the Panther Creek basins changes very much between Mauch Chunk and Tamaqua, so that the sections are not parallel. Most of the strata shown have been located along the plane of section ; in cases where they are located at some distance away, their position on the plane Of section have been found by projections along the line of strike.
Through Old Tunnel at Hackleharney .
This section passes through Hacklebarney tunnel. The mouth of the tunnel is under the Switch Back gravity rail-
44 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
road, at a point 8,200' west of the Mount Pisgah enginehouse. It commences in the Pottsville conglomerate, No. XII, and crosses the basin to a point below the Buck Mountain bed, on tlie south dip. The direction of the section line is S. 22° E. All the coals in the eastern end of the basin are cut, amounting, in the aggregate, to 114', divided into eleven distinct beds (Columnar section sheet I, section 4.*)
The following section has been measured of the strata from the Mammoth bed, in the Hell Kitchen basin, to the mouth of the tunnel.
Section No. If. Columnar Section Sheet No. I.
Hacldebarney Tunnel.
Rock.
Coal beds.
Total.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
,
to
to
to
to
The total thickness of coal beds on the section sheet should be 114' instead of 112 .
fin the tables of mining estimates (See Chapter VI.) the average thickness of the coal beds where mined is given, together with the amount of coal which has been taken from each bed. Most of the bed thicknesses, given in the columnar sections, have been measured at special localities, and sometimes show more or less than the thickness which could be depended upon, as an average over any considerable area.
Note. — A number of the columnar sections in the Panther Creek Valley are published just as they were reported to the Survey. Many of them have been made by different observers and at different times ; so that, the same names, used in describing the rock strata, do not always indicate an identical character.
Section No. 46. A A 45
Sandstone and conglomerate, . .
to
Dirt seam,
to
Slate,
to
Sandstone,
to
30T
6"
Conglomerate,
to
Coal, bed,
to
Slate,
to
to
Conglomerate,
to
to
Coal bed,
to
to
Coal bed,
to
Slate,
to
to
Slate,
to
Coal bed,
to
Slate,
to
6"
Conglomerate and sandstone, . .
to
6"
White conglomerate,
to
Coal, slate, and dirt,
to
Total thickness of rock, . . ,
Total thickness of coal beds, 114'
The following section is a continuation of the above. Stratum No. 38, Section No. 4, being equivalent to Stratum No. 1, Section No. 46.
Section No. J6, Columnar Section Sheet No. II. Ilacklebarney Tunnel.
Rock.
Total.
6" to
6"
3. Conglomerate and sandstone,
3T
to
4. Large white nut conglomerate,
5" to
to
to
7. Conglomerate and sandstone,
to
8" to
6" to
I"
7"
6" to
Co
to
CJi
1"
to
1"
to
to
1"
to
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
46 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
to
1"
The nut conglomerate of stratum No. 25 is at the mouth of the tunnel ; from this point to the toji of the Manch Chunk Red Shale No. XI, on the slope below the tunnel, there is a thickness of 305' of measures. No division line has been established here or elsewhere in the Panther Creek basin between the Productive Goal Measures proper and the Pottsville Conglomerate No. XII. The actual distance, perpendicular to the bedding, from the bottom of the Mammoth bed to the top of the Maucli Chunk shale is (465' 11" — 50')-l-llll' 1"=1527') 1527'. On account of the difficulty of locating the top of the Mauch Chunk exactly, and from the fact that the conglomerate strata near the mouth of the tunnel are considerably twisted, it is impossible to accept this as a precise measurement.'
The identification of the individual beds in this section with those developed to the Avest has never been satisfactorily determined ; a comparison is suggested, however, upon both the columnar and cross section sheets.. A consideration of this subject, in detail, is deferred until the publication of the final report. The second bed, knoAvn as the Buck Mountain, encountered in the tunnel, and the bed in the center of the first basin crossed, (Hell Kitchen) known as the E or top split of the Mammoth bed, which is the highest geological stratum cut, have both been mined. The conglomerate strata near the moutli of the tunnel have been overturned from a north to a south dip. This is a common feature of all the strata along the Sharp Mountain, and may be beautifully observed in the Little Schuylkill gap south of Tamaqua, and in the Schuylkill gap at Pottsville. The structure of the rocks cut in the tunnel north of the Hell Kitchen or Mammoth basin has always been misleading, on account of the commencement of the overturning of the Hell
*The interval has been stated as 1550' instead of 1527', on Columnar section sheet II, section 51.
Ceoss-Section No. 2.
Aa. 47
Kitchen anticlinal, which produces a general south dip to the strata. The Buck Mountain bed is cut on either side of the anticlinal on both the south and overturned north dips.
Elevations of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 1.*
Mammoth Bed.
Outcrop Hell Kitchen basin, 1360' f
Bottom " " " 1140'
Buck Mountain Bed,
North outcrop Locust Mountain Basin, 1430'
Bottom " " 890'
Top Hell Kitchen anticlinal, 1355'
Bottom Hell Kitchen basin, 625'
South outcrop Hell Kitchen basin, 1380'
From Nesquehoning Valle to Maucli Chunk Valley through Rhume Run No. 1 Tunnel.
The facts for the construction of section No. 2 are very extensive and complete, and ivere obtained in Rhume Run gap back of Nesquehoning, Rhume Run (No. 1) tunnel, and in the mines directly adjoining the tunnel. The facts incorporated into this section are not new, for this tunnel and mines are among the oldest in the anthracite coal fields. In 1840 Prof. Rogers' assistants on the First Geological Survey made a survey and examination of the tunnel and mines, and a section was constructed and published in the
*The elevations of special points in the coal beds, in the plane of each section, given after the description of the section, are those which have been used in the construction of the sections. In some instances, for the Mammoth bed, they will be found to differ a few feet from the elevations indicated by the contours in the floor of the bed, on the mine sheets. These slight differences were occasioned by alterations made on the proof sheets of the sections. The changes were not sufficient, however, to warrant the correction of the contours on the mine sheets, which at the time the changes were made were in the engravers' hands.
t All elevations which have been absolutely determined by instrumental observations are printed in a boldfaced type ; those which have been approximately determined are printed in ordinary type ; and those which have been estimated, in italics.
48 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiibtjrner.
final report.* Since tliat time otlier surveys have been made from time to time, and numerous sections constructed, Variously interpreting tlie structure, until the j)problem which they have sought to solve has become known as the ' ' Lehigh Riddle. ' '
In 1869 Mr. R. P. Roth well constructed a section whicli accompanies the annual report of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company for that ; the general structure of tliis section resembles very much that now published by the Geological Survey ; it differs, however, in many important details, as for instance, the depth of the basin and the height of the anticlinals — of the latter, that winch I have called the Mammoth anticlinal may be particularly noted. On the Rotlnvell section, the Mammoth bed saddles at this point about 150 feet below the tunnel level, whereas in the Survey section the Mammoth bed on this anticlinal is intersected by the tunnel. Since 1869 a section, which more nearly resembles the i')resent one, has been constructed by Mr. W. I). Zehner, superintendent of the company. One of the greatest difficulties in the structure of the section was the general south dll') of all the coal beds from the mouth of the tunnel to the center of the Greenwood basin. At first it was supposed that each one of these coals represented a separate bed ; an overturning of some of the strata was afterwards suggested, which later was actually proved by mining. The identification of the beds, which is indicated in the section, seems now to be placed beyond a doubt, although previous sections make a different interpretation of the structure. A comparative study of these sections has been made and a detail description of the special points involved will be subsequently made in the final report. The direction of the idane of the section is S. 8° E. and is 10,901/ west of section No. I.f All the coal beds in this part of the basin are cut by this tunnel. The synclinal of the G bed just descends to the tunnel in the Greenwood basin.
Vol. II, page 54.
t The planes of the Panther Creek sections are not parallel. Tlie distances between the sections have been measured along the center of the Panther Creek Valley.
Cross-Sectiok S'O. 2.
A A. 49
The Lykens Valley beds which were located in the Locust Mountain gap north of Tamaqua (Cross section sheet No III, sec. No. 12) were not found in the Rhnme Run gap- There is a total thickness of coal beds in the tunnel of 56 feet, that is from the mouth to the F or Lower Red Ash bed. Most of the beds are encountered several times so that the actual thickness of coal cut by the tunnel is very much greater.
The following section has been measured of the strata from the center of the Hell Kitchen basin to the mouth of Tunnel No. 1.
Section No. Q. — Columnar Section Sheet No. I. — Tunnel
No.
Bock.
Coal beds. Total.
Slate,
8"
to 5'
8"
Sandstone,
1"
to 54'
9"
Slate,
to 60'
7"
Sandstone,
to 63'
5"
Slate,
2"
to 72'
7"
Red Ash coal bed,
to 95'
3"
Slate,
4"
to 116'
7"
Sandstone,
5"
to 146'
Slate
7"
to 170'
Sandstone,
to 178'
Slate,
1"
to 190'
Coal bed,
5"
to 196'
4"
Slate,
to 203'
7"
Sandstone,
to 259'
6"
Mammoth coal bed, . . .
to 273'
4"
Slate,
6"
to 284'
Sandstone,
to 338'
to 349'
Slate, .
to 360'
Conglomerate,
to 401'
Slate,
to 411'
Conglomerate,
6"
to 469'
4"
Slate,
to 485'
4"
Coal bed,
to 488'
4"
Slate,
to 503'
4"
Sandstone,
to 548'
4"
Total thickness of rock, . .
5"
Total thickness of coal beds, 55' 11'
A measurement of some of these same strata was made in another portion of the tunnel and is shown below.
50 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Sect/071 No. 1. — Columnar Section Sheet No. I. — Tunnel
No. 1.
RocTc. Coal beds. Total.
Red Ash coae bed, . .
to 15'
Slate,
to 127'
Coal bed,
9"
to 135'
6"
Conglomerates,
to 170'
3"
Slate, . .
to 170'
7"
Conglomerate,
to 175'
6"
Coal bed
4"
to 178'
9"
Slate,
to 204'
5"
Mammoth coal bed, . .
to 228'
4"
Total thickness of rock, .
Total thickness ot coal beds, 50' 10 '
The Carboniferous conglomerate is exposed in the Rhnme Run gap north of Tunnel No. 1 and is represented by the following section. No upper limit has been assigned to the Pottsville conglomerate.
Section No. 17. — Columnar Section Sheet No. II. — Potts- i)ille Conglomerate No.XII Cr) Rhume Run Gap.
Rock.
Total.
Coal bed,
to
Slate,
to
Sandstone,
to
Concealed, 1
to
Concealed, , . j
Small pebble conglomerate,
to
Massive conglomerate,
to
Partly concealed,
to
Conglomerate,
to
to
Conglomerate,
to
Gray sandstone,
to
Conglomerate with pea pebbles
to
Sandstone, ...
to
Conglomerate and sandstone,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Sandstone, . .
to
Conglomerate and .sandstone,
to
Sandstone,
to
Slate and sandstone,
to
Sandstone,
to
Conglomerate,
Mauch Chunk Red shale, No. XI.
to
Ckoss-Sectioji No. 3.
Aa. 51
Elevations of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 2.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin, 1110'
Bottom of Hell Kitchen basin, 200'
Top of Rhume Run overturned anticlinal, 655'
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 525'
Top (outcrop) of Shaft anticlinal, 1260'
Bottom of Lansford basin. No. 2, 715'
Top of Mammoth anticlinai, 1030'
Bottom of Lansford basin, No. 1, 40'
South outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 2, 1370'
F or Lower Red Ash Bed,
North outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin, 1135'
Bottom of Hell Kitchen basin, 545'
South outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin, 1170'
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1175'
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 840'
South outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1225'
North outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 2, 1270'
Bottom of Lansford basin. No. 2, 880'
South outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 2, 1260'
North outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 1, 1265'
Bottom of Lansford basin. No. 1, 790'
South outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 1, 1310'
f Cross Section No. 3.
Through Tunnel No. 2.
This section passes through Tunnel No. 2 in a direction S. 16° 10' E. and is 1550 feet west of Tunnel No. 1. The general features of the structure here are very similar to those of section No. 2. The rapid deepening of the basins which is observed between sections Nos. 1 and 2 does not seem to continue between Nos. 2 and 3, in fact there are evidences that there may be a slight rise in the basins toward the west, between these two latter sections. The principal difficulties which have been encountered in the geology here lie to the south of shaft No. 1. The tunnel cuts the Mammoth bed on both the north and south dip of the shaft anticlinal, which I have so named from the close proximity of shaft No. 1. The south dip was mined from slope No.
*This is generally called Nesquehoning slope No. 4, in distinction to the slope above Tunnel No. 5 which is known as Panther Creek No. 4 slope.
52 Aa. Kepoht Of Pkogress. C. A. Ashburner.
whicli was driven in the lower part of the bed to a vertical depth below the apex of the slope of 151.5 feet.
At this depth the bed pinched ont and was lost: a gangway was driven both east and west from the foot of the slope and nincli coal taken ont from the sonth dip ; no clue was discovered, however, as to iiow the bed had been cut oft' and where it went. Shaft No. 1 was then sunk to a depth of 310' on tlie north dip of the bed and gangways driven east and west. From the west gangway, at a point about 350' from the bottom of the shaft, a tunnel has been driven S. 14° 15' (±) E. or nearly parallel to Tunnel No. 2. At a distance of 650' from the shaft gangway, in this tunnel, a hard white ash bed was cut, in which a gangway was driven east and west. Before this bed was reached three small beds were passed through, one directly under the 'shaft' Mammoth and two further on, all of which are sliown in section. It was supposed that the large bed encountered was the Mammoth and mining was planned, in order to obtain a connection, if possible, between this j)oint and the bed worked in the bottom gangway of slope No. 4. Proving holes were driven up along the top slate ; bnt, instead of their leading up to the slope workings, they turned to the south, at about a height of 30 feet and afterwards descended to the level of the tunnel, following continuously the line of contact between coal and slate ; tlie details of these workings are shown in the enlarged section (scale 20' =1") accompanying section No. 3. No l>reak was observed in the strata, where there could be a possible connection with the Mammoth bed at the point at which it x)inched out at the foot of slope No. 4. A small irregularity was discovered in the roof of the arch at one poiiit, and it was thought that it might indicate a possible outlet to the upper workings ; but, I am led to conclude, from a close examination of this slate roof, that the strata form a regular anticlinal arch over the coal. The crest of the anticlinal, if such it be, dips rapidly to the west, the angle being about 12° in the vicinity of the tunnel. In the gangway driven east, the bed pinched out at about 800' from the tunnel and terminated in the same abrupt manner in the west gangway
Cross-Section No. 3.
Aa. 53
about 350' from tlie tunnel. The top of the coal 800' east of the tunnel was found to be 140' above the tunnel level. The greatest horizontal north and south thickness of the coal was 125' about 125' east of the tunnel and the greatest height 30',
The third small bed below the '"shaft" Mammoth passed through in the tnnnel, seems to be directly connected with this large body of pocketed coal ; so that, if a connection ever existed between this coal and that at slope No. 4, it should be sought for from this small bed rather than from the larger body ; but a careful study of the section would seem to relate this small bed with the first bed under the Mammoth, instead of with the Mammoth, so that we would be forced to the conclusion that the pocketed bed is an enlargement of the bed under the Mammoth. The character of the pocketed coal would, however, seem to militate against such a reasoning. A great deal of coal was mined from this point, and it is said to have resembled in every way the best hard white ash Mammoth ever shipped from the Companj's property. This solution of the structure would seem to necessitate other conclusions which are hardly warranted by facts. For instance, coal bed F in Tunnel No. 2, on the south dip, would apparently be the same coal as bed G on the north dip near the face of the tunnel, whereas the character of this F bed and its immediately associated strata is the same as of the F bed, socalled, at the head of the tunnel. In order to ascertain if any light could be thrown on these structural difficulties by an examination of the constitution of the coal, Mr. McCreath made analyses of selected specimens of coal from the following localities ; the bed underneath the Mammoth near the mouth of Tunnel No. 1 ; the Mammoth bed at shaft N o. 1 ; the ' ' pocketed bed ; ' ' and the south and north dipihng F or Lower Red Ash bed in Tunnel No. 2. These analyses (See page 187) give no assistance in identifying the "pocketed coal" with either the Mammoth or the bed underneath, but do seem to indicate that the two red ash beds, one on the south and the other on the north dip, in Tunnel No. 2 are the same.
54 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. As1Ip>Urner.
Greater variations are shown in the proportion of elements in two specimens of coal taken near together from the "pocketed bed" than in specimens taken from different beds. The tunnel from shaft No. 1 gangway has now (November, 1882,) been driven as far as the F bed, which it cut at a distance of 1090' from the gangway; the G bed was passed through 89' north of the top of the F bed. There seems to be no doubt left as to the proper naming of the red ash beds in Tunnel No. 2, as shown on the section ; the question still remains open, however, as to which bed does the " pocketed coal" belong? Before the geological report of this basin shall be written tor the final volume, some new facts may be obtained to throw additional light on the structure ; at present, I am disposed to believe the coal here has an anticlinal structure, and is directly related to the bed below the Mammoth. I state this conclusion without attempting for the present to clear up the difficulties in the structure which I have suggested such a conclusion would lead to."
The following section represents the strata included between the G and F beds in Tunnel No. 2.
Section, No. 3, Columnar Section Sheet No. 1. — Portion of Nesquehoning Tunnel No. 2.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
1. Slate, hard with iron balls, . . .
2. G COAL BED, 7' 7" to 7' 7"
3. Slate, 3P 5" to 39'
4. Sandstone, 11' 1" to 50' 1"
5. Slate, 30' 6" to 80' 7"
6. Red Ash COAL BED, 14' 4i" to 94'llj"
Total thickness of rock, 73'
Total thickness of coal beds, . . 21'
Elevations of Goal Beds in Plane of Section No. 3.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Hell Kitclien basin, 1250
Bottom " " " S50
A more detailed section of the structure represented by section No. 3 was constructed, and contained many facts procured after Cross section sheet No. 1 had been printed. It was at first expected to publish this section as a pageplate in this report ; afterwards it was decided to postpone its publication until the final report.
Ckoss-Section Ko. 4.
Aa. 55
South outcrop of Greenwood basin 1115
North outcrop of Lansford basin, No. 2, 1120
Bottom of Lansford basin, ? ?
South outcrop of Lansford basin, No. 1, 1315
F or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin, 1140
Bottom " " " 685
South " " " " 1075
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1065
Bottom " " 870
South " " " 1100
North outcrop of Lansford basin. No. 2, 1160
Bottom " " ? ?
South " " " No. 1, 1240
Through a 'point 330 feet 'west of Slope No. 3 Nesquehoning
.
This section passes tlirough the first lift gangway of Nesquehoning slope No. 3 at a point 330 feet west of the slope. The direction of the plane of section is S. 8° 30' E. and is 1,625 feet west of No. 3 section plane. There are two features of special interest shown on this section ; a local roll in the Mammoth bed on the south dip of the Hell Kitchen basin, and the commencement of the Coaldale anticlinal and Bull Run basin to the east of the Lansford basins, as proved by workings in the F or Lower Red Ash bed. The shaft anticlinal, which rises to the Avest between sections Nos. 2 and 3, falls in the same direction betAAeen 3 and 4.
The line defining the shape of the Mammoth bed in the eastern end of the section, surmises the existence of the Rhume Run overturned anticlinal. It is hard to arrive at any just conclusion as to Avhat Avould be the probable shape of the Mammoth floor at this point. Wherever the bottom of the coal basins are worked, both in the Panther creek district and elsewhere, the coal bed has been almost always found in little basins and saddles ; this is more particularly the case in basins which have high-pitching sides. In the case of this section, where the iipper beds are found thrown into an overturned anticlinal, it is more than probable that
56 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
tlie main Mammoth basin has some irregularities existing
Elevations of Goal Beds in Plane of Section No. Jf.
Mammoth Bed.
' North outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin, 1270'
Top of Shaft anticlinal, 1160'
Bottom of Lansford basin 100'
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, 810'
South outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1320'
F or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Hell Kitchen basin (Slope No. 3,) . . . .1185'
Bottom of Hell Kitchen basin, 770'
Top of Rhume Run overturned anticlinal, 1170'
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 660'
South outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1230'
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 1300'
Bottom of Lansford basin, 420'
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, 1220'
Bottom of Bull Run basin, 1100'
South outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1285'
G or Upper Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1130'
South " " " 1180'
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 1290'
Bottom of Lansford basin, 630'
South outcrop of Lansford basin, 1235'
Through east end of loorkings of Tunnels Nos. 6 and 6 and Slope No. and, lost end of Nesquehoning loorlcings.
This section was constructed to show the connection between tlie Nesquehoning and Panther creek mine workings and the development to the west of the Coaldale anticlinal and Bull Run basin. It passes through the east end of the gangways from Tunnels Nos. 6 and 5 and Panther Creek slope No. 4 and the west end of the gangways of the Nesquehoning mines. The direction of the plane of section is S. 9° 30' E. and is 3400' west of No. 4 section plane. What
Cross Section No. 6.
Aa. 57
has been said, as to the existence of a saddle in the main northern basin of section No. 4 would apply equally to the Lansford basin in both sections Nos. 4 and 5.
A notable instance of the pinching out of a coal bed is shown in this section in the Mammoth bed, on the northern side of the Coaldale anticlinal, where the coal bed thins rapidly between the 1st and 2nd lift gangways driven from Panther Creek slope No. 4, and pinches out entirely below the lower gangway.
E elevations of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 5.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Grreenwood basin, 1320'
Bottom of Greenwood basin — 14.0'
Top of Shaft anticlinal, 780'
Bottom of Lansford basin, — £S0'
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, 190'
Bottom of Bull Run basin, 760'
South outcrop Bull Run basin, 1.390'
For Lower Red Ash Bed.
South outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1250'
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 190'
Top of Shaft anticlinal, II45'
South outcrop of Lansford basin, 1300'
Through Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6 and Slope No. workings.
The plane of this section passes through Tunnel No. 6. The mouth of Tunnel No. 5 is 1200' east of the plane and the strata cut by the tunnel are projected on to the eastern end of the section. The facts for determining the exact structure between Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6 were very few, the general features, however, of theanticlinals and basins are probably fairly represented by the section.
The bearing of the plane of section is S. 19° 45' E., and the distance from the plane of section No. 5, 9,300'. There is less certainly known, about the geological structure under the central part of the Panther Creek valley between these two section planes than anywhere else in the district. There has been no extensive prospecting done, and there are few
58 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburrer.
outcrops to throw any light upon the structure. In this area neither the Mammoth bed or the F or Lower Red Ash bed come to the surface between their most northern and most southern outcrops, along whicli both beds have been extensively mined as shown on Mine sheet No. II. From this fact any prospecting shafts or trial holes which maybe sunk here, Avill have to be of considei'able depth before passing through these two beds. The Gr or Upper Red Ash bed lias been proven on both dips of the Shaft anticlinal in front of Tunnel No. 6. On the south dip a slope was driven to the depth of 100''. At the time the examination was made at this point the slope was full of water, so that no facts were obtained as to the thickness or character of the bed. Midway between the located outcrops of this bed, on either side of the anticlinal, a little basin of coal was proven by trial holes. This is regarded as belonging to the same bed, and if so, it is well to bear in mind this peculiarity of structure, that is the existence of a small basin on the crest of a large anticlinal, when considering the possibility of the summits of the anticlinals of the Mammoth bed being regular, as generally indicated by the sections in areas where the structure is more or less hypothetical.
Another interesting peculiarity is illustrated by a comparison of these two sections. In section No. 6 the width of the Greenwood basin is much less than in section No. 5. The Shaft anticlinal in the Mammoth bed on the south side of the basin is lower in section No. 6 than in section No. 5. Where a basin narrows and is bounded on one side by an anticlinal, it has not been unusual for structural geologists to conclude that the anticlinal rises as the basin narrows. These sections show how unsafe it is to draw any conclusions as to the structure of the anthracite beds either from a general experience or from preconceived ideas of the laws governing structure.
The following columnar section shows the character of the strata between the F or Lower Red Ash bed and the Mammoth bed, in Sliield's tunnel, which is 3380' east of Tunnel
A similar feature is observed iu the center of the Bear Ridge anticlinal in the Mahanoy Coal Field.
Ckoss-Section No. 6.
A A. 59
No. 6. Shield's tunnel was driven from the water level gangway of Tunnel No. 6 to the Red Ash bed in order to work the latter bed.
Section No. 6. — Columnar Section Sheet No. 1. — Shield's
Tunnel.
Rock.
Coal beds.
Total.
Red Ash coal bed,
to
Slate,
. T 1"
to
1"
COAL and dirt,
to
9i"
Slate,
to
lOi"
Sandstone,
to
Slate,
to
COAL and dirt,
to
Slate,
to
Sandstone,
to
Slate,
8-r
to
Conglomerate and Sandstone,
to 205'
3"
Slate,
to 213'
Sandstone, ...
to 251'
Mammoth coal bed,
to 292'
Total thickness of rock.
Total thickness of coal beds, .
In Tunnel No. 6 the measures are cut from a point below the G bed to the bottom of the Mammoth bed, a total vertical thickness of 665', as follows :
Section No. 7, Columnar Section Sheet No. 1. Tunnel No. 6.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
Sandstone,
2"
to
2"
Slate,
7"
to
9"
Sandstone,
7"
to
4"
Slate,
6"
to
Sandstone,
to
8"
Slate,
1"
to
9"
4
COAL and dirt,
to
Slate, .
to
Sandstone,
5"
to
3"
Slate,
3"
to
6"
Coal bed,
"2
to
t 1 '2
Sandstone,
4"
to 200'
G COAL bed,
8"
to
to
o
r.
Sandstone
4"
to 239'
Conglomerate and Sandstone,
sy
to
8"
Sandstone and Conglomerate,
to
6"
. Eeport Of Progress.
C. A.
Asiiburner.
Slate, ,
4"
to 287'
Conglomerate,
3"
to 304'
1"
Sandstone,
to 355'
Slate, ...
4"
to 366'
Red Ash coal, bed, . . . .
2"
to 382'
6"
Sandstone,
2"
to .391'
8"
Coal bed,
to 393'
Slate,
4"
to 434'
n"
Slate,
4"
to 445'
COAL and dirt,
5"
to 446'
lop'
Sandstone,
to 509'
lOP'
Coal bed,
to 510'
Conglomerate,
to 547'
lop'
Sandstone,
to 575'
lop'
Slate,
to 582'
lOi"
Sandstone,
to 615'
lop'
Mammoth coal bed, . .
to 665'
lOp'
Total thickness of rock.
Total thickness of coal beds.
6"
Tlie constancy in the character and tliickness of the strata over any considerable area is illustrated by a comparison of the lower jiart of this section, between the F or Lower Red Ash and the Mammoth beds, with the Shield's tunnel section. When it is remembered that it is sometimes difficult to determine the exact dip of the strata and the character of the rocks cut in a tunnel by the examination which is ordinarily made of the individual strata, it may be considered that these two sections are absolutely identical. The sandstone, stratum No. 5, in Shield's tunnel section is not shown in Tunnel No. 6 section. It would hardly be fair, however, to conclude that the sandstone noted in the former section was boldly marked from the including slate, and that absolutely no sandstone was found in the latter section in a similar position. From the fact that the sections were made at different times, even though they were measured by the same individual, what was noted as sandstone in one locality might have been called slate in the other. The same remark w'ould apply to stratum No. 30 in Tunnel No. 6 section, wdiich is indicated as sandstone and in Shield's tunnel section, stratum No. 11, as conglomerate and sandstone.
The strata cut on the south side of the Bull Run basin by Tunnel No. 5 are shown in the following section :
Cross-Section No. 6.
Aa. 61
Section No. 5. — Columnar Section Sheet No. 1. — Tunnel
No. 5.
Rock.
Coal beds.
Total.
to 38'
to 43'
5"
to 83'
5"
4"
to 85'
9"
to 106'
to 121'
3"
to 122'
3"
9"
to 134'
to 165'
to 196'
to 212'
to 226'
V 5"
to 227'
5"
7"
to 235'
to 242'
17. Sandstone and conglomerate.
to 276'
lo 288'
to 340'
to 359'
to 370'
9"
6"
to 375'
3"
9"
to 380'
to 389'
to 401'
to 406'
9"
6"
to 407'
3"
to 430'
6"
to 437'
6"
6"
to 457'
to 458'
to 489'
6"
to 490'
6"
6"
to 574'
to 575'
to 578'
to 579'
to 613'
6"
to 613'
6"
to 647'
6"
Mammoth coal
62 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Q
Pq
COAL, good,
to 654'
6"
COAL, little benches, . .
,
to 660'
6"
COAL, hard,
to 666'
Slate
to 668'
COAL, gray,
to 671'
Slate,
to 672'
4"
Coal,
to 680'
4
Total thickness of rock, . . . 627' 2"
Total thickness of coal beds, 53' 2'*
Elemtlons of Coal Beds in Plane of Section JVo. 6.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1378
Bottom of Greenwood basin, — 140
Top of shaft anticlinal, 440
Bottom of Lansford basin, — SSO
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, 425
Bottom of Bull Run basin, 20
South outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1375
G or Upper Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1185
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 555
South outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1080
North outcrop of Lansford liasin, 1095
Bottom of Lansford basin, S55
South outcrop of Lansford basin, 1120
North outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1145
Bottom of Bull Run basin, 610
South outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1320
F or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1260
Through Tunnels Nos. Jf. and 7 and Slope No. 1 workings.
The plane of this section passes through the center of the Nesquehoning railroad tunnel, and has a bearing S. 16° 20' E. Its distance from section No. 6 is 5,000'. This section is one of the most interesting of those which have been constructed across the Panther Creek basins. The structural
*The total thickness of this bed given on Columnar section sheet No. I is 32' ; the thickness of the individual benches of coal is not given on the sheet.
Cross-Section No. 7.
Aa. 63
points shown, which are of special interest ; are the regularity of the dip through the Locust Mountain, cut by the tunnel ; the slight overturn of the shaft anticlinal near the mouth of the tunnel ; the local roll on the southern side of the shaft anticlinal in front of the tunnel ; the sharp flexure of the Coaldale anticlinal in bold contrast to the fiat and broad flexure of the Summit Hill anticlinal ; and finally the Summit Hill basin with the steep northern dip, which is so generally characteristic of many of the anthracite basins, and the flatter southern dip. Between sections Nos. 6 and 7 the shaft anticlinal in the Mammoth bed approaches Locust Mountain at the same time that it falls rapidly toward the west. The contour of the floor of the Mammoth bed on this anticlinal is shown on Mine sheet No. IT, as defined from a section constructed by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, in which the little roll at the mouth of the Nesquehoning tunnel was made to represent the shaft anticlinal. This same structure is shown on Mr. Roth well's section. The company's section, from the Mammoth bed to the southern end of the tunnel, was taken to be authoritative, and was continued to the northern end from examinations made by the Survey. After the mine map was placed in the printer's hands, it was decided to make a resurvey of the southern end of the tunnel, and the structure shown on section No. 7 was made out, which is believed to be a more correct interpretation than that shown by the Rothwell or company sections, or the contours on the mine map which were based upon these sections.
The following sections represent the strata cut by the Nesquehoning railroad tunnel from the G bed down to the top of the Mauch Chunk Red Shale No. XI, a total thickness of 1493' :
Section No. 8, Columnar Section Sheet No. I. Lansford Railroad {No. 7) Tunnel.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
1. G COAL BED 15' 4" to 15' 4 '
2. Slate, 6' 4" to 21' 8"
3. Sandstone, 102' 8" to 124' 4"
4. Slate 9' to 133 4"
64 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Sandstone,
to 212'
4"
Slate,
5"
to 234'
F Coal Bed,
8"
to 254'
5"
Slate,
to 254'
Sandstone,
to 286'
Coal bed,
3"
to 288'
2"
Slate, ,
3"
to 352'
5"
Coal dirt,
to 359'
5"
Sandstone,
8"
to 462'
1"
Slate,
6"
to 473'
7"
Seam of coal dirt, . . ,
8"
to 476'
3"
Sandstone,
4"
to 511'
7"
E COAL bed,
7"
to 538'
2"
Slate,
7"
to 538'
9"
Sandstone,
7"
to 563'
4"
Slate,
2"
to 567'
6"
Coal bed,
8"
to 570'
2"
Slate,
to 580'
2"
Sandstone,
3"
to 603'
5"
Slate,
7"
to 604'
D Coal Bed,*
Ip
3"
to 615'
3"
Slate,
to 622'
3"
Sandstone,
5"
to 630'
8"
Total tliickness of rock, . . .553 11"
Total thickness of coal bed, . 76 9"
The strata below this coal are represented in the following section, where B coal bed is the same as that noted in the above section as D.
Section No. Columnar Section Sheet No. III. Lansford Railroad {No. 7) Tunnel.
Rock. Coal bed.s. Total.
Slate,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Seam,
Conglomerate,
to
Sandstone,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Slate,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Slate and sandstone, Coal, 1' 6", . .
to
Slate and sandstone, Sandstone with pebbles, .
to
Nut conglomerate, . . .
to
*This bed is now considered to be the representative of the B or Buck Mountain bed.
CEOSS-SECTIOIf NO. 7.
Aa. 65
17. Nut and egg conglomerate, .
19. Nut and egg conglomerate, .
22. Small nut conglomerate, . . .
23. Large nut conglomerate, . . .
28. Large nut conglomerate, . . .
29. Pea and nut conglomerate, . .
30. Pea and nut conglomerate, . .
40. Small nut conglomerate, . . .
58. Large nut conglomerate, . . .
59. Sandstone with pebbles, . . .
63. Conglomerate and sandstone,
to 158'
to 160'
6"
to 204'
6"
to 206'
6"
6"
to 261'
to 284'
to 319'
6"
to 330'
6"
to 378'
to 390'
to 410'
6"
to 430'
6"
6"
to 440'
6"
to 444'
6"
6
to 447'
to 468'
to 472'
6"
to 475'
6"
6"
to 479'
6"
to 506'
6"
6"
to 515'
6"
to 517'
6"
to 522'
to 527'
to 540'
to 552'
to 559'
6"
to 565'
6"
6"
to 568'
to 580'
to 584'
to 596'
to 606'
to 614'
to 620'
to 624
to 628'
to 629'
to 647'
to 661'
to 673'
to 714'
to 737'
6"
to 762'
6"
6"
to 767'
6"
to 773'
6"
6"
to 787'
to 792'
to 796
C. A. Asiiburner.
66. Slate and sandstone, 8' to 804'
67. Red sandstone and shale, . . 8' to 812'
68. Gray compact sandstone, ... 16' to 827'
69. Red shale and sandstone, . . 31' to 858'
70. Conglomerate, 4' to 862'
71. Red shale, 2' to 864'
72. Slate and slaty sandstone, , . 20' to 884'
73. Graj' compact sandstone, . . 21' to 905'
This section shows minutely the structure of the Pottsville Conglomerate ISTo. XII cut by the tunnel.
Elevations of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 7.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1350
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 105
Top of shaft anticlinal, 170
Bottom of Lansford basin, — 560
Top of Coaldale anticlinal 770
Bottom of Bull Run basin, — 280
Top of Summit Hill anticlinal, 1480
Bottom of Summit Hill basin, 1180
South outcrop of Summit Hill basin, 1530
F or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1255
South outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1355
Q or Upper Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1205
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 745
South outcrop of Greenwood ba.sin, 1105
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 1050
South outcrop of Lansford basin, 1125
Bottom outcrop of Lansford basin 230
Througli Tunnels Nos. 8 ami 9 and Slope No. 2 worMngs.
The plane of this section lias a bearing S. 18° 15' E., and passes through the southern end of Tunnel Xo. 9. The structure which was obtained by examinations in Tunnels Xos. 8 and 9 tvas projected directly on to the plane of this section. The main features are very much the same as
CKOSS-SECTIOlSr xo. 8.
Aa. 67
those sliown in section 7. however, considerable variation in tlie lieight, depth, and width of the anticlinals and basins. The section of Tunnel Ao. 9, on Cross section sheet No. If, was constructed by the company's engineers ; and, as far as is known, is considered to be the accepted interpretation of the structure. About 400' from the mouth of the tunnel the rocks were very mucli broken and twisted for a distance of 400'. In places no distinct stratification could be observed, and in the original notes of survey this part of the tunnel is represented as jiassing through a mud hole." Between the F and G Red Ash beds immediately in front of the Mammoth a small basin and anticlinal were represented. In the original notes of survey, observations on the strata were noted, which have not been included in the constructed section. These notes were plotted by Assistant A. W. Sheafer, and from them the accompanying section (See Plate II) was constructed. The prominent points of difference between the two sections are, the location of an anticlinal in a "mud hole" in tlie lattersection, and the placing of two small basins and two anticlinals in the Lower Red Ash bed in front of the Mammoth. At the time that the field work in this basin was done by the Survey the mine workings of Tunnel No. 9 were on fire, and. on this account it was impossible to make any examination of the rocks in the tunnel. Preference is given to the structure as shown by the section on the sheet, over that represented on the accompanying jdate. On the north dip of the Summit Hill basin a iDeculiar squeezing out of the
Mammoth bed is shown, the bed being cut out entirely
partly by the overlying, partly by the underlying rocks. In the section of 'lunnel No. 8 the identification of the bed at the mouth of the tunnel was a matter of considerable importance, especially since the location of colliery No. 12, where the F or Red Ash bed is worked on the north side of the Lansford basin. It was important to know at what point the north outcrop of the F bed in the Lansford basin, and the south outcrop of the same bed in the Greenwood basin, pass around the shaft anticlinal, in order to know the
Second Geologiccd Su/rrej-ofdhn/nsjlva/ma .
SoulJtern Coal Meld- Jlntli/rcxcite District. Plcdc IT,
CROSS SECTION liO. 8.
Aa. 69
length of a gangway at a certain level, which should command a given lift along tlie bed.
The bed at the month of the tunnel has generally been considered to be the F bed. It is believed, however, that it is the G bed, and that the F bed passes over the top of the shaft anticlinal below the level of Tunnel No. 8. The outcroj) of the F bed would appear to pass around the shaft anticlinal about a quarter of a mile east of breaker No. 12. The rocks underneath the G bed near the mouth of Tunnel No. 8 are thrown into a small anticlinal and basin directly over the general axis of the shaft anticlinal. These flexures may influence the structure of both the F and Mammoth beds at this point. It is impossible, however, to conclusively settle this point from the present developments. In section No. 8 the Mammoth bed is made to pass over the anticlinal without any irregularity in its contour.
A tunnel passes through the G bed near the bottom of the Greenwood basin and reveals a doubling over of the bed in the center of the basin, by which a small overturned anticlinal is produced, with a little basin on either side. From a study of the sections already constructed by the Survey in other districts, I am led to believe that, this kind of structure will be found to characterize many of the coal beds in the bottoms of the Panther Creek basins.
The following columnar section of the rocks met in Tunnel No. 9 was constructed shortly after the tunnel was driven. The Red Ash bed, on the north side of the Coaldale anticlinal, was not found in the tunnel. Its place would appear to be immediately under the last rocks before coming to the '''mud hole'''' as shown on section No. 8.
Section No. 10., — Columnar Section Sheet No. I. Tunnel
No. 9.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
. j' 2. COAI., BED,
p H 1 3. Slate, 4' 9"
U Co 1
O I 4. Coal bed,
C. Slate, 1' 8"
to
6"
6"
to
to
N
' to
Ol
"2
to
' 2
to
to
70 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
8. Rock, 52' 10" to 247' 1'"
9. Coal, bed, 2' 6" to 249' 7'
Structure below this point uncertain.
Total thickness of rock, . 448' 8"
Total thickness of coal beds.
The structure below the coal bed indicated as stratum No. 9 is very much confused, so that the distance of 212"' 6' between the one foot bed of coal at the bottom of the section and this coal bed, may not represent the true thickness of rock perpendicular to the bed planes.
The following section of the strata passed througli in the southern end of the tunnel was constructed at the same time as the above section. On account of the confusion in the rocks between the F and G beds, already indicated, the distance between these two beds shown by the section may prove to be excessive. Later sections, which have been constructed, make the thickness of this interval about 170'.
Section JVo.9, Golumnar Section Sheet No. I. Tunnel No. 9.
Rock. Coal Beds. Total.
Coal bed,
Co
-
Rock,
8"
to 48'
G Coal Bed,
to 58'
Rock,
to 154'
n'
Coal dirt,
to 158'
9"
Rock,
1"
to 259'
F Ob Bed Ash Coal Bed,
5"
to 271'
3"
Rock,
6"
to 312'
9"
Coal bed
6"
to 315'
3"
Rock,
to 529'
3"
Coal dirt,
to 529'
Rock,
to 558'
Mammoth coal bed.
to 608'
5"
Total thickness of rock, . .530' 101"
Total thickness of coal beds, 77' 6|"
to 462' IP'
CKOSS-SECTIOTSr NO. 8.
Aa. 71
The strata in the north end of Tunnel No. 8, below the G bed, on the north side of the Greenwood basin, are shown by the following section.
Section No. 11, Columnar Section Sheet No. 1. Tunnel No. 8.
Rock. Coal Beds. Total.
Sandstone,
to 15'
G Coal Bed,
to 25'
Slate,
to 31'
Sandstone
U"
to 63'
Dirt,
9"
to 69'
7"
Conglomerate,
to 89'
6
Slate and dirt,
to 113'
10b
Conglomerate,
to 125'
5"
Slate and dirt,
to 138'
3"
Sandstone,
9"
to 156'
Conglomerate,
2"
to 188'
2"
Slate,
5"
to 201'
Sandstone,
4"
to 210'
Red ash coal bed, . . .
to 226'
Slate,
to 230'
Conglomerate,
1"
to 273'
Dirt,
4"
to 274'
8"
Slate
4"
to 357'
Sandstone,
to 366'
Slate,
8"
to 371'
8"
Sandstone,
5"
to 402'
Slate,
to 431'
1"
Sandstone,
4"
to 437'
5"
Slate,
5b'
to 454'
Mammoth coal bed, . ,
to 504'
loi'
Total thickness of rock, .
Total thickness of coal beds
Elevation of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 8.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin. . . .
Bottom of Greenwood basin,
Top of Shaft anticlinal,
Bottom of Lansford basin,
Top of Coal dale anticlinal,
Bottom of Bull Run basin,
Top of Summit Hill anticlinal, (outcrop,) Bottom of Summit Hill basin,
South outcrop of Summit Hill basin, . . .
. S15
72 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
TP or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1205
North outcrop of Bull Run basin, 1120
South outcrop of Bull Run, (Foster's Tunnel) basin, . . . .1360
f
O or Upper Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1160
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 920
South outcrop of Greenv/ood basin, 1110
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 1020
Bottom of Lansford basin, ISO
South outcrop of Lansford basin, 1070
Through Herring'' s Hollow, Tunnel No. {Fostef s Tunnel,) and Dry Hollo lo Slojde.
This section is constructed through Herring's Hollow, No. 6 or Dry Hollow slope, and Tunnel No. 2 (Foster's Tunnel), and the pillar separating the Mammoth workings of Tunnel No. 8 on the east from the Greenwood Mammoth workings on the west. The bearing of the plane of this section is S. 15° 40' E., and its distance from the plane of section No. 8, 5,925'. In the distance between these two sections an important change takes jilace in the geological structure. The anticlinal and basin which are cut in Foster's tunnel appear to be local rolls on the south side of the Bull Run basin. Although flexures of considerable importance at this tunnel, they seem to commence west of Tunnel No. 9, and end probably, somewhere in the vicinity of breaker No.
The extreme eastern anticlinal and basin in this section have in each case been designated by the name Dry Hollow. In reality the Dry Hollow anticlinal is so intimately connected with the Summit Hill anticlinal that it is hard to make a distinction between them. By a study of the structure of the Mammoth bed, as shown by the contours on Mine sheet No. HI, it will be observed that there is an important distinction to be made between thes,e anticlinals. The Dry Hollow basin of section No. 9 dies out to the east
Cross-Section No. 9.
Aa. 73
before reaching section No. 8, and the Summit Hill basin of section No. 8 dies out to the west before reaching section No. 9. The anticlinal which separates the Dry Hollow basin from the Bull Hun basin west, of section No. 9, would appear to be the same flexure as that wliich separates the Summit Hill basin from the Dry Hollow basin west between sections Nos. 8 and 9. Reference has already been made to the structuie at this point in the description of the anticlinals and basins. (See pages 32 and 33. ) Another jiointof special interest, shown in this section, is the small anticlinal roll in the center of the Greenwood basin, as proven by the prospecting works in the F bed. This is apparently the same roll which was cut in Tunnel No. 8, and which is shown in section No. 10 in Tunnel No. 10. The intervals between the coal beds have been accurately measured in Foster's tunnel, and are shown in the following section.
Section No. 12.— Columnar Section Sheet No. I. — Tunnel
Rock.
Coal beds. Total.
6"
to 76'
6"
6"
to 109'
6"
6" tr> lia'
to 223'
6"
to 320'
6"
to 324'
6"
to 464'
6"
6" to 474'
to 584'
to 609'
Total thicknes.s of rock, .
Total thickness of coal beds.
Elevations of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No. 9.
Mammoth Bed,
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, Bottom of Greenwood basin,
Top of Shaft anticlinal,
Bottom of Lansford basin,
Top of Coaldale aniiclinal,
74 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburn'Er.
Bottom of Bull Run basin 690
Top of Foster Tunnel anticlinal, 330
Bottom of Foster's Tunnel basin, iSO
Bottom of Dry Hollow basin, 55
South outcrop of Dry Hollow basin, 1395
For Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1130
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 960
South outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1060
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 1050
Bottom of Lansford basin, . — 250
North outcrop of Dry Hollow basin, 1276
Bottom of Dry Hollow basin, 785
South outcrop of Dry Hollow basin, 1348
Tltrough Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11.
Section No. 10 passes through Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11. The plane of the section has a bearing of S. 19° E. and is 4,775' west of section No. 9. The points of special interest shown by this section, are the probable commencement of an anticlinal roll on the north side of the Dry Hollow basin, which to the west develoiis into the Tamaqna anticlinal and basin, and the overturn of the strata in Tunnel No. 10, between the south dip of the Red Ash bed in the Lansford basin and the small anticlinal in the center of the Greenwood basin, already referred to in the description of sections Nos. 8 and 9. The force which has overturned these strata has apparently squeezed out entirely the Red Ash bed on the south side of the Greenwood basin. No bed was cut at this point, representative of the F bed. The anticlinal roll in the center of the Greenwood basin was proven, on either side, to a considerable depth by a slope driven down on the bed. The force which has contorted the strata associated with the Red Ash bed in the Greenwood basin, seems to have affected the underlying Mammoth bed. Exploring works which have been made here, and which have been projected on to the plane of the section, show great irregularity in the lay of the Mammoth bed.
Cross-Section No. 10.
Aa. 75
A trial hole was sunk 70' to the G bed, near the center of the Dry Hollow anticlinal, a quarter of a mile in front of the mouth of Tunnel No. 11. A careful measurement was made of the rocks cut by Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11 ; they are shown in a vertical column as below :
Section No. 13 — Columnar Section Sheet No. I— Tunnel No. 10.
Rock.
Coal beds. Total. 10' to 10'
to 93'
to 103'
to 119'
to 129' 6"
to 171' 6"
to 191' 6"
to 206' 1"
1' 7" to 207' 8"
to 212' 8 '
to 218' 2"
to 219' 2"
to 231' 2"
to 233' 2"
to 405' 2"
to 409' 5"
( 18. Coal, soft and shelly, . . .
to 413 7"
to 416' 10"
22. CoA L, slaty and bony, . . ,
3' 5" to 4'20' 3'
Q
3' 5" to 423' 8"
w
3' 5" to 427' 1"
o
to 434' 7"
S
o
to 442' 7"
a
§
2' 5" to 447' 5 '
32. Coal, slaty and bony, . . . .
r 6"
to 450' 11"
4' to 454' 11"
to 456' 11"
Total thickness of rock, .
" " " coal beds.
3' to 459' 11"
The total thickness of this bed given on Columnar section sheet No. I is 50 2 j the thicknesses ot the individual benches of coal are not given on the sheet.
Red Ash Coal Bed No. 2*.
76 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Section No. N — Columnar Section Sheet No. II-
nel No. 11.
-Tun-
.Strata,
to
Sandstone and soft rock, . .
to
Slate and sandstone,
13P
to
Slate,
to
Coal bed,
to
Slate seam,
Rock,
to
Conglomerate,
to
6"
Dirt seam, ...
6"
to
Rock,
to
Slate,
to
Strata,
to
Coal bed,
to
Rock,
to
Coal bed,
to
.Strata, 1 . . .
to
Slate,
to
Red Ash coal bed No. 1, .
,
to
Strata,
to
Strata,
to
8"
Coal,
to
8"
Dirt and soft coal,
to
9"
Coal, good and hard,. . . .
to
9"
Bone and coal,
to
9"
Coal, good,
to
9"
Dirt,
to
3"
Coal, good,
to
3"
Dirt,
to
7"
Coal, good,
to
3"
Strata,
to
Coal bed,
to
.Strata,
to
3"
Strata,
to
2"
Mammoth coal bed, . . .
to
.Sandstone,
to
8"
Strata,
to
6"
D Coal Bed,
to
5"
Total thickness of rock, .
" " " coal bed, 113' 4"
Elevations of Mammoth Bed in Plane of Section No. 10.
North outcrop of Greenwood basin, 1125
Bottom of Greenwood basin, 410
Top of Shaft anticlinal 610
The thickness of this bed on Columnar section sheet No. II is 18'. members of the bed are not given on the sheet.
The
Cross-Section No. 11.
Aa. 77
Bottom of Lansford basin, — 6S5
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, SOO
Bottom of Bull Run basin, — 650
Top of Dry Hollow anticlinal, 6S5
Bottom of Dry Hollow basin, — 30
South outcrop " " " 1370
Through Tunnel of Greenwood Slope No. and Tunnel
No. 11 workings.
This section passes through the tunnel of Greenwood slope No. 2, which connects the Mammoth with the Red Ash workings, and has a bearing of S. 22° E. The distance of the plane of this section from that of No. 10 is 4900'.
Very few facts could be obtained in the center of the valley along the line of this section, so that the structure here is uncertain. The section through the tunnel of Greenwood slope No. 2, as well as the workings in the E or Mammoth bed from the same slope, clearly define the structure of the E, Cross Cut, and D beds (splits of the Mammoth bed) along the line of section. The structure, as represented upon the section, would be judged very fanciful, if it were not for the facts which prove it.
In the following sections, measured iu Greenwood Tunnel, the character of the strata between the coal beds is not given.
Section No. 15 — Columnar Section Sheet No. II — Greenwood Tunnel {mouth to Mammoth hed.)
Rock.
Coal beds.
Total.
to
to
o
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
On Mine sheet No. Ill the line of tlie section is not drawn through the tunnel as it should be. This is an error in the printing.
78 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Coal bed,
to
Strata,
to
to
Total tlilckness of rock, . .
" " coal beds, .
Section No. 16 — Columnar Section Sheet No. II — Greenwood Tunnel {Mammoth {E) bed, to C bed.)
Rock.
Coal beds.
Total.
Mammoth Coal bed,
8"
to
8"
Sandstone,
to
Slate,
to
5"
Cross-cut coal bed,
3"
to
8"
Slate, ,
to
D Coal Bed,
5"
to
4"
Strata,
to
5"
Strata,
to 196'
1"
Strata,
to 231'
5"
C Coal Bed,
5"
to 239'
Total thickness of rock, . .
" " coal beds,
9"
Elevations of Mammoth Bed. in Plane of Section No. 11.
North outcrop Greenwood basin, 1275
Bottom of Lansford basin, — 680
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, H5
Bottom of Bull Run basin, — 615
Top of Dry Hollow anticlinal, 225
Bottom of Tamaqua basin, — S90
Top of Tamaqua anticlinal, — 165
Bottom of Sharp Mountain basin, — 535
South outcrop Sharp Mountain basin, 1280
Along the Little Schuylkill Piver, showing the structure of the Pottsville Conglomerate No. XII in the Locust and Sharp Mountain Gaps at Tamaqua.
This section, which has been known by the name of Tamaqna, shows the structure on the eastern side of the Little Schuylkill river between the Mauch Chunk Red Shale outcrops north of Locust Mountain and south of Sharp Mountain respectively. A careful survey of this locality was made,
Cross-Section No. 12.
Aa. 79
and the facts obtained were incorporated with those already in the possession of the L. C. & N. Co., together with those contained in a section constructed by the First Gfeological Survey, and one by Mr. W. R. Symons of Pottsville. The general structure in all these sections is somewhat similar. Important modifications have, however, been made in the details, which make the exact position of the anticlinal and synclinal axes, and the depths of the basins, slightly different from those represented upon sections previously constructed. In 1852 and 1853 the examination which had previously been made by the First Greological Survey, was critically revised by a careful topographical and geological survey in the vicinity of Tamaqua, and a section was constructed, which is contained upon Plate 1 of the final report. At that time many of the coal beds were visible in openings which have since fallen shut, and many facts were obtained relating to the thickness and character of the coals, which it has been impossible for the present Survey to procure. The detailed description of the Tamaqua section is given in Mol. 2, Chaj)ter 3, of the final report, to which the reader is referred.
The structure of the Mammoth bed, shown by the contours on Mine sheet No. Ill, has been defined from measurements taken directly from section No. 12. The structure, which is so clearly defined by both the section and map, needs no further explanation. In the final report a comparison will be made between this section and those above referred to. There is a total columnar thickness of rocks in this section above the A bed of 1903', with 120' of coal ; below the A bed and down to what has been considered to be the top of the Mauch Chunk Red Shale, there is a vertical thickness of slate, sandstone, and conglomerate of 1165 . rile character and thickness of these strata are given in the following columnar sections :
Section No. 17 .—(Jolumnar Section Sheet No. II.—Lansford Basin {Lemn' s Slope.)
1. Slate and slaty sandstone, . .
Rock. . 35'
Coal beds. Total.
to 35' to 36'
80 A A. Kepokt Of Pkogkess. C. A. Ashburner.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to 1058'
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
—
to
to
to
to
Total thickness of rock, . .
" " coal beds, .
Section No. 1+0 — Columnar Section Sheet No. II—FotCmlle Conglomerate No. XII in the Locnd Mountain Gap.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
2. Conglomerate, 115' to 115'
3. A COAL BED, 16' to 131'
4. Conglomerate, 40' to 171'
Cross-Sfx'Tion
No. 12.
Aa
to
Conglomerate, at intervals, , . .
to
Coal,, . . . .
trace.
Conglomerate, at intervals, . . . .
to
Slate and slaty sandstone, . . . .
to
Coal,
trace.
Conglomerate and sandstone, . ,
to
Concealed,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Concealed. Some red shale, . . .
to
Conglomerate, .
to
Red and olive shale and shaly sandstone
,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Shale,
to
Sandstone, fine-grained and compact
,
Mauch Chunk Red shale No. XI.
to
Total thickness of rock, . .
" " coal beds, . .
No limit lias been assigned to top of the Pottsville Conglomerate No. XII in the Panther Creek basins.
Section No. 50 — Columnar Section Sheet No. IT—Pottsoille Conglomerate No XII in the Sharp Mountain gap.
Rock.
Total.
Buck Mountain coal bed.
Conglomerate and sandstone.
to
Concealed,
to
Nut conglomerate,
to
Concealed, . .
to
Conglomerate and sandstone.
to
7,
Conglomerate and sandstone
exposed at
intervals,
to
Concealed,
to
5S0'
Conglomerate,
to
Concealed,
to
Conglomerate,
to
Concealed. .Some red shale, .
to
Conglomerate, at intervals.
to
Concealed. Some red shale, .
to
Conglomerate,
to
Mauch Chunk Red shale No. XT.
Elevation of Coal Beds in Plane of Section No II.
Mammoth Bed.
North outcrop of Lansford basin, 970
Bottom of Lansford basin, goo
82 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, — 310
Bottom of Bull Run basin, — 510
Top of Dry Hollow anticlinal, — Sji.0
Bottom of Tamaqua basin, — 970
Top of Tamaqua anticlinal, — 140
Bottom of Sharp Mountain basin, — 720
South outcrop " " " 985
F or Lower Red Ash Bed.
North outcrop of Lansford basin (Levan's Slope,) 900
Bottom of Lansford basin, — 630
Top of Coaldale anticlinal, — 30
Bottom of Bull Run basin, — 290
Top of Dry Hollow anticlinal, — 20
Bottom of Tamaqua basin, — 700
Top of Tamaqua anticlinal, 245
Bottom of Sharp Mountain basin, — 445
South outcrop, " " " 950
Chapter IV.
1. Identification of the Panther CreeJc coal beds ; 2. Third Upper Red Ash bed ; 3. Secotid Upper Red. Ash bed ; 4- First Upper Red Ash bed; 5. Second Twin beds ; G. First Twin beds 7. Jock bed; 8. Washington bed; 0 G or Upper Red Ash bed ; 10. F or Lower Red Ash bed ; 11. Ma.inmoth bed; 12. C bed. ; 13. B {Buck Mountain) bed ; 11. A bed ; 15. Lykens Valley beds
1. Identification of the Panther Creek coal beds.
The identification of the coal beds in the Panther Creek basin is a geological jroblem, as important in its economical bearing as is the determination of the structure of the coal basins.
Every coal bed which has been cut has been carefully examined, a section of the bed has been measured, and the character of the coal and of the accompanying rocks compared with similar features at other oj>enings, and in most cases a conclusion has been arrived at as to the relationship existing between the different beds.
The assistantsof the First Geological Survey made a careful study of the coals in this basin, and conclusions were reached by them as to the identity of the beds, which seemed to be proven by the facts which could at that time be had. Some of these conclusions have been verified, others have been either disproved or have had some doubt thrown upon their correctness, by subsequent developments. The relationship of the beds is so entirely dependent ujon an accurate solution of the geological structure of the coal basins, that any change in the cross-sections, rendered necessary from additional facts obtained through an extension of the areas mined, must necessarily affect the conclusions as to the identity of the beds.
This same question was one to which Mr. Rothwell, in
84 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asitburner.
liis report on tlie Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company's jnoperty in 1809, gave considerable attention. In this report certain conclusions are indicated, if not actually stated as such, as to the identity of the beds. Some of them have since proved to be in error ; yet it is due to the assistants of the First Survey, as well as to Mr. Roth well, that credit should be given them for reaching so many conclusions, which have l)een proved by recent developments and which at the time they were made seemed to be bold hypotheses.
It is impossible within the scope of this report to give this question the consideration that its importance demands. A thoomgh discussion of all the points involved must be deferi'ed until the linal report.
The names assigned to the coal beds, on Columnar section sheets Nos. I, II, and III, are those which have been locally used. No attempt has been made to suggest a more systematic naming of the beds, or to change the name of a bed, where its identity with another bed similarly named is quite uncertain, or even actually disproved by the facts at present available.
In ilacing the sections on sheet No. I, the F bed in each section has been placed horizontally opposite the F bed in the adjoining sections, the most eastern section being on the left hand side of the sheet, and following in regular order toward the west end of the basin. This ari'angement, while a convenient one for general reference, is probably not the best for a clear definition of the structure, from the fact that the sections measured on either side of the basin have been indiscriminately placed, whereas there are certain marked differences in the structure of the coal measures along Locust Mountain, and Sharp Mountain, which would seem to make it desirable to group the sections on either side of the basin by themselves. A comparison of the sections in this way will be made in the final report. At present it is only proposed to make general reference to the coal bed sections wliich have been measured, giving a description of the individual beds, in order to assist the engineer or geologist to a better understanding of the general conclusions which are indicated upon the sheets, and
Paxtiiek Cheek Coal Beds.
Aa. 83
Avhich. have been made use of in obtaining the results contained in the tables, showing the amount and distribution of the available coal in tlie Panther Creek basin.
In consequence of the sinking of the basins of the Panther Creek valley toward the west, from Mauch Chunk to Tamaqua, the geologically highest and most recent coal beds are found in the vicinity of Tamaqua, where the basins are the deepest. An idea as to the distribution of the coal beds under the valley, may be had from the columnar sections placed on the margin of the mine sheets, which represent in a general way the coal measures and coal beds embraced within the area covered by each sheet.
Third Upper Red Ash Bed.
The highest coal bed, known to exist, is what has been named the Third Upper Red, Ash bed, being the highest of the three beds composing the Upper Red Ash group.*
This coal is reported to have been found on the northern side of the Lansford basin immediately east of Tamaqua.
*The names assigned to the groups of coal beds and to the individual beds of the sections accompanying Mine sheet No. Ill are those which are used in Rogers' final report. I consider that these names are not well applied and are confusing in comparing this section with others. This may be noticed in the series of sections placed upon the general map of the coal fields (Miscellaneous sheet No. II), where it will be observed that the names affixed to this section (section No. 10) have no corresporideiice, with the exception of the Mammoth bed, with those of the section of the coal measures in the Pottsville basin on the one side, or those designating the strata of the Shamokin basin on the other side. After the coal beds, throughout the whole region have been identified, as well as it may be possible, at the time of the completion of the Anthracite Survey, I hope to be able to propose some system for naming the beds which will render any two sections, however distant, readily comparable. What may prove to be the best system of designating the beds, it would be premature now to surmise. It is probable, however, that the simplest system which could be proposed, and which would steer clear of the difficulties at present encountered in making comparisons, would be to number the coal beds in regular order from the bottom up. If after such a system should have been adopted, other coal beds should be discovered, intermediate between those which have consecutive numbers, it might be well to give them the number of the bed next below, with a letter affixed as an index. Thus : If other coal beds should be discovered intermediate between coal beds Nos. 1 and 2, subsequent to the time wlien these latter beds should have been numbered, the lowest of these newly discovered beds could be called L', the second 1'', the third <fec.
86 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
It is l)Qt one foot thick, and dips at an angle of 80° S. It will i)robably never ])rove workable.
This bed has been prospected on in the same basin, and is sei)arated from the above bed by 63' of rock. It is reported to be 3' feet thick; notidng, iiowever, is known as to whether it will prove workable.
If.. First Upper Red Ash Bed,.
This bed is separated from the second by 106' of rock. It is reported to be 4' thick, although not proved sufficiently, to suppose that this may be taken as its average thickness.
The coal beds from the Second Twin to tlie F or Lower Red Ash inclusive, comprise the Lower Red Ash group.
These beds are said to have been opened near water level at Tamaqua, and to have shown a thickness of 2' each, with an interval of 13' between ; 158' of strata intervene between them and the First Upper Red Ash bed.
G. First Twin Beds.
The section of these beds is similar to those of the Second Twin beds, 128' of strata lying between the two. Nothing is certainly known as to either the permanent thickness of the beds, or the character of the coal.
The information which can be liad, relative to all these coal beds, is very meager, and nothing is positively known as to whether the beds could be mined, or what they could be expected to produce. In estimating the total original coal contents of the Panther Creek basin it has been computed that tliese coals would produce 11.000,000 tons; if the Second Red Ash bed could be depended upon containing 1' of clean marketable coal ; the First Red Ash bed 2' ; and the First and Second Twin beds 2' each, throughout their entire areas. On account of the uncertainty of the information relating to these coals, this tonnage has not
Panther Creek Coal Beds.
Aa. 87
been included in the statement of the total contents of the basin.
This bed was cut in Greenwood tunnel ISo. 1 on the south side of the Lansford basin, and was at one time ojoened on its outcrop on the same side of the basin near Taniaqua. The bed has been considered to range between 6' and 7' thick. It is estimated that it contains 3' of coal. It underlies 700-[- acres on Mine sheet No. II, and 1245-|- acres on Mine sheet No. III. If the bed can be depended upon containing 3' feet of coal under these areas, its contents would amount in the aggregate to 18,153,490* tons of coal.
This bed has been located immediately under the Jock in Greenwood tunnel No. 1, at Taniaqua. It measures 3' in thickness, and may be considered to contain at a minimum V of clean coal. It underlies 1,083 acres on Mine sheet No. II and 1,796 acres on Mine sheet No. Ill, containing in the aggregate, 8,940,331* tons.
This bed is geologically the highest coal bed which has been mined to any extent in the Panther Creek basin. It has been worked in a drift at Nesquehoning, on the north dip of the Greenwood basin ; from Tunnel No. 1 on the south dip of the same basin ; from Tunnel No. 9 on the north dip of the Bull Run basin ; and from the old Levan's slope at Tamaqua, where a tunnel was driven from the foot of the slope in the F bed to the G bed. In the drift workings, above referred to, the bed measured T thick, with 5' of coal ; and on the south dip of the Greenwood basin, in Tun -
*On account of the variable factors entering into the computation of the marketable contents of a coal bed, it would be quite sufficient, for all practical purposes, to state the aggregate tonnage of coal contained, in units of one hundred thousand or one million tons. I have, however, given the results exactly as computed, from the fact that in the tables published in Chapter VI all the factors used are recorded, and the accuracy of the Survey's computatation can be better tested, or the result changed bt" a use of different factors, when the exact result obtained by the Survey is stated.
88 Axl. KEPoirr of progress, c. a. asiiburner.
nel No. 1, 5', with 3' of coal. The bed seems to be badly rolled and pinched at other points on Mine sheet No. I, where it has been cut by Tunnels Nos. 1 and 2 ; so that, in computing the total original contents of the area contained on Mine sheet No. I, an average thickness Avas assigned to the bed of 5', with only 2/ of coal. On Mine sheet No. II the bed has l)een cut in Tunnels Nos. 5, 6, and 7. Its thickness at these points varies from 6' in Tunnel No. 6 to 16' in Tnnnel No. 7, on the soutli dip of the Greenwood basin. The average thickness of the bed on this sheet has been taken to be 6', Avith 3' of coal. On Mine sheet No. Ill the bed has been cut in Tunnels Nos. 8, 10, and 11 ; in Greenwood tunnel, and in front of Levan's slope, as already stated. On this sheet the bed varies in thickness from 4' at GreeiiAvood tunnel to 10' in Tunnel No. -8. The average for the sheet has been taken to be O', Avith 3' of coal. The total original contents of this bed in the entire basin are estimated at 36,748,163 tons. The G bed underlies 09 acres on Mine sheet No. I; 1,044 acres on Mine sheet No. II; and 2,347 acres on Mine sheet No. III. In Tunnel No. 11, and No. 2 or Foster's Tunnel a bed Avas cut AAdiich has been locally named Red Ash Bed No. 1, lying betAveen the G, and the F or LoAver Red Ash beds. In the former tunnel this bed is reported to be 12' and in the latter 7' thick. It has been extensively mined from Tunnel No. 11 ; the average thickness of the bed through this mine being stated as 9' Avith 4' of coal. It is estimated that over 71,000 tons of coal have l)een taken from it, at this point. The true identity of the bed between the F, and what has been considered to be the G bed, at the Avestern end of the basin, I do not think has been firmly established. It is questionable whether the name of "G bed" has been assigned to its true representative in this locality. Special reference Avill be made to this in the final report.
In computing the tonnages given in Table No. 1, this bed (Red Ash No. 1) is not considered, as it is not knoAvn over what area the bed can reasonal)ly be exi)ected to exist. The total oi'iginal contents, which is there given, Avould be
Panther Creek Coal Beds.
A A. 89
considerably augmented, if estimates had been made for this bed
Next to the Mammoth, this has proved to be the most important bed which has been opened in the Panther Creek basin. It has been most extensively mined at Nesquehoning and Greenwood. It varies verv much in thickness. The greatest lohich has heen recorded is 17' 7", in the gangway driven west from Tunnel No. 11. On Mine sheet Nos. I & II this bed has been mined from Tunnels Nos. 1 & 2, slopes Nos. 2 & 3, and shaft No. 1. All of these workings are embraced within what is known as Nesquehoning colliery No. 3. The average thickness of the bed for this sheet has been taken as 13', with 9' of coal. So many measurements of the bed were obtained over a wide area, and on different sides of the several basins, on sheet No. I, that 9' is believed to be the minimum thickness which could justly be assigned to the bed. It is probable that the estima te made of the coal contained on sheet No. II is too low, as the bed there has been assumed to contain on an average o' of coal. On this sheet the F bed has been mined from Tunnels Nos. 6, 7, and 9. Although the sections of the bed measured show as high as 9' of coal, areas have been developed where the bed is either unworkable, from containing too much slate, or is pinched out. At Tunnel No. 6, where the bed has been extensively worked, a gangway was driven 3200' in the bed, where the coal was faulted. What coal was found here was too poor to mine. In view of the possibility of the bed being faulted over other areas on this sheet, the average thickness of coal for the sheet has been taken to be 5'. On Mine sheet No. Ill, the F bed has been opened at Tunnels Nos. 8, 10, and 11, and at Greenwood. It has been found to be very regular throughout the Greenwood and No. 10 workings. An average of 9' of coal has been assigned to the bed on sheet No. III. The estimated total oiigimil contents of the F bed for the entire basin is 130,379,486 tons, underlying 314 acres on Mine sheet No. I, 2,288 acres on sheet No. II, and 3,039 acres on sheet No. III. Up to
90 AA. llEroRT OF progress. C. a. ASIIBURNER.
the 1st of January, 1883, there had been mined from this bed 5,075,141 tons, so fhat at that time tliere remained 124,704,345 tons to be mined.
A numlier of sections of tlie bed have been measured in detail, and have been of great value in deciding what thickness of bed, and of coal contained, could be taken as an average for a colliery, or a part of a colliery. Of these sections, the following have been placed on Columnar section sheet No. Ill :
Section No. 35. — Greenioood
Colliery.-
No
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
—
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total tliickuess of bed, . .
Section No. Ii.O. — Tunnel No. 11. —
West gangway.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
3. Coal, good and hard, . . .
,
to
to
1—
O
4"
to
Total refuse,
Total coal, . ...
,
Total thickness of bed,
Section No. Jt-1. — Tunnel No. 11. — 136T lost of Tunnel.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
V to
r 1" to
3. Coal, good and hard, . . .
6"
to
to
8" to
Total refuse,
Total coal.
Total thickness of bed, . .
Panther Creek Coal P.Eds.
Aa. 91
Section A"o. — Tunnel No. 9. — >55' west of Tunnel.
Refuse. Coal. Total.
Coal, good,
to
Dirt and slate,
to
Coal, good,
to
Bone,
to
Coal, good,
o
Total refuse, . . . . Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, , . 8' 6"
Section No. If. — Nesquelioning Tannel No. 2. — 2dJi.9' lost
of Tunnel.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
Bone and dirt,
. V 6"
to
r
6"
Coal, good, hard,
to
3"
Slate and bone,
to
Coal, hard,
6"
to
Coal, soft,
to
3"
Dirt,
6"
to
9"
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed.
/
9"
The following table gives the average thickness of the P bed, and of coal contained, in the mines of the Panther Creek basin, commencing at tlie eastern end :
Nesquelioning Colliery No. 3.
Coal Coal con-bed
. tained.
Tunnel No. 1 S. Dip Hell Kitchen basin, 12 9
" " " overturned dip Hell Kitchen basin, 10 6
Tunnels Nos. 1 and 2, Shaft No. 1, Slope No. 2, N.and
S. dips of Greenwood basin, 12 9
Tunnel No. 1 N. dip of Lansford basin No. 2, ... 12 8
Tunnels Nos. 1 and 2 N. dips of Lansford basin No. 1, 17 12
Tunnel No. 2 S. dip of Lansford basin No. 2, 12 9
Slope No. 3 S. dip of Hell Kitchen basin 14 10
No. 5 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 5, N. dip of Bull Run basin, 10 4
No. 6 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 6, S. dip of Greenwood basin 9 7
No. 7 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 7, S. dip of Greenwood basin, 9 6
No. 8 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 8, S. dip of Greenwood basin, 9 4
92 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
No. 9 Colliery.
Tunnels Nos. 9 and 3, N. dip of Bull Run basin, . . 9 7
No. 11 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 11, N. dip of Sharp Mtn. basin (Red Ash
Tunnel No. 11, N. dip of Sharp Mtn. basin (Red Ash
Greenwood Colliery.
Levan's Slope, S. dip of Lansford basin, 12 10
The following sections have been measured and reported of the Red Ash bed No. 1 in Tunnel No. 11 :
Section No. 3G. — Tunnel No. 11. — 1500' east of Tunnel.
Refu.%e.
Coal.
Total.
to 2' 6"
to 3' 6"
to 4' 4"
to 8' 7"
6"
to 9' 1"
Total refuse,
" coal,
" thickness of bed,. . .
Section No. 37. — Tunnel No. 11.-
-East ffangioaif.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
Co
8"
to
i 8' 10"
Total refuse,.
8"
" coal, .
" thickness of bed, . ,
Section No. 38, Ttmnel No. 11.
West gangway.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
to
4. Coal, good and hard. Bottom
Bench,
6"
to
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, . .
Pajtiieu Cheek Coal Beds.
Aa. 93
Section jYo. 39,
Tunnel No
'. 11.
Refiise.
Coal.
Total.
Goal, good,
r
to
Dirt and slate,
to
Coal, good,
to
Bone,
to
Coal, good,
to
6"
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, . .
6"
Tlie most important of all the anthracite coal beds is what has been generally named, the Mammoth bed. Although it is found to undergo many changes in its thickness, and the alternation of its numerous coal benches with bony coal, slate, and sandstone, and as to the character of the coal which it will produce, which sometimes make it difficult to recognize it, yet it possesses many features and characteristics which are peculiar to it in almost every locality where it has been opened, and which make it the most easily* recognized geological horizon of any in the Carboniferous formation of the anthracite region.
This bed is sometimes found to exist as one bed of coal, the benches of which are not separated b}" more than two or three feet of slate or bony coal. These separating layers are more frequently only a few inches thick and vary very much as to number. This feature can be observed by glancing at the sections of the Mammoth bed on Columnar section sheet Ao. III. At one place in the old (parry workings at Summit Hill, where the bed measures o3' V thick, as many as 20 separate la5"ers of slate and bony coal were contained in the bed, having an aggregate thickness of 12' 10". Some of these slate layers are continuous over
*This word is used here in a comparative sense. It is easy to trace some of the coal beds and associated strata through very limited areas.
In the bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania, I find that it is easy to trace and identify any of the coal beds there as compared with the coal beds of the anthracite region. Tne Mammoth bed, however, of all the anthracite beds, is the one which can be most readily traced and identified from point to point over the entire coal fields. There may be other beds which are easier to trace locally, but certainly none can be more readily identified in all of the anthracite basins.
94 Aa. Iiepoiit Of Progress. C. A-. Asiiburner.
wide areas, and are oftentimes easily identified from point to point by the experienced miner. When studied in connection with the immediately associated coal benclies, they form valuable clews, in determining in what part of the bed mining is being carried on. This is very important in some cases, where the separating slate becomes locally thickened and it becomes important to know whether the whole face of the coal bed is being mined, or whether thei'e might not be another bench of good coal above or below those which are being worked. As a rule these rvidely separated coal benches or splits rarely number more than four, usually three, sometimes only two. In most parts of the region they are best known as the top, middle, and bottom splits of the Mammoth bed ; in other cases they are called members or benches of the Mammoth, and sometimes have different names assigned to them, as in the case of the Wyoming basin, where the bottom split is called the Bennett, and the top the Cooper bed. In the Panther Creek basin, where the Mammoth bed undergoes this change, the different members are called E or Top Split, Cross-Cut or Middle Split, and D or Bottom Split. In this basin the name Mammoth is generally assigned only to what in reality is its top split. In Bogers' final report'' reference is made to the tendency of the Mammoth bed to split into benches which become widely sex)arated, and conclusions are reached which are quite untenable. Special reference will be made to this in my final report.
Tlie Mammoth has been more extensively mined than any other of the Panther Creek coals. Eighty-eight (88) per cent, of the total coal removed has been from the Mammoth bed. The number of tons of coal mined from the several splits in the different parts of the basin may be ascertained by reference to the tables. The Mammoth bed underlies 495 acres on Mine sheet No. I ; 2,817 acres on sheet No. II ; and 3,532 acres on sheet No. III. It is estimated that this bed in the Panther Creek basin originally contained 572,370,108 tons of coal, and that 47,826,441 tons have been removed up to January 1, 1883, so that there still remains to be mined
Panther Creek Coal Beds.
Aa. 95
about 91.5 per cent, of the total original contents. This is a low estimate, in view of the fact that the Mammoth bed is supposed to contain only 23' of coal on Mine sheet iS'o. I, and 2/ on Mine sheets Nos. II and III. The thickest section of the Mammoth bed which lias been measured in this district, or in fact as yet in the Anthracite Region, is 114 2" at a point 4,017' west of the inside slope of Tunnel No. 9 (Section No. 20, sheet No. III). This is an abnormal thickness and cannot be taken to represent what the bed can be expected to maintain over any area.*
Seventeen sections of the Mammoth bed have been carefully measured in the different mines of tlie Leliigh Coal and Navigation Co. to show the alternation of coal and slate in the lied. These sections have been constructed in vertical columns on a scale of 10' 1", and may be found on Columnar section sheet No. III. They are as follows :
Section No. IS.—Nesquehouinrf Slope No. 3.~East side.
Refuae.
Coal. Total.
to 16'
Total refuse,
Total coal. . .
Total thickness of bed.
.
Section No. 19. — Nesquelioning Slope
No. 3. — 5p5T lost
of Tunnel.
Refuse.
Coal. Total.
1. Coal, good and hard , . . . .
9' 2" to 9' 2"
8' 5" to 17' 7'
to 23' 7"
to 28' 7"
Total refuse, .
" coal,
" thickness of coal.
There are other places in the coal fields where the bed has been considered to be even thicker than at this point, but in every case to which my attention has been called, where a greater thickness was claimed, the bed has been folded on itself. Mr. Oliver Rhodes, formerly operator of the Shenandoah colliery, states that a short distance east of the underground slope the bed measures on a horizontal 300' thick. The top rock at this place dips 650 s. and the bottom rock 200 S. The actual thickness at this point perpendicular to the bedding may be fairly stated as between 150' and 200'. It is believed, however, that the bed is lapped on itself at this point, which would account for its excessive thickness.
96 AA. KErORT of I'ROGRESS. c. a. asiibukner.
Section No. 20. — Tunnel No. 9. — lost of inside
S Npe.
Refuse. Coal.
Total.
to 4'
to 6'
to 20'
to 34'
to 55'
to 77'
to 91'
to 96'
f
to 102' 6"
If 8"
to 114' 2"
Total refuse,
" coal,
" thickness of bed.
Section No. 21 — Tannel No. 9 —
east of inside Slope.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to 17' 4"
to 20' 6"
to 29' 10 '
to 33' 4"
to 38' 4 '
t
to 39'
to 40' 4"
to 44' 0"
to 46'
to 49' 2"
Total refuse, . . '
" coal,
" thickness of bed,
Section No. 22 — Tunnel No. o — East gangway
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to 7'
G'
to 13'
G'
to 19'
to 21'
to 24'
G. Slate,
to 24' 10"
to 32' 10"
Total refuse, 2 10"
" coal, 30'
" thickness of bed, ... 32' 10"
*See page 221.
Panther Crstek Goal Beds.
xVA. 97
Section No. S3 — Tunnel No. S — /i,S00' east of Slope.
Refuse. Coal.
Total. to 12'
to 18'
3. Coal, good, gray, clear, .
to 22'
to 25'
to 26'
fi. Slate,
to 27'
to 32'
5"
to 32' 5"
to 35' 5"
Total refuse,
'' coal,
" thickness of bed, .
Section No. SJj. — Tunnel No. S-
-fN9' east of Slope No
Refuse. Coal.
Total. to r
to 5'
to 17
to 20
to 29
to 35'
to 39'
to 42'
to 43'
to 44'
to 49'
5"
to 49' 5''
to 52' 5"
Total refuse,
" coal,
" thickness of bed,
Section No. S5. Tunnel No. 8.
Refuse. Coal.
Total. to 3'
to 4'
to 20'
4. Coal, gray, clear, good, .
to 31'
to 33'
to 36' 8"
to 37' 10"
to 41'
Total refuse, 20' 2"
Total coal, 20' 10"
Total thickness of bed, . . .
7 Aa.
98 AA. KEPom' of ppogress. c. a. asiibukner.
Section JVo. SG. Old Summit Hill Quarry.
lief use.
Coal.
'ratal.
Coal, with seams of slate and
black dirt,
4 to
Slate,
to
1"
Coal,
7"
Slate,
to
Coal,
9"
Slate,
2"
to
Coal,
Ip'
Slate and bony coal,
to
Ip
3"
Coal,
Slate,
to
Coal,
Slate,
5"
to
3
Coal,
8" to
Ip'
Slate,
6"
to
5"
Coal.
Slate and bony coal,
to
Coal,
Slate
1"
to
1"
Coal
2P
8"
Slate,
1"
to
2P
9"
Coal,
9"
Coal, bony,
7"
Slate and bone,
8"
to
Slate and bone,
to
U"
Coal
Slate,
2"
to
o"
Coal,
5"
Slate,
1"
to
6"
Coal,
8" to
2"
Slate,
4"
to
6"
4P
Slate,
4"
to
4P
4"
6" to
Slate, . . 1 Four-Foot 1
4"
to
2"
5" to
7"
to
7"
Co.YL, t .
3"
to
2"
Coal, J ' 1 . . .
P to
2"
Slate,
to
6"
Coal, Three Foot or Bot
TOM Bench,
1"
Total refuse,
Total coal, 40' 3 "
Total thickness of bed, ... 53' 1''
I'Antiier Creek Coal Beds
A A. 99
Section No. 27. — Dry Holtoio Slope.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
6" to
to
to
1" to
6" to
to
6" to
7" to
to
4"
to
4" to
6" to
to
1" to
to
9" to
to
7" to
to
to
to
to
6"
to
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, .
2"
Section No. 28. — Tunnel No. 9. —
West gangicay.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
4"
to
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, .
100 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Sectio/i ITo. 29. — Tunnel No. 9.— 3,926' west of inside Slope.
Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Coal, 4' 6" to 4' 6"
2. Blue slate, 2' to 6' 6"
3. Coal, poor, 22' to 28' 6"
4. Coal, poor, 18' to 46' 6"
5. Coal, good, 9' to 55' 6''
6. Coal, good, 7' 8" to 63 2"
7. Slate, 4' 8" to 67' 10"
8. Coal, soft, 4' 10'' to 72' 8"
Total refuse, 6' 8
Total coal, . . 66'
Total thickness of bed, ... 72' 8"
Section No. 20 — Tunnel No. 10.
Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Coal, soft and shelly, 3' to 3'
2. Dirt, . 1' 2" to 4' 2"
3. Coal, good, 2' 5" to 6' 7"
4. Blue slate, 10" to 7' 5"
5. Coal, slaty and bony, 3' 5" to 10' 10''
6. Coal, good, 3' 5" to 14' 3''
7. Coal, good, 3' 5" to 17' 8"
8. Coal, bony, . . 3' to 20' 8"
9. Coal, good, 3' to 23' 8"
10. Sulphur and dirt, 1' 6" to 25' 2"
11. Coal, good, 5' to 30' 2"
13. Coal and slate, 3' to 33' 2"
13. Coal, good, 2' 5" to 35' 7"
14. Coal, medium, 2' 5" to 38'
15. Coal, slaty and bony, 2' to 40'
16. Slate, 1' 6" to 41' 6"
17. Coal, good, 4' to 45' 6"
18. Slate and dirt, . 2' to 47' 6"
19. Coal, good, 3' to 50' 6"
Total refuse, 7'
" coal, 43' 6"
" thickness of bed, ... 50' 6''
Section No. 31— Tunnel No. 10, inside Slope— East gangloay
, 3d level.
Refuse. Coal. Total.
2. Coal, good, clear, . 7' 3" to 8' 3''
3. Coal, good, gray, 3' 3" to 11' 6"
4. Bone and slate, 1' 9" to 13' 3"
5. Slate, 10" to 14' 1'
6. Coal, good, 3 10" to 17' 11"
PANTHER CPvEEK COAL BEDS
A A. 101
7. Slate and dirt, 1' 1" to 19'
8. Coal, good, 3' to 22'
Total refuse, . 4' 8 '
" coal, 17' 4"
" thickness of bed, ... 22
Section No. 33. — Tunnel No. 11. — 1813' lost of Tunnel.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
Coal, good,
to 2'
Slate,
to 3'
6"
Coal,
to 5'
6"
Bone and dirt,
to 7'
Coal, good,
to 27
Slate,
to 28'
2"
Coal,
to 30'
2"
Slate,
to 30'
4"
Coal,
to 33'
Total refuse
" coal,
" thickness of bed,. .
Section No. 33. — Greemoood Colliery., Slope No. 3. — 650' west of inside Tunnel.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
to
to
to
to
T 6"
to
to
to
to
to
to
2o' 6"
to
Total refuse,
" coal, . , ...
" thickness of bed, .
Section No. 3Jf. — Greemoood Colliery.-
— Head, of Tunnel
east of Slope No. 1.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
8"
to
8"
to
to
to
102 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURiSrER.
Bone,
4"
to
7"
Coal,
to
2"
Dirt,
to
Coal, soft,
to
Total refuse,
" coal,
" thickness of bed, . .
As in the case of the F bed, other sections in detail have been measured of the MammotVi bed. The average thickness of coal contained has been carefully estimated for each colliery and for j)artsof collieries from all the measurements which have been made. These thicknesses of the bed and coal contained, in each case, are stated in the following table :
Coal Coal
Hackleharney Tunnel. bed. contained.
Tunnel and inside slope N. and S. dips Hell Kitchen
basin, 30' 24'
Nesquehoning Colliery No. 3.
Tunnel No. 1, Slope No. ],S. dip Hell Kitchen basin, 20' 16'
Tunnel Nos. 1 and 2, Shaft No. 1 and Slope No. 4,
N. and S. dip Shaft anticlinal, ... ... 34' 22'
Tunnel No. 1, N. dip Lansford basin No. 1, ... 30' 20'
Slope No. 3, S. dip Hell Kitchen basin, 20' 16'
No. 4 Colliery.
Slope No. 4, N. dip Bull Run basin, 42' 22'
No. 5 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 5 and Slope No. 7, N. and S. dips Bull Run basin and N. dip Lansford basin No. 1, . . 21' 12'
No. 6 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 6 and inside slope S. dip Greenwood
basin, . . . 50' 32'
No. 7 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 7, S. dip Greenwood basin, 45' 24'
No. 8 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 8 and inside slope S. dip of Greenwood
basin, 53' 29'
No. 9 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 9 inside slope and tunnels Nos. 3 and 4
N. dip Bull Run basin, 50' 25'
Summit Hill Colliery.
Average for the area worked by this colliery, . . 60' 45'
No. 10 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 10, inside slope and Greenwood Slope No. 2, S. dip and bottom of Greenwood basin, . 52' 30'
No. 11 Colliery.
Tunnel No. 11, N. dip of .Sharp Mountain basin, . 26' 12'
Tunnel No. 2 (Foster's,) N. dip Foster tunnel basin and S. dip Dry Hollow basin, 25' 14'
Pa-Ntiiek Cheek Coal Beds. Aa. 103
Greenwood Colliery.
Levan's drift and Greenwood Slope No. 4, S. dip of Lansford basin, ... 25' 18'
Greenwood Slope No. 1, S. dip of Lansford basin, 20' 15'
Slope No. 2, S. dip of Greenwood basin, 37' 20'
Sharp Mountain Colliery.
Slope, overturned N. dip Sharp Mountain basin, . 25' 16'
l.i. C Bed.
This bed has been mined to a very limited extent in the Panther Creek basin. The only place where it has been cut on sheet No. I is in Tunnel No. 1 at Nesqnehoning. The average thickness of the bed for the entire sheet has been taken as 4' G", with 3' of coaP On sheet No. II it has been opened in Tunnels No. G, 7, and 9. The average thickness on this sheet has been taken as 5', with 3' of coal. On sheet No. Ill the bed lias been opened at Tnimels Nos. 8, 10, and 11, and at Greenwood tunnel and Levan's drift. More is known of this bed in the area covered by sheet No. Ill than elsewhere. In Tuniiel No. 11, the bed has been named in the records of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company the D bed. At this point it has its maximum thickness of 17', with a thickness of coal ranging from 11' to 14'. Detail sections have been measured of this bed. The two following show the character of the bed in both the east and west
gangway.
Section No. Jf-J/.. — Tunnel No. 11. — East gangway.
Total refuse,
Total coal,
Total thickness of bed, . . .
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
6"
to
to
6"
to
to
6"
to
6"
Section No. JfS. — Tunnel No. 11. — T08B lost of Tunnel.
Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Coal, 3' 7" to 3' 7 '
2. Coal, 5' 5" to 9'
3. Slate 1' 6" to 10' 6"
4. Coal, . 5' 5" to 15' 11"
Total refuse,
Total coal.
Total thickness of bed, .
104 Aa. Report Of Progress. G. A. Asiieurner.
At Timnel No. 8 the bed has been locally called the
Crack" and is 4' thick ; at the Greenwood tunnel it is 8' thick. The average thickness for the sheet has been taken to be 11', with 8' of coal. It has been estimated that it underlies 638 acres on sheet No. I, 3,070 acres on No. II, and 3,729 acres, on sheet No. Ill, with a total original content of 128,256,560 tons ; 136,890 tons have been taken out of the bed at Greenwood and Sharp Mountain collieries.
This bed has been called in the Panther Creek Valley the Buck Mountain. It is to be questioned, however, whether what is known as the B bed everywhere in the Panther Creek basin is the true representative of the Buck Mountain bed. On Mine sheet No. I the bed has recently been shafted along its outcrop on the north dip of the Lansford basin No. 1, and on the north and south di]3s of the Mammoth anticlinal. The total length of outcrop which has here been explored is about two miles. The following are records* of a number of these trial shafts :
Trial Shaft No. 1.
Dip, S0° N.
Refufie.
Coal.
Total,
to
to
to
to
7Vial Shaft No. 2.
Dip, 81° N.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
to
to
G'
to
Trial Shaft No. 3.
Dip, 83° N.
Refuse.
Coal.
Total.
to
to
to
These records were reported July 3, 1882, by Mr. J. C. Rutter, mining engineer. They show a good workable coal bed; the explorations, however, are hardly extended enough to prove that they represent an average thickness of bed over any considerable area.
PAimiEU CUEEK COAL BEDS.
Aa. 105
Trial Shaft JTo. f
Dip, 85° N. Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Top Bench, Coal, 3' to 3'
2. Middle Bench, Coal, 6' to 9'
3. Slate and bone, 5' to 14'
4. Bottom Bench, Coal, 4' to 18'
Trial Shaft JTo. 5.
Dip, 85° N. Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Top Bench, Coal, 4' 6" to 4' 6 '
2. Middle Bench, Coal, 5' to 9' 6 '
3. Slate, 6" to 10'
4. Bottom Bench, Coal, 7 to 17'
Trial Shaft No. 6.
Dip, 85° N. Ref use. Coal. Total.
1. Top Bench, Coal, 3' 6" to 3' 6"
2. Middle Bench, Coal 4' to 7' 6"
3. Bone and slate, 4' to 11' 6"
4. Bottom Bench, Coal 6' to 17' 6"
Trial Shaft No. 7.
Dip, 85° N. Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Top Bench, Coal, 7' to 7'
2. Bone and slate, 4' to 11'
3. Bottom Bench, Coal, 6' to 17'
Trial Shaft No. 8.
Dip, 85° N. Refuse. Coal. Total.
1. Top Bench, Coal, 4' to 4'
2. Bone and slate, 5' to 9'
3. Bottom Bench, Coal, 6' to 15'
Trial Shaft No. 9.
Dip horizontal,
3. Slate, 5" j-o 9' 6 '
5. Bone, dirt and slate, 17' to 33' 6"
In shaft No. 9 a tliickness of 33' 6" was obtained. This, however, was right in the bottom of the Lansford basin, and is no doubt an excessive thickness. The niaxiiniiin thickness of the bed in this locality might be stated at 18'.
106 Aa. Kepokt Of Puogress. C. A. Asiibpuner.
The B l)ed has been mined in i)ut two localities in the Panther Creek basin : in the Hacklebarney tunnel, where it had an average thickness of 12', with 9' of coal, a.nd in Levan's drift, wliich is in the Locust Mountain gap, and is included in the Greenwood colliery, where its average thickness lias been reported as O', with 'S' of coal. On the south dip of the Hell Kitchen basin the bed seems to be badly faulted. The bed was cut in the Nesquehoning IL R. tunnel, where it is 14' thick, but only contains 2' of coal. The bed was shafted on south of Tunnel No. 11, where it was found to contain 5' of coal ; also on Sharp Mountain near the river, wliere it contained only 2' of coal. The average thickness assigned to the bed on Mine sheet No. I is 15', with 10' of coal ; on sheet No. II, 8', with 2' of coal, and on sheet No. Ill, 6', with 2' of coal. This is probably an underestimate of the actual thickness of coal to be found in the bed in the areas covered by sheets Nos. II and III. With these thicknesses it has been estimated that the total original contents of the l>ed was 71,954,700 tons, of which but 115,347 tons have been taken out.
A Bed.
Geologically this is the lowest coal bed that has been worked in the Panther Creek basin. It has been mined on both the east and west sides of the river in the Locust Mountain gap. The horizontal distance between this bed and the B bed, on the west side, is 202 feet and, on the east 260 feet. This interval is filled mostly by conglomerate ; the coal bed is also underlaid by conglomerate. The Locust Mountain drifts are closed, and it was impossible to examine the bed. It is reported however in the east drift to have measured as much as 16' thick. The average for the entire workings would probably not exceed 10' with 8' of coal.
Tlie A Ited has been opened on the outcrop at Nesquehoning tunnel No. 1 and is reported to contain but 1' of coal. It was also cut in the Nesquehoning R. R. tunnel but was found to be worthless. The average thickness of the bed for Mine sheet No. I has been taken as 3' with 1' of coal, for sheet II, 5' thick with 2' of coal, and for sheet
Contents Of Anthracite Coal Beds. Aa. 107
III, 7' thick with 4' of coal. On this basis the estimated original contents for the basin is 62,011,362 tons.
The question of the occurrence of these coal beds in the Panther Creek basin, with workable dimensions, is one of great uncertainty. Too few facts have been obtained upon which to base any conclusions. Tliat the beds, which have been opened in tlie Locust Mountain gap and which are shown in the Tamaqua section are the true representatives of the Lykens Valley beds there seems to be no donbt, but that they extend under the entire basin or are as thick or thicker than in the gap it is impossible to say.
Chapter Y.
1. Estimation of the Contents of the Anthracite coal beds ;
2. New Method, adopted by the Geological Survey ; 3.
Discussion of the errors invoiced in the New Meth.od ;
Jf. Development of the areas of the Goal beds in the
1. Estimation of the Contents of the Anthracite coed beds.
In view of the fact, that Pennsylvania has no competitor in the market in the introduction of anthracite coal, it becomes a matter of vital interest and importance, to estimate accurately the coal contents of special tracts, of the individual basins, and of the entire region. In the past, this question has been one purely of conjecture and speculation, as regards the entire region. As tlie Geological Survey shall progress, facts will be obtained for solving it by a careful study and measurement of tlie geological features of each coal basin, as it shall be mapped. If the actual area of the coal beds in the various foldings which they are found to undergo can be measured, and the average thicknesses of the beds can be determined, it becomes a simple mathematical problem to ascertain the number of tons of coal underlying a certain area. The individuals and com-
108 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
panies mining coal liave careful measurements of the thicknesses of their several beds and know very nearly how much coal underlies each acre of surface of their property, and how much of this coal they can reasonably hope to mine and ship to market. This applies more particularly to the areas which have l)een actually proven by mining developments. Many of the operators owning large estates, wliich are only l)eing worked by scattered mines, have never connected their mine surveys in such a form as to be able to define, witli a reasonable degree of accuracy, the prol)able geological structure of their property ; and, therefore, cannot estimate the surface area of their estate underlaid by coal, the area of the coal beds, or the total tonnage of the area containing coal. Until the total area of a coal basin is known, and a careful estimate of the average thickness of coal under a unit of area is made, it is premature to attempt to obtain its total contents, or to surmise its ultimate exhaustion. In most of the estimates Avhich have been made of the coal tonnage of special tracts, the results have been o))tained, by multiplying the area of the tract, wliicli is known to be underlaid by coal beds, by the average number of tons, wliich past experience has shown, could be obtained from some unit of area. In the more careful estimates, such a computation has been made for each individual bed ; the total tonnage of the tract being arrived at, of course, by the addition of these individual results. Few of these estimates have taken into account the greater or less amount of coal under a unit of surface, due to a varying degree of dip in the coal beds. Other things being equal, an acre of surface underlaid by a coal bed having a high dip, Avould contain a greater number of tons of coal, than if underlaid by the same bed, having a low dip or wlieii nearly horizontal.
The excess of tonnage, due to high dips and foldings of the beds, has been assumed as equal to the number of tons of coal which would be contained in the areas where the bed is crushed and too poor to mine, faulted, or entirely pinched out. The methods which have been used in foreshadowing future production have, probably, been the best for deducing
Aa. 109
the most practical results from the facts wliich liave beeu available ; too many unknown and varying factors, dependent upon the conditions and methods of mining, enter into the computations to make the results of permanent value.
This method was first described in a japer read at tlie Philadelphia meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, February, 1881, entitled "A New Method of Mapping the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania it was afterwards referred to in greater detail, as in this report, in a paper read before the Engineer's Club of Philadelphia, March 17th, 1883, entitled "New Method for Estimating the Contents of Highly Plicated Coal Beds, as applied to the Anthracite Fields of Pennsylvania."
2. New Method ad, opted l>y the Geological Survey.
The plan which has been adopted by the Survey is to obtain the following values : 1. The surface areas underlaid
by coal. 2. The actual surface areas of the coal beds. 3. The average workable thickness of the coal beds in special areas. From these values can be estimated : 4. The number
of tons of coal contained in any given surface area. 5. The number of tons of coal contained in any given bed area. The greatest element of uncertainty which enters into this problem, and Avhich Avill affect its ultimate accuracy, is the difficulty of assigning an average thickness to a coal bed over any considerable area. The estimates of coal tonnage, therefore, will be only provisional, and Avill have to be changed as neAV facts shall be obtained in mining, to change the thickness of the bed AAdiich has been used in the computation. The areas aauU be classified as those underlaid by regular dipping coal beds, and those underlaid by overturned coal beds. This is an important distinction, since the coal in overturned beds is generally too badly crushed and too dirty to be Avorkable."' The former areas will be divdded into small sections clearly defined on the
*The Red Asli coal bed immediately above the Mammoth is overturned in the Hell Kitclien basin south of Nesquehoning. The coal has been mined from the bed on the inverted dip. This, however, is an exceptional case. (See sections Nos. 2, 3, and 4, Cross section sheet No I, and Mine sheet No. I.)
110 AA. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBURlSrER.
mine sheets ; so that, any portion of the estimates may be verihed or changed, in accordance with mining develoiments Avhich shall be made, iir districts which are at present nnworked. It is proposed to place the surface areas underlaid by coal and the actual area of a coal bed ouly on the sheets in the miscellaneous series, which will give the developments of the coal basins. The accuracy of these results are solely dependent upon the solution which the Survey will make of the geological striictiu'e. This solution, in areas where little mining is done, will no doubt be modified very much in detail by future developments ; but the modification will i:irobably never be so great as to materially affect the actual area of the coal bed given ; so that, all the estimates placed upon the sheets may be considered more or less pernument. The results of the computation of the actual tonnage w'ill be alone stated in the preliminary report, together with the coal bed thicknesses which have been used. It is readily l"received that this plan furnishes a basis for permanent estimates ; as additional facts shall be obtained relating to bed thicknesses, they can be incorjaorated into the Survey estimates and the results changed.
To make this plan practical, it is necessary to command three classes of facts :
First. A map showing the outcrop of the coal bed ; Second. Cross sections of the coal beds ; and Third. Columnar sections of the coal beds, showing how mnch of each bed may be considered commercial coal, or that which, if taken out of the mine, can be marketed for fuel. These facts will be furnished by the mine, cross section and columnar section sheets which are being constructed.
If the surface of a coal bed, which has been contoured, shall be develoxed or ironed out into a horizontal plane, allowance will be made for every degree of dii3 which the bed -X>ossesses in its true josition, and the real area of the bed on the Hat will be shown. From the very nature of surfaces of double curvature, such as a sxhere, ellixsoid, paraboloid, etc. ; or of irregular surfaces, such as any section of the earth's surface ; or of coal beds, such as those of the highly flexured anthracite basins, it is an iinxossibility to flatten
Xeav Method Adopted.
A A. Ill
them out graphically into j:>lain surfaces having absolutely equivalent areas ; it can, however, be done with sufficient approximation to answer all 25ractical 2)niq')oses.
In the case of the anthracite beds, it was desirable to devise some method of construction by which the area of a bed, whose surface was shown on a ma) by contour curves, could be approximately obtained by a graphical method! This may be accomplished in the following way : Vertical cross-sections of the contoured bed are constructed jieiqiendicular to thegeneral direction of the coal basins and at equal distances apart. The restored position of the coal bed is constructed along the line of section at such places where the bed has been eioded ; so that, the line showing the |)osition of the bed between the terminal outcrops is Tinbroken. Each one of these individual section lines, along the floor of the coal bed. is then developed into a straight line ; the development of the sections being made on either side of its intersection, with a vertical i:)Iane drawn in the direction of the coal basin, and as nearly as can be, along the center of the area to be developed. The developed ix)sition of the outcrop of each section is then connected by irregular lines, with the corresponding points of outcrop on adjoining sec! tions. In this way the developed areas of the coal beds having legulai dips, and overturned dij)s respectively, and the area of the coal bed which has been eroded, are inclosed.
The position assumed for the vertical plane is purely arbitrary. No matter what may be the relative position of the developed sections, the resultingareas will in every possible case be the same.
If the points of outcrop on the section lines should be connected by straight lines, the area between arn two sections would represent a trapezoid ; the sides forined by the section lines would always remain the same length and the same vertical distance apart, and the area of the trapezoid Avould remain constant, no matter what should be the relative position of the section lines, so long as they J'emained parallel, and the same distance apart. The sections are best developed on either side of a central plane passing throimh
112 AA. TwEPOllT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURISrER.
the coal tract, and tlieii the shape of the developed area of the coal bed will most nearly resemble the shape of the tract.
3. Discussion of the Errors Invoiced in the New Method.
This idan seems to be practical, and to furnish results of sufficient accuracy, when it is remembered that the bed area is but one of the factors used in determiiung the ultimate tonnage, and that the number of the other factors that have to be taken into consideration, such as the thickness of the coal bed, and its continuity over any considerable area, are in themselves extremely variable.
Mr. Arthur Winslow, under my direction, has carefully considered the errors in the method, and has formulated them with considerable care. The results of his study are concisely stated by him in the following description.
It is perceived that by this method of determining the developed area, no account is taken of any curvature or irregularity of position which the surface of the bed may have between the lines of section. This error is inversely proportional to the number of sections which are constructed. If an infinite number of sections were constructed at an inappreciable distance apart, this special error would vanish. In order to obtain the amount of error, due to this cause, an actual test wms made in the case of the eastern end of the Panther Creek basin. This basin Avas selected from the fact that the beds are highly folded, and the basin siidcs prol)ably moi'e rajAidly, in the direction of its axis than any other basin in the coal region, of a similar size. The bottom of the Mammoth basin at Hacklebarney Tunnel has been estimated to be 1,140 feet above tide. At section No. 2, Avhich is 10,900' AAest of section No. 1, the bottom of the Mammoth basin is 200 feet above tide, shoAving an average rate of fall of 8.0' jAer hundred. The sections Avere first constructed across this basin 1,600' apart for a distance of 18,000' from the eastern extremity ; they are numbered on the sheet 1, 1 ; 2, 2 ; . . . 12, 12. These sections Avere developed by the method just described, and the area of the developed surface of the bed Avas found to be 67, 097, 600 square feet ; similar sections were then constructed
Discussion Of Errors.
Aa. 113
across tins same area and intermediate between tlie others ; these are numbered 1', 1' ; 2', 2' ; . . 11', 11'. These latter
sections were then developed in conjunction with the others, making the distance 8U0 ' between each section, and the developed area thus obtained amounted to 06,867,200 square feet. This shows the difference between the two areas, one determined by sections 1, 000' apart, the otlier by sections 800' apart, to be 230,400 square feet ; or in other words, the percentage of difference between the two areas would be .344 % of the original area ; the probable error by the use of 1.600' sections Avould amount to about (.344x2) of one per cent.
This is, no doubt, a maximum difference, since tlie irregularities of the basins are at a maximum ; if, however, this error should be the same in similar basins throughout thewhole coal fields, by the use of 1,600' rather than 800' sections, the total error of bed area would be two square miles, which, though considerable in itself, is small as compared to the errors Avhich may be introduced into the calculation by the other and more variable factors noted.
In all the developements Avdiich will be made of the coal basins, sections 1,600' apart will be used, on account of the time which wmuld be consumed in constructing them closer together. There are other errors in this method of construction which, Avhile of no importance as far as vitiating the practical value of the results, are worthy of theoretical consideration.
Mr. Winslow's demonstration is as folloAvs :
Take first the case of a sphere, A\diich is represented by Fig. 1. Passing three parallel sections through this sphere perpendicular to a diameter A B, in such a manner that one passes through the center O and the others are tangents to the sphere at A and B respectively, the lengths of the peripheries of the sections at A and B will be zero, (since a X>lane tangent to a sphere touches the surface of the spliere
*The difference between the surface area underlaid by coal in this part of the Pantlier Creek basin and the area of the surface of the coal bed is 27,669,760 square leet, the surface area being only equivalent to 41% of the developed area, the average percentage of the entire coal region would certainly be very much below this, so that the error would not be as great as that we have supposed.
8 Aa.
Second Geoloojical Survey of Pejm-syLvanirc S'ouihem Coal Field. 'jinthrojcitt; District. 7 oZ.. I Plate Ilf.
Aa.
Aa. 115
at only one point,) and the line of intersection of the plane through 0 with the surface of the sphere will be the circumference of a great circle. Laying these lengths off at the same distance (r, the radius of the sphere,) apart in the proposed manner, and Joining the extremities, figure A' F B' K, Fig. la is formed. If section planes are noAv passed through the sphere at distances apart equal to r through A, C, 0, D and B, the area obtained in a similar manner would be rei:)resented by the angular figure A' E F G B' II K L, Fig. la, whose area is greater than that derived in the first case. Continuing in this manner to increase the number of sections, the plotted area constantly increases until the number of sections is infinite, when it reaches its maximum and becomes a curved figure. A' M F N B' P K R, Fig. la. Therefore the size of the plotted area is directly dependent upon the number of section planes, and the difference between this area and that of the surface of the sphere will diminish as the number of section planes increases. This difference is that which is referred to intersectional curvature. There is, however, an error in this method which is entirely independent of the number of section planes. This may be demonstrated as follows :
Any tAvo parallel section planes through the sphere, at the fraction of a radius ajiart, include betAveen their peripheries (or line of intersection) an area, Avhich is aj)proximately equal to the product of a chord of the arc of a great circle, included at right angles betAveen these peripheries, by half the sum of their lengths. The plotted area betAveen these sections is, however, equal to half the sum of the peripheries by the distance of the sections apart. That is, if Jx equals the distance of the sections apart Avhen the distance is ap- jAreciable and Js equals the length of the corresponding chord, these areas, Avhen referred to axes passing through the center of the sphere, Avill be ;
*dy is an infinitely small quantit3% therefore, yydy=y.
116 AA. KEPOllT OF PKOGRESS. C. A. ASIIBUENER.
where A represents the actual surface area included between the sections, and B, the corresponding area obtained by plotting.
Passing to the limit, Js becomes ds (differential s) and Jx becomes dx (differential x) and the equations 1 and 2 become (3.) A 2-yds.
Integrating these terms between the limits r and — r, where r equals the radius of the sphere, we have :
2- / yds is the expression for the surface area of a
sphere Avhich is equivalent to 2rt (2r) 47rp, tlierefore
in equation / ydx is the expression for the area of a
o
semi-circle which is equivalent to - — therefore
J — r 2
and the relation between B and A may be expressed by the following proportion :
B : A ; ; ttV : 4-P
B - 3.1416 . ,
— — — , — that is, the area obtained by
A 41-2 4 4'
the jiroposed method of plotting is, in the case of a sphere,
of the true surface area of the sphere.
DISCUSSIOJf OF ERRORS.
Aa. 117
Take next the case of a truncated cone, a section through the axis of wliicli is represented by Fig. 2. Pass planes through the cone perpendicular to the axis at points A and B and at a distance x apart. By developing the peripheries of the sections through A and B into straight lines, as in the preceding example, and connecting the extremities of the lines, the figure A' B' B'' A" is obtained. The periphery of a similar section of the cone formed by a plane through C, midway between, and parallel to the planes through A and B, is equal to half the sum of the peripheries of the sections through these two points ; so that it may be concluded that the area obtained bj developing the peri]3heries of sections through a cone by this method is independent of the member and jjroximity of the section planes. In Fig. 2a A' B' B" A"=x (A' A"+B' B")
The area of the surface of the cone, however, between these two sections is
(x secant a ) i (A' A'-j-IF B") where x equals the angle which the slant height of the cone makes with the axis, therefore :
surface area of cone : K! B' B" A" :: x sec. cc : x ; : sec. oc : 1.
The difference between these two areas increases as secant a or angle a increases. When a is zero the cone becomes a cylinder, and the difference between the two areas zero. When ex =90°, the cone becomes a plane of infinite extent and area. In this latter case the plotted area would be zero, and the difference at a maximum.
Take finally the case of a trough with a triangular section, as is shown by Fig. 3. Here, as in the case just considered, the area obtained by developing parallel sections will not be changed by the number and proximity of the section planes. If X represents the distance of the parallel planes a b c, a' b' c', apart, the area obtained by developing, by the proxmsed method, one side of the trough between the lines as a'a' and e'e' would be X A (a c-|-a' c'). The actual area of a a' c c' would be (a c') times the perpendicular distance between the lines ac and a'c'. If the angle which the side of the trough makes with the plane of the section be represented by this latter equation would be (a c-l-
118 Aa. Kepoet Of Peogress. C. A. Asiibuenee.
c/) .X cosecant 0. If we draw a vertical line P c in the section ab c, and call the angle (P c o), whicli this line makes with o c, a , and the angle (P c a) which it makes with a c /: then
, PO T o PQ tan a , and sin — a
Pc Pc
,0
Po.
therefore
/PQx PQ 'PC/
sin i3
tan 0
Po
Pq
tan a
therefore tan 0
Sill P
lYe have the general formula, cosecant 0
By substituting the value of tan 0 in this equation
y 1 +
cosec
therefore A (actual are aaa' cc'l-l- (ac a'c'). x. i/l-f-— - — —
tan "a
and the relation betAveen this area, and that A\diich would be obtained by plotting, Avould be expressed by the following proportion, where B repi'esents the latter area :
-ip : 4' (ac + a'cb : : ' tan 'cc
Since the sine and tangent of an angle increase and diminsin
ish Avith the angle, it folloAAs that the value of 1 ,
° u ' tan a
increases Avhen /? increases and diminishes when a increases ;
Discussion Of Ekkoiis,
A A. 119
in other words the plotted area approaches the true area directly as angle /3 diminishes and angle cc increases.
Of the three theoretical cases which have been discussed, the results deduced from the last — that of a trough of .angular section — are most generally apjlicable to the anthracite coal basins. The portion of the Panther Creek basin which was used in a former case, for the determination of the error due to intersectional irregularities, consists, in the main, of three troughs, which have approximately angular sections. If the lowest point in each of the 1,600' sections of one of these troughs be connected with the two points of outcrop, and this figure be considered to represent the true section, and the sides of the trough between the sections be considered as planes, then the distance, 1,600', of two successive sections apart, divided by the difference of altitude of the centers of the trough in the two sections, will be the tangent of the angle corresponding to a in Fig. 3 ; and the perpendicular distance of the outcrop of each side, from a vertical x>assing through the abovementioned center of the trough, divided by the slant distance of this point of outcrop from the center, will be the sine of the angle corresponding to /? in Fig. 3. Half the sum of the lengths of two successive sections, multiplied by their distance apart, will be equal to the area as plotted, while, as previously demonstrated, the true area will be this
Sin /3 and tan oc are
found as above described, and thus the difference between the plotted area and the true one, or the amount of the error in question, may be determined.''
The area calculated on the assumption that the basin is made up of a series of angular troughs will evidently differ quite largely from the actual area, but the relation between the calculated areas and the true areas will be very nearly the same, whether a trough of angular section, or one of the true curved sections be considered, as the factors upon which this relation depends are appreciably the same in both cases. The error in assuming the basins as regular between the sections has already been determined and will alter the result by § of 1 %. Another error is also introduced here, from the fact that in the intersectional trough the vertical plane which contains the inclined axis and which corresponds to M N O in Fig. 3, is not always perpendicular to the plane of the section, and, therefore, oc is not always the angle which it is as-
120 AA. REPORT OF PROGPvESS. C. A. ASIIBURKER.
Applying then this test to the eastern end of Panther Creek basin ; in the case of the trough on the north side : True area 38,625,120 square feet.
Plotted area 38,660,000 " "
In the middle trough :
True area 8,928,000 square feet.
Plotted " =8,915,200 " "
In the southern trough :
True area 15,112,960 square feet.
Plotted " =15,054,400 " "
The sum of these areas respectively is :
Total true area 62,666,080 square feet.
" plotted " =62,529,600 "
Difference 130,480
iVff of one per cent, is, then, the error due to the last discussed cause in the most eastern 18,000' of the Panther Creek basin, and, as this may be considered a typical basin, it is allowable to conclude that the percentage of error will in general, not exceed this amount, and the total error from this cause in the estimate of the. total Anthracite area will, be in the neighborhood of 1 square mile.* This error is full_y within the limits of other unavoidable errors and it would, therefore, not be justifiable to expend a large amount of time in correcting it.
It was previously showm that the error due to intersectional irregularities was .688'7o ; adding this to the last determined error of .217 gives a total error, dne to the method of estimation, of .905'o, or about 1.0'fo of the total area. Thus, in the estimate, by this method, of the total area of the Anthracite beds there would be an error of some 4 square miles.
/
sumed to be in the correcting formula. This error -will, however, certainly be inappreciable since the deviation of these planes from a perpendicular position to the sections is very slight in the basins in question, and a considerable deviation from that position would only make a very slight change in the angle oc .
It is to be noted here that,* as the error is so small, the inaccuracies spoken of in the method of determining it, would be altogether inappreciable.
Dkvelopment Of Areas.
Aa. 121
Jf. Development of the Areas of the Coal Beds in the Panther Greek Basin {Miscellaneous sheet No. .1)
In the case of the eastern end of the Panther Creek basin, the liorizontal trace of the vertical plane, on either side of which the cross section lines were developed into straight lines, is shown in the development contained on Miscellaneous sheet No. I, by a line running in the direction of the basin, from the lower end of section 1-1, to, a point on section 21-21, between the developed contour lines - 20U' and -400'. The magnetic bearing of this plane is S. 76° 3" W.
The horizontal trace of the vertical plane, on either side of which the cross section lines, showing the floor of the Mammoth coal bed in the western end of the basin, were developed into straight lines, is shown by a line running in the direction of the basin from a point on Section No. If' between the developed positions of contour lines 400' and 600', on the northern side of the Coaldale anticlinal, and a point on Section No. 12, between the developed x>positions of contour lines -600' and -800', on the southern side of the Lansford basin.
The magnetic bearing of this vertical jilane is S. 69° 47' W., and the distance ax>art of the two vertical jdaiies, that of the eastern end and that of the western end, along the horizontal trace of section i)lane 21-21 is 1460'.
The line of section, showing the floor of the Mammoth coal bed between these two planes along section 21-21, was developed into a straight line south from the eastern jane. On account of the sharp foldings of the beds between these two vertical xdanes at this x>oint, the develoxed x:>osition of the x>oint, where the Mammoth bed intersects the western i)lane, as develox:)ed south from the eastern xdane, is shown on section 21-21, at a xoint between the develoxed position of the contour lines at tide level, and at -200' on the southern side of the Bull Run basin.
The position of the horizontal trace of the western xdane, which was used in laying off the develox:)ed sections, is
On the sheet this horizontal trace should have been continued to section line 21-21.
122 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
shown hy the straight line drawn from the point just described, to a point on section 37-37, midway between the developed positions of the contour lines -400' and -400' on either side of the Bull Run basin at Tamaqua. This line, as may be observed, is not parallel to the actual position of the horizontal trace. Its position as drawn was determined graphicalljq in order to diminish the error in developing the wedge shaped area between sections 21-21 and 22-22. The real difference between the surface underlaid by the Mammoth coal bed in the Panther Creek basin, and the surface area of tlie coal bed, is shown graphically on the sheet by the area included between the heavy black line, marked "Undeveloped OutcroiD of the Mammoth Bed," and the line limiting the developed area, marked "Developed Outcrop of the Mammoth Bed."
The contents of these two areas were measured by Mr. ArthurWinsloAv,with Amsler's iffanimeter, in square inches of map surface, which were afterwards reduced to acres and square miles of actual area. In order to eliminate as far as possible all instrumental errors, and to jArevent mistakes of record, three distinct measurements Avere made, AAUtli the jAlanimeter, of every area. In the case of the Mammoth (E) bed, both the surface and bed areas have been classified into tAvo distinct tables, the first including those areas contained between the planes of the twelve cross sections, (see Cross section sheets Nos. I, II, III,) and the second, those areas, embraced on the separate Mine sheets Nos. I, II, and III ; so that G distinct planinieter measurements were made of the Mammoth bed areas.
The folloAving tables give, respectively the surface areas underlaid by the Mammoth (E), Buck Mountain, F or LoAver Red Asli, and G or UpiAer Red Ash beds, and the developed surface areas of the coal beds, in acres and square miles :
Table I. ISIammotli {JR) Coal Bed. Inter -Sectional Aieas.
Mammoth Coal Bed Areas.
Aa. 123
C-1 to o o o o
O Q
o o o o
'
W a
k'"
2oaH
1-H 00 C'J 1-H o o o
Co Oo Uo
o o o
Q
HCOOjr-ep?DiO;2
oocieooor''05'TO
'T O
i?
"Wza
O J - 2
— C0C0C0Q02*O
3b.itooDt:rS£!=2:2:
lO
o o o o
iiOOSscio-<co>S20coico CO
OiO'OtCCi'TCSOOCltH-CO CO
tcocooa6coC500-H:Tn3
OC5C?CO<N'!fTOCO-5;+CD
Po a a
I
l/i
C0Ob-'ClCOt2QCgC1;H O
c-5cocoroco*5'utcocOo>r'— '
cco;Or-ici-'CC'ri-oo CJ
"iSo-TlOe0CS"TCJ005CS ir.
H lO -CJ* O t--
ri
o
rf lO
Cc T
-T on ro
Co 30 I'*
Cl UO O CO O 05 00 rf lO
O "f* TT
O V 'V
124 A A. KEPOllT OF PROGRESS. 0. A. ASIIBURNER.
The areas given in Tables ISTos. I and II were measured independenily of one another. The total areas, Panther Creek basin, in each table, should be identical. The differences which exist are instrumental ; they are, however, so small that they prove the efficiency of the Planimeter for the measurement of map areas.
Table III. Bud Mountain Coal Bed. Mine Sheet Areas.
Surface Area Under laid BY Coal Bed.
Developed Area OF Coal Bed.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Mine Sheet No. I,
>!ine Slieet No. II,
Mine Slieet No. Ill,
Total areas Panther Creek basin, .
The areas given in Table III may be taken to represent the total surface area of the Panther Creek basin underlaid by mercliantahle coal. If the Lykens Valley coal beds, which have been opened in the Locust Mountain Gap, north of Taniaqna, (see cross section No. 12,) shall prove to be workable, this area, will be very much augmented.
Table IV. For Loioer Red Ash Coal Bed. Mine Sheet
Areas.
Surface Area Under laid BY Coal Bed.
Developed Area of Coal Bed.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Mine Sheet No. I,
Mine Slieet No. 11,
Mine Sheet No. Ili,
Total areas Panther Creek basin, .
The surface areas underlaid by the F bed were deter-
G Coal Bed Aueas.
mined by intei'i)olating the areas underlaid by the Mammoth (E) and G beds.
TableY. G or Upper Red Ash Goal Bed. Mine Sheet Areas.
Surface Area Under laid BY Coal Bed.
Developed Area OF Coal Bed.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Acres.
Sq.
Miles.
Mine Sheet No. I,
Mine Sheet No. IT,
Mine Sheet No. Ill,
Total areas Panther Creek basin, .
The surface areas underlaid by the G bed are approximate, and were determined by a location of all known outcrops, and from points obtained from the vertical crosssections, (sheets I, II, and III.) The developed area of the coal bed was ascertained by proportion, based upon the relation of the surface area, underlaid by the Mammoth (E) bed, to the constructed developed area of the bed itself.
The tables are similar to those published on Miscellaneous sheet No. I. The facts which they contain are the basis for all the computations, which have been made of the coal contents of the Panther Creek basin, and which have been classified in the tables to follow.
Chapter VI.
1. Introdnction ; 3. Surface areas underlaid hy the Coal Beds of the Panther Creelc Valley ; 3. Idle actual area of the surface of the Coal Beds in the Panther Creelc Valley d- Phe actual surface areas of the Coal Beds where exploited at each Colliery ; 5. Average thiclcnesses of the Panther Creelc Coal Beds : Tables, I to XXXIV inclusive,, shoioing the Tons of Commercicd Coal originally contained in the Panther Creelc Vatley and the Tons ivhich still remain ; the Tons talcen out at each Colliery and, the Tons left in supports, loith other facts connected loitli the methods and economy of Mining in the Panther Creelc Valley.
The most important practical questions, which it seems desirable that the Gleological Survey of the iVnthracite Coal Fields should consider, are :
1st. How much coal was originally contained in any special geographical area.
2d. How much coal was originally contained in that part of the above area which is under exploitation.
3d. The amount of coal which has been taken out of the area which is under exploitation.
4th. The amount of coal which still remains in the exploited part, and
6tli. How much, of this coal which remains, can still be won, by more careful working in canqdng out the mining system, which is in present use ; or by the emplo3mint of a better and more economical method of mining.
The original plan which I outlined for the Survey did not provide for the consideration of these questions, except in a very general way. It was thought that sufhcient facts
Aa. 127
could not be obtained, upon which to base any estimates which would be of permanent practical value. I had hoped that, after the completion of the entire Survey, it might be possible to state in a general way, for the prominent geographical and geological sub-divisions of the coal-fields, (a) the amount of coal which had been taken out up to a given date, and (b) that which 'probably still remained. Such a result would have been of limited practical vahie ; it would only have proved important, as indicating the possibilities for future mining, in these sub-divisions, and their probable ultimate exhaustion.
With this end in view, special examinations were made of all the mines in the Panther Creek basin, after the mapping and purely geological work of the district had been completed. In order to obtain the most accurate results in the consideration of these two questions (a and b), special parts of each mine, in which any independent data could be procured, were sejarately studied ; not, however, with the intention of publishing the results obtained in the individual parts, but to enable me to prove the ultimate result, by a comparison of the similar factors used in the different parts of each mine, by means of which it could be decided, whether the average measurement or estimate had been obtained in each case. The estimates used and the results of this investigation were carefully tabulated, in detail. Many important conclusions v'ere arrived at, not only connected Avith the consideration of the two questions involved, but Avhich threw considerable light upon the economy of mining and the adaptation of different methods of working to coal beds of varying thickness, to varying alternations of rock, coal, and slate in the bed, and to the different attitudes in which the beds were found.
A consultation was had with Mr. Joseph S. Harris, President, and Mr. Wm. D. Zehner, Superintendent of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, upon whose property this investigation was made. Both of these gentlemen have for a number of years been directly connected with the mining of anthracite, under probably as many varying conditions as any engineers in the anthracite region. The de-
128 AA. EliPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
tailed resiilts, obtained in the different parts of the mines, were considered by them to be of great practical importance, and it seems desirable they sliould be published in full. As it was not my original intention that this should be done, I wms not satisfied that the Survey should be committed to such detailed results, unless a more careful, thorough, and xiersonal examination of the mines should be made, by the Survey, than that which had already been accomplished. To do this, however, Avithout very materially retarding the general Avork of the Survey, AAould involve an increase in the field corps, and a consequent expense far beyond the limits of the appropriation. It Avas impossible to increase the corps to provide for tliis Avork, which, if undertaken in the Panther Creek basin and proved of practical value, should be prosecuted throughout the entire field ; in consequence the Avork Avhich Avas being carried on under the original plan, already approved by the State Geologist and Board of Commissioners, Avonld have to be temporarily suspended in special parts of the field to permit of this work being done.
The preliminary tables already constructed Avere referred to Professor LesleAg and Mr. AVm. A. Ingham, Secretary of the Board, wdth the result of my interview Avith Messrs. Harris and Zehner. Their vieAvs Avere confirmed and I Avas instructed to make the investigation sufficiently thorough, to enable the Survey to publish tables which should ansAA'er, not only the tAvo questions (a andb) originally considered, but the five outlined above.
Before carrying these instructions info execufion, others having interests in the anthracite coal-fields were consulted as to this special Avork. Although it Avas found that the investigation, Avhich should be prosecuted Avith a view of ansAAering the two questions (a and b) of Avider scope, would be concurred in, many questioned, as I had already done myelf, Avhether it Avould be possible to make mine examinations, as thorough as it A\ms proposed to do in the Panther Creek basin; and if such results, if published with equal minuteness in all the coal basins, would be of practical value. In many cases, hoAvever, I found that such
Introduction.
Aa. 129
doiil)ts, arose more from an iinfamiliarity with the plan proposed and the results to be attained than from any condemnation of the method. In every case, it seemed to be admitted that the experiment was worthy of a trial, and that, if the estimates could be depended upon, as being as reliable as those of tlie Panther Creek basin, the results of such an investigation would constitute one of the most important features of the Anthracite Survey.
Undertaking this work for the entire anthracite region, as it is now proposed to do, will very seriously retard the progress of the Survey, and will prove one of the many elements, some of which have already been considered, others ivliich cannot be anticipated, Avhich render it impossible to make any estimate, as to the time of the ultimate coriipletion of the Survey of the anthracite fields. It Is now generally considered, both by the management of the Survey and those who aredirectly interested in the work, that the only practical policy to pursue, in making the survey of this region, is to accomplish as much as possible within a given time, without detracting from the practical value of the work, irrespective of how long it will take to comx>lete it.
If the State Legislature shall discontinue the app>ropriations for this Survey, at any time before it shall be finished, practical results will have been attained in the area examined, and the boundaries of the areas yet untouched will be clearly defined.
The method which I have proposed for obtaining the contents of highly plicated coal beds, the practical application of which has already been explained (see Chapter Y), was originally designed for answering the general questions (a and b) as to the amount of coal taken out and that still remaining ; but it is equally applicable to the more detailed, investigation referred to.
In special areas it may be necessary to apply this method,, independent!} and in detail, to several coal beds rather than to one, as in the case of the Panther Creek valley, wherethe Mammoth bed (E or Top Split) was specially consid ered. In this basin, the peculiarities of the structure and the position and character of the exploited area were such, 9 A A.
130 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiibprner.
that I have considered it quite sufhcient, to develop the area of the Mammoth bed alone and to apply to the other beds, both above and below the Mammoth, the constants showing the relationship of the surface area underlaid by the Mammoth bed to the area of the bed, in any unit of surface area. As has already been explained in Chapter V, to practically apply this method for obtaining the contents of a coal bed under any special area, it is necessary to obtain the surface area underlaid by the coal bed, the area of the surface of the bed itself, and the average thickness of coal contained in the bed, which, if mined out, can be marketed for fuel. The siidden changes in thickness to which a coal bed is found to be subject, and the difficulty of assigning an average thickness to any one bed over any considerable ai'ea, make it necessary, to divide tlie exploited areas in each mine, or the un mined areas throughout the district, in such a way, that it may be quite possible to consider, that each division is underlaid throughout by a bed containing an equal thickness of coal.
The difficulty, which is so frequently exjierienced, in deciding upon the value to be attached to such estimates, in consequence of not understanding the details of the method used or the exact factors employed, makes it particularly desirable, that in the Survey estimates no pains should be spared to explain the methods employed and all the principles involved, and to state the facts and estimates used in obtaining the final results, so that any engineer or geologist, who may have occasion to make use of the conclusions of such an investigation, shall be able to test their accuracy, and to judge of the absolute practical value to be attached to them.'"
While tills plan may be desired, by those who may wish to make use of the results, I realize, at the same time, that the Survej may thus furnish means of condemning its own
*In the tables the results are stated to the single ton. For practical purposes, it might have been sufficient to have stated the results in units of millions, thousands or hundreds. It was thought best, to state the exact results of the computations, since all the factors which enter into them are given and the results can in consequence be more readily verified, or modified, by a change of any one individual factor which may he deemed desirable.
Surface Areas.
A A. 131
work. It is my belief that, in private professional work, where the results of one's work depend largely or solely upon the individual experience and judgment of the investigator, that he is justified in stating his results without giving the facts or the line of ai'gument. Such work, however, cannot be accepted, with implicit confidence, unless the value of the experience and judgment of the investigator is known. In the case of a public survey, I believe that all the facts which are used in any investigation should be clearly stated, so that from a personal examination of the subject by an expert, the results can be accepted with confidence or can be rejected with reason.
Surface areas underlaid by the Coal Beds of the Panther Creek Valley.
The factors which have been used in computing the following tables, and the method of obtaining them will now be described.
The surface areas in the Panther Creek basin wdiich are underlaid by the individual coal beds were obtained as follows, in the order of their superposition, commencing at the top of the section and descending to the bottom.*
The outcrops of the Third and Second Upper Red Ash beds were outlined on the original of the mine sheets (scale 400'= 1") from surface points determined along the line of each cross-section, intersected by the beds, and between the crosssections by tracing the outcrops on the map in their relation to that of the Gr bed. The enclosed area was measured by the planimeter in square inches of map area, which were afterwards converted into acres of "round measure.!
O '
The area underlaid by the First Upper Red Ash bed was
*See columnar section on Mine sheet Xo. Ill, and columnar section No. 17, Columnar section sheet No. 11.
I In all cases where the planimeter was used for measuring map areas, two and sometimes three distinct and independent measurements were made. Although it was found, that no material difference existed between the different measurements, yet the precaution was always taken to prevent any possible instrumental or personal error.
132 Aa. Kepout Of Progress. C. A. Ashbuuner.
obtained by taking the mean between tiie area of the Second Upper Red Asli bed and that of the Second Twin beds.
The outcrops of the Second Twin beds were located similarly to those of the Third and Second Upper Red Ash beds.
In the case of the First Twin beds the surface area underlaid by coal on Mine sheet No. II was obtained in the same way ; on Mine sheet No. Ill it was determined by taking a mean between the area, underlaid by the Second Twin beds and the Jock bed.
The area underlaid by the Jock bed on Mine sheet No. II was ascertained, by taking the mean between the areas underlaid by the Washington bed and the First Twin beds ; on Mine sheet No. Ill it was determinecj by an independent measurement as above.
A similar independent measurement was made for the area underlaid by the Washington bed on Mine sheet No. II; on Mine sheet No. Ill it was obtained by taking the mean of the areas underlaid by the G and Jock beds.
None of the above coal beds outcrop on Mine sheet No. I ; the following beds, however, are found to outcrop within the area embraced by each one of the three mine sheets.
The outcrop of the G bed was independently located on the original of the mine sheets, and the included area measured as above.
The-area underlaid bj the F bed was obtained by interpolating similar areas for the E and G beds.'
The surface underlaid by the Five-Foot bed on Mine sheet No. I, where, as far as we are at present, able to judge, will alone be found of workable dimensions, was obtained by interpolating similar areas for the E and F beds on this same sheet.
The outcrop of the Mammoth bedf was independently outlined on the mine sheets, and its area measured.
The area underlaid by the C bed was obtained by taking
*The Second Red Ash bed, sometimes known as the Bony bed, which is found best developed at Tunnel No. 11, is not considered in computing the total orignal contents of the Panther Creek basin, as its extent is not certainly known.
t The Mammoth bed here includes the E, Cross-cut, and D beds.
Surface Areas Of Coal Beds.
A A. 133
a mean between the areas underlaid by the B and Mammoth beds.
The outcrop of the B bed was independently located and its area measured.
On account of the uncertainty of the position of the outcrop of the A bed, the surface which it was considered to underlie has been considered to be the same as that of the B bed.'
The areas of the surface at each colliery, under which a bed has been worked, were obtained by carefully outlining these areas on the large mine maps (scale 10U'=:1'') of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. In this work the Survey corps was assisted by Mr. John C. Rutter, mining engineer, whose long connection with the mine surveys in the Panther Creek valley has rendered him thoroughly familiar with the extent of all the mine workings.
3. The actual area of the surface of the Coal Beds in the Panther Creek Valley.
The actual area of the surface of the anthracite coal beds under any given tract is greater than the surface area of the tract, since there is no body of land in tlie Anthracite Coal Fields underlaid by coal beds, where the surface of any one bed is horizontal over any considerable area. If such were ever the case, the estimate of the coal contents would be comparatively simple. On account of the great tlexuring which has taken place in the anthracite region all the coal beds lie at angles, varying from a horizontal dip over small areas to a vertical and even overturned dip.
Any area can be underlaid by a varying amount of coal, between the extreme cases where the bed is horizontal and its area equivalent to that of the tract, to a case where the bed is perpendicular, and its area dependent only uion the depth of the basin.
*In every case where different values might be attached, with reason, to the various factors used in computing the tables, the minimum value was always taken.
134 AA. IIKPOUT OP PUOGr.ESS. c. a. asiibukner.
The method by which the area of tlie surface of tlie floor of the Mammoth bed was obtained has already been exjdained in detail in Chapter V. The areas of the coal beds, lying' above the Mammoth and the area of tlie 15 bed lying below it, have been obtained, by assuming that the relation, existing between the surface area underlaid by the Mammoth and the area of the surface of the Mammoth, is the same, as it is in these coal beds.
The bed areas in each 500 foot vertical zone, as classified in table No. 1, were calculated from measurements made on each of the three mine sheets. The distance along the floor of that portion of a bed, included within each zone, was cut by equi-distant section planes across the basin. The average length of the developed section lines was then multiplied by the mean length of the bed, along its strike, in each zone respectively for the area of the surface of the bed within the zone.
Ij.. The actual surface areas of the Coal Beds where exploited at each Colliery.
The surface areas, of that portion of the coal beds under exploitation at each colliery, were determined, by developing into a horizontal plane (as in the case of the entire surface of the Mammoth bed already explained) the surface area of the coal beds in the exploited areas. This would apply, especially, to those areas where the surface of the coal-bed is considerably contorted by flexures.
The areas of the coal beds, under the smaller surface areas, where the dip of the beds is approximately the same throughout, were obtained directly l)y calculation without going through the more tedious method of a geometrical development. After the surface areas were measured, the areas of the surface of the coal-beds were determined, by dividing the former areas by the cosine of the angle of dip.
As will be observed, from an inspection of the tables, estimates have been made, in most cases, between the main gangways driven at different levels at each colliery. This has been done, more particularly, in cases where the bed has
Actual Surface Areas.
Aa. 13,;
been mined on comparatively steep dips, and where the coal has been taken from breasts worked from a loweigangway, which lias been driven nearly level along the strike of the bed, 300' from an upper gangway ; the measurement being made along the dip of the bed. It was necessary, in such cases, to determine the areas of the beds between these different gangways ; this was done by measuring the distance apart of the gangways on the dip, along equi-distant cross-sections at right angles to the strike of the bed. From these measurements, the average distance of the gangways apart was obtained, which being multiplied by the length of the area under discussion, gave the actual area of the surface of the coal bed between the different gangways. In all these estimates duplicate computations were made, independent of one another, for the prevention of error.
5. Average TJiick)iesses of the Panther Greek Coal Beds.
The plan pursued in obtaining the average thickness of commercial coal contained in any bed in these areas was determined as follows : All the bed sections in the possession of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. and those made by the Geological Survey, were first tabulated."- Information was then sought from every one who had liad personal connection with the past mining at each colliery, or parts of collieries, t
*The bed sections, on Columnar section sheet No. Ill, do not show the average thicknesses of the different coal beds, but rather the variations in structure and thickness which the beds undergo. At Colliery No. 9 the average thickness of the Mammoth bed is 50 feet with an average of 25 feet of coal, although at one point in the mine the bed has an abnormal thickness of 114 feet with 105 feet of coal.
f It is impossible to enumerate all the sources from which such information was obtained. The principal persons consulted, iiowever, were tlie following : Of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Joseph S. Harris, President; Win. D. Zehner, Superintendent; John C. Rutter, Mining Engineer; Wm. Evans, Inside Superintendent Panther Creek mines, and Richard Eustis, Inside Superintendent Nesquehoning mines. Wm. A. Ingham, formerly President of the Greenwood Coal Company ; Robert Carter, Roland Jones and John Wentzel, formerly Superintendents of all or portion of the mine workings of the Greenwood colliery; Richard Curnew, miner, formerly employed at Greenwood; Mr. Mitchell, of Mitchell and Symonds, who are now mining the C bed at Tamaqua ; inside foreman at each colliery, miners, and others.
136 AA. PvEPORT OF PKOGPvKSS. C. A. ASIIBUKNFP.
The mine workings at each colliery were afterwards examined, in company with those directly superintending the mining of the coal, and estimates' made, as to the average thickness of the coal beds in different parts of the mine and the average thickness of coal contained in the bed. This distinction of coal bed and coal, or that which if taken out of the mine can be marketed for fuel, is very important on account of the varying amount of rock, slate, bony coal and had stuff which the different beds contain. A glance over these estimates, in table No. I and the colliery tables, will show flow variable the proportion of good coal in different beds is, or in fact in the same bed in different ai'eas. This feature has already been referred to in the description of tlie coal beds (see Chai:)ter lY.)
In addition to these estimates, facts were obtained in the mines, which combined with results of surveys and information already recorded, jDermitted of very close estimates being made, as to the percentage of the coal originally contained, that which had been taken out of the different parts of the mines, and the percentage of the whole which still remained. Of this latter amount, estimates were made as to what additional percentages could be robbed from the unfinished bi'east, the chain pillars, and the gangway iDillars at present standing, without either endangering the safet} of the miners or injuring the value of the property for future mining in overlying beds.
The average specific gravity of the Panther Creek coals is taken as 1.6307; or 101.64 avoirdupois pounds to 1 cubic foot ; 22.038 cubic feet in one ton of 2240 pounds, and 1976. .686 tons to one acre of coal one foot thick. In computing the tonnages in the tables, 1976 tons to the foot acre have been used. (See Table No. 1, Chap. VII.)
The following tables contain the coal estimates which have been made in the Panther Creek basin between Tamaqua and Mauch Chunk, in order to answer the five questions proposed on page 126, as follows :
*This IS the amount of coal actually contained. For the percentage of this which has been mined out the reader is referred to table No. XXXIV.
Contents Of Tables.
Aa. 137
Tables I and II give the amount of commercial coal in tons, originally contained in the Panther Creek basin.
Tables III to XXVIII, inclusive, give the original contents of the area at each colliery which was under exploitation, or that which was opened up and in which mining had been carried on up to January 1, 1883 ; the number of tons which had been taken out of this area up to the same date ; the number of tons which still remained in this area ; and the number of tons of that which remained, which could still be mined. In addition to these results, many facts and conclusions are stated, relative to the local condition of the diferent mines and the economy of the different methods of mining ; these will be readily appreciated by those familiar with the mining of Pennsylvania anthracite, without further explanation. A general discussion of the subject will be delayed until the publication of the final report.
Tables XXIX and XXX contain a general summary of the results stated in detail in Tables III to XXVIII inclusive.
Table XXXI shows the total production of commercial coal in the Panther Creek Valley from the commencement of mining to January 1, 1883.
Tables XXXII and XXXIII contain records, carefully kept by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, of the distribution of all the coal whicli was taken out of their Panther Creek mines for 2 years from January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1883.
Table XXXIV shows the percentage of the commercial coal which was originally contained in the exploited area, which has been produced and disposed of for fuel ; that which has been wasted in the mines ; and that which has been wasted on the dirt banks.
Table No. I*. — Total amount of Commercial Coal originally contained in the Coal Beds of the Panther Creek Basin, divided into areas covered, hy Mine sheets Nos. I, If and III; and, vertical zones between outcrop and f- 500 feet ; f- 500 feet and Tid.e Level ; Tide Level and— 500 feet; and
138 Aa. Hepokt Oe Phogress. C. A. Asiibukater,
'to
o
s
a
Total tons under area covered by Mine sheet No. 1.
Below — oOO.
Tons.
'
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed .
—
Between Tide Level I A — 500' .
Tons.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
rH
1
ll
H
Tons.
Average thickness of coal .
O
Average thickness of bed.
1-H
lO
. iO i-i o 00 cn
Co
+
o
K
O
H
S
O
£d
;
H
Cd
Tons.
C-J lO CO CO Ifs
C5 CO b- 1-H CO CO CO
O oi Lo" CO 00 CO CO
Co Co Co Co Oj
lO OO CO CO OJ CO
CO CO ir cb w
Average thickness of coal.
a
u5
Average thickness of bed.
t-
CO 05 r- CO lo O'
o TP -S' TP or? 01
to fl O C5 CO 00 00
Name of Bed.
G, or Upper Red Ash, . .
F, or Red Ash,
rive Foot,
E, (Top Split,) . '1 "CrossCut," . 1 Mam-
C,
B,
A,
Lykens Valley.*
Totals, . . . i
The Lykens Valley beds are not considered In this table, as nothing Is certainly known of their extent or thickness.
Southern Coal Fields Mine sheet No. II.
Panther Creek Coal Beds
Aa. 139
1 Total tons under area covered by Mine sheet No. 11.
Co
©
i eo'
s
Co
©
Co
Below — 500.
Tons.
Co
Co
©
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
ig WQOtft
Co
O cc M C-1
o o
Between Tide Level AND - 500'.
Tons.
to O 03 00
O . 00 00 CO cc
g lOtPof
Average thickness of coal.
C<I
©
©
Average thickness of bed.
Oo
Between + 500 and Tide Level
Tons.
M
©
Average thickness of coal.
©
Average thickness of bed.
lO
©
© CO uo -r CO CO
CO O © n' 04
lO
©
©
©
©
cT
©
' +
a:
o
Hv*
Oio
Tons.
Average thickness of coal.
cOiiHCOuo cooler
©
Average thickness of bed.
- iN-eoto© lo looOuO
©
coo©co©r CO 0 0104
w-wmC4C<4 Wt
04Coco'5'© 0 04 04
C0t>0i004 © oeofO
m
b
o
2;
2nd Twin,
1st Twin,*
Jock,
Washington, . ...
G, or Upper Red Ash, . .
F, or Red Ash,
Five Foot,
E (Top Split, ) . "1 "Crosscut," . 1 Mam- (Middle Split, ) . , moth. I)( Bottom Split) J
C,
B
Totals,
Thicknesses of Coal Beds above the Jock Bed unknown (see pages 85 and 8G. )
Table No. I — Concluded. Southern Coal Field, Mine sheet No. III.
140 Aa. Report Op Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Total tons under area covered by Minesheets Nos. I, II and III.
Total tons under area covered by Mine sheet Mo. III.
pa
Wo H I w
H
S3
pa
Q
S
u
H
pa
S3
0H
O
o
Oirt
Tons.
Average thickness of ctal
Average thickness of bed
Tons.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness ot bed.
Tons.
Average thickness
of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
O CO CO CO CO CO i-H -T os
eo' o 00 Oi ci
O O IM CO O CO l-O 1-- CO
00 o o CO o o uo O
GO -1* 05 CO o CO p-
CO CO Cl CO
o o CO o
o CO OJ
Cl lO lO — — O OJ Cl Cl Cl o
to o o CO o o CO Cl 00
H tH 'O' Cl Cl -O' lO
Tons.
Average thickness
of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
tT CO to lO
lo CO 00 o — T Cl UO O pi. CO
UO CO ci o
Si-iOiHCJCicoiOh- lO Cl O d-l Cl M -tf Cl I-H I- Cl lO to t-
liooicicidiictor— 2
O
pa
&3
Pk
O
d d Cl CO o o i-> t- c-
CO o o
d 'tji CO odci -r o O'
P- Cl Cl
CO 1— to P-
d d
Cl CO CO d d d p- cn 31 CO CO CO
E 5
cS O
' 'U
© J i jT &
auM -t
S,
s.
CO © o ;
O w o
&0 Co '
o o 4j
f- O o
z: rr s J
gj
S S3 O t
:
a- 2 a. ,
lO © ft :
o © '
Table No. II. — Total amount of Commercial Coal originally contained in the Coal Beds of the Panther Creek Basin dioided into vertical zones between outcrop and 500 feet ; 500 feet and Tide Level ; Tide Level and — 500 feet ; and below — 500 feet.
Panther Creek Coal Beds. Aa. 141
0 n' C3 h-
1 fH
I x"*
C Q.-C cc
Tp X Cn X
Cdc4X
1 h-
C4 Ox
04
Tp X 10
X
C4 Cd
Cd C4
x"
,
Cd 04 Cd
Tp
c. IC CD
tH
Co
%
Eh
Co
04
H
tn
i 'C
Sts
2nd ler h b
;r CO
T3
Tons.
n outcrop and-j-500 , .
ii-|-500' and Tide Level, n Tide Level and— 500', -500',
® - HH h
c
o ® £ SS
T3
Si
S
'V
r3
9s
o?l
o
tT X' CO
o"jc 00
O — X C5 0 Jo
lO X Oi o
CO !M uo
I CO CO o
X o o X o r>. 03
03 t-H X lO X X O 04 X X TJ* CO
IC X rp X X 10 CO -r
O h- h- O CO 03 04
CO X o
X Tp CO
CO iO 01 o
X o r>- 03 O 03 04 O
OJ o o
o J, As 3
O raJ 00®
Ipl
Cm C M I
o
o
o
o
Co
Co
Lo
r>-
to
Note.— If the thicknesses of the coal contained in the beds above the G bed are estimated as follows: Second Upper Red Ash bed, 1', First Upper Red Ash bed, 2': Second Twin bed, 2'; First Twin bed, 2' ; the aggregate amount of coal contained would be about 11,000,000 (exact result of computation 10,808,287) tona The Third Upper Red Ash bed is not included in this estimate.
Table No. III. — Ilacldeharneij Tunnel {abandoned). Mine Measurements and, Estimates.
Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiibt'Rner.
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
Percentage of Coal
Which Can Still
BE Mined.
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Feet.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Surface area under development.
K
O
O
O
%
o
£
o
©
©
O
o
Co
O
o
c©
a
*cc
a
©
H
©
©
Q.
'O
Cs
a
©
©
H
"c
o a; G o w .G I- 7i r
t-
53
O Oi O N
O G, © fJ
>.53 tfl SO
s S,
His?
G, <13 Co
!ri3
% S-5'5 S,
A C
c -
S 13 L y./
a
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G
G — w
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§s
ft's © ©
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G & O G ©
K
u ;
ti G o
fQ
!
I ©
S © o S
N w
T C ft CO
o ©g3
E o
®
Table No. IV. — Hacklebarney Tunnel {abandoned).
Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined., and still to be Mined.
Hacklebakney Tuynel. Aa. 143
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
H
Co
%
o
gc
tE
Is
u
o
H
O
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Total original coal contents.
m
o
o
b.
O
K
O
P
w a
.O
S
Lo
Co
1-
Co
c<r
i 2T
a
zn
c o
2 tfi
cd
— in
H
H
Q?
w
'C
fl
a?
o3
0?
"3
o
H
p;
Oj
o iii
2f
S
t/3 wT CO OJ
Oc
a
Note to Tables giving Mink Measurements and Estimates.— By the area under development, in tlie tables, Is meant the exploiter! area, or that which was opened up and in which mining had been carried on up to January 1st, 1883 ; this Is the date up to which all the colliery estimates have been carried.
Table Xo. V. — Nesquehoning Collier]/ No. Mine Measurements and Estimates.
144 Aa. Bepotit Of Progress. 0. A. Asiiburner.
Per cf. of coal which cannot he mined.
O
5
Cm
Chain
pillars.
Breast
pillars.
Gangway
pillars
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken outof mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Surface area under development.
lAooo ooooeoooi/so3oc-i
eo
' 00 C- t-
fto C5 1>. 53 o
CD -H CO os
Co -M .-I -5
o ut CO 00 5
CO 05 CO : ic C-i CD c-i
h '5' o lO
C.5 CO rt
lO CO 00 1.0 CO C5
%
s
o
o
g;
o
e:
a
C w rt £ O
cz;
cz
f £a: . 5
Z 5
Oc/jt" c
O
IZ-r
o
Z c 'w Eli
eS
s
'F
.
. ff
lw=!
i..il M :: , fc- Cm2
.
C/3 . 73 C
O O -
oj O
H
r O O ..
c Of c
S ® 3 h 71
Zm
- O
C 3 3 W
h H b 73
<23
Zfc.
o
fc- -
C..— 43
.2c-.j. rt
-Hi so— cj
mS ° s §2-2 c -a g - i- -
- i— 43 -If .3 .3
e —
SJcnCCO'OO O fj O "" Cmjz 43 .
3 S.— — 4jr-tn
"T — 43 g
cs
rt 45 iT'-' o h 33
o
3 tft 5
cj — g © .3
?gg
"Si'S
f -|"ii
43
0, — o! " a c s' SoSSSooo
" " a 2-o£5
t43.3tf5Zlco5ifla -..3— 0cSt3
0
j3 © o — flS 0 g.
"s - - S"
& ®c; 5i 2S "S S T"s
~SH S op42il
Takle No. VI. — Nesquehoning Colliery No. 3.
Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be Mined.
Nesqtjeiionig Colliery,
AA. 14o
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
Chain
pillars.
Breast
pillars.
I is
Gangway § pillars.
Unfinished 2 breasts, 'js
s
s
i gl
s ss
Amonntofcoa, §§1! i
L"lne"
Total original coal contents.
o
z
o
<23
2&,
w§iis liiSsSisii i .irgi isgii's-sg g
-T -f T CM I -P'
s
A'f
— o ' cZ
c
2 c -'
O 75 CO c -C Z
z
a
A
'2
-
5S
Si
C
© o Z Z
tf -
lfp;P=5
P ii!IP
►JZj 220o
z*;z OZ' - Z „ rt;
o©i;i3 aj©
— Aa.
o: fe: :
.
§
-
2;l-sa2i
146 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Per ct. of coal which cannot be mined.
<43
e
o.
Oo
<13
.s
s
o J O
pi. E- OM
Pi! K Z
Chain
pillars.
Breast
pillars.
5
oS
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Surface area under development.
P"
Ps
ppp
M
iJ
o
o
fa
o
%
o
M
M
fi
H 0 9 fa
Acres, Acres. Fcci, F€Ct,
Slope No. 4, N. dip, Bull Run basin, 136.86 |73.79 63 42 22 51 . . .
Colliery No. 4,
Aa. 147
a
d
w
ij
pq
S
'to
Kj
s
<to
to
Co
e
a
PVi.
rO
O
e
a
Co
Amountof coal which cannot be mined.
h3
a
O
W
M
O a
o w
fb
o
H '
z;
&
o
s
Chain
pillars.
Breast
pillars.
Gangwaypillars
.
Unfinished
breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Total original coal contents.
Ph
o
o
tu
o
o
M
M
P
Iz fc o
eo o -9.
s
to
g
Oi
.
g to
g
£S
M
Jd
a
s
P4
s
pq
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A
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s
to
of
r—
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03
a
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s 5 o
Co
—I ®
a. t- S
Co
P .
o — , ® c
S 3
Ss
U CO CS © — t::P
p &. © p jp
O 00
bfe .£ qq 'o o ® O J3
148 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Co
Co
Od
e
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
Percentage op Coal
Which Can Still
BE Mined.
Chain pillars.
rH
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Co
o5
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Po
Average thickness of coal.
Feet.
Average thickness of bed.
Feet.
Average dip of bed.
o o
Co O
r- CO
Bed area under development.
O 05
Surface area under developmeut.
eo CO CO
Cq
Co
£ft
a,
n
1h
p
B
o3
P?
W
'2
Cj
d
P
a
o
u
P
|Zi
fo
D
Oh
o
P
o
z
o
a
w
M
g
lO
o3
P
P
o
iz;
d
!z;
fl
%
"3
-H
o
M
d
s
M
H
S w
iz; P=.
o
Table No. X — Colliery No. 5.
Tons of Coal Originally Contained., Mined., and still to he Mined.
Colliery No. 5,
Aa. 149
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
o
2"
Cm
cT
o
oo
z
o
tc
2a a
o H o
o
O
Chain pillars.
Tons.
Breast pillars.
Tons.
pillars.
Unfinished
eo '
breasts.
O
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
cq
IC h-
Oi 00
o
Total original coal contents.
Co
j:
fO
o
'rr
o
Cd
o
w
o
fc
o
%
o
?
ft
o:
Sr
.o
uO
.9r
W
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fl
u-
d
7a
Tj
a
o
Ih
7a
eC
lO
T-H
d
d
%
Ph
o
a
a
M
'Ss
sS
H
H
H a
g a
o
Colliery No. 5 includes all workings above water level of Tunnel No, 5 and those below water level east of Slope No. 7. The western limit of the colliery is at the pillar west of Tunnel No. 5 which separates it from Colliery No. 9 on the west. It is ditlicult to assign an average dip to the Mammoth bed for the entire colliery, on account of the flat dips at the eastern end, where the gangways pass around the Bull Run basin and Coaldale anticlinal.
. XI. —Colliery No.
150 Aa. Kepokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
'to
cq
H
<iO
Percentageof coal which cannot be mined.
o
5
M
K c£j
2 m
B
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangwaypillars
.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentageof coal taken out of mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Surface area under development.
Pi
s
o
o
p.
o
z
o
sg
o
lO
Co
'd
o
o
o
u
O
m
"S
s
H
o
iO
Co
O Co Co
Oj
1m
o
a?
o
o
7a
o
o
Table No. XII. — Colliery No. 6.
Tons of Coal Originally Contained. Mined., and still to he Mined.
Collieey No. 6,
Aa. 151
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
h
W
O
cd
0 tc M
o
o
o
K
D
O
g
ChaiQ pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
g
gi
o
o OO
s
eo
iO
Co
K 00 o o
Total original coal contents.
a
S
O
o
Eb
O
a
o
Q
Z fe
o
Oo
Co
Cd
Jd
O
o
o
o
a
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a.
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m
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s
s
H
Co
cS
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&
fl
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bO .3 ® a .
O.Cc W -5 0.61' £ 2
g® bs s
©
S t® 8
.a S O
L- 52 jC 53
P Qj ®
p 3 CS
S --25
. o
2 t3 ® 3
® a o
" c5 -3
C.© .3'0
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JH t. 01 ®
o.Sx: o.S
5°.Ss2 A- 2 I'®
n 'C
S E "O
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h ® b
©
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H g c 3
" a u
O b£
E 5
SS2 8--3 "215 ol®
fo H
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O 03
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2|5 ago 03 ? a
162 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURlSrER.
o
rO
s
Si
p*o
s
iO
to
to
e
Co
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
Percentage of Coal
Which Can Still
BE Mined.
Chain pillars, j -
Breast pillars.
O
Gangway
pillar-s.
O'
Unfinished
breasts.
bJD
O
.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
o o °®.
lO
Average thickness of ! 'S'"
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
O O Cl iO
Co
Bed area under development.
Im O
S=°
s? .
Surface area under development.
A crs.
a
a
l-M
O
O
Eb
O
o
p
w
a
W
'C
o
o
g
p
o
o
O
s
c/2
r-T
|Z1
fl
5 w lp
Izi fc-
o
H -H
P P
a-
'S
t>T
d
o
a
o
Eh
Tons of Coal Originally Contained. Mined, and still to be Mined.
Colliery No. 7,
Aa. 153
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Tons.
Total original coal contents.
o
Co C5
lO
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
g2
kJ
iJ
H
O M
Qb
H
Z
D
O
§
Chain pillars.
Tons. ! 159,264
Breast pillars.
Tons.
Gangway
pillars.
Untinished
breasts.
Tons.
© i: 5
i c iD
c; .
r- U Z
S — S
vr® bJC
c3 S
CiS
H
Hh
ij
o
o
Eb
O
o
cfl
fcN
o
d
s
E-*
o
o
a
O
O
%
a
E-*
X — C5
© u ©
d
rz
O
O
cc a
5
o
Eh
S
s;5
Jf
fcl
"d 2
X 2
o a
O Vh
c S
c ® 2 ® 2
a
H
point 2100 east of Tunnel No. 8 and Tunnel No. 7 was taken out of No. 7 and tbe other half out of No.
154 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Co
a
Co
Co
e
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
Percentage of Coal WHICH CAN Still BE Mined.
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
lO
Average thickness of coal.
Feel.
Average thickness of bed.
Feet.
Average dip of bed.
0 o
Bed area under development.
A cres.
Surface area under development.
A cres.
Division of Colliery.
Tunnel No. 8, S. dip, Greenwood basin, ... Tunnel No. 8 and Inside Slope, S. dip, Greenwood basin
Total,
Name OF Bed.
Table No. XVl.—CoIliery No.
Colliery No. 8
A A. 155
Qo
Isi
o-S
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
iJ
h.*
m
o
K
j;
o
o
b
O
H
a
D
o
a
Chain pillara
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Total original coal conteuta
s
Co
rH
Co
Co
Co
S 05 O 05 W
Cd 1 O
Cd
to
Pi
g
O
o
b
O
Z
O
H 0 g a
b
O
?. Cl P CO
Co
Co
Co
Co
Cd
c4*
Cd
O
.o
o
o
s
Op
Op
a
oT
a
o
S
o
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o6'
a
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s
H
o
"op
fl
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a
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O
q
Op
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7S
OP q 3
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Sco-
5?
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£t;-g
CCCjS § ® j: ® -2 ® o s . M® iT-S'a
'S-'a.ie.S
O ® " ti
„ o .2 o
o ®
bte-O 2 .
is .2 ® ®
i2-2.® 3
t:73 o2
OP coi S
r- q ® 03
o c o -Z
— o
t-i
fcn W
JjS
® as* g a K txA o
.*J W --
a- ® ® 3-2
a ® ® a, 3 ;-
E-t 00 cij
SClHl<H a O
Keport Of Progress. C. A, Ashburner.
P5
Percentage of coal which I cannot be mined.
C<J
C<J
n H
Cliain pillars.
BE Mined.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Co
fa te
H '
Unfinished
breasts.
Co
to
Percentage of coal taken
o
out of mine.
. Co
O K O
o e
I
Co
<5i
Average thickness of coal.
; lo 00 >n:
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
o
O
Go
o
Lo
lO
o
ii CO
Co
o
Surface area under development.
o CO
o
iM
O
o
o
%
o
rn
Jd
£
cc:
c;
Co
cS
Co
O
Jd
'2
Oi
I— t
pci
cT
cT
d
o
d
r-i
O
"S
fl
S
:3
d
H
H
o
O ' fe
H
Table No. XVIII. — Colliery No.
Collieky No. 9
Aa. 157
Co
e
io
a
O
a
Co
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
?e
m
ti
o
a
o
a a
z
a
o
s
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Total original coal contents.
a
H
a
o
o
o
o
.
o 05
O
'3
s
Co
Si
Cq
Co
'O
To
o
fl
Co
rj'
lO
oo
Co
r>-
Co
tH
Co
Co
o
oo
o
cT
O '
Co
Tt*
C<J
o
o
T5
S
Co
o
O
Cq
s
H Q
g
a o
Chain pillars.
Tons.
Breast pillars.
o
Es
Gangway
pillars.
Tons.
Unfinished
breasts.
Tons.
B
o
O K
This colliery lies entirely to the north of the Summit Hill anticlinal. Tlie Mammoth bed workings extend 5G00' east of the tunnel to a pillar which separates tliis colliery from Nos. 4 and 5. To the west of tlie tunnel the Mammoth bed workings extend to the Summit Hill mine in two gangways ; a lower one 4100' long and an upper one 700 long.
Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner,
o
rO
a
o
hJ
P3
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
iJ
od
Chain pillars.
m 0 O "
K
Breast pillars.
g a H
kS
Gangway pillars.
Unfinished breasts.
be
<13
Percentage of coal taken out
of mine.
Co
N-/
oo
so
e
oC
Co
ri
r-C
S
O
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
o
Average dip of bed.
o
o
o
Bed area under development.
O
Surface area under development.
Co
cq
Go
Co
Co
to
Oi
Co
o
w
1.
hJ
1.
o
o
b
o
o
w
w .ti
' S '25
o: '33 .
u 3
33
C S 3 . "-Ts C
Ch
'c'S ® -
"B cq
o
Co 05
W o
5 W
fa o
-Is Sc-t.S § a §!5 S ®
O
Eh
C3 —
O'
a
Summit Hill Colliery. Aa. 159
o
a
a
?S
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
s
tx
m
z
o
s
a
Cs.
o
z
p
o
s
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Tons.
Gangway pillars.
Unfinished breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
tx
C<J
o:
O
u-
o
o
Total oriorinal coal contents.
o
o
o
L>-
co
o
cr.
O
o o I
§2
!
z d .
d —
!
S 3
2
'r- rf-
Zy: X tS
1
a
2'2'3'S
c s i
'z: s 'S
c ?
X
.k z rz
- fciic::
z
X a
C K
— T
d
®
X Z
V- X /. s
g
i '
O'
i; a S
1 s-S
<-1
Summit Hill colliery includes all the strippings which have been made on the Summit Hill anticlinal and the underground workings in the Summit Hill basin. This colliery is bounded on the north and west by the workings of Colliery No. 9.
Table No. XXl—CulUery No. 10. Mine Measurements and Estimates.
160 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashbtjrner,
Percentage of coal which capnot be mined.
C
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Gangway
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Average tliickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Surface area under development.
a
S
ij
o
a
o
o
o
o
I?
T3
O
p
a
o
Cd
U
O
o
%
'o
W
o
o
o
O
o
o
'O
d.
cq
d
A
O
S
C/3
cS
O
O
O
d
'5
Co
o
!Zi
a
Go
o
o
O
t-,
O
cS
jzi
iO
lO
o
o
Cd
T3
O
O
O
d
'3
Oq
oT
d
O
o
o
O
w
a
Table No. XXII. — Colliery No. 10.
Tons of Coal Originally Conlained, Minef and still to be Mined.
Colliery No. 10.
AA. IGl
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
S
O
r>-
to
to
o
Z
o
a
o .
So
a
Oh
z
D
O
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
— fO C5
Co
Total original coal contents.
o
a
tu
O
z
o
O 00 1-H
uo CO O
to O CM
o
C CD ® u.
o
o
o
"a
o
o
a
C g
S
o' *4',
S O O
75
of
d
® a o
o o
r "
o o
cf
o _rx
X "3 O
O
u
Chain pillars.
Tons.
Breast pillars.
Tons.
Gangway
pillars.
Tons.
Unfinished
breasts.
Tons.
-r
h-
i-H
Co
o
to
o
C S. aj "
C ;
t. -ft
V ®
-n a
. o
cr CO
.0
h- rr ts
H 5:
r £
S3 O
iPi
; o ?l
- r 5 c
r
dH " V
— i; eft
' Co '
d o -ijs "
; Z
Tg ? 5
S3 r; - -7 o 3
c o
to
S V
I
r 5 0/ 3
u
X - — -ft '
s
o
c 1ft 3 c Ci
5 c 3 ;
c ® c
t. CO 3
i it °
O Si o
2 c - 2 o
C t. .
Table No. XXlll.— Colliery No. 11.
162 AA. EEPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASITBURlSrER.
Co
Co
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
1C O
tJ
J J
O M
Chain pillars.
M d
g<s
Breast pillars.
lO TtH
rH
P- Tfi rH
pillars.
Co '
w
Dh
Unfinished
breasts.
Co X
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
o o o
Average thickness of coal.
Feet.
rH
Average thickness of bed.
Feet.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under development.
Acres.
Surface area under development.
Acres.
h- X tc
Ds
M
wJ
h4
O
a
o
%
o
'rt 3
Csc
'St
c.
'3
o o o
1.
C C C D '
w
Es.
O
s
c o
P5!z;
be
cs
u.
0?
C O 3 U
S A
s
in.
As £
o
Tablk No. XXIV.— CW/m/ No. 11.
Colliery No. 11
A A. le
O
e
o
o
Amoimt of coal which cannot be mined.
Jd
f-i
rt<
Co
Co
i-H
Co
O
a
2q
a s
P, n
w/
Eb
O
D
O
Chain pillars.
Breast pillars.
Tons.
Gangway
pillars.
Tons.
Unfinished
breasts.
?e
Co
lO
lO
Co
Co
r-
Cm
T-S
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
'O
o
Co
t-
Total original coal contents.
r>- 00 h-
O Im O
O
Co
!N
g
o
o
o
a
o
s
o
a.
A
a
s
o
a
Ui
:3
a 3.3 o
H
' i-i Q.
g C 3
o
— s ® —
§s
H H fri H
o
a
Cq
a
o
a
a
'A
o o
a; izi A
.
'3
Os
H W Q
The boundaries of this colliery are clearly defined on the map, as they do not join tlie workings of any other colliery. What has been named the' D bed here is evidently the representative of the C bed (See page 103).
Table No. XXV. — Greemoood Colliery.
164 Aa. Eepoet Of Peogeess. C. A. Asiibuenee,
Percentapre of coal which cannot be mined.
s
Id
r
oj-
Ha-
w
Chain pillars. 1
o
Co
Breast pillars.
Gangway
Co
pillars.
Unfinished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Average thickness of bed.
Average dip of bed.
Bed area under under development.
b- 1/5 o CO 00
ec c-i
g. -
CS C5 t>. QO O O
t-- 1-* CO 1/5 lO U5 O 5"
o o o o o o o h- U5
lO LO U5 1/5
Surface area under development.
C£
Ji
O
o
bi
O
z
o
-oo CO 1.0
'C '
rt
.O
ij
M
rs
u
a
fi. o a; o
5 'T of - o . i o o
t o
i-O'C "0-3
" S C ' S
Is
to
O 5 X
p 5; t5 O
Cl. CO cfl
l§
3s
Z
o
o q: o'si
Table No. XXVI. — Greenwood Colliery.
Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and, still to he Mined.
Greekwood Colliery.
A A. 16."
Amount of coal which cannot be mined. i"
'z.
a
u .
o a
a
o
I h
! s?
I
o
S3 Cd
cs
C3 Q,
o
2
c
Amount of , coal taken ' S S ® S 5 outofmine. h
w S.' GO lO
W O 'V ?? I-O . C lO CO CS CO
c<5 eo 00 1.0 30
coal contents. g'oSSo
eO Ci 'V O GO CO o eo
Co -V O C5
a
a
Ji
o
o
a
o
o
?J
C "
S 60
s §2
c c s -
; P
' S 5 S
o
Eh
aa
b.
O
o ,
" S' t- O
cS
to
c c, a;3
a
r - o
a 4; W 3 5 C
o
o in — a
O
''"H-hTcSU 11
Cm
Z
o a z: ?
IsS'gigBl
"5*'-o--3S2
Z'to>.2ijrtnliGl
jr, V - 2 ®
sjaa o S
'i' T.
U W lil
S=?!O0„,
*;a c
rt E £ 5S 3.2- 3 s H s 5g 5=2:lE5fS~2sag5:S
ci:-
o ' 2 "§
" Oj Co
' - ;2 s
"2 i " -
z
3joc-g;/iC-5:SB-?§S=
5 a o
o
—
a '
i'r,t-GGc:::i.c~_CiiT->,s!
w
?3
h '
" £ S o
&
§ E- eg. -38- Ja 3 " . ge
£oJ..8iug'=3:3„:=-;"t*
-c2gSig£e.-=2=2s 6-32 go.aa,''5g°3:bES„.iZ6£B 5b2.-="ag2'='~'..°E'22
Co '
1 S
0 c
n ©
fc- p 2 p s O G 10 W
1'able No. XXVTl. — S kar]) jMountain Collier// {abandoned). Mi/ie Measurements a/id Estimates.
166 Aa. Repokt Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburner
Percentage of coal which cannot be mined.
o
c:
c " S a 5 S
ip
5 J a ''
Ph
Cliain pillars.
Breast pdlars.
Unliuished
breasts.
Percentage of coal taken out of mine.
Average thickness of coal.
Feet.
Average thickness of bed.
Feet.
Average dip of bed.
O 0 0 0
la lo to 'O
Bed area under development.
Aers.
Surface area under development.
Acts.
o
o
o
Oq
. O
k-H
Q.
si
5 g 55
a 2
'C
%
"C
T3
o
®
c 'SB
k.
k.
S 5
jD
oj
fl
oT s
o
Ph
w
a:
a.
o
K o
Table No. XXVIII. — Sharp Mountain Colliery {abandoned.)
Sharp Mountain Colliery. Aa. 167
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.
to 00 tT to
CO o CO 00
o
to
o
O
e
o
a
Co
rO
S
Z
o
S a K a
5
o a Q
a
o
Eh
D
O
Chain pillars.
g
jo
Breast pillars.
Gangway pillars.
Jo
Undnished breasts.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
tc
g
Js
o
o
Total original coal contents.
o
CO cq
o
a
a
a
o
o
a
o
%
o
a.
Urn
a,
a
u
,
.
S
'ii
a
a
r3
S -
'C
-Ts
T.
'O
TO 03 K c- 2
S fl C— Gh
S CO 3 Ch
o
oa
b.
O
tn
m
O
Q o
All the workings along the Sharj) Mountain and east of the Little Schuylkill River have been included in this colliery.
V.BLE No. XXIX. — Shotoing the number of tons lohich havebeen taken out of the different beds at each Colliery and in the entire Panther Creek basin up to January i, 1883, and the number of
Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner
H
S:
'S
o
'Ki
No 7 Colliery.
Tons.
No. 8 Colliery.
Tons.
No. 9 Colliery.
Tons.
Summit Hill Colliery.
Tons.
No. 10 Colliery.
Tons.
No. 11 Colliery.
Tons.
Greenwood
Colliery.
Tons.
Sharp Mountain Colliery.
Tons.
Name of Bed.
G, or Upper Red Ash
F, or Red Ash,
Cross-Cut, , IVrn,r,,oth
c,
B,
A, .
Lykens Valley,
Table No. XXYX.. —Continued.
Coal Mined From Individual Beds. Aa. 169
Total oriojinal coal
o
Tp
Co
Co
o
o
to
o
o
r-.
Ol
Co
Co
contents under
o
o
h'.
area covered by
to
Tp
r>.
to
o
Mine sheets Nos.
S
Co
o
Tp
rj
of
I, II, and III.
f-H
to
rH
Co
o
Number of tous left in.
O — to lO O C5 ?0 JO "rtt 05
CO o — to
o lO -p o o
X X Co Co
O Co Co Co
05 oT CO X X
OtT— t — I
Number of tons taken out.
o r- --p
05 -f i.O X CO CO
5M
CO L- t- CO
Co
Oj
Hacklebarney
Tunnel.
to
r-
Tp
No, 3, or Nesquehoning Colliery,
s
to O CO o
O Co X
No. 4 Colliery.
No. 5 Colliery.
Tons,
'42,992
No. 6 Colliery.
Tons.
eo
g
R
a
eq
o
R
g
.a
o
a
T3 S tiSCO
sc r'S c -g 2
O
T3
O
"3
Co
s
wooowi-q
170 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Table No. XXX. — Showing the total original contents in tons, of the area worked ooer at each Collieryup to January, 1883; the number of tons mined; and partial estimates as to the number of tons which are knoion to be still amilable.
Name of Coelieky.
Total original coal contents.
Amount of coal taken out of mine.
Amount of coal which can still be mined.*
Amount of coal which cannot be mined.*
Hacklebarnev Tunnel,
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Colliery No. 4,
Colliery Nd. 5
Colliery No 6,
Colliery No. 8,
Colliery No. 9,
,
Colliery No. 10,
Colliery No. 11,
Sharp Mountain,
From an inspection of all the facts obtained at the collieries where the above estimates have been made, it is believed tliat in the exploited areas at least 11 per cent of the total original coal contents can still be mined, leaving only 30 per cent, which will be ultimately lost in the mines. According to this the totals of the two latter columns would be 10,000,000 ± and 28,000,000 ± tons respectively : or, in other words, if no gangways or breasts should have been driven since January 1st. 1883, beyond the area which at that time was exploited at each colliery, it is believed that
*Where blanks exist in tliese two columns it was impossible to obtain reliable facts to make any estimates.
COAL PliODUCED AXD WASTED.
Aa. 171
10,()00,000± tons of coal could still be mined out of the unfinished breasts and from the gangway, breast, and chain pillars, in what has previously been considered the exhausted mines of the Panther Creek Valley.
This estimate is low as compared with the experience of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, in mining over portions of their mines during the past 4 or 5 years, which prior to that time were supposed to have been worked out. It is low also, as compared with the recent estimates made by the Survey, for special divisions of the different collieries. (See tables of Mine Measurements and Estimates). Large areas were found in the old portions of the mines at each collier}, which could not be visited, on account of being closed by roof falls, water or gas. and in which, consequently, no estimate could be made of the amount of coal which might still be won. For this reason, I have made a minimum estimate, in stating that 11 i)er cent of the coal originally contained in the old mined areas, might still be obtained by a more careful and systematic method of mining.
From January 1st. 1881, to January 1st. 1883. 66 per cent, of the coal taken from the mines of the Panther Creek basin was converted into fuel and 34 per cent was sent to the dirt banks (See table XXXII) ; so that, of the coal still to be won from the old mines, 6,600,000 tons should be made available for fuel, if the practice and experience in the preparation of coal shall remain the same as it was in those 2 years.*
During the history of the Panther Creek Vallej', 27 per cent of the coal originally contained, in the exjJoited areas, has been produced as fuel (See table XXXIV) ; if 6,600,000 tons shall still be procured, the iDercentage of marketable coal which will ultimately be produced from the old mines will be 34 ; instead of 27 per cent which has so far been obtained.
If the most liberal allowance be made for unforseen difficulties in working in the old mines, there should certainly be produced at least 3,400,000 tons of marketable coal from the now abandoned mines.
172 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburner,
Table No. XXXI. — Showing the Total Production of all the Mines ill the Panther Creek Valley, from their origin to January 1, 1883\ compiled from published, annual reports of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, and from additional data fur nished by Mr. Joseph S. Harris President.
Year.
Summit Mines.
Rhume Run.
East Lehigh, or Old Tunnel.
Taniaqua.
No. 2 Tunnel.
Dirt Heaps.
F Bed. j
Total.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Production Panther Creek Valley. Aa. 173
Table No. XXXI — Concluded.
Year.
Summit Mines.
Rhume Run.
East Lehigh, or Old Tunnel.
Tamaqua.
No. 2 Tunnel.
Dirt Heaps.
F Bed.
Total.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
t
Totals,
Green-wood
Coal
Co.
Totals,
Production from Greenwood Colliery, not reported above, Small coals produced, not reported above,
Add 5 per cent* of the total production for coal consumed at collieries, not reported above,
Total production Panther Creek Valley to January 1, 1883,
I believe that more than 5 per cent should have been added here for col liery consumption.— C. A. A.
Table No. XXXII. — Shoioing the total number of cubic feet of Commercial Coalproduced, and of liefuHe fientfrom breakers to dirt banl'S, and directly from mines to dirt banhs by the Lehigh Coal and, Navigation Companipfrom the Panther Creek Basin.for two years, from January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1883. Reported by Mr. Wni. D. Zeliner, Superintendent.
Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburn'Er.
Total coal and refuse hauled out of mines — cubic feet.
Percentage of total marketable coal produced.
Percentage of total hauled out of mines.
Cubic feet.
Refuse Sent from Mine to Dirt Banks.
Percentage of total marketable coal produced.
Percentage of total hauled out of mines.
Cubic feet.
§ O .
H
Oc W'
K W
H
y y . y -i; 0 fS o w
aj
Ph
Percentage of total marketable coal produced.
Percentage of total hauled out of mines.
Cubic feet.*
Percentage of total hauled out of mines.
Cubic feet.*
a
a
a
a
o
o
o
a
s
|Zi
h- IM O lO O "t- lO
CC W O TT O O '-c
O lO -f -t- 71
r-
lO ' CM h- O c: CD
lO X JO OC -r —
Tji
lO CO CC CD
cT
CM ?0 r- h- lO CO X
uo 71 CO h- CO
Cl 04 TT rr CO 71
<3:5 Oi CO O X -r
CO 0 0 Cl 0 -f 0
Co Co 0 0 0 Ic 10
0 h-. 74 0: — 0
rH
CO Cl uo o CO CO r-.
1 CO U7 CO CO 0 iC
Oi 74 CO Cl Cl X
p-
Co Co Lo 0 0
r-
lO C'v 74 X 0 to
Ct. Cd 10 X 10 X X
Ci lO X ' X
X 71 X 74 X Oi 71
h-
to X 71 74
.-H X X h- X 71 r-
Cl X X h- X
1-H 74 X Tf X r-. X
X 0 0 0 0 0 0
X X X X X -f -Ti
h- h- X d X
pH
X I'- X X Cl 71 Cl
Cl -rf X X Cl X
X X X h- X
TJ- -T- 74 -p' 71 X X
X 0 0 05 X
X X 0 X ' h- X
X h- X 05 71 Cl X
CC lO to CO iH
fcN U Ur U U
O O C O O C O
colunius, respectively, t See foot note Table XXXIII.
Table No. XXXIII. — Showing the distrihntion of the coal production of the Lehigh Coal and. Navigation Company into sizes larger than Buckioheat, and Buckioheat shipped to market., and coal consumed at Collieries., for two years, from January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1883. Reported by Mr. Wm. D. Zehner, Superintendent.
Distribution Of Mine Output.
Aa. 175
Total marketable coal produced— Tons.
CO 00 to 00 O CO (M 'M n' h- CO 00 Tf O r-- M 05
00 00 O o: O CO CO o -H 05 00 to
Eh
Percentage of total production.
Tons.
. d
Percentage of total production.
Co
tH
n a
fl,
fctj 3 g a
d cc
pc
Tons.
CO h- O 1- Cl 01 'Tf' 00 tO h- 05 CO CO 00 05 05 CO CO CO
Sizes larger than Buckwheat
Shipped.
Percentage of total production.
CO -M uo CO ic r>. t>. 00 00 00 X t>. CO
Tons.
a:
a
O
o
CO lO CO 00
o
o o o o o o o
t- t . t f t .
c'c c3 o'o'o
oooooo:j
xn
-4
o
-q
H
Cs
S
u -w
beg
CO o
Dc 0
Dc
C cO ® To 5 § d
o'd xg d cO -2*0,
to SQ lo S
CO s
2a
d ss
® a.
;h d 05
U 05
g g
St*
05 b 05 'C 05 ®tC
.e a
176 Aa. Kepokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Table No. XXXIV. — Showing the 'percentage of the total commercial coal contained in the exploited, areas of the Panther Creek hasin, that has been left in the mines, sent to the dirthanks and produced, as fnelh
Percentage of Commercial Coal originally Contained.
Coal left in mines; in unfinished breasts and for roof supports.
Waste coal sent directly from mines and
breakers to dirt banks.
Fuel coal sent to market and consumed locally.
Average percentages from commencement of mining to .January 1, 1883, (embraces entire history of Panther Creek Valley, )
Average percentages for two years from January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1883, .
*The fuel production includes the coal which has been shipped to market and consumed at the collieries.
The averages stated in this table are for all the collieries of the Panther Creek basin. Thej will be found to vary very nincli for the individual colleries. What the actual percentages would be for each colliery, may be ascertained, by a coniliination of the results stated in the tables, showing the coal originally contained in the exploited area at each colliery, the amount which has been mined, and the estimate of that which can still be mined, with the facts contained in tables Nos. XXXII and XXXIII. I have not compiled such a table for each colliery, for this report of progress, from the fact that it Avonld involve an extensive discussion of the principles and methods of mining employed, and from the additional fact that sufficient data are not at present in the possession of the Survey to enable the results which would be thus obtained, to be applied to other
COAL PRODUCED yASTED.
Aa. 177
collieries tlirouglioiit the region. As soon as similar facts are procured from other collieries, I hope to be able to consider at length the causes, kinds and amount of waste in mining anthracite coal, and to arrive at conclusions which may be applied to collieries working under special conditions. This is one of the most important and practical questions connected with the mining of anthracite, and has already been ably considered by a number of prominent engineers in the region and by Mr. Franklin Platt in report and by Dr. H. M. Chance in report AC. One of the greatest dithculties which has embarrassed such an investigation has been the want of sufficient data.
Chapter VII.
1. Composition of the Panther Creeh Coals; V Composition of Bony Coal from Colliery Pho. 10 ; 3. Composition of the Market Sizes, Panther Creek Coals ; f Composition of the Ash of the Panther Creek Coals ; 5. Relation between the Composition of Coals and their Geological Structure.
1. Composition of the Panther Creek Coals.
The coals of the Panther Creek basin were sampled, with a view of determining their chemical constitution, as they are mined at the collieries at the time of sampling.* Most of the specimens were obtained from the railroad cars, in the yard of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, as they came from the different collieries and were ready to be shipped to market.* These cars were in ever} case carefully marked with the number and name of the colliery from which they came, by the company's shipping clerk.
a great deal of coal, which is shipped to market, contains pieces of slate entirely detached from any coal. Such pieces of slate were thrown out, in collecting these specimens, before the size of the specimens was reduced, as explained.
178 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
To prevent any mistalve, which would result from a car being incorrectly marked. Mr. J. C. Rutter. Mining Engineer of the company, examined the the shipping cards. Mr. Arthur Winslow, who collected* and sampled the coals, was assisted throughout bv Mr. Rutter.
In order to obtain a fair average specimen of the coal bed, which is being mined at each colliery, [)ieces of various sizes were collected from as many of the cars as possible : with the smaller sizes a shovelful was taken from each car. After specimens had thus been obtained, in most cases from about fifteen cars from each colliery, they were dumped upon a platform and the larger pieces reduced to the size of stove or egg coal. The pile was then carefully mixed and quartered, and tlie diagonally opposite quarters removed. The remaining coal was re-mixed and re-quartered, the process being repeated until the original pile was reduced to about ten pounds. This quantity was then halved and each half placed in a sample bag.
In cases where two beds were mined at the same colliery, and it was desirable to obtain specimens from each bed, samples were collected directly from the mine cars before they went to the breaker. As the coal in the mine cars is mixed with dirt and slate, and is of all sizes, specimens were selected from a trip of mine cars, which, according to Mr. Rutter's judgment, represented the average character of the coal, as shipped to market from the breaker after the slate and poor coal had been removed.
The following table show's the residts obtained from the chemical analjses of the different coals collected, made by Mr. Andrew S. McCreath :f
June 26th and 27th, 1882.
f For a comparison of the analyses of the coals of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, with others in the Antliracite Region, the reader is referred to my prefatory letter.
Tablk No. I. -Analyses of the Coals mined from the Collieries of the Lehigh Coal and Afavigalion
Company .
Analyses Of The Coals.
Aa. 179
Specific gravity.
Color of ash.
o
a
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£ S
cC o3
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Total.
Ash.
07C0000Cc000-H
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Sulphur.
OiC'iOiO-TTOOCiOO
rH
Fixed carbon.
Volatile matter.
foocoooeob-Ttioto
Water.
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180 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBURlSrER.
The names "White Ash" and "Red Ash" iiave been adopted by this company, and its cnstomers, to designate the coal mined from the Mammoth (E) and Red Ash (F) beds respectively; do not iiecessarily imply that the ashes obtained from the combustion of these coals are always white or red in color (See table No. I, page 179).
Noted below are the nnnder of cars from which the individual specimens were taken, and the size of the coal sampled :
Specimen No. 1. Sampled from
3 mine cars from tnnnel workings.
" No. 2. Sampled from
3 mine cars from slope workings.
No. 3. Sampled from
3 market cars of egg coal.
No. If.. Sampled from
3 market cars of lamp coal.
No. 5. Sampled from
4 mine cars.
No. 6. Sampled from
4 mine cars.
No. 7. Sampled from
5 market cars of broken coal.
No. 8. Sampled from
4 market cars of buckwheat coal.
4 " " chestnut "
4 " " broken "
No. 9. Sampled from
15 market cars of buckwheat coal. 7 " " pea "
3 " " broken "
Bony Coal And Market Sizes. Aa. 181
Composition of Bony Coal, Colliery, No. 10.
In separating the bony coal, slate, and rock from the Mammoth (E) coal, mined at Colliery No. 10, a great deal of bony coal has been thrown away, from the bad apx>earance it presented, as worthless. Specimens from three grades of this bony coal were carefully selected* and analyzed by Mr. McCreath, with the following results :
Table No. II. — Analyses of Bony Coal throion on the culm hanlc at Colliery No. 10.
Bone No. 1.
Bone No. 2.
Bone No. .
Water, . . .
Volatile matter, . .
Fixed carbon, . . .
Sulphur,
Ash,
Total,
Specific gravity, . .
Color of ash, . . .
Reddish-gray.
White.
Specimen No. 1 was considered to be a better fuel than No. 2, and specimen No. 2 better than No. 3.
It is remarkable to observe, that each one of these bony coals, which was thrown away on the dump as too poor to be sent to market for fuel, contained more fixed carbon than the coal which was shijiied ; the sj)ecimens in each case were carefully collected as averages. The results of this examination show how utterly imxiossible it is, to judge of the fuel value of a coal from its iihysical appearance alone, and how unjust the prejudices of the trade may be, which would condemn a coal because its axijiearunce might not be pleasing to the eye. This lusterless coal, if broken into pea and buckwheat sizes, might not be distinguished by the trade from the coal having a high luster, and a great deal of coal which is now thrown on the dirt banks as worthless, all over the region, could be sold at a profit to the oxierator.
3. Composition of the Marlcet Sizes, Panther Creelc Coals. The analyses given in table No. I are of the coals care-
*By Messrs. F. A. Hill and J. C. Rutter, July 8, 1882.
182 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
fully sampled from all tlie sizes shipped from each colliery. No pieces of slate were included in the samjoles, except such as were embedded in the broken pieces of coal to be shipijed. This slate could not be separated from the coal save by such tedious means as would be too inconvenient or expensive to employ. It is found in practice, after the coal is passed through the breaker and screened into special sizes for shipment, tliat the purity of the different sizes, as regards fixed carbon and ash, is very different. This is due in a measure to the original character of the mined coal,* but more particularly to the method of j:) reparation, which will be described in report AC by Dr. H. M. 'Chance on the "Methods and Appliances for Mining Anthracite." In order to determine the composition of the company's coals sent to market, specimens of the different sizes were carefully sampled from the stock pockets in the Hauto screen building ; these were analyzed by Mr. McCreath, with the following results :
Table No. Ill — Analyses of the Marhet Sizes of Coal sli i'pjped by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company.
Kind of Coal.
Water.
Volatile
matter.
Fixed
carbon.
Sulphur.
Ash.
Total. j
Color of ash.
Egg, . . .
Light cream, white specks.
Stove, . . .
Cream.
Chestnut, .
Cream.
Pea,
Cream, white specks
Buckwheat,
Cream, white specks
Phosphorus per cent.
Egg, 009
Stove, OtS
Chestnut, 018
If a great deal of slate is distributed in thin layers throughout the body of the coal bed, the difference between tlie amount of ash, in the large and small sizes of coal obtained from the bed, will not be as great, as where the body of a bed may be freer from slate, but where thicker and more distinct slate layers alternate with the coal benches. In the latter case, the slate is readily separated by hand-picking from the larger sizes, and the percentage of ash in the coal would in consequence be small ; whereas, in the smaller sizes a great many small pieces of slate become inseparably (by most of the present methods) mixed up with the coal, and the percentage of ash will be found to be high.
Analysks Of Market Sizes.
Aa. 183
The egg specimen was sampled from several railroad cars ; the other specimens were sampled from pockets in the screen bailding, a number of which were lilled with each of the smaller sizes.
The coals of this company pass over and through sievemeshes of the following sizes :
Buckwheat, " j " j
No specimen of broken coal was obtained, as this size is not prepared at Hauto, but is shipped directly from the breakers. There are two sizes larger than broken ; steamboat coal, which, generally passes through a 7 and over a 4-inch mesh, and lump coal, which includes the largest pieces as they come from the mine. Specimens of these two larger sizes were not collected for examination, as the analyses alread} given in table No. I should represent the composition of these two sizes as they are shipped from the different breakers.
An inspection of table No. Ill shows a remarkable gradation in the ash and fixed carbon of the stove, chestnut, pea, and buckwheat coals. The difference in the ash between any one of these coals and the next larger or smaller sizes is about 2 per cent. This difference does not maintain, however, between the stove and egg coals, the former showing 4.5 per cent, more ash than the latter.
All of the analyses given in tables Nos. I and III show general averages ; yet, it would not be fair to accept any one, as a standard of quality of the coal mined or shipped, from any special locality, in the Panther Creek basin, for any length of time.
The variability in the proportion of the different elements of the Panther Creek coals, shows the necessity of exercising theutraost care and judgment in samplinga coal foranalysis; so that, in the case of a commercial product, the specimen shall represent an average.
Inches. Inches.
Broken or grate,
through 4 over 2'
Egg, . . Stove, . Chestnut, Pea, . .
184 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Composition of the Ash of the Panther Creek Coals.
The economical utilization of ashes in large cities and in large industrial establishments will, no doubt, in the near future, become a very important question. Anahses were made of the combined ash of the two "Red Ash" coals (specimens 2 and 6), and of the seven "White Ash" coals, (specimens 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9,) with the following results :
Table No. IV. — Analyses of the Ashes oMained from the lied and White Ash Coals respectively in Table No. I.
Red Ash. White Ash.
Silica, 47.190 48.250
Alumina, 32.522 36.177
Sesquioxide of iron, . . 4 710 3.290
Oxide of manganese, . trace. trace.
Lime, 3.640 1.950
Magnesia, 965 .921
Sulphuric acid, 712=Sulphur, .285 .490=Sulphur, .196
Phosphoric acid, . . . 1.958=Phosphorus, .855 .923=Phospho's,.403
Titanic acid, .990 .750
Undetermined alkalies,
&c., 7.313 7.249
5. Relation between the Composition of Coals and their Geological Structure.
As has been already stated (page 51), great difhculty was experienced in studying the structure of the Shaft anticlinal and Lansford basins, in the vicinity of Nesquehoning tunnel No. 2 and Shaft No. 1 ; particular! 37-, in the inside tunnel driven soiitli from the gangway running west from the foot of the shaft. It was claimed, by those who had been connected with the mining in this locality, that the coal taken from the ''pocketed bedf in the tunnel soutli of the foot of Shaft No. 1 (See section No. 3, Cross section sheet
Relation Of Composition To Structure. Aa. 185
No. I), resembled tlie coal taken from the Mammoth (E) bed ; that it burnt like it, and produced a similar ash.
The proper identification of the ''pocketed &ecZ," is a question of the greatest practical importance, audit was decided to make a careful chemical examination of the Nesqnehoning coal beds, in order to obtain additional facts, which might help in the solution of the difficulty. If, as has been claimed, not only here, but in many other localities in the anthracite fields, different beds can be identified by their physical characteristics and the manner in which they burn, some similarity should exist in their chemical composition as well. While there are, undoubtedly, certain characteristics in the general appearance of coals, which will permit persons long familiar with certain coal beds to identify them within limited areas, I believe too much reliance has been placed upon this method, and that it has too frequently led to gross errors being committed.
Specimens of coal were collected at Nesqnehoning and analyzed with two objects in view ; (1) to obtain additional data for unravelling the local structure, and (2) to test in a general way, how far chemical analyses will aid in the identification of coal beds. Mr. Richard Eustice, Superintendent of the Nesquehordng mines, who has been familiar with the work done here for over twenty years, and who claimed with others that the character of the coal mined from the 'pocketed bed'' was distinctly that of the Mammoth bed, was instructed to collect duplicate specimens from the "'pocketed bed,"" from the Mammoth bed near Shaft No. 1, and from the bed immediately below (north) the Mammoth bed near the month of Tunnel No. 1. These two latter beds were selected, as it has been generally conceded that the '"pocketed bed"''' was either the Mammoth bed, or the one immediately beloAv it. I desired Mr. Eustice to select the specimens, as I wished to make the test as thorough as jjossible, in ascertaining what assistance a long familiarity with certain beds would render in identifying them. Mr. Eustice is one of the most careful and intelligent observers of facts of any of the mine superintendents whom I have had the pleasure of meeting. I requested him to se-
186 AA. r.EPOKT of progress, c. a. ashburner.
lect the cTaplicate specimens exactly alike, as far as possible, and to have them represent the character of the coal which had been rained from each locality.
In addition to these duplicate specimens, others were collected, from the Maniraoth bed in TnnnellSlo. 2 ; in the old workings of Slope ISlo. 4 ; and of the Red Ash beds in Tunnel No. 2, and in the tunnel south from the foot of Shaft No. 1. These analyses are given in Table No. V. (See op- l)osite page.)
A hurried glance, at the results in this table will show liow absolutely impossible it would be, to argue from them any relationship between the different beds, from the fact that there are greater variations between the analyses of duplicate specimens, than between those of specimens collected from different beds. For instance, the analysis of specimen la resembles very much those of specimens 2a and 3; from these alone, the identity of the jyockeled hed' to the Mammoth might be argued. Such a conclusion, however, would hardly be justified when the analyses of specimens la, 2a and 4a are compared with those of their duplicates lb, 2b, and 4b. Again if specimens lb, 2a and 4b had alone been analysed it might have been concluded that the ''pocketed, hed'' was the reiDresentative of the first bed below the Mammoth.
Tablk No. V. — Analyses of the Coals mined at Nesquehoning Colliery No.
Aa. 187
Analyses Of Nesqueiioning Coals.
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Chapter VIII.
1. Total Shipment and Production of Anthracite Coal in Penna. ; 2. Anthracite Coal Tonnage of the different Transportation Companies ; 3. Historical notes connected, with the Development of the Anthracite Coal PieMs.
1. Total Shipment and Production of Anthracite Coal in
Pennsyloania.
No systernatic collection of the statistics of the production of the anthracite mines will be made by the Geological Survey. They are at present collected and reiorted both by the mine inspectors and the Bureau of Industrial Statistics. While it might be desirable, that these statistics should be collected and regularly reported by the Survey, as it is done in England and by the United States Geological Survey for special mineral products, the law authorizing the State Geological Survey does not call for such returns, nor would the appropriation permit of such work being done by the Survey corps, without seriously embarrassing the regular geological work. The question as to how much coal still remains in the entire region, and in special tracts, is one so entirely dependent upon the geological structure of the coal basins that, in view of the increased j)roduction and ultimate exhaustion of the anthracite fields, it is necessarily one with which the Geological Survey has to deal.
The method adopted for computing the original coal contents is explained in the description of Miscellaneous sheet No. IP In order to obtain the amount of coal still remaining to be mined, it is necessary to subtract from the total original contents, thus obtained, the amount of coal which has been mined. To do this, it becomes necessary for the Survey to estimate, from measurements of the thick-
See chapter V.
TOTAL SHIPMETiTTS ANTHRACITE REGION. AA. 189
nesses of the beds, and of the extent of territory Avhich has been mined, the coal left in areas under development, and the amount of coal taken out of the mines, and to obtain such statistics of production as will show directly the aggregate amount of coal shipped from the mines.
Numerous demands have been made upon the Survey for estimates of the past production of the region ; and it has seemed advisable, that some one of the many tables of production should be accejited, as the one to be used in all references to the subject in the Survey Reports. A number of tables have been examined with considerable care, and the one which has been adopted, by the Survey, is that compiled by Mr. P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, which shows the shipment of anthracite coal from 1820 to 1868. The statistics since 1868, which have been accepted, are those reported by Mr. John H. Jones, Confidential Accountant of the anthracite transporting companies. These are printed below, and have also been placed on Miscellaneous sheet No. Ill, in conjunction with a chart showing in a graphical way the growth of the production in the three regions of Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Wyoming, and in the entire State.
Note — The Loyalsock Coal Field in Sullivan county, which has now been embraced within the Anthracite Region, (see Report G'), but whose production has not been included in the following table, has produced siuce 1870 as follows: 1871, 23,122; 1872, 51,527; 1873, 32,0.58; 1874, 36,268; 1875, 16,522; 1876, 30,000; 1877, 23,000; 1878, 37,000; 1879, 50,000; 1880, 50,000; 1881, 64,325; 1882, 77,198; total 491,020 tons.
190 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburtster,
Table No. I. — Showing the Annual Shipment of Anthracite Goal in Pennsylvania since 18W, with tlienumloer of tons and percentage shipped from each region P
Years.
Schuylkill
Region.
Lehigh Region.
Wyoming
Region.
Total
Tons.
Tonnage.
Per ct.j
Tonnage.
Per ct.
Tonnage.
Per ct.
*The Schuylkill region includes the Western Middle Field and that portion of the Southern Field west of Tainaqua. The Lehigh region includes the Eastern Middle Field and that portion of the Southern Field east of Tamaqua, known as the Panther Creek basin.
Total Shipments Antiikacite Kegion. Aa. 191
Anthracite Coal in Pennsylvania— Continued.
Y ears.
Schuylkill Uegion. I
Lehigh Region.
Wyoming
Region.
Total.
Tonnage,
Per ct.!
Tonnage.
Per ct.
Tonnage.
Per ct.
Tons.
Totals,
This table represents the total shipment of coal away from the region, and does not include the amount of coal consumed within the region. This amount has hitherto been variously estimated at from eight to ten per cent, of the total amount produced. Although the amount of coal burned within the coal-fields has increased from year to year, yet the percentage of the total amount mined, which has been so used, has unquestionably diminished at the same time. The total shipment, according to Messrs.
192 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburr'Er.
Sheafer and Jones, up to the end of 1881, has been 438,- 580,394 tons, and if to this we should add nine per cent, for local consumption, the grand total would be 478,052,629 tons. During 1881 the mine inspectors gave this question careful consideration, and according to their estimates (See Chap. IX,) the amoiint consumed in the region during that year was about five and one half per cent, of the total amount produced.
The production reported by the mine inspectors for 1882 is 31,281,066 tons, so that the total output of the anthracite mines to January 1, 1883, has been 509,333,695 tons.*
It is hard to appreciate the enormous amount of anthracite which has already been mined. Assuming that a ton of coal, of 2,240 iDounds in the bed, contains 25 cubic feet ; 509,333,695 tons would form a solid wall 100 feet wide and 100 feet high for a distance of about 241f miles ; orit would form a solid wall along the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, between Philadelphia and Xew York, 100 feet wide and over 268 feet high.
'2,. Anthracite Goal Tonnage of the different Transportation Companies .
Since 1870 Mr. Jones has kept a careful record of the coal tonnage of the different railroad and canal companies which have transported anthracite coal from the region. It is shown in ihe following table :
*This does not include the production of the Loyalsock field.
f If a similar estimate be made with the coal in broken sizes, as it has been shipped to market, on a basis of 40 cubic feet to a ton, a wall would be formed 100 feet wide and 100 feet high for a distance of 386 miles, which is very nearly the distance from Trenton, New Jersey, to Pittsburgh, along the line of the Pennsi'lvania Railroad.
Table No. II. — Anthracite Coal Tonnage of the different Transportation Companies compiled upon the Basis of Distribution established by the Anthracite Board of Control for 1878. Reported, by Mr. John H. Jones., Confidenticd Accountant.
Transpobtatiox Statistics
Aa. 193
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194 Aa. Repokt Of Pkogkess. C. A. Ashbukner.
3. Historical Notes connected with the Development of the Anthracite Coal Fields.
The following historical notes connected with the development of the region, and the mining of coal, have been compiled and published in conjunction with the statistics of production. A complete history of the development of the Anthracite Coal Fields will be published with tlie final geological report :
1820. Lehigh Coal and ISTavigation Company began mining and shipping coal from Summit Hill region. Canal opened, Mauch Chunk to Easton, 1829. White Haven to Mauch Chunk, 1837.
1825. Schuylkill Canal was completed from Mt. Carbon to Philadelphia.
1829. Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. began transporting coal from Carbondale region.
1831. Nesquehoning H. R. and Plane built.
1831. , Morris Canal opened, Phillipsburg to hJ ewark ; opened to Jersey City, 1830. Leased by Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., 1872.
1832. Little Schuylkill R. R. began transporting coal from
Tama qua region.
1832. Shaniokin Division, Northern Central Railway, originally
opened. Reorganized 1851. Leased to Northern Central Railway, 1863.
1833. Delaware Division Pennsylvania Canal opened.
1834. Wyoming and State Canals opened.
1835. First Geological Survey of the Anthracite Coal Fields
commenced.
1837. Shipments of coal began from Beaver Meadow region.
1837. Shqmients of coal began from Pine Grove, via Union Canal.
1837. Morris & Essex R. R. opened. Leased to D., L. &
W. R. R. Co., 1869.
1838. Shipments of coal began from Hazleton region.
1839. Summit Branch R. R. opened. Leased to S. B. R.
R. Co., 1866.
Historical Notes.
Aa. 195
1839. Shipments of coal began from Sliamokin region westward.
1839. Shipments of coal began from Lykens Valley region
westward.
1840. Shipments of coal began from Buck Mountain region.
1840. Quakake R. R. opened. Extended and opened to
Mt. Carmel 1862.
1841. First Geological Surrey of the Anthracite Coal Fields
completed.
1842. Philadelphia & Reading R. R. began transporting
coal through to Pt. Richmond.
1846. Shipments of coal began from Wilkes Barre region, via L. & S. R. R. Planes, and Lehigh Canal.
1850. Pennsylvania Coal Company began business.
1852. Central R. R. of IS". J. opened from Elizabeth to Easton. Third rail from Hampton June, laid 1856.
1854. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co. began
mining and shipping coal.
1855. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co. began transporting coal to
Phillipsburg. Oiiened to Perth Amboy in 1875.
1857. Belvidere & Delaware R. R. began transporting coal.
1857. North Pennsylvania R. R. opened. Leased to Philadelphia
& Reading R. R. Co. May 1, 1879.
1858. Lackawanna & Bloomsburg R. R. opened. Leased
to D., L. &; W. R. R. Co.. 1873.
1858. Mining began in McCauley Mountain region.
1868. Lehigh & Susquehanna R. R. opened to Phillipsburg
. Leased to C. R. R. of N. J., 1871.
1869. Pennsylvania & New York R. R. opened to Waverly.
1870. Nesquehoning Valley R. R. and Tunnel into Panther
Creek basin opened.
1870. Sunbury, Hazleton & Wilkes Barre R. R. ojiened.
Leased by Pennsylvania R. R., 1878.
1871. Erie Railway Co. began mining and shipping coal.
1873. Philadelphia & Reading Coal and Iron Co. began
mining and shipping coal.
1874. Lehigh & Wilkes Barre Coal Co. began operations.
196 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
1879. Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co. leased Delaware
& Bound Brook R. R., May 1.
1880. Second Gleological Survey (reconnaissance) of the
Anthracite Coal Fields commenced, August.
1881. Second Gleological Survey of the Anthracite Coal
Fields regularly organized and commenced, under plan approved by the State Geologist and Board of Commissioners, July.
1883. Philadelidiia and Reading R. R. leased Central R.
R. of New Jersey and leased lines, May 29th.
1883. First shipment made over Shamokin, Sunbury & Lewisburg and Jersey Shore and Pine Creek R. R's. from Merriam Colliery (31f tons egg coal) to S. M. Devoy & Co., Syracuse, N. Y., June 28th.
These notes are by no means complete ; they only contain a record of the more prominent facts, connected with the development of Pennsylvania anthracite.
Chapter IX.
1. Description of Map Sections and Statistics on Miscellaneous Sheet No. II ; 2. List of Operating Collieries with their Total Production 1881 and 1882 ; 3. Total Production and Shipment from Mine Inspectors' Districts 1881 and 1882; f Total Production of Counties for 1882; 5. Columnar Sections showing the Average Thichness of the Coal Measures in the different Anthracite Fields; 6. Northern Field; 7. Eastern Middle Field; 8. Western Middle Field; 9. Southern Field ; 10. Difficulties of Identification.
1. Description of Map, Sections and Statistics on Miscellaneous Sheet No. II.
The information published on this sheet is of a very general character, not exact as might be wished ; it was compiled, however, to meet a demand for a small connected map of the coal fields to show the geographical positions of the basins ; the location of the collieries and their relative size by the number of tons produced during the years 1881 and 1882 ; and finally the thickness of the coal measures, and particularly the number and thickness of the coal beds in the different districts, with an indication as to the identification of the different coal beds throughout the region. The progress of the Geological Survey has not been sufficient, to enable it to construct an original map of all the coal fields ; to compile a comx)lete list of the working collieries ; or to make a final statement as to the thickness of the coal rocks, the number and thickness of coal beds, or to propose a comparison of the beds in the different districts.
As to how far these inquiries can be answered, at the
198 AA. KEPOllT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
present time, is attested by this sheet, which contains the most reliable information availal)le on the snbject.
Tlie map'' was compiled from the following :
Shilling and Gray's County Atlas and Wall MajD of Pennsylvania,
Stnrdevant's map of Luzerne County,
Township atlases of Carbon and Schuylkill Counties,
Geological maps of Wyoming and Sullivan Counties, Report G*, and
Sketch map to illustrate report on coal lands of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron ComiDany, bj Mr. Jose})h S. Harris.
The errors wliich will be found on this map, by persons familiar with special areas in tliis part of the State, will show the necessity for a more accurate representation. The original maps drawn on a large scale, which have been contributed for the use of the Geological Survey, and those which have already been constructed from the surveys of the Survey corps, are being reduced on to a connected map, drawn to a scale of one mile to one inch. It is proposed to pidilish this map, on a scale of two miles to one inch, with the final report, after the survey of the entire region is completed.
The division of the coal basins into districts, is that which has been arbitrarily accepted by the coal trade, and which has been used for several jmars by Mr. John II. Jones in the compilation of his annual list of collieries. These divisions have been provisionally adopted by the Survey for convenience of description.
The list of working collieries, on Miscellaneous sheet No. II, with their production, has been compiled from the mine inspectors' reports for the year 1881. Some of the collieries given in the reports are not contained in Mr. Jones' list and twice versa so that in some cases considerable difficulty was experienced in deciding under which division of Mr. Jones' list the collieries in the reports, which were not found in his list, should be placed. f
The number of working collieries is constantly changing.
Drawn by Charles B. Scott.
t See page 199.
Miscellain'Eous Sheet No. Ii.
A A. 199
on account of old mines being closed and new ones being opened. The production, of some of those whicli are kept working, changes from year to year ; so that, a list which may be complete for one year, imperfectly represents the mining operations for the next. For general reference, however, the list on this sheet is of great value, and it has been reprinted here as being more convenient for ready reference, together with a similar list for 1882, compiled from advance sheets of the mine inspectors' reports for that year.
The tonnage reported in the table is, in some cases, the shipment, while in others it is the production, which includes the shipment from the coliier} and that which is used at the colliery for fuel and sold to the local trade, No uniform plan has been employed by all the mine inspectors in reporting the shipment and production of the anthracite collieries. (See page 216.)
For more detailed information the reader is directed to the "Reports of the Inspectors of Mines of the Anthracite Coal Region" for 1881 and 1882.
f This is only an apparent discrepancy. The collieries enumerated in Mr. Jones' list indicate the points from where the shipments are made and the shipping reports are returned ; whereas, the collieries in the mine inspectors list are really the working mines, a number of which, in many cases, ship their product from the same point.
Table jN'o. I. — List of Operating Collieries loitli their Total Production 1881 and, 1882.
200 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
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Jermyn's Green Ridge in the list for 1881 (see Miscellaneous sheet No. II) is the same as Jermyn No. 3 and Jermyn No. shaft in the present list. This colliery was worked in 1882 during alternate months by the companies named.
Scranton District — Continued.
202 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburtster.
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Pittston District — Continued.
Pittston District.
Aa. 203
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204 A A, REPORT OF PROGRESS. 0. A. ASHBURlSrER,
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Iligliland No. 1, Highland, ... G. B. Markle & Co 99,009 104,358
Highland No. 2, " " " 98,866 124,472
Black Creek Basin. — Continued.
206 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
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East Malianoy District — Continued.
208 Aa. Eepoet Of Peogeess. C. A. Asiibuenee.
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210 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
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ick Ridge, I Shamokin, i May Audenried & Co., . . I 30,015
SHAMOKIN', PANTTII:R creek, AC.
A A. 211
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212 AA. REPOKT OF lOiOGRESS. C. A. ASHBURNER.
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West Schuylkill District.
Aa. 213
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214 Aa. Report Of Progress. 0. A. Asiiburner.
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Aa. 215
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216 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Some of the mine inspectors report the annual shipment of coal from each colliery and add a fixed percentage for local sales and colliery consumption to the total shijDments, in order to obtain the total production ; others rei:>ort the total production of each colliery ; while in still other cases both the shipment and production of each colliery is given.
By reference to the following table the reader may ascertain whether the shipment or production bas been reported for the different districts in this report, and the way in which Table II has been compiled :
Report for 1881.
No. of District.
Shipment.
Production.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding total colliery consumption reported to total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding total colliery consumption reported to total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding total colliery consumption reported to total shipment.
Total obtained by assuming total colliery consumption to have been 6% of total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding the total colliery consumption reported, and 35,000 tons for local sales, to the total shipment.
Total obtained by assuming total colliery consumption to have been of total shipment,
same as reported for 1882.
Reported for each colliery.
*In several of the reports what is evidently the colliery shipment is given in a column headed "Number of tons of coal mined." 1 infer this from the fact, that, to the totals of these columns, a number of tons are added for colliery consumption. The confusion which now exists in these reports could be readily obviated by all the mine inspectors adopting a uniform plan of tabulating the colliery shipment and production returns.
Shipment Or Production.
Aa. 217
Report for 1882.
Cm
. u
Shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by assuming total colliery consumption to have been 6% of total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by assuming total colliery consumption to have been 6% of total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Reported to Survey for each colliery, but not given in inspector's report.
Production.
Total obtained by adding 6% to total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding 6o to total shipment.
Reported for each colliery.
Total obtained by adding to total shipment.
Reported for each colliery, as given in table in this report.
In published references, made to the anthracite region, Mr. Jones' report of the total annual shijunent is generally spoken of as the total production. If the Mine Inspectors' reports be accepted, for the production, and Mr. Jones' report for the shipment, it will be noted that the total annual production for ISSl" (30,537,581 tons) was 2,037,561 tons in excess of the total annual shipment (28,500,017 tons) carried by ten different transporting companies ; in 1882 the total production (31,281,066 tons) ivas 2,160,970 tons in excess of the total shipment, (29,120,096 tons.)
Various reports are made of the production and shipment of coal from the Anthracite Fields as shown by the following figures for 1881. Much confusion has resulted
from these conflicting reports.
To71S.
Total production. Bureau of Statistics, . . . 27,929,128.18
Total shipment, mine inspectors, 28,776,980
Total production, mine inspectors, 30,537,581
Total shipment, John H. Jones, 28,500,017
*The Loyalsock field has not been included in these estimates.
218 Aa. Keport Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburker.
Total shipment, R. P. Rotliwell, editor Engineering
and Mining Journal, 27,208,524
Total production, R. P. Rothwell, editor Engineering and Mining Journal, 30,261,940
The shi]Dment reported by the mine inspectors is necessarily in excess of the shipment rex>orted by Mr. Jones, as it evidently contains local shipments which have not been made by the transportation companies included in Mr. Jones' list.
J. Table jSTo. ITT. — Total Production of the Anthracite Eields for 1882, hy Counties.
Name of County. Tons.
Susquehanna, 15,333
Lackawanna, 6,071,716
Luzerne, 13,355,316
Carbon, 867,595
Schuylkill, 7,176,489
Columbia, 669,870
Northumberland, 2,552,547
Dauphin, 572,200
Total hard anthracite, Sullivan, (soft anthracite,)
Total all anthracites,
5. Columnar Sections showing the average thickness of the Coed Measures in the different Anthracite Eields.
It is impossible -for the Survey, at this early stage of the work, to systematize the various columnar sections which have been constructed in the different parts of the region to show the number, thickness, and identity of the coal beds ; certains sections, of those which have been reported to the Survey, have, however, been selected, in order to exhibit in a general way, the local names, the thickness, and the relation of the coal beds ; and the thickness of the Carboniferous formation which is known at present to contain workable coals.
IDENTIFICATIOiSr OF COAL BEDS.
Aa. 219
An important question, to be examined and reported on by the Survey, is the identification of the coal beds which are being worked in the mines of the same, or of different basins. The difficulties in the way of a solution of this problem are very great, and in special localities are appreciated by those practically interested. The information Avhich is in the possession of any one engineer in the region, Jiowever extensive his connections, is seldom such as to enable him to identify the beds over any very considerable area ; certainly not for the entire coal field.
The idea is prevalent, that the identity and relation of the coal-beds have been established beyond doubt, and that certain of the anthracite beds have been identified as the representatives of the bituminous beds in the western jart of the State. To what extent this has been accomplished, as far as the anthracite beds are concerned, the facts presented here will show.*
Prof. Rogers in his final report of the First Geological Survey, published in 1858, attempted to systematize the conflicting names assigned to the coal-beds. The information which the assistant geologists were able to obtain at that time was too meagre to permit of a rectification of all of the inconsistencies. In some localities, where it was believed that the same bed had been given different names, too little was certainly known of the structure to permit of a final solution. In introducing this subject Prof. Rogers says : " Much pains have been devoted, in the progress of the Geological Survey of the Anthracite region, to noting and recording the characteristic features of the individual coal-seams, to tracing the variations of type which thej' undergo, to ascertaining their identity from section to section, and the double names which many of them possess. From the circumstances that, from the commencement of mining operations, in the southern basin especially, down to the present day, the chief collieries and explorations for coal have started in the valleys which intersect the basins, the identity of the beds, from valley to valley, remains even yet imperfectly known. In the absence of sirch knowledge of the equivalencies of the locally opened beds, it was natural, indeed inevitable, that the miners should assign either local names, or apply the known names of distant coals erroneously to their own favorite seams. A desire to apply to a newly-found coal, or a newly-organized mine, the name of some bed of established repute nearly in the same range with it, where a scriipulous tracing of their outcrops might have proved them dissimilar, has added not a little to the excessive confusion of nomenclature which now exists, to the serious detriment of the mining interests of the region."
"Not a few of the disastrous disappointments which attend mining enterprise in the Pottsville basin, may be attributed to the prevailing ignorance of the true range and identity of its coal-beds; one main source of which, next to a want of clear tracing of the anticlinal and synclinal flexures, is the confusion in the namingof the coal-beds."
220 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburr'Er.
Since the Second Geological Survey has been in progress, numerous demands have been made for columnar sections of the coal measures, in special localities, in order to determine the identity and relation of particular coal-beds. As the detailed information in the possession of the Survey will not be available to the public, until it is systematized and results deduced and placed in form to be iublislied, it has not yet been possible to meet these requests. The importance of this question to the property owner and miner will be ap- Xreciated, Avhen it is considered that, if it is not certainly known what coal-bed is being mined, tlie number or character of the coal-beds above or below it can only be a matter of conjecture. The anthracite coal-beds have all, long since, been named ; and in many instances the same names have been indelibly affixed to beds of well-recognized characteristics over the entire region from Scranton to Tremont. The natural inference has been that any one of these well-known names designates always the same bed, A\dierever it may be used. In many cases this is a fact ; in many others the suxxosed identification of the beds has been established ux)on insufficient grounds and a similarity of name does not necessarily indicate an identity of beds.'-
In the case of some of the large mining companies, whose operations are sxread over a vast territory, this subject has received a carefid study from their engineers and colliery sux">erintendents, and the relationsliixA of the beds has been established. Notable instances could be named, however, where a mistaken identity of the beds, on xR'oxAerties immediately adjoining those of tli;? larger companies, has not only XAroduced complications in mining, but has increased or dexreciated x">rope'fy values. In general, these errors have come from a suxposed xarallelism of the coal-beds, or from x')lacingtoo much importance upon a similarity of coal as indicative of an identity of bed. The non-xoarallelism of the anthracite beds in many localities is iiowxwoved beyond a question ; in fact, it is doubted whether the certain identification of any of the Carboniferous strata, over the entire
A short time ago I was informed, on good authority, that a bed being worked in a certain mine had been named after another bed mined elsewhere because the latter produced a grade of coal which stood high in the market.
SECTIOlS OF COAL MEASURES.
Aa. 221
coal-field can be accepted, other than the Mammoth bed and the base of the Pottsville Conglomerate, No. XII (Carboniferous Conglomerate, Millstone Grit, or Serai of Rogers). Even in these two cases instances could be cited which have recently caused the assistants of the Survey much perplexity. These difficulties have arisen in parts of the coal basins which have been most thoroughly and longest worked.
The following sections, Avhich have been measured by different engineers in prominent localities throughout the region, show the best known local names, and the relation of the coal-beds, together with their average thickness, and the thickness of the Carboniferous formation* in the several basins which is known at present to contain workable beds. A typical section in each basin has been selected and placed on Miscellaneous sheet No. II, so that the bottom of the Mammoth bed, so called, in each case is on a horizontal line across the sheet. In most cases it is quite imjiossible at present to identify the individual beds from section to section.
It is difficult, without a very careful survey, to state any thickness for a coal-bed, or for the rock intervals between the beds, which shall he an average for any area, as both are known to change within very short distances. A notable instance, as regards the coal, is found in the No. 9 Colliery of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, as is shown in the following table, (vid. Columnar section No. 20, sheet No. Ill:)
Distance Thickness of Thickness
fromTunnel No. 9. Mammoth Coal-Bed. of coal.
In the latter locality it was difficult to determine the average dip of the coalbed, and the thickness which has been assigned to it is, without doubt, an abnormal one. The locality where the section was measured, as reported by Mr. Rutter, is now (1883) under water, and I was unable to visit it.
On the property of the same company, the interval between the top of the Mammoth bed and the bottom of the Red Ash, F, or Primrose bed, varies from 164 feet at Tunnel No. 1, to 287 feet at Tunnel No. 9, which is six miles west of Tunnel No, 1.
222 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburr'Er.
G. Northern Goal Field.
Section No. 1. — Carhondale Basin, Forest City Colliery — Authority : Hillside Goal and Iron Company.
Rock
Coal beds.* Total.
Surface,
to 22'
Sandstone,
to 48'
Coal bed,
to 50'
Slate,
to 62'
Coal bed,
to 68'
Slate,
to 74'
Sandstone,
to 101'
Coal bed,
6"
Sandstone,
to 134'
2"
Slate,
to 136'
8"
Coal bed,
2" to 136'
Slate,
C"
to 159'
Coal bed,
6" to 160'
Dirt,
6"
to 161'
4"
Coal bed,
2" to 163'
Slate,
6"
to 177'
Sandstone,
to 191'
Slate,
to 196'
Coal bed,
6" to 196'
6"
Slate,
5"
to 196'
Coal bed,
6" to 197'
5"
Slate and coal mixed, . . . .
7"
to 199'
Sandstone,
Ip
o''
to 210'
5"
Pea conglomerate,
to 211'
5"
Sandstone,
to 254'
3"
Slate,
to 266'
3"
Sandstone,
to 278'
3"
Coal bed,
8" to 279'
Slate,
2"
to 282'
1"
Coal bed,
6" to 286'
7"
Slate,
to 288'
7"
Sandstone,
to 292'
7"
Conglomerate,
to 296'
7"
Sandstone,
to 312'
7"
Conglomerate,
to 316'
7"
Sandstone,
6"
to 323'
1"
Slate,
4"
to 325'
5"
Pea conglomerate,
8"
to 327'
1"
Total thickness of rock, . .
7"
" " coal beds.
6"
The measurements, given under "Coal-beds" in each section, are necessarily very much in excess of the thickness of coal contained in the beds, as they include the several coal benches with the separating material.
Carbondale Basin'.
Aa. 223
Section Ko. 2. — Carhondale Basin, Vicinity of Carbondale. — Authority : Hillside Coal and Iron Company.
Rock.
Coal beds. Total.
to 12'
6"
to 20'
6"
3" to 22'
to 48'
1"
8" to 49'
9"
to 58'
to 64'
4" to 64'
4"
to 73'
4"
Coal Bed,
to 80'
6"
to 84'
to 116'
to 121'
5"
to 126'
6"
to 165'
3"
to 165
7" to 166'
to 179'
2" to 179'
to 184'
to 206'
to 213'
to 250'
2" to 250'
to 262'
to 266'
to 276'
5"
to 286'
to 287'
31. Coarse conglomerate, . . . .
2"
to 295'
Total thickness of rock.
2"
" " coal beds.
Section No. 3. — Laclcawanna Basin, Vicinity of Scranton.— Authority : Delaware, Lackawanna and, Western R. R. Co.
Rock. Coal Beds. Total.
1. Surface, 35' to 35'
2. A COAL BED, 10' to 45'
3. Rock, 89' to 134'
4. B COAL bed2, 2' to 136'
5. Rock, . . 45' to 181'
224 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburtster.
Rock
to 219'
D Coal Bed"!,
to 226'
Rock, . .
to 316'
E, OR Diamond coal bed,
to 322'
Rock, . . . . . .
to 361'
F, or Rock coal bed, , . .
to 367'
Rock, . .
to 484'
Coal Bed,
to 494'
Rock, . ,
to 547'
H, OR New County coai
Bed,
to 552'
Rock, , . .
to 592'
J, OR Clark coal bed, .
to 598'
Rock,
to 650'
K Coal Bed, . . .
to 654'
Rock,
to 695'
L COAL bed,
to 700'
Total thickness of rock, . ,
" " coal beds.
Notes 1. Only found to outcrop at two points in the valley.
3. Very rough bony coal not mined by P., L. & W. R. R. Co. anywhere.
4. Rough coal 2' of slate in center of bed not mined by the company
anywhere.
Section No. If. — Willies Barre Basin, Conyngliam Shaft and Baltimore Bore-hole. — Avthority : Lehigh and.
Willies Barre Coal CompoM.y, and Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.
Conyngham Shaft. Rock. Coal Beds. Total.
Masonry,
9"
to
9"
Fine sandstone,
2"
to
Fine slate,
3"
to
2"
Sandstone,
to
1"
Coal, 1
f
7"
to
8"
Slate, K COAL bed
CoA Land slate j
to
2"
1"
to
3"
Slate and rock,
3"
to
6"
Sandstone,
8"
to 105'
2"
Pebble rock,
to 116'
Black sand.stone,
to 128'
9"
.Slate,
1"
to 131'
J, Seven Foot, or Abbott
Coal Bed,
6"
to 136'
4"
Slaty sandstone,
3"
to 187'
7"
Pebble rock,
3"
to 197'
Gray sandstone,
2"
to 213'
Wilkes Baere Bashst.
Aa. 225
Coal Bed,
7"
7"
to 234'
2"
to 262'
8"
7"
to 269'
3"
3"
COAL BED, . . i
11' 11" to 285'
2"
5"
to 292'
7"
6"
to 343'
1"
9"
to 343'
7"
to 424'
5"
3"
to 434'
8"
4"
29. Black slate, sand, and coal.
9"
to 439'
1"
30. Fine dark sandstone, . . .
4"
to 469'
5"
31. Micaceous fine sandstone, .
to 485'
3"
32. Fine dark sandstone, . . .
3"
to 493'
6"
to 494'
5"
1"
35. Fine dark sandstone and fireclay
.
4"
to 509'
5"
36. Fine dark sandstone and fireclay
,
4"
to 527'
9"
37. Fine and hard mica iron-stone, 36'
to 564'
7"
38. Fire-clay and iron-stone, .
3"
to 570'
39. Fine micaceous iron-stone.
to 624'
8"
5"
to 625'
1"
7" to 625'
8"
bone.
9"
to 626'
5"
E, OR Balti-
4"
2"
to 627'
6"
Bed.
5' 10" to 633'
4"
2"
to 633'
6"
7"
to 636'
7"
7"
Baltimore Bore Hole.
to 738'
7"
to 746'
6"
6"
r
to 750'
4"-
5"
to 773'
9"
6"
to 774'
2"
8" to 774'
3"
to 777'
1"
to 862'
1"
6"
to 862'
7"
3"
to 872'
9"
65. Slate, S C, or Ross coal ? 6"
Red Ash Colliery Bore Hole.
Total thickness of rock, .807 3"
" " coal beds,
7"
to 894'
8" to 899'
7"
to 900'
6" to 901'
7"
to 929'
7"
3" to 946'
to 949' 8"
2' 10" to 952' 6"
Section No. 5. — Nanticolce Basin, Susquehanna Shafts Nos. 1 and 2. — Authority : Susquehanna Goal Comqxmy.
Shaft No. 1.
Rock.
Coal Beds. Total.
Surface,
to 16'
Shelly sandstone, . . . .
6"
to 20'
4"
Shelly sandstone, . . . .
4"
to 43'
8"
Soft sandstone,
to 79'
6"
Fire-clay,
6"
to 83'
Coal bed,
6" to 85'
6"
Black slate,
3"
to 98'
Hard sandstone,
to 102'
9"
Slate, .
to 108'
8"
Diamond, George, or
Coal Bed, . . . .
2"
Slaty sandstone and iron balls
2"
to 158'
4"
Hard sandstone, . . .
to 183'
2"
Micaceous sandstone, . .
to 194'
1"
Slate,
to 203'
Coal bed, ...
6" to 204'
6"
Slate and slaty sandstone.
to 224'
7"
Coal and gas,
3" to 224'
Slaty sandstone,
to 249'
Hard sandstone, ...
6"
to 269'
2"
Slaty sandstone and slate.
to 286'
1"
Orchard, Tunnel, or
H
Coal Bed,
1" to 296'
2"
Slate and slaty sandstone.
to 320'
Coal bed,
2" to 320
2"
Soft slaty sandstone, . .
to 330'
1"
Finn sandstone, . . .
to 342'
Slate and sandstone, . .
to 364'
Fire-clay,
6"
to 368'
6"
Hillman,Slope,or Gcoal
Bed,
5"
Fire-clay and slate, . . .
to 378'
5"
Nanticoke Basin
Aa. 227
30. Firm micaceous sandstone, .
to 408'
3"
to 423'
2"
6" to 425'
8"
6"
to 429'
2"
to 439'
Bed,
to 444'
1"
to 478'
38. Curly slate and coal, . . .
to 496'
9"
to 508'
8"
2"
to 525'
Bed,
9" to 532'
7"
to 535'
7"
43. Short fracture sandstone, .' .
Shaft No. 2.
to 565'
44. Carbonaceous mixture, coal.
6" to 566'
5"
to 578'
5"
46. Fine conglomerate and sandstone
,
1"
to 620'
6"
to 653'
3" to 659'
3"
5"
to 665'
8"
3" to 666'
5"
to
4"
Bench,
5" to
9"
to
7"
4" to
It'
4"
to
to
1"
to
1"
to
2" to
2"
60. Sandy slate and hard sandstone
,
8"
to
to
8"
to
7"
6" to
1"
to
65. Firm slaty sandstone, . . .
5"
to
5"
67. Slate and hard bastard conglomerate
,
to
2"
1" to
3"
69. Slate, sandstone, and bastard
conglomerate,
2"
to
5"
to
5"
5"
to
72. Bastard conglomerate, . . .
9"
to
7"
228 AA. KEPORT OF PPvOGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURKER.
Bed,
to 1007' 6"
6' to 1013' 6''
Total thickness of rock, . . . 918'
coal beds,
Tliese sections are of great local interest and value, and sliow the exact stratification of the coal measures at Nanticoke, Wilkes Barre, Scranton, Carbondale, and in the vicinity of Forest City colliery in the Northern (Wyoming and Lackawanna) coal field. The difhcnlty of selecting a section in this field, typical of any considerable area, has been greater than in the more southern fields. The development and mining of coal in the Northern Field has been more independently conducted, and there has been less interchange of information between the mining engineers and operators than elsewhere. In addition to tliis, the mines are more scattered and, in the main, the basins are shallower than in the Schuylkill regions. As a result, there are not as many different beds being mined in sjecial areas. These facts have rendered it very difficult for the beds to be properly identified, and the Avork Avhich is left here for the Geological Survey, is probably greater and beset Avith more embarrassments than anyAvhere else ; although in no region is tins kind of information more desired or more necessary to the property OAvners, A great many records of shafts and diamond-drill holes have been obtained by Mr. Frank A. Hill and his assistants in the Wilkes Barre office. Many of these are held confidentially, until they shall be finally systematized and arranged for general publication ; so that it is impossible, at present, to even suggest a final comparison of the beds given in the Northern Coal Field sections. On Miscellaneous sheet No. II the sections have been placed so that, Avhat is generally considered to be tlie representative of the Mammoth bed is placed horizontally ojAposite the Mammoth bed in the Lehigh and Schuylkill sections. The confusion of names is very great in this field ; for instance, the Hillman bed is knoAvn also as the Slope, G or H bed. The next bed above this one is known locally as the Lance, Kidney, Bowkley, Mills, Orchard, or Tunnel bed.
Black Creek Basin'.
Aa. 229
The bed above this one is locally known by the following names, Hutchinson, Seven-Foot, Diamond, George. A study and comparison of these sections cannot fail to convince the most indifferent, of the necessity of a thorough and exhaustive examination of this and of the other anthracite coal basins.
The thicknesses of the beds are subject to many local changes, and in special localities may be more or less than given here.
Section No. 6. — Black Creek Basin, Gowen Bore Hole No. 1. — Authority : Coxe Brothers & Co.
Rock.
Coal Beds.
Coal.
Surface, . . . .
to
Gray rock, . .
6"
to
6"
Dark sand-slate,
7"
to
1"
Fine sand-rock,
to
Gray rock, . . .
7"
to
6"
Black slate, . .
2"
to
8"
Coal bed, 1
r
2" to
Slate, . . below
4"
to
2"
Coal bed, Mammoth
3" to
5"
Black slate,
bed.
8"
to
1"
5" to
Black slate, . . .
3"
to
9"
Sand-rock, . . .
7"
to
4"
Fine pebble rock,
6"
to
Black slate,
to
Sand-rock and black slate.
9"
to
7"
Sand-rock, . . .
5"
to
Soft black slate.
8"
to
8"
Coal, . . . . '
f
1" to
9"
Soft black slate,
9"
to
6"
Coal,
Whar-
Slate, . . .
Ton
COAIi
8"
to 111'
6"
Bony slate, . .
7"
to 112'
1"
Coal,
Bed.
1" to 116'
2"
Slate,
5"
to 116'
7"
Coal, bony, .
1" to 116'
8"
Fire-clay, . . . .
to 125'
7"
Slate,
3"
to 128'
Sandy slate, . .
6"
to 134'
4"
Blue rock, . . .
7"
to 145'
230 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Pebble rock,
5"
to 183'
4"
Slate,
to 189'
Sand-rock,
to 193'
3"
Pebble rock,
7"
to 202'
Black slate,
7"
to 203'
5"
Gamma coai. bed. Top
4" to 205'
9"
Slate,
8"
to 246'
5"
Gamma COAL BED. Bottom
Dark sand-rock,
7"
to 273'
7"
Slate,
2"
to 281'
9"
4" to 287'
1"
Slate i Buck Mountain
6"
to 287'
7"
COAL, i COALBED, . . j
to 294
7"
Soft shelly slate,
3"
to 294'
Slate,
to 306'
Dark sand-rock,
2"
to 333'
Pebble rock,
4"
to 347'
4"
Black slate,
to 348'
2"
Coal, 4 Alpha f
a"
3"
Coal and slate, coal !
8" to 351'
Coal, ... bed.
2"
Sand-rock,
8"
to 355'
Gray rock,
9"
to 381'
7"
Pebble rock,
to 384'
Dark sand-rock,
to 385'
5"
Black slate,
8"
to 386
1"
Gray rock,
to 395'
Conglomerate,
6"
to 400'
5"
Gray sandstone,
to 405'
Coal bed,
5" to 405'
6"
Dark sand-rock with pebbles.
5"
to 414'
Conglomerate,
to 417'
9"
Gray rock,
to 423'
8"
Dark .sand-rock,
P
3"
to 424'
Conglomerate,
8"
to 464'
7"
Dark sand-rock,
5"
to 467'
Conglomerate,
1"
to 497'
1"
Dark sand-rock,
6"
to 498'
7"
Conglomerate,
to 504'
7"
Slate,
7"
to 510'
2"
Green sandstone,
to 596'
2"
Total thickness of rock, . .558 1'
" coal beds, 38 1'
This section was constructed from the record of a bore-hole drilled by Coxe Brothers and Co. at Gowen, in the W est
Black Cheek Basin
Aa. 231
Cross Creek basin, whicli is one of the Black Creek basins.* The geology is very inncli confused at this point, so that the names given to the beds in the section, whicii were assigned to them at the time the hole was drilled, may not be correct. The hole was bored in 1876 ; but the engineers of the comjiany consider that they know less about the structure of this basin, and the identity of the beds, than when the diamond-drill core was first studied in 1876, and names given to the different beds. This conclu.dou, arrived at, after a close and careful study of the facts which have been developed in this basin during six years, is not an exceptional one. Although it is the popular opinion that the geology of the anthracite coal fields has long since been settled, I know of no fresher field for the mining geologist to work in than this, and none where his work, if carefully and intelligently done, would be of mofe practical and economical value.
The following section represents the strata in the Black Creek basin, midway between Ebervale and Jeddo, on what is known as the Jeddo property, 800 feet east of the Ebervale proper ty.f
Rock. . . 198'
Coal beds.
Total. to 198'
to 225' to 246'
4. Parlor coal bed, 6. Interval,
to 251' to 296'
to 298' to 344'
to 345' to 384'
to 385' to 405'
Total thickness of rock, 369'
" " coal beds, 36'
The hole was not drilled perpendicular to the dip of the strata ; the record
has, how'ever, been reduced, and reported by Mr. Berlin, to show the thickness of each stratum perpendicular to its bedding.
f These two properties are both owned by the Union Improvement Company; that portion known as the Ebervale property is leased and operated by the Ebervale Coal Company; the eastern part of the property, which is generally known by the name of Jeddo, is leased and operated by G. B. Markle & Co.
232 AA. EEPOUT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBUR?fER.
The Mammoth bed in this section is given as 27 feet thick ; this is probably an average, although it is as difficult to assign an average thickness to this bed in the Black Creek basin as anywhere in the region. Calvin Pardee & Co., near Hollywood and Milnesville, are at present stripping this bed in jdaces where it has a thickness between 60 and 90 feet over a large area. In one place, directly in the center of the basin, it measures as much as 102 feet thick. Next to the bed in Colliery No. 9 of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Companj'', Avhere it measures 114 feet, as already noted, this is the greatest thickness of coal that I know of in the anthracite coal lields. These thick beds are not economically worked. In my judgment, a property containing ten beds of anthracite, each 10 feet thick, is very much more valuable to the operator than one containing a bed 100 feet thick.
Section Ah. 7. — Hazleton Basin, Hazleton Colliery. — Authority : Thomas S. McNair.
Rock.
Coal beds. Total.
1"
to 9'
1"
to 43'
3"
2"
to 45'
5"
r 4' 4" to 49'
9"
9"
3"
5"
to 57'
8"
8"
to 195'
4"
to 201'
4"
2"
to 211'
6"
4"
6"
to 215'
7"
to 227'
6"
to 266'
4"
1"
to 276'
5"
7"
to 287'
6"
Ip
8"
to 299'
2"
9"
to 300'
to 332'
2"
to 359'
to 410'
32' 11' to 443'
9"
Hazleton Basin.
Aa. 233
Sand-slate,
8"
to 455'
5"
Sandstone,
7"
to 458'
Fine conglomerate, . . .
5"
to 477'
5"
Fine gray rock,
9"
to 482'
2"
Fine conglomerate, .
7"
to 483'
9"
Fine gray rock, . . .
to 488'
7"
Wharton coal bed, .
to 497'
4"
Sand-slate,
9"
to 504'
1"
Fine gray rock,
2"
to 520'
3"
Slate, ...
7"
to 522'
Gamma coal bed, . . .
to 524'
Sand-slate,
to 528'
Gray rock,
to 53T
Sand-slate,
4"
to 549'
4"
Gray rock with spar, . .
1"
to 558'
5"
Sand-slate, ...
9"
to 560
2"
Fine conglomerate, . .
6"
to 585'
8"
Buck Mountain coalbed.
to 593'
Slate, .
to 594'
7"
Fine gray rock,
to 609'
5"
Total thickness of rock.
1"
" " coal beds
4"
This section has been constructed from data olitained in diamond drill bore-holes, shafts, and mine-workings near the middle of the Hazleton basin. It is probably as typical of the entire basin as any that conld be constructed. The beds overlying the Mammoth apparently rnn out to a feather edge in the western ])art of the basin ; at least the developments in the local basin seem to indicate that this is the case. The main basin has not been sufficiently developed in this part of the section to form a general opinion. Ac cording to Mr. A. P. Berlin, Assistant Geologist, the beds underlying the Mammoth become more numerous toward the west, and the principal ones (Wharton and Buck Mountain) are more than 88 feet apart, which is the distance indicated in the above section. The Gamma bed, Avhich occurs above the Buck Mountain, in the western end of the basin, attains a thickness of 4 feet, including 1 foot 6 inches of slate, etc.
234 AA. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURIfER.
<5. Western Middle Field.
f
Section Fo. 8. — Shenandoah ami Mahanoy Basins. Vi cinity of Ellangoioan Colliery. — Authority : Philadel phia and Reading Coal and Iron Company.
Bock.
Coal Beds. Total,
Slate,
8"
to 4'
8"
Big Tracy coal bed, . . .
3" to 8'
Dark gray slate,
to 41'
Silicious rock,
to 60'
7"
Gray slate,
8"
to 64'
Diamond coal bed, . . .
9" to 71'
Dark gray slate, . .
8"
to 75'
8"
Slate, with iron-ore balls, . .
9"
to 114'
5"
Light sandstone,
4"
to 128'
9"
Dark gray slate,
to 158'
9"
Conglomerate,
9"
to 178'
6"
Dark gray slate, . . .
to 188'
Little Orchard coal bed.
8"
Dark gray slate, ...
6"
to 215'
2"
Orchard coal bed,
Ig.
Dark gray slate,
3"
to 304'
Dark sand.stone, ...
to 320'
3"
Slate, with iron-ore balls, . .
4"
to 377'
Primrose coal bed.
4" to 385'
Dark gray slate, with iron-ore
balls,
1"
to 486'
Holmes coal bed,
Slate,
1"
to 505'
Coal bed,
3 to 509'
3"
Slate,
to 511'
1"
Silicious rock,
6"
to 573'
7"
Slate, . ,
4"
to 573'
Sandstone,
6"
to 630'
5"
Slate,
5"
to 639'
Mammoth coal bed. Top
Member,
2" to 652'
Slate, .
to 691'
Mammoth coal bed, Mid-
Rle Member,
Slate,
to 720'
Mammoth coal bed, Bot-
Tom Member,
to 735'
Slate,
4"
to 742'
3"
Conglomerate,
to 750'
3"
Slate, . .
4"
to 756'
7"
vSkidmore coal bed, . . .
9" to 760'
4"
Slate,
4"
to 770'
8"
Sandstone,
to 781'
8"
Slate,
to 784'
8"
SIIAMOKIN BASIlSr.
Aa. 235
Seven-Foot coal bed, . .
6" to 791'
2"
Slate,
to 800'
1"
Sandstone,
9"
to 803
Slate,
8"
to 804'
6"
Sandstone,
to 813'
5"
Conglomerate,
to 856'
2"
Slate,
4"
to 862'
6"
Buck Mountain coal bed.
3" to 874'
9"
Total thickness of rock, . .767'
" " coal beds, 107' 9''
This section was conixhled to accompany the inax)'' of the mines between Mahanoy City and Shenandoali, Avhich is being published by the Geological Survey, and is supposed to be a typical section of the coal measures of that region. There are a great many changes between these two points, both in the thickness of the coal beds and the rocks ivliich separate them. The section would represent more particularly the stratigraphy in the vicinity of the Ellangowan colliery. Although the Big Tracy bed is placed at the top of the section, there is at least 125 feet of strata on top of it.
Section iVo. 9. — SliamoMn Basin, Trevorton Estate — Authority Bliiladelpliia and Reading Coal and Iron Company.
Rock. Coal beds. Total.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Bed,
to
Western Middle Coal Field, Mine sheet Nc. II.
236 Aa. Keport Of Progress. 0. A. Ashburner.
Interval,
to 741'
Coax. Bed,
to 751'
Interval,
to 863'
to 866'
Interval,
to 938'
to 945'
Interval,
to 1074'
to 1096'
Interval,
to 1226'
Leader of coal,
to 1231'
Interval,
to 1384'
Coad Bed,
to 1395'
Interval,
to 1515'
Coal Bed,
to 1525'
Total thickness of rock, . . .
" " coal beds, .
Tins section lias been nieasnrecl by the engineers of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company on the Trevorton estate, which is at the extreme western limit of the Western Middle Coal Field. There are difficulties and changes in the stratigraphy of the Shamokin basin, which render it almost impossible to select any one section as typical of the entire district. Some of the sections on the property of the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company, near Shamokin, differ widely in detail from this of the Trevorton estate. This is the only section given in the series where the beds have been numbered.
Section Fo. 10. — Panther Greek Basin, at Tamaqva.- — Authority: Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company and Geological Survey
Upper Red Ash Group.
2. Third Upper Red Ash coal bed,
4. Second Upper Red Ash coal bed,
Rock.
Coal beds. Total.
to 216'
to 280'
to 389'
*See Mine sheet No. Ill and Columnar Section sheet No. II.
Panther Creek Basin.
A A. 237
6. First Upper Red Ash coad bed,
to 393'
Lower Ited A&h Group,
to 551'
to 553'
to 566'
to 568'
to 696'
to 698'
13. Interval, . . V First Twin beds,
to 711'
to 713'
to 751'
to 758'
to 850'
to 853'
to 937'
20. G, or Upper Red Ash, coal bed.
to 943'
to 989'
to 993'
to 1048'
24. F, OR Lower Red Ash, coal bed.
to 1058'
White Ash Group.
to 1269'
to 1293'
to 1338'
to 1343'
to 1391'
to 1403'
to 1525'
to 1533
to 1708'
—
to 1763
to 1772'
to 1887'
to 1903'
Lykens Valley Group.
to 2143'
40. Upper IjYkens Valley coal bed.
to 2149'
to 2294'
42. Lower Lykens Valley coal bed.
Total thickness of rock,
'' " coal beds, . .
This section is unlike the section given for the Pottsville basin, inasmuch as it represents the succession of strata in one locality. The measurements were made in and about the mines north of Tamaqua, on the east side of the Little Schuylkill river, and through the Locust Mountain gap.
238 A A. ItEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. C. A. ASIIBUENER.
where the entire series of strata, represented in the section, dip away from the Locust Mountain south-west, toward the town of Tamaqua, to a joint on the river midway between Elm and Vine streets. Here a reverse dip on the south side of the Panther Creek basin is encountered, the center of the basin or synclinal being located at this point. In other words, if a diamond drill-hole should be started at the point indicated, and drilled in a direction (N. 18° 30' W.) perpendicular to the strike of the rocks and at the same time perpendicular to the dip or pitch of the beds, or at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizon, the section here given should show the coal beds and their distances apart, as they would be found in the drill-hole.
Section No. 11. — PoUsville Basin — Authority : Philadel- j>hia and Reading Coal and Iron Company .
Belmoyit Estate, east of Pottsville.
Pock.
Coal beds. Total.
to 8'
to 218'
to 226'
to 436'
to 439'
to 702'
to 705'
to 783'
9 Clarksox coalbed,
to 790'
to 873'
to 880'
to 1000'
to 1003'
to 1048'
In vicinity of PoU.'tville Shafts.
15. Peach Mountain coal bed, . .
to 1053'
to 1113'
to 1116'
The coal beds at Tamaqua were originally named from A to T ; A being the first bed which was known at that time in the Locust Mountain gap going south, and T being the most southern bed which was known to exist in the Sharp Mountain gap. Although it was a well-recognized fact by those who had some understanding of the geology of the Tamaqua section, that the same bed at different outcrops atid in different basins was assigned different letters, yet the idea that there were actually 20 individual coal beds, one above the other, at Tamaqua, was quite prevalent. My attention was only recently called to tliis fact by an engineer in the region, who thought that even now, there were many persons in the coal region who believed in the existence of all of these separate beds.
Pottsville Basin.
Aa. 239
Eckert Colliery, Tremont.
to 1174' to 1180'
to 1378' to 1380'
to 1420' to 1423'
to 1545' to 1551'
to 1709' to 1712'
to 1737' to 1741'
to 1931' to 1939'
to 2030' to 2034'
to 2104' to 2108'
to 2248' to 2255'
to 2270' to 2295'
to 2355' to 2363'
to 2435' to 2438'
to 2518' to '
to 2543' to 2545'
to 2570' to 2578'
to 3132' to 3134'
to 3184' to 3186'
to 3241' to 3251'
Total thickness of rock, 3097'
" " coal beds, . 254'
The upiier part of this section, above the Peach Mountain bed, is located about 14 miles (air-line) east of Tremont at which point the lower part of the section below the Buck Mountain bed has been measured ; while the section between these two beds, (Peach Mountain and Buck Mountain) measured in the vicinity of the Pottsville shafts, is between Tremont and the Belmont estate— in fact, but a short dis-
240 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiibueisier.
tance west oflie latter locality. The entire section, as it has been compiled and reported to me by Mr. Bard Wells, Assistant Geologist, maybe said to represent fairly the succession and thickness of the strata of the Southern Field, but does not necessarily represent what would be absolutely found in anyone place by commencing to drill in the Lewis bed and piercing the entire series down to the Lykens Valley coal bed.
, The names assigned to the beds in this section are not universally accepted, by the local engineers and geologists in the Southern Field. Other systems of naming have been reported which may ultimately prove x>i'eferable to the above. A discussion of this subject is deferred until the final report.
10. Difficulties of identification.
No attempt has yet been made liy the Geological Survey to systematize these sections. In fact, I believe it is quite impossible to do so. A careful study, of tlie information contained in these sections, cannot fail to show the inconsistencies in naming the beds, and the difficulties, which at present seem almost insurmonntable, in the way of either identifying the beds over the entire region, or of proposing any milan of naming which Avould not lead to errors.
The following may be noted as a few of the inconsistencies shown on the accompanying sheet of sections.*
In Section No. 10 the F, or first bed above the Mammoth, is frequently called the Primrose bed between Mauch Chnuk and Tamaqua, while in the western part of the Southern Coal Field and in the Western Middle Goal Field, the second bed above the Mammoth is generally called the Primrose ; the first bed above the Mammoth, wdrich is worked in a number of localities in these basins, being known as the Holmes bed.
The B bed and Buck Mountain bed are generally consid-
Miscellaneous sheet No. II.
10. Difficulties Of Identification. Aa. 241
ered to be the same. The name Buck Mounfain has been generally assigned to the lowest workable coal bed in the region, exclusive of the Lykens Valley beds. Along the Locust Mountain, north of Tamaqua, however, there is a coal bed (called A) 16 feet thick, llo feet under the bed which has been named B or Buck Mountain. This A bed has been extensively worked here, and has produced good coal.
At Tama qua the bottom bench or split of the Mammoth bed is named D. At ISTanticoke (Section No. 5) the Twin bed. which is 120 feet under the Bennett Forge or E bed, (which at this j)ointis considered to be the bottom split of the Mammoth,) is sometimes named D. At Wilkes-Barre (Section No. 4) the D bed is the third under the Baltimore or Mammoth, and 222 feet below it. In the Lackawanna basin (Section No. 3) the D bed is the third bed above the Big bed, which is supposed to be the Mammoth, with an interval between the two of 258 feet. In the former cases the beds are lettered from the bottom up ; in the latter, from the top down. In this instance the inconsistency in naming may be readily understood, and need not occasion errors in the comparison of sections, if it is known for a certainty in a written section whether the highest or lowest geological stratum is recorded first. As there is no general rule in recording a written section, great difficulty is sometimes experienced in ascertaining which is top and which is bottom.
The total thickness of coal Avhich can be economically mined in each basin, Avith the present system of mining, Avill not be as great as the total coal given in feet for each section, as most coal beds contain, interlocked Avith the different coal benches, layers of slate and iioor bony coal ; in some places the total thickness of coal given for the section includes beds as Ioav as one foot in thickness ; at present it is not generally considered profitable to mine an anthracite coal bed Avliich is under four or five feet thick. The A'ariability of the thickness of the beds is such, Iioaa-
*The average thickness of this bed here is probably about 6 feet.
242 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
ever, that in many cases the total coal which can be mined from anyone bed maybe greater than that given,* while in special instances the thickness assigned to the workable beds may be excessive.
Panther Creek Model.
A model of the floor of the Mammoth coal bed in the Panther Creek Valley, as shown by the contour curves on Mine sheets Nos. I, II and III, was constructed by Messrs. E. B. and 0. B. Harden, on horizontal and vertical scales of 800 feet to 1 inch, respectively. This model was made by a method originally designed by Mr. John Hy. Harden. Every other contour curve (100 feet apart) was traced independently, on a board inch thick, and was then cut out by a jig-saw. These boards were afterwards piled up, one upon another, so that the edge of each board, along the contour curve, would be perpendicularly projected into the position of the contour curve on the map. Tlie reentering angles of this wooden model were then filled out with modelling wax and a negative and afterwards a plaster of Paris cast made. A photo-lithograph was made of the positive cast on a reduced scale of about 2,400 feet to 1 inch, this is shown by the accompanying Plate No. lY.
*The Mammoth bed in the Black Creek Basin (Jeddo section) is given as twenty-seven feet thick. This bed, as has been noted, is worked by Calvin Pardee & Co., in the Hollywood quarries, where it sometimes measures as much as one hundred and two feet. The coal is obtained here by stripping off everything above the surface of the bed and quarrying the coal in an open cut.
First Report Of The Progress
Of The
Second Geological Survey Of Pennsylvania,
In The
Anthracite District.
Appendix A.
DETERMINATION OF THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF WILKES BARRE IN LUZERNE COUNTY AND OF POTTSVILLE IN SCHUYLKILL COUNTY,
By Professor C. L. Doolittle.
The determination of the geographical co-ordinates of Wilkes Barre and Pottsville, the details of which are given in the following pages, was undertaken in August, 1881, at the request of Mr. Chas. A. Ashburner, Geologist in charge of the Anthracite Survey, the object being to furnish definite points of reference for the maps of the Anthracite coal regions.
The first observations were made at Wilkes Barre on the night of August 10th, when twenty-two pairs of stars were observed with the Zenith Telescope. On the 12th twentysix pairs were observed. This was sufficient for as accurate a determination of the Latitude as was contemplated. Owing to unexpected delay in obtaining the use of tlie wires of the Western Union Telegraph Company for the longitude signals this part of the work was deferred until after the observations at Pottsville . jre completed. The instruments were accordingly removed to the latter place, all necessary
244 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
arrangements having been made. Four nights proved sufficient for obtaining sixty-four pairs of stars for Latitude and tliree series of Longitude signals. Signals were finally exchanged on two nights for determining the Longitude of Wilkes Barre, but it was not until October 6th that the last of tliese were obtained.
I wish to exx>ress my thanks to Messrs. G. H. Grace, Superintendent of the Western Union Telegraxdi lines at Phillipsburg ; J. E. Zeublin, Superintendent at Philadelphia, and O. W. Stager, Superintendent of the Philadelphia, Reading and Pottsville Telegraph Company for their kind cooperation in furthering the work. Also to the telegraph operators at Wilkes Barre and Pottsville for their efficient and courteous assistance.
The Telegraph companies with their customary liberality in such matters gave the free use of their wires for sending the signals and also fora large number of messages incident thereto.
Instruments.
The instruments employed were a Mean Time chronometer, Transit, and Zenith telescope, the two latter being the property of the Lehigh University. The chronometer was loaned to me by Messrs. T. S. and J. D. Negns, of New Aork. The performance of the instrument was in all respects satisfactory.
The Zenith Telescope.
This is a somewhat antiquated instrument purchased some years ago from the U. S. Coast Survey, where it had been suioerseded by more perfect instruments. The makers were E. k G. W. Blunt, of New Aork. After it came into the possession of the University it was repaired and fitted with a new level by Edw. Kahler, of Washington, D. C. The telescope has an aperture of 3 inches. The focal length is 41 inches. The eye piece magnifies 75 diameters.
The Micrometer .
The value of one revolution of the micrometer screw which was used was determined from transits of / Ursse Minoris
LEVEL — TKAiSrSIT USED.
A A. 245
and 51 Cepliei observed at elongation. The work was done somewhat thoroughly during the years 1875, 1876, and 1877, and I did not think it necessary to make a new determination on this occasion. No account was taken of the temperature coefficient — its nse with an instrument of this character being deemed an excess of refinement. The individual values, with time of observation, are as follows :
Stab.
Date.
Elongatiou
.
Micrometer
value.
A Ursae Minoris,
W
-f54
Dec. 27
W
-j-45
U
E
-f23
Aug. 15
W
W
E
W
E
E
Mean of nine values, 5u.'450 ± 009.
The Level.
The value of one division of the level was determined by means of the mural circle of the U. S. Naval Observatory. The circle is read by means of six microscopes, four of which were used. The following are the individual values :
No.
Value of 1 division.
V,
No.
Value of 1 division.
No.
Value of 1 division.
n
l';30
Mean of 15 values, l!o59 ± 019.
The range is larger than is desirable, and a considerable part of the error in the individual determinations of the latitude is no doubt due to this cause.
The Transit Instrument.
This instrument was made by Messrs. Stackpole & Bro., of New York. The aiierture of telescope is 2 inches, focal
246 A A. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Astiburner.
length 26 in., length of axis 16 in. The eye piece niagnilies 40 diameters. The reticnle contains 15 threads, arranged in groups of 5 eacli. Only the middle group has ever been used for observation.
The striding level Avas made by Kahler, of Washington. The value of one division was determined by a level trier kindly loaned me by Prof. Tlarkness, of the U. S. Observatory. The individual values are as follows :
y /
Mean of 15 determinations, 2.611 .1745.
Equatorial Intervals of Threads.
At Pottsville the transit was used on the nights of August 20th, 22nd, and 23d. The instrument was not dismounted until the work was completed. The equatorial intervals determined from all transits suitable for the purpose observed on these three nights, were as follows :
I-t-32.604
Ii-I-16.129
III- f .018
Iv— 16.283
V— 32.474
These values are the mean of twenty determinations.
At Wilkes Barre the longitude determinations were made on the nights of September 30th and October 6th. Between these dates the instrument was dismounted. The thread intervals were as folloivs :
September 30. s
1+32.543 11+16.181 Iii+ .129 Iv— 16.296 V— 32.551
October 6. s
The first of these is the mean of 9 determinations and the second of 8. They were only required in reducing imperfect transits, the mean of the threads being used in other
cases.
JfbrtJiern Coal Field.
Second Geoloff teal Survey of Pennsylvania,.
Jlnf hraeiie District.
Fol. r. Plate VI.
/ie/krences of Wtl/cesBarreJlslronomical Stalion.
Courses referred toTrue,Meridian. Distances inJket. Station to Court Hoiese , , . , , ,( JCWl Corner ) JV124°S4G. S6.0
I:
Nj .
„ (Jf.W. Sristol House, , , , f JiC S. "ODeltsk. " Saloon, , , JC €. Strauss' Store,, , , ,( S.S.
U8.6
s.r3°34'm iri,9
Trom surveys meuie by
O.M.3mrden.
Jlslronomical Statimo .
Jlbrth, side.
IVest side.
Erected dlugust.lSSl. Second GedbogiaxL X. C. Darte. Survey
StephenPurribcudL. of
fT. D. Harris. Pennsylvania.,
County Co/mrdssioTiBrs. S.n.Wnitebread, Clerk.
South side. Fastside.
Fatilade Longitude
dldegrees FastfjvmMishingbn 14tiuiuilBS' 1 degree
40.4seconds. JOnimutes 4.6seconcls.*
so 4030 30 !0 O
See pages 274artdZ7S.
too
6o"
Aa.
248 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Obsercatory at Wilkes Barre.
This consisted of a shed of rough boards 10 feet long by 7 feet, 6 inches wide. Two posts were planted in the ground to a depth of '3 feet, on top of which the instruments Avere mounted. These were solid logs sawed otf square, the easterly one, on AAdiich was mounted the transit, being 18 inches in diameter, the other 26. The structure was erected in the court house square to the east of the court house building. The exact position of the transit station is shown on the accomx>aiiying map). (See page 247). The xrost which carried the transit has been replaced 1)3'' a ni(uinment of Qninc}" granite, erected by the County Commissioners.
The situation being in the busiest xart of the city, was subject to the annoyance caused by the constant xassage of vehicles on the streets until a late hour at night. The disturbance of the instruments from this cause was sometimes very considerable.
Ohsenatory at Fottsville.
This Avas xdaced in the grounds of the county Jail. The transit station is marked by a granite xost, the location of Avhich is shown 1n the acconqAanying maxA. (See page 249).
It Avas similar to that at AVilkes Barre, excexAt that the instruments Avere mounted on a sort of trixiod, formed by planting in the ground three XAOsts 4X6 inches. On toxA of these Ava.s spiked a XAlank of seasoned oak 3 inches in thickness. Pieces of inch board Avere nailed across fiom xAost to post for the XAuipAose of stiffening the Avhole. This arrangement was less satisfactory than a solid log, but nothing better could be xAi'ovided at the time Avithout considerable delay and exxAense.
The Longitude.
The transits Avere observed by the eye and ear method. As the chronometer was regulateel for mean solar time I had my Avatch adjusted to run on sidereal time for convenience in finding the star. The stars Avere observed in grouxAS consisting, as far as xAracticable, of six stars each,
Second/ Geoloicccl Survey of VennsylvaTiia. Southern CoalField. .. JLrilhrcLcile District.
rol.i.naleVJI.
'go
250 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
viz : two circumpolar stars, — one at nipper and one at lower culmination,— two equatorial and two zenith stars. Two groups were observed, — one in each position of the axis, — when the chronometer was taken to the telegra])h office and the longitude signals exchanged, as will be explained later. After this the clironometer was brought back to the observatory and two more groups observed precisely as before. At Wilkes Barre it will be seen a few more stars were observed than at Pottsville, but otherwise the process was alike at both points.
At Pottsville the observatory was distant from the telegraph office 1900 feet. At Wilkes Barre the distance was 200 feet.
Reduction of Observations.
Let a & 0 be the Right Ascension and Declination of any star,
— the Latitude of Station,
— the chronometer correction on sidereal time at chronometer time T,
X — the hourly rate of the chronometer, a — the azimuth of instrument, b — the level correction, c — the collimation constant,
cos 0 cos 0 cos 0
Where T' is the chronometer time of observation
Each star gives an equation of the above form for determining the unknown quantities a, c, AT & x.
A preliminary reduction showed that only on the night of October 6th could the observations be well rei:)resented by assuming the azimuth to remain constant throughout the entire series. Accordingly, a new reduction was made in which different values were determined from the observations before and after the exchange of signals. The values of the azimuth and collimation resulting from the solution of the normal equations were then regarded as final and a
Stars Observed.
Aa. 251
new series of equations formed for determining the chronometer correction and rate. In these latter equations only those stars were used which culminated comparatively near the zenith. Owing to the instability of the azimuth this result is no doubt the best available.
Stars Observed.
Only Nautical Almanac stars were used with the single exception of 37 Cassiopese, observed by mistake for 38 Cassiopeae, owing to an error of 10° in setting the finding circle. Preference was given to stars which are reduced to apparent place ill the volume for 1881. Where these were not sufficiently numerous the deficiency was supplied by stars taken from the volume of 1882 not reduced to apparent place. These were reduced by the formula
a=ao+/+TV.9' sin (f7+) tan<5q-y'j/i sin sec d
See Nautical Almanac, p. 258.
The details of the observations at Pottsville with data for reduction immediately follow. They will require no further explanation.
262 Aa. Keport Of Progress. 0. A. Ashburner.
O
Ttc<iocc'OiOTi-cOfvi'X>OTtHi-Hoocqoitc:)r-(05i>-
1-H*— li— Ir-lrii— li— lr-1r-(T-l-ir-(i— (r-(rHt— (I— (i—(i— IrH
g cq
Right Ascension.
Co
O
a,
o
e
a
fi
h
Oo
Co
cocqiocqtcqoortfQOO'TfiooR'OiO'Trihcoocooh- i-ioscD'oocDOcotasrOiOOit'*'— (osto'cDcoT-t c<i(o5r--GOcc':ohC*-Ha5(:ococqT'?i5odcq-cDCOco<D rHco '—(ioco"cccoiciocq>-HcqcqO'tiTricqf— (iQ
Sioio 1— (cqcoffO'uo t—fcqcoco-rriio icq
.400G0t>CC50i'Ci05G5G0O'— (i— <i-'-rHr-H.— irqocqo
ir-i r~*r-Hf-Hr-(r- (rH cqc<Jcqc<ic<icqcqoqcq'— icqt— f
Corrected transit.
Acceleration.
a
o
pq
e
e
Mean of threads.
No. of threads.
Lamp.
P5
H
m
oocoosi-Hiotorfioicuocqr-fiociOS'— <t-ooO'— tcq 'h'ioocqcDO-cDO-HF-JcooicccqtcoocDoio
rfii— (COCqr-i''*fTfi O 'HCOC'ICO
'$h-cqcoocooococDooi'-i>coo:'OOrfr'-cqt>-cocq
(cqcqro'uoo -icqcqco''ho r-icq
cj000050i0:>t5i0:0i'G505Of-(*— (r-(i— it-Hcqcqoqcq
<T)iob-Tfiouoa5C30ooh.05tcooiO<ociaiC<iho5cq ccccr-'-h-ict'-ooh-oitcq'— iO'cqootocDu:)C<iaooo
I M I II I I I I l++-|H-+4-l +
I I + 1 .1 I I I I + 1 I II I I I m'+ I +
ooo>co*20'cqtocq'-ocoo5?cnHCDGOrHTtiwcoTjHuo CqO(MOOOr-(CO'-(r-lr-lO'— iCqt-HCqrHrHCqrHr-(CO
cooo<:DaiOcqoi-+<coO'-fcccqootort<Tt<ocD .cqtocqcoX5cojooiC5 cot-ooi'— <<r!ootoo:>-Hoo-HCD (iri'QOi-4(NietorcoifOCOi-3cbcqcoL£Ohi-Ht
5MrHioTiHo6c4cor-coicciO'-Hcicqcoicr'-Hco?o Hco .— (locqrtcocq--coiouoto cqrHt-Hiorticq
1-H Co
fcocqTtHOcocococor-(GO i>h-c<i05tooTjHtcqco'x>cq Hcqcqco-toio ic-icqcoTyiTjiio Hcq
i to
Co
Bsp.
isl'sl-ra
O.-S . bDf 5 bE
b b CTH be rt bo 2 9"
P d - cjjpo
W uj
..CO o car-
1
be
QJ o
I'i
a. e
d'
bt
Sg
fe 05
Observations At Pottsville,
Aa. 253
-J lO
05 c4 00 iO lO
00 cq CO cq lo uo r-3
1-H 00 Co 00
cq CO CO cq -H CO o
CO cq 00
CO CO rf
cq cq oq oq
lO uo lO
i i'
't-T
O oS -
C*-
o
Co
Co
lO
lO
+
O
o
o
o
o
o
cq
h-
o
Co
o
to
Uu
o
cq
r-H
Co
Co
Ho
Co
lO
o
Co
Co
o
h-
o
Co
Co
i*H
H
H
lO
o
o
c/1
r-
Co
Jo
cq
uO
Co
Co
lO
cq
h-
1-H
Tth
+
+
o
Cj
o
w
r-H
lO
o
o
h-
o
rH
Co
j;
Tf
r-
cq
:o
i-H
Tf
I I ++ I
s
e
rH
p-
i-H
o
Tt<
Co
rH
Co
cq
lO
o
cq
t-H
I-H
e
s
Co
Go
O
O
o
Co
Co
r-H
Co
lO
Tfi
tH.
-H
CO h-
o o
cq
o
-H
!C
Co
o
Sh
<1.
,P
e
o o
rO
rs.
t>.
o
, O
Co
o CO
rH 1-H
Cd
rO
§
o
o
cq
lO
lO CO cq CO
o
rH
cq
o o
O lO
O lo
'O
M cq
rH
a
a
254 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
-s
S
+
O
s
o
e
o
u
Ps
s
o
Qi
"d
fl
Oj
fi
d
HtH O h-
o
O 01 O
O Cl
o o o
o
o
+
Right ascension.
Corrected transit.
Acceleration.
e
Od
Co
e
Mean of threads.
.ccoos*— i?cccxfC4040iotcC'Tr'ocx>'0
g Oi
o
No. of threads.
Xiainp.
Ps
H
m
cDo:>TtHr40'ior-coocoooxxcoxoi 40po6(Ntc4c4hcoco(NTiHLOiort40io rfca lO''— 'lO''— (X XIMCTJIIOIO
S'rt<Ci':DX40tOCO?qiOO'?DOh-*-i(N<3:'t
I I I I I I I I I I I 1 +
.i0Oh-X-*T'C0<D400i'0h-i0C040O<Ml0
OXXC5l>.XOOX'':0040COh-XCO
Oi h- O O 01
, Tfi CD
odi-HtcsHfrcDHtHcoox
J40r>-01rr00c000ix<01t
I-H CO >-H 01 CO Oi
I I++I l + l 1 + 1 I
TtHCDO<OXCOcD0101X''40Tt<OCDHt<OC<l
Cl'-HCO'-Htt.-jCOOCOO'O'lOClCOCOX
g400iCD-f<C040XC0400''CDOr01Cit r-idrtio t-H01CO'40C101X'Hji40
lOTfi4040tOC0 40 40 40 40lOC0404040UO'040
Tfl
u s
. Tfi
be
r
Co
T5
bt be,
aCephei W 5 11 5 31.64 +2.11 .94 —1.10 14.87 11 5 48.46 21 15 48.65 60.19
dUrsMaj., . . . sp. W 5 11 13 46.68 —7.48 — .52 1.54 16.23 11 13 56.45 9 23 57.36 60.91
74 Cygni, W 5 11 21 57.12 — .05 .64 — .67 17.57 11 22 14.61 21 32 14.95 60.34
cPegasi, W 5 11 28 7.38 —1.43 .44 — .53 18.58 11 28 24.44 21 38 24.74 60.30
MCaprioorni W 4 11 36 35.27 —2.27 .30 — .53 +19.97 11 36 52.74 21 46 52.98 10 9 60.24
Observations At Pottsville.
Aa. 255
Co
cq
Co
cq
©
©
©
cq
+
e
pO
o
©
©
©
©
©
p-
cq
©
©
i-H
r-
©
Co
cq
©
©
+
to
'k.d
'to
to
to
to
to
to
©
©
©
©
©
©
©
cq
©
cq
©
©
©
Tp
©
cq
Co
cq
+
Tp
cq
©
©
©
r>-
cq
cq
Co
cq
©
rH
Co
©
cq
+
+
©
a
©
©
to
O
r- w
lO
CN o
lO lO 05 O
s e
to to QO
Co
Tf* CO CO
lO
Uo
1C 00 S3
eo S
I + +
e e §
to
+
to
si
.o
©
©
e
K.
to
©
to 40 tP o
is
©
©
Co
P'-
cq
cq
cq
©
CO t-:
H
O
cq
Co
d
o
©
Sh
©
.p
O
-H
rs5
w
© cq
O
o
E
2o6 AA
Report Of Progress. 0. A. Ashburner,
O
o
o
G
O
a;
P
Co
O-C.
lOlo— 'C'ldcioair'-Hooooo'o
r--O'O00':f'C0l'-C0C0C0<M<MC0-TjC0'Tr
'cDO':ciO<c*-o<xjcccDcd<:DiO':oc£o>Ocd
LOtOOiOOOuitJiOiOlOiOtOiOiOiOiO O
i-H
Right ascension.
h. m. s.
Corrected transit.
h. m. s .
Acceleration.
oodt-uococQPoo6i-u:5o6ajocNco<:d
1 Ii 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 +
tS
r>-C<ICDiSCOCO(MOOl>''— IIOOOOIOOOO r--i'oOLC)too:)ictcD<'oooocot---r'?o
+ l 1 11 1 + M 1 l + i
Bb
O Th C'l lO <:D C<l to r-- CO CD O CO -tc CO oo r-l(MOOOOOOOOCOl'-COCCC0 010']
Act
Co
Mean of threads.
h. rti. s.
No. of threads.
Lamp.
Star.
Herculis,
' Draconis,
j Draconis,
rj Serpeutis,
/ Draconis,
a Lyrse
Lyrse,
Groombridge, 3241, .
t!ygiii,
€ Cyi?ni,
V Cygni,
Urs. Maj., . . . sp. 1 Pegasi,
Appendix A.
A A. 257
o 00 00
O (M (M CO lO CD :o cc cc CO c£ lO ID lO lO lO O O
Co
l-H
o
UT) CD TfH 05 ID t>. GO 05 t'. 1—1 iD CD CD CD TT GO 00 CO
O O O Cd O Co
f-H 00 GO X
Cd 00 X Id Id
CDCDtC0O5rh- ID ID ID D1 CD O CD CD 00 05 O CO ?-l f-( (N (M
O TtH C<I ID CO O CD ID X X ID
tH DQ rH ID 1-H
X Id X X Id X O X Id X X X
X O t-- O CO CD 1-H cq 05 05 C5 00 05 05 c4 ID 05 ID CQ
X X Id Id
X Id X X X Id
S'
n
O.pT
o
w c r" t-
bC>-. t. "
V/-S OJ T: S ex
o o o o o
-f 05 X X 05 X X o
X Id X
I +
a
o
Ul
®
Si
Eh
J. I
'So
O
O X
Tp
X o
H H
o X h-
O
Cd
Id
K
Id
s
o
Es
O
Si
"H
X tP
!T O O
o
o
o
Es
T3
258 Ai. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBURNER.
We have therefore tlie following values of the chronometer correction and rate at Pottsville :
Date
Chronometer
time.
Chronometer
correction.
Probable
error.
Hourly
rate.
h. m.
h. m. s.
Aug. 20,
Time Determination at Washington.
The following details of work done at Washington were sent me by Prof. J. R. Eastman. For a detailed description of the instrument used, reference may be had to the vol. of Washington observations for 1865.
O
Clocti corrections at the U. S. N. Observatory.
The observations were made with the transit circle by Assistant Astronomers Miles Rock and William C. Winlock.
Instrumental Constants.
August 20, . . " 22, . . " 23, . .
September 30, October 6, . .
Sid. Hour.
b
a
s.
s.
The values of a were derived from till the stars on each night.
The following table contains the list of stars observed, together with reductions and the deduced clock corrections for each star.
Reductions Clock Corrections Etc.
Appendix A
Aa. 2.09
Clock corrections.
IC<ICO COCOCOJO rJHTTiTjcO'TCO COCCCO
'"IS; S;g
Ephemeris place.
i0O00500G00iC0'0005':DC0C0'*ftOai':0X 'COCOh-tOh-Tt<COCCiOtDO:i(M'nj<h*<r:Tt<?CiOSCrrCC'
Observed place.
Instrumental correction.
+ M 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 II 1 1 i— t"h 1 1 1 1
TfOiOiOt'C5tOtCTjH?0'CCfCCOGO<Drt0 40 05i.O
O O 00 o 0X0 o O O O O CO
-Ia+ H- ++ +1
Bh.
lOrth-OiOXMCDOXh-'XCOXCOLO'OOX
OiMXCOiOO>C<IOCOiOCOOMO'0-''OCOCOOCO
O O M O O h- O OOOOOO O
Mean thread.
h. m. s.
No. of threads.
Observer.
w
w
Star.
& Urs£e Minori.s,
r, Sagittarii,
d Sagittai'ii,
Aquilse,
K Aquilse,
A Ursse Minoris,
r Cvgni,
1 P%asi,
M Capricroni,
a Aquarii,
e Aquarii,
n Aquarii,
y- Sagittarii,
M Sagittarii,
S Ur.sse Minoris,
1 Aquilse,
a Lvrse,
w
Aug. 20, .
Aug. 22, .
Reductions, (Jlocti Corrections, Etc. — Continued.
260 Aa. Repoet Of Progress. C. A. Ashbptrner,
Clock corrections.
iCOOiCOCOOt CO ccoo
JO*OiOCDiOiO<M<NCO TjrTTrCOCCCOiO -,05 05
O O T#' CO cc Tti
cc tT cn cm
j Ephemeris place.
C0O5h-LCh'+'-t<i— ICN'-H-tCMlQOCCr- (lO''iCCCrfH-Hf-tC) Ttr-d-iOi— (CCC5— ItirfiMOOuC'— <tQ0r-(OC0CM<3500OQ0
Observed place.
h-rcC'— 'tC5t— tccb-oocMOscorHTrrccccccioccioo
'CC'5?iCCX)h-LOOO-l-?fiX>WlOi-HiOCC050CCHM<— '(M'-H'CD CJ'— 'lOCMCC CClCr-l (MrHr- i*-,lO'CC'OTj'rH(M
Instrumental correction.
'Tt<OuCiMC0'CDi0iCOtG0CCi0'rt<h-000<75CMN*'M—
I_L1..Lu._Ll.Ij 1 1 1 1 1 I + I + I+.
C,-H-tHCqOO-050i'-t''CM'00 05CCO'— l-'000'MX 004CTf<'Tj<XtCrCOOl'-lOTji'Tj'CC--'i— <OiO
O OOOOCdCCOOOOOOOOOOOO
"I" I' 1 r 1 "1 rn r r h f i r t 1 "1 r
►C
CM'DX'TJOfMcrsrtiCX-CCt-fLCCliOCCiCCCOiOCMOi CMO'X'CMrt'— (CCOr>-05-fOi— (OOtJiCIOiOiMcMi— It-H
O OOOOCliMOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 1 II 1 l + l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l + ll
Aa.
CO'3>iO'J5CMOiMO-(M'CiCCiOCC';rC5'— '(M'Or'-'MCC Otti(MCCO'— f''MO'TtGOtXTt'iOVOiOXCMOOO .OOOOOOOOt— I'-HiOOOOOOOOCM*— f
o oooooo-i-ooooooooooooc>
1 l + l 1 1 1+ II II 1 1 M I + I-H-+
Mean thread.
ft. m. s. 18 46 23.82 20 21 14 77 28 15.39 46 58.21
No. of threads.
Observer.
w
R
R
H
a -
O 2*'
o
-o .
cc t- — . o u.
§ 3 !H -2 'c B -5 '5 H 5 S
-I . lo I- . M. . rK w ..
'C
- o
tC7$
>,0
z?
Cm
Cm
Cm
bb
be
P P
ft
Appendix A
Aa. 261
OiQTr-iOO?CiOi0fCiCDGO'i-HOh-
eocjox-ocotcoooouocoN.ooioc
lO Tti 1-1 CO TfiiO CO"uOiOtJH 1-H-CO
I I l + l I I
loioiccoococo'ioior'-rricicoto
ti-HOoooooooo
I+++++-I I I 1-1 +
XOO>OOCOh-001HOCOOC040iiO-'<CO
I— lOOCOOOO*-Hi— If— (CO'01'*OCO'-hC<J
COOCOOCDOt-iO'i— ICOIO-OCOOOC
rH CO
O CO o o
Cm Cm
OOt't'OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
o
262 Aa. Eeport Of Progkess. C. A. Ashbur2Er.
The values of the clock correction and rate are then as follows :
Day, 1881.
Epoch Sid. Hour
Clock
Correction.
Hourly-
Rate.
h. m.
S, 5.
August 20
August 22,
August 23,
September 30,
October 6,
The correction for personal equation is not included in the above corrections.
Exchange of Signals.
Two sets of arbitrary signals were sent in each direction by the oi:)erator simply breaking the circuit at intervals of about fifteen seconds. Each set consisted of from ten to thirteen signals. These were recorded at Washington on the chronograpli. At Pottsville the click of the sounder was noted by me and the chronometer time recorded.
The record of the individual signals on the night of August 20th is given in full, with the resulting longitude, in order to show the character of the results. Only the means are given for the other nights. Where I did not feel satisfied with my estimation of the time l)y the chronometer the signal was not recorded. This will explain the Idanks which occur in the following re(aml. Number 4 of the first series and number 1 of the last have been rejected, as they seem to have been noted incorrectly, — the first by one beat of the chronometer and the second b}" two. From the residuals in *the last column the probable error of a single comparison is found to be ± 0775.
Washington-Pottsville.
Appendix A
A A. 263
"H
Oi
O 00 ® Tf o TfH
d
i-H 1— 1
+
uu
r— 1
O Tt< 00 01 O
d
Longitude.
Ss
O O 00 t— 1 o
lO lO lO lO
©
to
d
Cl 01 01 d d 01 01
d
©
i Washington
oi oi p- d h- Cl
d
rH
time.
g
©
d d d d d d d
Co
o
©
d
O
o o o o o o o
©
o
o o o o o o o
©
Washington
K
o
O lO O lO O lO o
©
clock.
©
d d d d d CO CO
Co
o
©
d
Co
d CO O 00 d CO
iO
O CO to t>- CO
©
Pottsville
K
CO d CO uo
Co
sidereal time.
£
Co
Co
Co Co Co Co Co Co Co
Co
o
©
C<1
d
1 Acceleration
CO CO to uo lO
Co
and rate.
1—
rH r-i rH rH rH
rH
Time from
cc d d h- d h-
CO d to CO d
Co
lOh. 40m.
:
g
rH
O O O 05 05 05 05
-H rH 1-H
©
,
Co
CO CO rH O d rH
©
Co
Co Go Co 00 Co Oc Co
Co
Chronometer
lO
d CO to d CO to
d
time.
s
cq
05 05 05 o O © O d d d CO CO CO CO
rH
Co
o
O O © © © o o
©
rH 1 tH l-H i-H rH rH
rH
o
D
.
f-T
rH
d
rH rH
rH
Pottsmlle- Washington.
264 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
O Co
i-H i-H
o
Co
iH CO CO 1— 1
I++I 1
Longitude.
m. s.
rji
, Co Co
C5 r-
Cd 00 00
b- CO CO 00 00
Washington
time.
S Co Co
o cd
Co Co
CD 1-I CD i-i CD Tti f-t CO ''IH
1C Cd Cd Cd Cd Co Co Co Co Co
o
o o . o o
Co 1—1
Washington
Co 05
CO ic
clock.
A lO
g CO CO
Co Co
CDCDCDh-t CO CO CO CO CO
o
Cn
o
. Co
1C 05 CO CD 04 04 P- t—
Pottsville
60 o CO UO
ic 1— '
f— 1 cd 1— ' CD t— 1 iH 04 TfH iC 1-H
sidereal time.
Co Co
o
Acceleration
Co
Co 00 Cd Lc
O Cd 04 00
and rate.
Mill
Time from
O Tti IC CO
loh. 40m.
m.
Co Co
Co 04 04 04 04
rH O
CO fC
i-H CD CO 1-H O
Chronometer
time.
Tjh
nS ic iC S: CO CO
Cd Cd Co Co
CD O 1C 1-H CD 1C 1-H 04 Tfi 1C
CD r-
Co Co Co Co Co
O O
1 i-H
o o
rH
o o o o o
rH I-H fH 1-H
O
P
I-H CO TjJ O cd 00 C5 O --H
rH rH
Appendix A
Aa. 265
o
?5s
Co
lO lO CO lO CO IC
© Co
l—i
rH
Longitude.
O O 00 05 00 Co 00
Cd 05
Tp Tp
ec h- 05 lO 1 .-4 h-
© tH
Washington
Tp lO
time.
Co Co Co Co Co Co Tp
TP Tp
Cs
o
©
Go ©
CO TP CO TP Tp iD TP
Id
Washington
O Tp 05 tP 05 Tp 05
1-H Co
clock.
tH
CO CO CO TP Tp Tp TP
Tp Tp
o
©
ID 05 CO h- IQ 05
©
Potts ville
03 CD 1-1 CD 6D 03 CO lO 03 CO
Co 03
sidereal time.
s
Tp Tp
Tp Tp
o
©
Acceleration
Co Co
and rate.
I++
Time from
Id
lOh. 40m.
O O O O O 1-H
Tp ©
© Id 1
Chronometer
Id 03 Co Id 03
©
time.
s
CO TP --P TP Tp TP Tp
tH 03 Tp Tp
© o o o o o o
o p
rH 1-H rH Tp tH tP
Th Th
O
P
t-T
Go
rH CO id cd 00 05 O -H
1-H 1-H
Pottsville- Washington
llEPOKT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
!
lO 1— 1 lO X
cq
1 l + l
Longitude.
£1
CO CO X uo
X O X X X rf lO Tj?
X 't* X CO
TJ4 TJH lO
cq cq oq
Washington
time.
h. m. s. 20 42 8.39
Washington
clock.
Pottsville sidereal time.
h. m. s. 20 45 32.21
Acceleration and rate.
o
Oq CD O 05 CO CO I>-
X cq CO O X 05 05 O
Time from lOh. 40m.
Co
I-H
g CO
1-H CO oq h-
l—l X Tt4
CO Cl cq
i-H X
lO lO CO
Chronometer
time.
h. m. s.
E
Co
X 05 o r-< cq
Appendix A.
Aa. 267
Mean of ClocTc Signals f rom Washington to Pottsmlle.
Date.
Number
of
Signals.
Washington
Clock.
Chronometer.
August 20,
h. m. s.
h. rn. s.
August 22,
August 23,
Mean of Clock Signals from Pottsville to Washington.
Date.
Number
of
Signals.
Chronometer
Washington
Clock.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
August 20,
August 22,
August 23,
Comparison of Longitude Signals.
268 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
u
S
Eh
O
+
O
lO
Co
Go
lO
Co
Co
gm
g
oj
b
O
W 5 P o H Z fc o
fi
o
o
h-
o
d
o
Co
d
Cd
Hi
Co
Co
Go
Go
to
lO
Ttl
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
s
Co
Co
on
P-
d
to
rH
Pr
Co
cc
Cd
Cd
o
d
Go
Go
to
to
to
eo
TfH iTtl
Tt<
rH
d Id
d
d
d
d
d
d
g
Co
Co
1-H
Co
'rt*
Go
Co
o
to
to
Co
rr
C?5
Cd
d
d
Co
tH
h-
o
u:
to
pM
O
Pr
P-
tc
to
Go
u:5
Co
o
Go
Co
Cd
p-
d
Pr
P-
Co
Pr
o
Uc
lO
t-H
Co
lO
Tfl
Co
Go
o
to
Cd
o
P-
i-H
to
rH
to
to
to
'T'
Tj<
to
to
Co
to
d
fO
d
h-
<05
o
Co
Co
rH
Co
to
d
Co
Cd
Co
Co
Tfl
Co
rH
to
d
Co
Co
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
<05
O
<05
o
o
rH
I-H
d
I-H
I-H
I-H
I-H
rH
Co
Co
p-
o
o
o
o
p-
Co
an
Cd
d
Co
d
rH
Co
Co
Of'
Co
'ff
Cd
Co
rp
Co
<75
I-H
Go
Co
o
to
o
Co
Co
Cd
Co
d
Co
to
Co
h-
Co
d
r-
<75
o
d
Co
d
O
d
Co
o
Co
rH
Co
Co
d
Co
TfH
Co
Co
Co
d
T
d
lO
Co
on
p-
rH
o
Co
d
Co
Co
Co
Co
'C'
Co
to
Co
Co
o
o
o
o
<05
<75
d
d
rH
rH
rH
I-H
rH
rH
on
o
p-
I-H
Tfi
Co
o
Co
O
'O
P-
to
d
C7>
to
rh
Co
to
Cd
d
Co
Hi
d
Co
d
Gc
rH
rH
Co
1-H
to
to
o
to
Co
on
TtH
Co
o
Co*
to
Cd
Co
to
Cd
Co
rH
I-H
to
rH
rH
rH
to
t-H
to
to
d
to
I-H
to
o
o
d
Co
Co
Cd
o
<05
Co
d
Co
d
Co
Co
d
Co
Co
t-H
I-H
I-H
Co
d
r-H
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
rH
I-H
r*H
I-H
d
rH
1-H
rH
I-H
lO
Co
d
d
on
pr
d
to
<75
d
Co
<75
oo
Go
p-
d
Co
d
Hi
d
Hi
Co
Co
d
Go
Co
Ttf
p-
d
O
Hi
to
Co
o
Co
O
o
Co
d
to
d
Co
rH
I-H
o
<05
<75
<75
Co
d
Co
Co
to
rH
Co
Co
Co
to
rH
Co
<7i
o
Co
d
P-
Cd
rr>
<05
d
Co
Co
Co
Hi
d
d
Co
Co
o
o
o
o
<05
d
d
d
rH
1-H
rH
1-H
1-H
I-H
1-H
rH
o
E
w I
§
W
a
o
2s
o
Pm
o
O
o
g
c ,
O
Pm
o
o
o
tc
g
g
g
bfl
g
Appendix A.
Aa. 269
The Transit Circle of the United States Naval Observatory is .0605. west of the center of the central dome of the observatory.
Applying this correction to the above mean we find that the Transit instrument at Pottsville was
3'"- 24.7U-
east of the center of the dome of the United States Naval Observatory. This result is affected by the difference of personal equation between the observers at Washington and myself.
270 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Asiibfrner
oi
Oj
Co
a?
o
£
e
'd
i->
O
g
s
a?
a
Q
Co
Co
o
A
Co
Right ascension.
Corrected transit.
a
Cq
e
Mean of threads.
No. of threads.
Lamp.
a
H
ortiai'eoxoo—'C'JcairO'iiMh-o:)
.00cqOL00:TpC005<X;*.£CQ0'l'UDG00iC0t>- *OiGO?oiotAi-Hcq lOOcotArtLorAo Tt<lO70'i-H LO CO— ' tTiiCIOttiO
OlCiOiOOitGO OOOOOOGO-''-H.— t
.OOOCOGOOOJCGOtTjii— ii-?CC<lO00ClC
*-i-HccodotAioo6 coic-coo'-'cioo
gSCCrTTpiTfiO 1— ItMCO''UT) i— (CICOCO
cocioorAcDCDsoc oo6odrAiOTtHC<i--Ao
I I I M M I I I I I I I I I I
I Ii M
I f f f r AA r f r f a iA f i i
lO I
+
l + l
.-rH*oO':cooiOh>.ocC'Ococ*coccio
-0
r—
Co
Sv
s s -'.Eg -A,
Cd
S'c
a be
Po'
01
' ' -4-J vr C Ch " CK
S-mms EADS'S
49.46 I —2.22 I I — 06 I —2.34 i — 9.89 8 39 34.95 i 21 25 21.86 i 46.91
Appendix A.
Aa. 271
Co
o
ooio5co-Hcdoicoc4o4i-ioo6oc5
C0Tt<-HXO5C0Oi TjHOiOOOOOlOiCDCO
Co*-Hcococococoo Ocoooo*H
coc4c4aoTj?o5i-HCDiO'cot'-5co
(MCOO 1-Hi-HCO''OO HrH
t050*-Hcon4iocdo6o— foico'io rH rH -H 1-1 01 OJ 01 01 01 01
CCr'-0501h-''?t<0501C00000500i
uocpeooioc5oioicooicDeooiTj?o4oi
+T++I Ii I I ++++++
OO*— 'OOlOOt— II-IOI'— 'OlOO
f+ 1 f I f 1 1 f+ 1 f f f f
IOCOCOCO'01 COOI-I— ilOQOOi cood 'Ol'lCi-HOl *i-Ho6 *i-4r-i.-H
+I+I+I l+l l+l+l I
GOTjHOCOOClOOCO'rtOCO'OCOOTW 05XO't't>-005 C0O5COCOiOCOtt>- TjiCO' f-iOJi— (OlrHUOOlOlCOiO
Oil>-G0iO01C0tC0XC001'— 'CDCOOCD COCICOtJO 1— If- iCOrPiOiO 1— (1— I
I —i I I I J
irjicicoicuouoiouoiocouoiioiouo
T5
-- s i "S s -S ® ' ® .j- fl S c 0.5 as a
s 5 .2 3 O 3 2
3 a3
O lO fH
iO o ©
I + 1
to to
©
© Tf 1— '
O © Co
®
u
p
®
Ut
o
Cj
e
s
a;
©
©
©
X Co
©
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© Co
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TtH
tjh ©
©
1-H
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f-H
©
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i-H
1-H
Ho
Co
Co
to
©
©
©
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© Ol
©
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©
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i-H
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h-
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CO 00 00 oc ©
to to to to
e e e e
to to to to
>si
to.
© o
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M
oi
e 8
©
Co
o
lO £2
01
to
© O ©
00
ABSumed /\T=V2h. 45w. 47g.25. Therefore A' 12/j. 45m. 47.267±027
l\T Determined at Chronometer time 9h. 39i.
272 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner
o
+ I A
Tfi 00
l0O01C<JC-lOC0'rfC00OTjiC0'— .COCOCOCOCOJOCCCCCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOTtCOCOCOeOCO g05 05
Right ascension.
h-tiOCQ*— (1— lCOiOCOhtCCOOCtOUtiCOCOC<IO
g'rHOiOOOTtCSxMOitOiutiCOCOirfTtHp-iOOCOOiQO rMcoTccoiOLO I— (r-icieorriio cicccoioioci
COOOOOOOX'-i''-'r- (1— (1— (1— (C.— iCOCO?CM<M
Corrected transit.
C500'71C<I<-HiOTtHt-.-OO00C0C0l>-00C0CC'--fr0iM T— (tDG<IOOi'-'-CDCOt'-CC)<©OiOi— 'O'— <OiO
g'--'OOOOrtOiWOGOOOiOOOC<JOiO-t(<MGOCOa500
Acceleration.
'h'tOTjHc4cq*-Ho6t-lcdLOcooodtiOtodO'-5':o
i-H r— 4 rH rH i-H rH
I I I Ii I I! I I I I I I 11 +
-o
+1 1 II 1 l+ll M II 1 II 1 1 1 1 1
Mean of threads.
h. m. s.
No. of threads.
Lamp.
a, a,
tip
p?
H
m
Co
?:S8 I A 4i:sa|-i
Appendix A,
Aa. 273
l+l 1+1
©
©
rH
©
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©
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f
X 01 © © X X Cl CO Tji rj< lO t-H 01
d
©
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00 ic O CQ h. cc O 1-lO 05 I Ci C: eo CO io 40 I-I (N 05 lO 00 oj 05 CO 00 01
ci CO CO lO
tc 01 O CO 05 I—
o o o o o o o
X CC O CC O 05 X X -H 01 cr O lO
CO cc 05 O ir£ hC CO CO to Cl
X Cl 05 CO CO X Cl 01 CO X to rH
iO uo UO to to uo X
CC w 03 ®
o S o S 0.S.2
S '5 5: cc M
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274 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
C lironometer correction and rate at Willies Barre.
Date.
Chronometer
time.
Clironometer
correction.
Probable , error.
Hourly
rate.
h. m.
h. m. s.
Sept. 30,
Oct. 6,
-f.0959
Mean of clocli signals from Washington to Willies Barre.
Date.
Number of signals.
Washington
clock.
Chronometer.
h. m. s.
h. m. s.
Sept. 30,
Oct. 6,
Mean of clocli signals from Willies Barre to Washington.
Date.
Number of signals.
Chronometer.
Washington
clock.
h. m. s.
h m. s.
Sept. 30,
Oct. b,
Note.— The value of the longitude of Wilkes-Barre, placed upon the monument (1 degree 10 minutes 4.6 seconds;, was not corrected by the distance of the transit instrument at Washington west of the center of the observatory dome (.006 seconds of time=l — second of arc). This difference, which for all practical purposes is immaterial, occurred from the fact that the Wilkes- Barre monument was erected before the final computation of the Washington observations had been received. [C. A. A.]
Comparison of Longitude Signals.
Appendix A
Aa. 275
3 c S a
O
Co
cq
Co
d
d
O
a S
H S
P3 0 W O
q
pq
2W
o
Cd
cq
lO
cq
Co
Co
Co
cq
cq
d
d
d
d
d
o
ic Fco
o fo
h-
Co
Co
d
ic ICO 10 105 A
d id ®
%
o
H
o
a
M
ca
i/2
— H
k! C
b- O P-
Co Co 05
05 cq oq . 1-* i?q
to cq
rj5 00 CO 40 ''t* Tfl
O CO CO O Tf -f TJ1 lO 05
i-H cq
Co Cd 05
cq CD 00
CD d CD CO
CD 05 CD TTi lO
o
W. Clock.
h. m. s.
£ K W K
<rQ
fe-
Co
W. B. Chronometer.
h. m. s.
2 J
Ph m
O Co
Id
Cd 00 Oo
Tt1 00 40
o
C5 TJ- i6
Co
cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
n
O
Cd 1 Cd
,
-H 1 t-H
cq t cq
Co 1 Co
1
a o
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
Co
-1
Cd
Oi
o
Applying to the above mean the correction due to the position of the Transit Circle at Washington west of centre of the Observatory dome, viz : .066s, we find that the point occupied by tlie Transit instrument at Wilkes Barre is
4m. 40.24s-
East of the centre of the dome of the United States Naval Observatory. The result is uncorrected for personal equation.
276 Aa. Eepoet Of Peogeess. C. A. Ashbuenee.
Declinations Of Stars Used In Determinatoin Of
Latitude.
The list of Latitude stars observed at Wilkes Barre com- i:irises 32 j>airs. At Pottsville 25 pairs were observed.
Of the 110 different stars comprised in these 57 pairs, 51 were taken from Boss' catalogue of 600 stars published by the U. S. Northern Boundary Commission, 6 were reduced by myself in a manner entirely similar to that folloAved by Boss. These were included in the list prepared for determining the Latitude of the Lehigh University Observatory.* The remaining 64 stars were reduced in a similar manner expressly for this work. The purpose was to make the entire system of declinations homogeneous. The work of reduction is given somewhat in detail, and it is hoped the results may be of value beyond that of the immediate pur- ]Dose for which they were derived.
The systematic corrections of Boss have been applied to the various catalogue places. Some authorities have, however, been used for which Boss gives no systematic corrections. These have generally been assigned a relatively low weight. Also the weights given in the same publication have been used with very few exceptions.
As I had access myself to a comparatively small number of star catalogues I am intel)ted to Prof. Boss for much of the material used. The following catalogues have been consulted. An exhaustive discussion has not, however, been attempted.
B. Fundamenta Astronomise pro Anno MDCCL'U — Bessel's reduction of Bradley's observations. F.L.L. Fedorenko's reduction of circnmpolar stars observed by Lalande.
See Astronoinisclie Nacbrichten, Band 95, Nr. 2260.
Appendix A.
A A. 277
Pl
Gr.
Tv. B.
Pond.
Ah.
Gh.
Re.
Bs.
Da.
Eh.
Ms.
Ru.
Tf". P.
Tf". T.
Precipnarum Stellarnm Inerrantiimi Positiones Mediae inuente sae culo XIX. By Joseph Piazzi A Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars deduced from the Observations of Stephen Groombridge, Esq., &c.
Positiones Mediae Stellarum Fixarum in Zonis Regimontanis. Weiss' reduction of Bessel's observations.
Catalogue of 1112 stars observed at Greenwich. Robinson's Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars.
The various Greemvich catalogues. The number immediately following refers to the epoch of the catalogue — as Gli. 40, &c.
The various Radcliffe catalogues. The number following the Re. has the same significance as above, viz : Re. 45, Re. 60, &c.
The annual catalogues found in the " Annales de rObservatoire Royal de Bruxelles." Gould's reduction of D'Agelet's Paris Observations.
Annual catalogues of the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh.
Catalogue of the principal Fixed stars from observations made at Madras by T. G. Taylor. Also Jacob's Madras Catalogue.
Riimker's Catalogue.
Y. Observations made at Washington with the prime Vertical Transit.
C. Observations made with the Washington Mural Circle.
G. Observations made with the Washington Transit Circle.
hlethod of Reduction.
It was necessary to know the place of the star for 1875.0 with sufficient accuracy for computing the annual motion of the star in declination. This was accomplished as follows ;
First. The place of the star for 1875.0 was taken from
278 Aa. Kepoet Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburin'Er.
the best authority at hand. A few were stars wiiich I liad partially discussed on a previous occasion and for which I had values of the declination very near the finally adopted ones. Others were taken from Salford's Catalogue of 981 stars while a few were taken from the British Association Catalogue.
Secondly. The annual variation of the star was carefully computed as far as terms depending on the third power of the time and the assumed value of the declination carried back to tlie epoch of each catalogue iii which it was found. The differences between these computed values of the declination and the catalogue values gave the data for a series of conditional equations having as unknown quantities the correction to the assumed declination and the iroper motion of the star.
Thirdly. Whenever the correction to tlie assumed declination was large the entire operation was repeated for obtaining a second approximation to the true values. This recomputation was considered necessary in the case of twelve of the fifty-four stars. In all these cases the corrections obtained by this last approximation were quite small and for practical purposes might have been neglected.
FormulcB of Reduction.
Let Oo The star's declination for 1875.0
d — The star's declination for 1876.-// t being expressed in years.
Then Maclaurin's formula gives us
df dh 1.2 dT-
The formulae for these differential co-efficients using Peters' constants for 1876.0, are as follows :
*For the derivation of these form ulse see Mr. G. W. Hill's paper "On the derivation and reduction of places of the Fixed Stars," published in the volume of Star Tables of the American Ephemeris.
Appendix A.
A A. 279
mi t. n c
ine lormulse for- & 77, m the above formulse are
as follows : da
=3.07225+ [0.126115] sina tan3+a "=0.00003225— [4.63380] )
— ' [5.98778] !i cosa tand + [4.81169] A sina seed'd + dt
/y.=proper motion in right ascension given in seconds of time. " declination " arc.
The algebraic signs of the differential co-efficients are general. In applying the formulie the proper signs must be applied to /(', d & f.
The numerical quantities enclosed in brackets are logarithms. In all cases except in the formulse for and
the logaiithms have been increased by 10.
The formation of the equations of condition is as follows : Let d=The star's declination as given by catalogue, d=Computed value at epoch of catalogue, /\d=Correction to the assumed d,
" " " proper motion,
weight assigned to any catalogue place,
Then each catalogue place gives an equation for determining & l\p! of the form.
Using the common notation the normal equations will then be as follows ;
280 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Eliminating iirst /\d we have /\i/ with its weight, then eliminating AA we have with its weight.
Let Weight of A A,
p& " A A Then we shall have
For checking the computation the residuals were formed and the sum of the squares of the residuals multiplied by the respective weights of the equations. Or according to the common notation the quantity Then according
to well known indnciples
Then let s The mean error of a catalogue place of weight unity.
eij.'= The mean error of computed value of proj)er motion.
eo=Tlie mean error of computed value of declination.
m— The number of equations of condition.
Then
HI— 2 do
The computation of -Ams checked by duplicate computation in certain cases and by comparison with the annual motion from other catalogues brought up to 1875 by applyins: the secular variation.
d?o
dt
- ATTS checked in a similar manner.
For checking — an independent computation of its value
Ams made from the tables given for this purpose by Arge- Innder. " Untersucliungen uber die Eigenbewegungen von 250 SternenE
The reduction of the assumed declination to the epoch of the various catalogues was checked by differences when the
Appendix A.
Aa. 281
intervals were favorable, by duplicate computation in other cases, and whenever the discrepancies were considerable the computation was carefully reviewed. The systematic corrections were applied directly to the catalogue places, also the corrections due to the value of the proper motion assumed. When the mean epoch of observation is given that date has generally been used iu forming the equations of condition instead of the epoch to which the catalogue is reduced.
In the following pages are given some of the details of the reduction with the final results. It will probably be understood without further explanation.
282 AA. EEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. C. A. ASTIBUElSrEE,
V,
cb oi
d
o— c.
CM-OCMOCOtOiO
to
to
t0t0050t00>t0 GO CO CO CO CO CM
o
to
Wt.
to
Ocogoo-Cogoco
to
No. of Obs.
Authority.
O to to rA
V,
00 CO o:> CO -H to to Tfi GO O CO
++I I++
d
o
o
r- -r o to -H uo
cb CM rH ' 1-H 1-H
d
Co
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rH
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Wt.
to
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No. of Obs.
CO to CM CO
Authority.
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Go
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o .
C0O5— O'OOP'-CO h-COCOCMCOr-ftOCOCO
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oi
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i-H
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Cm
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Wt.
CM'-HOMOiOCOOiOOq
No. of Obs.
f-H
d
Authority.
tdd'cM'
i i
GO lO ic h- Tfl CO
Mm
to
o
O to CO
Co Go . Co O Co Co
S ci
f-H
Ol CO
I 1 +
GO to CO CO CO
o
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+
o
o
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h- 01
c§ o -f
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i 1+
to 00
p-
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i
e di
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k""
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Co
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Appendix A,
Aa. 283
lO
Co
©
Co
Co
lb
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Co
V,
r-pcqx©©x©
O©C0©©—HTp-
li-l-f 1 + 1 +
o-c.
©Tpcq©cq©©©
COCOiCCOtP-h-ji
©LO©cq©coio© cq IT3 CO '
Wt.
lO
cq©cq©io©TP
No. ofobs.
1-p ,
A authority.
Pi, . .
Ah,
Gh. 60, . Gh. 72, . Bs.,
Wn.T.C.,
se
o
e
Co Tt O ©
lO
eb
© lO
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oq
© X Oc Co
l'1
i
o
o
©
l-H
M
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Tt*
Co
oo
lO
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V,
lo cq X X
to 00 t>- cq © rH -H lb
O-C.
© cq oq © i-i cb rH cq cq
© lO © © © CO
cq t-- © cq —t
Wt.
1— ' 1-H o cq © © cq
No. of obs.
X © cq X © . cq
Authority.
Pi, . . W. B., . Ah,
Gh. 64, . Gh. 72, .
h-
Co
©
©
©
Ss
o
o o
lO O lO
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I 1 +
Co
22
Co -H
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cq
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©txcocqcqiox©
o-c.
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cqt©cqxxxi-i
Wt.
No. of obs.
Authority.
tP rf ©
M'S 0 0 5 5 o
so
S
s
-H
1 Jl
Co
lO
©
©
©
Co
o
©
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to
s
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cq + 1
CO oq © © U5
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lb
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60
©
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284 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
fO
t-
'-P tP TP CO ©
o cq CO 00 cq
O-C.
Co O Co P-. ©
© O Co ©
Wt.
Co © © Co ©
No. of Obs.
Authority.
, o
po;§ H
. o
CO Tfi
i ++
a. i
o
iO CO lO
i
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o
00
I— cq "2 cb O
Cd
£?f2 o ®
to I
+ I '9
O-C.
T I '
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Wt.
r- i-H c4
No.ofObs.j 005C0O
Authority.
-S CO -3 es Cl, -5i o CC 0
ic oq
i 1 +
m lO UO looq
I + Ii Ii
lO
o
TP lO
o
o
Cd
Co
o
Cd
g cq
Co
Oi
Cd
© oi c-q CO ©
°o +
r>- 00 o 00 00 ©
cq —I — ' —i r-< O rp
O-C.
Co .
2 o
S © Co
o o
o ira o on 05 cq CO
cq r- lo CO 1-1
Wt.
No.ofObs.
I + '
e
00 © lo cq cq p-
E-H
P- © tP CO
'o i
o
o
Authority.
O
M
' -S *:C
:22° 34' 18".20. 25' 14".00. £=36° 34' 27". 10.
Appendix A
Aa. 285
Wt.
No. ofObs.
Authority.
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
O-C.
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
Oogo'''M'00— (
cc S
CN O lO CO O rfH
++I I+4A-
M CO CC rH O '
CO lO M OJ CO -H
CJ3 ol .d 5.
M
s
o
iC h- lO CO CO
h- lO CO 05
I + -H+l
lO lO CO 00
i 1 +
O S
X
X
O Co
+
i
X
i I +
O
O X X o
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60
O
o
c/ IC 05
s
s 'a'i
X
25
Cn 1-H
o
01 o X o CO o
+
<i5
g
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Ec
Co
o
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e X
o §
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Co
o
o
o
o
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286 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
Co
Co
P-
o
Co
o
O— C.
Wt.
No. of Obs.
CO 00 05 uo O CO rH rJH CO CO
I 1 +
I— I to P- 00 05
Tfi CO lO lO
Authority.
Lo O
cc
S O lO
0
1 J +
Rood
I +
pH to Tft UO
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o o
o
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C<I
4H
o
lO
to
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Co
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p-
Uo
to
p-
Co
co
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cq I
wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
CO UO lO LO 05 00 O p- pH lO O
+ I
O lO O 00 05 1H
to CO Tji
Q
tH
Tfl -H 05 pH
o o
+ f
Co X
O X
Tji
i I +
O Co
to o
P-
?e
o
pi
"S
pH to
to
X
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Co Co
Co
o o
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tS
Po
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s
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Tf
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to
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to
pp
Co
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p
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to
No. of Obs.
toxco 'CO'OCNtOX
p-l
Authority.
5 O
jC X pH
§
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I +
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Appendix A
Aa. 287
l + M + l 1 + 1 +
o
l + l 1 1 1 l + l 1
2 CO © o oq o
e + 1
§
fa M O
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S
OUOiOOOOCO'-HOOf-'©
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to cq
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e
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Wt.
1 i' +
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No. of Obs.
+8
pH
"" 1
Authority
cq
o
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i 1 +
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
O o
o
+
J-
o o
ZO r-i
e eoiM
o
r- CD CO
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Cd
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o '
288 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURlSrER.
o o
II !l
lO
O-C.
S3; c: CO
2 S" sg
1 Values.
O' 20". 48 ±17 .1375 ± 59
CJ % 'i cc o
UO on
m
Wt.
di-iOCliOOOiOCO
io 1
No. of Obs.
1-H
Authority.
Pi.
W. B., . Ah , . . Re. 60, . Bs,,
Gil. 64, . Gh. 72, . Wu.T.C.,
j
o fo 2
Co 50
f
V,
CO 00 uo o: CO
i7+1ai +
oo
o
'T
TtH o O O h- lO
r>- ic c: ic CO CO f— 1 Cl rH 1— (
1 I++I 1+
tions.
o
o
1 " + "S - Io
" 5
Co
s
Co
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d CO t-- 00 to OO I-H c: O d d d
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No. of Obs.
1-H TjH CO CO d 0
Authority.
g
C3 C — ® i2 oi
1 Ot-OdiOi— '-irOO
o o
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O-C.
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Values.
' 53".86 ± 14 .0013 ± 52
fe
lO
Co
1 '+=i Mol J55 oi r-
e 1
h-
o
Wt.
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e 1 + 11 II
f
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No. of Obs.
COt>iO 'lOUOdCOOTti
id j'
Authority.
T cTo -EcT
CQ ,50 50 50' r-
Appendix A
Aa. 289
V,
CC CO Cl
TT O lO LO 1-d
o o
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o Oi 1— ( CO (M *-i r-H 00 I-; t-. 05 CD Cl r-H CD rH Cq c4 Cl C4
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so
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cq
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to Cl I-H CO o o
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No. of Obs.
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O
Authority.
Ll,
1 Ah,
Ms, . . Re 60, . Gh64, . Bs, . . .
i-H
o o
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cq
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Till ; ; ;;
Hons.
Lo X
Cd
Go
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Ttl
Cl Id
s
Mg
Wt.
LO LO d CO '
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No. of Obs.
Authority.
d
f
V,
+ I'+qi f 1 l' +
O
t-H
O—C.
ClCOCDTtiQCiOdCO op-.r-.c5-—
ions.
P-
i-H
C'T Cd
a M '
Co
-H
oo
ib
OlOiOOLOOXCO d p- CD lO CO CO
t-H
S +
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Co
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Wt.
Lo
1-H
S 0
No. of Obs.
<iS
o
Authority.
B,
Pi
Gr, ... Ah, ... Re 45, . .
Gh64, . .
Gh 72, . .
Cd Lo O X P-
d
a.
290 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
ClCOlOUOCOOOCOO OOCCLOh-i— 'rpcoo CO tc 1-4 r-i
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O O
g lO IM
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O—C.
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Co
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cq o O
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cq
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g,®
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i
wt.
O
O rH
lO
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o
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No. of Obs.
Tti t>. CO CO h' tM
11
Authority.
o
ca ®
lions.
'—696=0
o
Co
lO 'C X h-
s +
Co
t--
+
1-H
o
o
o
Co
Co
Co
Co
OiCiOCOCOO'COOi
5 Co X
cq CO
o
cq rH
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Co
+
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rH
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S O
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n
to
No. of Obs.
o
1-H
d
o lo lo o S
.a ® aj 5
CO O CO Tt<
11
o
O—C.
cq CO X o Ci O CO o CO rji 1-4
ions.
- .171=C t-1.051=C
cq lo
rH
Co
o
Co
lo
O lO lO o CM t-* cq 1— 1
rH
e 'i"=i S lo CO
g ecco 1 + 1
X
ro 0
Co
o
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Wt.
rH rH CM O
+g
rH
No. of Obs.
X cq lo X
rH
O M rH
Authority.
Pi
Ah, . . . Gh 64, . .
Appendix A.
Aa. 291
S =450 22' 35". 30.
Authority.
No. of Obs.
Wt.
p
B
H
Bi,
h .32
Da.,
H
h 1.51
Gr.,
W. B.,
Pond.,
H
b .80
Ms.,
b .27
Eh.,
t- 1.12
b .58
Re. 45,
Gh. 60,
Re. 61,
Normal Equations.
4.35 — 1-538 fj.' — 2.036 0 — 1.538 + -875 + .849 0
Aa + .330 ± 180 100 ja' — .390 ± 402
Final Values.
S 450 22' 35".63 ± 18 n' — .0039 ± .40
292 Aa. Eepokt Of Progeess. C. A. Asiiburnee
Co
O
o
Co
Co
o
o
o
Co
Co
p
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
p
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
V,
o— c.
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
rf 05 O O EO
O O CO lO I
ciT-jcqcoooiooo
rH
Co
EO O o
o3 o5 jT
w PL, C Ch O Ph P2 O
uo CO h- CO 05 O CO 00 CO I-- CO O
O UO rt< CO 00 CO 05
CO 05 05 CO lO CO
pq Ph pi5 cb o P3
rt< CO 05 CO O o CO to CO CO 05
+
O tc EO -tP UO 05 -l 05 P- CO 05 CO 05
f-H CO OJ O tP to
CO X CO to 05 o
'Tfl
0 Tf' lO
i a.
e s
i I +
o
05
to
to to X
lO 05 O 05 O lO
<!s
Co O O O
ss
o
a. i
s s
to 05 te 05 CO
CO O to
-H-H
Co X -H Co
o o
O :05 O uo Tji
o
o
o
"§
Tt* 05 to CD CO
f-M Qi
O OI to
CO to
rH CO
o
oS
to -
o
to
+
ec
5S
e +
io
"H Jo
to -l-j
05 " Co ' X 05
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rH
cj +
S oq
Appendix A
Aa. 293
V,
h- O 05 X 05 X 05 O JO Cl O
d
p
Tf TfH 1— 1 Cl JO
lO ' Cl — N Cl
++I 1 i 1
d
Jo
O JO O 05 JO Cl Cl X
Wt.
d 1-1 JO lO o
Cl Cl
No. of Obs.
TJH t>- CO 01 05 --
Authority.
£C tx o O :i5
05a5JOOC105Tj405Xh-0
r'*ci''i;i-'ccjooo5cici
p
OXh---XhCOUCJOCluO
Co
O lO O O 05 X 1.0 JO O 05 ClpcOTt'COClCl'i-H.-i
o 1
Wt.
lO
Ci-Hocicicicicicicio
In'
No. of Obs.
lOt- -rfiOi— Ii-Ii— idX
Authoritj
w5 o 0 ® o:
S
o
s
e
o
ro
lO
Oi 00 r- Tji
o:
O X
uo
lO h-
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o
-H
s o
cj
-H
Oi
*Kj
Jo Jo
-H Jo
X o
Uo Uo
I +
fM
Lo O
-H-H
h-
o
o
-H
-H
lO
o
r
o
Co
'lij'
o— c.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
O*— 'rfHiOCOtTjClO 05Clrfi00OC0Ou0
l+l l+l+l
coooxxxr-cio
ClJOdi— 'TfC1050JO
1-HlO— 'UOi— '1005t 05 CO Cl JO JO JO Cl
COOCOO'i-H'XCl
o
g
o
s
-H
Tf
QC r-.
i-H
05
Jo Tjh
1
Jo Co Lo
+1
X Jo
o
40
►o
-S o
Jo
294 Aa. Repoet Of Progress. C. A. Ashburnee,
Af 1 1 +
d
rjH
CO lO 00 IC lO CO O 00 CO 05
Ah 1 1
o o
ss ic o s lO 05
I 1 X Cd
d
d
lo uo O
O 05 05
e UOO
lis'T'7 5 lAllJI
S o§ §
S
X Oi
pH pH
. O
o
lO
!l
Wt.
rH 05 05 -t* t>.
g
E
No. of Obs.
Tjh Cc Lo Co
Authority.
h-COCOrttOOlO— i '0;C005050'-'10
"+l++AI 1
d
r--r>-cocooocorti
O5C000cq05O:iC0h-
1-Hioc0C0C0C0051-?
-H-b++A
o o
Co Co
g lO O 00 Tt4
S a. i c: 05
1 ii "J'
fe; S
05
ca
A p A
- O X
C<J
Co
icci00000i0005 00 t>- CO 05 05
s
o
o
"i
Wt.
lO
O-H05'-HC5-rt<Q0Tt
s
g
£
No. of Obs.
C0Oc0C0'U005C0
1
Authority.
r A
fen CL, O ?
V,
OOOCOiOOOTt-COOCO- C002 05 05 C0''05i-'lO
A 1 A 1 H — H" 1 1 1
d
t-HCCC0OC0 01 05CCCil0 -4 CO 05 05 -H .-4
o o
. Co Cd
pH P-. O
§ 'i'a g in P=1 g§
O
A g A A
O C5
S
Co
Oo 1
Wt.
Lo
1— (O'-O'— 'CO''OiX*— '
i i + ilJi
d X tH
po
e
+
No. of Obs.
iO05 05C:C005COu0tJ05
Ii
Authorit5
d
o' cT ido5§
pa oQ o o cc2 0 0
Appendix A
Aa. 295
V,
o
o—c.
rt' rf O I-- O 05 CO
oj 05 to CO
0 CO pH
pH 10
+m
pH
+
. iQ
co-H
0
o
1-H
O to O O -f 05
GJ 05 r-H iH
s
CO CO to
05
pp 05 CO pH 0 CO pH 05
Po
o
1-H
Wt.
pH 05 05 CO O O
i 1 +
4§
I "T
0"
pH
B
to
No. of Obs.
W O to 05 CO CO 1— 1
1-H
05
Authority.
Th'05''
CQ fLi § -1 0 0
f-H i-H
O—c.
0 h- 0 CO CD 10 CO
0 to 05 CO 0
1 i77-+i 1
S
Co
Cd
Co
-H
Co
0 to 0 to CO CO 05 t>- to 05 pH
S i i
L?
Kj C-5
I—-
05 CO . lO
Co
cq
Wt.
pH pH 10 05 to 0 05
g
0
a 1
-
No. of Obs.
to 05 pp uO CO
Authority.
0"
pH
Co Co 05 05
Ph Co 0 Co 0
+ I++I
eo 0 lO
pp 05
I 3"
o
Co
o-c.
CO Oi 05 05
CO b- to c: 05
oc
Ip
lO
to
to 05 CO to pH 00 CO 05 05 pH
Co 0
i 1 +
to CO to
pH
Co 0 C5
+7
Cd
h--
to
Wt.
to CO CO to
B
ss
'0
0 r
ro 1
No. of Obs.
pH r-- Tf pH
to p
1Ji
Authority.
F. L. L., . Gr, ...
Re 45, . . . Ms, Bs
pH
296 Aa. Eepoet Oe Progeess. 0. A. Asiiburnee,
O00C100t>.C000(MCNf-i0:i00'--ICC'C0CCiCO TrOrtCCOfM-— i*-i(NiO(N'-OCC>— (C<J04iO<MC<l
a
QO-HO--((MCC-HCTfHOOC5lOC'l>— iC5COOOh-iCCO (MGOrHp-'CiOOOiOlC|>.iOCOOI>-CCCCOCOO
d
1-H
CM CO lO CC w cc cc -l r-i 1 r-( rH iH C<J
i-H
o
r-
wt.
Co
No. of Obs.
lO r>- CO (M Ci Tji C<uO Tti rp cc cq cc 1 cc 1—
Authority.
d'ldoo'd'd' TjTcq'cT
r CSo o ®.s te'iK'.S.- S.d
Kfi,pirip.>;rtH<lpfci35DpeqopQO
- V,
-H I++
CO cc O uc O O Tti 1C
d
o
O ic cc o
o
Co
o
Wt.
lO
I— 1
No. of Obs.
cc cc cc 05
Authority.
.
V,
l + l I++--M 1
p
d
t--
l + i H-l 1
d
T
Co
Co
Wt.
1
rH r-H
Ii '
No. of Obs.
Authority.
Appendix A.
Aa. 297
. oo
O
e Jj
Or-
rH O
cq
cq Oi
8S
-Hhh
o o 00
eo
s
ts
o
-H
O
t—
ib
Co
o
t—
o
o
Co
-H
Uo —
CO fH
ss
-o cooq
1 i'+
S oo
05
O Co
cq r
-H-H
lO
I? s
-S O
Tp
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uo
cq
o
?2
O
e
s
r-
O lO
Tp
Co
f f
Tp o CO o
-H-H
<;5
-H
'p
o
o
o
l-p
-H
oo
r—
Co
b
o
-H
Co 00 Co
CO cq
f 1
"O
b
cq
r—
Co
o
II Jl
s
g
t-
oo
Co
lO-OO
<io
o
's.
Co 00
o
Co
rH
Report Of Progress
C. A. Asiiburner,
Ci O hO CD CO lO O rH 1-H Di CO i- rH
V,
i-H
o
Co
b
Co
c5§
1S75 — t.
o lo o CO Ci CD r>.
o r
Wt.
lO
4
t-J
No. ofObs.
iO O ID CO rH d
d
Authority.
. w
1
l+AI l+l 1+
CDCiCDCJ— 'CDh-DJO COCOCDCDCtO'-H(Mrr<
O
t
lO
lO
b
b
Ro
2 Cd Co Co Co >-H
lO
Wt.
No. of Obs.
OqcDiDD<MO'-HDlCD CM
j
Authority.
r.S C
P3 Pm O C O P5 W O .
TjKOCMCDCDOCO-ttCDOrHCD'-CCOCClh-OOCih-' ID'-H'OI'--— 'COC5C*— 'COODlLDh-OfeiCMOCDiD
V,
r*H
+-H 1 1 I++++I + I l + l 1++
o
b
b
Co Co
O-C.
++I 1 1 I++++I+1 1+1 1 1 i 1 1
Co
Co
rH
0
i
Wt.
No. of Obs.
C<1
Authority.
pS(i;dpiHSp5<<00O0P5WO005S!?0
Appendix A.
Aa. 299
eo 05 Ci
2 Co -H
o o
a. i
o<a
O Co Co
I +
ec to
o
lO
Co
l'
h- 05 to CO
-H+l
Co 00 Co 'O
r-5 c4
to
+1
h-
o
Jo
-H
to
lO
o
g
o
e
o o
C5 Jo
J +
Co Cq
o
Jo Co
I +
to
Co
o
Jo
CO lO o
-H-H
CO 00 h- O 05
to
-H
Go
o
lO
-H
oi
o
o
I l'+
I
CO 00 CO o4 '
e I A
a
§
o
JO h-
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o o
o
o
A
oi
o
Jo
Cq
Co
A
oi
Co
o
:2lo 39' 13".74 6=100 24' 55". 18 6=17° 39' 5". 40
300 Aa. Bepoet Of Peogkess. C. A. Asiiburkee.
j LO'OC0IO5Cqb- O 05 CJ —I o o
aT +A 1 1 1
d
o
CO CO 00 O CO Cl
cq 00 v.-'j cq o o rH
a7"+I 1 1
Wt.
Lo
r-H O cq O LO O O
No. of Obs.
o cq CO
Authority.
V,
LO €0 00 rH
l + l 1
h- CO CO
1-H
l + l 1
lO Cl 05
cq i-H
Wt.
*-i cq cq 00
No. of Obs.
Authority.
® w
05 CO 00 CO 05 cq LO CO cq ' Tti
+ M + I 1
p
CO 05 lO CO GO CO
H-+7 1 1 1
lO LO O 05 LO
Wt.
LO lO
rH o O O GO
No. of Obs.
h- TtH TtH cq cq
Authority.
Pi.,
Gh. 64, . . Bs.,
Wn.M.C., .
2 M S o
s f-f
® i i
i +
Oi lO CD GO lO
o
CO 05 LO oq Oi
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O Tj4
o oq
o
S o o
S A'a.
® I +
CO o
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cq
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Co
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CO 1— ' O CO LO cq
o
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Appeistdix A
Aa. 301
Co
Go
d
o
ciooeoiOLOCiciticco 1— H
OiOCCOCOCO-OO—ib,
h-coThcococo
Wt.
No. of Obs.
Authority.
'fj LO rj
o o
. Co Co
o
?3
C5 Co
r>-
-H-H
uo — CO oo rm lO
to to
<K1
O O Oi CO Ci
W '
=i-
O
O
h-
o
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V,
lOrth-Tj'XP-aiTjLOOCl
ClCOOP-COOsp-COh-'— lO
+ M H- 1 + 1 1 l-f
wt.
LO lO
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No. of Obs.
lO d d CO lO
Authority.
SPh>CS35 <5oKOO
o
o
o
o .
o
o
?s
e 7-
g o 1;
to to
O Cl CO O
00 CO CO h-
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i-H o
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o
lb— '-lop-cocir t>-ClCOdtCOdd
p
lo LO LO lO X o
I— H
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wt.
1-r-jClCOClCOOCO
!-H
No. of Obs.
Authority.
h-
1-H
+1
s
o
rf
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h-
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Co
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l>.
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a
+
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to to
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CO Oi lOi lO
+1+1 O Cl Cl lO O CO
to
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lO
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Cl
Co
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o
302 A A. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner,
V,
Co Cd Co Co
Co O 00 O O O
+ M I++
TtHOCD't'Ol'- CD O O
O LO O CO 1 05 t'- to CO I— I
Wt.
rH O CO O
No. of Obs.
CO to ' CO
Authority.
' 'k Is '
Co Co
i
o 00
00 CO rJH CO
cq
Co 01 Co C<J
r-l 00 CN
o-c.
to O 00 P- t>. lO CM
Wt.
to
O CM iM O
No. of Obs.
lO CM rH CO
Authority.
' .-
E
Co Co
o o o o
gg
-o
g I +
Co 01 Cd Cm O
1 l + l 1
o-c.
H — i — h++
Wt.
CO to CO 00 to 1-H
No. of Obs.
CD CD to CM to
Authority.
C Cd 2
ophS mo
O o
c- y II
N Co
uO . -
oS
o
o
r>-
Co
o
o
o o
o
o
CO o CM lO
Final Values, Final Values. Final Values,
=46° 39' 20' '.17 340 40' 49". 37 8=3° 51' 30". 50
Appendix A.
Aa. 303
The pages which follow contain the adopted mean declinations of all stars used in the latitude determination. They are written in pairs as they were arranged for observation with the Zenith Telescope and are reduced to the mean epoch 1876.0. The column headed B. A. C. contains the numbers of the stars in the British Association Catalogue. The magnitudes are those of the B. A. C. The right ascensions are only approximate but sufficiently accurate for the purpose,
lit
includes proper
motion when it could be ascertained with
any approach to accuracy.
cVa
cW
is given in units of the fifth
rJn
place. includes the value of the proper motion given
dt
in the last column but one. — , is given in units of the
dt
sixth place. is in units of the eighth place.
Let be the right ascension and declination of any
star for 1876.0.
a&,d be the right ascension and declination of the same star for 1876-|-/. t being expressed in years
Then t
, dd. , r/V; f , d8 f
For example let the forrnulte be applied to the first star on the list :
d=2i)° 39' 66".97—F'.4703/4-. 003638 -f.00000006-|!.
U
Mean places for 1876.0 of Stars used in determhiing Latitude of WilJces Ban're.
304 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Probable
P- 00
-H rH
X o
Lo X
error.
lO
X Cd
O iM rH
CD CO rH
CD CO rH
rH cq rH
X P- rH
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Proper motiou in h
P- Ci
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p, CD
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error.
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rr o
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1
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cq ©
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cq X X rH
cq X rH ©
Co
rH
rH
cq X
rH X
©
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rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
cq cq
Magnitude.
lO
lO
Cd Co
rJH UO
Cd Co
Cd Cd
CD Pr
lO X
X Lo
s
'C m
PC o o o
Sb
c °
a
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a2
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to
es P
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p ;
p.
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Cq.
rn
X
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B. A. C.
CO Ci
Co Cd
rH 05
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X p.
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©
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rH rH
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Cd Cd
Cd Cd
Cd Cd
X Cd
Appendix A
Aa. 305
cq
CO o
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Tp Lq
Cd Lo
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rH
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Co
cq CO
p- CO
lO
cq CO
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Co X
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o cq
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i +
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Cm Co
Co Co
rH CO
lO CO
cq
cq
Co Co
cq lo
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Tp Co
Tt
1-H so
Tp Tp
CO Tp
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Co P-
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cq 05
©
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ic CO
Co
Tp Co
cq o
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cq cq
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cq rH
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,
r
Co
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Tp
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cq
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cq CO
X
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Tp X
rH cq
CO o
cq p-
O O
Co
P- Co
p- -p
lO
Tp LO
X rH
rH rH
cq cq
Co P-
Co 05
cq ic
-p ©
rH M
lO
Co Co
cq
Tp Co
LO cq
CO lO
tP X
X Co
CC lO
© M
Co
TP so
LO cq
CO Tp
CO tP
CO Tp
Cm Cm
CO cq
CO tP
+A
CO cq
Lo Lo
© Co
J L
'
1 T
cq CO
o cq
Tp Co
M O
Co Co
cq ©
lO X
Co P-
1-H cq
Co 05
lO CO
-P o
O --p
t-c O
Lo O
Tp Co
CO cq
TP cq
Tp so
oq cq
f-H cq
cq cq
IT cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
r
' 1
A T
ic CO
Co P-
cq 05
Co 05
Tp
CO cq
Tp X
Co Co
O Co
Co X
© P-
Lo ©
Co ©
Co
CO rH
X tP
rH O
LO rH
tx
Lo Co
cq X
rH CO
cq CO
Cl -ti
r- lO
Co Tp
Lo Lo
rH rH
cq cq
So Co
o o
o o
o o
rH rH
rH
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
cq cq
lO
Lo
Co Co
Co Co
Co Co
Tp CO
Lo Lo
Co Co
' s'
. D
r
o
r. r.
o .
P.
Co
c s
c a
Co
be bD
be be
o
oo
oo
Co
feN
O rH P- P-
Tp lO
P- P-
Co Cd
CO o
rH
X cq
cq ©
rH
Cm O
CO Tp
cq
Co
© o
Co X
cq Tp
cq
cq CO
Co
CO Tp
Tp rp
Lo Uo
P-
P- Pr
P- P-
Pr pr
Mean places of Stars used in determining Latitude of Wilkes Barre.
306 Aa. Eepokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner,
Probable
ir: o
oi to
Co Cm
Co Co
Co P-
d
Co
TtH CO
Co
Co
CO to
Co
CO d
Co
error.
rH
Proper moto
o
iH CO
Cl P-
CO Cl
O Cl
rH lO
CD to
CO to
CO o
1-H
CCi o
iH 1-H
to CO o o
rH GO CO rH
rH O O rH
Ol P- rH CO
to o
rH O
CO CO to
CO Ol
p- o
tion in s
o o
o o
o o
I
o o
o o
O rH
o o
O rH
o o
1 r
1
Tf iH
Cl
CO Cl
Tf CO
to CO
Go Go
CO Ol
Cl o
Ico
M 1
Co Co
Co Co
Th CO
Co Cd
to GO
P- P-
Ol
Ol 00
Cm O
lO rH
rH 01
Cl to
CO to
CD Cl
d
Cd P--
CO h-
o
to CO
p- GO
Cl o
Cd Hi
to o
o
Cl CO
CO to
CM rH
Cl Ol
Cd Co
d rH
j'S
H-+
rH rH
fH rH
J L
4-h
' '
i h
' '
Co
Co Co
Go Co
rH
P- Ol
to rH
to fH
Co Co
to Cl
GO d
O Cm
CO pH
CO o
P- rH
o
rt<
Cm
O rH
o
CD to
O to
rr p.
CO d
Tp Co
rH
Tt Co
Cm Co
OO Ol
Cl CO
Cd Cd
P- o
Ol o
Co Co
Ol Cl
Ol Ol
Cl o
Cl o
rH
r-H rH
rH rH
H-+
rH rH
L
rH f-H
rH rH
1H Cl
rH d
i r
r
i h
n h
r 1
Probable
to o
CO TjH CM
'CO o
rH rH
rH
CO o CO CO
CO P- CO rH
rH CM
d p- rH
Co
rH
error.
Cm O
to Cl
Po Cm
Cm -H
CO r-
rH rH
o o
lO
GO Cl
V Cm
CO rH
Cd
d O
O Go
Ol o
O
' Co Co
to h-
CO t'r
to o
Ol — '
Cl o
Co Go
Co
Co Co
Cm
1-H Co
rr fQ
Cm
d CO
Co
rH to
O Co
to
P- Co
Ol pH
CO o
to CO
p- d
Q
- Cm O
Cm
CO to
rH
Cl rH
d
rH to
CO tH
to h-
p-
O -H
rH 1-H
Co Co
rH -H
to CD
Cm O
Cl to
to CO
'If
to Cl
P-
Co
CO pr
rH —t
Co Co
Co 00
rH rH
rH rH
CM rH
p-
J L
J-J-
J f
n —
1 w
Co
p- CO
Cl CO
to
Ol to
d d
rH to
Ol o
t-o CO
Cm O
GO r-
CO c:i
rH O
Co
-H O
I''
o
o
Cd Cd
to Ol
O -f
CO d
1
Ol 01
Cl CM
Cl CM
Cl CM
Cl CM
d d
CO d
J L
1 r
T
n r
V. ~C,2 d
. CO o ®0
to o
Cm 01
CO Cl
rH Cl CO 00
rH p— rH CO
O CO to
P- Pr
p- to
CO 00 p- CO
pr CO CO CD
S lO
Ol rH
fH CO
rH
Co
rH
d to
CO iH
to fH
s o CO
P- to
rH CO
O rJH
CO -i*
CD to
d CO
rH -H
tH 00
to
Cm Cm
CO Tft
to
r- rH
d CO
rH rH
Cl CM
Cm Cm
Cm Cm
Cm Co
Co Co
Co Co
Co Co
s
Cm Cm
CM Cl
Cl CM
Cl CM
Cl CM
d d
d id
Ol d
to to
to
to
Magnitude.
Co Co
to CO
Co Co
Cd Cd
Cd Cd
Co Cd
to CO
P- to
arl
S
'O o;
'w
fee cic
*cfi
a . fcD
.rT'3
'cc
a
bc
5ff
o o
Oc
bc
±
H
Cd
a
bC
01
o
CS ctf
cuo
pH . CD .
fd'l'
pH
Co
CO rf
pH
o
PhO
fin .
9
rH rH
rH
Co
rn rH
Co
Ol rH
Go
B. A. C.
to to
P- 00
CO Cl
:o
Cl CM
Tfi Ol
P-. 00
CO tH
Cm Co
o -r
Co Cd
Cm
iH d
Ol rH
Co Co
p- p-
Go 00
Ol Ol
o o
iH rH
fH d
t- t-
P- P-
p- P-.
P- P-
pH I'r
Co 00
Appendix A.
Aa. 307
o o
rfi -H
Cd
Cd
P-
©
o
Cd
Co Co
Co Jo
Co
Jo
d 05
©
Co
Ed X
Co P-
Tjh -H
o o
© p-
Co
o o
o
—I 'O
o d
© d
d -H
o o
o o
o o
—I o
-rl
Cl o
Id
X P-
d
o o
O
d ©
Jo
f-H i-H
d
d
7''T
Co
Cd
Cd Cd
Cl JO
4D X
Tt* X
Co X
Co ©
Cd
Id -H
4D d
p- ©
© d
© rji
Jo
O
©
© p-
© X
Ed Co
"m
1-H
d -H
d d
CO d
Co -H
Co Jo
d X
Cc Dj
X
Cd ©
p- d
Co Cd
-r X
Co
O 05
4D O
Co I-H
©
X P-
p-
I-H I-H
— H
-H
II II II ; i 1 1 II ,1
Jo
Cd
© X
rH "H
-H
I-H
I-H ,
Co
P-. HtH
X ©
© Ed
P-. Co
-f d
Cd
X d
P- ©
o
X d
Id M
Co -D
Co ©
© d
05
Co Ed
Co Co
Co
Co
d -H
N Cd
Co
I-H
© X
X d
P- Co
d
d
d
d
ID r-
p- ©
© Co
©
Co
Id
©
I-I o
P- I-H
Co Cd
O X
Co
p- ©
© Co
CO oq
rri
4H I-H
d -H
©
X — 1
I-H
I-H
Id
O
P- ©
© Ed
'-t- X
Cd Cd
© X
Co ©
X ©
o
1-H Jo
4D -H
d d
© I-H
Co Co
Co Co
Jo Jo
Co Co
Jo
Co
Jo
.
O
X Jo
© Co
© p-
d
-H
ID Cl
p- p-
p-
Jo
Jo
d d
d
Co O
d p-
p-
X ©
d ©
I-H
Jo
Id
d
JO -:ri
Ed ©
o o
o o
o o
1-H I-H
-H
I-H 1-H
iD
Ed
©
Ed
Id Id
Cd
Cd 4D
©
© Co
P-
1 S'
u C
-c c*3
i '
2 S
c a o
c'i
' 8 A3 - ©
V
©
s
S V
CC gn
B 2
§
p-
S'
©
4D
©
d CO
Co
Cd P-
O Id
Id Cd
p-
Ed
Co ©
© d
o
-H -H
Co
Tj1
Ed ©
Mean I aces for 1875.0 of stars used in determining Latitude of Pottsvilte.
308 AA. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURlSrER.
Probable
1 Cd
Co Lo
Ci CO
pH
cq cq to
O Co
cq CD
tp
pH
rH to
X Cd
Ph Cd
error.
pH
pH
pH
cq
pH
Lo Co
to
pH Cl
cq X
pH O
o o
Proper motion in 5.
lO CO O
pH X pH
hH pH
cq o
CO X pH CO
cq X
tH CD
rH CD cq pH
to to
X O
cq o
o o
O O
O O
o o
O O
o cq
o o
O O
o o
-fl
Al
X Oi
Oi CD
CD to
Cl o
O pH
Cd
X o
r- CO
Co Co
tJ4 to
Cd Cd
Cd Ih
X t--
CD Cl
X Co
X Dj
O Co
cq Cl
pH id
X rH
cq TfH
O C5
Tti
O to
pH
Cl pH
to cq
Co X
CO pH
Uo
Ph
r- CD
cq pH
pH O
CD rp
to rH
cq pH
pH pH
rH pH
pH pH
A
'
r
-f 16.3231 -f 16.4601
-f 16.7769 + 16.9490
-f- 19.3519 4- 19.7947
-I- 19.6952 A 19.6947
Probable
t- o
X o
O
Co Th
O cq
Cl cq
X Co
O Co
Cm
Tj' pH
to pH
pH cq
. Co
pH pH
cq pH
error.
cq lO
Cd
Cd' Cd
Co X
cq TjH
Cd X
rH rH
rH
O X
pH
o
tp -H
cq cq
O
o
o o
IC pH
X Co
X to
X pH
rH CD
Cl rH
X
pH pH
rfi TJ4
X lO
Co Ph
Co
rp cq
to X
to
X
O pH
cq to
cq Cl
pH cq
cq rH
CO cq
1C Go
D1
Pp
Tji CO
cq
CO to
Co Co
CO rH
Q 'H
0 Oi rH
lO CO
X Dl
Cl pH
rH CD
pH Cl
X cq
P
Tji eo
CO Thi
CO tH
cq to
CD pH
CO rH
to X
O pH
to X
E- Cl
p- tp
O
pH to
to X
PH pH
PH pH
CO pH
Cl cq
I
+A
A T
A t
X P-
fp o
'H rH
CO pH
Co Co
o
o
Ol rH .
to CD
Co
pH CD
CO cq
to to
e
Oi r-
o
PT to
Cd Cd
to 05
O X
A+
cd cq
Cl cq
cq cq
A
ci cq ++
cq cq
cq ci
CO Cl
A r
A T
A T
.X
CD Ci
to cq
to CO
X Cd
cq CO
X bJD O Q
Cd O
Cd Co
ci o
pH CD
X O
ci CD
Co
Im
r- o
CO CO p- X
cq cq
X Cd
cq pH X CD
pH pH tP
CO to CD
to cq
rH rH
pH X
tH to
to
pH Cd
Co
cq cq
to Cl cq
Co Co
pH pH CO CO
cq CO
Co Co
rH -H CO CO
cq cq
oq cq
cq cq
cq Cl
Cl cq
cq cq
cq cq
Lo
lO to
to
to
to
Magnitude.
to to
CD to
CD to
Cd
rH CD
Cd
CD rH
to
8
O 73
s
m
5 Lacertse,
Pegasi,
8 Draconi
6 Pegasi, Cephei,
O u T5 P
6 Pegasi,
C G O S u o
c
pH i
pH
O
to
pH ps
B. A. C.
1-H
CD a
CO Ol -H
Oi lO CD
pH cq
CO hp
X cq
cq CO to CO
X h- CO pH
to Cl Ci cq
cq rH
hp pH
Cd Cd'
CD r'-
O: O
o o
pH pH
pH cq
cq CO
t- 1-
tp
h-. X
Appendix A
Aa. 309
Co 00
X Co
O
1C tP
Co Ic
rH
Co Co
O Co
05
c<t
O 00
CO o
1C p-
o
o cq
cq cq
o
O cq
O 05
o o
o o
o o
rH O
f 1
lO
o o
1C o
TfH o
rH cq
o o
O -H
O Co
rH X
I-H f-H
rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
cq
CO p-
O X
X
lO
1-H Co
rH
cq
IC o
o
rH
1C rH
So Co
rH rH
rH cq
cq cq
rH cq
rH 1/5
ocq
p- X
P-05
O Co
cq cq
O
cq ic
Co Co
rH rH
rH 05
1C Co
eo *-H
rH rH
cq cq
X cq
CO tO
O rH
O X
Co Co
1C Co
TJ4 rH
rH IC
1C Co
Co P-
X cq
O O
1C cq
Co
rH CO
Co P-
cq rH
Co
Co O
cq X
CO rH
cq CO
-t 1
r
i T
n r
1 T
1 r
i-H CO
cq 05
cq CO
rH IC
o o
rH rH
rr to
rH X
Co Co
Co Co
Co Co
Co Co
Co Co
n r
"1 — r
cq 1C
O 00
Co Co
c6 'H'
Tj1 Co
1C Co
CO cq
cq IC
X cq
cq ic
O
rH iC
cq
rH rH
cq cq
X rp
Co Co
CO o
o o
o o
o o
cq cq
cq
1C Co
Co Co
CO -TtH
CO cd
s' ;
8" ;
o
a r
C 'cfi
O
O
-d
s 2
a
o .SS w
3
o
u
. lO
o
o .
'c 00
Tp
Cq
o o
Co
CO ic
p-
Co
CD iC
Co Co
Co
cq X
Co X
cq
Mean places f or 1875.0 of Stars used in determining Latitude of Pottsville.
310 AA. EEPOllT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURPTER,
Probable error.
Cd
o o
b- D1
Cd
Cl CD
p, CD
Cd P-
to
Lo
O rH rH
Lo Cd
rH
t- Cl
CD rH
rH rji
Proper motion
p- CD
Csl
rH rH
CD d
d CD
LO Cl
Cd Lo
Pr P-
O:
Cd D1 Cm O
o
Cd O
Lo D1
O CD d O
CD d
rr d
G1 Cl -H d
rH d O d
in 6
o o
O O
O O
o o
o o
O O
O O
1
o o
H — h
Cl o
CD lO
rH -H
rH lO
Cd Cd
o d
Tji .-1
o o
Cl o
Cd O
O rH
rH O
Cd Cd
rH O
CO -Vi
rH rH
1H oq
Cd
CM rH
d rH
d rH
rH rH
CD rH
rH
rH
D1 O
CD Pr
CO o
rH CD
P- P-
rf lO
rH lO
d CO
O rH
rH O
Cl o
1-H
Cm Cd
Cd Cd
Cd 00
rH rH
O Cl
iH
rH 01
d rH
Tl
CD d
d CD
T7
to t-vi
h- 00 00 lO P- tH rH O
rH rH
+-h
o o o
1-H
Lo
rH rH
-f 17. 6469 -4i7.4802
-bl7.2248 -f 16. 8263
' Cd
Cl
rH CD
tr
Cd
d LO
Probable error.
, i-H
iH ,
Cd
rH rH
rH ,
CD rH
rH d
pH rH
P- 00
-H Cd
Cl LO
CD Cl
fl
rH 00
O Co
d
P- rH
P- d
d rH
00
Cd Cd
O Cd
d LO
rH CD
Cd Lo
rH CD
Cl P-
o
rH CD
iO CD
rH
rH rH
rH
rH
S
C h-
O
Cd Cd
Cd 00
h- o
LO Cl
P- Cl
Cd 00
O 00
'B
" Cd
tH
Cm Cd
Cd Cd
Lo Cd
rH CD
d
LO d
Go
Cl rH
Cl rH
rH CD
CD rH
0 lO
rH CD
CD rH
LO d
CD rH
Cd
CD rH
Cd 00
Cd Cd
rH d
d Cl
O 00
rH rH
Cd
Cd
rH rH
rH rH
CD rH
Cd Lo
O
rH
rH rH
Lo
rH
-H
O 00
o
rH d
Lo O
O Cl
rH rH
CD Cl
Lo Cd
Lo
O rH
Cd 00
Lo Cd
rH P-
C '
1H Cl
O 00
CD rH
O Cd
CD d
Lo 00
Cd Cd
Cd Cd
Cd O ++
rji CD
rH CD
ni CD
Cd Cd
A+
rH CD
. Cd Cd
h- Cl
Cd D1
rr rH
rH CD
rH pr
rH
LO rH
-H cl
Cl lO
O O
r- 00
CD rH
CD rH
Cd Cd
Pr CD
£S So
. r-' CD
C<1
Cd
LO d
LO rH
rH lO
rH
rH
a2 p
S a: o
Cd Cd
rH O
-r CD
Cd Cd
d rH
iO
rH
d CD
CD rH
Lo Lo
t-H
rH d
o o
O rH
rH tH
rH rH
rH rH
rH rH
d d
d d
to
Magnitude.
LO to
o '
LO lO
Cd Cd
Cd Cd
rH CD
hH CD
se
S?
8
S'
s
o
as
o
M
P4
rH
P 00
O Qo
o -
cDO
or -- <?3
;
'C S
'u
on
-H
p-
CD a
CD fe
rH rH
Lo
ca Cl
d
B. A. C.
H' -H
iO
o
Co 00
Lo Cd
rH d
Cd Cd
rH O
o
Cd Cd
Cd 00
rH CD
LO o
rH 00
Cd
Cd Cd
rH
Lo Lo
Cd Cd
Appendix A
Aa. 311
rH
O
lO
lO 05
lo oq
o o
O lO
O
I l'
o o
o o
M Co
Cd Co
p-
O Co
lO 05
cc o
Im 00
Co Co
Co Co
Co P-
iM
CO cq
o -n
CD r-
CD lO
Co
Cd O
lO lO
rJH
Tjl CO
rH 1— I
I
i t
.
Cq iH
i-H
Co 05
O 05
Co P-
Uo
lO P-
O 05
O 05
r-i CO
cq rfi
Co 1—1
Cd
CO TfH
Co
Co
Cd
Co P-
Im
Co
p-
Cd Co
Co 05
O Co
oq
I— I lO
Co
J
n r
O
lO o
Im O
Co Cd
o
O b-
1-H Co
Co
Tji Co
L
O Co
Co
P- 05
Co
i-H
Ttn X
Id
Co
cq cq
cq cq
cq CO
uo
lO
Id Id
Cd Co
CO lO
Cd Id
.
,
05
o
Co
rH
cq
CD cq
O 05
31.2 .A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashbtjrner.
Computation of Latitude.
A few of the stars used are found in the American Ephemeris, in which case the apjarent declinations are taken from that publication. In other cases they are reduced by the formula :
o=opr~fPg cos (G+a)+7i cos (.H+a) sin opi cos d The formula for the latitude will then be :
0=±f+cy)+i(M—M') ((:n+7t')--{s+s'))bH f—r')
In which d & 3' are the apj)arent declinations of the two stars forming the jDair.
31 & 31' the reading's of the micrometer. n.s. n'.s.' the readings of the level. r. & r'. the retractions.
It. the value of one revolution of the micrometer
screw.
t). the value of one division of the level.
Tlie final result given is the arithmetical mean of the individual determinations.
At Wilkes Barre one observation was made on the pair B. A. C. 204 — 225 which was not utilized, as I had no data for a satisfactory determination of the declination of 204. Also one observation atPottsville on the pair 7679 — 7765 was rejected on account of the note — "very poor" in the original record. Besides these nothing has been suppressed.
The probable error of the resulting latitude was computed by the formula :
where n is the number of observations.
The details are given in the following pages.
Latitude of Wilkes Barre.
Appendix A
Aa. 313
a
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to to
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tr
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r>-
Latitude of WitLes Barre — C ontinued.
314 Aa. Eepoet Of Peogeess. C. A. Ashbuenee.
O
M
o
Id
rH
a
bXJ
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+
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d
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+
+
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CO h-
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rH P-
rH 05
rr O
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t— t-
rH O
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rH rH
p- CO
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Co Co
lO
Pr D1
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rji O
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rH d
rH CO
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a
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Co 00
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Cd
Co Cd
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ID p-
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Cd -H
CD rH
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CO rH
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d
w
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CM oq
rH I-H
rH
rH rH
rH r-H
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Cd
i-H rH
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Co C50
P-. rH
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O 00
ci ID
rH 05
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Appendix A
Aa. 315
Vh
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u
02
c £
2C ;:5
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Latitude of Wilkes Barre — Continued.
316 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
d
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d
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p p
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t-r
p- p.
P- P
p p
p p
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Appendix A
Aa. 317
Oi
Cd
*-H
Co
Co
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lO
rH
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rJH
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+
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Tjh
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hr
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b- rH
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rH
rH rH
rH cq
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05
rH
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©
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m
d
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&
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Latitude of Pottsville.
318 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner,
U
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s
O
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Cd
Cm
W
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p
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+
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o
rp
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+
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Cm
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o
t-r
hr
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rH
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lO
lO
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Tp
tP
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+
hr
©
+
+
+
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Cm Co
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O X
Cm X
h- CM
fl
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X o
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X rH
X Cm
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s
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Cd
P
Co Co
Uo Tp
TP Tp
CM Tp
tP tP
X rH
Cm
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X -P
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X Tp
X
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0 CO fp
Co
X tP
X rH
Tp X
hr
h-
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rH X
rH O
rH X
Gq
Co Co
lO CO
Ico Uo
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Tp
Tp
X ©
Si
rr rX
rX rH
rH rr
iH IH
rH rH
rH rH
00
X Co
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tp
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o
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rH
Tp
X tP
Co
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Tp CO
Tp
Cx Cm
rH
rX rH
rH rX
rX rH
rH rH
rH 1— 1
iH rH
rH
lO *-H
X r-
rX CO
Pr X
© X
©
tP X
Tp 05
cc o
lO
CO lO
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X Co
X F-
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X Cm
rH CCJ
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t-H cq
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h- hr
Appendix A
Aa. 319
Jl
D
tc
D
cq
Co
Co
Co
Co
o
to
o
lO
O
i-H
Co
oi
Co
o
O
o
o
Co
+
Co
Co
+
h-
f-H
lO
+
o
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+
o
lO
Co
+
Co
Co
Co
o
Co
TfH
Co
cq
o
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o
o
Co
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tH
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Co
o
lO
Co
1-
Tj<
Co
lO
Co
Co
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
O 00 CO r-
Co 00 Oo
Uo 05
CO cq 05 h-
TtH CO *-H
Tf X
O uo
yi 05
h- 00 lO LO
lO
00 CO 1—1 lO
Co
Cd CO C<J
o
lO
05 O rf CO
CO -fH CO lO
lO CO CO CO
lO LO CO
Co
-t- CO
— t 05 CO -H
b- CO
b-
Co X
X oq
rH b"
Co Lo
lO oq
Lo O Co
X
o o
cq
LO rfl 1-H cq
Co
Co Co
CO rH Tfl
oq b- LO CO
b- 05
cq
Lo P-
oq
Cl CO CO CO
rH CO
rH 'O
LO rH
cq lo
rH LO
CO -rf
Lo Co
CO b-
co '—1
X CO CO Hfi
X oi
rH CO
o o
Co Lo
X oi LO oq
O Co
O Lo
rH CO
O O
O Co
O rJH
Tf b.
O
X b-
O O
cq ic
rH o
oq
rH CO rH rH
CO lO
rH rH
cq rH rH rH
cq LO
rH rH
rH CO rH rH
cq -H
rH rH
rH tH rH rH
CO lO
rH
r- CO rH rH
X rH
rH rH
lO rH
O Co
o o
X Co
o
X rH
o cq
O X
lO
rH
oq
rH rH
cq o
rH rH
CO hH rH tH
CO o rH rH
lO 05
CO lO
rH rH
Hji r- rH rH
cq rH rH
Lo O
rH rH
rH b- rH t-H
LO lO
cq o
cq TtH
r£>
rH lO
lO 'O
cq CO
cq cq CO 05 b- 05
cq LO
rJH rH
rH O
O
Co Co
O CO rr cq O 05
O lO
O
o o O X
Lo X 05 Lo
lO 05 X rH rH
CO rH
o
05 CO rH cq
lO b-
rH .'q
cq o cq cq
CO cq rH
X Co
cq fH
05 lO cq rH
cq
cq o
rH X
X cq cq rH
O CO X rH
rH cq
05 05 cq f— 1 cq
cq X LO b-
Lo Co
cq cq
There is an error of one revolution in one of these readings.
Latitude of Pottsmlle — Continued.
320 AA. REPORT OE PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBTJRlSrER,
M
u
a
g
Qd
iO
Co
a
h4
bC
Co
Co
Go
o
to
O
Co
i-H
Oi
o
O
Co
o
o
Co
o
rJH
Ref.
I-H
+
o
Co
o
+
rH
o
A
Co
o
+
d
o
+
ifl
I-H
Co
Co
Co
d
b
rH
o
Co
lO
Co
w
I-H
Q
K
+
+
+
+
1
P3
b-
p-
d
d
I-H
Co
o
Cd
Cd
I-H
O
O
to
d'
d
Co
Co
to
O
Co
d
to
d
Co
I-H
Cl
to
Co
Co
Co
d
Co
to
c?
+
+
+
+
a
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Aa. 323
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324 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
We therefore have the following as the geographical position of the point occupied by the Transit instrument at Wilkes Barre :
Latitude "il 14 40 .48.
Longitude
East of Washington.
For the point occupied by the Transit instrument at Pottsville we have :
Latitude
Longitude
East of Washington.
See foot note page 274.
First Report Of The Progress
Of The
Second Geological Survey Of Pennsylvania,
In The
Anthracite District.
Appendix B.
THE THEORY OF STADIA MEASUREMEATS, ACCOMPANIED BY TABLES OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES AND DIFFER- ENCES OF LEVEL FOR THE REDUCTION OF STADIA FIELD OBSERVATIONS,*
By Arthur Winslow,
The fundamental principle hpon which stadia measurements are based, is the geometrical one that the lengths of parallel lines subtending an angle are proportional to their distances from its apex. Thus if, in Fig. 1, a represents the
length of a line subtending an angle at a distance d from its apex, and a' the length of a line, parallel to and twice the length of a, subtending the same angle at a distance d' from its apex, then will d' equal 2d.
Most of the field surveys, which are being made by the Geological Corps, in the Anthracite District are based upon stadia measurements. This method of measuring has never been generally used bj"- the mining engineers throughout the region. In some localities its accuracy is questioned, and the
326 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
This is, in a general way, the underlying j)principle of stadia work ; the nature of the instruments used, however, introduces several modifications, and these will he best understood by a consideration of the conditions under which such measurements are generally made.
There are placed, in the telescopes of most instruments, fitted for stadia work, either two horizontal wires (usually adjustable) or a glass with two etched horizontal lines at the position of the cross wires, and equidistant from the center wire.
A self-reading stadia rod is further provided, graduated according to the units of measurement used.
In a horizontal sight with such a telescope and rod, the positions of the stadia wires are projected upon the rod and intercept a distance which in Fig. 2 is represented by a.
In point of fact there is formed, at the position of the stadia wires, a small conjugate image of the rod Avhich the wires intersect at points b and c, which are respectively the foci of the points B and C on the rod. If, for simplicity sake, the object glass be considered a simple bi-convex lens, then, by a principle of optics, the rays from any point of an object converge to a focus at such a position that a straight line, called a secondary axis, connecting the point
strongest prejudice exists against its adoption. Except in special triangulation surveys, or those based upon measurements made with level measuring rods or long steel tapes, I believe the most accurate work is based upon stadia measurements. The accompanying discussion, by Mr. Winslow, of the theory of stadia work, with tables for the reduction of stadia observations, has been published as an appendix to my report, for the information and use of engineers and surveyors in the Anthracite Coal Fields.
Chas. A. Ashbubnbr, Geologist in Charge.
Appendix B.
Aa. 327
with its image, passes through the center of the lens. This point of intersection of the secondary axes is called the optical center. Hence, it follows that lines such as c C and b B, in Fig. 2, drawn from the stadia wares through the center of the object glass will intersect the rod at points corresponding to those which the wires cut on the image of the rod. From this follows the proportion :
d a
Where : d the distance of the rod from the center of the objective ;
p the distance of the stadia wires from the center of the objective ;
a the distance intercepted on the rod by the stadia wires ;
I the distance of the stadia wires apart.
If
p remained the same for all lengths of siglit, then
P
could be made a desirable constant and d would be directly proportional to a. Unfortunately, however, for the simplicity of such measurements, p (the focal length) varies with the length of the sight, increasing as the distance diminishes and vice versa. Thus the jiroportionality between d and a is variable.
The object, then, is to determine exactly what function a is of d and to express the relation in some cohvenient formula.
The general formula for bi-convex lenses is :
p + p'
f is the principal focal length of the lens, and and p' are the focal distances of image and object and are ar>proximately the same as p and d, respectively, in equation (1) :
therefore.
— aiiproximately.
328 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
. a d
Avlience,
In this formula, it Avill be noticed that, as f and I remain constant for sights of all lengths, the factor by Avhich a is to be multiplied is a constant, and that d is thus equal to a constant times the length of a, plus f. Tliis formula aaouM seem, then, to express the relation desired and it is generally considered as the fundamental one for stadia measurenients
. As aboA'e stated, hoAAeAer, the equation — f
is only ajyproximately true and the conjunction of this formula Avith (2) being, therefore, not rigidly admissible, equation (3) does not express the exact relation.'" The equation expressing the true relation, though differing from (3) in
value, agrees Avith it in form and also, in that the expression f
corresponding to j- is a constant and that the amount to be
added remains, practically, f. The constant corresponding
f
to maybe called kf and thus the distance of the rod from
tlie objective of the telescope is seen to be equal to a constant times the reading on the rod, plus the principal focal length of the objective. To obtain the exact distance to the center of the instrument, it is further necessary to add the distance of the objective from that center, to f ; Avhich sum may be called c. The final expression for the distance, Avith a horizontal sight, is then
The necessity of adding c is someAvhat of an incumbrance. In the stadia Avork of the U. S. Government surveys an ap- ])roximate method is adopted in Avhich the total distance is read directly from the rod. For this method the rod is
*This is demonstrated on pages 334, 335, Ac.
t k is dependent upon I and can. therefore, be made a convenient value in any instrument fitted with adjustable stadia wires. It is generally made equal to 100, so that a reading on the rod of 1' corresponds to a distance of 100' f.
Appendix B.
Aa. 329
arbitrarily graduated, so that, at the distance of an average sight, the same number of units of the graduation are intercepted, between the stadia wires on the rod, as units of length are contained in the distance. For any other distance, however, this proportionality does not remain the same ; for, according to the preceding demonstration, the reading on the rod is proportional to its distance, not from the center of the instrument, but from a jioint at a distance " c " in front of that center ; so that, when the rod is moved from the position where the reading exioresses the exact distance, to a point, say half that distance from the instrument center, the reading expresses a distance less than half ; and, at a point double that distance from the instrument center the distance expressed by the reading is more than twice the distance. The error for all distances less than the average being minus, and for greater distances plus. The method is, however, a close approximation and excellent results are obtained by its use.
Another method of getting rid of the necessity of adding the constant was devised bv Mr. Porro, a Piedmontese, who constructed an instrument in which there was such a combination of lenses in the objective, that the readings on the rod, for all lengths of sight, were exactly proportional to the distances.* The instrument was, however, bulky and difficult to construct and never came into extensive use.
A notice of this instrument will be found in an article by Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman, entitled "Telescopic Measurements in Surveying," in Jour. Franklin Inst., May and June, 1868, and a fuller description is contained in the Annales des Mines, Vol. XVI, Fourth Series.
330 AA. REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASHBURISrER.
For stadia measurements with inclined sights there are two modes of procedure. One, is to hold the rod at right angles to the line of sight ; the other, to hold it vertical. With the first method it will be seen, by reference to Fig. 3, that the distance read is not to the foot of the rod, E, but to a point f, vertically under the point F, cut by the center wire. A correction has, therefore, to be made for this. An objection to this method is the difficulty of holding the rod at the same time in a vertical plane and inclined at a definite angle. Further, as the rod changes its inclination with each new position of the transit, the vertical angles of back and foresight are not measured from the same point.
The method usually adopted is the second one where the rod is always held vertical. Here, owing to the oblique view of the rod, it is evident that the space intercepted by the wires on the rod varies, not only Avith the distance, but also, with the angle of inclination of the sight. Hence, in order to obtain the true distance from station to station and also its vertical and horizontal components, a correction must be made for this oblique view of the rod. In Fig. 4, AB=a=the reading on the rod ;
MF-=d=the inclined distance=c-|-GF=c-l-k.CD ; MP=D==the horizontal distance=d cos n FP=Q=the vertical distance=D tan n n=the vertical angle ;
AGB=2m
It is first required to express d in terms of a, n and m. Prom the proportionality existing between the sides of a triangle and the sines of the opposite angles,
Appendix B.
Aa. 331
Af
sin m
and
Bf
sin ni
or, BF=GF sin m
V T-i I -DT7I FD 1 CD cos ni
AF-FBF=a, and GF=
2 tan m
2 sin 111
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Reducing this according to trigonometrical formulae.
CD=a
cos n cos m — sin n sin m
cos n cos ni as d=MF=c+k.CD,
cos n cos m — sin n sin m
cos n cos m The horizontal distance, D d cos n.
. D=c cos n-fka cos" n — k a sin" n tan" m.
"The third member of this equation may safely be neglected, as it is very small even for long distances and large angles of elevation (for 1500', n 45° and k 100, it is but 0.07'.) Therefore, the final formula for distances, with a stadia rod held vertically, and with wires equidistant from the center wire, is the following : "
The vertical distance Q, is easily obtained from the relation : Q=D tan n.
.-. Q=c sin n-l-a k cos n sin n
The above demonstration is substantially that given by Mr. George J. Specbt, in an article on Topographical Surveying in Van Nostrand's Engineer, ing Magazine for February, 1880, though enlarged and corrected.
332 AA. ];poet of progress, c. a. asiiburner.
With the aid of fornm]£e(6)and(6,) thehorizontaland vertical distances can be immediately calculated when the reading from a vertical rod, and the angle of elevation, of any sight, are given. I have calculated from these formula the stadia reduction tables (pages 342, 343 and 344). The values of
a k cos'' n and a k
sin 2n
were seiarately calculated for each
two minutes ux> to 30 degrees of elevation ; but, as the value of c sin n and c cos n have quite an inappreciable variation for 1 degree, it was thought sufficient to determine these values only for each degree. As c varies with different instruments these last two expressions were calculated for three different values of c, thus furnishing a ratio from which values of c sin n and c cos n can be easily determined for an instrument having any constant (c.)
Similar tables have been computed by J. A. Ockerson and Jared Teeple, of the U. S. Lake Survey. Their use is, however, limited, from the fact that the meter is the unit of horizontal measurement while the elevations are in feet. The bulk of the tables furnish differences of level for stadia readings up to 400 meters, but only up to 10° of elevation. Supplementary tables give the elevations up to 30° for a distance of one meter. For obtaining horizontal distances reference has to be made to another table, which is some what an objectionable feature, and a multiplication and a subtraction has to be made in order to obtain the result. Last, but not least, these tables are, apparently, only accurate when used with an instrument whose constant is 0.43 meters.
The many advantages of stadia measurements in surveying need not be dwelt upon here, both because attention has been repeatedly called to them, and because they are self-evident to every engineer. Neither will it be within the conqass of this article to describe the various forms of rods and instruments, or the conventionalities of stadia work.
A few precautions, necessary for accurate work, should, however, be emphasized. First, as regards the special adjustments : care should be taken that in setting the stadia
Appendix B.
A A. 383
wires* allowance be made for the instrument constant, and that the wires are so set that the reading, at any distance, is less than the true distance by the amount of this constant, f
For accurate stadia work it is better to take the reading for both distances and elevations only at alternate stations and then to take them from both back and fore sights, in such a manner that the vertical angle is always read from the same position on each rod, which should be the average height of the telescope at the different stations. If it be desired to have the absolute elevation of the ground under the instrument, the height of the telescope at each station will have to be measured by the rod, and the difference between this measurement and the average height used in sighting to the rod either added or subtracted as the case may be. This difference will ordinarily be so small, that in a great deal of stadia work no reduction will be necessary. In sighting to the rod for the angle of depression or elevation, the center horizontal wire must always be used. By this means an exactly continuous line is measured. Cases will, of course, occur where this method will be impracticable and then the mode of procedure must be left to the judgment of the surveyor.
For theoretical exactness it is necessary that the stadia wires should be equidistant from the center horizontal wire, for, if this be not the case, the distance read is for an angle of elevation differing from the true one by an amount proportional to the displacement of the wires.
With reasonable care a high degree of accuracy can be
*Thls applies to an instrument with movable stadia wires, and not one with etched lines on glass. In the latter case the graduation of the rod is the adjustable portion. It has been claimed as an advantage for etched lines on glass, that they are not affected by variations of temperature while the distance between stadia wires is. A series of tests which I made with one of Heller & Brightly's transits, to determine this point, showed no appreciable alteration in the space between the wires, as measured on a rod 500 feet distant, with a range of temperature between that produced in the instrument by the sun of a hot summer's day and that produced by enveloping the telescope in a bag of ice.
t This is assuming the measurements to be made by the ordinary method, and not by the approximate one of the U. S Engineers.
334 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburker.
attained in stadia measurements. The common errors of stadia reading are unlike the common errors of chaining, the gross ones (snch as making a difference of a whole hundred feet) being, in general, the only important ones, and these are readily checked by donble readings. To facilitate the substraction of the reading of one cross hair from that of another, one should be put uion an even foot mark, and in the check reading the other one.
A general measure of the efficiency of stadia measurements is furnished in the professional papers of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., for 1882, on the Primary Triangulation of the Lake Survey, where it is stated that, in computing coordinates of stadia work for 1875, the average amount of discrepancy in 141 lines, varying between 965 and 6,648 meters (mean 2,450 meters,) when compared with lines determined by triangulation or chaining, was found to be 1 in 649. The maximum limit of error is put at 1 in
Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman, who has made extensive use of stadia work both in this country and Japan, considers it decidedly more accurate than ordinary good chaining, if the gross errors be carefully avoided.
As stated in the preceding discussion, the generally accepted formula expressing the relation between the distance in a horizontal sight, the reading on the rod, the distance of the stadia wires apart, and the focal length of the objective is
where d, a, I and f represent these factors respectively.
This formula is derived from the conjunction of the two equations :
p and p' in (2,) being considered as equal to p and d in (1) which, it will be remembered, are the distances from the center of the objective to the image and object respect-
Appendix B.
Aa. 335
ively. But the general formula for lenses, (2), is derived on the supposition that p and p' are measured from the exterior faces of the lens, and therefore p and d in (1) are each greater, by half the thickness of the lens, than p and p' in (2). Further, this formula is derived on the supposition that the object glass of the telescope is a simple, biconvex lens, whereas, in fact, it is a compound lens composed of a piano concave and a biconvex lens. Now, though these points may seem insignificant in themselves, they may influence the final result, as a difference of only
1 in the denominator of such a fraction as
may
alter the result by as much as 500,000. Considerable thought and time has, therefore, been given to the consideration of the effect of these corrections, and, as a result, it was found that the formula (3) does not express the true relation even within practical limits ; and that if it were attempted to calculate the distance, d, by this formuTa, when the factors f, p and a were given, a result would be obtained which would differ considerably from the real distance
.
The inaccuracy lies in the expression — .
The one
to be substituted for it is, however, like it, a constant for each instrument ; and, as we determine the value of this constant by actual trial and not from a knowledge of the values of f and I, the correction to be made will not affect the practice.
Considering first the case of a telescope with a simple, biconvex lens, the optical center, being, here, in the center of the lens, d and p, in equation (1), as before stated, are measured from the center of the lens, while, in equation (2), p and p' are measured from the exterior faces. If the thickness of the lens be taken as 2x. then
p in equation (l)=p in equation (2), minus x ; and
W " " -=fl " " " X.
Therefore, while (1) remains or — d by substitution, (2), becomes,
336 AA. IlEPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURNER.
ti
1 I 1 I 1 1
f +
Multiplying both sides by y
Adding to both sides
a f
2x + y
Extracting the square root of both terms,
2x y x2
f 141 lA -taV"+tV
+
M
/I
Va+V
T=d
or,
This is the exact formula corresponding to (3), for biconvex lenses. This can, however, be considerably reduced
Appendix B.
Aa. 337
witlioiit materially affecting its value. Witli a telescope of the dimensions of that of an ordinary engineer's transit,
the term (x + 2 x f) diminishes the result by about of an
inch and, therefore, may be neglected. Formula (3a), then becomes: (I + al(x + f)
Ix 4- If + a.x + af
I
— a — j — + f + X
The addition of x (hall the thickness of the object glass) Avonld be inappreciable in the length of any ordinary sight, and may be omitted. The linal expression becomes, then :
This formula, it will be observed, differs from (d) in that the reading on the rod, (a), is multiplied by x + 1 instead of f. The numerical difference between the results is seen in the following examples :
Consider first the case with a one-foot reading on the rod, and let x .18", f 9.00", and I .08".'"
d 12.00" + 9.00" 1359" 113.25'
Difference 2.25'
When the reading on the rod is 5 feet (or 00") then, (3)>
becomes :
Q
Aat_ 60.00" + 9.00" 563.25';
-|Q'/ 1 Q on''
d 574.50'
Difference 11.25'f
These are very closely the dimensions in Heller <fe Brightly's large Surveyor's Transit 5-inch needle, as kindly furnished me by Mr. Heller. The magnif3'ing power of the telescope was 28 diameters.
t As the difference is evidently proportional to the length of sight, with a 1000' siglit it would amount to 22.5', etc.
33S AA. EEPOKT OF PKOGRESS. C. A. ASIIPUElTEE.
The above demonstration shows, then, that, with a simple biconvex object glass, the usually accex:)ted formula expressing the relation between the distance, the reading on the rod, the distance of the stadia wires apart, and tlie focal length of the objective, is not accurate even within the limits of accuracy of such measurements. With the usual condhnation of lenses in objectives this error would still remain. The derivation of a formula similar to (3b), for sucii lenses, would, however, be extremely difficult and would only hold for the special leus iu question. For, with such a combination of lenses, the optical center Avould no longer remain in the center of the lens, but would vary its position according to the relative thicknesses of the two glasses, their radii of curvature and their indices of refraction ; and, after its position had been determined bj abstruse calculation and refined experiment, its distance from the two exterior faces of the compound lens would be expressed l)y two different values (x and x') instead of two equal values (x); and this would very much complicate further calculation.
It was seen that, in the newly deduced formula, for biconvex objectives, like that heretofore accepted, the factor by which the reading on the rod is multiplied is a constant for each instrument and that the i)ractical method of adjusting the instrument remains the same. The question now arises, does this remain the case with a compound objective ?
In view of the difficulty of demonstrating this mathematically it was decided to make a practical test of this point with a carefully adjusted instrument. A distance of oOO feet wais first measured off on a level stretch of ground, and each 50 foot point accurately located. From one end of this line three successive series of stadia readings''' were then taken from the first 50 foot and each succeeding 100 foot mark. The following table contains the results :
The readings were taken from two targets set so that the sight should be horizontal and thus also preventing any personal error or prej dice from affecting the reading.
Appendix B.
Aa. 339
Distances.
Spaces Intercepted On The Rod.
1st Series.
2d Series.
3d Series.
Mean.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Multiplying the mean of these readings by 100 and subtracting the result from the corresponding distance, we obtain the following table :
Distances.
Mean of Stadia Readings times 100.
Differences.
Variations from mean.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
-h-02
Sum of differences 8.60 ; Mean of difference 1.43.
The variations between the numbers of the column of differences are slight, the maximum from a mean value of 1.43 feet being only .21 feet. A study of the tables will show that these variations have no apparent relation to the length of the sight, and as, in the maximum case, the varia- . tion corresponds to a reading on the rod of only .0021 feet, (an amount much within the limits of accuracy of any ordinary sight.) we are iierfectly justified in concluding that these variations are accidental, and that the "difference" is, for all practical purposes, a constant value.*
*Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman has kindly furnished me with the follrtwin deductions from the above tables, as an indication of the exactness of stadia measurements :
340 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburier.
We thus see that witli a telescope having a compound, plano-convex objective, whatever the formula may be, expressiug' the relation between d, f, x, etc., the horizontal distance is equal to a constant times the reading on the rod plus a constant and may, as in the other cases, be expressed by the equation,
d ak -f
The following tables, for the reduction of stadia held observations, have been computed from formulae (6) and (6) resiectively (page 331).
Distances.
from mean, in parts of the distance measured.
Mean
magnitude
-t-.07 —.03 +.02
-f .00033
" We see then that the mean of the errors is .000808, (or which, so far
as the insufiicient number of eighteen sights can show, would be the mean of the errors of an infinite number of trials, and would correspond to a probable error of .000683, or for any one ot the number of trials (that is, in general, for any trial,) of the same kind. Tliis is nearly two thirds the exactness I claimed as possible for the stadia, with a telescope magnifying ten times linear, in my paper published in the Franklin Institute Journal, (Mayand June, 1868.) The difference may be due, jierhaps to some cause which I did not consider, such as a slight leaning of the rod forward or backward, inexactness in placing the face of the rod precisely at the station, imperfect graduation of the rod, imperfect cleanliness or transparency of the glasses or of the air, imperfection in the shape of the lenses or in their adjustments to one another, inferior lighting of the magnified image as compared with the unmagnified one, waviness from the varying refraction of the air, with the warm air rising from the sun-heated ground, inaccurate focusing, inexact placing of the center hair upon the center of the target, or graduation. This last difficulty might be avoided by taking one edge of the upper or lower cross hairs, and by special painting of the target for the center liar. Rut at any rate the
superior exactness of stadia measurement over chaining is shown, so far as eighteen trials could do it."
*This may seem a statement of what was alreadj a well known fact. But, heretofore, it has been assumed to be a direct deduction from optical principles, and as, according to the preceding article, this is not so clearly evident, it seemed necessary to redetermine the point.
Appendix B.
Aa. 341
The vertical columns, in the tables, consist of two series of numbers for each degree, which series represent respect-
Sin 2n
ively the dilferent values of a k cos "n and ak — — for
every two minutes, when a k=100. To obtain the horizontal distance (D) or the diiference of level (Q), in any case, the corresponding value of c cos n or c sin n must further be added, and the mean of each of these expressions for every degree is given under each column for three of the most common values of c.
Example.
Let it be required to lind the horizontal distance and the difference of level when ;
11=4-6° 18', a k=570, and c=.7o.
In the column headed 6°, opposite 18', in the series for " Hor. List.," we ffnd 98.80 as the expression for a k cos "n, when a k=100 ; therefore, when a k=o70 ;
a k cos hi=98. 80x5. 70=563. 16.
To this must be added c cos n which, in this case, is found in the subjoined column to be .75.
Therefore the required horizontal distance is 563. 16 + .75=563. 91.
In a similar manner, the required difference of level is + 10.91 X 5. 70 +.08= +62. 27.
One multiiilication and one addition must be made in each case.
It is to be noticed, that, with the smaller angles, cos n in the expression c cos n, and c sin n may be entirely neglected without apiireciable error.
For values of c which differ from those given, an approximate correction, Tiroportional to the amount of difference may very easily be made in these two expressions.
342 AA. EEPora' of progress. c. a. asiiburner.
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Aa. 343
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General Index
To The
First Report Of Progress
In The
Anthracite District.
A coal bed in the Panther Creek valley, Southern Coal Field ; geologically
the lowest coal bed that has been mined:
thicknessof rocks above, at Tainaqua, , 79
description of, in Panther Creek valley, 106
outcrop of, " " " " 133
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on—
Mine sheet No. I, (1,362 acres) ; total original contents of commercial
Mine sheet No. II, (5,193 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (10,262,100 tons,) ... . . 139
Mine .sheet No. Ill, (6,210 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (49,059,000 tons, ) . 140
thickness of, at Nesquehoning, Lansford R. R. tunnel, and in Locust
Mountain gap, 106
thickness of, at Tanaaqua, 237
average thickness of. on —
Mine sheet No. I. 3 ; average tliickness of coal contained in bed, 1', 138 INIine sheet No. II. 5'; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 2', 139 Mine slieet No. Ill, 7': average thicknessof coal contained in bed, 4', 140 total original contents of commercial coal
under Panther Creek valley, (62,011,.362 tons,) 140,141,169 " " between outcrop and -|-500' (17,371,365 tons,) ...
" " between .500' and tide level, (9,033,828 tons,) . . .
" " between tide level and —500', (9,706,019 tons,) . . .
" " below— 500' (25,900.150 tons,) . . ... 141
total original contents of commercial coal mined out, before January
1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (147,651 tons,) 169
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (61,863,-
at Scranton not equivalent to A bed in Panther Creek valley, 223
346 Aa. Eepokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Abbott, Seven-foot, or J coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 224
Abnormal thickness of Mammoth coal bed (114') at colliery No. 9, L. C.
and Nav. Co., 95,90,135,221
Acre of Panther Creek coal 1' thick contains 1,976.586 tons, (1,675 tons
used in computing tables in chapter VI,) 136
Alkalies, undetermined, in anthracite coal, 184
Alliance Coal Co. operators of North Dale and Palmer Vein collieries,
Allowances made in estimating contents of anthracite coal beds, 108 Alpha coal bed in Gowen bore hole (Eastern Middle Coal Field,) . . . 230
Alumina in anthracite ash from Panther Creek valley, 184
American Institute of Mining Engineers, jjapers read by C. A. A.shburner
before, on anthracite subjects, 109
Amount of Coal taken out of Panther Creek mines from commencement
Amount of waste in mining anthracite, 2,176
A msler's planimeter, use of, in the measurement of map areas, . . . . 122
Analyses of coals in Antliracite Region, . . . . . . Preface, 177
Andrewsville, in Carbon county. Southern Coal Field; collieries Nos. 5
and 6, in the vicinity of, ... 211
Annales des Mines, description of Porro's stadia transit contained in, . 329 Anthracite coal beds ; difficult to trace as compared with bituminous coal
beds in Pen na., 93
naming of, 85,220
method of estimating contents of, 107
cubic contents of, in broken, marketable s'zes, (40 cu. ft.=l ton,) . . 192
collierj production of, for 1881 and 1882, 200
cannot be Identified by chemical analysis, 185
Anthracite Coal Field.s, historical notes of, 194
abundance of work for mining geologists in, 231
includes Loyalsock Coal Field, . 189
percentage of coal shipped annually from each coal held, 190
thickest coal bed in, 95,135,221
Anthracite Survey, demands made upon 4
most important feature of, 129
reconnaissance made by, 1,196
organized, 2,196
Anthracite transportation companies, tonnage of, 193
Anticlinals in Panther Creek Valley, 22
Coaldale, 30
Dry Hollow, 33,72
Hell Kitchen, 26
Mammoth, 29
Summit Hill, 32,72
Rhume Run overturned, 27
Shaft, 28
shape of, 10
in center of Greenwood basin, cross section No. 9, 73
Archbald colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
General Index.
A A. 347
Archbald, in Lackawanna county, Northern Coal Field ; collieries iu the
vicinity of,
Eaton, 200
Pierce, 200
White Oak, 200
Archbald or Carbondale bed in Northern Coal Field, 223
Area covered by a mine sheet, (15.67 sq miles,) adopted by the Anthracite Survey,
Area of coal beds graphically determined,
Area of the surfaces of the coal beds in the Pantlier Creek valley, . . . Area of the surfaces of the coal beds exploited at each colliery, ...
Area in the Panther Creek valley underlaid by Third, Second, and First Upper Red Ash coal beds, Second and First Twin coal beds unknown.
Area in the Panther Creek valley underlaid by the—
Jock coal bed ;
mine sheet No,
Washington coal bed ; mine sheet No. II, (L0S3 acres,)
n a
U U
G coal bed ;
U U
U
u u
Y "
u
it
ti
Mammoth coal bed ; "
It U
ti tl
C coal bed ;
it
U it it
ti
ti ii it
ti
B " "
U U it
tl
it
A " " area not determined ; considered to be the same as coal
bed B, 106,138,139,140
Lykens Valley beds, area unknown, 107
Arrangement and publication of results of the Anthracite Survey, . . 4
Ashburner, Clias. A., request made by for astronomical location of Wilkes Barre and Pottsville, 243
reason explained by, for publication of paper on ' Theory of Stadia
Measurements," . . . . ... 326
Ashland, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field; collieries in
the vicinity of, 5
Pioneer, 210
Tunnel, 209
Ashley, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field ; llartford colliery in the
vicinity of, . . 204
Ash resulting from the combustion of anthracite coal ;
composition of, in Panther Creek coals, 1S4
color of, " " " " 179
in market sizes of " " " 183
348 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburnee.
Page.
Atkinson <fc Lessig, operators of St. Clair colliery, 212
Audenried, in Carbon county, Eastern Middle Coal Field ; collieries in the vicinity of.
Honey brook. Nos. 1, 4, and 5, 207
Average specimens of coals, for chemical analysis, how sampled, 178
" specific gravity of Panther Creek coals (1.6307), 136
" thickness of coal beds, difficult to determine, 221
" " " rock intervals between coal beds, difficult to determine, 221
" " the Panther Creek coal beds, 135
(<S'ee also colliery tables, chapter VI.)
Avondale colliery, Northern Coal Field, 204
Axis of Locust Mountain basin, crosses Lehigh river 1800' above East Mauch Chunk bridge, 24
B.
Baldwin, L. S., operator of Webster colliery, 208
Baltimore (E), coal bed at Wilkes Barre, analyses of, Preface.
" bore hole at Wilkes Barre, section of, 224
" slope colliery, Northern Coal Field, 204
" tunnel colliery, " " 204
Barnum collieries, Nos. 1 and 2, Northern Coal Field, 203
Barry township, in Schuylkill county, Western Middle Coal Field, Gordon colliery in, 210
Basins bottom of, marked by irregularity in coal beds, 65
in the crest of a major anticlinal, 58
" in Panther Creek valley, . 22
Bull Run, 31
Drj' Hollow, Sharp Mountain, and Tamaqua, 33
Hell Kitchen, 26
Greenwood, 27
Lansford, Nos. 1 and 2, 29
Shaft, 34
Summit Hill, 33
deepen to the west, 34
Basin, Upper Lehigh in the Eastern Middle Coal Field, 26
Bast colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Baumgartner & Douty, operators of Ben Franklin colliery, . 209
B coal bed, (Buck Mountain,) description of, in Panther Creek valley.
Southern Coal Field, ... . . 104
outcrop of, in Panther Creek valley, Southern Coal Field, 133
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. I, (1,362 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (26,902,857 tons, ) : 138
General Index.
Aa. 349
Page.
B coal bed, area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. II, (5,196 acres), total original contents of commercial cog,l, (20,522,343 tons,) 139
Mine sheet No. Ill, (6,210 acres), total original contents of commercial coal, (24,529,500 tons, ) 140
average thickness of, on
No. I, 15'; average
thickness of coal contained in
Mine sheet
bed, 10', . 138
Mine sheet No. II, 8'; average thickness of coal contained in
bed, 2', . 139
Mine sheet No. Ill, G'; average thickness of coal contained in
bed, 2', 140
total original contents of commercial coal
underPanther Creek valley, (71,954,700 tons,) . . .140,169 " " between outcrop and -j-500'above tide, (29,839,958 tons, )
" " between -|-500' and tidelevel, (17,381,382 tons,) . . . .
" between tide level and — 500', (9,408,229 tons,)
total original contentsof commercial coal mined out, before January 1,
1883, under Panther Creek valley, (115,347 tons, ) 169
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, under Panther Creek valley,
sections of, at Tamaqua, 237
" " at Hacklebarney tunnel, Levan's drift, Locust Mountain
gap, Lansford R. R. tunnel, Tunnel No. 11, and along
Sharp Mountain, ... 104,106
" " at east end of Panther Creek valley, 104
" " at Scranton, 223
" " at Nanticoke, 228
or Red Ash bed at Wilkes Barre,' 226
Bear Citjr colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Bear Ridge anticlinal, in Western Middle Coal Field, small basin in crest of, 58 " " collieries Nos. 1 and 2, Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Bear Run colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Bear Valley " " " " 210
Beaver, Daniel, operator of Montana collier)-. No. 1, 210
Beaver colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Beaver Brook colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
Beaver Meadow basin, Eastern Middle Coal Field, collieries in, 207
" " in Carbon county. Eastern Middle Coal Field ; Coleraine
colliery in vicinity of, 207
Beaver Meadow region commenced shipping coal 1837, 194
Beds above Jock coal bed, thickness unknown, 85,139
" " " " " probable contents of, (11,000,000 tons, ) . .140,141
Bed (First Red Ash) between F and G coal beds, identity of, uncertain, . 88
Beds in Scranton section lettered from top down : in other localities in anthracite fields lettered from bottom up ; confusion produced in c.omparing
coal beds, in consequence of, 241
Beechwood colliery. Southern Coal Field, 211
Bellevue " Northern " 201
350 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Bellmore colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Belmont " Northern " 200
Belmont estate, in Southern Coal Field, section of coal measures on, . . 238
Belvidere and Delaware R. R. began transporting coal 1857, 195
Bench mark of Panther Creek levels, at Lansford office, (1,017.71' above
Ben Franklin colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Bennett coal bed, bottom split of Mammoth in Wyoming basin. Northern
Coal Field, 94
" " " Forge, or E coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
Bennett colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Berlin, A. P., authority for reduction of Gowen boj-e hole section, 231
" " remark on coal beds in Hazleton basin, 233
Bernice colliery, Loyalsock Coal Field, 214
Bernice, in .Sullivan county, Loyalsock Coal Field ; Bernice colliery at, . 214
Bickle, S. S. & Co., operators of Bellmore colliery, 210
Big (Baltimore ?), or G coal bed at Scranton, 224
Big Tracy coal bed, in the vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234
" Mine Run, in Schuylkill county, Western Middle Coal Field ; Big Mine
Run and Bast collieries, in the vicinity of, 209,210
" Mountain colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
" Run Gap " Southern Coal Field, 214
Bituminous coal beds, in Penna., not identified with anthracite coal beds, 219 " " " easy to trace as compared with anthracite coal beds, 93
Black Diamond colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
" " " Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" Heath collieries. Southern Coal F'ield, 213
" Mine colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
" Ridge " Eastern Middle Coal Field, 206
" Valley " Soutliern " 213
" Creek basin, Eastern Middle Coal Field, collieries in, 205
" " " sections of coal measures in, 229,231
" Ridge Coal Co., operators of Black Ridge colliery, 206
Blewitt, Patrick, mine inspector of Eastern Carbon and Luzerne District, 215 Block lines on Mine and Topographical sheets of Anthracite Survey, explanation of, , 6, 21
Board of Commissioners of the Second Geological Survey, 1,2,128,196
Bony coal bed, same as Second Red Ash bed, 132
o " composition of, from Panther Creek colliery. No. 10, 181
Border lines of Anthracite Survey sheets, distances between, 5
Boston Run colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Boston colliery. Northern Coal Field, 204
Botham, John & Co., operators of Oakwood colliery, 212
Bowkley coal bed in Northern Coal Field, different names assigned to, . 228
" Kidney or I coal bed, at Wilkes Barre, 225
Brady, Joseph, operator of Crystal colliery, 213
Branch Dale, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Otto colliery in
the vicinity of, 213
Breakers Nos. 1, 2, 3, (Grand Tunnel,) and No. 5 collieries. Northern
Coal Field, . . . -204
" " 3, 4, 5, 6,8, 9, 10, and 11 collieries, Southern Coal Field, . 211
General Index.
Aa. 351
Page.
Brennan tfe Bridget, operators of Elk Creek colliery, 200
Bridge Coal Co., operators of Bridge colliery, 201
Bridge colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Brisbin colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Broad Mountain, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Mammoth
colliery in vicinity of, 212
Broken or grate coal, how screened, 183
Buck Mountain coal bed, sections of, 101
Buck Mountain coal bed, (see B coal bed,) areas underlaid by under
Panther Creek mine sheets, . 124
" " " extreme eastern outcrop of, in Panther Creek valley, 29
" " " in Locust Mountain basin, 24
" " " at Nanticoke, 228
" " " in Shamokin basin, 236
" " " in Hazleton basin, 233
" " " in Gowen bore hole, 230
" " " in vicinity of Pottsville Shaft, 239
" "on ,Teddo propert3', 231
" " " in vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 235
" " " in Nesquehoning R. R. tunnel, 64
" " " at Gilberton and St. Nicholas collieries, chemical
analysis of, . . Preface..
Buck Mountain Coal Co., operators of Buck Mountain colliery, 207
" ' colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
" " region first shipped coal 1840 195
Buck Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
Buckwheat coal, how screened, 183
" " chemical anal'sis of, - 182
" " amount shipped from Panther Creek collieries for two
3ears, 175
Bull Run basin, . . 31
Bull Run, in Schu3dkill county. Southern Coal Field, Breakers Nos. 10
and 11, in vicinity of, 211
Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Pa., ... 188
Burke, Thomas, operator of Peach Orchard colliery, 212
Burnside colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Butler Coal Co., operators of Butler & Mosier collieries 202
Cambridge Coal Co., operators of Cambridge colliery, 209
Cameron colliery. Western Middle C('al Field, 211
Canal from Mauch Chunk to Easton opened in 1829, 194
" White Haven to Mauch Chunk opened in 1837, 194
Capouse colliery, Northern Coal Field, 201
Carbon county, production of coal in 1882, 218
" ' township atlas of, 198
Carboniferous conglomerate, (Pottsville, Serai or No. XII,) bottom of.
Identified, 221
352 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C, A. Asiiburter.
Page.
Carboniferous strata, difficult to identify in the Anthracite Region, ... 93
Carbondale or Archbald coal bed in vicinity of Carbondale, Lackawanna
county, 223
" basin, sections of coal measures in, at Forest City colliery, . 222 " basin, sections of coal measures in vicinity of Carbondale, . . 223
" district, collieries in, . . 200
" collieries in vicinity of; Belmont, Carbondale shafts Nos. 1
and 3, and Coal Brook, 200
" region, first coal shipped from, by D. & H. C. Co., 1829, . . . 194
" township. Racket Brook colliery in, . ... 200
Carbon Run, in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field,
Burnside and Sterling collieries in vicinity of, 210
Carson colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
Carter, William T. A Co., operators of Coleraine colliery, 207
Carter, Robert, former supt. Greenwood C. Co., 135
Causes, kinds, and amount of waste in mining anthracite, 2
Cayuga colli iry. Northern Coal Field, 201
C coal bed, description of in Panther Creek valley. Southern Coal Field, 103 outcrop of " " " " " " 132
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. I, (1,113 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (6,591,266 tons,) . 138
Mine sheet No. II, (4,801 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (28,443,556 tons,) ... . . ... 139
Mine sheet No. Ill, 15,901 acres); total original contents of commercial coal, (128,256,560 tons,) 140
average thickness of, on
Mine sheet No. I, 4'; average thickness of coal contained
in bed, 3', 138
Mine sheet No. II, 5'; average thickness of coal contained
in bed, 3', 139
Mine sheet No. Ill, 11'; average thickness of coal contained
in bed, 8', . 140
total original contents of commercial coal
under Panther Creek valley, (128,256,560 tons,) . . 141,169 " between outcrop and -)-500', (39,650,851 tons,)
" " between 500' and tide level, (27,927,586 tons,) . . .
" " between tide level and —500', (27,237,640 tons,) . . . .
total mined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (136,-
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (128,119,-
at Tamaqua, 237
sections of, at Colliery No. 11, L. O. A Nav. Co., 103
at Scranton, ... 223
at Tamauqua, mined by Mitchell A Symonds, 135
Geteral Index.
Aa. 353
Page.
Central colliery, Northern Coal Field, 201
" Railroad of New Jersey, opened from Elizabeth to Easton, 1852 ;
leased L. & S. R. R. 1871 ; leased by Phila. & Read. R. R. May 29, 1883, .195,196
" " " " " shipment of coal over, 193
Centralia, in Columbia county. Western Middle Coal Field, collieries in vicinity of : Bear City, Centralia, Continental, Hazel Dell, Logan, Montana No. 1, and Morris Ridge, 209,210
Chandler colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
" Tract colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Chance, Dr. H. M., Report AC by, 177,182
Characteristics of the structure of bottoms of coal basins, 69
Charlie Pott coal bed, east of Pottsville, 238
Chauncey colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Chemical composition of Panther Creek coals, 177
" " " other anthracite coals, Preface.
Chestnut coal, how screened, 183
" " chemical analysis of, 182
Church, A. H., operator of Monroe colliery, 210
Clark or J coal bed, at Scranton 224
Clarkson coal bed, east of Pottsville, 238
Clear bench of Mammoth coal bed at Summit Hill, 98
Cleaver, William <fe Co., operators of Gordon colliery, 210
Clifford township, Susquehanna county. Forest City colliery in, ... 200 Coal beds, area of the surface of the floor of, exploited at each colliery, . 134
" " areas underlaid by, on Panther Creek Mine sheets, 85
" " areas of the surface of the floor of, on Panther Creek Mine
sheets, . . ... 133
" " areas of, obtained from underground contour curves, 9, 11
" " confusion of names in Northern Coal Field, 228
" " in Panther Valley have local names, 84
" " in Shamokin basin. Western Middle Coal Field, nnmbered from
0 to 16, inclusive, . . 235
" " to be numbered finally in preference to being assigned geographical names, or lettered, 85
" " distinction between thickness of and commercial coal contained in , 222
" " thickness of, 12
" " thickness of rock in intervals between 11
" " subject to freaks of structure, 42
" " above the G bed, very little known of as to thickness of, in
Panther Creek valley, 86
" " along Locust and Sharp Mountains, difference between , . . . 84
" " identification of, in Anthracite Region, 14
" " columnar sections of, when made by survey, 19
" " scale of columnar sections of, (10'=1",) 4, 14
" " beds 10' thick, most economical to mine, 232
Coal estimates, when made, . . 19
Coal measures, scale of columnar sections of, (40'=1",) 4, 14
Coal basins, rise and fall along a.xes .of, 9, 10
354 Aa. Eeport Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Coal contained under area of Panther Creek valley covered by —
Coal contained under area between Mauch Chunk and Tamaqua, (1,032-
Coal which can Still be won from old mines in Panther Creek valley (10,-
" which can still be shipped to market from old mines in Panther
Creek valley, (6,600,000 tons ; minimum estimate 3,400,000 tons,) . 171 " produced as fuel and wasted on culm banks in Panther Creek valley, 171,176
'' produced as fuel in Panther Creek valley since 1820, 27 per cent.; for two years ending January 1, 1883, 46 per cent., of the coal originally
contained in exploited areas, 176
" left in the mines of the Panther Creek valley 41 per cent, since 1820; for two years ending January 1, 1883, 30 per cent., of coal
originally contained in exploited areas, 176
" thrown on the culm banks in Panther Creek valley since 1820, 32 per cent. ; for two years ending January 1, 1883, 24 per cent., of coal
originally contained in exploited areas, 176
" consumed at Panther Creek collieries for two years ending January
" consumed at Panther Creek collieries since 1820, (1,181,779 tons,) . 173 " " " collieries in Anthracite Coal Fields, (percentage, ) 191
u " " " " " " reported by mine
inspectors, ... 192
" " " " Mine Inspectors' districts, 215
" which cannot be won from old mines in Panther Creek valley, (28,-
" produced in Anthracite Coal Fields since 1820, (509,333,695 tons,) . 192 " " " Panther Creek valley since 1820, (24,817,361 tons,) . . 173
" " at " " collieries for two years ending January
mined from individual beds in Panther Creek valley, 168,169
" in mine cars mixed with dirt and slate, 178
" waste in mining, ... 177
" analysis of, from Panther Creek valley, 179,187
" produced from Eoyalsock Field, (491,020 tons, ) 189
tonnage of the Transijortation Companies since 1870, 193
" statistics, . , . 188
Coal shipped from Schuylkill Region since 1820, (183,323,672 tons,) ... 191
" " " Lehigh " " " (88,920,568 " ) ... 191
" " Wyoming " " " (195,456,250 " ) . . , 191
" " " Anthracite " " " exclusive of Loyalsock
Coal Brook colliery, Northern Coal Field, 200
Coaldale, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field ; Breakers Nos. 8 and
9, L. C. & Nav. Co., at, 211
" anticlinal, description of, 30
General Index.
A A. 355
Page.
Coaldale anticlinal overturned west of Tunnel No. 5, 31
" " disappears west of Tainaqua, 31
Coal Run, in Northumberland county, Western Middle Coal Field, Lancaster and Hickory Ridge collieries in vicinity of, 211
" " colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, . 20S
Cockhill, Tim, operator of Garfield colliery, 212
Coleraine colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field , 207
Coleraine Nos. 1 and 2 collieries at Coleraine, chemical analyses of Mammoth and Wharton bed coals from, Preface.
Colket colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Collieries of L. C. & Nav. Co., in Panther Creek valley, thickness of
Mammoth coal bed in , . 102 , 103
Colliery, Hacklebarney, (abandoned,) B and B coal beds mined in, . . 142 " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, . . 142
" " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and
still to be Mined 143
Colliery No. 3, Nesquehoning, G, F, Five-foot, and E coal beds mined in, 144
" " " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, . 144
" " " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined,
and still to be Mined, 145
" " " sections of Mammotli coal bed in, 95,102
" " " chemical analyses of special coals from, 187
" " " " " of B and F beds coals from, 179
" " and 6, division between, 145
Colliery No. 4, E coal bed mined in, 146
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 146
II II II Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, ... 147
" hi: chemical analysis of E and D beds coals from , 179
" " " and No. 9, division between, 147,157
Colliery No. 5, E and F beds mined in, 148
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 148
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, ... 149
" " " sections of Mammoth coal bed in, 96
" " " chemical analysis of E and D beds coals from, 179
" " " and No. 9, division between, 149,157
Colliery No. 6, E and F coal beds mined in, 150
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 150
II II II Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined ... 151
" " " chemical analyses of D, E, and F beds coals from, . . . 179
" " " No. 3, and No. 7, division between, 151,155
" " " area on fire in, . . 151
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, . . ... 152
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined , 153
" " " and No. 8, division between, 153,155
Colliery No. 8, F and E coal beds mined in, 154
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 154
REPORT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURiN'ER.
Page.
Colliery No. 8, Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, 155
" " " sections of Mammoth coal bed in, 97
" " " chemical analysis of D and E beds coals from, 179
" " " No. 7, and No. 10, division between, 155
Colliery No. 9, B, F, and G coal beds mined in, 156
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 156
u 11 11 Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, 157
" " " section of F coal bed in , 91
" " " sections of Mammoth coal bed in, 96,99,100
11 11 11 ]sro_ and No. 5, division between, 157
" " " abnormal thickness of Mammoth coal bed 221
Colliery, Summit Hill, (abandoned,) B coal bed mined in, 158
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 158
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and
still to be Mined, 159
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed in 98
Colliery No. 10, B, Cross-cut, and D coal beds mined in, 160
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 160
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, . ... 161
" " " sections of Mammoth coal bed in, 100
" " " chemical analysis of E and D beds coals from, . . 179
" " " " " of bony coal from , Preface, 181
" " " high percentage of Ash in coal from, 179
" " " and Greenwood colliery, division between, . . . 161,165
Colliery No. 11, D, B, and Red Ash coal beds. Nos. 1 and 2 mined in, . 162
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, . . . 162
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still to be
Mined, 163
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed in, 101
" ". " " " Red Ash " " " 92
" " " chemical analysis of D and E beds coals from, 179
" " " high percentage of ash in coal from , 179
Colliery No. 12. F bed worked in, . 67
Colliery, Greenwood, A, B, C, D, Cross-cut, E, F, and G coal beds mined
in , . . . . . 164
" " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 164
" " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still
to be Mined, 165
" " section of Mammoth coal bed in, 101
" " and No. 10, division between, 165
Colliery, Sharp Mountain, (abandoned,) C, D, Cross-cut and E coal beds
mined in, . . 166
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, . . . 166
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and
still to be Mined, . . 167
Colliery statistics in Panther Creek valley for two years ending January 1, 1883, 174
General Index. Aa. 357
Page.
Colliery and local consumption of coal in mine inspectors' districts for
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Archbald, 201
Avondale, 204
Baltimore Slope, 204
Baltimore Tunnel, 204
Barnum, No. 1; No. 2, 203
Bast, . . 209
Beaver, 202
Beaver Brook, . 207
Beaver Meadow, 207
Bear City, 210
Bear Ridge, No. 1 ; No. 2, 209
Bear Run, 209
Bear Valley, 210
Beech wood, , 211
Bellevue, 201
Belmont, 200
Belmore, 210
Ben Franklin, 209
Bennett, 205
Bernice, 214
Big Mine Run, 210
Big Mountain, 210
Big Run Gap, 214
Black Diamond, 205,209
Black Heath, 213
Black Mine, 213
Black Ridge, 206
Black Valley, 213
Boston 214
Boston Run, 208
Breaker No. 1, 204
" "2, 204
" "3, 211
" "4, 211
" " 5, 204,211
" "6, 211
" "8, 211
" "9, . 211
" "10, 211
" "11, 211
Breaker No. 3, or Grand Tunnel, 204
Bridge, 201
Brisbin, 202
Buck Mountain, 207
Buck Ridge, 211
Burnside, 210
Butler, 202
358 Aa. Eepoet Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Cambridge, 209
Cameron, 211
Capo use, 201
Carbondale No. 1 Shaft, 200
" " 3 Shaft, 200
Carson, 211
Cayuga, 202
Centrai, 201
Centralia, 205
Chauncey, 205
Chandler, 213
Chandler Tract, 213
Coal Brook, 200
Coal Run, 208
Coleraine, 207
Colket, 213
Columbia, 202
Conner, 208
Continental, 201,210
Conyngham, 204
Coplay, 208
Corinda, 212
Council Ridge, No. 2; No. 5, 206
Cranberry, 207
Cross Creek, No. 1; No. 2- No. 3 206
Crystal, 213
Cuyler, 209
Diamond, 204
Diamond Shaft, No. 2, 201
" Slope, No. 2, 201
" Tripp Slope " . 202
Dodge, 201
Dodson, . . 205
Draper, . . . . ! 209
Dundas, 213
Eagle, 203,211
Eagle Hill, 211
East Boston, 205
East Crystal Ridge, 207
East Franklin, 213
East Lehigh, 212
East Sugar Loaf, No. 1, 207
" " " "2, 207
" " " "3, 207
" " " "4, 207
" " " "5, 207
Eaton , 200
Ebervale, No. 1; No. 2, 206
" Nos. 3, 5, 6 206
General Index. A A. 359
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Elk Creek, 201
Elk Hill 201
Ellangowan, 207
Elmwood, 207
Ellsworth , 213
Empire, 204
Enterprise, 205,210
Erie 200
Everhart, 202
Exeter, 203
Excelsior, 210
Fairlawn, 201
Fairmount 202
Filer, Nos. 1 and 2, . 200
Forest City, 200
Forestville, 213
Forty Fort, 205
Franklin, 205
Furnace, 212
Garfield 212
Gate Vein, 212
Gaylord , 209
Gilberton, 209
Girard , 208
Girard Mammoth, 209
Glendon , 208
Glendower, 213
Gordon, 210
Grassy Island, 200
Greenback, 211
Green Ridge, 201
Greenwood, 203,211
Gypsj" Grove Shafts, Nos. 3 and 4, 201
Hammond, 208
Hampton, 201
Harleigh, 206
Harry E, 205
Hartford 204
Hazel Dell, 209
Hazleton, No. 3; No. 6, 206,207
Henry, 204
Henry Clay, 210
Hickory Ridge, 211
Highland, No. 1; No. 2, 205
Hillman, 205
Hillside, 202
Hollenback, . 204
Hollywood, 206
360 Aa. Repokt Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburker
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Honeybrook, No. 1; No. 4; No. 5, 207
Humboldt, 207
Hyde Park, 201
Indian Ridge, 208
Jermj-n No. 1 Shaft, 200
Jermyn's No. 3,
" Green Ridge, 201
" No. 3 Shaft, 1
Jermyn Slope, 200
Jonestown, 213
Jugular, 213
Kalmia, 214
Kehley's Run, 209
Keini&Repp, 212
Keystone , 209
Keystone Tunnel , 200
Kingston, No. 1; No. 2, 204
Kirk Line, 213
Knickerbocker, 208
Lattiiner, No. 1; No. 2, 206
Lancaster, 211
Laurel Hill, 206
Laurel Ridge, 209
Laurel Run , 204
Law, 203
Lawrence, 209
Leggitt's Creek, 202
Lewis Tract, 213
Lincoln, 214
Locust Gap, 209
Locust Spring, 209
Logan , 210
Lower Rausch Creek, 213
Lucas, 202
Luke Fidler, 211
Mahanoy City, 208
Malt by , 205
Mammoth, 212
Marvin, 202
Meadow Brook, 201
Merriam 209
Middle Creek, 213
Middle Lehigli, 212
Midvale, 203
Mill Creek, 201
Milnesville, No. 6; No. 7 206
Mine Hill Gap, 212
Mineral Spring, 203
General' Index.
Aa. 361
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Mocanauqua, 205
Monitor, 209,212
Monroe, 210
Montana, No. 1, 210
Morning Star, 212
Morris Ridge, 210
Mosier, 202
Mt. Carmel, 209
Mt. Carmel Shaft, 209
Mount Pleasant, 201,207
National, 201
Newcastle, 212
North Ashland, 209
North Dale, 212
North Franklin, 209
North Mahanoy, 208
North Star, 208
Nottingham, 204
Oakdale, 209
Oakdale, No. 1; No. 2, 206
Oak Hill, 212
Oakwood, 212
Olyphant, No. 2, 200
Otto, 213
Packer, No. 1 ; No. 2 ; No. 3 ; No. 4, 209
Palmer Vein, ... 212
Pan coast Shaft and Slope, 202
Peach Orchard , 212
Peerless, 210
Pennsylvania, 211
Phoenix , 202
Phoenix Park, No. 2 ; No. 3, 213
Pierce, 200
Pine Brook, 201
Pine Dale, 211
Pine Ridge, 204
Pioneer, 210
Plank Ridge, 208
Plymouth, No. 2; No 3; No. 4; No. 5, 204
Pond Creek, . . 205
Potts, 209
Pottsville, . 211
Preston, No. 1 and No. 2 ; No. 3, 209
Primrose, 208
Prospect, 203
Pyne, 201
Racket Brook, 200
Raubville, 205
362 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburker.
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing ddring the year
Rausch Gap, 210
Red Ash, No. 1; No. 2, 205
Reliance, 209
Kejrplier, 212
Reynolds, 204
Ricliardson, 213
Roaring Brook, 201
j Royal Oak, 210
R. S. Poole, 205
Salem, 205
Sandy Run, 205
Schuylkill, 208
Scranton Slope, 201
Seneca, 202
Shaft, No. 1, 203
" " 4, . 203
" "5, 202
" "6, 202
" "7, 202
" "8, 203
" " 9, 203
" "10, 203
" '11, 203
" "12, 203
" "13, ... 203
Shaft No. 2, Dunmore, 201
Sharp Mountain, 212
Shenandoah City, 209
Short Mountain, 214
Sibley, 203
Sloan , 201
Slope, No. 2; No. 4; No. 6, 202,203
South Sugar Loaf, 207
Spring Brook, 203
Spring Brook, No. 5 ; No. 6, 207
Spring Mountain, No. 1, 207
" " "4, 207
" " " 5 and Drift, 207
" " "7, 207
Stark, 203
Stetler, 203
St. Clair, 212
St. Nicholas, 208
Staffordshire, 208
Stanton, 209
Sterling, 210
Stetler, 203
Sugar Loaf, . 207
General Index.
Aa. 363
Page.
Collieries in Anthracite Region which were producing during the year
Swatara,
Taylor,
Thomaston,
Throop or Jermyn, No. 4,
Tompkins,
Tremont Lands,
Tresckow
Tunnel,
" No. 1,
Tunnel Ridge,
Turkey Run,
Twin ,
Upper Lehigh, Nos. 1, 2, and 3,
" " No. 4,
Von Storch,
Wadesville,
Wanamie,
Warrior Run,
Webster,
West Brookside,
West Cross Creek, No. 1,
West Lehigh, 208,211
West Shenandoah, 208
White Oak, 200
William Penn, 209
Williamstown, 214
Wolf Creek Big Diamond, 213
Wolf Creek Diamond, 213
Woods, 213
Wyoming, 205
Columbia county, production of coal in, during 1882, (669,870 tons,) . . 218
Columnar sections of coal measures in Anthracite Coal Fields, 218
" " sheets, description of, 13
" " " scale of, 4
" " in llacklebarney Tunnel, from E coal bed to mouth, . 44
" of the Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII) in the Hacklebarney
Tunnel, 45
" " in Tunnel No. 1, from the E coal bed to the mouth of
the tunnel, ... ... 49
" " in Tunnel No. 1, from the F coal bed to the Mammoth
coal bed, . . . . 50
" " of the Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII) in Rhume
Run Gap, 50
" " " portion of Nesquehoning Tunnel No. 2, 54
" " Shield's Tunnel, 59
" " " Tunnel No. 6, 59
" " " Tunnel No. 5, . 61
" " " part of Lansford R. R. Tunnel from the G to the D
364 AA. r.EPORT of progress, c. a. ashburneu.
Page.
Columnar section of Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII) in the Lansford
R. R. Tunnel, . . . . 64
" " from the mouth of Tunnel No. 9 to the coal dirt seam, 69
" " of part of Tunnel No. 9, from a 3' coal bed to the Mammoth coal bed, 70
" " " portion of Tunnel No 8, from the G coal bed to the
Mammoth coal bed, ... 71
" " " Tunnel No. 2, (Foster's,) 73
" " " portion of Tunnel No. 10, from G coal bed to the
Mammoth coal bed, . . . 75
" " from the mouth of Tunnel No. 11 to the D (C) coal
bed, 76
" " from the mouth of Greenwood Tunnel to the Mammoth coal bed , 77
" " of portion of Greenwood Tunnel, from the Mammoth
coal bed to the C coal bed, . . . 78
" " " the coal measures in the Lansford basin at Tama-qua
, . 79
" " " the Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII) in the Locust Mountain gap, ... 80
" " " Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII) in the SharjD
Mountain gap, . . . 81
" " " the F or Lovver Red Ash coal bed, 90
" " " the C coal bed, . 103
" " " the (B) Buck Mountain coal bed, , . 104
" " " coal beds when made by survey corps, 19
Combustion of Panther Creek coals, ash resulting from, 184
Commercial coal, definition of, 110
" " contained in a coal bed, dependent upon a computation
containing variable factors, 87
" " under area covered by Mine sheet No. I, (89,830,647
" " " " " " Mine sheet No. II, (353,503,493
" " " " " " Mine sheet No. Ill, (589,662,991
" " originally contained under Panther Creek valley between
Mauch Chunk and Tamaqua, (1,032,997,131
Comparison of Columnar Sections throughout Anthracite Region, . . . 240
Completion of Anthracite Survey, no estimate of time made, 6,129
Composition of anthracite coal, variations in, 183
" " Panther Creek coal, 177
" " the ash of the Panther Creek coals, 184
" " market sizes of the Panther Creek coals, 181
" the Nesquehoning coals, 187
" " bony coal from Colliery No. 10, 181
Cone, truncated, graphical determination of surface area of, 117
Confusion in naming anthracite coal beds, 85
Confused structure in Tunnel No. 9, 70
General Idex.
Aa. 365
Page.
Connell, William & Co., operators of Meadow Brook and National collieries
, 201
Conner colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Consumption of coal at collieries — {See Colliery Consumption.)
Contents of coal beiis, variable factors in computation of, 87
" " Third, Second, and First Upper Red Ash, Second and First
Twin beds in Panther Creek valley, (probably 11,000,000
" " Jock coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (18,153,490 tons,)
" " Washington coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (8,945 331 tons,)
" " G coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (36,748,163 tons,)
" " F coal bed in Panther Creek valley', (130,379 486 tons,)
" " Mammoth coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (572,370,108
" " C coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (128,256,560 tons,;
" " B coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (71,954,700 tons,)
" "A coal bed in Panther Creek valley, (62,011,362 tons.)
" ' Lykens valley beds unknown, 107
Continental colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Conyngham, Luzerne county. Black Ridge colliery, 206
" colliery , Northern Coal Field 204
" shaft, section of, 224
Cooper coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
" " " chemical analysis of, at D. and H. Canal Company's colliery No. 5, Preface.
" " " top bench of Mammoth coal bed in Wyoming basin, 94
Coplay colliery. Western Middle Coal Field 208
" " " " " Wilkes Barre, 226
Corinda colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Council Ridge collieries. Nos. 2 and 5, Eastern Middle Coal Field, ... 206
Cowan & Daning, operators of Belmont colliery, 200
Coxe, Hon. Eckley B., underground contours used by, . . 8
Coxe, Bros. & Co., operators of Cross Creek collieries Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and
West Cross Creek colliery No. 1, 206
" " " authority for section of Gowen bore-hole No. 1, , . . 229
Cranberry colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
Crook, J. r>. Curtz, operator of Black Mine colliery, 213
Cross Creek collieries Nos. 1, 2, and 3, Eastern Middle Coal Field, ... 205
" " " middle split of Mammoth coal bed, 94
' " " outcrop of, and surface area underlaid by, on mine
sheets, 132
366 Aa. Eeport Op Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Cross section sheets, description of, 12
" scale of, 4
" in Pantlier Creek basin, list of, 41
" " Northern Coal Field, 17
a a a Western Middle Coal Field and Lehigh Region, 17
" " No. 1, through old tunnel at Hacklebarney, description of, 43
elevations of coal beds in plane of, .47
" " No. 2, from Nesquehoning valley to Mauch Chunk valley
through Rhume Run (No. 1.) Tunnel, description of, . . 47
elevations of coal beds in plane of, ... 51
" " No. 3, through Tunnel No. 2, (Nesquehoning,) description
of, . . 51
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 65
" " No. 4, through a point 330' west of Slope No. 3, (Nesquehoning,) description of, 55
elevations of coal beds in plane of, . . . 56
" " No. 5, through east end of workings of Tunnels Nos. 5 and
6, and Slope No. 4, and west end of Nesquehoning workings, description of, 56
elevations of coal beds in plane of, . . 57
" " No. 6, through Tunnels Nos. 5 and 6, and Slope No. 4 workings, description of, 57
elevations of coal beds in plane of, . . 62
" " No. 7, through Tunnels No.s. 4 and 7, and Slope No. 1 workings, description of, 62
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 66
" " No. 8, through Tunnels Nos. 8 and 9 and Slope No. 2 workings, description of, 66
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 71
" " No. 9, through Herring's Hollow, Tunnel No. 2, (Foster's
Tunnel,) and Dry Hollow Slope, description of, 72
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 74
" " No. 10, through Tunnels Nos. 10 and 11, description of, . . 74
elevations of coal beds in plane of, . . . . 76
" " No. 11, through Tunnel of Greenwood Slope No. 2, and Tunnel No. 11 workings, description of, 77
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 78
" " No. 12, along the Little Schuylkill River, showing the structure
of the Pottsville Conglomerate (No. XII,) in the Locust and Sharp Mountain gaps at Tamaqua, description of, 78
elevations of coal beds in plane of, 81
Cruikshank & Ennis, operators of Peerless colliery, 210
Crystal Colliery, Southern Coal Field, 213
Cubic foot, Panther Creek coal, contains 101.64 avoirdupois pounds, . . . 136 Cubic contents of coal taken from Panther Creek mines for two years
ending January 1, 1883 174
Curnew, Richard, 135
General Index.
A A. 867
D.
Page.
Dark Corner, in Columbia county, Western Middle Coal Field, North Ashland colliery in vicinity of, ... 209
Darte, L. C., Commissioner of Luzerne county, name engraved on Wilkes
Barre astronomical monument, 247
Davis, A. J., operator of Warrior Run colliery, 204
" John R., operator of Ellsworth colliery, 213
" & Co., operators of Dundas colliery, 213
Dauphin county, production of coal in, during 1882, (572,200 tons, ) . . . 218
Deepening of Panther Creek basins toward the west, 34
Deepest part of a coal bed mined in the Panther Creek valley, (435.95'
above tide, 39
Delano, 5
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, operators of the following collieries in Northern Coal Field :
Baltimore Slope, 204
Baltimore Tunnel, 204
Carbondale, Shaft, No. 1, 200
" " "3, 200
Coal Brook, 200
Conyngham 204
Grassy Island, 200
Jermyn Shaft, No. 1, 200
" Slope 200
Laurel Run, 204
Leggitt's Creek, 202
Marvin , 202
Mill Creek, ' 204
Olyphant, No. 2, 200
Pine Ridge, 204
Plymouth, No. 2, 204
" "3, 204
" "4, 204
" "5, 204
Racket Brook, 200
Von Storch, 202
White Oak, 200
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's colliery No. 5, at Plymouth, chemical analyses of Bennett and Cooper bed coals from. Preface.
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, authority for Wilkes Barre section, 224 " " " " " began transporting coal 1829, . . 194
" " " " " shipment of coal over, 193
Delaware Division, Penna. Canal opened 1833, . . 194
Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western R. R. Company, operators of the following collieries in the Northern Coal Field :
Archbald, 201
Avondale 204
Bellevue, 201
Boston 204
Brisbin, 202
Cayuga, 202
368 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. Company, operators of the following collieries in the Northern Coal Field :
Central, 201
Continental , 201
Diamond Shaft, No. 2, . . 201
Diamond Slope, No. 2, 201
Diamond Tripp Slope, 201
Dodge, 201
Hampton, 201
Hyde Park, 201
Jermyn's No. 3, 1
" Green Ridge, 201
" No. 3 Shaft,
Pyne, 201
Scranton Slope, 201
Sloan, 201
Taylor, 201
Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western F. R. Co. began mining and shipping coal 1854, 195
" " " " 11 ii authority for Scranton
section , . . 223
" " " " " " shipment of coal over, . 193
Demands made upon the Anthracite Survey, . 4,220
" for production statistics of Anthracite Region, . . . 189
Denning, John H., operator of Monitor and Peach Orchard collieries, . 212
Depth of coal basins shown by underground contour curves, 9
Discrepancy in list of collieries reported by John H. Jones, and mine inspectors respectively, 198
Description of map of Anthracite Coal Fields on Miscellaneous sheet No.
Ii, ... . . 98
Descriptive geology of Anthracite Region to form subject-matter for Vol.
I, Final Report of Geologist in Charge, . . . 5
Development of the areas of coal beds in the Panther Creek basin, . . . 121
Development of the Anthracite Region, Historical notes of, 194
Devlin, Martin, operator of Oak Hill colliery, 212
D coal bed — See Mammoth coal beds.
" " " bottom split of Mammoth, 94
" " " (B or Buck Mountain) in Lansford R. R. tunnel, 64
" " at Scranton, 224
" " " at Tamaqua, 237
'' " " in Baltimore bore-hole at Wilkes Barre, 225
" " " outcrop of, and surface area underlaid by, on Panther Creek
Mine sheets, 132
Diamond coal bed in Pottsville shaft, 239
" " " George, or T at Nanticoke, 226
" " " or E at Scranton, 224
" " " in Northern Coal Field, different names for 229
" " " in vicinity of Ellangowan shaft, 234
Diamond colliery. Northern Coal Field, 204
" Shaft No. 2, " " 201
" Slope No. 2, " " " 201
" Tripp Slope, " " " 202
General Index.
Aa. 369
Page.
Dickson City borough, Lackawanna county, Northern Coal Field, Elk Hill, Pancoast Shaft and Slope, and Tttroop or Jermyn collieries in, 201,202
Difficulties of geology in vicinity of Nesquehoniug Shaft No. 1, 51
'' in identification of coat beds, 219,240
" in the construction of columnar sections, 60
Dip of coal bed shown by underground contour curves, 9
" " rocks in tunnels difficult to determine, ... 60
Discussion of errors in method of measuring the surface area and contents of coal beds, ... ... .112
Distance between underground contour curves shows intensity and direction of dips of coal beds, , . 9
Distinction between the thickness of coal beds and of coal contained, . . 136 Distribution of coal beds in the Panther Creek valley, . . 85
" " mine output from Panther Creek valley for two years ending .January 1, 1883, 175
Dodge colliery. Northern Coal Field 201
Dodson, C. M. & Co., operators of Beaver Brook colliery, 207
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Doolittle, Prof. C. L., latitude and longitude of Pottsville and Wilkes
Barre, respectively, determined by, . , 22
" report by, (Appendix A,) on the " Determination of the Latitude and Longitude of Wilkes Barre in Luzerne county, and
of Pottsville, in Schuylkill county, 243
Donahoe, James F., operator of Wolf Creek Big Diamond colliery, . 213
Donaldson, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Colket collier3-in
vicinity of, . 213
Doutyville in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field, Ben
Franklin colliery in vicinity of, 209
Draper Coal Co., operators of Draper colliery, . 209
" colliery at Gilberton, Western Middle Coal Field, chemical analyses of Mammoth and Primrose beds coals from, Preface
Drifton, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Cross Creek collieries Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in vicinity of, 206
Dry Hollow anticlinal, description of, 33
" " Tamaqua, and Sharp Mountain basins, description of, ... 33
" " slope. Cross section No. 9, through, 72
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed at, 99
Dutter, John A., operator of Laurel Ridge colliery 209
Dundas colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Dunmore, in Lackawanna county. Northern Coal Field, Dunmore Shaft No. 2, Gipsy Grove Shafts Nos. 3 and 4, Green Ridge, and Roaring Brook collieries in vicinity of, 201
E.
E coal bed— Nee Mammoth coal bed.
" " " top split of Mammoth coal bed, 94
E, Forge, or Bennett coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
370 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburnek.
Page.
E, or Diamond coal bed at Scranton, 224
" coal bed at Tamaqua, . 237
" or Baltimore coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 225
Eagle colliery, Northern Coal Field, 203
" " Southern " 211
" Hill colliery, Southern Coal Field, 211
East Boston colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
" Crystal Ridge colliery, Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
" Franklin colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
" Lehigh " Southern Coal Field, 212
East Lehigh, or Old Mauch Chunk tunnel, production of, 172
" Mahanoy district, collieries in, 207
East Mauch Chunk bridge, axis of Locust Mountain basin, 1,800' above, . 24
" Schuylkill district, collieries in, . . 211
" Sugar Loaf collieries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207 Eastern Carbon and Luzerne Mine Inspector's district, production and
shipment of, in 1881 and 1832, 215
" Middle Coal Field, mine levels in, 17
" " " sections of coal measures in, 229
" " " report on, . . 6
" " " proposed topograihical survey in, 15
Eaton colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Ebervale Coal Company, operators of Ebervale collieries Nos. 1 and 2,
and 3, 5, and 6, . , 206
" " " operators on Union Improvement Company's
property, ... ... 231
Ebervale colliery No. 2 at Ebervale, Easteim Middle Coal Field, chemical
analysis of Mammoth bed coal from, Preface.
Ebervale property, section on, 231
Eckert colliery, section at, 239
Eckiey, Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Council Ridge collieries Nos. 2 and 5 in vicinity ot, 206
Egg coal, how screened, 183
" " chemical anal3'sis of, 182
" and stove coal, size of sample, 178
Elevation of coal beds in plane of section No. 1, 47
a u u ti u a 62
a a 4i U U 44 4 4 4 4 "7, 66
44 U U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ' 9, . . . 73
" " Mammoth coal bed in plane of section No. 10, 76
" " coal beds in plane of section No. 12, 81
" " deepest point in mines of Panther Creek valley, 39
Elevations in Greenwood mines, 39
" on Mine sheets Nos. I, II, and III, 35-40
" at Nesquehoning mines, 35
General Index.
Aa. 371
Page.
Elevations at Old Hackiebarney (Nesquehoning) mine, 35
" in Panther Creek mines, 37
" " Summit Hill mines, 36
" " Tamaqua mines, 40
Elk Creek colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Elk Hill Coal and Iron Company, operators of Elk Hill colliery, 201
Ellaugowau colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 207
" " section of coal measures at, 234
Ellipsoid, surface area of, 110
Ellsworth colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Elm and Vine streets in Tamaqua, change of dip under, 238
Elmwood colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 207
Empire colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, 109
" waste of mining, considered by, 177
England, statistics collected by Geological Survey of, 188
Enterprise Coal Company, operators of Enterprise colliery, 17,210
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
" " Westei-n Middle Coal Field, 210
Erie colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Erie Railway, (see New York, Lake Erie& Western,) shipment of coal by, 193
Errors, First Geological Survey, . . 84
" involved in method of estimating contents of coal beds, 112
" of Mr. Roth well, 84
" of structural geologists, 58
" on anthracite maps, 198
" probable total, in measuring area of the surface of the coal beds
in Anthracite Region by new method, ( 4 square miles, ) . . . 120
Estimation of contents of the Anthracite Coal Beds, 107
Estimates of coal tonnage, provisional, 109
" " " permanent basis for computing, 110
Estimates stated in single tons, reason for, 130
Eustice, Richard, ' 135,185
Evans, William, . . . 135
Everhart colliery, Northern Coal Field, 202
Excelsior, ill Northumberland countjq Western Middle Coal Field, Excelsior
and Enterprise collieries in vicinity of, 210
Excelsior Coal Company, operators of Excelsior colliery, 210
" colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Exeter colliery, Northern Coal Field, 203
Exhaustion of Anthracite Coal Fields, 188
" " " Beds, 108
Experience in mining of the L. C. and Nav. Co., 171
Exploitation of coal basins, definition of, 3
Exploited area at collieries defined, 143
F.
F coal bed, (Lower Red Ash,) description of, in Panther Creek valley, . 89
outcrop in Panther Creek valley, 132
372 Aa. Eepoet Of Progress. C. A. Ashbrrner.
Page.
F coal bed, (Lower Red Ash, ) surface area underlaid by, on —
area of tlie surface of the floor of the coal bed on —
Mine sheet No. I, (549 acres) ; total original contents of commerciaL
" " "II, (3,569 acres); total original contents of commercial coal, (35,243,776 tons.) . . 139
" " " III, (4,803 acres) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (85,373,325 tons,) 140
average thickness of, on—
Mine sheet No. I, 13'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 9', 138 " " " II, 9'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 5', 139
" " " III, 12'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 9', 140
total original contents of commercial coal
" " between outcrop and-(-500', (64,903,002 tons,)
" " between 4-500 and tide level, (37,090,105 tons,)
" " between tide level and — 500', (22,627,279 tons,)
" " below — 500', (5,759,100 tons, ) 141
total coal mined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (5,675,141 tons,) . . ... 169
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, Panther Creekvalley, (124,704,345
F coal bed, sections of, at collieries Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11, 90,91,92
" " " " " " Greenwood colliery, 90,92
" " " " " Nesquehoniug colliery, 91
" " " at Tamaqua, 237
" " " production of, 172
" " " composition of, at Nesquehoning, 187
F or Rock coal bed at Scranton, 224
Fairlawn Coal Co., operators of Fairlawn colliery, 201
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Fairmount collierj'. Northern Coal Field, 202
Fell township, Lackawanna county. Elk Creek colliery in, 200
Felty, John D., operator of Swatara colliery, 213
Fennel, James, operator of Big Run Gap colliery, 214
B'iler & Levy, operators of Filer collieries, 200
Final report of Anthracite Survey, 5,79,84,94,137
Final proofs of Anthracite Survey sheets examined by interested partie.s, 19
Fire at colliery No. 9, 175
" " Summit Hill colliery, area of, (56 acres,) 158
" " colliery No. 6, area of, (5 acres, ) 151
First Geological Survey of Anthracite Coal-fields commenced, 1835, . . . 194 " " " " " " " completed, 1841, . . . 195
" " " Panther Creek coal beds identified by, 83
" " " conflict in naming of coal beds by, 219
" " " good work done by, . 84
" " " general references to, 22,47,79
GENEEAL lA'DEX.
Aa. 373
Page.
First Schuylkill Mine Inspector's district, production of coal in, and shipment
from, 1881, 1882, 215
First Twin coal bed, description of, in Panther Creek valley, 86
outcrop of, in Panther Creek valley, 132
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
First Twin coal bed, contents unknown, 140
First Upper Red Ash coal bed, description of, in Panther Creek valley, . 86
outcrop of, in Panther Creek valley, 131
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
First Upper Red Ash coal bed, contents unknown, 140
Five-Foot coal bed, [occurs between the Mammoth (E) and Lower Red Ash (F) coal beds, in the eastern end of the valley,] outcrop of in Panther Creek valley, . 132
surface area underlaid by, on —
" " " Iii, ( " ) 140
area of the surface of the floor of coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. I, (706 acres); total original contents of commercial
" " " Iii, ( " ) 140
average thickness of, on —
Mine sheet No. I, 4|' ; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 3', 138
" " " Iii, ( " ) 140
total original contents of commercial coal
" " between outcrop and-|-500', (3,835,726 tons,)
" " between —500' and tide level, (347,205 tons,)
" " between tide level and — 500',
" " below — 500', ... 141
total coal mined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley,
total coal remaining, January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (4,105,695
Five-Foot bench of Mammoth coal bed, Tunnel No. 9, 96
Fixed carbon in Panther Creek coals, 179
Folded flexures in Penna., 30
" Mammoth coal bed at Shenandoah colliery, 95
B74 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburn'Er.
Page.
Folding of G coal bed in Greenwood basin, 69
Force which produced Summit Hill anticlinal, 30
Forest City colliery, Northern Coal Field, 6,200
" " section of coal measures at, 222
Forestville colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Forge, Bennett, or B coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
Forty- Port colliery, Northern Coal Field, 205
Foster's Tunnel, (No. 2,) anticlinal and basin, description of, 32
" " coal beds in, 88
" " Cross section, No. 9, through, . . . 72
" " columnar section of, . 73
" " thickness of Mammoth coal bed in, 102
Four-Foot bench of Mammoth coal bed at Summit Hill, 98
" " slate in " u u i. gg
Four-Foot or Lance coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
Franklin Coal Co., operators of Franklin colliery, 205
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Frenchtown, Beaver Brook collierj'' in vicinity of, 207
Fuel production, definition of, 176
Fuel value of coal not dependent upon physical appearance, 181
Furnace colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
G.
G coal bed, (Upper Red Ash,) in the Panther Creek valley. Southern
Coal Field, . . 87
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. I, (103 acres); total original contents of commercial
" " II, (2,408 acres); total original contents of commercial coal, (14,267,400 tons, ) . . 139
" " " III, (3,707 acres); total original contents of commercial coal, (21,969,781 tons.) 140
average thickness of, on —
Mine sheet No. I, 5'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 2i', . 138 " " " II, 6'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 3', 139
" " " III, 5'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 3', . 140
total original contents of commercial coal
under Panther Creek valley, (36,748,163 tons,) . . 141,169 between outcrop and-|-500', (22,649,033 tons, ) between -)-500' and tide level, (10,234,430 tons,) between tide level and — 500', (3,829,920 tons,) below — 500' (34,780 tons,) . 141
General Index.
Aa. 375
Page.
G coal bed, (Upper Red Ash,) in the Panther Creek valle3', Southern
Coal Field, 87
total coal mined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley,
total coal remaining, January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (36,611,035
G coal bed, areas underlaid by. Panther Creek mine sheets, 125
" " " highest (geologically) mined, to any extent, in Panther Creek
valley, . . . . 87
" " " in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
" " " outcrop of and surface area underlaid by, on mine sheets, . . 132
" " " squeezed out in Tunnel No. 1, Panther Creek basin, 30
" " " trial hole on, in Tunnel No. 11, " " " 75
" " wrinkle in front of " No. 7, " " " 28
" " " Slope, or Hillman coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
" " " or Big (Baltimore ?) coal bed at Scranton, 224
" " " at Wilkes Barre, 225
Gamma coal bed, in Gowen bore hole, 230
" " " " Hazleton basin, 233
Garfield colliery, Southern Coal Field, 212
Gas, mines closed by, . . 171
Gas stratum in Susquehanna shaft No. 1, 226
Gate Vein colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Gay, Samuel, Mine Inspector 1st Schuylkill District, 215
Gaylord Coal Co., operators of Gaylord colliery, 205
" colliery Northern Coal Field, 205
General plan of work, . 16
Geology shown by maps and sections, IS
Geologist in charge, 19
Geological Survey, 21
" " of Pa. not authorized to collect statistics, 188
" horizon most easily recognizer!, ( Mammoth bed,) 93
" structure, difficulty of, at Nesquehoning, 184
George coal bed in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 229
Gilberton colliery in vicinity of Gilberton, Schuylkill county, chemical analj'ses of Seven Foot and Buck Mountain beds coals
from, Preface.
" in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field, Gilberton
and Draper collieries in vicinity of, . . 209
Girardville, in Schujdkill couutjq Western Middle Coal Field ; Girard, Conner, Hammond, and Preston, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, collieries in vicinity
of, 208,209
Girard colliery, 208
Girard Mammoth colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, . 209
Glen Carbon, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Glendower and
Richardson collieries in vicinity of, . . 213
Glendon colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Glendower collierJ Southern Coal Field, 213
Glenwood, in Lackawanna county, Northern Coal Field, Erie and Keystone Tunnel collieries in vicinity of, 200
376 AA. IlEPOKT OF PROGRESS. C. A. ASIIBURlSrER.
rage.
Gordon colliery, Southern Coal Field, 210
Gowen bore hole No. 1, section of, 229
Gowen, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, West Cross Creek
colliery No. 1 in vicinity of, ... . 206
Grace, G. H., Supt. of W. U. Tel. Co. at Phillipsburg;, 244
Graphical method of determining area of coal beds, Ill
Grassy Island colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Grate or broken coal, how screened, ... 183
Gray bench. Mammoth coal bed. Tunnel No. 9, 90
" " " " " at Summit Hill, 98
Gray's and Walling's Map of Pa., 198
Greaber & Shepp, operators of Locust Gap colliery, 209
Greatest thickness of Lower Red Ash coal bed, 89
Greenback, in Northumberland county. Southern Coal Field, Greenback
colliery in vicinity of, 211
Greenback colliery, 211
Green or Hell Kitchen Mountain, Luzerne county, 26
Green Ridge colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
'' " in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field,
Pennsylvania colliery in vicinity of, 211
Green Mountain basin, collieries in, 205
Greenwood basin, . . 27
Greenwood colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
" " Southern " " 211
" " G, F, E, Cross-Cut, D, C, B, and A coal beds mined in, 164
" " boundaries of, 165
" " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 164
" " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and still
to be Mined, 165
" " sections of Mammoth coal bed in, 101,102
" " partial production of, 173
" mines, elevations in, 39
" slope No. 2 tunnel, 28
" tunnel, columnar section of, 77,78
Grove Brothers, operators of Columbia colliery, 202
Gwinn, T. F., operator of Jonestown " 213
Gypsy Grove shaft collieries Nos. 3 and 4, Northern Coal Field, 201
H.
Hacklebarney colliery, E and B coal beds mined at, 142
" " boundaries of, 142
" " Mine Measurements and Estinutes f, . . 142
" " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and
still to be Mined, 143
" tunnel, cross section through, 43
" " columnar section of, 44
" " and Tamaqua, maps between, 21
" " elevation of Mammoth coal bed above tide, 112
Gejn'£Kal Ixdex.
A A. 377
Hacklebarney or old Mauch Chunk tunnel, Ylj
Haddock <fe Steele, operators of Black Diamond colliery, ! 205
Hammond colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, ' 208
Hampton colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Hand picking, anthracite coal, ' jg2
Hard anthracite produced from mine inspectors' districts for 1881 and
Harden, O. B., page plate drawn by, 21
" " " Mt. Pisgah section drawn by, 25
Harleigh, in Luzerne county, Eastern Middle Coal Field, Harleigh colliery
m vicinity of, 2oo
Harris, George, operator of Lewis Tract colliery, 213
Harris, Joseph S., consulted about mine estimates, 127
" " information obtained from as to thickness of coal beds, 135
" " " " " " " production of Panther
Creek mines, . . . 172
" '' " map of Coal Regions made by, 198
Harris, J. D., Commissioner of Luzerne county, name engraved on Wilkes
Barre astronomical monument, 247
Harris, Stephen and Joseph S., Topographical Survey of Western Middle Coal Field made by,
Harris, William, operator of Black Heath colliery, . ! ! 213
" Harry E" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 095
Hartford colliery. Northern Coal Field, ' 20i
Hartville, in Luzerne county, Northern Coal Field, Mocanauqua colliery
m vicinity of, . 295
Hauto screen buUding, coal sampled from, 182
Haydon, J. C. & Co., operators of Glendon, Spring Mountain Nos. 1 and
4, and No. 5 and Drift, and No. 7 collieries, 207 208
Hazel Dell colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, '209
Hazleton basin, collieries in, " 295
" " section of coal measures in 232
" colliery, section of coal measures in, ' ' ' ' ' ' " 032
Hazleton, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field ; Hazleton, Hazleton No. 3, and Laurel Hill collieries in vicinity of, 206
Hazleton No. 6, Cranberry, East Crystal Ridge, Sugar Loaf,
and South Sugar Loaf collieries in vicinity of, 207
" office, details of work in, . . . 18
" Region, tirst shipped coal in 1838, 191 195
Hazzard, Fisher, operator of West Lehigh colliery, 208
Heaton, S. M. & Co., operators of Cuyler colliery, 209
Heckersville, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Thonnston colliery in vicinity of, ... . ... 213
Heckscher, R. & Co., operators of Kohinoor colliery, 209
H coal bed. Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
" " " or Hillman coal bed at Wilkes Barre, .' ' 225
" O'" New County coal bed at Scranton, 224
" Tunnel, or Orchard coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
Heidelberg (shaft) colliery. Northern Coal Field, . . 202
Hell Kitchen anticlinal,
378 Aa. Repoet Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Hell Kitclien basin, section of Maminotli coal bed in, 102
" " " folded Red Ash bed in, 109
" " Mountain, Luzerne county, 26
" " Run, 26
Heller and Brightly, loan Survey large transit for testing accuracy ot
stadia work, 337
Heilman, Theodore, coal operator, 212
Henry colliery. Northern Coal Field, 204
" Clay colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Hepner, Jacob S., operator of Jugular colliery, 213
Herring's Hollow, Cross section No. 9 through, 72
Hickory Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
Highest (geologically) coal bed in Panther Creek valley, 85
Highland, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Highland collieries, Nos. 1 and 2 in vicinity of, 205
Hill, Frank A., magnetic variation at Wilkes Barre determined bj, ... 22
" " " coal for analysis sampled by, ; . . . 181
" " " records of diamond drill holes in Northern Coal Field obtained by, . . . . 228
Hillman coal bed. Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
" " " or H coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 225
" " " Slo]3e, or G coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
" H. Baker, operator of Hillman colliery, . . 205
Hillside Co. & I. Co., operators of Erie, Hillside, Keystone Tunnel, and
Spring Brook collieries, ... . . 200,202,203
" " " authority for Forest City colliery section and Car-bondage
section, 222
Historical Notes of Anthracite Coal Fields, 194
Hollenback colliery, Northern Coal Field, 204
shaft No. 2 colliery at Wilkes Barre, chemical analysis of Baltimore (E) bed coal from . . . . Preface.
Hollj'wood, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, thickness of
Hollywood, Hollywood colliery in vicinity of, . . . 206
" coal stripping, 232
Holmes coal bed, in vicinity of Ellengowan colliery, 231
" " " " Pottsville shaft, 239
Honeybrook collieries. Nos. 1, 4, and 5, Eastern Middle Coal Field, . . . 207
Hosie, John, & Son, operators of Pierce colliery, 200
Hoskins, Ed., operator of Black Valley colliery, 213
Hughestown, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Shaft colliery No.
10 and Mosier colliery in the vicinity of, . ... 202,203
Hughestown borough, Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Shaft collieries Nos. 1 and 8 and Slope colliery No. 6 in, 203
Humboldt, in Luzerne county, Eastern Middle Coal Field, Humboldt colliery in vicinity of, 207
Hutchinson bed, in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 229
Hyde Park colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Hypotheses and generalizations separated from facts, 8
Hypothetical structure of coal beds distinguished from known structure, 11
General Index.
Aa. 379
Page.
I, Diamond, or George coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
I, Kidney, or Bowkley coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 225
Identification of coal beds, 14,219
" " " " over Anthracite Coal Fields, 240
" " anthracite beds difficult, 185
" " coal beds dependent upon solution of geological structure, 83
" " " " at Hacklebarney, 46
" " " " mouth of Tunnel No. 8, 67
" " Panther Creek coal beds, 83
Identity of anthracite and bituminous coal beds not established, 219
" " " beds referred to by Prof. Rogers, 219
Inaccuracy of maps of Anthracite Coal Fields, 3
Inconsistencies in the identification of coal beds, 240
" " production and shipment statistics in Mine Inspectors'
reports, . . 216,217
Indian Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Ingham, Wm. A., Sec'y of Board of Commissioners, Second Geol. Survey, and Pres. Greenwood C. Co., 128,135
Instrumental surveys made by State corps, 18
Iron (sesquioxide) in anthracite ash, . , , , 184
J.
Jamestown, in Carbon county. Southern Coal Field, Breaker colliery No.
4 in the vicinity of, 211
Japan, Imperial Surveys of, 8
Jeansville, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field; Spring Mountain Nos. 4, 5 and drift, and 7 collieries in the vicinity of, . . . . 207
Jeddo collieries Nos. 3 and 4, or Oakdale Nos. 1 and 2, in vicinity of Jeddo,
chemical analysis of Mammoth bed coal from, . . Preface.
" in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Oakdale collieries
Nos. 1 and 2 in the vicinity of, . 206
" property, section on, 231
Jenkins township, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field ; Everhart, Slopes Nos. 2 and 4, and Shafts Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 11 collieries in, . 202,203
Jerni}m, John, operator of Throop or Jermyn colliery No. 4 202
Jermyn,in Lackawanna county, Northern Coal Field, No. 1 Shaft and Jermyn Slope collieries in the vicinity of, . . ... 200
Jermyn's No. 3, Green Ridge, and No. 3 Shaft collieries. Northern Coal
Field, . . ... .201
Jersey Shore and Pine Creek R. R., first shipment of coal over, June 28,
Jock coal bed, outcrop of, on mine sheets, 87,132
surface area underlaid by, on —
Mine sheet No. 1, (does not occur on Mine sheet No. I,)
380 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Jock coal bed, area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed, on —
Mine sheet No. 1,
" " " II, (1,096 acres,); total original contents of commercial coal, (6,495,400 tons,) 139
" " " III, (1,967 acres ); total original contents of commercial coal, (11,658,090 tons,) 140
average thickness of, on —
Mine sheet No. I,
" " " II, 7' ; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 3', 139
" " " III, 7 ; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 3', 140
total original contents of commercial coal under Panther Creek valley,
" " " " " " between outcrop and-f500',
" " " " " " " -)-500 and tide level,
" " " " " " " tide level and — 500',
" " " " " " below —500', 141
total coal mined out before January 1, 1883, 169
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (18,153,490 tons,) . . ... 169
Johns, George W. & Bro., operators of Eagle and Monitor collieries, . 209,211
Johnson, O. S. & Co., operators of Green Ridge colliery, 201
Jones, John H. , colliery list of, 198
" " " statistics of coal, 189
Jones, Simpson & Co., operators of Eaton colliery, 200
Jones & Oliver, operators of Staffordshire colliery, 208
Jones, Roland, ... 135
Jonestown colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
J or Clark coal bed at Scranton, 224
J, Seven-Foot, or Abbott coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 224
J ugular colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
K.
K coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 224
" " " " Scranton, 224
Kalmia colliery. Southern Coal Field, 214
Kantner, George, operator of Black Heath colliery, 213
Keenan, Patrick, operator of Chandler colliery, 213
Kehley's Run colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Keim & Repp colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Kemmerer, M. S. & Co., operators of Sandy Run colliery 205
Kendrick & Co., operators of Sterling colliery, 210
Kettle Mountain, 24
Keystone colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" Tunnel colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Kidney coal bed, in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
Kidney, I, or Bowkley coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 225
General Index.
Aa. 381
Page.
Kinds and amount of waste in mining anthracite, 2
Kingston, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field ; No. 1 Kingston, No. 2 Kingston, Black Diamond, East Boston, Harry E, Maltby, and Raub-ville
collieries in the vicinity of, ... 204,205
Kingston Coal Co., operators of Nos. 1 and 2 Kingston collieries, 204
Kirk Line colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Kittatinny valley, folded limestone flexures in, 30
Knickerbocker collierj'-. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Kohinoor colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, ... 209
" " at Shenandoah, Schuylkill county. Western Middle
Coal Field, chemical analyses of Mammoth and Primrose beds coals from, Preface.
Lackawanna basin, section of coal measures in, 223
" county, production of coal in, 218
Lackawanna and Bloomsburg R. R. opened in 1858 ; leased by the D. L.
and W. R. R. in 1873, , . . 195
" 1. and C. Co., operators of Capouse and Pine Brook collieries, 201
" township, Lackawanna county ; Archbald, Bellevue, Continental, Dodge, Greenwood, Hampton National, Pyne, Scranton Slope, Stark, Sloan, and Taylor collieries in, 201,203 Lancaster colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
Lance coal bed, in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
" " "or Four-Foot coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
Langdon, Andrew & Co., operators of Enterprise and Henry Clay collieries, 205,210
Lanigan's, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field, Eilangowan
colliery m vicinity of, 207
Lansford basins Nos. 1 and 2 deepen in Panther Creek valley, 29
'' magnetic variation in 1869, 5° 45' West, 22
" Railroad tunnel, cross section through, 62
" " columnar section, 63,64
Latitude of Pottsville Court-House, 40°, 41, 10'', 22
" " Wilkes Barre Court-House 41°, 14', 40", .22
Lattimer, in Luzerne county, Eastern Middle Coal Field, Lattimer collieries Nos. 1 and 2 in vicinity of, 206
Laurel Hill colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field 206
" Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" Run colliery. Northern Coal Field, 204
Laux, Peter, operator of Tremont Lands colliery, 213
Law colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Law in Pennsylvania in regard to survey of mines, 2
Lawrence, Jacob S., operator of Lawrence colliery, 209
" John A., operator of Wolf Creek Diamond colliery, 213
L coal bed at Scranton, ... 224
Leggitt's Creek colliery. Northern Coal Field, 202
Legislature, 2
382 A A. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburnee.
Page.
Lehigh Canal first transported coal from the Wilkes Barre region in 1846, 195
" O. & Nav. Co. began mining and shipping coal in 1820, 194
" " " " cross sections, 41
" " " " report of, 1869, 84
" " " " operatorsof BreakersNos. 3, 4, 5, 6,8,9, lOand 11 collieries, 211
Lehigh Region, outlines defined, 190
" " production of, 190
" Lehigh Riddle," geological structure of the, at Nesquehoning, 48
" and Susquehanna R. R., opened to Phillipsburg in 1868, . . . 195
Lehigh Valley Coal Co. , operators of Continental, Exeter, Heidelberg,
(shaft,) Henry, Prospect, Mineral Spring, Midvale, and Packer Nos. 1, 2,3, and 4 collieries, . . 202,203,204,209
" R. R. began transporting coal to Phillipsburg in 1855, . 195
" " " shipment of coal over, 193
" & Wilkes Barre Coal Co. began operations in 1874, 195
" " " " and D. & H. C. Co., authority for Wilkes
Barre section, ... . . 224
" " " " operatorsof Empire, Diamond, Hartford,
Hollenback, Honeybrook Nos. 1, 4, and 5, Nottingham, Reynolds, Sugar Notch Shaft, (No. 9), Slope, (No. 10), and Wanamie collieries, . . 204,207
Leisenring, E. B. & Co., operators of Tresckow colliery, 207
" J. & Co., " Council Ridge Nos. 2 and 5 collieries, 206
Lentz, L. P., operator of Coplay colliery, 208
Lesley, J. P., survey ordered by, 1,8,128
" " underground contour system originated in America by, 8
" instructions in regard to tables containing colliery estimates, 128
Levan's slope colliery, Southern Coal Field, section througli, 79
Lewis coal bed east of Pottsville, 238
" Tract colliery, 213
Lilly, Gen. Wm., 24
Lime in anthracite ash, 184
Limestone, No. XI, folded in Kittatinny valley, 30
Lincoln colliery. Southern Coal Field, 214
Linderman, Skeer & Co., operatorsof Humboldt and East Sugar Loaf
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 collieries, 207
Little bench of the Mammoth coal bed, at Tunnel No. 9, 96
" Diamond coal bed in the Pottsville shaft, 239
" Orchard " n n " " " 239
" " " " " " vicinity of Ellengowan colliery, 234
Little Schuylkill R. R. began shipping coal in 1832, . . 194
" " River, Sharp Mountain mine workings east of, 167
" " " section along at Tamaqua, 78
Little Tracy coal bed in the Pottsville shaft, . 239
Llewellyn, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Black Mine colliery m the vicinity of, . 213
Lloyd, William, operator of Chandlier Tract colliery, 213
Location of mining works, . . 10
Locust Dale, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field, Potts and Keystone collieries in the vicinity of, 209
Genekal Index.
Aa. 383
Page.
Locust Gap, ia Northumberland county, Western Middle Coal Field ; Locust Gap, Locust Spring, and Monitor collieries in the vicinitj' of, 209 " Summit, in Northumberland county, Western Middle Coal-held,
Merriam colliery in the vicinity of, 209
" Mountain basin, 24
" " gapi section through, 80
" " " strata exposed in, 28
" " " at Tamaqua, Cross section No. 12 through, 78
Logan colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Longitude, Pottsville Court-House east of Washington, 51', 10.6", ... 22
" of Wilkes Barre Court-House east of Washington, 1°, 10', 3.6", 22
Lorberry district, collieries in, 213
Lorenz, Louis, operator of Pinedale colliery, 211
Loss of coal in mining, 176
" " " " preparation, 176
Lower Red Ash group, beds comprised in, 86
" " " " at Tamaqua, 237
Lower Rausch Creek colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Lowest tidal level. Mammoth bed basins, . . 39
Loyalsock Coal basin, production of, in 1881 and 1882, 214
" " held, production of, ... 189
" " " not included in Sheafer's or Jones' tables, 192
Lucas Coal Co., operators of Lucas colliery, 202
Luke Fidler colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
Lump coal, dehnition of, 183
Luzerne county, production of coal in, 218
Lycoming county. Geological Map of, 198
Lykens Valley coal beds, description of, 107
" " " " no estimate made of contents, 138
" " " bed, at Eckert colliery, 239
" " " " at Tamaqua, 237
" " " " in Locust Mountain gap, 107
" " " " in Locust Mountain gap not found in Rhume
Run gap, ... 49
" " " " (Upper No. 1,) near Shamokin, 236
" " " " (Lower No. 0,) near Shamokin, 236
" " district, collieries in, . . 214
" " hrst shipped coal-westward in 1839, 195
Lykenstown, in Dauphin county. Southern Coal-held, Short Mountain
colliery in vicinity of, 214
Lyman, Benjamin Smith, underground contour curve maps made by, . 8
" " " author of paper on " Telescopic Measurements
in Surveying," . 329
" " " remarks by, on the exactness of stadia work, . 339
M.
MacFarlane, T. P., operator of Chauncey colliery, 205
Magnesia in anthracite ash, 184
384 xlA PvEPOET OF PEOGEESS. C. A. ASHBUENEE.
rage.
Magnetic block lines on Panther Creek sheets, 7
" variation at Lansford, 1869, 5°, 45' west, 22
" " at Pottsville, 1882, 5°, 52' west, 22
" " at Wilkes Barre, 1882, 6°, 30' west, 22
Mahanoy City, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field ; Coplay, East Lehigh, Elmwood, Glendon, Laurel Eidge, Mahanoy Cit5% North Mahanoy, North Star, Primrose, Schuylkill, Tunnel Eidge, Webster,
and West Lehigh collieries in the vicinity of, 207,208,209,212
Mahanoy Coal Field, Bear Eidge anticlinal in, 58
" districts collieries in, . . ... . 207,208
Mahanoy Plane, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field ; Bear Eidge No. 1, No. 2, and Lawrence collieries in the vicinity of, 209
" and Shenandoah basins , section of coal measures in, 234
Mahany & Co., operators of Mammoth colliery, . . , , . 212
Maizeville, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Stanton colliery in
vicinity of, . . . . . . 209
Maltby colliery, Northern Coal Field, 205
Maltby, C. S., operator of Maltby colliery 205
r D coal bed, (bottom split,) "Cross cut" coal bed Mammoth coal bed, ? (middle split,)
( E coal bed, (top split,) surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed on —
Mine sheet No. 1, (863 acres,); total original contents of commercial
" " " II, (4,406 acres ); total original contents of commercial coal, (234,933,419 tons,) 139
" " " III. (5,591 acres, ); total original contents of commercial coal, (298,246,725,) 140
average thickness of, on —
Mine sheet No. I, 29'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 23', 1.38 " " " II, 55'; average thickness coal contained in bed, 27', 139
" " " III, 43'; average thickness coal contained ill bed, 27', 140
total original contents of commercial coal under Panther Creek valley,
" " " " " " between outcrop and -f500',
" " " " " " " -fSOO'and tide level,
" " " " " " " tide level and — 500',
" " " " " " below — 500',
total coal mined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley,
total coal remaining January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, (524,543,667 tons,) 169
General Index.
Aa. 385
Page.
Mammoth coal bed, abnormal thickness of, 95
" " " description of, 93
" " " chemical analysis of, 179
" coals from, at Draper, Ebervale No. 2, Jeddo Nos. 3 and 4, (or Oakdale Nos. 1 and 2,) Kohinoor. Spring Brook No. 5, Spring Mountain No. 4, St. Nicholas, and Turkey Run
collieries, Preface.
outcrop of and surface area underlaid by, on Mine
sheets, 94,132
areas on Panther Creek Mine sheets underlaid by, . 123
area of surface of the floor of, 132
areas in Panther Creek basin between cross section
lines underlaid by, 123
basins, elevations of bottoms of, in Panther Creek valley, 34
amount of coal taken out of Panther Creek valley from, up to January 1, 1883, (47,826,441 tons,) . 94,169 coal taken from, 88 per cent, of total coal taken out of Panther Creek valley, ... .94
91.5 per cent, of original contents of, in Panther Creek
valley still remain, 95
eroded south of shaft No. 1, 28
composition of, at Nesquehoning, 187
sections of, at Greenwood colliery, 101, 102
" member in vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234 middle member in vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234
in Hazleton basin, 232
in Pottsville shaft 239
section of, at Dry Hollow slope, 99
sections measured by L. C. & Nav. Co. 95
" " in Hell Kitchen valley, 102
" " in vicinity of Nesquehoning slope
No. 3, . . 95
" " at the Old Summit Hill quarry, . 98
" " " Tunnel No. 5, 96
" " " " No. 8, 97
" " " " No. 9, 96,99,100
abnormal thickness of, at Shenandoah colliery, (150
thickness of, at Foster's tunnel, 102
" " " Hacklebarney tunnel, 102 ®
" " " Colliery No. 3, (Nesquehoning,) . . 102
" " " " "4, 102
" " " " "5, 102
" " " " "6, 102
" " " "7 102
386 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Mammoth coal bed, thickness of, at Colliery No. 8, . 102
" " " " " " "9, 102
a it it f. it it a it 202
" " " " " " Greenwood colliery, 103
" '' " " " " Sliarp Mountain colliery, 103
" " " " " " Summit Hill colliery, 102
" " " top split, (No. 9,) at Shamokin, 235
" " " " member in the vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234
" " " squeezed out, . . 67
" " " " " foot of slope No. 4, 30
" " " pinching or squeezing out, 57
" " " probably faulted at Greenwood, Section No. 10, . . 74
" " " splits of, shown in tunnel of Greenwood slope. No. 2, 77
" " " thickest section of, in Anthracite Region, . . . 95
" " most extensively mined of Panther Creek coals, . 94
Mammoth anticlinal, ... 29
Maps made for Mine Inspectors, 16
Marcy township, Luzerne county , Northern Coat Field ; BarnumNo. l,No.
2, Columbia, Phcenix, and Stectler collieries in the vicinity of, . 202,203 Marketable coal contained in a bed, variable factors in computation of, . 87
" " produced for two years ending January 1, 1882, in Panther
Creek collieries, . 174
Market sizes, composition of, in Panther Creek coals, . . 181
Markle, G. B. & Co., operators of Highland Nos. 1 and 2, and Oakdale
Nos. 1 and 2 collieries, 205,206
" " " " on Union Improvement Co.'s property, 231
Marvin colliery. Northern Coal Field, 202
" " " " ' top of, 79
" " " " in front of Hacklebarney tunnel, . 46
Mauchline, Robert, Mine Inspector, Second Schuylkill District, 215
Maj", Audenried & Co., operators of Buck Ridge colliery, 211 '
May, Isaac & Co., operators of Morris Ridge colliery, 210
McCauley Mountain region, mining began in, 1858, 195
McCreath, Andrew S., . . . ... 178,181,182
McNair, Thomas S., authority for Hazleton colliery section, 232
McNair & Co., operators of Harleigh colliery, 206
Meadow Brook colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Meridian lines on Mine sheets, 2,000' apart, 6
" Panther Creek sheets, magnetic, of 1869, 21
Merriam colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" " made first shipment of coal over Shamokin, Sunbury
and Lewisburgand Jersey Shore and Pine Creek Railroads, June 28, 1883, 196
Methods and appliances for mining anthracite, 182
Method of constructing cross sections, . . 42
" " contouring the IMammoth coal bed in Panther Creek basin, . 42
" " estimatng the contents of anthracite coal beds in the past, . . 108
" " mapping coal mines by mining engineers, 1
General Index.
Aa. 387
Page.
Method of mining, 176
" " obtaining contents of coalbeds, original design of, 126
" " representing the structure in cross sections, 43
" " used by Geological Survey in estimating contents of anthracite coal beds, . . 109
Middle Carbon and Luzerne Mine Inspector's District, production and
shipment of, I8S1-1882, 215
" Creek colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
" Lehigh " " " 212
Middleport, in Schuylkill county, Southern Coal Field, North Dale and
Pinedale collieries in the vicinity of, 211,212
Midvale colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Mill Creek, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Keiin and Repp
colliery in the vicinitj' of, . . . 212
" " in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Mill Creek and Bennett collieries in the vicinity of, 204,205
" " Coal Co., operators of Middle Lehigh colliery, 212
Miller, Graeff & Co., operators of Lower Rausch Creek colliery, 213
" Hoch & Co., operators of Stanton colliery, 209
" Levi & Co., opera*ors of lincoln colliery, 214
Mills coal bed in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
Millstone Grit, base of, identified, 221
Milnesville coal stripping, . . . . 232
Milnesville, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Milnesville
collieries Nos. 6 and 7 in the vicinity of, 200
Mine Hill Gap colliery, Southern Coal Field, 212
Mine Inspectors, coal statistics reported by 188
" " maps made for, 16
" " list of working collieries, . . 198
" " reports, inconsistencies in production and shipment statistics of, 216,217
Mine levels, . 17
" maps, scale 100'=!'', 17
" " in Lehigh Region, 17
" " " Northern Coal Field, 17
" " in Western Middle Coal Field, 17
" " n00'=l",) very accurate, 2
" output, distribution of, . . . . 175
" sheets, conclusions to be derived from, S
" information which contour lines on, show, 9
" " description of material contained on, 6
" " distance between border lines (23,000' by 19,000',') 5
" " scale of, 4
" " surface features represented by,
" " underground features represented b}', 7
Mine statistics in Panther Creek vallej' for two 5ears, ending January 1,
" workings at colliery No. 9 under water (1883,), 221
Mines between Mahano City and Shenandoah, map of, 235
" personal examination made of, 19
Mining anthracite, methods and appliances for, 182
388 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Asiiburker.
Page.
Mining of anthracite beds less than 4' or 5' thick unprofitable, 241
" complications produced by misnaming of beds 220
" geologist, method of research employed by experienced, 12
" in Northern Coal Field independently conducted, 228
" waste in, . . 176
Mineral R. R. and Mining Co., operatorsof Cameron, Hickory Ridge, Luke
Fidler and Pennsylvania collieries, 211
" " " " " " sections on property of, 236
Mineral Spring colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Minersville, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field ; Black Heath, Black Valley, Chandler, Chandler Tract, Dun das, Gate Vein, Lewis Tract, Mine Hill Gap, and Wolf Creek Diamond collieries in the vicinity of, 212,213
Miscellaneous sheets, 5
" " description of, 16
" sheet No. I, . , 107
" " " IT, description of, 197
" " " III, description of, 121
Mitchel & Sj'monds, operators of East Lehigh colliery, 135,212
Mocanaqua colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Monitor colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" " Southern Coal Field, 212
Monroe colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Montana, in Columbia county. Western Middle Coal Field, Monroe colliery in the vicinity of, . 210
" No. 1 colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Montelius, Righter, & Co., operators of Mt. Carmel colliery, -209
Monument in the Wilkes Barre Court-House yard, inscription on, . . 247
Moosic, Lackawanna township, Lackawanna county. Northern Coal Field,
Spring Brook colliery in the vicinity of, 203
Morgan, George, operator of Corinda colliery, 212
Morning Star colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Morris, A. & Co., operators of Fairmount colliery, 202
Morris Canal opened, Phillipsburg to Newark, in 1831, 194
Morris and Essex R. R. opened in 1837, 194
Morris Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Mosier colliery. Northern Coal Field, 202
Mt. Carmel, in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field ;
Bellmore, Black Diamond, Mt. Carmel, Reliance, and Mt.
Carmel Shaft collieries in the vicinity of, 209,210
" " topographical map, east and west of, 15
Mt. .Jefferson Plane, ... . . 32
Mt. Laffee, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Beechwood and Oak Hill collieries in the vicinity of, . . . . 211,212
Mt. Pleasant, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Mt. Pleasant
colliery in the vicinity of, 207
Mt. Pleasant colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Mount Pisgah, section through, 25
" Mudholo," in Tunnel No. 9, 31,67,68,69
Myers, Geo. H. & Co., operators of Spring Brook collieries Nos. 5 and 6, 207 Myers, Samuel B., operator of Keim & Repp colliery, . . 212
Myers, McCreary & Co., operators of Bear Ridge collieries Nos. 1 and 2, 209
General Index,
Aa. 389
N.
Page.
Naming of coal beds, 85
" " " in Locust and Sharp Mountain gaps at Tamaqua, . 238
Nanticoke basin, section of coal measures in, . 226
Nanticoke, in Luzerne county, Northern Coal Field ; Breaker No. 1, No.
2, No. 3, or Grand Tunnel, and No. 5 collieries in the vicinity of, . . . 204
National colliery, Northern Coal Field, 201
Necessity for new plan of mapping, 2
Nescopec creek, 26
Nesquehoning, in Carbon county. Southern Coal Field, Breaker colliery
No. 3 in the vicinit5' of, . . 211
Nesquehoning colliery. No. 3. — See Colliery No. 3, at Nesquehoning.
" coals, composition of, . 179,187
" complicated structure of coal beds at, 13
" creek, 26
" Railroad tunnel, cross section through, 62
" " " columnar section through, 63,64
" " and Plane built in 1831, 194
" slope No. 3, sections of Mammoth coal bed, 95
" jnines, elevations in, . 35
" Valley R. R. and Tunnel in Panther Creek basin opened
in 1870, . . 195
" " cross section from, toMauch Chunk valley, ... 47
" village, ... 26
New Boston, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Middle Lehigh
colliery in the vicinity of, 212
New Castle, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field; New Castle, Crystal, Ellsworth, Repplier, and Jugular collieries in the vicinity of, ... ... 212,213
" " Station, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Morning
Star and Oakwood collieries in the vicinity of, 212
New County or H coal bed at Scranton, 224
" method of Geological Survey of estimating contents of Anthracite
Coal Fields, ... 109
" method of mapping proposed November, 1880, 2
" " " " the Anthracite Coal Fields of Penna., . . . . 2,109
" system proposed for naming coal beds, 85
New Philadelphia, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Eagle Hill and Palmer Vein collieries in the vicinity of, ... . 211,212
New York, Lake Erie, and Western Railway began raining and shipping
coal 1871, . . . 195
" " " " " " " shipment of coal over, . . 193
Non-parallelism of coal beds, 220
North Ashland colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" Dale " Southern Coal Field, 212
" Franklin " Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" Mahanoy " " " " 208
" Penn R. R. opened in 1857, leased by P. & R. R. R. Co. in 1879, . . 195
" Star colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Northumberland county, production of coal in, 218
390 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Northern Coal Field, 15
" " basins shallower than in Schuylkill region, 228
" " difiicultj in selecting typical sections of, 228
" " mine levels in, 17
" " sections of coal measures in, 222
" " report on, 228
" Coal Co. operators of Eagle colliery, 203
Norwegian shafts— <See Pottsville shafts — section of, 238
Nottingham colliery. Northern Coal Field, 204
O.
Oakdale colliery. Western Middle Coal Field,
" collieries Nos. 1 and 2, Eastern Middle Coal Field, 206,209
" " " " or Jeddo Nos. 3 and 4. at Jeddo, Luzerne
county, chemical analysis of Mammoth
bed coal from, Preface.
Oak Hill colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Oakwood " " " " 212
O'Connor, P., operator of Kirk Line colliery, 213
Ockerson, J. A., and Jared Teeple, stadia reduction tables by, for use of U.
S. Lake Survey, . . . 332
Old Forge township, Lackawanna county. Northern Coal Field, Shaft
colliery No. 13 and Sibley colliery in, 203
Old Mauch Chunk tunnel, 142
" Summit Hill quarry, section of Matnmoth coal bed at, 98
Olyiihant borough, in Lackawanna county. Northern Coal Field, Grassy
Island and Olyphant colliery No. 2 in, 200
Operating collieries, total production of, for 1881, 200
Orchard Coal bed, in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
" " " vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234
" " " in Pottsville shaft, 239
" Tunnel, or H coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
Original contents of Panther Creek colliery areas, 170
" '' " coal in Panther Creek valley, . . ,140,169
Orwin, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Kalmia colliery in the
vicinity of, . 214
Otto colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Overturned dexures at Shenandoah, Stanton, Rhume Run, 30
" Coaldalo anticlinal west of Tunnel No. 5, 30,31
" anticlinals in Pennsylvania, 30
" conglomerate strata along Sharp Mountain, 46
" of Shaft anticlinal, 63
P.
Packer collieries. Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, Western Middle Coal Field, 209 Palm, B. F. A Son, operators of New Castle colliery, 212
GEXEUAL liSDEX.
Aa. 391
Page.
Palmer coal bed east of Pottsville, 238
" Vein colliery, Southern Coal Field, 212
Pancoast Coal Co., operators of Pancoast Shaft and Slope collieries, . . . 202
Panther Creek coals sampled June 26th and 27th, 1882, 178
" " " chemical analysis of, 179
" " " specific gravity of, 179
" " " composition of ash, 184
" " " " " market sizes, 181
" " Cross section sheets, 41
" " district, collieries in, 211
" " mines, coal estimates of, 19
" " " elevations in, 37
" " Mine sheets, 21
" " " " illustrate method of mapping, 10
" " report, length of, 5
Paraboloid, surface area of, 110
Parallelism of coal beds, 220
Pardee, Ario & Co., operators of Cranberry, East Crystal Ridge, Hazleton, Hazleton, No. 3, and No. 6, Laurel Hill, Sugar Loaf, and South
Sugar Loaf collieries, . . 206,207
" Bros. & Co., operators of Lattimer, No. 1 and No. 2 collieries, . . 206 " Calvin & Co., operators of Hollywood colliery and Hollywood and
Milnesville coal quarries, . 206,232
" Sons & Co., operators of Mount Pleasant colliery, 207
Parlor coal bed on Jeddo p>roperty, . . 231
Patterson & Llewellyn, operators of Big Mountain colliery, 210
Payne, W. G. & Co., operators of East Boston colliery, 205
Peach Orchard collieries. Southern Coal Field, 212
Pea coal, chemical analysis of, 182
" " how screened, 183
Peach Mountain coal bed, in Pottsville shaft, 238
Peerless colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Pennsylvania Anthracite Co., operators of Greenwood and Sibley collieries, 203
" Coal Co. began business in 1850, 195
" " " shipment of coal by, 193
" " " operators of Barnum Nos. I and 2, Gipsy Grove
Shafts, Nos. 3 and 4, Law, Shaft No. 1, Shaft No.
2 Dunmore, Shafts Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 ; Slopes Nos. 2, 4, and 6 ; and Stark and
Tunnel No. 1 collieries, 201,202,203
" colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 211
" R. R., . . . . . . 192
" and N. T. R. R. opened to Waverly in 1869, 195
Percentage of coal consumed at collieries in Mine Inspectors' Districts, in
" " " shipped from each field in Anthracite Coal Region, . 190
Philadelphia, meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1,109 & Reading Coal & Iron Co., authority for El langowan section, 234 " " " " " " " Trevorton " 235
392 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Philadelphia & Reading Coal <fc Iron Co., authority for Belmont . section, 238 " " " " " " " Pottsville shaft " 238
" " " " " " " Eckert colliery " 239
" " " " " began mining and shipping coal
in 1873, ... 195
" " " " " sketch map of lands, by Joseph
S. Harris, . . 198
" " Railroad began transporting coal through to Port
Richmond in 1842, 195
" " " shipment of coal over, 193
" " " leased C. R. R. of N. J., May 29,1883, . 196
" " " " Del. & Bound Brook R. R in 1879, 196
" " " map of First and Second Anthracite
Basins, 3
" " " C. & I. Co., operators of Bast, Bear Run,
Bear Valley, Beechwood, Burnside, Boston Run, Colket, Conner, Eagle Hill, Ellangowan, Elmwood, East Franklin, Forestville, Gilberton, Girard, Girard Mammoth, Glendower, Hammond, Indian Ridge, Keystone, Knickerbocker, Locust Spring, Mahanoy City, Merriam, Middle Creek, Mine Hill Gap, Mt. Carmel Shaft, North Ashland, North Franklin, North Mahanoy, Otto, Phoenix Park Nos. 2 and 3, Pine Forest, Plank Ridge, Potts, Pottsville, Preston Nos. 1, 2 and 3; Reliance, Richardson, St. Nicholas, Schuylkill, Shenandoah City, Swatara, Thomaston, Tunnel, Tunnel Ridge, Turkey Run, Wadesville, West Brookside,and West Shenandoah collieries, 207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214
Phillips & Sheafer, operators of Kalmia colliery, 214
Phillips tunnel, . . 27
Phoenix Coal Co., operators of Phoenix colliery, 202
" Park, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Phoenix Park
collieries Nos. 2 and 3 in the vicinity of, 213
Phosphorus in anthracite coal, 182
Phosphoric acid iii anthracite ash, 184
Physical appearance of coal poor guide for fuel value, 181
Pierce colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Pine Brook colliery, " " " 201
Pinching out of Mammoth coal bed, 57
Pinedale colliery. Southern Coal Field, 211
Pine Forest " " " " 211
" Grove, first shipment of coal made from, in 1837, 194
" Ridge colliery, Northern Coal Field 204
Pioneer " Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Pittston borougli, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field ; Beaver, Eagle,
Seneca, Tompkins, and Twin collieries in, 202,203
" Coal Co., operators of Seneca and Twin collieries, 202,203
" district, collieries in, . . 202
" township, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field : Butler, Fairmount, Heidelberg, (Shaft,) Law, and Tunnel No. 1 collieries in, ... 202,203
Plainsville, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field; Enterprise, Henry, Hillman, Laurel Run, Midvale, Mineral Spring, Pine Ridge, Prospect, and Wjmming collieries in the vicinity of, 203,204,205
Getehal Index.
Aa. 393
Page.
Plan of naming basins and anticlinals, 22
" " work, 16
Planimeter, 122
" checks on measurement made by, - 131
Plank Ridge colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Platt, Franklin 177
" " Report A2, 2
Pleasant Valley, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Hillside and
Shaft No. 12 collieries in the vicinity of, 202,203
Plicated coal beds, estimating contents of, 109
Plymouth, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field ; Avondale, Boston, Chauncey, Dodson, Gaylord, Nottingham, Reynolds, Plymouth
Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 collieries in the vicinity of, 204,205
" Coal Co., operators of Dodson colliery, 205
Pocketed coal bed, . 184
" " '' chemical analysis of, 187
" " south of Nesquehoning shaft No. 1, 52
Pocono rocks around Kettle Mountain, ... 24
Pond Creek, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Pond Creek
colliery in the vicinity of, . 205
" " Coal Co., operators of Pond Creek colliery, 205
Poole, R. S., operator of R. S. Poole colliery, 205
Porter township, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, West Brook-side
colliery in, 214
Potts colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Pottsville astronomical station in Schuylkill county prison yard, map showing position of, . . 249
" and Wilkes Barre, geographical positions of, as determined by
Professor C. L. Doolittle, 324
" latitude of astronomical station, 40°, 41', 9.13", 323
" longitude of astronomical station, 3m., 24.71s., 269
" basin, disappointments ill mining enterprises in, 219
" " section of coal measures in, 238
" " system of naming coal beds in, ... 85
" in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Pottsville and Sharp
Mountain collieries in the vicinity of, 211,212
" " " at Hacklebarney, 44,45
" " " in Lansford R. R. tunnel, 64
" " " north of Mt. Pisgah, 24
" " " in Nesquehoning R. R. tunnel, 64,65,66
" " " in Rhume Run gap, ... 50
" " " section of bore hole at Gowen, . . 230
" " " no limit assigned to top of, ... 81
" section of, in Locust Mountain gap, 80
" section of, in Sharp Mountain gap, 81
" thickness of, in Locust Mountain
gap, ... 79
Court-House, latitude 40°, 41', 10" ; Longitude, east of Washington, 51', 10.6", 22
gap, overturned conglomerate in, 46
394 Aa. Report Of Progress. C. A. Asiibtjrner.
Page.
Pottsvilie magnetic variation in, 1882, 5° 52' west, 22
" office, details of work in, 18
" shafts, section of, 238
Powell, E. L., operator of Oakdale colliery, 209
Preston, Nos. 1 and 2, and No. 3 collieries. Western Middle Coal Field, . 209 Primrose coal bed, probably the same as F bed. Panther Creek basin, . . 221
" " " in Pottsvilie shaft, . ... 239
" " '-in the vicinity of Ellangowan colliery, 234
" " " at Draper and Kohiiioor collieries, chemical analysis
of Preface.
" Jonestown colliery, in the vicinity of, 213
" Coal Co., operators of Primrose colliery, 208
Principles of mining, 176
Private professional work, value of, 131
Production of Anthracite Region, demand for estimates of, 189
" (total) of the Anthracite Coal Fields, 188
" of the Anthracite Coal Fields for 1882, by counties 218
" " coal for 1882, reported by Mine Inspectors, 192
" " Mine Inspectors' Districts for 1881-2, 215
" " Panther Creek mines, 172
" " " " valley, . 173
" statistics. Anthracite Coal Fields, comparison of different authorities, . . ... 217
Productive Coal Measures and Pottsvilie Conglomerate, no defined division between, ... . 46
Progress of Anthracite Survey to Jan. 1, 1883, Frontispiece, 6
" " Geological Survey in Anthracite Region, 197
Prospect colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Publication, cost of, . 5
Purity of coal dependent upon distribution of slate in bed, 182
Pyne colliery, Northern Coal Field, 201
Q.
Quakake R. K. opened in 1840, 195
Quarrying of coal in Black Creek Basin, 242
Questions most important, practically, to be answered by Anthracite Survey, 126
Quinn, J. F., operator of Repplier colliery, 212
R.
Raabe & Fey, operators of Greenwood colliery, 211
Racket Brook colliery. Northern Coal Field, 200
Raubville colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
Rausch Gap colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Geieral Index.
Aa. 395
Page.
Raven Eun, in Schuylkill county, Western Middle Coal Field, Cujder and Girard Mammoth collieries in the vicinity of, . . . . 209
Records of shafts and drill holes obtained in the Northern Coal Field, . 228
Red Ash coal beds, Nos. 1 and 2, 76
" " " " (Upper.) — iSee First, Second, Third Upper Red Ash.
" " " bed (F coal bed,) chemical analysis of coal from, 179
" " " " No. 1, no estimate made of contents, 88
" " " " " 1, detailed sections of. Tunnel No. 11, 92,93
Red Ash coals, composition of ash, 184
" " " Panther Creek valley, chemical analysis of, 179
" and White Ash coals, distinction between, 180
" Ash, or B coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 226
" " coal bed overturned in Hell Kitchen basin, . 109
" " " Co., operators of Red Ash Nos. 1 and 2 collieries, 205
" " colliery bore hole, ... 226
Refuse sent from breakers to dirt banks, at Panther Creek collieries, for
2 j'ears, ending .Januarj' 1, 1883, 174
" " " mine to dirt banks, for 2 years, 174
" (total,) produced at Panther Creek collieries, for 2 years, . . . 174
Relation between the surface area underlaid by Mammoth Coal bed , and
the area of the floor of the bed, 134
" of composition of coals to their geological structure, 184
Reliance colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
Report AC, by Dr. H. M. Chance, 182
" A 2, by Franklin Platt, 2,177
" G2, 189
" N, 40
" of Progress, 176
Repplier colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
Reynolds* Roberts, operators of North Star colliery, 208
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, . . . 204
Rhodes, Oliver, . . 95
Rhume Run gap, no Lykens Valley beds found in, 49
" " " Pottsville conglomerate in, . 50
" " overturned anticlinal, 26,27
Richardson collierj. Southern Coal Field, 213
Rile}', Lewis A. & Co., operators of Centralia, Hazel Dell, and Logan
collieries, 210
Roaring Brook colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Robinson, M. E. , operator of Carson colliery, 211
" sections, scale of, 4
Roderick, James E., Mine Inspector of Southern Carbon and Luzerne District, 215
Rogers, Prof. H. D,. 22,47
" flnal report, 85,94,219
" Prof., Map of Anthracite Coal Fields, 1858, 3
Roof falls, mines closed by , . . 171
" self-sustaining over Shaft anticlinal, (Nesquehoning,) 144
Ross, or C coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
" " " " Wilkes Barre, 226
396 Aa. Tiepokt Of Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Rothwell, Richard P., topographical map Northern Coal Field, by, ... 15
" " " magnetic variation at Lansford determined bj', . 22
" " " report on Panther Creek basin by, 33
" " " identification of coal beds considered by, 83
" " " section through Rhume R\m tunnel, 48
" " " " of Tunnel No. 7, 63
" " " good work done by, 84
" " " shipment and production statistics for 1881 by, . 218
Royal Oak colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Rutter, John C., 133,135,178,181,221
Ryan, James, Mine Inspector, 3d Schuylkill District, 215
Salem Coal Co., operators of Salem colliery, 205
Sampling Panther Creeks coals, . 178
" other coals, . Preface,
Sandy Run, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Sandy Run
colliery in the vicinity of, 205
Schuylkill Canal completed from Mt. Carbon to Philadelphia in 1825, . . 194
" colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
" county, production of coal in, 218
" " township atlas of, 198
" districts, collieries in, 211,212
" Region, outline defined, 190
" " production of, 190
Schwenk, William & Co., operators of Black Diamond colliery, 209
Scott, Charles B., map of Anthracite Region drawn by, 198
Scranton, Lackawanna county, Northern Coal Field, 6
" di.strict, collieries in, 201
1st ward, Leggitt's Creek and Marvin collieries in.
" 2d " Lucas and Von Storch collieries in, 201,202
" 3d " Cayuga colliery in, 201
" 5th " Hyde Park colliery in, 201
" 7th " Fairlawn and Pine Brook colliery in, 201
" 13th " Jermyn's No. 3, Jermyn'sGreen Ridge, Jermyn's No.
3 Shaft colliery in, 201
" 14th " Bridge and Mt. Pleasant collieries in, 201
" 15th " Central colliery in, 201
" 20th " Meadow Brook colliery in, 201
" 21st " Brisbin, Capouse, Diamond Tripp Slope, Diamond
Shaft No. 2, and Diamond Slope No. 2 collieries in, 201
" Slope colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
" section of coal measures in the vicinity of, 223
" topographical survey east and west of, 15
Second Geological Survey of the Anthracite Coal Fields (reconnaissance)
commenced August, 1880 ; regularly organized July, 1881, 186
" Schuylkill Mine Inspector's District, production and shipment in
' Upper Red Ash coal bed, , 86
Ge'Ekal Index. Aa. 397
Page.
Second Upper Eed Ash coal bed, outcrop of, 131
surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed on —
thickness of, unknown, 140
original contents of, undetermined, 140
Secretary of Board of Comniissioners, 128
Section of Baltimore bore hole, 225
" " Mammoth coal bed in Tunnel No. 10, 100
" " " .1 u " No. 11, 101
" No. 1, through old tunnel at Hacklebarney, 43
Selkirk bed east of Pottsville, 238
Seneca colliery. Northern Coal Field, 202
Serai conglomerate, base of, identified, 221
Seven-Foot, J, or Abbott coal bed at Wilkes Barre, 224
" " coal bed in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 229
" " bench. Mammoth coal bed in Tunnel No. 9, 96
" " coal bed in Pottsville shaft, . ... 239
" " " " " the vicinity of Ellangowan colliery 235
" " coal bed at Gilberton colliery, chemical analjsis of, . . Preface.
Shaft anticlinal, 28
" " overturned, 63
" basin, 34
" collieries. Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, Northern Coal
Field, 202,203
" No. 2 Dun more colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
Shamokin basin, section of coal measures in, 235
" " system of mining coal beds in, 85
" district, collieries in, . 210
" in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field; Bear Valley, Big Mountain, Buck Ridge, Cameron, Carson, Henry Clay, Luke Fidler, Peerless, and Royal Oak collieries, in the
vicinity of, ... . 210,211
" Division N. C. Railway opened in 1832, 194
" region first shipped coal w'estward in 1839, . 195
" Sunbury and Lewisburg R. R., first shipment of coal over,
June 28, 1883, 196
Sharp Mountain, 23
" " colliery. Southern Coal Field, 212
" " E, Cross-Cut, D, and C coal beds mined at, 166
" " Mine Measurement and Estimates, 166
" " Tons of Coal originally Contained, Mined, and still to
be Mined, 167
" " Dry Hollow and Tamaqua basins, 33
" " gap, Pottsville Conglomerate in, 81
" " " at Tamaqua, Cross section No. 12, through 78
Sheafer, A. W. 22,67
P. W., statistics of coal, 189
Sheets of Anthracite Survey distributed singly, 20
398 Aa. Keport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburker.
Page.
Shenandoah, in Schuylkill county, Southern Coal Field ; Cambridge, Shenandoah City, Indian Ridge, Kehley's Run, Kohinoor, Oakdale, Plank Ridge, Turkey Run, and West Shenandoah collieries in the vicinity of, . . 208,209
" colliery Western Middle Coal Field, abnormal thickness of
" and Mahanoy basin, section of coai measures in, 234
" overturned anticlinal, 30
Shickshinny, in Luzerne county, Northern Coal Field, ... . . . 6
" " " " " " " Salem colliery in
the vicinity of, 205
Shield's Tunnel, columnar section of, 69
Shipment from Mine Inspectors' Districts for 1881-82, 215
" of coal from Anthracite Coal Fields, 190
" statistics of Anthracite Coal Fields, comparison of different authorities, 217
Short Mountain colliery. Southern Coal Field, 214
" " and Lykens Valley Coal Co. , operators of Short Mountain colliery, 214
Sibley colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
Sieve meshes of anthracite breakers, size of, 183
Silica in anthracite ash , 184
Sinking of basins to the west in Panther Creek valley, 34,85
Six-foot bench of Mammoth coal bed at Summit Hill, 98
Size of sheets, 32" by 26", 5
" coal bed in Pottsville shaft, 239
" " " " the vicinity of Ellangowan colliery 234
Slate , distribution of, in anthracite coal , 182
Slaty bench of Mammoth coal bed, at Tunnel No. 9, 96
Sloan colliery. Northern Coal Field, . . 201
Slope coal bed, in Northern Coal Field, different names of, 228
Slopes Nos. 2, 4, and 6 collieries. Northern Coal Field 202,203
Sloije Hillman, or G, coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
" No. 2 workings, Cross section No. 7, through, 66
" " 4, Panther Creek, cross sections through mine workings of, 56,57,62
Slopes No. 4, Nesquehoning, and No. 4, Panther Creek, distinction between, 51
Smith, Wm. T. , operator of Mount Pleasant colliery, 201
Smythe & Ke5'ser, operators of Lancaster colliery, 211
Southern Carbon and Luzerne Mine Inspector's District, production and
shipment of, for 1881-1882, . . 215
" Coal Field, Mine sheet No. I, coal underlying area covered by,
" " " " " " II, coal underlying area covered by,
" " " " " " III, coal underlying area covered by,
" " " mine levels in, 17
A A. 390
Page.
Southern Coal Field, sections of coal measures in , . . 236
" " topographical survey of, proposed, 15
" " " west of Tamaqua, three reports on, 6
South-east gangway at Greenwood colliery, 161,165
" Sugar Loaf colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
Specht, Geo. J. , author of article on "Topographical Surve5'ing," . . . 331
Specific gravity of Panther Creek coals, . 179
" " (average) of Panther Creek coals, (1.6307,) 136
Specimen sheet published in Report A- , 2
Spencer, Edward & Son, operators of Roaring Brook colliery, 201
Sphere, graphical determination of surface area of, 113
" surface area of, 110
Spohn coal bed east of Pottsville, 238
Spring Brook colliery. Northern Coal P'ield, 203
" " Nos. 5 and 6 collieries. Eastern ISIiddle Coal Field, . . 207
" " No. 5 colliery, at Yorktown, Eastern Middle Coal Field,
chemical analyses of Mammoth and Wharton beds coals
from, Preface.
" Mountain Nos. 1, 4, 5 and drift, and 7 collieries. Eastern Middle
Coal Field, 207
" " No. 4 colliery at Jeansville, Eastern Middle Coal Field,
chemical analj'ses of Mammoth and Wharton beds
coals from, Preface,
Spring Tunnel, elevation of, 36
Squeezing out of Mammoth coal bed, 67
" " " " and G coal beds, 30
Stadia measurements, the theory of, discussed by Arthur Winslow, , . 325
" reduction tables, . . 342,343,314
Staffordshire collierjq Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Stager, O. W., Supt. P. and R. and P. Tel. Co., 244
Stanton colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" overturned anticlinal, 30
Stark colliery, Northern Coal Field, 203
State Geologist authorizes Anthracite Survey, 196
" " plan of Anthracite Survey approved by, 128
" Legislature, 129
" Line and Sullivan R. R. Co., operators of Bernice colliery, . . . 214
Statistics of Anthracite Coal Fields, 188
" onMiscellaneoussheetNo.il, 197
" of Panther Creek mines for two years, ending January 1, 1883, 174 St. Clair, in Schuylkill count}', Southern Coal Field; Eagle, Furnace, Peach Orchard, Pine Forest, and St. Clair collieries in the vicinity of, 211, 212 St. Nicholas, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field; St. Nicholas, Bear Run, Coal Run, and Staffordshire collieries in the vicinity of, 208,209 St. Nicholas colliery, at St. Nicholas, chemical analyses of Buck Mountain
and Middle and Bottom Split Mammoth beds coals from, Preface.
Steamboat coal , how screened , . . 183
Sterling colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 210
Stetler, S. N. & Co., operators of Stetler colliery, 203
Stockton, in Luzerne county. Eastern Middle Coal Field; East Sugar Loaf, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 collieries in the vicinity of, 2C7
400 Aa. Report Oe Progress. C. A. Ashburner.
Page.
Stout Coal Co. , operators of Miinesville No. 6 and 7 collieries, 206
Stove coal , chemical analysis of, 182
" " how screened, 183
" and egg coal, size of sample, 178
Strauch & Cochran's Map of the A.nthracite Coal Fields, 3
Structural difficulties of coal beds not explained by chemical analyses, 53, 184
Sturdevant's Map of Luzerne county, 198
Suffolk Coal Co., operators of Coal Run colliery, 208
Sugar Loaf colliery. Eastern Middle Coal Field, 207
Sugar Notch, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Sugar Notch Shaft
No. 9 and Slope No. 10 collieries in the vicinity of, 204
Suliivan county Coal Fields, production of, 189
" " geological map of, 198
Sulphur in Panther Creek coals, 179
Sulphuric acid in anthracite ash, 184
Summit Branch R. R. opened in 1839 194
" " R. R. Co., operators of Wiliiamstown colliery, 214
" Hill anticlinal, 72
" " " boldest in anthracite region , 32
" " " force which produced, 30
" " basin, . . 33
" " colliery. Southern Coal Field, E bed mined at, 158
" " " Mine Measurements and Estimates of, 158
" " " Tons of Coal Originally Contained, Mined, and
still to be Mined, 159
" " mine, area on fire, (56 acres,) 158
" " first coal shipped by L. C. and Nav. Co. from, (1820,) . 194
" " mines, elevations in, 36
" " " production of, 172
" " quarry, section of Mammoth coal bed in, 98
" " " 3,709,287 tons mined from, 159
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed at, 93,98
" " village, 32
Sunbury, Hazleton, and Wilkes Barre R. R. opened in 1870, leased by
Penna. R. R. 1878, 195
Superintendent of Public Printing, 19
Surface areas underlaid by beds in the Panther Creek valley, 131
Surveys made by State corps, . 18
" Panther Creek basin, scale 100'=1", 21
Survey, results of, available to public, 20
" work retarded by coal estimates, 128
Susquehanna Coal Co., authoritj for section at Nanticoke, 226
" " " operators of Breakers Nos. 1, 2, 3 or Grand Tunnel,
and 5 collieries, 204
" " " and Hiilside Coal and Iron Co., operators of Forest
City colliery, 200
" shafts. Nos. 1 and 2 at Nanticoke, Northern Coal Field, sections of, 226
Swatara, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Swatara and Middle
Creek collieries in the vicinity of, 213
Switch Back R. R. 32
Genekal Index.
Aa. 401
Page.
Switch Back R. R., elevations of, 40
Symons, W. R., 79
" " Panther Creek maps, 21
Systematic Geology, Vol. II, Pinal Report, 5
T.
Tables of mining estimates referred to 44
Tamaqua anticlinal, 74
" Dry Hollow, and Sharp Mountain basins, 33
" gap, overturned conglomerate in, . 46
" in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Greenwood and
West Lehigh collieries in the vicinity of, 211
" mines, elevations in , .. 40
" " east of Little Schuylkill River, production of, 172
" most recent coal beds in the vicinity of, . . 85
" Patterson and Biddle streets' intersection marks Dry Hollow
anticlinal, 33
" section made in 1832 and 1853, 79
" " of coal measures at, 236
Taylor, Jeremiah & Co., operators of Big Mine Run colliery, 210
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, . 201
Teeple, Jared, and J. A. Ockerson, stadia reduction tables by, for the
use of the U. S. Lake Survey , 332
Theoretical deductions stated as such, 42
Thickest coal bed in Anthracite Region, 95
Thickness of coal beds, sudden changes in, 130
" (average,) of coal measures in the different anthracite fields, . 218 " average of Third, Second, and First Upper Red Ash, Second and
First Twin coal beds uncertain, 85,86,140,141
" " " .lock coal bed, 87,139,140
" " " Washington coal bed, . 87,139,140
" " " G " " (See colliery tables, pages 138
to 165 inclusive, and . . 87
" " " F " " 138-165,89
" " Mammoth " " 138-167,93
" " " Cross-cut " " 138,139,140,160,164,166
" " " D " " . . . 138,139,140,160,162,164,166
" " " C 103,138,139,140,164,166
" " " B Uk 104,138,139,140,142,164
" " "A 106,138,139,140,164
" " " Ly kens Valley coal beds, 107
" " " Panther Creek coal beds, 135
Third Schuylkill Mine Inspector's District, production and shipment of,
for 1881 and 1882, ... 215
" Upper Red Ash bed, 85
outcrop of, and surface area underlaid by, on —
402 Aa. Eepoet Of Pkogeess. C. A. Ashbuenee.
Page.
Third Upper Eed Ash bed.
area of the surface of the floor of coal bed on —
thickness of, unknown, 140
original contents of, undetermined, 140
Thomas Coal Co., operators of Kehley's Eun colliery, 209
Thomaston colliery. Southern Coal Field, 213
Thomastown in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Kirk Line colliery in the vicinity of, . . ... 213
Three foot or bottom bench of the Mammoth coal bed at Summit Hill , . 98
" " coal bed at Nanticoke, . . . . 227
Throop or Jenny n colliery. No. 4, Northern Coal Field, 202
Tillet & Bro. , operators of Eoyal Oak colliery, 210
Titanic acid in anthracite ash , . 184
Tompkins colliery. Northern Coal Field, 202
Tondy, H. J., operator of Greenback colliery, 211
Tonnage of anthracite transportation companies, 193
Tons of coal which have been taken out of the different coal beds at each colliery, and out of the entire Panther Creek basin, up to January 1, 1883, and the number of tons still remaining for future mining, . . 168,169
Ton of Panther Creek coal contains 22.038 cubic feet, 136
Topographical Surveying," article on, by George J. Specht, 331
Topographical Surveys made by Survey corps, 19
' ' maps, accuracy of, 15
" sheets, description of, 14
" " scale of, 4
" " distance between border lines, (46,000' by 38,000',) 5
Total production of Anthracite Coal Fields, 191
" " " " " " popularly expressed, 192
Transportation statistics, by John H. Jones, 193
Tremont, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Tremont Lands
and Woods collieries in the vicinity of, 213
" township, Lincoln colliery in, . ... ... 214
Tresckow, in Carbon county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Tresckow colliery in the vicinity of, . ... 207
Trevorton, in Northumberland county. Western Middle Coal Field, North
Franklin colliery in the vicinity of, 209
" estate , section of coal measures on , 235
" E. E. opened in 1856, 195
Triangulation survey of the United States, 2
Tunnel No. 1, Panther Creek basin. Southern Coal Field, columnar section of, 49,50
a a a cross section through, 47
" " 2, cross section through, 51
" " " columnar section of, 54
" a a partial production of, 172
" " 4, cross section through, 62
" " 5, cross section through, 57
" " " columnar section of, 61
a a a cross section through mine workings of, 56
" " " sections of Mammoth coal bed, 96
Gexeral Ixdex.
Aa. 403
Page.
Tunnel Nn. 6, cross section through, 57
" " " columnar section of, 59
" " " cross section through mine workings of, ' 56
" " 7, cross section through mine workings of, 62
" " " columnar sections of, . 63,64
" " " Pottsville Conglomerate cut by, 64
' " " 8, cross section through, 66
" " " columnar section of, 71
" " " identification of coal beds at mouth of, 67
" " 9, cross section through, 66
" " " columnar section of, 70
" " " section through, plate, 68
i " " " sections of Mammoth coal bed, 96
f " " " uncertain structure of, 70
" " " confused structure of, 70
" " 10, cross section through, 74
" " " columnar section of, 75
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed, 100
" " 11, cross section through, 77
" " " section of Mammoth coal bed, 101
" of Greenwood slope No. 2, section No. 11, through, 77
colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 209
" No. 1 colliery. Northern Coal Field, 203
" Ridge colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
" Orchard, or H coal bed at Nanticoke, 226
" " " " " " different names of. Northern Coal Field, . 228
Turnbach, Stephen, Commissioner of Luzerne county, name engraved
on Wilkes Barre astronomical monument, 247
Turkey Run colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, . . . 209
" " " at Shenandoah, Western Middle Coal Field, chemical
analysis of Mammoth bed coal from, . Preface. Tuscarora, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, Coaldale anticlinal
has probably disappeared at, ... 34
oxitcrop of, and surface area underlaid by, on—
Mine sheet No. II, (322 acres,); original contents not determined, . 139 " " " III, (792 acres,); original contents notdetermined, . 140
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed on—
MinesheetNo.il, (502 acres, ); original contents not determined, . 139 " " " 111,(1,251 acres, );orignal contentsnotdetermined, . 140
average thickness not known, 86,140
original contents between zones undetermined 141
outcrop of, and surface area underlaid by, on —
area of the surface of the floor of the coal bed on —
MinesheetNo.il, (132 acres,); original contents not determined, . 139 " " " III, (537 acres,); original contentsnotdetermined, . 140
average thickness not known, 86,140
original contents between zones undetermined, 141
404 Aa. Eeport Of Progeess. C. A. Asiibuener.
Page.
Twin coal bed at Nanticoke, 227
" " " in Hazleton basin 232
" " " at Tamaqua, 237
" colliery, Northern Coal Field, 202
Tj.
Underground contour lines, 7
" " system originated in America by Prof. Lesley, . . 8
" " curves, method of constructing, 11
" " " show geological features, 9
" " " used by Hon Eckiey B. Coxe, 8
" " " used by Benjamin Smith Lyman, in Japan, 8
" " " value of, in Anthracite Region, 8
Union Canal first shipped coal from Pine Grove in 1837, 194
" Improvement Co., owners of Ebervale and Jeddo properties, . . 231 Untenable conclusions in Rogers' Report, . . 94
Upper Rausch Creek, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field, East
Franklin colliery in tlie vicinity of, 213
" Red Ash coal group, 85
" " " " " at Tamaqua, 236
" Lehigh, in Luzerne county, Eastern Middle Coal Field; Upper
Lehigh collieries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the vicinity of, . 205 " " Coal Co., operators of the Upper Lehigh collieries, . . . 205
United States Engineers, approximate method used by, in stadia work, . 333
Valley View, in ,Schu3dkill county. Western Middle Coal Field, Rausch
Gap colliery in the vicinity of, 210
Value of analyses of coal beds, 63
" " estimates of coal contents, 130
" maps and sections in Anthracite Region, 18
Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine (Feb., 1880,) contains article on
"Topographical Surveying," ... 331
Variable factors in computation of coal contents, 87
Variation in thickness of coal beds and rock intervals 221
" of benches of Mammoth coal bed, 93
Variability in thickness of coal beds, 241
Vaughn, David & Co., operators of Pioneer colliery, 210
Vine and Elm streets at Tamaqua, change of dip under, 23o
Volatile matter in Panther Creek coals, 179
Von Storch colliery. Northern Coal Field, 201
General Index.
A A. 405
w.
Page.
Waddell, Thos. & Co., operators of Bennett and Everhart collieries, 202,205 Waddell & Walter, operators of Raubville colliery , ... . . 205
Wadesville, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field ; Wadesville,
Corinda, and Monitor collieries in the vicinity of, 211,212
Walling & Gray's Map of Penna. , . 198
Wanamie, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Wanamie colliery in the vicinity of, . ... . 204
Warrior Run, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Warrior Run colliery in the vicinity of, 204
Washington coal bed, . . . 87
outcrop of, in Panther Creek valley, 132
surface area underlaid by, on—
Mine Sheet No. I, 138
area of the surface of the floor of the Coal bed on —
Mine Sheet No. I.
" " " II, (1,689 acres,) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (3,335,499 tons, ) 139
" " III, (2,839 acres,) ; total original contents of commercial coal, (5,604,832 tons,) 140
average thickness of, on —
Mine Sheet No. I.
" " 11,3' ; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 1', 139
" " " III, 3'; average thickness of coal contained in bed, 1', 140
total original contents of commercial coal under Panther Creek valley,
" " " " " " between outcrop and -j-500 ,
" " " " " " " -f500 and tide level,
" " " " " " " tide level and — 500',
(This is the lowest 500' zone in which the Washington coal bed occurs.)
total coal rriined out before January 1, 1883, Panther Creek valley, . 169 " " remaining " " " " "
Washington meridian, 7
Waste, breaker, 176
" in mining anthracite, 2
" " " " in Panther Creek valley, 176
" ' " " " " " basin. Chap. VI, 126
" sent from breakers to dirt banks, at Panther Creek collieries, for
two years, 174
" " " mine to dirt banks, 174
" total produced, 174
Water, mines closed by, 171
" in Panther Creek coals, . . 179
Waterman & Beaver, operators of Beaver colliery, 202
406 Aa. Iieport Of Progress. C. A. Asiiburner.
Page.
Webster colliery, Western Middle Coal Field, 208
Wells, Bard, 22
" " section at Pottsville compiled by, 240
Wenizel, John, . . 135
West Brookside colliery. Southern Coal Field, 214
" Cross Creek colliery No. 1, Eastern Middle Coal Field, 206
" " " basin, section of Gowen bore hole in, 231
Western Union Telegraph Company, 243
West End Coal Co., operators of Mocanaqua colliery, 205
Western Middle Coal Field, mine levels in, 17
" " " " report on, 5
" " ' " sections of coal measures in , 234
" " " " topograpliical map of, 15
" " " " MinesheetNo.il, 235
West Lehigh colliery. Western Middle Coal Field, 208
" " " Soutliern Coal Field, 211
" Mahanoy district, collieries in, 208
" " township, Schuylkill county ; William Penn and Packer
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 collieries in, 209
" Schuylkill district, collieries in, . . 212
" Pittston, in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, Exeter colliery
in the vicinity of, . 203
Wharton coal bed in Hazleton basin, 233
" ' " on Jeddo property, 231
" " in Gowen bore-hole, 229
" " " at Spring Brook No. 5 and Spring Mountain No. 4
collieries, chemical analyses of coals from, . Preface.
White Ash coals in Panther Creek valley, analyses of, 179
" " " composition of ash, 184
" " group at Tamaqua, 237
" and Red Ash coals, distinction between, . . 180
White Oak colliery, Northern Coal Field, 200
Whitebread, S. A., Clerk County Commissioners of Luzerne county,
name engraved on Milkes Barre astronomical monument, 247
Whyins & Morgan, operators of Morning Star colliery, 212
AVilkes Barre and Pottsville, geographical positions of, determined by
Professor C. L. Doolittle, . . 324
" " latitude of astronomical station, 317
" " longitude of astronomical station , 275
" " astronomical station in Court-House yard, map showing
position of, . . 247
" " in Luzerne county. Northern Coal Field, . . 6
" " Baltimore Slope, Baltimore Tunnel, Conyngham, Diamond,
Empire, Franklin, Hollenback, Red Ash Nos. 1 and 2,
and R. S. Poole collieries in the vicinity of, 204,205
MTlkes Barre basin, section of coal measures in, . 224
" " Court-House Latitude 41°, 14', 40"; Longitude, east of
Mashington, lO, lO , 3.6' , 22
" " district, collieries in , 203
" " magnetic variation, 1882, 6°, 30' West, 22
" " office, details of work in , 18
General Index.
Aa. 407
Page.
Wilkes Barre region first shipped coal over L. and S. R. R. planes and
Lehigh Canal in 1846, 195
" " survey office, 228
Williams, G. M., Mine Inspector, Middle Carbon and Luzerne District, 215
" John Q., operator of Bear City colliery, 210
Wiiliam Penn Coal Co., operators of William Penn colliery, 209
Williamstown, in Dauphin county. Southern Coal Field, Williamstown
colliery in the vicinity of, . . 214
Williams Valley, in Dauphin county. Southern Coal Field, Big Run Gap
colliery in the vicinity of, . 214
Wilson, George, operator of Gate Vein colliery, 212
" G. R. <fe Co., operators of Tompkins colliery, 202
Winslow, Arthur, 24,112,178
" " article by, (Appendix B) on "Theory of Stadia Measurements," 325
Winton borough, in Lackawanna county. Northern Coal Field, Filer collieries Nos. 1 and 2 in, . . . 200
Wolf Creek, in Schuylkill county. Southern Coal Field ; Wolf Creek, Big
Diamond, and Black Heath collieries in the vicinity of, 213
Womelsdorf, A. J., . 15
Woods, Geo. S., operator of Woods colliery, 213
Working collieries, change in list of, 198
Wren, Thomas, operator of Sharp Mountain colliery, 212
Wylam, John, operator of Furnace colliery, . . 212
Wyoming basin, names assigned to Mammoth coal bed in 94
" colliery. Northern Coal Field, 205
" and Lackawanna regions, value of mine levels in, 17
" region, production of, 190
" and State Canals opened in 1834, 194
" Valley Coal Co., operators of Forty Fort, Harry E, and Wyoming collieries, 205
Y.
Yatesville, in Schuylkill county. Western Middle Coal Field, Knickerbocker colliery in the vicinity of, 208
Yoke, W. II , operator of Rausch Gap colliery, 210
Yorktown, in Carbon county. Eastern Middle Coal Field, Spring Brook Nos. 5 and 6 collieries in the vicinity of, 207
Z.
Zehner, Wm. D. , 127,135,174,175
" " " section through Rhume Run tunnel, 48
Zeubling, J. E., Supt. W. U. Tel. Co., at Philadelphia, 244
Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania
REPORTS FOR 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, AND 1883.
Reports have been issued by the Board of Commissioners, and the prices thereof fixed in accordance with the law authorizing their publication, as follows ;
Prices Op Reports.
A. Histokical, Sketch op Geological Explorations in Pennsylvania and other States. By J. P. Lesley. With appendix, containing Annual Reports for 1874 and 1875 ; pp. 226, 8vo. Price in paper, $0 25 ; postage, ?0 06. Price in cloth, §0 50 ; postage, §0 10.
A2. Special Report to the Legislature upon the Causes, Kinds, AND Amount of Waste in Mining Anthracite Coal. By Franklin Piatt. With a chapter on Methods of Mining. By John Price Wetherill. Illustrated by 35 figures of mining operations and a Plan of an Anthracite Breaker. Price, $1 10; postage, $0 12.
AA. Southern Anthracite Field, Volume 1, Panther Creek Atlas — 1882. Contains 13 sheets, as follows : 3 mine sheets, 3 cross section sheets, 3 columnar section sheets, 1 topographical sheet, and 1 coal bed area sheet, all relatingto Panther Creek Basin in Carbon and Schuylkill Counties ; also, 1 miscellaneous sheet, "General Preliminary Map, Anthracite Coal Fields," and 1 miscellaneous sheet containing chart, showing total annual production of Anthracite since 1820. Charles A. Ashburner, geologist in charge. Price, $1 50 ; postage, 80 12.
AC. Report on the Mining Methods and Appliances used in the Anthracite Coal Fields. By H. M. Chance, with an atlas of 25 plates, 64 plates and 60 illustrations in the text. In press. Price, 81 40; postage, |0J25.
AC. Atlas. Coal Mining Plates I to XXV. By H. M. Chance. Price, 81 40 ; postage, 80 12.
B. Preli.minary Report of the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania — 1874. By Dr. F. A. Genth. With appendix on the hydro-carbon compounds, by Samuel P. Sadtler. 8vo., pp. 206, with viap of tlie State for reference to counties. Price in paper, 80 50 ; postage, 80 08. Price in cloth, 80 75 ; postage, 80 10.
C. Report of Progress on York and Adams Counties — 1874. By Persifor Frazer. 8vo., pp. 198, illustrated by 8 maps and sections and other illustrations. Price in paper, 80 85 ; postage, 80 10. Price in cloth, 81 10 ; postage, 80 12.
C2. Report of Progress in the Counties of York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin — 1875. Illustrated by maps and cross-sections, sliowing the Magnetic and Micaceous Ore Belt near the western edge of the Mesozoic Sandstone and the two Azoic systems constituting tlie mass of the Soutli Mountains, with a preliminary discussion on the Dillsburg Ore Bed and catalogue of specimens collected in 1875. By Persifor Frazer. Price, 81 25 ; postage, 80 12.
C'. Heport of Progress 1877. The Geology of Lancaster County, with an atlas containing a colored, geological map of the county, local map of the Gai> Nickel Mine, map and sections of the East Bank of Susquehanna River ; other geological sections across the county, and geological colored maps of York and Lancaster counties. By Persifor Frazer. 8 vo., pp. 350. Price of Reiiort and Atlas, $2 20 ; postage, 80 25.
C. Geology of Chester County, after the surveys of ITenrj D. Rogers, Persifor Frazer and Charles E. Hall, edited by J. P. Lesley— with a colored geological map of the county, three lithographic kites and maps, and sections in the text. Price, 80 75 ; postage, 80 18.
C<5. Report of Progress. Geology of Philadelphia County, and OF THE Southern Parts of Montgomery and Bucks. By Charles E. flail. Pp. 145, with 'Geological map sheet of colored cro.ss-sections, and 24 pages cuts. Price, 81 65 ; postage, 80 13.
Do Report of Progress in the Brown Hematite Ore Ranges or Lehigh County — 1874, with descriptions of mines lying between Emaus, Alburtis, and Foglesville. By Frederick Prime, Jr. 8vo., pp. 73, with a contourline map and 8 cuts. Price in paper, 80 50 ; postage, 80 04. Price in cloth, 80 75 ; postage, 80 06.
D2. The Brown Hematite Deposits of the Siluro-Cambrian Limestones OF Lehigh County', lying between Shimersville, Milierstown, Schencksyilie, Ballietsville, and the Lehigh river — 1875-6. By Frederick Prime, Jr. 8 vo., pp. 99, with 5 map-sheets and 5 plates. Price, 81 60; postage, 80 12.
D3. VoL. 1. Report of Progress. Geology of Lehigh and Northampton Counties. General introduction, by J. P. Lesley. State Belt and Quarries, by R. A. Sanders. Water Gaps, by H. M. Chance. Limestone Belt and Iron Ore Mines, by F. Prime. South Mountain Rocks, by F. Prime. Itinerary Survey, by C. E. Hall. Three iithograph and 3 artotype views of quarries, and an atlas. Pp. 283. Price, 80 65 ; postage, 80 13.
D3. Yol. 2. Report of Progress. Geology of the South Mountain Belt of Berks County. By E. V. DTnvilliers. Illustrated by 18 2iage plates in the text, and bj the maps in the Atlas. Pp. 441. Price, 80 55 ; postage, 80 17.
D3. Atlas, volumes I and II, containing a colored contour map of Southern Northampton on 6 sheets, a contour map of the mountain on 17 sheets, a geological index map on 1 sheet, a colored geological map of Northampton AND Lehigh Counties, and 4 maps of Iron Mines in Berks County. Price, 82 80 ; postage,
D5. Maps of Adams, Franklin, and Cumberland Counties. South Mountain sheets Ai, A, and B. By A. E. Lehman. Price, 81 25; postage, 80 08.
E. Special Report on the Trap Dy'kes and Azoic Rocks of South- Eastern Pennsylvania — 1875. Part I, Historical Introduction. By T. Sterry Hunt. 8 vo., pp. 253. Price, 80 48; postage, 80 12.
F. Report of Progress in the Juniata District on Fossil Iron Ore Beds of Middle Pennsylvania. By John H. Dewees. With a rejiort of the Aughwick Valley' and East Broad Top District. By C. A. Ashburner. 1874-8. Illustrated with 7 Geological maps 2au\. 19 sections, 8 vo., pp. 305. Price, 82 55 ; postage, 80 20.
G. Report of Progress in Bradford and Tioga Counties— 1874-8. I. Limits of the Catskill and Chemung Formation. By Andrew Sherwood. II. Descrijition of the Barclay, Blossburg, Fall Brook. Arnot, Antrim, and Gaines Coal Fields, and at the Forks of Pine
Creek in Potter County. By Franklin Platt. III. On the Coking of Bituminous Coal. By John Fulton. Illustrated with 2 colored Geological county maps, 3 page plates, and 35 cuts. 8 vo., pp. 271. Price, 00 ; postage, ?0 12.
G2. Report of Progress. Geology of Lycoming and Sullivan Counties. I. Field Notes by Andrew Sherwood. II. Coal Basins, by Franklin Piatt. With two colored geological county maps and numerous illustrations. 8 vo., pp. 268. Price, $1 06; postage, II.
G3. Report of Progress in 1876-9. 8 vo., pp. 120. The Geology ot Potter County, by Andrew Sherwood. Report on the Coal Fields, by Franklin Piatt, with a colored geological map of county, and two page plates of sections. Price, 58 ; postage, ?0 08.
GL Report of Progress. Part I. Geology of Clinton County. Part II. A special study of the Carboniferous and Devonian Strata along the West Branch of Susquehanna River. By H. Martyn Chance. Included in this report is a description of the Renovo Coal Basin, by Charles A. Ashburner, and notes on tlie Tangascootack Coal Basin in Centre and Clinton Counties, by Franklin Platt. Price, $1 05 ; postage, $0 12.
G5. Report of Progress. The Geology of Susquehanna County AND Wayne County. By I. C. White. Pp. 213, with Geological map and 58 sections. Price, 70 ; postage, fO 12.
G®r Report of Progress, 1881. The Geology of Pike and Monroe Counties. By I. C. White. 8 vo., pp. 407. Illustrated with colored Geological county maps, a map of glacial scratches, and 7 small sections. Also special surveys of the Delaware and Lehigh Water Gaps. By H. M. Chance, with 2 contoured maps of Water Gaps, and 6 detailed sections. Price, $1 15 ; postage, 15.
G'. Report of Progress. The Geology in the Susquehanna River Region in the Six Counties of Wyoming, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Montour, and Northumberland. By I. C. White. With a colored Geological Map in 2 sheets ; and 31 page plates in text. Pp. 464. Price, $0 85 ; postage, 20.
H. Report of Progress in the Clearfield and Jefferson District OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1874. By Franklin Platt. 8 vo., iip. 296, illustrated by 139 cuts, 8 maps, and 2 sections. Price in paper, 50 , postage, 80 13. Price in cloth, 81 75 ; postage, 15.
H-. Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of We.stern Pennsylvania — 1875. By F, and W. G. Platt. Pp. 194, illustrated with 84 wood-cuts, and 4 wiops and sections. Part I. Cambria. Price, 81 00 ; postage, 80 12.
Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District OF the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1870. By F. and W. G. Platt. Pp. 348, Illustrated by 110 wood-cuts and 6 and sections. Part II. Somerset. Price, 80 85 ; postage, 80 IS.
Report of Progress in Indiana County— 1877. By W. G. Platt. Pj). 316. With a colored map of the county. Price, 80 80; po.stage, 14.
H=. Report OF Progress IN Armstrong County — 1879. ByW.G. Platt. Pp. 238. With a colored map of the count3V Price, 80 75; postage, 80 16.
He. Report of Progress in Jefferson County— 1880; with colored map of county. By W. G. Platt. Price, 80 60 ; postage, 80 12.
I. Report of Progress in the Venango County District— 1874. By Jolm F. Carll. Witli observations on the Geology around Warren, bj' F. A. Randall ; and Notes on the Comparative Geologj' of North-eastern Ohio and North-western Pennsylvania, and Western New York, by J. P. Lesley. 8 vo.,
pp. 127, witli 2 ma2)s, a long section, and 7 cuts in the text. Price in paper, §0 60; postage, §0 05. Price in clotli, §0 85; postage, §0 08.
I-. Repokt op Progeess, Oil Wells, Records, and Levels— 1876-7. By John F. Carll. Pp. 398. Published in advance of Report of Progress, III. Price, 80 60 ; postage, 80 18.
13. Report of Progress— 1875 to 1879. Geology of the Oil Regions op Warren, Venango, Clarion, and Butler Counties, including surveys of the Garland and Panama Conglomerates in Warren and Crawford counties, and in Chautauqua county. New York, with descriptions of oil well rig and tools, and a discussion of the preglacial and postglacial drainage of the Lake Erie Country; with Atlas. With maps and charts of Oil Regions. By John F. Carll. Price, 30; postage, 80 30.
Geological Report of Warren County and neighboring Oil Regions, with additional oil well record — 1880-3. By John F. Carll, with colored geological map of Warren county, two sheets of oil well sections, and a map of the Warren oil region. 439 pages. Price, $1 12; postage, 80 20.
J. Special Report on the Petroleum of Pennsylvania— 1874, its Production, Transportation, Manufacture, and Statistics. By Henry E. Wrigley. To which are added a Map and Profile of a line of levels through Butler, Armstrong, and Clarion Counties, by B. Jones Lucas: and also a Map and Profile of a line of levels along Slippery Rock Creek, by J. P. Lesley. 8 vo., pp. 122 ; 5 maps and sections, a, plate and 5 cuts. Price in paper, 80 75 ; jwstage, 80 06. Price in cloth, 81 00 ; postage, SO 08.
K. Report on Greene and Washington Counties — 1875, Bituminous Coal Fields. By J. J. Stevenson, 8 vo., pp. 420, illustrated by 3 sections and 2 county maps, showing the depth of the Pittsburgh and Waynesburg coal bed beneath the surface at numerous points. Price in f>aper, 80 65 ; postage, 80 16. Price in cloth, 80 90 ; postage. 80 18.
K=. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Mestmoreland District OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania — 1876. By J. J. Stevenson ; pp. 437, illustrated by 50 ivood-cuts and 3 county maps, colored. Part I. Eastern Allegheny Count3', and Faj'ette and Westmoreland Counties, west from Chestnut Ridge. Price, 81 40 ; postage, 80 20.
K3. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Westmoreland District OF THE Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania — 1877. By J. J. Stevenson. Pp. 331. Part II. The Ligonier Valley. Illustrated with 107 wood-cuts, 2 plates, and 2 county majJS, colored. Price, 81 40 ; postage,
li. 1875— Special Report on the Coke Manufacture ofthe Yougii- lOGHENY River Valley in Fayette and Westmoreland Counties, with Geological Notes of the Coal and Iron Ore Beds, from Survey's, bj Charles A. Young; by Franklin Piatt. To which are appended: I. A Report on Methods of Coking, by John Fulton. II. A Report on the use of Natural Gas in the Iron Manufacture, by John B. Pearse, Franklin Platt, and Professor Sadtler. Pp. 252. Price, 81 00 ; postage, 80 13.
M. Report of Progress in the Laboratory of the Survey at Harrisburg — 1874-5, by Andrew S. McCreath. 8vo., pp. 105. Price in pa. per, 80 50: postage, 80 05. Price in cloth, 80 75 ; postage, 80 08.
M2. Second Report of Progress in the Laboratory of the Survey, at Harrisburg, by Andrew S. McCreath — 1876-8, including I. Classitication of Coals, by Persifor Frazer. II. Firebrick Tests, by Franklin Platt. III. Notes on Dolomitic Limestones, by .1. P. Lesley. IV. Utilization of Anthracite Slack, by Franklin Platt. V. Determination of Carbon in Iron or
steel, by A. S. McCreath. With 3 indexes, plate, and 4 page plates. Pp. 438. Price in cloth, §0 65 ; postage, 80 18.
M3. Third Report op Progress in the Laboratory of the Survey, at Harrisburg. Analyses, Ac., Ac. By Andrew S. McCreath. Pp. 126, with 2 indexes and map. Price, ?0 40 ; postage, 80 10.
N. Report op Progress — 1875-6-7. Two Hundred Tables of Elevation ABOVE Tide-Level of the Railroad Stations, Summits and Tunnels ; Canal Locks and Dams, River Riffles, Ac., in and around Pennsylvania; with map; pp. 279. By Charles Allen. Price, 80 70; postage, §0 15.
O. Catalogue of the Geological Musuem — 1874-5-6-7. By Charles E. Hall. Part I. Collection of Rock Specimens. Nos. 1 to 4,264. Pp. 217. Price, 80 40 : postage, 80 10.
03, Catalogue OF the Geological Museum. By Charles E. Hall. Part II. 1. Collections of rock specimens. Nos. 4265 to 8974. 2. Palaeontological specimens. Price, 80 40; postage, 80 12.
P. 1879 — Report and Atlas of the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania AND of the Carboniferous Formation throughout the United States. By Leo Lesquereux. Price of Report, 80 80 ; postage, 80 28. Price of Atlas, 53 35 ; postage, 80 22.
P3. The Permian or Upper Carboniferous Flora of West Yir GiNiA and S. W. Pennsylvania, with 38 plates. By Wm. M. Fontaine, M. A., and I. C. White, A. I. Price, 82 25 ; postage, 80 17.
a. Report of Progress in the Beaver River District of the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania. By I. C. White. Pp. 337, illustrated with 3 Geological maps of parts of Beaver, Butler, and Allegheny Counties, and 21 2)lates of vertical sections. 1875. Price, 81 40 ; postage, 80 20.
a-* Report of Progress in 1877. The Geology of Lawrence County, to M'hich is appended a Special Report on the Correlation of the Coal Measures in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. 8 vo., pp. 336, with a colored Geological Map of the county, and 134 vertical sections. By I. C. White. Price, 80 70 ; postage, 80 15.
a' Report op Progress in 1878. 8 vo., pp. 233. The Geology of
Mercer County, by I. C. White, with a colored geological map of county, and 119 vertical sections. Price, 80 60; postage, 80 11.
Report of Progress — 1879. The Geology of Erie and Crawford Counties, with tables of barometric heights in each township, and notes on the place of the Sharon Conglomerate in the Palaeozoic series. By I. C. White. Also, the discovery of the Preglacial Outlet of Lake Erie, with two maps of the Lake Region. By J. W. Spencer, Ph. D. Price, 81 17 ; postage, 80 18.
R. Report of Progress. The Geology of McKean County, and its connection with that of Cameron, Elk, and Forest, with Atlas containing 8 sheets of maps and sections. By Chas, A. Ashburner. Price, 8170; postage,
T. Report of Progress. Geology of Blair County, witli 35 illustratrations and an Atlas of 14 sheets of the colored map of Morrison's Cove, &c. ; 1 index sheet, and 2 sheets of colored sections. By Franklin Platt. Price of Report and Atlas, 84 55 ; postage, 50 28.
T3. Report of Progress — 1882. The geology of Bedford and Fulton Counties. By J. J. Stevenson. 8 vo., pp. 382. Illustrated with 2 colored geological maps. Price, 80 80 ; postage, 80 20.
V. Report OF Progress — 1878. Parti. The Northern Townships of Butler county. Part II. A special survey made in 1875, along the Beaver and
Shenango rivers, in Beaver, Lawrence, and Mercer Counties. 8 vo., pp. 248, with 4 maps, 1 proflle section and 154 vertical sectioyis. By H. Martyn Chance. Price, ?0 70; postage, 50 15.
V-. Report of Progress in 1879. 8 vo., pp. 232. The Geology of Clarion County, by II. Martyn Chance, with colored geological map of county, a map of the Anticlinals and Oil Belt, a contoured map of the Old River Channel at Parker, 83 local sections figured in the text, and 4 page plates. Price. 50 43 ; postage, 50 12.
Other Reports of the Survey are in tlie liands of the printer, and will be puljlished soon.
Tlie sale of the reports is conducted in accordance with the provisions of Section 10 of the Act of the 14th day of May, 1874, which directs that copies of the Reports, with all maps and supplements, shall be furnished at cost of publication to all applicants for them.
All the printed volumes and ma2is in stock have been transferred by the Board of Commissioners to the Dejiartment of Internal Affairs, where the sales thereof will hereafter be conducted.
Communications relating to the work of the survey should be addressed to J. Peter Lesley, State Geologist, No. 1008 Clinton street, Philadelphia, and those intended for the Board of Commissioners, to William A. Ingham, Secretary, No. 320 Walnut street, Philadeljiliia.
All letters and orders concerning the purchase of Reports and remittances for the same, should be address to,
J. SIMPSON AFRICA, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Pa.
October 4, 1883.
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