Geologic map of Kundelan ore deposits and prospects, Zabul Province, Afghanistan; modified from the 1971 original map compilations of K.I. Litvinenko and others

Tucker, Robert D.- rtucker@usgs.gov, Peters, Stephen G. speters@usgs.gov, Stettner, Will R. wstettne@usgs.gov, Masonic, Linda M. lmasonic@usgs.gov · 2015 · Report

This map and cross sections are redrafted modified versions of the Geological map of the Kundelan ore deposit area, scale 1:10,000 (graphical supplement no.

This 2015 document, Geologic map of Kundelan ore deposits and prospects, Zabul Province, Afghanistan; modified from the 1971 original map compilations of K.I. Litvinenko and others, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: pubs.usgs.gov.

Dary a-y e Arghand ab Kundelan Kafterkhana Janka Kashmiran Garang Kalay Tograt Markhanjak Lwara Markhanjak Anagay METERS B A B ' METERS A ' B B ' METERS METERS A A ' 7000 FEET 1 KILOMETER SCALE 1:10 000 1/ 2 1MILE ANAGEY SURKHI-SELLA KAPTARGOR KAPTARGOR KUNDELAN QUARRY GARANG TUGRA LEAD ASSANAK ASSANAK TUGRA Au 24, 5-78 Pb 1.0-118.0 W 0.5-2.0 Au 3, 5-10 Au 3, 5-10 Au 18, 4-210 Au 3, 6-24 Au 3, 7-49 Au 24, 5-78 Au 6, 5-32 Pb 1.0-118.0 Pb 0.2-2.5 W 0.5-2.0 QUATERNARY CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN CAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC CONTOUR INTERVAL 25 METERS Modified from original compilation of K.I. Litvinenko and others, (1971); see References Edited by David A. Shields; cartography by Linda M. Masonic Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225; ://store.usgs.gov; 1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) Suggested citation: Tucker, R.D., Peters, S.G., Stettner, W.R., Masonic, L.M., and Moran, T.W., comps., 2015, Geologic map of Kundelan ore deposits and prospects, Zabul Province, Afghanistan; Modified from the 1971 original map compilations of K.I. Litvinenko and others: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1198, 1 sheet, scale 1:10,000, ://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151198. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 2015-1198 USGS Afghanistan Project Product No. 335 Prepared in cooperation with the Afghan Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Topography derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 15-meter Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data that was refined by Chirico and Moran (2011) Hydrography modified from ASTER GDEM data Cultural data from digital files from Afghanistan Information Management Service, ://www.aims.org.af Projection and 15-second grid: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), zone 42 north World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 Datum 64°E 62°E 60°E 66°E 68°E 70°E 72°E 35°N 34°N 74°E 76°E 32°N 33°N 30°N 29°N 31°N 36°N 37°N 38°N 39°N Geologic Map of Kundelan Ore Deposits and Prospects, Zabul Province, Afghanistan; Modified from the 1971 Original Map Compilations of K.I. Litvinenko and Others Compiled by Robert D. Tucker, Stephen G. Peters, Will R. Stettner, Linda M. Masonic, and Thomas W. Moran ISSN 2331-1258 (online) ://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151198 36a Index map outlining USGS-Afghanistan nonfuel mineral areas of interest (AOIs). Within the Kundelan copper and gold AOI, the area of this open-file report is shown in red. Kundelan copper and gold AOI 66°32'15"E 66°32'30"E 66°32'45"E 66°33'0"E 66°31'45"E 66°33'15"E 66°33'30"E 66°33'45"E 66°34'0"E 66°34'15"E 66°34'30"E 66°34'45"E 66°35'0"E 66°35'15"E 66°35'30"E 66°35'45"E 66°36'0"E 66°36'15"E 66°36'30"E 66°33'30"E 66°33'45"E 66°34'0"E 66°34'15"E 66°34'30"E 66°34'45"E 66°35'0"E 66°35'15"E 66°35'30"E 66°35'45"E 66°36'0"E 66°36'15"E 66°36'30"E 32°22'30"N 32°22'15"N 32°22'0"N 32°21'45"N 32°21'30"N 32°21'15"N 32°21'0"N 32°20'45"N 32°20'30"N 32°20'15"N 32°20'0"N 32°19'45"N 32°19'30"N 32°19'15"N 32°19'15"N 32°19'0"N 32°18'45"N 32°22'45"N 32°22'30"N 32°22'15"N 32°22'0"N 32°21'45"N 32°21'30"N 32°21'15"N 32°21'0"N 32°20'45"N 32°20'30"N 32°20'15"N 32°20'0"N 32°19'45"N 32°19'30"N 32°19'0"N 32°18'45"N 32°18'30"N 32°18'30"N 32°18'15"N 32°18'15"N 32°18'0"N 32°18'0"N 32°17'45"N 32°17'45"N 32°17'30"N 32°17'30"N 32°17'15"N 32°17'15"N 32°17'0"N 32°17'0"N 32°16'45"N 32°16'45"N 32°16'30"N 32°16'30"N 32°16'15"N 32°16'15"N 32°16'0"N 32°16'0"N 32°15'45"N 32°15'45"N 32°15'30"N 32°15'30"N 32°15'15"N 32°15'15"N 66°32'0"E 66°32'15"E 66°32'30"E 66°32'45"E 66°33'0"E 66°33'15"E 66°33'30"E 66°33'45"E 66°34'0"E 66°34'15"E REFERENCES Abdullah, S., Chmyriov, V.M., Stazhilo-Alekseev, K.F., Dronov, V.I., Gannon, P.J., Lubemov, B.K., Kafarskiy, A.K., and Malyarov, E.P., 1977, Mineral resources of Afghanistan, 2d ed.: Kabul, Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghan Geological and Mines Survey, United Nations Development Programme Support Project AFG/74/12, 419 p. Chirico, P.G., and Moran, T.W., 2011, Topographic and hydrographic GIS dataset for the Afghanistan Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey 2010 minerals project: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 624. [Also available at ://pubs. usgs.gov/ds/624/.] Douvgal, Yu.M., Chalyan, M.A., Nagalev, V.S., Demin, A.N., Vaulin, V.A., Belich, A.I., Sonin, I.I., Kononykhin, E.T., Zharikhin, K.G., Maksimov, N.P., Skvortsov, N.S., and Kharitonov, A.P., 1971, The geology and minerals of the southeastern part of central Afghanistan: Kabul, Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghan Geological and Mines Survey, scale 1:200,000. King, T.V.V., and Giles, S.A., 2011, Analysis of imaging spectrometer data for the Kundalan area of interest, chap. 10B of Peters, S.G., King, T.V.V., Mack, T.J., Chornack, M.P., eds., and the U.S. Geological Survey Afghanistan Mineral Assessment Team, 2011, Summaries of important investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, p. 778-834. [Also available at ://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/ 1204/.] Litvinenko, K.I., Rulkovsky, M.F., and Koshelev, Yu.M., 1971, Report of the Kundelan party on the results of prospecting-exploratory works for copper in 1969-1970: Kabul, 63 p., 34 graphical supplements, Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Royal Government of Afghanistan, Soviet report no. 0540 [prepared by V/O Technoexport U.S.S.R. for the Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Royal Government of Afghanistan under contract nos. 1378 and 50728]. Unpublished data on file at Department of Geological and Mineral Survey, Kabul, Afghanistan. Mack, T.J., and Chornack, M.P., 2011, Geohydrologic summary of the Kundalan copper and gold area of interest, chap. 10C of Peters, S.G., King, T.V.V., Mack, T.J., Chornack, M.P., eds., and the U.S. Geological Survey Afghanistan Mineral Assessment Team, 2011, Summaries of important investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, 2 vols., p. 835-851. [Also available at ://pubs.usgs.gov/ of/2011/1204/.] Peters, S.G., Ludington, S.D., Orris, G.J., Sutphin, D.M., Bliss, J.D., and Rytuba, J.J., eds., and the U.S. Geological Survey-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines Joint Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 2007, Preliminary non-fuel mineral resource assessment of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1214, 810 p. [Also available at ://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1214/.] Peters, S.G., King, T.V.V., Mack, T.J., Chornack, M.P., eds., and the U.S. Geological Survey Afghanistan Mineral Assessment Team, 2011a, Summaries of important areas for mineral investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, 2 vols., 1,810 p. plus appendixes on DVD. [Also available at ://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/ 1204/.] Peters, S.G., Mirzad, S.H., and Scott, Emily, 2011b, Summary of the Kundalan copper and gold area of interest, chap. 10A of Peters, S.G., King, T.V.V., Mack, T.J., Chornack, M.P., eds., and the U.S. Geological Survey Afghanistan Mineral Assessment Team, 2011, Summaries of important investment and production opportunities of nonfuel minerals in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1204, p. 747-777. [Also available at ://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/ 1204/.] Figure 14.—Mineralized cobble in colluvium overlying the Kundelan bedrock west of the Soviet trenches. This suggests that a wider distribution of mineralization may be present to the west of the mineralized areas shown on the map. Figure 11.—Aerial view of skarn mineralization and associated alteration along the Kundelan fault zone looking north. Areas of skarn mineralization shown include Surkhi-Sella, Kaptargor, Kundelan, and Garang. Figure 13.—Rock sample of hematite skarn that contains the highest gold and copper concentrations at Kaptargor. The sample was collected near trench number 81. Figure 1.—Photograph from a helicopter overlooking Soviet trench 19 in the Kundelan area with exploratory shaft 6 and a tailings dump. The bottom of the photograph shows a path or road. The location of trench 50 is also shown in the photograph. Figure 3.—Aerial view looking northwest near the Garang and Tugra Soviet work areas. The dark-colored strata on the right side of the photo consist of limestone and dolostone of the Permian Chakhan Formation (P1-2ch1 to P1-2ch4). Light-colored stratified rocks in the foreground consist of sandstone, siltstone, and limestone of the Carboniferous to Permian Shal-Kalai Formation (C-P1sl1). Also shown is the location of Early Cretaceous phase I intrusive igneous rocks (q∂1K1z). Figure 5.—Aerial view, looking east, of the upper skarns of the Assanak occurrence along the contact between dark-colored Permian limestone (P1-2ch1) and light-colored Permian to Carboniferous quartz sandstone (C-P1sl2). Figure 10.—Trenches 81 and 29 photographed from Soviet drill hole 9 located within the Kaptargor work area. View is to the southwest. Figure 9.—Trench 81 in the northern part of the Kaptargor work area. View is to the southwest. Figure 8.—The location of adit 1, a mine, and several Soviet trenches just northeast of the Kaptargor work area. View is to the southwest. Figure 6.—An ore body with skarn mineralization (red-brown alteration) within the Surkhi-Sella work area. View is to the northeast. Figure 2.—Photograph in the north-central part of the Kundelan area looking east. The foreground of the photograph shows Soviet trench 20 dug through colluvium into bedrock. Figure 4.—Aerial view of the location of Soviet work area "Lead−8" (looking northeast), showing skarned Carboniferous and Permian limestone and sandstone (C-P1sl1 and C-P1sl2) in contact with Early Cretaceous quartz diorite (q∂1K1z). Overlying the skarned limestone is dark-colored dolomite and limestone of the Permian Chakhan Formation (P1-2ch1 to P1-2ch4). Figure 7.—Photograph showing the location of several Soviet trenches and drill holes, and an exploratory shaft near the Kundelan work area. View is to the southwest. EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS [Explanation of map symbols is reproduced from Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 18, except where noted.] Contact—Dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed Fault, fracture—Showing dip where known; dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed Strike and dip of bedding Horizontal Inclined Strike and dip of schistosity Mineral concentration halos Native gold—First number, number of samples analyzed within halo; second number, number of grains of gold in each individual sample. Ex. 24, 5-78 means 24 samples analyzed within the halo and between 5 to 78 grains of gold present in each sample. See Litvinenko and others (1971), pages 55 to 57 of the English translation, for more information Lead minerals—In grams per cubic meter (g/m3) Scheelite (CaWO4)—In grams per cubic meter (g/m3) Heavy mineral concentrates with weight contents—In grams per cubic meter (g/m3) Gold Lead minerals Scheelite Elemental geochemical halos Copper with concentration from 0.05 to 0.09 weight percent Lead with concentration from 0.02 to 0.06 weight percent Zinc with concentration from 0.05 to 0.09 weight percent Ore body and number—Ore body and numbers from Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement nos. 6 to 14 Geochemical assay of gold—Between 0.1 to 0.5 grams per ton Soviet trench location and number—From Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 3 and graphical supplement no. 20 Exploration shaft location and number—From Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 3 Drill hole location and number—From Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 3 Adit location and number—From Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 3 Areas of detailed Soviet work: Kundelan-1, Kaptargor-2, SurkhiSella-3, Anagey-4, Garang-5, Tugra-6, Assanak-7, Lead-8, Quarry-9 Ancient mine Site of photograph—Tip of arrow indicates direction of view; number keyed to figures 1 to 11. Photos were taken by Stephen G. Peters of the U.S. Geological Survey; Emily Scott of the Department of Defense in 2010; Robert D. Tucker of the U.S. Geological Survey, and James Gilbertson of SRK Consulting in 2012 Road or trail Village DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS STRATIFIED ROCKS [Map unit descriptions for stratified rocks are from pages 11 to 13 and graphical supplement no. 18 (English translation) of Litvinenko and others (1971). Some chronostratigraphic units transcribed from Litvinenko and others (1971) are not formally recognized divisions of geologic time. For example, upper and middle Quaternary, and middle and lower Permian.] Recent deposits (Quaternary)—Alluvial to proluvial deposits of cobble roundstones, shingles, sands, and clays; alluvial deposits of "recent bed" and floodplain facies of the Arghandab River and its tributaries are poorly sorted and are as much as 0.5-1.0 to 3-5 meters (m) thick. Deluvial to proluvial debris cone deposits are no more than 5-10 m thick and composed of material of local origin Proluvial deposits (upper Quaternary)—Unsorted, fragmental, local rock material that is well-cemented by carbonate and marl; thickness of the cemented alluvium is as much as 30-80 m. Forms debris cone deposits exposed at the foot of slopes Alluvial river terrace deposits (middle Quaternary)—Cobble roundstones and "shingled" conglomerates with dense carbonate-sandy cement; fragments are well rounded and vary in composition; thickness of the conglomerates that occur on the Kundelan intrusion varies from 1-2 m to 60-80 m. Deposits are 300-500 m above sea level Limestone (Permian)—Fragmental CHAKHAN FORMATION Bed 4 (middle Permian)—Light-gray and white, banded, limestone and dolomite; 170 m thick Bed 3 (middle Permian)—Dark-gray, stratified, limestone and dolomite with concretions and lenses of black silica; 170 m thick Bed 2 (lower Permian)—Dark-and light-gray, massive limestone and dolomite; 120 m thick Bed 1 (lower Permian)—Black, massive, bituminous dolomite with rugosa and crinoid fossils; 40 m thick SHAL-KALAI FORMATION Bed 2 (lower Permian to Carboniferous)—Quartz sandstone with "aleurolite" (siltstone) interbeds; 280-300 m thick on the northeast side of the map. Contains fossil remnants of flora and fauna of lower Permian age Bed 1 (lower Permian to Carboniferous)—Light-gray, massive limestone; occurs as a horizontal layer from 30 to 150 m thick. Contains brachiopod and crinoid fossils of lower Permian to Carboniferous age ZARGARAN FORMATION Bed 5, Chert (Cambrian)—Platy with limestone interbeds; 140 m thick Bed 4, Schist and slate (Cambrian)—Siliceous, light-colored; 60 m thick Bed 3, Limestone (Cambrian)—Platy with dark-gray siliceous layers; 50 m thick Bed 2, Schist and slate (Cambrian)—Multi-colored, "phyllite-like;" 30 m thick Bed 1, Sandstone (Cambrian)—Polymictic with conglomerate interbeds of crimson-brown color; 120 m thick CHAMAN FORMATION [The description for unit PR3?cm is from the Soviet report Litvinenko and others (1971), page 11 of the English translation. The description in the report and the description on the Soviet map, also from Litvinenko and others (1971) graphical supplement no. 18, are considerably different. Graphical supplement no. 18 describes unit PR3?cm as: aleurolite, argillite, and limestone.] Schist and meta-sandstone (upper Proterozoic)—The lower part contains "phyllite-like" schist with interbeds of lilac-colored schist and quartz-feldspar sandstone; thickness is 1250 m or more. The upper part contains alternating layers of "rosy-gray" and greenish-gray meta-sandstone with rare interbeds of lilac-colored schist and "aleurolite" (siltstone); approximately 800 m thick INTRUSIVE ROCKS [Map unit descriptions for intrusive rocks are from pages 13 to 15 and graphical supplement no. 18 (English translation) of Litvinenko and others (1971).] [Litvinenko and others (1971) assigned a lower Paleogene age for phase I and phase II intrusive igneous rocks. Based on our uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon age of 104±1 Ma (mega-annum) for phase I quartz diorite, we have reassigned an Early Cretaceous age for both phase I and phase II intrusive rocks (see fig. 12). The geologic age symbols for these units have been changed accordingly to reflect Early Cretaceous age, symbol K] Phase II Albitophyre and dacite dikes (Early Cretaceous) Andesite porphyry, lamprophyre, and dacite dikes (Early Cretaceous)—Cross-cut phase I and phase II intrusive rocks; 0.5 to 8-15 m thick and 300 to 1800 m long Leucocratic granite (Early Cretaceous)—Distributed unevenly, majority are found among quartz diorites of the Kundelan intrusion as leucocratic granites from 5.5 to 8 m thick and 60 m long; contacts are subvertical and linear Porphyritic granite and granosyenite (undivided) (Early Cretaceous)—Contains porphyroblasts of microcline from 3 to 5 centimeters (cm) in diameter and quartz 1 cm in diameter. The matrix is hypodiomorphic and composed of plagioclase, quartz, microcline, dark biotite, hornblende, and rare pyroxene. Granosyenite, quartz syenite, and quartz monzonite are present in its middle part Phase I Quartz diorite (Early Cretaceous)—Quartz diorite, diorite, and rare gabbro is present as sills, dikes, and small stock-like bodies distributed within the boundary of the deposit (Kundelan intrusion) and within the Garang area of detailed Soviet work. Melanocratic varieties are rich in dark-colored minerals (35-50%) biotite, hornblende, and augite; leucocratic varieties are rich in zoned plagioclase and xenomorphic quartz that may also contain porphyry of pink feldspar. Contact zones with other intrusive bodies are fine grained and medium grained away from contacts. Contact metamorphism is characterized by thin zones of marblization, skarning, and "keratinization" within the surrounding rocks ALTERATIONS [Mapped alterations are from Litvinenko and others (1971), graphical supplement no. 3. Not all alterations from graphical supplement no. 3 are shown.] Hornfels Skarns Magnetite Garnet Hematite Serpentine Carbonaceous INTRODUCTION This map and cross sections are redrafted modified versions of the Geological map of the Kundelan ore deposit area, scale 1:10,000 (graphical supplement no. 18) and the Geological map of the Kundelan deposits, scale 1:2,000 (graphical supplement no. 3) both contained in an unpublished Soviet report by Litvinenko and others (1971) (report no. 0540). The unpublished Soviet report was prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Royal Government of Afghanistan in Kabul during 1971. This redrafted map and cross sections illustrate the geology of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit, located within the Kundelan copper and gold area of interest (AOI), Zabul Province, Afghanistan. Areas of interest (AOIs) of non-fuel mineral resources within Afghanistan were first described and defined by Peters and others (2007) and later by the work of Peters and others (2011a). The location of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit (area of this map) and the Kundelan copper and gold AOI is shown on the index map provided on this map sheet. The estimated resources of the Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit are 21,400 metric tons (t) of copper, 1.6 t of gold, and 133.4 t of molybdenum at an average grade of 1.21 weight percent (wt. %) copper (ranging from 0.66 to 4.03 wt. % copper); 0.9 grams per metric ton (g/t) gold (ranging from 0.3 to 3.1 g/t gold); 0.14 wt. % molybdenum; and as much as 10 g/t silver and 0.03 wt. % bismuth (Peters and others, 2011b). Small past production of gold and base metals is also reported by Douvgal and others (1971) from many prospects within the Kundelan copper and gold AOI. Outside the skarn areas, argillic hydrothermal alteration is present (Abdullah and others, 1977). Most copper and gold prospects in the Kundelan copper and gold AOI are reported to contain commercial-grade ores of copper and (or) gold, and many prospect areas have potential for these commodities to be discovered in commercial volumes. Future initial mine exploration and later development in many of the prospects, and specifically in the Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit, could result in near-term small-to medium-sized gold mining operations (Peters and others, 2011b). The redrafted map and cross sections reproduce the topology of rock units, contacts, faults, and so forth, of the original Soviet map and cross sections, and they include modifications based on our examination of these documents and our observations made during a brief field visit in August of 2010. We have attempted to translate the original Russian terminology and rock classifications into modern English geologic usage as literally as possible without changing any genetic or process-oriented implications in the original descriptions. We also use the age designations from the original Soviet maps, except for the phase I and II intrusive igneous rocks. Phase I and II igneous rocks are reassigned an Early Cretaceous age (from lower Paleogene) based on a uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon SHRIMP analysis from quartz diorite, which yielded an age of 104±1 Ma (mega-annum). The information provided in the description of map units is from both the source report by Litvinenko and others (1971) and the original 1:10,000 scale map (graphical supplement no. 18), also from Litvinenko and others (1971). Because of the poor quality of the original map, some map features could not be identified and some features may be misinterpreted. The rock unit colors used on the redrafted maps and cross sections differ from the colors shown on the original Soviet version. Colors were selected according to the color and pattern scheme of the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) at ://www..org. Elevations on the cross sections are derived from the original Soviet topography and may not match the Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) topography used on the redrafted map of this report. Most hydrography derived from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) has not been included on our redrafted version of the map because of a poor fit with alluvial deposits from the unmodified original Soviet map (graphical supplement no. 18; Litvinenko and others, 1971). KUNDELAN QUARTZ DIORITE MSWD=1.03 prob=0.42 Mean 206Pb/238U age=104.4±1 Ma 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U Figure 12.—Concordia diagram of uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon SHRIMP analyses of quartz diorite from the Kundelan deposit. The mean 206Pb/238U age of 104.4±1 Ma is the age of the quartz diorite intrusion (Early Cretaceous). Age uncertainty is at 95 percent confidence level (1-sigma). The sample locality is from trench 81 in Kaptargor, shown in figures 9 and 10. Abbreviations: Ma, mega-annum; SHRIMP, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe. MAGNETIC NORTH 2 / 1 ° APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION, 2015 TRUE NORTH Trench 29 Trench 52 Trench 19 Tailings dump Trench 50 Drill hole 8 Drill hole 1 Trench 63 Trench 66 Trench 29 Trench 81 Trench 36a Ore body Trench 60 Trench 36a Exploration shaft 7 Exploration shaft 6 Mine Adit 1 Trench 81 Trench 20 Tograt SURKHI-SELLA SURKHI-SELLA KAPTARGOR KUNDELAN GARANG alteration Kashmiran GARANG LEAD-8 ASSANAK TUGRA Q2 Q2 Q2 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q3 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q3 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm PR3?cm γK1z γK1z γK1z γK1z γK1z γK1z λπK1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z λπK1z λπK1z λπK1z λπK1z λπK1z απ-xK1z απ-xK1z απ-xK1z aπ-xK1z απ-xK1z απ-xK1z απ-xK1z απ-xK1z %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr1 %?zr1 %?zr1 %?zr1 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr5 %?zr5 %?zr5 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr4 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr2 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 %?zr3 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl1 Q3 Q2 Q4 P1-2ch4 P1-2ch3 P1-2ch2 P1-2ch1 PR3?cm γε2K1z γK1z q∂1K1z απ-xK1z λπK1z C-P1sl1 %?zr5 %?zr4 %?zr3 %?zr2 %?zr1 C-P1sl2 γK1z γK1z P1-2 ch4 P1-2 ch3 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch3 P1-2 ch3 P1-2 ch3 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch1 P1-2 ch1 P1-2 ch1 P1-2 ch1 P1-2 ch2 P1-2 ch1 P1-2 ch3 P1-2 ch4 P1-2 ch1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 γε2K1z γε2K1z γε2K1z q∂1K1z γK1z P1-2 ch4 P1-2 ch4 Q4 Q4 γε2K1z q∂1K1z q∂1K1z C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 C-P1sl1 %?zr3 %?zr5 %?zr4 %?zr2 %?zr1 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 C-P1sl2 P1-2ch1 P1-2ch1 P1-2ch2 P1-2ch3 P1-2ch4 100 meters=328.0 feet NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 100 meters=328.0 feet NO VERTICAL EXAGGERATION

Plates & figures from the original