Report on the geology of the mining district of Cariboo, British Columbia [microform]

Bowman, Amos, d. 1894 · 1888 · Historical

' Provincial and upon, Was carried out during the seasons of 1885 and 1886, under the Dominion control of the Director of the Geological Survey

This 1888 document, Report on the geology of the mining district of Cariboo, British Columbia [microform], is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA. ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, O.M.G., LL.D., F.RS., Director,

Report On The Geology Of The Mining District Of Cariboo

British Columbia,

By

Amos Bowman, Mle.

at td 7 ere ? us EN aot fa ite OT ae Oe 8

Montreal: Dawson Brothers. 1888,

To Aurrep R. C. Setwyn, Esq., C.M.G., F.RS,, LL.D.,

Director Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.

Six,—The first part of my report on the mining district of Cariboo, British Columbia, is herewith respectfully submitted. The second portion will include details and detailed plans of mining developments,

I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant,

Amos Bowman,

cai ee

Coles tanita

ith reference

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Norge.—The bearings throughout this report at

—

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REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF 'THE MINING DISTRICT OF CARIBOO, BRITISH COLUMBIA. By AMOS BOWMAN, LE.

Parr I,

The work in the Cariboo District of British Columbia, here reported Joint, ,

; . ; ' Provincial and upon, Was carried out during the seasons of 1885 and 1886, under the Dominion control of the Director of the Geological Survey, but with the assist--""°™ ance of a money grant from the Government of British Columbia, and ona plan agreed upon beforehand. The enlightened policy of the Goyrence

ernment of British Columbia has thus rendered possible the completion of the map work in a comparatively short space of time, the demands upon the funds of the Geological Survey being such as to make it impossible to devote more than a certain sum annually to work in each province or district. The call for special assistance in the Cariboo district arose principally from the absence of any trustworthy map, and the necessity of undertaking a geographical as well as a geological survey, while the decline in product of the placer mines, and the efforts being made toward the development of ' quartz mining" appeared to deserve such immediate assistance and guidance as might be aorded by a systematic study of the district and a reasonably accurate delineation of its features.

Cariboo has not only been the mainstay of gold mining in British importance of Columbis for many years, but has proved, for its area, one of the pu ceaola richest placer mining camps in the world; and it would therefore appear reasonable to assume the existence in it of rich quartz lodes, from which, by natural processes of waste, the alluvial deposits have been supplied. The importance of the Cariboo district will be understood i when it is stated that probably half the gold product of British Colum- F hia since 1860, or not less than $15,000,000, was derived from it, and chiefly from a few miles in length of auriferous drift in several valleys, of which those of Williams, Lightning and Antler creeks have been the most productive, and have made Cariboo famous,

On plateau region of the Upper Fraser.

6¢ British Columbia,

Limits oF Frenp,

Politically, Cariboo district embraces a complete section across the northern interior plateau, from the coast mountains to the Rocky Mountain region, north of the Canadian Pacitic Railway, and within the drainage basin of the Fraser, This is bisected in a north and south line by Fraser River, Popularly, "Cariboo" includes only the eastern half,or the gold country north of Lake La Hache, To the principal mining developments of this area our investigations were accordingly confined, and the map herewith presented does not include all the outlying portions even of the area thus limited,

The south-eastern limits of the Cariboo mining district inc:ude the valley of the Horsefly, and country extending eastward of it to the water-shed of the Clearwater and North Thompson rivers,

The most northerly mines ot importance within this area are those of Hixon Creek, a tributary of Caton Creek, between Quesnel and Fort George ; and the newly-discovered mines of Goat River, a tributary of the Upper Fraser (probably identical with "Shuswap River' on Trutch's map), on the eastern slope of the Cariboo Range.

The lower half of it has been explored hy prospectors, and has become tolerably well known by report, to many of the residents of the district beyond present mining localities.

The eastern Alpine region, and the low-lying northern parts, where Bear and Willow rivers join the Fraser, are little known even to the residents of Cariboo, and may be set down as scarcely explored, é snomically or otherwise. Geographical explorations in these littleknown regions have been contined to the lines of survey on the Upper Fraser and Clearwater rivers, by the Government railway parties in

Between the Upper Fraser (Téte Jaune Cache) and the well-known Cariboo mining country ot Harvey and Cunningham creeks, the distance is but 50 miles; yet very few prospectors or explorers besides Mahood, of the railway exploration party in 1872, and Isaacs' prospecting party in 1886, have been through it.*

The best map in existence, which included Cariboo, was that Known as Trutch's Map , drawn by J. B. Launders in the Lands and Works Department of British Columbia, under the direction of the Hon. J. W. Trutch, scale 25 miles to the inch ; a creditable and well-executed compilation of the surveys of the Admiralty, and surveys and explorations of the Royal Engineer corps under Col. Moody, and above all of the geographical information collected by the Hudson Bay Company's officials from Indians, including the reports of inte!ligent prospectors and miners, a few of whom had been surveyors. A later map onthe same scale was that compiled by E. Mohun, C.E., and publisked under the direction of the late Hon. W. Smythe, adding to Trutch's map such corrections as had been developed by the Dominion Railway surveyors and the explorations of the Geological Survey; none of them, however, in the mining region of Cariboo. The scale however was much too small for our purpose, and the information was mostly sketched.

yper in

wn disides

Map, r the cuted Engi- y the ctors comiding leyors on of

was

Bowman: Limits Of Field,

Worl: in 1885.

The work of this season was necessarily forthe most part of a geo- Adjacent to gvaphical and topographical character, the geological and mining trails. problems being assigned a secondary place till the main outlines of the map had been laid, My assistants during the year were Messrs,

James McEvoy, B. Ap. Se, 8. P. Tuck, CLE, and I, R. Voligny, CE.

Barkerville, in the centre of the Cariboo mining district, was, in the tirst place, connected by an odometer survey along the waggon road with Quesnel; and from Barkerville as a centre traverses were extended by measuring-wheels along the principal roads and trails of the district,

Work in 1886,

During this season 1 was assisted by Mr. McEvoy. We entered the Mountain and southern edge of the Cariboo district map near Beaver Lake on the ee bth of July, and work was actively prosecuted in the district till the 30th September, The whole time spent in the field this season was four months and a half, but this included time spent in going to and returning from the district, as well as that consumed in making various necessary arrangements, Pack animals were employed in moving trom place to place, wherever possible, but some parts of the district could only be reached on foot; and for the purpose of making a micrometer survey of Quesnel Lake and examining its shores, boats were utilized, Some topographical work was included in the operations of this season, but much of my time was devoted to the detailed examination of mines and auriterous creeks,

The results of tield work in 1885 and 1886 included eighty-one plotted sheets, forty panoramic topographical sketches, and ninety-seven smaller sketches of the same kind, chiefly intended to show the topography, and relief of the country.

The mountainous, and often almost inaccessible character of portions f the district included in the maps, presented us with many difficult problems in transportation, and in the execution of the work, These were successfully overcome by the ready and efficient co-operation of Iny assistants and men,

Dr. Hugh Watt, of Barkerville, obligingly undertook the reading of

the mercurial station barometer on which the reduction of our observed altitudes depended. To Messrs. John Bowron and W. Stephenson, Provincial Government Agents at Barkerville and Quesnel Forks respectively, we are indebted for innumerable favors; and, in fact, all the residents of the district, including even the Chinese, seemed to take an interest in our work, and to assist us whenever possible.

me. sa sepia nin ac Ta So A te te cen a re :

Country SURVEYED. t The profitable Kvidently this vast region could not have been adequately explored st in one or two seasons, nor during the progress of systematic surveys in the old placer mining region, Directing our attention, therefore, 0 toa narrower area, as distinguished by profitable mining operations,— b included within the limits of the Cariboo District map,—the country r topographically surveyed lies within the parallels of 52 deg. 45 1) min,, and 53 deg., 45 min., and the meridians of 120 deg,, 45 min., and Hy aa 122 deg,, comprising, thus limited, an area of 3,137 square miles. This tl Bi block extends into the alpine region mentioned, while it covers the sh i whole of the placer mining country which has been found specially i ih noteworthy on account of its yield of gold, of a The first step in our work was to enter the larger field first referred sy ' bi to, and to make the necessary reconnaisance surveys, in order to dis- M ih cover the extent of the gold-bearing country, and its relations to the ci : i surrounding country, with a view to narrowing the field. The second sy il was to make a systematic geographical and geological survey of the 6 of smaller area, mo Ht i Wal SurvEY OPERATIONS. Ht i Outside work. While our survey operations were chiefly confined to the smaller 0 it area, the road traverse measured from Lake La Hache to Lightning Or an Creek Meadows, at Beaver Pass, belongs to the wider field. A great ob Hie deal of both geological and general survey work had to be done outside as of the limited area, in order to arrive at necessary results in the mining hi region itself. It includes reconnaissance surveys of all approaches to hi the mines, by horse trail and by projected railway; of Quesnel River, - i Hi including its mines, situated between the forks and the mouth; of the i] i) Cottonwood River mines (between Cottonwood Bridge and the Hixon of Be Creek trail-crossing); the trail from Quesnel Mouth to Hixon Creek, pa ia) Pa about forty miles; and a smallarea of country at the junction of Hixon the Hey i Bi and Government creeks, the site of important mining operations. mi 1 a Bases The geographical work included the measuring with the steel tape Ge Ah yt memnreds oftwo independent base lines fifty miles apart, situated respectively on clo Bie Be Snowshoe Plateau and at Quesnel Mouth. co? ' i i j Areas mapped Detailed maps of all the important mining localities were also com- a hae pleted. The geographical foundation (embracing from one to three La ah hs tel § mile on the paying creeks,) having been procured during the first aol Hy seasoi of field work, the details and geological features remained to be 20 obtained during the second. ME i ASOURNEY The accuracy of the creek maps must not be understood to be equal Sal is i it ia 4

try

and his the ally

red disthe ond the

ler ing reat side ing is to ver, the XO eek, xon

tape ly on

'oOmhree first

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qual

BOWMAN. SURVEY OPERATIONS, Oo

to that of'a transit survey carried out into all these details; nor is that of the Cariboo district map to be understood as including transit intersections to the minor points, many of which were not in sight from the transit stations, The detail maps were based on compass surveys, and, generally, wheel measurements; but parts of them were filled in by track or reconnaissance surveys, where such information could not he procured in any better shape, The topographical details of the District map were plotted from the Topography. sketches described. Where immediate intersections could not be had, the objects were located relatively to fixed points, in such detail as the sketches permitted, I deemed it necessary to occupy a number of transit stations outside Cheek work. of the smaller area, for the purpose of connecting our triangulation system in the mining region with a point on Fraser River at Quesnel Mouth, This served as a check of the wagyon road survey, [ts principal object, however, was to ensure the accuracy of the triangulation system, by the measurement of a second, or check base, in the neighborhood of Quesnel Mouth.

POSITIONS. Taking our departure in 1886 from Ashcroft, 8°4 miles south

south-east trom Cache Creck, the position of that place was fixed by Ovilvie's railway traverse, and Klotz's telegraphic and astronomical

ua observations, under the direction of Captain Deville, the same season, j as follows :— tt t , Ashcroft siding, latitude 50° 52°50", fi . longitude 121° 16' 36", My

From Cache Creek to a point marked by a stake on the north shore Longitude by of Lake La Hache, near the 125 mile-post, the Lands and Works De-"Y°* partme measured a line following the waggon-road nearly, placing the latter point north of Cache Creek 78} miles, and west of it 163 il a miles. The accuracy of this survey, however, Mr. Gore, the Surveyor- General of British Columbia, considers cannot be guarantecd to be closer than 1-10th of a mile in a measured mile, it having beer run by compass, and chained by Indians, Assuming it to be in the main cor-

) rect,—the point so fixed being the nearest fixed point of the Provincial j at Land Surveys,—we have for its position :—

Stake on Lake La Hache, lat. 52° 00' 53". eu rf : ' long. 121° 16' 35". ; He

2 a

aes Sa:

—

Longitude.

Latitude.

j Independent ; observations.

Skeleton map.

ae Distances

Thence to Barkerville by our own Survey, with prismatic compass and wheel measurement—courses calculated by latitudes and departures—the position of Barkerville was obtained independently of our own and Lieut. Palmer's astronomical observations, The minus or east departures were found to be in excess of the plus or west departures by just six miles, giving us as the longitudde of Barkerville 121° 33' 24",

Its latitude by a series of sextant observations taken by myself and Mr. McBvoy in 1885 as 53° 4',

'Lhis position agrees very closely both in latitude and longitude with Lieut, H. 8. Palmer's determinations from independent observations, so that the position of the central point of the mining region

may be considered as satisfactorily established within the limits of 'Ss

accuracy required, g Triangulation—The diagram on the opposite page shows the tri- ©

angulation framework of the Cariboo District Map, with primary and F

calculated triangles.

By the old steamer and wagyon road route, followed by us into the country in the working season of 1885, Barkerville, the trading centre of the mining region, was reckoned to be distant from Victoria 550

miles. COMMUNICATIONS,

The following table of distances by steamer and waggon road route is compiled from Williams Directory of British Columbia, 1885, p, 243 :

From Victoria TO

& P or : ' wh ce ae gelilele/ 2s] st) 2142/7) 2] ds v7 mal iQ oS (S) Nn oe} n Rm Miles. |Mil's. Mil's. Mil's. Mil's.| Miles. Miles. Mil's.) Miles. |Mil's. Mil's. Miles.

By the old Douglas route, used before completion of the waggon

road :—

Clinton. Soda Creek, Quesnel. Stanley, Sarkerville. From LILLOVer 10 5 Miles. Miler. Miles. Miles Miles. t 47 179 239 274 286

Jear Lake Hummock

tocky Pt. it

Wil ey Mtn

J Vz - : Ly — se : tantra SSS Fiat Top

Dragon Mtn. le é - j : : 7

Sovereigns

: e ound Por Zz

SS ee Kers ley Mhkn. ss Witchell's Mtn

Mt. Newell ' Wx Note SRI,

Diagram Of Triangulation Points"In Cariboo District.

Mt. Bowro

1st Roundb avy

"Nye rew 2nd Roundback Mt VF

NG rd Roundback

Guy's Mtn.

Method.

Road and Trail Distances. The following is a table of distances obtained with the wheel :—

GOING PASTWARD FROM QUESNEL (H. B. Co'S Corner) TO— . Miles. Pourenild: Credk vse yse:ecae's90195sikdiace.se le eweebend so yisiend sodden aieegee OO

Wealldce's RANCH based:0 0 aiceacied tibiae big pendipeedenee d ba0 sedsveenieeonadl oes Bohannon's, Cottonwood cseeee ceeeee cece ceeeee cere eeee tee 2060 Cottonwood Ranche .cceee cece ccecee seve teeete secees ceeeee eeohed Boyd's " Cold Spring House" 6... .ceeee eet eee eee cee e eee cere Qe Beaver Pass House ce css cece cece cece cece cones sece sees seer GSea Y stanley-POstiOMGs oi ssies ndiee cede odesinenees 6400 sane eeeaan eee 4408 Vagle Creek Bridge cece cere e ees sens coves ceeeee tees eect ddd Barkerville scicees, cies vind oe acco eee 0 diced gee bel ee ed kee esie dae wanieesi DOO

GOING SOUTH-EAST FROM BARKERVILLE, VIA SAW-MILL FLAT, TO— ' Miles. Grouse CreGleses. cis s.coa cn. 4609.0 0 O4e A cele OE HES NOON MEO RIO es, E40)

Antler Creek Bridge 1... 0... ccceee ceeeee cone ceceee vececececeee OO Porter's (old Antler Town). ...06. ccceee seen ereeee tree ecee cence lO.5 Littler's cabin, Saw-mill Flat 00 ceeeee cee eee cee eee cere ceeeeel oO Veith's store, Little Snow-shoe cee ceeeee crete eee ce eee cee cb d Junction Little Snow-shoe and Keithley. cceeee cere coon eee ee 270 Veith & Borland's, mouth of Keithley. 0. cee eee cere ee cee e eee D201 Quesnel POtkss ascii cis csccde vee enesds vee weasuree se wiecowneee 4D 0

GOING SOUTH-EAST FROM BARKERVILLE, VIA CUNNINGHAM CREBK, OVER SNOW-SHOE PLATEAU, TO— : : Miles. Sharp's cabin, Cunningham Creek eseee ce ceee ee rene eevee LOD

Harvey's Creek Forks. ...0. .cceee eens cece ee cece te eee e nen e nee QOD Veith & Borland's, mouth of Keithley 0... .cee cece eee eee O04

Going North From Barkprvilld To—

Mosquito Creek .ccccs cece cece scceccccscsseccen coveteveceeves Oil Corhish: Creek. sesvdsvsseceveae Vopr aed siesweng eee g obee dalnwene noe O Hardscrabble Creek. ceceee eee eee eee cee eee cere eeee ce et LOG Walker's mine Sugar Creek ceseee cece eee ene tenes svtibee feud

GEOLOGICAL Fretp Work.

During the first season, the method pursued in regard to geological work was simply that of reconnaissance, with a view to observing the accessible features of the district. In places not likely to be revisited, all the necessary geological observations were completed, During the second season, the distribution of the rocks, and the mining features of the country governed, not only my own movements, but largely the movements also of the geographical party, whose work was narrowing towards completion. A section was made from the limestone rocks of

co ye ro?

on

gical ig the isited, g the res of ly the being

ales of

Bowman. Physical Features, 13

Beaver Lake, through the gold bearing series, to the water-shed of the Cariboo Range between Mitchell's Lake and Canoe River, ending opposite to, and not far distant from Téte Jaune Cache. Subsequently, the chert rocks of Bear Rive', which occupy a prominent position in Cariboo, were intersected at various points, and in different directions.

Quartz ledges, especially those adjacent to the placer mines, were everywhere noted, and in many instances carefully examined, and sampled for assay.

The most important areas in connection with mining operations within the district, which have been examined in greater detail, are indicated by rectangular blocks, outlined upon the accompanying map. Of tivese special maps have been drawn, and lithographed on scales, to accompany the descriptive details forming Part II of the present report,

Paysicat FEATURES.

Mountains and Valleys.—The relief of the district surveyed is shewn Details — upon the accompanying map by means of contour lines, having a vertical aig " interval of 250 ft.; every fourth one, accordingly, representing 1,000 ft. A heavy contour carried throughout the region represents a datumplaz.e on a level with the mouth of Williams Creek, near Jack of Clubs Lake, 4,000 ft. above the sea. Each 1,000 ft. contour, is marked by pairs of dots, for easy reference to the datum plane.

A closer examination of the featurers of the region under consideration, establishes the fact that the north-westerly trends so remarkable for continuity and regularity in the region of the upper Columbia, are here carried out in all the geological and physical details. The Cariboo Range, forming the north-eastern limit of the Cariboo country,

Relief.

is the north-westerly continuation of the Selkirk Range. The crystalline

schist or " gold belt," seen on Quesnel Lake, is represented by similar rocks on Shushwap Lake and in Eagle Pass,

The region of Mount Agnes and Snowshoe Plateau is an expanse of Mountain smooth and rounded flat-topped schistose hills, having the same form north-westerly trend, and rising in Cariboo District to an altitude of a little over 6,000 feet. To the right and left of it, following the same trend, are low-lying valleys forming the present drainage channels of the country. These are occupied by recent deposits. Lying long side of them are ranges of hills occasionally rising into mountains, which represent valleys of an older date e. synclinals, or troughs occupied by rocks newer than the gold-b ing series. The valley of Quesnel River on the left or south-west side, is 4,000 feet lower

Sci einai apim thor ion catia on eng

The gold range.

Transverse breaks,

Terraces.

Panoramic views.

Forest.

Snow.

l4o BRITISH COLUMBIA.

than Snowshoe Plateau; while the valley of Bear River and Bear Lake on the vight or north-east side is 3,000 ft. lower than the gold range.

Two remarkable breaks cross the schist or gold belt, connecting the two valleys described. These valleys are occupied by streams characteristic of the present drainage system, and by lakes. Cariboo Lake, and Quesnel Lake, extend, or formerly extended, entirely through and across the axis of the gole velt. These lakes, and the iow-lying valleys connecting ther, are ace. . ained by narrow belts of level land, much of it in the form of terraces or benches. At the lower levels of the country, generally, terraces are frequent. The smooth rounded character of the mountains of the schist belt is, however, itself, due to the presence of these terraces at higher altitudes, and their continuations over the mountain flats and summits, forming plateaus of which Snowshoe Plateau and Bald Mountain Plateau are examples.

On the west, Quesnel River valley becomes a part of the plain. Going eastward, and beyond the axis of the Bear Lake valley, the aspect suddenly becomes alpine.

The reader imagining himself located upon thesummit of Mt. Agnes on the map, sees, in the accompanying panoramic sketch looking southwest, that half of the horizon embracing the rolling plains of the interior. Turning around and looking north-west, he sees the gold region at his feet; the alpine region, and other featurers herein described, beyond. By noting the horizontal and vertical angles written along the margins of these sketches, he will be able to identify each point upon the map, or in the country itself.

From Mt. Barker (six miles east of Cariboo Lake) looking west, he can see the half horizon of another sketch, made to exhibit the character of Snowshoe Plateau, and the cross cutting valley of Cariboo Lake.

The forest covered portion of the country ceases, going eastward, with the boundary line between the Mesozoic rocks and the gold bearing schists—approximately along a line drawn from the middle of Quesnel Lake to the head of Swift River—and further east generally at altitudes above 3,000 feet.

Thrifty forests exist above that level only in clumps, on sheltered uplands, or on slopes where both soil and shelter are favourable. Such forests and clumps of trees as exist on the higher mountains are often very attractive to the eye, especially on the plateaus of the gold-bearing belt. On thesouthern slope of Mount Mitchell, in the Cariboo Range, a handsome forest of cedars and firs having an undergrowth of Devil's club, rises to a level of 4,000 feet above the sea,

Perennial snow lies on the summits of tae eastern or Cariboo range, eastward of Bear Lake valley, only between 7,000 and 8,000 feet

Geological Survey Of Canada.

ry LIGHTNING & CREEK

$

WILLOW RIVER f

Bear gold

Sy ee :

Western Summit Mt

Drayun Mtn,

x the eams riboo ough lying 10° land, els of inded ue to The Burland Lithographic Co Montreal tions

which

plain. , the

N 30° W 70 eo 60 : 40 30 S$ 20°E att ee VALLEY: s0uth-sa] 1e ingold in de-

Low Pass to Bear it

_3_Station Level (Horizon:

written each

st, he 1arac- Lake. ward, aring eenel t alti-

Itered

Such often 10? 3 i § i xe Pe 5 oa -bear- PUR é cl . é 3 Ee j £ 3 § riboo y 24 ; i : me a ae : & 3 x , : 4 z S ' th of ° 2s 2 i . ; ; ' TION bey Sn 5. s 5 4 ; — j .

feet

20 ' 30° E 20 10 SOUTH 10 20 30 40 50 60 70° oo ai ) SEE 10 me) i a It HORSEFLY ¢ AND ''GREEN TIMBER' PLAINS -- QUESNE ta RIVER. t - FRASER RI OF ga -—SUESNEL RIVER 4 é . F a 5 : i ¢ eensenall t : - ; 3 Py 0 HORIZON €200 FreT® Anove THe Sea: 4 , oS . SS SS i a a 7 aa + - — ao

Panoramic Sketch From Mount Agnes, (44> Miles S.S.W. F

Looking South-West Toward The Plains.

Caribco To Swamp River And

Williams. Creek &

Hear Kh

Low Pass t Rarkervelle Mtn.

Ad Ballarat Shaft BARKER ILLE

Panoramic Sketch From Mount Agnes, (4!6 Miles S.S.W. Fri

Looking North-East Toward The Rocky Mountains

40 50 60 70 80 WEST 80 10° : : rg a fe ong 5 3 ey 3 : ¢ ¢t 3 z . See $ 3 ¢ & © a3 é ; F : ; oe@ SS % 8 S ras § a ae ea F & GOOSE CREEK MTS. © E°E ¢ zs : : 3 ; SVAL, LEY . of € 2% 3 QUES *NEL RIVER. i & : 5 5 ' auf 3 . 3 pane eres % STFS & Fe Bem 8 3 3 3 Sse 4 i 6 n . t 2 $ eu a fee z Qa ¢F c Ss 3 z 8 ? 5 by H 3 3 Smt Ss eS @TATION LEVEL (HORIZ0N)= 6500 FEET ABOVE THE Seak a & 3 ty Ca & & se lg J ¢ a a bs Odie Nah tet Sd ae spi eoes:; 2 ; ' 7 i Ss . Berton +. jl-oe I i co 1 hes i t Sate Bc — — $ pet es

PANORAMIC SKETCH FROM MOUNT BARKER, (6 MILES EAST OF "MBRACING THE WESTERN HORIZON, AND SHOWING THE CHARACTER oF SNOWSHOE PLATEAU ano THE CRO

Geological Survey Of Canada.

60 70° 80 WEST 80 70 60 50 N 40 W SSS ne — a 10° & - FRASER RIVER LIGHTNING 2 cree MAIN. SwiFT AiVER. £: h Awe : ad a 3 . ée t é i $ os ; : 3 5 4 ; hal s 9 4 0 ~ts : Lh. ee t + ewettiness — Te nae a a 10° nee ee

Agnes, (4'> Miles S.S.W. From Barkerville Ph-West Toward The Plains,

70 80 EAST 80 70 Cy 60 40 30 § 20°E

Caribco Range,

10° ié TO SWAMP RIVER ano 2 QUESNEL LAKE. VALLEY. 10°

f Yd Monh GNES, (4'2 MILES S.S.W. FROM BARKERVILLE.) TOWARD THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS WEST 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 NORTH é é : 10° 3 23 ri ga it 3: & A : £ ff 38 Soa 3 5 3 (eed 2 F . i 5 8 ; 3 x H 1EL RIVER. - Se ¢ eos A SNOWSHOE g a 363 3 q PLATEAU t i i 2 fee ¥ ae 3 3 a i : iH 3 € ' 3ek 8 $ H & 3 ¥ 5 os H £ g ae a es F m 3-4 5 1 4 i 2 , °o 4 H a nz a ae ms c — tT — ae Se — ear ee zz) — -

3ARKER, (6 MILES EAST OF CARIBOO LAKE.) 2f SNOWSHOE PLATEAU ANd THE CROSS-CUTTING VALLEY or SWAMP RIVER.

Bow!

ber

narr

yiel

west

an ie ca ee

Z

Bowman. Geology Of Cariboo District, 15 0

above the sea, While westward, the surface contour of the country is smooth and pleasing, Kast of Bear Lake valley all the mountain tops appear rugged, and snow-fields are common and extensive, frequently terminating in gl siers, which escend to a level of 5,000 feet above the sea,

Three-fourths of the territory of the Cariboo map lies above the 3,000 feet contour. Snow lies on the ground above that altitude for four months in the year, Quesnel Lake is closed by ice from Novem. ber to March,

GroLogy or CartBoo District.

Approaching the Cariboo country from Ashcroft on the Canadian Pacific Railway, the traveller passes over a region, extending from Ciche Creek to Clinton, of chert %cks and limestones, which have yielded fossils of Carboniferous age,* and which occupy the plateau in parallel undulations between the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Ranges, Passing over the plateau of the "Green Timber," these undulations are seen to have been completely buriea in places by a series of Tertiary clays, sands, and gravels, capped by volcanic matter, and covered by drift of glacial origin and date. Underneath the Tertiary, represented by the gravels and volcanic matter of the Green Timber, are Clays and lignites. These have usually been found to be restricted to narrow basins scattered over the plateau of the Cordillera, and have yielded fossils of Miocene age.t

Leaving the waggon-road at the 150-mile house, ve reach the southwest corner of the Cariboo Map on Guy's mountain, at 2,500 feet above the sea, being one of the undulations mentioned. It is composed, like many of the Clinton and Hat Creek mou: tains, of limestone.

Descending from Guy's Mountain into the valley of Beaver Lake, at the low level of 2,200 feet above the sea, we see benches skirting the hill-sides, and beneath the gravels seen in these benches, throughout the region of Cariboo, are found at the lowest levels, occasionai croppings of the lignites of the middle Tertiary.

Having thus entered our field of survey at its nearest point to the Canadian Pacific Railway, and Cariboo waggon-road, we are prepared for the transition from the formations heretofore examined, to those now to, be described.

*Reports of Dr. Selwyn and James Richardson, 1871-72, pages 56-62; and of Dr. G@. M Dawson, 1875-1876-77,

+ Re - 'sof Dr. G@. M. Dawson for 1875, 1876, and 1877.

t The fossils obtained nearest to this locality are from Quensel Mouth, described in Dr. Dawson's Report for 1875-76. The nearest lignite is at Boyd's Cold Spring house, on Lightning Creek, a little above its junction with Swift River, mentioned in the Report of 1876,

Approach,

Formations observed.

Valley and sui face deposits.

Soil.

Exclusive of the superticial deposits, the rocks met with in the Cariboo district may, according to our present knowledge of them, be classed as follows in descending order :—

Pre-glacial gavels, Pliocene ? Cl beWeselnenres

Basalts..cscscccccccevcvercscececsvecsvecevcce Fesicaenie Clay-shales, ete., with lignite, Miocene +. j

Quesnel River Beds, argillites, agglomerates, etc.

In part at least Lower Cretaceous +++ a Mesozoic.

Bear River Beds, Limestones, cherty quartzites ) and beds of volcanic materials, probably in part Paleozoic (Upper.) Carboniferous .ssseee ceceee concen seeeen eenete

Cariboo Schists, rocks more or less Som plevehy61 crys-

-alweozoic (Lower. talline, of very varied character..ecee ose me ht alieozoic (Lower.)

Quesnel Lake Crystalline Seviesescsee ceeeee eoeeee Archivan,

Granites and granitoid rocks.

Lecent.

The low-lying valleys of Beaver River, Quesnel River, and Bear River, and the higher valley of Willow River, are observed to have flats, which are frequently a mile, to two miles, in width. Still higher lying meadows than those of Willow River, are found in places on nearly all the tributary branches, at various altitudes, Usually these occur where the configuration of the country has led to the formation of basins in the interrupted descent of the streams. The recent deposits of these valleys are indicated by a yellow coloring on the map.

The material of the recent deposits consists of the ordinary thin stratum of humus, or loam, overlying very extensive bodies of sand,

and gravel. The latter were washed down from higher deposits of

gravel and sediments of an older date, and were bedded in the flats by the present streams.

A soil that would be classed as good agricultural land, extends over the low or level portions of the hills and plateaus, yielding excellent crops of grass. Indeed no better grazing country can be found than the mountain meadows of Snowshoe and Bald Mountain plateaus in July, August, and September. These meadows situated at altitudes from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, afford opportunities for summer grazing in in connection with a varied agriculture, and the wintering of cattle at lower levels,

A ous, is di Rive the ¢

Th Fork from site and ¢ aurife and t

Th sedin larity angle

avi be

Bear have igher es on these orma- 'recent n the

thin sand, its of its by

over lent than hus in tudes

ng in tle at

BOWMAN. POST TERTIARY AND TERTIARY, l7¢

Post TERTIARY AND 'TERTIARY,

The formations of the Post Tertiary and Tertiary, are unimportant as to area covered, since such areas are usually otherwise colored to 1e- present the underlying rocks, These formations are superficial in character, Where rendered important by their product of gold, and occurring in the form of narrow belts of gravels accompanying the valleys of streams, they are indicated by hachures in red on the map,

But in point of fact the entire surface of the country is covered vy Post Tertiary detritus, blending into still older gravels partly Tertiary, of as great or greater economical importance, All these gravels will be appropriately considered and delineated in connection with the details of mining as shown upon the mining maps.

The volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, which are so widely distributed Volcanic. elsewhere over the plateau of British Columbia, were noted only at two points within the area of the Cariboo map, viz.: on the north arm of Quesnel Lake, (in association with Tertiary gravels), and at Guy's Mountain. In both cases they cover limited areas. The lignite ignite, clays, although present, can be seen only in localities situated near the bottom of the lowest valleys, and are usually covered or hidden by the Tertiary and post Tertiary gravels. They represent a notable feature

te

in the drainage of the country related to middle Tertiary histery, and h will be further referred to in that connection, Ah

Mesozoic, Quesnel River Beds.

A large area which can be definitely referred to the lower Cretace. Foot hills, ous, accompanied by an older series of rocks, (which may be Jurassic, ) is delineated by a green coloring, occupying the trough of Quesnel aaics River valley. They cover the entire lower and left hand margin of HI A' the Cariboo District map. He

This belt is crossed in travelling from Beaver Lake to Quesnel Forks, and thence to Kangaroo Creek—a." g the usual travelled trail from the 150-mile house to the mines. It has an average width of sixteen miles, within the area of the map, All along Quesnel River and at Cedar Creek on lower Quesnel Lake, this formation has yielded auriferous gravels, These were the first " pay gravels" discovered ; and the first to be profitably mined in the Cariboo country. iW

The prevailing habitus of the series is that of mixed volcanic and volcanic sedimentary rocks. Massive beds succeed each other with great reguponer larity. The dip is flattish rat! er than steep, but frequently at a greater ck. angle than 45 degrees. Their strike corresponds with the general Hl

a

Boundaries,

Aspect

i) ibe wai aint H ' Hal ii; Al

Localities

; examined.

Hh We Haw

: ia 4 Wan 3 eg Hit 1 StH Lithological Aint features. eit Hi)

; Wie ; Metamorphismn

trend of the formation, which is that of the troughs and ridges generally,

The limits of the formation are; along Beaver River valley, on their sovth-west side; and along a line from Upper Swift River to Spanish Lake valley on the north-east side, The latter boundary extends in a north-westerly direction to Lightning Creek, below the Bonanza mine, where it forms Red Caiion of Lightning Creek between the Bonanza and Boyd's Cold Spring house. In the opposite or south-easterly direction, it continues to Quesnel Lake, striking the Lake a few miles above Lynx Peninsula, Thence eastward it forms the south shore of Quesnel Lake,

The hills composed of these rocks are much lower than those of' the underlying gold bearing schists, on the north-east. Their surface is rough and craggy. Trees appear to have a precarious footing. In a large aren on the south-side of Quesnel River the winds and fires together have prostrated most of them before attaining any considerable size. In the valley of Hazeltine Creek, however, the soil derived from this formation is deeper, and the forest isluxuriant. The hills in general have a characteristic even, flattish surface contour, They can be recognized from a distance as belonging to the formation of' the trough of Quesnel River valley, Gcnerally they are from two to three thousand feet lower than those of the gold schists.

They were examined at several places on Cottonwood Caiion; between the Cottonwood Ranch and Hixon Creek trail-crossing ; at the Donaldson Bridge in the Cajon of the Quesnel ten miles above Quesnel mouth; at Wallace's Mountain, and on the dividing ridge between Quesnel and Cottonwood Rivers ; at Morehead Creek; and at several places along the south fork of Quesnel, as well as on the north, and on the shore of Quesnel Lake. Mr, McEvoy noted them along his tracksurvey from Quesnel Forks to Quesnel Mouth.

There is a lithological resemblance throughout ofthe rocks of the above named localities, as shown by the specimens collected, which testifies to a history distinct from anything elsewhere observed in the district.

Among them were found the characteristic conglomerates of the "Shasta Group." The cementing material is often a brownish, or greenish mass. From conglomerate to breccia, with the same cementing material, they pass into a compact rock, consisting of the cementing material alone. Sometimes this is crystalline, andin massive beds, less frequently thinly bedded. Of the mineral ingredients aside from hornblende and felspar, the crystalline varicties are frequently fine in grain, and not readily determined without the microscope.

These rocks have been subjected to considerable metamorphism. In small outcrops it is often difficult to recognise any definite strike or

ran if

a

ee] ing gro B is a sout mos R dist obse (ues Falls latte char Cree SessiI Th and t deser pose Rece Pioch as ne We parti in C count shales of thd with again, of ery With as in t

he-ein

ish n a ine, nazi rly miles y of

the e is Mth tires derived Is in can 'the hree

bethe osnel veen veral and uc k-

bove 'tifies trict. f the h, or mentmentbeds, from ne in

his.

ke or

Bowman: MESOZOI" Yo

dip, jointage and cleavage planes being more prominent than those of bedding. In the larger exposures the latter can, however, generally be detected, The bulk of the strata constituting the group are clearly the result of sedimentary deposition, while others are as clearly of contemporaneous voleani¢ origin, both molten and fragmental. Fossils were collected on the south shore of Quesnel Lake, near Cretaceous. azeltine Creek ; and at Big Wheel Flat, two miles below the outlet of nel Lake, Of three species collected, two appear to be undeeer col, The third is the well-cnown Aucella Piochii, of Gabb, indicating the horizon as probably equivalent to the upper part of the Shasta group of California, By reference to the accompanying section, it will be seen that there phickness. is a great thickness of these strata overlying some that are auriferous, southward of Quesnel River; and that these latter come to the surface mostly along that stream, and northward of it. Reasons for supposing that Jurassic rocks may be represented in the district, exist in the occurrence of slaty and certain other beds observed immediately below these holding fossils, on the south shore of Quesnel Lake; and in similar slaty beds observed a little above the Malls of the South Fork of Quesnel River, near Quesnel Forks. The Jurassic? latter consist of soft and perfectly black carbonaceous slates of a character also observed in some of the beds in the Cation of Lightning Creek. These slates differ from those of the older gold schists in possessing no perceptible crystalline ingredients, The placer mining carried on between the outlet of Quesnel Lake piacer mining. and the town of Quesnel Forks, owes its wealth of gold to the rocks described, Ifany rocks of Jurassic age occur here they may be supposed to come to the surface unconformably with the Cretaceous. Recent published evidence indicates that the rocks holding Aucella Piochii, which have been referred to the Neocomien, may be us new as the Dakota group, We have here a repetition of gold-bearing rocks exhibiting in several Caifornian particulars conditions peculiar to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, in California, viz: the occurrence of the Shasta group of Shasta county, with an Aucella allied to that characteristic of the gold-bearing shales in Mariposa county, on which the geological position of the California gold-bearing shales has been based; the association with Carboniferous limestones, in Shasta and Sierra counties, and again, the formation in which these fossils occur flanking a higher range mi of crystalline schists, containing no fossils, but intimately associated with adjacent older crystalline and granitic rocks, in Cariboo District, ius in the Sierra Nevada.

aot ——— a .

SS nl eve

Carboniferous.

Limestones.

Cherts and volcanic rock metamorphism

Urprer Pan ozoic, Bear River Limestone and Cherty Series.

Allusion has been made to the geological position of the small patch of limestone and associated rocks seon at Guy's Mountain, in the south-west corner of the Cariboo map, 'This is supposed to be identical with the Carboniferous limestone of Cache Creek and other localities.

Leaving the limestones of Guy's Mountain and the Quesnel River rocks just described, and continuing our route in a north-easterly direction along the line of section marked upon the map—which cuts across these different formations nearly at right angles—we ascend to the plateau ofthe gold bearing schists, commonly known as the "Slate Belt," near its north-eastern boundary on Round 'Top Mountain. The usual route of travel is a little to the right of our imaginary line, following the western shore of Cariboo Lake and the valley of Swamp River as far as Harvey Creek, where it ascends Snowshoe Plateau, to our line of section,

Standing on Round Top, and facing north-east, we look across the second geological valley or trough, described as an existing valley, viz., that of Bear Lake, and Upper Swamp River. © On Swamp River again, there is an immense white cliff of limestone, in a mountain rising Opposite Harvey Creck, a thousand feet above the valley, Similar white cliff' of limestone are seen to the eastward and northward, within a radius of 160 degrees, as far as the eye can reach, for tifty miles, on both sides of the Bear River valley, embracing generally the formation coloured grey upon the map.

This formation is remarkable not only for its limestones, but for its cherty rocks, and differs in these respects from any other in the district. Among the chert rocks are occasional beds of volcanic origin, and limestones do not always accompany the cherts. 'The formation was intersected at many different points, and traversed in many different directions, before its identity and continuity could be ascertained. In contrast with the crystalline schists of the gold belt, none of the characteristic crystalline rocks are to be found init. 'To this, some of the limestones are an exception, The rocks in general are more compacted and more altered than those of the Mesozoic area of Quesnel River, It forms part of several distinct ranges of mountains ; amongst which the Two Sisters (6,800 feet above the ser) are the highest in the vicinity of the gold region, being exceeded in height only by the alpine peaks of the Cariboo Range; the culminating points within the area of this formation averaging about the same height as those of Snowshoe and Bald Mountain plateaus, in the auriferous belt.

Wwe Ri by pl:

en

no Gr de col un Cu anc Va Lal dire Qu On The mil ent time tras low¢ and 1"

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River sterly h cuts md to "Slate intain. y line, wimp "uu, tO

oss the valley, yuntain Similar hward, w fifty lly the

for its the disorigin, mation

many y ascer- t, none 8, some @ more f (uesntains ; ue the height a points ight as us belt.

: : Wy + dh

On the north-east side, the boundary of the formation is near the western foot of the Cariboo Range, at the lowest levels of the Bear River basin, 'The south-western boundary is not so distinctly marked by physical featurers, It rises to the same heights, and in many places coalesces with the gold-bearing schists, on the flanks of prominent mountains of its own, o1 of schist formation.

From Swamp River, at a point a few miles above the junction of Boundaries. Harvey Creek, the line between it and the gold schists crosses over the northern slope of Round Top, and continues thence westward to the Great Bend of Cunningham Creek without having given rise to any decided bounding valleys of erosion, From the last mentioned point continuing westward, it keeps close to, without precisely following, Hi another north-westerly trending chain of valleys, represented by the i

Se

Cunningham-Antler Pass Creek, a tributary of Cunningham Creek, and by a portion ef Antler Creek, Pleasant Valley Creek, Sugar Creek, ea Valley Creek and Willow River,

It is thirteon miles in width opposite Barkervilleand above Bear With. Lake. It widens towards the north-west, and narrows in the opposite

direction vu tive miles and a half at the head of the North Arm of Quesnel Lake.

ea Me eS

—

In appearance the mountains of this formation are generally smooth, Aspect On the summits and higher slopes they are bald and grass covered, They show a brown colouring of soil, visible from a distance of many miles. Their outlines show an intimation of rocky ribs, more appar- aL ent than in the mountains of the gold bearing schists, At the same time their regularity sets off, and in rounded and gracelul curves contrasts with the rugged peaks of the Cariboo range beyond, Their

lower slopes and foot-hills are covered, in all favorable places, by dense and luxuriant forest.

daha pina tin tia

The rocks of this formation were examined at Wiley's Mountain, at the head of Sugar Creek, at the Two Sisters Mountains, at points along the trail from Barkerville to Bear Lake, at Mount Marray, along lower Antler Creek, on the Palmer Mountains at Antler-Cunhingham Pass, and at the head of the North Arm of Quesnel Lake, 4

The most strikir, peculiarity of these beds is the prevalence of green. (ireen cherts q ish Cherts, and of jaspery silicious rocks, Older volcanic sediments ' oveur in all gradations of fragmentation, from breccia to sandstone and trom sandstone to shale. The cementing material is usually of a 4 vreenish cast, as are the rocks themselves, when compact,

The degree of metamorphism has been plainly much greater than in the Mesozoic area, and distinctly less than in the area of the gold schists, 'The limestones, for example, are only occasionally and locally altered to a perfectly crystalline condition, Pressure has produced Hey

ai f ;

Regular bedding.

Fossils.

Gold.

Axial range.

in some instances, that f-int appearance of schistosity which is peculiar to the schists. 7 nowhere produced the perfectly crystalline characters universa —- schist belt proper.

At Eight-mile Creek Caiion, on the trail from Barkerville to Bear Lake, along with other characteristic rocks of the series, there are grey schists and sandstones more altered than elsewhere seen within the limits of this formation. It was first thought that these were older than the typical cherts of the Bear River series. A tendency towards a crystalline slaty character is apparent in the mineral ingredients, which, nevertheless, show distinctly on their weathered surfaces, their original fragmental character,

The position of these altered rocks is probably low in the series. They may represent transition beds, rather than the underlying gold schists, from which they differ in uniting distinctly fragmental, with some of the characters of the crystalline rocks, Situated in the axis of the Sisters range, the lower strata of which they represent, a local metamorphism under greater pressure, may sufficiently account for their aspect as described. A tendency to silky foliation in the softer shales is a further characteristic.

Another featwre notable in the rocks of this formation i their regularity of bedding. 'The rocks are often seen in massive _.8, only moderately inclined.

A series of fossils was collected near one of the mining camps on lower Antler Creek, situated about three miles below the junction of Pleasant Valley and Antler creeks. Crinoids are preserved in the limestone, but unfortunately too imperfectly for determination. Their rounded forms afford only presumptive testimony,—along with the stratigraphic and lithologic evidence—of an age not newer than Upper Palvozoic.

The placer mines of Lower Antler Creek have derived their gold from rocks of this formation. The yield has been sufficiently good to indicate the presence of the precious metals in their accompanying veins, in quantities that render them worthy of the attention of the prospector.

Lower Pau ©ozoIc. Schists of the Cariboo Gold Belt.

We come next in descending order to the gold schists; a series of crystalline rocks, which are low down in the geological scale.

The gold range of Cariboo, lying between the two troughs described, has an average width of twenty miles, from Swift River on the west,

; pecustalline

o Bear re are

these . tendnineral ithered

series. under- y fragituated repreciently y folia-mps

on tion of in the Their rith the Upper

ir gold rood to anying

of the

eries of

scribed, e west,

Bowman. Lower Pal £O0Zoio. 23 0

to the two Valley Creeks on the east ;—or from Spanish Lake, nearer the eastern border of the map, to the head of the North Arm of Quesnel Lake. F

Its boundaries are: on the south-west side, the north-eastern poundaries. boundary of the Mesozoic rocks of the Quesnel River series, already described in detail; on the North-eastern side, that of the Paleozoic rocks last considered, along with which they form the mountain system of the gold region, or the gold range of Cariboo,

This implies a geological relationship. These gold schists are, a8 Apparent. already stated, much more highly altered than any of the rocks in C™/ombility the Bear River series. Their junction, as observed on Antler Ci 3ek below Pleasant Valley Creek, exhibits, however, a similarity of strike and dip suggestive of conformability. But the greater degree of metamorphism is apparent ata glance and is alone good evidence of Relative ages. their greater age. Their inferior contact with gneissic and granite rocks points to the same conclusion, and the presumption is that they constitute some part of the lower Paleozoic—perhaps even pre- Paleozoic—system.

There is a certain individuality in the appearance of the gold belt superficially, The soft and friable schists readily decompose under atmospheric influences, and there is consequently a disposition to rounded forms in the outlines of the hills. Round Top Mountain, Aspect. dominating Srcowshoe Plateau by some hundreds of feet, contains quartzite beds, which have resisted weathering. Mount Agnes, Richfield Mountain, Yank's Peak, and Cariboo Mountain, are prominences due to the ability of the rocks there coming to the surface, to resist weathering.

The northern slopes of these mountains are frequently steeper than pscarpments. the southern. The fact is usually attributable in Cariboo district, as it is elsewhere, to the inclination of the beds, in connection with the eroding operations of adjacent strezs, facilitated and sometimes directed by th> iointage of the rock. More rarely cliffs may have been determined by lines of fracture and displacement.

The strike of the rocks, as in the formations heretofore described, is strike. usually in the direction of the mountain ranges. The entire schist or "slate belt" is furthermore characterized by an abundance of quartzveins; and on the higher mountains these rise above the surface, and generally follow in direction the strike of the slates.

In the tolding to which the schists have been subjected—by a pres- Abundance of sure exerted at right angles to the trend of the ranges—there appears to have been a tendency to fractures in a north-westerly and southeasterly direction.

The fissures resulting have afforded facilities for the percolation of

oe

ia

ay 1"

ia t ihe? Ai +

alkaline and silicious waters, the presence and prolonged action of which forming quartz, served as nature's healing agency of the fractures. Large veins are more frequent, and more remarkable on the mountain tops—Richtield Mountain, Mount Agnes, Mount Burdell, ete.—than in the valleys.

Lithological, Lithologically the Cariboo schis's are altere' sediments—clays and sandstones, with occasional small bands of limestone and calcareous shales, comprising popularly the characteristic "slate rock," where gold is looked for, in veins, and placers, by the experienced miner.

The "slate" varies from a black or bluish shale, cleaving, commonly, in the direction of the bedding, to a more or less foliated grey or green chloritic, or talcose schist; the varieties ending with typical mica-schist. The latter is the most characteristic and most widely disrtibuted of the varieties of the Cariboo " slate."

Bands of silicious and calcareous ingredients can be traced. Also bands of more or less decidedly marked mica schist, containing several varieties of mica,

In the gold region, eruptive rocks occasionally occur in the form of dykes. A dyke on the eastern slope of the Round Top summit is of hornblende rock. Dykes of " porphyry" are not uncommon.

Thickness. As it would be unsafe, where the rocks are so frequently on edge, to draw conclusions regarding their thickness from any general section, however accurate, attention may be directed to the following distances on the Cariboo Map, where a constant dip in the same direction was observed. On Williams Creek such uniformity occurs for five miles;

on Antler Creek, it occurs for four miles and a half; and along the crest ites, of the Goose Creek Mountains, from Goose Creek to Barker's Moun-feat tain, six miles. crag

In Devlin's Diggings at the foot of the Williams Creek section, and again at Mink Gulch above Richfield, the attitude is vertical. Above these points are seen the usual gentler northerly dips. There is probably

a repetition of beds on Williams Creek, such as is indicated on Be that part of the general section corresponding to it. rock In that part of the section corresponding to the crest of the Goose sami Creek Mountains, it will be better in accordance with the facts to con-ston clude that some beds have been inverted, than it would be to assume a form thickness of 30,000 feet. The total thickness of the schists is probably rang as has been indicated on the section, from five thousand to eight thou- TI sand feet. and Schist,belt and In delineating the schist belt, two shades of coloring are used: that mod moreiine, Of the main body (Payne's Grey) representing the gold schists on the Ne olderrocks. north and west; and that of the more highly crystalline area to the Mow

south-east, exhibited on the North Fork of Quesnel River, and again corre

@owMan. LOWER PAL AOZ0IC, 250

hich , along the shores of the North Arm of Quesnel Lake, which is repreures. sented by a 'fighter shade of the same color. ntain These two areas possess certain rocks and other characteristics in in in common. Others are peculiar to each. The more crystalline of the schists characteristic of the gold region occur also in the eastern area, ; and in association with coarser crystalline felspathic and quartzose ingrereous dients. In the western area no granitic or gneissic rocks are anyvhere where found in place. In the eastern area, on the other hand, the , Mount Stevenson group of mountains is a granitic core of the highly only, crystalline series, ey or The characteristic rocks of the western and eastern areas respical spectively, are seen in close proximity at Shoal Bay, a little westward widely of the junction of the two Arms of Quesnel Lake. They are in association with each other at several pluces between that and the head of Also the North Arm. They appear to be related, and separable only by overal regarding the more crystalline as an older and underlying member, re-appearing in folds in the gold region. rm of A belt of the eastern and older rocks was recognized on the North Where ; is of Fork of Quesnel River. Similar coarse crystalline rocks were ob. re served at Cariboo Mountain; and near the wing-dam on the waggon ge, to road between Boyd's and Beaver Pass. They occur at other places ction, in the schist belt, where their presence might be accounted for by tances folds of the older series accompanying the schists, although it is im- n was possible at present to trace such connection throughout the district. niles ; Among the rocks of this eastern area are granites, gneisses, quartz- Resemblance to crest ites, and other of the characteristic Archean rocks. The surface in) Moun-features of the country, although rounded, are rougher and more ( craggy than those of the gold region. i , and ite Above Rocks of the Alpine Region of Cariboo. 1h prob- i ed on Belonging to the Cariboo Range, east of the Bear Lake trough, the pitaeeroues ti rocks of Mount Mitchell were examined, and were found to be the schists. ae: Goose same as the gold schists of the western area above described. Lime- a con-stones occur in large masses near by, overlying the schists uncon- 1 ime a formably and with their accompanying roc s forming the crests of the i pbably range, t thou- The latter exhibit a contrast to the schists, in their more rugged t and alpine character, as well as in their greater regularity and the i . that moderate inclination of their bedding. i bn the Neither in the Cariboo Range, nor in the crystalline region of which Less rich in o the Mount Stevenson is the representative, has gold been found in quantity a

again corresponding with that of the area described as the gold region

' Lithological resemblances,

Succession of formations,

Significance of dips and strikes,

proper, And though gold has been found in all the creeks, and has been more or less mined on the easily accessible ones, the fact remains that it has not been found in profitable quantities in any other part of the country under consideration, nor elsewhere than in the area of the folded schists.

The entire crystalline series of the gold region of Cariboo is lithologically identical, as near as can be described in general terms, with the rocks of the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian gold regions of eastern Canada, The gneissic and schistose type of rocks of the Mount Stevenson group especially (supposed to represent the lowest horizon, on account of their association with granite in a central and massive mountain group) finds lithological representatives in the Pre-Cambrian rocks of the eastern provinces of the Dominion, and in the Appalachian axis.

Section from Guy's Mountain to the Cariboo Range.

The line of section drawn from Guy's Mountain across the schist belt of the Snowshoe Plateau, to the summit of the Cariboo Range, a distance of sixty miles, is constructed on a scale, horizontal and vertical, of two miles to the inch; the base being sea level. On it is shown the succession of the formations represented in the district ; their attitude as seen at different points, in travelling across them, and their thickness, as deduced from the dips and distances along the line of section, Its course is north 40° east, therefore not exactly at right angles to the average strikes, and the mountain trends of the district.

Minina GEoLo@y.

Dip and Strike of the Country-rock.

In practical importance not second to distribution, are the dips and strikes of the several rock-formations, which have been summarized in the accompanying section. In order that the data from which the section was drawn may be further available to the miner interested in tracing quartz veins, a large number of strikes in each of the formations are shown upon the district map. All the bearings are from the astronomical meridian, the magnetic meridian being N, 264° E.

The general agreement of the strikes with the trend of the hills and streams, in a south-easterly and north-westerly direction, has already been mentioned, It is not difficult to obtain from the attitudes of

id has et 1

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Mount

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ips and

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ich the

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in

of the

sted

lls and ulready udes of

G. Cache Creek Rocks. K. Quesnel River Rocks. B. Cf

UPPER PAL.EOZOIC. bedded volcanic agglomerates, argililes le. Lower Cretaceous en part MESOZOIC.

A nN

NO ' 8 ' Ss P. S : S od iS ' S ss S S S S a S iN BS Ss S XQ ws a) aK ' — S S Ne N K N Y 3 N Ns S S iS) y My i) NX iN SY : . mM Ni S . : ¥ S .t : y XN a S : ' ' S : N S S s : N AA ! — Bie: Re Se a ee ae ee ee aa ee 24 er. Yn ays" ao er oe. 6 ° A m7 7771" SS oa ee os Sr eRe" Sal a. Ue 5 10 )

B. CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF NORTH FORK OF QUESNELRIVER & LAKE. B TOC. CARIBOO SCHI

Gneesses muca schists, granularand SULCLOUS

wn ' a " 7) (iF , fe 72) ", ut micaceous schists of Duck Creebe, (yold bearing' slates) blach:, grey and green: Round lop ec, probably ARCHAAN. silken, taldcose, and micaceous, LOW

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Ze

Sketch Section From Guys Mouniain To The Cariboo Range, Via Sno

lorticad and Horizontal Scale 2 miles to 1 inch:

EtoG. BEAR LAKE

limestone cherts and G

probably UPPER PAL,

reenish metamorphic schists -

Ower Pala-Ozoic.

Yoal') Udy Luluun

'SYIOL SROUWMIS PUD SISIYIS! QPUOPSOAPLY) rp)? SPE RDIYD] J POYSMAUS, (saul jy

Owshoe Plateal

Survey Of Canada,

#n

eRe A ILL

Geological

BtoC. CARIBOO SCHISTS.

G. Bear Lake Rocks.

overtain by massive limestones.

me cherts and guartatles

ily UPPER PALAZOZOIC.

WDHUOPSIM?¢ T BYTIT S7TOYIPY 1 i

Cyot Iu,

ayn hpuns: fo 7200T

'ayo tasty dummy

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.e rock as off-sh the Cor develope the sev precisely; The pos general upon thi

The d

'xisten? unticlin:

ninent

ighest though unbroke strike o the Bea In tra dv succes of the a: of their One su Ruchon ponds v Mounta River, € deflecte tion, from th and the A clu and adje to a lim exhibite

the lim

tudes,

Mount

Barker

Cunning; ceptibic strikes,

9Owman. Mining Geology, 27 ©

.@ rocks exhibited in the section, an intelligible idea of their history as off-shore sediments of an ancient Archiean ridge, or archipelago of the Cordilleran region, Facts of importance to the quartz miner are developed by a comparison of the dips and strikes of the rocks on the several profitable placer-mining creeks, They will be more precisely shown on the creek maps, which are on larger scales, The positions and areas of the several creek maps are outlined on the general district map, along with other details which cannot be shewn upon the scale of the district map.

The dips and strikes plotted on the district map suffice to show the 'xisten¢e of an axial line C D which marks the position of a saddle, or inticlinal in the gold slates and schists, It lies close to some of the proninent mountains of the region, but seldom strikes through their

ighest points, The dips on either side of it are usually nearly vertical, though occasionally they are nearly horizontal, as if occupying the unbroken summit of an arch, The line is nearly parallel to the general strike of the schists, and equidistant from the massive limestones of the Bear Lake series, on the north-east,

In tracing a line of this description through a country where there is a succession of wavy folds, it is not easy to distinguish the continuation of the axis of' one fold from that of the next one 1n the series, on account of their frequent interruption by cross fractures, and by valley erosions, One such cross fracture is indicated by the dips of Beaver Pass and

Ruchon Creek. It runs in a north-north-easterly direction, and corres- ;

pouds with the course of one of the vein systems of Burns and Island Mountains. Another is seen in the transverse-cutting valley of Swamp River, Cariboo Lake, and of the north fork of Quesnel River, which has deflected all the strikes adjacent to that valley from their normal direction, A similar disturbance of the Mesozoie rocks occurred, judging from the plotted dips and strikes, on Quesnel Lake between its outlet and the narrows.

A clue to the identity of beds, and accompanying viens on Williams and adjacent creeks, is afforded by the limestone bands. They occur to a limited extent in the gold schist series. In the folds of the rocks exhibited upon the general section of the country in a broader manner, the limestones are seen repeating themselves in widely different attitudes, The limestones of Jack of Clubs Creek on the northern slope of Mount Agnes, those of Black Jack Cajion, and of the lower part of Bakerville on Williams Creek, as well as those of Antler Creek, and Cunningham Creek, similarly repeating themselves, will be found susceptibie of identification, and correlation by means of their dips and strikes, hie

Anticlinal wxis,

Folds.

Transverse reiks,

Identity on

different creeks,

Dip and Strike of Veins.

aH TAL

Quartz veins are represented on the Cariboo map by heavy red line, drawn in the direction of their strike; the dip being indicated in the same manner as that of the country-rock.

Their general correspondence in strike with tat of the country-rock has been alluded to. A glance at those parts of the district map which are covered by the outlines of the creek maps will show the geological features bearing on their continuations through intervening ridges and approximately their identity on the different creeks. Such identity

Heaea to may often be of little consequence at the distances in question, but itis noteworthy wherever traceable, especially as it is fourd to have a certa.. relation to the quantity of gold in the placer diggings of the vicinity.

Openings on Early in the history of these mines, attention was directed to the

ledges. : . 7 ° croppings of ledges noticed between Lowhee Creek, Proserpine Mountain, and the head of Grouse Creck. Openings were made on the Enterprise ledge on Lowhee Creek; on the Bonanza, Black Jack, and Steadman ledges on Williams Creek ; on the Wilkinson ledge, on Proserpine Mountain; and on the Dufferin and Fountain-bead ledges on Grouse Creek; all approximately in the same line of strike.

Relationship of The dotted line E F is drawn along the upper edge of the richer

placers. placer diggings, from Red Gulch via Mosquito Creek, Lowhee Creek, Stouts Gulch, Williams Creek, Grouse Creek and Antler Creek to Cunfindi ningham Creek, showing a close enough relation to the series of veins Rucl which are plotted, near the same line of strike, to render additional O1 details regarding them of interest. The depth of the superficial soil that and gravel has prevented their connection being actually traced on the ledge surface, between these different creeks. The testimony of accompany- Cree ing rocks, their relative position geographically, their geological position between the top and bottom of the series to the north of the axial line of Mount Agnes, and the dip of the ledges themselves are the factors throwing light upon the question of their relations on the It different creeks, Finally the contents of the ledges as given, may be reco) investigated, H..E Differing dips. A Comparison of the dips and strikes of the ledges with those of the Mow country-rock, reveals the fact that while they agree remarkably in belt strike, they do not agree in dip. This fact holds good in some of the at th principal ledges throughout the mining region, The identity of strike, Cree and not of dip, is readily explained by the supposition that the quartz Slou; veins filled fissures which were influenced in direction by that of the Cree Vein fissures, PCdding and the lines of disturbance during uplift. They happen to be and parallel to the strike, though they are often independent of the the r

Bowman. Mining Geology. 29 ¢

bedding. Veins of this description do not necessarily continue downward within the bedding to any depth; though a coincidence of the plane of bedding with the direction of the fissure or vein, doubtless frequently produced conditions favourable thereto.

Among the series of veins enumerated, the Island Mountain ledges filand show a southerly dip, of from 66° to 80°, The Enterprise, Steadman, ledges. and Proserpine ledges are vertical. The Bonanza, Dufferin, Fountainhead, and Nugget Gulch, and Antler Creek ledges have a northerly dip, of from 50° to 80°, All of them are in a country rock which has a prevailing northerly dip, If they belong to one system, a remarkable twist would have to be accounted for, Elsewhere at Island Mountain the northerly dips may very probably occur also.

The persistency of the strike of the principal ledges of Cariboo in causes, the direction of the trend of the mountain system, co-incident with that of the schists, must be ascribed to a common original cause, that of the uplift and folding, therefore it is only incidentally related to the bedding of the schists.

Other peculiarities of these veins, including the character of their Vein contents. contents, are referred to below, and will be considered hereafter in giving further details of the creeks.

The cross-vein system of Burns Mountain is different from that last Transverse described in general direction, being north-north-easterly and nearly eu vertical. The adjacent country rocks dip to the south-eastward 30°, finding a parallel to their strike in the rocks of Beaver Pass and Ruchon Creek, which dip to thewestward at a similar angle.

On Snowshoe Plateau the ledges show an agreement in strike with that of the country-rock, yet with notable variations in dip. The ledges of Duck Creek, the North Fork of Quesnel, and of Spanish Creek vary from the country rock both in strike and dip.

Distribution of the Placers.

It is found that those parts of the Caribo country which have a gpouping of record in placer mining, can be included within the red lines G, G, and pacers H. H., forming acircuit with a diameter of forty miles, of which Cariboo version. Mountain is the centre. The periphery is represented by a circular belt of about ten miles in width. It includes the diggings,—beginning at the north-west, and following the hands of a clock,—on Lightning Creck, Ruchon Creek, Willow River, Sugar Creek, Hardscrabble,

Slough Creek, Red Gulch, Mosquito Creek, Lowhee Creek, Williams Creek, Grouse Creek, Cunningham Creek, Harvey Creek, Snowshoe and Keithley Creeks, Goose Creek, Duck Creek, Spanish Creek, the north Fork of Quesnel, Kangaroo Creek, Cedar Creek, the south

ee es

Nature's assays.

Indications

Fork of Quesnel, Morehead Creek, and the main Quesnel River; and covers all of the formations described in the district ; that of the gold schists being the only one remarkable for the wealth and permanence of its diggings.

A feature attending the entire list of creeks, embracing the placer mining country generally, is the width and depth of the erosions peculiar to the placer area.

Accumulated wealth in the form of placers, is simply representative of a great thickness of the country-rock, including quartz-veins, disintegrated and removed. Its metal has been concentrated, and retained, along with the heavier rocks and the harder gravels which resisted disintegration,

Higher portions of the creeks, reaching up into the mountains or into the plateaus in their vicinity, within the placer belt, it is frequently observed, have not proved correspondingly rich. This fact should not be placed in evidence against the wealth of ledges not adjacent to the richer placers, or outside of the limits of the principal placer belt. These ledges simply happen to be visible where erosion has not had the opportunity to do its work. Had the streams done an equal amount of cutting away and concentration upon them, there might have been placers in their vicinity, perhaps equally rich. Concentration by denudation being thus duly allowed for, the placer deposits will generally prove to be the most reliable indication of the wealth of the adjacent ledges.

It is well understood that angular boulders and coarse gold cannot have suffered such attrition and hammering as are incident to much travelling in the course of stream bed. Thus the placer mines indicate first, the belts of auriferous country-rock, the streams will indicate the direction, and the transported matter itself shows the distance we have to go to the ledges, whether large or small, from which the placer gold was derived. They may justify mechanical exploitsdtion or not, according to circumstances peculiar to the district, such as transportation, etc., quite apart from their character.

The lines of strike, accompanied by the axial line C.D., and the area of deep erosions included between the lines G.G, and H.H., furnishing respectively, the elements of identity of the rock, and of the value to be attached thereto from the testing of it by erosion, will be found to contribute materially towards confirming a judgment from nature's own hand, of the promise of the ledges on the different creeks.

and Quartz Ledges Examined. xold ence Williams Creel.—Among the ledges which have attracted the atten- Quartz. tion of the placer miners, and later of quartz prospectors, in a few acer instances succeeded by systematic underground mining,—are the ions following, with their principal features, and assay values, as found :— Proserpine Ledge.—At Wilkinson shaft house. Strike and dip, etc., tive not visible on account of the filling up of the shaft ; supposed to be in dis-line with Mason Avenue, which runs N. 47° W.; bearing to Bonanza }ein between tain-ledge N. 43° W. The strike of the soft black slates, taken 200 feet west sted of the Wilkinson shaft, was found to be N. 43° W.; dip about vertical. Hence the ledge here may be considered as between beds. Body not r invisible. Contents, quartz, pyrites, ferric-hydrate, carbonaceous matntly ter, and a little siderite. Theshaft is 50 feet deep; it was sunk in not 1864-66, by Wilkinson. the At the Proserpine shaft house, 700 feet east from last, the attitude belt. is about the same, the vein dipping 8. 75°; body, 10 feet. Contents : had galena, iron pyrites, quartz, chlorite, brown oxides, and a ialena. aie ed jual bluish felspar. An assay by Mr. Hoffmann, of specimen containing Bai, ight iron pyrites and galena, in a gangue of quartz and chlorite, gave ¢ old, eta tion 0.787; silver, 20.738 ounces to the ton. Another (No. 54) yielded only we will a trace of gold, and no silver. Pyrites in "slate" is said to have ne 'the assayed very high. The shaft is 97 feet deep. (Filled with water.) Ht A At a distance of 630 feet W.S.W. from the Wilkinson shaft house is vein across a not the "supposed Steadman Ledge," a body of quartz striking east and °°' eee uch west, with a southerly dip of 75°, It is in slates striking N, 33° eke ate W., and dipping north-eastward 65°; showing local irregularity Hae be ate in the attitude of the country rock, and an intersecting vein system. eile we Steadman Ledge, Richtield. A body of about four feet in width can be ed hcer seen near the bed of the creek, where it has been exposed by an open i hot, cut. Strike, N. 48° W., standing about vertical. Fifty feet from it the aia a rta-slate rock strikes 8. 35° E, and dips north-easterly 70°; ap-lt 4 parently in broken ground, as a hundred yards above it, and about the H 4 rea same distance below it on Williams Creek, the slate rocks strikes S, 4 ing 65° E. and dips northward from 70° to vertical. Contents: A speci- ( to men sent tome by James Reid in December, 1886, obtained from a te to depth of 30 feet, assayed by Mr. Hoffmann, contained gold, a distinct iy WWwh trace ; silver, none. ;

Hines Ledge, above Richfield. Quartz with pyrites and mineral Hy resembling limonite. A body of quartz several feet or more ee in width was sunk upon by the occupant of the adjacent cabin. Depth of shaft, six feet; body of ore, four feet ; direction of strike and

continuity unknown, It is at the head of the profitable placer mining qh i on Williams Creek. Contained little or nothing. Td

Vein between eds.

Country-rock and contents Of ledges.

Erroneous assays.

Development work,

Uncertain strike,

Stout's Gulch Ledge, Hydraulic Diggings, near Barkerville. An assay, by Dr. Harrington in 1876-77, of a specimen collected by Dr. Dawson, from a five-feet cross vein, containing white quartz with iron pyrites, gave gold, *335 oz, ; silver, +131 oz. to the ton.

Bonanza Ledge, situated near the divide between Stout's Gulch and Lowhee Creek, near Barkerville. Strike of ledge N. 48° to 63° W. ; dip northward 45° to 60° ; strike of slates in tunnel, N. 65° to 80° W.; dip northward 45° to 60°. The above are repeated trials at different places, Taking an average, that of the ledge would be N. 554° W., and of the rock N. 724° W. The strike of a large body of quartz on the surface several hundred yards east of the tunnel known as the " Big Blowout," agrees in the main with that of the ledge in the tunnel. It is plotted on my track survey as W. N. W.; but Mr, Craib, who observed instrumentally at my request, reports its strike, N. 49° W. On the whole, I am inclined to think the Bonanza ledge runs in the bedding of the rock. Country rock, slate; showing evidences in places of fragmental origin. Contents: Quartz, with polished "slickenside" wall, iron pyrites, graphite, etc.

An assay of south casing of Bonanza ledge by Dr. Harrington (Report of 1876-77, p. 477), gave gold, :064 ounces; silver, *02% ounces to the ton; of north casing, only traces of gold ; and of' blue quartz containing slaty matter, only traces of gold.

Specimens received at the Survey Office in 1878, containing white quartz, pyrites, and some carbonaceous matter, gave gold, ounces ($11.45) ; silver, *335 ounces to the ton, It had been reported as containing $90 (Rep. 1876-77, p. 478).

Mr. Forrest states that this rock was assayed in 1878, and was reported to contain $90 a ton, but that subsequently the assays were reported erroneous, Mr, Harper, who worked some tons at Nason's Mill, claimed that it paid $3 to $4a ton, but did not get gold enough to make a bar. No rock from the Bonanza was crushed in Riotte's time, beyond test samples.

A tunnel several hundred feet in length strikes the ledge 55 feet below the surface, and a shaft from its inner end 50 feet deep, shows the ledge to a depth of 105 feet below the surface. Counting in the side stringers it is estimated to be 22 feet in width. Some galena is found in the hanging wall; in the foot wall the ore is all pyrites.

Home Rule Ledge, Barkerville Mountain, half-a-mile west of lower end of Barkerville. The opening on this ledge is a hole less than ten feet wide and deep, leaving the strike and dip uncertain. Mr, Dooley, the first locator, considered it as running east and west. Mr, O'Neil, subsequently owner, considered it as running north and south, basing his conclusions on appearances in the opening. These would indicate

that tion, Sinco

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An Dr.

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Bowman: MINING GEOLOGY. 33 6

a ledge of about five feet in width, dipping east 80°, having porphyry in the foot and hanging walls, There is, however, a stringer of quartz extending through this porphyry in an easterly and westerly direction, dipping 8S. 75°, which may represent the Dooley ledge. At a distance of 250 feet south of Mr, O'Neil's opening there is a body of mineralized quartz from five to six feet in width, striking N, 41° E., and dipping north-westerly 80°, Twenty feet to the east of that there is a confused body of quartz separated from it by porphyry. In asoutherly direction from the Home Rule opening, Mr. O'Neill found other similar croppings between ese and the mouth of Stout's Gulch, Contents: lron pyrites, limonite, and galena; yellow earthy oxides, ferric hydrate, accompanying pitchy looking limonite, In places along with galena, also a reddish brown, a yellow, and a white oxide, The lead sulphide principal characteristics of the Home Rule is its abundance of mineral in the shape of galena, limonite, pyrites, and their oxides ; in which respect it is not excelled by any ledge seen by me in the district, An assay by Hoffmann of a specimen containing an association of galena, iron pyrites and limonite, gave gold, +020 ounces; silver, 6°562 ounces to the ton.

Dooley Ledye, an casterly extension of the last. Mr. Dooley's prin- Probably cipal opening is about 500 feet east of the Home Rule opening, and eee the body of quartz disclosed strikes N. 75° W., dip S. 70°; width, three feet, 1t does not show as much mineral. What there is resembles that of the Home Rule opening, except in lesser degree of decomposition, The country rock in the vicinity, a spotted slate, strikes N. 80° W., and stands vertical, Probably, on further development, the ledge will be found to run with the slate. On the brow of the hill, back of Sincox's dwelling, the latter strikes N. 75° W., and dips N. 75°.

Sergeant Lindsay Ledge, Richtield Mountain, Strike of main ledge,

N, 69° to 76° W.; side ledge, N. 81° W. Width of main ledge, 44 feet ;

side ledge, 24 to 53 feet. The main ledge dips S. 50°, and the

sile ledge is vertical, These two bodies form a single ledge at the foot yoine noross of the hill, (where the ledge has been opened), and diverge at a smal] beds: pyrite. angle to the westward, Country rock, grey slate, with an apparently

flattish dip. It has a cleavage striking S.S.E., dip easterly 60°,

Great bodies of similar quartz crop on all sides near this ledge, and

show a continuance in many different directions by smaller croppings.

Contents: quartz with ferric hydrate and a little pyrites, A uniformly

Whitish barren-looking quartz, occasionally fragmental, and showing

brown iron oxides in bands, Assay by Hoffmann yielded gold a trace ;

silver, 1°808 ounces per ton,

Veins between beds; free gold.

Not same as Bonanza.

Intersecting galena.

34 ¢ BRITISH COLUMBIA. Lowhee Creek.

Enterprise Ledge, 14 mile west of the Bonanza watershed. Close to it on the west, and parallel to it in course, is Jack Pinkerton's ledge so similar in attitude, body and other characteristics that it might be described as a repetition of the Enterprise. Strike of Pinkerton ledge, N. 59° W.; dip northerly 85°; width, nine feet. The ledge is about 200 feet from the Enterprise; both striking with the slate, which dips however, 8. 70°. They cross Lowhee Creek about .2,000 feet below the Victoria upper shaft house, which would strike near the position of the Ralph ledge, on Barkerville Mountain. The country rock is finely laminated chloritic slate.

Strike of Enterprise ledge, N. 62° W. vertical; body eight to ten feet. These ledges, accordingly, do not appear to lie in the extension of the Cariboo or Bonanza ledge. On Lowhee Gulch, where the Enterprise and Pinkerton ledges cross it, the slates hold the same strike, S. 60° E.; showing an unbroken country between ; but the dip is less, being only about 40°, while the colour of the rock is more greyish. George Byrnes & Co,, in 1578, drifted in quite a distance on a ledge at or near this crossing, Contents: Quartz not containing any mineral visibly ; remarkable for their perfectly polished slickensides. An assay of a specimen of " Enterprise ore," sent by W. Pollard to the Survey office in 1878, contained white quartz, pyrites, iron oxide, and slaty matter, and yielded gold, 20096 ounces ; silver 4929 ounces to the ton, Opened by a tunnel about 350 feet long,

Victoria Shaft Ledge—Peculiar quartz crystals, encased in galena. Supposed by Mr. Forrest to be the western extension of the Bonanza. The Victoria was tapped 100 feet west of the shaft-house, by a tunnel running magnetic north, which cut a body of sulphurets two feet in width, but broke off abruptly to east-ward, in the direction of the Bonanza.

Sam Crane's Old Store.—Stringers yielding $20 a ton.

Island Mountain.

" Lady of the Lake" Ledge, on west shore of Jack of Club's Lake, Pyrites, and quartz, with carbonaceous matter, Assay—gold, a trace; silver, none. A tunnel was run in by Forest Dunlevy & Co., some years ago; course, W. to N.W.; continuity undetermined ; body in places, eight feet. Vein lost.

Following the strike of the John's ledge from the John's tunnel eastward about 1200,feet, in sight of Jack of Club's Lake, and 300 feet back from it, bodies of quartz have been found having a similar strike, but no continuity in developments so far made, This supposed

tons leac

F obse disti

and

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oWMAN, MINING GEOLOGY. 35 ©

extension of the Island Mountain or Walker Ledge, is claimed by Robert J. Walker. The rock near the lake strikes 8. 65° W., dipping northward 45°; accordingly agreeing with that of the John's tunnel,

The John's or Island Mountain Ledge, one-third to one half mile west Strike with of Jack of Club's Lake, Strike, as observed in tunnel, N. 83° W.; dip, pa southward 60° to 75°. Mr. Walker gives the strike as 8, 50° W. magnetic, 8. 75° W. true, or 22° more to the south than I found it in the John's tunnel. The rock strikes WS.W. to S.W.; dip to northward, 25 or 30 degrees. A well defined pyrites ledge of 41 to 51 inches has been followed in about 50 feet. Contents: Ivon pyrites, Pyrites. and quartz. A working test of a sample lot from the John's tunnel,

I am informed, yielded Mr, Craib in 1887 $30 to the ton. This ledge

has been supposed to be identical with the Walker ledge, It is 830

feet east of the Walker opening, and within 1500 feet of Jack of

Club's Lake. The John's tunnel or Island Mountain ledge however changes. varies in strike from that in the neighbourhood of the Walker ore-house

to the extent of 20°,

The Island Mountain Company's operations during 1886-87 included Development. the purchase of the Lane and Kurtz Mill, and the grading of a mil! site on Jack of Club's Lake, at a point where the course of the western portion of the ledge would strike the Lake, From the John's tunnel it was proposed to deliver, during the winter of 1886-7, 1000 tons of quartz; and to add to the mill, concentrators, and roasting and leaching appliances for its treatment.

For several thousand feet the quartz here opened to sight, it will be gontrary dips. observed, while not departing widely in strike from that of the slates, distinctly does not follow their bedding. appearance of regularity and continuity.

Walker Ledge, 830 feet west of last. The ledge strikes S. 75° W,, and dips to southward 60°. Strike of rock in cut near ledge, 8, 60° to 65° BE; dip N.< 45°. A heavy body of quartz is in sight, .varying in thickness from three to six feet. The cut into the Walker ledge runs S. 50 feet, striking the ledge nearly at right angles. Contents: Honey-combed quartz, and brown iron oxide from decomposition, with glistening white talcose mineral

The ledge shows every

resembling mica.

From same locality, quartz, iron pyrites, and greenish tale. A

quantity of rock milled by Riotte in 1887 (imperfectly roasted) Tests.

yielded $19.03 to the ton. The buik of the rock worked by Mr.

Riotte was hauled to the Lane and Kurtz Mill, and not roasted at all.

Being mostly iron pyrites, with very little or no free gold, it yielded , only a few dollars to the ton. During the winter of 1885-6 Mr. Nason

worked 3000 Ibs. of ore from this ledge taken from the dump at the

ss asst ncisiB he viecenCicau carnations toe Me

i ii ° 'oa i! 36 0 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 80 Wii ore-house, and obtained $19.70. Mr, Walker reports a sample of' the Hii ig tailings sent to Pittsburgh for assay which yielded $61 to the ton. bi yi) ] Contrary dips. West of the Sadou ledge crossing, another cut ending in a short tunnel, wi has been run into the Walker ledge. It is 420 feet westward from the oy i] 7 ore-house, The slate rock strikes N,75° W., and dips northward 45°; ne qi) il perhaps is a little disturbed. A bearing taken along its strike, as ins indicated by Mr. Walker from his developments here and elsewhere, W: was 8. 79° W. About 500 feet further west in this direction, the ledge is again opened by a cut which discloses a body three feet and a half in Du width, nearly vertical, or dipping slightly to the south, Mr, Dunlevy Co. owns an extension here of 1500 feet. The ledge is traced another ma 1500 feet west, where it is known as " Joe Mason's extension," About $35 a mile beyond that, to the westward, are the ledges elsewhere noted " having a similar strike, at the head of Mosquito Ci. ik. tir Veins across: Sadou Ledge, near last; strike, S. 30° to 45° W.; attitude, nearly pon 7" vertical, Mr, Walker observed it as S, 14° W., magnetic, which agrees tain

approximately, Strike of country rock, S. 55° W.; dip, northward <45°, The Sadou ledge is opened by a short tunnel, several hundred

feet to the westward from Walker's opening. It is a ledge crossing L the above named ; body, 2 to + feet. Contents: A milk-white quartz , i¢ coated with hydrated peroxide, having pyritous cavities gave, gold, + 658 ounces; silver, +233 ounces to the ton. Assay by Harrington, in ne 1876-7, of rusty quartz, with mica slate, from the Sadou ledge gave er: gold, +175 ounces; silver, '802 ounces to the ton. od The Sadou claim runs 600 feet in the general direction of the ledge es up into the mountain, taking'in a width of 100 feet. It is owned in rea Fault. Paris. At the bottom of the cut there is evidence of a fault, in quartz Hoff lying near to, if not belonging to the ledge. Le 1 Vetns across Fou Ledge—Near last ; strike, W.S.W., dip, southward 85°, bodi aa 2 Country rock, slate; strike, S.W., dip, N.E., <40°. An irregular ; i broken ore body of considerable extent. Contents: An abundance of whit HB) iron pyrites, and iron oxides containing free gold. Yielded colors of ay Ulal gold after roasting. An assay of selected ore is said to have yielded JF es $60. 00 and $70.00 to the ton, a Vialhaiaines Wright Ledge.—Near last; strike, south-westerly, nearly vertical. ints breakage Strike of country rock, 8.W., dip, N.W. 30°. Body, 24 feet, and less. pi ; Contents: Pyrites &c. Assays are said to have yielded $50.00 to the mere 4 ton, The ledge lies along the tunnel, which is in the strike of the The rock, for the first twenty feet; then diverges it on the right hand of Le the tunnel. The tunnel runs S.W. 150 feet; then S.S.W. 170 feet ; Sinn ea total, 320 feet. ( i. es i Galens: Atcheson Ledge.—A small ledge between the Fox and Wright. Con-ee . WB, tents : galena, with other ore. ,

of the 1¢ ton, 'unnel, ym the 'ike, as where, e ledge half in unlevy nother

About e noted

nearly agrees thward undred tossing

quartz e, gold, ston, in ye gave

1e ledge vned in quartz

pregular unce of olors of yielded

vertical. ind less.

to the le of the hand of 70 feet ;

t. Con

The Fox, Atcheson and Wright ledges have some appearance of breakage, which may also affect the Sadou and Walker ledges.

About 200 feet eastward from the mouth of the Wright and Atcheson openings, Mr, Walker, in 1869, ran a tunnel south, 124 feet in length, nearly at right angles to these ledges, without striking them ; showing that they pass more to the north; and further proving, that the Walker ledge does not, as it should not, pass in that vicinity.

Soda Co.—Mr. Walker informed me that about 2,000 feet west of the Vein across Dunlevy cut above mentioned, Flynn & Co, under the name of the Soda Co., have located a ledge which crosses the Walicer, striking N.W magnetic, (W.N.W. true), is four feet wide, and yields an assay of $38.00 to the ton.

The Sadou ledge, and some bodies of quartz showing on the mountain near the "Lady of the Lake" facing Jack of Club's Lake, correspond in course and attitude with some of the ledges of Burns' Mountain, four miles further south.

Mosquito Creek.

Ledge in Saunders placer diggings.—Strike, N. 62° E., dip, north-west- Vein between erly, very steep. Strike of country rock, 8. 75° W., dip northward 80°. Body, one foot to two feet and over. Contents: Quartz, and felspar, with ferric hydrate, and a little iron pyrites. Chlorite and Altered strike. white mica with nests of pitchy iron oxides are also characteristic. An assay by Hoffmann yielded a trace of gold ; no silver.

Ledge near Flynn's lower diggings, where float galena in large masses, Galena. from adjacent ledges not identified, gets into the sluices, Assay by Hoffmann yielded, gold, 0.182 ounces; silver, 36.458 ounces per ton.

Ledge in Flynn's upper diggings, 500 feet above last, large irregular bodies of quartz are seen in place. Contents: a little pyrites, and a white talcose mineral, An assay by Hoffmann yielded a trace of gold; no silver. These are the uppermost placer diggings on Mosquito Creek.

Six hundred feet further up Mosquito Creck forks; in the forks a tunnel has been run into the hill 500 feet, intersecting two or three quartz ledges of moderate size. Their course is easterly and westerly. One contains a great deal of galena, and is probably the source of the humerous specimens of that mineral found in Flynn's placer mine. The other contains sulphuret 'of iron.

Ledges at the head of Musquito Creek—One mile from Flynn's cabin. pip contrary. Supposed Island Mountain or Walker Ledge. Course, E. and W. magnetic=N, 64° W., dip S. Body about five feet. Contents: Galena, aid with white and yellow oxides. 4 Al

Normal strike. Pee

Veins across beds.

Development.

Striking with rock, dip contrary.

Breakage.

Development.

Lightning Creek.

Beede or Perkins' Ledge, on Burn's Mountain, one mile and a quarter north of Lightning Creek. Strike, N. N-E., vertical; differing from that of the slate. The country rock graduates from slate to shale; in some places it is plainly unaltered from sandstone, It is a soft chloritic rock, in places; silicitied, in others, and in the Burns' Mountain Company's tunnel it is hard to drill, Strike, N.N. W,; dip, eastward <30°. Body from six to eighteen inches, sometimes widening to three feet or more. There are sev val ledges of this sort near each other, Contents : Quartz, with galena, ferric hydrate and iron pyrites. The quartz is usually honeycombed from decomposition of the pyrites, resulting in dark brown, bluish and blackish oxides, Accompanying the galena there are white and dirty yellow oxides, An assay by Mr. Hoffmann of quartz carrying a little galena, gave gold, 2.625 ounces; silver, 3.033 ounces to the ton, Another, holding more galena, yielded gold, 0.365 ounces ; silver, 29.896 ounces per ton, Free gold shows in fine particles after roasting and washing. Development work consists of atunnel (the Reid) about three hundred feet long, and several shafts, fifty to seventy feet deep, with connecting drifts and stopes. Several hundred yards north of the Perkins shaft is the Laura Ground, on one of the Beede series of ledges which has been extensively opened by the Cohen incline, ete.

Burns' Mountain Company's Ledge, on Burns' Mountain, two miles north of Lightning Creek. Strike of ledge, N. 36° E, (as traced on the surface by Mr. Jacques), attitude, vertical. Strike of country rock, N.35 E., dip, south-easterly 30°. Body in main shaft, two feet and a half to five feet. Contents: Iron pyrites and galena, with yellow oxides. Assays various, including some visible free gold.

At their principal shaft the Burns's Mountain Company has sunk on a ledge tive feet wide at the surface, to a depth of about tifty feet. In the last half of that distance the ledge suffered a break; the quartz diminished to two feet and a half; pinched out, came in again in considerable force, but its further continuity has not been determined. Selvedge lines and gangue, with broken rock, filled the place of the vein where broken.

From a point on the northern slope of the mountain, one hundred and seventy-four feet lower than the shaft house, a tunnel has been brought in, over cight hundred feet in length, to a point vertically under the shaft. Two series of veins were intersected, running N.E. and N.30° to 36° FB, respectively. During the season of 1586 they were drifted on, and prospected under the superintendence of Mr, Jacques.

Silver Ledge, Burns' Mountain Company. Galena and pyrites.

ter 'om in soft ain ari ree her, Che tes, ing Mr. OS 5 ded sin ists aval pes. ind, ned

Strike, N. 30° E.; body two feet; in tuanel, very small, Assay by Hoffmann gave gold a distinct trace; silver, 3'442 ounces per ton,

Ledges near junction of Van Winkle and Lightning Creeks.—On the veins between north side of Lightning Creek, opposite the old Van Winkle Company's 0° P9"te* headquarters, there is a small ledge which strikes N.W.; dip, N.E. <55° ; thickness, two feet, with parallel seams of smaller size, This is on an island of bed rock, between the Point claim and the present Van Winkle Creek. In the rich Placer ground of the Pointclaim, in 1875, four men, working in two shifts, took out five hundred ounces o® gold a week, Contents: Quartz with chlorite and a little ferric hydrate. Anassay by Hotfmann gave a trace of gold; silver, none.

On the south side of Lightning Creek, nearly opposite to the last, a Striking with little lower, and directly opposite to the Van Winkle dump, is a small contrary. ledge or stringer which strikes 8.72° W., and dips southerly 40°, following the strike and bedding of the country rock. Body, six inches, Contents, quartz with chlorite and ferric hydrate. An assay by Hoffmann gave a trace of gold; silver, none,

From this point for three hundred feet down Lightning Creck, was the richest placer ground on the creek, David Edwards, who cleaned the bed rock in drifting, states that quartz was visible in considerable quantities under-cround, A large mass of it was found on a bench on the north side, about two hundred feet below first mentioned. No ledge was visible under the creek, so far as he knows,

Above the junction of Van Winkle Creek, three or four small ledges Vein, aerose cross Lightning Creek, between Van Winkle and Eagle creeks. Creek.

Sam. Montgomery's Ledge, quarter of 2 mile above Stanley. Strike (from information), about S, 30 E, Body, two to four fect. Contents :

Quartz with a little chlorite and limestone. Barren-looking. Assay by Hoffmann gave a trace of gold; silver, none,

Mr. Montgomery reports a ledge uncovered in the diggings at this place about 1876, which had a strike of S, 30° E., as nearly as he can recall it, and a width of four feet. It is probably indentical with the ledge from which my specimens were obtained,—cropping under the bluff on the south side of the Creek, a little above Montgomery's cabin.

At the timber shaft, about 100 feet farther up, a "rotten ledge" was uncovered, from four to six inches in width, which crossed the creek in the same direction, The diggers sunk into the rotten ledge Notten ledge. four feet, all along its course, and washed the loose stuff, which yielded the best prospects in the claim. Montgomery got coarse gold out of it, $4.00, $6.00, and an ounce ($18.00) in weight. About six hundred ounces of the coarsest gold in the claim was taken out of this rotten ledge.

ore

neato wes Parnebmee mre cnn

Feira om

—

scien nab eaneusuomabe : ros PS Ss

yt

Stringers.

Vein across beds,

Vein across eds.

Chisholm Creek,—-One mile and a third north of Stanley. Lowest ledges or stringers found near rich placer ground just above Sam Montgomery's old placer diggings. Small veins of barren-looking quartz, Strike E.S.E., dip northerly <50 degrees; body ten to twenty inches, Contents: Quartz with a small quantity of chlorite

and ferric hydrate, Assayed by Hoftmann, gave a distinct trace of

gold; silver, none,

The diggings were worked in 1863-4, and paid $50.00 a day to the hand—the richest on the Creek, While these ledges may have contributed to the results in part, the probability is that most of the gold was from ledges further up,

Two or three series of ledges with a similar strike are found between this locality and the junction of Oregon gulch, Here a narrow vertical ledge crosses the gulch at its outlet, in a northerly and southerly direction, showing excellent ore,

" The Foster Ledge" is in this vicinity, It is tapped by a tunnel running W. to S8.W., a hundred feet above the junction of Oregon gulch, not now accessible, It was at one time the subject of much attention, founded on finds in the placers of its vicinity. Its strike is said to be south-westerly.

Sugar Creek,

Cooper's Gulch.—A little over half a mile above its mouth, A two feet and a half vein containing plenty of mineral, pyrites and galena, with ferric hydrate, chlorite, felspar and quartz. An assay by Hoffmann gave a trace of gold.

Galena Ledge.—Two thousand five hundred feet up Cooper's guich. This may be identical with the Galena ledge crossing Sugar Creek a mile above Cooper's Creek ; striking in that direction, Body two feet and a half, weathering into a hollow in the hill side. Contents: Quartz with a little galena, (often coated white) and iron pyrites, Assay by Hoffmann yielded distinct trace of gold ; silver, 0°525 ounces per ton.

Forks of Cooper's Gulch.—Near last. Barren-looking quartz with white tale. Strike, S. 80° E., dip, N., nearly vertical.

Up the S.S.K. branch one quarter mile, another ledge crosses, striking S. 50° K.,-and dipping southward <70° in which there is nothing visible at the point of crossing. Mr, Wiley thinks it is the same ledge which shows on the point of the mountain about half a mile to W.N.W. in good body, containing at that place an abundance of iron sulphurets,

Ledge in Wiley's Old Diggings, at mouth of Cooper's Gulch on Sugar

Cre ledgy tern

was near

ing 0 Th near ore p Le the 5 Ovnte appre conta Le helov throu near black blend none, Di gold eye i

Bowman, Mining Geology, 410

ost Oreek, (containing conglomerate cement boulders), Strike SW. A m ledge of good body, two or three feet, and fine looking ore, but undeng termined continuity. Contents : Quartz, pyrites, and brown oxide,

to Assay by Hoffmann gave a distinct trace of gold; silver, none, The 'ite placer ground was rich in its vicinity. Mr. Wiley attributes it to the

oft ledge.

Upper Ledge in Cation above Wiley's house ; strike of ledge N, 80° Vel in across the E., dip northward 75°. On the north-side of Sugar Creek a body beds. ti of quartz six to eight feet in thickness stands above the surrounding ald surface, Confents: Quartz with iron pyrites and a little copper pyrites. Assay by Hoffmann gave a distinct trace of gold; silver, none,

he- Fifty feet above the creek on the north side there is a bench which aul" was worked by Mr, Wiley ten years ago. It yielded $4.00 a day

rly near this ledge, and $2.00 away from it.

; Lower Ledge in Catton, 150 feet below last. This strikes N.W. and Veins across nel S.E., and dips to southward 70°; accordingly crossing the last neal, 'On mentioned on the bench, At the edge of the creek on the K, side ich there is a body three feet in width, which appears to be a bunch— is continuity doubtful, Country-rock, slate, strikes N.W., dip north-ga ponates.

ward 70°, Contents : Quartz with reddish weathering siderite, and ferric hydrate, Assayed by Hoffmann yielded distinct trace of' gold ; silver, none. Another specimen showing, along with quartz, siderite, and ferric hydrate, also chlorite, and a small quantity of blende, yield-orgs

ST ESET

wo ing on assay, a distinet trace of gold; silver, none, 1a, This ledge crossing the last mentioned on the bench described, at or gy yor, fe nn near the crossing contains copper pyrites, malachite, and a pitchy be ore probably a copper sulphuret i 'h. Ledge at Ditch waterfall, near Wiley'; cabin, Strike with slates S. strike with i r a 55° K,; but not following their bedding. It dips southerly 60°, while poole ici aH i; pet the slates dip northerly about the same amount. Body, two feet. H 4 i rtz, Ovntents: Brown iron oxide in moderate quantity. It yielded gold 44 ay appreciably, in the sluices of the adjacent placer mines, although not ! r i per containing much mineral visible to the eye. Hit i Ledge at Wiley's cabin, (passing under woodshed), About 200 feet Hi ee th below last, striking with the slates. Body, 2 to 24 feet. Continues 1 Ne 4 through the diggings; east of the creek enters hydraulic diggings Hetiliea & ik-near the Walker tunnel. Contents: Quartz with ion pyrites coated is black, ankerite, ferric hydrate, chlorite, and a small quantity of he blende, Specimen assayed by Hoffmann yielded gold, a trace; silver, 'a none, ce Dirt from its vicinity thrown into Wiley's sluices, yielded a different Di gold from that of the placers overlying it. Gold is invisible to the ar

eye in specimens.

"ae, eae oss

gests

ua saws oe ss si ce

seat

sg

im, 2

q iE

Vein between eds ; iron sulphide.

Twist and breakage,

Porphyry.

Lower Diggings Ledge—Still another ledge crosses the creek about the middle of the lowest placer bench worked to bed-rock, a quarter of a mile below Wiley's house, Strike, N. W.& 8. E., vertical ; body, 24 to4 feet. It contains an abuncance of sulphurot.

On Mustang Creek, which enters Sugar Creek half-a-mile below Wiley's, there are several quartz ledges seen crossing Isaac's placer diggings diagonally. These diggings are two miles above the mouth. Wiley supposes these ledges to be the continuations of those of upper Cooper's Creek,

Grouse Creek,

The Clear Grit Ledge, situated on Canadian Creek, two miles east of

Barkerville, strikes apparently with the slate country ro-k, N.W., and is, like it, vertical in attitude, Body, tive feet. Contents: Iron pyrites with the usual accompaniments, in abundance.

The Fountain Head Ledge, on Grouse Creek, is situated at the head of the placer diggings above Caiion Ravine, and strikes N, 52° W. dip northward 65°; having nearly, if not precisely, the same attitude ay the country rock, Body, ten feet, running in parallel stringers, wuich are separated by selvedges. The vein does not show on the Kast side, but ought to go through the Ottawa Company's placer claim. Contents : Quartz with a little chlorite and ferric hydrate; iron pyrites weathered out of honey-combed quartz, An assay by Hoffmann gave a distinct trace of gold; silver, none.

it has been little more than touched ; while its position and appearance

would seem to warrant prospecting it. Notable on account of

paralellism of quartz deposits,

The Lady Dutferin Ledge at the head of the creek, strikes §, 65° E.; dip northward 70°, with the country rock. Width, five feet nine inches. Contents: Lron pyrites with oxides, quartz, and carbonaceous matter. It contains rather a barren-looking quartz, [ron sulphurets in stringers are seen running into the slate hanging wall. Assay by Hoffmann yielded gold, 2.042 ounces; silver, 0.292 ounces per ton,

The ledge has been exposed by a tunnel sixty-tive feet long, running 8. 75° W. The ledge is named the Lord Dufferin on the east side of the creek. Ilere its strike, as seen at the surface, appears to be 8, 25° E., dip northward 60°; but on entering the tunnel it is S$, 80 to 85° E., dipping from nearly vertical to 50° northward—showing a displacement by a twisting movement. A porphyry streak of six inches divides the ledge, From stray pieces it is supposed that additional porphyry dykes exist which had, probably, a good deal to do with these disturbances. The country rock is a spotted bluish slate, which falls down in large angular blocks, often knotty in appearance. It has been

'

exposed by a tunnel run 8, 25° EK. to a depth of 175 feet,

creek Antler Creek. ock, a tical ; Porter's Ledge on middle Antler Creek is a little below the old town goutherly dip ; of Antler, on the west side, Two ledges here show, within 50 feet of en below each other. The upper one is best seen above the trail and several placer hundred. feet back. Strike KE. S, E., dip to southward <80°. These mouth. ledges show also in the creek, and beyond it, several hundred yards upper K.S.k. Body, unknown, Contents: Quartz and alittle chlorite, with ferrie hydrate, running from brown to blackish in parts ; weathered specimens showing also yellow and white oxides, An assay by Hoffmann showed a trace of gold; silver, none. sast of The lower ledge shows a large body of ferruginous matter, with some y., and tine-looking quartz, Body and character cannot be determined withpy rites out digging, Pebbles of ironstone are found in the sluices of the Yellow Lion Co, Pebbles, read of at McBean's Flat. Where these pebbles are found on Antler Creek, it ETN north-is said there is gold found with them, They are jaspery in appearance, as the upproaching hematite in the quantity of iron they contain; and were ich are probably derived from a ledge, which in depth becomes pyritou:. de, but The Limestone Ledge of Nugget Gulch, half a mile above Porter's house, Vein between ntents : strikes and dips with the country rock, and has a body of several feet ourhonate, eather-in thickness, blending into limestone. Contents: Ankerite and ferric 8 2 dis- ' hydrate. An assay by tloffmann showed that it contained neither gold nor silver, Nugget Gulch in the vicinity has been mined tor 1,000 appear-feet up from its junction with Antler Creek, and the source of nuggets unt of had been attributed to the limestone ledge. Further up, Nugget Gulch hus not been prospected to bed-rock. S, 65° t nine Round-Top Mountain and Cunningham Creek. aceous rets in On Round Top Mountain there is a comb of quartz or quartzite Vein between ay by which is evidently too massive to be anything else than barren, Theo oxides. n. summit itself'is mostly quartz, or quartzite, which strikes with the Nit nning rest of the country rock; strike N, 80° W., dip northward 4(°, side of The " Big Ledge,' ov comb of quartzite on the eastern meniber of 2 S, 25° Round Top Mountain, one mile S.M. of last, contains oxides of iron in it to 88° simul quantity, with very little pyrites. Strike more to the 8.E. than i a, dis on the main summit ; dip, also northerly, but steeper. Country rock, t Sw lies slate. This comb runs from one-quarter to three-quarters of a mile itional K.S.E. from our Round Top camp, striking over the summit of the : these eastern mountain, Slides from it, on the N, side, show oxides of iron ial 1 falls in sufficient quantity to colour the side hill of the northern escarpment PR

s been ved, visible at a mile distant. aE

Between beds ; sulphide,

Between beds ; carbonate,

Unknown ledges.

Vein across beds; lead, lron and zine sulphides,

Veins between

Ledge on Cunningham Creek, near the head of Sharp's Ditch, two miles west of Round Top, and 100 feet above the ditch, Course, N.W. and 8.E., with the rock; dip northerly less than 48°, Quantity of ore considerable, but the continuity has not een proved. Contents : Iron pyrites, nearly pure ; also decomposed products, with quartz, An assay by Hoffmann showed a very distinct trace of gold; silver, none.

Ledge in Sharp's Diggings, Cunningham Creek, This is called the "Big Lron" Ledge, and is an iron stained ledge or dyke, containing pyrites. Its attitude is that of the country rock, which is slate and limestone, Contents: Ankerite, with a little quartz, chlorite, and some ferric hydrate. The assay by Hoffmann showed a trace of gold ; silver, none.

At the Chinamen's Digyings, on the western hill-side, half a mile below Sharp's, great numbers of quartz boulders are found scattered, indiating proximity to a ledge of good character, not yet discovered, The digging in 1886 yielded well. It is a side-gravel deposit of local origin,

Snowshoe Plateau and Snowshoe Creek.

The Holmes Ledge, Breakneck Ridge, head of Six-mile Creek, on the Antler trail, strikes east and west ; attitude, nearly vertical. It is in a comb of slate extending down from the Mountain, the country rock striking N.W., dip N.E. 70°. Cleavage lines of large masses appear to correspond with the strike of the rock. Body of ore very considerable, in the shape of nests from three to six feet in width, the continuity of which has not been determined by openings. Contents : Galena, and iron pyrites, with zinc blende, accompanied by white oxides; galena in considerable abundance. A sack of the ore was sent to San Francisco for a working test, which resulted very favorably, having yielded, it is said, a profit to the owner, above cost of test.

Haywood's Arastra Ledge, one-quarter mile north from upper Little Snowshoe Creek, strikes S.S.E., and dips eastward 45 deg,, like the country rock, a grey slate. Body, six to eight feet, as seen in shallow

beds ; free gold. prospect hole of the same dimensions ; not further determined by exploration

, Contents: Pyrites in quartz, with ferric hydrate, chlorite, and (reported occasionally) free gold, 'The quartz is a good deal honeycombed, from decomposition. A specimen assayed by Hoffmann yielded gold, 0.408 ounces; silver, 0.058 ounces to the ton. Another showed a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none.

A tunnel was run in by Mr, Haywood many years ago to tap the ledge. Its direction was N. 6 E., and length, 90 feet. It did not follow the ledge; and very little can be seen from the developments, of

anc bro fee non sun

of 3

1, two N.W.

ity of

tents : An lone. id the ining e and some ilver,

below -indi- The

local

k, on ee Tt entry asses very 1, the ents : White sent ably,

ittle e the allow Vv @X- brite, meymann bther

the it fol-

Bowman. Mining Geology. 45 0

the character of the ledge. — Prospect ditches, and openings made by Haywood proved, however, an abundance of quartz,

An arastra located on the ground was unprotitably worked by Mr, Arastra. Luce, Its name was originally the Douglas ledge. Mr. Haywood reports that he found visible gold all the way down, from the day he commenced prospect work, to the bottom of his hole, which was located on the richest place at the surface,

ILis tunnel was on one side of the ledge, crossed it diagonally, and then kept alongside. About 40 feet in, was obtained the mineral now seen on two dumps, Various stringers three or four inches in thickness were crossed, besides the main ledge,

A ledge on the top of the hill, 1,400 feet N.N.W from the Arastra ledge, also follows the strike of the rock. There is quartz scattered all over the top of the bill.

The Snowshoe Creek Rich Boulder Ledge, never identified, was the Boutder ; ledge sought in the Arastra location, The only other ledge ever found specimens free on Little Snowshoe, besides the Arastra, in proximity to the placers, °°" is On the point 200 yards below Smith and Anderson's hydraulic diggings. In 1874, Mr. Haywood ran a tunnel to find a high rock-bed bench of the channel, and found this ledge, It contained a good deal of galena. What struck him was, that it appeard to be the same kind of rock as the rich quartz boulders tor which the Little Snowshoe Creck placer diggings have been noted, containing gulena and free gold,

The Arastra ledge did not contain exactly the same kind of quartz as these boulders ; galena was lacking. Other ledges and stringers near it, however, above and below the Arastrva, contained galena, Abcut 200 yards west of the Arastra, still another ledge was found, running 8S.W.,,

Which contained galena,

On Horseshoe Gulch, forming the extreme north-easterly source of Vein betwee mn Little Snowshoe Creek, several ledges and stringers are seen crossing Hoar eNRu the gulch diagonally, in the strike of the slates ; course, N. 30° W, Contents, of ledge noticed, quartz and galena,

The Steele Ledge is on the dividing ridge between little Snowshoe, and French Snowshoe creeks ; containing honey-combed quartz and brown iron oxide, with blackish parts. Several bodies of quartz a few feet wide show on the surface, without much appearance of continuity ; nor containing much visible mineral, Developments, about 18 inches sunk on ledge,

The Galena Ledge, near by is supposed by Haywood, to be in line with Vein between the Arastra Ledge; being 8S. 21° E. from Arastra Lec 1g three quarters of a mile; on spur forming the north-west side of Yank's Peak, one fourth 'a mile from summit. It is in line with the tunnel ledge on French

oO

Vein between beds'; galena.

Veins between beds; iron sulphide and carbonate.

Veins across ! beds ; lead, iron and zine sulphides,

Snowshoe, which tigured during the quartz excitement of 1878. Chunks of galena are found on the surface immediately below this ledge. Mr, Haywood supposes the galena in the Little Snowshoe placer mines to have been derived from it.

The " Big Ledge," on the 8.W. side of Yank's Peak, claimed by Haywood and Rawley, strikes north and south, and according to Haywood, standing vertical, shows only scattered croppings to speak: for itself:

Galena Seams and Veinlets—A mile below the Arastra, and about 100 yards below Haywood's present house, Haywood, in 1876, found a seam of galena an inch thick, on the east side of Little Snowshoe Creek, in plumbaginous black slate, along with a scraggy, sparry quartz. It was in the strike of the rock, running from S, KE, to N. W. Near the same locality on Little Snowshoe Creek, pyrites occur in association with a felspar weathering red, in the rocks cut through by the creek,

On Harvey Creek.

The Ironstone Ledge, one-quarter mile below falls of Harvey Creek. Olive and bluish felspar with iron pyrites. Over three feet in width. Strike east and west ; dip, N. 60°; with the slates apparently. It is from three to eight feet wide, and is repeated in another locality near it, Contents: Siderite, with magretic pyrites and a little iron pyrites; a great body of metal, being nearly solid ore, Assay by Hoffmann showed a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none.

The ledge weathers red on the surface. Projecting into the creek, boulders from it strew the placer mines below.

Duck Creek,

Ledge 300 feet above the Forks Trail crossing. Strixe of ledge S.W.; attitude, vertical, Strike of country rock in the vicinity E. and W., dip, north. Body two to four feet. Contents: Galena with white and yellow oxides, a small quantity of iron pyrites, zine blende, reddish oxides, and opaline hornstone. Assay by Hoffmann showed a trace of gold; silver, 3.850 ounces to the ton.

A surface cut was made in 1878 on the north side of the creek, disclosing considerable quantities of galena. On an adjacent discoloured bluff of country rock, an excitement was raised 25 years ago, owing to placer finds supposed to have been traced to this vicinity.

Borland Ledge, two miles above trail crossing ; strike, S.W. ; attitude, vertical. Strike of slates in the vicinity, S.E.; dip, southerly 25°. A body of four to five feet in width crops out on the N. side of the creek, into which a shallow cut has been made. Contents : Quartz

'hunks Mr.

nes to

y Hayywood, self. about , found ywshoe sparry N. W. cur in rough

Creek. width, ly. It reality e iron

S.W,; nd W,, e and dish trace

sveek, t dis- Ss ago, y: .

attiherly . side uartz

with iron pyrites and chlorite, Assay by Hoffmann showed a trace of gold; silver, none.

In the winter of 1878, the Chinese, supported by the merchant Ching at Quesnel Forks, took great interest in this ledge, and worked at and around it the greater part of the winter, without accomplishing much, It was believed to be rich.

North Fork of Quesnel River.

Moore's Ledge.—A ledge is reported by Mr, James Moore cropping at low water on the left bank of the North Fork 100 yards above the mouth of Spanish Creek, It crosses the river at right angles.

Body, three feet.

Below Spanish Creek the bed of the North Fork was found rich ; Placer gold. above it, poor in gold,

Ne Tye Ledge.—A mile below mouth of Spanish Creek Chinese hy- Vein across draulie diggers near old Diller tunnel, exposed ledge in washing. sulphide. Strike, N.W., dip. N.E. 60°. Slates strike east and west, dip, north eight degrees. Body, one to four feet; irregular in continuation. Contents: Quartz with ferric hydrate, from decomposed pyrites.

Assay by Hotfmann showed a trace of gold; silver, none.

The Diller tunnel was run into a point on the right bank, intersecting a ledge in this vicinity.

The Stephenson Ledge also on the right bank, one mile and three-quarters below the mouth of Spanish Creek, was opened by shaft and tunnel in 1878. Body and contents, unknown.

Spanish Creek.

On Spanish Creek there are seven or eight known ledges, reported Numerous by Mr. Moore. A mile above its mouth there is a ledge two feet wide, not containing any sulphurets. There is a ledge from five to seven feet in width at the meadows, near the outlet of Black Bear Creek. It contains galena in streaks about an inch wide, and strikes N.N.E. Another, a mile up Black Bear Creek, is six inches wide, and consists of decomposed quartz, Above that, one mile and a half is a ledge four feet wide containing iron pyrites. These ledges run in the same general direction,

While working placers on Black Bear Creek, M1, Moore frequently ; 3 found pieces of pure galena weighing from one ounce to ten pounds, ; and many quartz boulders containing galena, ne

a ait

;

eyeen es

48 o BRITISH COLUMBIA, South Fork of Quesnel River.

Gold in ter. Between Quesnel-Forks town, and Quesnel Lake, a nine-mile stretch of Quesnel River has been designated as the South Fork. In the placers accompanying the river here on high shelves of bed-rock, quartz boulders occur along with iron pyrites, and their rusty decomposition products, derived from the newer mesozoic rocks of that region, A soft conglomerate is picked by the miners, in order to wash it; and its metallic contents are seen to have led them occasionally far np on the hill sides, above the bed of the old river channel, Much of the gold on this stream, accordingly appears to be a secondary deposit. Veins in this area are certainly less numerous, and have attracted little attention in connection with the placer deposits,

Between the Main Quesnel and Swift Rivers.

vet Boreas i. The Dominion Ledge on western end of' Cariboo Mountain ; strike N, 85° E.; dip, southward, 80°. Body, cight to ten feet. It plunges down, and follows midway the steep northern escarpment of Cariboo Mountain. It is conspicuous above the surface, from six to twelve feet in width, for one third of a mile. Beyond that to westward and eastward, its identity becomes less certain, mingling with neighbouring croppings. Although broken fragments are found to the westward in the line of strike, the appearance is that of a diminution in strength in that direction. Cross stringers occur plentifully. Country rock, 'rey slate. Three quarters of a mile to the westward, black slate wu ceeds the grey. Strike of country rock, N. 40° W,, dip, S.W. <50°. Contents: A barren-looking white quartz, in some places stained light yellow. Specks of free gold are visible occasionally.

Development. Development work has amounted only to the removal of about 100 cubic feet of rock from the surface of the ledge. Several miles to the westward, on or near the strike of the vein, Mr. Porter panned gold out of the surface dirt, at a point where the mountain slopes down into the valley of Swift River.

Hixon Creek.

Veins between Quesnel Company's location on Washburne Ledge, Strike N. 46° W.,

andacrossbeds din NE, 70°, with the slate country rock. Body from 6 feet to a few inches. Cross-veins of less body, striking N.E. and standing ver. tical, contain richer ores, Contents: Iron pyrites, grey copper, and their decomposition products, with free gold. Assays by various parties, from $28.00 to $274.00, averaging over $70.00 per ton, in gold and silver,

The main shaft is 200 feet deep, The Mason shaft, several hundred Development. feet north of it at the base of the hill, is 40 feet deep; and the Koch

stretch shaft is '70 feet deep.

In the Three more or less crooked prospecting drifts have been run north- By , ed-rock, westward into the hill, searching for a continuous ore body, Follow-ah - decoming bodies of quartz, in several instances the general course was with

of that slates, as given above. The oldest of these was run by Buckley order to and Washburne, the next by G. B. Wright and Coleman, and the last sionally by the present company, under the superintendence of Mr, Ge ge

Much Koch. The last mentioned was the only one in 1886 open to inspection. condary It starts from the bottom of the Koch shaft, and is 174 feet long, The nd have others start in at the surface level, and are about two-thirds that dis-

From the main shaft, drifts have been run along the strike in opposite directions, and also along the cross-veins, in opposite directions ; and in other directions, at different depths, and in different

trike N, places, amounting to a large aggregate of exploratory work. The a s down, lack of continuity in the ore bodies found near the surfave, and the Ore bodies. i 9 Rone yuntain, smallness of the rich cross-stringers, has been baffling. The main ane) ny width, shaft having been deepened in 1887, a short drift to the north-east dis-ee rard, its closed a large and promising ore body, Te d ppings. ee line of act ' t direc- i E ' slate.

eds the

: 4 mtents : mabe yellow.

6° W,, i et toa F : g ver. Hi 1 their q arties, ld and

$ Z $

'

b4 or

®rological and Natw

Altred R.C. Selwyn

Wnp Hh

' , E44 ' 3 States Pye glacial Gravels, including Palevseic. Crraveds below presené drain 2 evels-- lertia AA ) Dy : FEES] M ; ey urface Hill Gravels and Ter. Aldducium— Recent Placer Mining raced Slofes— Pleistocene, (eafensrve superficial),

Contour lines: Datum level (heavy contour) 2500 feet above sea level.

Vertical interval, 50 feet between solid lines; 10 feet between dotted lines. LONGITUDINAL ° EXPLANATION, Strike & Din; ,. , Ditch, Vertical §

awe Vriarts vein, BS Shad,

soot

ee eg ne cee A e

Siewart 1 cage Mainrshatt in line of trike with Muson 'Shaft

4. WA' BlackSS Washiurne Lodge

Laa

Drift SWOR towards old Black S. , BR + TK into footwals

CROSS SECTIONatMAIN SHAFT

N S

S

Sw

Nashburne Lec 5 2 ASO'

Stenert Shatt

Ln

and Natural Bistory Swvev of Canada.

Itred R.C.Selwyn, CMG, LL.D. P.RLS., Director, 1889,

Oe Trarveela x gy kick Thanet fo} LONGITUDINAL SEGTION OF OPENINGS ON WASHBURNE LEDGE Vertical Scale equal lo Hortzortal: '4 ini to 100 Fee® Approx. ee in old Thannd (larthest South § Pest) 40-46. deer whicly trtersected

a. cross ledge 3 lod tt wide, h yielded J00 Corts of* good ore

1we oF we

Drilts ab right angles. See Section' CL.

Betas ' ee Aw Wii, v L3 a er ) HAO faith '4 UN ae ME tri IZ yyy oY beats Ni 8) ¢ ' ° NL aa PORTE ae X . '

hy mth HATH

CROSS SECTION at MASON SHAFT : Pe — $Y i, Se th ee UJ ne & ee DPA TA. Stervers by WWCRiussell IN7N F G ' yp a 3S: A. Bowman ISS8S5- 6. Reports as! ste ad

of Quesnel QM Co. ISSS-6

. feod RSdaqy ne é pe'

SURVEYS CARRIED OUT with the CO:OPERA The Hon JO

Det A 1

Hixon Creek

IN CARIE Witte 4

Surveyed And Drawn

50 109 paces, Hu 2 a i SOO {000 Nove. One inch wee '¢ inch tii Mile, or 10 Pac

of $ links 5°28 ft. I rei

a ' poe ; i ey Ge ae ETT y ath ": M2. Hem yo mee: ! j Ps OOO A geraniond ss : Pa etn imber +40" ; hv gj) Lcd RSdagp. 3 FF tum"er 207 Ate brus Z Ww or gl Ona f ore ti! 0 7 / pall' ye 4 Mla2

A, ao yA Z ay JUT with the COsOPERATION of the PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT of BRITISH COLUMBIA

The Hon JOHN ROBSON, Minister of Mines

Detatoa Map Of

Zreek Quartz Locations

IN CARIBOO DISTRICT, B.C. With Adaced Placers.

URVEYED AND DRAWN BY AMOS BOWMAN, MiX:nc ENGINEER,

1Q00 2000 feet.

inch 4/4. Mile, or to Paces $0 Links, The Military or Roman Pace employed is a double pace

1 revolution of the odometer wheel: tooo 1 Mile.

Tp ittustrate leport of A Bowman

DATA— Trach surveys from Quesnel fo @ M Cos claims, 4 thence to Wells of

Surveys of claims hy WW Russe, CE. for QM Co

'

Hixon Creek A Bowman Sep 24% ISSS ; Aille, to Government Creek Ort 941380

Alfred R.C.Selwyn, 6.M.G., L.L.D.,

of of 'ia a 07" ast " p ' P RS wee i Fa " SS - a e 2 , t a

Ao Probably Stidder : 2, Me sa & ° " a Re C 5 '4 i ri : t . 1 eC B ' ? / f We as s Well defined a ta 2 d - wot I # "% Y Tah ee % Q hai: K : s. s " % Baa ee ie ' : Bao v ; , ered S Very wrregular current iH Timbered "2, tn bench gravels : y ; BN Strike ES W: Dip Sirreguiar Yraltered: Brack ungillite, much broken uv ¥ Blick: foray ana wore places decomposed is SR aE Ni ww Neh 2 PsKbeon 185% el i A rAaATE L gic retry) se ae a VES COPE: é {op Ped by xs, P Y / : ta oo Z, : d / z Or hep . ; : te Fe Madten; Norbep iy E CLR ED, % "v Pity d eA % f hee ioe " Ltry; ore fer Mes #: Fe) os PN ES ie gai Seed / i$. i, b y / : N

j Cg! ot "oy DETAIL

W

J! Mw

wal History Survey of Canada.

yn, G.M.G,, L.L.D., F.LRLS., Director.

ie

SS ome ct © Sw tas cae Oe OO Oe eae ey

4g aN r ™

S ' 7) : a / " a, ? Le ral) a) a ee

" rf elgg . MOP) ge eae COLKE ayo Mita? CLz?. I, ' % Terraces contoanina older travels ey

Sr ; atte p tng timber?

SHEET eS fei ae SS LOCATIONS: Sse ARES:

arr

AY A FOPIUSS a eS

"

anny Ay

e. wrreposed: rock alterrcdt

0 po

—

2° mats brush RAS . tamber gis i por br sus te Witty, sue and, " it, , Fa lle y : san?" im vf tt ' Se ' ' '

' He End ae Timbergeng is oR / ; ! (ase ' "355 Nore Vi 750 NOTE Tembered —\fir pine Bond hemtock ' ' ' 1 Large Grane Baulders. ' 7 2. euan" t Mk. Ne X : pa ey H 5 S . Se : ® . : Beta Vi S R § .3 As/ ' g s vi Hy 3 3 ' nN Pet $ S20 tt anave wea Datum trevel. Re TU AT EE

ake

eee Sass Sane Surroungirg ave Thyra AS — U/ ——

:

cola te ae ries coca ee

i T ea awe $a A AA A LS 2 2 es eae

ae

Sector One Mile.

Vertical' Scale exaggerated, Starnes to 1 of Horizontal Distance

Ait apited hy J B 7 (, S i OND, he Savion coneront bps SURVEYS CARRIED OUT with the CO-OPERATION of the PROVING!

New The Hon. JOHN ROBSON Minister

; J Levey 24 P - oa foe d. 2.4 bd mm Ou 2 the Serr Kier hot dibeny © cap Tulley w we pees beh + pre ' . : FG Meeps TO San Cp, a "er Usdasady etel : Olas Orenine ee thy 4 ait K 7 a! (Beaver Dams) ee" al Lule headff

brush, l sh VEINS & PLACER MINES' OF LN CARIBOO DISTRICT, BRITISH COILMRIA BY AMOS BOWMAN, MINING ENGINEER. SCA i] 3 " a M4 I ; 2 Miles. 2 Nore. One inch Kinch '/ Mile, or 100 Paces 8 Chains. The Military or Roman Pace employed is a double step of 8 links

5°28 feet 1 revolution of the odometer wheel : 1000 to the Mile.

Boulders. Slates, Redded Pre-glacial Gravels, inc luding Surface Hill Gravels and Ter Auvinum—Recent. Placer Mining Paleosoic. Kruptive Rock. Gravels below present drvainraced Slopes-—Pileistocene, (extensive superficta() Mesozote, age levels— Tertiary. N EXPLANATION :— Contour lines 2% every 1000 ft. vertical; dotted contours represent 5Oft. vertical . S 8 8 Z s ) 8 6 +++4 Ditch, ee Shafi, 1. Dige Struke, yr vertical, g & © y & R Ne & qeraserrers Quarts ledye , y er g She ae i] Nee) Ns

Goo

——— One Mile, + Nistarce PERATION of the PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT of BRITISH COLUMBIA To tld strate Report Y A. Bowman.

on. JOHN ROBSON Minister of Minos,