Report on the gypsum deposits of the Maritime provinces [microform]

Jennison, William F · 1911 · Historical

Ottawa. Str,—According to your instr'... .8, I have completed and herewith submit & monograph on the gypsum dep Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the

This 1911 document, Report on the gypsum deposits of the Maritime provinces [microform], is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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Canada Department Of Mines Mines Branch

Hon. W. Tempraman, Minister; A. P. Low, LL.D., Derory Munisrer; Evosne Haanet, Pa.D., Dingctor.

Report

On The

Gypsum Deposits Of The Maritime Provinces

By

William F. Jennison, M.E.

Ottawa Government Printing Bureau

Letter Of Transmittal.

Dr. Evcene Haanen, Director of Mines, Department of Mines,

Ottawa. Str,—According to your instr'... .8, I have completed and herewith submit & monograph on the gypsum dep Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the

Magdalen islands. In this, an at: -¢ has been made to show by descriptions, maps, and photographs, the vast extent of these deposits within this territory; the uses of gypsum, and the processes and cost of manufacturing it into a marketable product.

Although the investigation has been as complete as time and opportunity would allow. still there remains much that is worthy of further investigation. A series of experiments showing tensile and compression tests of gypsum as manufactured into the different products would be productive of much value. The investigation of gypsum as a substitute for marble by the hardening process, which, from the evidence at hand seems to ive satisfaction, would open a new market for the products. Some of the associated minerals have much more commercial value than the gypsum itself, but it requires expert investigation to encourage development.

It is he...' that the present work will be useful to those already engaged in the develop .:t of this industry, and attract the attention of others to the wor derful, u. ..veloped natural resources of the country, and encourage them to seek those fields for investment.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant,

: (Signed) W. F. Jennison. Truro, N.S., April 12, 1910.

Contents

DIRECTORS PREFACE.) oc .s4c ticks St. Phe es ve See es ds tie week eye 9 ENTRODUCTORY osccsecd screw cones, be aseoaee Sees Ge tah ey ae uk eK or 11

Chapter I.

History and Distribution... .. .. . Med COE Me CRET a T ue 15 History of operations in Nova Scotia. Wiese Sort iceahy pag uses ear te detain cistron 16 History of operations in New Brunswick.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Soe a Ae PUMELIDULION ee egcy eee eT ee ae en ne ae we 19

France... .. Ian MSC MR OM OL Or D oC Pe TER LSet ws TEES CNOA Letts ON 19 United States.. Tau A ele al wie class ealiaian sale Sart Mele eascires) Peoria: weete 19 CERRO RE cence ie ei cee sho ee eee are are Oe ee 21 AEPORETSPIUMIN Te oh edn oc een a Ae ete a ee ee 21 GORMAN Gy ose oresrcere shoe a eee te all eee ee aE ee en 22 IMIR coke Pas Kaeh Se EON STO he ie Hae Tet oe en le 22 oh) EOC SMS ESOL CTT Sete rae MEADE Bene arte eet kk er bene 22 LEGIS SOR Nese e cin fanfics iRarT eee SEO eT ne aa 22 katong BoMthories amnrd Dedede Segerian cee hice Seren ete eit CERN RY Maal AMURTENS nor nesters alee atce (etn oe eee ae 22 OW LOMNCIRIG 5 on e'es, oye deed corce sk OTe we eed he Ne ek oon 23

Chapter Ii.

OciginsutsBeUeUDin Meier coc autem tc cae cent an tte cs ar nee eat eee ne 24 Anhydrite.. .. .. .. Crees eet A oes Deore re ee PAAR ee 30 Gypsite or gypsum eek: Motes Leet (ee One NSENEED Vee Aenea ee Tall oe oe 32

Chapter Iii.

Chemistry and Technology of gypsum.. .. .. .. 6... 0. cs ce cc ce ce ce cana 34 Caleining and setting plaster... .. .. .. 0. 0. cc ue ee ae aay eal eee eens NE 36

Chapter Iv.

edt ce MCR tiad Weak: hptraga ca Hits, gw etd ea Toe i yea eek At 39 ASBOCIRTO ORLONEL nce kore hacer eat eet et toy et a Hae enon ne 40 Poworintionr ok depose. dy. oo ee aes ee ee eee ee eee 41

Chapter V.

Gypsum deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen islands.. .. .. .. Gypsum deposits of New Brunswick... .. 0... 0.0. ce cc ce ce ce ce Gypsum deposits of the Magdalen islands.. .. 2... 6. 6. ce ce ce ce ce

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Chapter Vi.

MAUUSRBtUTE Of DIAKEIy ces circ cots Se RS ee ee th ea exlaenee 2a Description of machinery... .. .. Sai VEO Ge te nee, Cee Objections to the present — "of ealotning osavaae. RSonee Gas nase -weok var ee Cummer system.. .. .. . ious: See gen Oe Plans, specifications, and eaat 'of Sonekeastian. 'fos washer wits. +Eute ee REE

Chapter Vii.

PECU WOME OF BU DERI cane ace cos Vaio, A ee eo es, SIMO ret Eck ht! Planter Ol PRRs vn Gs: cee: OSS ee, SEG ee Se ek ee sae ayes FS Cement plketer ss es oS ee oe eS Somer £6)

Report of fire and water

Method of construction.. .. .. .. ..

Purpose of the test.. ..

Temperature.. .. ..

Thermometer readings on outside of partitions.. ..

Vc tees eee Effect of the test...

Log of temperature readings: fire test.. .. .. .. cenit

Pottery and terra cotta..

Plate qlee: works.<..5. 5 cs. se. sk ce ee I ERA Plt Nene e Plaster produced by complete dehydration.. .. .. .. .. .

Hard wall plasters.. .. .

Used with Portland cement.. .. .. .. .. ;

Alabastine.. .. .

As a basis for Portland cement.. .. .. .. She ce As a sulphurizing and basic flux.. .. .. . Retarders, their composition and use.. .. .. . Hardening gypsum blocks.. .. Res

Gypsum as a fertilizer.. ,

Chapter Viii.

Methods of applying land poster.. .. 2

Chapter Ix.

Manufacturing, and estimates of costs with miscellaneous notes.. ..

COUN Rocca. Freight rates.. ..

United States tariff on gypsum.. .. . Canadian tariff on gypsum.. .

St. Peter canal.. .. ..

Gypsum mining in United States.. .. ...

Minerals associated with Plaster setting.. .. .. Thermometers.. .. .. ,

gypsum... .

CHAPTER X. Gypsum statistics... 1. 0... 0... we Siar ery Wen a United States imports.. .. .. .. .. Canadian statistics.. .. ., Appendiz I,

List of Maps and Drawings relating to this report which are on file at the office of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines.. .. .. .. .. ..

List of Maps published b of Mines which embr

Index.. ..

Appendiz II.

y the Geological Survey Branch of the De ace areas described in this report.. .. ..

List Of Mines Branch Publications, ;

partment

ILLUSTRATIONS. Photographs.

Plate I. Gypsum Quarry at Walton, Hants Co., NS. +. Frontispiece

Me II. Boulder from Sanderson's quarry, Beaver resk: N.S., showing conversion of anhydrite to gypsum.. .. .. .. .. .. 2... pt ves III. Transparent crystal of selenite.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ore se IV. Fibrous selenite crystals.. .. .. Roonkinhieerrevem ise: oe acee if V. Gypsum with embedded selenite asia: oieeeec terse Me a VI. Gypsum exposures at AGRE DRY, CODee ve as. cs es 45 Gee Ae 2 VII. Gypsum exposures at Ingonish harbour, C.B.. .. .. .. .. 4. 42 oe VIII. Gypsum exposures at Aucoin reek: G:B a. aeons A 44

Be IX. Gypsum exposures and works of Great Northern n Mining Company at Aucoin brook, C.B.. .. . ide asraelne 44 es X. Cliffs of anhydrite, Great Bras d'Or tebe, CB.. Ssriaeprsqeeetrc. on ee se XI. Victoria gypsum quarry at St. Ann, C.B.. .. .. .. . 56

bo XII. O'Brien quarry, bapiibee: Pipe or oe also OER pn rock.. .. .. Cienicasse ne mes ee 0 a XIII. Loading gypsum at Walton higlaes SI Ra ets aire intr cern ee 72 ba XIV. The Cove quarry at Cheverie.. .. .. 2... ee 74 XV. Upper Head Quarry at) Cheverign., acs. vee ee ea ee a) bu XVI. Meadow quarry, near Windsor, N.S.. .. .. . 498 uid XVII. Quarry of the Windsor Gypsum Company, Siccment. Ns.. ace eee

"S XVIII. Wentworth Gypsum ee Saath a method of removing the clay.. .. 80

CE XIX. Wentworth Gypsum Company's anacete: Reneral view oe quarry and transportation to pier.. : ee 80 e XX. Wentworth Gypsum Company's edie une ey cars.. 80 es XXI. Wentyorth Gypsum Company. Loading gypsum into barges.. 80 bi XXII. Wentworth Gypsum Company. Barges in tow.. st oe "e XXIII. Folded or crumpled ribbon-like structure of gypsum.. .. .. 94

bi XXIV. Gypsum quarry of Albert eee sees: Hille. borough, N.B.. " ' 96

ee XXV. Gypsum quarry a Albert. Manatectoring 'Company "Hille borough, N.B.. .. . je shee (08

sie XXVI. S.S. Nanna heading at tow tide; Alert Manufactar ing 'Company, Hillsborough, N ce ESS " XXVII. Workmen with raat in ida: quarry, 'Hillsborough, NB. 96

" XXVIII. Cape Mev.e, Grindstone island; showing a characteristic rounded topped hill of the Magdalen islands.. CCE EM eer Gl bed XXIX. Nipper or Jaw Crusher, for coarse lament Entec se eae) Lee Ld XXX. Cracker, for fine reduction.. .. .. .. .. .. EDAeeh eee ee iM Raoieen va On Sh MRE: CIMMLORE Tce eect eer verse ee eee Atonement mal "XXXII. Vertical burr mill.. .. .. .. .. .. ear Pewee rere te acicce Oe " XXXIII. Ehrsman's 4 flue calcining kettle diatacs iting: Raat he ete IO " XXXIV. Enterprise noiseless mixer.. .. .. - =108 " XXXV. Albert Manufacturing Company's 'mill, "Hillsborough, NB.. 142

" XXXVI. Howlite associated with gypsum, from Windsor, N.S.. .. .. .., 180

Drawings.

Fig. 1. Typical forms of gypsum crystals.. .. .. .. eros 35

2. Section through Great Northern siacasie Comrany's gypsum depot Cheticamp, N.S.. .. .. .. vicente neous re - 4 3. Section of borehole in the Chassis. gypsiferous area.. .. .. .. 1% 4. Side elevation of Cummer continuous calcining sist: Petr en yess 5. End section nae 3 pirate acters ma). 6. Plan es ba " sian aie Newhareeimepin tees CAOe pi 723,;6:40- 356 ft; Kettle pinaster mill - 4c) fond vc. dees. em ose rie eli! " 8. 1, 6 ft. x 6 ft. ss bi RSH ae: ath esl erah Re oni cea wakkel Ot Seut en ee REE yg 9, 2, 8 ft. x 8 ft. as - oe he ae ee, 66) blew Wee eee wie eiee LOE 10. 2, 8 ft. x 8 ft. bd ss FET So OU LES Aye Riel AO Re aS eee Gh eas tee CREE kke & S:1t. x-6-ft; - ly Wi, tee DE BRIER G ne RS OL OTR eie we) Oe " 12. 2, 8 ft. x 10 ft. " SDE cas me om (GaN walla: Abkisgeh Eyres natelaie. ES " 18. 3, 8 ft. x 10 ft. a Cpeba Cie rh Te Mrtee ae eee ere cls "14. 8, 8 ft. x 10 ft. " Mi BO Lae "ean Wid ehayesiedo ein Oe EEL OVA ee aee HOES

"15. Fireproof wall and fireproof studding 5 GUPWRM Sis Balin cies ee Sees, "ER "16. Plan and sections of Olson land plaster dsvincse.: ote a re ee

"17. Sections cf Olson land plaster distributor.. .. .. . 138 18. General a of gypsum mill, Great Sarthars Mining Company, Limited.. ryipgus cuss, Suiicetr ee Se, oor eee menos 142 19. Elevation showing layout of plaster mill, Great Scecaca! Sibuins Company, Limited.. aU GEE Heat ean eed sive get ena elas aaeeay erate he ae LED Maps.

No. 64. Index map of part of the Province of Nova Scotia, showing distribution of occurrences of gypsum.

65. Index map of part of the Province of New Brunswick, showing dis: ioution of occurrences of gypsum.

66. Map of the Magdalen islands, showing gypsum deposits,

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Director&#x27;S Preface.

The text of the following report on the gypsum deposits of the Maritine Provinces of Canada—including the Magdalen islands—is published in the form originally submitted by the author. The original report was accompanied by & index maps and 56 detailed sheets. On the latter, an attempt has been made to delineate the boundaries of the gypsiferous areas, and to give other information relating to the various districts. The areas included on these detailed sheets are indicated on the index maps Nos. 64, 65, and 66—each area having a reference number assigned to it. It is not possible to publish the detailed sheets with the report, owing to the expense involved. Of the seventy photographs submitted, it has been possible to reproduce only those which illustrate some special features in connexion with the deposits. Persons who are specially interested in particular areas, can consult the original sheets in the office of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines; or can obtain tracings of any of the maps, at cost. When copies are required, the map will have to be redrawn before blue prints or other photographic reprints can be made.

The series of maps descriptive of the geology and topography of the Maritime Provinces issued by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department of Mines, give more topographic details than are shown on Mr. Jennison's detailed sheets: but on none of them are shown the approximate boundaries of the areas underlain by gypsum. The boundaries of these maps and their serial numbers are, therefore, shown in blue on the index maps. Copies of the geological and topographical maps published by the Geological Survey can be obtained by applying to the Director of the Geological Survey, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa.

Gypsum Deposits

Of The Maritime Provinces

BY William F. Jennison, M.E.

Introductory.

The study of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick has

never been made the subject of an exhaustive inquiry. A number of individual

' papers have been written on the subject by those who studied them incidentally while engaged in broader fields of geology.

The practically unlimited quantity of this mineral occurring in these Provinces has dimensions which at once arrest the attention of the geologist or traveller; such a variety of forms and colours, often in cliffs from 50 to 150 feet high, affords unusual opportunities to investigate the theoretical and economic problems which present themselves to all interested.

For over 100 years gypsum has been mined in Nova Scotia, yet the industry is only in its infancy. It is a matter of surprise to find how little interest the citizens have taker in the development of this branch of the mining industry. The fact is that this mineral is so common to many of them that they have considered it as of no special value, and a nuisance; yet there is nothing in the mineral industry, here, that offers greater opportunities for the development of a good stable business; and it is important that not only should our own people be informed about our resources, their uses and their values, but that the world should know that in this mineral we have great values and can supply the demand to an almost limitless extent.

The writer has been _:rested in this study for years, and in July, 1908, received instruction fron. he Department of Mines at Ottawa, to complete a monograph on the subject. Work began at once and continued throughout the year 1909. During this time eleven months were spent in the field, investigating, examining, and sampling the most important deposits of the two Provinces, as well as the deposits of the Magdalen islands, which were later included in the work,

The field is an interesting one, and although R. R. McLeod in his ' Markland or Nova Scotia,' speaking of the gypsum deposits of Nuva Scotia, says: 'Its appearance is so well known and it is so widely scattered through the northern

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and eastern part of the Province that a catalogue of its exposures would be an endless task and serve no useful purpose'; an attempt will be made to catalogue these deposits, and it is hoped it will serve some useful purpose.

Some profound and interesting questions will be touched upon, but the time alloted for the work, to cover such a large gypsiferous area as it was necessary to do to get the desired information for economic purposes, and the importance of he sing this publication before the public at an early date, would not admit investigating in detail many of the interesting problems presenting themselves,

The economic importance rather than the theoretical has been the principal object of the writer, and will be dealt with as far as possible in the following pages.

The importance of these gypsum deposits, which have in the greater part been lying dormant for so many years, and which present every variety of colour and composition, can hardly be overestimated. With the increasing demand everywhere for gypsum, and the various products manufactured from it, and with the largest known accessible deposits of great purity, it requires no very vivid imagination to see in them, in the future, one of the greatest natural resources that the country can possess.

In the United States the production of gypsum has increased from 486,235 tons in 1899 to 1,721,829 tons in 1908, over 250 per cent. In Canada, during the same period, the increase in this product has only been 169 per cent.

Comparatively little manufacturing has been done in the Provinces, and for the encouragement of this, maps showing the location of all the deposits of commercial importance, and their proximity to the coal fields, together with plans and specifications of modern plaster mills, will accompany this report. It is hoped that full advantage will be taken of them, and that the economie importance of the deposits will be demonstrated.

Again, as far as known, not a farmer in the Provinces has systematically tried, to any extent, the application of gypsum as a fertilizer. Considerable attention has been given to this question, and it is hoped that in the near future the agriculturist will find it greatly to his advantage to use ground gypsum as a fertilizer, which, without doubt, if used intelligently, on a great portion of the farm lands will give excellent results.

The writer is indebted to many persons for kind assistance rendered in preparation of this monograph.

The officials of the different gypsum companies in the Provinces, and several of the manufacturers and mine opera.ors of the United States, freely gave assistance in collecting data.

Different departments of the geological survey of the United States kindly furnished information and statistics of the gypsum industry. The University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, ' Special Report on Gypsum and Gypsum Cement Plaster'; and The Geological Survey of Michigan, Part 2 of Vol. 9, 'The Gypsum of Michigan and the Plaster Industry,' supplied much information.

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Various manufacturers of gypsum machinery have assisted with drawings and cuts. Mr. Gibb Maitland, Government Geologist, kindly furnished information from Western Australia. Mr. E. F. Pittman, Under Secretary, gave information from New South Wales, and many others from Great Britain and Europe.

The writer appreciates very much these favours, and wishes to express gratitude to the donors, and the many others that cannot be mentioned.

CHAPTE& I. History and Distribution.

Gypsum has been known and used in various ways from very remote ages. The derivation of the word is not known. Nearly all Greek derivations seem to apply to the manufactured articles, as, yr'= earth and ahew tocook, or from two Greek ords, a=without, and AapBa= handles, referring to a perfume box without handles, made from this mineral,

This derivation is said to be inconsistent with the rules of formation of the- Greek language. A similar derivation, but said to be more consistent with the Greek rules, gives an origin based on physical character, from @=not, and AcpBavw=to take, so named because it is smooth and slippery and difficult to. handle. Both derivations seem somewhat al surd, and it is not likely had anything to do with coining the word. A more L- le source is that of a writer who gives an Arabic origin, from al bastratron, meaning a white store, and seeme to connect it with the town Alabastron in Egypt, where, in early times, gypsum was found in the mountains near by, and manufactured into ornaments. @daBoreys, —hes reference to a stons out of which ornamental boxes were made, called alabastra or alabaster stone,

Selenites (moonstone) of Dioscorides,' which he says was called aphroselenon =(moon-froth) because it was found at night while the moon was on the increase, was probably crystallized gypsum, the modern selenite. It is sometimes called moonstone, from aA moon, and probably refers to the peculiar moonlike white reflections.

About the earliest illustration we have of gypsum in any form is the exteriorcovering of the pyramid of Cheops which wes made from a material almost identical with that of our best cement plaster. This pyramid was built by King Cheops, who reigned, according to Lepsius, in 3095-8032 B.C.

The analysis of this material made by Dr. Wallace, and given in the American Encyclopedia, is as follows :—

Per cent. Hydrated calcium sulphate. . ROLES oe eRe Ae AS 82°89 NE TIE a in seis £55 d6crinsadibiecee ccc 9: arbonate of magnesia . trae Sa ontecy Soni ree rere te 0°79 poe EE REET RS SPS RRS Seah aA Codon bP Ace se aere 4°30 Ne ick nsaneis Sivas? wAneeie! Geiss ice be 3°00 WEME ME WH 5x bsici cnbixeesctccivenadens siaetecnee ce 0°21

The writings of Theoprastus, about 33 B.C., show that the Greekr werefamiliar with its uses, in the calcined condition. The first plaster cast is supposed to have been made by Lysistratus, a brother of Lysippus, the sculptor of

preane ed ie ee es Ee

Dana Min., p. 640.

Sicyon, a city in the east of Archia, Greece. It is also recorded that Rhaccas, and Theodris of Samos, made plaster casts after the same method as Lysistratus. Pliny in his works on Natural History, published about the year 77 A.D., tells us that transparent gypsum, called lapis speculares (specular stone), probably a compact selenite gypsum, was .sed to glaze conservatories for preserving fruit trees in winter, and in the construction of beehives to render them transparent ; thus enabling the curious to watch the bees at work.

The walls of the temple Fortuna Seia were supposed to be constructed of gypsum, probably of alabaster, and' 'the interior though without windows was rendered sufficiently light by the rays transmitted through its semi-pellucid walls.'

The Encyclopedia Perthensis, written in 1816 (less than one hundred years

ago), states that, 'there is a church in Florence still illuminated, instead of by panes of glass, by sheets of alabaster near fifteen feet high, each of which forms

a simple window through which light is conveyed.' In Arabia, what is supposed to be an old monastery building of Arsoffa Emii,

is constructed of gypsum', ' and, when the sun shines on it, the walls give such a lustre that they dazzle the eyes, but the softness of the stone and the zedness of

the mortar heve conspired to make a very ruinous pile at present, though of no great antiquity; the stone having split and mouldered away in the wall, and the foundation has failed in many places.'

In the vicinity of Volterro and Leghorn there is a good quality of alabaster, from which vases cad o:her ornaments v2re manufactured. In the early centuries lamps were placed in the-. vases and diffused a soft light over the room.

History Of Operations In Nova Scotia,

In Nova Scotia the gypsum deposits have been known since the early settlement of the Province, but there seems to be no authentic history of operation previous to 1779, and from this date to 1833 there are no records available showing the extent of the business done. The operators, principally farmers, quarried out the rock and hauled it to the point of shipment, .. .he winter season on sleds, in summer with carts or wagons. Here they would either sell it to local traders, or charter a small vessel and ship it to the United States, the principal market being Lubec, Maine (known at that time as the Lines, meaning the boundary between Canada and the United States.) Where the vessel was chartered, usually the captain was the shipper's broker, and he, on arrival at tie mil's, would sell the cargo at the best price obtainable, and generally bring back the greater part of the cargo value in flour, oil, and other necessaries,

Following this period, the operations were placed on a better busines: basis. Men of good business ability gave special attention to producing and exporting this mineral; they made their contracts ahead of their work, with millowners ali along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, and did a prosperous busines:.

1 Ree's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, 1814. 2 Ree's Cyclopedia of Arts, Science and Literature, 1814.

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Some attempts were made to manufacture the crude rock, but they were unsuccessful. The home consumption was very limited; the only market was the United States, and as soon as the trade in the manufactured article assumed any importance, this market was closed by a prohibitive duty put on by the United States Government, and the Nova Scotia mills ceased operations. With the ex- ¢eption of a small mill at Windsor, N.S., which for some years has been making selenite cement, for home consumption, manufacturing has been of little importance. During the years from 1861 to 1867 twenty-five ports in Nova Scotia were shipping gypsum, produced from twelve counties. In 1908, six ports in Nova Scotia exported gypsum, from three counties. To-day operations are all carried on by American capital, and with the exception of one or two small concerns the quarries operated are owned by American millowners. The local shipping interest, which a few years ago did practically ail the transportation of this product, to-day is practically nil. This work is being done with barges or foreign steamers, and although the volume of business ig double that of 20 years ago, about 90 per cent of it is in the hands of one company, who are uot content with a supply for their own manufacturing business, but dictate to other mills where they shall purchase their supply of crude rock.

The writer is informed that this has had the result of closing several mills in the New England States, and, therefore, militates against the smaller mills purchasing their supply of crude material direct from the small quarry operator, not because they are getting a better or cheaper rock, but because they fear the competition of the larger operators, with the finished article.

The methods of quarrying and loading have improved somewhat, but not in proportion to other mining industries in the Province. One now sees the hand machine auger, instead of the old pod auger, the fuse instead of the old time squib, the locomotive for long hauls instead of the horse. The year 1909 saw the first steam shovel moving the clay from the top of the quarry 3; previously the clay covering in this quarry, having a thickness from 20 to 30 feet, was brought down with the gy - 1m and removed with horses and carts.

The tardiness in this respect is in part due to the fact that the labour used in the quarries is, to a great extent, made up of the sons and grandsons of those who worked in the quarries before them. They are not a roving class, like many miners. They know their work, as they learned it from their forefathers, and it is difficult to get them out of their old ruts; this, however, must be said in favour of these hardy sons of the quarry; no man need dictate to them where or how to put a shot in to get the best results, nor can any wield a breaking pick with more skill and experience than they, and the ease with which they handle the broken rock is little less than marvellous,

The gypsum trade in the past has fluctuated with the conditions of times in the United States, but as will be seen by the statistics in Chapter X, the quantity exported has gradually increased from 52,460: tons in 1883, to 299,045 tons in 1909, but the value per ton has not as good a showing. The average price from 1833 to 1877, in Nova Scotia, was 75 cents per ton. In 1908 fifty thousand tons sold for that price, while about 5,000 tons sold for $1.25 per ton.

Some exceptional prices have keen paid for Nova Scotia gypsum, which may, as a matter of history, be worthy of note.

'A* few months after the close of the war of 1812, between England and the United States, John DeWolf, of Windsor, N.S., contracted for 3,000 tons of gypsum, at $9.50 per ton, delivered at Eastport, Maine. Twenty dollars was freely paid at New York, Philadelphia, and southern parts, and it sold readily for from $3.50 to $6 per ton, put on board at Windsor, N.S.'

History of Operations In New Brunswick.

In New Brunswick the gypsum industry in early times (previous to 1847) was much the same as that of Nova Scotia.

The principal operations were carried on about miles in the rear of Hillsborough, Albert county, and the shipping point was on the west side of the Petiteodiac river, about 4 miles from its mouth.

About the year 1847, Messrs. Fowler Brothers, who operated mills at Lubec, acquired rights at Hillsborough, and constructed a plank road from the quarry known as the Fowler quarry to the shipping point. By so doing they were able to operate their quarry, and haul the rock in the summer season on wagons. But it was not until 1854, when Mr. Calvin Tomkins entered the field, that the industry was put on a solid basis. Dr. L. W. Bailey' gives the following history of this Company :—

'The superior quality of plaster of Paris made from Hillsborough gypsum, had by this time become well known to other manufacturers of plaster and building materials in the United States, and, about 1854, Mr. Calvin Tomkins, a manufacturer of cement and lime, who carried on an extensive business on the Hudson river, came to Hillsborough and acquired the properties then owned by the Fowler Brothers, and other gypsum properties adjoining, which included nearly all the available and valuable portions of this deposit. At this time the duty upon manufactured plaster entering the United States was very low, and a large market was open for the product of a mill on the Canadian side of the line. These favourable conditions led to the formation, by Mr. Tomkins, of a company under Provincial Act of Incorporation, under the name of the Albert Manufacturing Company, for the purpose of carrying on the business of quarrying and mining gypsum, and erecting mills for the purpose of manufacturing it, carrying on the business of grinding grain, ing lumber, constructing railways and operating the same, and all other work .1 connexion with the operation of the quarries and shipment of the product. Subsequently a large milling establishment was erected, railways were built to two or three points in the gypsum belt, and extended to the river, where wharf and timber beds for the accommodation of vessels were also constructed. A plaster mill was also built by Mr. Tomkins at Newark, New Jersey, and the business of making plaster of Paris in Hillsborough, as well as that of shipping the crude rock to Newark, prosecuted with

Dr. How's notes to his Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. *The Mineral Resources of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 86.

may,

id the gypfreely

from

Hills- f the

ubec, marry able

But e instory

sum, and kins, 1 the d by uded nd a line. pany ifacand urTyand the lishbelt, tion kins 'illswith

energy. Later, the withdrawal of the reciprocal trade relation between the Provinces and the United States occurred, and the favourable conditions under which a large trade in the manufactured article was promised were seriously interfered with, and only a very limited business was obtainable; and had it not been for the very superior quality of the plaster made from Hillsborough rock, profitable business with the United States would not have been possible.'

Distribution,

Gypsum is found distributed in many of the countries of the world. The producing countries are given here in order of their importance: France, United States, Canada, Great Britain, Algeria, Germany, India, Cypress, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia, Tasmania, and Newfoundland.

The following brief description of the occurrence will serve to show how widely this mineral is distributed, both geographically and geologically,

France.—The principal gypsum deposits in France are found at Montmartre, Pantin, Belleville, Sannois, and Enghien-les-Bains. They occur in beds in the Tertiary deposits of the Paris basin, and vary in thickness from a few feet to 160 feet. They are operated both as open-cut quarries, and by sinking shafts, or driving galleries into the hillside. :

This country has given to the world the name plaster of Paris, which was originally a French product, now common to the whole world. 'The rock manufactured is very high in carbonate of lime, often carrying from 10 to 12 per cent, but it is not considered detrimental to its composition, many claiming that the high grade of French plaster is due to the presence of this mineral.

United States—Gypsum deposits are found in almost every state and territory of the Union. In New York State they are found in regular beds in the Salina or higher formation of the upper Silurian. The greatest thickness is 600 feet, occurring at Fayetteville, and consists of eight layers, from 18" to 30 feet thick. The largest quarries are at Union Springs. Other deposits in this State occur at Caledonia and Oakfield.

In Ohio, the occurrences of gypsum are somewhat similar to those of New York. They are found in the upper Silurian or lower Helderberg of Orton. Operations are carried on only at one point, near Gypsum Station, Ottawa county. The beds are from 5 to 7 feet thick, and are mined by driving galleries into the hillside about 400 feet.

In Pennsylvania, the gypsum occurs in the lower Helderberg series, but nothing of economic importance js shown.

In Iowa, the deposits are found in the Permian and overlie the Coal Measures. In thickness the beds vary from 10 to 30 feet, and are made up of regularly stratified layers of gypsum separated by thin layers of clay.

In Kansas, the deposits are found in the same geological formation as those of Towa, and are mined by sinking vertical shafts about 80 feet deep to reach the stratum, which has an average thickness of about 18 feet,

In Arkansas, the gypsum is found in Pike county, in what is known as th Trinity formation. It occurs associated with marls, in great variety of textur and degree of purity.

In Oklahoma, extensive deposits of gypsum occur in the Permian, and forn a part of the largest deposits in the United States; extending, according to Cha: N. Gould, from Southern Nebraska across Kansas and Oklahoma into Texas having a length approximately of 600 miles,

The following section given by Gould,' will illustrate the character anc thickness of the deposit :—

No. DESCRIPTION. Feet. 7. Massive white gypsum, the Shimer .. Cisrareraee SCO AMMO 5 Sica oC seca ne sitar gta 5. suveilerous clays. wercnet iso cea ere uns melee ree a 27 4. Massive white gypsum, the Medicine BINGBON. ceo cecn carers fees wena 17 3. Red Sypsiferous clay with green bands of selenite sas 2. Pinkish, mottled gypsum, irregularly stratified, the Ferguson 4 1. Red gypsiferous clay with thin green and white selenite bands and layers.. 86

In Texas, besides the Oklahoma beds, 4.; osits occur on the Canadian river, associated with clays; they vary in thickness up to 25 feet.

In Michigan, the -gyps deposits are found in the lower Carboniferous measures. The principal de, suits occurring in this State are the Grand Rapids deposit, on the western border of the Lower peninsula, having an area of 10 square miles, and the deposit at Alabaster on the eastern border of Saginaw bay, with an area of about 600 square miles. The first consists of two beds known as the upper and lower beds. The upper is from 6 to 8 feet, and the lower 12 feet thick. They are separated by a thin seam, about 1 foot in thickness, of soft shale, and have a capping of the same material from 12 to 15 feet thick. The whole rests on a hard blue limestone.

Alabaster has the largest sypsum quarry in the State. It has a working face more than quarter of a mile long, with an average height of 23 feet. It carries an overburden from 10 to 12 feet deep of stiff bolder clay, which is removed by steam shovel and tram cars.

In Virginia, the deposits are found in the southwestern part of the State, and, like Michigan, occur in the lower Carboniferous series. The stratum is 30 feet thick and dips at an angle of 50 degrees. It is worked to e depth, on the slope, of 250 feet.

In Colorado, the gypsum occurs in the Jura-Trias formation. The most important deposit shows a face 250 feet long, and 28 feet high at the centre, sloping to 7 feet at the edge.

In Wyoming, there are a number of gypsum deposits of importance. They vary in composition from the pure white compact variety to gypsum earth or Bypsite. Geologically they occur in the Red beds of the Triassic formation.

Mineral Resources of Oklahoma, Bulletia No. 1, p. 29.

wn as the of texture

and form g to Chas. ito Texas,

acter and

ian river,

oniferous d Rapids ea of 10 naw bay, known as r 12 feet , of soft ck. The

working feet. It ch is re-ie

State, atum is 1, on the

he most centre,

. They arth or tion.

In California, there are a number of places where gypsum deposits are found in the Tertiary clays, particularly along the coast ranges, in the foothills of the great valley, and in the valleys of Southern California. There are, however, few deposits of economic importance.

In northwestern Nevada, the best known deposits are found in the Humboldt and Virginia Mountain ranges, and probably occur in the Triassic formation. Some deposits in the southern part of the State are supposed to be of the lower Carboniferous age.

In Montana, the gypsum deposits are widely distributed and those of economic importance occur in the lower Carboniferous series. The deposits so far developed are found in Carbon and Cascade counties. The veins vary from a few inches to over 6 feet in thickness, and the gypsum is often pure and free from foreign material.

Gypsum deposits of importance are also reported in Oregon, Utah, New Mexico. ond the Black Hills of South Dakota.

Canada.—Gypsum deposits of economic importance are found in most of the prov'ces and territories of the Dominion of Canada. Those having the greatest area, and most accessible, are found in the eastern provinces, where they occur in the lower Carboniferous formation, and are practically inexhaustible (for particular description see Chapter IV.)

In British Columbia large deposits of gypsum occur, associated with grey schists and white crystalline limestone. They are found north of the middle crossing of the Salmon river, and have a thickness of over 100 feet. They are also found in the vicinity of Spence's Bridge.

In Alberta, on the Slave river, 40 miles above Smiths landing, there is an outcrop of limestone, associated with some gypsum and mineral tar. It is also found one mile south of the forks of Salt river. The exposure is 20 feet thick interbedded, and has underlying it thin layers of red clay.

In Manitoba, at St. Martin lake, 10 miles west of the outlet of Little Saskatchewnr . iver, gypsum deposits are found of considerable importance. The exposures are worked as open quarries, and the product hauled in the winter season to the shores of Lake Manitoba by team; after manufacturing it is shipped by steamer to Westbourne railway station. The rock is exposed on a number of outcrops, the highest beig 60 feet above St. Martin lake. Some anhydrite is seen, and large quantities of selenite. Geologically its position is either that of the lower Devonian or upper Silurian, probably the Salina formation.

In Ontario, a small amount of gypsum is mined yearly; it occurs on the Grand river, in the vicinity of Paris, in Brant county. The gypsum formation extends from the Niagara river to Saugeen, a distance of 150 miles. Its occurrence is in veins from 2 to 7 feet thick and separated into several layers.

In Quebec, the principal deposits occur in the lower Carboniferous measures of the Magdalen islands, and will be described in detail in a later chapter.

Great Britain—In England gypsuin deposits of economic importance are found in the following counties: Cumberland, Westmorland, Derby, Nottingham

, Stafford, and Sussex. They occur as irregular masses of not very gr extent, the greatest thickness being 15 feet.

The principal deposits are in the counties of Derby, Nottingham, and St: ford, and occur in the Trias formation. In Cumberland and Westmorland th have a lower horizon, in the Permian, and in Sussex they occur in the Jurass The rock occurs as a pure white granular and compact, with brown strea coloured by the oxide of iron, and pink nodules,

Germany.—In the Hartz Mountain district of Germany white and greyis white gypsum is found, having associated with it large quantities of anhydrit The deposits are of the Permian period,

India.—Although gypsum is found in small quantities in many of the di tricts of India, no deposits of great commercial importance are known to exis The most extensive deposits are reported as occurring in the Silurian formatio: but in the other districts where smaller quantities occur they are associated wit the clays, belonging to the Tertiary age.

Cyprus.—On the east and west coast of the island of Cyprus large and im portant deposits of 8ypsum occur. The deposits are operated, and the rock i manufactured on the island, and used for building pu-poses,

Ttaly.—Deposits 'he purest variety of alabaster are found at Val di Mar. molago, near Leghorn, Volterra, Carrara, and other localities, The knowledge these deposits dates back to remove ages and they are noted in the history o: gypsum.

Switzerland.—Greyish-white &ypsum is found in deposits of the Triassic formation in Switzerland. The beds have an extensive area, and are supposed to be a deposition from sea water,

Australia.—Mr, A. Gibb Maitland, Government Geologist of Western Australia

, furnishes the writer with the following information, regarding the gypsum deposits of that country :—

'So far as any observations have at present been carried in Western Australia, the only large workable deposit of gypsum known is the one at Cliffy head, near Dongarra (S. Lat, 29°: E. Long. 115°), but '+ has never yet been visited by any member of the geological staff, so that our information about it is somewhat meagre.

'It appears that the deposit is in the form of a fine powder,' filling the bed of a dry lake to a depth of several feet. The composition of the gypsum as determined in the Survey laboratory proved to be:—

Lime, CaO ... renege Magnesia, MgO... va,O

Tron oxide, Fe,0, Alumins, Al,O,

*The crystalline powder is -associated with numerous shell (a living species.)

, Very great

, and Staforland they ne Jurassic, wn streaks

nd greyishanhydrite.

of the dis- n to exist. formation, iated with

e and imhe rock is

1 di Marwledge of history of

Triassic Pposed to

'rm Ausit Cliffy yet been about it

the bed

n as de-

Se oo

Sulphuric anhydrite, SO, 0 2. CcvReeecesesrereeedeeesiere 41°75 Carbonic anhydrite, CO, "ant . bameare : — ea hea

ilica, Siog Insol. Alumina, AiO, i water, H,0 Ri ceaptm piace come eck tie ies ee nineitke ieee eae

ygroscopic water,

Organic matter : RERURD AH Lene a ee wVSSLS A VEEEESD EIA EE MORALLOR KOSS

Less "i equivalent of Tt eee reetA eeee

Equal to sulphate of lime " carbonate of lime...

'Deposits of gypsum have also been recorded from different portions of the State, but not so far as is known in workable quantities.

'In the western division of the State, near Carnarvon, a deposit of gypsum is known; on investigation in the Departmental Laboratory it was found to be made up of :—

Pure gypsun:, CaSO,, 2H,O : Pure ealeite, CaCO," Pree PE aa

There is very little doubt that careful search in many of 'the numerous dry lakes, which occur all over the State, will result in the discovery of other deposits of gypsum of value.'

Mr. Pittman, Under Secretary fou 'That although numerous specimens o: ov. + have been found, in varying localities, nothing is known of the existence of workable deposit within reach of rail. Large deposits are known to exist in the western part of New South Wales, but at great distance from carriage.'

The Mines Report of Victoria shows a production of gypsum for 1908 of 1,730 tons, valued at £1,085.

Newfoundland.—The gypsum deposits of this island occur on the west coast. Geologically they are in the same position and resemble those of Nova Scotia. They occur in extensive beds, with prominent exposures on Romaine brook, at Piccadilly, south side of Port-au-Port bay, and at different points on the south side of St. George bay. The rock is white, and in texture, both compact and granular; very little anhydrite is seen.

ith Wales, also informs the writer,

&#x27; Chapter Ii.

Origin of Gypsum.

Numerous theories have been advanced to explain the origin of gypsum different theories may, and no doubt do apply to different deposits. It is quite Possible that we may have two or more theories well demonstrated even in close proximity to each other. But before attempting to account for the formation of the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick deposits it may be well to give a brief résumé of the different theories advanced.

Hunt's' Chemical Theory of Gypsum Formation.

Hunt's chemical theory of the formation of gypsum is somewhat complex, but in his opinion this method of origin may be applied to the greater part of our gypsum deposits.

To quote his own words," the theory is as follows :—

(1) ' The action of solutions of bicarbonate of soda upon sea-water separates, in the first place, the whole of the lime in the form of carbonate, and then gives rise to a solution of bicarbonate of magnesia, which, by evaporation, deposits hydrous magnesian carbonate.'

(2) 'The addition of solutions of bicarbonate of lime to sulphate of soda, or sulphete of magnesia, gives rise to bicarbonates of these bases, together with sulphate of lime, which latter may be thrown down by alcohol. By the evaporation of a solution Containing bicarbonate of magnesia and sulphate of lime, either with or without sea salt, gypsum and hydrous carbonate of magnesia are successively deposited.'

(3) 'When the hydrous carbonate of magnesia is heated alone, under pressure, it is converted into magnesite; but if carbonate of lime be Present, double salt is formed, which is dolomite.'

(4) 'Solutions of bicarbonate of magnesia decompose chloride of calcium, and, when deprived of their excess of carbonic acid by evaporation, even solutions of gypsum, with separation of carbonate of lime.'

(5) 'Dolomites, Magnesites, and magnesian marls ha,. their origin in sediments of magnesian carbonate formed by the evaporation of solutions of bicarbonate of magnesia. These solutions have been produced either by the action of bicarbonate of lime upon solutions of sulphate of magnesia, in which case gypsum is a subsidiary product, or by the decomposition of solutions of sulphate or chloride of magnesium by the waters of rivers or springs containing bicarbonate of soda.'

Quarterly Journal Geological Society, Vol. 16, Pp. 154, 1859, Michigan Geological Survey Report, Vol. IX, p. 183.

sum, and is quite

in close ormation 2 a brief

omplex, Part of

parates, n gives leposits

oda, or r with yapora- f lime, sia are

r presdouble

lcium, solu-

. sedibicaron of psum ite or onate

Boulder from Sanderson's ¥ oO

Prate IT.

larry, Beaver Brook, N.S., showing conversion anhydrite to gypsum.

ait, a. os

% tel dare ee

Leigh nia thea hates ae Bata oak

bbc intl MUNAS ib hast i ihdeictacpneadaia baka, RMR cn ncatitle

Deposition by Thermal Springs.

Gypsum is deposited by sore thermal springs. The sulphurous acid becomes oxidized to sulphuric and converts the carbonates, especially lime and magnesia, into sulphates. Examples of this method of deposition may be found in Iceland, where gypsum is formed by the decomposition of voleanic tufa by acids dissolved in water.

Gypsum Deposited through the Action of Pyrites upon Carbonate of Lime.

Pyrites or sulphide of iron decomposing and coming in contact with the carbonate of lime will change it into a sulphate of lime or gypsum. This action may be seen going on in the Dominion Coal Company's mines at Glace Bay, N.S., where small and almost perfect crystals are often secured. The associated shales, and often the coal itself, in the Nova Scotia mines, are heavily charged

ith the sulphide of iron, which carried in solution acts on the limestone, thus producing gypsum.

Gypsum Deposits in Rivers.

Lyell, in his principles of geology (p. 247), cites the La Fiume Salso river, in Sicily, as an example of this method of depositing gypsum.

In many instances, where rivers carry a high percentage of sulphate of lime, they will deposit it at their mouths, or in basins where the current slackens.

Gypsum Formed from Anhydrite.

Anhydrite (CaSO,) on taking up two molecules of water forms gypsum (CaSO, 2H,0). Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered, in part or throughout, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where by digging down 60 to 100 feet, the unaltered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered between the folia, or over the exterior, also altered to quartz and siderite'

This action is well illustrated in Plate II, which is a photograph of a boulder taken from Sanderson's quarry at Beaver Brook, N.S. The interior of this boulder is anhydrite, while the surface, showing partings and having a thickness of about 1", is gypsum carrying 20-79 per cent water.

It is also well exemplified, on a larger scale, in the cliffs near Port Bevis, on the Bras d'Or lakes. Here perpendicular walls of anhydrite occur, having a height of from 30 to 50 feet, and over a mile in length, with a top covering from a few inches to a few feet of gypsum. This, without doubt, would have had a very much greater showing of gypsum but for the influence of atmospheric agents to which it has been exposed, and which caused disintegration almost as rapidly as it was formed, leaving in sight only that part which has no economic value, but is of much scientific interest.

In the "ove quarry, at Cheverie, N.S., a bed of anhydrite is shown having a covering of 12 feet of good solid, compact gypsum, which is protected from

Dana Min., p. 622, Ed. 1889.

erosion by a covering of boulder clay. The gypsum here, although consider by many to be a conversion from anhydrite, shows much contra evidence.

The gypsum of East River, N.S., according to Prof. W. R. Johnson, ex tains one atom of water to two of sulphate of lime, (2CaSO, .1,0) and Da assumes that this compound may have been formed in course of transition more probably, is a mixture of gypsum and anhydrite.

There ro a number of other points in Nova Scotia and New Brunswic where, with a reasonable amount of surety, this me he applied; but considering the whole number of the theory does not seem to be applicable.

If gypsum were formed from anhydrite the action would be continuous whi moisture was available, and the force exerted by the increase (33 per cent of the volume, which, according to Lapparent, is four times that of freezin water, would be in evidence. The hummoc ferous areas, would owe their

thod of forming gypsum m: deposits as one aggregation

ky hills, so characteristic of gypsi rigin to this force. But in the area under con sideration it is quite the opposite, and the rounded mounds and hollows, cJcurr

ing generally at the contact between the &ypsum and limestone, are caused b;

depressions, due to erosion by subterranean currents, rather than upheaval. Thi treacherous ground is constantly giving fresh evidence of this fact. In June last, in the gypsiferous area of Antigonish county, a part of the

Main road, about 50 feet in length and 20 feet in width, disappeared to un unknown depth,

Gypsum Deposits from Sea Water. Sea water, according to the analysis in the Challenger* reports, contains 3-5 per cent of mineral salts, of which three-fourths is sodium chloride or eom-mon

salt. On being analysed these salts show the following Proportions :—

Per cent.

When a body of sea water is cut off and evaporated the gypsum is deposited after 37 per cent of the water is removed, and chloride of sodium (common salt) only after 93 per cent has been removed. The normal order would be a deposit of gypsum, followed by a deposit of salt at least twenty times as great. But as 93 per cent over 23 times more water must be evaporated before the salt would be thrown Gown, the evaporation might

not go far enough, or if it had, and the sale been deposited, it may have been Subsequently removed by solution.

*Dana Min., Pp. 639, Ed. 1889, Michigan Geol gical Survey, Vol. 9, part IT, p. 186.

1 considered lence.

Brunswick, ypsum may aggregation,

uous while per cent) f freezing of gypsiinder con- v8, CLourrcaused by val. This

irt of the to an un-contains

or comes :—

it.

me TFA ROOM

osit of e Water ye been

In most gypsum deposits (particularly true of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) the amount of gypsum in situ is so large that it is difficult to conceive, at their point of location, an inland sea of reasonable area having sufficient depth to deposit a thickness of gypsum, even equal to that found to-day, not allowing anything for the many years erosion, or loss by glacial action. But, to surmount this possible failure of the theory, it has been assumed, that instead of having a confined body of sea water, we had a sea, having similar conditions to that found in the Mediterranean to-day.

Observations made by Capt. Nares, and Dr. Carpenter, of H.M.S. Sherwater, 1871', of the Mediterranean sea, found its basin to be 6,000 feet deep, separated from the ocean by a bar or reef at the Strait of Gibraltar, 1,200 feet high. The water of the Atlantic ocean outside the reef had a specific gravity of 1.026. In the western part of th Mediterranean sea the specific gravity is 1.027, while in the eastern part it is 1.03. The proportion of salt in the Atlantic ocean is 3-6 per cent, and in the Mediverranean it is 3-9 per cent. Passing over the dividing reef are two currents, upper and lower, the upper inflowing, and the lower outflowing.

Under similar conditions, with the temperature of the Carboniferous age, it is possible that sea water flowing into a basin, over a barrier, would evaporate sufficiently to throw down its gypsum, and outflow before sufficient evaporation had taken place to deposit the salt, and the process continue until great thickness would be obtained.

G. P. Grimsley' assumed this theory for the deposition of the gypsum deposits of Michigan, and arrived at the following conclusion for the deposits in what he termed 'The Michigan Carboniferous Sea.' The area of rocks in Michigan, formed after the deposition of the Marshall and Kinderhook series, is approximately circular in outline, with a radius of 85 miles, giving an area of 22,686 square miles. As will be shown later, the sea cov: ving this area in Osage time was 700 feet in depth, and assuming the average to be 326 feet, based on well records, there would have been about 1,280,000 billion gallons of water.

'The analysis of the Atlantic Ocean water shows 93-3 grains of gypsum to the gallon. If this Michigan sea had that proportion it would have yielded nine billion tons of gypsum.

'The thickness of gypsum at Grand Rapids is 18 feet, and at Alabaster is 20 feet. The approximate area at Grand Rapids is 24 square miles, and at Alabaster 10 square miles; and while the gypsum does not by any means keep this thickness over these areas, and is even absent in parts of the area, it has probably been removed by solution since its deposition. These conditions would give 1,237,764,000 tons of gypsum.

If the assumption is made that the gypsum covered all the area with a thickness of 20 feet, then it would require 917 billion tons, or 90 times the amount of water in this original sea, and one would need to look for the ridge or barrier

1 Michigan Geological Survey, Vol. 9, part IT, p. 187. Michigan Geologics' "urvey, Yel. $, part HI, p. 187.

over which the ocean waters flowed to supply the water for the @yPsum, un the same was supplied, as in the Great Salt lake, by land drainage.'

Gypsum Converted from. Calcareous Matter by the action of Sulphuric Ac

Dana' says; "Gypsum does not constitute layers in the strata, but lic. embedded masses, The lines of stratification sometimes Tun through it, and other eases the layers of shale are bulged up around the nodular masses, In such cases, the gypsum was formed after the beds were deposited.' 'Sulpl springs often produce sulphurie acid by an oxidation of sulphuretted hydroge

'This sulphurie acid, acting on limestone, drives off its carbonic acid, and mal sulphate of lime, or gypsum,'

Dawson', in discussing the different theories and referring particularly

the deposits of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, says: 'It able that there are instances of all or of most of these modes in the gypsifero rocks of Nova Scotia. But for the occurrences of the mineral in so thick ai extensive beds, inter 'ratified with marl and limestone, there appears to me to but one satisfactory theory—that of the conversion of submarine beds of ¢s careous matter into sulphate of lime, by free sulphuric acid poured into the by springs or streams, issuing from voleanie rocks, Modern voleanoes frequent! give forth water containing sulphurous and sulphurie acids,' Water of th kind would have a greater specific gravity than sea water, and, therefore, flo along the bottom of the sea, and if it came in contact with beds of caleareou

matter, the above action would take place and the formation of gypsum woul be the result,

hink it is not impr

Quite in accordance with this view the Sypsum deposits of Noy

a Scotia an New Brunswick are foun',

without exception, associated with marine limestone In some cases they are so closely associated that it is difficult to d of demarcation; one graduating with di the othe.

raw any ling minishing or increasing Prominence int-

In the &ypsum deposits at Tom river, Richmond county, limestone, about 2 feet wide, may

high. It cuts it transverse

N.S., a vein' of be seen in an exposure of gypsum, 20 to 30 feet ly and has very distinct walls. The following analyses will serve to show the composition of both the limestone and the wall rock :—

— LLimentone| Wall rock. EAMe Bee elo a EE We Natintic en aa teas tana coer 53°13 33°20 Ferric oxide and Pip eee RR eae : 0°50 nil Sulphuric mab Sel titer ere eae 1°36 46°28 Carbonic anh Lil Wie nen ae nee a ! 40°99 nil baad sed el. craze no 1°02 20°69 Insoluble mineral A EA nee 3°69 0°16 ' 100°69 100°33 : See en nan Ae mated ited *Dana's Manual of Geology, p. 234,

? Acadian Geology, p. 262, Ed. 1868,

The term ' vein,' although not technically correct, is used here in preference to

the term 'bed,' as it is thought it will better explain this peculiar occurrence of limestone.

psum, unless '

huric Acid,

, but Hes in h it, and in sses. In all © Sulphur 1 hydrogen,' , and makes

ticularly to not improbgypsiferous thick and 0 me to be eds of calito the sea frequently er of this efore, flow calcareous um would

scotia and limestone. - any line ence into

vein' of

rence to ence of

In the great gypsiferous belt at Cheticamp, Inverness county, N.S., a distinct belt of limestone, having a thickness averaging about 100 feet, may be seen, vertical, and separating a bed of snow-white massive gypsum from a bed of the greyish-white selenitic variety.

Everywhere, in the gypsiferous field, there is evidence that at one time there existed very extensive deposits of marine limestone. These deposits are often in close contact with what are now our metamorphic hills and mountain ranges. The voleanic action which created these metamorphic hills was not extinet when the marine limestone beds were growing, and no doubt afforded the greater supply of sulphuric acid which converted the limestone into gypsum. If this supply was no: sufficient, or if the conversion was not complete before the voleanoes became extinct, it is possible that the supply may have been supplemented from other sources, and the action completed.

The sulphureted hydrogen springs, found in different localities, the iron pyrites, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite deposits, are all sources of sulphuric acid, and, found in the older rocks in the near vicinity, are quite sufficient to supply the deficiency if it were required. It is, therefore, quite evident that there was, from the many sources, an abundance of sulphur in the field during the Carboniferous age.

There is also, as it appears to the writer, some evidence that has never before been introduced, in favour of the theory of gypsum being a conversion from calcareous material.

In some of the large deposits of Nova Scoti. and New Brunswick (particularly the former)—which occur in massive formation, with little disturbance —a number of pipe or blow holes are seen on the top of the deposits, perfectly circular in area, having a diameter from 3 to 6 feet, with perpendicular walls, and often showing a depth of 50 to 60 feet. These occurrences must not be confused with the ordinary sink or kettle holes, with battered sides, so characteristic of gypsiferous formation, but generally occurring in low land, never in the same form or shape as above.

These blow holes have, on certain occasions, been cleaned of the vegetable matter which usually accumulates in the bottom, and been used as a shaft for blasting purposes. This is done by going down near the bottom, driving a small level at right angles, and putting in a large amount of explosive, and tamping the charge by filling up the level and part of the shaft. This operation has been successful in bringing down large heads of gypsum at a remarkably low cost.

It has been suggested by some that these holes have been made by the action of seme harder rock, rotated by a torrent of water, thus wearing away the softer material. But they are too numerous, often covering an area of several acres, and so closely are they arranged that it is often difficult to walk between them.

They are best illustrated in the deposits at Walton in Hants county, N.S., but occur in somewhat lesser prominence in many of the other deposits.

There is not the slightest evidence that these are sink or kettle holes, nor doves it seem possible for them to be worn by the rotation of harder rocks; and

quite as impossible for them to occur where gypsum is deposited from sea wa or formed from anhydrite,

The only possible explanation, according to the writer's view, is that t! are vent holes for escaping gases emitted during the conversion of calcare material into gypsum by the action of sulphuric acid,

Anhydrite,

Per cent. ate Be innate Sea 41°2 BPN ENE Mois alex eelare Lea ey et eee : 538°8

Som On

3to3 5. Sp. G. 2°8to3.

This mineral is known to occur in greater or less quantities, associated wi almost all the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, sometim forming separate beds from the Sypsum, at other times occurring as large lent cular masses, completely surrounded by Sypsum; sometimes in the centre Some gypsum deposit, which from superficial examination would appear to entirely free from it; but on testing or operating it proves either to be in fron above, or below, and thus often changes what superficially seemed to be a valuab] evpsum deposit into a deposit of anhydrite having no commercial value. Ther is no rule that can be laid down to guide the Prospector, or operator, in formin; an opinion regarding the occurrence of this mineral.

The free use of the core drill is the only safe plan to follow, in determining the true value of any gypsum deposit. The ordinary boring machine, by whick the operator can determine with exactness when he has struck hard plaster, will not do for testing a depth. More than once, and often at great expense, have operators been deceived by this method of testing. This fact is easily explained; the operator determines, to a sreat extent, the hardness cf the rock by the mechanical pressure required to bore it. In shallow holes he is seldom deceived, but when deep holes are required, necessitating greater length of rods, it requires very extra judgment to determine the difference between the exact mechanical pressure required to do the horing and the pressure acquired by the increased weight of rods, and at the same time make allowance for friction, which in many holes is an important factor. Tt is quite easy to be deceived under such conditions, especially, as in most cases, no care is given to the borings, they being either wasted, or so mixed together as to be of no value. The opportunities for error with the core drill are not nearly so great, and if intelligently operated, the value of a deposit can be determined with exactness,

The question of the origin of anhydrite js somewhat puzzling. Occurring, as it does, in almost all positions and shapes, sometimes as nodules and lenticular masses embedded in the fypsum, sometimes as beds beneath the gypsum deposit, and often as pinnacles protruding from the top of the deposits and surrounded

by &ypsum, makes it difficult to apply any particular theory to its formation.

m sea water,

is that they f calcareouy

ciated with sometimes large lenticentre of Pear to be e in front, a valuable ie. There n forming

termining by which aster, will nse, have xplained; by the deceived, L requires chanical increased in many h condi- y being ities for perated,

curring, lenticusum dend surits for-

Bas sad saves

It is a very important question with many of the deposits of Nova Svotia and New Brunswick, whether gypsum was formed from anhydrite, or anhydrite from gypsum.

It has been suggested by Prof. W. O. Crosby that the whole was first deposited as gypsum, and the burial beneath a sufficient mass of superincumbent strata, which would determine the conditions of low temperature, thermo-metamorphism, dehydrated the gypsum and produced anhydrite.

Dr. L. W. Bailey', in his studies of gypsum, makes the following references: 'In this connexion it may be observed that Van Hise, in his great monograph on Metamorphism (page 357), says: 'The main source of anhydrite is by the alteration of gypsum,' and again, that ' the chief alteration of anhydrite is te gypsum, with an increase of volume of 60 per cent,' citing as an example the anhydrite deposits of Bex, Switzerland, where the transformation from anhydrite to gypsum has taken place completely to a depth of from 18 to 30 metres, the material below this depth being anhydrite.

On the other hand, there are those who maintain that both gypsum and anhydrite may be deposited from the same solution, the production of the one or the other depending upon the conditions prevailing at the time, these conditions including temperature, depth of water, degree of concentration, and especially the presence of other salts. Thus, Adams observes, ' Anhydrite may be formed from gypsum solutions at various temperatures when these solutions contain other salts in sufficient quantities. For example, it has been found that in the presence of a saturated solution of common salt this change (from gypsum to anhydrite) takes place at 30° C, which is a temperature reached on a summer day.

'This fact satisfactorily accounts for the formation of anhydrite in nature, from concentrated sea water or lake brines.' Van'Hoff, also, in his work on German salt deposits, has made it very probable that the presence of saline matter has a marked influence upon the form in which the lime sulphate is deposited.

Geikie, in his Text Book of Geology, page 115, in alluding to various possible methods of the formation of gypsum, says: 'It may be produced as a chemical precipitate from solution in water, as when sea water is evaporated ; also through the hydration of anhydrite;' adding, 'it is in the first of these ways that the thick beds of gypsum associated with rock salt in many geological formations have been formed.'

If gypsum is formed from beds of anhydrite, and these beds show an even strata, then we must expect the interior of our deposits to be of little value, and it would be useless to sink on a floor of anhydrite, hoping to find gypsum below. It may be considered possible that at the time when moisture was being absorbed from the atmosphere, the same action could take place from beneath, as at the point of contact with the older rocks; but in that case, owing to the necessarily

The gypsum deposits of New Brunswick, p. 10.

Se

increased volume, it would create a tremendous force, that, if continued, w not only contort the overlying strata, but cause metamorphism, increase temperature, and prevent hydration.

If anhydrite is formed from gypsum, due to 'he upheaval of our hills, ¢ ing metamorphie action and dehydrating the &ypsum, then, if the action of ing up water began at the point of contact, and the superincumbent struc was not sufficient to cause metamorphism, it is quite possible to have a gyp: above and below the anhydrite. This action would probably explain the caus the occurrence of anhydrite in gypsum deposits at Walton, and in the old Pel quarry, at Windsor, where it occurs in lenticular masses, surrounded by gyps passing into one another by insensible gradations,

A very careful study of the different theories, and the great variety of dif ent occurrences of this mineral associated with the Sypaum deposits, will s] how difficult it is to make any one theory applicable to all the deposits; but careful study of individual deposits it is probable that the theory applicable

each deposit may be determined, and the operators be able to lay out their we much more advantageously,

Gypsite Or Gypsum Earth.

Although deposits of this mineral are known to exist in the territory und consideration, no attempt has been made to investigate them, and their exte is quite unknown.

Gypsite, or gypsum earth, consists of masses of gypsum grains mixed wit more or less clayey matter and sand. They usually occur in basin-like depre sions, but are sometimes found on rounded hill tops. The +, ory generally ac vanced for the formation of this mineral is that the ma . been deposite by the evaporation of spring waters containing a solution um which ha been derived from underlying beds, but what seems a mc probable theory — that they are formed by the disintegration and erosion of gypsum rock, whic has been washed down and spread over low lying land in the near vicinity,

Considerable importance is attached deposits of this nature in the Unite: States, where they are ¥ _rked and manufactured into different cement plasters

al Ria aa seen

tinued, would increase the

ir hills, causiction of takent structure ve a gypsum the cause of ie old Pellow by gypsum,

ety of differ- 8, will show sits; but by Pplicable to t their work

itory under heir extent

nixed with ike depresnerally addeposited which has theory is ck, which nity.

he United t plasters.

The following analyses by Bailey and his associates will serve to show the general composition :-—'

Silica and insoluble residue, Iron and aluminium oxides.. CaCI OXIDE Siosias 7 tak ee

— f EEE IV

Te h Silica and insoluble Ue ke RIOTS TREO a ET SEE onan ar peed a4 Kron abavalutuinium Oxides sass ees ie ON ote Ae eee he oo Magnesium carbonates <2. scat eels ocd nies ene es : a -o Unlutum carbonate :s'c 3 si hs. Se.s sada vapnesisnanciercsck at e oo Re ere: PO aa ee iE oe? aera acm

Baa BSresdIS Wi sie's dir Css neisiaieyy acer PMe ARAM EO ESAS Male hk t

1 The University Geological Survey of Kansas. Vol. V, p. 149.

Chapter Iii.

Chemistry and Technology of Gypsum.

While gypsum and its uses in many ways were known to the ancients, as been shown in Chapter I, its real composition was not determined until a mv later date. It will be interesting to go back and recall some of the first inves gations.

In early days it was, on account of some of its peculiar characteristics aft burning, known as a mineral resembling cale-spar, and it was not until Pott, 1764, descrited them as two separate and distinct minerals, and stated that sor chemists assumed that the substance artificially produced by the union of s1 phuric acid with lime was gypsum, and termed it gypsum artefactum.

The first experiment along the line of its qualitative composition was ma by Lavoisier, and published in the proceedings of the Acdemie des Science 1765. He decomposed the gypsum by means of carbon, setting free the sv phurous vr pours, which formed a sulphur deposit and proved the presence of si phuric acid. He then, by means of potash, decomposed a solution of gypsum water and showed the presence of lime. After finding the elements, and to pro the composition of gypsum as determined, he described the following exper ment :—

took concentrated sulphurie acid, of which the weight was about doub that of water, and of known purity; I added more water, and then added ca bonate of lime until there was no more effervesence, I thus obtained a selenit which is a true gypsum, Thus at an early date the qualitative composition gypsum was determined by careful investigation, by oae whose name has com down through the annals of history as one of the founders of chemical science.

Later in the history, quantitative analysis was made. One of the firs analyses of gypsum we learn of was made from samples taken from Mon martre, near Paris. This analysis gives :—

Per cent.

Dee ieee u ewes uresaseei Ain ata We 7°10 PRO ERM Nis siicitiwiadhwiviasiews eho ae 92°56 RRO TIAN, vo luton ek wecvovnsdaratones oo re 0°32 ROM hi nyheter esavaetenle a Mee ea yee a oe OE 0:02

This analysis indicates rather an anhydrite than a true gypsum, but fron this and other analyses the th: cortical composition of pure gypsum was deter mined,

Academie deg Science, 1765, University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, p. 8

encore

ents, as has ntil a much irst investiristics

after til Pott, in 1 that some ion of sul- m.

1 was made Science in ee the sulnce of sulgypsum in 1d to prove ing experi-out

double added car- a selenite, position of . has come 1 science.

f the first om Mont-but

from was deter-

Tol. 5, p. 85.

True gypsum is a hydrous lime sulphate, and when pure has che following chemical formula, CaSO,, 2H,O. This when reduced to percentage will show the following composition :—

: Lime (CaO) 2 eee aes Gypsum (CaSO,, 2H,0) Lime sulphate (CaSO, {Sulphur trioxide (SO,)-46 791 AV ater (HG icc ser tec es ae an en. OD

100°0 When water is absent the mineral is known as anhydrite, which is often

found in large quantities, associated with the gypsum of Nova Scotia and New Brunswic!., but has nu commercial value.

Gypsum is one of the softest minerals; even in the crystalline form it can he scratched with the thumb nail. In the seale of hardness it is 1-5—2, and it has a specific gravity of 2.32,

The crystallization of gypsum is monoclinic: it occurs in the form of plates or prisms with pyramid alternetions. Typical forms of gypsum are shown in Fig. 1. The detailed figures 1 and 2 are common crystals, 3 and 4 are twinned crystals.

Fie. 1,

Typical forms of gypsum crystals. Gypsum is slightly soluble in water as shown by the following table :—

Solubility Of Gypsum, By Marignac.?

One part Gypsum One part anhydrous lime

Temperature, dissolves in sulphate dissolves in

At 32° 415 parts of water 525 parts of water,

me 64°5 386 WAS Pearce thre ns 488 "

t 7 i Mepeeere cues 479 "

At 89°F i aeievad anos 470 "

At 100°4° a Sree nce 466 "

At 105°8° " 468 "

At 127-4° + taelehe Sneweee 474 "

At 186's° GP eine eel fe Panik vis sareees 528 "

At 212° F=100°C " Pin beeetese sree ocr 572 "

1 Annales des Chimie, Paris, 5th series, Voi. I, pp. 274 to 281, quoted by Chatard, Seventh Annuat U.S. Geol. Survey, and verified by Grimsley, University Geological Survey of Kansas,

Vol. 5, p. 86.

It will, by the above table, be seen that the point of maximum solubilit; be around 38° C, being only one part of gypsum in 368 parts of water. It 1 be added by way of comparison that 40 parts sodium chloride (common will dissolv: in 100 parts water at a temperature of 15.5° C,

Calcining And Setting Plaster,

If gypsum be heated to a temperature of more than 212° F, and less 400° F, a certain proportion of the water of crystallization is driven off, an partially dehydrated gypsum is known as plaster o: Paris, having the follo formula :—

Per cent.

CLA. Es Re eee een ea {Wwe ro aT ae, Seeiecbe ie .3 100°0

Lavoisier, in a masterly analysis of gypsum presented to the Academi¢ Science in 1765, referring to the action of dehydrating gypsum, states, tha heating the gypsum the water was removed at two different stages, and that first three-quarters is much more easily removed than the balance. Conside the problem of plaster setting, Lavoisier, continuing the description of his ex] ments, gives the first discoveries of the set in plaster. Landrin quotes his as lows: 'I took the calcined plaster, as has been described before, and w hardens readily with water. I threw it into a considerable amount of wate! a pan or large dish. Each molecule of plaster, in passing through the liq seized its molecule of water of crystallization, and fell to the bottom of the in the form of small brilliant needles, visible only with a strong lens. TT] needles, dried in the free air, or with the aid of a very moderate heat, very soft and silky to the touch. If placed on the stage of a microscope, it is ceived that what was taken under the lens for needles are also parallelopip very fine, so they are described as thicker, many thinner, and many more e! gated. The plaster in this state is not capable of uniting with water, but i is calcined anew, thes: small crystals lose their transparency and their water crystallization, and become again a true plaster, as perfect as before. One n in this fashion, successfully caleine and recrystallize the plaster even to infin and consequently give it, at will, the property of seizing water.'

Payen confirmed Lavoisier's experiments of the formation of fine crystals the set of plaster, in 1830, and found that at 115° C, gypsum began to lose wa' and the loss rapidly increased up to 240° C, In practice Payen considere temperature from 110° to 120° © to be the best, but his experiments also shov that gypsum could be dehydrated at a lower temperature—as low as 80° C p viding time enough was allowed.

Annales des Chimie 1' 74, pp. 434, 435. See p. 90, University Geological Survey Kansas, Vol, 5

solubility will iter. It might common salt)

and less than n off, and the the following

Per cent. 93°8

Academie des tates, that on and that the

Considering of his experiotes his as fol- e, and which ; of water, in h the liquor, n of the dish lens. These ate heat, are ype, it is perrallelopipeds, Y more elonter, but if it leir water of . One may, n to infinity,

e crystals in o lose water, -onsidered a also showed 80° C pro-al

Survey of

Payen's results' are summed up in the following :—

(1) The set of plaster is due to a crystallization of hydrous sulphate of lime.

(2) The lowest temperature at which plaster can be made is 80° C, and the process of manufacturing is very casy.

(3) A temperature of 110° to 120° C is sufficient to deprive plaster of all its water and to cook it completely.

(4) Plaster in small particles favours the drying.

(5) Calcium sulphi.te heated to about 250° ( is dehydrated; at 300° to 400° it loses completely its properties of hydration, or the power of gaining again the water of crystallization, and resembles then the anhydrous sulphate of lime found in nature. If heated higher, it may result in melting the sulphate of lime.

(6) The hardening of plaster by alum is perhaps due to the formation of a double sulphate of potash and lime.

Landrin, whose paper has already been quoted, made an elaborate study of plaster in 1874. He has divided the process of plaster setting into four divisions."

(1) ' The calcined plaster, on contact with water, unites with this liquid and takes a crystalline form.

(2) The plaster dissolves partially in water, which beccines saturated -vith this salt.

(3) A part of the liquor is evaporated, due to the heat set free in the chemical combination. A crystal is formed and determines the erystallization of the entire mass; a phenomenon which is analogous to that which takes place when a piece of sulphate of soda is placed in a saturated solution of this salt.

(4) The maximum hardness is reached when the plaster gains enough water to correspond exactly to the formula SO,CaO, 2H,0, this maximum being to the remainder in proportion to the quantity of water added to the plaster to transform it into mortar.'

"In order to prove the third and fourth principles, Landrin made the following experiments. Taking 23,358 grammes of plaster he mixed it with 10 grammes of water, and he found the weights at different intervals were :—

ANSTO MinDeeass hay Aca Lae eer ee 33°100 grammes, or loss of water 0°258 grammes. In 1 hour and 10 minutes 0.00 000002 32°623 " " 0°735 "

WS CAVR ssa Ge aoe ee uke 29 218 " " 4°140 " BD NW i ar ota NN Sean ye Cra - 27°290 " " 6°068 " POE ENT Peedi seesen tiny venmmekn coma cues ata 27 2&3 " " 6°075 "

After this time no change.

' The plaster lost in caleining 5.715 grammes, equal to the combined water. In 27.283 grammes of plaster, by formula SO,CaO, 2H,0, there would be 5-710 grammes of water, so that drying ceased when the plaster reached its original composition.'

Chatelier in his theory on the set of plaster disagrees with Landrin in his third principle as given above, maintaining that plaster will set in vacuum and,

*Chimie Industrielle, 1830, quoted by Landrin and Grimsley, 2 University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, pp. 87, 90.

therefore, evaporation is not a necessary step. His theory is, that plaster of dissolves, und becomes hydrated and then crystallized out as gypsum; and particle of plaster goes through these steps."

Professor C. P. Grimsley, who of all modern chemists has probably mad most exhaustive series of experiments, says: ™ My own experiments agree with those given by Lav: sier, Payen, Landrin, and Chatelier, in that the s plaster is due to the formation of a crystalline network. The cause of the fo tion of this network of crystals, or the factor which starts the erystallizatio the troublesome part to explain, and this has attracted less attention an investigators along these lines.

'When gypsum is burned it iorms, as Landrin showed, and as ana Prove, the hydrate (CaSO,):, H,O. Marignac called attention to the fact th the water is added in excess, this hydrate in part is dissolved, forming fit clear liquid, which then becomes turbid, and crystals of CaSO, 2H,O, or sum, are thrown down. Now an examination of these formule shows that t parts ot water have keen taken up by the hydrate,

'So first the plaster dissolves "+ in contact with the water, as drin pointed out in his second principx, and as accepted by Chatelier. N some change takes place, whereby, according to Marignac's experiment, the li becomes turbid and crystallization begins. Landrin thought evaporation place as a result of the heat formed by chemical combination, and that the crystal was formed which started the crystallization through the entire m Chatelier showed by experiment that evaporation was not necessary, and argued that by the taking up of this water the solubility of the hydrate

decreased, and so, on account of the resulting supersaturation, crystalliza' ensued.'

There is little room for doubt but that the set of plaster is due to the for tion of a crystalline network. Plaster partially dissolves when in contact wv water; crystallization takes place, whether as Landrin thought, by evaporat due to chemical affinity, or as Chatelier argued, on account of supersaturati the result is the same.

The writer not having the opportunity, nor time, during the present inve gation of the gypsum deposits, to make any series of experiments on the set plaster, has depended largely on the literature already published, and has quo freely from Prof. Grimsley's admirable work on ' The Gypsum of Michigan, well as other authorities on the subject, with the expectation that those engas

in, or about to engage in the manufacture of plaster in this country will benefited thereby.

1 University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. 5, p. 91. ? Geol. Survey of Michigan, Vol. IX, Part II, p. 138.

laster of Paris im; and every

ably made the its agree then that the set of of the formastallization, is sntion among

1 as analyses e fact that if rming first a HO, or gypws that three

ater, as Lantelier. Next, nt, the liquid oration took that then a entire mass. sary, and he hydrate was 'ystallization

o the formacontact with evaporation ersaturation,

sent investi- n the set of has quoted Wichigan,' as ose engaged ntry will be

Chapter Iv.

Gypsum Deposits of Nova Scotia.

For many years the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, as well as those of New Brunswick, and the Magdalen islands, were considered as belonging to the Permian age. It was not until Lyell, Dawson, and others had made a careful study of the fossils belonging to these measures, that they were placed in their true stratigraphical position, forming part of the lower Carboniferous.

The lower Carboniferous measures of this Province are made up of grey ard red sandstones, conglomerates, arenaceous and argillaceous shales, limestones, gypsums, and marls, the various members predominating in different districts, but following no regular order. The following section, as measured by Dr. Gilpin' in Pictou county, N.S., is characteristic :—

Fe. In See eben Monee ep mometrremermary yah Ae Ny EAs ae 15 0 Compact bluish limestone 0000-0 00000 eee eet 4 6 Grey marl with nodules of limestone 1... 2. ws, 21 4 Grey laminated sandstone. 6 0 Gypsum with a few layers of arenaceous matter 17 3 Brown marl with veiulets and crystals of SID ge sauce sees ane 30 6 Aicnaceous limestone, fossiliferous sess 3 10 Midd Cal lonainn carta deco Gea Neey armen tie aie aaa a Spee oe 8 0 Calcarevus fissile sandstone 0.000000000 lo, ll 5

The gypsum deposits are not confined any particular horizon in these measures, but are always found associated with limestone, and marl.

At Cheticamp, Inverness county, they occur near the base of the lower Carboniferous, but farther south in the same county, and on Boularderie island, they occur only a few feet below the Millstone Grit. In Cumberland county they occupy @ position about the middle of the series. At the Inverness coal mines, gypsum is found immediately underlying the coal beds, in fact, in one of the slopes of this mine, 1,500 feet from the surface, a block of gypsum was found embedded in the coal seam, but here the whole series has been faulted and cannot be considered a guide to the proper position of the gypsiferous formation.

The best illustration of the irregularity of the occurrence of these deposits will be seen in the lower Carboniferous measures of Hants county, which is one of the largest areas seen in the Province, and has been subjected to less disturbance by faulting or upheavals than any other.

By referring to the index map of Nova Scotia, and sheets Nos. 40, 41, 42, 43, and 45 of the maps accompanying this work, it will be seen that the lower Carboniferous, beginning on the west side of the Avon river and crossing on an eastwardly course its northern boundary, follows the Devonian rocks in a tor-

' Gypsum of Nova Scotia, by Edwin Gilpm, F.G.S., 1881.

tuous course to the Shubenacadie river, and continues on an eastwardly co through Colchester county, The southern edge we find has for its boundary g ites, Cambrian slates and quartzites, and Devonian slates, This ares has an treme length, as described, of about 60 miles, with in extreme width of 12 m The following rivers running through this area give good opportunities to st sections; the Avor. on the west, with its tributaries; the Ste. Croix, Kennete and Cogmagun; the Walton and Tennycape rivers cutting in from the nc and the Shubenacadic and its tributary; the Fivemile river, on the east. whole of this area is not considered gypsiferous, but wheresoever the mar limestone occurs there will the gypsum be found. It will be noticed that m: of the deposits occur in close conjunction with the contact of these measures the various members of the older series. Not only do they occur at that poi but it will be noticed that on all the rivers, sometimes miles from the cont: important deposits are found. The Wentworth gypsum quarries on the Croix river are from to 2 miles from the nearest Point of contact. The Ne port Plaster Mining and Development Company, Limited, has quarries at Av dale, which is five miles from the nearest point of contact.

It will, therefore, be seen that, although gypsum in Nova Scotia and N Brunswick always occurs in the lower Carboniferous measures, and that it always associated with marine limestone as members of the lower Carboniferc group, yet it is not confined to any particular position, and is liable to occur the contact, or at any intermediate point.

Associated Limestone.

The limestones of the lower Carboniferous measures are of the marine forr ation, and present almost every grade of composition, varying from the high arenaceous and argilleceous to the almost chemiecaliy pure. By some writers has been said that many of them ' - a high percentage of magnesia. The la Mr. Fletcher, of the Geological ¢ of Canada, procured two samples fro: near the gypsum bed of Judique, Inverness county, which showed 15 and 21 pe cent of magnesia carbonate. The writer's experience of these limestones, wit one exception, is that where immediately associated with the gypsum they a1 particularly free from magnesia. The exception is the recent analysis of sample taken from the limestone belt dividing the gypsum beds of Cheticamp (see analy Ses, page 44) which shows 16-83 per cent magnesia. From over fifty of thes deposits in different parts of the Province, examined by him, samples by analysi showed less than 2 per cent carbonate of magnesia. This, however, is not tru where the limestones are immediately associated with the manganese deposits which are oftentimes in close proximity to the gypsum.

The limestone associated with the manganese deposits in Pictou count; showed as high as 10-15 per cent carbonate of magnesia, while those of Col chester gave 28-03 per cent, and at Tennycape, Ilants county, some show as high as 35-44 per cent of magnesia carbonate.

ee lee —

hardly course undary gran- a has an ex- 1 of 12 miles, ties to study Kennetcook, m the north e east. The the marine 1 that many measures and ; that point, the contact, on the St.

The New-ies

at Avon-ia

and New 1 that it is irboniferous to occur at

rine formthe highly writers it

The late apples from and 21 per ones, with n they are of samples see analy- y of these y analysis 3 not true - deposits,

uu county e of Col- w as high

Pratre IIL.

Transparent crystal of selenite.

"AL BV 1g

Gypsum with embedded selenite crystals.

Dee dtsiiasls drcaziy i disalentedn waldinic

ia tale-i.5,

Svea atba gi Nata de

It seems probable that, as the manganese often occurs within a few hundred feet of the gypsum, the samples furnished by Mr. Fletcher may possibly have been associated with manganese, rather than gypsum. The gypsum, particularly in Cape Breton island, is very free from this element, with the exception of those samples which were taken nearest the limestone belt above referred to, which showed small quantities of magnesia. (See analyses page 44). In over fifty samples taken from different parts of the island, only one showed even a trace of magnesia.

Description Of Deposits.

The deposits present much variety of colour and text: e. The greater part in texture may be classed as compact or crypto-crystalline, with lesser quantities of granular or saccharoidal. In some places considerable quantities of selenite occur, showing folia, sometimes a foot or more across and transparent throughout, as shown in Plate III; and the fibrous varieties are seen in many places associated with the gypsum and marls, Plate IV. Crystals of selenite are often found disseminated irregularly through the gypsum beds. A characteristic example of this is shown in Plate V, usually in groups or bunches, sometimes in veins of importance.

Anhydrite often occurs in extremely variable proportions in many of the deposits, with great irregularity, and the occurrence of this mineral, which is practically valueless, with the gypsum, often interferes with the economic operation of the quarries.

The following brief description of the gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia, with analyses furnished by Mr. F. G. Wait, chemist for the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines, is intended to give essentially the conditions of most economic importance, rather than to deal at length with the geological conditions of each deposit, which are very similar and have been referred to in the foregoing pages.

For convenience of description and future reference, the following table will show the division of Nova Scotia into gypsum districts, the counties included in each district, and the map sheets named for the locality to which they apply, and numbered for reference to the index map:—

Table, Gypsum Districts Of Nova Scotia,

— Counties, Number and Name of Map Sheet. 1, Pleasant bay. 2, Aspy bay. 3, Ingonish. 4, Chetica 6, Margaree. EN. 2 Margaree, ss Broad Cove ma Tnvernens 8, 8. kL Margaree. 9, Ross section. 10, Inverness. 11, Mal A aaa 12, Smith island. 13, Middle Bridge. 14, Denys ri Victbeinl 15, Malagawatchkt. 16, McKinnon harbour. 17, Nya 18, —— it age — 20, St. age cove. , East A Tom river. ack ri 25, Madame island. 6, Askilton. ' B Guy' 25, Madame island. 26, Askilton. 27, Tracadie. 28, Pomg Antigonish. harbour. 29, Antigonish harbour. Pictou, 30, Westville. 31, Bridgeville. 38, East Mountain. 39, She D Ralifax, and lake. 40, Shubenacac!'e river. Elmsdale. 49, Gay riv Colchester. 50, Musquodoboit. 4i, Stewiacke river, 52, Newton mills. : a 39, ce ane — ver: Al, Maitlar 4 ants. oel. alton. eerie. Avon riv 46, Clarksville. 47, Ninemile river. 48, Elmsdale.' 49, Gay riv F Cumberland, 32 Malagash. 33, Pugwash. 34, Philip 35, Springh

mines. 36, Nappan. 37, Parrsboro. Ss

Sheet No. 1, Pleasant bay, Inverness county.

Here a small gypsiferous area occurs, but it and a small area at St. La: rence bay in Victoria county, which also has outcrops of some importance, a1 owing to their situations on the exposed coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrenc without harbours, and, therefore, practically inaccessible, and may be consider: at present of no commercial value, except for local purposes.

Sheet No. 2, Aspy bay, Victoria county,

Extending from the Atlantic ocean, inland about six miles, in a somewhs triangular shape, occurs one of the most important gypsiferous areas on th island of Cape Breton. Its occurrence, comprising nearly 8 square miles, is it comparatively low lands surrounded by hills of the older Pre-Cambrian rock: often 1,000 feet in height, and it is practically all unde lain with gypsum.

Two rivers, the North Aspy river and the Middle river, run through thi: area, exposing cliffs having a height from 40 to 70 feet, and their meadows mak a very easy gradient from the deposit to the sea.

4, Cheticam Cove mane, s 1l, Mabou.

mys river. 17, Nyanza. 21, Saunders Black river,

39, Shorts 9, Gay river. jon mills,

th Maitland. Avon river. 49, Gay river.

t St. Lawrtance, are, Lawrence, considered

somewhat as on the iles, is in ian rocks, sum.

ough this lows make

Puate VI"

Gypsum exposures at Aspy bay, C.B.

"AD 'mnoqaey ystuosay 4e saansodxa umsdin

'WA 41V1g

Be Oat dat eee eee Cs ec ate repeat setter rer we

oe on ee ae

:

ee EI: Ses

elite

a

a Pia

The exposures are extensive as will be seen by Plate VI. The rock is white, and mottled white and grey, compact crystallization showing some little anhydrite, which carries petroleum in small (pea size) cells at the base of exposure.

The following analyses, from average samples taken from the exposures, will serve to show the composition of the rock :—

SE AEE SRE car eR ote 9 & rs Lim 41:30} 33-62; 32°97 Sulphuric anhydride 67°91 45°28 4616 Water, loss on ignition .. O's2 21°06 21°00 Insoluble mineral matter . 0:07 0°05 0°15 Bitume Ca a) Ronee oa

No. I. Anhydrite showing cells of crude petroleum. No. II. Sample from the McPherson property. No. III. Sample from the McLeod property.

At present the deposits are inaccessible for want of a harbour. The natural outport would be North pond, at Dingwall. This pond, which has sufficient depth of water for shipping purposes, has been separated from the ocean by the washing of sand and gravel up from the ocean bed, forming a narrow bar across the entrance, and thus closing to navigators one of the best harbor-~ on the coast.

Sheet No. 3, Ingonish, Victoria county.

On the north side of Ingonish harbour a small area of 2,871 acres occurs, and although this area is small, the quality and quantity of the gypsum, together with the accessibility of the deposit, gives it commercial importance. The greatest exposures, from 30 to 70 feet in height, are shown in Plate VII, and occur at the water's edge on the north side of the harbour, where a ship might easily moor to the rock and have sufficient depth of water for loading purposes. The entrance to the harbour is somewhat silted up, and at present will not give sufficient depth of water for modern transportation.

The gypsum is a pure white compact variety, free from any exposures of anhydrite, or other detrimental substances.

Analysis:-- Per cent. RRND ease errcio ae cry saan are Wea eaeale buikeiainey Te wene wetion ven ee aoe wee Seatice 33°12 Bulphune anhydrides. c.< 53s. 60.00 noe toot tesco PO eer tie deen act 45°88 WWASEE, TONE OR ABRILION ae2 ore ogc sete wb oolee eee Ok oie owners 21°10 Insoluble mineral matter .. aan KREME OVERS RARRCRERSA SEE OARS 22

Sheet No. 4, Cheticamp, Inverness county.

On this sheet will be seen a gypsiferous belt, skirtine tl. meteworphic hills from the mouth of the Cheticamp river on the north to weli b low Friar point

on the south, a distance of over 13 miles, and at no place a greater dist than 2 miles from the sea coast. Its width varies from about 600 feet to 2,500 feet.

The principal outcrops occur on the southeast side of Aucoin or Mill bi about 3 miles from the northern extremity, and at Grand Etang harbour, a the same distance trom the southern extremity.

Between these two points, and their extensions both north and south, gypsum is mostly concealed, but is traceable by the characteristic sink and hummocky ground, under an overburden of clay.

The northern exposures, shown in Plates VIII and IX, on the east sid Aucoin brook, are composed of a series of precipitous cliffs, from 60 to feet high, above the level of the brook, and forming a narrow plateau par to and at no great distance from the base of the great plateau of northern ( Breton.

The southern exposure occurs near the head of Grand Etang harbour, w the high cliffs of white compact gypsum outcrop near the water's edge.

The northern exposures have been developed by the Great Northern Mii Company, who have established a plaster mill near the face of the By referring to Fig. 2, which is an ideal section across the meas at this point, it will be seen that this area alone contains very exter deposits of gypsum, made up of different beds interstratified with limes: The first or lower bed, overlying the metamorphic series, consists of a com variety of snow-white and white gypsum; resting on this is a bed of carb ferous limestone having an average thickness of about 100 feet; above the stone is a very extensive bed of grey and white selenitic gypsum. The vs of the Mill brook is all underlain with gypsum, and covered with from a inches to a few feet of red clay; on the western side the gypsum again crops with considerable prominence.

high bluff of selenitic grey and white gypsum is often cut by vert ve c. pure transparent selenite, running parallel to the strike, with veir c- s¢ringers cutting off horizontally. One of these veins has a width from 20 feet, and may be traced for at least half a mile.

The following analyses will show the results of average samples caref taken from different parts of this property :—

EMME 5. t5bs hate ngewe reewne ch 32°17| 32°10) 32°11! 32°42; 32°23; 32°36) 32°S6 PARQUE So ois os consisics csi eens 0°08} 0°40} 0°23) tr. tr.

Ferric oxide and alumina. aoa 0°18} 0°24) 0°42) 0°20) 0°18) O14 Sulphuric anhydride 46°07} 46°74) 45°88! 46°51) 45°91' 45°80) 46° Carbonic anhydride bschep sto iecetiee es Exaxtess (" Ls ee Water, loss on ignition 20°75

Insoluble mineral matter 0°16 "26; 0°26] 0°86) 0°38

99°42 10°00 99°78! alse ! i

or Mill brook, arbour, about

nd south, the ic sink holes

e east side of m 60 to 180 ateau parallel orthern Cape

arbour, where edge. thern Mining of the cliff. the measures ery extensive th limestone. of a compact 1 of carboniove the lime- The valley . from a few ain crops out

it by vertical with veinlets

th from 8 to

les carefully

Prave VIII.

Gypsum exposures at Aucoin brook, C.B.

) "Yeotq aioony ye Auwleiog aun yy MIYWON BAL) JO syIOM put samnsodxa mined fr)

'XI @vig

re sii Bist alah cL ai ' See eer a

'B'N 'dureorneyD "y1e0dop uinsd A¥ 8, Auvduiog Suunpy Wsey320N ywerz) YBN0IG3 UONDEg

ewoyspacs Ojon

awosspeos

auossous?

worthy QON39317

a Te

No. I. General average from No, 1 quarry.

No. II. Sample from the cave, greyish white rock.

No. III. General average from No. 3 quarry.

No. IV. Sample of the selenite rear of mill.

No. V. Sample of the selenite northwest of mill.

No. VI. Sample from adjoining property.

No. VII. General sample white rock from No. 2 quarry.

No. VIII. Sample from 8 ft. selenite vein.

No. 1X. Sample from the limestone vein running through the prop: erty.

Sheet No. 5, Margaree, Inverness county.

In the valley of the Margaree river occur several unimportant gypsiferous areas, which will be known as No. 5, Margaree, 1-41 square miles; No. 6, Northeast Margaree, 8-60 square miles; No. 8, Southwest Margaree, 3-55 square miles; and No. 9, Ross section, 1-6 square miles.

In the Margaree area all the gypsum is concealed by an overburden of clay, except a small outcrop on the shore near the mouth of the river. The above is also true of Southwest Margaree, small outcrops occurring on Allen brook and Upper Margaree.

In the Northeast Margaree area, outcrops occur at Levis farm, Hogsback hill, and on the west side of the river. The most important of these is that at Hogsback hill, where a good white compact gypsum outcrops in considerable prominence, and at Munroe brook, where the gypsum forms a cliff 75 feet high and the brook flows through it, to the Margaree river.

In the Ross section the principal outcrop occurs on the west side of Northeast Margaree river, near where .he Munroe brook disappears in the gypsum cave.

Although much of this is of very good quality, yet it is not at all probable it will become of great commercial value, being inaccessible to transportation facilities. It should have some value for local purposes, such as a fertilizer, as the soil of the Margaree valley is particularly adapted for its use, and it would give excellent results on clover and leguminous crops.

The following are analyses taken from this territory :—

en ee ee ee ee res ee song Se ee

EROUES ceiniicermabain crepae Desc ries eur openres ee Th 33°20 33°00 30°80 32°80 33°20 PROG ORES BBM BIONUOR: oo ceva cuties settee eerie et a Oe tere —— MEAP ss oss once 6 Reni aR a eee Vous 44°68 45°64 40°80 45°72) 46°32 Carbonic anhydride a. -Seveeerateesan oeleiaceina banners Mie 3 Raper Spee Wet, NG OR AMBIEN 5 55 occcnins kesadieccay fan. cae 21:04 2096 19°80 20°62, 20°92 Insoluble mineral matter 0 0cc0ecceeaues 0°30 0°30 POE) OOO...

the proppsiferous

6, North-re

miles;

n of clay, above is len brook

Hogsback is that at siderable feet high,

of Northgypsum

probable portation tilizer, as it would

No. I. Sample from Levis' farm, Hogsback hill, Northwest Margaree. No. II. Sample from north side of Margaree river, Munroe brook. No. III. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree.

No. IV. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree.

No. V. Sample from Grier farm, Northwest Margaree.

Sheet No. 7, Broad Cove marsh, Inverness county.

In this section occur three small gypsiferous areas. The most prominent is on the sea shore about a quarter of a mile north of the mouth of McLeod brook, and although narrow it extends northwardly nearly 2 miles. This, together with the other two lying between the road leading to Southwest Margaree and the road to Inverness, make up a total area of 214 acres. These are also, at present, unimportant for commercial enterprise, being inaccessible to shipping facilities.

Analyses :— Per cent. BARBS 5 ois osioes cae noes PLa RRP eneeae -OpaE edo Vetew a PERT S HS ORES HAs RI 32°80 PONEME COMMER eo. o Seis owe Eee Ro vw Po Reclame POIMNUIS RUNVCSEAR ss Fl coset sis ncn eyes hone ae ce 46°20

pad home nL Cee OMIA a ae Hear enn oe detain sen BNP ane ie 20°92 RUMORNONS WHIRL CHARMER reese . Clowes nk etek Senn ceaecne 99°92

Sheet No. 10, Inverness, Inverness county.

Here, having the advantage of the Inverness and Richmond railway, and its probable extension, and their close proximity to the coal mines, the deposits again become more important. At Broad Cove chapel, the outcroppings at the sea shore are extensive cliffs, consisting in the greater part, of a white compact variety, with some little grey associated, and limestone encased in gypsum, as described in a previous chapter, is seen. This deposit has an area of 84 acres.

In the rear of this, about three-quarters of a mile back from the shore and extending inland nearly to Loch Ban, is another area of 488 acres. This has practically no outcrops, being covered almost entirely with a heavy overburden of clay.

Two and one-half miles from the town of Inverness the third area in the section occurs, containing 614 acres.

In this some very prominent outcrops can be seen. Just below the big trestle, at a point known as the Laurie quarry, the outcrop has a height of 45 feet above drainage level. The rock is a white compact variety, mixed with a dark grey shaly variety having rusty stains. Above this about one mile, on the MclTsaac lot, an outcrop shows more even texture and colour, principally white and compact.

'¥

as oe

The following are analyses of samples from this section:—

I Ii 10

RAMONE oo a9 5g MERC L ERE HOE Son eT w eC Ta RE Cee SENT eee 32°20 33: Ferric oxide and alumina... x oo a Sey Sulphuric anhydride.. x 46°00 46: Water, luss on ignition f 20°60 2u Insoluble mineral matter ERP ee OR TEEN Ce i ae PREC — 99°90 100

No. I. White compact from Laurie quarry. No. II. Dark grey shale from Laurie quarry. No. III. White compact, McIsaac lot.

Sheet No. 11, Mabou, Inverness county.

In this section there are numerous gypsiferous areas which are more or_ available for commercial purposes. They comprise a total area of 6-55 squ miles.

At Finlay point, on the sea coast, and about one mile north of Mabou mines, occur cliffs of excellent white compact gypsum from 35 to 50 feet height. This area extends along and borders the sea coast for nearly miles. The exposures here are large, and every indication points to an tensive deposit of gypsum of a quality suitable for all ordinary manufactur purposes, but the sea coast is rugged, and very little protection could be giver shipping. To operate this deposit it would, therefore, be necessary to make shipping point at Mabou harbour, a distance of miles over a rather diffi pass,

At Mabou harbour the most important deposits are located, and known the Col. Snow property, and the Beaton property.

The rock is exposed in cliffs from 45 to 60 feet high, and consists alni wholly of a white compact gypsum, with smaller quantities showing microscc crystals of selenite. Small quantities of anhydrite may be seen at the base the cliffs.

Following east to Hillsborough, and south to Southwest Mabou, large gy ferous areas occur, but consist in the greater part of concealed measures. La outcrops of a very soft, grey, and dark grey, granular gypsum, suitable only land plaster, occur at Hillsborough. At Southwest Mabou the rock is similat texture, and has associated with it fine crystals of selenite.

more or less 6-55 square

- Mabou coal 50 feet in r nearly 34

its to an ex-manufacturing

i be given to to make the ther difficult

1d known as

sists almost microscopic the base of

large gypsiures. Large ible only for is similar in

49

The following analyses of samples from these different deposits will show the composition :—

3 ee es ee ; 34 x NS IRAE Be eae ae, 32°80 32.80 33°88) 32°92; 33°40 33-00 Sulphuric anhydride © 000. 45°90 46 20) 44°36 46°24) 46°28) 45°61 @ Water, loss on ignition 20°85 20°85 20°87] 20°87 20°45 21-20 sn. cmraoag LES DET En ROPE era ae Deen elasec Ee rusieemntnrnes war epee CFAOR feo cece Insoluble mineral matter 040} 0°30 Ue io peRoune) covasent oachaces

No. I. Sample from Hillsborough, light grey, with heavy red incrustation. 3 No. II. Sample from Hillsborough, dark grey, soft granular No. III. Sample from Beaton property, white compact variety. No. IV. Sample from Col. Snow property, white compact, with crystals of selenite. # No. V. Sample from Finlay point, white compact, and free from selenite. No. VI. Sample from Southwest Mabou, very soft, granular, with selenite crystals,

Sheet No. 12, Smith island, Inverness county.

On this sheet occur three small gypsiferous areas consisting of 212-8 acres. The largest and most important of these is that of 148.8 acres, on &.nith island. This island is situated about one mile from the mainland, and opposite Port Ifood. Its topography is low, and the exposures, which in the greater part are on

3 the exposed side of this island, appear as extensive beds associated with shales

and carbonate of lime, and may be traced from shore to shore by broken land and pits or sink holes.

The gypsum occurs in alternating layers with the carbonate of lime and marls, the latter carrying extensive quantities of fibrous gypsum,

At Ragged point, ar at Cape Susan, at one time, was an area of considerable importance, which i: s been, by erosion of the sea, divided into two, having a total area of 64 acres. The occurrence here, like Smith island, has few outerops, and the gypsum and limestone are closely associated. Large quantities of marl are also prominent.

The close proximity of these areas to the railway and coal fields makes them desirable for manufacturing purposes,

Sheet No. 18, Middle Bridge, Inverness county,

On the southwest Mabou river, and on the Mill river, small isolated gypsifore

:

'TSS RFERS occur, comprising a total area of 155 acres. They are practically

sys sitet

—

all concealed, and, like Smith island, are associated with carbonate of lime reddish marls, and these, like the similar deposits at South Glencoe, arc considered commercially important.

Sheet No. 14, Denys river, Inverness county.

Practically joining sheet No. 16 on the east, and sheet No. 15 on the s there is a section known as the Denys River section. It comprises a total g ferous area of 16-41 square miles.

The greater part is made up of concealed measures, and can only be t1 by surface indications. The outcrops are few, the principal being near below Munroe Bridge, where the cliffs rise from 10 to 45 feet above the sea consisting of a grey and light grey, white and mottled white rock. Assoc with it is seen a dark grey Carboniferous limestone. In texture it is a equally divided between compact and granular.

Its composition is shown in the following analysis :—

Per cent

EADO cc ss cco Cae nd Vos CoN EA aa TN NR Le ne OR Serer Bae ys al i iesth, UM aiLT 1, ema ineenh, (ee eek oie Ses anes OE Bei thn Sareea dey . 45°42 Wilken: Jome Ory SRI 5c sceeiins ids a cols sakes ise, 20°63 Insoluble mineral matter... 20.0000 0°93 10°15

The evidence in other parts of the area where covered, is in favour of white compact rock being concealed, but this can only be proved by a serie test pits or bore holes.

The position of the whole area on the border of the Bras d'Or lakes desirable, that it is considered important, and worthy of complete investiga

Sheet No. 15, Malagawatchkt, Inverness county.

On the south side of Denys basin is a narrow gypsiferous area skirting shores of the Bras d'Or lakes from McKenzie brook on the northwest, to a half a mile southwest of Mathesons wharf, and continuing southwest by nume small islands and peninsulas to West bay. In this area of 6-44 square m including that portion of sheet No. 16 southwest of Denys basin, numerous crops of gypsum are seen as at Plaster island, and on the River Denys r George island, Green island, and Floda island.

Many of these outcrops are of little importance, being low and having small quantities above sea-level. Several, however, have sufficient promin to be considered as available supplies. The exposure on Donald MeKinn farm, River Denys road, has a height averaging 50 feet, with a length of feet. This deposit, and its extension 24 miles northwest to Pl: island, shows probably the most important deposit in the whole area. At Pls islay 1 the exposure is from 10 to 40 feet in height on the shore, and cover area of 4 to 5 acres.

In texture and colour, this rock is a soft white compact variety, ha some anhydrite associated with it.

e of lime ard neoe, are nit

on the south, a total gypsimly

be traced ing near and - the sea level, ; Associated e it is about

our of a good by a series of

Yr lakes is so investigation.

a skirting the vest, to about t by numerous square miles, numerous out-

Denys road,

d having but t prominence McKinnon's ength of 275

to Plaster . At Plaster nd covers an

riety, having

The following analyses are the result of average samples—No. 1, from the McKinnon outcrop, and No. 2, from the Plaster Island outerop :—

SS a - - — ornate — cee?

% % SAMO Sopa tesa dena ara Me 8 pb Resin 33°33 83°70 Sulphuric 'anhydride... oe AO 45°00 45°25 Water, loss on ignition. oa Ban eee 20°75 20°7; Fismousle: CMNMOWAL SRNR 55 55 oo 9504 ask ie ah oe ce en 0°33 0°04

Sheet No. 16, Washabuck eis Victoria county.

This area includes the deposits at McKinnon harbour, Ottawa brook, Washabuck river, Nineveh, Little Narrows, Maciver point, Deadman point, McKay point, Boulaceet harbour, Lieutenant pond, Iona, Jamesville, Red point, and south side Whycocomagh bay. The total area is 25-54 square miles. Here all varieties of texture and colour may be found. The exposures are many and large. Anhydrite occurs frequently, outcropping in large irregular masses. This is especially true at Nineveh, and at Washabuck, the former showing a perpendicular face of 60 to 80 feet and a length of over 800 feet. At the latter place it shows on a road leading from Washabuck river to Little Narrows, for nearly a mile in width.

At Ottawa brook, the Newark Lime and Cement Company, of Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., started operations in 1908. They have opened up several deposits, and built a railway connecting them with their shipping pier, constructed on the north side of Great Bras d'Or lake.

The rock at some of the points opened up, although a soft white compa: t variety, shows much disturbance, being badly fractured and folded; due to loc. 1 pressures—probably the conversion of anhydrit: into gypsum. At another point, only a few hundred feet distant, a dark carbonate of lime is seen graduating into gypsum. The lower left corner shows the lime, with streaks of snow-white gypsum. The right and upper side is a soft white compact variety of gypsum, showing very little disturbance. The composition of these two associated rocks is seen in the following analyses :—

en I ll

- % Rate Et Oo FAIA ca RACES: oe do alta oi fia ny 619175 eT PEN eee 33°50 51°27 Magnesia... .. : ANE MONG ee Tee Aa RR se a nr ail oes 0°46 ORPIM enta ii gate lie nn ye i eat neater ae tienen 0°30 — uric anhydride. . GMedege Gwee terme netaan bos cate veges scene ence 45°32 0°04 ate anhyaride Sree rage Oe eee ee Bavals Mate tedhen 206 COBREER Arn 40°73 Wace MM CO TERIEION S55 as, 6c wos Say ited Oe ORS oe 21°15 0°86 Insoluble mineral matter... Mn een OR ae ee rn tee ay ete 0°10 6°34

sraesrr bas

Saeed reas rae sa

At Little Narrows (south side), on the properties of M. J. McAskill and widow McAskill, very large exposures are seen. At the latter the face is about 100 feet high and over 600 feet long; the rock is an excellent quality of soft white compact variety with but few irregularities. It is situated on St. Patrick channel, about one mile from the shipping point, to which a practically level route could be secured.

Composition is shown by the following analyses :—

Per cent. Per cent.

Lime Re sosivten wh caslerwshsige eee dks eoracaie oe POSURE NRO Sek . 83°30 33°67 Sa GtIC: SUUVINR arco cain nechlae ocee ecy nee te 46°00 46°00 WERDEN. ME ON ANNE. 5, css os bd cets rege anoeaasan cies 21 16 20 70 Insoluble mineral matter ceeee cool 0 24 0°20

On the north side, at Little Narrows, the measures are concealed by an overburden of clay.

From Maciver point to Deadman point the deposits are not considered, at present, to be of any commercial value. This is also true of the greater part of the Washabuck river. East of Boulaceet harbour, although no exposures are seen, the indications on the surface are father encouraging, and further investigations may develop a property of considerable commercial value.

At Lieutenant pond, and at Iona, exposures are seen near the sea shore, of sufficient area to make them of considerable value. The greater part of the rock is a soft white compact variety, with smaller quantities of granular texture, also some grey and blue rock are perceptible. Anhydrite also occurs with some prominence. The following analyses show the results of samples from this rock :—

tr oR me ERG ot covet ist Ghat an se setasseenesy eee 40°16 Sulphuric anhydride : Sue soe ce Irn louis RL ba 45°60 55'60 Water, loss on ignition SUpRES a Wk BERS REESS OSA PSE RO RES Moat 21°06 4°52 Insoluble mineral matter RP RC ea RLS e ENON Ro ER epee Non 015 0:13

At Jamesville, high precipitous cliffs of gypsum and anhydrite occur, which are in ..1eture and colour very similar to those at Iona. The Intercolonial railway ses this deposit and separates the greater part of it from water shipment. J in the rear, and in close contact with the gypsum, stands a perpendicular wall of Carboniferous limestone, which has been quarried for commercial purposes.

skill and is about y of soft . Patrick ally level

an overdered

, at r part of ures are er inves-shore

, of t of the texture, ith some 'om this

r, which 'colonial ter shipperpenpmercial

At the south side of Whycocomagh bay, bounded on the northwest by the St. Patrick channel, and on the southeast by Denys basin, is situated a gypsiferous area of 6.78 square miles.

The surface indicates that the greater part of this is underlaid by gypsum, and that it is covered by an overburden of clay of varied thickness. Several exposures are seen in this area, the greater part of which is composed of a white compact variety, with lesser quantities of granulated white and grey, with some crystals of selenite.

Very little anhydrite is shown. An attempt was made about 40 years ago to operate a deposit here, known as 'The Boom,' and one cargo of good white rock was quarried and shipped, but the unfortunate loss of the ship and cargo before reaching its destination caused the discontinuance of further operations.

Analyses of average samples show :—

— — Compact OOO St A et le mn Be pay JE ae —-. % % EER Gr eer ae Oe eR Ae ye ne Ae 33°33 33:73 eld a tala teh ipdacspe PEED CL ROMEL EI Eig Se Peer PR RE en SS) 45°72 46°20 MONE NINE MENRENS oo 5 oes ac Sheela Aik ee PERO Oe 20°85 20°85 Insoluble mineral Sena AST MIERET Sore EERO Ceet Chere ia inn iene Ce E) 0:06 100°09 100°84

At McKinnon harbour, the measures are nearly all concealed. About 13 miles east of the harbour there is an exposure showing a face of good white compact rock, 30 feet in height. The samples from this show the following composition :—

Per cent. Fee ee Snetea a ey .. 83°18 Sulphuric anhydride sss... sox S08

ater, loss on ignition... 5.02.5. .6c8s.00. cc a Insoluble mineral matter : 100° 23

On the south side of Red point and between McKinnon point and Oyster pond, occurs, in the bluff of the shore, a mixture of gypsum and limestone, associated with selenite, having large transparent plates or crystals, covered with a very plastic smooth red clay. The colour cf the rock varies from a dark grey and mottled, to a pure white, having a compact texture. The clay carries small particles of gypsum, and might be classed as gypsite.

The following are the results of analyses of samples taken from this deposit :—

— I II Ill IV

pS ey % % [2 SIDES AAA Gas) AO ANY Be cota aE AE NETS 6188 2820 a8 33:6 pois oxide -— aie. aS xacaes Feat ED et s¢ tr. hg rey MNO NIIEMIIE sce io'o Phew on eee ee cee 0 4216 44 4 Carbonic anhydride... ., 76 : PN yt Reds ater, : 20°80 Insoluble m 0 40 cane :

No. I. Dark grey with particles of selenite. No. II. Grey mottled.

No. III. Pure white.

No. IV. Selenite.

Sheet No. 17, Nyanza, Victaria county.

This section, together with Middle river and Baddeck river, comprises total gypsiferous area of 14-60 square miles. With the exception of three poin the whole is devoid of outcrops, and has an overburden of clay of varying thic ness, At the rear of Alex. McGregor's house, a small outcrop of white granul rock appears, having a height of face from 10 to 20 feet, and an elevation 60 fe above the sea-level. On the road near Baddeck Bridge small hummocky 01 crops are seen, having a belt of Carboniferous limestone running through t centre. On James McGregor's farm, near Baddeck river, another outcrop of few acres occurs, but both this and the preceding outcrop have so little ele tion above the sea-level that they are considered of little commercial value, yond the fact that they may be used for local manufacturing. In the conceal gypsum areas of both the Middle and Baddeck rivers, high elevations might ¢ velop deposits of great value.

The composition of samples taken from the exposures are shown in t following analyses :—

ater, loss on ign't.on.. Insoluble mineral matter

No. I. From near Baddeck Bridge. No. Hf. From James McGregor's farm.

comprises a hree points, 'ying thick-te

granular tion 60 feet mocky outhrough the utcrop of a little eleva- 1 value, be- e concealed ; might de-own

in the

Pivrre X.

Cliffs of anhydrite, Great Bras d'Or lake, C.B.

Sheet No. 18, Port Bevis or Big harbour, Victoria county.

From Baddeck bay on the west to St. Ann bay on the east may be considered as one continuous gypsiferous bed, having an area of 15-83 square miles.

It contains many important outcrops of both gypsum and anhydrite. On the shores of the Great Bras d'Or lake, west of Port Bevis, extensive cliffs of anhydrite eecur, and have been referred to in ( hapter II, and shown in Plate XI. Another cliff, 70 feet high and 650 feet long, is shown in Plate X. The prominence of this mineral is greater on or near the shores of the lake, and again at the contact of these measures with the older rocks, and may be a conversion from gypsum by metamorphic action.

The farther it is possible to get from these points the freer the deposit seems to be from anhydrite. Thus, it is seen that the best exposures of gypsum are found at the head of Baddeck bay. about 1 mile from deep water shipping, where very little disturbance is apparent. These exposures occur in a valley where there are extensive outcrops of soft, white, compact gypsum, without any appearance of anhydrite.

At the rear of Margaret McKenzie's grant, and about 1 mile from Me- Donald point, similar conditions are seen; also on the farm of Alex. McKenzie, ucar his house, where a large bluff covered with clay has been tested to a small extent, and although onlv about 100 yards on the east from the exposure of anhydrite shown in Plate LX, and from a-similar exposure about one-quarter of a mile to the west, this particular bluff, which shows but little disturbance, has evidence of being a good variety of gypsum, and no evidence of anhydrite. Extensive outcrops are also seen at South Gut, 2 miles, and 24 miles west of South Gut; also at North Gut; but associated with these are some prominent exposures of anhydrite.

At Port Bevis a 'ew vears 97> the Victoria Gypsum Company carried on

extensive operations, but ovin.; © 'ucceasing occurrence of anhydrite at depth, the place was abandoned /\i .+ 2's true of a point west of Plaster mines, where a small quarry v8) oyevoted "nary years ago (1875) by Mr. Duncan Mac- Donald, of Montreal, wc or:. et: wally about 5,000 tons. It has been noticed that both of thes> cies! 5 in the region of most disturbance.

The following analyse: w i' sow the composition as a fair average from

this section :—

rNsiptegN fe its

No. I Sample from rear of Alex. McKenzie's house.

No. IL Sample from Margaret MeKenzie grant.

No. IIL Sample from a face 70 feet high and 650 feet long, east Alex. McKenzie's house.

No. IV. Sample from near South Gut,

Sheet No. 19, Island point, Victoria county,

% 5 ep ea ae 32°24 33-33 Wioanenet ten acne get 46°08 45°93 Ren TE aan Sere een eee 20°85 20° a2 bead Pees 99°67 100-08.

On the northern side of Boularderie island, at Sutherland Point, another small gypsiferous Area occurs, but it has small commercial value,

Sheet No. 20, St, Ann, Victoria county,

In this section, at Goose Cove and at Oregon, 44 miles from the mouth of North river, occur small &ypsiferous areas. At Oregon there are 134 acres; at Goose cove two areas, having a total of 230 acres, At the former Place the measures are all concealed; at the latter large exposures from 40 to ¢ feet in height are seen. One of these has been opened up and Operated for several years by the Victoria Gypsum Company, Plate XI. It is Situated 34 miles by rail from their shipping pier at Munroe point. The rock in colour js white, light Brey, and mottled white, the white having

Prominence, The outerops indicate a soft compact variety, and operations

Prove this to be true to a depth of 30 to 40 feet: but during the Summer of 1908, while sinking on the floor of the quarry, anhydrite wag discovered in Considerable quantities. The following analyses show the composition :-—

is that on prising an into St.

, the gypin colour,

Victoria Gypsum Company's quarry, St. Ann, C.B.

'e are ormer to 60 d for el 34 ck in

lence,

this while rable

seg ja hits

No. I. Sample from floor of quarry. No. IL. Sample ef mottled white. No. III. Average sample from stock pile.

Sheet No. 21, Saunders cove, Cape Breton county.

On the south side of Boularcerie island, and 11 miles northeast of Island point, occurs a gypsiferous area o: 299 acres. The measures are well exposed on the shores, and are made up of white granulated sypsum, between 15 and 20 feet thick, succeeded by greenish. vials, mixed with streaks, veins, and nodules f pink and white sypsum and selenite; and much of it may be classed as SYpsite. The limestone at this point occurs both above and below the gypsum.

Sheet No. 22, East bay, Cape Breton county.

On the north side of Kast bay and skirting its shores are several small deposits

of gypsum, comprising a total area of 281 acres. The exposures are small,

and varied in colour, comprising white, grey, dark grey, blue, black, and pink. This great variety of colour deteriorates the value, except for fertilizer purposes,

Situated about 24 miles from deep water shipping, at the head of Kast bay, there is a "ypsiferous area comprising 2-40 square miles of much importance, It is easily accessible, and shows an exposure from 20 to 60 feet high over a large portion of its area. The greater part of the rock is a very pure compact white variety, with lesser quantities of soft white granular, with no evidence of anhydrite.

The following analyses show the results of average samples taken from these

4 deposits :—

et

I Il ur

Maia. os Ee ee shear 3287 a810! 31-9 Sulphuric anhydride. UEIR RORY Owielagss ie eeney one 07 45°95 42°96 'ater, loss on ignition. kG Pe aniitkak reereere 20°89 20°85 20°44 Insoluble mineral ee Foe Ne cesaia #5 ac we 012 OM 360 Ferric oxide 5 EAD ADEET Sina eae a aes 095 ie) ey

Nos. I and II. From the large deposit at the head of East bay. No. IIL. Analysis of the dark variety from north side of East bay.

Sheet No, 23, Tom river, Richmond county,

On the southeast side of Great Bras d'Or lake is a &ypsiferous area of 2 square miles, comprising Campbell cove, Hay cove, and MeNab creek, in whi occur several outcrops of gypsum. Some of these outerops consist of a very ¢ cellent, snow-white, compact variety, resembling alabaster; while others, espe ially at Tom river, show an excess of lime, and have been referred to in Chapt II. It is free from all evidence of anhydrite, and is easily accessible to wat shipment.

The following analyses show the average quality of the rock:—

: lo a -—— I II Ill es ae ° ¥ 9

eee eee BYR eh omaha. o fon oy Ae toe 32°95 34°04 33°02 Sulphuric anhydride. ENP e Ab tee Berne SG cg hence 4664 44°28 4668 toad a ena keene ata 20°93 21°07 20°91 Insoluble mineral BONE oi. Santhis ctenaeeeg gn eee nos 0°13 0°67 0°26 100 ae 06 100°87

Sheet No. 24, Richmond county, N.S.

At Black river, south side of West bay, occurs a Sypsiferous area of 1.51 square miles. This '5 reasonably accessible to water transportation and may be considered as a property having commercial value. The outcrops are prominent and are principally on the banks of the river, about 1 mile, and 2: miles from its mouth. The greater part of the rock is a white compact variety Small quantities are coloured with the oxide of iron,

The following analysis shows the results of an average sample taken from the exposures :—

Per cent. Lime SPs ie euhe es 32°11 Magnesia. .. Seb cae vaiwanhs siewa egtacin es tr Ferric oxide and eee SE eae oe ns ra 0°44 on a once 45°82 Water, loss on ignition. 20°35 Insoluble mineral matter, 0°48

Sheet No. 25, Madame island, Richmond county.

This sheet comprises not only the deposits of Madame island, but of Port Richmond, on the north side of Lennox passage, and a very small deposit near Pirate harbour in Guysborough county, making a total gypsiferous area of 6.57 square miles,

The most important of these deposits is that on the north side of Madame island, and the south side of Lennox passage, where there is a large gypsiferous area of 3-77 square miles. The outcrops of @ypsum in this area having most

area of 2.7 k, in which a very exlers, especin Chapter le to water

a of 1.5] 1 may be eminent. and 2: ; Variety

en from

ent.

of Port it near of 6.57 Ef

madame iferous

Zomost

prominence are situated about 14 miles west of

Lennox Ferry landing, and about 1 mile from the shore.

At this point the exposures cove acres in area, and have a height of from 30 to 70 feet. Tere, years ago, H. C. Higginson, of Newburgh, New York, operated a quarry, and exported large quantities of the crude material to the United States. The gypsum is a white compact variety; but it has, irregularly associated with it, much anhydrite. The occurrence of this mineral, no doubt, had much to do with t quarry, although the

r many

he closing of the re still remain large quantities of good gypsum. This, gether with excellent natural shipping facilities, the product, should be

toand the increasing demand for an impetus to reopen and operate this extensive area.

Analysis :—

Per cent. MMS otaceocane : 33°33 Sulphuric anhydride. 45°32 ater, loss on ignition... 20°92 Insoluble mineral matter... 0°22 99°77:

Other small exposures occur on Evans island, and Freeman island; also at Carlton head, and north of Port Richmond, but these have little prominence, and evidence of anhydrite gives them little commercial value.

A smaller area, but having more prominent exposures, occurs about

miles east of the town of Arichat. Here a white compact variety of gypsum is seen in the side of a high hill, which would give a working face of about 75 feet in height. Associated with this there is a small quantity of blue anhydrite, which diminishes somewhat the commercial value of the deposit.

Analysis of gypsum from Arichat :—

Per cent

ead ORO EER os ees ee yin ter Oy nner 32°86 Piece wicca 013 Partie onide OD ae scape orice) nr ge oe ee 0°14 SE MONOIR S055. an ses civics cn Sowie e 45°47 Carbonic anhydride 0°96 Water, loss on ignition 20°00 Insoluble mineral matter... 0:08

Sheet No. 26, Askilton, Inverness and Richmond counties.

In this section we have what may be known as the acres, at Port Hastings: the Beaver Dam Lake border line of Inverness and Rie

Hastings area, of 75 area of 1-6 square miles on the hmond counties, and about 44 miles east of Point Tupper; the Askilton area of 1-8 square miles, at Askilton, 34 from the Intercolonial railway, or about 6 miles east of P 'mall area about 14 miles south of Askilton, of 302

miles ort Hastings. Also a acres, on Inhabitants river.

The Inhabitants River area, und the Beav 'mportance, being situated in low ground.

er Dam Lake area have very little The Beaver Dam lake is only trace-at

!s by the pits or kettle holes, and hummocky ground. In the banks of Inhal tants river small outcrops are seen, but both areas seem to be covered heavi with clay.

The Hastings area is small. The greater part seems to have been erod by the sea, and now forms a small inlet or cove having a floor of gypsum. T! greater part of what remains is in outcrops from 30 to 60 feet high, showing variety of colours and texture with considerable anhydrite.

The Askilton area is the must important in this section from all points view. It has large outcrops, some as high as 70 feet above drainage level. a1 the greater part is an excellent white compact variety, with smaller quantiti of granular.

The Strait of Canso, the natura! outport. for the deposit—being an op port all the year—makes this deposit desirable, especially to those who expo large quantities of crude rock, as it is the nearest deposit to a winter port the Province.

The following analyses from samples of the different deposits will serve show the average composition of this rock :—

% y % CES ! EES ee eS ee Ee ee) 40°48 8380-3820) 3420) 88: Sulphuric anhydride.. ... it Rte rr): 55°43 46°08 46°32 45°92 45% Water, loss on ignition. 3°90 19°86 20°85 8265 Insoluble mineral matter 2 2 eee ce) at DRS By oO:

No. I and II. Average samples, Hastings area. No. III and IV. Average samples of white compact. Askilton area. No. V. Sample of the granular, Askilton area.

GYPSUM DISTRICT ' B." Sheet No. 27, Tiacadie harbour, Antigonish county. Sheet No. 28, Pomquet harbour, Antigonish county.

Sheet No. 29, Antigonish harbour, Antigonish county.

The gypsum deposits in this district, although for convenience shown three map sheets, are all included in one gypsiferous area, consisting of ov 125 square miles, and practically continuous. It is, therefore, deemed adv: able to consider them together.

Referring to this district, Dr. Honeyman' says:—' Sueceeding the conglor erates of Antigonish mountains, and napeniing: directly upon them, we have lim

>United States, Institute of 'Wetaral Science, "Vol. 1, fold series}, Part 4, p.

of Inhabired heavily

een eroded

sum. The §

showing a

ll points of level. and - quantities

ig an open §

who export ter port in ill serve to ame A 2 45°84 7 00°54 ) area.

shown on

ng of over

med advis- §

16 conglom have lime-rt

4, p. 115

stone of considerable thickness. Succeeding these limestones, we have an enormous bed of gypsum. Its length is nearly equal to that of the associated limestone. It appears at the forks of James river and the Ohio river; it passes over nearly in the course of James river until it reaches within one hundred paces of the limestones; its mountain side runs parallel with the limestones, Braley brook running between and along the bottom of the abrupt and lofty gypseous wall for about 3 miles. After parting with the brook the gypsum pursues its course until it reaches Right river, nearly a mile north of the town. After an apparent break of 2 miles, it again appears on the east side of the Sugar Loaf, and proceeds onwards into St. George bay; its land terminus being Ogden's lofty cliff.'

In the above we have the description of the northern boundary, about 16 miles in length. Its breadth varies from 2 to 6 miles. or more, and is made up of alternating beds of gypsum and Carboniferous limestone. It stretches southwardly through the harbour, and up the west side of South river, and continuing southwardly may be traced by sink pits and conical mounds, under the town of Antigonish, and thence to West river, where it again outcrops, and terminates against the metamorphic hills on the west side of the river,

Coming back to South river, these measures branch off more southerly to St. Andrews and Glenroy, and thence eastwardly, following closely the contact between the lower Carboniferous measures aud the metamorphic rocks, to Barrie head, east of Tracadie harbour.

Although large quantities of gypsum are found in the southern cud western part of the district, which at some future date may be considered important, vot those nearer the east and the northeast, particularly in the vicinity of Antigonish harbour, are much superior; in faet it is very difficult to tind exposures better both in quantity and quality. many of them being over 100 feet high, some twice this height, and covering an extensive area. Much of the rock is the very best white compact, having the appearance of alabaster.

It is regrettaile that, while the area contains practically inexhaustible quantities of gypeem of the very best quality, it is inaccessible to transportation facilities,

The principal harbour ( Antigonish)—-like those described on the east coast of Cape Breton isiand—has <fficient depth of water fe> shipping, but is silted up at tts entrance by sand that prevents water transportation; while the long rail han by the Intercolonial railway, which passes through part of the district

Bto the Strait of Canso, makes transportation by it prohibitive, especially for

crude material. The distance to Mulgrave, the nearest port, is about 40 miles

GYPSUM bisTRICT 'p.' Sheet No. 30, Westville, Pictou county

In thie section two small gypsiferous areas occur, comprising a total area of 517 acres. The larger is about one mile north of the Pietou coal fields. It is

ent by the Intereelenial railway (Pictou Town Branch), and the Intercolonial

ore rete, peencenart

Coal Company railway connecting their mines with their shipping pier at Gran ton. This area, together with the smaller one, miles farther west, cor sists principally of concealed measures, made up of alternating thin beds Carboniferous limestone, gy sum, and marls; their value consists in being acce: sible to shipping facilities ind their close proximity to the coal fields for mani facturing purposes.

Sheet No. 31, Bridgeville, Pictou county.

On the Nova Scotia Steel Company's branch railway, 6 miles south Ferrona Junction, on the Intercolonial railway, a gypsiferous area occurs, cor sisting of 4.32 square miles. 'The exposures are more prominent than these Sheet No. 30, but they are 18 miles by rail from a shipping port.

The rock consists of a compact white and pink variety, showing considerab anhydrite, referred to in Chapter IT.

Sheel No. 38, East mountain, Colchester county

In this section, miles from the railway, are four small isolat areas known as the S. Roode area, comprising 20 acres, and consistit of a soft grey gypsum, which has been utilized to some extent as a fertilize and the George Thompson area, 90 acres, the exposures consisting principal of a translucent anhydrite. There is, however, some evidence of alabaster beir here, but so much of the measures are concealed that it is difficult toe make ar exact determination. This deposit is 24 miles from the railway; the Jam Clifford area, 65 acres, measures all concealed, miles from railway; and t! Elisha Archibald area, 55-2 acres. The rock here consists of a snow-white cor pact variety, with some smaller quantities showing granular crystallization, al some alabaster. It is miles from the railway, and if the alabaster proves be a prominent constituent it may be considered of commercial value.

- — ee —— Ee eee —— -—— Analy ais: fo See ni a a FA a a ee 33°12 41°26 32°80 33: Magnesin -- ae JES oO Suly huric anhydride... 46°68 58°36 45°92 45 Carbonic anhydride. . . , : RS F aoe he eet O° Water, loss on ignition .. 20°63 20°04 20° Insoluble mineral matter. . eats 0°28 0°92 100°43 98 996898 No. I. Geo. Thompson: associated with large quantities of pure wh anhydrite. No. IT. Geo. Thompson: pure white anhydrite, associated with No

No, IT. FE. Arehibald: white compact. No. IV. Samuel Roode: grevish-white.

r at Granwest, con- n beds of sing accesfor manu-

; south ecurs, Co!

n these

mnsiderab

principal!

aster being make an

the Jam -

y; and tl

white comzation

, ul- r proves °

e. 0 33°20 ol v2 45°44 pt OV Ye BS 49

pure whi!

with No

Sheet No. 39, Shorts lake, Colchester county,

In this section there is a large, tortuous, gypsiferous area of over 15 square miles. It is the eastern extension of the lower Carboniferous measures described on page 39, which extends westwardly across the Shubenacadie river and through Hants county. The topography at this particular location is generally low and level, and although there are some outcrops cf prominence, very much the greater part consists of concealed measures. Beginning at the northwest corner of this sheet, on the farm of John Irwin and the adjoining properties situated about 343 miles east of the headwaters of the Cobequid bay, occur some small outerops. Here the gypsum varies much in colour and texture, and hows an excess of carbonate of lime in its composition. As far as could be observed it is only suitable for fertilizer purposes. Following the line of contact eastwardly at Hilden, miles west of the Intercolonial railway, outerops of blue and white, of both granular and compact varieties, show cons' lerable prominence on the estate of James Morgan. Continuing southwardly and eastwardly, and crossing the railway near Brookfield, we have numerous outcrops of more or less prominence, on the farr.s of Leonard Carter, James Lockhart, Alonzo Lockhart, John McCulloch, and J. J. Snook. The gypsum here ts more regular in quality and texture, but where it eecurs close to the contact it usually shows considerable anhydrite.

About 14 miles south it again crops out on the property of Robert Benjamin; and at Upper Pleasant valley also, south and west of Shorts lake; and again at Little river, east of the railway; on the Stewiacke river; and near Ramsey post-office, on Wallace brook.

Unless, by testing, some superior variety of gypsum should be discovered, as, for instance, snow-white or alasbaster—which is quite probable—this section can only be considered commercially valuable for a manufacturing industry for local purposes.

sterner sts:

O10 (O10 06.0 Ob.0 0e.¢ oF.0 "0o.F 0%.4 08.0 tate: be hi ha 01-0 ici "oo age [RIeIIM eTqnfoRUT GO 8.1 820 L2-:21 O12 M0 C0 T SEG 60 RE OTL OG Sree BAL eT WOU! UO #ROL "1938 A ature onsren rns |eeeter RUC iieclvneé wes ueoee's jones 'oowd, FRE i situates hoot 181 Wt - "apuapéqae stuogaey 90.9t -2b ( OL-CR FL.98 ORF EG.Ch EOE OE Sh tO.Sh GL-Ct OS-9F IS OBES "epupaAque cunyang SCAR SAS WEKtenelienete Jloste hose lecssosen ? 0.1 ow.1 9¢.0 [omerrsesitee see "+ uLuInye aptxo atag Ste obat NVR gwe oped uaeaiy a 90.1 OB.0 freee pcre teecperesteeefere ieee ce see feces oe Jerse sree] gg.y re nneaaies eiSOUSE TL OP Ea cae |Past ARLE noe: eed! Meeps LO trier Fanuc meen SF i eee re 44

mx 11x Ix x XI IIIA WIA IA i oy a I II I —

-- pejdurs syisodap yucsogip vyy jo uorjtsodmo0o eSvsvau 0y} MOYSs SosATVUB IY]

No. I. Leonard Carter: anhydrite occurring in close contact with carbonate of lime.

II. A mixture of light grey and white, from Leonard Carter's. III. James Lockhart: white, compact.

IV. John MeCulloch: white, compact.

" V. Robert E. Benjamin, white, and greyish-wh'te.

VI. J. J. Snook: a red pinkish mixture associated with marls.

VII. Robert E. Benjamin; black compact, somewhat columnar in

structure.

" VUIL Alonzo Lockhart: soft white granular.

1X. White granular, from John Irwin.

X. White, streaked with red, from adjoining property.

XI. Samples from Kennedy farm, Pleasant valley.

XII. Blue, from James Morgan estate at Hilden.

" XIII. White, from James Morgan estate at Hilden.

Sheet No. 40, Shubenacadie river, Colchester and Hants counties.

At the mouth of the Shubenacadie river, on the east side, occurs a black Carboniferous limestone, known as black rock, carrying small veins of manganite. Succeeding this is a series of soft marls and sandstones, filled with veins of reddish fibrous gypsum running in all directions, and it is not until Pitch brook is reached that we meet solid gypsum exposed in prominence. Here, about 1 mile from the shore, occur massive beds, which extend almost continuously eastward to Beaver brook, and to Irvin lake, described in No. 39. At Pitch brook the gypsum is light grey in colour, and has a compact texture. Many years ago the deposits were operated, and the product exported to the United States. At Beaver brook the rock is a compact white variety, with some alabaster showing in some of the exposures ; however, anhydrite has prominence. Ascending the river on the western side there is a small area known as Stephens area, where a good white compact variety of gypsum is seen, associated with soft reddish blue marls. Tere is the largest deposit of fibrous gypsum known in the Provinces, occurring in veins running through the marls in all directions, often 12" and 18" wide, and when cleaned from the associated marls is very pure. In 1869, these deposits were operated for the fibrous variety, and a mill was erected at Noel, 15 miles from the deposit, at a cost of $12,000, for manufacturing the product inte terra alba. These works were destroyed by fire the following year, and all operations abandoned.

Proceeding up the river, on the west side, the next deposit of importance is that of Capt. John Graham, just above and opposite Eaglesnest point. This, formerly known as Big Rock, presented a snowy white front to the river, and for many years was operated for export purposes.

It is a massive bed arranged in layers and bent in conical shape; the base and interior showing anhydrite, and the whole resting on a base of Carboniferous limestone. It is here the Windsor series of the lower Carboniferous

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

Ffefeeee Ferre Eee

er iz fe

Le

lle

Applied Image

crosses the boundary line (Shubenacadie river) into Colchester county, and : this point it has a width of less than 1 mile, and west, about 14 miles, it tape to a mere connecting link, but soon widens again on the Fivemile and Kenne cook rivers. Proceeding on the western side of the river, 1 mile south of tl Fivemile river, again the gypsiferous area is met with in prominent outcry of gypsum, which are almost continuous for several miles. At Rose poin Urbania, and Admiral rock, massive white beds are exposed on the river banl from 40 to 60 feet in height; and not only at the river bank, but from one t three miles west prominent exposures occur of excellent quality.

Crossing the river near Fort Ellis point, and descending again on the easter side large exposures are seen; Lut not 'in such prominence as those on the opp¢ site side of the river. At Green Oak, on the property of Thos. Phillips, larg and prominent exposures of white, snow-white, and blue gypsum occur, in com pact crystallization. This property is near the river, where shipping facilities are good, and in the past was operated quite extensively. Again, on the propert of G. W. Dart, and Tupper Fisher, outcrops occur, but here an excess of cat bonate of lime is shown. The gypsiferous area included in the above descrip tion is 14-14 square miles in extent.

It will be seen by the above that in this section there is practically an un limited supply of gypsum of good quality; and at one time considerable busines was done exporting the crude material, but many causes have militated agains the successful operation of these deposits. Operations were carried on in th days of small sailing vessels owned by those who were familiar with the tides o the Shubenacadie river, but as the size of vessels increased, and before th steamboat was known on this river, the plaster trade became controlled by a few and these deposits were the first to suffer. To those interested in this trade i may be worthy of note to mention that the tide at the mouth of the Shubena cadre rises 80 feet in three hours and recedes in the same length of time. A Faglesnest point the bore at high tides is often 10 feet high.

The following analyses will serve to show the different qualities of rock it this section :—

From Beaver brook— me ho ' a Laon, PE TIASe ates CHa SATEEN See eee 36°80 33°20 33°72 Ferric oxide and alumina. LZ A ere Aer PULDRUPRERREIOGR ck ieeig ok) ete eee cece west: BL 44 46°40 46 00 DWE RNUSS ONS Ci WRTINIOH CG Src ersten rhea ue 1173 20°79 20°94 Phaoluble mineral WAY; oss movies cer ssvenvocees vetoes sens vee teeebeeeeeeees 0°35

No. I. The interior of a boulder of anhydrite which has been expose for about 25 years. "TI. An outside coating about 1" thick taken from No. 1. III. White compact variety of gypsum occurring in the same de posit.

ty, and at s, it tapers id Kennetuth of the it outcrops tose point, 'iver bank, om one to

he eastern the oppolips, large r, in com- r facilities e property ss of carre descriplly

an unle business ed against on in the 1e tides of before the by a few, is trade it Shubenatime. At

of rock in

n exposed

same de-

a

From Pitch brook— Lime : 32°88 33 80 Sulpharic anhydride ... .. are 5° 44°92 44°92 Water, loss on ignition DO 247 20°54 Insoluble mineral matter ... ... : 170. 2 0°80

I. Gregory Yuill: grey fibrous, II. Gregory Yuill: grey massive.

III. Constine Wheelock: dark grey with radiating structure. IV. Samuel Creelman: light grey, massive.

Ferric oxide and alumina eeuen ae Sulphuric anhydride 22. A704

Water, loss on ignition. . - 19°22 20°66 a Insoluble mineral matte: : "30 0°80 79°52

I. General sample of the rock from property of G. W. Dart. II. Sample with dark bark-like incrustation. IIT, Clay mixed with the gypsum incrustation. IV. Pure white, granulated, from the property of Thos. Phillips. V. Pure white, compact, from the property of Thos. Phillips.

"

No, I. A snow-white, compact sample, from the Stephens property.

II. Soft greyish white rock, from an ..posure on Capt. John Graham's farm.

III. Anhydrite, from same location as No, 2.

"

Sheet No. 48, Elmsdale, Halifax county, and Hants county,

In this section we have one of the largest gypsiferous areas in the Provit comprising 55 square miles and containing inexhaustible and valuable depo of gypsum. Prominent exposures occur about 1 mile southeast from El dale station, near Keys corner, and miles farther on. Follow the contact northeastwardly and lying unconformably with the Carb feroas limestones, on the Cambrian quartzites and slates, are several outer of soft white, greyish white, and blue gypsum. Three miles northeast of FE] dale and east across the Shubenacadie river, quite extensive deposits of pure selenite occur, near a very dark gypsum outcrop, known as the Black R gypsum quarry.

East and north of the Intercolonial railway, at the Horne settlement on shores of Grand Jake. further deposits of selenite occur, with more or less pre nent deposits of gypsum; and again at Ninemile river, 6 miles from the way, what is probai ly the most extensive outcrop of gypsum in the whole sec occurs on the Thompson property. The outcrop is more than a nie in len and has a maximum height of 60 fect. The greater part consists of a w compact variety. These deposits, however important, are not considered ¢ mercially valuable on account of the distance from Halifax, the nearest s

ping port.

Sheet No. 49, Gay river, Halifax and Colchester counties. Gypsiferous 75-60 square miles.

Sheet No. 50, Musquodeboit, Halifax county. Gypsiferous area 81.38 sq miles,

Sheet No. 51, Stewiacke river, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area 13.95 sq miles.

Sheet No. 52, Newton mills, Colchester county. Gypsiferous area 22.32 sq

miles.

To the four above mentioned sections, containing in all an area of 14 square miles, very little attention has keen paid. There is no question but they contain many of the largest and best deposits in the Maritime Provi but their location being far away from any means of transportation, des! their commercial value. It is not pleasant to think of such extensive depos great purity being inaccessible, but a glance at the maps will show that be a few deposits on the northwest portion of Gays River map, all others are 1 from transportation facilities,:many being from 18 to 30 miles from the ne railway connexion. Should the proposed Halifax and Guysborough railw: constructed through the Musquodoboit valley, it will materially improve the tion of many of these deposits, and be a strong incentive to encourage man

turing in this district.

nty.

he Province, able deposits from Eims-

Following he Carboniral outcrops ast of Elmssits of very Black Rock

ement on the r less promirom the railwhole section ie in length, s of a white

sidered comnearest ship- §

siferous area

rea of 145.25

tion but what i me Provinces, © tion, destroys ive deposits of E vw that beyond Es hers are miles m the nearest © gh railway le & ove the po-i- & rage manufac: &

GYPSUM DISTRICT ' E.' Sheet No. 41, South Maitlend, Hants county.

The eastward continuation of the Kennetcook R'~er valley is the valley of the Fivemile river, both rivers having their origin in cicce proximity, the Kenueteook flowing westwardly to the Avon, the Fivemile river eastwardly to the Shubenacadie. The Dominion Atlantic railway (Midland division) follows these valleys for nearly 30 miles west 2f the Shubenacadie river, which makes the gypsum deposits in this section very accessible.

On this sheet there are three gypsiferous areas, comprising a total of 9 square miles,

The most important of these is that at Latties brook, which is a continuation of the Windsor series eastward. It is here that the Windsor Plaster Company has a quarry and gets a partial supply for its calcining mill at Windsor. The quarry is situated near Burtons station, on the south side of the railway, and has an exposed face 40 feet high, covered with from 10 to 15 feet of clay. Attempts have been made, with a considerable degree of success, to remove this clay by the hydraulic method.

The rock is a white compact variety, well suited for the manufacture of plaster of Paris. This bed may be followed westward for some miles, but there are only a few outcrops, the greater part being concealed under a heavy overburden of clay. North, about 1 mile, near the public highway, prominent outcrops are again seen, but the rock is not as good in colour or texture as at Burtons.

Going east from Burtons we meet precipitous cliffs, from 75 to 140 feet in height, and over 2,000 feet long, on the Lawrence property, at Andrew Hayes (known as The Cave), and on the Royles property. On the Geary property, about 150 feet north of the railway and having a strike about parallel with it, is another exposure, with a length of 1,400 feet, and an average height of 85 feet.

On the Hayes property, the upper parts of the cliff show considerable disturbance, and are badly folded and contorted; while near the base the beds are more even in structure. The rock on this face shows considerable anhydrite, but on the south or opposite side of the ridge, where the rock has more covering, it is a good white gypsum, with some greyish white and blue associated. The face continues westwardly, with practically the same height, to the Lawrence property -d has a stratification more horizontal and even. In other conditions it inilar to the Hayes property.

On the Geary property, the rock again shows disturbance, with considerable anhydrite, and veins of dark carbonaceous and reddish gypsum of inferior quality cutting through it.

The natural shipping port for the deposits of this area would be the Shubenacadie river (distant from 3 to 5 miles), but it would necessitate the construction of a shipping pier above the railway bridge. Unfortunately, not sufficient attention was given to draw efficiency in the construction of this bridge,

and the provision then made for this purpose is not suitable for modern sh pirs; and, therefore, makes what would be otherwise desirable gypsum prop ties (niot only the above described, but several others on or near the Shuber cadre river), practically inaccessible for export purposes.

The next area of importance is that at Glencoe, which was mentioned in t description of sheet No. 40. It is to the south, and some distance from the v: ley of Fivemile river and on very much 'cher ground. The shipping px for this is on the Shubenac:die river, about 2 .niles above the mouth of the Fir mile river,

Going north on this sheet to Selma, near the head of Cobequid bay the occurs a small isolated gypsiferous area of 1-7 square miles. The topograp] of this is generally low dike lands, end th: outcrops, which have but lit prominence, occur about 2 miles from the shore. The rock is a grey slaty stru ture, with small quantities of white granular,

The followin' analyses will give the general average composition of e

posures in this section :—

oe Be Ill IV jv VI v1

% 7 % é vi % ys Tine hd ee eve cae 34:20 38:80 33°32 32-8 PURGUORAE SS ira dilccnsxes.ce Ses heeens COs Peper eae Peer becnry del boo F Ferric oxide and alumina f) CO SON oy 023} 01 Sulphuric anhydride 45°60 53°40 46°48) 45-6 Carbonic anhydride (riper cer: Pate wait sities Water, loss on igmtion 20°10 8:05 20°65 20°4 Insoluble mineral matter : leases es "40 "12 1°6

No. 1. Andrew Hayes property, from 'igh face near cave.

"II. Andrew Hayes, south side,

" TII. Burgess property, Glencoe, dirty dark grey.

"IV. Burgess property, Glencoe, soft white, slightly granular.

" From the Garry property, or Midland railway.

"VI. Windsor Plaster Company's quarry at Burtons, soft ecmpac rock,

"VII. From Selma quarry, grey shaly variety.

Sheet No. 42, Noel, Hants county.

This sheet besides showing the continuation of the deposits of the Kennet cook valley, where there are several important exposures of gypsum similar jr quality and texture to those that have been described in this valley, also show: a north.n gypsiferous area belonging to the Windsor series. This branches of

modern shipsum proper- e Shubenaoned

in the om the valipping port of the Five-bay

there topography but little slaty strucion

of ex- /T VIL 32 32°80 23/0 12 43 45°64 65 20°44 12 1°68 85 100°68

ular. 't compact e Kennetsimilar

in iso shows anches off

Piatr NIT.

O'Brien quarry, showing pipe or blowhole, also structure of rock

i Z

from the Kenneteook valley near Burtons, and f-llows a westwardly course skirting the older Devonian rock, to the Avon river on the west, and forms the northern boundary of the lower Carboniferous basin of Hants county.

In this section important exposures of all varieties occur. Many of them, however, being so far away from transportation facilities, are not considered commercially valuable. Among these may be mentioned the deposits on the Petite river, those on the West Branch of the Tennycape river, on Robinson brook, and those east of Northfield, together with those in an isolated area 14 miles north of the Kennetcook river.

The first to be considered are those at Noel lake. Here the gypsum outcrops on both sides of the lake and shows beneath the water in the lake. The yreater part of the deposits appear as a white compact variety of excellent

quality. In some places anhydrite occurs, in a form peculiar to this plece, not

in veins, masses, or beds, but in round spire-like pinnacles protruding through the gypsum.

On the west side of the lake the O'Brien Company has been operating for a few years, and exporting the crude rock to the United States. The quarry is situated in a hollow between 30 and 40 feet below the surrounding country, and has a height of face equal to that depth. It is drained by natural watercourses through the ro... The top of the ruck is covered with blow or pipe holes—one shown in Plate XI1—which is 30 feet below the surface. This figure shows the structure of the rock in the deposit. At the east of the lake, on the property of J. S. O'Brien, some development work has been done, which has proved the existence of large quantities of gypsum of excellent quality.

The present systen. of transporting this rock to the shipping pier (34 miles distant) is by horses and wagons, which makes an excessive cost. A line of railway, ry easy location, is proposed for future development, and, if construc tke this property one of the most desirable on the Minas basin.

Th sit of importance west of the above is one situated in the rear of Minasvine, about 14 miles from the shore. This property has an exposure averaging 50 feet in height, and over 1,500 feet in length. It is a good white compact variety of gypsum, showing but few irregularities. The topography of the country between the shore and the deposit is such that it would be ditficult and expensive to construct a railway connecting the two points, but it has been proposed to make Tennycape harbour the shipping port, and build a railway to that point, a distance of 34 miles.

Samples have been taken fron: the above described deposits, and the res are given in the following analyses :—

agnesia Ferric oxide and alumina. — Walhatid ANNIOMAS vies cccece case cscsceascayess CMGI SERGIO 55ce05 cass cases kee annie a Water; loos on ignites. ..accéise 6 srevessvecessues 20°80 14°90 20°55 2 Insoluble mineral matter s000 see 0°20 3. a aerereerery Carre

No. I. From J. S. O'Brien property east Noel lake, white to s1 white compact variety. II. Aversge sample from the O'Brien Company, west of lake, greyish white, compact gypsum. " TIT. Average sample from the Minasville property, compact, w to snow-white, " IV. Best quality from Minasville property, mow-white, com]

"

onset No. 43, Walton, Hants county.

Following westwardly from No. 42 the gypsum can be traced almost tinuously, by outcrops and other characteristics, the whole length of the g ferous area, which in this sheet consists of 33-7 square miles. The most imr ant deposit is that at Walton which is shown in Plate I. It is one of th deposits in the county, having a face 100 feet high, and may be followed, a constant exposure, for over 2,600 feet, and continues for miles with a s of extensive outcrops.

The Walton deposit, which has been operated intermittingly for near century, is now producing from 40,000 to 50,000 tons annually; operated by Albert Parsons. The rock is a greyish white and blue compact variety, shoy comparatively small quantities of anhydrite occurring in lenticular veins rounded by gypsum, graduating with increasing or diminishing promir into each other. At this point the pipe or blow holes are very characteri having a circular area, with perpendicular walls and rounded bottoms. rock, where excavated, has no covering of clay, and everything, except for material], that will not pass through a coke fork, is shipped. The deposit is : ated 1 mile from the shipping pier and the rock is hauled there with h and carts. At present the whole output is taken by Messrs. J. B. King & Cc New York, and transported by this firm in its own barges. Plate XIII sho barge loading at the Walton shipping pier.

d the results

3°20 33°00 Sd eae 532 45°96 115 0°65 55 20°60 42! 1002 hite to snowvest of Noel mpact, white

ite, compact.

almost conof the gypsimost importof th ~gesu allowed, with with a series

for nearly a rated by Mr. iety, showing ar veins sur- + prominence haracteristic, bottoms. The xcept foreign posit is situ- 3 with horses 'ing & Co., of XIII shows a

Plate

Loading gypsum at Walton shipping pier.

So Ferrie se and aluiina. .

Sulphuric Searian Ceaboute aa : Water, omg mics aes ; Insoluble mii matter

No. I. Average sample from stock pile at Walton quarry, light blue compact. "II. Anhyde from Walton quarry. This rock has a very sandy appearance and ° full of grit. " TIT. Sample from first ic:2l above and east of quarry floor, at Walton, bluish grey, compact. IV. Sample from South Mountain deposit, at Walton.

Sheet No. 44, Cheverie, Hants aunty.

By many it has been considered that the gypsiferous area occurring at Cheverie was a continuation of the Windsor and Shubenacadie series, but this is not correct. They are separated by over 2 miles of intervening Devonian rocks at their nearest point, which is near Goshen, shown on the east side of the sheet. .

Cheverie, consisting of an area of 4-3 square miles, is situated on t —.outh side of Minas basin, about 6 miles east from the mouth of the Avon,. has good water transportation facilities. Here operations have icen carried on intermittingly for many years. Outcrops occur at the sho:., in high cliffs, associated with much anhydrite, and carbonate of lime in cc. contact. They also have prominence, and have been operated in: th: past, about a mile from the shore, where the rock appears to be freer from inezularities.

The present operations are carried on at the shore, at points known as the Cove quarry and the Upper head. The Lower head occurs about one mile distant, on the north side of Cheverie creek, in a small isolated area.

The Cove quarry, shown in Plate XIV, is about 500 yards from the teach where the shipping pier is located. The gypsum is covered with clay from 10 to 15 feet thick, and underlain with anhydrite. The gypsum and anhydrite graduate from one to the other without any particular line of demarcation.

On the right of this illustration is shown a tunnel, opened for underground mining and to develop deposits on the opposite side of the public highway, which runs near the face of the quarry. In Plate XV is shown the U per Head quarry, which is on the beach and a few hundred yards east of the shipping pier. The

high tides of the Bay of Fundy do the work of cleaning the quarry, by was the debris away from the rock. This rock is principally anhydrite with : gypsum intermixed.

The Lower head is a very similar rock to the last, but carries petrol in embedded cells, from which small quantities have been collected du blasting operations. With this as partial encouragement, a company formed to bore in this section for oil, and a record of one of the bore holes, down about half a mile from the shore, is given in Vol. XV, p. 161 AA, of Geological Survey of Canads. A section of this bore hole is shown in Fi; It is interesting, as it shows the occurrence of gypsum at different depths, greatest body of white gypsum being between 130 and 370 feet from the face. It is unfortunate that no record is given of the dip of the rock.

The following analyses are from samples taken from this section, and serve to show the composition; also an analysis made by Prof. F. E. En hardt, of Syracuse, N.Y., and kindly furnished by Mr. A. A, Hayward, of TI fax, of the brine from the Cheverie bore-hole mentioned above :—

~a--- I + i Ill IV v i Vi

io a % me oe EANG Ee hee RUA ae, 32°80 82°72 40°80 32°60 42-20 31 NE Bie WORT tool erect casts act eee Omar tease RY eo [dns testes hadens wassbosye ty Ferrie oxide and alumina. .. . . de 2 ora 0°48 0°52 2 Sulphuric anhydride , 46°56 46°96 58°16 46°68 43°32 14 Carbonic anhydride tr. Set Meee nn tr. 9°36 16 Water, loss on ignition. . as 20°80 20°65 1°55 20°75 1 70 8 Insoluble mineral matter bysemeaccers [Det Pasa Ror eee 3°30 27 ee rc ce ee pein emmmantns 5:<iicisitseniinsance — ' H

No. I. From east side of tunnel in Cove quarry, Cheverie, snow-wh compact, II. From opposite side of same tunnel, much harder, but not hydrous, III. Anhydrite from base of Cove quarry, Cheverie. IV. Top rock from Cove quarry, Cheverie, soft, white, compact V. Rock associated with gypsum, Upper Head quarry at Chever "VI. Dark carbonaceous rock, overlying gypsum at Cove quar Cheverie,

"ce

y, by washing ite with some

ies petroleum lected during ompany was sre holes, put 1 AA, of the vn in Fig. 3, t depths, the rom the surck.

ion, and will '. E. Engelard

, of Hali- §

snow-white,

but not an- §

compact.

at, Cheverie. 7 ove quarry, &

Pirate XIV.

ie ey o ss o 4

E o

u

'altaaoyD ye Auivnb peazy reddy

"AX 4Lv1g

Section

or BOREHOLE

In The Cheverie Gypsiferous Area

From Geologicol! Survey of Canada Vo/. XV, p. 161 AA.

Material Cut

ee % SK SC . SENSES, BRS

Derk-gray shole

Dork-gray sandstone Flow of salt waler LS a

Whitish sandstone, with o great Flow of salt woler

The following is an analysis of the Cheverie brine:—

Specific gravity, at 15° C, 1.1387.

Results by weight Per cent. Calcium sulphate.. .. .. 1. 1... 0. 0. ce ee 0-8957550 Calcium chloride.. .. .. 1. 1. 2. 20 ce oe oe oe 0-5158726 Magnesium chloride... .. .. .. .. .. .. 2. ++ 0+3261256 Ferrous carbonate.. .. .. .. 2... 0. es ee ee ee 00027988 Sodium chloride... .. .. 6... 0.2 0. 0s ce ee es 26-8279620 Total mineral matter... .. .. .. .. .. -. 18-0679140 IWatee rcs) sansa ten cene ses te pe ey OR hele oe ep pemeneO Potale ccs: Gn Sa eeues. Wie ass als lose oa! Sed ged oer FOO OUO000 An Imperial gallon of this brine contains :— Grains. Calcium sulpHfate.. .. .. .. .. 2... oe oe es 815 -48488 Calcium chloride... .. .. 2... 1... ee ee ee ee 4410-74208 Magnesium chloride.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2589-96628 Ferrous carbonate... .. .. 2. 2. 1. ee ce ee 2.23704 Sodium chloride... .. .. .. 2. 2. 1. ee ee ee 18414-16587 Total mineral matter.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14402-57560 Wate eat Ge in a Boe ee oe ae ee OBB IO ORAL) MUTT le Ae eaten WER on. Papert cay ate

Sheet No. 45, Avon river, Hants county.

Total gypsiferous area, 70-56 square miles.

On both sides of the estuary of the Avon river extensive deposits of gypsum have keen k:own since the early discovery of 2 country, and some of them were operated over a century ago. Beginning at Summerville, on the east side, and Mount Denson on the west side, and continuing up the river foi a distance of 8 to 10 miles, or until it meets with the irruptive rocks of the Ardoise hills, is the width here of the lower Carboniferous measures in which the gypsum deposits occur. These measures, which extend eastwardly, and are descrited in the opening of this chapter, carry, almost without interruption, gypsum deposits as far as the Shubenacadie river.

Many of the operations of the past in this section have been. for various reasons, abandoned. Few have made any attempt to operate below drainage level, and water has driven them out. Many of these deposits hive an over

ight

'0

E

ts of gyp-

1 some of

n the east §

iver foi a

3 of the in which §

y, and are

eruption,

yr various drainage

- an over &

Ne

burden of clay, and owing to its increasing thickness, became too expensive to operate under existing circumstances; in others the prevalence of anhydrite has been discouraging, and concentration of trade has had much to do with closing out small operators; but not even in the quarries with the oldest history can it ke said that the gypsum Lecame exhausted.

Starting again at the northwest angle of this sheet, near Summerville, there is an area on the east side of the Avon, which by erosion of the river bank has been divided from the main body. It is known as Grant's quarry, and was operated for many years, but, although situated within a few hundred yards of the shipping pier, the rock dipping eastwardly under a heavy overvurden of clay made operations too expensive, and the place has been abandoned. The uck here was a very fine white compact variety, showing a few streaks of black irregularly distributed through the white. The black was high in carbonate of magnesia, and carried some bitumen and iron pyrites.

A short distance above Summerville occurs the next outcrop, from which a small quantity has teen taken. It has a small area, and is of little importance. :

On the west side of the river, a few miles farther south, at Mount Denson, extensive cliffs 40 to 60 feet in height occur on the banks of the river and extend out on the beach to the river bottom. The greater part of the exposure here appears es anhydrite, but much of the concealed measures show evidence of a softer rock, and part of the rock on the beach is an excellent variety of gypsum, white, with a fine compact structure.

Prominent outcrops are also seen on the Scott estate and on the Hannah property, between the shore and the main road leading to Windsor. At the former place is one of the old quarries which was operated many years ago. It has a face exposed from 50 feet downwards, and much of it is white and blue gypsum, of a good variety, but associated with considerable anhydrite. On the Hannah property the principal outcrops are anhydrite. West of this property, about 1 mile from the shore, at the Duck pond, an extensive exposure is seen, from 40 to 60 feet in height. Much jof the rock is harder than that allowed by the scale of hardness, yet in composition it is a true gypsum, white and compact. At Lower Falmouth there is a prominent exposure in the old qua)-v at Young's, and continuing on to Falmouth many outcrops occur, The most extensive is on the Glebe property, situated about 14 miles from the western shores of the Avon river, opposite Windsor. Here the gypsum exposures have an average height above drainage level of 55 feet, and Cover an area of several acres. Easy gradients could be secured from the deposit to the shipping point, and this, with a good white and grey compact rock showing but few irregularities, gives commercial value to the property. Continuing southwardly from the above, the outcrops are again met with on the Hanson property, but the gypsum, especially that occurring in lower ground, is irregular in colour and texture. This is another abandoned quarry.

The following analyses will show the general average composition of t gypsum in the Mount Denson and Falmouth section:—

at

: ! Dives oe sec ees Rae CER ane ATC 36°90 32°23) 32°30 36 DRAGER Bs. ico5c.i00s -peccerocsceee sel OS tr. tr. tr. 0 Ferric oxide and alumina. 0°80 0 42; 0°28) O12 0 Sulphuric anhydride 45°92 52°80 45°27) 46°58 41 Carbonic anhydride . . 0 0°56 O51, O86 OO8 4 Water, loss on ignition. 20°63) 8°25 20°33 20°65 18 Insoluble mineral matter .. 0-2 024) O48 O10 6

No. I. White compact rock, from the Scott estate, Mount Denson.

"TI. From Ifugh Hannah property, at Duck pond, Mount Dens:

TIT. Snow white, compact variety, from the shore below high wat mark at Mount Denson.

IV. Soft white rock from Young's old quarry, Lower Falmouth.

" V. Grey rock with snow-white streak, from Glebe propert Falmouth.

" VI. White rock from H. Hannah property near the shore.

" VII. Snow-white compact variety, from upper quarry, on Hans property, Falmouth.

"NIT. The best from Hanson lower quarry, Falmouth, uneven colour and texture.

" IX. Dirty greyish rock, from same location as No. 8.

Crossing the Avon river to Windsor on the east side we are on the hi. toric ground of the gypsum industry of this Province. Here the gypsum bed lie almost parallel, having a strike east and west, the northern and souther boundaries converging slightly as they near the Kennetcook valley on the eas The greatest distance across the strike is about 6 miles. The most souther operations are those of the Wentworth Gypsum Company, at Meadow quarr while the most northern are those of the Newport Plaster Mining and Develo ment Co., Ltd., at Avondale.

Within the town of Windsor what was the most important deposit know (now abandoned), is the old Pellow quarry. This is an excavation about s0) feet long, 150 feet wide, with an average depth below the street level of 40 feet Tt has heen estimated that about 500,000 tons have been exported from thi quarry. It is now more a point of scientific interest than. an economic proposition The anhydrite occurs here in lenticular masses from 2 to 10 feet thick in th centre, and from 50 to 75 feet long, embedded in the gypsum. Crude petroleum has also been reported as occurring in large cells, in nodules of gypsum foun in the clay which formed a covering to the deposit.

Denson. nt Denson. high water

almouth.

property,

ore. mn Tanson

uneven in

Meadow quarry, near Windsor, N.S,

n the hispsum beds 4 1 southern n the east. t southern Ww quarry,

1 Developsit

known about S00 of 40 feet. from this

roposition. ick in the petroleum sum found

"S'N 'acdman 'Auvdmog umsd4és sospuryy 949 Jo L120N2)

One and a quarter miles south of Windsor there are what were known as the Wilkins and Redden quarries, long since closed, except for small quantities now being used for calcining purposes by the Windsor Plaster Company.

Beginning with the operations on the southern beds, the first is the Nova Seotia Gypsum Company quarry, at Threemile plains, This is situated about 34 miles from Windsor, near the Dominion Atlantic Railway Company's line, on which the rock is transported to Windsor for export purposes, The rock is an excellent white, compact variety, having a working face 30 feet in height above drainage level; but it has a heavy overburden of clay, averaging 30 feet in thickness. This is considered the extreme limit of clay that can be moved profitably by the present methods of operating; that is, 1 foot of clay to 1 foot of face. An attempt wes mace to mine this rock, but sufficient height of face could not be sezvred without the use of pumps to make it an economic proposition.

South of this, about half a mile, is the Meadow quarry, owned and operated by the Wentworth Gypsum Company, and shown in Plate XVI. Here the rock has no covering of clay. The surface is very uneven, being covered with kettle, pipe, or blow holes, and as usual, where the gypsum is free from covering, the first few feet of the exposed stirface is badly disintegrated by atmosphere action. Cn the eastern side of the quarry the face is 75 feet in height, extending westward and gradually diminishing in height; it also shows a natural water course or cave near the bottom. These beds are practi ally horizontal, and slightly stratified.

This quarry is connected wtih the Dominion Atlentie railway by a branch road about one mile in length. Shipments are made over it to Windsor (4 miles) in summer, "nd occasionally to Halifax (41 miles) in the winter season.

The next property, 14 miles east of the above, is the quarry of the Windsor Gypsum Company at Newport (Plate XVII). The occurrence and the conditions under which it is operated are very similar to those of the Nova Sec ia Gypsum Company above scribed, except that the operations are much n: xe extensive. The superior quality of the rock in both these places is the only circumstance that makes it possible to operate under existing conditions This property is also connected with the Dominion Atlantic railway, over which the crude rock is hauled to Windsor for water transportation to the United States.

A feature of considerable geological interest occ. s here, which would warrant more complete investigation if time permitted. Within a distance of 2 miles, on the same strike und having a similar elevation above the sea-level,

Zihree exposures are seen. Two of these, one on either end, have been planed off by glacial action to practically an even surface, and covered with a heavy overburden of boulder elay, (compare Plates XVI and XVII), while the centre one is quite free from clay, and does not show the same glacial action, nor any overburden of clay,

East of this, at Newport, there are a few other deposits which in the past have been operated and are now closed, but they are of no particular importance

, and so similar in quality to those described that it is not necessary to gi a detailed description of each outcrop.

The following artalyses will serve to show the composition of the rock fro this section :—

—— I II Ill % y ° TAO oa oc occa Fae Hee os oe Re SR Sere Mes ein 32°62 32°74 314 D1, PORNO Sr eT ODOT ICL ; tr. 0°16 O71 Ferric oxide and alumina as 0°86 0°32 oO: Sulphuric anhydride 66.0. ; 46°06 45°68 451 Carbonic anhydride e tr. tr. tr. Water, loes on ignition Re Sees sl 20°30 20°52 20°: Insolutile mineral matter... 2655 ce ccee es eneeenes 014 0°52 23 99°98 99°94 99

No. I. White compact rock, from the Nova Scotia Gypsum Compan; quarry at Threemile plains.

No. If. Average sample from the Meadow quarry st Newport,

No. III. Bluish white compact, average sample from Wilkins quart Windsor.

North of the above described quarries, between 1 and 2 miles, occu the second series of parallel gypsum beds. The principal operations are on t! Wentworth deposit, owned and operated by the Wentworth Gypsum Compan From here the largest gypsum exporting business of the Province is carri on. This trade in 1868 amounted to 10,000 tons, while in 1999 it exceed 175,000 tons. The deposits are very extensive, the Company owning about 1,2 acres, all underlaid with gypsum. The rock is principally a white compa variety, well suited for all manufacturing purposes. Anhydrite occurs irreg arly, in some parts in prominent exposures, in others beneath the floor of t quarries. The operations are illustrated in Plates XVIII and XIX, and fro them it will Fe seen that the greater part is covered by a heavy overburden clay, in sone places from 25 to 30 feet thick, but it has an advantage over t southern derosits in having a higher working face beneath the clay.

In the past all this clay was brought down with the gypsum and remov 'by horses and carts to the waste dump. At present the steam shovel is bei: used in some places to remove the clay from the top, before the rock is blast

These quarries are connected by a standard gauge steam railway with tl shipping piers, 24 miles distant, on the St. Croix river, which is a tributary 'the Avon.

After the rock is blasted and broken to one man size (meaning the size 01 man can conveniently handle), it is put in carts and hauled to a loading sta: sufficiently high to dump directly into cars (Plate XX). It is then taken 'train to the shipping pier and loaded into barges (Plate XXI) which are di

lary to give y rock from &

—

PLatr

Company':

ort, ins quarry,

les, occurs are on the . Company. is carried t exceeded about 1,200 te compact

urs irregu: floor of the

¥

burden of "4

ge over the ad removed rel is being 4 is blasted 3 iy with the rihutary of

he size one ading stage n taken ly 7

ch are dis

<S9—p, 80,

Wentworth Gypsum Company's quarry, showing method of removing the clay.

seen orh PRN eet: ye res

'said 0) uoljRzz0dsue1y pue Luzenb jo Mota [esauad : Larenb 8 Suvduog yr10.m4ua Ay

"XIN Siv1q

"S189 10} O8vjs Zuipeoy sAueduiog unsd Ar) yZIOMZUA AY

'sa8aeq oyur wunsdAd Suipeory "Auvdatog é+y yyomqua yy

*MO4 UL saduvg ='AuedutoD unsd As) AY

"IINN Sid

&1

mantled schooners of about 2,000 to 2,500 tons capacity, and towed to New York, generally three in a tow. These barges are usually taken out singly '(Plate XXII), at high tide on the Avon, and anchored in head waters of the Minas basin, where the whole tow is made up and taken by an ocean going tug. The whole product of these quarries is taken exclusively by Messrs. J. E. King and Company, who have extensive mills on Staten island. This firm is also a large holder in the Wentworth Gypsum Company.

East of the Wentworth Gypsum Company property, a ° adjoining it, is the Phillips farm. It has an area of 75 acres, and an average elevation above drainage level of 60 feet. It was tested in 1909 by a series of trenches and pits, and showed an excellent variety of white and snow-white gypsum of fine compact structure, the greater part being covered with clay; showing in the pits and trenches from 2 to 15 feet deep.

The proposed shipping point for this deposit is on the St. Croix river, above the railway bridge. This bridge is fitted with a draw having a width of 32 feet.

Atove the &t. Croix public Lridge and east of the last described property, high prominent cliffs of gypsum and anhydrite are seen, and from here back to Newport station occurs an almost continuous series of outcrops, but the greater part of them show anhydrite in abundance. Above the St. Croix bridge, 30 or 40 years ago, gypsum was quarried and showed down the river for export purposes,

,

Again, farther east on the Meander river, gypsum was quarried on the Woolaver property, and on the Chambers property. On the latter, prominent exposures are now seen of white and blue gypsum, of both granular and compact texture. The operations ..re carried on here many years ago, wien the transportation was done in small vessels which loaded near the old shipyard.

Going north from the Wentworth quarries to the third range of gypsum beds, the principal operations are carried on at Avondale by the Newport. Plaster Mining and Development Company, Ltd. (Messrs. J. B. King & Co., of New York, being the principal holders). This Company controls about 4,000 acres of gypsum land in this vicinity, and is preparing for extensive operations. The old quarry, which was operated here some years ago, has been reopened at a lower level, by driving a tunnel large enough for drainage and railway track. This will lower the floor of the quarry from 10 to 20 feet. They also extended their operations west about miles, where they are opening up a new quarry, and connecting it with their shipping pier by a standard gauge railway, now under construction.

The rock is principally white in colour, with some little grey and black. Portions of it show an excess of carbonate of lime.

On the eastern extremity of this Company's property are the old quarries at Miller creek, which were abandoned many years ago, but likely to be reopened by this Company.

Continuing east , prominent exposures occur on the west sid River Hebert, ner. e railway, and on the Chambers property on the side. Here considerable anhydrite is in evidence, but some very superior 81 white gypsum is seen on the Chambers properties.

'The exposures at this latter point are low, but the rising ground going gives evidence of large quantities covered with clay.

£0,000 it 001 go. 00. G1-oot 6F-00T

88.0 zo OL. : ce.o &o.08 $2.08 19.1 Shas ; . : : epupAyur otunqauy

8.98 99.9% . : . . d . " epupAyue ouunyding 0-0 9-0

— + EOTeos sty) Uf sornsodxa pediourid oy. jo UoNntsoduloo ayy MOYs [[EM sescprue AarMojjo!

west side of ron the east iperior snow nd going east

No. J. -az sample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company's Cag! 'wamp quarry. a \veraze ample from the Wentworth Gypsum Company':

ik pile at Wentworth. Ill. A dark greyish rock associated with gypsum at the Wentworth quarries,

" TV. Dark shaly pinkish material occurring on the north side railway, about 100 yards east of Dimock station.

a V. From deposit south side of railway, east of No. 4, soft mixture of dark greyish blue and white.

VI. Snow white nodule taken from test pit north side of hill on Phillips farm.

" VII. Taken from bottom of a blow hole about 40 feet deep, at the base of the hill, Phillips farm. The sample was hard enough to give a metallic ring when hit with hammer.

" VIII. From a test pit near the north boundary, white compact

variety.

Besides the above descri!ed properties there are many other deposits of prominence in this section, as those farther south on the St. Croix river, in MeKay settlement, and on the Kennetecook river, which are at present inaccessible to transportation facilities, and do not differ materially from many already

described, and, therefore, will not be given here in detail, Sheat No. 46, Clarksville, Hants county.

The continuation northeastwardly of the Avon sheet is an area consisting of 19-44 square miles, which will be known as the Clarksville.

This area is in the valley of the Kennetcook river, through which the Dominion Atlantie railway (Midland division) passes. At this point, the gypsiferous area seems to form the lower members of the lower Carboniferous group, and the principal outcrops are near its contact with the older rocks, and under present conditions have not sufficient prominence to be considered commercially

valuable for anything Leyond the local demand. Sheet No. 47, Ninemile river, Hants county.

This is a small gypsiferous area, consisting of 9-37 square miles, situated east and adjoining sheet No. 48, and altogether it contains many prominent deposits of good gypsum. It is so far from transportation facilities that it

may be considered inaccessible for everything except local uses.

GYPSUM DISTRICT ' F.' Sheet No. 32, Malagash, Cumberland county.

Near the eastern extremity of the Clairmont anticline is a gypsiferous area of 2-19 square miles. In this several important outcrops of gypsum occur. On the shore of Plaster cove, East Wallace, on the road leading to Wallace and

Yompany's 'ompany s he Went- h side of soft mixof hill on

ep, at the

was hard ammer. compact

posits of river, in t inacces- y already

onsisting

hich the the gypsius group, nd under mercially

, situated rominent 3 that it

rous area yecur. On llace and

eastwardly to North Shore, Malagash, the beds can be followed almost continuously, associated with greenish yellow marls, clay, and limestone. The rock is white, with compact crystallization. The location of these deposits, so easily accessible to water transportation by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and having the Pictou coal fields on the east, and the Cumberland coal field, 35 miles distant by rail, on the west, makes it one of - most desirable in the district for supplying the Canadian markets, eit} witi: ihe erode or manufactured article.

Sheet No. 33, P:awash, Cumberiaid county.

Following the Clairmont an::c'iue westward y we again have important outcrops of gypsum near Hartford, associaic] vith the limestones; at Canfield creek, a tributary to the Pugwash river, and 4 miles from its mouth; and elso—principally in concealed measures-——on the east and west side of the Pugwash River basin, and on Victoria island in the basin. This whole basia evidently was at one time a calcareous formation.

The most interesting part of this section is that of Canfield creek. Here the grey, greyish white, and white gypsum outcrop in extensive beds. They are within 24 miles of railway, aud if connected, it would place them within 5 miles of deep water shipping.

At the northern base of the gypsum outcrops, in a shallow basin of water, at the water's edge, the largest and purest deposit of selenite known has been discovered.

Analyses of the samples taken from Canfield creek show the following results —

Lime Sat Ee "95 2°86 Ferric oxide and alumina. .

Sulphuric anhydride.,

Carbonic anhydride

Water, loss on ignition ... Sturt:

Insoluble mineral matter "

No. I. Sample from old quarry, greyish white in colour and slaty

structure. This rock is being used in the manufacture of fertilizer at Pugwash. II. White, with compact erystallization. Sheet No. 34, Philip river, Cumberland county. On this sheet is shown the gypsiferous area of the Clairmont anticline, continuing westwardly from sheet No. 33, and it still continues westwardly in

almost a straight line—but not of equal importance—to Salt Springs and Clairmont Hill to within a few miles of Springhill mines.

The gypsum outcrops at Hansford, on Thompson road, and near Hansfor siding. It consists principally of a blue and bluish white rock, with granula texture in prominence. This has an average of 1-83 square miles. North o this about 23 miles near Roslin, on Philip river, is an isolated are consisting of 697 acres. It has prominent outcrops, on Plaster creek, and a Jasper Rushton's. Here the rock is a white compact variety. Again, east this, near Oxford town, at a point known as Salt lake, in a similar area, promi nent outcrops are observed. From this place small quantities are quarried an: brought to the lower end of the lake, about miles, where it is ground for loc:

purposes.

The following analyses will serve to show the quality of this rock:—

Sect I II Ill A ° Buns pacers tates atime Naar Siicen 9 cat 33°63 32°86 32°55 ERR TEOG UN cnc rets ee GIy ein oe te ie Be SP a ret eS ane tr. Ferric oxide and alumina 0°40 0°50 Oot Sulphuric anhydride. ... is bawwew Bteeeees oe 44°40 45°86 44°12 CRPOMICRNDVGtIe. 9 asc. ce tess ar hee ee ; 2°35 093 2°92 Water) occas 20°37 20°47 20°45 nsoluble mineral matter. 0°40 O12 0:20 10161 100°74 100°7s a es a .

No. I. White, compact rock, from Salt lake.

"

II. Bluish-white, granular, from Lockhart quarry.

III. White, compact variety, from Thompson road,

Sheet No. 35, Springhill mines, Cumberland county.

East of the Springhill coal mites about 2 miles, and at the western ex tremity of the Clairmont anticline, occurs a small gypsiferous area of 771 acres It consists principally of concealed measures, and can te traced by mounds anc sink holes. In the south branch of Black brook the gypsum is seen in be: associated with blue and yellowish marls and shales. The only importance attached to this is its close proximity to the coal mines, for manufacture.s purnoseas,

Two miles east of Springhill junction, occurs a similar area of 620 acres Tt is Lounded on three sides by faults, and, therefore, shows much disturbance. Ti a small brook, running through Stewart's meadow, the gypsum is seen asso: ciated with red and greyish marls. This, like that at Springhill mines, may be of some economic value for manufacturing purposes, but only by mining or quarrying below the drainage level.

Reviewing this whole division 'F' (exclusive of sheet No. 37, Parrshoro). there is not much doubt that this gypsiferous area is much greater than that shown on the maps; and that it extends the whole length of the Clairmont anti-

Hansford 1 granular North of ated area 2k, and at in, east of ea, promiarried ani d for local

estern ex- 771 acres. funds and n in beds portance facturiig

B20 acres. sturbance. seen asso- 3, may be

nining or

cline from North Shore, Malagash on the east, through Hartford and Hansford. to Clairmont, and terminating against the coal measures of Springhill mines; and that Nappan and Philip river form a northern boundary to the Cumberland coal fields, continuing westwardly to Minudie, across the Maringouin peninsula into the Hillsborough gypsum field of New Brunswick.

Not much energy has been shown in the development of this area, and although much of the gypsum is ¢concealed beneath an overburden of clay, there is strong evidence that if systematically tested, it would show much very superior rock that would warrant the establishment of important industries.

Sheet No. 36, Nappan, Cumberland county.

About 1 mile north of Nappan station, and extending westwardly to Cumberland basin, occur outcrops of importance, in a gypsiferous area traceable over 800 acres. The topography of the country is low, consisting principally of marsh or dike lands, which makes it difficult to trace boundaries. The exposures are known as the Newcombe, the Fowler, and those operated by the Maritime Gypsum Company, Limited, which cover an area of 12 acres. This Company has been operating for several years, shipping an average of 4,000 tons per year. Their operations have been carried on below the drainage level, in an open pit to a depth of 50 feet below the fractured surface, and they have

tested the ground by bore holes to a depth 'of 100 feet. During the summer of

1909 they installed a Ledgerwood cable system, and are prepared to sink to a further depth. This property is connected with the Intercolonial railway by a branch line, which also conne?' 'th their shipping pier, at tidewater, on the Cumberland basin, 23 miles f1 larry,

The rock at the surface is -rably fractured, and is mixed somewhat with clay and thin seams of dark carbonaceous material, but at depth it is white, compact, and very pure.

The follow: .z analyses will serve to show the average composition of the different expu: ares in this section:—

Sulphuric anhydride

Carbonic anhydride.

Water, loss on ignition

Insoluble mineral matter 0 0...

No. I. From the old Fowler quarry, principally carbonate of lime. II. From the Newcombe deposit, dark dirty grey, granular cry. tallization.

"III. From property of the Maritime Gypsum Company, Nappa: snow-white compact variety, occurring in nodules.

"IV. From property of the Maritime Gypsum Company, their be: variety slightly resembling white alabaster.

be V. From the property of the Maritime Gypsum Company, dirt red colour, mixed with small veins of clay throughout.

Sheet No. 37, Parrsboro, Cumberland county.

On this sheet two small patches of gypsiferous ground occur, the first abou 2 miles east of Parrsboro, the other at Clarks head, about 4 miles east of Parr: boro.

On the shore at the latter place it occurs in contact with the igueous rock in thin layers or veins, pink, black, white, and grey, associated with heavy Led of marl.

About one-quarter of a mile inland the occurrence has much more promi nence, and at one time quite extensive operations were carried on, and the prc ducts ex} orted to the United States. At this quarry the rock is a white com pact variety, showing some little anhydrite.

The following analyses are the result of samples taken from this section :-

— Te cet Ill

eo eee

i] PAM coiiginc cpclouare cous Wound sania toa tae e rier onan etal F 32°80 32°95 324: DIMER oS one exacon aes 3 i 0°70 trate, oc 3 Ferric oxide and alumina 0°40 058 0-4 Sulphuric anhydride. . 44°28 44°03 46 5 Carbonic anhydride. . . - 191 2°46 .. Water, loss on ignition IR PRL ain PACE OAC Se CU Ne NCA tire 19°72 20°00 20 8 Eusoluble mineral matters... 665d iecce Govecsvereusesesdyes CJ Un ratarreie mene Or

No. I. Sample from the shore at Clarks head, soft white, with gre spots, semi-granular.

II. Sample from old quarry, bluish-white. compact.

III. Sample from pink vein in the ma.i on shore.

OTHER DEPOSITS. There are a few smaller deposits, in addition to the above described, occur ring in Nova Scotia. They may ke enumerated as follows :—

Deposit in Colchester county.—In a small lower Carboniferous area pre truding through the Triassic sandstones on the Lynds property, at Debert, i

of lime. aular cry--

7, Nappan, les. their best

any, dirty ughout.

first about t of Parrseous

rock, heavy Leds

ore promi- d the prowhite com-section

:—

with grey

ed, occur

area pro-

Debert, is

an occurrence of a thin band of impure gypsum, associated with carbonate of lime. It is a dirty greyish colour, and has the following composition :—

Per cent.

am ts) Sulphuric anhydride 60 Cannons anhyiiride o60 625i suleccs cn cnaxanevanewons Aen Gis ees Ane 67 Water, loss on ignition. . '10 Insoluble mineral matter : th ae veg 52

West Advocale, Cumberland county.—Here, on the north shore of the Bay

of Fundy, occurs an outcropping of gypsum below the high weter mark.

Blomidon, Kings county.—In the marly beds that overlie the conglomerates near Pereau, and extending to Blomidon, occur many veins of selenite and fibrous gypsum, usually less than one foot in thickness and often coloured.

Indian point, Mahone bay, Lunenburg county.—At this point is a gypsiferous

area of about one square mile, of the Windsor series. Gypsum is indicated by funnel-shaped depressions extending for over 3,000 feee across the area, and forming the road bed for the Halifax and Southweste:n railway. It is possible that this deposit may develop a proposition of commercial value, as the natural facilities are good, and near both home and foreign markets.

CHAPTER V. Gypsum Deposits of New Brunswick and Magdalen Islands. GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

The occurrence of gypsum in New Brunswick, like that in Nova Scotia, in the lower Carboniferous measures, and Dr. L. W. Bailey, in the Mineral sources of New Brunswick, says: 'They usually occupy a position at or n the summit of the group, and are genenerally in cluse connexion with beds limestone, from which, in part at least, they may have been derived by alter tion." But Dawson, in Acadian Geology, says: 'They occur in all parts of t lower Carboniferous.' With which view the writer concurs.

The principal deposits are seen in southern New Brunswick, in the count of Kings, Albert, and Westmorland. In Kings, prominent outcrops are seen the vicinity of Sussex and Upham; in Albert, near Hillsborough, Hopewell hi and Demoiselle creek; and in Westmorland at Cape Meranguin and in t vicinity of Petitcodiac. In the northern part of New Brunswick gypsum is on known to occur at Plaster rock, on the Tobique river, Victoria county.

Aguin, like those of Nova Scotia, the deposits here present every variety colour and texture, yet a much greater quantity of that white clear transluce! variety known as alabaster exists, and it has been extensively operated in 1 vicinity of Hillsborough.

An index map, and several sheets showing the location of the different d posits of New Brunswick, have Leen prepared to accompany this work, and wit the following descriptions an attempt will be made to show as nearly as possib) from superficial examination, the true value of each deposit, hoping that it wi prove of valve in the development of this important industry.

Sheet No. 1, Plaster rock, Victeria county.

In the lower Carboniferous measures of the Tobique valley very prominer and extensive deposits of impure gypsum occur in the cliffs of the Tobique rive and its tributary, the Wapskehegan.

These cliffs are very conspicuous in the bank of the Tobique, often risin 125 feet or more above the river bed. The impure gypsum occurs in practicall horizontal beds, often instratified with thin veins of pure, white, compact gyt sum, with smaller quantities of selenite and fibrous varieties.

In colour it is reddish, sometimes mottled with grey, resembling somewha the Triassic sandstone, and is coarsely granular in texture. It is unfit for th manufacture of the many products to which the other deposits of New Brun: wick and Nova Scotia are so well adapted, but it is highly valued as a miners fertilizer, and will be referred to in another chapter.

ds.

a Scotia, is Mineral Reat or near ith beds of by alteraparts of the

he counties are seen in powell hill, and in the sum is only ty.

' variety of translucent ited in the

ifferent de- r, and with as possible that it will

prominent yique river.

ften rising practically pact gyp-somewhat

fit for the ew Bruns- a mineral

In the past, for many years ~onsiderable quantities of this rock have been removed and taken to Aroostook county in Maine, and used extensively in the cultivation of potatoes; and small quantities have also been used to advantage in the St. John River valley.

At present this deposit, having connexion with the Canadian Pacifie railway, is operated by Messrs. Donald Fraser and Sons, and the product taken to Montreal by rail for use in the manufacture of cement.

The following analyses of the rock will serve te show its average composition

:—

- Sample of reddish grey rock, from face on

Tobique river. - Sample resembling Triassic sandstone, from top of deposit on Fraser's farm.

Sheet No. 2, St. Martins, Kings, and St. John counties.

This sheet, which covers a large tract of country, is made particularly to show the location of the Hammond River gypsum deposits with reference to the St. Martins railway, which connects Quaco harbour, on the Bay of Fundy, with the Intercolonial railway at Hampton (distance 28 miles). They also cover n small area at Martins head.

The Hammond River gypsiferous areu, consisting of 250 acres, although it is reported that a few hundred tons have Leen removed, has never been systematically operated, or even prospected, yet there is much evidence of a deposit: of commercial importance.

The location of this area is in Upham, parish, and erosses the railway about 11 miles from the Bay of Fundy terminus at Quaco. An outerop of a very excellent snow-white gypsum occurs on the Hammond river, about one mile below the railway bridge. Other outcrops are observed at points 14 and 24 miles eastwardly from the railway. These are much more prominent exposures, and show white, compact gypsum, somewhat varied with the selenitie varieties.

If, on testing, this property should prove as good as the surface indicates. being so easily accessible to railway and comparatively near a shipping port, -t would be a desirable location for a manufacturing industry for supplying either the home or foreign market.

The following analyses show the composition of average samples taken this area :—

on er

No. I. Snow-white, from Hammond River outerop, near Upham. "II. White, 24 miles from Hammond River outcrop,

This sheet also shows a small isolated gypsiferous area, consisting of xeres situated at Martins head, on the Bay of Fundy coast, 21 miles north: from Quaco. Here the gypsum shows much disturbance, and is in close cont with the older Pre-Cambrian rocks.

The outcrops are greyish-white in colour, and have associated with t! heavy leds of marl, which carry veins of fibrous gypsum and irregular ma: of much contorted gypsum; and although at tide waters, it is on an exp coast, where it is difficult to provide protection for shipping, it cannot be sidered of much commercial value.

Sheet No. 3, Sussex Valley, Kings and Westmorland counties.

On this sheet are shown four gypsiferous areas, known as Apohaqui, sisting of 313 acres; Mount Pisgah, 678-4 acres; Smith creek, 320 acres: : Petiteodiac, 454 acres. A great part of some of these areas is in low grou

Beginning at the west, the Apohaqui area is the most important. The lo tion is on high ground and the opportunities for development are good. On farm of Col. Campbell prominent outcrops of gypsum occur, from 20 to 40 f high. It is white and very compact, having the appearance of anhydrite some points, but by analyses shows the requisite amount of water, and suita for all ordinary manufacturing requirements.

About 4 miles east of Sussex station, in the valley of Smith creek, ot! outcrops occur, but the greater part of the exposures are in low land, and sh much anhydrite.

Again, on the east and skirting the Piccadilly mountains, considera prominence is shown in pits and mounds, with a few exposures which are pr cipally anhydrite.

The Petiteodiac area is situated about 24 miles northwest of Petitcodi station (I. C. R.). where the outcrops occur on Faweetts brook and may

3 taken from

isting of 40 les northeast close contact

1 with them rular misses , an exposed nnot be con-ties

.

ohaqui, con- ) acres; and low ground, . The loceod. On the 10 to 40 feet inhydrite at and suitable

creek, other d, and show

considerable ch are prin-

Petitcodiae ind may be

followed for about one mile. The gypsum is greyish-white in colour, and granular in texture. Much coarse sclenite is mixed and associated with the gypsum in veins. For this reason the rock is not considered desirable for calcinirg, Lut is suitable for fertilizer or land plaster.

The following are the results of analyses from gypsum samples taken from he different deposits, us indicated below :—

Lime

Magnesia

Ferric oxide and alumina Sulphuric anhydride

I. x..m Piceadilly: hard bluish rock with every appearance of anhydrite. If. From Mount Pisgah: closely associated with anhydrite. II. From Col. Campbell's: white, very compact. IV. From Petitcodiac: greyish-white, granular,

Sheet No. 4, Hillsborough, Albert, and Westmorland counties.

At this place we reach the historic point of the gypsum industry of New Brunswick. Here for nearly a century the business of manufacturing and exporting the crude rock has been carried on under efficient management and with the most modern equipment of any place within the territory under consideration. This has had much to do with making it one of the leading industries in the Province.

In this part of New Brunswick the deposits of gypsum are more extensive and prominent than at any of the other points. They may be divided and known as Hillshorough, Demoiselle brook, Hopewell, and the Little Ridge Ceposits, running northwardly from Cepe Enrage, in Albert county, and the Cape Maringouin area on the eastern side of Shepody bay. Of the Albert county deposits, those of the greatest purity are those operated at Hillsborough and Demoiselle brook. consisting of a total area of 14 square miles. These gypsum deposits, and their operation, while of great economic importance, present favourable opportunities for studying the many interesting geological problems connected with their formation. The great variety and occurrence of both gypsum and anhydrite having various colours and textures, generally white and firmly

s compact, but sometimes grey, pink, and selenitic, occurring closely associated

¥ith anhydrite, gives much food for thought.

The rock is usually taassive—although much of it has a stratified apy ance, lying in horizontal beds of various thickness—showing little disturb Although the greater part of the rock is white and compact, in places where gypsum is covered with an overburden of clay, a grey granular, often sele: variety occurs near the surface, sometimes intermixed with selenitic eryst a sample of such is shown in Plate V. Again, very occasionally veins o cutting through the strata, having a folded or crumpled ribbon-like struct as shown in Plate XXIII.

Dr. Bailey', who has made a special study of these deposits, gives the fol ing description: 'At several points on the northern edge of the outcrops — siderable quantities of gypsum are found, being snow-white in colour, and v ing in molecular structure, some of it being of exceedingly fine grain, and s quite coarse and sufficiently soft to be crushed between the fingers, with ir mediate grades of fineness, but all grades equal in purity and colour.

'This part of the deposit is in masses, and not any in regular seams. V the pure white stone are intermixed veins of discoloured "ypsum, of all sh: of red, grey, and blue-grey. Most of these discoloured masses contain mor less grit, and when subjected to hydrochloric acid effervesce and show dence of the presence 'of carbonate of lime. Occasionally seams of red 1 like store fill the space between the seams and fissures in the gypsum. T are rarely in horizontal positions, but as a rule cut the face at varying an; and occasionally *-e nearly perpendicular. This marl-like substance also tains carbonate |\.ne. Underlying the beds of pure white and mix 1 st as above described, masses of anhydrite ure found; sometimes in thin la only, and at other times in beds of such thickness that attempts to penet them have been given up as unprofitable, and work has been pursued elsewh Immediately under the white stone, and running into it without any percept break, are generally found beds of pure anhydrite, which at this time hav: commercial value.

'Indications of pure, white stone, of this character, are visible at m points along the northern edge of the gypsum deposit, for a distance of al three-quarters of a mile. The surface indications of this gypsum belt ext in width for about half a mile, the belt running in a northeasterly and so westerly course, the southern edge rising somewhat abruptly against a steep hillside which is supposed to consist largely of a reddish conglome that apparently forms the south wall against which the gypsum rests. ' higher up on the hillside, and on the summit, freestone boulders are seen, a' short distance below the summit a clean break and opening exposing the f stone is quite conspicuous. At this point, several natural trenches, paralle each other, with walls of freestone, and about 20 or 30 feet apart. exposed for a distance of several hundred yards, strongly suggesting the e tence of a series of faults or downthrows. Thus, the gypsum area would s 'to be bounded on two sides by marked dislocations converging westward at

: Seteeeat isan of the Province of New Brunswick, p. 90.

tified appear. - disturbance ces where the ften selenitic itie erystels: r veins occur ke structure,

es the follow. outcrops cor: ur, and varyin, and some 3, with inter. jour.

seams. With 'of all shades tain more or id show eviof red mar!- sum. These rying angles, nee also conmix: 1 stone, 1 thin layers to penetrate

ed elsewhere, F

y perceptible time have no

ible at many nce of about 1 belt extend y and southainst a very conglomerate

rests. Still e seen, anda ing the free s, parallel to t apart, are ing the exis 1 would seem stward at an

z

angle of about 45°. Between the northerly and southerly edges the gypsum formation are several small valleys, evidently the work of brooks which have cut their way through the gypsum and have created at some points small bays or openings that have caught and retained alluvial deposits, producing meadows or intervals, which are exceedingly fertile. At many points the gypsum has entirely disappeared, leaving only the anhydrite exposed. The main brook on the northerly side rises apparently at the west end of the gypsum deposit, and

flows in an easterly direction, until it falls over a limestone beu, with a descent of about 8 feet, and at this point the conglomerate rock upon which the limestone rests is exposed, dipping towards the northwe. at an angle of about 20 degrees, and rising rapidly to the south until it reaches the top of a hill about three-quarters of a mile distant, at an elevation of about 150 feet. At this point the limestone is exposed and plainly seen on the surface. It then dips slightly to the south, and again underlies a gypsum formation of from 50 to 60 feet in height. The conglomerate rock is also to be seen a little farther to the westward, on the slope of the hill as it descends towards the river. This exposed body of gypsum is very much broken and discoloured, and of so little value that, though much nearer a convenient point for shipment than the main quarries now in operation, it is not at present worked and is not considered a profitable field from which to draw a supply. Following the main brook already referred to, in a westerly direction, the wall 'of anhydrite extends the whole leagth of the gypsum deposit, though not unbroken,'

Several quarries have been opened and operated in this section by the Allert Manufacturing Company, some of which are illustrated in Plates XXIV and XXV, and much underground work is being carried on. The working face of these quarries varies from 25 or 30 feet to over 100 feet, and some parts are covered with a heavy overburden of clay, while others are quite free from it. Where the surface of the gypsum is free from clay covering, it is very uneven and full of depressions and blow holes, which extend downwards many feet. In some of the quarry faces anhydrite occurs in veins or bands, cutting across and through the quarry in very irregular forms, at times destroying the whole value of the quarry, but in some eases it has been worked through and the quarry redeemed. This is also true of the underground workings, where large rooms 40 feet or more in height have been worked out, usually having a floor of anhydrite. Attempts have keen made to test the depth of this floor, but so far ho satisfactory results have been obtained.

The Albert Manufacturing Company—as before mentioned—has been operating at this point more or less extensively for years, and has shipped its crude product, with few exceptions, to the Calvin Tomkins Company in New York. The quarries are connected by railway with the Company's shipping pier, and transportation to New York is usually done with steamers, which load only when the tide is out. (See Plate XXVI.)

On the southern end of this area, at Demoiselle brook, the Wentworth Gypsim Company has been operating for a few years in a small way.

For about 15 years this Company has quarried from the surface, and ship, annually about 5,000 tons. Very similar conditions to those at Hillsborou vere found; with perhaps the anhydrite more prevalent, hence the quart were abandoned. In the latter part of 1908 this Company started undergrou operations, and was successful in developing an excellent deposit of snow-whi finely compact variety of gypsum.

From these underground workings the Company had mined at the end 1909, 7,000 tons, which has been hauled over the Harvey and Salisbury railv to a shipping point at Hillsborough, a distance of 8 miles, whence it is forward to J. B. King and Company, at New York.

Sixteen miles south from Hillsborough, and about 2 miles west from shore of Shepody bay, the next gypsiferous area occurs—known as Hope hill. The area contains 7-5 square miles, but principally concealed measu The southern boundary is the Shepody river, and no further indications : seen, going south, until New Horton is reached, 28 miles south of Hillsborou where a narrow gypsiferous area occurs, extending to the shore at Cape Enr: but here, like at Hopewell hill, few outerops occur, and the measures are o traceable by surface indications.

In Westmoreland county, on the peninsula which divides Shepody bay fr Cumberland basin and terminates in Cape Maringouin, occurs a gypsifer area of 3-14 square miles. The gypsum occurs at Pink rock on the w side of the peninsula, and has a variety of colours, as white, grey, : pink, outcropping 'on the beach. It is both granular and compact in textu and associated with it is seen lenticular masses of anhydrite, in some cases 0! part of the original mass being intact, thus giving it the appearance of a wed This deposit is controlled by a company subsidiary to the Albert Manufacturi Company, that has operated to a small extent; shipping the product to United States.

and shipped Lillsborough the quarries underground snow-white,

; the end of ury railway is forwarded

st from the as Hopewell d measures. ications are Lillsborough, 'ape Enrage, res are only

dy bay from

gypsiferous

n the west , grey, and ; in texture, 1e cases only of a wedge. nufacturing duct to the

Gypsum quarry of Albert Manufacturing Company, Hillsborough, N.B

UN "y3nosoqsy [tp] 'Auvdatog Suanqovsnur py Maq Ty jo Aurenh fs)

sisi ale

mires passes" Hohn ehitin Mond 4 gadis Comndessiond SL. lt

"AN 'YSncaogei['}] 'Auvdutog Burmzoenuvyy yreqry : epi MOT 38 Burpvo, vuungr "gg

"TAXNN 4@tv1qg

Pirate XXVII.

Workmen with tools in Gray quarry, Hillsborough, N.B.

isi at asslncncnaeaSishaon i eee saint desiccant ened tuadSuanaltla acute o 1 SRNaUNS ales cred sp fowdhoe Semebeas \oomwnn 7 ee oe 4 08.0 OF.0 [otter ects ecto eee cs eeee pexoUTUT EFqnyosUT oct orc gt.0 6-06 06-06 08-08 Gh.0G 9.08 t-0g ag.6E [eeeee tect eeeceeee cece eee WoHTUB! uo seo] 'A078 A,

eee Cy eames ice ESRTY Mieay: Seca 'i " ine Pas tecateay dae aaeeeet eesti: Winds £2-6b 06-9F OF.-9F (9.9% 09-96 08-9F BEF 96-9 1 HSH OB.OF cee eee eee eens opupAque orniyding Bee Vege Wytocgunteapiacy vals an ASU cer ig doexesnsosn "et iad. robean Lerbinavetars wurunye pus oprro ou0g stew wwe 44 stews cargos seerere eloscccscces ee ee ee SRASCCSWETADESR OER OTOH BEVERS Lendhse tee e eee Swousepy ose |voce esse jooee |ovse (oose loose |ocee cues bide, ohhh tsass cs eainnces adbanie teen, ii 2 Se ee Se ee ex I rea ar a es aoe ais nay (eae nme es cn ae a eee os t KESTER Sore ae a x ar ¥ essai Allott ¢ — soesat a — -

— POL SIp SIqy UL UINsdds ay Jo oBusvAT [¥49ue7 94} MOYs 03 OArOS [[ TA pewworpur szurod ur1o1y sojdures yo sesdjvuu Burmoppoy oy

No. I. A very fine compact rock, dull white in colour, from the Allert Manufacturing Company, Hillsborough.

" II. A grey compact variety, from the same location as No, 1.

"ILI. Rock containing crystals of selenite, as shown in Fig. 6, colour white, compact texture, from Hillsborough quarries.

"IV. Sample of banded dark grey and white gypsum, from Hillsborough quarries,

# V. Ordinary white rock, from Hillsborough quarries.

" VI. White alabaster, from Hillsborough quarries,

VIL. Pink alabaster, from Hillsborough quarries,

" VIII. Manufactured terre. alba, from the Albert Imanufacturing Company's mill at Hillsborough. :

" 1X. From Wentworth Gypsum Company's underground quarry at Hilisborough, snow-white, compact variety.

si X. Location same as No. 9, and similar in colour and texture.

Gypsum Deposits Of The Magdalen Islands.

Before entering on a particular description of the gypsum deposits, it is considered advisable to give a general description of the whole group as shown on the accompanying map.

Situation—The Magdalen islands are situated about the middle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and are within the parallels of 47 degrees and 30 minutes and 47 degrees and 5 minutes north latitude, and between 61 degrees anid 5 minutes and 62 degrees and 12 minutes west longitude, and at a distance of about 150 miles from the coast of Gaspe; 60 miles from Meat cove, Cape Breton, where they are connected by submarine cable with the mainland; and 120 miles from Pictou, Nova Scotia, from which port the mail steamer make . onnexions twice each week during the open season on the Gulf of St. Lawrer

Description—tThere are ten distinct islands in the group, designated on all charts. and in public documents, under the names of Excry, Amherst, Deadman, Grindstone, Alright, Wolfe. Grosse Isle, Coffin, and Brion, and the grant also included the Bird islands. Four of these, namely, Entry, Deaiman, Brion, and the Bird islands, are isolated, having no connexion with each other, or with the principal group. The other six islands, namely, Grosse Isle. Coffin, Alright, Wolfe, Grindstone, and Amherst, comprised in the Letters Patent under the collective name of Magdalen islands, are united to each other by sand dunes, and in some places lagoons of considerable extent are formed by the sand dunes.

Harlours.—The principal harbours are Amherst, [Louse harbour, and Grant Entry.

The steamer also calls at the breakwaters at Amherst and Grindstone, an! the landing places at Alright island, Coffin island, and Etang du Nord.

he Albert

1¢

Isborcugh

ing Comwarry at

ire.

sits, it is

as shown

le of the minutes es and Ss stance of ve Breton, 120 miles onnexions

designated Amherst, , and the ry, Deatwith each rosse Isle. e Letters ach other formed by

nd Grand

stone, an!

rd.

By reference to the Admiralty Chart of these islands, it will be seen that these harbours are safe and suflicient for small! draft vessels, and the recent addition to the breakwaters gives ample protection to all ordinary shipping.

Topography.—-The low lands, which border the sea coast, present a uniform appearance, generally undulating or level. The centre of the islands is made up of numerous conical shaped hills, some as high as 580 feet above sea-level.

No rocks are observed protruding through the soil, which extends from the highest to the lowest levels, and every foot of land is available for cultivation, except a small part of the low lands, which are occupied by swamp.

These islands are not the barren, isolated spots conceived by some; but on the contrary, the best authorities assert that the soil of the Magdalen islands is well suited for agricultural purposes, and richer than that of Prince Edward Island, which is considered the Garden of the Gulf.

Inhabitants.—The population is about 7,000, principally of French descent. The exceptions are: Entry island, which is Scotch, and Coffin island, which js English. The people are of good moral character, cheerful, and industrious. The men are capable of enduring great fatigue, ad unsurpassed as able seamen. They are expert as fishermen, which, with farming, is their principal oceupation.

Roads.—The islands are furnished with good roads, well maintained and good accommodation for driving can be secured at reasonable rates, at aimost any point.

Gypsum Deposits—It would be very much a repetition of what has already been said to deal at length with the geology of the deposits on these islands. They occur practically as those of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, in the lower Carboniferous measures, and associated with the deposits of carhonate of lime. It might be said, that here they are in a closer position to the irruptive rocks—dolerite and diabase—which make up the many conical-shaped hills, and are the nucleus of the whole geological Structure of the Magdalen islands; and many times they form the lower members of the lower Carboniferous group.

The most important deposits occur on Grindstone, Alright, Amherst, and Entry islands,

On Entry island the gypsiferous area, consisting of 208 acres, occurs on the south coast, near the lighthouse. It is well exposed on the sea shore, in the immediate vicinity of the irruptive rocks, overlaid by heavy beds of marl, containing boulders of dark limestone and gypsum, with veins of the fibrous variety cutting through it in many directions.

Some of the fibrous gypsum is very pure and white. Samples are shown in

& PlateIV. The gypsum is a se!t granular variety, varying in colour from white

to dark grey. At Amherst it occurs in considerable dimensions in the same Position with

the older rocks, on the coast at Pleasant bay east of Demoiselle hill, and has a

total area of 720 acres. Jt extends inland almost to the southern coast, a (i tance of nearly 1) mis, .ad skirting the hill appears again on the coast of Demoiselle. The deposits are well exposed on the coast, and are traces!

inland by deep depress:on¢ or sinkholes. Some of these depressions are an ac or more in area, and from +'! to 50 feet deep. In the larger of these the gyps: may be observed. Tl a white compact variety, with parts of it show: red streaks.

An area of ; iopcaranee, consisting of about 400 acres, occurs the northwest of ' .xtending from Southwest cape to West poi The gypsum here ot rs 'he coast, and has associated with if marls cy ing fibrous gypsum.

Grindstone islavc . rest rvee 'f.20 square miles) and most pron nent exposures of al! island on the sea coast a short distan north of Cape Meu narl and limestone and extending nort wardly miles, w! it agus 'terops on the Arsneau 'property with co siderable prominence. Jt has 4 dirty grey colour, and a large portion of Las a granular textu From the shore it ean be traced westwardly, followii

the contour of the hills, by outcrops and depressions, to Etang du Nord, whe it cutcrops on lot 184, in a prominent ridge, and also on the adjoining lot, in depression which forms a pond of water, and where cliffs may be seen on o side from 40 to 60 feet high. Again, about midway between the coast and Eta du Nord, on vacant lands, more outcrops are observed. The rock presents ma varieties both of colour and texture, as will be noted below in the table analyses.

Again, skirting the irruptive cliffs near Cape Alright on Alright islam another very similar gypsiferous area is seen. The high cliffs at this point a cnly the remnants of one or more irruptive hills, that form the base of t gypsum deposits, and, therefore, the exposures of gypsum on the sea coast 2 not extensive. Inland, however, the same conditions are observed, and outcro are seen in several places on the higher grounds, and where the depression have left the gypsum exposed. This area extends westwardly across the island Little bay, but here the land is low and the gypsum concealed.

Many years ago a few small cargoes of gypsum were taken from the islands to the Quebec market, but owing to the indiscretion of the operat in making a selection of the rock, the results were not satisfactory. Since th time no attempts have been made to develop or even test these deposits, whi showed much evidence of the existence of a good variety of gypsum, and evidence of the occurrence of anhydrite.

The deposits are not as prominent nor as extensive as many of those Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, yet with their vantage-point for the Car dian market they should ke considered among those having considerable co mercial value.

oast, a dis coast west re traceable are an acre the gypsum

it showing

, occurs on West point nails © yrynost

promi rt distance ding north- y with conortion of it y, following Nord, where ng lot, ina een on one - and Etang sents many he table of

ight island, is point are base of the a coast are nd outcrops depressions he island to

from these ie operators

Since that osits, which um, and no

of those of r the Canaerable com:

Pirate XNVITE

nr C Meule. Gri rane aS : ape Meule, Grindstone island. Simwing a cisaracteristic rounded topped hill of the

Magdalen iskends.

set eh

ia

ws.0¢ $8.05 00.08 of-0g 00-08 xe.08 @-08 08.03 o¢.0g ctor NOR ORs fey Asse "mang wo Seog "ane AA erat eadias a ole. vereeeeceel ge.g 68.1 20.0 og.1 62.0 22.0 coeretees| sesso - gpa Aqure oMtOq ED £0.9F IF. 9F 98.4 91-96 $6.46 69.#F Pons I¢'ch 88-9F $6-8F 28.96 aaa Sac a opupAque ounydjng SI-0 81-0 1t.0 9F-0 #3-0 88.0 910 03.0 02.0 98.1 01-0 i aad Nia le al SUIUIN[® PUY spLxo 90104 ey beatae: lee lene oFo rs "ms ee ee a 29.26 GFE 63.28 86.18 6.2 of.ze go ze onze / $2.26 — 08.08 19.26 ar tra seal eras Sates a Dara owe] fe ee ee eres eae ol, ae

Ix x XI IIA A IA oA Al 111 i ot a oie

—isysodop Juodoaytp oy wos Ueyey soyduies jo JO BY} O1U Burmoppoy ayy

~e,

No. I. From lot No. 100, Alright island: a very pure white compact roc sf II. Fibrous gypsum associated with the gypsum, Alright island. "III. From lot No. 184, Etang du Nord, has rather a salty structur with a greyish white colour.

"IV. White compact gypsum taken from an exposure in the wall of sink hole or depression at Etang du Nord, near lot No. 184.

- V. Sample of pink rock associated with the marls in cliffs near ('a Meule, Grindstone island,

VI. A dirty greyish granular rock from Arsneau lot, Grindstone islan

" VII. An average sample taken from vacant lands on Grindstone islan greyish white, with compact texture.

" VIII. A dark bluish rock from Ryan cove, Grindstone island.

IX. Dark greyish with selenitic crystals, occurring on the shore ne Cape Meule.

ee X. Fibrous gypsum from Entry island, shown in Fig 2.

XI. White compact gypsum, with some streaks of red, occurring on tl

shores near Demoiselle hill, Amherst island.

mpact rock. island. y structure,

e wall of a No. 184.

near Cape tone island. tone island,

shore near

ring on the

Chapter Vi.

Manufacture of Plaster.

By referring to the formula for plaster of Paris, on page 36, it is seen that about two-thirds of the original water of crystallization or combined water has been driven off, in course of the process. Dehydration to this extent cau, as above noted,' be accomplished at any temperature between 212° F. and 400° F.; it is found, however, for economy of fuel and time, that it is best to car-> on the process at the highest allowable temperature.

Two operations are necessary in the manufacturing of plaster of Pacis; the mineral must be finely ground, and properly calcined. The grinding either precedes or follows the calcining; the order of the two operations depends on the method used in calcining. If the method of calcining is by kettle, the grinding is usually done first; if the calcining is carried on in kilns or rotating cylinders, the raw material is fed to them as it comes from the crusher, and the fine grinding follows.

In the typical American mills using the kettle calcining process, the general operations are as follows :—

The lump gypsum, as taken from the quarry, is dumped into a bin, which automatically discharges it on to a rock slide. It is dumped directly on to the rock slide, down which it runs to the nipper, a reciprocating jaw crusher, passing through which it falls into the cracker, which is a heavy machine of the coffee mill or toothed spindle type. This reduces the crushed rock to the size of an average grain of corn. From the cracker the material goes to a rotary dryer, which eliminates about 10 per cent of the moisture. Next, the rock is screened over a screen of about 24 mesh, the fines going direct to the bins over the kettles, and the coarser material drops into an elevator, which raises it to bins over the millstones (For particulars see diagram showing flow of material from screen to kettle, Fig. 12, and Fig. 14.). From here it is fed automatically into the millstones, where it is reduced to flour, and conveyed by an elevator to the kettle bins, from which it is run into the kettles as required. A batch for a 10 ft. kettle is about 10 tons of gypsum flour, and when about two-thirds of the water of crystallization is driven off (requiring about 24 hours), it becomes plaster of Paris; and from a door in the side of the kettle, near the bottom, it is run off into what is known as the hot bin, built in the ground behind the kettles. The material from here slides down the inclined bottom of the hot bin, through gates into a spiral conveyor, by which it is taken to an elevator and discharged into classifiers, which separate the coarser particles. The product, Coarse and fine, is taken by two conveyors into the warehouse; the fine being

'Seé@ formula page 3.

~-coremengeneate

deposited either in the mixer bin or the plaster of Paris bin, while the coars particles pass to a bin over regrinding millstones, and after passing through them, is again elevated and rejoins the fine material. By means of gates in the floor beneath the plaster of Paris bin, the material drops through spouts int: bags, for shipping neat. The plaster of Paris in the mixer bin drops throug! to the mixers, being therein mixed with fibre and retarder, and is then bagel and shipped as hard wall plaster.

Description Of Machinery.

The nipper or jaw crusher (Plate XXIX) is used for coarse reduction.

It is designed to stand heavy strains and rough usage. When used for gypsum crushing it is usually equipped with corrugated jaws to prevent clog. ging. The machine shown in the illustration has a jaw opening of 15" x 22" with a capacity of material to pass a 2" ring of 12 to 25 tons per hour: approximate weight 10,000 pounds; 36" x 104" belt pulley; and with a speed o: 200 revolutions requires 15 horse-power. It is listed at $550. A similar crusher having a capacity from 25 to 40 tons, and jaw opening of 22" x 28", is quote at $850.

The nipper is usual!; followed by the cracker (Plate XXX), and will reduce the product to the fineness of corn.

The machine is of the rotary type, provided with break pin safety pulleys and is listed at $650. The dryer is a cylinder 4 feet in diameter, by 27 feet long, weight 21,000 pounds. It should te equipped with an automatic feeder and exhaust fan. It is built in brick-work, similar to a horizontal boiler, and is listed at $2,500. Any kind of fuel oil, gas, coke, coal, or wood may be used, but the products of the fire should not come in contact with the material being dried, as it is liable to discolour it.

The classifier is used to separate that portion of the material already crushed sufficiently fine for calcining purposes from the material requiring grinding, and gives greater efficiency to the millstones.

The classifier shown in Plate XX XI is a new machine, recently put on the market by the J. B. Ehrsam & Sons Mfg. Co., of Enterprise, Kansas, U.S.A. and it is reported as giving excellent results. It 'will handle from 10 to 15 tons of ground gypsum per hour, and take cut 100 mesh fines. It occupies a floo1 space of 8 x 6 feet, and is 6 feet high; weighs 4,500 pounds, and should be run at a speed of 800 to 1,200 revolutions per minute, according to the capa: city required. The machine is provided with a cut off, so the amount of fines may be regulated from 80 to 100 mesh, as may be desired; and the product i: not affected by the fluctuation of 50 or 100 revolutions per minute, or irregular feeding, which is a feature to be desired in mill practice.

For final reduction there are various mills designed, as the Stedman disintegrator, the Sturtevant rock emery mill, and the French burr millstones. The latter are generally used and give the most satisfactory results.

The Stedman disintegrator is composed essentially of four concentrically placed steel bar cages. Of these cages the first and third revolve in one direction

the coarse g through ites in the bouts into s through en bagged

uction.

used for vent clog: ee enge. per hour; a speed of ar crusher

is quoted and will

ty pulleys, ry 27 feet tic feeder oiler, and y be used, rial being

already requiring

mut on the s, U.S.A, to 15 tons ies a floor should be the capa it of fines product is irregular

Iman disnillstones

.

centrically direction

Prats XXIX: it

Mccann tt

Setetes pee

Nipper or Jaw Crusher used for coarse reduction,

sesesonpeapepnes:

Cracker for tine reduction.

Pate XXX.

oa

Perea

while the second and fourth revolve the opposite way. The material is fed into a hopper, which discharges it into the centre of the cages. The gypsum lumps are struck by the bars of the inner cage, and thrown outward at high velocity ; the bars of the second cage, revolving in an opposite direction, strike them a blow of double force, and the operation is repeated by the third and fourth cage in succession, completing the reduction.

In the Sturtevant rock emery mill, the ordinary millstones are replaced by a manufactured stone. It is constructed with a circular iron cup or shell, the centre is made of a dise of burrstone, while the portion near the rim is set with slams of rock-emery, cemented by metal poured in while molten, Radial strips of burrstone are set so as to continue the furrows from the central burrstone to the rim of the wheel.

The French burrstones are too well known to require description.

The burrstone mills are made to operate vertically or horizontally, the former in most cases being preferable.

Plate XXXII represents the Enterprise vertical burr mill, which is especially designed for gypsum grinding. The mill is simple in construction, provided with a spreading device to throw the stones apart when not grinding, and bring them together again when grinding is resumed, without changing the adjustment screw. The spindle and bearings are made especially strong, and the latter dust-proof. The spindle is also provided with a safety device, which allows the stones to spread apart, preventing accidents when harder foreign substances get mixed with the material being ground. The stones are made interchangeable, and can easily be removed for dressing; when two or more mills are installed, it is advisable to have an extra pair of stones, which will enable the operator to keep the mill in operation while the stones are being redressed.

These mills are provided with a mechanical feeder which guarantees uniform feeding of the required capacity. The 36" mill requires a floor space of ¥-3" x 4'-2"; its height is 5'-9"; approximate weight, 6,800 pounds; listed at $650, extra burrstones 36" diameter are listed at $134 per pair,

Calcining kettles are con.iructed in the form of a hollow cylinder, made of boiler steel, from j" to 3" thick. Tleir depth is about equal to their diameter, ranging from 6 to 10 feet. This cylinder is set on an iron ring, and on the ring inside the cylinder rests the bottom. The bottom is east, and should be made from the very best scrap iron, and also of such a mixture of iron as to make the shrinkage as low as possible. It is conveyed upward, and has a thickness of about 3" at the edges, and 4" at the crown. Sectional kettle bottoms are sometimes used, made of six radial sections and one round centre piece, and although they are not always satisfactory on account of unequal shrinkage, yet as the life of a kettle bottom terminates with cracking, it has merits, as any cracked section may be replaced without disturbing the kettle or the brick-work.

The top of the kettle is covered with a sheet iron eap, having a movable door through which the raw material is introduced, and a stack hole for the exeaping vanours, The old style kettles were built without flues passing through

them, but in all modern kettles they have two or four flues. Plate XXXiI| shows the general construction of Ehreman's four flue kettle, in brick setting

In this the furnace gases come in contact with the kettle bottom, the tuyeres placed around the entire inside circumference of the wall supporting the kettle, after which they travel in an annular chamber around the ference of the shell to the two lower tubes, passing through them to an wyyer ennular space, again around the circumference to the two upper flues, th, to the chimney.

The kettles are usually arranged in line, and operated in pairs, having feeding chute and one hot pit for each pair. It is necessary that the materi! in the kettle should Le constantly agitated, and for this purpose a line of shit! ing is placed over the kettles, which has attached, for each kettle, a {t. vertical pinion wheel, which drives a horizontal cog crown wheel, attached © 4" vertical shaft running to the bottom of the kettle, and supported in tix centre by bearings attached to the flues. Above the flues, on the vertica! shaft, is attached a paddle-shaped cross arm, and at the bottom a curved arm having either movable teeth with paddles, or chains which are so adju-'i! as to throw the material from the outside to*the centre; revolving at about revolutions per minute and requiring from ten to twenty horse-power. [i, from any cause, the agitation should stop, the material settles down on tlic bottom, and, owing to the intense heat, the bottom is very liable to be melte.

The kettle flues gradually increase in diameter from 7" to 16", and whien four are placed in a 10 ft. kettle, on a horizontal line, they are 36" apart, jit when placed in pairs two above the other, they are from 10" to 15" apart.

In the matter of fuel economy, experiments between two kettles, one with four flues placed on a horizontal line, and one with four flues placed in pairs. two above the other, were tried by Mr. Lowe of Grand Rapids. The results ire given by Grimsley' :—

'The kettles were properly set and with good draft. The gypsum wa: ground so that 85 per cent would pass through a 40 mesh sieve. The expe: ment was watched on the second batch after the kettle had been fully heated. The material was discharged after the second setting, and was fully calcined, and the weight of plaster was eight and one-fourths tons, with a water percentage of five and one-half.

Condition Pounds Time HP

Required.

Type of Four-flue Kettle. ol oO! Rock. Bitum. Coal.) Hours.

Eibeeh. Deak GO is acc. ess cwenavcss .. Green 1,030 3 7-12 ey Return, flues $3 ' Picwueves 880 3 8-12 13 Co he Ee iene nas ee ctrsie 12. 3 eine! S50 2 10-12 104 PROUT CRUMB EE ceed x cnn ves ces Ae ope PSNR ER os 738 2 11-32

*The Gypsum of Michigan, Vol. ine Part II, p. 123.

kK setting om, ©! juppoerting e Cireiiman Upper as, th AVINE ove ) Material of shit ©, a! ft. ched ©: ed in the ie vertical ved y adjusted about 15 wer. If, m on thie melted.

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Vertical Burr Mill.

Prate XXNUH,

Piate XXXIIL.

: standard setting,

Ebrsman's four flue Calcining Kettle

'The material in the second experiment was discharged at the end of the first settling, and the total weight of plaster was eight and one-half tons, with a water percentage of eight. In the direct arrangement the heat passes through flues and out. In the return, the heat passes through two flucs, then back through other two and out.

' Condition Pounds Time H.P Type of Four-flue Ket*le, of of in itenuinad Rock. Bitum.Coal. Hours. required.

ee ce

Direct, Sues 0000 ee. ee 765 2 12 ee " ' 660 2¢s is ee Ss 600 27, 104 PIE 565 oes ieceectnsesacivlest oko 520 j 2y5 114

In starting a kettle, the heat is gradually increased while the crude material is being slowly fed. The material thus gradually added is constantly agitated: when the kettle is full and the temperature rises to about 225° or 230° F.. the contents boil violently as the water is driven off and out the vapour stack. When the temperature reaches about 270° F., the gypsum settles down, leaving a vacant space of about 16", and the steam almost ceases. This is known as the first settling. Between 280° and 290° F., the mass rises again, often throwing part of the material over the top of the kettle, and when a temperature of 350° to 370° F., is reached, the process is completed and the material is readily withdrawn through the gate near the bottom, which is controlled by a lever from the top.

Table Showing Details of the Ehrsam Caleining Kettles.

Diameter of kettle... . 6 8 8 Ww Height of kettle. 6 3 8 . Number of flues. . henner 2 2 4 ; Diameter of flues 2... 'ona 12 la 14 1s Thickness of shell in kettle. . ... Tn. ; 2 Thickness of tubes in kettle. tn. . ft 4 Diameter of smoke stack. , In 14 20 24 Length of smoke stack. oe 40 48 48 48 a Bat. SEE Ape aeons 2x3 3x4 3x4 405 Diameter of upright shaft,, In. 3f5 3tR 34a 443 Length of upright shaft, iowersection. 7-6" 7-8 9-10" v-10" Length of upright shaft, upper section. . . 3-6" 3-6" 3-6 i Number of gear wheel S146 S147 S47 S170 Number of pinion.,.. .. S146 5147 S147 Sl7u Number of kettle bands. . Tat eS 3 4 4 6 Weight of .evtle and fixtures Lbs. 6,000 12,000 13,000 20,000 Number 0 common brick above floor... 10,000 16,000 17,000 23,000 Number of tirebrick 2,000 4,000 4,800 7,000 Capacity per charge... .., .. Tons, 2to3 5 to 6 b6to7 Wtol4 Power required on ground gypaum

under ordinary conditions, HP. s 15 1) p5) PUMB secs Sr esx ee 8450 $800 $900 81,200

Kettle fixtures comprise: front with doors and liners, front, grate resta, arate bars and back grate rest, one kettle ring made in sections with bolts and

couplers, one kettle bottom, two flue doors for each flue in kettle, stack plate and stack with guy wires four times the length of stack, kettle bands, one kettle cover made of sheet steel of the extension pattern, one vapour pipe made of galvanized sheet steel, one agitator shaft and bottom agitator with rakes or chain, flue agitator, shell agitator, adjustable flue bearing, adjustable bridge bearing, cast iron gear wheel and steel pinion; also one pair of double gates and rods with shield and discharge spout.

The mixer is a machine having essentially two compartments, a mixing chamber, and a sacking chamber. The mixer has one mixing shaft, with two sets of paddles so arranged that one set throws the material from the outside of the mixing chamber towards the centre; at the same time causing the material to travel towards one end of the mixing chamber; while the other set of paddies causes this operation to be reversed. All working parts are made of iron or steel. The main shaft and stuffing boxes are made extra heavy, the main bearing independent of the stuffing boxes. The mixer is provided with wooden receiving hopper, lined with sheet steel. By operating a lever the operator discharges the material from the hopper into the mixing chamber. After the material has been in the mixing 'chamber a sufficient length of time (from 3 to 8 minutes) the operator, by turning a pilot wheel, opens the valves to the sacking chamber, which allows the material to discharge into the sacking cham! er. This is made of wood, lined with sheet steel, and provided with an agitator to keep the material from clogging; it also allows the mixed product to be dis charged directly into sacks for shipping.

In Plate XXXIV the Enterprise noiseless mixer is shown. It is made in two sizes, No. 1 having a capacity from 1,000 to 15,000 pounds to a charge, and from 45 to 65 tons per day of 10 hours; weight 3,800 pounds; listed price $325. No. 2 has a capacity from 1,800 to 2,400 pounds to a charge, and from 80 to 100 tons per day of 10 hours; weight 4,400 pounds; listed price $400.

Somewhat similar mixers are furnished by the Des Moines Manufacturing and Supply Company. They are known as the Broughton mixers, with style, capacity, etc., shown in the following table :—

j

— Style A—1| Style A Style B--1| Style B—2/ Style 8-3

ak PRR: pose See ae

Capacity of hopper, Ibe 1800—-2000 1000-1400 600 500 20 Bag-holders, number. 6 5 ,

Product per day of 10hours, tons) 60—90 3-0 35 rs) 7 Size of pulley, inches 30x12) 2x8 BWx8 20 6 Ww 4 Revolutions per minute. 150 160 175 160 160 Horse-power required Bete erate 18-22 8-12 B-12 h-7 34 Shipping weight evete estseraiansrscy eee Ce : List price A oer eee eae 3 675 450 400 300 20

ack plate ands, one pipe made L rakes or le bridge ible gates

a mixing with two e outside P Material of pacdidies f iron or sain bear h wooden - Operator After the from 3 to the sackcham! er. gitator to ta be dis-

3 made in a charge, sted price and from $400.

facturing vith style,

Enterprise Noiseless Mixer,

Prare XXXIV.

Fie. 4,

Scale of Feet

lant ; 250 tons in 24 hours. Designed by the F. D, Cummer & Son Co,, Cleveland, Ghio, U.S.A.

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Objections 10 The Present Sysiem Of Calcining Gypsum.

To the present system of kettle calcining there are several objections. It is not a continuous process, and it requires a great alnount of heat to perform the work and is, therefore, expensive; when the kettles are at their highest temperature they are discharged and recharged with cold material, and although the recharging is done gradually, there is large loss of heat, besides constantly causing contraction and expansion, which is a serious strain on construction. Another objection is the large horse-power required to keep the gypsum flour agitated, not only to prevent it from burning at the bottom, but also to prevent the kettle bottom from overheating. Many and various attempts have Leen made to overcome these objections by using rotating cylinders, but they too have their difficulties. The various qualities of our gypsums require different lengths of time to perform complete or partial calcination. The objection made to the cylinder process is the difficulty to determine that point. The expert calciner cannot see the plaster boiling, and all his tests—the rising vapours, the creaking machinery, ete.—have disappeared or become so modified that he can no longer recognize them.

There is no doubt, however, that in the near future these difficulties will Le overcome, and we will have a continuous process that will give a uniform product with less expense, and the old time kettle will disappear.

The Cummer System.

The Cummer continuous gypsum calcining process, shown by Fig 4, 5, and 6, designed and furnished, with description, by F. D. Cummer and 'on

Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, is not without merit.

It consists of a rotary calciner and calcining bins. The rock coming direct from mine or from storage is crushed to 3" ring, and delivered to a small storage bin situated over the feed spout of the rotary calciner. This bin 'is equipped with a mechanical feeder that regularly feeds the crushed rock into the calciner. In this machine most of thefree water is eliminated, as well as some of the water of crystallization. The gypsum remains in the calciner about ten minutes, and during this time is in constant agitation and gives off moisture.

As it leaves the calciner it is steaming and heated uniformly to the desired temperature, which varies from 400° to 600° F. The exact temperature depends largely upon the density of the rock, and the kind of product desired.

From the rotary caleciner the hot steaming rock is elevated to the calcining hins, where the calcining process is completed in about 36 hour-. During this time the residual heat brought over by the rock from the calciner completes the calcining process already started, and the material is cooled, ready for the pul- Yerizers. The now calcined material :: mechanically discharged from the bins 'and conveyed to the pulverizers. While it is of the rotary dryer type coiamonly 'used for drying gypsum preparatory to calcining in kettles, it \is entirely different in principle, and of much heavier design and construction.

The retary calciner is equipped with a special mechanical stoker and fur nace setting, with which combination perfect combustion is obtained with slack bituminous coal,

The pure, heated gases resulting from perfect combustion are drawn by a fan into a large commingling chamber, which extends the entire length of the cylinder. At the same time, sufficient air is admitted through regulators jin 'the side walls of the commingling chamber, and mixed wit! the heated gasefrom the furnace, to give the temperatures best suited to the material.

The yiivder (which is set at an incline and revolves slowly on steel rollers) has a great many hooded openings, so arranged that the heated air and gasefrom the commingling chamber are drawn by a fan through the hoods into th cylinder, in direct contact with the gypsum rock, which enters the wnachine at the front end. The rock is constantly being cascaded in the cylinder by mean of lifting blades.

In the discharge spout is a recording thermometer, which registers the temperature of the rock as it comes out and is elevated to the calcining bins. The dial of this recording thermometer is so located that the operator can watch it, and keep the rotary calciner adjusted so as to give a uniformly heated product.

The calcining bins are built of brick, or of wood lined with brick. Four bins are required for each plant, and the capacity of each bin is equal to the daily output of the plant. By the use of four bins a continuous process is obtained. One bin 'is being discharged of its cooled calcined material while the process of calcining is being completed on the material in the second and third bins, and the fourth bin is being filled with hot material from the calciner. These bins are so constructed that the material in process of calcination is thoroughly ventilated, while the outside air is excluded, which allows the residual heat carried by the material from the calciner to rapidly disseminate itself through the mass, and complete the calcining process. The temperature at which the material enters the bins determines the time of set.

Each bin is equipped with a simple device which mechanically discharges +he material, regularly and at any speed desired.

fable giving Approximate Capacity, Fuel, Horse-power, anc Labour, Cummer Continuous Calcining Process for Gypsum.

N

Capacity per Horse- Coal per day Labour Number. roped power, for calcining. per shift. , Bs 1 "

id fur 1 with

i by a of the

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Pep Cer Mixing Mins 2ities

1-60" X 6-0" KETTLE PLasTE!

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Scale of Feet e

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Tle Plaster Mill

PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND COs" OF CONSTRUCTION FOR PLASTER MILLS,

The information in the following pages is tor the construction of mills using the kettle process. The costs given approximate the true costs, as near as possible, without knowing the exact location and local conditions, The first two buildings are designed for wood construction, and details of quantities and

size of timer can be obtained from the accompanying plans. The quality of timber to be good, sound spruce, or hemlock,

(1.) Design for plaster mill, having a capacity of 25 tons in 24 hours, shown in detail by two figures, including ten detailed figures.

Figure 7.

1. Shows ground pias, with dimensions of building and layout of machinery 2. Section through calcining department.

4. Section through grinding department.

Figure 8, 1. L. agitudinal section of mill, 2. Section through mixing department. 3. Section through power house. 4. Outside appearance of building. 5. Outside appearance of building.

The machinery consists of the following :—

One 6 ft. x 6 ft. calcining kettle. " 20° Ehrsam vertical green finding burr mill. 20" Ehrsam vertical regrinding burr mill. 20' Ehrsam rotary crusher, Special enterprise noiseless mixer. Necessary elevators, conveyers, power transmission, and kettle pit feeders for the automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer. 1 power transmission material, elevators, and conveyers are of extra heavy and durable pattern, Power required to run plant, 60 horse-power, Cost of special machinery.. .. .. .. 0... 6. ee ce ce AU err aar sy Cot of 9 evators, conveyers, power transmission, and kettle pit wool SEI CENT Oi COL Trae aC EY Pe ea OR eae Approximate cost of building and bins complete, including masonry, and cost of erection.. .. .. .. 0... 0. cs ce un ce ce Approximate cost of power plant, consisting of one simple slide valve engine, one tubular boiler and connexions.. ..

oe ee oe

Approximate cost of plaster mill complete.. 2... 6. ce os ce 0s QB,7B6

: Capacity of the above described plant is 25 tons of finely ground plaster in 24 ours.

On dry gypsum 80 per cent product will go through 100 mesh.

(2.) Design for plaster mill having a capacity of 100 tons in 24 hours, shown in detail by three figures, including eleven detailed figures.

Figure 9. Fig. 1. Front elevation of rock bin. 2. Ground floor plan, with size of building, and general layout of machinery. It also shows the opportunity for increasing the capacity of the mill, if required in the future, by the addition of another kettle.

Figure 10. Fig. 1. Construction of calcining floor. 2. End view of mixer bin. 3. Second floor plan. 4. Floor over storage bins with detail of machinery. 5. Arrangement in detail of hot material elevator and screen.

1 dane,

Figure 11.

Pig. 1. Section through crushing and grinding departments. 2. Section through calcining department. 3. Section through mixing department. 4. Section through mixing department.

The machinery consists of the followin. —

Two 8 ft. x 8 ft. calcining kettles.

Two 36" Ehrsam vertical green-grinding burr mills.

One 36" Ehrsam vertical regrinding b mill.

One 15" x 22" Ehrsam jaw crusher.

One 20" Ehrsam rotary crusher.

One No. 2 Enterprise noiseless mixer.

One Ehrsam hair picker.

One 21" x 14'-0" vi ratory screen

Necessary elevators, conveyers, power ti .mission, bins, and kettle pit feeders fc the automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer.

All power transmission, elevators, and conveyers are of extra heavy and drab! patterns.

Power required to run plant, 150 horse-power.

Cost of special machinery.. .. .. Pa Gore re! Cost of elevators, conveyers, and power transmission, bins, and kettle pit feeders . ' 2,385

Approximate cost of bins and masonry and cost of erection.. .. .. .. .. eeMendiansose ecules 14,000 Approximate cost of poww replant, consisting of one 16" x 36° Corliss engine, one 72" x 18 ft. high pressure boiler, pumps and connexions.. .. .. .. 0... 4... Secs Ne

building complete, including

Approximate cost of plaster mill GOMmpleter. fs oe. bkac cs $24,500 Capacity of above described plant is 190 tons finely ground plaster in 24 hours On dry gypsum 80 per cent of product will go through 100 mesh.

(3.) Design for plaster mill, having a capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours, i shown in detail by ore figure, including eight detailed figures.

Figure 12.

Fig. 1. Section through power house. 2. Section through grinding department. 3. Section through calcining department. 4. Section through mixing department. 5. Ground plan showing size of building and arrangement of machinery. 6. Longitudinal section of mill. 7. Section through warehouse. 8. Flow sheet.

The building and bins are designed for steel construction, and to be fireproof throughout.

The machinery consists of the following :—

Two 8 ft. x 10 ft. calcining kettles.

Two 8 ft. x 10 ft. calcining kettles.

Five 42" horizontal Ehrsam burr mills.

Three Morscher-Ehrsam classifiers.

One 22 x 28 Ehrsam jaw crusher.

One 36" Ehrsam rotary crusher.

Three No. 2 Enterprise noiseless mixers.

Two vibratory screens, 21" wide by 8'-0" long.

Necessary elevators, conveyers, power transmission, and kettle pit feeders for the automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer.

Five 36" vertical Ehrsam burr mills may be installed instead of the 42" horizontal burr mills, if so desired.

All power transmission material, elevators, conveyers, and kettle pit feeders are of extra heavy and durable pattern, and cost of repairs, labour, and fuel for operating this plant is reduced to a minimum.

feeders for

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Scale of Feet

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Kettle Plaster Mill

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Power required to run plant, 300 horse-power, Cost of special machinery..

AES AEN oe ie, Freer Sag rer $ 8,685 Cost of elevators, conveyers, bins, and kettle pit feeders and

STS japg it ittagaha hae

power transmission.. Seles ene enes ee 4,386 Cost of steel buildings and bins complete 17,554 Concrete and brickwork for setting machinery.. .. 2.050 Woodwork and millwright timber Bret aoe 1,260 Millwright labour, superintendence and erection of machinery.. 3,000 Approximate cost of power plant, consisting of two 72" i8 ft.

high pressure boilers, one 1) 28" 56° high spend Corlis

engine, pumps and condenser, cooling tower, fixtures, fittings

, piping, and erection.. é 10,000 Approximate cost of plaster mill complete.. .. 2... " : $46.93.

The capacity of the above described plant is 200 tons finely ground plaster im 24 urs. On dry gypsum 9% per cent of product will go through 100 mesh

(4.) Design of plaster mill, having a capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours, is

wn in detail by two figures, including eight detailed figures

Figure 13.

Pig. 1. Plen of ground floor, with size of building and arrangement of machinery. 2 "longitudinal section of same.

Figure 14. . Section through power-house. Section through grinding and drying department. 3. Section through calcining department. 4. Section through mixing department 5. Section through warehouse, 6. Diagram showing flow of material from crushers to kettles

lig.

The building and bins are designed to be constructed of steel, and the ant to be fireproof throughout.

Three 8 ft. x 10 ft. calcining kettles.

Seven 42" horizontal Ehrsam burr milis.

Four Morscher-Khrsam classifiers.

One 22 x 28 Ehrsam jaw crusher.

One 36" Ebrsam rotary crusher.

Four No. 2 Enterprise noiseless mixers.

Two vibratory screens, 21" wide by 9'-0° long.

One No. 10 'A' Ruggtes-Coles dryer.

One No, 10 cyclone dust collector.

Necessary elevators, conveyers, power transmission, bin, and kettle pit feeders for

automatic handling of material from crusher to mixer.

Seven 36' vertical Ehrsam burr mills may be installed instead of the 42" horizontal irr mills, if so desired. All power transmission material, elevators, conveyers, bin, i kettle pit feeders are of extra heavy and durable pattern, and cost of repairs, bour, and fuel for operating this plant is reduced to minimum.

The Ruggles-Coles dryer shown in this plant is beneficial in reducing cost of grind:

S:. where material comes from quarries wet and containing from 5 per cent to 10

r cent free moisture.

Power required to run this plant, 400 horse-power.

Cost of special machinery, not including dryer and cyclone : 3 BOSE GOLINOIOE 6 sk oS 06 bh ca ae eee' Be ae eee ee Seo 11,810 One Ruggles-Coles dryer and cyclone dust collector... .. 6. . 5.200

Cost of power transmission, elevators, conveyers, bins, nd a

attia-ost L60COTR, . 65 ee ke es 4s se et ae es 55. Hs 854 Steel buildings, bins, and pebble storage tank erected comple 21,520 Woodwork and millwright timber... .. .. -. .. -. 6. ce ees 1,336 Millwright labour, superintendence, and erecting machinery.. 4,200

pers Seer tt4

f ¢t f

Approximate cost of power plant consisting of the foilowing: Three 72" x 18 ft. high pressure boilers, one 16° 32° 36"

high speed Corliss engine, pumps and condenser, cooling : tow", fixtures, fittings, piping, and erection.. eet 15,000

Approximate cost of plaster mill complete Pe cab) ee, meow $64,420 The capacity of the above described plant is 300 tons finely ground plaster in 24 ours, On dry gypsum, 95 per cent of product will gn through 100 mesh. 289—8

Habit

lid

CHAPTER VII. Products of Gypsum.

The greater part of the #)Ppstim produced is manufactured by grinding, g partial or complete calcination, into various plastevs or plaster cements, s1 as plaster of Paris, stucco, cement plasters, hard-finish plaster, flooring plast ete.

These have been conveniently classified by Eckel, in Cements, Limes, a Plasters, as:—

A. Produced by the incomplete dehydration of gypsum, the ecalcinati being carried on at ua temperature not exceeding 400° F.

(1.) Produced by calcination of pure gypsum, no foreign materials be; added either during or after calcination. seeeceeeess Plaster of Par

(2.) Produced by the calcination of gypsum containing certain natural purities, or by the addition to a calcined pur: gypsum of certain materi: which serve to retard the set of the product. +++eeee..Cement plas:

B. Produced by the complete dehydration of gypsum, the calcination ing carried on ai temperatures exceeding 400° F

(3.) Produced by the calcination of pure gypsum. Floor 2¢ plast:

(4.) Produced-by the calcination, at a red heat or ove., of gypsum, to whic certain substances (usually alum or borax) have been added. . . Hard-finish plast

Gypsum is also used in the manufacture of Portland cement, as a retarded: either as crude gypsum, as calcined plaster, or as dead-burned (aphydr u Plaster. Considerable quantities are ground without calcining and used land plaster or fertilizer, while smaller quantities are used in the manufactur of paint and paper, and as an adulterant in foodstuffs. The pottery and glas: works are large consumers of the calcined product,

It is also used with wines, to retard fenaentation and prevent tho forniation of too much free acid; also to absorb water and strengthen the product.

The pure translucent massive form known as alabaster is used by sculptors for ornaments, while more or less successful attempts have been made to harden gypsum blocks for the interior finish of publie buildings. It has been used for several years as a sul iurizing and basic flux in several smelting operations. It may aleo te worthy of note :at it is claimed that the superiority of certain English beers js attributed to the presence of calcium sulphate (gypsum) in the natural water used for their manufacture.

According to the analyses reported by Medealfe' the Burton water e02-tains 24-499 grains of caleium to the imperial gallon, combined principally as

'Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XII. v. 118.

rinding, and ments, such 'ing plate;

Limes, an. caleination rials being ar of Par

natural m- materials

ent plaster nation 28 plaster, 1, to which ish plast:

a retarder, whycr u

1 used as nufacture and glass

ha formiaroduct.

sculptors to harden een used ig Opera- 'iority of

ater conipally as

caleium sulphate. To produce a similar water to the above

ture of beers in England it is claimed that 350,000 pounds of gypsum are used annually,

for the manufac-

Plaster Of Paris.

Caleined plaster is a general term applied to all plasters produced at a temperature not exceeding 400° F., in which no foreign material has been

troduced. If this article is manufactured from a pure gypsum it is a plaster

lhe

of Paris, or stucco, which is almost synonymous, the latter he ing usually manu

factured from a fairly pure gypsum, but not quite so finely ground.

The finer grades of this product are very quick-setti: und are sold for

dental and surgical work, and for plaster casts and moulds. [t is also used for the finishing coat on interior walls of buildings. Dental and surgical] plaster is usually reground and carefully sifted so as to give a superfine plaster,

from any grit.

free

Cement Plaster.

Althoug., plaster of Paris, and cement plasters, are essentially litferent in their properties and uses, yet their process of manufacture is ve ry similar,

Ase has Leen noted, plaster of Paris is manufactured from the purest gypsum, and is quick-setting, while cement plasters are slow in setting, being manufactured from a naturally impure rock, or by adding some substance, known as a retarder, to the material during or after its manufacture. There is also a slight difference in the calcining tempers re, which in plaster of Paris is somewhat lower than that of cement plasters.

Where plaster of Paris ordinarily sets in from five to fifteen minutes, cement plaster, by the addition of retarders, may be held back from 2 to 24 hours.

Cement plasters are fast repla. ig the old time lime plaster, for the interior construction of buildings. In the United States the ratio is abcut 9 to 1 in favour of cement plaster. Less than 20 years age this was practically reversed.

It being a good non-conductor of heat it becomes very valuable in the construction of fireproof structures.

When used in the construction of fireproof partitions in buildings th: material is usually mixed with wood or cocoanut fibre, aad moulded into blocks, 80" long, 12" wide, and when solid, 2" thick. They are sometimes cored, that is having two or three holes through them longitudinally; in such eases the blocks are made 3" thick.

Studding is also made of this mixture. being cast 3" square over a core of wooed, This wood is generally used in two separate 1" ¥ 2" strips. In constructing a partition with this studding a plate and sill, of the same material and size, are used, and also a horizontal row of bridging sbout midway between plate and sill, All the ends are fastened by a socket specially made from No. 12 galvanized iron to fit over the studding, and throu; 289—-83

h which the nails are driven.

a eto

On this studding either the expanded metal or woven wire lath can be u-.J and the usual coats of plaster put on to finish, or a board manufactured the same material can be used instead of the laths. The construction of is shown in Fig. 15, detailed figures 1 and 2. The figure (a) shows the six used in fastening the ends.

Some manufacturers, instead of using wood or cocoanut fibre, have stituted sawdust and rushes. Mr. Wilder, in Vol. XII of the Geological S\:; vey of Iowa, gives a very good description of the method of matafacturi these plaster boards.

*Caleineu plaster is mixed with water, and a certain amount of said On an iron table, with a heavy iron top, are laid iron strips, which hay thickness equal to that intended for the gypsum boards. The space enclo-| by these strips also determines the length and breadth of the board. Within this space are seattered excelsior, and rushes, and over these is poured gypsum, water, and sawdust mixture. The rushes and excelsior are careful! worked 'into the middle of the mass by hand. An iron bar is drawn over top of the strips, leaving the surface of the mass either smooth or ridged. is allowed to stand about five minutes, and then the iron table on which muss rests is struck vigorously two or three times with a heavy mallet. Th:- loovens the gypsum board from the iron plate and strips. A workman takes on his shoulder and carries it to an open shed, where it stands on end until dried by natural heat. The length of time required for drying depends whol!: on the atmospheric conditions. Artificial heat for drying gypsum boards }a- proven very unsatisfactory, as the boards so dried crumble readily on expo to the air. The weight of gypsum boards 2-5 centimetres thick is about pounds per square metre, and for boards 8 centimetres thick about 120 pounds.

Other manufacturers use thin cotton cloth in alternating layers with th plaster in making boards. These boards, and the studding when finished avd dried, may be cut or sawn in lengths or size required. Interior partitions walls constructed with either these blocks, or the studding and boards, can be considered fireproof, and stand the most rigid tests.

The following repert, furnished by the United States Gypsum Compu: shows the results of a tire and water test on a building constructed of materia! similar to the shove, manufactured by them.

Report Of Fire And Water Test.

This report of fire and water test wos made upon plaster block partitions constructed by the United States Gypsum Company, 1,123 Broadway, Ne York,

The test was conducted at the fire testing station, Columbia University, 116th Street and Claremont Avenue, Nev York, on Nov. 6, 1905.

Weather observations showed the day to be damp and cloudy, with light winds from the southeast. Temperature 54° F.

a be used ired fy nm of

he sv

tical facturi

sawd

h hay enc Within

ured ¢

View show

nd until

HOM paysiutys

Is wholly ards has expo about funds," with th hed and itions or

ompil

mater iu!

Gypsum Company, Limited.

irtitions y, New

iversity,

View showing fireproof wall of gypsum as constructed by States

th light

SNe eee

Partitiens were constructed on Oetober 18, and the plaster applied on Oot 1%, 21, which made the aye of the test on partitions 10 days, and on the plaster covering 17 days,

The test started at 10-54 o'clock, and water was applied at 12 o'clock.

Method of Construction.

The partitions were erected in test house No. 2, which is designed ciusively for partition tests. It is the standard size required by the Bui! Bureau specifications, viz.. 14'-6" 9-6" on the outside and 9-6" from to ceiling. The foundation walls are 2'-4" above the ground level, and them the grate is placed. Securely anchored in the walls is a 4" angle-iron f: 'meso: which supports the roof, and te which the wail building are attached. Suitable dratt openings and chimney clues are vided.

Phe partitions formed the side walls, an? they were the only parts test. Lhe end walls and roof are of reinforced con rete, and are of perma construction P

The blocks were made of plaster of Paris. mixed with cocoanut fibre. i edges were not grooved. The partitions were formed by building up the bl

The mortar joints were 3" to thick. The mortar was a mixture of 'Iv:

''ement Mortar.' Both sides of the partitions were given a 4" coat of '1y Cement Wall Plaster," which is a product of the same Company. Each par!

tion had an area of about i138 square feet. Purpose of the Test.

Phe purpose of the test was to determine the effect of a continuous against the partitions for one hour, bringing the heat gradually up to 1,700° during the first half hour, and maintaining an average of 1,700° F. during last half of the test. Then a 1," stream of water to be thrown against the p titions for 24 minutes, at hydrant pressure, which at this location varies /: 25 to 30 pound:

Temperature.

The temperature of the fire was obtained by three electric pyromete: couples, one suspended through the centre of the roof, hanging 8" below the ceiling, and the other two inserted through the partitions at the middle, abo 2 feet from the top. Temperatures were read from each couple every thi minutes. The log of temperature readings and plotted curve for one couple ar herewith attached.

The fuel was dry cord wood and refuse tumber. Frequency of firing wa- Beverned by the temperatures recorded.

To nezsswe the heat transmitted through the partitions by conduction, thermometer was placed on the outside of cach partition, with the bare mer eury bulb in a slight hole cut in the plaster, and then surrounded by a box ' prevent air radiation.

1 on Oct

© plaster

romete! low the ' al Out v three

iple ar: ne was tion, a

e mer

box t

The following table gives the temperature readings :—

Thermometer Readings on Outside of Partitions,

Time in Minutes. Temperature

W ater,

In applying the water through the door in the end of the building it struels the part' ions at an angle, and not with full force. The stream was thrown back and forth over the whole surface of the partitions as much as possible,

and not allowed to play continuously on one spot. Lffect of Test.

Twenty minutes after starting the test ay)" crack appeared in the middle, and extended from the top to within 18' of the bottom. It was apparently a shrinkage crack in the outside plaster. At the same time, the partition as a whole bulged inward about 1".

Five minutes later cracks appeared along the steel frame at the top, aad at the corner posts. These gradually opened as the test proceeded. One half hour after the start the partition was bent inwards 14" at the middle, the crack along the top had opened 4", and that along the south corner post 7" Diagonal cracks had also developed about 3 feet from each of the lower corners The maximum cef'ection inward at the end of the hour's test was 17", but there was apparently no slipping of the blocks at the joints.

The plaster appeared to resist the fire well. With the exception small patches, the inside coat remained in place until the water struck it. Phe application of water quickly knocked all the plaster off, and washed away the blocks to the middle of the hollow spaces. The fire had ealeined the blocks to that depth (about 13"). No fire, smoke, or water came through the partitions,

and they remained firmly in place after the test As it cooled it gradually

vert back towards fts original position, The final deflection inwards was less then one inch.

The test was made in co-operation with the Bureau of Buildings. and was served by the following Bureau engineers: Inspector A, Sehwartz, borough of

pasteles

E

ial

Manhattan; Inspector J. J. Koen, borough of Brooklyn; G. Lester Willi manager, and J, Granger Ketehum, represented the U.S. Gypsum Con, Others present were:—M. B. Jewett, Jasper T, Goodwin, Underwriters Extinguisher Co.; G. H. Stewart, representing Insurance Engineering

P. Enke, Inspector for German American Insurance Company.

Log of Temperature Readings, Fire Test, U.S. Gupsum Company, tested Nov. 4

1905, Cor ne Co we 't inion Time Not Nowe N

10M 10-57 124 134 pF YS i) wah 258 wi 11°08 506 Dat ™ 11 06 hog hal mae lL op S41 595 Hiya 11°12 676 750 Pan 115 lon 1031 Thun 11 18 134 1358 1317 1121 1448 1516 148s

"11°24 1529 1580 1516

End of first half of teat— ; a ee Ss 11 27 167 1619 1d 11°30 1619 1658 195 11°33 1645 1684 1671 11°36 1726 1738 Ws 11°39 1738 1751 173s 11°42 1763 1776 1778 11 45 18l4 1788 4s 11°48 1788 1763 7RS 11 51 1713 1726 1751 11 54 1700 1687 J7RN Averag) temperature during second half of test 177 1719 1,

Pottery And Terra-Cotta.

In the manufacturing of moulds for pottery work, plaster of Paris is ex ttensively used, and for this purpose the Nova Scotia gypsum is particularly well suited. Mr. S. A. Weller, a pottery manufacturer of Zanesville, Ohio, writing to the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee at Washington, D.C, dated Nov. 20, 1908, says: 'We use in th+ manufacture of moulds considerable plaster which is made from Nova Scotia gypsum, it being the only plaster which makes a satisfactory mould in our work.' For the nYanufatture models for terra-cotta, Mr. Saul, of the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company, of New York, writing to the above committee, dated Nov. 24, 1908, says: ' Calcined plaster from the Nova Seotia gypsum is absolutely indispensable.' These industries are important consumers of plaster of Paris in both England arfd the United States.

Plate Glass Works.

Yn manufacturing plate glass, large quantities of plaster of Paris are used for bedding the plates on large circular tables, to be polished. The table is

8 is ex icularly oO, writed aS Oe onsiderplaster ure of of New 'aleined ese in-id

the

usvelly a large revolving one, and on it is spread a coating of plaster

rough glass plate is embedded in it and the first side polished. When 4

completed the plate is loosened by breaking away the rough edges. The tabh

is then therovghly cleaned, and a second covering spread over it, Particular attention is paid to this last coating, to Le assured that it is the purest plaster of Paris, and free from any foreign substance that would eause grit ard be liable to scratch the already polished surface 'that is now to he embedded in it.

For this purpose it requires 2,200 pounds of plaster of Paris for each [oo square feet of glass.

In some glass factories they have their own ealeining kettles, and the set plaster is ground and reealeined to be mixed with fresh plaster, but used onls in first polishing.

Plaster Prodleced By Complete Dehydration,

Flooring plaster is included under this classification, being a product of calcination at temperature exceeding 400 It is a plaster entirely free from water, and manufactured from the purest gypsum. In manufacturing, the uypsum is not finely ground, but is broken into small lumps and is caleined in vertical kilns ty hot gases, usually from coal burned as fuel on a grate at one side of the kilns, the gas passing directly through the muss and raising it to a temperature of 500° C. and maintaining that temperature for not more than four hours. The product must not be considered as dead-burned, as it still has the power of absorbing water, but if it remained in the kiln at the above temperature for more than four hours it would then be dead-burned, us after that time it loses its capacity to bond with water.

In Germany it is manufactured quite extensively, but not in England or the United States, although the latter country imports small quantities annually. It 'is a very slow setting material, requiring days, anl often weeks before the theoretical amount of water is absorbed.

A treatise on the chemical changes involved in the manufacture of this product was published in 1903, by Van't Hoff, in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy of Science, and ¢ translation of it is given by Eckel in 'Cements, Limes, and Plasters.'

Hard Wall Plasters.

The materials classed under this heading are, owing to the high temperature at which they are calcined (exceeding 400° F.), slow setting, and owe their hardness to this, and also to the fact that they have been treated by some chemi eal, as borax or alum, during manufacture.

In this classification are placed a large number cf cements which are defined as hard-finish plasters. Some of these are known commercially as 'Keene's Cement,' ' Martin's Cement,' ' Parlan Cement,' and Mack's Cement.'

Landrin placed crude gypsum in a 10 per cent solution of sulphurie acid Yor ten or fifteen minutes, and then calcined it, resulting in a cement having

ae z Fi 1 a

a geod set and hardness, The temperature requi ed to gice the most sa:

tery results wus found to be between Gin and Tey F. The most prominent representative of this class of cements was or

manufactured under lngiish patents, and termed Keene's cement. It js oy taking pure gypsum and caicining it at red heat, and then immer a solution of alum. After drying, it is again caleined at a high ten

ture and greurd very finely, when it is re ady for the market.

Mr. William M. Dawson, of New York, claims to have discovered

pound that wil! take the place and

serve the functions of the well known Kk

Cement, at a much lewer cost. In hi specification. forming part of

letters patent Noe.

he gives the llowing description: ] take, f:

ample, a quantity of animal or vegetable organic matter and permit it t for several da nha proper quantity of water, at a temperature of from su

00° Fahrenheit. When fermentation or decomposition has progressed so that

ubuminous at fitrogenous substances have been liberated from the o; matter, and ' utd has turned to a dark watery colo iv, it is incorp

vith a mild lime, or lime partially air-slacked The and liquid has the eff

incorporation of the

eet of freeing the ammonia from th. Hquor, The hich drives off or frees the amme Ha sery fs a Velucle for the liquor, f I with the cement or plaster. The miss thus obt

rms the body to he mixed nd to this composition I add two parts of nitrate of so either before or after driving the

beg

tass, or in lieu of this, on part of nitr ! medium and one part of borax After the ingre clients have been prom incorporated, the mass is thoroughly ground to a powder, for convenient

ipwlati

Martin'. cet tin pre;

ration is similar to Keove's, but it has

fishes added to the alum, and sometimes a mall quantity of muriatie uso, is added to preven alkaline reaction, Paricn cen eit is made trem gypsum hardened iy the addition of b One part of herax is dissolved in hihe parts of water, with sometimes on

' f ¢ream of tartar added, ond the "xVpsian treated as phone with thut soli

Mack's cement is dehydrated gypsum, with O-04 per cent of cal

h which a quick setting and hard durable ce is obtained By adding

potassium sulphate instead of sodium sulphate 1

soditan sulphate added, wit

t

£6ne results pre rene

hed

CSED WITH pe RTLAND CEME aT.

In the manufacture of Portland cement, gypsum in its erude state. manufactured as plaster of Paris, or as dehydrate! plaster, is ussl as ar: tender, and it also has, in sirall quantities, a beneficial effect in increasing t! tensile strength of the cement. It has keen shown by laboratory test, aod

actual practice, that if from 2 to

3 per cent be used, it will give bert re-tits then ither

greater or less quantities This. at the cmert nenvfectyie j

Present rate of n Canada, reana a consumption of over Tn teas

ae

gypsum annual The form in which it is used ¢ et t sat $a question open to much discussion, but as a matter ot t i ers ef Portlend cement in the United States use it almost exclusively a form. \LABASTINI Alapastine, often called cold water paint, is manufactured from

gypsum—ground, calcined, and reground to the finest powder, extra fit

eslejned y lester is mixed wth various metallic colours, and with the addition f water may be used for tinting walls. If properly mixed and app! cet like wall plaster and will not rub or scale off. It may be applied eoat on any solid surface, as wood, plaster, brick, or iron, with sat restits Unealeined gypsum is often used as an adulterant in the manufacture

white lead, where it is claimed to have a beneficial effect. It is al weed as an lulterant of various foods and drugs.

In making crayons for blackboards and carpenters use, the

cined gypsum is used extensively, by mixing it with other ingredients (a sect formula) and pressing to the shape required. One company in the Unit States, for this purpose uses nearly 1,000 tons of gypsum annually.

As A Basis For Portland Cement,

Attempts have been made to manufacture Portland cement from gypsum

and save the sulphur content as a by-product. A few patents have been

issued by the United States Government for this operation, but bes this faet very little seems to have been accomplished. The method of operation in general has been described as follows Gypsum and clay are finely ground and intimately mixed, with the fa small quantity of water. 'The mixture is then moulded into bricks and p'ac n a suitable kiln, where a high temperature is maintained until the whole is th oughly ealeined. It is claimed that in the process of calcination the silici contained in the clay exyels the sulphuric acid contained in the gypsum, le ing the lime, which combines with the alumina of the clay and forms silleate of lime and aluminium. This product, it is claimed, is, when finely ground. every particular hydraulic cement. The gases escaping during the process ealeination are collected in suitable condensing chambers, and treated in the

e acid

usual manner practised in the manufacture of sulphur

As A Sulphurizing And Basic Flus

Gypsum has for many years been used for these purposes, in several smelt- '

is usually

added, to furnish the necessary sulphur for collecting the metal in a matte and

for vears it has

ing operations. In smelting oxide nickel-ore in the blast furnace it

a base for slagging the siliceous gangue. At Freiberg, Saxony

Ry

been used in the concentration of lead-copper matte in the reverberatory {jr nace. The latest use it has been put to is in the blast-roasting process of ( michael- Bradford.

In a paper before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, by II, ©. Hofman, and W. Mostwitsch, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, entitled 'The Behaviour of Caleium Sulphate at elevated Temperatures some Fluxes,' the action of gypsum under such conditions is fully explained.

Retarders. Their Composition And Use.

As already noted, plasters produced by the incomplete dehydration of pure gypsum at temperatures not exceeding 400° F. will set in from 5 to 15 minutes,

For construction work this will not give suflicient time for workmen to complete their operations, and particularly for this purpose the retarder has been introduced.

Just what chemical action takes place, or what influence the retarders have on the crystallization of calcined plaster is a matter of speculation, and j:0: satisfactorily explained.

It dees, however, in some way delay the formation of the crystal net-work to which the set of plaster is due, and this in proportion to the amount of retarder used. Many and varied are the compounds that have been introduced for this purpose. In the ancient days, the Romans used blood to retard tix set of plasters, and at the present time the organic refuse from the slaughter house is found to produce the desired effect. In earlier times a solution of glue was added; the workmen mixing it with the material as it was being used: but this method often resulted in poor work from neglect to properly mix the parts or add to the batch the proper proportions required. Later, the retarder was added during the process of calcination, about half an hour before the operation was completed, but this method often produced uneven results. At present it is added in a mixing machine as shown in Plate XXXIV, Chapter VI, where exact proportions can be made and thorough mixing guaranteed.

The writer has secured from the Commissioner of Patents, at Washington, numerous copies of patent specifications showing different ingredients used as retarders,

The following are a few of the number received, and will serve to show the great variety of mixtures used :-—

Patent No. 433,743 calls for a mixture of glue, glue-stock, or other glutinous or gelatinous substance in water, and added to about eight pounds of this solution, about sixteen pounds of oil, fat, or any other suitable hydrocarbon compound. These ingredients are mixed thoroughly, and the mixture is heated to about 200° Fahrenheit. A suitable hardening acid is slowly added. It is preferred to add about twenty-two pounds of muriatic acid, and about sv: pounds of sulphuric acid. The mixture is then heated to about 400° Fahrenheit, and stirred, in order io thoroughly commingle the ingredients.

AY f Car H. 0

pure utes, eu to

'Tr has

have

1 not

work it of luced rhter n otf ised] : ; the order yperpre-

Ve

itinthis bon ited

Patent No. 452,346 calls for one part of glue by weight dissolved in thirty three parts of water. This mixture is used for slaking lime, about 44 gallons ot the mixture to every bushel of lime.

Patent No. 301,459 is especially designed for brown or rough coating plaster, and is composed of calcined plaster, sand or powdered cinders, and glue or soap, or sour beer and water.

Patent No. 390,157. In this the following ingredients are called for:

third of a barrel of plaster of Paris, one-sixth of a barrel of whiting, oneof a barrel of sand, one-third of a barrel of saw-dust, one-sixth pound of gine, one-sixth pound of Irish moss, one-third quart of molasses, one-third ounce tartaric acid. The actual retarder consists of the last four ingredients, viz., the glue, Irish moss, molasses, and tartarie acid.

Patent No. 420,008 calls for a mixture of air-slaked lime, plaster of P river sand, and cow hair, with serum or the watery part of the blood of aninmalwith carbolie acid.

Patent No. 456,297 is a mixture of 735 pounds of sand, 470 pounds of plaster of Paris, 110 pounds of slaked lime. 62 pounds of sawdust, one) fibre, and one pound of a mixture composed of sugar forty-eight parts, slacked lime forty-eight parts, and bicarbonate of soda two parts.

Patent No. 458,742 consists of a flax seed meal or oil cake meal, after the

oil has been extracted, one pound mixed with carbonate of soda or potash one-half

pound; lime one-quarter of a pound, boiled in water to a thin mixt and afterwards adding to it four pounds of any of the salts of the alkaline earths, or salts of the caustic alkalies.

Patent No. 446,604 consists essentially in combining with calcined gypsum a leguminous substance, such as beans, peas, lentils, ete., boiled with a of ecaustie alkali.

Patent No, 393,002 consists of paper-pulp four parts, wool fhre ohe part, sawdust two parts, lime putty two parts, flour paste one part, the flour p

containing alum in proportion of about two ounces to the gallon

- 6 : 1, hn pe these is added sufficient water to reduce the mass to a suitable plastic condition

j 'ot 7 ie) contact to use for plastering in the usual manner. The water so added should contan

copperas in solution, in proportion of two ounces to the gallon, and salt one pound to the gallon. HARDENING GYPSUM BLOCKS, Considerable experimental work has been carried on during recent years

in attempting to harden the soft compact gypsum, and give it the crushing re- : natural

sistance and tensile strength of ordinary marble, without veinings and colour shadings that make it attractive for ornamental and artistie purposes.

Many of these attempts have |een successful, largely used for inside finish and ornamental work,

and marble for, meuldings, railings, wainscotting, fronts. pedestals, screens,

and the material is being

taking the @iace OT onyx

mantels, and many other uses. It is considered far superior to scagliola of the composite plasters often used for such purposes.

The process of treating the rock to imitate marble is shown in the s). fications of United States Patent No. 588,277, which in part says: 'The

fi pes ars

step in the process is to dehydrate these articles made out of the native rock by the action of hot air, at a temperature of approximately 330° Fahrenheit

twelve hours, more or less, until the moisture in the native rock is elimina', i A convenient plan is to load the articles formed from the rock on to a truck

and run it first into the hot air compartment. After the moisture has bev:

eliminated, the calcium sulphate is porous and ready for cooling. Cooline thy rock is the next step in the process. It has been my practice prior to the pec sent invention to cool the hot dehydrated rock by letting it remain for some time in the cool open air; but I tind by this plan that the rock is liable to slake more or less. and crack, and what ia very objectionable, i¢ becomes impregnated with moisture, which it takes from the open sir, thus undoing to a degree the work already accomplished, and retarding and diminishing crystallization in the af treatment. To obviate these difficulties, I allow the rock to cool in a& compartment from which the outer air is excluded, and which compartment, while the rock is in it, is charged with the gas or fumes of ammonia. This greatly acce)- erates the cooling of the hot rock. It does not slake wor crack nor gather t: itself the moisture froin the outer air, for which reason it may be sooner sul:

jected to the next treatment, and for which reason the next treatment is mor effectual.

ler

'While the rock is cooling, a bath composed of a solution of aluminium i)- phate is prepared and heated to approximately 100° Fahrenheit. As soon as the rock is eool T immediately immerse it in this warm solution for a short tiz, until the pores are filled.

'The object of warming the solution is to prevent the bursting out of ticles of the rock, which has teen my experience with the use of a cold bath this solution; and to improve and accelerate the crystallization, which I find takes place almost immediately in the warm bath. After having been 1! treated the rock is allowed to dry and js then polished, presenting a hard surface of beautiful lustre, which cannot be affected by frost or weather, and [I have found that even muriatie acid will not affect it,

In specification of United States Patent No. 549,151, a process for treating gypsum rock to imitate chalcedony is given, which also in part says: 'To t! end the crude gypsum rock is first shaped in any desired form and configuration by carving, sawing, planing, ete., and is then freed from the water constitute: one of its constituent elements. It is next coloured in accordance with the sired effect, and then it is treated to the action of hardening chemical solutions, ali as more particularly set forth below. Beautiful onyx, agate, and other

effects can be produced, in accordance with tastes and desires, in statuary, furn'- ture, ornanients and the

in Heu of wash. 5

like, and in the finishing of rooms, using the materia! Woodwork. By my treatment the colours are made to

ne in

re or with work after Part-

CCE i+

aS

appear as if a constituent part or clement of the rock in and formation; and the condition of the product, as stated, is superior j ness and finish to either marble or chalcedony.

'To carry my process into effect, the gypsum rock from the mines having been given the desired configuration, as stated, is submitted to the drying actio: of hot air for twelve hours (more or less) until all the moisture has been elimi- The material is now calcium sulphate, porous from surface to centre. and capable of absorbing sufficient chemical solution to produce the desired effect of the rock and colours.

'To the surface of the dehydrated rock is now applied the mineral colours— such as, for an illustration, solution of copper nitrate and aqua ammonium, or a solution of sulphate of iron, nitric acid, and potassium sulpho-eyanide, o: other mineral colours. After colouring, the rock is immersed in a solution o! aluminium sulphate (Al, (SO,)3) for about fifteen hours, or until the pores the rock are completely filled. The material is then removed and expose: the open air for a few hours at a low temperature, and then polished,'

In concluding this chapter it may be said that the demand for the variou products of gypsum as above described is ever increasing. This is true in the United States, where the material has attained such prominence in fireproof construction. that every prominent building in Chicago erected within the last decade has used large quantities; among others. the post office, the Tribune building, the American Trust building, the Marshuall- Field Company building, and the Marquette building may be mentione I

using over 2,500 tons.

CHAPTER VIII. Gypsum as a Fertilizer.

The use of ground gypsum, or calcium sulphate, (CaSO, 2H,0), more : monly known to the trade as land plaster, as a fe : ancient times. Virgil in his writings tells us of its value on cultivated Jands, The Germans and French applied it to their lands 200 years ago, and reported satisfactory results. Legend says that in France its beneficial effects were covered quite accidentally. A workman at one of the plaster kilns had occato pass over some pasture lands going to and from his work, and to prevent making a trodden path he travelled a slightly

Omrtilizer dates back to very

iis-

Hy

different course each time, er

petal esi

the green sward. It was afterwards noticed that on the parts where he walked the grasses had a richer colour and a more plentiful erop than on the A ot: parts of the same field. It was assumed that this was due to gypsum

cA i being carried on his feet from the kilns and brushed off by the grass,

A great many eminent agricultural writers and chemists, both ancient :111 modern, have given the subject much serious consideration, and altho! many of them do net agree in detail, the great majority agree that gypsum lias a decidedly beneficial effect on many crops, especially those as loin nous, if judiciour intelligently used. The farmer, however, in mays cases, has not gi, ' careful consideration, and often passes the compara sor the more expensive, which possibly contains the wing ingredients and will give no better results, if used with sin conditions. This is done somewhat on the principle 'The higher the cost tue

combined with a smooth story from some advertising age:

tively inexpensive artie

same fect

better the article,'

In reviewing the history of the application of land plaster the United S:

will be taken as an example. Here it will be seen that its use has decreas. very materially

in recent years, and an attempt will be made to show why this

The United States for many

years consumed very large quantities of Forty years ago the Michigan mills could not supply while at the same time large quantities of erude rock were being i ported from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and manufactured for the sain purpose, Twenty-five years ago, two-thirds of the quantity produced in that cou try was ground for fertilizing purposes, but this proportion gradually dimi. ished, until 18U0, when the ratio was practically reversed, and there was nea double the amount of rock calcined, as used for a fertilizer. The proportion v1 calcined material continued to increase, and in 1907, out of a total production

of 1,404,698 tons. only 48.881 tans Were used us land pilaster,

sum as land plaster,

demand,

nh

para 3 the t ce re

wed ased

This, at first glance, would seem like condemnatory evider ce against wvy

being used for this purpose, but there are several cau

may be ascribed.

ves to hich the chang

In 1885 the fertilizer law came into force, by which the exact percentay the different constituents of commercial fertilizers was. kn wn. Well ized companies with large capital were formed throughout the whole country

for the manufacture of fertilizers, composed of various ingredients. They ad

organvertised

their product as having all the good qualities of gypsum. This injurious advertising for the old time gypsum product.

Vas

In the use of commercial fertilizers, known as super-phosphates, the ingredient

furnished as plant food is phosphoric acid. In manufacturing these,

usual source of supply for phosphorie acid is phosphate rock or animal in Which one pert cf phosphoric acid is combined with three parts of ealeliun oxide or lime.

This as found in nature is almost always in an insoluble conditi that it does not dissolve in water, and to be a benefit to plant life it must be treate! in some way to make it soluble. This is usually done by grinding it to a powder, and subjecting it to the action of sulphurie acid. The action ot phurie acid on calcium oxide (ime) forms ealeium sulphate (gypsum), anid treating bones or phosphate rock with sulphuric acid, two parts of the in the rock leave its combination with phosphorie acid and combine with + sulphurie aeid, forming gypsum. Roterts', in ref rring to the reaction of <u! phurie acid on phosphate rock, gives the following note and equation:

'The phosphorie acid which is used in the manufacture of these superph phates is obtained from tricaleium phosphate by the action ef an excess of sulphurie

acid. The reaction may te represented by the equation:

CO one or ana ssi ) H,S0O, H,0) Caso, CO oe ea srey PORE H.So, HO} (P.O. Caso Occ cesiss ous H.SO, Hof Caso,

Here, all the calcium of the tricaleium phosphate unites with the sulphuric acid to form gypsum, and the phosphorie acid, P,O., is united to three parts of water, ITO.'

By the above it will te seen that the greater part of the

sold as fertilizers consist principally of gypsum. Another reason given for the disuse of gypsum as a tertiliz:

many new uses constantly being discovered for the products ot expsim have

aused a rapidly increasing demand for ealcined plaster. aid the produ

it more profitable to ealeine his whole product This is subst that, although in recent years, in the United States, much smaier quantiti land plaster are used than formerly, the total production of gypsum and gyps

products has steadily been on the increase.

Roberts Fertility of Land, 7th Edition, p. 410. 289—D

The strongest rea

son advaneed, and the one which probably has the n

bearing on the question, is the lack of knowledge by the farmers of jt< . action wher used as a fertilizer

The experiments made by many authorities show the action to be complex one, and that it is twofold. First, it has a chemical action upo soil in breaking up the double silieates and promoting a distribution of and magnesia, and making them available fo. plant food, which in the al of gypsum would net be available. This action is clearly and concise],

by Aikman —

The true explanation of the action of gypsum is to be found in its on the double silieates, which it decomposes, the potash being set free. 11-tion is similar to that of other lime compounds, only more characteristic. manure. therefore, its action is indirect, and its true function is to ous potash irem its compounds, Its peculiarly favourable action on clover is dy the faet that clover specially benefits Ly potash, and that adding gypsum pr tically amounts to adding potash. Of course it should be borne in mind t the soil must contain potash compounds, if gypsum is to have its full eit Now, however, that potash salts suitable for manuring purposes are abunids it may well be doubted whether it is not better to apply potash directly. Furth: it must be borne in mind that gypsum is applied to the soil whenever it resi a dressing of superphosphate of lime, as gypsum is one of the products fort: by treating insoluble phosphate of lime with sulphurie acid" A point here that should be remembered by the farmer is, that gypsum furnish potash to the soil; it only makes available that which may be in th soil and cannot be released without some chemical action. This is where farmer is oftentimes deceived. Ile has used it many times with success, but time passed it was observed the results were not as good, in fact a failure. [1. blamed the gypsum as being inferior in quality, when in truth, he had with tl: application of gypsum taken all the potash, so valuable as plant food, from +! soil, and had added nothing to supply it.

ne

Liebig', who made many experiments with agricultural others that 1,000 grammes of earth taken

3 litres of pure water, dissolved ou*

zo0ils, shows among

from a wheat field, mixed wit! 4-5 mcllegrammes of potash, while 3 litr

in. Jegrammes of potash. To show the action of water

of gypsum water dissolve out 43.6

in dissolving out magnesia from t!

soils he took cight samples ef different earths, 260 grammes of each. Thes: mixed with cne

litre of pure water, ar da like quantity of each he mixed wi: one litre of gypsum water, The average results showed that while the pur

water only dissolved out 24-3 millegrammes. the gypsum water dissolved 6.

"4.5 millegrammes,

Civpsum

as a land plaster possesses another and perhans greater yal

It has the property of decomnmasing the carbon

ates of ammonia, one of the ev:

p. 463. Y. pp

Manures and Manuring Natura! Laws af H

mon elements of nature, from which the plant receivepensable for its nutrition, and fixes it in the soil, Carbonate of ammonia and sulphate of lime gypsuni) cannot come tweet with each other, at normal temperatures, without mutual decompositio ihe ammonia enters into combination with the sulphuric acid, and the ear on 'id with the lime, forming compounds which are not volatile. This action

represented thus :—

'arbonate of ammonia.. (NH,) ,¢ sel "oe onary of ammonia

and Corbotate of bine

The carbonate of ammonia in rain and snow water is decomposed by gypsum in the same manner as in the manufacture of the commercial sulphat ammonia, so largely used by the agriculturist.

The exerements of animals contain a very large percentage of ammonia the form of carbonate, very volatile, as it is easily detected by the sense of smell. One of the farmers greatest losses is the loss of the ammonia from this source of supply.

To show this loss the United States Department of Agriculture, Farmer's Bulletin, No. 192, gives the following information :—

"In some recent experiments at. the New Jersey stations solid eo. dung exposed to ordinary leaching for ore hundred anc nine days lost 37-6 per cent of its nitrogen, 51-9 per cent of its phosphoric acid, and 47-1 per cent ot its potash. Mixed dung and urine lost during the same time 51 per cent of its uitregen, 51-1 per cent of its phosphoric acid, and 61-1 per cent of its potash. In brief, according to Voorhees, 'more than one-half of the constituents in. th: total animal manure product of the cow may be lost by an exposure of le four months.'

'In experiments at the Ceuada Experimental Farms a four ton lot of horse manure (with litter) kept in an open bin lost one-third of its ni sixth of its phosphoric acid, and a little more than one-third of its potash in one year. A similar lot of manure kept in a clo-el shed lith of ts nitrogen, and practically no phosphoric acid and potash.'

Now if the stable floors are covered occasionally with land plaster

small quantities be mixed with the dung heap, it would Le noticed : I ve smell would disappear, and practically all the ammonia wo

a condition serviceable as a manure.

Again, in reference to this loss, Liebig' says: 'It should at least be n mind that unless means are taken to prevent it. fie most valuable portion the manure is constantly escaping, during exposure to air and sun, by evapors ten, and also by draining off into the ground, whence. instead of a materia! caleulated to afford a ready supply of nitrogen to the plant, id

'Reports on Organic Chemistry. 289—94

mass, in which that element is in a great measure Wanting, and which, ¢ can only influence the growth of plants by virtue of the phosphoric other fixed ingredients still present in it.

'The fact that leguminous plants contain this substance as an ingredient may, in some measure, explain its fertilizing effect on ther: is also found serviceable to turnips and cal bages, which do not appear to it, nor does it seem easy thus to explain the superior advantages said : from scattering it in fine powder over the leaves of clover and saintfoi: practised in France, and in North America, and with such manifest gow that it is said if the substance Le partially applied to a field, the porti: have received this dressing may afterwards be distinguished from the the superior luxuriance of the crop.'

Roberts' gives a number of experiments on conserving nitrogen by of gypsum, from which the following are selected :—

'Experiments in the laboratory were conducted with three samples , cow and sheep manure, the same amount in each case. To one sample 1.) was added, to another sulphate of iron, and to the third gypsum. The <ix ples, placed in closed vessels, were allowed to ferment from May 27 to Qe 5, 1883, and the ammonia formed was fixed in standardized sulphurie acic determined, with the following results :—

Cow manure, Sheep ma Loss of nitrogen. Loss of n

grammes, Bramines With nothing. . . . : eed% sae 0142 Pode sulphate ot iron (eopperas} eas 0-085 10 " lime (gypeum)... 0..- a. 0 052 0 409

A second experiment was conducted under similar conditions :—

Escaped Ammonia in Grammes.

6 Days, 12 Days. 21 Days. 31 Days. +4 Days

200 ©. em. cow urine, nothing added. O12t §=—-0'333 0661 OMO 200 c, em. cow urine, with 2. g. gypsum.. 0-072 0165 0349 0-576 '

'The experiment shows that gypsum has a conserving effect, but cau any means conserve all the ammonia. Air currents were not used in : experiment.

'Experiments in the sheep s'able were conducted with sulphate of small quantities. Twenty young sheep were bedded during 21 days on 30 k

'Fertility of Land, 7th Edition, p. 240.

grams (66 pounds) of straw, which from time to time was strewn with sulpuate iron. During the whole of the experiment, 6 kilograms (13-2 pou

-ilphate of iron were used, or 15 grammes (0.52 ounees) por animal per d

result showed a loss of 48-5 per cent ot the nitrogen taken in with t

in previous experiments, to determine the proportion of los-of nitrogen

stable to that contained in the food, the losses were not greater than in

periment, showing that the sulphate of iron in small quantity had nett

to reduce this loss.

'The same kind of experiments were conducted with sheep, usin Twenty young sheep were used for 21 days, on 30 kilograms (65 pound-) of straw, and every 4 or 5 days gypsum was strewn about. The total gypsum i

as 12 kilograms (26.4 pounds) or 30 grammes (1-04 ounces) per animal per da The result showed a loss of 46-1 per cent of the nitrogen taken in with the

Ii a second experiment the gypsum was inereased. Ten sheep were w-od for davs on 40 kilograms (SS pounds) of straw. One kilogram (2-2 pounds

gypsum was used daily, or 100 grams (5-52 ounces) per animal per day, The

f result showed a loss of 33-9 per cent of nitrogen taken in with the food Previous experiments, with no covering material other than straw, -howed a loss det le of 55-3 per cent of the nitrogen in the food. It is seen that the 'arger 1, and of gypsum prevented much ammonia from escaping.'

According to Rees' the early farmers of Maryland used gypsum with great

succes as a fertilizer. aur "Jt was most beneticie' on high and sandy soil, and had good effect on wheat. rye, peas, potatoes, cabbage, clover, and all natural grass crops, {he invariable result of the several experiments incontestibly proves that ther a most ies powerful and subtle principle in this tasteless stone, but by what pecuiivr agents 2 or combination it is capable of foreing vegetation in such an instavteneous and

astounding manner is a mystery which time reserves for others t Id.' 3

Mr. Charles F. Grece', in the Quarterly Review, writing on his + in the United States and Canada, says :— 'This valuable manure, almost unknown, though very eu-s the attention of every farmer. There is scarcely a farm Days it might be applied to with advantage. The practice of nine ing sails and crops may suffice to prove its quality. On : : loam I tried three grain crops without success; with the last ree hoe erop, I laid it down with barley and the return waseed. The grass seed took very well. In the month of Mas

by year I strewed powder of plaster at the rate of one min ther went (aere). In July the piece of land being mowe tl. the qu to drv it

vas so great that i- was ney possible to find reom Michigan Geelog: al Survey, Vol. 1X, Part IE y, 196 ees 2Voql, XNIL1, pp. 47-130, 1820. 2 One m... t=about pecks.

grew. The product waa five large loads of hay to the arpent.

geoa for tive years.'

Ruffin', writing in 1532, states :—

There is no operation of nature heretofore less understood, or

or agent seems to be so totally disproportionate to the effec: enorMous increase of veget

the cause

able growth from a very small quantity of in circumstances favourable to its action. All other manures, whatever the nature of their action. require to Le applied in quantities very far ing wny bulk of crop expected from their use.

1a CA But one bushel of gypsun over an acre of land fit for its action may add more than 20 times its ow!

to a Single crop of clover hay,

Harris', after making different experiments at the Moreton farm, Row) oso New York, gave the following results in 1878:—

F Bushel Weight 1p to wr Acre, Bushe!. — s;

On teld No. 1, without manor:

, 36 22 On field No. 2. with 600 Ths f gypsum

There was an increase of 11 bushels to the acre, and nearly one-ha! more straw,

Bus

i t

the A

On potatoes with no manure, A oFE TEL KUNNEN TSS HEE OWHTNEI Kea ee ve dks eees tt 106 pounds of plaster to the acre af

" 150 pounds of ammonia sulphate 1a

He did not find gypsum valuable as a direct fertilizer for wheat, but q an old adage that ' clover is good for wheat, plaster js good for clover,'

Messrs. Donald Fraser and Sons, at Plaster Rock, Victoria ¢ unty, \.B in 1909, made a;

an experiment with gypsum on the growth of cabbages. acre field produced 12,000 heads, having an average weight of 10 pounds

4 total of & tons per acre. These were grown in a shallow soil® covering

plaster rock.

Aroostook county, in the State of Maine, probably produc of potatoes than any other county in the Union

"es a larger quantity The practice of the farmer: here

*Caicareou: Manures, p. 151. aise 2

bp. 126. 264. Michigan Geological Survey, Vol. IX, Part JI,

is to tirst roll all their seeds in land plaster before planting, and land at the same time commercial fertilizers in preference to stable manu In this manner they get the full lenetit of the gypsum, without impoverisiine the soil.

The Experimental Union of Ontario made a series of experiments es ing over a term of tive years, and in their report published in M4, pag they give the results as follows :—

'Preparation of seed potatoes. Li experiments conducted at the colleg cutting potatoes and planting the pieces after thay had been sprinkled with jin plaster, ete., in comparison with planting the pieces without being sprin\) with any material, it was found that those potatoes which were sprinkled land plaster gave better results than the potatoes prepared in any other wa;

'For tive years an experiment has teen conducted throughout Onta: order to let farmers ascertain for themselves whether there would be any miir ced advantage from using l.nd plaster on their seed potatoes before planting 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903, the land plaster showed a marked advantage.

average of the five years, in which there were in all 97 suede-sully conduc experiments, we find that the potatoes which were not coated with land produced 177-6 bushels, and those which were coated with land plaster pro 187-7 bushels per acre. In the average results from the five years, thereon the sprinkling of seed potatoes with land plaster, or gypsum, inereased th

by fully 10 bushels per acre throughout Ontario,'

Methods Of Applying Land Plaster.

,

The amount ef land plaster when applied to grass or clover land-ies from 30 to 100 pounds per acre. While some apply ag hizh as 100 po acre, farn.ers generally agree that from 50 to 60 pounds is sufficient tor crop, providing the plaster is evenly distributed. A heavy application pr

a growth of too much straw for a seed crop of clover, and from 50 to 40}

Ia

is generally considered enough by seed growers. This amount applied clover is considered very beneficial. It is said that Benjamin Franklin d strated this on a clover field near one of the main rolls in Pennsylvatia ox

scattering gypsum so as to form a sentence which read

with gypsum.' And it is said it could be detected readily Sy the het colour of the clover where the gypsum was sown. With few exceptions land plaster is sown or distributed

hand. It is difficult to sow evenly by hand, too much usua

while not enough reaches the edges of the ridge

as the sowing is done the crop appears. If distribute:

uniform, if in streaks the crop appears the same. Again, sowing plaster by hand is very disag

: it gets in his eves. avd al

breathes

men are willing to undertake the work, a:

himself. Li endeavouring to make an even distribution, usually ys

more than necessary for his crop, Within recent years, however, several attempts have been made

United States + construct some inexpensive machine to do the work

resuits are submitted to the Mnited States Department of Agriculture

Byron Hunter, in circular N 22

What seems the most satisfact

ory is that known as Ofson's Land I *tributor, reproduced her

with the description taken from the aby

tioned circular, Figures 16 and 17 illustrate this distributor. 'It cons: -1

ne box or hopper, mounted on an old pai

sir of mower wheels. A larg,

haft revolves in the bottom of the bh st agitate the plaster. The im

is 8 tongue and is drawn by two horses. The OX is shaped very p x eof an ordinary grain drill. It is 21 feet long, but can be ma ength desired. The bott. m the box is 13" thi "4" wide, and

ong. thus projecting far en yond the ends ef tue vox te furnish

lor the bearings, The front and back pieces of the box are 1i" thick a Wide Phe lower ves of the sick ves rest on top of the bottom praece

ends of the bex a e ii" thiek. Each end consieta of two pieces. The

lece ts about 1" wide, and ha half orele cut in the middle of its upper

The per piece has a half circle cut in the middie of its lower edge. Whe: 'G pieces ere put together they form a circular hole, through which the isses. The end pieces ft the shaft smugly, so thet the plaster will not ut. The ends fit in grooves cut in the side pieces. They are held in plac

"mall red> that run aeress the box T. protect the plaster during shower-ex

is provided with a lid 13 wide. 'Holes for e plaster t iss through are cut in the bottom

z. 17, detatied figures 1 and Fhese are 3", 2

ne 8" apart Fhese helps run across the box—that is, the length of the at right ang to the length of the bex. On tie under side, the holes it an inch wid A piece of galvanized iron, with holes rrespond jie © just d ed, is placed in the bs ttom of the box in Way as

curved bert See F 16, detailed figure 4, which shows © cross

bex. This piec nized iron is 8" wide, and is as g as the t the ate nailed to the sides, Another piece of galvanize: ia" th corresponding feed holes. fits snugly over the stationar, fastened the hettem of ti x. This upper piece of iron is movable le: the [t= edges pass up the sides of the box wud are covered by The cleat hutrow strips of galvanized iron 14" wield nailed to the the box. They are be n the middle to give room for the edges of the <he:

Uvanized iren they cover It will be seen that the upper piece of gaivan

ireay) ix held Hi place tes the leate 4 iy, and can be rie vel lengthwise t eit direction te er or se 1 feed hates,

'The wheels of ® in ment are old er els. A large ipon runs through e bet ' e has

ti iWe ees, it

came ne seay Jf? 4 hie coy oy :

2 67 bee . By voras ben ae : be o /

© te +? ae fl 4aMOW MO

wz

woe

1. Bottom view of Olson land plaster distributor, showing the holes in the box through wi the plaster passes, the attachment of the tongue and its braces to the box and the lever for adjusting the feed carried in straps on the front of the box.

2. Inside view of distributor, showing the feed holes, the square rod that revolves in th: bottom of the box, and the position of the lever when used in slipping the upper Sheet of galvanized ir " to open or close the feed holes.

this shaft is cylindrical, but on the inside it is -quare. The turning of this square rod in the bottom of the box constantly works the plaster out through

the feed holes and keeps it from packing in the bottom of the box. In fact the turning of this square shaft in the bottom of the box is one of the essential features of the implement. It must be perfectly square and be so located that the corners will just touch the galvanized iron when it turns.

'Another point essential to observe in the construction of this implement is making the holes in the two pieces of galvanized iron. They must exactly correspond. If they do not, some of the feed holes will be larger than othe: and the plaster will be distributed unevenly.

' After the holes have been cut, the two pieces of galvanized iron are riveted together, put into a vise, and the margins of the holes are filed until they exact! correspond, after which they are taken apart and placed in the feed box, a+ already indicated.

'In the middle of the box, just over the large shaft that revolves, a bar iron half an inch square passes across the box. The ends of this bar are split, flattened out, and riveted to the top sheet of galvanized iron just below the cleats already described. The split ends of the bar are 7" or 8" long. to give the union strength. Just over the square 3" bar of iron a flat bar of iron 2" wide, with a hole in its centre, is bolted across the top of the box. By running a lever down through this hole and prying on the 4" bar of iron the upper =heet of ga! vanized iron may be slid either way, thus opening or closing the feed holes. Th: lever used for this purpose is a flat piece of iron 2 feet long, $" thick and 1" wide. i In the lower end of the lever is a notch that permits the lever to slip over the 4" bar of iron. See Fig. 16, detailed figures 4 and 5.

' As previously stated, the bottom of the box projects beyond the ends Upon these projections the bearings for the shaft are bolted. The shaft is round until it passes through the end of the box, for about 2" at the middle point; elsewhere it is square and revolves in the bottom of the box. There is a be aring in the centre of the box where the shaft is made cylindrical, a broad staple being driven down over the shaft. This staple passes through the bottom, and an iron plate that is fastened underneath the tongue. It is fastened below with uuts This centre bearing is necessary to take the shake out of the <hatt and hold it i so that it will rub the bottom just right.

'In addition to being bolted to the bottom the tongue has iro rac n either side. To keep the box from spreading there are two iron stirrups (at on the under side of the box. The stirrups and side braces of the tongue are bolted to the bottom of the box. See Fig. 17, detailed ngure 1

'The wheels of all these implements that have bee: de have been tek a

pu re t se provided

from old mowers. The wheels best suited for the purpose at with ratchet wheels into which pawls or catches drop a d cause the shaft to revolve when the implement is moving forward, Only one ratchet wheel is necessary if the implement is driven around the field to be plastered. with the ratehe wheel on the outside. Some means should be pr wide for raising the catches

at

that drop into the ratchet wheel so that the

to aud from the field. Otherwise it will be necessary to close If wheels with ratchets are not to be had a hole may nd the hub of one of the wheels.

irough this hole.

shaft will not revolve when g

the feed ho), be drilled through the s! The shaft will be revolved by putting a : should then be driven around the field so that the plaster will be sown wher

the implement from one place end of the hub can be removed,

i The implement this wheel on the outside,

n turning orders. When taking

to another the pin in ;

With the pin out the shaft will not turn, ; little or no plaster will be sown. 'The construction of this distributor costs from $35 to $40. "mith is necessary, This is a very efficien news, fails to work only

in this condition

The help . t implement, and so far as the w when the plaster is very damp. When the plast: it sticks to the feed rod and does not go through evenly. U 'read the plaster

these conditions jt is necessary to s in the sun to dry. W this machine it is not necessary

to screen lumpy plaster. The Jumps are , \erized by the feed rod.'

Chapter Ix,

Manufacturing and Estimates of Costs, with Miscellaneous Notes.

Manufacturing gypsum into its various products, in Nova Seotia and No Brunswick, is carried on at three different points. The oldest mill is tha: the Albert Manufacturing Company, which has Leen operating as a chariere company since 1854.

Here in the early history of the Company a plaster mill was erected, und very favourab'e vorditious for a prosperous trade with the United States, later the withdrawal of the reciprocal trade relations between the two country seriously interfered with its operations.

The Canadian market at this time, owing to the existing facilities, was not available for Hillsborough. The Intercolo: raiheay was built, and although there was considerable demand for the manufacture:! pri duct in the Upper Provinces, it was supplied either from the crude rock shipped from eastern Nove Scotia and manufactured in Montreal, or from tl Michigan mills, which, owing to the very low rate of duty, could ship their product to Canada at prices which prevented competition.

However, with an increase in the duty and the superiority of Pf) lishoroog! rock, together with rail connexion, the prospects looked much brighter, and the trade gradually increased until 1897, when Hillsborough supphed 38.000 barsols to the Canadian market. :

At the same time, this Company had under the Wilson (U.S.A) tariff eured considerable trade in the United States, averaging in the eighties about 20,000 barrels annually, but under the Dingley bill, by which the United States imposed a duty of #2.25 per ton on the manufactured article, and 50 cents per ton on crude rock, it was with the greatest difficulty that the trade secured could be maintained, in fact it would not have been, had not the Alber Manufacturing

Company been able to place a superior article on the marke

The Albert Manufacturing Company's mill at Hillsterough is a four ketr! mill of modern type, with cooperage and storaz facilities no'ere shown in Plate XXXV._ A detailed description would onty Leo repetition of a similar mill given in Chapter V, and serve no Phe products man

factured are hard wall plaster, plaster of Paris, and terra alb At Windsor. Nova Seotia, the Windsor Phister Crmpany has kettle mill, in which they manufacture a wall plaster selenite and plaster of Paris, for the home market The latest installation of plaster mill- i- ne kettle, cleetric: mill, of the Great Northern Mining Com nited, at Chetiear C.B

Nova Seviia. Fig. 18 shows the ground plan and general layout of machi; en

Fig. 19 shows a longitudinal elevation of the same, and the following js , sper fication of the machinery installed :— Power—Two 72" x 18 ft. boilers, 150 horse-power each,

One 19" Robb engine, 210 horse-power, with heater, separator, and dup. cate water systems.

One 125 k.w. generator with exciter,

One 50 horse-power electrie motor for driving rock elevator to dryer, dryer, and dryer fan.

One 40 horse-power electric motor for driving No, and elevator to ground bins.

One 40 horse-power electric motor, for driving conveyer from hot pit, el: 'ator to calcined bin, No. 2 burr mills, conveyer and elevator to finished bin, mixer, hair picker, barrel packer, and bolter,

One 30 horse-power electric motor,

One 5 horse-power electric motor, bin.

breaker, pot crus.

1 burr mills, conseye,.

for driving kettle agitators, for driving elevator to dried unealej:.

Other machinery—one rock Screen or grizzly, over whic crusher.

One large crusher or preliminary breaker.

One pot crusher for fine crushing.

One open belt elevator, provided with 14" six ply rubber belt, 12 x 7 mail. able iron buckets, double belt pulleys, shafts, boxes, and takeups complete. This elevator conveys stock from crusher and delivers it to stock bin over dryer.

One No, 1 Triumph automatic feeder for feeding stock from stock bin to dryer.

h rock Passes ty the

One Triumph direct heat rotary cylinder dryer complete, inc and all furnace fixtures.

One screw conveyer to take st to elevator.

One steel cased elevator, 28 ft. centres. Case made of No. 14 steel 12" x 48" inside; all joints joined with 2" x 9" x 2" angles, and riveted dust tight. This elevator is equipped with all necessary shafting, hoxes, Sprockets, takeups, sii: No. 086 chain, and 8" 5" heavy malleable iron buckets,

Two 86" under running gear driven, ers,

luding stack

ock from tail end of dryer and deliver <::0

French burr mills, complete with fei

One screw conveyer to take elevator.

One No, 14 steel cased elevator, 48 ft, centres, case 12" a duplicate of foregoing elevator.

One 10 ft. 10 f¢. kettle fitted complete, with all iron work bevel gears, driving pulleys, and furnace irons.

One 12" screw conveyer 12 feet long, to take stock from bin belew the ket: and deliver same to elevator,

stock from two 36" mills and deliver sanyv

fo

x 48" with fittings

including stk

&quot;Axxx 41V14

Sih

1s Aavdmog Suumoenueyy yoqry Tet 4

a Hem riaesecthitiabits see Ube)

enti Mestemen sy

iil aii Tt i

r

Ry q %Q

Boiler Room

Oda Amato El

GENERAL LAYOUT OF GYPSUM MILL Great NORTHERN MininG Co. LTto

Inverness Co. Nova Scotia.

periciec

Srr Veavssant Sees Bia

Sss

General Layout Of Gypsum Mill

GREAT NORTHERN MiNiNG Co. LTD.

Eastern Harsor INVERNESS Co. Nova Scotia. .

Fig.18

Sve Asm

Sss

: Shipping FReom

j SME MOOS AOKI OVE MED,

aN

gana

+

oe SShr

he DME AN

Ss

MEE: LiL Lite aL Lalibela

Scale of feet

8 ° s 10 -§ EE

VDL MAA STL, BABE LBLBLBLBEL CORNEA RELA ol ay hi ie

Tepvibes OO RT pererebicc es

age Uj SSG ce

RU gata cated eas : be a

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at RTO

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Ss itheieiiadnanenasiniinaeniintnie "certs ranges rmeasen

ee

Elevation Showing Layout Of Plaster Mill

GREAT NORTHERN MininG Co. LTD. invernges Co. Nova Scotia

Nova ScoTia

INVERNESS Co.

ELEVATION SHOWING LAYOUT OF PLASTER MILL GREAT NORTHERN MINING Co. LTD.

Fig 19

Scale Of Feet

oN

One No. 14 ste e tings a duplicate of the

Two 36" under One screw converter elevator.

One steel cased ele

the same fittings as the . One Broughton mw One hair picker One packer to pa One barrel packer This Company tf gypsum products manufactared

'Our electrically equity. ns per day. 'We manufacture wa gieal and statuary plasters "

tain materials to retard the <et ; e1 of hair Alia XV, wall cement. a pl ! f to Alha aA, stueco, a plaster Pa R , gypsum. It is not as finely gr 2 ae ' minutes. 'Alba XXX. white finish or plasm : hite pur

plaster, 90 per cent of which will pas. ¢ ghia 1 erect! from 5 to 10 minutes. 'Alba XXNXX, surgical and statuar: Lstort to XXX but finer

ground. These plasters set in about thitte ' Alba XX XXX, dental plasters. specially prepared for the dental profes A very pure snow-white plaster, setting within 5S minut

Alba, land plaster, this is a spec ly prepared ground unealeined plaster Valuable around houses and stables. It absorbs the amn ie a end fixes it, making it a very valuable fertilizer

'Terra Alba, a very finely ground and nure unealeined plaster, used as

diluent for medical preparations ete (XN and X are cement plate

tain sufficient retarder to hold back the two hours, in order that tae men may have time to spread the plas wall and proper'y tr lown. Frem 14 to 2 parts of good screen e sed to one pa OX or X. For the convenience t? tra he roper # int WIT TS MEN

i OX. Tf desired we ean adjust ett eot OX X NX fron twenty-four hours. All the above brand r ' - ! 1 pou ext

harge of 19 eents is made f i related on return 45

lit

The following are the results of analyses made by Milton Hersey Compa: from samples of the manufactured product of the Great Northern Mining (o;

pany :-—

OX EX XXX SXXxX xxx x Lime ; hag 39-19 3887 245 3829 Pn Magnesia ee eresow tr tr tr tr 6 Feeric ovide and alumiaa. a om tr O16 006 0 fs Sulphuric anhydride not Le) N19 33 O68 MS S45 Carbonic anhydride APE FY ie ! 0-06 oo 1 07 6 61 Water, loss on ignition eae 4°45 440 40 46 i; Insoluble mineral matter ; Ole 0 36 0 16 O16 0

Coats,

The cost of crude rock varies very much with the condition of its occ rence in different quarries.

If a quarry is free from an overburden of clay and anhydrite, and has - cient height of face to make a good working bench, the cost of production : be very low, when the opposite conditions make excessive costs. By the oy tors it is considered unprofitable to operate when the clay overburden in hei. exceeds the height of rock face; even where they are equal, it is necessary have a quarry of superior rock, and free from anhydrite, to work with any p: when the price js less than $1 per ton, f.o.b. wagons,

Under favourable conditions the rock ean be prepared for shipment at following prices

Blasting . 3 ax +++ 80 10 per ton 2,240 pounds Breaking and loading wagons... . ae Ceroed Sse having waste from quarry. .. revseee OD "

In a few of the quarries of Nova Seotia this Price is excessive, whi: many others it is much too lew. Where the business of shipping the rock, and manufacturing, is carried on at the same place, the rock, under fa. uble conditions, should not cost as much as where the two operations are car: on separately,

he reason is this, where shipping the crude rock is the onis operatic Waste is much greater, The palls made in blasting and in breaking he p! sufficiently small tu handle (one map size) are very considerable, and quarries go te the waste dump. If manufacturing wer carried on, these s; would le a clear gain and worth more to the mill cian the coarser roc,

Lt require less érushing. It is, therefore, safe + estimate that when is lo ated at or hear the quarry the cost of rock y iil net xeem? 24 cont

ton of 2.246 pounds,

par The loss of weight hh Big factor o Where the hygroscopic water joo

made for the loss is from 26 te 2s nee eant a ,

not have to be consider: e usual

i rity to dow ney con

hydration the manufactured product rean material, which is often appreciable Wet hier duce one ton (2,000 pounds) of eal 2,500 pounds of erude rock, which wi , Assuming coal to be used as fuel. and : .

er with the

Ox the following calculation ean be mark

2,500 pounds crude rock in mii] sou 20 ~§=—cval fur power, and calcining kett! ' 34 Labour at mill . oe Cost per ton of 2,000 pounds $6 rH To this must be added the vost of pacigis h—if put in jute will be:— 20 bags at ®c. each ® 1 Ww Totai cust of 2,000 pounds caleined plaster a: Bf This cost is exclusive of all tixed chara 3, as othee, depreciat ind charges.

If a cooperage is operated in couexion with tx plaster mill, ander i

able conditions plaster barrels can be made for from + ent

tlowance

HET Ce

Waste

interes!

though it is somewhat more eXpPensive to use rye ethel iarantee of

quality can ke assured, especially when the sock has ¢ wares length of time. Referring to caleination by the rotary process, Keke! lives the follow 'The rotary process of plaster caleination ha Pe plants to give accurate limiting figures of costs. bu x ' festim believed to be fairly close'

Minin or quarrying 2,400 Ibs. gy peur 0

Power fuel at mill, 50 to 86 The. coal ol

Kiln fuel at mill, 150 to 200 lis. coal i ' Labour at mill + 30 )

Total ; F

i As has been noted in a previ chapter. the marke n 4 at

Seotia and New Brunswick gypsum has beer in the United State Ph

Cements, Limes, and Plaster

during late years has been sold f.o.b. ship at port of shipment. The pric, varied, generally according to quality of the rock, from 75 cents to #2. ton, the average price being about $1.25 per ton of 2,240 pounds.

The freight rate from Minas Basin ports to New York and ports sour; schooner, is about 81.60 per ton, while nearer ports are proportionate! Canadian vessels are not allowed to do coastwise freighting on the United coast, and, therefore, cannot compete with American vessels in this sou: ern trade, as they often get a return freight to northern ports. Very little trade, however, is done with sail vessels. The greater part of the gypsum the Minas Basin ports is taken by Messrs. J. RB. King and Company, in thei: barges, about one-half of which are American bottoms and can be utilize: ing the winter season, when the Bay of Fundy is closed to navigation, southern (U.S.A.) trade: while the Canadian bottoms are hauled up at only as storehouses. .

In this trade, exclusive of Messrs. J, B. King and Company, th Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. the time chartered steamer is fast : the sailing vessel, and where quick despatch ean be given the freight very much reduced.

The following data is given as a reliable basis for calculation o: chartered steamers :—

Taking New York as the port of destination, and a steamer of 2.500 capacity, such a steamer would carry, if bunkered in New York for the rn trip, from 2,350 to 2.400 tons: if bunkered at loading port about 100 or 150 : less. If built on modern lines it sh uld not draw over 17 feet of water loaded, and should have an average speed of 200 nautical miles and burn a 15 tons of coal per day. The cost of such a steamer (rates quoted for 191: would be from £500 to £550 per calendar month. Using a 30 day mont! basis of calculation, the cost would be from 881.11 te $89.99 per day.

The port charges in New York would be in the Vicinity of $300 per exclusive of discharging costs, and at port of loading should not exceed &7: trip.

The first three trips these charges will be somewhat increased on ac: of having to pay the 'sick mariner's' fund per net resister ton) and the first two trips a fee of 85 each trip is chargeable for harbcurmasters duc

As an example, take a Minas Basir: port for receiving cargo and the port New York as discharging, approximate distance. 594 miles. or for round ¢

Time allowed for loading ore 2 days ' discharging 3 sailing ' 6

Total tire required for a round trip... . 1] days

Allowing the consumption of bunker coal to be equivalent to eight steaming, and that the teamer bunkers in New York for the round triy

then have

"APRS PRTTRRG Sshga eh S pee: apter venkat siren

Sahni eins lhe:

120 tons coal at $3.50 per ton Port charges in New York " Nova Scotia Cost of steamer, 11 days at 845.16

Total cost of round wip, exciusis taster dues, and pict foes, whe

This is equivalent to t 2,078 tons; a material reduction

shouid be if the business had sud P modern loading appliance. Enited &

For some years there ' States between the producers sum on the Atlantic sea board on this subject before the Commi: Vash i n November, 1908, brought following are gleaned.

The manufacturers using ex New Brunswiek are nine iy ene ia Maine, one in Pen These manufacturers wer desi: erude rock, imported by the tar . cipal being the United States (i+; , ed onder the laws ot New Jersey, 101, for tin bchisa - ducers of gypsum, and which t ' ' 'id 4 forant plants throughout the middle west cious t reas e dut iSO7 on both the erude rock and on tn actured pre Ir was cla them thet under existing coudition~ the ets eh with 7 miles of the Atlantic sea-board, tine n product. was invading their market. It was also shown by the oy de that it was th finer grades, that could only be manufactured # a Seotia and New Brunswick gypsum, and could not be supplied f ' t. that were in active competition.

The manufacturer of domestic gs psun afford his product fron $2.50 to $4 per ton at the mill, while th f iz imported ypsun aim thay cannot afford to sell at less than # er tor the mil

it was also brought out befere thi I United "tates Governmen! was not to prohibit the ortatit gypsum it ther to encourage it for revenue purposes

It was alee shown chat. although out taty truce rock had inrensed under the duty of 1807, it. ot as much as it ld have been had the duty been less, and that the importation of the manufactured article had fallen off materially. The de: he this committee s. that it was advisable to reduce the duty o : m frem 50 cents te 30 cents per ton, and on the manufactured pr: . eae. BL Th per tor

F. B. Vandegraft's schedule of United States duties (1908) gives the ing 'tems referring to gypsum importation :—

noe

[Vrpmem Weck, rongh (ED. WOO, 10088, SENTIDY. eens ved [20e. per cubic ' SO per cent. crude (f, Dia 26513)... |30e. per ton ground or calcined (abe. 2 562, T.D. 160, ' 25067). . {81.75 per ton

ee see. |36 per cent. or achalte pistes" Pieraiawered ee ceee 1S per cent

Canadian Tariff on Gypsum.

The duty relating to the importation of gypsum into Canada is zi Schedule A, Canada Customs Tariff of 1907, as follows :—

-per 100 pounds!

"per 100 pounds 10 p.c. 124 p.c. Upe

in weighs baad —-

rag

In 1 1209 the Board of Customs rendered the Sdiewhig decisi ion: a erushed, whether larger than wil! pass through a 4" screen cr not, will . under item 294.'

St, Peter Canal.

This canal, connecting the southern part of Bras d'Or lakes with the Atlan: ocean, is an important point for consideration to those interested in the sum deposits bordering on these lakes.

Its total length is half a mile, its width 48 feet, depth of water 18 with one lock 200 feet long. It will be noticed that it has not sufficient capa: for anything but small shipping. This is to be regretted, as it is the natura! cutlet for a number of excellent gypsum deposits on these lakes, az thos: River Tom, Black river, East bay, MeKinnon harbour, all south of the Grand Narrows bridge, while there are many other deposits north of that bridge th: would use the St. Peter Canal route to advantage.

ae

ia nang Maan ih st te

Stoo AN aRN EER tie

Gypsum Mining in the United States,

To give an idea of how well some of the American gypsum properties 11 equipped, the following description, by permission of the author, Mr. W. ! Jones, is given of 5 gypsum mine near Akron, N.Y.

ne f

neral aril

"The gypsum found in the neighbourheod of Ak 5 vs in ens rate basins, in the form of veins, which vary in d n F ae et and which are found at depths from the -urfaee vars ng fron to 70 feet

'The Oakfield deposit, or basin as locatiy ca ituated 12 miles east of the Akron field, and in that region the gypsum been mine I for the past 12 or 15 years. Formerly, the method of work ng was sink a shaft and

then to gopher out around it for a distance of 400 to S60 foe

rom the shaft,

taking out as much as possible of the Bypsum deposit regardless of oillare, or the life of the property. All cars were pushed by hand to the foot of uaft and when the distance from the bottom of the shaft beeame too great for the

cars to be pushed easily, and when the lives of the men were in danger, through lack of suitable pillars, the mine would be abandoned, and another shaft sunk in a nearby location, and similarly worked

'The room and pillar system of orking was introduced into the Oakfield region by Mr. George Hand, of Wilkesbarre, and Mr. Richard Harries, of West Pittston, Pa.. both of whom had bad experience in the anthracite coal field. This system is now very successfully carried on. At this mine no coal is used to generate steam for power purposes, as all the machinery is operated by electric power brought from Niagara Falls over three phase, 25 cycle, transmission line, which conveys the current at 11,000 volts to a concrete transformer building, where it is reduced to 440 volts for use in connexion with the different motors about the plant. An 85 horse-power motor drives, by means of a belt, an Ingersoll-Rand No. 10 Imperial compressor, which furnishes power for the pump at the foot of the shaft, and for 10 Howell's No. 2, air drilling machines. Each of these drills cuts from 20 to 35 holes 6 feet deep per day.

'Since the introduction of the newer system of working, there has been a great increase in production, and while just one year ago the output of the mine was from 35 to 60 tons per day, it now amounts to 250 to 300 tons, and with the addition of two or three additional drilling machines, an output of 40 tons will be reached. The gangways in the mine are driven 6 feet, and 18 feet wide, that is, wide enough to hold the bottom rock that must be taken np in order to get sufficient height for electric haulage, as no mules will be used in the mine. The labourers will push the cars from the face to the mouth of the chambers, or to side tracks which will be located every 300 feet along the gangway, and from these side tracks electric locomotives will take the cars to the bottom of the shaft. The rooms are driven 24 feet wide, 300 feet long, and 4 feet high or to the thickness of the vein. The pillars are 24 feet wide, and cross-cuts 20 feet wide are driven 40 and 60 feet apart, alternately, giving two lengths of pillara.

'The gypeum is loaded by the labourer into a steel ear, holding abeut 2,200 pounds, and at the foot of the shaft these cars ure side dumped into a steel hopper, from which the gypsum passes into a vertical Jeffrey bucket elevator 110 feet long, containing 175 buckets, and travelling at the rate of 80 feet per minute, which runs in one compartment of the shaft, and delivers it to a Jeffrey

eS

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

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Applied Image

1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

crusher, whith crushes the material so that the largest size coming from it j- about the size of ordinary pea coal. From the crusher, the product falls into 400 ton bin, from which it is loaded into box cars for shipment to the cemen: mills of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The crusher and conveyer are drive: by a 100 horse-power General Electric motor, and they have a capacity for hai! ling all the output that can possibly be produced by the mine.

'The mine is thoroughly ventilated by a 9 ft. exhaust fan, made by 'ii. Buffalo Forge Co., driven by a 93 horse-power motor. The shaft has three com partments, the eastern compartment being used by the bucket elevator, as alread; noted. In the middle compartment there is an Otis automatic elevator, used hoisting men, materials, etc., which can be operated by any cne by simply puling the operating cable about 6", as is done at kn ordinary elevator in a building. When the cage reaches the top or bottom landing it stops automatic ally. The west shaft compartment is used for the return air-way leading the fan, and in this 3 feet have been partitioned off at one end by matched boards, and in this section a very convenient stairway has been placed for the convenience of the men when the elevator is not in use. The foot of the shaft is well lighted by 22 electric lights.'

Minerals Associated with Gypsum.

In the territory under consideration, small quantities of accessory mineral of various kinds are often found, as coal in small veins, but of no commercial value, in the Hillsborough gypsum deposits. Some very fine crystals of pyrolusite have been found at Etang du Nord and Demoiselle hill, in the Magdalen Islands deposits, attached to the gypsum in situ. Crystals of native sulphur are 9occasionally found in the Wentworth quarries. In the old McDonald and Allison quarries, at Avondale, lumps of rock salt weighing from one to two pounds have been found; also glauber salt, calcspar, arragonite, carbonate and oxide of iron.

The late Dr. How made a careful study of the minerals associated with the gypsum deposits of Hants county, and made some very interesting discoveries. In 1857 he first discovered a mineral previously known only in Peru, and called it natroborocalcite, now known as ulexite, or tiza. He also discovered two other somewhat similar minerals, and designated them cryptomorphite and silicoborocalcite. This last mentioned mineral was afterwards named by Dana, howlite, in honour of the discoverer.

The composition of these minerals is shown in the following analyses made by Dr. How :—

one

SS eee —

Ulexite Howlite

Natroboro: Silicuborocalcite.

'S°N 'aOupur Ay ody 'uInsdAS YQIM pazeloorse

Taxxx S4V1G

These compounds of bor: found by F ow in the gypsum deposits at Wentworth, Windsor, N-port Station, Cheverie, Walton, and Noel: and writer fuund ulexite in the deposits at Brooktield, cs specimen of howlite at Windsor.

These minerals occur in crystals and aodu! in diameter, and seem to be irregularly distribu The ulexite is generally found in smal! soft ilk and also on the surface, among the crystals of selenite or tufts is pearly white and crystalline.

These minerals are largely used for the manufacture

m

the

. a 1@ TOCK,

nodules

f borax, and for glazing purposes. Samples for the latter purposes, from Windsor, 4 in Nova Scotia, and England, with excellent results.

With these important minerals occurring in so many of the prominent gypsum

deposits of Nova Scotia, it would seem probable that it systematic and

ave been tested

intelligent prospecting was carried on, some of these districts would develop deposits of borates of commercial value.

Plaster Seiting.

As has previously been noted, different gypsum products can be prepared so that the time required for them to set may be a few minutes or it may be hours. This time of setting in plasters is divided into two serious, the initial set, and the final set, which may be determined in the same manner as in Portland cements, by the Vicat needle, which carries a given constant weight against small pat of standard size of properly mixed plaster. When this needle, under a load of 50 grammes, fails to pierce half way through the pat, it is said to be the beginning of this initial set. When the weight is increased to 300 grammes and the needle fails to sink into the mass, the final set is said to take place. This is the usual method of making the determinations in cement laboratories, and the instrument is perfectly adapted for the work. but perhaps more expensive than the ordinary mill operator requires for genc.al practice. A more simple apparatus is easily made by placing two wires perpendicularly in a wooden frame, and arranged separately so that each can hold a weight on its top end and move freely in a vertical position, giving a direct pressure on a plaster pat placed beneath. The first wire has a flat area of rz" und is loaded with a quarter pound weight to determine the initial set; when it fails to make an impression on the plaster pat the set is said to have commenced.

Te determine the final set a wire 2" in area is used, and loaded with a weight of one pound. When the wire makes no impression on the pat the final set has taken place. This apparatus should be kept clean, and used frequently, so that the mill operator can closely watch any unevenness in his product and guard against any such irregu.arities. Many wall plasters have teen condemned by workmen on account of their unevenness in setting; one or more batches may be slow in setting, while possibly the next quick .etting and has reached its final set before the first is floated. In most

gypsum quarries the rock is fairly uniform and the trouble referred to is easily guarded against, but where gypsum earth, or gypsite is used for plaster cement, there is more irregularity, and it requires much more careful watching on the part of the mil] manager to get an even product.

The mill, however, should not always be blamed in cases of irregularity, 1s much depends on those mixing and using the material; dirty mixing mortar boxes, with partly set material around the corners, and unclean tools, or sand, or water are often the cause of much trouble. . Again, the dry lath will cause much trouble by absorbing the water from the plasters. Seasoned laths should always be well wet before applying plaster mortar. Mortar boxes should be well scraped cut, and the scrapings thrown away after each batch is taken out and before starting to mix another. The old mortar starts the crystallization, and acts as an accelerator, causing the mortar to set too quickly. Dirt in the sand or water may act directly as a retarder and cause uneven setting.

Thermometers.

In the previous pages, both Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometers have been used, and for the convenience of reducing them to one standard, the following rules are given :—

Rule 1. To reduce degrees Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 82.

Formula <9. 2 =F.

Bxample : 400%9 360 380_ 79 72 + $2 104 Fahrenheit.

Rule 2. To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. Formula F—32 x5 ae:

Examp'e : 104 F—32 72 72 369 40 Centigrade.

CHAPTER X Gypsum Statistics.

It will be noticed by the tate slowing the worlds product

United States now leads in the production of gypsum. Previous to 1006. France was the largest producer; but, while in that country. since 1901, the annual pre duction has been decreasing, in the United States, with the excepuon of the year 1904, the annual production has been gradually increasing unul it now leads the world.

In Canada during the past decade there has been considerable improvement in production, but this improvement, in the Eastern Provinces, has practically all been in the production of crude rock for export purposes. Exclusive of Hillsborough, N.B., which is the largest producer of the manufactured article, and has increased its mill product within the past 10 years over 65 per vent, very little has been done. The Great Northern Mining Company, of Cheticamy, (.B., has only recently started manufacturing, and cannot yet be considered as a large producer, although its prospects for the future are bright.

The import trade has increased much more rapidly in proportion than that of the export business.

In 1900 the total value of imports was $7,519, while that of 1909 was $105,882. By referring to Table No. 11 it will be seen that in 1909 the greatest value ($64,849) is in the importation of plaster of Paris, although crude gypsum forms an important item, being for the same year valued at $35,268.

In the following tables, from 1 to 4 inclusive are taken from ' Mineral Resources of the United States.' Tables from 5 to 11 inclusive were furnished by Mr. John McLeish, statistician of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa :—

TABLE No. 1. World's Production.

Fuance. Unrrep States.

Quantity Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity.

2,343,943 1,043,202 3'029/297 ' ASTD 4 2.423615 540,585 3.837975 92 646,914 2,544,819 1,751,748 4.942.264 $40,964 BT3.701

Great Briraiyx. Geawan Empire. ALGERIA,

, Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Qusntity.! Value. Quantity Value

348,210 39,108 ; 17,199 41,446 129,190 344,650 5 3 38,955 132,286 384, 263 i 732 ¢ 6,889 52,253 337,391 5 967 105,040 354,138 5,085 17, 33§ 93, 287 400,717 ; 28 98,420

Pi gs Bere Cee 85,446 Hh Rel Rass & 29,101 75,907

b Includes Baden, le. Tunis.

TABLE No. 2.

The following . ws the quantity of Crude Gypsum mined in the United States.

Short tons.

265,54 "3 224,254 288, 982 ui 291,638

Production of Gypsum in the "nited States, 1904

Quantity in short tons

Quantity in short tons.

TABLE No. 4. Disposition of Gypsum in the United States, 1907-8, by uses, in short tons.

Quantity. Value. Quantity.

& Sold crude :— j For Portland cement. .. aay i 355,750 For paint material . . . ( ) 1 For plaster material . . As land plaster For other purposes

Sold calcined :—

(a) Included in ' For plaster material.' (4) Including paint material.

United States Imports

The gypsum which is imported into the United States comes—except a few hundred tons annually from France and Great Britain—almost wholly from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and enters the ports of the New England and North Atlantic states, over one-hulf of :t entering the port of New York. This imported gypsum is nearly all valcined, and converted into wall plagters by plants along the sea-board as far east as Red Beach, Maine. A small :mantity

the -material is used crude as land plaster, and some is mixed in pa'ent fertin. ers.

The following table shows the isx~-rts for consumption into the United States from 1904-1908, inclusive, in sh :ons:—

TABLE No. 5.

'

Quantity. Value. Quantity.' Value.

There was a notable falling off in the

ada in 1908, due no doubt to the general de 1909 showed considerable improvement, pro re Te ing a value of $798,048, which is the riches: ; ' The following table shows the annual jx ! rom TSS 9 elusive :— TABLE N " erag Calendar Year. Por V due Price Pe lon. 162 000 Ww § v2 1 ol Wome 208,605 206,251 241,048 241,127 . 00 192,508 we ' 090 i) 1) Se 230,601 1 12 219,256 1 Un 244, 506 ve 1 65 ' 259,000 Lm i 840,148 1 16 883,590 379,470 1 i4 {14480 388,459 124 345 é 1 0S 86, 1 32 460.022 643,204 1 37 485,021 646,914 1 349,064 ATH, 7 1 69 466,491 798,045 $i

Sales and Shipments of Crude, Ground, and Calcined Gypsum, 1905-1909.

TABLE No. 7.

Tons Value Per Ton. Value, PerT

& $ eta.

CALcrnen, ToTaL Saes,

Average

Tons. Value. reeTon.| Tons. Value. per ton:

Calendar

Year.

j

Nova © o7

Tons.

rat

Annual Produce:

&

116,346 120,42" 142,850 14,972 153,055 176,021 144,111 133,929

2th, 12 44,0

O2.078

TABLE No. 9. Exports of Crude Gypsum.

j

Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Ontario. Calendar H

s

&

Eee

(a) Not available. (t) Exported from British Columbia.

I:

Tons.

TABLE No. 10.

Nova Scotia. New Brunswick.

a a

Ontario

s

Caupe Gypsum. Ground Gypsum, Plaster oF Pagis.

Tons. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.

BE asst bm 3 GO

S235

Appendix I.

List of maps and drawings relating to this report which are on file at the office of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines.

Maps.

: Nova Scotia.

Pleasant Bay Sheet, Inverness County.

. Aspy Bay Sheet, Victoria County.

Ingonish Sheet, Victoria County.

. Cheticamp Sheet, Inverness County.

. Margaree Sheet, Inverness County. t

. Northeast Margaree Sheet, Inverness County.

. Broadcove Marsh Sheet, Inverness County.

. Southwest Margaree Sheet, Inverness County.

. Ross Section Sheet, Inverness County.

. Inverness Sheet, Inverness County.

. Mabou Sheet, Inverness County.

. Smith Island Sheet, Inverness County.

. Middle Bridge Sheet, Inverness County.

. River Denys Sheet, Inverness County. '

. Malagawatchkt Sheet, Inverness County,

. McKinnon Harbour Sheet, Inverness and Victoria Counties, . Nyanza Sheet, Victoria County.

. Port Bévis Sheet, Victoria County.

. Island Point Sheet, Victoria County.

Saint Ann Sheet, Victoria County.

: Saunders Cove Sheet, Cape Breton County.

. East Bay Sheet, Cape Breton County.

River Tom Sheet, Richmond County.

Black River Sheet, Richmond County.

Madame Island Sheet, Richmond County. Askilton Sheet, Inverness and Richmond Counties. Tracadie Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. Pomquet Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. Antigonish 'Harbour Sheet, Antigonish County. Westville Sheet, Pictou County.

Bridgeville Sheet, Pictou County.

Malagash Sheet, Cumberland County.

Pugwash Sheet, Cumberland County.

River Philip Sheet, Cumberland County. Springhill Mines Sheet, Cumberland County. ' Nappan Sheet, Cumberland County.

Parrsboro Sheet, Cumberland County.

East Mountain Sheet, Colchester County.

Shorts Lake Sheet, Colchester County. Shubenacadie River Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. . Maitland Sheet, Colchester and Hants Counties. Noel Sheet, Hants County.

Walton Sheet, Hants County. :

. Cheverie Sheet, Hants County.

Avon River Sheet, Hants County.

Clarksville Sheet, Hants County.

Ninemile River Sheet, Hants County. 5 Elmsdale Sheet, Halifax and Hants Counties. Gay River Sheet, Hants, Halifax, and Colchester Counties. Musquodoboit Sheet, Halifax County.

Stewiacke River Sheet, Colchester County. Newton Mills Shact, Colchester County.

Bessssssssshsssaskes Re Sbessrebe

Map showing Great Northern Mining Co: and geological relations of gypsum deposits. Chetic

quarries,

New Brunswick

1. Plaster Rock Sheet, Victoria County 2. St. Martins Sheet, Kings and St. John Counties 3. Sussex Valley Sheet, Kircs and Westmorland Counties 4. Hillsborough Sheet, Alber: and Westmorland Counties. Plan showing workings on Lease No. 2, Wentworth Gypsum Co.. Demoiselle creek, N.B. ' Plan of tunnel at Demoiselle creek, N.B.. Wentworth Gypsum Co. Chart of the Bay of Fundy showing locations of gypsum deposits in its vicinity. DRAWINGS.

General front view of Olson land plaster distributor. End dump car and rock slide arrangement.

i... Mean Rho

of

Appendix Ii.

List of Maps published by the Geological Survey Branch of the Department Mines, which embrace areas described in this report. ;

Nova Scotia,

. Cumberland Coalfield Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch.

Geological Sketch map of parts of Kings and Hants Counties, N.S., 2 miles to inch.

. Map of Pictou 3 2. As

Sheet 2.

Margaree River Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 9. South ae Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. eet, 1

. Sheet 10. Englishtown mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 11. ree Sheet, 1 mi'2 to 1 inch.

. Sheet 12, Baddeck Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 18. Middle River Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

- Sheet 14. Broad Cove Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 15. Whycocomagh Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 16. Port Hood Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 17. Lock Lomond Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 18. River Denys Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 19. Judique Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 20. L'Ardoise Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch Sheet 21. Saint Peter Sheet, ! mile to 1 inch. Sheet 22. Strait of Canso Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 23. Arichat Sh 1 mile to 1 inc* Sheet 24. aang heet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 31. Roman Valley Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 32. Pomquet Harbour Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 83 — George Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 34. Antigonish Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 35. Lochaber Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 43. Stellarton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 44. New Glasgow Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 45. Toney River Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 46. Pictou Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 47. Westville Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 49. Upper Musquodoboit Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch Sheet 50. Moose River Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 55. Gay River Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 56. Shubenacadie Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 57. Truro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 58. Earltown Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 59. Tatamagouche Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 60. Malagash Shett, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 61. Pugwash Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 62, Wentworth Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 63. Londonderry Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 64. Noel Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. Sheet 65. Kennetcook Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 66. Elmsdale Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

037. Sheet 78. Windsor: Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

Sheet 74. Walton Sh 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 75. Five Island Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 76. Pleasant Hills Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 82. Southampton Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 83. Parrsboro Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

. Sheet 133, Cape Dauphin Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch. . Sheet 184. Sydney Sheet, 1 mile to 1 inch.

New Brunstick.

144. Sheet 1 8.E. St. John Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch.

145. Sheet 1 N.E. Grand Lake Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch

231. Sheet 2 S.W. Andover Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch.

254. Sheet 2 N.W. Grand Falls Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch.

230. Sheet 4 N.W. Cumberland Coal field Sheet, 4 miles to 1 inch

; ith roms 7 rosea et omen arenas maaeses im a pea ea a RIS ss snca tc omcarcteratenrtnsemeensniece eee aD ™ ,

RN STR a ata aanaanel

Akron, N.Y., gypsum mine near.. . Alabaster... .. .. .. Alabastine.. .. .. Albert Manofacturing a Alberta, gypsum deposits of.. Anslgeia, anhydrite. . ar eae ee 4 brine, Cheverie SereRads.. CPOs es es CEPT OT See ee eee GYPSUM... .. 0. oe oe "15, 29, 23, 34, 35, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 5: 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67 2, 73, 74, 78, 80, 83. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89. 91, 92. 93, 97, Ce ee en MOE) ae SGaCE? OnE Dc icamers Ee MATER CORES ose on ¥ SE SF ERD AE a Oe ery 8 pilnwter: OF POTIGs. 2. cc0 6. 6 xe oe ce oe 0 rock at Tom river, N.S.. .. as a elie Cini: WON WORE oe cack) 5 coe) oi) wer Fes 9s Vas ex, iol hs : , Anhydrite.. .. .. .. .. 21, 30, 35, 45, 18, 50, 51, &2, 38, 56, 59, 60, 62. 63, 65,

gasocinted: 'with, Gy POU. 6. 66k kc ck 8s oe on oe ee oe oe be ce KS. origin of.. Appendix I, maps sail deininas on "file.

II, maps — bcd Geole — Saber. ee ra ay AY 2 a x Australia, gypsum in.

Bailey, Dr. L. W., analysis of gypsite.. deposits of New 'Srascsiak.. se , studies of gypsum.. Rey ee ee

Black Rock gypsum quarry... .. .. -. 6. ee ee ee ee ee ees Blow holes in gypsiferous areas.. .. .. .. 61 ee ee ee ee ee ee te ne

Meadow Quarry... 2. 6. 05 0 0s oe oe oe oe oe oe oe oe

os New Brunewick deposits.. .. 2. 1. 6. ee ce ee ee ee ee ee ee te ee

be Watton: dasnelt. ooo a Bk ee eee Re Ress oe we. Be Say SH ae CREE Ee Borates, probable cant a Sg ean ak ee ne ary RS ON ae rao Borax. 02 cs se oss British Columbia, ieee degesite ae

Calcining, cost of..

in products of esate. Rhee

objections to present system... .. .. 62. e+ ee ee ee ee ee ee tee Calespar associated with gypsum.. .. 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee te te Calvin Tomkins Co., New York.. .. .. 2... ee ee ee ee ee ee ce ee ee ee te Canada, gypsum in. Carbonate of iron associated 'with run... Cement plaster.. .. ... Pree Cheverie area, section of Seectale, Cost of crude gypsum...

Crayons, gypsum used in manufacture of.. Crosby, Prof. W. O., origin of Cryptomorphite.. re

Cummer system of calcining...

Customs duties, effect of..

Cyprus, gypsum in..

Dana, J. D., origin of gypsum.. .. .. . Daweon, Sir W. J., deposits of N.B..

ie origin of gypsum.. .. .. .. es ee hate "Wm. M., method for cement manufacture.. .

Dehydration of gypsum.. .. dee eh vend chetvinet meena ..36, 108, 114, 126

ha plaster sisted by. ' Director's preface.. .. .. ceae enter ee

gE Engelhardt, Prof. F. E., analysis of brine.. ..

Fire proof construction, diagrams of.. Fire tests of plaster block ribs Fowler oe of.. me Rae tibet ee sais res France, gypsum in.. ee Me] Sa nel.n Wee 4s SEDES BEL ee b Fraser, Donald & Sene.. Peer - experiment with qypeum as a fertiliser... Fuel economy.. .. .. .. . Nea Sa eg TedAEe= Ra veae Cone eel sas ewes

G

Geikie, Archibald, formation of gypsum.. .. Germany, gypsum in.. .. .. .. .. .. 0. Gilpin, Dr., section measured by.. . Glaciation phenomenon at Newport.. . Graham, Capt. John, deposit of.. .. . Great Britain, gypsum in. Great Northern Mining Co.. ies description ot sail. gypsum products manufactured 5 omape Of om Bese. ick Se. kk ck ks cs section through deposit. . wri eer owe Grimsley, G. P., origin of gypsum.. BP Ga es be ER setting of gypsum.. Gypsite, or gypsum earth.. sa ee Gypsum, analysis of.. asa fertiliser. . is result of prey in : Outerio.. as a eulphurizing and basic flux.. - as an adulterant.. +; ee) 8a. 04 associated with Sasestons. . are blocks used to imitate marble.. .. .. boards, method of manufacture.. .. .. . characteristics and uses of.. chemistry and Kersec of. cost of crude.. . s customs duty on in T Ss

Prat.

coe ee ee 6100 aa, 147, 148

eo oe ©6121

Gypsum, defend.for products of in U.

deposits, determination of "ee 'featiks.

in maritime provinces practically unlimi ited

of Magdalen islands.. .. ..

i character of..

of N.B. and Magdalen

of N.B. history of..

of N.S., geology of.. ,

of N.8., geological position : ae

of N.S., history of.. ae ;

of N.S., measurement of by Sr. Gi bate. derivation of word.. nee ; distribution of.. r districts of Nova 'Scotia... GEORG, MAB MRNO: O85. es 5 55 ee So en eee ek ee ee freight rates, effect of .. history and distribution o.. aes in manufacture of Portland coment. industry in N.B., historic point of.. information respecting acknowledged. . largest operations in province at Wentworth... manufacturing, estimates of costs.. TOME ees es SE Pe

% GESOME ORs cine ncitreccante. itr aseried Ger re ies oa methods of mining.. .. .. .. minerals associated with.. .. Riel Set ce Gs Sal "Ve RTs o 4 Oty EERE RE OK mining, great poupibilitios of. 6.0 23 5c 5s ss oy bu se ee ce ae as 4s in United States.. .. of Cipe Breton free from manganese. . sib), Ga SE Reh san ae ash ee AE ae origin of.. PRRs gta mC SOU ere eee ite COC Pear ee TC prices of... . nea Dice aieteelt sel eg Lowre vices on de eel vel serraiey 100 tors production of in 'Canada... Pa etal Re wis Eee aL TVE nee ne Kael, cep es 3 Se Oita BiRtOOs 5 is os ce es. onl sence 8s se ee Geen es 4 to a ae Og de eke co serteryeis sneer Thar ate eee

products of.. .. .. .. .. SUE eee Lucky eater eed Otee. shipped from Magdalen lands to Quebec. OTe ver cents wpbeBility Os. se. 65 sco ee ss re statistics.. .. .. used in manufacture of Saunt WRPIORE WED Olea ae. Gs ceisice wa ee cays

Hand, George, method of gypsum mining.. .. .. . 0. 0. 6s ee ee te ee Harries, Richard, method of gypsum mining.. .. .. .. .. Higginson, H. C., quarry operated by.. ; Hofman, H. O., and Mostwitech, W., paper on qypeam as a . ex. Honeyman, Dr., gypsum deposits of Nova Scotia.. See eee How, Dr., analysis of mineralg associated with SIMO. s 554s sees

studies of - n POWs... 56. ci 5

India, gypsum in.. Introductory.. . FS CES TREE AT Re Htaly, gypsum im... 2... ee es

a

Jones, W. J., gypsum mining in United States.. .. .. .

Keene's cement.. .. ' ° King, J. B. and Co., 'argo 'purchasers 'of 'open reek.

Land plaster, methods of applying.. .. .. .. .. 6. e+ es Lundrin, method of cement manufacture.. .. .. 2... 6. 6. oe ee Limestone quarry at Jamesville, N.S.. .. .. .. .. see

M McLeod, R. R., 1 'ference to gypsum deposits.. .. .

MacDonald. Duncan, quarry operated by.. .. .. .. .. ..

Machinery for manufacture of soeigst re ES ee Mack's cement... .. rr vars aes

Magdalen islands, quacval ' denevigtion.. Pgs Sacer a ee ae

"

gypsum deposits.. .. .. pues Maitland, Gibb, information from sakusviotind:.

WARE, CPU EUONORE Olncc nc. aa ics sprees as esa eee eet Maritime Gypeum: Co... esse ceecen: ge bee Oe OF 80 08. 68

Martin's cement.. .. .. .. Pee aes ee me

Mining, gypeum in U1 .ed States... ere Ce a Tore

Moonstone, see Selenite.

Natroborocalcite.. .. .. . $e. Eh. 49. 602 000 44-9048 FRE

Newark Lime and Cement Si.

Newport Plaster Mining and icammaie on. Saat Nova Scotia Gypsum Co.. .. .. Bete ger Cow da ecde eon nee om gypsur districts ot... Prieta rt ree, oe Fe Newfoundland, @ypewme iii... co oe. 55 be 45 00 55 98 ee

oe oe oe '104, 111

oo oo oo 0 ASO, 151

oe ee ee ee ce es 51 sce oe oe os 40, 78, 81 oo es oe 79 0 ee 6 00 se oe 42

O'Brien Co., operations in Hants co.. .. .. Ae eco Oe: 3 a 5 S., development work on : property ts OTT me a RS : 71

o Pla ter Distributor, description of.. .. .. r as. OF "es 136

Ontario, rypsum deposits of.. euae 21 Oxide of iron associated with gypeum.. 150

P

Parian cement.. as gee ae : 122 Parsons, Albert, Walton deposit operated by. Edge 72 Pellow gypsum quarry.. .. .. Shu sewigthe Che Ke es rare Petroleum associaied with gypsum.. .. GaN Ese. 55 RS ORE CEEOL Dy aCe TCT Pittman, E. F., information from acknowledged... 38, 23 Plaster boards, method of manufacture.. . + 116 "ealcining and mESe:: PLAN oe PRE ST eee 7 36

hard wall.. 121

maautbakuse as eee F , 103

sa milis, plans, ieiibetions soil pry Sea eaten yet ee eet 111

produced by — dehydration. . sivas ee we as oes en's 121

setting of.. AN Ae OPE ee aa - 151

OF PEFR SS eee. MeN eeee SO L3e ee Te ie ae ke ee

Plaster of Paris for pottery moulde..

in plate glass nianufactur: Plate glase manufacture, plaster of Paris used in Portland cement, gypsum used in. 'eet Pottery and terra cotta, plaster of Parix moulds for Pyrolusite associated with gypsum.

Q Quebec, gypsum deposits of.. .. .

R Retarders, composition and use of..

Ss

St. Peter canal, effect of on development of gypsum deposits, ,

Salt, glauber, associated with gypsum.. . Salt, rock, associated with gypsum. Saul, Mr., character of Nova Scotia gypsum.

Selenite... .. .. +. ee ee % 1b, $8, 53, 57, 68,

associated 'with .. cer-* made at Windsor, N.3. SS 5 IOs Pia re eee a ot Silicoborocalcite..

Statistics of gypsum..

Sulphur usecciated with gyyeun. Switzerland, gypsum in.

T Tariff, see Customs. Terra alba mill at Noel, N.S.. .. Maren EA Dae nan eae eas *The Boom' gypsum passes Fn ER Cae gr Mirae CAE ee RPE LE Thermometers.. .. .. pyre rae

Tina, see Natvcbencendelte, Tomkins, Calvin, operations of.. .. .. .. 2. 6... ee ee ee

Ulexite, see Natroboi ocalcite. United States Gypsum Co..

gypsum in.. .. .. So "y largest producer gypsum.

Victoria Gypsum Ca.: oi 5 os. sk eee sa w

Wait, F. G., analyses of Nova Scotia gypsum... .. 6... 6. Weller, S. A., character of Nova Scotia gypsum.. . Wentworth (gypsum Co.. .. .. 6. 6. oe se , Windtor Plaster a5. 6. 2.050045 4a Ges

ae Gypsum Co... 0.

Canada

Departmen&#x27; Uf Mines Mines Branch

Hon. °V. Tempteman, Minister; A. P. Low, LL.D

Devury Minister Eveens Haayet, Pu.D., Dtaecror

Reports, And Maps Of Economic Interest.

Published By The

Mines Branch

Reports.

Mining Conditions of the Klondike, Yukon. Report on—by Eugene Iaanel, Ph.D., 1902.

2. Great Landslide at Frank, Alta. Report on—by R. G. McConnell and R. W.

Brock, M.A., 1903.

Investigation of the different electro-thermic processes for the smelting of iron ores, and the making of steel, in operation in Europe. Report of Special Commission—by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. 1904. (Out of print.)

. Rapport de la Commission nommée pour ¢tudier les divers protédés électrothermiques

pour la réduction des minerais de fer et la fabrication de Y'acier employés en Europe. (French Edition), 1905, (Out of print.)

. On the location and examination of magnetic ore deposits by magnetometric

measurements. Eugene Haanel, Ph:D., 1904.

. Limestones, and the Lime Industry of Manitoba. Preliminary Report on—

by J. W. Wells, 1905.

. Clays and Shales of Manitoba: their Industrial Value. Preliminary Report

. Hydraulic Cements (Raw Materials) in Manitoba: Manufacture and Uses

of. Preliminary Report on—by J. W. Wells, 1905.

. Mica: its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses—by Fritz Cirkel, M.E., 1905.

. Asbestos: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses—by Fritz Cirkel, M.E..

. Zine Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions affecting their

Exploitation. Report of the Commission appointed to investigate—by W. R. Ingalls, 1905.

. Experiments made at Sault Ste. Marie, under Government auspices, in the

smelting of Canadian iron ores by the electro-thermic process. Final Report on—by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907.

. Mines of the Silver-Cobalt Ores of the Cobalt district: Their Present and

Prospective Output. Report on—by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907

. Graphite: Its Properties, Occurrence, Refining, and Uses—by Fritz Cirkel,

M.E., 1907.

. Peat and Lienite: Their Manufacture and Uses in Europe—by Erik Nystrom,

M.E., 1908.

20. Iron Ore Deposits of Nova Scotia. Report on (Part I)—by Dr. J. E. Wood-man

.

21. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1907-8. 22. Iron Ore Deposits of Thunder Bay and Rainy River districts. Report on—

by F. Hille, M.E.

23. Iron Ore Deposits along the Ottawa (Quebec side) and Gatineau rivers.

Report on—by' Fritz Cirkel, M.E.

. General Report on the Mining and Metallurgical Industries of Canada,

. The Tungsten Ores of Canada. Report on—by Dr. T. L. Walker.

26. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1966. Annual Report on—by John

McLeish, B.A.

. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1908. Preliminary Report on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1908.

. Chrome Iron Ore Deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on—by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Supplementary Section: Experiments with Chromite at MeGill University—by Dr. J. B. Porter.)

. Investigation of the Peat Bogs and Peat Fuel Industry of Canada, 190s. Bulletin No. 1—by Erik Nystrim, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

. Production of Cement in Canada, 1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

32. Investigation of Electric Shaft Furnace, Sweden. Report on—by Eugene

Haanel, Ph.D.

2. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the Calendar years 1907 and

1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Production of Chromite in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Production of Asbestos in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Production of Coal, Coke, and Peat in Canada during the calendar years 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

Production of Natural Gas and Petroleum in Canada during the calendar

vears 1907 and 1908. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Iron Ore Deposits of Vancouver and Texada islands. Report on—by Einar Lindeman, M.E.

. Report on the Bituminous, or Oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; also on the Oil-shale Industry of Scotland—by Dr. R. W. Ells.

. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1907 and 1908. Annual Report on—by

Jo McLeish, B.A.

. Chemica: Analyses of Special Economic Importance made in the Laboratories

of the Department of Mines, 1906-7-8. Report on—by F. G. Wait, M.A..

F.C.S. (With Appendix on the Commercial Methods and Apparatus for

the Analysis of Oil-shales—by H. A. Leverin, Ch.E.)

. Mineral Production of Canada, 1909. Preliminary Report on—by John

MeLeish, B.A.

3. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1909.

. Iron Ore Deposits of the Bristol Mine, Pontiac county, Quebec. Bulletin No, 2—by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. Schedule of Charges for Chemical Analysis and Assays.

30. Production of Coal and Coke in Canada

3. Recent Advances in the Constru: tion of Pig Iron, Steel, and Zine.

. Chrysotile-Asbestos: Its Geer: port on—by Fritz Cirkel

. Investigation of the Peat Bogs, and Peat Industry which is appended Mr. Aif. Larson's Paper on D: Carbonizing Process: from Teknisk Tidskriti 1908—translation by Mr. A. Anrep, Jr: also ; Ekelund's Pamphlet entitled © A Solurion the deseribing the Ekelund Process for the Manufacture by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.E. Bulletin No. t—by AL, pert. (Second Edition, enlarged. ) ,

Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during thi

Bulletin on—by John MeLeish, B.A,

nuendar vour LHO9.

x the calendar year 1909.

Bulletin on—by John McLeish. B.A.

2. Magnetic Concentration Experiments. Bulletin No. : -by Geo. C. Maekenzie.

. Gypsum Deposits of the Maritime Provinces of Canada Magdalen islands. Report on—by W. I. Jennison, MAE.

. Production of Cement, Lime, Clay Products, Stone. and ether Structural Materials during the calendar year 1909, Bulletin on—by John Me-

Leish B.A.

. The Miveral Production of Canada, 1909 Annual Report en—by John McLeish B.A.

including the

39. Reprint of Presidential address delivered before the Ameriean Peat Society

at Ottawa, July 25,1910. By Eugene Haanel, Ph.D . Proceedings of Conference on Explosives. Investigation of the Explosives Industry in the Dominion of Canada. 1910. Report on—by Capt. Arthur Desborough. (Second Edition.) . Molybdenum Ores of Canada. Report on—by Dr. T. L. Walker. Mineral Production of Canada, 1910, Preliminary Report on—by John

McLeish, B.A.

. Mines Branch Summary Report, 1910.

In The Press.

83. An investigation of the Coals of Canada with reference to their Economie

Qualities: as conducted at MeGill University under the auspices of the Dominion Government. Report on—by J. B. Porter, E.M.. D.Se., and R. J. Durley, Ma.F.

. The Building and Ornamental Stones of Canada. Report. on—-by Professor W. A. Parks,

. Catalogue of Publications of Mines Branch, trom 1902 to 1911; contain: ing Tables of Contents, and List of Maps, ete.

. Western Portion of Torbrook Iron Ore Deposits, Annapolis county, N.S. Bulletin No. 7—by Howells Fréchette, M.s

. Diamond Drilling at Point Mamainse, Ont. Bulietin No, 6—by A.C. Lane, Ph.D., with Introductory by A. W. G. Wilson, P&D.

. Production of Cement, Lime, Clay Products, Stone, and other Structural

materials in Canada, 1910. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the calendar year 1910. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Production of Coal and Coke in Canada during the calendar year 1910. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A. ;

. General Summary of the Mineral Production in Canada during the calendar

year 1910. Bulletin on—by John McLeish, B.A.

. Mica: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses. Report on—by Hugh S.

de Schmid, M.E.

IN PREPARATION. . Coal and Coal Mining in Nova Scotia. Report on—by J. G. S. Hudson.

Maps.

. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Calabogie mine, Bagot township

, Renfrew county, Ontario—by E. Nystrém, M.£., 1904.

. Magnetometr: Survey of the Belmont Iron Mines, Belmont tow--ship, Peterborough county, Ontario—by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc., 1905.

"{agnetometric Survey of the Wilbur mine, Lavant township, Lanark county, Ontario—by B. F. Haanel, B.Sc., 1905.

. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Iron Ore Deposits at Austin

brook, Bathurst township, Gloucester county, N.B.—by E. Lindeman,

M.E., 1906.

33. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lot 1, Concession VI, Mayo

township, Hastings county, Ontario—by Howells Fréchette, M.Sc., 1909. . Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 2 and 3, Concession VI, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario—by Howells Fréchette, M.Se., 1909.

. Magnetometric Survey, Vertical Intensity: Lots 10, 11, and 12, Concession IX, and Lots 11 and 12, Concession VIII, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario—by Howells Fréchette, M.Se., 1909.

. Survey of Mer Bleue Pest Bog, Gloucester township, Carleton county, and Cumberland township, Russell county, Ontario—by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

. Survey of Alfred Peat Bog, Alfred and Caledonia townships, Prescott county, Ontario—by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert. . Survey of Welland Peat Bog, Wainfleet and Humberstone townships, Welland county, Ontario—by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

. Survey of Newington Peat Bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall townships, Stormont county, Ontario—by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

. Survey of Perth Peat Bog, Drummond township, Lanark county, Ontario— by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

. Survey of Victoria Road Peat Bog, Bexley and Carden townships, Victoria county, Ontario—by Erik Nystrém, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

48: Magiretomerric Map @f--bros island, B.C.—bLy E 49. Magnetometiie Va} island, b.4 in 50. Vancouver island, B.C. 51, Iron Mines, Texada 52. Sketch Map of Bog couver ishind, 1.4 Iron Ore Occurrcuce- White, and Fritz ¢ lron Ore Ocveurreie M.E. The Productive Chi Magnetometric Sur Kinar Lindeman, - Topographical Map Lindeman, ME. Index Map of Nov: Index Map of New Map of Magdalen

Magnetometric Nipi

Brunner Peat Boe, Guia

Komoka Peat Bog Brockville Peat kkondeau Peat Bog. Alfred Peat Bog, Alfred Peat Bog, Ontari Map of Asbestos Regi Map showing general by Fritz Cirkel, M.E

Map showing Coba!t by L. HI. Cole, General Map of Caned: ving Coal Fields 'complying report &88—by Dr. J. General Map of Cont f va Seatia and New B (Accom panuving Rep . General Map show ine ra! r All Srska and Manitoba. (Accompanying I General Map oi oal Fields Dritish Colum (Accompanying iReport No. 83 hy Genera! Map ef Coal No. 88-—-by Dr. J.

N.B.

Magnetometric

district—by

¢ F ; $

108. Index Map showing Iron Bearing Area at Austin Brook—by E. Lindeman, M.E.

109. Seetions of Diamond Drill Holes in Iron Ore Deposits at Austin Brook— by E. Lindeman, M.E.

In The Press.

112. Sketch plan showing Geology of Point Mamainse, Ont.—by Professor A. C. Lane.

119-137. Mica: Townships maps, Ontario and Quebec—by Hugh S. de Schmid, M.E.

138. Mica: Showing location of Principal Mines and Occurrences in the Quebec Mica Area—by Hugh S. de Schmid.

139. Miea: Showing Location of Principal Mines and Occurrences in the Ontario Mica Area—by Hugh S. de Schmid.

140. Mica: Showing Distribution of the Principal Mica Occurrences in the Dominion of Canada—by Hugh S. de Schmid.

141. Torbrook Iron Bearing District, Annapolis county, N.S.—by Howells Fré- chette, M.Se.

In Preparation.

113. Holland Peat Bog, Ontaric—by A. Anrep, Peat Expert.

Cana.

Department Mines Bi

Hon. W. Teurceman, Minwren; A. P Evesxs Hawn, Pr

ate

K ae

Waren sec "Ss ; Sh Mee ay P !

A JOGGINS Saaccan

: Springhill

Ls : E

LHS Pereira, Draughtsman.

[vEs BRAS rz; A. P. lod, LL.D., Devcty Moreen; Haawe., Pui), Desecros.

Map Of

Part Of

yt PROVINCE Or NOVA SCOTIA

Showing distribution of occurrences of Gypsum

Scale of Miles

10 Q 10 20 30 40 so

w Horbour / a

é

George Bay

ntigomsh Harbour

poe

ap B94

use <facorori I : ae : 2, oy S& /

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Legend

ae [ outline of Gypsum Monograph Sheets / aS fastens Outline of Geologice!l Survey Sheets / -— - Boundories cf Lower Carboniferous Areos

: ie / % Gypsum Deposits

/ 'i / Se j Coo/ Mines

/ a / Railwey f ;

No. 64

To ACCOMPANY REPORT NO. 84—- Gvesum DEPOSITS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES BY W F JENNISON

Canada Department Of

Mew W Traneuan, Movere; A. P. Low, Becess Maem, Pa.D., D

rai

a

inca ¥

Nada

Nt Of Mines Branch

A. P. Low, LL.D, Devery Mavwres,; Pa.D., Drascme.

; a ¥ 4ele., Br sree

G@uer

Ss? Lawrence

Index Map

Cape Spencer wa OF PART OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK . Showing distribution of occurrences of Gypsum END ooo prime Senegresh Sheets scate oF murs

Boundary Pra 6s" fis No 65

To Accompany RePort NO 64-— GYPSUM Derosits OF THE MARITIME Provinces. sv W. F JENNISON.

Canad 1 :4E8 Bra

; How. W. Tempreman, Ministex; A. P. 1 Evoreve Haane, Pa.D

Nerth Latitude

Gypsiferous Areas

Legend

# Gypsum Deposits

Roads

LHS.Pereira. Dreughtsman

Canada

Ent Of Mines 4Es Branch

tee; A. P. Low, LLD., Deecty Monerse; Jaawei., Pa.D., Diseectoa.

re

190 Ahles bet Pictou WS & Grand En'ry 2° 4 Vie Georgetown & Sours PE!

se

Map

Of The

Magdalen /Slands

Showing Gypsum Deposits

Scale Of Miles

bea

No. 66

To Accompany RePporTt NO. 64—- GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF THE MARITIME