Hydrology of area 46, Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, North Dakota

Croft, M.G., Crosby, Orlo A. · 1987 · Report

This report is one of a series that describes the hydrology of coal provinces nationwide. The Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Coal Provinces are

This 1987 document, Hydrology of area 46, Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, North Dakota, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: pubs.usgs.gov.

HYDROLOGY OF AREA 46, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL PROVINCES, NORTH DAKOTA ST NORTH

NEW MEXICO MISSOURI RIVER SOURIS RIVER DES LACS RIVER WHITE EARTH RIVER LITTLE MUDDY RIVER UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS OPEN-FILE REPORT 84-467

HYDROLOGY OF AREA 46, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL PROVINCES, NORTH DAKOTA BY M. G. CROFT AND ORLO A. CROSBY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS OPEN-FILE REPORT 84-467 BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA MARCH 1987

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, SECRETARY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas. L. Peck, Director For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 821 East Interstate Avenue Bismarck, ND 58501

CONTENTS Page Abstract 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objective 1.2 Study area 1.3 Hydrologic problems 6 2.0 Definition of terms 8 3.0 General features 3.1 Geography 10 3.2 Surface drainage 12 3.3 Geology 3.3.1 Rocks of Tertiary age 14 3.3.2 Quaternary deposits !6 3.4 Soils 3.5 Land use 3.6 Climate 3.6.1 Precipitation 3.6.2 Temperature 4.0 Coal resources 4.1 Coal production 26 4.2 Coal ownership 28 5.0 Water use 30 6.0 Hydrologic data-collection networks 6.1 Surface-water quantity 32 6.2 Surface-water quality 34 6.3 Ground-water observation wells 36

7.0 Surface water 7.1 Streamflow 7.1.1 Mean annual flow 38 7.1.2 Duration of flow 40 7.1.3 Floods 42 7.2 Surface-water storage 44 7.3 Surface-water quality 7.3.1 Dissolved solids 46 7.3.2 pH 48 7.3.3 Dissolved sulfate 50 7.3.4 Dissolved boron 52 7.3.5 Suspended sediment 54 8.0 Ground water 8.1 Availability of ground-water reports 56 8.2 Extent of aquifers 58 8.3 Ground-water quality 60 9.0 Water-data sources 9.1 Introduction 9.2 National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX) 64 9.3 WATSTORE 66 9.4 Office of Water-Data Coordination (OWDC) 68 10.0 Supplementary information 10.1 Streamflow-quantity stations 70 10.2 Streamflow water-quality stations 72 10.3 Ground-water observation wells 73 10.4 Selected reservoirs and lakes ... 75 11.0 List of references ,

FACTORS FOR CONVERTING INCH-POUND UNITS TO INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) For the convenience of readers who may want to use the International System of Units (SI), the data may be converted by using the following factors: Multiply inch-pound units acre acre-foot acre-foot per square mile cubic foot cubic foot per second cubic foot per second per square mile foot foot per mile foot squared per day gallon gallon per minute gallon per second inch inch per hour micromho per centimeter at 25°C mile million gallons per day square mile ton (short, 2,000 pounds) 4,047 1,233 3,785 To obtain SI units square meter cubic meter cubic meter per square kilometer cubic meter cubic meter per second cubic meter per second per square kilometer meter meter per kilometer meter squared per day liter liter per second liter per second millimeter millimeter per hour centimeter per hour microsiemens per centimeter at 25°C kilometer cubic meter per second cubic meter per day square kilometer metric ton To convert degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C) use the following formula:

HYDROLOGY OF AREA 46, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL PROVINCES, NORTH DAKOTA BY M. G. CROFT AND ORLO A.CROSBY ABSTRACT This report is one of a series that describes the hydrology of coal provinces nationwide. The Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Coal Provinces are divided into 20 separate reporting areas which are numbered 43 to 62. This report provides general hydrologic information for Area 46 using a brief text with accompanying maps, charts, or graphs. This information may be used to describe the hydrology of the general area of any existing or proposed mine. Some of the more obvious hydrologic problems of coal development that will need to be addressed before development are disruption of aquifers and potential contamination of streams, aquifers, and the atmosphere. Area 46 is in northwestern North Dakota and is composed of parts or all of 14 hydrologic units based on surface-water drainage basins. The area is drained by the Missouri and Souris Rivers. Lignite-bearing rocks of late Paleocene age underlie nearly all of Area 46. The thickest and most continuous lignite beds occur in the Sentinel Butte and Tongue River Members of the Fort Union Formation. Alluvial deposits and a veneer of glacial drift of late Pleistocene age overlie the lignite-bearing rocks. Mean annual temperatures range from 37.7°F at Bowbells to 40.9°F at Williston. Mean monthly temperatures at Williston range from 8.3°F to 70°F. The growing season is about 125 days. A fairly comprehensive data base for streamflow and water quality in streams is available for Area 46. Many of the small-stream monitoring sites have been operated during the last few years to provide a data base before coal development. With the exception of the Missouri River, which is controlled by several dams, both the quantity and quality of water varies greatly in all streams. A ground-water observation network for water levels and water quality has been established through county ground-water resource investigations and other ground-water studies and provides an adequate data base. Three activities within the U.S. Geological Survey identify and provide access to hydrologic data. These are the National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX), the National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), and the Office of Water-Data Coordination (OWDC). The climate of the area is semiarid. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 13.9 to 17.8 inches.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective Report Summarizes Available Hydrologic Information Existing hydrologic conditions and sources of information are identified to aid in leasing decisions and in preparation of environmentalimpact studies and mine-permit applications. Hydrologic information (fig. 1.1-1) and analyses are necessary to aid in decisions to lease federally owned coal and for the preparation of the required environmental assessments and impactstudy reports. The need for information and analysis has become even more critical with the enactment of Public Law 95-87, the "Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977." This act requires an appropriate regulatory agency to issue mining permits based on the review of permit-application data supplied to assess hydrologic impacts. The need for data is partly fulfilled by this report, which generally characterizes the hydrology of a part of the Northern Great Plains Coal Province (Area 46). This report is one of a series that describes coal provinces nationwide. General hydrologic information for Area 46 is provided by means of a brief text with accompanying maps, charts, graphs, or other illustrations for each of a series of water-resources-related topics. The topical discussions of the report provide a description of the geology and the hydrology of the area. The information contained herein will be useful to Federal agencies in the leasing and management of Federal coal lands; surface-mine owners, operators, and others preparing permit applications; and regulatory authorities evaluating the adequacy of the applications. The hydrologic information presented herein or available through sources identified in this report will be useful in describing the hydrology of the "general area" of any proposed mine. This hydrologic information may be supplemented by specific-site data as well as data from other sources to provide a detailed appraisal of the hydrology of the area in the vicinity of the mine and the anticipated hydrologic consequences of the mining operation.

A. Will development change stream discharge? B. What will the aquifers yield? Figure 1.1-1 Hydrologic information is needed for decision making. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective

1.0 INTRODUCTION-Continued 1.2 Study Area The Area Includes 10,900 Square Miles in the Northern Great Plains Coal Province Area 46 is in the Williston structural basin in northwestern North Dakota. Area 46 is a subarea of the Northern Great The area is drained on the south by the Plains Coal Province (fig. 1.2-1). It is in the Missouri River and its tributaries. Lake Williston structural basin, the center of which is Sakakawea was formed by damming the Missouri south of the area. The area includes about 10,900 River in the early 1950's. The area on the east is square miles in all or part of Burke, Divide, Dunn, drained by the Souris River and its tributaries. The McHenry, McKenzie, McLean, Mountrail, Ren- Souris River flows into Hudson Bay by way of Lake ville, Ward, and Williams Counties in north- Winnipeg, western North Dakota (fig. 1.2-1).

NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN COAL PROVINCES Numbers represent project areas SOUTH DAKOTA NORTH DAKOTA 104° 100° -r -Y T

CAVALIER!! cavdi.ei t

Langdon PEMB1NA

46°i i Cooper!lon,| STEELE Hiiisboro I J 50 KILOMETER Figure 1.2-1 Location of study area. 1.0 INTRODUCTION-Continued 1.2 Study Area

1.0 INTRODUCTION-Continued 1.3 Hydrologic Problems Hydrologic Problems Described for Area 46 Surface mining may cause water problems such as increased sedimentation, degradation of water quality, and local disruption of aquifers. The use of coal as a source of energy has increased dramatically in the United States in the last decade because of the shortage of oil and gas. Development of coal will require expansion of surface mining, which can cause detrimental changes in the environment. Surface-mining activities, such as removal of vegetation and excavation of overburden, create spoil piles which erode easily and, if not controlled, contribute additional sediment to streams. Soluble minerals, such as gypsum, are exposed in spoil piles and may be dissolved by ground water and surface runoff, producing a highly mineralized effluent. The net effects of increased sedimentation and increased mineralization will affect lakes and streams and could cause severe water problems (fig. 1.3-1). These problems include limitations on the domestic, municipal, industrial, and recreational use of water because of poor quality. Other effects include the local disruption or even loss of aquifers and air-quality problems. In addition, a decline of ground-water levels can occur in and near strip-mining areas where excavation extends below the water table. The decline in ground-water levels may cause some wells and springs to go dry. The quality of ground water near mines also can be affected. Effects on ground-water quality at points remote from mining activities may take much longer to determine because of the slow movement of water in the subsurface. Surface mining has seriously affected water quality in many areas of the United States and the impact, especially in coal-mining areas in the eastern United States, is well documented in the literature where acid mine drainage has been studied. In North Dakota, oxidation of pyrite and marcasite in lignite beds of Tertiary age will result in the formation of sulfuric acid. However, calcium carbonate and bentonite in the soil buffers the acid and the resultant product downgradient from the mine is a water moderately high in dissolved solids (M. G. Croft, D. W. Fisher, and D. C. Thorstenson, written commun., 1979). This report summarizes the geohydrology of part of the Northern Great Plains Coal Province. It provides a general framework for more detailed and site-specific studies that will be needed for a mining permit applicant to satisfy the requirements of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

A. Abandoned mines are unsightly, decrease runoff, and limit land use. B. Water has a high specific conductance in lakes at abandoned mines due to leaching spoils materials. C. Unreclaimed spoils change runoff patterns and alter water chemistry. D. Atmospheric emissions from generating plants may change the chemistry of precipitation and surface water. Figure 1.3-1 Problems associated with lignite mining. 1.0 INTRODUCTION--Continued 1.3 Hydrologic Problems

2.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS Terms Used in Hydrologic Reports Defined Technical terms that occur in this hydrologic report are defined. Acre-foot the quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot and is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet or about 326,000 gallons. Aquifer a formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield a significant quantity of water to wells and springs. Bedrock consolidated or semiconsolidated rock underlying glacial and alluvial deposits of Pleistocene or Holocene age. Crest-stage station a particular site on a stream equipped with a device which will register the peak stage occurring between inspections of the gage. Cubic foot per second the rate of discharge representing a volume of 1 cubic foot passing a given point during 1 second and is equivalent to approximately 7.48 gallons per second or 449 gallons per minute. Cubic foot per second per square mile the average number of cubic feet of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, assuming that the runoff is distributed uniformly in time and area. Discharge the volume of water (or more broadly, volume of fluid plus suspended material), that passes a given point within a given period of time. Dissolved refers to a substance in true chemical solution. In practice, however, the term includes all forms of substance that will pass through a 0.45-micrometer membrane filter and thus may include some very small (colloidal) suspended particles. Drainage area drainage area of a stream at a specific location is that area, measured in a horizontal plane, enclosed by a topographic divide from which direct surface runoff from precipitation may drain by gravity into the stream from areas upgradient from the-specified point. Figures of drainage area given; herein include all closed basins, or noncontribjuting areas within the area, unless otherwise noted. Drainage basin a part of the land surface that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary area, streams, and bodies of impounded surface water. Gaging station a particular site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydraulic data are obtained. Hydrologic unit a geographic area representing part or all of a surface drainage basin as delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water-Data Coordination, on the State Hydrologic Unit Maps; each hydrologic unit is identified by an 8-digit number. Instantaneous discharge the discharge at a particular instant of time. Mean discharge the arithmetic mean of individual daily mean discharges during a specific period. Micrograms per liter a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as mass (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 1 milligram per liter. Milligram equivalents per liter (meq/L) a unit

expressing the relative concentration of a chemical constituent in solution. It is calculated by dividing concentration values expressed in milligrams per liter by the combining weight (atomic or molecular weight of ion divided by the ionic charge) of the ion in question. In equivalents, unit concentrations of all ions are chemically equivalent. Milligrams per liter a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution. Milligrams per liter represent the mass of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. In dilute solutions 1 milligram per liter is equivalent to 1 part per million. National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called mean sea level. pH indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of water and is expressed in terms of pH units. The pH value of a solution is the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions, in moles per liter. A pH of 7.0 indicates that the water is neither acid nor alkaline. Values of pH progressively less than 7.0 denote increasing acidity and those progressively greater than 7.0 denote increasing alkalinity. A pH change from 7.0 to 6.0 corresponds to a tenfold increase in acidity and a pH change from 7.0 to 5.0 corresponds to a hundredfold increase in acidity. The pH of most natural surface waters ranges between 6 and 8. Saturation that condition of a solution in which the concentration of dissolved minerals can exist in equilibrium with the solid mineral phase. Sediment solid material that originates primarily from disintegrated rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited from water; it includes chemical and biochemical precipitates and decomposed organic material, such as humus. Specific conductance electrical conductance or conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct an electric current. The electrical conductivity of water is related to the ions in the water. Standard laboratory measurements report the conductivity of water in micromhos per centimeter at 25°C. Streamflow the discharge that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term "discharge" can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word "streamflow" uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. Stream order a method of numbering streams as part of a drainage-basin network. The smallest unbranched mapped tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on. Transmissivity ihe rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. Undersaturation ihat condition of a solution which would result in dissolution on a solid mineral phase.

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES 3.1 Geography Area 46 In Two Physiographic Provinces The area is within the Great Plains and Central Lowland Provinces. The study area is in the Great Plains Province and the Drift Prairie section of the Central Lowland Province. The Coteau du Missouri, a part of the Great Plains Province (fig. 3.1-1), is a series of elongated hills, ridges, sloughs, and prairie potholes that is bounded on the north by a scarp that grades into the Drift Prairie. The topography of the glaciated Great Plains south of the Coteau is that of a slightly elevated plateau. Streams drain into the Missouri River. For several miles parallel to the river they are entrenched several hundred feet below the upland surface. The "badland" terrain bordering the river is rugged and commonly referred to as the Missouri River escarpment. The northeastern part of the area lies within the Drift Prairie section and is characterized by a northeastward sloping plain with a few low rounded hills and shallow depressions. The bedrock is deeply mantled with glacial debris. Streams drain into the Souris River. The population of the area is about 100,000. Minot has a population of about 32,800 and Williston has a population of about 13,300 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982).

CANADA SCALE 1:1.000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 Figure 3.1-1 Physiographic divisions. Modified from Fenneman (1946). 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES 3.1 Geography

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.2 Surface Drainage Missouri and Souris Rivers Drain Area 46 Most of the major tributaries of the Missouri and Souris Rivers in Area 46 drain areas with known coal reserves. Area 46 is drained by the Missouri and Souris Rivers and several of their tributaries. The major tributaries draining the area are the Little Muddy, White Earth, and Des Lacs Rivers and Beaver, Tobacco Garden, Shell, Long, and Short Creeks. The drainage boundaries of the streams and some lower-order tributaries important to coal development are shown in figure 3.2-1. Drainage areas for specific sites on streams are given in the Supplementary Information (section 10.1). The Missouri River drains about 7,400 square miles of Area 46, about 4 percent of the total drainage area at Garrison Dam where the river leaves the area. The Souris River drains about 3,500 square miles of Area 46, about 31 percent of the total drainage area near Verendrye where the river leaves the area. Most of the drainage basins include large areas noncontributing to the streamflow. The noncontributing areas contain numerous undrained lakes and prairie potholes and have no developed stream systems. All of the tributaries of the Missouri and Souris Rivers shown in figure 3.2-1 drain areas with known coal reserves. Current development of the reserves has taken place at the upper ends of the basins, near basin divides, or along moraine scarps.

CANADA SCALE 1 : 1,000,000 ,: j- V-yijU 'fa 6-W ' ( Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION NONCONTRIBUTING AREA

BASIN BOUNDARY DRAINAGE BASINS Missouri River (mainstem) 2 Little Muddy River 3 Tobacco Garden Creek 4 Beaver Creek 5 White Earth River Little Knife River 7 Bear Den Creek Shell Creek 9 Deepwater Creek 10 Douglas Creek Long Creek 12 Short Creek 13 Souris River (mainstem) 14 Des Lacs River Figure 3.2-1 Drainage basins. 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.2 Surface Drainage

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.3 Geology 3.3.1 Rocks of Tertiary Age Coal-Bearing Rocks of Tertiary Age Exposed at the Surface Rocks of Tertiary age consist of claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and lignite and will be disturbed by mining. The coal-bearing rocks of Area 46 are in the Fort Union Formation (fig. 3.3.1-1) of late Paleocene age. Sedimentary rocks beneath the Fort Union Formation are about 12,000 feet thick (table 3.3.1-1). The Fort Union Formation, as much as 1,800 feet thick, is a deltaic and marine sequence of claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and lignite, 55 to 63 million years old. The thickest and most continuous beds of lignite are in the Tongue River and Sentinel Butte Members. Lignite beds may be as much as 20 feet thick. The Tongue River and Sentinel Butte Members will be disturbed by mining. The Golden Valley Formation conformably overlies the Fort Union and is about 200 feet thick. It consists of sandstone, siltstone and claystone. The Golden Valley Formation does not contain lignite. The White River Group and Arikaree Formation occur as thin deposits only on high buttes. Small, thin deposits of the Flaxville Formation1, a terrace deposit of sand, gravel, and clay, overlie the Fort Union Formation high on the bluffs along the Missouri River south of Williston and on some stream divides elsewhere in the area. The rocks in Area 46 generally dip gradually to the south and southwest, except in the central part where they are folded into the Nesson anticline. The Nesson anticline is a large structural feature that is a prolific oil producer from rocks of Paleozoic age. 1 Two small exposures of the Flaxville (?) Formation have been mapped north of Williston by Howard (1960, pi. 1). Also see Denson and Gill, 1965. Due to burial by till, and the dense vegatative cover, the Flaxville Formation is not widely exposed in North Dakota.

CANADA Table 3.3.1-1 Generalized stratigraphic column. Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION ALLUVIUM OR GLACIAL DRIFT GOLDEN VALLEY FORMATION FORT UNION FORMATION Sentinel Butte Member Tongue River Member Cannonball and Ludlow Members, Undifferentiated J HELL CREEK FORMATION Modified from Carlson (1973). FORMATION OR MEMBER CONTACT

A' TRACE OF SECTION Nesson anticline Tg Kh Generalized geologic section A-A'. Erathem Cenozoic Mesozoic §2 £ S System or series Quaternary Tertiary Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Age estimates of boundaries (million years) 9d DO loo £yJO Precambrian Geologic name Cartwright Gravel Flaxville (?) Formation Ar'karee Formation White River Group G Fort Union Formation jlden Valley Formation Sentinel Butte Member Tongue River Member Cannonball Member Ludlow Member Hell Creek Formation Fox Hills Sandstone Pierre Shale Undifferentiated1 Undifferentiated Undifferentiated Undifferentiated Maximum thickness (feet) 2,300 2,100 1,100 5,500 Lithology Alluvium: sand, gravel, and clay. Glacial drift: Sand, gravel, clay, and till. Sand, gravel, and clay on elevated terraces and above streams. Sand, gravel, and clay on highest terraces and benches. Sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Sandstone, siltstone, and clay&tone. Sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and lignite. Sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and lignite. Claystone and siltstone. Sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and lignite. Sandstone, siltstone, claystone, and lignite. Sandstone, siltstone, and claystone. Shale, black, gray. Shale and sandstone. Shale and sandstone. Shale and sandstone. Carbonates, shale, and sandstone; oil producing. Crystalline rock. 1 Undifferentiated for this report. The investigations. rocks are subdivided in reports of numerous oil and gas A' FEET r 3000 Figure 3.3.1-1 Geologic map. 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.3 Geology 3.3.1 Rocks of Tertiary Age

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.3 Geology-Continued 3.3.2 Quaternary Deposits Glacial Drift and Alluvial Deposits of Quaternary Age Consist of Sand, Gravel, Silt, and Clay Thick deposits of sand and gravel in stream and glacial valleys are major aquifers. Overlying the Tertiary rocks are alluvial are found. The coarse upland deposits and the Cartdeposits in the stream valleys and a veneer of wright Gravel deposits cannot be shown on the glacial drift in the uplands (fig. 3.3.2-1A). The drift scale provided by figure 3.3.1-1. Outwash and deposits are the result of several successive glacial alluvial deposits, as much as 200 feet thick, conepisodes late in the Pleistocene Epoch. In the sist of sand and gravel and occur in many stream uplands, much of the coarse glacial material is and glacial valleys, as shown in figure 3.3.2-1B. thin, and patches as much as 50 feet thick rarely

A. Till overlying gravel deposit of Flaxville (?) Formation on upland surface. B. Stream valley below the terrace of Cartwright Gravel contains thick alluvial material. Figure 3.3.2-1 Glacial-drift and alluvial deposits are prominent features in Area 46. 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.3 Geology-Continued 3.3.2 Quaternary Deposits

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.4 Soils Soils in Area 46 Developed on Three Types of Material The soils in upland areas have dark-brown calcareous subhorizons and are highly productive. The soils in the uplands of Area 46 are represented by the Chernozems and Chestnuts (fig. 3.4-1). They are derived from glacial debris, have black to dark-brown profiles several feet thick, and a calcareous C horizon. They are fertile, productive, and support a wide variety of native grasses. These soils are prized for crop production. The Solonetz soils have developed in areas of restricted drainage and excessive sodium. Profiles are typically gray, crumbly, and the B horizon may contain gypsum and other soluble salts. Areas with these soils are used mainly as pasture. Alluvial soils are in the bottomlands of most streams. Only in the Missouri River valley above Lake Sakakawea are they extensive enough to be shown at the scale of figure 3.4-1. Alluvial soils have brown or grayish-brown calcareous profiles and generally are productive. Regosol soils occur on steep slopes where runoff is rapid. They are derived mainly from the underlying rocks of Tertiary age. These soils have thin dark calcareous profiles and have limited productivity. They are used mainly for pastureland. Soils derived from glacial materials generally are calcic, which makes revegetation of mine spoils relatively easy. Soils derived from bedrock materials are sodic and revegetation of spoils is more difficult. Strip-mining regulations require that the original soil material must be removed during the stripping process and saved for replacement because of the sodium problem.

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION CHERNOZEMS (Black soils of semihumid grasslands) Loams and clay loams Barnes Barnes-Svea CHESTNUTS (Black soils of semiarid grassland) Loams and clay loams 24 Agar-Williams-Zahl 31 Roseglen 33 Williams 34 Williams-Cresbard 35 Parshall-Lihen Sandy loams and loams with sandy and gravelly substrata 38 Oahe-Roseglen 39 Oahe-Sioux CHESTNUTS (Soils with thick dark-brown surface layers associated with steep slopes and thin regosols) Loams Williams-Zahl SOLONETZ (Alkali soil with gray claypan subsoil) Loams and clay loams 56 Cresbard-Cavour ALLUVIAL (Soils of stream valleys) Loams and sandy loams 60 Havre-Banks REGOSOLS (Hilly and steep land) 64 Bainville-Morton Bainville-Zahl Flasher-Vebar Zahl-Williams Figure 3.4-1 Soils map. Modified from Omodt and others (1968). 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.4 Soils

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.5 Land Use Range and Cropland are the Dominant Land Uses Eighty-eight percent of Area 46 is used for range and cropland. Area 46 includes about 10,900 square miles. About 28 percent of the land is used for rangeland and 60 percent is used for cropland. The main agricultural products are beef, milk, wheat, hay, oats, barley, and sunflowers. Of the remaining 12 percent, about 1 percent is used for pasture, 1 percent is woodland, 5 percent is other noncrop Federal land (includes national parks, rangeland, forests, and game refuges), and 5 percent is used for other purposes (includes urban and developed areas, small water areas including ponds and lakes of more than 2 acres but less than 40 acres in size, rural nonresidences, farmsteads, farm roads, feedlots, and unused marshes). Large water areas are excluded from the total land use. The distribution of land use per county is shown in figure 3.5-1. Land use in most counties is similar to land use on a statewide basis. No attempt was made to prorate land use for parts of counties in the area. The data were supplied by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1970).

CANADA SCALE 1:1.000.000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500.000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION CROPLAND F FEDERAL NONCROPLAND RANGELAND NUMBER IS LAND USE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL LAND AREA IN COUNTY NORTH DAKOTA STATE TOTALS Figure 3.5-1 Land use. Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1970). 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.5 Land Use

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.6 Climate 3.6.1 Precipitation Most of the Precipitation Falls in the Spring and Summer Mean annual precipitation in the study area ranges from 13.9 to 17.8 inches. Area 46 is semiarid. The mean precipitation ranges from 13.9 inches per year in the western part of the area to 17.8 inches per year in the southeastern part (fig. 3.6.1-1). Monthly precipitation data at Williston show that about 70 percent falls in the spring and summer during the growing season. Much of the summer precipitation occurs as thunderstorms, which can be intense and accompanied by hail. Precipitation in the winter is light. The precipitation data were compiled from the records of the National Weather Service precipitation recording stations in the area. Daily precipitation data are published monthly by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Environmental Data Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C. Summary tables for this report were obtained from the U.S. Department of Commerce (1973).

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 O P t J h M A M J J A S O N D Mean monthly precipitation at Williston, North Dakota. EXPLANATION LINE OF EQUAL MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION Interval 1 inch CLIMATOLOGICAL STATION Number is mean annual precipitation Data from U.S. Department of Commerce (1973). Figure 3.6.1-1 Precipitation data. 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.6 Climate 3.6.1 Precipitation

3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.6 Climate Continued 3.6.2 Temperature Highest Temperatures Occur in July and Lowest in January The mean annual temperature in the area ranges from 37.7°F to 40.9°F. The mean annual temperatures in Area 46 are about 100°F occur, and the. lowest in January, cool; they range from 37.7°F at Bowbells, in the when extremes of 40°F are common. The northeastern part of the area, to 40.9°F at growing season is about 125 days. The data were Williston, in the southwestern part (fig. 3.6.2-1). obtained from published records of the National The mean monthly temperatures at Williston Weather Service (U.S. Department of Commerce, range from 8.3°F to 70.1°F. The highest 1973). temperatures occur in July, when extremes of

CANADA SCALE 1:1.000.000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500.000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION -38 LINE OF EQUAL MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Interval 2°F Data from U.S. Department of Commerce (1973). H UJ UJ £ UJ O Q Z 1PERATURE, I

£t 0 JJrMONTHLY n Mean JFMAMJJASOND MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AT WILLISTON, NORTH DAKOTA CLIMATOLOGICAL STATION Number is mean annual temperature Figure 3.6.2-1 Temperature data. 3.0 GENERAL FEATURES-Continued 3.6 Climate-Continued 3.6.2 Temperature

4.0 COAL RESOURCES 4.1 Coal Production Production of Lignite is by Strip Mining Production of lignite currently is a little more than one-half million tons per year in Area 46. North Dakota is a major producer of lignite coal. The lignite has a low sulfur content, which makes it desirable for use in electric generating plants. Production is by stripping and tonnage varies considerably from year to year. On a statewide basis, production increased rapidly from 8.2 million tons during July 1975 to June 1976 to 16.8 million tons during July 1979 to June 1980. However, during this period a decrease in coal production occurred in Area 46. In 1974, two mines in Area 46, the Noonan and Velva, produced about 1,000,000 tons of lignite (fig. 4.1-1). In 1981, three mines, the Noonan, Velva, and Geo Resources, produced only 550,000 tons of lignite. Production was down from previous years due to a slump in the economy. Most of the lignite mined at Velva is burned locally in a generating plant. The production at the Geo Resources mine is mainly for leonardite (weathered lignite), which is valued for its high gypsum content.

no' O o o D. O ffi o m x

£ COAL PRODUCTION, IN MILLIONS OF TONS PER YEAR Noonan Velva Noonan Velva \dec Resources Noonan Velva I5'

n

on e

ia

5' 3 O pi

4.0 COAL RESOURCES-Continued 4.2 Coal Ownership Federal Ownership is in a Checkerboard Pattern The Federal government owns approximately 23 percent of the lignite in Area 46. Approximately 16 percent of the lignite coal Area 46 (fig. 4.2-1), but most of the land surface deposits underlying 15.6 million acres in western is in private ownership. Percentage of Federal North Dakota is federally owned. The State of ownership, by county, is greatest in the North Dakota generally owns less than 1 percent southwestern part of the area (fig. 4.2-1) and is of the coal. State ownership, for the most part, conleast in the east. Federal ownership of coal is in sists of school lands. The remainder of the coal is a checkerboard pattern, as shown in figure 4.2-2. privately owned. The Federal government owns coal rights in approximately 23 percent of the subsurface area in

CANADA SCALE 1:T,000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963. Figure 4.2-1 Federal ownership of coal. COAL RIGHTS OWNED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPLANATION FORT BERTHOLD INDIAN RESERVATION NUMBER IS PERCENTAGE OF LAND, BY COUNTY, BENEATH WHICH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OWNS THE COAL RIGHTS (EXCLUSIVE OF INDIAN LANDS) Figure 4.2-2 Typical checkerboard pattern of coal ownership, Township 150 N., Range 100 W. 4.0 COAL RESOURCES-Continued 4.2 Coal Ownership

5.0 WATER USE Principal Water Use is for Irrigation Surface water supplies 89 percent of the total water use in Area 46. About 210 million gallons of water per day is not border on Lake Sakakawea or the Missouri obtained from ground-and surface-water sources River depend on wells for about three-fourths of for use in Area 46. Most of the surface water is used their water needs. The city of Williston obtains for irrigation, as shown by the table in figure 5.0-1, water from Lake Sakakawea, but most of the read is obtained from the Missouri River and Lake maining cities and towns obtain water supplies Sakakawea. Ground water supplies only 11 percent from ground-water sources, of the total water used in the area. Areas that do

CANADA County SW CW Burke Divide Dunn McKenzie McLean McHenry Mountrail Renville Ward WATER USE - 1980 CALENDAR YEAR IN MILLION GALLONS PER DAY (Mgal/d). Publ ic Supply Irrigation Rural Industrial Total Use SW CW SW CW SW CW SW CW Total 123.13 83 123.45 2.03 Williams TOTAL Base from U-S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 Modified from Smith and Harkness (1982). Figure 5.0-1 Water use in 1980. 114.27 Mgal/d was imported from Montana for irrigation. EXPLANATION a; UJa. C/5 § SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL WATER USE SUPPLIED BY GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER 5.0 WATER USE

6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS 6.1 Surface-Water Quantity Streamflow Information is Available for 36 Locations Surf ace-water data collected through the years has resulted in a fairly comprehensive data base. The surface-water data-collection network in Area 46 started with the establishment of stations on the Souris, Des Lacs, and Little Muddy Rivers in 1903-04. A station was established on the Missouri River near Williston in April 1905. Though all are presently in operation, the only continuous record from 1903 to present is on the Souris River above Minot. The number of continuousrecord stations has fluctuated, but generally increased with time to the present (1982) coverage (fig. 6.1-1 and section 10.1). The first stations were established as part of a water-accounting system on the mainstem Missouri and Souris Rivers and the major tributaries. Additional stations were subsequently established on these tributaries and other streams as demands on the supply of water increased. The early established stations provide a long-term record from which Streamflow statistical information can be obtained. The longterm records also can be used to extend incomplete or short-term records using correlation techniques. However, regulation, storage, or diversion has occurred on many streams rendering invalid the use of parts of long-term records in defining Streamflow characteristics. Interest in low flow characteristics during the early 1950's resulted in a program of periodic measurements of low-flow discharge on many large and small streams for 1 or more years. Owing to the ephemeral nature of the streams and varied sources of low-flow discharge, correlation of low flow between stations is poor and onsite measurements are the only dependable source of information. From 1954 through 1973 a network of creststage stations was operated on a number of streams having drainage areas less than 100 square miles. The data from these stations, together with data from the continuous-record stations, were used to develop flood-frequency and magnitude relationships. Operation of the crest-stage stations also resulted in the collection of a large quantity of periodic discharge-measurement information. Details about period of operation and type of data collected at 36 Streamflow stations are shown in section 10.1. The actual data are available from computer storage through National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX), from the U.S. Geological Survey's WATSTORE, and in published annual U.S. Geological Survey reports. The U.S. Geological Survey customarily uses an 8-digit number to identify stations and measurement sites. For simplicity, a smaller number for each gaging station or measurement site has been assigned in this report, as shown in figure 6.1-1 and section 10.1; henceforth, in this report, this is the station or site number referred to.

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION A CONTINUOUS-RECORD GAGING STATION A LOW-FLOW MEASUREMENT SITE A DISCONTINUED CONTINUOUS-RECORD GAGING STATION A DISCONTINUED CREST-STAGE GAGING STATION STATION NUMBER Figure 6.1-1 Location of gaging stations and discharge-measurement sites. 6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS 6.1 Surface-Water Quantity

6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS-Continued 6.2 Surface-Water Quality Water-Quality Information is Available for Many Locations Surface-water-quality sampling programs provide a data base that characterizes the chemical composition of water in the major streams and many minor tributaries. Water-quality sampling in Area 46 by the U.S. Geological Survey began with the collection of a single sample in 1946 on the Missouri River near Williston. The program to sample major streams for water-quality properties and common ions on a more or less routine basis began in 1950. The major effort to acquire a more complete water-quality data base was made during the 1970's and early 1980's. The locations where data are currently available as of 1982 are shown in figure 6.2-1. The data are widely spaced with regard to time and duration of collection. The period of record and the type of data available for each station are shown in section 10.2. The station numbers shown in figure 6.2-1 and section 10.2 are the same as those in figure 6.1-1 and section 10.1. There are additonal scattered miscellaneous one-time sample data in the U.S. Geological Survey files. The data for stations listed in section 10.2 are available in published form in annual reports of the U.S. Geological Survey; in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's STORET computer files; and, since about 1950, in the U.S. Geological Survey's WATSTORE computer files. A common practice for several years has been for U.S. Geological Survey investigators to obtain water-temperature and specific-conductance measurements whenever a streamflow measurement is made. These data are not listed in section 10.2 unless a sample for chemical analyses also was obtained. Data on water quality for Area 46 also can be obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North Dakota State Department of Health, North Dakota State Water Commission, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, and the State universities.

CANADA SCALE 1 : 1,000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION WATER-QUALITY STATION STATION NUMBER Figure 6.2-1 Location of surface water-quality stations. 6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS-Continued 6.2 Surf ace-Water Quality

6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS-Continued 6.3 Ground-Water Observation Wells Information on Ground-Water Levels and Quality of Water is Available for Most of Area 46 The ground-water network as of September 1982 included 113 observation wells in aquifers above the Pierre Shale. The ground-water network in Area 46 provides general water-level and ground-water quality data for most of the area. The network of observation wells being monitored is periodically reviewed and updated. The network as of September 30, 1982, is shown in figure 6.3-1. Information on location, aquifer, and period of record for each observation well is shown in section 10.3. Note that for this report a simpler numbering system is used than the local well-numbering system based on township, range, and section. The frequency of observation can vary from one annual measurement to a continuous record. Lithologic and geophysical logs are available for all observation wells. At least one chemical analysis of water from the well is available for each site. Chemical quality is monitored at several key wells. Those wells for which a chemical analysis of the water was made during 1982 are identified in figure 6.3-1. Many other wells have been constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperators that are not a part of the network. Information on these wells is available from computer storage through the National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX) and in published reports.

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION © OBSERVATION WELL A OBSERVATION WELL WHERE WATER-

QUALITY SAMPLE WAS OBTAINED IN 1982 WELL NUMBER Figure 6.3-1 Location of ground-water observation wells, September 30, 1982. 6.0 HYDROLOGIC DATA-COLLECTION NETWORKS-Continued 6.3 Ground-Water Observation Wells

7.0 SURFACE WATER 7.1 Streamflow 7.1.1 Mean Annual Flow Mean Annual Flow Data are Available for All Stations Having 5 or More Years of Continuous Record Mean annual flows in runoff per square mile show a wide area/ variation. The mean annual flow of a stream can be used to evaluate the availability of water for planned development. Data for mean annual flow are available for all gaging stations having 5 or more years of continuous record (see section 10.1). The mean annual flow varies from a high of 90 acrefeet per square mile for Bear Den Creek near Mandaree (station 32) to a low of 32 acre-feet per square mile for the Souris River above Minot (station 13). The mean annual flow results primarily from runoff from thunderstorms and spring snowmelt. The variation in runoff per square mile can be the result of weather patterns, differences in infiltration rates, surface storage, and diversion. The contributing and noncontributing parts of the drainage areas cannot be accurately defined, as they vary with the magnitude of the runoff event; therefore, the runoff per square mile has been computed using an estimated contributing drainage area. Flow is approximately proportional to the contributing drainage area and increases downstream. The mean annual inflow to Lake Sakakawea is about 17,000,000 acre-feet per year. The lake shows little change due to local precipitation, but responds to fluctuations of the inflow from the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.

CANADA SCALE 1 : 1,000,000 , j

Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION LAKE SAKAKAWEA (mean annual inflow, 17 million acre-feet) WIDTH PROPORTIONAL TO MEAN ANNUAL FLOW (1 inch =200,000 acre-feet) Figure 7.1.1-1 Schematic of mean annual flows. 7.0 SURFACE WATER 7.1 Streamflow 7.1.1 Mean Annual Flow

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.1 Streamflow Continued 7.1.2 Duration of Flow Sustained Flow Occurs on Some Streams The flow-duration curves indicate a variety of hydrologic and geologic characteristics in the area. A flow-duration curve2 can be used in appraising the geologic characteristics of a drainage basin, particularly as they affect low flows. It also can be used in waterpower, stream-pollution, and quality-of-water studies where discharge versus time is a crucial factor. Flow-duration curves for two of the smaller tributaries (stations 5 and 28) are shown in figure 7.1.2-1. The curves are based on the mean daily flows for the period of record at a site. For example, a discharge of about 0.10 cubic foot per second per square mile for station 28 (Beaver Creek near Ray) is expected to be equaled or exceeded about 9.7 percent of the time. The reliability of the duration curve for estimating the probability of future flows depends upon the length, accuracy, and consistency of the record and on how well the period of record represents the long-term climatic conditions of the basin. The shape of the flow-duration curve is determined by the hydrologic and geologic char2 The flow-duration curve is a cumulative frequency curve that shows the percent of time a specified discharge is equaled or exceeded during a given period. acteristics of the drainage basin. A curve that is nearly vertical (station 5, fig. 7.1.2-1) represents variable streamflows such as those derived from direct surface runoff and little or no base flow. A more gently sloping curve (station 24) is characteristic of streams whose flow is attenuated by surface storage or augmented by discharge from ground-water storage. Thus, the lower end of the curve (base flow) is a valuable means of studying the effect of geology on the ground-water discharge. Discharges, in cubic feet per second, and selected corresponding percentages of time equaled or exceeded for stations in Area 46 are listed in table 7.1.2-1. Most of the curves will be similar to one or the other of the two types of curves shown in figure 7.1.2-1.

UU at. a £ Q LU ,ua a. u u Lu y CD (J z. U 0.5 0.2 0.05 0.01 STATION 24 (Little Muddy River below Cow Creek near Willislon) Contributing drainage area 775 square miles STATION 13 (Souris River above Minot) Contributing drainage area. 3900 square miles 0.01 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.05 0.01 - STATION (Beaver Creek near Ray) Contributing drainage area, 98 square miles STATION 5 (West Branch Short Creek near Columbus) Contributing - drainage area, 80 square miles 0.01 0.05 0.2 0.5 PERCENT OF TIME SPECIFIED DISCHARGE WAS EQUALLED OR EXCEEDED Figure 7.1.2-1 Duration of flow. Table 7.1.2-1 Mean daily discharge flow-duration statistics, in cubic feet per second. Station number ill- - -5 , : MM Contributing drainage area (square miles) 3,040 3,270 T3.900

4,400 '164,500 '181,400 BBBHB1 5,600 15,000 Percent of time vtnJIBBRILwiiKP 10,000 21,000 specified discharge 16,000 25,000 was equaled or 27,000 17:lffl 30,000 exceeded 8.8 flf 38,000

37,000 Total drainage area. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.1 Streamflow-Continued 7.1.2 Duration of Flow

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.1 Streamflow-Continued 7.1.3 Floods Urban and Rural Flooding are a Problem Flood estimates can be made from available data for gaged and ungaged streams in the area. Most of the flood damage in Area 46 is to homes and businesses in small communities or to roads and bridges in rural areas. Flood-prone areas have been delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey for those topographic quadrangles indicated in figure 7.1.3-1. The mapped areas are not the only areas subject to flooding, but were given priority for mapping on the basis of need. The most reliable estimators of the probabilities of future floods generally are the frequency analyses of streamflow-station records. Therefore, the estimating technique first includes a search for available flood-frequency data for a streamflow station at or near the desired site. Peak-flow data have been collected at many stations and for many years (see section 10.1). In the absence of such a record, estimates can be made by relating frequency analyses at long-term stations to an ungaged site based on basin characteristics and climatic factors. Information for estimating floods on ungaged streams draining less than 100 square miles is described by Crosby (1975). The regression equations to be used in computing floods from the 2-year to 50-year frequency are given in table 7.1.3-1. Information for estimating floods on ungaged streams draining 100 square miles or more is given in a report by Patterson (1966). The maximum discharges on record for unregulated streams draining less than 500 square miles are plotted versus drainage area in figure 7.1.3-2. The plots also include significant maximum discharges at miscellaneous measurement sites. The wide spread (an order of magnitude) of flood peaks for a given drainage area indicates that adequate areal definition requires data at many sites. Table 7.1.3-1 Summary of regression equations for estimating peak discharges for streams draining less than 100 square miles in Area 46. [Standard error of estimate, in percent, is the average of the positive and negative percent error, within which lie twothirds of the measured values.] Region Regression equation B Q2 =196A°-60Si- 1 -74 Qs 465A°-63Si- 1 -66 Q10 626A°-64Si- 1 -M Q25 766A°-65Si- 1-30 Q50 848A°-65S;~ 1 -14 Standard error of estimate (percent) Q2 ISA0-46 Q5 34A°-51 Q10 54A°-53 Q25 86A°-M Qn Peak discharge, in cubic feet per second, with a recurrence interval of n years; A Drainage area, in square miles; and Si Soil-infiltration index, in inches

Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 Figure 7.1.3-1 Available flood-prone area maps. EXPLANATION FLOOD-PRONE MAPS AVAILABLE IN 1982 ( direct inquiries to U.S. Geological Survey, 821 E. Interstate Ave., Bismarck, ND 58501) FLOOD REGION FLOOD REGION BOUNDARY (Crosby, 1975) 30,000 Dz 10,000 H U U. y3 (J o GAGING STATION MISCELLANEOUS SITE DRAINAGE AREA, IN SQUARE MILES Figure 7.1.3-2 Relation of maximum known instantaneous discharges to drainage area. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.1 Streamflow-Continued 7.1.3 Floods

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.2 Surface-Water Storage Small reservoirs are vulnerable to adverse effects of mining. Much of Area 46 is covered by a thick layer of glacial drift whose surface is pocketed by lakes and potholes. Most of these are small impoundments and have economic value in the production and propagation of wildlife. Some of the larger lakes have other water-based recreational value, but major economic development of the area has depended largely on the development of manmade storage in reservoirs. The location of selected reservoirs and lakes with storage capacities in excess of 50 acrefeet is shown in figure 7.2-1. The capacities of these reservoirs and lakes, where known, are listed in section 10.4. The storage generally has multiple uses; municipal and industrial supplies, irrigation, flood control, recreation, fish and wildlife, and livestock. In addition to those listed, there are hundreds of smaller reservoirs created by dams for livestock use. The small reservoirs and lakes may be especially vulnerable to adverse effects from surface mining such as drainage or water-quality deterioration. The shallow ephemeral ponds, which are used primarily for waterfowl production and small animal protection, may be difficult to replace if destroyed because of the hundreds of years it has taken to develop the present hydrologic and ecologic systems. Some of the larger reservoirs and lakes already are impacted by demands related to energy development. Municipal demands are greater than available supplies in several localities. If distribution systems can be implemented, Lake Sakakawea, bordering the area on the south, is the one large source of water considered as a solution to many of the supply problems.

CANADA SCALE 1 :1,000,000 W Hiddanviocd Lake , u ,

bM-*19 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION

RESERVOIR OR LAKE SITE o RESERVOIR OR LAKE SITE WHERE WATER-QUALITY DATA ARE AVAILABLE MAP NUMBER Figure 7.2-1 Location of selected reservoirs and lakes with storage capacity in excess of 50 acre-feet. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.2 Surface-WaterStorage

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality 7.3.1 Dissolved Solids Dissolved-Solids Concentration of Most Streams Varies with Discharge as well as from Stream to Stream Changes in dissolved solids due to mining could be difficult to quantify because of the natural variability in the streams. Dissolved-solids concentrations vary greatly with discharge and between streams in Area 46 (fig. 7.3.1-1). This variability could mask changes due to mining. The most common dominant cations are calcium, magnesium, and sodium and the dominant anions are bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride. Large dissolved-solids concentrations can be objectionable because of possible physiological effects, mineral taste, or economic problems associated with their removal. Numerous standards have been established for dissolved solids. Generally it is desirable to have less than 500 milligrams per liter for public water supplies. During snowmelt runoff or high flows resulting from rainstorms, most streams in the area have less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. During low flow, dissolved-solids concentrations in water from many of the streams will exceed 1,300 milligrams per liter, an approximate concentration at which the water will acquire a mineralized taste. Water containing dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 2,500 milligrams per liter has only limited use; however, livestock will tolerate as much as 4,500 milligrams per liter (McKee and Wolf, 1971). Dissolved-solids concentrations of water in many streams will exceed 2,500 milligrams per liter during extreme low flows when ground-water discharge is the primary source of water and water losses from evapotranspiration increase concentrations.

CANADA SCALE 1 : 1.000,000 , , r

' Tt

CYlCoHonwcedi il Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION DISSOLVED-SOLIDS, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER 1300-2500 WATER-QUALITY STATION

Maximum Dissolved solids in

Minimum milligrams per liter STATION NUMBER Figure 7.3.1-1 Dissolved-solids concentrations at selected stream locations. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality 7.3.1 Dissolved Solids

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.2 pH Alkaline pH Values Characterize Most Streams Coal mining in the area is unlikely to cause acid drainage. Acidity and alkalinity generally are expressed in terms of pH units, which can range from 0-14. Neutral water has a pH of 7.0. Values less than 7.0 denote acidic water and those greater than 7.0 denote alkaline water. Atmospheric precipitation in equilibrium with average natural atmosphericgas concentrations will have a pH of about 5.7 (Lerman, 1979). Bulk atmospheric-precipitation (includes dust) pH values have been measured as small as 4.0 and as large as 8.2 in North Dakota. The only observations in Area 46 (at Mandaree in 1977) showed a minimum of 5.9 and a maximum of 6.5 in four samples. Unpolluted streams draining undisturbed basins in the Northern Great Plains generally will have alkaline water. Values of pH in streams commonly range from about 7.5 to 8.5. Even though some basin disturbance due to mining has occurred in Area 46, the surface waters generally are still alkaline, as shown in figure 7.3.2-1. The surface waters are buffered by carbonate minerals in the prairie soils, and stream pH decreases to less than 7.0 only during major precipitation or immediately adjacent to acid sources such as coal outcrops. The oxidation of sulfur species in the coal mining areas generally will cause a decrease in pH. However, in Area 46, the prevalence of soils with moderate buffering capacity makes acid drainage unlikely.

CANADA SCALE 1:1,000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION PH Greater than 9.0 WATER-QUALITY STATION Maximum pH -Minimum pH STATION NUMBER Figure 7.3.2-1 Values of pH at selected stream locations. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.2 pH

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.3 Dissolved Sulfate Dissolved-Sulfate Concentrations in Excess of 500 Milligrams per Liter Occur in Most Streams Dissolved sulfate is quite variable with concentrations usually less than 250 milligrams per liter during high flows and greater than 500 milligrams per liter during low flows. Dissolved-sulfate concentrations appear to vary greatly in the streams within the area, as shown in figure 7.3.3-1. Sulfate concentrations generally are discharge dependent, with concentrations on most streams less than 250 milligrams per liter during snowmelt runoff and runoff from intense rainstorms, and more than 500 milligrams per liter at low flows when streamflow is dominated by ground-water discharge. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations set an upper limit for sulfate concentrations in public water of 250 milligrams per liter (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977). Concentrations in excess of 250 milligrams per liter can impart a taste to the water for some people, and concentrations in excess of about 500 milligrams per liter can have laxative effects in many people. McKee and Wolf (1971) recommend a threshold limit for cattle consumption at 1,000 milligrams per liter, which generally is not exceeded except at extreme low flows in some of the small drainage basins. The variation of sulfate concentrations with discharge makes detection of changes due to mining difficult without a record of concentration variations through a wide range of discharges. The network of stations shown in figure 7.3.3-1 provides a limited data base for providing this background information.

SCALE 1 : 1,000.000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION DISSOLVED SULFATE, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

1000-2000 Water-Quality Station

i Maximum Dissolved sulfate in Minimum milligrams per liter STATION NUMBER Figure 7.3.3-1 Dissolved-sulfate concentrations at selected stream locations. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.3 Dissolved Sulfate

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.4 Dissolved Boron Boron May Serve as an Indicator for Trace-Element Changes Boron concentrations measured in Area 46 generally are less than 0.5 milligrams per liter and have not exceeded the maximum plant tolerance of 2.0 milligrams per liter. Changes in the concentration of boron in stream water are suggested as an indicator of traceelement increase. Boron is an essential element for the growth of plants, but is needed only in very small concentrations. When small concentrations are exceeded, boron becomes toxic. Boron toxicity occurs in limited, scattered areas in arid or semiarid regions. Boron generally is not toxic at concentrations less than 0.5 milligrams per liter (McKee and Wolf, 1971). Sensitive plants can be damaged with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 milligrams per liter. The maximum concentration recommended for semitolerant plants is 1.0 milligrams per liter and for tolerant plants it is 2.0 milligrams per liter (National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering, 1973). Excess boron frequently is present in saline soils as a result of evaporative processes. New spoils from mine areas are commonly enriched in carbonaceous material containing large amounts of boron and could be a source of increased boron concentrations in the streams. Release of water which has had a significant residence time in ponds whose main source of discharge is through evaporation also could cause abrupt increases in boron. Boron concentrations have been less than 0.5 milligrams per liter, at least part of the time, at all stations (fig. 7.3.4-1). The small concentrations occur during high flows. During low flows, boron occasionally increases to almost 2.0 milligrams per liter at a few stations. These increases could be due to large boron concentrations in some ground-water discharges or sudden flushes from evaporative ponds during the initial part of a runoff event. A history of boron concentrations would be necessary to detect changes at a selected site.

CANADA 103' -A SCALE 1 :1,000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base M 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION DISSOLVED BORON, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER l.tt-2.0 Less than 0.5 WATER-QUALITY STATION Maximum Dissolved boron in Minimum milligrams per liter STATION NUMBER Figure 7.3.4-1 Dissolved-boron concentrations at selected stream locations. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.4 Dissolved Boron

7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7.3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.5 Suspended Sediment Suspended-Sediment Data are Limited Most sediment data have been collected in recent years. The longest sediment-data record of the U.S. Geological Survey in Area 46 is for station 32 (Bear Den Creek near Mandaree; fig. 7.3.5-1). Sample collection started in March 1971 and is being continued in the ongoing water-quality program. This station was selected as a Hydrologic Benchmark Station; one of a group of stations in the United States representative of essentially pristine conditions. From 1975 to date, sediment samples have been collected at station 18 (Missouri River near Williston). The Corps of Engineers has long-term sediment records at this station because of data requirements relating to construction of Garrison Dam. Data have been collected on the Souris River (stations 6,7, and 14) for several years in response to the need to maintain quality of water and to study flood control. Data have been collected at stations 5, 26, and 28 Nsince 1977 in response to increased energy development. The suspended-sediment data available generally are a determination of the concentration at the time of streamflow measurements. In addition, occasional particle-size analyses are made. The relationship between the sediment concentration and measured discharge at station 28 (Beaver Creek near Ray) is shown in figure 7.3.5-2. There is no curve of relationship discernible from the plotted points. The data scatter is typical for small basins in the area. The lack of correlation is due to the great variability of factors such as soil types; soil conditions (frozen, thawed, degree of saturation, and tillage); land use; precipitation intensity; rapidity of snowmelt; and the time of sampling in relation to hydrologic events. Except for station 5, the data available are from areas of undeveloped energy resources. It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to extrapolate the available data to estimate the effects of mining or other land-use changes. It is unlikely that cumulative effects of energy development will be detectable at the downstream stations on the major streams for many years.

CANADA SCALE 1:1,000,000 Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION NUMBER OF YEARS FOR WHICH SEDIMENT DATA ARE AVAILABLE AS OF 1982 More than 10 WATER-QUALITY STATION STATION NUMBER Q Zo (J ua. u a. H ueo 5 Du U O u.

(J SUSPENDED SEDIMENT, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER Figure 7.3.5-2 Variability of suspended-sediment concentrations with discharge, station 28 (Beaver Creek near Ray), October 1977 through September 1981. Figure 7.3.5-1 Suspended-sediment records at selected stream stations. 7.0 SURFACE WATER-Continued 7:3 Surface-Water Quality-Continued 7.3.5 Suspended Sediment

8.0 GROUND WATER 8.1 Availability of Ground-Water Reports Reports Describing Ground-Water Hydrology are Available for Most of Area 46 Reports include results of chemical analysis of ground water, well inventory, well yields, and test drilling. Surface mining and other land disturbances can alter the quality and quantity of ground water available to wells. Data on wells, ground-water availability, water quality, and well logs have been published in reports that include most of Area 46 (fig. 8.1-1). The reports, all of a reconnaissance nature, show the depth of wells, well logs, results of test drilling, reported or measured water levels, yields of wells, aquifer boundaries, and groundwater quality. The ground-water hydrology is described for each area. Reports on the geology of the area are listed in the references. Long-term water-level information currently is available for selected wells in the area.

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION AVAILABLE REPORTS ON GROUND WATER (See list of references tor additional data) Armstrong 1965, 1967a Armstrong 1967b, 1969a Armstrong 1969b, 1971 Pettyjohn 1968, Pettyjohn and Hutchinson 1971 Klausing 1971, 1974 Klausing 1976, 1979 Randich 1981a, 1981b IN PREPARATION (1984) Figure 8.1-1 Available ground-water reports. 8.0 GROUND WATER 8.1 Availability of Ground-Water Reports

8.0 GROUND WATER 8.2 Extent of Aquifers Glacial-Drift and Bedrock Aquifers Exist in Area 46 Important glacial-drift and alluvial aquifers consisting of sand and gravel underlie the valleys of the Missouri River, Little Muddy River, and other streams in the area. Important glacial-drift aquifers, consisting of glacial and alluvial sand and gravel, underlie the valleys of the Missouri River, Little Muddy River, and other streams in Area 46 (fig. 8.2-1). The aquifers generally are less than 200 feet thick, but thicknesses of 300 feet are found in some areas. Values for aquifer transmissivity3 generally range from 200 to 15,000 feet squared per day. The aquifers in the valley of the Missouri River largely are a mixture of alluvial material and coarse outwash derived from mountain and continental glaciers. Elsewhere the aquifers largely are glacially derived backfill in outwash channels. Alluvium of Holocene age commonly overlies the glacial material and, where derived from the bedrock of the area, commonly is fine grained. Bedrock aquifers, the Fox Hills and lower part of the Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age, and 3 Transmissivity is the rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. the lower part of the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age, underlie all of Area 46. These aquifers consist of fine-to medium-grained semiconsolidated sandstone. Values for transmissivity range from 50 to 300 feet squared per day. Wells tapping the aquifer in the Fox Hills and lower part of the Hell Creek Formation in the valley of the Missouri River may be as much as 1,500 feet in depth and flow at land surface. Very few wells tap the aquifer in the Fox Hills and lower part of the Hell Creek Formation north of the Missouri River. Many stock and farm wells in the area tap thin discontinous beds of sandstone and lignite of Tertiary age at depths of less than 300 feet. These wells generally yield less than 20 gallons per minute.

CANADA SCALE 1:1,000,000 Oj_U JN -

R / Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map, 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 EXPLANATION AREA UNDERLAIN BY GLACIAL OUTWASH AND ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS. Transmissivity ranges from 200 to 15,000 feet squared per day AREA UNDERLAIN BY BEDROCK AQUIFERS OF THE FORT UNION AND HELL CREEK FORMATIONS AND FOX HILL SANDSTONE. Transmissivity ranges from SO to 300 feet squared per day AQUIFER BOUNDARY Figure 8.2-1 Extent of freshwater yielding formations. 8.0 GROUND WATER-Continued 8.2 Extent of Aquifers

8.0 GROUND WATER 8.3 Ground-Water Quality Aquifers of Quaternary, Tertiary, and Cretaceous Age Contain Usable Water Water from glacial-outwash and alluvial aquifers is of better quality than water from the Tertiary or Cretaceous bedrock aquifers and is usable for most purposes. Water in the shallow glacial-outwash and alluvial aquifers of Quaternary age is usable for most livestock, domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes (fig. 8.3-1). Water samples collected from these aquifers contained about 25 milligram equivalents per liter dissolved solids (1,650 milligrams per liter), considerably less than the dissolved-solids concentration in water from the Tertiary bedrock aquifers (fig. 8.3-1). The star diagrams indicate that the percentages of individual dissolved constituents in the aquifers vary widely among wells. In the vicinity of mines, deteriorating ground-water quality may present a problem to water users (M. G. Croft, D. W. Fisher, and D. C. Thorstenson, written commun., 1979). Water from beds of sandstone and lignite of Tertiary age is suitable for most livestock, and many municipal and industrial uses. The star diagrams in figure 8.3-1 show that constituent percentages are highly variable. The bar diagram shows that most samples from Tertiary aquifers are a sodium bicarbonate type and that the dissolved-solids concentration generally is greater than dissolved-solids concentration in water samples from the glacial and alluvial aquifers. Water from the Fox Hills Sandstone and Hell Creek Formation is suitable for most livestock, municipal, and domestic uses. Few wells are found north of the Missouri River. South of the Missouri River typical samples contained about 2,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids and were a sodium bicarbonate type. Samples contained about 400 milligrams per liter chloride. Soluble sulfate minerals, such as gypsum (CaS042H2O), are abundant in soils and spoil piles. Precipitation percolating through the soil dissolves minerals and carries them to the water table (fig. 8.3-2). Ground water and surface runoff dissolve gypsum from spoils and may create a highly mineralized effluent downgradient from mine sites (M. G. Croft, D. W. Fisher, and D. C. Thorstenson, written commun., 1979). This effect has been shown by WATEQ (Truesdell and Jones, 1974), a computer analysis of water samples collected from the area (table 8.3-1). The WATEQ computer program calculates the solubility of minerals in water. The carbonate minerals calcite (CaCO3) and aragonite (CaCO3) are at saturation in the water and will not be dissolved.

CANADA Base from U.S. Geological Survey State Base Map 1:500,000; North Dakota, 1963 Rainfall infiltration Figure 8.3-1 Ground-water quality. Figure 8.3-2 Sediments and leachates can contaminate streams and wells downgradient from spoils. Table 8.3-1 WATEQ analyses of selected water samples. Log ion-activity product/equilibrium constant1 Well number or location Depth (feet) Trona Anhydrite Gypsum Aragonite Calcite Short Creek near Columbus 153-101-06ADB 160-098-05CCC1 162-099-34DAB 161-089-05AC 161-089-05ADC ' Positive values indicate over saturation and negative values indicate under saturation of the minerals in water samples. EXPLANATION STAR DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF MAJOR IONS IN WATER SAMPLES. Bedrock aquifers shown in green and glacial outwash and alluvial aquifers shown in blue AQUIFER BOUNDARY ettuH ms a, tua. c/)H

a UJ S a: O5 iz £ztuDH Z

Q Jo t/) t/35 Bedrock aquifers of Tertiary age Na+K Mg Ca HCO3 CO3 SO, Glacial outwash and alluvial aquifers of Quaternary age Na+K Mg Ca HC03 CO 3 SO, ,-Cl Average composition of water samples from aquifers of Tertiary and Quaternary age. 8.0 GROUND WATER-Continued 8.3 Ground-Water Quality

9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES 9.1 Introduction NAWDEX, WATSTORE, OWDC Have Water-Data Information Water data are collected in coal areas by a large number of organizations in response to a wide variety of missions and needs. Within the U.S. Geological Survey there are three activities that help to identify and improve access to the vast amount of existing water data. 1. The National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX), which indexes the water data available from over 400 organizations and serves as a central focal point to help those in need of water data to determine what information already is available. 2. The National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), which serves as the central repository of water data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and which contains large volumes of data on the quantity and quality of both surface and ground waters. 3. The Office of Water-Data Coordination (OWDC), which coordinates Federal water-data acquisition activities and maintains a "Catalog of Information on Water Data." To assist in identifying available water-data activities in coal provinces of the United States special indexes to the Catalog are being printed and made available to the public. A more detailed explanation of these three activities is given in sections 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4.

9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.2 National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX) NAWDEX Simplifies Access to Water Data The National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX) is a nationwide program managed by the U.S. Geological Survey to assist users of water data or water-related data in identifying, locating, and acquiring needed data. NAWDEX is a national confederation of wateroriented organizations working together to make their data more readily accessible and to facilitate more efficient exchange of water data. Services are available through a Program Office located at the U.S. Geological Survey's National Center in Reston, Virginia, and a nationwide network of Assistance Centers located in 45 States and Puerto Rico, which provide local and convenient access to NAWDEX facilities (see fig. 9.2-1). A directory is available on request that provides names of organizations and persons to contact, addresses, telephone numbers, and office hours for each of these locations [Directory of Assistance Centers of the National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-423 (revised)]. NAWDEX can assist any organization or individual in identifying and locating needed water data and referring the requestor to the organization that retains the data required. To accomplish this service, NAWDEX maintains a computerized Master Water-Data Index (fig. 9.2-2), which identifies sites for which water data are available, the type of data available for each site, and the organization retaining the data. A Water-Data Sources Directory (fig. 9.2-3) also is maintained that identifies organizations that are sources of water data and the locations within these organizations from which data may be obtained. In addition NAWDEX has direct access to some large water-data bases of its members and has reciprocal agreements for the exchange of services with others. Charges for NAWDEX services are assessed at the option of the organization providing the requested data or data service. Search assistance services are provided free by NAWDEX to the greatest extent possible. Charges are assessed, however, for those requests requiring computer cost, extensive personnel time, duplicating services, or other costs encountered by NAWDEX in the course of providing services. In all cases, charges assessed by NAWDEX Assistance Centers will not exceed the direct costs incurred in responding to the data request. Estimates of cost are provided by NAWDEX upon request and in all cases where costs are anticipated to be substantial. For additional information concerning the NAWDEX program or its services contact: Program Office National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX) U.S. Geological Survey 421 National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 22092 Telephone (703) 860-6031 FTS 928-6031 Hours: 7:45-4:15 Eastern Time or NAWDEX ASSISTANCE CENTER NORTH DAKOTA U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 821 East Interstate Avenue Bismarck, ND 58501 Telephone (701) 255-4011, extension 604 FTS 783-4604 Hours: 8:00-5:00 Central Time

Master Water-Data Index A Program To Provide Access To Water Data

LOCAL ASSISTANCE CENTERS 59 OFFICES IN 45 STATES AND PUERTO RICO WATER-DATA SITE IDENTIFIERS AND DESCRIPTORS Figure 9.2-2 Master water-data index. USER SERVICES Data Search Assistance Request-Referral Service Access to Major Water-Data Bases Data Source Identification Nationwide Index of Water Data Figure 9.2-1 Access to water data. ASSISTANCE CENTERS OFFICES COMMENTS WATER DATA AVAILABLE COUNTIES STATES

COUNTIES ORGANIZATION OTHER RESOURCES NONSOURCES INDEXED DATA COMMENTS COMMENTS COUNTIES Figure 9.2-3 Water-data sources directory. 9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.2 National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX)

9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.3 WATSTORE WATSTORE Automated Data System The National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE) of the U.S. Geological Survey provides computerized procedures and techniques for processing water data and provides effective and efficient management of data-releasing activities. The National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE) was established in November 1971 to computerize the U.S. Geological Survey's existing water-data system and to provide for more effective and efficient management of its data-releasing activities. The system is operated and maintained on the central computer facilities of the Survey at its National Center in Reston, Va. Data may be obtained from WATSTORE through the Water Resources Division's 46 district offices. General inquiries about WATSTORE may be directed to: Chief Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey 437 National Center Reston, VA 22092 or U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 821 East Interstate Avenue Bismarck, ND 58501 Telephone (701) 255-4011, extension 604 FTS 783-4604 The Geological Survey currently (1983) collects data at approximately 17,000 stage-or discharge-gaging stations, 5,200 surface-water quality stations, 27,000 waterlevel observation wells, and 7,400 ground-water quality wells. Each year many water-data collection sites are added and others are discontinued; thus, large amounts of diversified data, both current and historical, are amassed by the Survey's data-collection activities. The WATSTORE system consists of several files in which data are grouped and stored by common characteristics and data-collection frequencies. The system also is designed to allow for the inclusion of additional data files as needed. Currently, files are maintained for the storage of: (1) Surface-water, quality-ofwater, and ground-water data measured on a daily or continuous basis; (2) annual peak values for streamflow stations; (3) chemical analyses for surface-and groundwater sites; (4) water parameters measured more frequently than daily; and (5) geologic and inventory data for ground-water sites. In addition, an index file of sites for which data are stored in the system is also maintained (fig. 9.3-1). A brief description of each file is as follows: Station Header File: Information pertinent to the identification, location, and physical description of nearly 220,000 sites are contained in this file. All sites for which data are stored in the Daily-Values, Peak-Flow, Water- Quality, and Unit-Values files of WATSTORE are indexed in this file. Daily-Values File: All water-data parameters measured or observed either on a daily or continuous basis and numerically reduced to daily values are stored in this file. Instantaneous measurements at fixed-time intervals, daily mean values, and statistics such as daily maximum and minimum values also may be stored. This file currently contains over 200 million daily values including data on streamflow, river stages, reservoir contents, water temperatures, specific conductance, sediment concentrations, sediment discharges, and groundwater levels. Peak-Flow File: Annual maximum (peak) steamflow (discharge) and gage height (stage) values at surfacewater sites comprise this file, which currently contains over 400,000 peak observations. Water-Quality File: Results of over 1.4 million analyses of water samples are contained in this file. These analyses contain data for as many as 185 different constituents and physical properties that describe the chemical, physical, biological, and radiochemical characteristics of both surface and ground waters. Unit-Values File: Water parameters measured on a schedule more frequent than daily are stored in this file. Rainfall, stream discharge, and temperature data are ex66

amples of the types of data stored in the Unit-Values File. Ground-Water Site-Inventory File: This file is maintained within WATSTORE independent of the files discussed above, but it is cross referenced to the Water- QualityFile and the Daily-Values File. It contains inventory data about wells, springs, and other sources of ground water. The data included are site location and identification, geohydrologic characteristics, wellconstruction history, and one-time field measurements such as water temperature. The file is designed to accomodate 255 data elements and currently contains data for nearly 700,000 sites. All data files of the WATSTORE system are maintained and managed on the central computer facilities of the Geological Survey at its National Center. However, data may be entered into or retrieved from WATSTORE at a number of locations that are part of a nationwide telecommunications network. Remote Job Entry Sites: Almost all of the Water Resources Division's district offices are equipped with high-speed computer terminals for remote access to the WATSTORE system. These terminals allow each site to enter data into or retrieve data from the system within an interval of several minutes to overnight, depending upon the priority placed on the request. The number of remote job-entry sites is increased as the need arises. Digital Transmission Sites: Digital recorders are used at many field locations to record values for parameters such as river stages, conductivity, water temperature, turbidity, wind direction, and chlorides. Data are recorded on 16-channel paper tape; the tape is removed from the recorder and the data are transmitted over telephone lines to the receiver at Reston, Va. The data are re-recorded on magnetic tape for use on the central computer. Extensive testing of satellite data-collection platforms indicates their feasibility for transmitting realtime hydrologic data on a national scale. Batteryoperated radios are used as the communication to link the satellite. About 500 data-relay stations are being operated currently (1983) by the Water Resources Division. Central Laboratory System: The Water Resources Division's two water-quality laboratories located in Denver, Colo., and Atlanta, Ga., analyze more than 150,000 water samples per year. These laboratories are equipped to automatically perform chemical analyses ranging from determinations of simple inorganic compounds, such as chloride, to complex organic compounds, such as pesticides. As each analysis is completed, the results are verified by laboratory personnel and transmitted via a computer terminal to the central computer facilities to be stored in the Water-Quality File of WATSTORE. Water data are used in many ways by decision makers for the management, development, and monitoring of our water resources. In addition to its data processing, storage, and retrieval capabilities, WATSTORE can provide a variety of useful products ranging from simple tables of data to complex statistical analyses. A minimal fee, plus the actual computer cost incurred in producing a desired product, is charged to the requester. Computer-Printed Tables: Users most often request data from WATSTORE in the form of tables printed by the computer. These tables may contain lists of actual data or condensed indexes that indicate the availability of data stored in the files. A variety of formats is available to display the many types of data. Computer-Printed Graphs: Computer-printed graphs for the rapid analysis or display of data are another capacity of WATSTORE. Computer programs are available to produce bar graphs (histograms), line graphs, frequency-distribution curves, X-Y point plots, sitelocation map plots, and other similar items by means of line printers. Statistical Analyses: WATSTORE interfaces with a proprietary statistical package called SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 1976) to provide extensive analyses of data such as regression analyses, the analysis of variance, transformations, and correlations. Digital Plotting: WATSTORE also makes use of software systems that prepare data for digital plotting on peripheral offline plotters available at the central computer site. Plots that can be obtained include hydrographs, frequency-distribution curves, X-Y point plots, contour plots, and three-dimensional plots. Data in Machine-Readable Form: Data stored in WATSTORE can be obtained in machine-readable form for use on other computers or for use as input to userwritten computer programs. These data are available in the standard storage format of the WATSTORE system or in the form of punched cards or card images on magnetic tape. WATSTORE Station Header File Ground-Water Site-Inventory File Water-Use File Daily-Values File Peak-Flow File Water-Quality File Unit-Values File Figure 9.3-1 Index file stored data. 9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.3 WATSTORE

9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.4 Office of Water-Data Coordination (OWDC) Water Data Indexed for Coal Provinces A special index, "Index to Water-Data Activities in Coal Provinces of the United States/' has been published by the U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Water-Data Coordination (OWDC). The "Index to Water-Data Activities in Coal Provinces of the United States" was prepared to assist those involved in developing, managing, and regulating the Nation's coal resources by providing information on the availability of water-resources data in the major coal provinces of the United States. It is derived from the "Catalog of Information on Water Data," which is a computerized information file about water-data acquisition activities in the United States and its territories and possessions, with some international activities included. This,special index consists of five volumes (fig. 9.4-1): Volume I, Eastern Coal province, volume n, Interior Coal province; volume III, Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Coal provinces; volume IV, Gulf Coast Coal provinces; and volume V, Pacific Coast and Alaska Coal provinces. The information presented will aid the user in obtaining data for evaluating the effects of coal mining on water resources and in developing plans for meeting additional water-data needs. The report does not contain the actual data; rather, it provides information that will enable the user to determine if needed data are available. Each volume of this special index consists of four parts: Part A, Streamflow and Stage Stations; Part B, Quality of Surface-Water Stations; Part C, Quality of Ground-Water Stations; and Part D, Areal Investigations and Miscellaneous Activities. Information given for each activity in Parts A-C includes: (1) The identification and location of the station, (2) the major types of data collected, (3) the frequency of data collection, (4) the form in which the data are stored, and (5) the agency or organization reporting the activity. Part D summarizes areal hydrologic investigations and water-data activities not included in the other parts of the index. The agencies that submitted the information, agency codes, and the number of activities reported by type are shown in a table. Those who need additional information from the Catalog file or who need assistance in obtaining water data should contact the National Water-Data Exchange (NAWDEX). (See section 9.2.) Further information on the OWDC index volumes and their availability may be obtained from: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 821 East Interstate Avenue Bismarck, ND 58501 Telephone: (701) 255-4011, extension 604 FTS 783-4604 or Office of Surface Mining U.S. Department of the Interior 1st Floor, Thomas Hill Building 950 Kanawha Boulevard East Charleston, WV 25301 Telephone: (304) 344-3481

Pacific Coast Province (Volume V) Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Provinces (Volume III) Eastern Province (Volume I) Figure 9.4-1 OWDC index. Volumes and related provinces. 9.0 WATER-DATA SOURCES-Continued 9.4 Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC)

10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 70. / Streamflow-Quantity Stations

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10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION-Continued 70.2 Streamflow Water-Quality Stations [Type of data available: F indicates field determinations of conductance, pH, and water temperature; C indicates common ions; N indicates nutrients; T indicates trace elements; P indicates pesticides; R indicates radiochemical; S indicates sediment; M indicates microbiological; B indicates biological; 0 indicates organic compounds] Report station number uses station number 051 1 6500 Name Period of record Long Creek near Noonan West Branch Short Creek near Columbus Souris River near Sherwood Souris River near Foxholm Des Lacs River at Foxholm Souris River above Mi not Souris River near Verendrye Missouri River near Williston Little Muddy River below Cow Creek near Williston Stony Creek near Williston Tobacco Garden Creek near Watford City Beaver Creek near Ray White Earth River at White Earth Bear Den Creek near Mandaree Shell Creek near Parshall Missouri River at Garrison Dam 1950-51, 1969-70, 1950-51, 1946, 195165, 1969-70, 1969-70, Type of data available F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, N N, T, R, S, M, B, 0 N, T, P, S, M, B, 0 N, T, P, S, M, B, 0 N N N, T, P, S, M, 0 N, T, R, S, M, B, 0 N N, T, R, S, M, B, 0 N, T, R, S, M, B, 0 N N, T, P, R, S, M, 0 N N, T, R, S, M, B, 0

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10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION-Continued 10.4 Selected Reservoirs and Lakes [Capacity 50 acre-feet or more] Map number Name BURKE COUNTY Upper Lostwood Lake Smishek Lake Powers Lake Sletten Lake Thompson Lake Beaver Lake North Star Reservoir Northgate Reservoir East Branch Short Creek Reservoir DIVIDE COUNTY Noonan Park Reservoir Country Club Reservoir MCKENZIE COUNTY Arnegard Reservoir Demicks Lake MCLEAN COUNTY Lake Sakakawea Blackwater Lake Unnamed reservoir Hager Reservoir Douglas Lake Lake Susie Peterson Lake MOUNTRAIL COUNTY Paul son Reservoir Unnamed reservoir Shell Lake Chocolate Drop Reservoir Location of outlet 1 59-091 -34BBD 1 59-093-1 1BBA 159-093-35A 159-094-36DD 1 60-091 -23DD 162-092-16BA 163-089-15 163-089-19 164-093-32BC 1 62-095-1 6AAB 163-097-05ADD 150-100-04CDA 151-097-24BC 147-084-04DCC 148-087-07BAA 148-089-19 149-085-26DAD 1 50-085-01 ADC 1 50-088-1 6CCC 1 50-089-01 DCC 1 52-089-1 3CBB 153-090-27CDC 1 54-089-1 OCBA 1 54-091 -16BCB Capacity at spil Iway level (acre-feet)

Qual ity information available No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No 10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION-Continued 10.4 Selected Reservoirs and Lakes

10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION-Continued 70.4 Selected Reservoirs and Lakes Map number MOUNTRAIL RENVILLE Name COUNTY, continued Shell Lake White Lake Stanley Reservoir Unnamed reservoir Clearwater Lake Cottonwood Lake White Earth Reservoir Lower Lostwood Lake Unnamed reservoir COUNTY Plain Reservoir Location of outlet 1 55-089-1 9DB 1 56-091 -05BAB 1 56-091 -32ACC 157-088-09DD 157-090-22DB 157-092-06DB 1-57-093-06ACC 1 58-091 -04BDA 158-091-06B 1 58-085-05DDA Capacity at spillway level (acre-feet) 1,550 1,080 1,600

Qual ity information available No No Yes No No No Yes No No No WARD COUNTY Nelson Lake Carl son Lake Rush Lake Hiddenwood Lake Velva Sportsman Reservoir Rice Lake Tangedahl Lake Lake Vernon Underdahl Lake Schofield Reservoir Mi not Water Supply Reservoir Unnamed reservoir r Des Lacs City Reservoir Burlington Reservoir 2 Burlington Reservoir 1 Veghei n Reservoi r Reservoir 87 151-084-06 151-084-07 151-084-22 151-087-33DAA 1 52-081 -36DDD 152-085-10 152-085-14 152-085-23 153-085-18 154-083-32DDA 155-083-23CCB 155-083-35ADB 1 55-085-1 1ACC 156-084-32ADA 156-084-34DCC 156-086-35 157-084-08DDB

1,430 1,320 No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No

Map number Name Location of outlet Capacity at spillway level (acre-feet) Quality information available WARD COUNTY, continued WILLIAMS Reservoir 96 Lake Darling Carpi o Reservoir Des Lacs Lake Nelson-Landers Reservoir COUNTY Unnamed reservoir Iverson Reservoir Kota Ra Reservoir Epping Reservoir McLeod Lake 01 son Reservoir Tioga Reservoir Twin Lakes Blacktail Lake McGregor Reservoir Cottonwood Lake Alkali Lake Lake Zahl 157-084-34DBB 1 57-085-01 AAC 157-085-07BBB 1 59-088-1 4DDD 1 59-089-1 3BDD 154-103-21CAC 1 55-095-1 9CDD 155-097-22BAD 155-099-09CCC 1 56-097-1 6BCD 156-098-33BAB 157-095-22CDB 157-1 0001 6ABB 157-1 01 -15BBB 159-095-22AAC 159-099-22BDD 159-1 00-1 7BBC 159-1 01 -36CDD 2,800 112,000 49,000 1,580 2,640 2,130

2,980 No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No 10.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION-Continued 10.4 Selected Reservoirs and Lakes

11.0 LIST OF REFERENCES Angelo, R. T., and Anderson, K. W., 1981, Western North Dakota air quality study: North Dakota State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Waste Management and Research, 70 p. Armstrong, C. A., 1965, Geology and ground-water resources of Divide County, North Dakota; Part II, Ground-water basic data: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 45 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 6, 112 p. 1967a, Geology and ground-water resources of Divide County, North Dakota; Part III, Ground-water resources: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 45 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 6, 56 p. ___1967b, Geology and ground-water resources of Williams County, North Dakota; Part II, Ground-water basic data: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 48 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 9, 132 p. ___1969a, Geology and ground-water resources of Williams County, North Dakota; Part III, Hydrology: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 48 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 9, 82 p. ___1969b, Geology and ground-water resources of Burke and Mountrail Counties, North Dakota; Part II, Ground-water basic data: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 55 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 14, 282 p. Ground-water resources of Burke and Mountrail Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 55, Part HI, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 14, Part III, 86 p. Bluemle, J. P., 1971, Geology of McLean County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 60, Part I, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground- Water Studies 19, Part I, 65 p. Brandt, R. A., 1963, Lignite resources of North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 226, 78 p. Carlson, C. G., 1973, Generalized bedrock geologic map of North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map 16. Crosby, O. A., 1975, Magnitude and frequency of floods in small drainage basins in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations 19-75, 24 p. Denson, N. M., and Gill, J. R., 1965, Uraniumbearing lignite and carbonaceous shale in the southwestern part of the Williston basin: A regional study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 463, 75 p. Fenneman, N. M., 1946, Physiographic divisions of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey map, scale 1:700,000 (Reprinted 1964). Freers, T. F., 1970, Geology and ground-water resources of Williams County, North Dakota; Part I, Geology: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 48 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 9, 55 p. Geology of Burke County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 55, Part I, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 14, Part I, 32 p. Hansen, D. E., 1967, Geology and ground-water resources of Divide County; Part I, Geology: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 45 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 6, 90 p. Howard, A. D., 1960, Cenozoic history of northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota with emphasis on the Pleistocene: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 326, 107 p. Jensen, R. E., [no date], Climate of North Dakota: National Weather Service, North Dakota State University, 48 p. Klausing, R. L., 1971, Ground-water basic data, McLean County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 60, Part II, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 19, Part II, 468 p. 1974, Ground-water resources of McLean County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 60, Part III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 19, Part III, 73 p. Ground-water basic data, Dunn County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geo -

logical Survey Bulletin 68, Part II, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 25, Part II, 501 p. _1979, Ground-water resources of Dunn County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 68, Part III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 25, Part III, 48 p. Lerman, Abraham, 1979, Geochemical processes: Water and sediment environments: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 481 p. McKee, J. E., and Wolf, H. W., 1971, Water quality criteria (2d ed): California State Water Quality Control Board Publication 3-A, 548 p. National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering, 1973 [1974], Water quality criteria 1972: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and U.S. Department of Agriculture Economics and statistics service, 1981, North Dakota Agricultural Statistics: Agricultural Statistics No. 48, 96 p. Omodt, H. G., Johnsgard, G. A., Pattersous, D. D., and Olson, 0. P., 1968, The major soils of North Dakota: North Dakota State University, Bulletin 472, 60 p. Patterson, J. L., 1966, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, Part 6A, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1679, 471 p. Pettyjohn, W. A., 1968, Geology and ground-water resources of Renville and Ward Counties, North Dakota; Part II, Ground-water basic data: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 50 and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 11, 302 p. Pettyjohn, W. A., and Hutchinson, R. D., 1971, Ground-water resources of Renville and Ward Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 50, Part III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 11, Part III, 100 p. Randich, P. G., 1981a, Ground-water basic data, McHenry County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 74, Part II, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-water Studies 33, Part II, 446 p. ___1981b, Ground-water resources of McHenry County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 74, Part III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 33, Part III, 47 p. Smith, M. L., and Harkness, R. E., 1982, Water use in North Dakota, 1980: North Dakota State Water Commission Information Series No. 31, lp- Spencer, J. M., 1978a, Lignite geology of southeast Williams County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-168. ___1978b, Geophysical and lithologic logs for 1977 coal drilling in McKenzie County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-451. Geologic map and lignite resources of the Cussicks Spring quadrangle, Williams County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map C-89. Truesdell, A. H., and Jones, B. F., 1974, WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of national waters: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, no. 2, p. 233-248. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1970, North Dakota conservation needs inventory: 161 p. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982, United States census of population, 1980; Number of inhabitants, North Dakota: U.S. Bureau of the Census final report PC80-1-A36. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1974, 1975, 1977, Surface-minerals management quadrangles: scale 1:126,720. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service, 1973, Monthly normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1941-70: Climatology of the United States, No. 81, (by State), North Dakota. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1982, Evaporation atlas for the contiguous 48 United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report NWS33, 27 p., maps. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976 [1978], National interim primary drinking water regulations: Office of Water Supply, Report EPA-570/9-76-003, 159 p. National secondary drinking water

regulations: Federal Register, v. 42, 160 p. p. 17143-17147. U.S. Water Resources Council, 1981, Guidelines for U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, Diagnosis and determining flood flow frequency: U.S. Water improvement of saline and alkali soils: U.S. Resources Council Hydrology Committee, Department of Agriculture Handbook 60, Bulletin 17B, 183 p.

Plates & figures from the original