International strategic minerals inventory summary report; titanium
Ilmenite and rutile are currently the most important titanium-bearing minerals, although anatase may be important in the future. Both ilmenite and rutile…
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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930--G International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report-Titanium Prepared as a cooperative eHort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America
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International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report-Titanium By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and lyn M .. Porter U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 930- G Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthscience and mineral-resource agencies of Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Towner, R. R. International strategic minerals inventory summary report, titanium. (U.S. Geological Survey circular; 930-G) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.4/2:930-G 1. Titanium. I. Gray, Jonathan M. II. Porter, Lyn M. Ill. Title. IV. Series. TN490.T6T68 333.8'5 88-600060 The use of trade names in this publication is for Identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225
FOREWORD Earth-science and mineral-resource agencies from several countries started the International Strategic Minerals Inventory in order to gather cooperatively information about major sources of strategic mineral raw materials. This circular summarizes inventory information about major deposits of titanium, one of the mineral commodities selected for the inventory. The report was prepared by Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and Lyn M. Porter of the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. Titanium inventory information was compiled by Eric R. Force, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); Ian Goldberg, South African Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs (MEA), Minerals Bureau; David M. Sutphin, USGS; Sebastiaan J. Van Graan, MEA, Minerals Bureau; Jan Zwartendyk, David E. C. King, and Andrew G. Sozanski, Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR), Mineral Policy Sector (MPS); and Gordon A. Gross, EMR, Geological Survey of Canada. Additional contributions to the report were made by Langtry E. Lynd and Aldo F. Barsotti, U.S. Bureau of Mines, John H. DeYoung, Jr., USGS; and Antony B. T. Werner and Jan Zwartendyk, EMR, MPS. Director
CONTENTS Page Background, processing, and use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Distribution of titanium deposits - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Titanium mineral production - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Part II -Selected inventory information for titanium deposits and districts- - - - - - - - - - - - I LLUSTRA liONS Page FIGURE 1. Diagram showing United Nations resource categories used in this report 2-5. Maps showing: 2. Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major ilmenite deposits and districts - - - - -- - -- - - - --- - -- - - - 3. Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major rutile deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries containing major ilmenite deposits and districts- - - -- -- - - - -- - -- -- -- 5. Economic classification of the World Bank for countries containing major rutile deposits and districts-- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - -- 10 6. Pie charts showing distribution of ilmenite and rutile identified economic resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by country and economic class of country - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 7-8. Bar graphs showing: 7. Distribution of total world production of ilmenite and rutile, by country; selected years 1930-85 15 8. Ilmenite and rutile production, by country; selected years 1940-85 16 9. Graphs showing concentration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral commodity production in 1913 and 1980 17 10-11. Maps showing: 10. Major ilmenite deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 11. Major rutile deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020- --- -- - -- - - -- - - 20 12. Pie charts showing distribution of world exports of titanium products in 1984, by country 21
TABLES Page TABLE 1. Principal titanium-bearing minerals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. Titanium resources in, and cumulative production from, the world's major titanium deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 3-5. Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits and districts: 3. By country and resource category- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 4. By economic class of country and resource category - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - 13 5. By mining method and economic class of country, and ilmenite and rutile cumulative production, by mining method 14 6-7. Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) production of ilmenite and rutile: 7. By economic class of country - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 8. Export of titanium products by country in 1984 18 9. Selected geologic and location information from ISMI records for titanium deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 10. Selected production and mineral-resource information from ISMI records for titanium deposits and districts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT TITANIUM By Roy R. Towner, Jonathan M. Gray, and lyn M. Porter1 ABSTRACT Ilmenite and rutile are currently the most important titanium-bearing minerals, although anatase may be important in the future. Both ilmenite and rutile occur in hard-rock and placer deposits, but at present all rutile production and about half of the ilmenite production are from placer deposits. Anatase occurs in laterite deposits in Brazil, which at present are largely undeveloped. World ilmenite resources in identified deposits that are economically exploitable (RlE) are sufficient for about 150 years at current production rates, and about two-thirds of these resources are in China, the Soviet Union, and Norway. World rutile RlE resources would last about 80 years at current production rates, and some 54 percent of these resources are in Australia, the United States, and Italy. Combined RlE resources of anatase (which are all in Brazil) and rutile would last 300 years at current rutile production rates. Over 95 percent of the world's mine production of titanium-bearing minerals is used to manufacture titanium dioxide pigment for paint and other products. Most of the remaining 4 to 5 percent of production, which is largely rutile, is used for making titanium metal. Australia and Canada are the largest ilmenite producers, together supplying about half the world total; South Africa, Norway, and the Soviet Union together account for another third. Australia accounts for half the total world rutile production, with Sierra Leone and South Africa together accounting for another third. Australia and Norway are the largest exporters of titanium minerals. Unless major new deposits are discovered and developed in the traditional producing countries, the pattern of world production of both ilmenite and rutile could change substantially by 2020. 1 Authors are with the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australian Department of Resources and Energy. PART I-OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION The reliability of future supplies of so-called strategic minerals is of concern to many nations. This widespread concern has led to duplication of effort in the gathering of information on the world's major sources of strategic mineral materials. With the aim of pooling such information, a cooperative program named International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI) was started in 1981 by officials of the governments of the United States, Canada, and the Federal Republic of Germany. It was subsequently joined by the Republic of South Africa, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The objective of ISMI reports is to make publicly available, in convenient form, nonproprietary data and characteristics of major deposits of strategic mineral commodities for policy considerations in regard to short-term, mediumterm, and long-term world supply. This report provides a summary statement of the data compiled and an overview of the supply aspects of titanium in a format designed to be of benefit to policy analysts and geologists. Knowledge of the geologic aspects of mineral resources is essential in order to discover and develop mineral deposits. However, technical, financial, and political decisions must be made, and often transportation and marketing systems must be constructed before ore can be mined and processed and the products transported to the consumer; the technical, financial, and political aspects of mineral-resource
development are not specifically addressed in this report. The report addresses the primary stages in the supply process for titanium and does not include considerations of titanium demand. The term "strategic minerals" is imprecise. It generally refers to mineral ore and derivative products that come largely or entirely from foreign sources, that are difficult to replace, and that are important to a nation's economy, in particular to its defense industry. Usually, the term implies a nation's perception of vulnerability to supply disruptions and of a need to safeguard its industries from the repercussions of a loss of supplies. Because a mineral that is strategic to one country may not be strategic to another, no one list of strategic minerals can be prepared. The ISMI Working Group decided to commence with chromium, manganese, nickel, and phosphate. All of these studies, plus those for platinum-group metals and cobalt, have now been published. Additional studies on titanium (this report), graphite, tungsten, vanadium, tin, and zirconium have been subsequently undertaken. The data in the ISMI titanium inventory were collected from January 1984 to February 1986. The report was submitted for review and publication in July 1986. The information used was the best available to the various agencies of the participating countries that contributed to the preparation of this report. Those agencies were the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics of the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy; the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior; the Geological Survey of Canada and the Mineral Policy Sector of the Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources; the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of the Federal Republic of Germany; the Geological Survey and the Minerals Bureau of the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs of South Africa; and the British Geological Survey, a component of the Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom. No geologic definition of a deposit (or district) is used for compiling records for this report. Deposits (or districts) are selected for the inventory on the basis of their present or expected future contribution to world supply. Records for all deposits compiled by ISMI participants meet this general "major deposit" criterion and are included in the inventory. No information is pro2 vided on deposits that were once significant but whose resources are now considered to have been depleted. Some records, for example Zhanjiang (China) and Perak-Selangor (Malaysia), refer to districts which contain several deposits; these deposits are grouped together because they are too small to be listed individually or because published data are available only for the deposits as a group. The ISMI record collection and this report on titanium have adopted the international classification system for mineral resources recommended by the United Nations Group of Experts on Definitions and Terminology for Mineral Resources (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1979; Schanz, 1980). The terms, definitions, and resource categories of this system were established in 1979 to facilitate international exchange of mineral-resource data; the Group of Experts sought a system that would be compatible with the several systems already in use in several countries. Figure 1 shows the U.N. resource classification used here. This report focuses on category R1, which covers reliable estimates of tonnages and grades of known deposits. The familiar term "reserves," which many would consider to be equivalent to r1E or R1E, has been interpreted inconsistently and thus has been deliberately avoided in the U.N. classification. It should be noted that, generally, until a deposit has been extensively explored or mined, its size and grade are imperfectly defined. In many cases, deposit size will prove to be significantly larger, sometimes even several times larger, than was established when the decision to mine was made. Experts with a sound knowledge of a deposit and its geologic setting might infer that the deposit extends beyond the bounds reliably established up to that time. Tonnage estimates for such inferred extensions fall into category R2. For major deposits, ISMI records show R2 estimates in the few cases for which they are readily available. Category R3, postulated but undiscovered resources, is not dealt with in this report. The term "ore" in tables 9 and 10 (Part II) refers to mineralized rock or sediment which contains an economic quantity of titanium-bearing minerals whether in the form of rutile, ilmenite, leucoxene, or titanomagnetite or in any combination thereof. Not all companies or countries report resource data in the same way. In this report, all
IN SITU RESOURCESQuantities of economic interest for the next few decades R1 R3 KNOWN DEPOSITSEXTENSIONS OF KNOWN DEPOSITS UNDISCOVERED DEPOSITSReliable estimates AND NEWLY DISCOVERED DEPOSITSTentative estimates
Preliminary estimates R1E/ R1IM ~R1S Economically Marginally Subeconomic exploitable economic Economically . Subeconomic exploitable *The capital "R" denotes resources in situ; a lower case "r" expresses the corresponding recoverable resources for each category and subcategory. Thus, r1E is the recoverable equivalent of R1E. This report deals only with R1 and R2, not with R3. Figure 1.-United Nations resource categories used in this report (modified from Schanz, 1980, p. 313). resource data are quoted as being in place. Mining recovery from an ore body depends on individual conditions and may vary considerably. For placer deposits, in excess of 90 percent of the ore is generally recovered; for open-cut primary deposits, mining recovery is generally in the order of 7 5 to 90 percent. After mining, up to about 5 percent of the economic mineral content of alluvial ore may be lost in processing (concentration and separation stages). The metallurgical recovery rates of hard-rock ore depend very much on grain size. The World Bank economic classification of countries (World Bank, 1985, p.174-175), which is based primarily on GNP per capita, has been used in this and other ISMI reports to illustrate distribution of resources and production according to economic groupings of countries. This classification was chosen because it relies primarily on objective economic criteria and does not contain political bloc labels that might be perceived differently by different countries. BACKGROUND, PROCESSING, AND USE Titanium was named after the Titans, the first sons of the Earth in Greek mythology, to indicate the strength of the element. All igneous rocks contain at least a trace of titanium, and some 60 minerals have it in their listed chemical composition. Approximately 0.62 percent of the Earth's crust is titanium (1.05 x 1014 metric tons), making it the ninth most abundant element. Despite the widespread distribution of titanium in the crust, however, there are relatively few economic deposits of titanium minerals. The economic viability of deposits is determined not only by grade and available tonnage but also by the constituent mineralogy and deposit type. Titanium never occurs in nature in the free state; it is generally in chemical combination with oxygen as titanium dioxide (Ti02). The main titaniumbearing minerals are listed in table 1. Rutile, ilmenite, leucoxene, and titanomagnetite are the only titanium-bearing minerals currently being mined. Leucoxene is actually a finegrained alteration product of other titanium minerals, usually ilmenite. Titanomagnetite is of lesser economic significance. To be of commercial interest, titanomagnetite must have a titanium grade approaching 20 percent, or it must contain another important element such as vanadium. Anatase has great potential as a future source of titanium. Concentrates have been produced successfully at a pilot plant in Tapira, Brazil. As a result, the very large resources of this mineral in Brazil may soon be exploited. Perovskite and sphene are also important as a potential source of titanium. Large deposits occur in the United States and the Soviet Union, but as yet there has been no commercial exploitation of these minerals. Brookite does not occur in quantities significant enough to be seriously considered for exploitation. Mining of titanium deposits is generally by open-pit methods, although in some deposits, such as the Otanmaki mine in Finland, underground methods are used. Secondary "mineral sand"
Table I.-Principal titanium-bearing minerals Mineral Ideal formula Rutile Ti0 2 Anatase Ti02 Brookite Ilmenite FeT10 Leucoxene Perovskite CaTi03 Sphene CaTiSi05 T1tanomagnetite TiFe20 4 Usual Ti02 content (percent) deposits are commonly exploited by suction or bucket-line methods of dredging. Primary "hardrock" deposits and some of the more indurated secondary deposits require blasting, front-end loaders, shovels, and other heavy earth-moving equipment. The mined ore is processed by a combination of gravity, magnetic, electrostatic, and chemical separation methods to concentrate the various titanium minerals. Most of the rutile, ilmenite, and leucoxene produced is processed into various upgraded products, with a minor quantity (1-2 percent) being used directly as coatings for welding electrodes and as a flux in smelter operations. Ilmenite is used in sand-blasting operations and more recently as a weighting agent in oil well drilling muds. Beneficiation of ilmenite, leucoxene, and titanomagnetite leads to the production of either titania slag or synthetic rutile (upgraded ilmenite), both of which may be considered as upgraded raw material. Further processing of these materials, and of natural rutile, is needed to produce titanium dioxide (Ti02) and titanium metal. These upgraded materials (titania slag and synthetic rutile) are discussed below. Titania slag available on the world market is produced at Sorel, Canada (80 percent Ti02 content), and at Richards Bay, South Africa (85-87 percent Ti02 content). The slag is produced by reduction of ilmenite with carbon in an electric furnace. The high-titanium, low-iron slag is preferred over lower grade feedstock for titanium dioxide manufactured by the sulfate-route process (which utilizes sulfuric acid and a feedstock of ilmenite, leucoxene, or titania slag), because this slag reduces the quantity of sulfuric acid required and curtails waste disposal pollution. Japan, the Soviet Union, and China also produce slags of similar grade for use in local titanium-metal manufacture (Adams, 1984). Synthetic rutile (upgraded ilmenite) produced from ilmenite has a Ti02 content approach4 ing that of natural rutile (that is, greater than 90 percent Ti02). Production first started in the early 1970's, and plants are now located in Australia, India, Japan, Taiwan (currently not in operation), the United States, China, and the Soviet Union. In the most common method of production, the iron oxide content is reduced to the metal or ferrous state and then chemically leached away from the titanium (Adams, 1984). The product has a much greater Ti02 content than the original ilmenite and may substitute for natural rutile in the production of titanium metal and in the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment by the chloride-route process. In this process, chlorine is used, generally with a feedstock of natural or synthetic rutile. The manufacture of titanium dioxide accounts for 95 percent of the world's titaniummineral production (Lynd, 1985). In addition to the sulfate-route and the chloride-route processes, Du Pont has developed a process which allows the use of lower grade feedstocks such as high-grade ilmenite, leucoxene, or titania slag. The chlorideroute process is now preferred in most developed countries, because it is highly automated, requires less manpower, and has lower levels of waste. The sulfate route is more common in less developed countries such as India and Mexico because of its lower capital outlay and technical requirements. Such countries have low labor costs and less strict pollution regulations (Adams, 1984). The major use of titanium dioxide is as a pigment, but there are other important industrial applications. The various applications of titanium dioxide reflect its special properties, which include high refractive index which imparts considerable opacity or hiding power; high reflectivity which imparts great brightness and brilliant whiteness; chemical inertness which contributes to excellent color retention; and thermal stability over a wide range of temperatures. Titanium dioxide is nontoxic, nonfibrogenic, biologically inert, and has useful electrical properties (Adams, 1984). The largest market for Ti02 pigment is in the surface-coating industries, where it is used particularly in paint but also in varnish and lacquer. In all western countries, Ti02 is the most widely used white pigment in paint. Surface-coating industries accounted for 62 percent of world Ti02 pigment demand in 1984, the second largest market being the plastics industry (15 percent), and the third largest the paper industry (12 percent). In the United States, however, the
paper industry consumes more Ti02 pigment than the plastics industry (Callow, 1985). In addition to its use as a pigment in these three major industries, titanium dioxide is also consumed in small amounts in the manufacture of rubber, leather, ceramics, textiles, concrete, cosmetics, catalysts, glass fibers, and other products (Adams, 1984). Approximately 4 percent of the world's annual production of titanium minerals, including 25 percent of the rutile production, goes to make titanium metal. Only in the Soviet Union and China is ilmenite used; all western producers use natural or synthetic rutile in the manufacture of titanium metal. Titanium-metal ingots are produced in three stages which are often carried out at separate localities. The first stage involves the production of titanium tetrachloride (TiC14), which is used also in the chloride-route process for Ti02 production. The second stage concerns the reduction of TiCl4 by molten sodium (the Hunter process) or by molten magnesium (the Kroll process) to produce titanium sponge metal-so called "sponge" because of its appearance and high porosity. The third stage is consolidation of the sponge metal into ingots, which is normally done by vacuum-arc melting and may require several melts to remove trace impurities. Alloying elements are added at this stage for the production of titanium alloys. Scrap titanium metal, which is used in 35 to 40 percent of world ingot production, is also added at this stage (Lynd, 1985). Of the total titanium metal produced in the world, approximately 30 percent is used as pure metal, 65 percent as titanium-based alloys (for example with minor amounts of vanadium or aluminum), and 5 percent as a minor additive in alloys based on aluminum, nickel, copper, or other metals (Adams, 1984). Consumption of titanium metal and its alloys is in two broad markets: aerospace and industry. The aerospace market, which accounted for 45 percent of Western World titanium-metal consumption (60 percent of U.S. consumption) in 1983 (Adams, 1984; Lynd, 1985), primarily consists of commercial and military aircraft but also includes spacecraft and guided missiles. Titanium is used in airframe structural parts and in jet engine components because of its very high strength-to-weight ratio and its ability to maintain its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. The industrial market includes a diverse group of markets where titanium metal is used for its resistance to corrosion, its lack of toxicity, and other properties. The 55 percent of 1983 Western World consumption of titanium metal in the industrial market was chemical and desalination plants, 28 percent; power station equipment, 11 percent; and food, medical, and marine applications, most of the remaining 16 percent (Adams, 1984). SUPPLY ASPECTS At the end of 1985, world capacity for titanium dioxide production in about 52 separate plants in 24 countries was 2. 7 million metric tons. The United States accounted for approximately 30 percent of the total; the Federal Republic of Germany, 12 percent; the United Kingdom, 9 percent; Japan, 9 percent; and France, 6 percent (Lynd, 1985). Four companies through their international subsidiaries and affiliates account for 62 percent of the world production capacity; these are Du Pont, Tioxide Group, SCM Corp, and NL Industries (Callow, 1985). Production by these companies is partly from raw materials, including titania slag and synthetic rutile, imported from mines and plants in countries such as Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The major net exporters of titanium dioxide are the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Belgium, and Japan. The United States is a net importer (Lynd, 1985). In the past 15 years, world titanium dioxide production capacity has been comfortably in excess of demand (Adams, 1984). During 1984 and 1985, however, the gap between demand and supply diminished substantially, so that over the next few years demand will exceed supply. The industry is now considered to have reached maturity. The U.S. Bureau of Mines forecasts that for the United States, the average annual growth rate for titanium dioxide demand to the year 2000 will be 1.8 percent. The forecast is somewhat higher for the rest of the world, and particularly higher for developing countries (Lynd, 1985). The 1985 world titanium sponge production capacity was estimated at 132,000 metric tons, of which the Soviet Union accounted for 39 percent; Japan, 29 percent; the United States, 26 percent; the United Kingdom, 4 percent; and China, 2 percent. There are 20 separate production plants located in these 5 countries. Three companies
account for 58 percent of Western World titanium sponge production: Osaka Titanium Corp, Toho Titanium, and Titanium Metals Corp of America (Adams, 1984). None of the Western World titanium sponge producers own their source of raw material. They must import rutile from countries such as Australia, Sierra Leone, and South Africa. Titanium-metal demand has varied widely in the past as a result of changes in the requirements for military and commercial aircraft. Demand from nonaerospace industries has also been difficult to forecast. This situation has led to periods of undersupply followed by periods of oversupply. Annual growth in demand for titanium metal in the United States to the year 2000 has been estimated at 5.5 percent (Lynd, 1985). Several points regarding the supply of titanium raw materials, titanium dioxide, and titanium metal are noteworthy: Although they have a large share of the export markets, the traditional major exporters of raw material, for example, Australia, Canada, and Norway, have been affected by the newly established exporters, such as Sierra Leone and South Africa. Because some titanium mines-for example those in the Soviet Union, China, Brazil, and India-are government owned, production might be maintained when normal market forces would require their closure. Additions to the United States' strategic stockpile may provide stimulus to the titanium-metal industry. As of September 1986, the inventories were 37 percent of the goal of 96,000 metric tons of rutile and 13 percent of the goal of 177,000 metric tons of sponge metal (Lynd, 1987 a, b). Brazil may emerge in the near future as a major producer of titanium-bearing minerals through its vast reserves of anatase (90 percent Ti02). A titanium dioxide pigment plant having a capacity of 200,000 metric tons per year is to be constructed at Araxa and will use anatase as its feedstock (Industrial Minerals, 1984). There are no completely satisfactory substitutes for titanium metal or titanium dioxide. The metal may face competition in the future, however, from new boron and carbon fiber materials. In the pigment industry, cheaper substitutes, such as zinc oxide, lithopone, calcium carbonate, and others, may be used in place of titanium dioxide, although they result in an inferior product. Future demand for titanium raw materials will continue to depend essentially on the titanium dioxide pigment industry. This industry requires 95 percent of the world's titanium-ore production for raw material, while the metal industry requires just 4 percent. DISTRIBUTION OF TITANIUM DEPOSITS The world maps in figures 2 and 3 show the locations of the 86 major ilmenite and 52 major rutile deposits and districts in the inventory. In this report, leucoxene and titanomagnetite2 deposits are grouped with ilmenite deposits, and anatase with rutile. Many of the deposits contain both ilmenite and rutile giving a total of 96 titanium mineral deposits. They are located in relatively few (21) countries on all continents but Antarctica, although identified deposits are scarce in central and north Africa and South America exclusive of Brazil. Also noteworthy is the fact that many of the deposits, as in Australia, South Africa, Canada, and China, are grouped together in provinces. Figures 4 and 5 show the economic class of each country having a major deposit. Titanium minerals are currently produced from both secondary placer deposits and primary magmatic deposits. However, there exists a third deposit type, laterite deposits. The secondary placer deposit type includes the greatest number of selected deposits with 59 out of the total 96. These placer deposits are composed of generally unconsolidated sands that are enriched in heavy minerals. The great majority of secondary placer deposits are marine in origin; the remainder are alluvial. The majority are Quaternary (younger than 2 million years) in age and occur on or very near to the surface. However, buried placer deposits, such as the Cretaceous-Tertiary deposits of Dnepropetrovsk and Zhitomir in the Soviet Union, are important. Most placer deposits have grades in the order of 5 to 10 percent ilmenite and 1 percent rutile. Sand deposits containing less than 2Titanomagnetite reserves are included only where a bulk oxide concentrate exceeds an economic cutoff figure for Ti02 content (approximately 25 percent in industrial market countries); where ilmenite occurs as discrete and separate grains within the magnetite; or where a byproduct like vanadium can be economically recovered necessitating chemical destruction of the magnetite.
Aurora Brunswick Cumberland 0 Trail Ridge 0 Green Cove Springs e y b ) t CANADA ; rO Suncor 0 Syncrude Otanmaki ~NORWAY Rodsand 0Tellnes de Ia Blache Magpie Mountain Lac Tio Kellog Property St Urbain D. Lac du Pin Rouge ROMANIA SOUTH AFRICA o,Langping De Miao Heishan Panzhihua Beihai D. Xun Jiang
'1' 0 Zhanjiang D. 0 Wuzhaung Sai-Lao D. 0 Bothaville
0 Richards BayBoundary and names representation not necessarily authoritative Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 160° 120° Placer GEOLOGIC DEPOSIT TYPE Magmatic ' B0° 40° 0 West Cape Coast Umgababa 0 Transkei Coast Cape Morgan Ciskei Coast oo 0 30 X 106
70° 70° 1000 km 40° B0° 120° 160° TOTAL RESOURCES (METRIC TONS OF ILMENITE) 15/0/6 0 5 X 106 -30 X 106 Unreported D. District Figure 2.-Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major ilmenite deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
QO Lakehurst Bingham Canyon Kerr McGee
Oak Grove o Natchez Trace Brunswick o Cumberland Island Trail Ridge Green Cove Springs Boundary and names representation not necessarily authoritative Base from Bundesanstalt flir Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 160° 120°
Placer GEOLOGIC DEPOSIT TYPE
Magmatic 80° .t. Lateritic " oo Richards Bay Umgababa Transkei Coast Cape Morgan Ciskei Coast Bothaville West Cape Coast 40° oo oo 70° 70° 1000 km 80° 120° 160° TOTAL RESOURCES (METRIC TONS OF RUTILE) 0 10 X 106 106-10 X 106 Unreported D. District Figure 3.-Location, geologic deposit type, and total resources of the world's major rutile deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
160° 40° Boundary and names representation not necessarily authOritative Base from Bundesansta/t fUr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 160° 120° Low-income economies D 80° Upper middle-income economies ' 40°
Industrial market economies G East European nonmarket economies D. District
4' 160° Figure 4.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1985, p. 174-175) for countries containing major ilmenite deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
1-oo 40° Boundary and names representation authoritative Base from Bundesanstalt fUr Geowissenschahen und Rohstoffe Low-income economies D Upper middle-income economies
oo Industrial market economies u AUSTRALIA s Water r Island ;:::L'~Moreto n Island 0 0 o 70° 70° 1000 km East European nonmarket economies D. District 120° broke 15/0/9 Figure 5.-Economic classification of the World Bank (1985, p. 174-175) for countries containing major rutile deposits and districts. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
1 percent ilmenite (as in China) and less than 0.5 percent rutile (as in Australia) may be economic, but grades may be much higher as at Pulmoddai, Sri Lanka (73 percent ilmenite, 11 percent rutile). The easily minable character of some rutile beach placers, such as those in eastern Australia, allows mining of grades below the average titanium concentration of the Earth's crust (Brooks, 1976, p. 149; Force, 1976, p. 8). The remainder of the deposits which contain most of the world's resources are predominantly magmatic which, for this report, includes metamorphic deposits (Piampaludo, Italy, and Shubino Village, Soviet Union). The host rocks are typically basic or ultrabasic and are frequently associated with anorthosites (Lac Tio, Canada; Tellnes, Norway; and Sanford Lake, United States); others are associated with alkaline igneous rocks (Afrikanda, Soviet Union, and Powderhorn, United States). Most are Precambrian in age, but some are of Paleozoic age. The mineralization may be massive, occurring as lenses, layers, or seams, or it may be disseminated. In magmatic deposits, titanomagnetite, often occurring in close association with ilmenite, is the common titaniumbearing mineral; rutile is not common. Economic deposits of this type generally have a grade between 10 to 30 percent Ti02, although some deposits in the Soviet Union are being mined with as little as 1 to 2 percent Ti02 Four deposits in Brazil are the only known economic titanium-laterite deposits in the world. These deposits are derived from former alkalic igneous rocks that underwent intense tropical weathering to leave a lateritic mantle that is highly enriched in titanium (approximately 20 percent Ti02 as anatase). TITANIUM RESOURCES Total RlE resources in the world's major deposits are as follows: ilmenite, 839 million metric tons; rutile, 28 million metric tons; and anatase, 96 million metric tons. The world total of reported "all other Rl and R2" resources (RIM, RlS, R2E, and R2S) is as follows: ilmenite, 1,835 million metric tons; rutile, 50 million metric tons; and anatase, 57 million metric tons. These figures are based on data reported in table 10 of Part II. Table 2 shows the grouping of these resources by deposit type. Magmatic deposits contain the bulk of the ilmenite resource with 7 4 TABLE 2.-Titanium resources in, and cumulative production from, the world's major titanium deposits and districts, by geologic deposit type and resource category [Figures are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part II and are in million metric tons; figures in parentheses denote percentage of each mineral accounted for by each deposit type] Resource category D 't t No. of Titanium RlE2 All other Rl Cumulative eposl ype records mineral and R23 production Magmatic Placer Lateritic Ilmenite4 625 (74) 1,625 (89) 57.0 (61) Rutile 6 (22) (32) 0 (0) Ilmenite 214 (26) (11) 36.9 (39) Rutile (78) 34 (68) 5.9 (100) Anatase 96 (100) 57 (100) .03 (100) Totals Total -- Ilmenite 839 (100) 1,835 (100) 93.9 (100) Rutile 28 (100) 50 (100) 5.9 (100) Anatase 96 (100) 57 (100) .03 (100) 1 Deposit types of the world's major titanium deposits are shown in figures 2 and3. 2 Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable resources (fig. 1). 3 Includes resources in the R1M, R1S, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. 1). 4 Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, perovskite, and titania slag. percent of RlE resources and 89 percent of all other Rl and R2 resources. The remaining ilmenite resource is in placer deposits. The situation is the reverse for rutile, however, where placer deposits account for 78 percent of RlE resources and 68 percent of all other Rl and R2 resources. If anatase and rutile resources are grouped, then the laterite deposits of Brazil account for 78 percent of the RlE rutile resources, while placer deposits and magmatic deposits account for 17 percent and 5 percent, respectively. The laterite deposits would account for 53 percent of all other R1 and R2 rutile resources. The distribution of the world's titanium resources in major deposits by resource category and by country is shown in table 3 and figure 6. China has the largest share of the world's RlE ilmenite resources, with 26 percent of the total, closely followed by the Soviet Union with 25 percent; then Norway, 15 percent; South Africa, 10 percent; Canada, 9 percent; and India, 7 percent. China and Canada have the major share of the world's other R1 and R2 ilmenite resources with 50 percent and 30 percent of the total, respectively. Australia has the largest share of the world's R1E rutile resources with 24 percent of the total, but a portion of these resources is currently unavailable for mining because of alternate land uses. Italy, South Africa, and India each have approximately 15 to 20 percent of R1E rutile resources. Sierra Leone has 4 7 percent of the
ILMENITE RUTILE EXPlANATION LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES
INDUSTRIAL MARKET ECONOMIES li"·!ii.!!i!id UPPER MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES EASTERN EUROPEAN NONMARKET ECONOMIES A AUSTRALIA INDIA SA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA IT ITALY SU SOVIET UNION CH CHINA N NORWAY SRI SRI LANKA F FINLAND SL SIERRA LEONE T TANZANIA US UNITED STATES 15/0/10 Figure G.-Distribution of ilmenite and rutile identified economic resources (RlE) in the world's major deposits and districts, by country and economic class of country. Economic classes are based primarily on GNP per capita (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-175). Two additional classes-lower middle-income economies and high-income oil exporters-are not shown because those countries do not have reported titanium R1E resources. Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and perovskite. Countries in the ilmenite inventory (fig. 2) that do not have reported ilmenite R1E resources are Bangladesh, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, Madagascar, New Zealand, Romania, and Sri Lanka. Rutile does not include anatase. Countries in the rutile inventory (fig. 3) that do not have reported rutile RlE resources are Bangladesh, Brazil, Mozambique, Romania, and the Soviet Union. world's rutile resources in other Rl and R2 categories. Brazil has major significance if its anatase resources are included with rutile, but such figures are not included in table 3. Distribution of the world's resources by economic class of country is shown in table 4 and in figure 6. Countries in each class are shown in figures 4 and 5. The major share of both RlE and other Rl and R2 resources of ilmenite is in the low-income economy countries (35 percent and 53 percent, respectively), with China and India the dominant countries in this class. Industrial market economy countries rank second in both resource categories, followed by the eastern European nonmarket economy countries and the upper middle-income economy countries. The lower middle-income economy countries have no reported resources. The industrial market economy countries have the largest share of the world's RlE resources of rutile with 56 percent of the total. Low-income economy countries have 25 percent of the RlE rutile resources, and over 50 percent of the other Rl and R2 resource categories. Upper middle-income econ-
TABLE 3.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by country and resource category [Includes only countries having major ilmenite and rutile deposits and districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory. See figures 2 and 3. Figures are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part II and are in million metric tons; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses are percent of each mineral accounted for by each resource category. N.r.=None reported] Ilmenite1 Rutile2 Country R1E 3 All other RlEs All other Rl and R24 Rl and R24 Australasia Australia (3) (0) (24) (1) New Zealand --- N.r. (2) N.r. N.r. North America Canada (9) (30) (6) N.r. Mexico N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r. United States -- (2) (4) (5) (11) South America Brazil N.r. (1) N.r. N.r. Europe Finland (1) N.r. N.r. N.r. Italy N.r. N.r. (21) (24) Norway (15) N.r. N.r. N.r. Romania N.r. (0) N.r. (3) Soviet Union--- (25) (6) N.r. N.r. Africa Mozambique N.r. (2) N.r. (4) South Africa --- (10) (3) (18) (5) Sierra Leone N.r. N.r. (9) (47) Tanzania (2) N.r. N.r. N.r. Madagascar ? ? N.r. N.r. Asia Bangladesh N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r. China (26) (50) (1) N.r. India (7) (2) (15) (4) Malaysia N.r. (1) N.r. N.r. Sri Lanka (0) N.r. (1) N.r. Total 839 (100) 1,835 (100) 28 (100) 50 (100) 1 Ilmenite includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and perovskite. 2 Rutile does not include anatase from Brazil. 3 Reliable estimates from identified deposits with economically exploitable resources (fig. 1). 4 Includes resources in the RIM, RlS, R2E, and R2S categories (fig. I). omy countries have a minor share of rutile resources, but if Brazilian anatase were included, this class would be by far the most important. The distribution of the world's ilmenite and rutile resources according to mining method and economic class of country is shown in table 5. Most of the resources of both minerals occur in deposits that are currently being surface mined. Only a very . minor proportion of the resources occurs in deposits being mined underground, the Otanmaki deposit in Finland being the most important. Table 2 indicates that the total ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits are many times that of the total reported cumulative production from these deposits. Using the estimates of R1E resources for these two minerals TABLE 4.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by economic class of country and resource category [Figures are in million metric tons and are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part II; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses are percent of column totals. N.r.=None reported] Resource category2 Economic1 class No. of records RlE All other Rl and R2 Ilmenite3 Low-income (35) (53) Upper middle-income--- (10) (5) Industrial market (30) (36) Eastern European nonmarket--- (25) (7) Total 839 (100) 1,835 (100) Rutile4 Low-income (25) (53) Upper middle-income--- (18) (4) Industrial market (56) (39) Eastern European nonmarket N.r. (4) Total 28 (100) 50 (100) 1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-175). Countries where major ilmenite deposits or districts occur are, by class: low-income economiesBangladesh, China, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa; industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Countries where major rutile deposits or districts occur are, by class: low- income economies-Bangladesh, China, India, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and Sri Lanka; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa; industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Italy, and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Two additional economic classes, lower middle-income economies and high-income oil exporters, are not listed because those countries do not have identified major ilmenite or rutile deposits. 2 Categories are defined in figure 1. 3 Includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, and perovskite. 4 Does not include anatase from Brazil. (table 2) and production at the 1985 rates (see table 6), ilmenite resources would be expected to last for about another 150 years and rutile resources for another 65 years. If Brazilian anatase is included with the rutile resources, production could be supported at the current rate for about another 300 years. In addition, the world's ilmenite and rutile resources in other R1 and R2 resource categories and further discoveries could extend production life significantly. TITANIUM MINERAL PRODUCTION Total world cumulative production during the period 1925 through 1985 was 126.0 million metric tons of ilmenite3 and 10.1 million metric 3Ilmenite includes equivalent titania slag, leucoxene, and titanomagnetite. Method of calculation is to convert these products to an equivalent quantity of Ti02 , then convert the Ti02 to an equivalent quantity of ilmenite (50 percent Ti02 ). Refer to table 10 of Part II for the reported titanium products from each major deposit or district.
TABLE 5.-Ilmenite and rutile resources in the world's major deposits and districts, by mining method and economic class of country; and ilmenite and rutile cumulative production, by mining method [Resources include those in R1 and R2 categories (fig. 11; figures are based on data as reported in table 10 of Part I I and are in million metric tons; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. N.r.=None reported] Mining method Economic class1 Surface UnderNever Not ground mined reported llmenite2 Low-income 1,244 N.r. Upper middle-income N.r. N.r. Industrial market N.r. Eastern European nonmarket Total 1,775 Cumulative production-- N.r. Rutile3 Low-income N.r. N.r. N.r. Upper middle-income N.r. N.r. Industrial market N.r. N.r. Eastern European nonmarket- N.r. N.r. N.r. Total N.r. N.r. Cumulative production-- N.r. N.r. N.r. 1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-1751. Countries where major ilmenite deposits or districts occur are, by class: low-income economiesBangladesh, China, India, Madagascar, Mozambique. Sri Lanka, and Tanzania; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa; industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Countries where major rutile deposits or districts occur are, by class: low-income economies-Bangladesh, China, India, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and Sri Lanka; upper middle-income economies-Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa; industrial market economies-Australia, Canada, Italy, and the United States; eastern European nonmarket economies-Romania and the Soviet Union. Two other economic classes, lower middle-income economies and high-income oil exporters, are not listed because those countries do not have identified major ilmenite or rutile deposits. 2 Includes equivalent titanomagnetite, leucoxene, perovskite, and titania slag. 3 Does not include anatase from Brazil. tons of rutile (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926-34 and 1933-87; British Geological Survey, 1987). Over 99 percent of both of these totals is accounted for by the 21 countries listed in this inventory. The current annual (1985) world production is 5.7 million metric tons of ilmenite and about 0.4 million metric tons of rutile. Thble 6 and figures 7 and 8 present the production of ilmenite and rutile by individual countries. Australia and Canada are the major producers of ilmenite; in 1985, output from each country amounted to about 1.4 million metric tons (49 percent of the total world output). Norway ranks next (13 percent), followed by South Africa (11 percent), the Soviet Union (10 percent), the United States (5 percent), and Malaysia (4 percent). Australia is by far the dominant producer of rutile with 212,000 metric tons in 1985 (52 percent of world output), with Sierra Leone (20 percent), TABLE 6.-Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) production of ilmenite and rutile by country [Figures are in thousand metric tons; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses are percent of column totals. N .r. =None reported] Ilmenite Rutile Country1 Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative production production2 production production2 Australia3 1,432 (25) 23,217 (18) 212 (52) 8,132 (81) Canada4 1,350 (24) 28,570 (23) N.r. N.r. Norway (13) 18,437 (15) N.r. 2 (0) South Africa4 --- 610 (11) 2,951 (2) 62 (15) (4) Soviet Union (8) 4,535 (4) 10 (2) 140 (1) United States5 -- (5) 25,730 (20) 30 (7) (6) Malaysia (4) 5,083 (4) N.r. N.r. India 170 (3) 8,640 (7) 7 (2) (1) China 140 (2) 730 (1) N.r. N.r. Sri Lanka 115 (2) 1,677 (1) 9 (2) 115 (1) Brazil 76 (1) (0)
(0) Finland (1) 4,180 (3) N.r. N.r. Romania 6 (0) 17 (0) N.r. N.r. Madagascar N.r. (0) N.r. N.r. Mozambique N.r. 12 (0) N.r. N.r. Mexico N.r.
N.r. N.r. Sierra Leone N.r. N.r. (20) (5) Others6
1,362 (1) N.r. (0) Total 5,671 (100) 125,968 (100) 412 (100) 10,077 (100) 1 Includes all countries with major ilmenite or rutile deposits or districts in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory except for Bangladesh, Italy, New Zealand, and Tanzania which had no reported ilmenite or rutile production for the years 1925 through 1985. 2 Calculated from reported production figures (U.S. Bureau of Mines 1926-87; British Geological Survey, 19871. 3 Includes leucoxene. 4 Includes equivalent of titania slag (Canada, average 71 percent Ti02 through 1983, 80 percent Ti02 thereafter; South Africa, 85 percent Ti021. 5 Majority of U.S. rutile production figures withheld; figures are estimates calculated from available data. 6 Countries not included in this inventory (in order of importance: IlmeniteSpain, Senegal, Egypt, Gambia, Portugal (current producer. and Thailand. Rutile-Cameroon, Egypt, and Senegal. South Africa (15 percent), the United States (7 percent), and the Soviet Union (2 percent) the next most important producers. Over the period 1940 to 1970, there was an average increase per decade of 140 percent in ilmenite production and 330 percent in rutile production, but over the decade 1970 to 1980, the production increase was only 45 percent for ilmenite and 5 percent for rutile. From 1980 to 1985, ilmenite production decreased by 8 percent and rutile production decreased by 14 percent. Several important conclusions can be drawn from the patterns of world production shown in figures 7 and 8: Production of ilmenite is about 12 times greater than that of rutile ( 5 to 7 times in terms of Ti02 ). During the period 1930 to 1985 total annual world production of ilmenite has increased from 48,000 metric tons to 5,671,000 metric tons or about 120 times. Annual production of rutile increased from 400 metric tons to 412,000 metric tons or about 1,000 times, but rutile is only
Ilmenite
"' "' Q., Year Total world (48) (333) (790) (2359) (4302) (6191) production (thousand metric tons)
Brazil ~P£W;J Canada China Finland ~Malaysia []]Norway (0.4)
SIERRA LEONE a SOUTH AFRICA
Soviet Union
United States Rutile {6) (25) (114) (460) (481) (412)
Countries with major deposits but with production less than 3 percent of world total Countries that produced ilmenite or rutile but that do not have major deposits included in this inventory (Cameroon, Egypt, Japan, Portugal, Senegal, and Spain) Figure 7.-Distribution of total world production of ilmenite and rutile, by country; selected years 1930-85 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926-87; British Geological Survey, 1987). Values for the United States are approximate.
ILMENITE RUTILE Production (thousand metric tons) Production (thousand metric tons) BOO BOO BO 300 400 500 AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA BO BO B5 )( BRAZIL )( )( BO + )( + )( CANADA INDIA )( BO SIERRA LEONE BO B5 FINLAND SOUTH AFRICA C'CI C'CI "' BO "' BO
B5 INDIA SOVIET UNION BO BO B5 MADAGASCAR SRI LANKA + BO MALAYSIA UNITED STATES BO BO B5 NORWAY )( OTHERS )( BO BO ROMANIA 15/0/12 BO + EXPLANATION + PRODUCTION LESS THAN 20,000 METRIC TONS NOTE: CHANGE OF SCALE AT 100,000 METRIC TONS. BUT GREATER THAN 1,000 METRIC TONS. PRODUCTION LESS THAN 2.000 METRIC TONS. OTHERS COUNTRIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS INVENTORY (EGYPT, JAPAN, PORTUGAL. SENEGAL, AND SPAIN) OTHERS COUNTRIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS INVENTORY (CAMEROON. EGYPT. AND NORWAY) Figure 8.-Ilmenite and rutile production, by country; selected years 1940-85 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1942-87); British Geological Survey, 1987). Ilmenite includes equivalent titania slag (Canada and South Africa) and leucoxene (Australia and the United States). Values for the United States are approximate.
7.5 percent of the total amount of titanium raw materials (ilmenite and rutile) produced. India was a major ilmenite producer in 1930 and 1940 but is now of relatively minor importance. The United States was a major rutile producer in 1930, 1940, and 1950 and a major ilmenite producer in 1950, 1960, and 1970, but present production is of moderate significance. Australia has been a major rutile producer since 1940, accounting for nearly 90 percent of world production in 1960 and 1970. Australia now accounts for 50 percent of world production. Sierra Leone emerged as a major rutile producer in 1970 and is increasing in importance. The number of countries having 3 percent or more of world production of each mineral has steadily increased over the period shown. Figure 7 shows that these major ilmeniteproducing nations have increased from 4 to 8, while major rutile-producing nations have increased from 2 to 5. Figure 9 shows that in 1980 world ilmenite and rutile production was concentrated in relatively few countries. The top four ilmeniteproducing countries accounted for 71 percent of the world's ilmenite production, while the top four rutile-producing countries accounted for 94 percent of the world's rutile production in 1980. The top eight producing countries provided 94 percent the ilmenite and 100 percent of the rutile. Current (1985) annual world production and 1925 to 1985 cumulative production grouped by World Bank economic class of country are shown in table 7. In the case of ilmenite, the industrial market economy countries account for the major part of both the current and cumulative production totals (68 percent and 80 percent, respectively); upper middle-income economy countries are significant in terms of current production (17 percent). For rutile, the industrial market economy countries again account for the major share of current world production (59 percent) and more particularly in the cumulative production (86 percent). Both low-income and upper middle-income economy countries have significant proportions of current world rutile production (24 percent and 15 percent, respectively). Reported cumulative production of ilmenite and rutile from the world's major deposits cur17
w
z 0 g z w u z 0 u eo P:OUPt-COUNTRY "ATIO Mica Au Co Mn Cr w Fe Cu.F Pb Barite Cu EIGHTACOUNTRY "ATIO Ni,Sb Gypsum Pb Barite Figure 9.-Concentration ratios for selected nonfuel mineral commodity production in 1913 and 1980. The ratios are percent of total world production for . the· indicated commodities, designated by chemical-element symbols (PG E for platinum-group elements), for the four or eight countries with the largest reported production of the commodity in 1913 and 1980. (Sources of data: U.S. Geological Survey, 1921; U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1982.) rently in production, according to geologic deposit type, is shown in table 2. Sixty-one percent of the ilmenite production (57.0 million metric tons) has come from magmatic deposits, and 100 percent of the rutile production (5.9 million metric tons) has come from placer deposits. An insignificant amount of anatase has been produced from Brazilian laterite deposits. Surface mining, which accounts for 96 percent of the reported cumulative ilmenite production and 100 percent of the reported cumulative rutile production, is by far the most common method of recovering ore from the world's major
TABLE 7.-Estimated annual (1985) and cumulative (1925-85) production of ilmenite and rutile, by economic class of country [Figures are calculated from reported production figures (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926-87: British Geological Survey, 1987) and are in thousand metric tons; figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses denote percentage of world total. N.r.=None reported] Rutile Economic class 1 Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative production production production production Low-income 425 (7) 11,430 (9) 97 (24) 760 (8) Lower middle-income-- N.r. 591 (0) N.r. 24 (0) Upper middle-income-- 935 (17) 8,515 (7) 63 (15) 459 (5) Industrial market 3,860 (68) 100,880 (80) 242 (59) 8,694 (86) East European nonmarket 451 (8) 4,552 (4) 10 (2) 140 (1) Total 5,671 (100) 125,968 (100) 412 (100) 10,077 (100) 1 Based principally on GNP per capita and, in some instances, other distinguishing economic characteristics (World Bank, 1985, p. 174-175 and 243). Countries where major ilmenite and rutile deposits or districts occur are shown in figures 4 and 5. Also includes minor production for the following countries not included in the inventory (in order of importance): ilmenite-Spain, Senegal, Egypt, Gambia, Portugal (current producer), and Thailand; rutile-Cameroon, Egypt, and Senegal. See table 6. 2 Includes equivalent titania slag, leucoxene, and perovskite. titanium deposits (table 5). The remaining 4 percent of ilmenite production has come from the Otanmaki deposit in Finland which is mined by underground methods. An additional but unreported quantity has come from the Soviet Union's Kopansk deposit, which is also mined by underground methods. Present and probable future (2020) production status of the world's major ilmenite and rutile deposits is shown in figures 10 and 11. Several current major producers (Tellnes, Norway; Richards Bay, South Africa; Lac Tio, Canada; Gusevogorsk, Soviet Union, and others) will probably continue to be substantial suppliers through 2020. In addition, other deposits which are minor producers or those which have not yet been developed (Salitre, Brazil; Piampaludo, Italy; Tamatave district, Madagascar, and others), may by then be major producers. However, other major deposits currently in production (North Stradbroke Island, Capel, and Eneabba, Australia; and Trail Ridge and Green Cove Springs, United States, and others) will likely be exhausted by 2020. It is also likely that by 2020 there will be several new major deposits in production that have yet to be discovered. The relative contribution to world production by various countries is likely to change by 2020. China, the Soviet Union, and India may emerge with Canada, South Africa, and Norway as leaders in world production of ilmenite, with Australia and the United States probably declin18 TABLE 8.-Export of titanium products by country in 1984 [Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1987; British Geological Survey 1986-87. Figures are in metric tons: figures may not add to totals shown due to rounding. Figures in parentheses are percent of column totals. Countries with major ilmenite or rutile deposits in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory are noted with an asterisk(*)] Country1 Ilmenite2 Rutile Titania Titanium Metal3 slag dioxide *Australia· · · · · · · · 1,203,945 153) 191,509 (56) N.r. 26,000 17) N.r. Belgium· Luxembourg· · -- 110) N.r. N.r. 35,053 (9) 184 (1) Brazil N.r. N.r. N.r. .45 (0) 3 (0) *Canada N.r. N.r. 650,000 (80) 23,779 (6) 363 (2) *China N.r. N.r. N.r. 2,045 (1) 133 (1) Czechoslovakia · · · N.r. N.r. N.r. 2,432 (1) N.r. *Finland N.r. N.r. N.r. 39,500 (11) N.r. France 95 (0) N.r. N.r. 22,488 (6) N.r. Germany (FRG)· · · 8,338 (0) N.r. N.r. 59,954 (16) 2,316 (14) Hong Kong N.r. N.r. N.r. 1,926 (11 N.r. *India 410,000 (0) N.r. N.r. 4100 (01 N.r. *Italy 990 (0) N.r. N.r. 1,931 (1) 200 (11 Japan N.r. N.r. N.r. 17,222 (5) 6,710 (40) Korea 54 (0) N.r. N.r. 1,796 (0) N.r. *Malaysia 224,152 (101 N.r. N.r. 57 (0) 16 (0) Netherlands· · · · .· · 47,659 (2) N.r. N.r. 4,230 (1) 99 (1) *Norway 599.214 (271 N.r. N.r. 2,474 (1) N.r Sierra Leone · · · · · N.r. 91,300 (27) N.r. N.r. N.r South Africa · · · · · 48,180 (2) 56,000 116) 4160,000 (20) 85 (0) N.r *Soviet Union N.r. N.r. N.r. 655 (0) N.r Spain 18,202 (1) N.r. N.r. N.r. 1 (0) *Sri Lanka · 96,066 (4) N.r. N.r. N.r. N.r Taiwan N.r. N.r. N.r. 57 (0) N.r United Kingdom · · 27 (0) N.r. N.r. 15,411 (4) N.r United States · · · · 3,454 (0) 4,394 (11 N.r. 98,200 (26) 6,652 (40) Yugoslavia · · · · · · N.r. N.r. N.r. 15,979 (4) N.r Total 2,260,377 (100) 343,201 (100) 810,000 (100) 371,374.45 (100) 16,690 (1001 1 Countries involved in re-export of commodities are not included. 2 May include leucoxene (Australia, United States). 3 Inciudes titanium metal sponge and ingots, and metal contained in alloys. 4 Estimate. ing in importance. In regard to rutile, India and Italy may emerge with South Africa and probably Sierra Leone as leaders in world production, while Australia and the United States become less important. It is possible, depending on the successful exploitation of their large reserves of anatase, that by 2020 the rutile market may be dominated by Brazil. These forecasts do not take account of the possible discovery of new deposits, of possible affects of technological advances on the economics of mining known deposits, or of supply and demand changes. TITANIUM EXPORTS The world situation in regard to the current (1984) export of various titanium commodities is shown in table 8 and figure 12. Only a few countries export significant amounts of titanium raw materials (ilmenite, titania slag, and rutile), because several of the producing countries consume most or all of their own production. Australia and Norway are the major exporters of raw ilmenite concentrate. Canada and South
MEXICO Pluma Hidalgo Boundary and names representation not necessarily authoritative Base from Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 160° 120° 80° ' 40° Current Significant Producer* - probably significant in 2020
probably insignificant in 2020 () insufficient information C) oo SRI LANKA () Pu.lmoddai MOZAMBIQUE I Pebane D. AUSTRALIA
() Eneabba (2) SOUTH AFRICA Bothaville Richards Bay Umgababa Transkei Coast Ciskei Coast Cape Morgan West Cape Coast (]) Jurien <DGingin oo oo ·u 70° 70° 1000 km 40° 80° 120° AUSTRALIA Agnes Water. Fraser Island Moreton Island North Strad-'· broke Island (])Bridge Hill Ridge () Tomago SJnW" 160° Current nonsignificant producer probably significant in 20~0 Ct probably insignificant in 2020 (]) insufficient information @ 1 000 metric tons per year D. District Figure 11.-Major rutile deposits and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
W' , FINLAND CD Otanmaki t:)NORWAY _/J CD Rodsand.A'! Sun cor Sync rude de Ia Blache Magpie Mountain _Lac Tio ~~i:=lt!:::::l!!!rt. Kellog Property it~rf!r' St Urbain D. Lac du Pin Rouge ROMANIA e Tellnes () GlogovaSisesti D. CD Tigveni : CD ChltUC _J. SOUTH AFRICA CD Bothaville e Richards Bay\ ' , CD West Cape Coast CD Umgababa 40° CD Transkei Coast CD Cape Morgan CD Ciskei Coast Boundary and names representation not necessarily authoritative Base from Bundesanstalt fUr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe 160° 120° ' 80° 40° Current Significant Producer* - probably significant in 2020 probably insignificant in 2020 () insufficient information () oo 40° AUSTRALIA Agnes Water () Barramb1e Moreton Island () Eneabba (2) Bridge Hill Ridge CD Jurien Tomago CD Gingin
Waroona
t..V ()Capel (2) ()Yoganup Extended NEW ZEALAND '- ()Dunkley Nortono ,, ()Westport 0 · () Barrytown 70° 70"' 1 ooo 56o 1 o'oo km 80° 120° 160° 15/0/13 Current nonsignificant producer probably significant in 2020 () probably insignificant in 2020 CD insufficient information @ 20 000 metric tons per year D. District Figure 10.-Major ilmenite deposit.s and districts, their present production status, and their probable production status in 2020. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of records (deposits and districts) for each location. Location names are from the tables in Part II.
TI-SLAG ( 81 0 thousand metric tons)
AUSTRALIA ILMENITE 12.260 thousand metric tons) L2J B BELGIUM- LUXEMBOURG EJ [I CANADA
Finland
:::~o~J:: FRANCE "'" SL,
Germany (Frg)
JAPAN ill! DIOXIDE (371 thousand metric tons) EXPLANATION MALAYSIA NORWAY SIERRA LEONE SOUTH AFRICA SRI LANKA SPAIN UNITED KINGDOM RUTILE (343 thousand metric tons) [ill] G METAL ( 17 thousand metric tons) UNITED STATES YUGOSLAVIA OTHERS (COUNTRIES WITH LESS THAN 2 PERCENT OF TOTAL; REFER TO TABLE 8) 1510/15 Figure 12.-Distribution of world exports of titanium products in 1984, by country (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1987; British Geological Survey, 1986-87. Countries involved in re-export of commodities are not included. Ilmenite may include leucoxene (Australia, United States). Metal includes titanium metal sponge and ingots, and metal contained in alloys. Numbers in parentheses are percentages of the respective products exported by each country.
Africa upgrade their ilmenite to high-titaniumcontent products before export. These four countries account for most of the world's exported ilmenite and titania slag. Only four countriesAustralia, South Africa, Sierra Leone, and the United States-export rutile. Of these, Australia is the most significant, accounting for nearly 60 percent of the total rutile exported. Twenty-two countries (table 9) are involved in the manufacture and export of titanium dioxide. Two other countries, Mexico and Poland (not listed in table 9), produce titanium dioxide for their own domestic markets. Only eight of these countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, South Africa, Soviet Union, and the United States) are producers of titanium raw materials; the rest rely solely on imported supplies. The leading exporters of titanium dioxide are the United States and West Germany, followed by Belgium-Luxembourg and Finland. Only five countries-China, Japan, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States-manufacture and export titanium sponge metal. Of these five countries, the United States and Japan, relying on imported raw materials, account for over 80 percent of world titanium sponge metal exports. The United Kingdom also relies on imported raw materials. The Soviet Union and China rely on locally supplied materials to produce titanium sponge metals for export. Other countries listed in table 9 manufacture titanium metal ingots and alloys from imported titanium metal sponge and export these products. CONCLUSIONS Titanium metal is strong, lightweight, corrosion resistant, and has a high melting point. It is, therefore, important to many industries, particularly the aerospace industry. There are no satisfactory substitutes for titanium, especially titanium metal. These factors, and the fact that the world's titanium resources are located in relatively few countries, lead those countries dependent on imported supplies to consider titanium a strategic commodity. The minerals currently being mined as sources of titanium are ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, and titanomagnetite. Leucoxene and titanomagnetite are considered together with ilmenite in this report. Anatase resources are likely to be important in the future. Ninety-five percent of the world's titanium-ore production goes toward making titanium dioxide which is primarily used as a paint pigment. Most of the remaining ore production is used for making titanium metal, with all Western titanium metal producers using rutile as the raw material. China and the Soviet Union have the largest share of the world's well-defined, minable resources of ilmenite with about 25 percent each. Canada, Norway, India, and South Africa also have very large ilmenite resources. The world's well-defined, minable resources of rutile are divided primarily between Australia, Italy, South Africa, and India. However, by including its large anatase resources with rutile, Brazil would have more than 7 5 percent of the world's resources. Australia and Canada are the major producers of ilmenite, each with over 20 percent of the world total. South Africa, Norway, and the Soviet Union account for another 34 percent. Australia is the dominant producer of rutile, accounting for 52 percent of the world total. Sierra Leone and South Africa account for 35 percent of world rutile production. The inventory's ilmenite and rutile resource data, together with projected production levels, suggest that world production from various countries could be substantially different by the year 2020. By then, Canada, South Africa, Norway, China, the Soviet Union, India, and Madagascar may be the leading ilmenite producers, and South Africa, Sierra Leone, and possibly India and Italy the leading rutile producers. The rutile market at that time could be dominated by Brazil if that country is successful in developing its large resources of anatase. However, because of the dynamic nature of mineral resources, this scenario could change to take account of new discoveries and (or) the effects of technological changes on supply and demand of Ti02 PART II-SELECTED INVENTORY INFORMATION FOR TITANIUM DEPOSITS AND DISTRICTS Tables 9 and 10 contain information from the International Strategic Minerals Inventory record . forms for titanium deposits and districts. Only selected items of information about the location and geology (table 9) and mineral production and resources (table 10) of the deposits are listed here; some of this information has been abbreviated. Summary descriptions and data are presented in the tables essentially as they were
reported in the inventory records. For instance, significant digits for amounts of production or resources have been maintained as reported. Data that were reported in units other than metric tons have been converted to metric tons for comparability. Some of the data in the tables are more aggregated than in the inventory records, such as cumulative production totals that for some mines have been reported by year or by groups of years. Some of the abbreviations used in the inventory record forms have been used in these tables; they are explained in the headnotes.
TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Abbreviations used throughout this table include: ---, Not reported on the ISM! record form Fm, formation Ma, Million years as!, Above sea level Age abbreviations and prefixes: Cenozoic CEN Quaternary QUAT Holocene HOLO Pleistocene PLEIS Tertiary TERT Pliocene PLIO Site name EAST COAST Agnes Water deposit Bridge Hill Ridge deposit. Fraser Island Moreton Island North Stradbroke Island. Stockton deposit Tomago deposit WEST COAST Barrambie deposit Capel (AMC) deposit Capel North deposit Dunkley/N orton deposit. Eneabba (Allied) deposit. Miocene MIO Oligocene OLIGO Eocene EO Cretaceous CRET Paleozoic PAL Permian PERM Latitude longitude Deposit type Carboniferous CARB Ordovician ORD Cambrian CAMB Precambrian PREC Proterozoic PROT Archean ARCH Host rock AUSTRALIA Late L Middle M Early E Age of mineralization 24°13'S., 151 °54'E. Placer, marine Aeolian sand; QUAT QUAT 32°25'S., 152°28'E. 25°22'S., 153°07'E. 27°1l'S., 153°24'E. 27°35'S., 153°27'E. 32°50'8., 151 °51'E. 32°50'S., 151 °41'E. 27°25'S., 119°07'E. 33°33'S., l15°33'E. 33°31'S., l15°35'E. 33°31'S., ll5°33'E. 29°54'S., ll5°16'E. do. do. do. do Sand; LTERT-QUAT LTERT-QUAT do. do. do. do do do do do Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. Placer, marine do do do Sand; HOLO Sand; PLEIS Anorthosite; Barrambie Intrusion; ARCH. Sand; Bassendean Sand; EPLEIS. do. do Sand; LTERT-PLEIS HOLO PLEIS ARCH PLEIS do do. LTERT-PLEIS
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others, 1978, p. 63-66): Amphibole AMPB Anatase ANTS Garnet GRNT Goethite GTHT Apatite APTT B1otite BarT Bornite BRNT Gold GOLD Heavy minerals ... HM Hematite HMTT Cassiterite CSTR Hornblende HBLD Chalcocite CLCC Ilmenite ILMN Chalcopyrite CLCP Chlorite CLRT Kyanite KYNT Leucoxene LCXN Clay CLAY Feldspar FLOP Magnetite MG NT Martite MRTT Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages Mica MICA Rutile RUTL Molybdenite MLBD Monazite MNZT Sillimanite SLMN Staurolite STRL Olivine OLVN Sulfides SLPD Perovskite PRVK Pla~oclase PLGC Pynte PYRT Pyroxene PRXN Pyrrhotite PYTT Quartz QRTZ Titanomagnetite Ti-MGNT Tourmaline TRML Ulvospinel ULVP Zircon ZRCN Rare-earth-elements ... REE Comments References AUSTRALIA-Continued Basin Dune, beach do do do do do do do Dune do Dune, beach do do PREC Shield Intrusive complex. Basin Dune, beach do Dune do Dune, beach do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, MNZT;QRTZ. RUTL, ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT;QRTZ. RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN; QRTZ. RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN; QRTZ. RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN, MNZT;QRTZ. RUTL, ZRCN, ILMN, MNZT;QRTZ. ZRCN, RUTL, ILMN, MNZT;QRTZ. MRTT, Ti-MGNT, ILMN, LCXN; GTHT,CLAY. ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; QRTZ. ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, MNZT;QRTZ. ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; QRTZ. ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, MNZT, KYNT; QRTZ. Dune deposits. Avg grade: 0.18 perMineral Deposits cent RUTL, 1.36 percent Ltd. (1978). ILMN. Dune deposits. Avg grade: 0.15 to 0.2 percent RUTL. Dune and beach deposits. Dune and beach deposits. Avg grade: 0.2 percent RUTL, 0.4 percent ILMN. Majority of resources are in lowgrade sand dunes. Grade at Bayside deposit is 1.5 percent HM with 0.3 percent RUTL, 0.6 percent ILMN, and 0.3 percent ZRCN. Deposit is 2 km inland and has two distinct ore bodies: western dunes and eastern beach. Avg grade: 0.16 percent RUTL. Ore occurs as lens-shaped bodies over distance of 15 km. Avg grade: 0.7 percent ZRCN, 0.5 percent RUTL, 0.2 percent ILMN. Three main zones (up to 25 m wide) of banded Ti-MGNT. Deeply weathered (to 60 m), intense martitization of MGNT. Sequence of 10 heavy-mineral beach and dune sand units; forms part of Capel Shoreline. Part of Bassendean dune system along Capel Shoreline. Deposit is 6 km long and up 12m thick. Dune and beach deposits in Capel Shoreline; strandline 3 to 6 m and 4.8 to 6 m asl. Mineralization occurs in seven beach strandlines (82-128 m asl) and in overlying dunes. Australian Business (1984); Coffey and Hollingsworth Pty. Ltd. (1973). Australian Government (1976). Cook and others (1977). Australian Business (1984); Consolidated Rutile Limited (1985). Mineral Deposits Ltd. (1977). Crofts and Associates Pty. Ltd. (1983). Ward (1975); Ferrovanadium Corporation NL (1980-83). Welch and others (1975); Australian Business (1984). Australian Business (1984); Baxter (1977). Baxter (1977). Baxter (1977); Australian Business (1984).
Site name Eneabba (AMC) deposit. Gingin deposit Jurien deposit Waroona deposit Yoganup Extended deposit. Cox's Bazaar-Moiskal Island deposit. Carnao Alegre de Lourdes eposit. Catalao deposit Mataraca deposit Patrocinio deposit Salitre deposit Tapira deposit Vitoria district Latitude longitude 29°47'S., l15°19'E. 31° 17'S., l15°52'E. 30°19'S., l15°10'E. 32°50'S., l15°55'E. 33°25'S., l15°41'E. 21 °20'N., 91 °55'E. 11 °S., 43°W. 8°12'S., 47°54'W. 6°30'S., 35°00'W. 18°55'S., 46°50'W. 18°40'S., 46°00'W. 19°52'S., 46°50'W. 18-22°S., 40-42°W. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization AUSTRALIA-Continued Placer, marine Sand; LTERT-PLEIS LTERT-PLEIS do Clayey sand; QUAT QUAT do Sand; QUAT do. do Sand; PLEIS PLEIS do Sand, clay; Yoganup LTERT?-EPLEIS fm; EPLEIS. BANGLADESH Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT BRAZIL Magmatic, basic, stratiGabbro; PREC PREC? form, massive. Laterite Laterite (after pyroxenite); LCRET. CRET-HOLO Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN Laterite Laterite (after pyroxenite); LCRET. CRET-HOLO do do. CRET (82 Ma)-HOLO do. do. CRET (70 Ma)-HOLO Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Local environment Basin Beach, dune do. Beach, lagoon? do Beach, dune do Dune do. Beach, dune Basin PREC shield Beach, dune Intrusive into PREC succession. do. Explosive intrusion into PROT succession. Basin Shield Beach, dune Explosive intrusion into PROT succession. Principal mineral assemblages Comments AUSTRALIA-Continued ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, LCXN,KYNT, MNZT. ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL; QRTZ. ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, GRNT; QRTZ. ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN; QRTZ. ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, MNZT;QRTZ. Beach and dune deposits at base of Gingin Scarp. Orebody is up to 60 percent HM and 12 to 30 percent clay. Occurs on Gingin Shoreline for 5 km and is up to 250 m wide. Five separate heavy-mineral lenses; three beach, two dune. Occurs along the Munbinea Shoreline. Occurs along Waroona Shoreline in dune sands up to 9 m thick with up to 60 percent HM. Beach and dune deposits in Yoganup Shoreline. Strandlines 43 to 46 m asl with ILMN having 57 percent BANGLADESH-Continued ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, ZRCN, KYNT; QRTZ. Only back dunes are economic. Deposits occur as lenses 1.5 to 7.5 m thick and 30 to 240 long. BRAZIL-Continued ILMN, LCXN, HMTT, MGNT;PRXN, FLDP. ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, ILMN,MGNT. ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, MNZT, GRNT; TRML,QRTZ. ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, ILMN, MGNT. Ore occurs in massive bands in lens-shaped hills up to 100m wide and 1 km long. Associated with oxidized zone of intrusion. ANTS-rich (approx 90 percent Ti0 2 ) mantle produced by tropical weathering of the pyroxenite in the alkaline complex. Series of sand dunes lying parallel with coast stretching approx 20 km. Total HM: 5.6 percent. As for Catalao deposit. References Baxter (1977); Australian Business (1984). Do. Baxter (1977); Ti02 Corporation (1985). Baxter (1977). Baxter (1982); Australian Business (1984). Howarth and others (1977). Beurlen and Cassedanne, (1981). Harben (1984); Beurlen and Cas sed anne (1981). Harben (1984). Gazeta Mercantil (1984); Harben (1984)." PREC shield do ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, ILMN,MGNT. do Harben (1984). do. do. ANTS, LCXN, PRVK, ILMN,MGNT. As for Catalao deposit. Avg depth of weathering 60 m, max depth 200m. Five major weathering zones:(1) sterile, (2) ANTS+ MGNT, (3) ANTS + APTT, (4) APTT,(5) sterile. Basin Coastal beach ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, Several deposits along 450 km RUTL, MGNT; QRTZ. stretch of coast. Two producing deposits at Cumuruxitaba and Guarapari. Harben (1984); Cruz and others (1976); Herz (1976). Harben (1984); Leonardos (1974).
Site name Kellogg Property deposit Lac de la Blache deposit Lac du Pin Rouge deposit Lac Tio deposit Magpie Mountain deposit St. Urbain district Suncor deposit Syncrude deposit Beihai district Heishan deposit Langping De Miao deposit. Panzhihua deposit Sai-Lao district (Quoinghi). Wuzhaung deposit (Wanning). Xun Jiang deposit Latitude longitude 49°49'N., 74°00'W. 50°04'N., 69°38'W. 45°58'N., 74°03'W. 50°33'N., 63°25'W. 51 °23'N., 64°04'W. 47°32'N., 70°33'W. 57°00'N., 111 °29'W. 57°02'N., 111 °37'W. 21 °29'N., 109°06'E. 41 °00'N., l18°00'E. 41 °00'N., l18°00'E. 26°33'N., 10P50'E. l9°15'N., l10°36'E. l8°43'N., l10°22'E. 23°30'N., l10°50'E. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization CANADA Magmatic, basic, stratiMetapyroxenite, ARCH form, massive. metagabbro; Dore Lake Complex; ARCH. do. Anorthosite; PRCYI' PRCYI' Magmatic, basic, masGabbro, anorthosite; do. siva/disseminated. PRCYI'. Magmatic, basic, irreguAnorthosite; PRCYI' do. lar, massive. Magmatic, basic, masAnorthosite, gabbro, do. siva/disseminated. granitic gneiss; PRCYI'. Magmatic, basic, masAnorthosite; PRCYI' do. sive. Placer, marine Sandstone; McMurray LCRET Fm;LCRET. do. do. do. CHINA Placer, marine; placer, Sand; CEN CEN continental. Magmatic do. Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN do. do. do. Placer, continental do. do.
ISMI records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral Comments References assemblages CANADA-Continued Archean (volcanic) Layered Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN; MGNT-rich zones are discontinu· Rose (1969, 1973). greenstone anorthosite PRXN,AMPB, ous layered magmatic segrebelt. gabbro sill. FLDP. gations. Three main zones each 1200 m long, 7 5 to 90 m thick. Grenville Orogenic Anorthosite MGNT, ILMN, ULVP; Masses and lenses of MGNT and Waddington (1960): Belt. intrusion. PRXN, FLDP. ILMN. MGNT may contain ILMN and UL VP inclusions. Four deposits in a 10-km line. do Gabbro and anILMN, HMTT, Ti-MGNT; Lenses of ILMN-HMTT and disRose (1969); Gross orthosite PRXN, FLDP. seminated Ti-MGNT. (1967). intrusions. do Anorthosite ILMN, HMTT, MGNT; Occurs mainly as a large sheet or Rose (1969); Kennintrusions. PLGC, PRXN, BOTT. lense within the anorthosite. ecott Corporation (1959-82). do do MGNT, ILMN; PLGC Four deposits of massive MGNT Vallee and Raby with exsolved ILMN occur (1971 ); Rose as tabular, steeply dipping bodies up to 300 m wide. (1969). do Anorthosite ILMN, HMTT, RUTL; 15 to 20 percent HMTT as Rose (1969); Gross intrusion. FLDP, PRXN. exsolved blades in ILMN. (1967). Up to 10 percent RUTL in some deposits. At least six individual deposits. Alberta Basin Coastal marine ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, In Athabasca oil sands, HM Kramers and Brown RUTL;QRTZ. range from 0.24 to 2.29 per- (1976); Trevoy cent. Bitumen content 0 to and others 18 percent. (1978). do do ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, RUTL;QRTZ. do. Do. Basin Beach plus river sands on coastal plain. CHINA-Continued ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, At least half of the 70-km coastRUTL; QRTZ. line from Beihai to Qinzhou is assumed to contain HM to a depth of 2 m over a width of 2 km. Avg 1.3 percent HM. U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). do Magmatic intruTi-MGNT? sion. Deposit is in Ti-MGNT iron ore Furukawa (1984). do do Ti-MGNT? do Magmatic intrusion. do Coastal beach MGNT, ILMN ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, RUTL, ANTS; QRTZ. do do ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, RUTL, ANTS; QRTZ. containing 0.2 to 0.3 percent do. Do. Ore isV-Ti-MGNT containing 8 to 10 percent Ti02 Also present are Cr, Ni, Co, Mo, and others. Several parallel strands in some places. Typically 5 m deep, 2 to 3 percent HM. U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982); Furukawa (1984). U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). Typically 8 to 10m deep but may Do. be up to 30m. do. River plain (100m asl). ILMN; minor RUTL, Typically 5 m deep, 5 to 7 percent Do. · ZRCN, MNZT; QRTZ. HM.
Site name Zhanjiang district Otanmaki deposit Chatrapur deposit Chavara deposit Manavalakurichi deposit Piampaludo deposit Tamatave district Perak-Selangor district Pluma Hidalgo deposit Pebane district Latitude longitude 21 °l2'N., ll0°28'E. 64°10'N., 27°10'E. 19°26'N., 85°02'E. 9°10'N., 76°30'E. 8°12'N., 77°20'E. 44°28'N., 3°52'E. 18°S., 50°E. 3-5°N., 101-102°E. 15°55'N., 96°25'W. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type CHINA -Continued Placer, marine; placer, continental. FINLAND Magmatic, basic, strati· form, massive. INDIA Host rock Sand; CEN Hornblende gabbro; PROT. Age of mineralization CEN PROT (2,050 Ma) Placer, marine Sand; QUAT QUAT do. do. do do do do ITALY Metamorphic Eclofe:te after errogabbro. MADAGASCAR Placer, marine Sand; CEN CEN MALAYSIA Placer, continental Sand, clay, gravel; QUAT. QUAT MEXICO Magmatic, acid, Anorthosite; PAL PAL irregular, massive. MOZAMBIQUE Placer, marine Sand, QUAT QUAT
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Basin PREC shield Basin Local environment Beach and river sands on coastal plain. Magmatic intrusion. Coastal beach Principal mineral assemblages Comments CHINA-Continued ILMN, ZRCN, MNZT, RUTL;QRTZ. Region contains several hundred kilometers of coastline with HM-bearing sands. Five processing plants in region. Sands avg 2 to 3 percent Ti minerals. FINLAND-Continued MGNT, ILMN; CLRT, Ore-bearing zone 2 kmx500 m. ConMLBD, PLGC. tains several hundred ore lenses 20 to 200 m long, 5 to 30 m wide. Several ore types; highest grade 35 to 40 percent MGNT, 28 to 30 percent ILMN. INDIA-Continued ILMN, SLMN, RUTL, Aeolian sand dunes in a belt 1,500 MNZT, ZRCN; m wide with two main transQRTZ. verse ridges. Maximum elevation 17 m asl. Approx 20 percent HM, 80 percent QRTZ. do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, LCXN, MNZT; QRTZ. Deposit is on a barrier beach. HM content avg 80 percent in shore sands, 45 percent in dunes. HM composed of 68 percent ILMN, 7 percent RUTL, 2 percent LCXN. do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, MNZT,GRNT; QRTZ. Deposit contains buried seams of rich, black sand. Annual replenishment of about 50,000 t of sand from offshore deposits by wave action. Basin Basin Basin Eclogite facies metamorphism. Coastal Alluvial Magmatic intrusion. Coastal beach ITALY -Continued RUTL, GRNT, ILMN, Eclogite averages 3 to 4 percent PYRT; PRXN, RUTL, 30 percent GRNT, FLDP. minor ILMN. MADAGASCAR-Continued ILMN; QRTZ? No details available. MALAYSIA-Continued ILMN, CSTR, ZRCN, ILMN produced as a byproduct MNZT. of tin. District includes two provinces. Main area is Kinta Valley. MEXICO-Continued ILMN, RUTL, LCXN; Elongated, irregular lenses, avg 1.8 APTT, CLRT. m thick, and are parallel with gneissic structure. Grades are extremely high (20 percent RUTL is common). MOZAMBIQUE-Continued ILMN, ZRCN MNZT, Beach and dune sand deposits RUTL; QRTZ. along the coast around Pebane. Grades of up to 85 percent HM are present. References U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). Lindholm and Anttonen (1980); Zitzmann (1977-78). U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982); Clarke (1983). Adams (1984); Lynd and Lefond (1975). Watson (1980); Adams (1984). Mining Magazine (1986). Adams (1984); Cheang (1984). Engineering and Mining Journal (1984); Paulson (1964). Adams (1984); United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (1981).
Site name Barrytown deposit Westport deposit Rodsand deposit Tellnes deposit Chituc deposit Glogova-Sisesti district Tigveni deposit Gbangbama-Mogbwemo district. Latitude longitude 42°14'S., 171 °19'E. 41 °47'S., 171 °33'E. 62°48'N., 8°10'E. 58°19'N., 16°26'E. 45°00'N., 29°38'E. 44°55'N., 22°58'E. 45°10'N., 24°35'E. 7°47'N., 12°18'W. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type NEW ZEALAND Placer, marine do NORWAY Magmatic, acid, stratiform, massive. Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated. ROMANIA Host rock Sand; Nine Mile Fm; QUAT. do. Amphibolite in granitic gneiss; Rodsand Group; PROT. N orite; Ergersund Anorthosite Complex; PROT. Placer, marine Sand; Caraorman Fm, Letea Fm; HOLO. do Sand; PLIO-PLEIS Placer, marine Sand; PLIO-PLEIS SIERRA LEONE Placer, continental Sand, clay; Bullom Series; TERT-QUAT. Age of mineralization QUAT do. PROT (1,600-1,900 Ma). PROT (950 Ma) HOLO PLIO-PLEIS PLIO-PLEIS TERT-QUAT
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Local environment Basin Coastal beach Principal mineral assemblages NEW ZEALAND-Continued Comments ILMN, GRNT, ZRCN, Bulk of deposit is in fringing MGNT, RUTL, shoreline. It is 5.2 m thick, MNZT; QRTZ; FLDP. with 10 percent ILMN, and contains a band of pebbles and gravel. Additional resources in PLEIS strandlines further inland (Avg 5 percent ILMN). References McPherson (1978); Ward (1972). do do ILMN, GRNT, ZRCN, do Do. PREC shield Magmatic intrusion. MGNT,RUTL, MNZT; QRTZ; FLDP. NORWAY -Continued MGNT, ILMN, HMTT; PYRT, PYTT, CLCP; AMPB,PLGC. Ore occurs as conformable lenses in amphibolite layers in granitic gneisses. ILMN contains varying proportions of exsolved HMTT. Zitzmann (1977-78); Vokes (1979). do. do. HMTT-ILMN, MGNT; PLGC, PRXN, BOTT. Deposit consists of a single large body of ILMN-rich norite2.7 km long, 400 m wide, 350 m deep. It contains 39 percent ILMN, 2 percent V-MGNT, and minor Cu/Ni SLPD. Zitzmann (1977-78); Adams (1984); Dixon (1979). Basin Sub-Carpathian Foredeep. ROMANIA-Continued Coastal beach in ILMN, MGNT, ZRCN, HM sands fringe the inland marU.S. Bureau of delta area. RUTL; QRTZ, GRNT. gins of the sandbank in a Mines (1982). zone 3.4 km long. Ore conAncient coastal beach. ILMN, RUTL, GRNT, ZRCN; QRTZ, FLDP, MICA. tains avg 5.5 percent ILMN, 0.3 percent RUTL. Three HM -bearing ancient beach Do. formations: upper formation-sands, 15m thick; mid formation-sands plus gravels, 12 m thick; base formation-fine sands, 15m thick. Located on River Motru at 300 m asl. do do ILMN, MGNT, HMTT; QRTZ, FLDP, MICA. Located on banks of River TopoU.S. Bureau of log at approx 400 m asl. Ore Mines (1982). Basin Alluvial deposits on coastal plain. is in one of three HM-bearing formations as at GlogovaSisesti district. ILMN comprises most of HM fraction. SIERRA LEONE-Continued RUTL, ILMN, ZRCN; GRNT, QRTZ, CLAY. Several isolated deposits in old drainage courses. The Mogbwemo deposit is the largest, richest and only one yet developed. RUTL grades highest in topsoil (avg 2.5 percent) and basal sands and gravels (up to 3.0 percent). Avg through section is 1.8 percent. RUTL is 80 percent of HM, ILMN 10 to 15 percent. Depth up to 25 m, avg 15m. Steinberger and Katz (1984); Adams (1984).
Site name Bothaville deposit Cape Morgan deposit Ciskei Coast deposit Richards Bay deposit Transkei Coast deposit Umgababa deposit West Cape Coast deposit Afrikanda deposit Dnepropetrovsk district Gusevogorsk deposit Kachkanar deposit Kamakorskoye deposit Kiev district Latitude longitude 27°11'8., 26°30'E. 32°42'S., 28°22'E. 33°14'S., 27°33'E. 28°42'S., 32°10'E. 32°35'S., 28°3l'E. 30°08'S., 30°5l'E. 30°36'S., l7°36'E. 67°15'N., 32°40'E. 48°40'N., 34°22'E. 58°42'N., 59°36'E. 58°40'N., 59°29'E. 39°02'N., 46°20'E. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization SOUTH AFRICA Placer, marine Sand; Middle Ecca fm; CARB-PERM CARB-PERM. do Sand; HOLO HOLO do. do. do. do. Sand; QUAT QUAT do Sand; PLEIS PLEIS do. Sand; HOLO HOLO do do do SOVIET UNION Magmatic, alkalic Placer, marine Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated/massive. do Magmatic, basic, stratiform, disseminated. Placer, continental? Pyroxenite, olivinite; CAMB-ORD. Sand; Samotkan placer; TERT. Pyroxenite; Gusevogorsk Massif; CARB-PERM. Pyroxenite; Kachkanar Massif; CARB-PERM. Pyroxenite; LEO Sand; CEN CAMB-ORD TERT CARB-PERM do LEO CEN
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Local environment Principal mineral assemblages SOUTH AFRICA-Continued Comments References Basin Coastal beach ILMN, HMTT, RUTL, LCXN,MGNT, ZRCN; QRTZ, GRNT. Ore in consolidated-laminated Hammerbeck (1976). sandstone. Deposits occur in a zone 16 km long and 12 km wide. Largest deposit is 4 km long and 900 m wide. do Coastal sand ILMN, RUTL, MGNT, Total strike length of HM sands Do. dunes. ZRCN;QRTZ. approx 5 km. Ore in nonlayered aeolian dunes. do do ILMN, RUTL, MGNT, Consists of nonlayered aeolian Company reports ZRCN, LCXN; QRTZ, dunes. Strike length is (proprietary). CLAY. approx 6 km. Very high clay content. do Coastal beach ILMN, LCXN, RUTL, Ore is in nonlayered HOLO aeoHammerbeck (1976). and dunes. ZRCN, MGNT; QRTZ, lian dunes and in well-layered GRNT. PLEIS beach sand (1m of cover). Deposits occur over a length of 110 km. do Coastal sand ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Deposit is in layered dunes Do. dunes. MGNT;QRTZ. behind the beach and extends over 17 km. do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, N onlayered aeolian dunes over a Langton and JackMGNT;QRTZ. length of 6 km. son (1961); Hammer beck (1976). do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, MGNT;QRTZ. Nonlayered aeolian dunes Hammerbeck (1976). Geosyncline Basin Geosyncline Magmatic intrusion. Coastal beach Magmatic intrusion into geosynclinal succession. underlain by consolidated sand in a 20-km-wide coastal strip. SOVIET UNION-Continued PRVK, Ti-MGNT; OLVN; Deposit is a large pipe-like body PRXN. of disseminated PRVK and Ti-MGNT within pyroxenite, and has been traced to a depth of 400 m. Ore contains 8 to 18 percent Ti0 2 (avg 9.6 percent), and 11 to 18 percent Fe (avg 13.5 percent). ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, ANTS, ZRCN; QRTZ, CLAY. Ti-MGNT, ILMN, HMTT, PYRT;PRXN, AMPB. Deposit attains a thickness of tens of meters, a width up to several kilometers and length of tens of kilometers. Occurs as layers or lenses. Ti-MGNT ore contains 2 to 18 percent ILMN; occurs as disseminated ore, as schlieren, and veins of massive ores. Zitzmann (1977-78); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982); Borisenko (1977a, b); Coope (1982). Zitzmann (1977-78); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). do do Ti-MGNT, ILMN, HMTT, do Do. Geosyncline? Basin Magmatic intrusion. Alluvial? PYRT;PRXN, AMPB. Ti-MGNT, ILMN; PRXN ILMN; QRTZ, FLDP, CLAY. Lode is well defined, but disseminated. Deposit is 1,200 m long, 30 to 90 m wide and 150 to 200 m thick. Contains 4 to 7 percent ILMN, and some copper minerals. Principal mine is at Tarasovsk. Zitzmann (1977-78); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982).
Site name Kopansk deposit Pudozhgorsk deposit Shubino Village deposit Svoranzkoye deposit Tsaginsk deposit Yelet Ozero deposit Zhitomir district Pulmoddai deposit Liganga deposit Latitude longitude 55°06'N., 59°27'E. 62°20'N., 35°55'E. 51°N., 58°E. 39°18'N., 46°1l'E. 67°45'N., 35°20'E. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type Host rock Age of mineralization SOVIET UNION-Continued Magmatic, basic, Gabbro; ~opansk MasPROI' (1,300 Ma) stratiform, massive/ sif; PROI' (1,300 disseminated. Ma). Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. Metamorphic Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive/ disseminated. Magmatic, stratiform, disseminated, massive. Magmatic, stratiform, basic/alkalic, massive/disseminated. Placer, continental SRI LANKA Placer, marine TANZANIA Magmatic, basic, stratiform, massive. Gabbro, amphibolite; MPROI'. Eclogite Gabbro, olivinite; LEO Gabbro, anorthosite; Tsaginsk Massif; EPROI'. Gabbro, pyroxenite, peridotite, amphibolite; MPROI'- LPROI'. Sand; Irsha placer; CRET-{clUAT. Sand; QUAT Ultrabasic rocks MPROI' LEO EPROI' MPRar-LPRar CRET-QUAT QUAT
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting PREC shield Local environment Magmatic intrusion into PREC succession. do. Magmatic intrusion. Geosyncline? Eclogite facies metamorphism. Magmatic intrusion Principal mineral assemblages Comments SOVIET UNION-Continued Ti-MGNT, MGNT, ILMN; Vein-like segregations of massive PRXN, FLDP. ores (0.6-5.2 m thick) and zones of disseminated ores (avg 37 m thick). Ores are conformable with gabbro banding. Avg grade: massive ores, 11 percent Ti02; disseminated ores, 6 percent Ti-MGNT, ILMN, CLCP; PLGC,AMPB, PRXN. RUTL; GRNT, PRXN MGNT, Ti-MGNT, ILMN; PRXN, OLVN, FLDP. Occurs in a segregational ore seam as schliers and disseminations. Ore is 7 to 24 m thick, 7.1 km long, and has a dip length of up to 400 m. Occurs in four isolated, conformable lenses of eclogite in a zone 60 m thick and averages approx 4.0 percent Ti02 Ore is in vein and lensoid bodies dipping 7 5 to 80 o, and as disseminated ore. A vg analysis is 1.3 percent Ti02 and 10 to 25 percent Fe. PREC shield do. Ti-MGNT, ILMN Occurs as rich disseminated ores (up to 40 percent Ti-MGNT) and as late magmatic veins. A vg grade of all ore: 36 percent Fe, 7 percent Ti02 , and 0.26 percent V 20 . Ores are restricted to inside contacts of the massif. References Zitzmann (1977-78); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). Do. Chesnokov (1960); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). Zitzmann (1977-78); U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982). Yudin and Zak (1971); u.s. Bureau of Mines (1982). do do ILMN, Ti-MGNT, MGNT; PRXN,AMPB, OLVN, PLGC. Deposit primarily consists of Do. Basin Basin Alluvial Coastal beach Magmatic intrusion. ILMN; QRTZ, FLDP, CLAY. late-stage magmatic ores as large layers of banded, coarsely disseminated ILMN-MGNT (8-26 percent Ti02). Also occurs as disseminated Ti-MGNT ore (avg 2.5 percent Ti02 ). Deposits are ribbon-like placers in the lower coarse-grained horizons of fossil river valleys. Avg ILMN grade is 20 kg/m3 but may reach 200 SRI LANKA-Continued ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Deposit is 7.5 km long and 60 m MNZT; QRTZ. wide (may reach a width of 250m). Avg thickness is 6 m with no overburden. Further resources are in backshore areas and an offshore strip hundreds of meters wide which replenishes excavated sand. TANZANIA-Continued MGNT, ILMN Ore is found as Ti-V-MGNT and ILMNbands. U.S. Bureau of Mines (1982); Borisenko (1977a, b). Clark (1983); Adams (1984). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (1981).
Site name Aurora deposit Bingham Canyon deposit Brunswick deposit Cumberland Island deposit. Green Cove Springs deposit. Kerr-McGee deposit Lakehurst deposit Manchester deposit Natchez Trace deposit Oak Grove deposit Piney River district Powderhorn deposit San Gabriel Mountain district. Sanford Lake district Latitude longitude 34°14'N., 76°50'W. 40°3l'N., l12°09'W. 31 °l9'N., 81 °28'W. 30°5l'N., 81 °26'W. 29°50'N., 81 °42'W. 36°07'N., 88°11'W. 40°04'N., 74°20'W. 39°59'N., 74°21'W. 35°50'N., 88°12'W. 36°23'N., 88o10'W. 37°42'N., 79°02'W. 38°15'N., 107°03'W. 34°23'N., l18°20'W. 44°03'N., 74°03'W. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type UNITED STATES Placer, marine Magmatic, hydrothermal. Placer, marine do do do Placer, marine; placer, continental. do Placer, marine do Magmatic, basic, irregular/ stratiform, massive. Magmatic, alkalic, irregular/ stratiform, massive/disseminated. Magmatic, basic, irregular/stratiform, massive. Host rock Sand; Minnesott sand; PLEIS. Monzonite porphyry; OLIGO. Sand; Princess Anne Shoreline Complex; PLEIS. Sand; Silver Bluff Shoreline Complex; PLEIS. Sand; PLEIS Sand; MeN airy Fm; LCRET. Sand; Cohansey Fm; MIO-PLIO. do Sand; MeN airy Fm; LCRET. do N elsonite, ferrodiorite; PROT. Pyroxenite; CAMB Anorthosite; San Gabriel anorthosite. Age of mineralization PLEIS OLIGO (35 Ma) PLEIS do do LCRET MIO-PLIO do LCRET do PROT CAMB do Anorthosite, gabbro; PROT Marcy anorthosite; PROT.
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts...: Continued Tectonic setting Basin Basin Local environment Shoreline Intrusion into PAL sediments. Shoreline Principal mineral assemblages Comments UNITED STATES-Continued ILMN, others?; QRTZ Deposit is 6 m thick with 1.3 perCLCP, BRNT, CLCC, MLBD,RUTL, GOLD; FLDP, BOTT. cent Ti02 Ore is mostly ILMN having 45 percent Ti0 2 RUTL is disseminated throughout the Cu ore in this porphyry copper deposit. ILMN, minor RUTL, ILMN is approx 1.2 percent of the LCXN, ZRCN, MNZT; sand and contains 62 percent QRTZ. References American Paint and Coatings Journal (1977). Czamanske and others (1981). Smith and others (1967). do do ILMN, minor RUTL, Avg grade 1.7 percent HM containForce, E.R., pers. LCXN, ZRCN, MNZT; ing 45 percent ILMN, 7 percommun. QRTZ. cent RUTL, 3 percent LCXN, 13 percent ZRCN, and 1 percent MNZT. do do ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, ZRCN, MNZT, QRTZ. Consists of several strandlines, 16 Pirkle and others m thick; grade ranges from 2 (1974). to 5 percent HM with small lenses up to 40 percent HM. do do ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, MNZT;QRTZ. Mineralization is in the extensive Wilcox (1971). do. Deltaic ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN, RUTL, KYNT; QRTZ. MeN airy sand. The unit contains very fine sands with clay beds. ILMN has 62 percent Deposit occurs in a 7 -m-thick medium-grained, quartz sandstone. Original grade 4 to 5 percent HM (80-85 percent ILMN, 3 percent RUTL). do. do. ILMN, ZRCN, RUTL, Similar geology to Lakehurst SLMN, KYNT, STRL; deposit. QRTZ. do Shoreline ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, Similar geology to Kerr-McGee MNZT, KYNT; QRTZ. deposit. Puffer and Cousminer (1982). Markewich (1969). Hershey (1968). do do ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, do Wilcox (1971). Igneous intrusion and dykes. Alkalic intrusion Anorthosite intrusion. Anorthosite and gabbro intrusions. ZRCN, MNZT, KYNT, STRL, TRML; QRTZ. ILMN, APTT, minor MGNT,PYRT. MGNT, PRVK, APTT; BOTT, PRXN. ILMN, MGNT; HBLD, PRXN. ILMN, MGNT, GRNT; FLDP, PRXN, HBLD. Two main deposits (Piney River and B.F. Camden anomaly) occur as cumulate-like enrichments or in dyke-like masses with APTT. Ore contains 13 to 20 percent ILMN. Pyroxenite with pervasive dikelets of PRVK mixed with MGNT and lesser APTT. Actual grade is 12 percent Ti02 , but recoverable PRVK is only 8 percent (45 percent Ti02 , 0.5 percent Nb, and 1.15 percent REE). Ore occurs as small irregular veins to large tabular pods. Ore is found in massive lenses, layered bodies, and disseminations. Herz and Force (1987). Force and Lynd (1984); Wall Street Journal (1976). Do. Gross (1968); Force and Lynd (1984).
Site name Trail Ridge (Starke and Highland) deposit. 'lUcker-Poplar Lake deposit Latitude longitude 30°02'N., 74°03'W. 48°10'N., 90°40'W. TABLE 9.-Selected geologic and location information from Deposit type Host rock UNITED STATES-Continued Placer, marine Aeolian sand; PLEIS Magmatic, basic, irregular/stratiform, massive. Gabbro; Duluth Complex; PROT. Age of mineralization PLEIS PROT
ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Tectonic setting Basin Keweenawan Rift. Local environment Shoreline, aeolian dune. Gabbroic intrusive Principal mineral assemblages Comments UNITED STATES-Continued ILMN, LCXN, RUTL, Well-sorted, crossbedded, unconsoZRCN, KYNT, SLMN, lidated sand impregnated with STRL; QRTZ. humate, 8 to 20 m thick. Avg grade 2.5 to 3 percent HM. ILMN contains 64.5 percent ILMN, MGNT; PRXN, FLDP. Ore occurs as segregations in oxide-rich gabbro. Deposit is in only one subunit of the enormous Ti-rich Duluth Complex (area over 5,100 km2). References Pirkle and Yoho (1970); Force and Garnar (1985). Fantel and others (1986).
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information Abbreviations used throughout this table include: ---,No information available; t, metric tons; cone, concentrate Abbreviations for mining method are: S, surface; U, underground; N, not yet producing. All percentages refer to titanium dioxide unless otherwise indicated. Annual production includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): annual production in thousand metric tons; grade of reported material in percent titanium dioxide; year of production (or range of years used to estimate average annual production); degree of accuracy (accurate (Ace) or estimate (Est)). Cumulative production includes some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): cumulative production in thousand metric tons; grade of reported material in percent titanium dioxide; years of reported cumulative production; degree of accuracy (accurate (Ace) or estimate (Est)). Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production discovery method production (in 1,000 t) AUSTRALIA EAST COAST Agnes Water deposit N None ILMN,ZRCN, None RUTL Bridge Hill Ridge deposit Mid-1950's s RUTL, ILMN None Fraser Island s RUTL,ZRCN None Moreton Island 1950's N RUTL, ILMN, None ZRCN North Stradbroke Island 1950's? s RUTL,ZRCN RUTL: 78.0; 96 percent; 1983-84; Est. Stockton deposit N None RUTL,ZRCN None Tomago deposit s RUTL,ZRCN, RUTL: 29.21; 1979-83; ILMN Ace. ILMN: 11.615; 1979-83; Ace. WEST COAST Barrambie deposit N None Ti-V-MGNT, None ILMN, GOLD Capel (AMC) deposit s ILMN, ZRCN ILMN: Included with LCXN,MNZT Eneabba (AMC). SYN RUTL: 44. 79; 92 percent; 1981-84; Ace. Capel North deposit s ILMN,LCXN, ILMN: 408; 1980-83; ZRCN Ace. LCXN: 2.2; 70 percent; 1980-83; Ace. LCXN: 10.88; 91 percent; 1980-83 Ace. Dunkley/Norton deposit 1954? s ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 140; 54 percent; LCXN,MNZT 1985; Est (max capacity). Eneabba (Allied) deposit s ILMN, RUTL, RUTL: 39.9; 96 percent; ZRCN 1983-84; Ace. ILMN: 220.3; 59 percent; 1983-84; Ace.
from ISM/ records for titanium deposits and districts Resources includes, for various resource categories, some or all of the following items (separated by semicolons): resource in thousand metric tons; U.N. resource classification (see fig. 1 ); grade of reported material in percent titanium dioxide (unless otherwise indicated); year of estimate (R indicates year of reference in which estimate appears). Abbreviations for mineral names (after Longe and others, 1978, p. 63-68): Anatase ANTS Hematite HMTT Monazite MNZT Sulfides SLPD Apatite APTT Ilmenite ILMN Perovskite PRVK Synthetic rutile SYN RUTL Titanomagnetite Ti-MGNT Cassiterite CSTR Kyanite KYNT Pyrite PYRT Zircon ZRCN Gold GOLD Leucoxene LCXN Rare-earth elements .. REE Garnet GRNT Magnetite MGNT Rutile RUTL Heavy minerals HM Molybdenite MLBD Sillimanite SLMN None Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) RUTL: 151.809; 1974-83; Ace. RUTL: 44.292; 1971-75; Ace. RUTL: 3.0; 96 percent; 1957-58; Ace. RUTL: 1,280; 96 percent; 1966-84; Est. None RUTL: 382.5; 1972-83; Ace. ILMN: 104.2; 1972-83; Ace. None ILMN: 1978-84 included with Eneabba (AMC). ILMN: 3,332; 55 percent; SYN RUTL: 398.5; 92 percent; 1978-84; Ace. ILMN: 4,198; 54 percent; 1962-83; Ace. LCXN: 212; 70-91 percent; 1962-83. ILMN: 150; 54 percent; 1984-85; Est. RUTL: 348.2; 96 percent; 197 4-83; Est. ILMN: 2,645; 59 percent; 1974-83; Est. Resources (in 1,000 t) AUSTRALIA-Continued ILMN: 1,731; R1E; 1978. RUTL: 292; RlE; 1978. RUTL: 250; R1E; 1984. ILMN: 102; RlE; 1973. RUTL: 762.7; R1E; 1976. RUTL: 27; R2E; 1976. RUTL: 680.3; RlE; 1977. ILMN: 1,310; RlE; 1977. RUTL: 185; RIM; 1977. ILMN: 463; RIM; 1977. RUTL: 1,489; R1E; 96 percent; 1984 (former AMC resources not includedunavailable). RUTL: 42.8; RlE; 1978 (additional R2E resources). RUTL: 340; RlE; 1983R. ILMN: 145; RlE; 1983R. ORE: 27,000; RlE; 15 percent; 1972 ILMN: Included with Eneabba (AMC) Company proprietary Comments Undeveloped property. 20,000 t/yr RUTL cone is possible. Most of these resources are unavailable due to environmental restrictions. Mining ceased in 1983; future mining appears unlikely. Operation ceased due to government environmental restrictions. Undeveloped property. Restrictions as above. CRL acquired AMC assets on island in February 1985 and is currently expanding operations with development on new leases. Future looks very promising. Production of about 35,000 t/yr RUTL and 40,000 t/yr ZRCN expected in 1985 by Mineral Deposits Ltd. Further mine life of 15 yrs. ILMN has relatively high Cr content and is not used for metal or pigment. Ore also contains 26 percent Fe and 0. 7 percent V 20 5 Feasibility study underway. Titania slag, SYN RUTL, low-Mn iron, and flake V 20 5 products are possible. SYN RUTL produced at Capel from ILMN from both Capel and Eneabba mines. Expansion of SYN R UTL capacity to eventual 230,000 t/yr underway. Capel ILMN is 55 percent Ti02 Mine to close in 1987. Annual production includes Yoganup Extended deposit; cumulative production includes Yoganup Central and Extended deposits. do Production commenced late 1984. ORE: 116,000; RlE; 10 percent HM; 1983. Projected mine life of 19 more years. RUTL: 1,200; R1E; 96 percent; 1983. ILMN: 5,200; RlE.
Site name Eneabba (AMC) deposit Gingin deposit Jurien deposit Waroona deposit Yoganup Extended deposit Cox's Bazaar-Moiskal Island deposit Campo Alegre de Lourdes deposit Catalao deposit Mataraca deposit Patrocinio deposit Salitre deposit Tapira deposit Vitoria district Kellogg Property deposit Lac de la Blache deposit Year of discovery 1970? Pre-1966 TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral resource information Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production method production (in 1,000 t) AUSTRALIA-Continued s ILMN, RUTL, RUTL: 27.26; 96 percent; ZRCN. 1981-84; Ace. ILMN: 141.16; 55-60 percent; 1978-84; Ace. N None ILMN, RUTL, None ZRCN. s RUTL, ILMN, None (1978-85) ZRCN. s ILMN, ZRCN, LCXN. s ILMN,LCXN, Included with Capel ZRCN,MNZT. North deposit. BANGLADESH s 1975 railot RUTL,LCXN, RUTL: 0.06; 78-89 perpant). ZRCN,KYNT. cent; 1977; Ace (pilot plant). BRAZIL N None ILMN, LCXN, V20 5 None N None ANTS, APTT, None Nb. s ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 30; 1984; Est. RUTL. RUTL:? N None ANTS,APTT, None Nb. N None ANTS,APTT, None LCXN,Nb. s APTT,ANTS, ANTS: 15; 90 percent; LCXN,Nb, 1984; Est (pilot REE. plant). s Pre-1925 ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 17; 55-60 perZRCN, cent; 1980-83; Est. MNZT. RUTL: 0.275; 96 percent; 1980-83; Est. CANADA N None Ti-V-MGNT, None ILMN. N None ILMN, Ti-V-MGNT None
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) RUTL: 399.93; 96 percent; 197 4-84; Ace. ILMN: 1,850; 55-60 percent; 1978-84; Est. ILMN: 416.4; 60 percent; 1974-77; Ace. None RUTL: 15.6; 1975-77; Ace. None (pre-1985). Included with Capel North deposit. RUTL: 0.6; 78-79 percent; 1975-84; Est. None None ILMN: 60; 1984-85; Est. RUTL:? None None ANTS: 30; 90 percent; Est. ILMN: 344; 55-60 percent; 1925-83; Ace. RUTL: 24; 96 percent; 1932-83; Ace. None None Resources (in 1,000 t) AUSTRALIA-Continued RUTL: 1,642; R1E; 96 percent; 1984. ILMN: 10,172; RlE; 55-60 percent; ILMN: 1,800; RlS; 1976. RUTL: 170; RlS; 1976. ILMN: 1,200; RIM; 1984R. Company proprietary Comments Resources include other areas owned at Capel and east coast (as of 1984). Eneabba ILMN -60 percent Ti02 ; ILMN used for SYN RUTL not included. Development being deferred until a definite market is established. Inactive since 1977. Resumption of mining in near future not considered likely. Production commenced in September 1986. do Continuation(?) of Yoganup Central mine which closed in 1976. Substantial lower grade resources in nearby leases. BANGLADESH-Continued HM: 402.8; RlE; 28.9 percent ILMN, 3.7 percent. RUTL, 3.1 percent LCXN; 1976. HM: 400; R2E; 28.9 percent ILMN, 3.7 percent RUTL, 3.1 percent LCXN; BRAZIL-Continued ORE: 60,000; R2E; 20 percent; 1981R. Probably similar to Tapira deposit. ORE: 30,000; RlE; 28 percent; 1984R. R2 resources included with Tapira deposit. ORE: 153,000; R1E; 23.5 percent; 1984R. R2 resources included with Tapira deposit. ORE: 193,800; R1E; 22.4 percent; 1984R. Ti02 (ANTS): 51,300; R2; 1981R. CANADA-Continued ORE: 73,440; R1S + R2S; 10.0 percent; ORE: 71,668; R2S; 20.5 percent; 1964. Production from pilot plant only. Government announced $7 million (U.S. dollars), 5-year development plan in 1985. Resources are in 250-km coastline; 2.2 million metric tons HM. ILMN is of an unsaleable grade for pigment production (41 percent Ti02). Finland's Outokumpu was reported to be showing great interest in development of V resources in 1979, but no plans as of 1984. Resources may reach 500 million metric tons of ore. Development would probably depend on the success of the ANTS concentrate to be produced from the Tapira deposit. Deposit may be mined for the underlying APTT. ILMN to go to a local Ti02 plant. A 64,000-t/yr ANTS concentration plant has been deferred indefinitely due to lack of markets. Deposit held in reserve while CVRD develops the Tapira deposit. May be mined for underlying APTT. A 500,000-t/yr ANTS plant is currently being built at Araxa (35 km N). Brazil hopes to develop an export market for ANTS. Deposit currently being mined for the underlying APTT. R2 resources refer to all ANTS deposits in Brazil. Prior to 1984, this district was the only Ti-producing area in Brazil. Ore contains 31.27 percent Fe and 0.50 percent V 20 5 Titanium could be produced as a byproduct of vanadium, but there are no development plans. No development plans.
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production discovery method production (in 1,000 t) CANADA-Continued Lac du Pin Rouge deposit N None ILMN,HMTT, None Ti-MGNT. Lac Tio deposit s ILMN,HMTT SLAG: 734; 71 percent; 1978-82; Ace. Magpie Mountain deposit N None MGNT, ILMN, V None St. Urbain district s ILMN, RUTL, None (1978-86) HMTT. Suncor deposit s Crude oil, S, V, None Ni, LCXN, ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN. Syncrude deposit s Crude oil, S, V, None Ni, LCXN, ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN. CHINA Beihai district s ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 20-30; 54 perZRCN, cent; 1978-82; Est. MNZT. RUTL: 0.03-0.04; 94 percent; 1978-82; Est. SYN RUTL: 1.0; 88-90 percent; 1977-82; Est. Heishan deposit Ti-V-MGNT Langping De Miao deposit Ti-V-MGNT Panzhihua deposit s V-Ti-MGNT, ILMN: 50; 46.4 percent; ILMN, Ni, Co. 1980-81; Est. Sai-Lao district (Quoinghi) Pre-1940 s ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 10; 52 percent; ZRCN,MNZT. 1981-82; Est. RUTL: 0.035; 90 percent; 1981-82; Est. Wuzhaung (Wanning) Pre-1940 s ILMN,RUTL, ILMN: 10; 51 percent; ZRCN,MNZT. 1981-82; Est. RUTL: 0.04; 88 percent; 1981-82; Est. Xun Jiang deposit N None ILMN, RUTL, None ZRCN,MNZT. Zhanjiang district s Approx ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 35; 52 percent; ZRCN,MNZT. 1980-82; Est. RUTL: 0.13; 90 percent; 1980-82; Est.
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued None Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) SLAG: 15,936; 71 percent; None ORE: 553; 30.5 percent; 1940-77; Est. None None ILMN: 285; 54 percent; 1966-82; Est. SYN RUTL: 5; 88-90 percent; 1977-82; Est. RUTL: 0.3; 94 percent; 1966-82; Est. ILMN: 100; 46.4 percent; 1980-81; Est. ILMN: 120; 1973-82; Est. RUTL: 0.4; 90 percent; 1973-82; Est. ILMN: 220; 51 percent; 1965-82; Est. RUTL: 0.93; 88 percent; 1965-82; Est. None ILMN: 1,000; 52 percent; 1962-82; Est. RUTL: 3.5; 90 percent; 1962-82; Est. Resources (in 1,000 t) CANADA-Continued ORE: 34,800; RlS; 17 percent; 1980. ORE: 124,000; R2S; 7 percent; pre1972. ORE: 88,800; R1E; 32-34 percent (38 percent Fe); 1978-79R. ORE: 130,000; R2E; 27-32 percent (31-37 percent Fe); 1978-79R. Comments Hemo-ILMN ore can be beneficiated to 38 percent Ti02 + 45 percent Fe; Ti-MGNT ore to 68.3 percent Fe and 0.7 percent Ti02 No development plans. The grade of titania slag ("Sorelslag") was increased to 80 percent Ti02 in 1983. Pig iron is also produced at average 500,000 t/yr. A steel plant is proposed. ORE: 276,800; RlS; 10.5 percent; 1973R. Resources represent total from the four local ORE: 846,800; R2S; 10.5 percent; deposits and contain 43 percent Fe, 0.2 per1973R. cent V 205 , 1.5 percent Cr. Low grade and impurities make development unlikely. ORE: 22,836; RlS; 30.5 percent; 1974. OIL SAND: 880,000; RlE; 1 percent HM; 1984. OIL SAND: 1,600,000; RlE; 1 percent HM; 1984. CHINA-Continued ILMN: 8,400;R1M; 46-48 percent; 1982. RUTL: ll;R1M; 94 percent; 1982. ORE: 10,000; R2E; 1984R. Included with Heishan deposit. ORE: 1,070,000; RlE; 8-10 percent; 1982R. Ti02: 96,300; RlE; 1982R. Ti02 : 450,000; R2E; 1982R. ILMN: 5,000; RlE; 41 percent; 1982R. RUTL: 50; RlE; 90 percent; 1982R. ILMN: 5,000; RlE; 30-33 percent; 1982R. RUTL: 50; RlE; 88 percent; 1982R. ILMN: 4,000; R1E; 45 percent; 1982R. ILMN: 10,000; RlE; 40 percent; 1982R. RUTL: 100; RlE; 90 percent; 1982R. Year of last production 1977. Resource figure represents aggregate of all deposits in the district. Cumulative production is approximate. Ti minerals are recoverable from scroll tailings that remain after the recovery of bitumen from the oil sand. HM content (approx) 35 percent LCXN, 30 percent ILMN, 30 percent ZRCN, 7 percent R UTL. Some 94,000 t of Ti minerals could be recovered from 700,000 t/yr of scroll tailings. HM content as above. Political resistance to mechanized mining could arise from farmers who mine the sands by hand. Resources are approx 50 percent in beach, 50 percent in river sands. Referred to in list of major Ti mines of China. Ore grade is estimated at 10 percent Ti02 (BMR). Do. ILMN reclaimed from MGNT tailings (7 million t/yr, 8.5 percent Ti02 ). Only 10 percent of annual tailings used. Poor V recovery rates. Plans are to increase ILMN production and possibly add a pigment plant, a 10,000-t/yr sponge-metal plant, and a 3.2-million-t/yr steel plant. Sand is hand-mined by farmers. In the past, mechanized mining and concentration has been used to supply up to one-third of plant feed. Government is interested in developing deposit. Mechanized mining is likely. ILMN concentrate is 53.5 percent Ti02 Figures refer to production from, and potential feedstock to, the five processing plants. Sand is mined by farmers.
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production discovery method production (in 1,000 t) FINLAND Otanmaki deposit u ILMN, V -MGNT, None (1985) ILMN: 164; 45 PYRT. percent; 1983 Ace. INDIA Chatrapur deposit s 1984? ILMN, RUTL, SYN RUTL: 100; 1985; SLMN,MNZT, (max capacity). RUTL: ZRCN. 10; (max capacity). Chavara deposit s ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 142; 60.4 percent; ZRCN,MNZT, 1981; Est. RUTL: 8.2; SLMN. 93.0 percent; 1981; Est. Manavalas ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 65; 54.1 percent; kurichi deposit ZRCN,MNZT, 1984; (max capacity). GRNT. RUTL: 1.5; 93 percent; 1984; (max capacity). ITALY Piampaludo deposit N None RUTL,GRNT, None PYRT, ILMN. MADAGASCAR Tamatave district None s ILMN None MALAYSIA Perak-Selangor district s CSTR, ILMN, ILMN: 180; 54 percent; ZRCN,MNZT. 1983-84; Est. MEXICO Pluma Hidalgo deposit N None ILMN, RUTL None MOZAMBIQUE Pebane district s ILMN, RUTL, None ZRCN,MNZT. NEW ZEALAND Barrytown deposit 1860's N None GOLD, ILMN, None ZRCN,MNZT. Westport deposit 1860's N None GOLD, ILMN, None ZRCN,MNZT.
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) ILMN: 3,450; 45 percent; 1953-83; Est. ILMN: 2,000; 60.4 percent; 1969-84; Est. RUTL: 120; 93.0 percent; 1969-84; Est. ILMN: 800; 54.1 percent; 1967-84; Est. RUTL: 20; 93 percent; 1967-84; Est. None ILMN: 371; 1958-67. ILMN: 4,200; 54 percent; 1956-84; Est. None ILMN: 25; 1958-60; Est. RUTL: None? None None Resources (in 1,000 t) FINLAND-Continued ORE: 17,000; R1E; 13 percent; 1979R. INDIA-Continued ORE: 240,000; R1E; 9.5 percent ILMN, 0.5 percent RUTL; 1982R. ILMN: 22,800; R1E; 51 percent; 1982R. RUTL: 1,200; R1E; 96 percent; 1982R. ORE: 350,000; R1E; 9.5 percent ILMN, 0.5 percent RUTL; 1982R. Comments Mine closed, probably during 1984, due to low prices. 220,000 t/yr ILMN to be converted to 100,000 t SYN RUTL. Plants expected to be in operation by mid 1988. A chloride-route Ti02 plant expected by late 1980's. ILMN: 35,000; R1~; 59.8. perc~nt; Current production from two plants; I.R.E. (major) 1985R. RUTL. 3,000, R1E, 93.0 perand K.M.M.L. (minor, but expansion to cent; 1985R. 100,000 t/yr ILMN by 1990). ILMN has disadvantage of high Cr20 3 content (0.17 percent). ITALY -Continued ORE: 150,000; R1E; 4 percent RUTL; ORE: 300,000; R2E; 4 percent RUTL; 1977. Cumulative production from I.R.E. only; other foreign-owned companies possibly back to 1911. High Cr20 3 in ILMN (0.09 percent). Deposit much smaller than Chavara. Feasibility studies still underway. Industrial grade GRNT occurs as major byproduct. The rock is exceptionally strong and abrasive. MADAGASCAR-Continued (Possibly about 100 million metric tons ILMN.) MALAYSIA-Continued ILMN: 10,000; R2E; 54 percent; 1984. MEXICO-Continued ORE: 3.82; R1E; 50 percent; 1984R. ORE: 65; R1E; 24.5 percent; 1984R. ORE: 1,000; R1S; 5 percent; 1984R. MOZAMBIQUE-Continued ILMN: 30,000; R2E; 1984R. RUTL: 2,000; R2E; 1984R. Joint venture between the government and Canada's QIT-Fer et Titane. Feasibility studies are underway. Possibility of a 300,000-t/yr ILMN mine by 1989. ILMN to be converted into 200,000-t/yr of 90-percent Ti02 slag in Canada. ILMN extracted from tin tailings ("amang"). Production may decrease as a result of current (1986) excess supply of tin. Feasibility study underway April1984. Mexican government is keen to develop mineral prospects. Mexico has a 35,000-t/yr pigment plant. Development is proposed by the government, but no formal plans have been announced. A further 50 million metric tons of ILMN is present offshore. NEW ZEALAND-Continued ILMN: 7,000; R2E; 46 percent; 1984R. ILMN: 10,000; R2E; 46 percent; 1984R. ILMN: 7-21,000; R2S; 46 percent; 1978R. Raw ILMN is unsaleable due to inclusions and low grade but is highly susceptible to acid leaching. A pilot plant to process the ILMN directly into Ti02 pigment is planned for 1985-87. Further development depends on its success. Drilling to define resources is underway. Gold avg 0.06 g/t. R2E deposits are in Holocene sands on or near present shoreline. R2S deposits are in PLEIS sands, inland. Raw ILMN is unsaleable as at Barrytown deposit. Further development depends on success of Barrytown pilot plant.
TABLE 10. -Selected production and mineral-resource information Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production discovery method production (in 1,000 t) NORWAY Rodsand deposit u V-MGNT, ILMN None (from approx 1980) ILMN: 8.6; 39 percent; 1974-76; Ace. Tellnes deposit s ILMN, Ti-MGNT, ILMN: 585.2; 45 percent; Cu-NiSLPD. 1981-83; Ace. ROMANIA Chituc deposit s Approx ILMN,ZRCN, ILMN: 5.6; 41 percent; GRNT. 1982; Est. Glogova-Sisesti district N None ILMN, RUTL, None ZRCN,MNZT. Tigveni deposit s Approx ILMN SIERRA LEONE Gbangbama-Mogbwemo s RUTL RUTL: 71.8; 96 percent; district 1983; Ace. SOUTH AFRICA Bothaville deposit N None ILMN, RUTL None Cape Morgan deposit s ILMN, RUTL None Ciskei Coast deposit N None ILMN,RUTL None Richards Bay deposit s ILMN, RUTL, SLAG: 381; 85 percent; titania slag, 1983; Est. RUTL: 56; low-MnFe. 1983; Est. Transkei Coast deposit N None ILMN, RUTL None U mgababa deposit s ILMN, RUTL None West Cape Coast deposit N None ILMN, RUTL None SOVIET UNION Afrikanda deposit Pre-1950 Ti-MGNT, PRVK Dnepropetrovsk district Pre-1957 s ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 250; 50-60 percent; ZRCN. 1981; Est. RUTL: 30; 95 percent; 1981; Est (refers to total Ukraine production).
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) ILMN: 93.88; 39 percent; I962-76; Ace. ILMN: I2,500; 45 percent; I96I-83; Est. ILMN: 20; 4I percent; I98I-84; Est. None RUTL: 235.I; 96 percent; I979-83; Ace. None ILMN: I6.5; 49.8 percent; I969; Ace. RUTL: 0.59; 95.2 percent; I969; Ace. None Resources (in 1,000 t) NORWAY -Continued ORE: 17,600; RIE; 3.6 percent; 1977. ORE: 350,000; RIE; I8 percent; I984R. ROMANIA-Continued ORE: 200,000; RIM; 0.5I percent; I982R. ORE: 340,000; RIM; 1.5 percent ILMN, 0.5 percent RUTL; I982R. ORE: 50,000; R2E; 1.7 percent ILMN; SIERRA LEONE -Continued ORE: I40,000; RIE; 1.8 percent RUTL; I977. RUTL: 2,500; RIE; 96 percent; I977. RUTL: 23,000; R2; 96 percent; I98IR. SOUTH AFRICA-Continued ORE: 34,000; RIS; 33.0 percent ILMN, 0.24 percent RUTL; I984. Comments Mine closed in approx I980. The hemo-ILMN could not be physically beneficiated above 40 percent Ti02 and was no longer saleable. Two titania slag plants with total production of 500,000 t/yr (one with 75 percent Ti02) are to be developed in the region. Slight Cr impurity in ILMN concentrate imparts green color to Ti02 pigment. Annual production data as surmized by U.S. Bureau of Mines (I982). Ni + Cr contents are too high for pigment production. A beneficiation plant has been considered. The sands could be expected to contain 1.5 percent RUTL, O.I2 percent ZRCN. No development has been reported. Resource estimates must be considered at 50 percent probability level. Production confirmed by Romanian government in I982, but no figures are available. High royalty payments to government could affect the duration of mine life. Good potential for the development of additional resources, especially in other nearby deposits. Deposit is in a remote area. ORE: 64,000; RIS; 2.8 percent ILMN, O.I4 I969 was the only year of production. Ti02 percent RUTL; I984. grades are generally too low and inconsistent for exploitation. ORE: 64,000; RIS; 3.3 percent ILMN, O.I5 Grade is too low for exploitation. percent RUTL; I984. SLAG: 2,000; 85 percent; ORE: I,694,000; RIE; 5 percent ILMN, 0.3 South Africa's only Ti-mineral producing area. I978-83; Est. RUTL; 287; percent RUTL; I984. ORE: 455; RIM; Plans to increase mining capacity by 50 I978-83; Est. 3.5 percent ILMN, 0.34 percent percent and smelting capacity to 600,000 None ILMN: 390.95; 49.6 percent; I955-63; Ace. RUTL: I4.58; 95.4 percent; I955-63; Ace. None ILMN: 2,500; 50-60 percent; I975-84; Est. RUTL: 300; 95 percent, I975-84; Est. RUTL; I984. t/yr titania slag. ORE: I49,000; RIS; 5.4 percent ILMN, 0.2 percent RUTL; 1984. Remote area; economic viability depends on possible offshore loader. ORE: 44,000; RIS; 9.05 percent ILMN, 0.5 Operations ceased in I963 due to technical probpercent RUTL; I984. lems and pollution of local resorts. No plans for redevelopment. ORE: IOO,OOO; RIS; 70 percent ILMN, O.I Remote area, but some prospects for mining percent RUTL; 1984. SOVIET UNION-Continued ORE: I90,700; RIE; 9.6 percent; I950. ORE: 435,000; R2E; 9.6 percent; I950. PRVK cone: 43-5I percent Ti02 Ti-MGNT cone: 9 percent Ti02 Only Ti-producing mine in Kola Peninsula. Ukrainian placer deposits provide the majority of Soviet Ti production. Conversion of ILMN to titania slag (83 percent Ti02 ) at nearby Zaporozhye.
TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information Site name Year of Mining Year of first Commodities Annual production discovery method production (in 1,000 t) SOVIET UNION-Continued Gusevogorsk deposit s Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN ORE: 35,530; 1.15 percent; 1973-77; Ace. ILMN: 150; 44 percent; 1981; Est (total Ural Mountains). Kachkanar deposit Pre-1780 Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN ILMN: Included with Gusevogorsk deposit. Kamakorskoye deposit N None Ti-MGNT, ILMN None Kiev district s ILMN As for Dnepropetrovsk district. Kopansk deposit Pre-1940 u Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN Pudozhgorsk deposit Pre-1957 Approx Ti-V-MGNT (test mining) Shubino Village deposit RUTL,GRNT ILMN. Svoranzkoye deposit Pre-1952 N MGNT, Ti-MGNT, ILMN. Tsaginsk deposit Pre-1959 N? Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN --- Yelet Ozero deposit Pre-1970 N? Ti-MGNT, ILMN Zhitomir district Pre-1957 s Approx ILMN, RUTL As for Dnepropetrovsk district. SRI LANKA Pulmoddai deposit s ILMN, RUTL, ILMN: 75.03; 54.5 perZRCN,MNZT. cent; 1982-83; Ace. RUTL: 7.65; 96.8 percent; 1973-83; Ace. TANZANIA Liganga deposit N None Ti-V-MGNT, ILMN None
from ISM! records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) ORE: 339,000; 1.15 percent; 1963-77; Ace. None ORE: 1,600; 6.2 percent; 1965; Est. ILMN: 685.3; 54.5 percent; 1973-83; Ace. RUTL: 78.3; 96.8 percent; 1973-83; Ace. None Resources (in 1,000 t) SOVIET UNION-Continued ORE: 3,150,000; R1E; 1.5 percent; 1971. ORE: 2,600,000; R1E; 1.3 percent; 1971 (R2E included with Gusevogorsk deposit). Comments Ore treated at Mount Kachkanar; concentrate contains 60 percent Fe, 3.3 percent V 20 5 , and 0.66 percent Ti02 (only 50 percent recovery). Ti-sponge plant at Berezniki, 150 km to NW. Ti production is secondary to that for Fe and V. Deposit was being prepared for mining (annual capacity 25 million tons) in 1978 and may now be in production. Ti production is secondary to that for Fe and V. ORE: 70,000; R2; 5 percent ILMN; 1978R. The area is considered promising for further exploration. Ti would be a byproduct of possible iron-ore exploitation. As for Dnepropetrovsk district. ORE: 19,200; R1E; 11 percent; 1955. ORE: Mined until recently (Zitzman, 1977-78). Dis3,200; R2E; 11 percent; 1955. ORE: seminated ores are now subeconomic in 78,500; R2S; 6 percent; 1955. terms of the principal commodity, iron. ORE: 248,600; R1E; 6.2 percent; 1970. ORE: 68,000; R2E; 6.2 percent; 1970. ORE: 484,000; R2E; 1.3 percent; 1975R. SRI LANKA-Continued ORE: 3,000; R1E; 73 percent ILMN, 11 percent RUTL; 1984R. ILMN: 2,200; R1E; 54.5 percent; 1984R. RUTL: 330; R1E; 96.8 percent; 1984R. TANZANIA-Continued ORE: 49,000; R1E; 13 percent; 1981R. Some test mining but no industrial mining by 1978. Was being considered for V production (1.12 percent V 20 5 in MGNT concentrate). Technological difficulties prevented the use of the deposit in 1977, but some mining in 1973 is reported. Current status is unknown. Reserves also include 1,000 million metric tons of "prognosticated ore." Doubtful production in 1982 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1982). Open-pit mining possible with perspective capacity of 5 million t/yr. Active investigation in 1978. The following concentrates can be produced; Ti-MGNT: 58 to 59 percent Fe, 11 to 12 percent Ti02, 0.5 to 0.6 percent V 20 5; ILMN: 40 to 50 percent Ti02 Resources stated as "large." Resources quoted as "large." The following concentrates can be produced: Ti-MGNT: 9.4 percent Ti02, 58.3 percent Fe, 0.62 percent V20 5 ; ILMN: 41.6 percent Ti02 Conversion of ILMN to titania slag (83 percent Ti02) at Zaporozhye near Dnepropetrovsk district. An additional 1.3 million metric tons of ore is estimated offshore. A 150,000-t/yr ILMN/15,000-t/yr RUTL plant commenced in late September 1984. Development of an 85-percent Ti02 titania-slag plant is possible. Deposits were under investigation in 1981. They may form basis for an iron and steel industry in Tanzania.
Site name Aurora deposit Bingham Canyon deposit Brunswick deposit Cumberland Island deposit Green Cove Springs deposit Kerr-McGee deposit Lakehurst deposit Manchester deposit Natchez Trace deposit Oak Grove deposit Piney River district Powderhorn deposit San Gabriel Mountain district Sanford Lake district Trail Ridge (Starke and Highland) deposit. 'lUcker-Poplar Lake deposit Year of discovery 1951? 1955? 1969? Pre-1880 About 1880 Pre-1826 Pre-1880 TABLE 10.-Selected production and mineral-resource information Mining Year of first method production UNITED STATES N None s N None N None s N None s s N None N None s N None S? s s N None Commodities ILMN Cu, MLBD, RUTL ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, ZRCN. ILMN, RUTL, LCXN, ZRCN. ILMN,RUTL, LCXN,ZRCN, MNZT. ILMN,RUTL, ZRCN,MNZT. ILMN,LCXN, RUTL,ZRCN. ILMN, RUTL ILMN,RUTL, ZRCN,MNZT, KYNT. ILMN, RUTL, ZRCN, MNZT, KYNT. ILMN,APTT PRVK, Nb, REE ILMN, MGNT, V MGNT, ILMN, V ILMN,LCXN, RUTL, ZRCN, KYNT. ILMN, Ti-MGNT Annual production (in 1,000 t) None None None None Company proprietary. Max capacity: ILMN: 60-70 LCXN: 10. RUTL: None None None None None None None None None Withheld. Max capacity Ti02: 160. None
from ISM/ records for titanium deposits and districts-Continued None Cumulative production (in 1,000 t) RUTL: None. ORE:I,386,000; 0.6 percent Cu; I904-84. None None Company proprietary None ILMN: I,320; 59 percent; I962-76; Est. LCXN-RUTL: --- Resources (in 1,000 t) UNITED STATES-Continued Ti02: 400; RIM; 1.3 percent of ore; I986. RUTL: 3,600; riS; 0.3 percent RUTL in ore; I985. Company proprietary ILMN: I,I20; RIM; I percent ILMN in ore; I986. RUTL: I60; RIM; O.I percent RUTL in ore; I986. ORE: 400,000; RIE; 1.3 percent; I984 ORE: 500,000; R2E I percent; I984. Ti02: Probably several million metric tons contained in ore. ILMN: 298; RIM; 3.5 percent ILMN in ore; I986. LCXN-RUTL: RIM; 78 percent; I986. ORE:IOO,OOO; RIE; 1.95 percent; I984. Comments No current exploration or plans for developrrent. RUTL has never been recovered. Mine closed in I984 due to low copper prices. Potential for approx 50,000 t/yr RUTL as byproduct. Resources are in the RIM category. Deposit is in a national park, so future development appears unlikely. Resources include all Florida deposits. Production is expected to continue to 20Il. A SYN R UTL plant is under consideration. Concentrates are sold to Du Pont and are used at their chloride-route Ti02 plants. Excellent prospects if fine-grain-size problem is overcome. Kerr-McGee has a SYN RUTL plant and a Ti02 plant elsewhere in the United States. Only lower grade material is left. No active exploration or plans for development. Production ceased in I982. Asarco has no intention of ever returning, it is dismantling and selling all equipment. None Ti02 (in ILMN): 2,780; RIM; I968. Ti02 (in Deposit is in a State park, so outlook is not RUTL): 280; RIM; I968. good. None ILMN: I80; 43-5I percent; Est. None ILMN: IO; 40+ percent; I927-28; Ace. ILMN: IO,OOO; 46 percent; Ti02 : Probably several million metric tons contained in ore (R2E). ILMN:IO,OOO; R2S; I3-20 percent ILMN in ore; I985. ORE: 246,000; riM; 8 percent PRVK; I976. ORE: I33,000; r2S; 8 percent PRVK; I976. Ti02: 4,800; RIS; I2 percent ILMN in ore; Ti02 : 8,600; RIE + R2E; 35 percent ILMN in ore; I985. do Included with Green Cove Springs deposit. None ILMN: 230; riM; I1.9 percent ILMN in ore; I985 ILMN: I,710; r2S; 7 percent of ILMN in ore; I985. Good prospects for development if fine-grainsize problem is overcome. Old plant is unlikely to reopen. A new modern smelting plant may be economically feasible, but no plans have been announced. Future of deposit depends on the development of an economic process for the conversion of PRVK to Ti02 Development is unlikely as deposit is in a national forest and grade is generally too low. ILMN concentrate has been stockpiled since I983 when NL's Ti02 plant at Sayreville closed. The ILMN is suitable for sulfateroute Ti02 Du Pont has two plants operating on the deposit. Production from Du Pont leases is expected to continue to 20IO. Enormous resources of Ti-MGNT ore containing IO million metric tons Ti02 are present over the entire Duluth Complex. A large amount could be recovered each year from tailings from base-metal mining.
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INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MINERALS INVENTORY PARTICIPATING AGENCIES Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Canada Energy, Mines and Resources Canada Mineral Policy Sector Geological Survey of Canada Federal Republic of Germany Bundesanstalt fiir Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe South Africa Minerals Bureau Geological Survey United Kingdom British Geological Survey United States Bureau of Mines Geological Survey SUMMARY REPORTS This circular is one of several reports on selected mineral commodities to be published in the U.S. Geological Survey 930 series. The circulars published to date are listed below; year of publication is shown in parentheses. Copies are available free on application to The Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225-0046 U.S.A. 930-A. Manganese (1984) 930-B. Chromium (1984) 930-C. Phosphate (1984) 930-D. Nickel (1985) 930-E. Platinum-Group Metals (1986) 930-F. Cobalt (1987) 930-G. Titanium (1988) Requests for copies of International Strategic Minerals Inventory summary reports and for further information may also be addressed to: Ian R. McLeod Chief Commodity Geologist Resource Assessment Division Bureau of Mineral Resources P.O. Box 378 ~canberra City, A.C.T. 2601 AUSTRALIA .. J. Zwartendyk Director, Resource Evaluation Division '"tlineral Policy Sector '3nergy, Mines & Resources Canada Booth Street ~ottawa, Ontario KIA OE4 'jAN ADA Distribution Branch Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Postfach 51 01 53 D-3000 Hannover 51 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Ian Goldberg Director, Minerals Bureau Private Bag X4 Braamfontein 2017 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Richard N. Crockett Head, Mineral Intelligence Programme British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham NG 12 5GG UNITED KINGDOM