Mica [microform] : its occurrence, exploitation and uses

Cirkel, Fritz · 1905 · Historical

You are instructed to proceed to the productive mica fields of the Dominion and collect all data and general information rewarding the occurrence

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

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Mines Branch Departme~ " Of The Interior.

HONOURABLE 1! 'ANK OLIVER, M.P., Minieter, EUGENE HAANEL, PH, D. SUPERINTENDENT OF MINES.

Mica

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Fritz Cirkel, M.E.

Ottawa, Canada.

1905,

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Errata.

Page 68, 17th line from the top, for IS rend 12

Page 105, figure 36 is Upside down

Page 105, 6th line from top, for Harzibaeh rend Hazaribagh,

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"Aine Ss Branch

Department Of The Interio:

EUGENE MAANEL, PH. DO. (ers.)

SuPcaintenoeny of Mines

Ottawa, Ont. 190

I take pleasure in transmitting to you a copy of

the report on:

Mica, its Occurrence, Exploitation and Uses."

Eugene Haanel,

Superintendent of Mines

Date 19U

Received from the Mines Branch, Department

of the Interior, the report on:

Mica, its Occurrence, Exploitation and Uses.'

Signature

t Address

peanecnea' Peeanes

MINES BRANCH DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, HONOURABLE FRANK OLIVER, MAP. Minister.

Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. Superintendent Of Mines,

Mica

Occurrence, Exploitation and Uses

Ky

Fritz Cirkel, Mve.

Ottawa, Canada

1,

Orrawa, 21st August, 1905.

Sin,

[ have the honour to transmit herewith a Report on Mica, its occurrence, exploitation and uses—the first of a series of publications to be issued by the Mines Branch on the Economie

Minerals of Canada.

While due consideration is given in these publications to the geological features of the occurrences, special attention is paid to those topics which are of interest to the Mining Engineer and to those commercially interested.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Kugene Haanel,

Superintendent of Mines.

Hon. FRANK OLIVER, M.P.,

Minister of the Interior.

Ottawa.

Orraws, 12th August, Lod,

You are instructed to proceed to the productive mica fields of the Dominion and collect all data and general information rewarding the occurrence, mining and preparation for the market of the mineral "mien."

These data shall cover the following subjects:

Physical and chemical qualities,

General topographic and geologieal features of the mien areas,

Mode of occurrence of the commerce:tly useful deposits.

A ecneise description of all the mica mines and prospects of value.

Status of the Canadian mica industry, its present condition and future prospects.

Statistics of production and exports.

Conimercial application.

Oceurrence of the mineral in foreign countries, especially India.

Appinpix— Abstract of the laws governing the iLO Hsiton of mining properties and the mining of miea in the different provinces,

This report shall be accompanied by cuts through the deposits, illustrations and photographs pertaining strictly to the occurrence, the mining and preparation of mics.

Special attention shall be given to the commercial aspect of all the subjects above enumerated. (Signed) KUGENE HAANEL,

Superintendent of Mines.

Pritz Ctrken, Esa.. M.E., SO Stanley Street,

Montreal, Que.

Monrresn, January 10th, 1905

In pursuance with your instructions, transmitted to me in your letter of the P2th of August, TP have collected data and general information regarding the oceurrenee, mining and) preparation for the market of mica and TL now beg to hand over the annexed report thereon,

I have to acknowledge with sincere thanks the valuable aid you have given me by your suggestions regarding the carrying out of the work entrusted to me and especially in the compilation

of this report. I have the honour to be, Nir, Your obedient servant, FRITZ CIRKEL, Dr. EvGENE Haanen,

Superintendent of Mines,

Ottawa, Ont.

Table Of Contents.

PAG? s Introdnetion [2 CHAP PERT PHYS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GROGRAPEHEO\L DISTRIBUTION OF THE MICAS, The mineral Mica. Crystallization, Pereussion and Pressure Figures, Colour. Taternal imperfections and Inclusions. Hardness. Chemical Composition CGoographical Distribution 3S CHAPTER II MESCOVITE AND PHLOGOPIT! Vuscorste Geological Ocenrrence. Petrographie character of the Pegmatite, Mode of Occurrence of Muscovite Mica Locations of suscovite. Mica Oceenrrenees: Province of Quehbee: Saguenay District, County of Ottawa, County of Berthicr. Province of Ontario. Provinee of British Columbia. Ungeave ' 9°19 Phloqopite, History. Geographical distribution. Topographies| features or che mien fields. CGeologieal occurrence, Contact deposits, Poeket deposits. The occurrence of apatite in connection with miea. The Ontario section of the mien field. Mica outcrops. Origin of mica deposits. Chemical composition of phlogopite mica. 19-37

CHAPTER HHI THE MINING AND PREPARATION OF Me

The Mining 0] Mica: Pact Mining methods. The winning of mica. Effect and cost

of hand drilling, 'ffect and cost of machine drilling

Cost of blasting. Removal of debris. Construetion

of cable derricks. Disposal of roek and run of mine

Cest of mining. Percentage of mica in rock. Per

centage of grades in the run of mine BS 46 Pre paration of the Mica:

rrimming, Splitting, Ground miea Woy

Chapter Iv Mica Mines And Locations,

Province of Quebee, Province of Ontario, Miea eutting factories SOS]

Chapter V.

Status of the Canadian mica industry. Production, Export, Market and Prices S2.S4

Chapter Vi.

Commercial applications of mien SO 9S

Chapter Vii.

MICA IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. United States. Brazil, Norway. China. India. Comparison of Indian and Canadian mining methods, World's production of miea 99-112

Appen Dex.

\abstract from the Mining Law of the Province of Quebee Abstract from the Mines Act of the Province of Ontario Bibliography .. ll:

Index :2. 4 ; ; 133

11S

Introducticn,

The exploitation and de nt of the itiiyad resources of a country are largely dey er im whieh) all available information rewat " yomiie ete neter of those resources is pl ¢ ide speerilly before those most interested Hy if es this informiuttion is seattered thre ul e journals ane Government reports a cessihble to those who desire to interest 0 yy siieh resources An exhaustive ol hersd in formation on the subject, it Lf treacle and confidence in such a rep hey 7 init and eharacter of personal o hor !

In the present monogs on tl nite to fulfil such a purpose; t! mat G fs\ bopsis of all thet is known from rf m the s hyect generally, so that those shin ral its well as those who intend ul the extensive mica fields of Canc " given as will obviate the necessity ire] ternture. By these means the writer es to ; jury that will lead, hot only to SUCCES of Inrgae mien iiacts now known to the public oO iso to a se irch for the mineral in other parts of to the development of these varieties of mica but little commercial value. In addition to the rations made by the author of this report and to t) mation ed from the reports issued by the Dorninion at Provineta vermments, much information has been procured bw means a schedule of enquiry sent out to operators, of whor. a large rity returned

full replies In response to the effort made to obtain the latest and most accurate statistics possible a number of operators kindly consented

tO give the Gesired MmpoTmMaAatien HUT sonie, Tor pPRVate reasoius, de- !

clined to furnish these data, The w riter Was, therefore, obliged to compile the statisties of production fron: the Geological Survey Reports

While due consideration has been given to the geological features of the different occurrences, ehief attention has been paid to the commer "al phase of the subject This bast eX pression suggests the exploitation of mica deposits commercially valuable, But occurrences of this character at present form only a small percentage of the many deposits seattered all over the mica fields of Canada. In other words the available mica supply is limited, It is essential, therefore, that. the mich miner should be well vequainted with all the little ditheulties attending the opening up of new mien deposits and that he should be well equipped with both theoretical and practical knowledge of mica itself. Stecessful miea-mining implies a large and varied expericnece in the field and many a good mien deposit has been abandoned on account of the lack of experience on the part of those who directed the

operations,

Chapter I

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GEO- GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MICAS,

THR MINERAL MbOeA

Miea,* in its broader sense, comprises a group of minerals Whose chief characteristies, distinguishing them from all other thinerals, are the highly perfect basal cleavage and the great elasticity of the easily obtained thin lamin. Tf we split up a mica ervstal into sheets and continue to divide these sheets, we find that both their flexibility and their transparent qualities increase With the division of the lamin and this division may be continued to the thickness of 1-l000th of an ineh ane eold be carried, if we had sufficiently fine instruments, to a 1200.000th of an inch,

Of the many different species of mica only the following three are of commercial importance:

! Vuseorite: The German Kali-Glimimer,' usually eatled potash-miea, Ets predominating colour is white or pale vellow; it constitutes most of the white mien of the trade, The muscovite of India is of a ruby colour.

20 Phlogopites A wagnesia-alumina mien of amber brown and black colour, It constitutes the greater part of the amber mica of commerce, as found in Canada,

; Biotite:: Magnesia iron miea, generally blaek in colour. CRYSTALLIZATION.

The different species of mica ervstallize in the monoelvnie system with a close approximation to rhombohedral <vnunetry The form of the crystals is tabular, prismatic, passing into tapering forms with planes more or less rough and striated. (Pigs. 1 and 2). They oceur also as small scaly particles in plumose or eompact massive forms constituting sometimes whole parts of the deposits, as in the case of phlogopite, but in this form mien is of no commercial value. Most ervstals exhibit to a greater or Lse extent a distortion or variation from the ideal geometrical forms

*The name "mica" is derived from the Latin "mieare." to shine, and in ihe ; a :

Imes ats reneetvive and shihine Properties are expressed in sore:

form or another, So in German we have "Glimmer" whieh means "shiner, in Arabie Kaukabulaz." the star of the earth.

In many cases crystals are attached to each other or intergrown (Hig. 2) and in consequence of this are only partly developed.

Mica vields readily to the effects of disturbances in the formation in whieh it occurs, as i Cvidenced hy the folded. contorted and twisted nature of the erystals. Under such conditions only small percentage of the sheets mined are commerce: lly valuable.

Muscovite twins (Fig. 3) and crystals with curved edges are hot infrequent. Asa rule, mica erystals imbedded in a hard rock matrix and free from any intergrowt] vield the best and the high-

percentage of usefil miea sheets. These erystils are of perfect shape, the planes being gener: lly well defined, while the absolutely smooth a even humime vive evidence of com pleted crystallization free from disturbing exuses,

The thin lamins or films of mien are in general highly elastic, hut those of muscovite are less so and are not so smooth as those of phlogopite.

Crystals of phlogopite ove asionally contain primary erystals

of the same mineral, whieh conform to the svinmetry of the ervstal

Fre, 1 Crystal of Phlogopite Intergrowth of hie

H Twin crystal with core of pritiary erystal Phlogopite erystals

of Muscevite asa whole (Fig. 1). Sheets obtained from these double erystallizations exhibit no signs of imperfection as to lamination and, as a orale. can be used for anv purpose for which miea is generally emploved. Crystals of this kind have been mined in quantities on lot 15. range VIEL, township of Templeton, Quebce,

The width of the folia varies from a few inches to several fect. Most of the mica mined, however, does not exceed four to six Inches across. A majority of the larger crystals break up into small sheets producing the so-called © ribbon mien." The Lacey Mine near Svdenhans, Ontario, is one of the mines in which erystals

of phlogopite of exceptionally large sizes have been found, some of them measuring seven feet across the cleavage planes. PERCUSSION AND PRESSURE FIGURES,

In all micas percussion or pressure figures can be produced. The former may be obtained if a thin mica sheet be placed on a sheet of cardboard or similar plane surface and then sharply struck with a blunt needle. As a result, a six-raved star is produced (ig. 4), the branches of which intersect at the centre of percussion

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PAA i id / eee ae y " ve

L ack EY,

E E Fie, 4.) Pereussion figure, Pra. 5. Pereussion and press figure

at angles of about 60°. The so-called pressure figures are obtained hy subjecting a sheet of mica to a gradually inereasing pressure with a blunt puneh. This produces another six-raved figure, with rays approximately bisecting the angles of the percussion figure. (Vig. 5). Often we find. imbedded in a rock matrix, ervstals exhibiting these pressure figures as a result of pressure. Such erystals split up along these lines of inferior cohesion, forming pseudoerystal faces, which are inclined to the basal cleavage planes and

give rise in the case of phlogopite to the so-called "ribbon mica." COLOUR,

The colours of this mineral vary greatly. Some micas are colourless, others are white, pink, greenish, light brown or black. Some of the Bengal muscovite varieties are of a dark red tint which deepens into a ruby when in thiek sheets. Amber coloured muscovite is rare, having been found only in the Nellore district of the Madras presidency. The colours and the character of the lustre in muscovite are changed by hydrous alteration of the mica or are altered by the presence of inclusions of some other mineral matter,

A peculiar pearly or silvery lustre is displayed in some decomposed

muscovite varieties by removing exceedingly thin films from the cleayage planes.

The colour of biotite, the magnesium iron mica, is generally black.

The phlogopite varieties found in Canada are, even when in thin films, generally coloured a deep brown though they also show shades varving from a milky to a silver white or gray. The very dark or nearly black varieties sometimes contain, as chemical analysis has shown, a large amount of iron and for this reason their application to electriesl purposes is limited. As a rule, the lighter shades oceur in a matrix of soft, pale green pyroxene; Where the latter is dark and hard, the miea too becomes both darker and harder. There are exceptions to this rule, but, generally speaking, the colour of phlogopite is in a large degree dependent upon the colour of the rock matrix. A beautiful pearly lustre is often produced by removing very thin lamin from the cleavage planes, but exposure to the light gradually destroys this effect. Tt appears that a pale or gray colour of the phlogopite is not desired by the trade, This kind of mica was mined last year not well understood, it is hard, unelastic and partly brittle.

Lake Mine, North Burgess, Ontario. For some reason,

All coloured micas display some degree of pleochroism or the property of exhibiting different colours in different directions by transmitted light. Some Canadian phlogopite species show occasionally distinet pleochroism. A beautiful rystal of twelve inches in diameter secently found in the Laces mine exhibits a vellow brown colour when the light rays vibrate vertically and a red brown tint when the same vibrate parallel to the basal cleavage plane.

INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS AND INCLUSI Ns.

The transpareney of mica sheets is often destroyed by disturbed crystallization or by impurities taken up from the solution during the process of development. These inclusions generally appear in films or very thin plates between the cleavage planes. The most common of these inclusions in muscovite are films of feldspar, but in phlogopite the inclusions are calcite, erystals of apatite, feldspar and quartz and they are sometimes so numerous as to render the crystal entirely unfit for use. Maseovite erystals occasionally contain small ervstals of beryl. needles of black and red tourmaline, crystals of quartz, feldspar, garnet and zircon, the thin lamine being frequently stained with the colour of the

enclosed crystal. Red tourmaline stains, for instance, are found in the beautiful mica sheets obtained from the Villeneuve mine in Buckingham, Que. Brown or red films of iren oxide, though seldom seen in phlogopite and muscovite, are often met with in biotite.

Hardness.

The degree of hardness of all the micas lies between gypsum and calcite or between 2 and 3, Mohs' scale, and is considerably higher than that of tale from which miva ean be readily distinguished. Loose sheets found in the huinus as a result of decomposition of the erystals are soft, have an mnetnous aspect and, as a rule, the degree of hardness is nearer 2 than 3. Crystals, however, Which have been subjected to earth pressure or other disturbances during crystallization deliver hard, tnelastie sheets and are not desirable for commercial purposes.

Generally, a high degree of hardness is looked) upon with disfavour in the trade, indeed, for electrical purposes those sheets that ean be scratched with the finger nail are much preferred,

Chemical Composition.

All inieas can be e¢lassified into two gzoups, the altuminoalkaline micas, comprising muscovite and all related species, and the ferromagnesian micas, comprising phlogopite and biotite. Muscovite is characterized by its high contents of alumina and potash; in the ferro-magnesian group phlogopite is more essentially magnesian, whilst biotite is distinctly ferruginous.

The following table represents the theoretical compositions of the different species:

Milica 15.2

Alumina SOO

Meuscovirr Potash Bis Water Peay

loo OO

Silies 44.2

Alumina 1S

PHioGopire - Magnesia 20 4 Potash 9.9

Water fri fe

100. O08

Silica. 39.9

Alumina and Ferrie Oxide 22.9

Briorire Ferrous Oxide 1600 Magnesia so

Potash... 10 4

Water 20

S

All micas, however, contain a certain amount of impurities Which render their composition slightly different from that given in the above table.

Noted chemists, sueh as Hautefeuille, Chrustsehoft and Doelter, have artificially prepared small mica crystals according to these analyses, while Vogt has observed the oecurrence of erystals in furnace slag. Up to the present no erystels of the size demanded by the trade have been artificially prepared, nor is it likely that they ever will be. These experiments are, however, of special scientific interest inasmuch as the formation of mica at the expense of other silicate minerals has been demonstrated,

Geographical Distribution Of The Micas,

The distribution of mica over the globe is very general. It occurs in scaly particles as essential constituents of many metamorphic and eruptive rocks such as gneiss and granite but in this mode of occurrence it is of zeological and lithological importa. only. As an economic mineral, as a mineral of commercial value, occurring as deposits of ervstals of laree size, which split up easily into fine merchantable sheets, mics is found in only three countries. British India and the United States produce the muscovite and Canada produces all the three varieties. As the primary object of this paper is the description of the Canadian deposits, those of India and the Umied States will be only briefly dealt with.

Chapter: Ii; Muscovite And Phlogopite.

Muscovite.

Geological Occurrence.

Museovite, the most common of the micas, is named from Muscovy, a part of Eastern Russia where the mineral is) found. Its exploitation in Canada has been attended with many dithculties. The great dispersion of the deposits all over the country, their sporadic and sometimes erratic occurrence and the dithculties of transportation are factors which heavily handicap the growth of this voung industry.

The oceurrence of this mica is confined, more or less, to pegmatite dikes, masses, lenses, sheets or veins, Which in character may be called a very coarse granite, consisting of feldspar and quartz in variable quantities. These dikes occur in the Lanrentian

formation and in many cases have been involved tn struetural

Tie. 6—Peematite Dike Pia. 7.—Permatite Dike

modifications of the enclosing rocks, evidences of which may be noticed in the regions of the dikes where the crystals form large accumulations.

The pegmuatites penetrate the gneiss formation along and sometimes across its strike. In the majority of cases, however, it is observed thac they conform with 'he strike of the country rock (Figs. G@ and 7) and this may he due to the fact that the formation is more easily disrupted along than across its strike.

When, as often happens, a pegmatite dike is interrupted in its strike by a fault of the country rock (Fig. 8) the dike mass is not only thicker along the line of fault but this thicker portion contains more mica erystals than the other parts of the dike.

The intrusive character of the pegmatite is evidenced in most cases by its sending off spurs into the mass of gneiss, by the faet that dikes intersect the pyroxene rock and, further, by the pre-

sence of inclusions of grevish or reddish eneiss, In some places

Pic. 8, Pegmatite Dike in Faulted Country Rock,

in the country north of Ottawe three distinctly intrusive dikes are recognized in the same opening, the oldest being the pyroxene, the second pegmatite and the third a black trap.

Where pegmatite dikes are associated with pyroxene, phlogopite crystals are often found on the contact between the two rocks. In these cases the erystals show some disturbance and modification in connection with the intrusion of the dike mass.

Occasionally muscovite is found in association with biotite* In Methuen township, Peterborough, Ontario, a range of svenite hills contains many intersecting veins and occurrences of nepheline in Which at or near the surface erystals of white mica oceur, the basal planes measuring 3 by 10 inches and 3 by 4 inches. Ata depth of fifteen feet biotite crystals were associated with the muscovite containing inclusions of pure corundum. At oa depth of forty feet one of the nepheline veins terminated in a solid mass of corundum, museoyvite and biotite.

These nepheline veins are, according to Dr. Adams, svenite

*Mr. Morrison, discussion on Mica Deposits at the annual meeting of the Canadian Mining Institute, 1904.

pegmatites, having no quartz and being composed of feldspar and the two micas mentioned,

Pegmatite dikes vary in thiekness from a few inches to more than 250 feet and can be traced fora distance of fifty ora hundred feet in the case of the smaller ones and to several hundred feet in rome of the larger. Occasionally irregular in outline, they send out branches or spurs in every direction, Ne uniformity in the dip has been noticed, but it) varies from verties! to horizontal

through intermediate angles.

Petrographic Character Of The Pegmatite,

As to the constituents of the pesniatite dikes, either ts ledspr

ir or quartz predominates. an even distribution of both minerals through th like matrix is generally rare, The quartz is, usually vitreous, .y clear, oceasionally alittle pink coloured. The feldspar is a white orthoclase, sometimes opalescent and: ocessionally with a pale green tint. In the latter state it is used for decorative purposes and as gems under the name of mmnazonstone

When the feldspar predominates and oeeurs in large titsses Without any other impurities, it can be employed with advantage in the mamtfacture of porcelain, as at the Villeneuve mine nes Buckingham.

In addition to these common minerals there oeeur mint others with a varving degree of rarity. In seme regions ten or nore of these accessory species are observed in a single dike, while the dikes in other places are almost destitat of them. Amongst these minerals niay be mentioned: Tourmaline, gamer, tluorspar beryl, epidote and zircon and also all the different classes of minerals containing rare earths, such as samarskite, monazite and pitehblende.

No serious attempt, however, has vet been made in Canada

to mine any of the minerals mentioned above

Mode Of Occurrence Of Muscovite Mica.

As a rule erystals of muscovite mica of commercial value need not be looked for in dikes of less than three or four feet in width. There have been instances in the Ottawa valley, in the township of Wakefield, where erystals measuring from four to six inches across the basal planes have been found in small dikes, but they oceur so sparingly that profitable mining cannot be purstied. On the other hand, some of the largest dikes contain no mica of

[2

commercial size and in the absenee of any leading indications it ix difficult to sav which dike is likely to contain muscovite miea in payable quantities

As to the distribution of this miea in the dike. the erystals are generally scattered promiseuously through the matrix, while larger vein-like aggregations are observed near the contact with the adjacent: formation. Cavities lined. with ervstals are also found along this contact and asa rule the mien obtained therefrom is Of superior quality presumably on account of the absence of uny disturbing influences during the process of its formation, The form of most of the erys'als is tabular, though some are tapering, with rough and striated side planes. As to the size of the crystals, all gradations are obtained, from those of commercial sizes down to scales of microscopic dimensions, such as occur in the granite. Marketable sheets of eighteen and twenty-four inches across have been found in the Villeneuve mine.

Location of Muscovite Mica Occurrences.

Pegmatite veins or dikes occur throughout Canada in a very large number of places where the Laurentian formation is exposed, but large areas of this rock are concealed by the extensive mantles of sedimentary strata.

Many of the deposits described hereafter have yielded muarketable sheets, while others are mere prospects which by their appearance give encouragement for further exploitation, but it is Well to keep a note of all deposits of pegmatite, whether profitable at present or not, as illustrating their extent and the various eonditions under which they occur.

The best deposits so far discovered are those of the Saguenay district. situated at the lower St. Lawrence river below Quebec, Besides these there are deposits to the north of Ottawa, in the vicinity of Mattawa, at several places in Ontario, and recently discovered in British Columbia,

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, Saguenay District.

On the east side of the Saguenay river a number of coarse pegmatite veins occur, cutting the dioritie gneiss. This region is not surveyed or theroughly explored, but since L891 and 1892 constant discoveries have been made, some of them of very large

ions it

Ite mica

stals are . While let with ire also erefrom "enee of Mhation, € taperof the mmerenil ceur in

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domaar- V their ut it is fitable

Is CON

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Coarse rion Is

' large

e has a kind of dark rose

extent. The mien generally found h colour when in thiek sheets hie principal cle POstts have been found tn the townships of Bergeronnes, Tadousae and bscoumains (Tig. 9)

P tospoectls

Pre, 9 Map of the Saguenay Mies Mining Distriet

The MeGie Mine is situated in block G, Bergeronnes twelve miles from Lae des Escoummins. The vein, according to Mr Obalski's examination, runs northeast for a length of a quarter of a mile, cutting the dioritie gneiss strata. The width is from fifteen to twenty-five feet in the southern part, where the same has been worked for a length of 146 feet. On the northern part the vein measures over ntv-five feet and large ervstals ean be seen distributed all over the catrix. Two pits. fifteen and twentyfive feet deep have been sunk. Some of the mica eryvstels are of large size but break up in small sheets when freed from the rock. Very fine crystals of tourmaline, of garnet and bervl, the last sometimes three inches in diameter, are met with: small quantities of

apatite also are fou. . in the vieimty of the miea ervstals, The mica generally is of excellent quality, clear and free from spots and well adapted for ornamental purposes. bifteen tons of rough mica ervstals produced two and a quarter tons of eut mica, ox inches' some larger sizes measured 7X10 inehes Ms mine has been worked intermittently: and at present Operations are sts.

pended

Adjoining this inine is a prospect belonging to Mr L, A Robitaile, of Quebee. The vein has a northeasterly direetion and exhibits, where if has been explored, a large amber of fine transparent mica ervstals, Though there are many pegmatite

dikes in the surrounding country. no work has been done on them.

The next property of importance is the Beaver Lake elaim, known as the Mall Mines, It is situated at the head of the little Bergeronnes river, near the lake, about eleven miles from the St, Lawrence river, The width of the vein, neeording to Mr. Obalski, ix 100 feet, increasing sometimes to 200 and even to 300 feet. with # vertical dip and a northeasterly course, Several eXposures of the vein show fine mica ervstals irreenlarly distributed through the pegmatite. This property has yielded White transparent mica of exceptional value,

In addition to the above described occurrences there are a great number of prospects, some of them of very promising charaveter, Several veins have been reported in the country north from the MeGie mine at the heads of the rivers Beaulien and Bas de Soie, but the remoteness of these locations is a great hindrance at present to 'their successful exploitation. Between Tadoussac and Bergeronnes, on the little Bergeronnes river, a dike of pegmittite has been discovered holding large miea crystals on the contact vith the gneiss. This vein has heen opened up by Messrs, Dupuis and Latimer of Quebee and has given en: ouraging results,

Along the banks ef the Canard river, near the St. Lawrence, a large number of pegmatite veins have been located. but the mien, With one exception, occurs only in small ervstals. In this exception a large vein of quartz associated with another vein of pegmatite exhibits an appreciable amount of crystals of fair size. In the Lal

the tran

ce St. John region many discoveries have been made. but hiflerle de

S RFE so rout That up to the present no

serious exploitation has been attempted,

Is. The Mn Spots of rough itea, GNA nine has

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County of Ottawa

One of the oldest and at one time regarded ts the most pre minent white miea mine in the country the Villenen Vine in the township ot Villenenye, on lot SO, panwe Do twenty miiles north of the town of Bue kinwhsen and three miles from the Lievre river In this mine the mineral oeeurs ino a dike of white peg inatite, composed largely of clean white feldsparand quartz, about

150 feet wide, alinost parallel to the strike of a reddish and Uru The first work on this pre

qiartzose gneiss formation (hig

. , te fod ot IRS ! be ae yO o t , v /4 Me NT RS te a " hy : ay ae 1 od , al di eas ' soy ' ai) Vote ae Ly aie ¢ o me fies om te oe a 2 o 1 NS xs vet t : my ' tt , oy U ay nN oee4| ' " Pig. 0.—Cut through Villenenwe Mir

Allan of

perty was done in the summer of ISS4 bv Mr. W

who afterwards sold the mine to the Canadian Mies and Minit This company worked steadily fron, ISS to TSSS and marketable sheets of

Gee. ota. has produced about 35.000 pounds of eut The mine, whieh was well equipped witl

excellent quality.

modern machinery and emploved a staff of about twenty-five P. Franchot, who worked The prineipal work

at the fos

passed in SSS into the hands of Mr. S the mine intermittently from ISO00 to INOS, done on the property consists ef a drt to started! :

1 near the contact with the

) hill along the strike of the vein an

lt

gneiss, This drift has a length of seventy feet, a width of from Hitteen to twenty feet and is ten feet high At this drift a shaft has been sumk sixty feet following two small fissures o7 CAVitles

Hned With large mien ervetals of fine quality

This mine has eome inte prominence on gecount of the miner. ils containing rare earths whieh are found throughout the peymatite dike, but up to this time ne serious attempt has been piace to extract them san ple Of one of them, uranite, has been

analysed by the United States Ge Ologieal Survey and contained

Ostde of Uranium es Ontde al Yttrium 7 59 ONide of Corti and Phortun ist

Other minerals suet as mhontaite, cerite, cleveite and piteh Hlende COnTAININE rare earths bave heen found in the Villeneuve pegmuitites, together with tourmaline bervi, garnet and a number of other aeeessory minerals Many of the miea sheets ire stained red by tourmaline crystals. while stuatll garnet and zireon eryvstals are frequently imbedded in the sheets The miea in the Inine frequently occurs in large masses: one erystal found, weigh- Ing 2ST ths. and measuring SON2Z? inches, vielded 8500) worth ot merchantable mica. The fi Ispur, on aeeount of its purity, has been recognized both in England and the United States as retnarhably fit for the manufacture of fine chinaware. Mixed with kaolin in the proportion of 527, tests have given the best results. In ISSO about 400 tons were shipped to England and to the United States and although the price paid (87.00 to $9.00 a ton) is not very high pure feldspar must be consid red a commercial byproduct in connection with mied mining

The following analvsis of the feldspar has been made by the United States Geological Suryved and, inorder to demonstrate the

remarkable purity of the mineral. the theoretical composition. is added:

Theoretical

Analysis Composition. Silies 65 OW O41 61 Altaniineg 19 1 IN 49 Potash 1 SS : 1 G0

Iron trace

f from aostiatt

UNiftes

hhiiherpep prithele hee in]

piteh Hewvye inber APCOn, n the eighth ot , has s rewith sults, hited

hot

the mis

Hieul HiOn,

analysis of the samarskite found on this property gives the

county of Berthie

The Martssoneure Vine, the property of Theodore Doueet, of Montreal, is situated on the southeast border of Mien Lake, town ship of Maisonneuve, county of Berthier, forty miles from st Iamilie station on the CLPER Phe rocks on this property belong to the Laurentian gneiss varieties and are cut obliquely by a ndssive Vein of pegmatite varving from 36 to 52 feet in thiekness copiously charged with teasecovite in large ervetals, many of whieh vield sheets of merchantable size and quality Phis vein has been exposed by an oexeavation of about twenty feet by twelve feet, averaging ten feet in depth, The vein runs due east and west while the strike of the gneiss is north 52° west, thus showing that the vein cuts the roeks of the country at an angle of SS), the dip being perpendicular, A solid, well-defined wall can be seen on the northwest side. on the eastern side the wall has not beer laid bare. The vein has been exposed by stripping for ad 800 feet and shows the characteristies of a promisii The rock on either side and in contauet with it and thro country generally is oa comparatively fine-grained ag quartz, feldspar and hernblende with scaly particles a. arranged in parallel lavers. "The vein matrix, on the other han consists Of large and coarsely crystalline masses of pure quartz and flesh coloured orthoclase feldspar, confusedly aguregated together, but perfectly distinet from: and frequently appearing to penetrate eneh other with straight radiating cleavage faeces for a considerable length. The white museovite mica oeeurs ino this vein partly in isolated ervstals, distributed irregularly over the

whole width, and partly in accumulations near the contact with

the adjacent formation, All ervstals obtained froma this mine furnish fine sheets, netting from 2x3 up to 8x7 inches and some ervstals om sit measured eighteen inches square

This pegmatite vem like that of the Villeneuve mine, is dis tinguished hiv the OCCUPrenee Of foreign minerals In addition to tourmaline, beryl and garnets the rare mineral samuarskite occ

somewhat abundantly in the excavations made in the vein

Ing percentages of the rare earths it contains

Oxide of Uranium 1) 75 Oxide of Yttrium it. 34": trxide of Cerium and Thoriain iTS

In

er property which has come into prominence lately on

7 : deeemnt ot the mineral cleyeite, containing radium, is situated seventer a miles northeast of the Village of Malbaie (Charlevoix

ty new Lake Pieds des Monts in the township of Desales. The besmatite vein has a leneth of 300 feet and an average width of twenty feet. Some exploration work has been done on this property and a ervstal weighine 700 pounds and measuring B2.25 Inches ¥ ielding perfect sheets of LOX] Linehes, has bee neextracted, Mitteen to twenty tons of rough mica ervstals have heen mined

wnd prepared for the market.

Province Of Ont Arto,

In the province of Ontario several deposits of promise have heen discovered, but so far none of then: have heen worked to any great extent. In the township of Ay Iwin, about half a mile north of Venosta station, a vein of pegmatite cuts through a erayish gurnetiferous gneiss and laree erystls wielding excellent sheets sre sid to have been obtained. [In the Parry Sound distriet, in the tow nship of Proudfoot. a coarse and fine-ersined eneiss occurs containing biotite and gray muscovite mica. The gneiss is penetrated by various masses of fine-grained diorite and by a vreni number of pegmatite dikes that haye attracted the attention of prospectors on account of the beautiful crystals they contain. These dikes vary greatly in size and composition, but even the NAITOW Veins sometimes contain mica crystals of excellent

quality. In one of the largest of these dikes the various minerals

occur in crystals of gigantic size: microcline crystals attainine s length of three or four feet and mie ervstals frequently vieldine plates of eight by ten inches. Both biotite and muscovite are found here, but the muscovite, Which is perfect in quality and

cleavage, is alone suitable for commerce. PROXINCE (OF BRITISH Con MBIA

In British Columbia sonic Hanes deposits have heen exploited in the vieinity of Tete Jaure Cache, about 150 miles northwest of Donald on the CPLR. According to Mr Mekvoy® the mica oceurs as a constituent of coarse pegmatite veins, whieh eut the country rock, consisting in thet locality. of garnetiferous mien schists and gneisses. the schists predominating, The pegmatite

vein has a width of fifteen feet. some tines wielding crystals euttin

vo

Geological Survey of Cansda ISOS, Vol NI

pro- DLoOF cto.

ined

sheets ISx]1] inches Phese ervetals are generudy found on the hanging wall. while some are irregubkirly distributed through the vein, The miea is a transparent muscovite with a very Heht

greenish tint and appears to be of excelent quality.

There are a nmiunber of other deposits of this mien in the same locality and it is possible that this region may prodiee ain appre ciable quantity of very fine clear mica which, on account of its high priee, will be used for ornamental purposes only. A erent drawback, however, to the proper exploitation of these deposits is the lack of aeeess and communiention, all supplies requiring to

1 ter part

be earned in by paek-trains over teails, which for the greater

of the vear are in bad condition

TA ha

Throughout the arehiwean rocks of Ungava various pegmatite dikes occur containing large ervstals of miea, but owing to the bent and broken nature of the ervstals they are seldom: of commercial value. A. PL Low* reports the occurrence of "large plates

n the Talking and Island falls. and mentions the occurrence of fine

crystals ina red pegmatite dike near the head of Lake Winoksapau.

of a heht ereenish muscovite" on the Kastmain river. between

Phlogopite. MIS EO

Canada has long been known to be rich in economic phlogopite referred

deposits. More than forty vears ago Sir William Logan** to the phlogopite deposits of Grenville, Quebec, and in North snd South Burgess, Ontario, "in all of whieh" savs Sir William "the mica is obtained in lirge sheets whieh, being transparent and free from flaws, are wrought and emploved for the same purposes as the muscovite or potash varieties. erystal from: Grenville was so large as to furnish sheets measuring twenty-four by fourteen Good tea. we are told. was found on the loth lot of the

inches.

Sth range and on the Ist lot of the LOth range of Grenville, as well as further to the westward of this township. On the [7th lot of the 9th concession of the townshipof North Burgess large erystals of magnesian miea were found in abundanee ipa bed of pyroxene

*Geologieal Survey of Canada, Vol. VIII

rock. The mica was traced for about 300 fect and considerable quantities were extracted. — It appears probable that in this region and in Grenville sufficient: quantities of mica could be obtained to supply a large demand."

The Sydenham Miea Mining Company in the Kingston district was one of the earliest producers of phlogopite. Prior to IS90 large quantities of mica were raised in connection with phosphate mining in the distriet sound Perkins Mills. Quebec. During the extensive operations in the phosphate mines of the Ottawa county mica was more or less a dominant factor in the mineral raised, o¢curring in some cases in such quantities that the quality of the apatite was seriously impaired. Mica being at that time unmarketable, for it was only in the year 1S90 that the demand for this particular mineral commenced. it was thrown into the dump as useless, but the experience gained during the phosphate mining as to the mode of occurrence as turned to account when mica became a commercial commodity. Many phosphate imines were worked both for miea and for phosphate, but it was found that the peculiar character of the miea deposits did not admit of mining profitably the two minerals at the same time. Apatite mines gradually turned into mica mines, the apatite being mined ouly when in the immediate vic inity of the miea,

Geographical Distribution,

The occurrence of workable phlogopite deposits appears to be confiaed solely to Canada and more especially to an area of 520 square miles inelided in the country north of Ottawa, province of Quebee, and in the townships of Burgess, Lanark, and Loughborough, province of Ontario,

An examination of the vecompanying map shows that the country north of Ottawa comprises the largest mica field. Apart from some occurrences in the townships of Orthficld and Blake, this miea producing country covers a triangular area of about 400 square miles, with the southwestern corner north of the city of Hull, the northeastern in the southern part of the township of Derry, and the northern corner in the northern part of Hineks,

There are two separate miea distriets in the province of Ontario: one, of approximately seventy square miles, is situated in the townships of Loughborough and Bedford, with the village of

Svdenham as minine centre; the other, of about fifty square miles, is located jn ne t

Burgess, with the town of Perth as centre,

iderable s region

btained

'on disrior to h phos- During Ottawa mineral quality it time demand ito the sphate t when imines found Imit of \patite mined

. to be of 520 OVINCE

ough-

it the Apart Blake, wt 400 ity of up of tks.

f Oned in ge of

iles.,

Da TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE MICA FIELDS,

The southern portion of the productive mica area of Ottawa county is characterized by large stretches of flat farming land, here and there interrupted by low, long ridges, generally covered with bushes and underwood, 'The whole northern part, however, with few exceptions, is: series of low rounded hills and: ridges of gneissie rock, grouped together without any marked regularits and denuded, for the most part, of vegetation. These hills strike sometimes us chain-like eminenees through the country, forming small stretches of agricultural land in the vallevs. Their height varies from one to several iundred feet above the general level of the country, but none eam be deseribed as mountains although often locally so eatied

The country, asa whole. is traversed by numerous little creeks and rivers which empty into or drain a number of lakes. Mest of these rivers, owing to the rugged nature of the distriet. contain rapids and descents which ean be utilised as sources of power for mining purposes. A fine example of this is twenty-five titles from Puckingham, on the Lievre river at the High falls. where there is a clear descent of 130 feet. and another fall of twenty feet at the Little rapids is eleven miles from: the ssame town lock and dam have been built at the latter rapids, enabling steamers to pls between Buekinghem and the High falls. Another excumple is on the Blanche river, in the township of Templeton, where there sre three steep deseents between Lake MeGregor and its confluence with the Ottawa river,

The timber limits of these districts have been vigourciisty worked in former vears and owing to this cnuse and the extensive bush fires which swept over the country none of the original forests are preserved, Hlowever there is, nearly Very where, a good sup ply of second growth of timber avaik ole for mining purposes,

Transportation facilities are satisfactory, although on account of the hilly nature of the country the roads bave often winding and erratic courses. They are for the greater part of the vear in good condition, while the Ottawa, Northern and Western Railway and the navigable lower part of the Lievre river tap most of the productive mica field inthe north. It isevident, then, that the district is splendidly adapted for mining operations and, on account of its settled condition, little ditliculty is experienced in procuring labour.

The general character of the country round Sydenham and

Perth is somewhat different. While there are many lakes and rivers traversing the country in a northern direstion and affording splendid transportation facilities, the country, as a whole, consists of low rock lands, occasionally interrupted by small gneissi+ ridges, covered, as a rule, with a second growth of timber. The intervening stretches, consisting of low lying swamps, are used for auricultural purposes and throughont the district farms and . cttlements are numerous. Timber for mining purposes is not plentiful bat can be obtained at a cost of from four to five dollars a cord.

Geological Occurrence,

The oceurrence of workable phlogopite deposits is confined solely to the great Laurentian formation, which consists, in the miea-bearing areas, of the following typical rocks:

1 Red, gray and white orthoelase gneiss in great variety, distinetly banded.

2 Black hornblende and mica gneiss, often garnetife ous and cut hy veins of white and red oligs clase.

3.—Pvroxeni¢ gneiss, banded.

4.— f.arge bands of erystalline limestone.

These rocks are distinctly stratified and dip generally at all

angles, from almost horizontal to vertical.

The southern extremity of this formation is in the township of Loughborough.in the country around the village of Sydenham, the centre of the mica industry for southern Ontario. The Laurentian formation then extends in a northerly direction through the te vnships of Bedford, Crosby and South Sherbrooke into the township of North Burgess and here again we find another extensive mica district south of the town of Perth. Between this town and the city of Ottawa che Laurentian formation is overlaid by Cambro Silurian rocks, hence this area is not mica bearing. North of the city of Ottawa and the Ottawa river, in the county of Ottawa, province of Quebee, the Laurentian formation again outcrops and covers practically the whole area northward. In the country tributary to the Lievre and Gatineau rivers we find the most productive miea belt, which now appears to be the backbone of the Canadian mica industry.

The horizon of n

te

proper.* These gneisses are generally of

gray or reddish gray appearance with hornblendie bands, nearly

all of whieh are highls siliceous. These beds penetrate through the caleareous layers into the massive erystalline limestone formation. In the Buekingham and Templeton areas apatite and mica are seldom found in the crystalline limestone, but in the Gatineau area several large dikes of pyroxene oveur in this formation, carrying workable mica deposits. (Fig. 11).

oe: ha

°

if

F PRN Oe 12"

sep Vet Be Te) ra EE Ie 5 SS ld ye tan an He

Fig. TS Pyroxene Dike in Crystalline Limestone

The deposits of jin gopite mica are associated with pyroxene, Which penetrates the gneiss or limestone in the form: of dikes. Sometimes these dikes occur along the banding of the country rock and extend in lenticular misses along the planes of stratification, This mode of occurrence of the pyroxene has, prestumably, led to the early supposition that these reeks were also an integral part of the altered sedimentary rocks of the Laurentian formation. In most cases, however, the pyroxene dikes cut across the stratification of the gneiss and associated strata and penetrate these rocks at all angles like dioritie dikes, thus furnishing conclusive evidence of their intrusive character. This is also recognized in the many openings that have been made in the apatite and mica deposits in the Gatineau and Lievre districts and also in several deposits near Perth.

In many eases the gneiss has no distinet lines of separation from the pyroxene, but seems to have been penetrated with small branches or spurs of this rock, forming, near the contact, a more or less pyroxenic¢ gneiss which is easily decomposed and eroded by

*Miea Deposits of the Ottawa District." Geological Society

weathering, Mien deposits of highly irregular charaever are frequently found filling up the gap between two spurs, but, ou account of the great decomposition the erystals have undergone, vield. as a rule, very little commercial mica. Generally two classes of deposits ean be distinguished :

] Contuet deposits. forming the contact hetween the oneiss

and pyroxene (Pig. 12).

n n " a oy r 2 tia + 4 ey / , 5

do

Fig. 13.— Pocket Deposit

oceurring in fissures wholly in pyroxene (f ig. 15) or on the contact hetween intrusive feldspar

or diorite and pyroxene.

Poo vet deposits,

They occur in the form: of single ervstals seattered through the mass of the dike in irregular pockets, lenticular bodies, little bunches, bands and, in the case of contact deposits, in vein-like aceumulations,

All deposits are composed nore or less of micnerous matter (namely, numerous sealy particles grouped together in a compact mass) and small or large miea crystals of possible comunerei:al value. In the majority of cases they also contain small bunches or pockets of enle ite of il reddish pink colour, or ther re Geconpamied by small bands or massive bodies of the same mineral

Miea erystals found in caleite are, as a rule, well formed and deliver a large percentage of good sheets: intergrowths of ervstals in caleite are rare and the "ribbon miea" is less frequent, — Apatite is frequently met with in small masses in the vieinity of miea de posits, while crystals of the same mineral are found inibedded in the ecaleite or pyroxene or are intergrown with mica, In some cases the latter penetrate the apatite and inclusions of ealeite or apatite in the form of plates and erystals are found in the centre of a omiea crystal, Miea erystals imbedded in' pyroxene have seldom a perfect erystalline structure.

Contact Deposits,

The vein-like or contact deposits are the most important from a mining point of view. Asa rule, the mica ocenrs in lenti- Cular bodies connected with each other along the solid wall of the eneiss formation, or along certain well defined lines of fracture. in vertical as well as in horizontal extension,

These vein-like deposits frequently send out spurs or branches into the mass of pyroxene, while cavities filled with well defined erystals are often met with along the wall of the adjacent formation, Caleite is a usual accompaniment of the miea and in the majority of cases is deposited near the solid wall of the country rock. The presence of this mineral, on account of its generally containing mica crystals of nearly always perfect quality, is looked upon with favour by miners.

A great advantage in the mining of vein-like or contact deposits lies in the fact that the amount of dead rock to be removed is reduced to a minimum, while development work can he pursued

more systematically,

The following mines are good examples of the contact type: the Wallingford mine at Perkins Mills, P.Q., Pigs. 14 and 15; the Kodak mine of the late Wakefield Miea Company on lot 16, second range of the township of Wakefield, Fig. 16; the Battle Lake mine, hig. i7: and the Rheaume Lake mine, in the township of Templeon Fig. IS; the Baby mine, in North Burgess, Ontario, big. 19, and the Lake Girard mine, Fig. 20. 0 Most of these deposits hui heen worked downward, alore the contact with the gneiss, for

over 200 feet, as at the Lake Girard

She Oe oxe

Pia. 14.—Seetion of Miea Vein in Wailingford Mine

/ e "A> se ne ah ! a sil

+7 !

nm

Section of Mies Vein in Wallingfe;

Mica

16.— ection of Mica Vein in Kodak Mine.

a

a fit

Pia 17. Seetion of Mien Vein in Battle Lake Mine

wi " ree basis UU

# Calcite Mis et 4 'eg — me Zep to) a". i y YS 7 % be a

Fia 1S. -Section of Miea Vein in Rheaume Lake Mine

my)

It is frequently observed

OSPOCCHHIN near the contuet feldspathic, gneissie rocks, that the pyroxene holds boulders at dark feldspar mixed with Quarts

SOMLEOTETE Os Pre POUTILE Wteo ge trast

granite, ane that hetwoen the boulders 4 len eorystals

bedded in a matrix of a soft and pale

Zreen pyroxene

the whole a cobweb (ppearance An example of this kind 1]

he Battle Lake mine townships

ae ripletany I Ww. 1G incl the

Rhentume Lake mine in the vore of Te mpleton (Pig. IS

a a se a AE — apieticen_peproemeestvenenses EE t 4 : H Od eu. pues muah f f ; Gain iaan gt di pad ot cies i - re; ' ih ' or ft)

"

m As to the sovone res H dikes of diovite and ror whe ; te? threat Ith ! tht rene teeiene eral proper ! Citseudes won el eoveree ' t ehded a ree COCUITONCE Lye Vise Loy eresete Mheertiainl 1 and entails more risk 4 r then king tha depo if Mauris iieibie bethis ela ( fittn large size I Sener Occurrence resem bolic ONtetrlin lL as rock aneed thy TINESE Urbed deat POsits rendey their Loe lon very lithiendt to the main reason vive we hear so mel Orit

It Is alse the ren SONY hverh

belonging to this Class are of

and so little resend the methodic worl

nied generally follows certain lines

see]

felts or fraets

; i ' F f tinve l or ' i thy oper

! tet hig j ) plenilick ele 1 erudite eof ert mitall ae ' en ' ise nd

tlle py the

occasionally stringers or narre Veins, splittir Ip oor coy Into eaeh other Cavities are Prequenthy met t sOmet very large dimensions lined with mies ervstils or ey

PYroNene ane apatite The quality of the mica vind eavittes is generally very fine, owing to the fuet that the

seldom show a lateral disturbance

all the NEeCESSAr properties

Iho many cases we fined that

Mlesd ts contained tn the deposit, tl

po uttered, contorted ind t Vistodl pare tn feeous roe! Patter This cor lit on

pout Ov disturbing influences either by

Tortniation or by i sudeder

enange in

r of the formation of these ervstals out Which filled the Mssures trom bel

in their fol

for a cote real prod

He greater purt

Witton curved

let bathe

ipparenthy br

iffine of the

ehiperatiure uri:

he heated

if ! irene Orit ere

Pars '

tls, Or sometime

ahs

pony

The Occurrence Of Apatite In Connection With Mica,

As regards the occurrence of apatite in association with mica we can discriminate in a general way between three different areas in the country north of Ottawa, namely:

1.— The Lievre district. 2.--The Templeton district.

3.—The Gatineau district.

In the Lievre district, that is, in the country north of Buck ingham, most of the phosphate mines contain very large apatite deposits to a depth of over 1,000 fect (as at the High Rock and North Star mines), while mica in connection with this mineral is oceasionally met with. Generally, when mica is associated with apatite the erystals are brittle and contorted and break up into small pieces, the quality of the apatite, on account of these impurities being seriously impaired. In the Templeton district and more especially in the pyroxene belt around McGregor lake where mica is found freely associated with apatite the crystals met with are perfect and in sound condition, In the Phosphate King Mine near Perkins Mills very fine erystals measuring more than eighteen inches across the basal planes were found in solid apatite, and at the Wallingford Mine, in the immediate vicinity, the mica in association with apatite is equal to the best the mine produces. Another example is the Blackburn Mine, where large masses of clean high-grade apatite are occasionally seen in association with mica deposits of considerable extent. The occurrence of a pink calcite is one of the characteristics in connection with this association in the Templeton area, the ealcite very often replacing the apatite and carrving good mica crystals of commercial value,

The Gatineau district is distinguished from the other districts by carrving a larger amount of calcite in' the pyréxene. The pyroxene may, in connection with miea, occasionally contain larger crystals of apatite and sometimes small pockets, but it is seldom that this mineral ean be profitably worked. With one or two exceptions, this district affords little encouragement for the profitable mining of apatite in connection with mica,

Mica deposits are frequently eut off by apatite. An illustra tion of this kind is found in the Phosphate King Mine in Templeton (Fig. 21). A vein-like accumulation of mica of a width of three

¢ nas) a A A j on 4 + foes v Lo? Weare oo ie 4 g "6 Y ee: ed 1 a A 7 "4 " © v Fo bas ae A 4 A728 rae v ats rt eve v oo Seti eohas PA Fig. 21 Mica Vein cut off by Apatire feet was followed down to twenty-six feet. At this depth a large

high-grade apatite deposit eut off the course of the vein. A few perfect crystals of mica were found seattered through the apatite and when this body was penetrated the original mica deposit continned on the other side in its regular downward course

The Ontario Section Of The Mica Field,

The deposits in the Sydenham and Perth mica districts bear a great resemblance to those of the Templeton district and most of the remarks relating to the one are applicable to the other. — It appears, however, that the pyroxene dikes and consequently the mica deposits in the Ontario section are not so abundant as in the

country north of Ottawa, in which region the pyroxene dikes, divided onlv hv narrow intervals of country rock, are grouped into

one prod .. field. In the Sydenham and Perth section, on the other ha.. 'are extensive, intervening street of country rock, accou: for the discoveries recorded in a given area of this region be: ess numerous than in a similar area of the

Quebee division. MICA OUTCROPS.

On account of the great irregularity and variation of oceurrence and the superficial character of many of the outcrops, surface indications are not sufficient data from which to deduce the value of mica deposits. All outcrops must be explored to depth before any definite idea can b- gained as to their extent and quality.

In many cases, especially on mountain slopes and small ravines, we find that the humus covering the solid rock contains a considerable amount of mica sheets of fine laminw and much money has been spent in the frequently fruitless effort to find the

Fro. 22.—Displacement of Mica in Soil.

mica in the solid formation. This failure is due to the weathering and decomposing process of nature; all erystals on the surface undergo decomposition; the sheets are loosened, separated, split up in fine lamin and all, or part of them, are carried away by the action of water and deposited in places lower than the outcrop from whence they came and sometimes far away. (Fig. 22). Thus it happens that we have an apparently large deposit of sheet

mica and decomposed crystals in the soil, while we find nothing in the underlying rock.

In examining a mica property the inexperienced prospector is deceived by this sporadical occurrence of mica and concludes that the property he is examining is a very desirable one, whereas it very likely contains deposits of little or no value.

Origin Of Mica Deposits,

Concerning the origin of Mica (Phlogopite) Deposits, the latter are so intimately associated with pyroxene and apatite that we may consider them analogous and that which can be said for these rocks to some extent is applicable also to mica. In the case of the Canadian apatite deposits the eruptive or igneous origin is well recognized.

Most of the pyroxene analysed contains a considerable amount of calcium and since it must have ascended along lines of fracture or least resistance in its intrusion, it may be reasonably inferred th:' vapours charged with phosphoric acid ascended along such lines rather than through the compact rock mass. These vapours impregnated the softened or heated magma in certain portions in proximity to the margins of the pyroxene masses and as a result of the chemical action upon the calcareous portion the phosphate of lime or apatite was produced.

As to the mica, its formation would seem to indicate a CTYSstallization from an aqueo-igneous solution along lines of fractures in certain portions of the pyroxene, in conjunction with the formation of apatite. This is rendered the more probable by the occurrence of thin sheets of calcite between sheets of mica and by the impression of the mica sheets on fragments of well erystullized calcite, forming a sort of tapered cone with microscopic steps. So far this latter phenomenon has not been observed on the feldspar, though thin sheets of this also have been found between sheets of mica.

The impression of the edges of mica sheets upon calcite would seem to indicate that the mica crystallized first out of the injected magma, and in so doing inclosed at times apatite or calcite between the layers, and at other times but not so frequent feldspar.

In nearly all the mica deposits we ean observe that the pyroxene is the earlier formed and the phlogopite the later formed mineral. In some deposits the two form a regular net work the interspaces of which are either empty or filled with a coarse grained

aggregate of reddish coloured caleite or apatite. From the fore-

going it is evideat that the sequence of the four vein minerals is thus: pyroxene, phlogopite, apatite, calcite.

Although the enclosing rocks offered considerable resistance to the fissure force, still after the entrance of the vein matter, in come fissures it was free to crystallize in large pure masses, us can be noticed in some of the more prominent mica mines in Templeton. Where the aqueous solution was over-saturated the free erystallization was considerably impaired and the consequent result was the formation of a contorted and twisted mica. The brittleness of some of the mica is very likely due to the sudden cooling off of the erystals by some causes during the process of their formation.

In addition to these phenomena a shearing force would seem to have acted at times, Some blocks of mica are cut through and thin filaments of mica left adhering to the edges. This may have been caused by a slow slipping along a fold, as the edges do not exhibit the appearance usually caused by cutting or shearing with heavy instruments.

Considering the foregoing data, we must come to the conclusion that the apatite and mica deposits in the Archean rocks are the result of emanations and injections of varied kinds of igneous rocks whieh have accompanied or immediately followed the intrusions of pyroxenic misses,

That these masses of pyroxene are deep-seated is seen at the High Rock and North Star workings, where vertical depths of 1.100 and 900 feet respectively were attained. In both these mines, which represent the deepest Canadian workings In pyroxene rock, the prospects for successful mining of apatite are as satisfactory at the bottom as at the surface. The conditions under which the pyroxene occurs in Templeton and in all the other distriets are almost identical with those of the Lievre river and consequently the experience gained in the deep phosphate mines can be justly applied to the mica mines of the productive area.

'The intrusive character of the pyroxene, as illustrated above, is another reason why we may disregard the contention of many operators of muica mines that the deposits are only of superficial character.

From the foregoing it may reasonably he inferred that the mining of mica in depth is limited, not by nature, but by market

condi

erased cost of mining,

Chemical Composition Of Phlogopite Mica.

The following table gives the chemical Compositions of some

of the Canadian species taken from several localities:

*Mica from **Mica from **Miea from *Miex from

North Templeton. Perth, Taevre River Burgess, (Lacey

Silien. . . woz! 1000 39 66 305 Alumina . , 1S 5t 17 00 7.00) tics Magnesia 25 S0 26,50 249 22000 Potash S 26 10 00 Q207-° 53 Soda. . 10S O80 Iron. . 0 50 O17 8&5 Volatile. . 100 3 00 2S ea oo

It would appear from the above table that as far as the contents of iron is concerned the mica from North Burgess is the purest, the mica from 'Templeton and Perth comes next, while the sample from the Lievre river shows eight and a half per cent. Which excludes its use for insulation purposes.

*The Geology of Canada, 1863, page 495 **From private sources,

Chapter Iii.

THE MINING AND PREPARATION OF MICA. The Mining of Mica.

The work of extracting the mica from the rock end converting it into a saleable article is divided first into the ordinary mining operations, such as drilling, blasting and hoisting, together with the collection and transport of the mica to the cobbing sheds, and, second, the dressing or cobbing, that is, the separating of the mica sheets from the adhering rock particles and grading of those sheets into different sizes and qualities which are packed for transport.

It is of importance to review these different operations, involving, as they do, the entire cost of the production of mica. The success of any mine depends to a large extent upon the careful, economic and intelligent management of the different branches, but this applies more especially to the mining of mica, which is carried on under conditions so widely different from any other mining, especially lode mining.

Mining Methods.

On account of the irregular character of most of the mic¢ deposits, the methods employed to work a mine are manifold. The easiest work and the one which requires little or no systematic preparation is the open quarry—where several deposits or pockets are mined together until the rock in situ shows no more mica. The disadvantagy s of this method are obvious: on account of the severe weather, no efficient work can be performed during the winter, while in many cases, where the deposits are not rich, the hoisting or removing of so much dead material is a cause of great expense,

Working underground has, therefore, many advantages, the principal one being the possibility of continuous operations. In the case of a vein-like deposit, with defined walls, a shaft is usually sunk on tke foot wall and the deposit opened up at intervals of thirty to fifty feet by side drifts and subsequently by rises and winzes. The mica so laid open is then stoped whenever desired. Occasionally pillars are left supporting the walls and roofs in the drifts.

In the case of pocket deposits which consist of irregular dis-

ics

connected bodies dispersed through the formation no methods suel as these can be employed. Generally an inclined central shaft for the hoisting of all material is put down in the surface deposit and all the mica in sight is taken out. Then the shaft is continued, drifts re run in all directions in the hope of finding other deposits and this system is continued until no more mica can be found in the neighbourhood of the shaft.

This mode of working has one great disadvantage, no large stopes of mica can be blocked out and consequently, the mine is a mine without reserves and can never be prepared for a future regular output.

The Winning Of Mica,

As to the mining proper it must be remembered (iat. the peculiar properties of mica do not permit of the quick work suitable ie any other mining. In large mines of any other description hand drilling, for instance, is replaced almost entirely by machine driving, but this practice cannot be generally followed in the case of mica mining. The peculiar location of the ervstals, either single or in accumulations, in the rovk matrix makes a certain position of the drill holes imperative if the fine sheets are to be unimpaired and, as a rule, this position cannot be attained hy machine drills. Hand drilling, therefore, is not only the rule when blasting is to take place near the deposits, but the holes so drilled are only lightly loaded, the object being Just to loosen the rock preparatory to taking it down with the mica by picking, or, in the case of very valuable crystals, with hammer and chisel. This slow advance, however, is well repaid by the results so obtained and the greatest attention should be paid to the winning of well preserved crystals in this careful manner,

Effect And Cost Of Hand Drilling.

Hand drilling is generally performed by three men on each hole, two striking and one turning. Employing one-inch octagon steel and hammers weighing six to seven pounds, the three men should average, in hard pyroxene, from fifteen to twenty feet a day of ten hours, at a vost of from eighteen to twenty-two cents per foot. The depth of the holes seldom exceeds four feet. Single handed drilling—where the operator uses steel three-quarters of an inch thick—has been noticed only in one of the Wakefield properties,

10)

Effect And Cost Of Machine Drilling,

In the larger mines drilling in development work is done with steam or compressed air. When steam is employed, one drill averages from thirty-five to forty feet per day; in the case of compressed air, the average is about five feet more, The cost per foot, dependent on the cost of fuel in the distriet, ranges between cight and ten cents, not ineluding wear and tear of machinery,

The employment of steam for drilling below a certain depth has great disadvantages, the principal one being the great dampness and inconvenience cause by the steam lingering in the levels, This impedes ventilation, more especially after the firing of shots,

Cost Of Blasting.

The blasting is now generally done with dynamite, containing 36°; nitro-glveerine and costing from sixteen to eighteen cents a pound. In three of the larger mines the firing of shots is performed by electricity, all the other mines, however, blast by means of fuse and caps. While the latter practice is more or less dangerous, it has advantages over blasting by electricity, inasmuch as the firing of the single holes in succession can be easily regulated, the quantity of dynamite used is reduced to a minimum and the erystals are less broken and scattered. The cost of blasting in mines where hard pyroxene occurs in boulders and where the drifts are wide and roomy (that is, over seven feet wide and of corresponding height) is, approximately, from five to seven cents per ton of rock broken. In open quarry work this cost should not exceed four cents per ton,

Removal Of Debris.

The next operation is the removal of the broken rock from the pits to the dump and, simultaneously, the picking up of the miea erystals and sheets.

In the case of an open quarry, if the bottom of the latter is on the same level with the top of the dump, the removal of the debris, ete., is very simple: it is loaded on small dumping cars and brought to the dumping ground or to the cobbing shed. But in the case of deep mining the rock has to be hoisted by means of derricks or solid gallow frames and buckets. Hand and horse derricks are employed only in small mines; all the larger mines employ steam power in connection with hoisting. Ixcepting one mine in the Quebee division which uses eable derricks, all the mines employ the boom type.

A boom derrick (Fig. 23) consists. in the main parts, of a mast (a) and a boom (+). Mast (a) is turnable On its own unis and is held in vertical position by means of guy ropes (hb) or so called "stiff legs." Boom: (e) is held in a suspended position by rope (d) and pulley (f) and can be lowered an raised at will The bucket is attached to pulley (2). The k neth of the boom is from thirty to fifty feet. its working radius is naturally limited and can hardly be extended more than fifty feet

See RS Rat

Construction Of Cable Derricks.

The construction of the cable derricks is based upon the same principle as the boom derricks, but instead of a boom there is a cable with a carrier on it. This cable is stretched from the top of a solid mast te some point across the working pit, so that hoisting can be performed from any point vertically, or nearly verti-

Fic. 24,—Ineline Cable Hoisting Shaft.

'ally below the cable. These cables can be stretched 400 feet ; they have a diameter of 14, and 2 inehes and are made of crucible cast steel. The ropes used for hoisting are $ and inches in diameter, similar to those used in boom derricks.

In their simplest form, these incline cableways (Figs. 24 and 25) consist of a carrier (d) and two wire ropes, one the carrier rope (a) stretched between an A-frame and some well guyed point across the pit and on which rope the carrier runs; the other the lifting, or as it is usually called, the fall rope (b), which in this type also serves as a hauling rope. In order to provide sufficient resistance to cause the load to be lifted before the carriage commences to travel along the carrier it is necessary that the cable

be inclined so that the loaded carriage moves upward to a stop (e) on the carrier rope situated above the dumping point, To insure satisfactory working, the inclination required is seldom less than 80°. On stopping the carriage at any point on its Upward journey, the load may be lowered and dumped, after which the carriage returns down the ineline to the stop (c). Tt is generally necessary, however, to provide a bridle or link (), pivoted to a wooden elamp on the carrier rope over the dumping point, which link is raised by a cord (f) and dropped over the hook on the end of the carriage before dumping and afterwards released to allow the carriage to return,

Fic. 25.- Carrier for Cable Hoisting

To obtain control of the carriage so that the load may be picked up or lowered at any point without shifting the stop on the carrier rope, a third rope is required, which is attached to the carriage and is wound in at the same speed as the fall rope after the load has heen lifted,

Disposal Of Rock An\D Run Of Mine,

The hoists employed are of the double evlinder type of thi sual construction; in one or two exceptions only single ey linde hoists are in use. The refuse rock is hoisted in steel buckets Which slide on skids in the inclined and swing free in the vertical shafts: thev hold from 400 Ibs. to SOO Tbs, of rock. The buckets are emptied into dumping cars. in quarry work boxes are used, which are filled with debris and placed on trucks and then wheeled out to the dump. All mines use steel rails of che H

(ay ar

The

nineteen pounds to the vard, mostly of Canadian inake.

Hi

ertiche Mmibead Is ge nernalls earned to the ecobhing shed but whe he of a temporary charaeter are placed right on the edge of the pits it is earried by hand. Where the eobbing ts pet red ina special

and permanent oxtablishment, the miea is railer

cost OF MINING

Owing to the variation in the character ¢ deposits met with in mines even of the same Jocelite, it tsi "ib eneral- 20 On the stibjeet of the cost of utd In one p ' Sper Ses ay be double these of its neighbour [noord hie ver, to give

some approximate des of what the eost of production may be

the writer has chosen the example of a mine hich has been ve eularly working for years under conditions generality con idered not too favourable, so far as character of the deposit n cerned, Thi cleposit constitu loa vem like oa Wri es of mien ervstils, which, at times, were of such inferior qrialits to render a very large percentige useless for the tra However the vein also produced very fine erystals, sormetinu no large

quantity, so that, taking if all round, the mine may be considered

as working with fair suecess The depth was from 150 to

feet and the deposit was opened up by large drifts, stoping and drifting being generally performed simultaneously rifling ane hoisting were done by machinery. Two gifts W unning drilling was going on in both shifts, hile hoist me only during the day shift. The average expenditure mine per

day for twelve consecutive months was as follo

2 Steam <trillers So 2 Helpers 3 00 $ Mucker 5 20 Machinist 3.50 Drill bays 1.20 2 Bueket n 2 WwW Blacksmith and Helper 3.00 1 Man and Horse 1.75 1 Foren 2.50 Dynamite and bleting matecial. 4.00 Fuel... 5.50 Other material and supplies 2 00

Total expenses per diem 837 65

An ernge of sixty teeny rae} Ojtert ala whale i tyouit thhatmeby trite oy is HOO) pound fing fro Insinehes up. The daily w reoobhing averaged S 10.00 that the total daily exper ire at the mine y S475, SIIS.SS per ton te whieh must ededded general busin pen ich ou Hrigedecigrettipe nit Insurance, ' i trance ae present on to appronimately LA0 doliy per trenithy, on H

On a monthiv produetion of seven and half te twernt pel ton

One ton of thon trimmed mien of ize rote ven inches upwards w therefore, produced at an average st less than SET This sum. however, does mht weve dived prospeetin

and exploring work, whiel in ne irl senses earried on spn

tancously with the deep minis

Peroen

On Mit IN| ROOT

Apart from efficient management. the question whether

hilea mine pays or does pot

depends Or the pe eentage of eo minereially useful mien sheets n the roek What, ther the

le st percentage on which

trnine ean be mace to puns To answer this question we must eriminate between quarry

vork, which is generally earried on in large poekety deposits, and

nderground workings where vein-like deposits, or deposits of a

cobweb or cavity nature are mine The quantity of rock to he hoisted in both cases is generally very large fosperionce in differ ent mines of the quarry class has shown that with present prices and in ordinary cireumstanees at least 750 Ths. of ¢] tibtrimimed Mes Mus extracted for every LOO tons of rock norder to make the vent ado paving concert In underground mining the ty f rock hoisted tor i ive nm quanti of mien is not so jarge since mining Hore less contined to the narrow shafts and drifts following the course of the veins or lentien! eposits. Texperienee shows that under. or dinary cir lenst 3H Ns trimmed mica must be extracts the depth of the shafts not exe The proportion of ( i 1 SOME CASE lig good pa meever, the Cpa

+ nica rds, in the case of

vork, three tons of ending 750 Ibs. and.

case of underground workings, about five tons of run of mine wielding 1,250 Ibs. of thumbtrimmed mica should be extracted for every 100 tons of rock in order to make mine, working under ordinary conditions, pay all expenses and leave a profit. Generally speaking, the above figures represent the experience of the mica mines of the Quebec division.

Percentage Of Grades In The Run Of Mine.

So much depends upon the character and quality of the deposits mined that it is difficult to compile averages of the different sizes, in the run of mine. Some deposits yield only small sizes of mica with a very small percentage of larger sizes, while others, but they are not frequent, vield a comparatively large percentage of the larger sizes.

One pone in the Wakefield township yielded with a certain regularity

61¢¢of thumbtrimmed mica cutting x 3"

26% 4 L. als. a ie 9% # "xg" 3% its & Bye. ae 1% ue Hs 4" x 6" and over.

A mine that delivers large sizes is the Battle Lake mine in the Tempicton township. This mine has yielded since the beginning of operations, which have consisted mostly of open quarry work :—-

36¢,0f thumbtrimmed mica cutting 2" x 3"

27% "" "cc Pad x 4" 20% " " 3" x5" 17% a ° 4" x 6", 5" x8" and over.

Another mine which delivers exceptionally large sizes is the Lacey mine near Sydenham. Crystals measuring five feet in diameter, yielding an extraordinary quantity of commercially useful mica sheets of large size, have been found here, while others of two and three feet diameter are a daily oceurrence.

Generally speaking, a deposit of fairly good quality should yield, as an average, about :—

50°% of thumbtrimmed mica cutting)" x 3"

30% " " 2" x3" 10¢; " " ox 4" 6, " " 3" x5"

4% x . +" x 6" and over

Preparation of the Mica.

Some ten or twelve years ago only the sizes of two inches by four and upwards were in demand, anything smaller than this was hardly saleable. Today most of the demand is for the smaller sizes. This change is due to an invention which has for its purpose the replacement of the large size* shects by what is known as micanite.

This micanite or "mica board." if we may so call it, is made by building up layer after layer of the thinnest mica films. A coating of a special cement or adhesive containing shellac is placed between the layers and the whole is subjected to hydraulie pressure, This new application of mica implies the production of the very finest mica films. It has brought the smaller sizes into demand and has been the cause of placing many a mine in a sounder position both as regards its markets and its life. The process of sort ing and handling of the mica from the moment it leaves the pit mouth until it is ready for the market is as follows:—

The run of mine is thoroughly cleaned of the adhering rock matter; the erystals or fragments which are not wrinkled or which show no crevices are split up into plates of about sixisenth of an inch thick, a short handled knife sharpened, towards the point, on both edges, being employed. The rough edges are thumb trimmed and graded. An important item of the trimming and dressing operations consists of splitting the mica for the purpose of removing damaged films and fine layers, or inclusions, of foreign minerals, which would, if allowed to remain, reduce the market value of the whole sheet. This part of the dressing requires good judgment though its importance is not always fully appreciated.

One person can clean and thumbtrim from 35 to 45 pounds of medium sized sheets in ten hours. Each size is, by means of a hand-press, pressed firmly into a barrel (generally a sugar barrel) holding about 325 pounds. The packed mica is then shipped to the trimming works, of which there are several in each district; the largest are ow ned by the General Electric Company, Ltd., and the Laurentide Mica Company at Ottawa. The mica is again subjected to a thorough cleaning; the sheets are more carefully resorted, all those with small cracks or uneven lamination being rejected. The selected plates are split again, then knife trimmed. Most of the factories employ machine knives *Large size is generally understood to refer to plates of four inches by six and upwards

for this purpose. These knives (Pig. 26) consist mainly of a levershaped bar (A), solid iron frame (B), exeentre (C) and spring (D). 'The iron bar (A) holds the blade (E) and makes a swinging motion round pivot (G) caused by the excentre and spring. The blade is two inches wide and ten inches long and can he detached when required, In order to prevent accidents a round iron bar (1) is placed just over the feeding plane (H) and in front of the blade, thus only allowing a small space, not larger than a quarter of an inch, for the passage of the mica plates. The knife makes from 180 to 200 motions per minute. The motive power is electricity.

Fic. 26.--Machine Mica Cutting Nnife

After the rough edges have been cut by these machines, the trimmed sheets are again graded into the different sizes and then delivered to the thin splitting department. Here the sheets are eround on one edge with fine sand in order to facilitate the splitting and are then divided by specially made knives into films one fivehundredth of an inch in thickness and even finer than this. The operation of thin splitting has to be performed with so much eare that one girl, ina day of ten hours, is only able to split from seven to twelve pounds of sheets measuring two by four inches and less. The larger sizes are not generally thin split; after being, in general, knife trimmed, they are shipped in boxes of 125 pounds. The thin splits or films are made up in little packages graded according to size and shipped in sunilar boxes to the cleetrie concerns abroad, mostly for the manufacture of miea board.

Sheets of less than one by three inches cannot at present be

used for the purposes fo which mica has hitherto been put, but

there is a movement on foot now for the application of this grade.

There are very large stores of this material on hand and if some practical use for this size can be found there is no doubt that wiany mines which cannot five under present conditions would have a chance to resume operations.

Ground Mie,

In recent vears the preparation of ground mies has become an industry in itself and several Canadian firms have gone inte the business. Waste or scrap inica, the refuse of the eob! ing sheds, is generally used. The difficulties of grinding are greut owing to the tough and scaly nature of che mineral, Mills Which work well on almost everything else fail 'erly on mica. Recenth there has been a return to the old fashioned burstones, Most of the manufacturers keep. their process a secret. Some of them grind mica to a very fine powder for specialties: the standard sizes are 20, 40, 60, 70, 80, 100, 140, 160 and 200 ineshes to the inch and the prices range from five cents to ten cents a pound

Scrap mica for grinding is bought for eight to ten dollars a ton, Tt must be free from rust or gangue which would affect both the colour and lustre of the product.

The process of grinding, as employed by the International Mica Company of Gananoque, Ontario, is as follows:— The mica is first roughly screened and then cleaned before entering the grinder, which is a sheet iron evlinder nine feet long by thirty inches in diameter, punched in rows and set atoan incline of one inch and a half in its length. As the machine slowly revolves, loose pieces of steel, enclosed in the lind pulverize the mica until fine enough to drop through tice beles which are threesixteenths of an inch in diameter. It is then sized and graded ui trommels from flakes down te the finest powder, the finest screens being of silk. The plant. is Operated by water power on tiv Gananoque river,

The application of ground miea in the arts and for technical purposes is manifold, the principal :aarkets being in England and Germany. The duty of 25°, imposea by the United States prevents shipment to that country.

Chapter Iv. Mica Mines And Locations.

In the following descriptions all the prominent mica mines and locations in Canada are enumerated and details are given as far as information is available of the most important ones, including those actually producing and those that have suspended operations pending a betterment of the mica market.

"rovince of Quebec. TOWNSHIP OF TEMPLETON,

In the Ottawa county an old and large producer is the Wallingjord mine (Pig. 27 and Figs. 14 and 15) belonging to the Wallingford Mica Co., Ltd. It comprises the west half of lot 16 and

Dump Mad siya - hnddid S Mica" 0, J; Dump Ne oe , B%o" Oump Z ma, g Yip pase t ih af Tr att er - 100! so! ¢ 100 FR : fh csaiiae lel ete Dump Carneral Irendof Mica Verrs a Se See ee

Fic. 27.—Surface Plan of Wallingford Mine,

the south half of lot 17 in the eighth range of the township of

Templeton, in all abent BOO seres, This mine was

worked some twenty vears ago for apatite and is said to have

ol

produced large quantities. The main deposits where mining is going on are contact deposits between the older formation, a gravish and red gneiss, and the younger rock pyroxene, These deposits are of considerable extent, one of them having been partially explored for a length of over 370 feet: the main openings have a length of 120 and 170 feet respectively, with depths of 125 and 200 feet. The mica forms vein-like accumulations near the solid wall of the older formation in thicknesses from twelve inches to twelve feet. Apatite and caleite are frequent: companions in this mine, the former at times ocenrring in such large compact masses and of such bigh grade (wielding over S3¢; phosphate of lime) that its mining, in spite of the prevailing low prices (89.00 a ton) is well repaid. The underground workon this property consists of drifts along the miea vein and eross-cuts from the bottom of the 125 ft. shaft to other parallel deposits, the outerops of whieh appear on the southern side of this shaft. Generally, the veins on this property continue in great regularity and although, at times, dea! ground interrupts the regular course of the mien accumulations experience has shown that: these interruptions are of vo account and do not influence the regular and steady supply of inica,

The Wallingford property has been a steady producer since its discovery in 1893 and Up to October, 1896, when the writer made his first examination of this property, 472 tons of thuimbtrimmed miea had been shipped from the mine. The output per month averaged twelve tons and. the average number of men employed was nineteen. Miea cutting less than two by three inches was not then saleable and was thrown into the dump, otherwise the recorded output during the above period would have been considerably higher. These very large dumps containing mica eventually became, of course, a valuable and lizable asset when the demand for small sheets sprang tp

The mine is well equipped with an ade quate pliant, consisting of a 50 horse-power boiler, three pumps, two double ey hinder hoists,

four derricks, five three inch Ingersoll dy Hs and all accessories

for the employment of a large force. The camp is built for the aecommodation of sixty men,

The Battle Lake property (Fig. 28 and Fig. 17), belonging also to the Walling: ord Mies Co., is remarkable on aceount of its tion of fs ized mica. [t co ipiises dots 4and 5, range

NUIT, township of Templeton, county of Ottawa. cov ring in all

Me

an area of 400 acres, put almost half of this area is taken up by two nearly parallel lakes, Battle lake in the south and Rheaume lake in the north. The distance from the nearest railway station is twelve miles. This property, also, Was worked some twenty years ago for apatite; large quantities of this mineral are said to have been shipped by way of the Lievre river, two anc half miles distant. Evidence to this effect is given hy the mumber of old and large excavations on the property. The mica deposits of productive value oceur on the north shore of Battle lake in a dike ot pyroxene, eutting the gneiss strata in a north east south westerly direction, They occupy fissures in this rock which are almost parallel to each other at intervals of five, ten or more feet These fissures are connected with each other by smaller veins of mica or cavities filled with mica crystals, thus giving the whole a cobwebby appearance. The deposits commence with the contact

line between the gheiss and pyroxene, near the lake shore, and

Fic. 28.— Surface Plan of Battle Lake Mine.

end with a chain of mica deposits at the rest of the hill further north. The main works consist of a longitudinal opening, fifty feet long, thirty fect wide and twenty feet deep, running along the solid wall of cneiss. A little further north on the hill a pit has been sunk on & mica vein parallel to those worked in the quarry. This pit is twenty-five feet deep and ten feet by twelve feet square and follows a mica vein, the section of which is illustrated in Fig. 17. The mica crystals are imbedded in a soft pyroxene matrix, while the different branches of the mica vein are separated from vach other by hard pyroxene and granitic boulders.

Se

Bush fires have exposed most of the country rock of a steep hill rising to 200 feet above the north shore of RE eaume lake and four outerops of miea erystals in a dike of pyroxene may be seen. At one place a pegmatite vein runs along this dike and amber mien crystals of perfect form and cleavage are exhibited at the contact. At another place in' ¢lose proxinuty three large erystals ean be noticed, one of them measuring three feet in length and apparently of large diameter,

A careful estimate places the quantity of rock shifted from the principal excavation on Battle lake and from. two small neighbouring pits at 2.800 tons: the thumtrimmed mica extracted Was approximately twenty-five tons or 0.06; of the total rock hoisted. This percentage is far above the average and must be pronounced for open quarry work a very favourable result. Since the commencement of operations, seventeen per cont. of the total output of sheets cut four inches by six and over. One crystal, weighing 200 Tbs.. cut fourteen inches hy nineteen, while another gave commercially useful sheets measuring nineteen and a half by twenty-seven inches. The mine is furnished with the requisite machinery, consisting of a 30 h.p. boiler, one Ledgerwood hoist, two three inch Ingersoll drills, three derricks and. all ACCOSSOTIES. A spacious boarding honse provides accommodation for thirty Tners,

The Rheaume Lake Mine on lot eight,in the Gore of Templeton is another striking exaniple of a contact deposit between pyroxene and gneiss. The whole pyroxene dike, which strikes northeasterly through a red and grayish gneiss, is full of eavities. which are all lined near the contact with fine mica erystals, mostly imbedded in a calcite matrix. In one pit, twenty-five feet deep, a cavity ht) .n followed along the solid wall of the country rock, branch-

2of caspurs filled with mica erystals and separated by a garnetitious yroxene granite (Mig. IS). Small boulders of a very hard pyfuxene are frequently met with, interrupting the course of these branches, and drilling in these boulders is very diffientt. Apatite of a high grade is also found in most of the open pits and, judging from the many indications, it seems probable that both mica and apatite ean here be worked together advantageously, All drilling on this newly opened property is at present done by hand.

The Blackburn Mine. another large mica mine, has been

worked for more than twenty vears for ghafite and has}

Ot

it is recorded, over one hundred thousand tons of this mineral. Up to ISSS it was operated under the names of R. Blackburn and T. Maclaren; from 1888 to 1895 by the East Templeton District Phosphate Mining Syndicate, Ltd., and since then by Messrs. Blackburn Bros, of Ottawa. [It comprises a block of mineral lands of 900 acres in the vicinity of MeGregor lake, but since the heginning of operations, which date back as far as 1870, the principal work has been confined to lot ten, range eleven, of the township of Templeton. During the mining of apatite large quantities of mica were encountered and much difficulty was sometimes experienced in producing a clean, high-grade article. The miea was thrown away as useless, but when the demand set in, most of the large dumps were sorted, machinery was installed and, for a time, quite an industry was established. From twenty to thirty persons were emploved on these dumps alone during 1893 and the quantity of mica extracted was verv large. Since 1895 the mine has been worked for mica under the personal management of Messrs. Blackburn Bros., with Mr. S. Baker as superintendent. A first- Class plant has been installed, consisting of two forty h.p. boilers, two large cable derricks with steam hoists, one air compressor, three air drills and one 60-light dynamo. A foree of sixty men is steadily employed. Air is also used for pumping. The camp consists of & sleeping house for 100 men, a large cook house, a stable for fifteen teams of horses, store house, superintendent's quarters and foreman's dwelling.

The workings comprise an open quarry 200 feet long and 100 feet wide with a depth of 60 feet, also one vertical shaft, which is now being sunk from the 240 to the 280 foot level. The main vein, Which has been opened up for over 250 feet by a drift at the 180 foot level, has been explored to the 240 foot level and it consists for the greater part of large chain-like accumulations of mica erystals, imbedded in a matrix of soft, pale green pyroxene, oceasionally intermixed with calcite and phosphate. The mica is roughly cobbed at the mine and shipped to the Company's works at Ottawa, where it is prepared for the market. forty persons are regularly emploved at these works,

Adjoining the Blackburn property is that belonging to the Canada Industrial Company of Montreal, lot 9, range X., This property also was a producer of apatite previous to 1891 and during these operations the occurrence of large deposits

of mica was established. Vhe main workings consist of an open

't into the hillside for a length of 120 feet (Fig. 29) five feet deep sunk at the end of this eut aloy xa vein of mica which occurs at the contact between pyroxene and the formation. This pit has produced crystals of large nection with apatite mining,

ndu pit forty.

Pues

size in eon.

Y)

/ Ny care Ns s ° ' wf Sr /7,% Lox oF Hs Oe se re -

/ te

ee ee jeApoatite rages lute & &

a.

Fie. 29.—Cut Through Workings on Lot 9 Range X, Templeton, Ow: Tidustrial Co

ed by the Canada

In addition to the properties above described there are in the

township of Templeton a large number of locations, whieh. by reason of the appearance of the outcrops, give encouragement for

further exploitation. Amongst these may be mentioned:

*Range IV, lot 21.—Miea outcrops located on Mr. MeTiernan s property.

Lot 22.—Belonging to Mr. Tavlor MeVeity. This is an phosphate property but was reopened. for mica in LSOs, Several hundredweights of cut miea have been produced,

*Range V, lot 20. Outerops reported by the proprictor, Wri, Smith.

Range VI, lot 17A and 21B.— These properties belong to the Canada Industrial Co, of Montreal and have been worked for apatite All the dumps contain a large amount of mica. While new outerops have been located on the property.

*Range VII, lot 10.—This is the A. Stevenson inica property, worked intermittently by Charrette, by Jos. Fortin and in

1900 by J. BE. Asquith, of Ottawa. About twenty men

were employed and a fair quantity of good mica crystals

*AH notes marked have been taken from Mr Obalski's Report on Mica

have been raised, The distance from East Templeton is

ten miles

*Lot 14.— This property has been prospeetod by the American

Mien Co... of Boston, and good outerops hay been located,

ist Half of lot 15.—The southern part of this property con-

tains miea in connection with apatite. Tt belonged originally to Judge Dugas of Dawson city and Father borget of Embrun, who worked the same from IS9L to [S03 for asbestos and after 1893 for miea, The old apatite dumps delivered seventeen tons of very good mica, some eryvstals measuring 40 48 inches. [fn PS96 and TS97 the tine was taken over by Mr. Manchester of Ottawa, who erected at adequate plant and worked the mine for one year. In IS97 Mr. W. Webster with a force of twenty men produced a large quantity of mica, while promising outcrops were located by extensive prospecting werk

The indications are very favourable and there seems to be no doubt that this property, if properly handled may turn out a large producer, One important feature is that the erystals in comparison with those of other mines are nearly all well defined and perfect in shape, the prismacie edges being well preserved, while few wrinkles or crevices can be detected.

West Half of lot 15.—This mine, situated on a hill 500 feet high, is known under the name of Phosphate King (Fig. 21) on account of the large quantities of apatite it has produced It was suecessfully operated in 1895 by the Lake Girard Mica System, which installed a fine plant and construeted yood roads to the mire. In 1896 and 1897 Webster & Co. of Boston worked this property with a force of thirty men and are reported to have taken out a larg: quantity of mica. In 1897 the Miea Mining and Manufacturing Co. of London, england, took over all the properties of the Lake Girard Mica System and worked here with a force of fifty. men until 1899. The main workings consist of an inclined shaft of seventy feet, which follows a large deposit of green apatite, holding mica crystals disseminated through the

mass. Several hundred tons of mica and apatite have

been extracted, but, from the appearance of the workings

-—

it ix evident that the principal object was simply te tak the mineral where it was convenient to mine, without an regara to the future of the property

*Range TX, lot 4.— In 1802 this property was operated by Lee Bros, Work was earried on intermittently in a shaft 100 feet deep, whieh followed a deposit of mica Irn 100 the mine was worked again with fair success

*Lot 14. — This is an old phosphate property and has been pres peeted and worked intermittently, with suecess, sinee ISO4 The old) workings consist of several large exeayvations on veins, from two to twelve feet thiek, containing a large amount of caleite in which miea ervstals, many of therm of considerable size, are imbedded, Apatite is also found in epnnection with the mien. of whieh it is reported recently that some very fine outcrops have been discovered

Lot 16.~ This, the property of the Canada Industrial Company, shows some very substantial outerops of mies

*Range X, lot S.— Known as the VMarcelais Mine. is: situated ten miles from ast Templeton, — Tt belongs to the Templeton and North Ottawa Mining Co. whose head offices are at Montreal, The property was worked extensively for apatite many vears ago and all the dumps resulting from the earls operations held a large amount of miea, which was sorted in IS97. Subsequently Operations were resumed by Messrs Powell and Hayveock of Ottawa, but the results have not been made known.

West Half of lot 9.—This is the well known Jackson Rae property, famous in the eighties for the production of very large quantities of apatite. At the same time mica was extracted and in TS91 and 1892 all the dumps wer reworked ands considerable quantity of miea recovered Lately, several promising outerops have been located but not exploited. All the mines in this group are twelve to fifteen miles from Kast Templeton station.

Kast Half of lot 9.—This property, owned by the Canada Industrial Company of Montreal and known as the Post Mine Was a producer of apatite on a large scale during the eighties A number of pits and crossents have been made, which show more or less the occurrence of phosphate in connection

With miea. A seetion through the formation, as it presents

Os

itself in one of the crosseuts, is shown in Fig. 2000 fn one of the shafts a euiea erystal was raised weighing over one

ton. tut on aecount of the limited demand for mica at that

tine, the ervest ld not be utyized All the old phos phate dumps property exhibit a large amount of mien fragment lemonstrating that the miea is intimate] aeeoeiated with opati some of these dunips have been worked r froin time to time and it reported that a large ¢t af erchantable mica was recovered

North elalf of 2 Iwnownus the Jubilee Mine. This is an old prod iy hate prey d is explored and workedl torn tein iSO7 and again in Lo00 by Messrs. leLaren of East Templeton who instalie "4 sides amount of work was done and f pacdit I thilea eNtracter

south Halt of lot 10 Murphy Mine. The Lake Girard) Miea system worked this mine for apatite and miea in IS92 In 1900, Mr. Murphy, the owner, leased the property the Sills-Nddy Co., which worked there for some t

did not publish results

*Wost Half of lot 15.—Worked in 1893 It is reporter several tons of mica were extracted

North Half of tot 16.— This property, belonging to the a Industrial Company of Montreal, was worked for sp. in the eighties. Several fine outerops of both apatite a mica have been decated on the property but no further work has been done

south Half of Jot 16.-— Vietoria Mine, belonging to Messrs. MeLaurin and MeLaren. In IS99 machinery was erected and fifteen men were employed to work the mine. The main work consists of an open cut 200 feet long and 60 feet deep. Much apatite in connection with miea has been found and

the outerops so far located look verv encouraging.

Lot 28.. Belonging to the Canada Industrial Company. This property Was worked in the eighties on a large seale for apatite and mica was raised in considerable quantities during these operations. It has, however, never been

Fe o9-33)

work Vyert tt sb thet

be resumed shortly,

oy

The tol ing properties jn the vn p of Te mpleton , been pro land good outerops ha beet located

*Range NI, lots £2. l4 and t north half of lor vo

*Range NET, nortl: half of lot~ 12, 13, 14. 24 and 27

Range NIP, lotea 3, 4,4 dat 7

In the Gore of Ter pletor "Oy re Vet Lovee] ropertie Which have been wor mt for app il ra) Hoe ONtey for ried bouet th remote oss of the at bene thre Pr stivvesstul exple ition Whom the realy ¢ th fr Nye Penipleton property COttienees to i n, thin chistriet tha eothe dite pr Hen

Pownship Of Portland West

In the townsh of Portland West several good properties have be vorkee it here alko the lack of easy eoniiunieation is a hindrance to cessful mining

*Range (11, lots 12 and 13.) This property has been known ander

the hame Lake 7 erre V te, It Wis prospected by Lew B W& Co. and sAme fine ote rops Wer rented, Onera He which mav he resumed here at anv time, have a fair chanee ob success, Somesapatite locations have also been

mance

*Lot 14.—Indieations of mica were found

Lot 15.—J. A. Chabot & Co., of Ottawa, worked this mine in JNO It is situated on the crest of a hill 500 feet high. Several tons of good miea have been extracted. The niin accessible either from Wakefield by the Wakefield) read or from the Lievre river read.

'Lot 16.—Indieations of mica were found.

*North Half of lot 24.— Operated by the Lila Mining Co. of Ortawa in IS9O with a force of twenty men. hea was found in

connection with ealeite ina large dike of pyvrexene Phe

Cr stals were of perfect shape and many of them measured

five inches by ten. The mine is thirty miles from Ottawa and is situated on a hill 8300 feet high. Work was continued in 1900 and 1901 with great snecess The condition

of the roads leading to the mine has been materially improved,

*South Half of lot 24.--Worked by Mr. J. Doller of San Francisco with a foree of ght men. The indications are favourable.

*Range LV, lots 16, 17, 18.—Outerops of mica located.

*Lots 26, 27, 28.—These are old phosphate properties belonging to Messrs. Fleming and Allan, of Ottawa. They were leased in 1891-92-93 to Hl. MeRae, of Ottawa, who worked them with a foree of forty men for apatite and mica, The quantity of mica raised is reported to have been considerable. A number of pits and excavations aresdistributed over the surface of a high ridge of gneiss, whieh is eat by light green pyroxene dikes containing some iron pyrites. Pink ealeite is found, frequently holding red and green apatite ervstals, while quantities of massive apatite are found with the pyroxene. Aft several points the latter is eut by dike-like masses of almost pure feldspar of a white and sometimes pink colour. 'To the south of this, on the ridge near the lake, several openings for mica have been made. On the north side of the ridge a large mass of white granite. mixed with pyroxene, occurs, in which is au irregular vein of calcite with mica erystals. This mass ean be traced down the slope of the hill for more than one hundred vards. The other, or more southerly mine, is near the summit of the ridge near the line between ranges TTP and IV.) The ealeite forms a vein in a course north and south and pyroxene and granite intrusions are frequent. The mica is dark amber and appears to occur in the pyroxene near the contact with the granite.

Range V, lots 24, 25.—VProspeeted by the Lake Girard Mica

System,

*Range TN, lots 5, 6.— These old phosphate properties, belonging to the Canadian Phosphate Co., were worked previous to 1802 by Mr. W. Melntosh, who extracted several tons of good mica, In IS92 operations on a small scale were resumed by Angus Cameron of Buckingham, who raised mica ervstals of large dimensions. Work was continued until eS 1900 with good success, When the mines were shut down.

*Range X, lets 1, 2.—Indieations of mica were found

Township Of Portland East.

*Range 1, Kast Half of lot 1.—Developed by Mr. Poupore in 1893 A small staff extracted several tons of mies. Work was resumed in 1900 and gave good results.

Lot 1, ast Half, and lot 2.— This property belongs to the Glen Almond Miea and Mining Co. and has been thoroughly, prospected. Some thirty substantial outcrops of mica have been located on the slope of a hilly ridge sixty to one hiindred feet high. The workings consist chicfly of long trenches and crosseuts through the formation, with small pits, drifts, shafts and excavations of an irregular character, On one place the pyroxene rock is honey-combed with crevices and cavities, which are lined with well defined mica erystals two inches by four and upwards. Six shallow pits have been sunk on these occurrences, near the contact with the gneiss formation: substantial pockets, bunches and accumulations of miea crystals have been laid open, In many places on the property ervstals of the large sizes outcrop in the rock, while the soil is permeated with loose mica sheets, evidently showing the existence of mica beneath or not far off. This promising property has been worked with a force of twenty men in 1900, L90L and 1902 and it is reported that operations will shortly be resumed.

*Lot 6.--Known as the Little Rapids Mine, an old phosphate producer. Was worked by the owner, Mr. Wo A] Allan, of Ottawa, and several tons of good miea were extracted

TOWNSHIP OF DERRY *Range I, lot 7.—Worked in 1899 by D. Cameron. Results not made known,

*Lot 9.— This property, fourteen miles from Buckingham, belonging to Mr. W. A. Allan of Ottawa, was worked in 1900 wit]

a force of seven men; several tons of good miea were ox

tracted. The workings consist of small pits trenches and Ee excevations in pyroxene rock

*Lot 23.—Prospected in 1897 by Mr, MeTiernan with several mu Three tons of . tiea have been mined

Range 11, lot 23.—Property of the Glen Almond Miea and Mining Co, Has been partially prospected. A pit was sunk fol-

lowing a vein-like deposit wielding several tons of mica of good quality.

*Range [1], lots 3, 4, 6.—Hlas been prospeeted by the same Company with satisfactory results.

TOWNSHIP OF HULI West side of the Gatineau Rive

*Kange VI ) —-Not half. Worked in 1899 and 1900, Has been prospeeted and some miea was mined

Lot 20. Prospected in 1900 but results net reported

*Range VIL, lot 1S.— Owners, Messrs. Fortin and Gravel. 'This property was opened in 1899 and worked with a force of eight men. The main workings consist of two openings thirty feet along a vein ef mica from four to five feet wide in pyroxene rock, A large quantity of large sized mica crystals was mined. Work was continued throughout the vear 1900 with ve ry satisfactory results.

fKOg £ ecting Ditches

O Oo FF

General Trend of M:ca Veins

Fic. 30.--Surface plan of the Laurentide Mica Company's ming Lot 19.— This property originally belonged to Brown Bros., but has lately been transferred to the Laurentide Mica Co. of

Ottawa (Fig. 30). This Amerienn Company is at present

vigorously developing their property with a force of fifty

nen. Although there is no machinery on the ground, a

considerable amount of work has been dene all over t

he property since the Conypan 6 INTO Possession in February Jast. A large mining ip has sprung iy

spacious boarding house for the accommodation of sev nt

uve men, store house, cobbiry shed. offies stibles, ete

hase been erected and are all well protected

geod roads leadisg to and over the property

maiyve ' al constructed, The main workings consist of thre nearly parallel openings in a pyroxene dike whieh runs in an east and westerly direction, dipping north. ¢hrougl

gramte gneiss formation, The principal 4 was fifty-

cight feet long, twenty-four feet wide and tw ntv-two feet deep. The mica oceurs in caleite in a vein-like reeumula-

tion from four to five feet wide. containing ervstals of high

grade; many of them of large size. The pink calcite freently holds apatite ervstals of a light green colour. but ho large masses of this mineral have been encont od Three horse derricks are in use and mae nervy is being installed. There area great many other p

tren

resiind prospecting ditches all over the pro

part of them have been abandoned. but work nm:

ay Oe resumed if the dem EOF eo Waiarrants it The whole propert Is s¥sternatiocily fe ed in ever possible lreetion to detern e its valu ino? ey prire to reach that end. This mine is a striking exampie of thoroughness wit! hict ew taica property should die tested The work Gone here is i; strony contrast to those operations sO frequently ondueted i Vo Persons vhe have

ho regard for the future of a propert

*South Half of lot vO Fiewy Mine Vhi has heer worked intermittently on small the 1 of the operations are net published One er ti ng 500 ths and cutting sheets 24 by 2S inches heen found on this lot

*Range IN, lets 14 and 15.— Kno us Neott A bye south opening the country rock is a reddish nt ent by small irregular dikes of pyroxene quantities of apatite and mien. The eneiss southeast and the limestone in the nd jacer ' the east. In the main pit, a quarter of a mile

Range

Range

Lots 13

Lots 15

east the gneiss is well banded and cut by dikes of pyroxene, granite and diorite, Some ten or twelve tons of mica ervstals were taken from this place. Red apatite also oceurs, and here and there we find small patches of a bright red jasper. Another opening in pyroxene assoviated with crystalline limestone carries little mica. The property was worked in IS92 by M. G. Robertson,

3, 14, 16, 25, have been prospeeted and some of them worked but particulars are not at hand.

17. Pyroxene masses in gneiss carrying mica were noted. In one of the openings the pyroxene shows green apatite in caleite with small mica ervstals. Going west the intrusive mass also contained dark coloured mica, as is the case in the third pit, where the country rock is a gray and red gneiss. The mica is dark and in small erystals,

XI, lot 14.— This property was worked some years ago and produced some good mica. A gray and red gneiss occurs here, dipping east, and is cut by dikes of pyroxene from one to three feet wide. At one point two small dikes converge and in the cavity near the intersection many small crystals of apatite oecur, mostly red in colour. Further north on the hill a larger dike has been opened, from which a number of large sized mica crystals, cutting ten to fifteen inches across the planes, were obtained. A considerable quantity of apatite was also mined at this place.

NV, lots 22 and 23.— This is the well known Cascades Mine. which has delivered for ten years with slight interruptions since ISOL a very large amount of mica. Crystals of large size have been frequently found on this property and although much of the mica is crushed and contorted a large percentage of commercially useful sheets have been raised. One large crystal, measuring seven feet in length by several feet across, vielded 6,300 Ibs. of run of mine miea. There are a great many openings on the property, apparently along the fissures between the pyroxene and country rock and no regular trend of the mica bearing formation ean be followed, The occurrence of mica appears to be very pockety; this is evidenced by the fact that all openings are distributed irregularly over the pyroxene belt and show, in most cases, a shallow depth. Calcite in connection with

Mea is not generally observed, while epaite ervstals may

be frequently seen in the pits. This mine is an ustration of the pocket type. The property is situated about one mile from the Casendes station There is little doubt that if operations were continued in depth the mine could be

made a stendy producer of good quality: mica POWNSHIP OF HULL. Kast side of the Gatineau Rives

*Range X. lot 7.—Nnown as Fol y Mine Messrs Powell of Ottawa have worked this property from IS92 to 1895 and

Clemow and Intermittent], are reported to have taken out some thirty tons of iniea The deposits OCCUP, TN MmOst cuses,

near the contset between pyroxene and reddish eneiss

\patite is met with in small bunches but cannot be ex-

tracted economically on aecount. of impurities from ceous hatter,

Ther

*Range XI, lot 10.—This mine located ten miles from Ottawa.

Was worked toa large extent early in the nineties under the

name Nellie and Blanche by the Lake Girard Mica System. The "Nellie and Blanche" js # deposit of the pocket type; the miea occurs irregularly distributed along fissure lines in a large belt of pyroxene, in which pockets of apatite also occur. Caleite is met with and although much of the miea raised is of a shattered and contorted nature, the percentage of good mica is above the average It is reported that for the years 1890 and ISOL the monthly yield was nearly twenty-five tons of trimmed mien. whiel Was sent fo Ottawa to be prepared for the market, Opera tions were suspended in ISO3 and have not since

sumed.

een re

Range XI! lot 10.— Known as the Nelles Mind or Varasous

Vine. This property is remarkable on account of its mica outcrops. These outerops appear to be parts of several Veins striking through the propert Voiman east and westerly direction, Over 2.400 feet of these veins ean be traced in the prospecting ditches, pits and the great many open

which have been made. The last are situated on the slope

rs

of a small hill of a gray and reddish zneiss, which is cut by

dikes of a pale green pyroxene. Most of the deposits are

of the true contact character and can be followed along the contact with the gneiss to a depth of forty, sixty and one hundred feet The mica seems to be mostly imbedded in a matrix of ealeite and the veins appear to be made up of a number of lenticular deposits from one to fifteen feet wide. The deepest shaft is 160 feet: it follows a line of contact between the gneiss and pyroxene. The main shafts and pits have vielded a considerable quantity of iniea, the greater part of whieh was of the larger size. Operations were commenced in TS9L and have been continued intermittently since that time, It is reportd that over 300 tons of trimmed mica have been taken from the property. On the most westerly portion of the hill a deposit of mica can he noticed near a contaet with the gneiss dipping to the north 40°, it widens out in depth and appears to be regular in its outlines. The main pyroxene belt, in which nearly all the outerops have been found, has been traced in a northeasterly direction for over 1,000 feet.

*Range NEL. lot 1.--This property, known as the Burke Mine.

is an Old phosphate mine, several hundred tons of this mineral having been extracted prior to the vear TS90. During these operations mica was also mined but was, as usual thrown onthe dump, The property has been worked from time to time since TSO4 and the output of mica has heen very satisfactory.

pyroxene dike cuts the country roek, composed of reddish gneiss, and on the contact along the lines of fissures the mica oeears in a matrix of calcite, There appears to be a large belt of pyroxene with iiiea deposits, but it is

overhud in some parts by a eapping of gneiss.

Range NV, lot 12.-- On this lot a large deposit of mica can be seen

ina dike of pyroxene, which is capped by limestone. Pink calcite is the matrix of the mica ervstals and is associated to some extent with fine erystals of apatite. The property has heen but little opened up and offers a splendid chance for wi ene certic operator. On the adjoining lot, belonging to Mr. Chuobuek, (lot 13 in the 16th range) the pyroxene dike apparently continues and we find an opening about thirty feet deep where many mics crystals can be seen in

a@ reddish Caieite. the pyroxene is of @ Pravish gleen, BE)

*Lots 13, 15, 16.—These lots show.

While the country roek, composed of gneiss and granitic

There are several other openings in whieh both miea and apatite were observed. This property has been operated at intervals from ISOS to 1900 and has given satisfactory results so far as the o tput

masses, has a reddish colour,

of mica is concerned,

more or less, the occurrence of mica similar to those abeve described and do not present any new features. Nearly all of them have been worked from time to time, but it appears that no carnest efforts

Were made to follow these deposits in depth.

*Range XVI, lot 12.—The mica found here occurs Only in small

*Lot

*Lots

crystals, but the deposits are interesting on account of the association of serpentine with the pyroxene. The latter cuts the crystalline limestone and at the contact a serpenized zone is observed, which ean be followed for some distance.

13.— considerable development of calcite, in connection with some splendid deposits of apatite imbedded in pyroxene, can be noticed. The latter euts the country rock, Which is composed of a reddish gneiss.

15, 16.—Known as Cassidy's Mine. This property is traversed by a wide belt of massive pyroxene, containing mien deposits along lines of fissures. These deposits form poekety accumulations or veins of mica, whieh ean be traced for some distance. No contact with the COUnEPY rock can be observed in any of the openings and it wppears that the principal mode of oceurrence is in that of pockets of irregular shape. No ealeite ean be noticed, while apatite occurs only in small bunches. The ervstals are generally of large size, but they split up and deliver a great deal of small sized ribbon mica. Operations on this property. be gan in 1893 and were continued at intervals until LOOT, It is reported that the mine gave a very satisfactory percentage of fine merchantable mica sheets,

In the immediate vicinity of this property is the daefarlane Mine. This property, in marked contrast te the Cassidy's mine, shows a number of contact deposits be-

tween pyroxene and a gravish gneiss. In nearly all the

small openings caleite and small pockets of apatite are met

6S

with, while the nie is usually in dare ervstals, whieh, however, split up in smaller sheets. Tron pyrites is sometimes found in connection with the mica, but in these eases the latter is much erashed and twisted

*Lot 17. Known as //orse Shoe Mine. The Lake Girard Miea System worked this property extensively in ISO and bso It has been thoroughiv prospeeted: good mien was found and was treated in the cutting works at Ottawa. The principal deposit of miea occurs at the contaet of the pyroxene belt with the gneiss where also irreg lar masses of calcite may be observed. A good proportion of the mica oceurs in fine ervstals, while the balance seems to have been subjected to a great many crushing movements of the formation, The property: was abandoned several vears

ago TOWNSHIP OF WAKEFILLD.

*Range lots 6, 11, 15, 16. 1S — All these properties have been partly prospected and on a few lots some development work has been done, The deposits are of the usnal pocket or contact type. No serious attempts have been made to

follow them in depth.

*Lot 12.— Wnown as the Wark Haldane Mine. Several pits have been sunk on the side of a hill whieh appears to consist of a belt of pyroxene bordered by 2 red orthoclase gneiss. The mica occurs throughout on the coutact of both of these rocks in erystals of appreciable size, wielding a fair percentage of fine merchantable sheets. The pyroxene dike is sometimes cut by dikes of pegmatite and, at the contact, bunches of iron pyrites occur. Inone opening the pyroxene is hard and dark. the mica obtained therefrom having also aw deep brown aspect. Apparently the character of the rock has an influence upon the containing mica. In another peraon of the pyroxene, where it is a light green, the

mien found therein is aise of a much lighter colour.

Range U1], lot P44. On this property a pyroxene dike traverses the

country rock in a northwesterly direction with a high dip to the northeast. Several pits have been sunk along the contact of the pyroxene and gneiss formation, from whose appearance it may be assumed that this part of toe forma-

*Lot 15.— This is an old phosphate property, where all ¢

oo

tion har been subjected ton great deal of crushing move

ments. The pyroxene is much shattered, while the mies Is mostly broken up. delivering small sheets of mies Phe latter generally oeeurs in the form of poo sets and Jentieular deposits dlong lines of fissures

thine

show n large amount of mies These hump eur reworked and actual minim operations for ric het " conducted for some. time good quality. of m found, also some apatite. The mine was in peration t ISNT to 1900

*Lot 16.—Is known as the Kedak Mica Vine (Vig 16 wn Workings consist of a stiaft sunk oon the haneis Vill of a well defined vein or lead having a strike Of Feast of north and a dip of 65° The country roek is gneiss and the ce posit in which this shaft has been sunk isa splendid excimple of a contact vein, The footwall is a light green pyroyene slightly intermixed with apatite, the latter is however

In sullicient quantities to be of commercial value hic

depth of the shaft from: the adit is 100 feet. The main constitnents of the vein are ealeite and Pea. Oeeustonally

intermixed with prrosene and apatite. The calcite, whieh

is pink coloured, is generally found near the hanging wall inx width of from one to three feet. The mien erystals wre either imbedded in the same or form larger aeenmutations between the ealeite and pyroxene. Uhis stiadt has Vielded a large amount of a very fine quality of mien and Operations are interrupted only on account of legal diilient!

ties regarding the ownership. The property has a good working plant, a well developed water power on the ereek of 40 hep. generating electricity. for hoisting and drilling purposes, There is a sawmill on Blackburn ereek with a capacity of about 10,000 feet of lumber per das, alse an

\dliare plant, consisting of a 20h Pp. Upright boiler and

hohe nemne,

IS.— Known as the Seybold Mine. This property has been

orked for ; patite and during these operations tias shown

considerable amount of mies. The latter. as : rele

-issomated with ealeite and gives commercial shoots

The Lake Girard Mine (Vig. 20). This was at one time the most important mine in the distriet. Tt is one of the richest properties and has vielded, from ISQO to TSO4, a very largequantity of miea of the best quality. Tt has been wbandoned on the supposition that there was no more mice The writer, who has had occasion to visit and examine the tnain workings on this property from time to time since S02. entertains no doubt as to the existence of mien de

posits at lower levels

The country reek is a grav and reddish gneiss, whieh is traversed in the viemitv of Lake Girard by a dike-like

miss of a light green pyroxene. The main shaft is sunk near the contact between the two rock misses to a depth of 165 feet at an incline of from 738° to 75 From the 165

feet level, at a distance of twenty-five feet, another imeline shaft has been sunk to a depth of forty-five feet, making total depth of 210 feet. Prom the main shaft drifts have heen run, following the course of the mica deposits, the longestof which was 140 feet tothe east. The imiea in this shaft weurs in large lenticular pockets of pink calcite, near the contauet with the country rock, and delivers, on account of the absence of wrinkles and crevices, a very large percentave of fine commercial sheets. Most of the mica was of the larger sizes and anything below two inches by three Was thrown inte the dumps, but was subsequently gathered

hen the demand for the smaller sizes sprang up, All the den Was finaled to Otrawa, a distance of some twenty les, Where it Was eut TO SIZES,

In TSO8 when the writer made an examination of this

property. the average daily output for three months en ted to more than four and oa half tons of roughly ele 1 miea erystals, 'The average number of employers

was forty-eight For nine months the daily output was a

littl: over three tons with about the same number of men

\bout seventy persons were stencily ern odoin the Ottawa eutting establishment From Septe wr. ISO], to Jiiv, 1803, the total itput amounted to Tbs ths. of

thies eut to sizes, 109,545 Ibs. of trimmed miea of all sizes tuna PAO tons of rough mica, cutting One inch by thre

are few mines in the district it can show a simila

record. The mine was equipped with an ihectiate plant consisting of a seven air drill compressor, two horizontal boilers of 120 h.p.. two hoists and two pumps A larg hoarding-house and cook-house Heeommmodated seventy five men

The mines and Jocations described above erbries nearly the whole northern territory, whieh has prodiiecd the greatest part of the Canadian mien. There are. hey ever, & great many other outcrops outside this territory but as on most of them there has pot heen saffieient devel opment to enable an opinion te be given of their actual value, they will not he specially enumerated and deseribec| Outerops and indications of imiex ean be found in the townships of bardley, Masham, Low, Denholunr, Hineks, Aylwin, Wright. Northfield, Bonchette, Maniwaki and in the Pontiae division.

The more prominent mines in these distriets are

Township Of Tingcks

unge E1, lot 22.-- This property produces a dark mien. but the

erystals are of very large size About 100 tons of this mien have been mined trom a pit measuring fifty feet bv twe Ive feet and thirty feet deep and there is a large qdantity of this mica in sight. The property is situated about three tiles from Aylwin station on the Ottawa. Northern ond Western Railway.

Township Of Weieghue

A, lot 6 Iwnown as the Chathee Mine Was worked early in the nineties by the Lake Girard View System On this property there are three openings showing the oeeurrenes

of two veins of miea. The country rock is a eranite and

the mic appears on the contact between this roek and PYroxet Phe miea is almost black and is used for ~pecial purposes in eleetrical apparatus

The property has recently passed into the hands of the

General Electric Company Phe main workings consist a shaft seventy-five feet deep, with a drift at the bettam about cichtyv feet long which follows the mica along the contact. A great amount of prospecting work has been done

all over the property and seven diamond drill bore-holes

Microcopy Resolution Test Chart

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

lle Ft te

Wes ls is

Maze MS Ws

ial OS —— Inc

ly

ae)

have been sunk in the vicinity of the main deposit from 40 to 140 fect in depth. The mine is fully equipped with boilers and hoisting machinery and work can be started at any moment that there is a demand for this peculiar kind

of mica.

*Range D,lot 15.—This mire, known as the St. Antorne, is situated

cight miles from Gracefield station (Ottawa, Northern and Western Ry.) or a hill about 150 feet high and is one of the best producers of mica in the Ottawa valley. The property has been intermittently worked since S91, when the proprietors, Mr. M.C, Guay and others, with a few men, took out about thirty tons of merchantable mica of very excellent quality. Work was then suspended until 1898, when operations were restimed on a somewh extensive seale. Anew boarding house was built and the following vear the mine was equipped with a complete plant; fifty men were at work and a large quantity of mica was extracted and sent to the cutting establishments of the Sills Miea Co. at Ottawa. The main workings consist of an excavation 120 feet long, 3() feet wide and over 100 feet deep, near the contact of eneiss and pyroxene, where the principal deposit is situated. The mica occurs in bunches ard pockets in a reddish and gray calcite ina width of from five to twelve fect and is of the usual amber quality. The property, as a whole, is a very promising one and deserves to be exploited to the largest possible extent.

Province of Ontario.

Township Of Loughboro.

mine in the province of Ontario is the Lacey

The principal cour miles from the village of Sydenham and

Mine, situated about comprising lot 11, concession VIL of Loughborough, Frentenac county (Figs. 31 and 32), This mine is now the property of the General Electric Co. and no money has been spared to test its actual value, Inthe early vears of its history it was a prominent producer of apatite, but the mica found in connection with this mineral was The main workings consist of a shaft 165

then not marketable. feet deep, from which branch six levels, of which the longest one is 200 feet. An air shaft has been sunk forty-five fect northwest level, The shaft

of the main shaft, connecting with the fifts foot

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h Shaft of Lacey Mine.

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mouth is timbered with a 6x6 foot collar 25 feet deep and with laggings over the remainder of the Opening. The entrance to the underground workings is through the air shaft. where a osvstens of ladders is installed. ALL these workings open up a large de posit of mien imbedded in a pyroxene rock with a main strike northeast-southwest, This deposit is vs ry remarkable both on account of the Jarge sized mien eryvstals found throughout the vein matrix and the peculiar character of the deposition of the mineral asa whole. While. in nearly all mica mines, either a eontact or pocket deposit in the pyroxene may be distinguished, the Lacey mine makes an exception to the rule and it is diffieult to sav to what class this mine actually belongs. [mn some places underground the country rock, a gray enciss, appears to form. a contact, but in other corresponding places in immediate vieinity no such contact can be observed. This fret leads to the conclusion that the stratified gray gneiss observed at several places in the underground pias must be boulders or frarments ot the country rock, which, in this case, cannot be far distant. From the dispersedness ae oe sporadical appearance of the miea in depth it must be conjectured that the deposit is composed of very erratic fissures running through belt of pyroxene, the extent of Whieh has not been fully established. Judging further from the nature and extent of the workings. especially ina northwestsoutheast direction, where very large accumulations of mica were

encountered, it appears that the mica-containing matrix takes the

shape of a pyramid witit sidelines dive ne towards the depth. The roel gener: ally met with in the workings is pale green pyroxene, then a pinkish caleite and finally apatite in erystals and little bunches. All the constituents of this fj ling being of a soft nature,

only a small ex mtosive power is necde 1, but for the same reason all the drifts reé sood timbering. The mien occurs, as a rale, in large crystals, but sometimes the sheets hold crevices part allel to the sides and break up in smaller pieces. A mumber of large sized erystals, occasionally measuring two to three fect in diameter and several feet in Jeneth, are generally grouped together and form a large pocket or accumulation of mica. An idea of the richness of some of these deposits may be gathered from the fact that Gone pocket alone gave 62,006 Ibs. of clean mica. Most of the mica mined is of the large size and. so far: as the writer knows, there is not another mine in Canada that vields such an amount of large sized erystais and sheets. One ervstial, exhibited at St. Louis, is

said to measure more than five feet in diameter. Very often mieaceous matter, in oa ribbon-like structure, appears in' the pyroxene, Apatite does not appear to occur in payable quantities, but pale green erystals are often seen imbedded in a matrix of a reddish soft ealeite, Some of the miea from the Lacey mine investigated by the Smithsonian Institute at Washington has been pronounced pleochroie in an exceptional degree, The formation surrounding the main shaft of the Lacey mine has been thouroughty tested and prospeeted by trenches, open euts and even by diamond drilling, the thoroughness with whieh this work has been done giving evidence of the energy and. skill displayed by the present management. The Lacey mine is another striking example of how a mine should be thoroughly tested before it is asserted that the property no longer contains productive mineral. Thorough investigation has proved the existence of large mica deposits in a southeastern direction from the shaft. The shaft's mouth is covered by a forty foot head frame and solid structure containing the boilers, all machinery and a cobbing shed. Several new buildings, consisting of a boarding house to aeconmimodate seventy-five men, driving room, ete.. have been recently erected on the property. The mica is not trimmed at the mine, but roughly cleaned and sent to the works at Sydenham. **Concession VILL, lot 12 -—- Freeman's Mine. Discovery of outcrops reported,

**Concession LX, lot 7.— The owner of this property is Mr. J. W. Trousdale of Sydenham. On being thoroughly prospected, a vein of fine mica crystals was laid open for a length of forty feet. Tt ha been worked only on a small seale but the deposit appears to be a substantial one. On the adjoiniag property, lot S in the 10th concession, shaft has been sunk 100 feet deep on a miea vein running between two well defined walls of country rock. This deposit is a

contact vein, Which shows a good deal of mica of the very best quality.

**Concession XN, lot 6.—This property, situated four and half miles west of Sydenham, has been worked intermittently and is known as the Gould Lake Mine. Two shafts have been sunk on the property. Shaft No. 1 is on the west end

of the lot and is 114 feet deep with section of eight feet

**Report Ontario Bureau of Mones, 1902 and 1903.

hy twelve feet. Drifts have been putoinoat the sixty foot level and at the bottom of the shaft and the mnie has heen stoped right to the surface. Shaft No 2 ois situeted close to No, Land has a depth of ighty feet. The mica appears to occur in two vein-like aceumulations and is of excellent quality. A great many other openings have been made all over the property showing more or less the occurrences of mica,

7.—Known as the McClatchy Mine. An underlay shat has been sunk to a depth of 100 feet, where it gradually Widens to a chamber of eight feet by thirty feet, while its incline increases from SO° to vertical, Hoisting is done by

horse derrick, A fine deposit of mica has been opened up.

Concession XT, lot 18.—Belonging to Mr, J. H. Roberts, is situated nine miles from Sydenham. Two vein-like Geposits have heen partly opened up on this property. On one an excavation, forty feet wide, is sunk near the contact with a gray gneiss to a depth of nearly 100 feet. Another deposit is opened up for a length of over 150 feet. Several outcrops of good mica can be noticed in different parts of the property. The mine is being worked on a smalbscale.

Concession XIE, lot 2.—This property is owned by Mr. Ro T. Hopper, of Montreal, and is situated three miles from Ha.- rington station on the Kingston and Pembroke R.R. The development work consists of four openings at different points along a well defined lead of mica. Some eight tons of mica of excellent quality were taken out, some of the crystals measuring twenty-two inches across. There is also a deposit of pure feldspar on the property.

Concession X{V, lot 14.—Known us the Birch Lake Mine. A shaft has been sunk to a depth of SO feet at an incline of 80°

ronmeree

southwest along a deposit on the contact of the pyroxene and the country rock. The miea mined was of excellent quality. TOWNSHIP OF BEDFORD, Concession XII, lot 4.—Known as the Stoness Mine. Several shafts have been sunk on. this property, one reached a depth of 425 feet at an incline of 25°. Drifts have been

run at the 135 foer and 201 foat levels and the dé posits

7S

tapped have yielded a fine quality of miea, In the adjoining property to the west two shafts have been sunk toa depth of thirty and thirty-five feet, AIL the deposits so far worked are contact deposits in lines of fissures between pyroxene and granitic rock. In addition to the above workings, a great deal of prospeeting work has laid open

miea deposits of value, TOWNSHIP OF NORTH BURGESS,

A large, productive mica field and one whieh promises well for the future is the country south of Perth in the township of North Burgess. A large number of these mica properties have been carly apatite producers and seme of them have developed into productive mica mines. The Pike Lake Mine, the Martha Mine, and the Hanlan and Byrnes mines are examples of this class and though operations on some of them have been temporarily suspended, there is no doubt that, judging from the past records, they will be reopened and will contribute considerably to the

output of mica as soon as the market is ina better condition,

Concession V, lot 13. —The Baby Mine. Was worked up to 1897 for ica, but it appears that the mine was worked only for large size mica, the small sizes being stored aw av. Operations were again started last February by the new owners, Messrs. P. C. MeFarland and J. J. Smith. The main shaft has a depth of 95 feet and is sunk ona solid mica vein which runs N.W. 60° near the contact with a svenite gneiss, running N.W. 25°.) The vein on the surface is opened up for sixty feet, the average width being eight feet. At a depth of forty-five feet the length of the opening is fifty feet, k narrowing down to twenty-five feet in the bottom of the 5 shaft. The lead (lig. 19) is well defined and consists mostly of calcite, a soft, pale green pyroxene, micaceous matter and mica crystals of perfect shape and quality. The mine is worked with a small plant, consisting of a 20

h.p. boiler, steam hoist, two derricks, one machine drill and a Cameron pump.

Concession VI, lot 11.--The Hanlan Mine, whieh is now owned by the General Electric Company of Scheneetady, N.Y., has

been extensively developed. The main workings consist

of an open stope from the surface down, following the strike

and the dip of the vein, Which runs north and south (dip SO' east) and forms a fine contact deposit between 9 helt

of pyroxene and a eray gneiss, 'The depth of the shaft js 120 feet. There is a clear atone of 150 feet in the bottom

At fifty fect north of the main workings another pit) was sunk some time ago to a depth of twenty feet and still farther north to the boundary line other outerops indicate the continuance of the vein in that direction. To the south the vein ean be followed for a distance of over 200 feet. at Which point it is lost in a swamp. The mine has produced With a comparatively small number of men a large amount of mica; the daily output was from 1,500 to 1,800 Ibs. of rough mica, Apatite is also met With in connection with the mica and is occasionally mined. The mine is equipped with a small plant. There is a large boarding and store house, stables, ete., and Operations may be resumed at any moment, 'vo the south of the Hanlan nine, about onethird of a mile distant, the old Adams Mine (lot 12 in Concession VI) has been worked to some extent by the same Company. A pit thirty-five feet dec p has been sunk in a shattered zone of pyroxene, bordering the country rock, The mica is very much broken up and exhibits signs of crushing influences from movements of the formation,

Concession , The Martha Mine is one of the oldest mine: ince and has contributed considerably in its @ 'the output of apatite. The main work- Ings 4 large open cut about 150 fect lone. from

twenty co chirty reet wide and 100 feet deep. The mica occurs in irregular lines of fissures in 2 pale pyroxene in the vicinity of granitie rock. This mine has yielded a very large quantity of mica and there is very little doubt that if operations were resumed the mine would produce just as much mica as formerly,

Concession VII, lot 11. The Byrnes Mine is an old phosphate property and has been taken over by the General Electric Co. The mica found on this property is ef a dark black colour, in marked contrast to any other miea found in the Vicinity, The principal Opening on this property is a long cut with a strike N.W. 40°? in pyroxene along the contact with mica and hornblende gneiss: it is nearly 100 fect dees)

sO

There are a number of openings, trenehes, erosseuts, ete allover the property and it appears that mica ean be found throughout

Coneession IN, lot 17.--The Pike Lake Mine is the oldest mine in Ontano and has been worked for apatite as far baek as thirty-seven vears ago. Tt is located at a distance of half aoimile southwest of Stanlevville and nine miles from Perth, This property, together with the Martha mine, were stuecessfully worked some twelve vears ago by the Lake Girard Miea System and subsequently by lessees until the vear 1900, The works of the Martha and Pike Lake mines are now under water and no examination of them could be made,

In addition to the above properties there are, in the townships of Burgess, Loughborough, Bedford and Storringtona large number of places where miea occurs, but as the mode of occurrence is practically the same as described above and no important contribution is added to the total output, no further mention is made of them here. All these properties, However, are marked on the map accompanying this report.

Mica Cutting Factories.

There are altogether seven mica cutting establishments in Canada, six of them are located in Ottawa and one in Kingston. In busy times these factories give employment to approximately SOO persons.

The factories in Ottawa are operated by: The Laurentide Mica Company, The General Electric Company, Blackburn Bros., Wallingford, Munsell and Sills-Eddy and that at Kingston by Kent Bros.

The General Eiectrie Co. employs at present a force of about 100 persons. The spacious building on Isabella Street covers an area of 10,000 square feet and is divided into a cutting and splitting department, stores and shipping room and offices. The machine cutting knives, similar to those described in another

Sl

chapter, are run by el etricity furnishes

L bv the Const rs Co. All the mica from the

Thines dn the on, tien is shipped to this factors demand,

hleetric Lo ane (tieher

und is there Peepared geeording te

The Laurentide Mien Co.

ins recently occupied its new q ters on Duke Street Aon

hitt solid, two story briek Drilling eon tains all the departments for the

Ail the cutting knives are

the output from the

n

emplovinent of over 400 jn run by clectrieity Company employs at present 110 persons

Psotis The factory handles mines in the Quebee division and

Chapter V

STATUS OF THE CANADIAN MICA INDUSTRY. PRODUCTION, EXPORT, MARKET AND PRICES

Canadian mica mining was still in its infancy ten years ago, It has now assumed such proportions as entitle it to a prominent position amongst the mineral industries of the Dominion. In its early days mining was carried on in a spasmodic manner, that is to say, deposits were only tested superficially and as soon as a little dead rock threatened to cut off the mica the mine was abandoned, Many of the smaller producers worked intermittently, taking out the miea which outcropped on their farms and stopping work with the falling market or when the deposits were, in their opinion, exhausted. 'These erratie methods, and constant shifting of operations from one place to another proved altogether too expensive. A new era has set in, a more practical system has been adopted and development work in mica mines is now pursued in depth. And further, while formerly the miea industry was in the hands of individual operators, having in most cases only a very limited amount of capital at their disposal, today powerful companies owning extensive areas of mica lands have started operations on a large sale, To these companics is due the erection of substantial cutting establishments in the centres of the mien districts. These large concerns, realizing the immense importance of the qualities exhibited by the Canadian mineral, begin by testing their properties in the most systematic manner, both by the use of the diamond drill and by exploration work on the surface. There is no doubt that a great many properties, either on account of the lack of experience or unscrupulous manipulations of the operators, have been condemned and abandoned, whereas they should, with efficient and honest mana, . have continued to yield a large and profitable output. 'Tne .aachinery installed by the large companies, compared with that of former years, is of a more substantial nature and is erected with a view to deep sinking and extensive operations, Large sums of money have thus been spent in advance of actual production.

Formerly when deep shaft mining was attempted, all the mica within reach, practically all that was visible, was mined without a thought being given to reserves, but in the last few vears several mines, especially those in the Ontario section, real-

Ss

Zine the HHT etise THPOortunee of sted An OFe Teserve in couse vf il

sttlden exceptionally large demand for mien hav errried on Operations with this important Object in view and the result

that these mines have now large reserves ready to be stoned at

ttn

desired time, The wdvantiges of sueh wt poliev are obvious As to the future possihilities of the produetive: mite da of Canada, there is no doubt that the future outlook for prodtye

tion of a large tonnage is very bright ane WeCrnada should ever

he ealled upon to furnish the work's supply the miea fields af Ontario and Quebee could soon be prepared for such an emersenes here are at present emiploved in thy at industry 350 per

sons, but nearly all the mines and Miet-cutting establishments are only employing about half the sta number of persons owing to the temporary slaekne=s of the demand, probably due to lust years over-production. For instance, the General Eleetrie and Laurentide Mica Companies usually employ in cach of their cutting estublishments over 300 hands, whereas at present they employ only half that number. Phe same remark applies to the larger mines lik, the Lacey, Blackburn, Wallingford, Laurentide and others. The wages paid last vear amounted to a tetal aupproxim ately of $120,000. It is estimated that the total outlay for plant, including buildings and all vecessories, emploved in the mica

industry amounts to upproximately $160,000, PRODUCTION, EXPORT AND MARKET. The following statisties of production are taken from. the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada

Values Of Yearly Production Iss6 &

IS95 65,000 ISS7 S06 50,000 ISSS 1807 76,000 ISS9 ISOS LIS, 375 1800 1S99 163,000 ISO] 1900 166.000 IS92 190] 160,000 IS93 1902 242,310 IS94 1903 176.334

The total value of the mica produced in Canada up to the beginning of 1904 is placed at approximately two million dollars

Most of the miea is absorbed by the United States, which placed a duty of twenty per cent. ad. val. and six cents per pound on thumb trimmed mica. Efforts have been made in recent years to create a market for the Canadian mineral in England in competition with the East Indian product and the stati

statistics furnished

S4

by the Department of Trade and Commerce show that Great Britain has commenced to take a large part of our production.

Exports Of Mica.

To To Year. United States. Great Britain. ths. 1901 : 761,991 1902 868,645 ' 1903 729,489 653.081

PRICES. Muscovite. Prices for commercial muscovite fluctuate considerably, depending on the transpareney and perfection of the sheets. A dealer quotes the following prices for medium quality Canadian muscovite :—

1" x3' thumbtrimmed, per pound. 12 cents.

ec gs "e se hy

yey aes 40

Sc 6 we ees 75

4" x6" Y Es i . 100 Phlogopite.

The prices paid for Phlogopite of the different sizes naturally fluctuate considerably and much speculation is manifested amongst mica dealers. The following table gives the present prices paid by a large firm:—

Size." +3", 10 cents per pound, thumbtrimmed, (not cut) OUx 3, 22 ee ee

os 4°, 30 aR" x 5", 55 ae Ve 0, 5" 3:87. 300

In this connection it is interesting to note that Sir William Logan in his report of progress for 1863 mentioned a sale in London of several hundred weights of large, selected mica crystals, taken from a locality north of Burgess, and fit for splitting into thin plates. The price was two shillings per pound, while from four pence to seven pence was given for inferior qualities. There was also a large demand for smaller sizes and for the refuse. The ¢ other uses, was employed in making letters for

former, window signs. Ten shillings a hundredweight was offered in London for fifteen or twenty tons of such material.

Chapter Vi.

Commercial Applications Of Mica,

The perfect cleavage of mica, yielding thin, smooth, transparent sheets of great flexibility and elasticity; its chemical stability and above all its non-conductivity are physical properties which no other mineral unites to the same extent. Mica has been an article of commerce for several hundred years. The aboriginal Indians of America were apparently acquainted with the mineral and have left traces of their search for it. It has been frequently found in the graves of Indians east of the Mississippi and the fact that it has heen found in localities where it doesnot occur furnishes evidence that intercourse must have prevailed between widely separated tribes. In India, also, the natives have for centuries applied mica to industrial purposes.

Use in Windows and Lanterns.—The earliest use of white mica was undoubtedly for lanterns and windows. In the early stages of glass making, when the process for annealing plates had not been invented, mica was specially used in cases where the windows were liable to sudden shocks or violent Vibrations, as, for instance, in the windows of warships. After the perfection of the process of glass annealing, mica was forced into the background. In lanterns mica has been replaced by glass and in some instances by horn, but in circumstances where breakage entails considerable risk mica is generally retained.

Mica for Glasses and Spectacles. —The best employment of the immense quantities of scraps and fragments of waste mica ix the substitution of mica for glass in spectacles worn by workmen, especially stone and mctal workers, to protect their eyes from chips and splinters. As made in Germany, these mica glasses are about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in thickness. The advantages gained by their use are greater than would at first be imagined, Mica spectacles cannot be broken. Pounding with a sledge hammer merely flattens them, nor does molten metal poured on the mica materially affect it. The shower of pointed iron particles Which issues from lathes merely rebounds from the elastic mica glasses.

Fire Sereens.—In consequence of its transparency to light but hot to the same extent to radiant heat, we find mica employed as fire sercens and as covers for peep holes in furnaces, permitting the observation of the processes in highly heated furnaces without inconvenience,

cana: sangeet commer wate

S6

Stoves. —No artificial transparent substance has as yet been devised that possesses the utility of this mineral where intense heat or sudden changes of temperature take place. It has, therefore, considerable use in anthracite stoves, where it is desirable to obtain the cheerful glow of the fire without the direct heat. Its transparency is little affected by the repeated and alternate heating and cooling and it is not readily attacked by most of the gases and vapours. It does not, however, so effectually resist the attacks of the gases from a bituminous coal and it is, moreover, so quickly blackened by the soot that it soon loses its transparency. Its use. therefore, is confined to anthracite or to gas-asbestos stoves.

Lamp Chimneys.— Chimneys for oil and gas lamps with round burners are sometimes made of mica, especially those outside show windows, where glass would not stand rain-drop splashes or sudden changes of temperature.

Mica in Miners' Lamps.—In order to avoid breakage of glass in an ordinary miner's lamp, Mr. Max Raphael, of Breslau, Silesia, has constructed a evlinder of double plates of mica, each of which has its vertical edges united in metal to form a secure joint. The smaller of the two eylinders is enclosed within the larger and this leaves a small annular air space of about three-tenths of an inch. The two vertical joints coincide so as to intercept as little light as possible, although this may be a disadvantage as regards strength of construction. The top and bottom of the two cylinders are kept in position by two brass rings with annular rims, the edges ot which are turned towards one another. The grooves thus formed contain some red-lead cement, in which the edges of the mica eylinders are imbedded, thus ensuring air-tightness. It forms with the lamp cage a light. compact and, what is important in coal mines, an almost unbreakable lantern. These advantages are not gained without a slight diminution of light for nica is not so transparent as glass, but this objection is counterbalanced by the increased security.

Paints, Wall Paper and Ornamental Uses, Another use for mica is its application, when previously coloured or metallized, to ornamental purposes. Its unalterable and diaphanous nature helps to preserve gilding, silvering or colouring from deterioration, Finely ground mica also shows handsome effects and when mixed

va

With & Sot

gelatine combination is used for inlaying buttons. Another

ag a

S7

application of mica is in the production of those beautiful bronzelike colours which bear the names " brovades," " erystal colours," and "mica bronzes.' Some of the advantages these possess are lightness of Weight, indifference to sulphurous exhalations, and oceasionally, a brilliance surpassing even the metal bronzes. When small particles of muscovite are spread over articles coated with asphalt varaish, the result is a good imitation of granite. The erystal colours are also suitable for calico printing and fairies to which they are applied exceed in brillianey the heavy bronze and glass dust fancy fairies of Lyons. Such colours have been used to decorate porcelain and glassware, the articles undergoing a second heating up to the fusing point of their glazing. By suitable dyes the material is coloured in a variety of hues,

Muscovite mica is white, more or less transparent, and has a gloss similar to silver. It does not spread easily when ground and needs a groundwork. Therefore, if a silver gloss is wanted, the ground has first to be laid in) with clear, white distemper. After the distemper is dry, it should be glazed over once or twice With a solution of the liquid miea and water in equal parts, a soft camel's-hair brush being used. The liquid mica assumes the colour of the distemper used; the same colour should be applied to the groundwork.

In the days of ancient Rome it was the custom to scatter the powdered material over the surfaces of the amphitheatre to obtain a brilliant glisteniig effect. In India it is used at native festivals and in the Mohammedan religious services for processional ornaments, such as lamps, punkhas and decorations on banners. Coloured micas have been suggested as a substitute for coloured glass, but their large proportion of iron renders them susceptible to oxidation when exposed to the weather. There seems to be no reason, however, why amber coloured mica as well as the muscovites with inclusions of magnetic oxide disposed in regular putterns might not be used in unexposed places. The natives of India, especially in the Madras presidency, sell large numbers of pictures and portraits painted on miea sheets of various sizes.

Utilization of Mica Waste.—The utilization of miea waste has become an important factor during the last five vears. There are several firms engaged in this industry, the produets being sold in different grades. Some of these are used for steam and water valve seatings, whilst the poorer qualities are used as additions to fertilizers, helping them, it is said, to retain their moisture.

In consequence of this property it has been used as an absorbent for nitro-glycerine in the manufacture of one of the forms of dynamite. The poorer grades of mica are also successfully emploved in the manufacture of Inbricants for railroad purposes. It is claimed that with its use hot journal boxes are impossible. For the production of these grades an extensive factory has been established in Denver, Colorado, and the process employed is as follows:

The mica comes to the faetory in carloads just as it is taken from the mine. It is fed by boys into two machines which cut it into fragments about half an inch square. By a system of pneumatic tubes the mica so cut is delivered to the atomizing machines which grind it into powder. Each machine consists of two steel shafts three feet long, with a series of spirally arranged beaters of gun-metal, which revolve in a close case. These machines make from 5,000 to 7,000 revolutions per minute. The fingers on one shaft run between the fingers on the other, so that when the material is passed tirough the pneumatic tubes from the feeding machine to the atomizers at a velocity of 15,000 feet a minute the work of atomizing is instantaneous.

The mica, now reduced to minute particles, continues its course at the same velocity through another set of pneumatic tubes to the sizing bins. Here the current is so retarded by a special mechanism that it causes the material to settle, according to its fineness, in the various compartments, of which there ere six. Compartments containing the graded mica powder rest upon hoppers or bins immediately over the mixing pans. Into the latter the several grades of mica powder are drawn and by means of mechanical mixers, with which the pans are provided, treated with the proper percentage of oils and other ingredients.

Directly over the hoppers are located the oil tanks, which supply che mixers by a pipe running down the outside of the hopper, at the end of which is a faucet.

At one end of the bins is the "dust arrester," a eylindrical machine four feet in diameter and ten fect high. Any of the material too light and fine to settle is driven into this machine by air currents and is drawn off as needed.

It is stated that before this machine was invented no other pulverizing machine had a capacity of more than three or four

hundred pounds a day and that the material was not sufficiently

fine for lubricating purposes. Tt is claimed for this concern that

Sy

it can pulverize about five tons ina day of ten hours and that it turns out an excellent lubricant.

Uses in Electrical, Apparatus.—The most extensive use. of mica, especially of the Canadian amber variety, is for electrical insulation, In fact it is these applications whieh have made the mica industry what it is today. Regarding the qualities of mica for electrical purposes, an expert in the mica trade gives the following opinion as to the requirements of commercial sheet mica*:—"Sheet mica must split easily, that is, make a "clean separation of its lamime without cracks and tears such as "occur when hard, brittle mica is split. It must be flexible and "soft. Nearly all mica is soft enough to be seratehed with the "finger nail, but this test is not sufficient. In general, sheets. of "mica which show a smooth surface are softer than those which "show blemishes or corrugations when split."

The most valuable property of Canadian mica is its electrical non-conductivity. Its market value is based on its freedom from streaks and iron stains.

The relamination as effected in micanite is said to improve the insulating power of the mine: i]. Micanite is also claimed to have greater flexibility than the sheet mica from which it is made, the cement used in it softening with heat and permitting the sheets to conform without cracking to the carved surface to which it may be applied. Upon cooling it retains the same position and becomes so dense as to emit a metallic sound when struck.

The insulating power of mica is superior to that of any other substance applicable to armatures. Of special advantages are its evenly laminated structure which permits its ready intercalation between the copper-pole pieces of the commutator and its hardness Which prevents it wearing away too rapidly under the action of the brushes. The highest temperature to whieh an armature is subjected even by short circuits or bad construction will have no injurious effect on mica, Colour does not seriously affect. the utility of mica in electrical machinery, but the presence of magnetite inclusions affecting its insulating qualities renders it useless for this purpose. Some 450 different patterns are used in the electrical application; they are cut from the natural sheets or from the micanite already deseribed.

The insulating qualities of mica are impaired by contact with oli. This has been demonstrated by Mr. P.O. Maloney,** an

Mineral Industry' for ISOS. page 506 kK lect vical Review, VOL.

electrieal engineer, by the following experiment: piece of the best Indian mien was placed between two planed surfaces and withstood an insulation test of 16,000 volts. The current: was then removed and the surface of the miea lightly coated with parattin oil, Under this condition it was found that it) would break down at 9,000 volts. Another piece of Indian mica tested at lower voltages and under the same conditions as above was found to withstand 8,000 volts and, when oil was applied, to hreak down at 4.000 volts. An alternating current: was employed: in these experiments.

In comparison with the East Indian mica the Canadian product seems to hold its own and, in several respects, is even superior, The late Dr, George Dawson having sent simples of the Canadian phlogopite to the Imperial Institute, London, to ascertain their commercial value and the possibility of an extension of trade in the United Kingdom, Professor Wyndham Dunstan, M. Wer hel Sich Br Director of the Scientifie and Technical Department of the Imperial Institute, reported: as follows:

"General, physical and chemieal examination showed that "tho samples were uniform in character, pliable and softer than Smueh of the mica whieh appears on the English market. In "order to ascertain its commercial value, especially its fitness for "electrical purposes, the smmples were submitted to one of the "largest electrical manufacturers in London and also to ene of the "Jargest mica brokers in the city.

"The electrical manufacturers report that the mica is suitable "fora variety of electrieal purposes. On the general question of "the uses and comparative value of the Canadian amber mica the "brokers remark that this variety of mica is of no value other "than for clectrieal purposes. its special value being prin

"pally due to its softness and easy lamination, They are 'of opinion that the Canadian amber mica is of greater value 'for electrical work than most of the Indian mica that comes to "this country. They remark, however, that there are two or "three varieties of Indian mica, such as White Bengal, Cochin "from the west coast of Madras and Ceylon amber mica, which "compare very poorly with the Canadian product, whilst: the "selling prices of these Indian varieties are often from one-third "to one-half those asked for the Canadian mica. They confirm rs of February 16th

"in the United States than in the London market. chiefly from "the circumstance that American cleetricians prefer the Canadian "product, which is close at hand and ean be depended upon for "uniformity of quality and regularity of supply

Although cireumstanees point to the United States as being the natural outlet for Canadian mica, it: would. nevertheless, be worth while to make it better known in the British market since there are several factors operating against the Indian product the principal of whieh is the irregularity of supply.

Use of Serap Mica jor Botier Coverings, Some five years ago mica waste was first used in the manufacture of mats for boiler coverings. Formerly boilers, in order to retain their heat. were covered with a coat of cement, which would break in the course of time, and which world not permit of an inspection of the outside boiler plates without the removal of such coating. Now, so called fire proof mica mats are used, which ean be attached in sections to a boiler by means of hooks and iron bands. They consist of a galvanized iron netting in whieh corrugated thin mica plates are fastened. the object being to increase the superficial area without correspondingly increasing the weight. The more finely these flakes are divided, the more effective they become. Mach one is in itself a splendid non-conductor, so that the highest results in the way of cheeking the escape of heat waves are obtained by the greatest number of flakes.

These mica mats have not alone proven very efficient as heat insulators, but have been found to be very durable; mats, after several years of constant use, have been found in perfect condition This is the more gratifving since there is no severer te. to whieh a boiler covering can be subjected, on account of the constant heavy vibration, Mica waste is also made into sectional coverings for ster and hot water pines,

Since mica will stand almost incandescent heat without injury, it is very valuable as 2 protection from fire. Considerable quantities of it have already been used for protecting smoke flues, kilns, ete., and in some factories the fire underwriters have reduced the premium after the flues have been protected with mica.

Mica Insulation for Steam Pipes and Boilers.*

The loss of heat from the surfaces of steam: boilers and steam

Paya Day 7

*Reprinted from Engineering, 1901.

larly is this the case in electric stations and other places where steam pressure is maintained always, without intermission at nights and on Sundays. Professor Silvanus Thompson has stated that heat equivalent to 1 horse-power is lost for every 66 lineal feet of 4-in. uncovered pipe, the steam pressure being 100 Ibs. Assuming 27 Ibs. of water and 3 Ibs. of coal per horse-power hour, each square foot of uncovered surface would dissipate in a year the heat from 3.716 Ibs. of steam, or from 398 Ibs, of coal. Professor Capper, of King's College, London, has published that a square foot of uncovered steam pipe condenses 1.516 Ibs. of steam per hour, at an absolute pressure of 259 Ibs. per square inch, This corresponds to 15,272 Ibs. of steam per annum, or to 1,474 Ibs. of coal, reckoning 9 Ibs. of water to a pound of coal.

At University College, Professor Hudson Beare found 0.878 Ibs. of water condensed per square foot of bare pipe per hour at a steam pressure of 86 Ibs, per square inch, 0.775 lbs. at 50 Ibs. pressure, and 0.376 Ibs. at 3 Ibs.; these figures corresponding to 7,681 Ibs., 6.789 Ibs., and 3,283 Ibs. of steam per annum, and to 853 Ibs., 754 Ibs.. aval 365 Ibs. of coal. Another test by him gave the following results:

Pounds of Steam Condensed per Square Foot of Surface. Steam Pressure, Coal per Year.

Per Hour. Per Year.

ths. ths.

0.622 5, 4As 0.784 6.867 1.011 S847

Mr. J. Zulauf, at St. Petersburg, experimenting with steam of 10.3 to 10.7 kilogrammes per square centimetre pressure (145 Ibs. to 152 Ibs.), found that 5.344 kilogrammes of water were con-

densed per square metre per hour (1.1 Ib. per square foot). This

is equal to 9,636 Ibs. of water yor annum and 1,070 Ibs. of coal. On May 24, 1889, we published the result of experiments by Mr. Albert Haacke. In these, the steam pressure being 60 Ibs., 1 square foot of bare surface condensed 0.66 Ib. of steam per hour, or 5,808 Ibs. in a year. On August 19, 1898, we published an abstract of a paper, read by Mr. Charles L. Norton hefore the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, on the " Protection of

Steam-Heated Surfaces." In this paper the result of many experiments gave the loss per square foot of surface at 13 S4 British thermal units per minute at 200 Ibs, presstre, and 8.92) British therinal units at 100 Ibs, pressure. Taking the Intent heat of steam at 200 Tbs, as S40 deg., each square foot of pipe therefore condensed LOL Tb. of water. At 100 Tbs. pressure the condensation was 0.6 Ib. per foot. Tt must be remembered, however, that these experiments were not made with steam, but with hot oil, We have put these various results in the form of a diagram. in which the ordinates are pounds of water condensed per square foot per hour, and the abseisse are temperatures, the corresponding steam pressure being also marked (Fig. 1). The points lie fairly well on

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a curve, considering that we have taken no note of the at mospheric temperature. The two American results, however, in whieh. as already explained, the heating medium was oil and not steam. lie apart froin all the others. The reputations of Professors Capper and Hudson Beare are sufficient to cause these figures to be accepted, but it is satisfactory to find that they confirm each other. In all cases the steam was stationary in the pipes; experience suggests that if it had been flowing rapidly the loss would have been somewhat greater.

As it is, we find that with steam at 212 deg. Fahr. each square foot of unclothed surface condenses 2,920 Ibs. of steam per annum, requiring 324 Ibs. of Voal for its evaporation. With steam at 245 Ibs. (259 Ibs. absolute) each square foot condenses, 13,272 lbs. of steam requiring 1,474 Ibs. of coal. Intermediate pressures can be measured off the diagram, which will probably interest: many steam users who had never caleuiated how much of their coal went to keeping the engine and boiler-room uncomfortably hot,

Those who are situated in towns, and have to burn expensive coal in order to avoid visits from the smoke inspector, will find special food for thought At the very usnal pressure of 150) Tbs, per square inch, and with coal at 20s. a fon, each foot of uneovered pipe costs 9s. 6d. p annum. Even in the best-managed establishments, especially in electrie-lighting stations, there are many feet of bare iron in flanges and valves which it is impossible to clothe, and whieh take constant toll of all the coal whieh comes into the place,

Of course, there are very few places in which bare steam pipes are tolerated. Almost invariably they are lagged in some way or other; for years there have been on the market many materit!s which are effectual in retarding the flow of heat from the steam to the atmosphere, although none stop it completely, Lt is: interesting to learn how far thes reduce the money loss.

From Professor Capper's report, which we have already alluded to, we find that he continued his experiments with four different kinds of well-known non-conducting compositions, and that with these the steam condensed per square foot of cooling surface per hour was:

Thiek Lbs PerCent. In Bare pipe 1.516 100 A. 1.6 0.420 Fa AKES B 1.25 0.300 26.38 Ci 14 i O.2 13:7 Mica SU We Mr 11.67 j

Evidently, three-quarters of the loss ean be readily saved by lagging the surfaces, while 90 per cent, of it is prevented by using miea insulaticn. These figures are borne out by tests of various kinds of asbestos non-conducting covering, made by Professor Hudson Beare. In five samples the saving varied from 664 to 75 per cent., while one other material gave an economy of 7S} per cent. Experimenting with mica insulation, he got the following results, which ean be compared with the Table on p 92, and

also seen on the diagram, Fig. 1:-

Steam Condensed per Square Poot of

Surtace Steam Pres<ure Cont per Yeur Per Elove Per Yeur Hos Ths tin Vow 17 O lb NOS an SO 0 138 120s V4 Wet O 157 L375 1s

The general result is, that while bare pipe involves a loss, under the conditions we have stated, of Os. 6d square foot per annum, this can be reduced to about 2s. tid. by the tse of many of the efficient boiler coverings in the market, and to Is. dd. by mies insulation, Ina p'oce having a large area of stenm-heated sar faces, say, 5,000 square feet, the usual loss will be about £00 year, It would be quite jus ifiable to spend a large capital sum in order to reduce this bv one-half,

The miea boiler covering referred to in the Table above wus first introduced in Canada, and has been extensively tested there We have before us the record of a series of trials, isstied by Mr. R, Atkinson, mechaiiecal superintendent of the Canadian Pacifie Railway. In these, tanks about 14 in. eube were filled with water, which was then boiled, and afterwards allowed to cool down, the rare of cooling being noted. In one ease the tank was bare, and in the other case lagged with (1) asbestos compound: (2) magnesia blocks; (3) wood lagging and air space; (4) asbestos and wood:

and (5) mica. The following Table gives the results:

Loss it Tempera- Mean Tem- Difference Fifth Hour Loss ture perature hetween Loss per Degre in attend of during Tank in of Difference Five Fifth fifth and At Fifth of Ten Hours Hour Hour mosphere, Hour perature deg. deg deg deg deg dew Bare tank S4 128 1334 554 it 0.198 A tos compound 53 15 134 Sos 9 0.105 Magnesia Blocks. . . 33] 17s; Ist} 1034 7 0.0674 Wood lagging and air space 33] 178} Ist} 1034 7 0. 0674 Asbestos and wood. 30 181 IS} 107 in 0.056 Mica 20 192 1944 Lith 5 0 0428

The mica does not excel in this test to the extent it does in Professor Capper's, but still it is easily first.

The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada made what is the lare

bh)

test of non-conducting coverings ever attempted, Five full-sized locomotives were taken, and were lagged with different: prepara tions, Steam was then raised in all the boilers simultaneously and the fires were withdrawn when the blowing-off point. wis reached, The falling pressures, after the removal of the fires, were noted on aee rately eelibrated recording gauges, and the temperature of the air registered on reeording thermometers The

experiments in every case were repeated several times, and the

ment the different readings were plotted in the curve (hig, 2). ee ee Se oe oc

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The original diagram extend: over twenty-two hours. by eh time the steam was completely down in every ipet HEE EXCH DT two, and in those it was below LO Tbs. We have, however, ony reproduced the first seven hours, as the chief ii rest centres at that end of the diagram. The coverings were (1B) none Cake boiler), (Y) Grand Trunk standard eovering of wood and asbestos paper, (RY magnesia, (BL) silicate cotton, and (Gi) mica. One set of experiments wes made with an atinospheric temperature of 20 deg. Fahr., and the other at 30 dey. Fahr. The mica covering was only tried ino the latter condition, and it is onls these we have reproduced,

The loss of heat during the firs: hour is given by the follow ing table:

Standard

Sectional Mica Bare Magnesia have Silieute Boiler Paper Hlocks motive Cloth Covering Lavwing Now thw thos Ths Mw Pressure, pounds per square in 10 45 14s is 140 Loss of pressure in one hour 56 20 18 6 4 At 7,000 Ibs. water in. boiler loss of hent unitsin one hour 251,000 74.500 465.900 21.400 77.000 Percentage of gain over the standard wood covering 36.19 70 8s

These results show the mica as saving about 9v per cent. of the heat radiated from a bare boiler, and as being twice as eflicient as sectional magnesia blocks. The figures of British thermal units have probably, however, only a comparative value, as the heat in the metal of the boiler is not taken into avcount : and although the specific heat of the metai was small, vet the weight of the boiler was many times that of the water,

Mica was first used as a covering for steam-heated surfaces in Canada by Mr. Michell, and is now being soid in this country by the Mica Boiler Covering Company, Limited, of 219 Gresham House, Old Broad Street, F.C. It is made up into flat and curved mattresses, enclosed between covers of wire netting, sewn with Wire. For small pipes it is moulded to form, and enclosed within textile covers, As everyone knows, it ix indestructible by heat. and it does not disintegrate into fine particles whieh pack into

smaller bulk. as does slag wool. On: of lagging to understand the cause of its great resistance to flow

'

9S

of heat. The continuity of the wall, across which the heat must flow, is broken at a thousand places, and at every one of those the flow is impeded. The minute flakes of miea are laid in parallel planes, transversely to the direction of flow of the heat, without

any cement or adhesive, to connect them together. The heat,

therefore, on emerging from one flake has to cross an air space to enter the next flake. Here it encounters the surface resistance which is always found when heat travels froma gas to a solid, and rice versa. it then passes through the mica, which is a very poor conductor, to find a second surface resistance at its posterior face, This series of operations has to be repeated hundreds of times between the steam pipe and the external air, with the result that the flow of heat is exceedingly slow. The mica used is to be found

in lange quantities, and hitherto has been a waste material,

Chapter Vil. Mica In Foreign Countries,

Canada is the only country in the world which produces the phlogopite or amber variety in paying quantities, Reports have come from Australia, South Afriea and the German POssessions in Southwest Africa that phlogcpite miea has been found, but up to the present no actual exploitation has been made to ascertain their real value.

The muscovite variety, however, which has been mined in Canada in only a very limited Way, occurs in many countries, principally in the United States and India,

United States,

In the United States the miningof mica is niunty confined to the States of New Hampshire, North Carolina and Dakota; although there have been a yreat many other deposits discovered the quantity of mica coming from these sources is insignificant.

In New Hampshire the most important producers are the mines at Grafton, Danbury and Alstead. According to A, Hoskins,* the old Ruggles mine in Grafton has produced mica for over 100 years, yielding an aggregate of over eight million dollars worth of mica, This mine at one time furnished four-fifths of the total consumption in the United States. Owing to litigation Which has extended for over twenty vears, the mine has not been worked to its greatest capacity, no machinery of any kind being in operation and drilling is done by hand. The ervstals are split into sheets an eighth of an ineh thick and the rough edges trimmed with a knife. The dealers cut it into the different shapes and sizes required by the manufacturers of electric machinery,

At Danbury there are two mines in Operation, one, owned

and operated by the empire Mica Co., being considered a eood

paying mine. The quality of this miea is excellent, it being free from spots and very clear. In Alstead there are three mines in operation: the Davis, the Hoskins, and the Warren Freneh mine. The Davis mine is a large producer and is considered one of the best paying mines. The mica is trimmed and shipped to Boston.

*Mineral Industry, 1899, page 507.

The other mines are reported to deliver a very good quality of sheet mica, while a large quantity of serap mica is also produced.

In North Carolina the principal mica deposits occur in Mitchell, Yancey, Jackson, Haywood and Macon counties. Most of the many inines are working on a small seale. The mica cvonstitutes about 16; to 10°; of the pegmatite veins.

In South Dakota, Custer county, the Black Hills Porcelain, Clay and Marble Co, operates several mines. In the beginning of 1903 this Company shipped thirty tons of mica. The Crown mine, owned by the Chicago Mica Co., covers for' y acres in Custer county and is regularly shipping mica (mostly for grinding) to the Company's plant at Indiana.

Dr. E. A. Smith reports a discovery in Alabama in the northwestern part of Randolph and the adjacent parts of Cleburn and Clay counties. The mica occurs in veins of a coarse grained granite, in which the constituents assume large proportions, often forming masses of a foot or more in size. The mica "boulders," as they are locally termed, deliver sheets of large size and excellent quality.

Brazil.

In Brazil, according to H. Kilburn Scott.* mica oceurs in workable quantities in the States of Goyaz, Bahia and Minas Geraes. In the State of Minas Geraes the mica is found in pegmatite veins (Fig. 33), lenses or dikes in metamorphic schists near the city of Santa Luzia de Carangola, the veins running parallel to the Cayama and Papgais mountains. The deposits are generally altered to kaolin and vary in width from twenty inches to ten feet. There are about -ix mines which have supplied mica for export, but only two of them, the Fonseca mine and Coronel Seraphino, have been worked regularly. The Fonseca mine has

produced about thirty tons of trimmed mica; the larger portion

was used for lamp chimneys. The total output of the Seraphino mine is estimated at twenty tons. About fifty per cent. of this output has been obtained in sheets of over six inches in length. The approximate cost per ton of mica delivered at ports in the United States or Europe is $309.00. On account of its great transparency and the absence of any spots, the Brazil mica is considered the finest on the market. It is largely used for orna-

mental

*Mineral Industry, 1902, page 467.

Brazil Norway

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Mica Deposit at Godfjeld Mine

Mica Deposit at

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Norway.

In Norway the Godfjeld mine* near Skutterud on the southwest coast has come into prominence by reason of the peculiar mineralogical character of the mica erystals. in) which the two basal planes are never parallel to each other, consequently, the majority of plates split out of a crystal are thicker at one end than at the other. 'The mica occurs in lenses or shoots between quartz and feldspar (Fig. 34) or wholly in quartz.

The colour of the miea is green, but a greater part is brown, duc to numerous stains. 'These stains are mostly observed on the surface, but they seem to disappear in depth. Many crystals from this mine, although of perfect form, have inclusions of garnets. tourmaline and of many other minerals which render a large percentage of the sheets useless, At a depth of 60 feet the character of the mica begins to change considerably and although these erystals vield a small amount of sheets, a great many of them are full of foreign matter so that they spht up into flakes. A good many crystals, also, have undergone alteration into a creonish steatitie substance. This substance is in places compact, while in others it becomes earthy, occasionally fibrous and silky and it hardens shortly after exposure to the air. The mica when it is first taken from the mine is very soft, but after a few months it becomes much harder and less pliant.

China.

From China it is reported that vast untouched deposits of mica have been discovered at Kiao-Chau bay. Nothing further is known except that some of the mica is discoloured by foreign substances. The veins are said to be up to ten feet wide and to

contain a fair amount of commercial sheets. INDIA.

India ranks foremost amongst the mica producing countries of the world. [It employs more persons in this class of inining than any other, while the area covered by miea deposits is the

larvest so far known. The mines have supplied most of the

world's market since the application of mica for electrical pur-

poses.

In the vear 1902 (Report Insp. of Mines, Caleutta, 1902)

*Mineral Industry, 1899, page 428.

there were employed in mica mining 9.500 persons, while the production and sales in the same year were 1,685 tons, valued at $507,770. This output is supposed to come from over 200 mines. Which means a production of only eight tons per mine. From this fact it is evident that individual mining operations are not eonducted ona large seale. Most of the mica deposits are of a pocket y nature. As a whole, their occurrence is very irregular and taking also the shortness of the dry season into consideration jt is Clear that mining resembles a perpetual shifting of operations from one place to another. However, in spite of all these drawbacks the cheapness of labour and the richness of the individual deposits makes mining profitable,

Mica mining in India has its history. We know that the Hindoos have been mining miea for centuries, The mines neur Patna and Delhi are the oldest in the country. Dr. P. Breton Visited these mines in 1826 and found as many as 5,000 natives working in them. In IS49 Jr, MeClelland- records an ouput of 800,000 pounds. The first exports of mica were made from Bengal in 1863 and amounted to about. 7.500 pounds. From this time the exports have steadily increased, but it was not until the adoption of mica for electrical purposes that the mining assume

large proportions.

The productive miea areas of India are practically restricted to the two districts of Gaya and Hazaribagh. in the Bensal presideney, and Nellore and Nile. of the Madras presidency,

According to A, Mervyn Sinith* the mines in Bengal (Bige3 are situated between 85° to 86° 30" east longitude and 24° 25/ north latitude, They are distributed over a large series of parallel ranges of low hills, some 400 feet above the surrennding country and about 1,200 feet above sea level. They form the boundary between the Hazaribagh district on the south and the Gava and Monghyr districts on the north, being part of the Bengal presidency The direction of these ranges is east and west. The imines at present of most importance are situated in the districts of Hazari bagh and Gaya in Behar. The mineral i also found in certain parts of Manbhooni and Singehoom (Chota Nagpur), but all attempts to work these mines to advantage have failed. The

principal mines in the "azaribagh district are Dumko Gharanchi,

Bochagta, Salhova dama. Most of these mines are situates

*Institution of Min d Metallurg:, 18t- 5. 168,

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In the Hazaribagh district there were employed in 1902 6,2

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Fic. 36 Section of Pegmatite dike. Harzibagh, India

Large tracts of gneiss grading into mica set

'hist occur throughout the Bengal miea area. In immediate contact with the mica

deposits tourmaline schists, hornblende rocks and quartzites with

intrusive dikes of a fine grained diorite are also found. The horn-

blende rocks resemble the diorite and it is not uncommon to find a mica deposit between these two roc ks.

the schists is of the :

The mitch 2 met with i

phase (biotite and a red mica (lepidolite) a are a a The mica schists are

highly schistose, breaking up into thin amine, and consist: principally of small mica sheets cemented together with an admixture of feldspar and quartz. The gneisses are classed in Indian geology as among the yvounger members of the Archien formation, They have nearly an east and west strike and dip to the north at an angle of about 75°.

The mica of commerce oecurs almost exclusively in pegmatite veins, running with the bedding of the schists from east to west and varving in width from a few inches up to twenty feet. The country rock is often faulted or thrown out of its normal strike. The veins are subjected to the same faulting and frequently at the point of faulting so-called cross-courses of great width have been formed,

The pegmatite veins consist of amorphous masses of quartz, large crystals of orthoclase feldspar and ervstals or books of mu-s covite mica. Generally speaking, their contents in mica and the quality of the same depend to a large degree upon the nature of the adjacent rock. We find the richest and the best mica where the ineluding rock consists of mica schists (Fig. 36). Near the quartzite the main constituent of the vein is quartz and but little mica and feldspar are met with. Where the adjacent rock is highly feldspathic, feldspar ervstals of a pink colour predominate in the lode and the occurrence of mica is insignificant. (hig. 37).

In addition to the above constituents of the pegmatite veins many accessory minerals are met with, such as tourmaline, garnet und columbite. The tourmaline is at times largely developed ; near the tourmaline schists large, massive crystals of black tourmaline are numerous in the vein: occasionally, erystals of tourinaline penetrate the mica books across the lamin and render them unfit for use.

The native mines are of the most original and primitive character. No system of any kind is followed and the deposits are exploited in the simplest way. There is no machinery worth

mentioning. Open cuts along the outcrops of the veins, where

miea ervstals are found, alternate with crosscuts at right angles through the vein formation. These cuts have a depth of from twenty to fifty fect. The sides, on account of the decomposed nature of the veins near the surface, are very dangerous, no timber of any kind being used, accidents are very frequent and the miners are often buried beneath the fallen walls. In an exceptionally rich deposit, where the decomposition of the vein continues in depth,

the work of exploitation differs somewhat from the above: the vein is followed to a greater depth, sometimes to 200 fi et, by inclines ina zigzag form. Long rows of native women are placed on these inclines for the lifting of the mica to the surface or for draining the pits. These women are placed near one another in two rows from the water level to the surface, They pass from hand te hand baskets filled with mica or pitchers filled with water, The full receptacles are handed up one line and the empties pass down the other, As many as seventy women are sometimes place an these zigzag inclines,

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Sra ees

ee oN hf tic!

pe

a we

As

ME ee y K Hi ghiy [Fetde,

yr z

Miea Vein in Gneiss, Hazaribagh, India

In order to ventilate the inclines and draw out the miea waste material, perpendicular, circular shafts two feet in diameter are put down. Sometimes as many as thirty of these circular shafts can be counted along the strike of the vein and within a fow feet from each other.

Work is conducted only in the dry months from November to May, The miners are a local tribe ealled the " Bandathis"'; men, women and children work in the mine when they have no agricultural work in the field. Work generally begins at dawn and ends at dusk. No explosives of any kind are used, but where the vein is hard but rich enough to pay for the labour and fuel large fires are kindled against the faee of the lode and when the walls are sufficiently heated water is thrown on it. 'This sudden cooling enuses the rock to shrink and erack, Wedges of soit iron are then driven into these cracks and in this way large boulders are detached. These tools are manufactured ina primitative way 'wom the magnetite ores commonly found in the vicinity of the mines, The exposed crystals are chiselled out, taken to the surface in the manner above deseribed and split into sheets of about one-eighth of an inch in thickness. All the rough edges are trimmed off by means of a sharp sickle called "hasawah" and then sorted aecording to colour and size. The sheets are in some cases ns large us twenty-four inches by eighteen inches,

Althougin in the last few years Europeans have taken up the nica industry, mining, with a few exceptions, is conducted on these purely native methods, During the rains, search is made for likely looking onterops. The miea schists, being softer than the other members ef rock formation, are eroded into valleys, the quartzose beds making the ridges of hills, and a certain amount of humus from the adjacent hills covers the valleys. After exceptionally heavy rains, the surface deposits are washed off and with them the decomposed feldspar of the pegmatite veins, leaving exposed tufts of partially decomposed mica. The natives call these tufts "foo-foo" and believe that they grow during the rains, as they eannot account for their exposure at the surface after heavy rains, where there was nothing to be seen before the rain, Having discovered several of these "foo-foo" spots, these are marked for mining operations as soon as the dry season begins. Parties made up of men, women and children are set to work on

these outerops and the books of mica dug out, packed in loads of

about thivty pounds and brought in at dusk to the central store. Here skilled workmen are trimming the mica from the different diggings and mines. Before each man is a stout peg. driven firmly into the ground and portruding about cighteen inches, The mica

¢ 4 1 '4 PY G4 a thos of un ineh in thiekness, the

these sheets, Tmperfeet amine are peeled of ihe plates tll both surfaces show a clean, even face. The plate is chrawan gait the side of a peg and the siekle drawn do Onwards to trim otf ne jtgged ends and irregulacities along the edge of the mien sheets After (rinuning, the plates are sorted for the market. Eneland ane the United States being the chief buvers

HIH?1 Ee gual :

¥. (ink °o :

la

,

be Pegmatite

eI ee

Pegmatite Vein in South-East Wainad Nilgris, Madras Presideney, India

As to the Nellore district, Mr. Thomas Holland of the Geological Survey of India describes the pegmatite as being found in the low ving plain mostly concealed by recent formation and alluvium and consequently their full extent will never be known.

The mica occurs here also in pegmatite dikes cutting the mica schists. These dikes are sometimes highly decomposed, the matin or centre part being kaolin, while the balance of the dike is made up of pure feldspar or quartzose rock. The mien is deposited between this rock and the kaolin (Fig. 38)

L1o

Mining. on aecount of the flat surface, is generally more expensive than that practised in the high ground of the Bengal mites belt. There were in L002 sixty-nine mines in operation, eniploying 2.965 persons and producing 228 tons of mica, "The Government leases land ata fixed rate of fifty rupees per acre, while private lands are leased by arrangement In the beginning of 102 the Madras Boas of Reventie amended the law for mien mining in the Nellore distriet to conform to the general mining rules of the Government of Indian. This aetion was made necessary by the fact that speculators had obtained mining leases whieh they had no intention of working and which they held for purely speculative Purposes to the detriment of genuine operators With each application for mining leases a deposit of 500 6 pees must be made,

or such sums fs the Government (ny determine at its diseretion. PRICES AND GRADES.

Of the different grades produced in Indian mines, the trinumned iniea sheets are sorted according to quality, four kinds being recounized by the dealers: (1) ruby mica, hard and rough; (2) white transparent tier; (3) discoloured and smoked; (4) black mica and flawed. If S represents the value of ruby miea, 4 would be paid for white, 2 for discoloured and 1 for black and flawed sheets

of equal size. The sizing and London quotations for best Ruby

per pound are:

No. 1, Sheets measuring from 36 to 50 square inches i ee sf 24 to 36 $§ No. 3, : Ibto 2d No. 4, Ps Oto 16 No.5, uy told No. 6, bed tte 6 These sheets are trimmed inte the best shape that will clear then of flaws. Square, rectangular, or diamond shaped: sheets fetch higher prices. The shects are packed into boxes of 100 Tbs. and carted to the railway station for transport to the nearest port The distanee of the mines from the railway varies between thirty and 140 miles. As to the quentity of mies available in India, there is no doubt that the pegmatite veins are numerous and, compared with those of other countries, large, while the quantity of mica in some

TELOUR Grade' tm rity

and rendered unfit for ose, Whatever truth there may be in the statements regarding the rehness of the Ceposits, there A ppents to be no question that, before long toodern teth uls of Thibtetbige tritist be tdopted, in order to rmuatks thinking more profitable Wages ure very low Wotton get threepence aoeday good natives work for fourpence first class native foreman and only sueh ean be employed under the cireumatanes receives from eightpenes to te npenee a day On necount of the abeones of any machinery, itis difficult to follow the deposits bevond Loo feet in depth; many a mine still showing jimmensely rich mien deposits has been abandoned There cannot be the slightest doubt t, with the introduetion of modern Ttning methods, the Wil iniea Will be miueh less, a better quality will be secured and the life of the tines Will he prolonged until the coniplete exhaustion of the deposits present, only the decomposed or partially decomposed parts of a vein are mined and it. js evident that the mies must have simultaneously undergone a eertain partial decomposition. Mining in depth in the hard vein material would yield hard, not decomposed imiea, and in this way would increase the eflicioney of the mine. both as to quality and CET Some interesting mineralogical features are often ohseryed in the Indian mien. The sheets are at times queerly marked. In places one-half of eaeh sheet will be muscovite and the other hind biotite, the line of division between the two colotrs being perfectly straight, while there is no other apparent change in the uniforiuits of the sheet. Other plates, again, are chequered in black dines the lines being due to magnetite. In some eases dendritie inelusions of quartz between the laminae may be found Of course, all these defeets have an influence tipon the priee. The most valued colours are pure ruby, amber, light green and transparent white There is also a silver white, which the natives prize for ornamental

inlaid work COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND CANADIAN MINING METHODS

As mentioned above, the mining methods in India are of very primitive character and wasteful in the extreme. Most of the exploitations are only superficial and, as a rule, only the best deposits have been worked. The native method, of course, does

het require any large capital, it gives quick returns for a small

outlay, but when a certain depth, say about thirty feet is reached,

methods fail to produce any more mica, though more may be in sight. The life of sueh a mine is a little longer than the exploratory stage of amine in Cannda. The miea miner of India has not been edueated to realize that the occurrences, though widely distributed and in some places rich, are limited in extent and that the present methods of extreme wastefulness must cease if India is to: suecessfully compete with other countries,

Since 1902 the "Indian Mica Company which is operating near Bendi, Hazaribagh, has commenced to discard the original mining methods entirely and is opening up a pegmatite ven by systematic development work. Three inclined shafts have been sunk on the vein, while over 3,000 feet of drifts and crosscuts have exposed the nature and character of the deposits. Modern hoisting machinery is employed, while drainage of the mine is effected

Common gunpowder is used and is preferable to dynamite, as it is cheaper and sufficiently effective in that

lass of roek. This mine was formerly worked by natives, who inined only the foot wall, the much richer deposits, now proved by crosseuts to occur near the hanging wall, were passed unnoticed.

World's Production of Mica.

In the following table the world's production is given for the year 1902, (the figures for 1903 have not yet been completed)

Valne Persons Employed

India $507,770 9,214 Canada 242,310 715 United States OS S59 300 Brazil and other countries 55,200 250

S004, 139 10,479

Apr Vues

Abstract From The Mini'G Jaw Of T4E Province Of Query

Mining Concessions, Their Form Dimensions,

1436. Mining concessions are divided into three classes and each of them respectively, in addition te the usual allowance of five per cent, for highways, in each ease, shall be of the following

form and dimensions, viz:

I. In unsurveyed territory:

The first elass contains 400 acres: — 52 chains in width, by SO chains awl SO links in depth;

The second class contains 200 aeres:—26 chains in width, by SO chains and SO links in depth;

The third class contains 100 aeres:— 18 chains in width, by SO chains and SO links in depth,

2. In survived townships:

The three aforesaid classes respectively comprise: one, two and four lots, as regularly divided, or more or less, as the ease may be, if such lots, being of irregular form, contain more or less than one hundred acres each, in superficies.

1439. All mining concessions, comprised in an unsurveved territory, shall be surveyed by a provincial land surveyor, acting under the instructions of the Department of Crown Lands. and be connected with some known point in previous surveys, sO fs to be laid down upon the office maps of such territory, of record in the Department.

Such surveys are made at the cost of the applicants, who are required to furnish with their application to purchase the plan of surveyor establishing the position and dimensions of the conces-

sions they desire to purchase, with the field-notes and procis-

terbaux of the operations; the whole in conformity with the present law and to the satisfaction of the Cominissioner,

Src. 6.—ACQUISITION OF MINING LANDS.—-DUTIES OF PROPRIETORS WHO SELL THEIR RIGHTS.

1440. All lands, supposed to contain mines or ores, belonging

to the Crown, may be acquired from the Commissioner of Crown

Lands:

1. As a mining concession by purchase, or

2, Be oceupied and worked under a mining license.

1441. The mining rights belonging to the Crown in the lands

of private individuals may also be acquired in the manner indicated

in the foregoing article. 1442. Every owner of mining land is bound, whenever he

sells. transfers or alienates his rights in such land, to give notice

thereof to the Commissioner within thirty days of such sale, trans-

fer or alienation.

Src. 7.—PRICE OF MINING CONCESSIONS.—RESERV ES OF THE RIGHT OF CUTTING TIMBER THEREON,

Mining Concessions.

Price Of

1443. When it concerns superior® metals, no sales of mining

concessions, containing more than four hundred acres in super-

ficies, shall be made to the same person, The Lieutenant-Gov-

ernor in Council has, nevertheless, the right to grant to any person,

upon sutheient proof of his capital and resources, a larger extent

of territory, but not to exceed one thousand acres.

When it concerns inferior* metals, it shall be lawful for the

Lieutenant-Governor in Council to determine for each mineral the

extent of the mining concession whieh may be granted to the same

person, 1444. With such applications to purchase and the production of the documents mentioned in this law, appleants are required

to pay to the Department of Crown Lands the entire price of the

mining concessions which they desire to purchase at the following

rates: 1. If for the mining of superior metals on lands situated more nae &

*The words "superior metals'' include the ores of gold, silver, lead, copper, nickel, and also graphite, asbestos, mica and phosphate of lime; and the words "inferior metals'? mean and include all the minerals and ores which

" ; 7 ay sh d

fuded in the preced ut 3 of: ble

ure not value,

than twelve miles from a railway in operation, five dollars an were, and if on lauds situated less than twelve miles from such railway, ten dollars an acre:

2. If for the mining of inferior metals. the price shall be fixed

by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council.

1446. Unless stipulated to the contrary in the letters-patent:

1. In concessions for the mining of superior metals, the sale of such concession shall give to the purchaser the right to mine for all metals which may be found therein:

2. In concessions for the mining of inferior metals. the sale of such concession shall give to the purchaser the right to mine for inferior metals only.

Reserve Of Right Of Cutting Timper On Mining Concessions,

1448. The holders of licenses to cut tiniber have. under such license, the privilege of cutting on all mining concessions granted within their limits pine timber measuring twelve or more inches in diameter on the stump, and spruce timber measuring nine or more inches in diameter on the stumip.

This privilege shall, however, finally expire after a period of three vears from the date of the issue of the deed of sale.

1440. The letters-patent wn dand, sold as mining concessions, within the meaning 'aw, shall contain a clause reserving all trees of pine or sj ber in favor of the Crown: and, subject to the provisions c. the preceding article, the Cominissioner may grant to any person whomsoever the right of entering upon the said lands and eutting and taking therefrom, aceording to the regulations, the trees so reserved and me! ine and keeping in repair across the said mining concessions all roads necessary for such operations,

150. The purchasers or proprietors of such mining concessions have, in the case of the two preesding articles, the right to cut and take away for their own use ees as they may require for the construction of the buildings and dependencies necessary for their operations.

Src, 8.—CANCELLING OF SALES OF MINING LANDS.

1151. Mining lands shall be sold on the express condition that the purchaser shall commence bona fide the mining of the minerals therein contained within two years from the date of purchase and

that during such delay the purchaser shail in sueh working spend asum of not less than five hundred dollars, if for superior metals, and of not less than two hundred dollars, if for inferior metals.

The Commissioner may cancel the sale of .ueh adning land in default of the performance of the conditions herein mentioned, according to the mode followed for the cancetlation of sales of publie lands.

Letters-patent shall he issued only on satisfactory proof that the foregoing conditions have been fulfilled.

Exploration And Prospecting Licenses

1452. Any person, firm or company may, without a license, prospect and search for mines or ores upon public lands not already occupied as mining concessions or otherwise.

When any such person, firm or company may desire to enjoy the benefit of such license he shall obtain from the Commissioner such license for such purpose on conforming to the provisions of

ne following article:—

1453. The application for an exploration and prospecting license shall contain as exact a description as possible of the land required, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, and shall be accompanied by the following fees, as the case may be:

1. If the mine is upon private lands, two dollars for every hundred acres; every less number of xeres to count as one hundred ;

2. If the mine is upon Crown lands,—

a. Insurveved territory, five dollars for every hundred acres: every less number of acres to count as one hundred ;

b. In unsurveyed territory, five dollars for each square mile,

Such license is valid for three months and may be renewed.

1455. Whoever, under such license, searches and prospects as aforesaid shall make a report to the Comruissioner, or to the inspector of the result of his operations.

1456. The holders of such license may afterwards purchase such mine by paying the prices mentioned in article 144 and by conforming to the present law and also to the regulations passed in virtue thereof.

Form Of Mining Licenses,

1460, There are two descriptions of licenses for mining known as follows, to wit:

1. Private lands' license, where the mining rights belong to the Crown.

2. Publie lands' license.

Granting And Duration Of Licenses,

1461. Mining liceuses are granted on payment of a fer of five dollars and of an annual rental of one dollar per acre.

2. Every such license is valid for one year from the date of issue and is transferable only with the consent of the Commissioner.

3. It cannot be granted for an extent of over two hundred acres in superficies, unless the Lieutenant-Governor in Council otherwise decides.

1. The Heensee vay, before the expiry of his license. and not later than ten clear days thereafter, review such license on payment of a like fee of five dollars or of any such other sum as may be determined by law at the time of its issue and of an annual rental of one dollar per acre,

5. No such mining license ean be renewed except upon payment of the said fee end of the said annual rental,

Powers Of Licensees On Private Lands,

1465. The holder of a mining license or the owner of mining rights on private lands is authorized to work the mines thereon with the consent of the private person, or on his refusal by eompelling him thereto in the manner provided by the following

articles, ARBITRATION FOR MINING ON PRIVATE LANDS.

1466. Every holder of a mining license or every owner of mining rights on private lands or their representatives who wish to mine on the land of such private person niust first enuse to he served a notice in writing stating :—

1. That they intend to mine on the land of such private person ;

2. That they are ready to pay the damages arising from such

mining op

11S

1467. The notice shall give a delay of one month from the date of the service to the said private person to answer and make such agreement if present, and, if absent from the Province, double delay, and in the latter case the notice shall be inserted in French and English three times in a newspaper of the district, if there js such newspaper, if not, in a newspaper of an adjoining district.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS RESPECTING APPLICANTS FOR AND HOLDERS OF LICENSES AND PERSONS WORKING MINES,

1491. Every applicant for a license to mine upon public lands has a right to plant a wooden picket at each corner of the lot for which he desires to obtain such license.

1492. Every such applicant, after having staked out the location of his land in the manner determined in the preceding article, is bound to give written notice thereof without delay to the mining inspector.

1493. Such netice shall give the name of the applicant, in-

dicate the plaee where the land is situated, contain a complete

designation and description of the land and mention where such applicant erects his domicile, under penalties.

1494. The discoverer of a new mine on public lands is entitled to a free mining license, valid tor twelve months, for the area allowed by article 1461, or by any regulations which may be issued under it and in force when such discovery is mede; provided that such discovery has been immediately reported in writing to the inspector of the mining division.

1495. Any one who does not immediately report such discovery shall be deprived for the space of one year of the right to mine on publie lands.

1496. No person is considered to be the discoverer of a new mine, unless the place of the alleged discovery is in a region unknown as a mining region, or at least a distance of thirty miles from the nearest mine.

1497. Every person holding a mining license, upon renewing the same, is bound, under penalty of the refusal of such renewal, to make to the inspector of the mining division, in addition to the annual statement which he is bound to furnish in virtue of the following article, a full and true statement. under oath, of the work performed and of the minerals obtained by him during the

term of such license, which statement may be entered upon the expiring license,

1498S. Every owner of taining rights, whether he mines himself or by others, and every person working mines must, daring the first ten days of the month of January in each vear, furnish a sworn statement of his operations for the past vear, indieating the quantity of mineral extracted, its value at the mine and fhe uumber of workmen emploved, as well as a list of the names of Nersois killed or injured in working the mines,

1499. No title to a mining concession or license shall, without the formal consent of the proprietor of the soil, give a right to mine or to open pits of galleries, or to erect machines or stores in fields, vards or gardens, or upon lands close to dwelling houses. or boundary fences or dwellings, nor even to enter such vards or habitations,

1500. every person who prospects or inines for minerals upon

lands adjoining a mining division is subject to the provisions of :

this law, as if he worked within the limits of such mining division.

Sec, 10.—SPECIAL PROVISIONS RESPECTING MINING. WATER-COURSES AND EXCAVATIONS,

1500. Every miner who makes a pit. shaft or any excavation Whatever to a depth of four fect and over is bound to enclose the same with a fence at least four feet in height, if he diseontinues working the same for a period of eight davs.

1510. All owners of claims and mining locations, bounded by Water-courses or rivers upon public as well as upon private lands. may make use of such water-courses or rivers in working their respective claims or locations, but without hindering each other,

1511. Every dispute arising between the parties on the subject is settled and decided by the inspector of the mining division and whosoever disobeys the order of the inspector is liable to penalties.

Abstract From The Mines Act Of The Province Of Ontario.

Minerals On Crown Lands.

S. Any person or persons may explore for mines or minerals on any Crown J.ands, surveyed or unsurveyed, and not for the time being marked or staked out and oecupied as hereinafter mentioned, except-on such lands as may by the Lieutenant-Governor in Couneil have been withdrawn from sale, location or exploration as being valuable for theit pine timber or for any other reason, and any person attempting to explore, occupy or work any lands se withdrawn shall ineur a penalty of $20 and costs, and in default of payment of the fine and costs such persons may be imprisoned for any period not exceeding one month.

9, (1) Crown lands not situated within any mining division which are supposed to contain ores or minerals, and mining rights in lands, the ores or minerals whereof have been reserved by the Crown, may be sold or located as mining lands in blocks, sections or lots, to be called " mining locations."

(2) Where such Crown lands are situated within a mining division they may be occupied and worked as "mining claims," under miner's licenses, as hereinafter provided.

License Fees,

10. No owner of any mine shall carry on the business of mining for any ore or mineral in respect of which a license fee is imposed, without first taking out a license under the provisions of this Net.

11. 41) 'bie licenses shall be signed and issued by the Commnissioner of Crown Lands or the Director of the Bureau of Mines in such form as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may direct and shall be dated as of the Ist day of May in each year and shall continue in foree until and including the 30th day of April of the next ensuing vear and no longer.

(2) Every license issued under this Act shall designate the property in respect of which it has foree and when the property belongs to two or more persons the license may be issued in the

hame of any one or more of them and when the property belongs

to a corporation the license may be issued in the name of the corporation,

EXPLORATORY DRILLING 22. (1) The Commissioner of Crown Lands may. out of the mnoneys voted for that purpose, purchase not more than two diamond drills to be used in exploratory drilling of ores or minerals in the Provinee, under rules and regulations to be made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council.

(2) The regulations shall, amongst other things. provide:

(a) For the control and working o? the drills under the direetion of a person or persons employed for the purpose by the Bureau of Mines.

(hb) As to the payment of freight charges where the drills ave used upon mines or lands other than those owned by the Crown.

As to the application for the use of the drills and the method of dealing therewith, As to the charges for the use of the drills and for damages thereto or wear and tear connected therewith, and other- Wise as to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall seem meet.

Bureau Of Mines And Gfficers.

23. There shall be established in connection with the Depart - ment of Crown Lands a Bureau of Mines to aid in promoting the mining interests of the Province and the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may appoint an officer to be known as Director of the Bureau of Mines who shall act under the direetion of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, unless and till otherwise ordered, and who

shall be paid such salary as shall be voted by the Legislature.

FORM, SIZE AND PRICE OF LOCATIONS, 41. The price per acre of all Crown lands to be sold as mining lands or locations shall be:

(a) If in surveyed territory within six miles of any railway se Se :

(b) If in surveyed territory within twelve miles of any railway.

(¢) If situated elsewhere in surveyed territory.

(d) If in unsurveyed territory and within six miles of any railway . Aa fi ; na

(e) If in unsurveyed territory within twelve miles of any railway, ; ee

(t) If situate elsewhere in unsurveved territory

Lez

The price per aere for a patent of mining rights shall be one-half of the above rates

12. A prospector or explorer who is the first diseaverer ol Valuable metals, ores or minerals shall be entitled to a free grant of one location of 40 acres where the vein, lode or other deposit is not lees than five miles from the nearest known mine, vein, lode or deposit of the same metal, ore or mineral respectively, and proofs of his being the first discoverer and of the distance from the nearest known occurrence of the same metal, ore or mineral shall be made by affidavit to the satisfaction of the Commissioner

of Crown Lands. CONDITIONS ON WHICH LOCATIONS TO BE HELD.

(1) The grantee or owner of any mining location sold and patented under seetions 41 and 42 shall, during the seven years immediately following the issue of the patent therefor, expend in stripping or in opening up mines, in sinking shafts, or in other actual mining operations, exclusive of all houses, roads and other like improvements, a sum nota than at the rate of SL per acre during the first two vears aud: s.m not less than at the rate of $1 per acre during each remaining vear of the said seven years, or its equivalent in less time, and the said expenditure may consist of labor actually performed by grown men to be computed at the rate of S2 per man per dav; but if two or more locations are contiguous, the whole of the mining work herein required may be done upon one of them.

(2) In default of such expenditure during the first two vears or during any subsequent vear of the said period of seven verrs all rights conneeted with any such mining location shall upon an Order in that behalf being made by the Lieutenant -CGovernor in Couneil, upon the report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines that such expenditure has not been made, revert to and be vested in His Majesty, his successors and assigns. forthe public uses of the Provinee, freed and discharged of any interest or claim of any other persem or persons whatsoever.

(3) It shall be the duty of the grantee, owner or holder of a mining location to make a report ef the performance of the mining operations herein required according to a form which may be obtained on application to the Director of the Bureau of Mines,

forwarded to the Director of the Bureau within thirty days after

12:3

the end of the Vearoor term of vears, as the ease may be for whiel the expenditure is required 15, (1) Instead of granting any mining lands in: fe siniple the same may be leased or demised for a term of ten vears and unless otherwise provided bv regulation the rental for the first vear shall be $f per aere and for each vear of the term thereafter it shall be per aere (a) Tf in survived territory within six miles of a rail- Way Oe (hb) Win a surveyed township within twelve miles of a railway he (c) Uf situate elsewhere in survived territory 200

(qd) Tf in unsurveved territory. within six miles of a

railway, 250 (e) Tf in unsurveved territory within twelve miles. of

a railway Je, (f) Uf situate else here in unsurveved territors be,

The rental of mining rights when leased shall be one-half of the above rates

(2) very sueh lease shall be subject to sueh covenants and conditions on the part of the lessee, his executors, administrators and assigns, to be paid, observed and performed, as shall be provided by regulation

(3) The said lease may among other things provide for the removal in case of forfeiture or non-renewel of the lease of any minin t and machinery which the lessee, his executors, heirs and administrators shall have placed or greeted upon the said premises,

(4) There shall be expended in stripping or in opening up mines or in sinking shafts, or in other actual mining operations the like sums upon lands leased under the provisions of this Act as is provided by section 44 shall be expended in the case of sales or grants and within the like periods and in default: of such expenditure the lease shall be forfeited and become absolutely void, and the said lands, mines and minerals shall, upon an Order on that behalf being made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council upon the report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines that such expenditure has not been made, revert to and become the property of and be vested in His Majesty, his successors and assigns, and

whe

shall cease to be the property of any ether ner

whatsoever.

(7) At the eXpiration of the said term of ten vears for Whieh a mining location has been leased, if the vearly rental has been paid and if all the covenants and conditions of the lease have heen fulfilled. the lessee shall be entitled to receive a patent for the location: or he may at anv time during the demised term, upon payment of rent for the full period of the term and performances and fulfilment of all other covenants and conditions of the lease obtain a patent for the loeation; and the provisions of this subsection may apply to any mining locations heretofore leased under

the terms of The Mines Act

Reservation Of Timber,

50. (1) The patent for all Crown lands sold or granted ining lands shall contain a reservation of all pine trees standing or being on the lands, which pine trees shall continue to be the property of His Majesty, and any person holding a license to cut timber or sawlogs on stich lands may at all times during the continuance of the license enter upon the lands and eut and remove such trees and make all necessary roads for that purpose

The patentees or those claiming under them (except patentees of mining rights hereinafter mentioned) may eut and use such trees as may be necessary for the purpose of building, fencing and fuel on the land so patented, or for any other purpose essential to the working of the mines thereon, and may also cut and dispose of all trees reqtired to be removed in actually clearing the land for cultivetion.

(3) No pine trees except tor the said) necessary building fencing and fuel, or other purposes essential to the working of the mine, shall be eut bevond the limit of such actual clearing; and all pine trees so eut and disposed of, except ror the said neeessars building, fencing and fuel, or other purposes aforesaid, shall subject to the payment of the same dues as are at the time payable by the holders of licenses to cut timber or sawlogs.

The preceding section shall apply to all leases issued under this Act, other than leases of mining rights hereinafter mentioned, with the following limitations and variations, that is to sav:

1. No pine trees shall be used for fuel other than dry ping trees and ( (except for domestic and household purposes) only atter

imher Heensee ar the Denpartin vent of Crown

Lands is obtained.

In cause it is intended te elour for eulttvation any

of the laneds lensed it sticell toe thre clits of the lessees holder of the timber license three months' notice in writing of intention to clear, and the area intended to be eleared. and position, so that such timber leensee may remeve any timber or the area intended to be clenred

4. Hat the expiry of the time limited ly the notice sueh titiber shall hot have been removed trom the area inte nidled to be cleared, then the lessee shall be at liberty te cut and dispose of all trees required to be removed in actually ele uring for cultivation the area specified in such notice, and all trees so eut and disposed of shall be subject to the payment of the same dues as are at the time payable by the holders of the leenses

4. If during the first ten vears it is sought to en

leased, bevend what i

other than pine. on the lands se for building, fencing, or fuel, or in the course of actual ef

cultivation, or for any other purpose essential to the working of the mines as hereinbefore provided, application shall first be mac to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, whe may erant authorits

to eut such timber and fix the rate of dues to be paid thereon

Sureackh Kreghts And Mining Rights,

52. The ores, minerals and minine rights that have in tt

patents been reserved to the Crown in any land may be granted or lensed to the owner of the surface thts who applies therefor unless a patent or mining lease has been previous tpplied for by a person who is the first discoverer of valuable ore or mineral in-or upon the premises, when such applicant shall have priorits

a3. (1) Where the surface rights have been granted. lensed or located, and a patent or lease of mining rights shall thereafter be yranted in respect of the same land, in the event of the partie

failing to agree upor: compensation for injury or damage to th

surface rights either in the form of a specified interest in. the mineral rights or ore or mineral, to be secured to the owner of thi surface rights, or by payment or agreement to pay in money, or the giving of security, the Director of the Bureau of Vines shall order and preseribe the manner in whieh compensation for the

damage or injury to the surface and surface rights shall be ascer

tamed parid or secured,

'or The purposes aforesaid the said Director is empowered

to appoint a valuator or valuators, arbitrator or arbitrators, who

shall have all the powers for the purposes for which he or they shall be appointed of an arbitrator or arbitrators under any Act of the Legislature, or he may direct that such compensation shall be ascertained by suit or action in any County or District Court.

54. No person shall have the right of entry as pre ector or explorer upon the surface rights of that portion of any lot used as a garden, orchard, vineyard, nursery, plantation or pleasure ground, or upon which crops that may be damaged by such entry are growing, or on which is situated any spring, artificial reservoir, dam or waterworks, or any dwelling-house, out-house, manufactory, publie building, church or cemetery, unless with the written consent of the owner, lessee or locatee, or of the person in whom the legal estate therein is vested

Miner'S License,

56. (1) On payment of a fee of $10, or such other stm as may be fixed by regulation, the Director of the Bureau of Mines (or the inspector of a division when so authorized by the Commissioner of Crown Lands) may grant to any person, registered partnership), or mining company incorporated under the laws of the Province applying therefor a license to be called a" miner's license," which shall he in force for one year from the date thereof and shall not be transferable except with the consent of the Director of the Bureau or the Inspector of the division.

(2) The person, partnership or company named in a license shall be called the "licensee," and upon payment of the fee fixed by law or regulation such licensee shall have the right to renewal if application is made therefor before the expiration of the license or within ten days thereafter.

57. A miner's license shall authorize the licensee to explore any portion of the mining division named in his license, and to nine during one year from the date of the Feense and from the date of any renewal thereof, on any mining claim marked or staked

out by such licensee on Crown lands, as hereinafter provided; but

any person may be employed by the licensee to assist him in working such claim, or the licensee may organize a company to work the same.

Staking Out And Holding Mining Claims.

58. A Heensee who discovers a vein, lode or other deposit of ore or mineral in place within the division mentioned in his license shall have the right to mark or stake out thereon a mining

claim, providing that it is on Crown lands not withdrawn from location or exploration and is not included in a claim oceupied by another licensee, or on lands the mines, minerals and mining rights whereof have been reserved by the Crown, and shall have the right to work the same or to transfer his interest therein to another licensee; and in case the surface rights have been granted, leased or located by the Crown to another person the licensee must proceed as provided in section 53 of this Act.

(2) If the working conditions have been complied with as hereinafter required for a period of four years on a claim ot twenty chains square, or for three years on a claim of fifteen chains square or less, or when the equivalent of such working conditions has been complied with in a less period of time in the respective cases, the licensee may apply for and obtain a certificate of full performance of the working conditions for the claim free from any further working conditions, renewal fee or miner's license to work the

same, and also a patent or lease for the land embraced in the claim,

free from any further working conditions and miner's license to work the same upon a survey thereof beitg made, the boundary lines in such survey to follow the courses of the lines of the claim as originally staked out and recorded, or as the lines may have subsequently been altered, changed or corrected by the inspector, and upon payment therefor to the Department of Crown Lands of the purchase price of first vear's rental at a rate per acre as provided in sections 41 and 45 respectively; and the time when the royalties may begin to be imposed or colleeted upon ores and minerals mined, wrought or taken from a claim so patented or leased shall be reckoned from the date of recording such claim: in the Inspector's office; and the Commissioner of Crown Lands. in granting patents under this subsection may grant at the same price to the owner of a claim any contiguous fraction or piece of land not staked of a less size than ten aeres if surrounded by staked claims.

59. (1) A mining claim shall be deemed to be marked or staked out when a discovery post of wood or iron on which is written or stamped the name o! the licensee is planted upon an outcropping or other indication of ore or mineral in place within the boundaries of the said claim, and a post of wood or iron is planted at each of the four corners in the order following. viz: No. 1 at the northeast corner, No, 2 at the southeast corner, No. 3 at the southwest corner, No. 4 at the northwest corner, the number

in each case to be on the side of the post turned towards the post which follows in the order in which they are named, and if one or more corners of a claim fall in any situation where the nature or shape of the ground renders the planting of a post or posts impracticable, such corner or corners may be indicated by placing at the nearest suitable point a witness post, which in that case shall contain the same marks as those prescribed herein for corner posts, together with the letters W.P. and an indication of the bearing and distance of the site of the true corner from such witness post.

(2) Where there are standing trees upon a mining claim so staked out the licensee shall be required to blaze the trees and cut the underbrush along the boundary lines of the claim, and also along a line from the first corner post to the discovery post.

60. No more than one claim shall be staked out by any individual licensee upon the same vein, lode or deposit of ore or mineral unless such claim is distant at least sixty chains.from the nearest known mine, claim or discovery on the same vein or lode; but no licensee shall stake out and record in the same mining division within a radius of fifteen miles more than four claims in one calendar year and for each additional claim after the first staked out and held by him he shall pay a fee of $10 a year in advance, or such other sum as may be fixed by regulation.

61. (1) A mining claim shall be a square of fifteen chains, or 990 feet, containing twenty-two and one-half acres; or of such other extent, greater or less, as may be fixed by regulation for any mining division, but so as not to exceed a square of twenty chains or 1,320 feet, containing forty acres.

(2) Each mining claim shall be laid out with boundary lines running north and south and east and west astronomically and the measurements of each claim shall be horizontal and the ground included in each claim shall be deemed to be bounded under the surface by lines vertical to the horizon.

(3) A valuable water power lying within the limits of a claim shall not be deemed as part of it for the uses of the licensee and a road allowance of one chain in width shall be reserved along the water, together with such additional area as in the opinion of the Commissioner 6. Crown Lands may be necessary for the development and utilization of such water power.

62. (1) Every Inspector appointed under this Act shall keep a book for the recording therein of mining claims, which book shall be open to inspection by any person on payment of a fee of twenty cents; and every licensee who has marked or staked out 2 mining claim under this Act shall within thirty' thereafter supply

under oath to the Inspector of the divi a outline sketeh or plan thereof showing the discovery post a. corner posts and the witness posts (if any), and their distanc, each other in

feet, together with a notice in writing setting forts. cae name of the licensee and the number of his license, the name (if any) of the claim and its locality as indicated by some general description or statement, the time when the same was marked or staked out, the length of the boundary lines, if for any cause they are not regular, and the nature of such cause, the situation of the discovery post as indicated by distance and direction from the first corner post and the date of the record; and the Inspector shall forthwith ente the particulars of the notice in his book, and shall file the notice and sketch or plan with the records of his office.

(2) If the licensee fails to comply with the provisions of this section so far as the same relate to him, or, if having complied with them, he or any person on his behalf shall remove any post for the purpose of changing the boundaries after the plan and notice have been filed, the mining claim so marked or staked out shall be deemed to be forfeited and abandoned and all right of the license® therein shall cease.

63. (1) A mining claim shall also be deemed to be forfeited and abandoned and all right of the licensee therein shall cease in case the miner's license has run out and has not been renewed, or if the annual fee for the claim has not been prepaid, or if $150 shall not be expended upon each claim taken up except as hereinafter in this section provided in stripping. or in opening up mines, in sinking shafts, or in other actual mining operations, exclusive of all houses, roads and other like improvements in every license year, and the said expenditure shall consist of labor actually performed by grown men, to be computed at the rate of $2 per man per day; but when work upon a larger scale is required to be performed upon a claim valuable for iron ore, such requirements shall apply instead of the provisions of this subsection,

(2) Provided furthermore that for every five claims or less held by the same licensee or by different persons agreeing to com-

Wittiith a@ radius oF one mie Ail slich

mining operations may be earried on upon one of the claims: but notice of an intention to carry on such operations must be filed with the Inspector and a record of all mining oper: itions carried on by a licensee during his license vear, ve vified by oath, shall be filed with the Inspeetor, who shall enter an abstract the sreof in his book.

(3) A licensee may at any time abandon a mining claim by giving notice in writing to the Inspector of the mining division of his intention so to do and from the date of the record of such notice in the Inspector's book all interest of the licensee in such clainy shall cease.

64. No mining claim within a division shail be considered unworked within the meaning of the preceding section during the time that an Order in Council direets that work on mining elaims within such mining division may be suspended.

65. Every licensee shall produge and exhibit his license to the Inspector ier the division and prove to the satisfaction of the Inspector thea it is in foree, whenever re quired by him so to do.

Annual Statistical Returns.

7x. (1) The owner or agent of every mine, quarry or other works to which this Part applies shall on or before the 15th day of January in every year send to the Bureau of Mines a correct return for the vear ending on the preceding 31st day of December of the number of persons ordinarily employed in or about such mine below ground and above ground respectively, and dis tinguishing the dif ont classes and ages of the persons so e mploved whose hours of labor are regulated by this Act, the average rate of wages of each class and the total amount of wages paid during the year, the quantity in standard weight of the mine ral dressed and of the undressed mineral which has been sold, treated or used during such year, and the value or estimated value shekear- and the

owner or agent of every metalliferous mine shall, if required, mi ake

similar returns at the end of each month or quarter of the calendar vear for such month or quarter, in order that the same may be tabulated for publication by the Director of the Bureau under the instructions © f the Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Bibliography.

Cirkin, FRirz—" Mica Deposits in the County of Ottawa," Transactions of the General Mining Association of the Province of Quebec, IS91, IS92, 1893.

CinkeL, Fritz— Mica Deposits." Canadian Mining Review. May: June and July, 1904,

CorkILL—" Notes on the Occurrence, Production and Uses of Mica,"' Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute. Vol. VIT.

Ents, Dr. R. W.—* Phosphate Deposits in the Laurentian," Transactions of the General Mining Association of the Province of Quebee, 1893.

Euts, Dr. R. W.—* Miea Deposits." Transactions of the Geological Society of America, 1894.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY oF CaNnapa, Reports of the—Years 1863, 1895, page ISSL, 1896, page S58, 1897, page 1308,

Hanrincrox—* Report on the Minerals of some of the Apatite Jearing Veins of Ottawa County." Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1877-78.

Hotianp——" Miea in India," Memoirs Geological Survey of India,

Vol. 34, part IT, 1902.

HotMes—" Mica Deposits in the United States." Report of the ! t United States Geological Survey, ISOS-99.

Minera INpustry—Years IS98, 1899, 1900, L901.

ObaLskI-—" Mica in the Saguenay District." Transactions of the General Mining Association of the Province of Quebee, IS94-95, page 24.

Ona tski—* Mica in the Provinee of Quebee." Report of the Quebec Bureau of Mines, 1901.

Ontarto Bureau or Mints, Reports of the——Years 1901, 1902,

Osann—" The Occurrence of Apatite and Mica North of Ottawa," Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. XT, 1899- 1900,

Pexrose, Dr. R.—Bulletin United States Geological Survey, No. 46, 1SSS.

QueBEC Bureau or Mines, Reports of the—Years 1901, 1902,

RAMMELSBERG—" Ueber die chemische Natur der Glimmer," Sitzber. Akad., Berlin, 14th February, 1899.

Santi. Mervyn—lInstitution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1898, page Therrsrox—" Mica in India," Imperial Institute, Indian Section,

No. 19.

Trairkh pe Mintratogie—2nd Ed., Vol. 1V

Tscuermak—* Die Glimmergruppe,"" ISS8.

Index.

Accessory minerals in pegmatite... phlogopite deposits Action of water in deposition of mica, Adams, Dr., on syenite pegmatites Aduins mine, . Alabama, U.S.A., mica in. Allan, W. A., mine operator. . Alstead, New Hampshire, U.S.A., mica mine Alterations of mica. American Mica Co, , . Analyses of biotite. . os feldspar . muscovite . . phlogopite rare earths. . uranite. .. Annual production in Canada Annual returns of operations to Bureau of Mines . . Apatite, cutting off deposits of mics. early mining of. igneous origin of in association with muscovite... : phlogopite inclusions in erystals. . . occurrence with mica...

Application for miners license, Proy. of Que . . iy Be rs Prov. of Ont... Applications of mica...

Aqueo-igneous solution of mica Aqueous solution of mineral matter . Arbitration for mining on private lands, Prov. of Queb, G in claims for damages, Proy, of Ont. Armatures, mica used in Artificial mica Asbestos compound sear paper, tests with .. Atkinson, Mr. k Aylwin, Township of.

Baby mine. sails 26, 29, 7S

Bahia, Brazil, miea in. . . . 1a

Bandathis, Indian miners... . . 10S

Battle Lake mine Beaulieu River

aver Lake claim... sedford, Township of, mies mines Behar, India Bendi, Hazaribagh Bengal mica fields Bengal mines Bengal muscovite Jenga Presidency Bergeronnes River Berthier, County of, occurrence of Muscoy ite in Beryl, as inclusions

in pegmatite dikes,

Bibliography Biotite ..

composition. in India. .

Bireh Lake mine

Blackburn mine. .

Blake, Township of, occurrences of mica in Blasting, cost of

Boiler coverings.

Boiler insulations . .

Boom derricks

Bouchette, Township of, mica indiaations in Brazil mica qualities. . .

Brazil, productions of mica in

Brillianey of mica colours.

British Columbia. .

Brocades, mica used in

Bureau of Mines of Ontario

2th,

28, 20, 416, 51

Vw

96,22

3, 6, 10, 18

S7 Is Nz

Burgess, Township of North and South, phlogopite deposits of. ..19, 20, 22, 80

Burke ming Byrnes mine.

'able derricks, construction of 'alcite, in deposits in Templeton in deposits in Gatineau Valley

in mica crystals " mccain..

'ambro Silurian formation . . .

'anada Industrial Co., property of Canadian Mica & Mining Co... . Canadian Phosphate Co., properties of. Canadian production of mi

Cancelling of saie of mining lands, Prov. of Qu

Capper, Prof., on uncovered steam pipes.

Carrier tor cable derricks . .

Cascades, Gatineau River, pocket deposits at Cassidy's mine, ,

Cavities, mica in. .

Cerium, oxideoft...

Ceylon mica, compared with Canadian

Chabot & Co., mine operators .

Chaibee mine

Characteristies of the micas

Charlevoix County, occurrence of mineral cleveite in Chiengo Mica Co... .

China, mica in

Chota Nagpur, lydia, miea in

Clay County, Alabama, U.S.A., occurrence of mies in Cleavage, ,

Cleburn County, Alabama, U.S.A., occurrence of mien tia Cleveite

Cobbing of rica,

Cochin, mica in, compared with Canadian

Colour of mica,

Commercial application of mica

Commercial sizes

Commercial value oe

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Prov. of Quebee. . Comparison of Canadian mica with other insulating maierial Comparison of Indian with Canadian mica

Comparison of Indian with Canadian mining methods, . Comparison of Ontario with Quebee mica fields

( 'omposition of explosives :

Composition of the micas. (See Analyses).

Contact deposits

Contorted mica

Cooling off of crystals,

Cost. of blasting.

of dynamite

hand drilling

labor in Canada. Jaborin India

machine drilling,

mining

Crown Lands, definition, Prov. of Quebec Crow) mine, South Dakota, U.S.A... Crystal colours, mica used in.

Crystalline Limestone

Crystallization of mica,

Crystals, imperfeetion of...

inclusions in

intergrowth of

subjected to earth pressure

Cultivation of leased mining lands, Prov. of Ont. . Curtailment of production

Damages, arising from mining operations, Proy, of Quebec, . Danbury, New Hampshire, U.8.4., miea in Davis mine, . Dawson, Dr. George, quoted,on value of Canadian miea Dead rock in mining, Debris, removal of. Deep seated origin of mica deposits Delhi, India, mica mines in Denholm, Township of, indications of mica in Denver, Col., mica grinding works... Depth of drill holes. Depth of mica deposits Derricks, boom derricks ...

rs cable derricks Derry, Township of, mica in Diamond Drill, use of, in Ontario. . Dioritie dikes... Director of Mining Bureau, Prov. of Ont. . Disposal of roek and mica Disputes regarding mining, Prov. of Que dy. Distortion of crystals . . Disturbing influences in formation of mica... Division of laminae and sheets Drainage in Indian mines. . Dressing of mica in Canada

si as in India. . Drilling in mica. Damko Gharanchi, mine, India. Dumping cars... Dunstan, Wyndham, report on value of Canadian micas Duty on mica to United States. . Ds namite, composition of

cost of.

1D

Eastmain River, occurrence of mus vite on. Ieffect of hand-drilling ...

Effect of machine drilling. .

Efficiency of Indian miner,

Efficiency of mica covering

Elasticity of mica ..

Ileci real appitatiis, tire of mccain..

Electrical non-conductivity of mica.

Electrical qualities of Canadian nica.

Electricity for blasting tH) hleetricity seed ity tritene tine a lls, Dr. quoted, on mien deposits a Empire Mies Co it) Powhind, export of mica te Ss} Epidote in peumatite i Eerratic methods of mining s haropeans mining in nein 1s Experiments with Canadian mien SOOT Indian mien my hexy erts opinion on 'anadion mica So Exploratory drilling in Ontario, . It Explosives, cost of Ww i. COMPOS tion of iw in Tretia, 1OsS-1}2 Exports of mien, from Canada SI a from India. 103

Faulting of veins, Hazaribagh... Hii Faults, lines of. . 31 Feldspar, analysis of, In a in pegmatite dikes, Canada. . PO TEe, te id in pegmatite dikes, Dnaia 1-109 in Villeneuve mine, i price in United States tn Fertilizers, mien used in Tv Films, thiekness of : Is Fire sereens, nieuw used in. . a) Fissure force 36 Fleury mine O3 Flexibility of mien, S5 Flexibility of micanite ' Qu-s9 Fonseca Thine, Brazil. ' loo Forfeiture of mining elaims 129 Forum of crystals... 34 "orm of mining locations, Prov. of Ont.. 121 Fortin and Gravelle, mine operators 2 Fracture, lines of, . 31 Franchot, 8. PL. , 13 Free grant of mining locations, Prov. of Ont, 122

Freeman's mine. .

Free mining license

Future possibilities of mica fieids ... S3 (i

Cananoque, miea grinding mill 14

Garnet in pegmatite in Canada 1

e ny in India. Li

i@tineau River,(mica belt)

- cust side of, ( t mine bs

" side ot, (mien nite 2

iatineau Valley oir fas

Gaya District, India

General Bleetrie Co., (mien mine tt 47.71, 72, 78, SU 83 Geographic al distribution of the micas s Geographical distribution of phlogopite 7) Ceologiceal occurrence of muscovite "

Geological occurrence of phlogopite 12

Cilen Almond Mies & Mining Co

Cineiss in the Laurentian . 22-23 Gore of Templeton

Gould Lake mine. . 6 Ciovaz, State of, (mica in), ow Cracetield Station 72 Grades of mies, percentage of — in ran of site Ih Grading of mien, ts Crafton, New Hampshire, Uo8.A., mien ite oo Grand Trunk R.R., bent insulation test= with mica, conducted O56 Granting of mining leense, Prov. of Que Hi7 Grenville osiea deposits 19-20 Ground mica, stot. 19 Ground mies preparation of 18S Gunpowder, use of —in Tndia 112

H Haacke, Mr. Albert, (experiments on condensation of steam in bare pipe chy). 2 Hall nithes ie)

Hand drilling, effeet and cost of 9

Hand press, for packing mica 7 Hanlan imine...

Hardness of mica. 7

Harrington Station, (miea mine at) . '7

Hasawah, Indian siekk 10S

Hazaribagh, India, faulting of veins in 16

"feldspar in pegmatites 106

veological formation in 105

id mica mines im... 103

pegmatite veins 105

produetion of mica in 105

Hay wood County, North Carolina, U.S.A,, mica deposits in) 100

Heat insulation, experiments with mice 94,95, 96

High Rock mine... 32-36

Hincks, Township of, (mica deposits in). 71

Hindoos mining miea 103

History of phlogopite 19

History of Indian mica mining .

Hoi '4

iPad Heorieor Mie leposits - Hornbl legt in tated fled to Hoskin rine an Hudson Beare. Prof. experiments of ws Uy a Hy Po tishipee mites deposits in H! Eyelre tHlteration= of mies

Pyneous origin et dpoeetite ii Trap eotior fer Is th Ine ~ldbbin it wen 0, fer India. Biotite in Hay Indian, export of mien trom 1h WeCUITENCE ¢ " ith 1in> ttm, Tndiat) Miea Conipany Hg Indianomien. harneter et posits of Hi colour of 1 dressing of OS, 1000 F Te experiment ith On rregularity of <iappey i locations ; meralowion! features sot 1! onteropes of Tas - prices of bie produetion of a Indian niece deposits, poekety natare of 1 Dadian mien mines, breaking of roek in 1s drainage o ay efficiency of DEL-212 lite ot Ite nitbera ping number of persons employed 1) production of . SUsSpension of work i Is : ventilation ¢ 1 Wities in SE Indien mica mining, history KS methods ot 106. LOT. 10s methods of, compared with Canadia tt Wastetitiness af ! Inferior metals, mining concessions for HW Insulating power of mica Su

Insulation for steam pipes and boil

Intergrowth of crystals y Internal imperfections and inclusions u International Miea Co, ay Taitey ;

Intrusive character of pegmatite. lt

of pyroxene dikes 33H

Jackson County, North Carolina, US... mica deposits

Jackson Rae property Jubilee mine.

iN

Kadami, India, (mica mines) . Kali-Glinmer,

Kaolin

Kent Bros. mica cutting factory Kino-Chau Bay., tnies deposits

Kilns, protection of. .

Kingston City, mica cutting fretory at Kote trimming of miea..

Kodak mine...

Koderma Government, India, mica mines in

Lacey mine

e des Escoutnains, mien deposits ..

Lake Girard mica system

Lake Girard mine. .

Lake St. John Region, discoveries of mic: Lake Terror mine...

hake Winokapan, mica deposits Laminae of mien

Lamination ..

Lanark, Township of, mica deposits

1 terns, mien used in.

Lamp chimneys, miea used in Laurentian formation. .

Laurentide Mica Co,

Leases of mining lands, Prov. of Ont Leases of mining lands in Nellore, India Leasing of mining rights, Prov. of Ont Loe Bros.' property. .

Lepidolite, India

Lewis Bros., mine operators,

License fees, Prov. of Ont.

License fees, Prov. of Quel

Lievre district

Life of mien mines

Life of Indian mines

Lila Mining Co

Limestone, ervstalline

Little Rapids mine. .

Lacuiid mien.

Location of muscovite occurrences

1,6, 46, 72, 73,

3 ane

26, 80, 56, 60, 65, 6S, 70

3,6, 89 17 -Sy

17, 62, So, 81, 83

seaamcmnagcsteememreenaneneenanereers

EAE MENON SPIER IELTS RRR RENT: Tetes

Location of phlogopite, Locomotives, tests with mien in

Loss of heat in bare steam: pipes. .

Loughborough, Township of, mica deposits in 20),

Low, LP. quoted, on occurrence of mica Low, Township of, outerops of miea in Lubricants, mien as

Lyon's mica fairies

Me MeClatehy mine Meiie mine. . MeVierman's property MeViety's property M

Maefarkine's mine...

Machine drilling, effect and cost of

Machine trimming knife...

Macon County, North Carolina, U.S.A., occurrence of mica in Madras, Board of Revenue, regulations for mining mien Madras Presideney, mica area of

Magnesia compound, as compared with miea

Magnesia iron mica

Magnetite inclusions. . .

Maisonneuve mine

Malbaie Village, occurrence of mineral cleveite near Maloney, PLO., experiments by

Manbhoom district, India, miea deposits in. . Manchester's mine

Maniwaki, indications and outcrops ¢f mica in

Mark Haldane mine...

Marsalais mine,

Martha mine.

Masham, Township of, indications and outerops Of mien in Mats and mattresses, construction of,

Methuen Township, miea deposits in

Mica, analyses. .

as protection in smoke flues

"as protection in kilns. . - board boiler coverings.

erystiuls in caleite. . deepseated origin of films...

geographical distribution wneiss ,

ground...

Ww)

1io

No 07

as! B

St)

Mica,

Miea Mie: Mica Mica

Mica

Mica

Mica

history of .. hoisting of in cavities. .. inclusions. industry and status... insulating power of insulation for steam pipes and boilers. . . internal imperfections, . market .. mats for steam and hot water pipes. minttresses (see laiats). mines and locations. . outcrops. percentage of —in rock . . physical properties of preparation of ~sheets, sizes and thickness of . tests with-in locomotives. . . uses of... Witste, Boiler Covering Co., Lmtd... . 'cous rock matter, cutting factories. .. fields, in Canada, area ol a geological features. . 0.0... topographical features . . in India. . mines, muscovite—in Ontario. .. Quebec foreign countries . phlogopite—in Ontario. . Quebec mining, cost of. in India. . methods of. Mining and Manufacturing Co.

Micanite ' Michel, Mr., inventor of boiler covering

Minas Geras, Brazil, occurrence of mica in.

Minerals on Crown lands, Prov. of Ont... Miners license, Prov. of Ont...

Minit Minit Mini: Minit

duration of

price of

ig Bureau, Prov. of Ont., functions of . .

1¢ claims, Prov. of Ont...

¢ concessions in Proy. of Quebee ..

ig lands, Prov. of Quebec, acquisition of es by cancelling of sale of. .

" "

sale of

duties of proprietors ot.

113, 114, 115

'

Mining lands, Prov. of Ontario, cultivation of in fee simple

leasing of Mining law in Nellore, India. .

te Prov. of Ontario Prov. of Quebee. . . Mining license, Prov. of Quebec. . .

application for

for exploring and prospecting . .

formof..

free...

granting and duration of renewal of, .

Mining locations, Prov. of Ont., conditions on which to hold them form, size and price of. . .

grant of . Mining rights (see Mining law).

Mitchell County, North Carolina, U.S.A., oeerrence of mica in. .

Mode of occurrence of muscovite. phlogopite . . Mohs' seale. .

Monazite

Monghyr District, India., miea areas in. .

Munsell, Eugene & Co., mica factory of Murphy mine. . . Muscovite, apatite in connection with se applications of f geological occurrence of . . in foreign countries. Brazil . . China

se India. . . Norway. . . o United States. .

locations of... physical properties of

Native mining methods . . Nelles mine. Nellie and Blanche mine.

Nellore District, India, leasing of mica lands. . .

sr : output of mines. New Hampshire, U.S.A, mica mines in Nilgite District, India, mica areas of. Nitroglycerine, in dynamite. Nitroglycerine, mica as absorbent for. .

w

mines in operation. .

persons employed .

North Burgess, Township oi, mien field in North Carolina, U.S.A. mica mines in, Northfield, Township of) maieations of mica in. North Star mine...

Norway, mica in

4) Obalski, quoted, Oe Oligoclas feldspar in Laurentian. Ontario mica field, compared with County of Ottawa Ontario, Province of — mining laws. . # " mining locations ...

Ontario, Province of —1muscovite locations.

ee phlogopite locations and mines . .

Ore reserves in mines . .

Origin of mica deposits. . .

Ornamental uses of mica...

Orthfield, Township of, miea deposits in.

Orthoclase gneiss in Laurentian...

Ottawa County

Outerops of mica. .

Outerops of mica in India.

Output of Lake Girard mine . . . Wallingford mine

Packing of mica. . Paints, miea used in. . Papgais mountains, Parry Sound District... Patna, India Pegmatite dikes. in Hazaribagh, India. Ly intrusive character of

petrographic character of. . .

Percentage of grades in run of mine.

S mica in rock, Percussion figures. Perkins Mills, P. Que Perth, Town of, mica district Petrographie character of Pegmatite..

" Lu es in India. . Phlogopite

-- analyses of

comparisons of Canadian with India mics

ion of.

erystalliz crystals in Lacey mine...

in of.

deep seated ori geographical distribution of, . .

7s b2-36

S6

Is

is

20, 26, 32 20, 21, 22, 23,33

Seta Ene Tore Etn A Rare Eno Ror A Nner Nr

Phlogopite geological oecurrence ot . 22 history ON a Ww mines and locations, . wo primary erystals of . . 1 uses of... SHOSS ONO

Phosphate (see Apatite).

Phosphate King mine, $2-33

Phosphate mines, early operation of. . 20

Phosphate of lime, 35

Physical properties of mien. . 3

Pike Lake mine. 6,78. 80

Pitehblende. 11-16

Pleochroism 676

Pocket deposits 24, 31, 38, 45

Pontiac, miea deposits in 71

Portland East .. ol

West... Me

Potash mica... 3

Preparation of mica... 17

Pressure figures 5

Price of ground mica... . 49

"of miners license, Prov. of Ont... . 117 of mining concessions, Prov. of Que... . 114-115 "of mining locations, Prov. of Ont. . 121 of muscovite. S4-110 of ph. "'Dite .. Sd of serap mien. i)

Primary crystals. 1

Private lands, license on, Prov. of Que 7

Process of grinding mien. i)

Production of mica in Brazil . . 12

Canada.

India... 102 Nellore, India,

United States. .

the world...

Productive miea fields in Canada . . . 21

u " in India 103 Properties of Canadian mica . . 3,89, 90 Prospecting licenses, Prov. of Que 116 Protection of steam heated surfaces. 93 Proudfoot, Township of. Is Public lands license. . 117 Pyroxene 23,31, 35, 36

in association with mica. in contact with gneiss,

gneiss...

Pyroxene dikes, intrusive character of

q)

Qualities of mica for electrical purposes SY

Quarry mining. . 3S, 40, 45 Queby fovinee ot, Minin concessions (see MUNIN CONCESSIONS}, mining laws (see mining Laws ) muscovite locations and mines 12 phlogopite locations and mines AND) R Raditun in cleveite .. Is ails, weight of. Hy Randolph County, Alabama, U.S. A., mites in 100 Rare earths .. : TE, 16; 17 fecording of mining claims, Prov. of Ont 120 Removal of debris. . 1-41 Renewal of miners license VI7-1IS e Reservation of timber on mining lands, Prov. or Ont 124 Reserves, ore— in mines 82-83 Returns of operations to Mining Burean, Proy, of Ont. 130 Rheaume Lake mine. . 26, 28, 20, 54 Rhombohedral symmetry of mica 3 Ribbon mica... 4,5, 25 Rights of licensee of mining property, Prov. or Ont... 126 foberts mine... 7 Rock, blasting of. Ww disposal of 41, 42,48 drilling of 39-40 Rome, mica used in ancient S7 Ruggles mine. . ye)

Run of mine...

Saguenay district, mica locations

Samarskite. . 11-17 Santa Luzia de Carrangola. . 100 Scott mine 63

Serap mica P z Serpentine associated with pyroxene . . Seybold mine. .

Shearing force, action ot, .

Sherbrook, Township of South... Silicate cotton, tests with. .

Sills, Eddy Mica Co. . .

Singehoom district India ...

Size of mica sheets in Canada . : in India. Size of mining concessions, Prov of Que locations, Prov, of Ont. . Skutterud, Norway. . : Smithonian Institution, investigation by.

Smnoke flues, protection of . .

Sorting of mica...

South Dakota, U.S.A. , mica deposits in Spectacles, mica used in Sporadical occurrence of mica St. Antoine mine Stains in Norwegian mica

Villeneuve mica. Staking and holding of mining claims, Prov. of Ont Staking of mining locations, Prov. of Que... Statisties, Canadian industry

os World's production Status of Canadian industry... Steam pipe insulation. .. Steel used for hand drilling

machine drilling.

Stevenson's property . Stoness mine Storrington, Townshi; of, oeeurrenee of mien in Stoves, mica used in Substitute for glass, mica as. Superior metals, Prov. of Queb, Surface and mining rights, Prov. of Ont. . Surface indications of mica, value of, Surveys of mining concessions, Prov. of Queb, . Sydenham Mica Co,

System of mining miea

Templeton, Township of

Templeton and Novth Ottawa Mining Co. Téte Jaune Cache, mica deposits .

Thin splitting of miea . ,

Thorium oxide in uranite Thumb-trimmed mica, cost of... .

Timber acquired by mining rights in Prov. of Queb.

Timber on Crown lands, Prov. of Ont... Timber, reservation of —in Prov. of Ont Title to mining concessions, Prov. of Queb Tonnage of Canadian mines. . .

: Indian mines . . Topographic features of Canadian miea fields. Total value of mica produced in Canada . Tourmaline in pegmatites . Transparent qualities of mica... . Transportation facilities in Canadian mica fields Trimming of mica Trimming of mica in India. Twins of muscovite. . Twisted mica

Underground mica mining. .

tyes;

Wo-1O

in

Its

23, 26, 32,33

Is

1s

F S38 103, 110, 112

S34

6, 11, 16, 106

Zi

Tos, 109, 110

a6

8s -15

Unuava, miea in. .

A)

United States, duty on miea in St

. export to. Sd

Ceologieal Survey, quoted, on analysis of feldspar 16

mica locations . . 99-100

production of mica... 112

Uranium, oxide of —in uranite 16-17

Valuation in case of daniazes by mining, Prov. of Ont 1 Value of mien (see Prices),

Valve seatings, mica used for, SS

Vavassour mine, . 65

Veinlike mica deposits , 25-48

Venosta station, existence of Inte near, IS

Ventiiation inimines ... WwW

in Indian mines 107

Vietoria mine, . 5S

Villeneuve mine, 7

W

Wages in Canada .. HESS in India. . 1 Wainad, India, miea in. . 109 Wakefield, Township of, mica mines in 26-68 Waketield Mica Co 26 Wallingford mine... 26, 27, 32, 50, 83 Wall paper, mica used in... N6 Warren Freneh mine, ; 99 Wastefulness of Indian mining methods 111-112

Waste mica (see Serap mica). Water power, rights to--in mining claims, Prov. of Ont... 128 $y es % i in Prov. of Queb. HWY Water powers in mica fields . .. : 21 Weather, influence of—on quarry mining . 3S White Bengal mica. 90 Windows, miea used in. . S5 Winning of mica . 39

in India. .

Withdrawal of mineral lands from sale by Crown, Proy

World's production of mica. Wright, Towuship of, mica properties in

Y Yancey County, North Carolina, U.S.A., mica in Yttrium, oxide of, in uranite.

le Zircon, as inclusions

in pegmatite dikes. . .

106, 107, 10S

Mepartment ot

wONOURABLE FRane O

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Base map from Geological Survey map of the K&P district"

Onta

oe

Seale. 280.000 or 395 ee ' ¢ jg ; oe James White FR 6

Paleozoic

Archean

Mica Mines Mica

Apatite

ment ot the Interior OLE faba Goivdh weet Ee @ CORY, DEPUTY Winikree

-

A Region

Ontario

oe

000 or 395 mules to one inch

2 3 s 3 & s

White, F R-GS Geographer

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raph by Fritz Cirk er:infindent of

Tepartment of the. HONOURABLE FRANK OLIVER ww CORY, DEPUTY minis — 905 —

' FS Ructeer Later

True £

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Vea ff eters

Paleozoic Acchaan

Mica Mines

it ot the Interior RANK OLIVER. MINISTER , DEPUTY MINISTER

1905 o ° tow — 44. + . VIL LSYN E

pity tf

sor MICA REGION

Quebec

i Se es aa : —— Aa Sau , bf a op r wh @ Se is 1

ea pins LS Ce

Roz01c 1 Seale; a#0,000 or 395 mules to one inch haan 1 e 1 2 3 ' 5 4 ? ry "ais : H -@ Mines James White, F R GS Geographer

w

7h

ne eeeak Be Monograph by Frits Cirkes M

eugene Haan

YY Yates