Mineral land surveying; a technical treatise on the surveying and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of mineral surveyors and students of mining engineering
A technical treatise on the surveying-and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of Mineral Surve3Tors and Students of Mining Engineering
Overview
Mineral land surveying; a technical treatise on the surveying and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of mineral surveyors and students of mining engineering is a 1910 historical mining reference by Underhill, James, -1954, preserved in the Mountain Man Mining research library. A technical treatise on the surveying- and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of Mineral Surve3Tors and Students of Mining Engineering…
This 1910 document, Mineral land surveying; a technical treatise on the surveying and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of mineral surveyors and students of mining engineering, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.
Mineral Land
Surveying
A technical treatise on the surveying-and patenting of mineral land, designed for the use of Mineral Surve3Tors and Students of Mining Engineering
By
JAMES UNDERHILL, Ph. D,
Mining Engineer
U. S. Mineral Surve3-or for Colorado.
Second Edition
Til MINING SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY DENVER, COLORADO, U. S. A.
Copyright 1910 By
THE MINING SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY Denver, Colorado
' i s
©Cu259751
Lt-jL /
Table of Contents
Chapter I.
Direct Solar Observations.
Flacing the Sun — Derivation of Formula — Examples of Observations and Figuring — Latitude Observations —
Errors in Observations of Latitude — Second Formula 1-18
Chapter Ii.
Solar Attachments.
The Shattuck Solar — The Burt Solar — The Berger and
Saegmuller Solars . 19-41
Chapter Iii.
Measurements.
Traversing — Measuring — Stations — Slope Measurements — Obstacles — Closing Lines in Traversing — Rule for Azimuth . 42-51
Chapter Iv.
Location Surveys.
Lode Locations — Note Book — Location Certificate — An gular Claims — Relocation and Amended Location —
Mill Sites and Placers — Double Meridian Distances — Tunnel Sites — Legal Subdivisions — Tracing Vein Extensions . 52-85
Chapter V.
Patent Surveys.
Surveying for Patent — Angles from Courses — Patent Figuring — Area Statement — Miscellaneous on Pat ents — Adverses and Protests . 86-123
Chapter Vi.
PATENT FIELD NOTES. Patent Field Notes .
Chapter Vii.
Land Office And Records.
Office United States Surveyor General — Land Office
Regulations — Public and Private Records . 159-177
Chapter Viii.
Examination For Commission United States Mineral Surveyor.
Placer Calculations — Lode Line Calculation — Subdivision of Section — Examination Questions. South Dakota, California, Oregon — The Patenting of Mineral Lands. 178-202
Appendix.
Instructions to United States Mineral Surveyors
Preface.
IN the work which follows an attempt has been made to describe the methods used at the present time in the survey of mineral lands in the western por tion of the United States. Only as much of general sur veying has been given as is necessary to a clear under standing of the subject, and the reader is referred to the various text books on surveying-for all information of a general nature. The reader is also referred to Morrison's Mining Rights for the treatment of the purely legal points.
It will be impossible to give credit to all those who have assisted the writer, either during the period vThen the work was appearing as a serial in Mining Reporter, or in its final incorporation in book form. To all those who have assisted, the wTriter wishes to express his heartfelt thanks, and especially to Professors L. E. Young, E. M., and A. J. Hoskin, Mech. E. of the Colorado School of Mines; Pro fessor Mark Ehle, E. M., of the South Dakota School of Mines; N. H. Brown, E. M., U. S. Mineral Surveyor, for merly Chief of the Mineral Division, and M. E. Blake, the present Chief of the Mineral Division, Office U. S. Surveyor General for Colorado. The writer is also indebted to H. G. Moulton, E. M., and P. P. Barbour, E. M., U. S. Mineral, Surveyors, for many valuable suggestions, and to William Hyland for assistance in the calculations.
Thanks are due Wm. Ainsworth & Sons, and W. & L. E. Gurley for permission to use cuts and descriptive mat ter concerning the Shattuck and Burt Solars.
The writer, in conclusion, cannot acknowledge too strongly the assistance of his wife, which has been invalu able to him.
Chapter I.
Direct Solar Observation.
Of the applications of plane surveying to the survey of mineral lands, no one is more representative or has been more greatly perfected in the West than the use of the sun to determine the bearing of a given line. For many years bearings were determined by the use of various solar at tachments, but of late years the method known as the di rect observation seems to have almost entirely taken their place. W'hile with great care any one of the several solar attachments on the market will give fair or even good results, they are all relatively expensive, fragile and with one exception, easily thrown out of adjustment. With the method known as the direct observation, no attachment is needed to the ordinary transit provided with a vertical arc or circle, preferably the latter, and no adjustment has to be considered other than those necessary to use in every transit in mineral land surveying.
As the exact determination of the bearings of lines is probably more important in mineral land surveying than in perhaps any other branch of engineering, disregarding of course geodetic work, it will be taken up in ' detail.
To determine the bearing of a line by direct observation, the transit is set up as solidly as possible and carefully leveled. The line whose bearing is to be determined may be considered 0° and the upper plate set at 0°, or if the bearing is approximately known, the upper plate may be set at the assumed bearing to be afterwards corrected. If more convenient, the assumed bearing of a line to some prominent object may be taken, and the first course re quired on the survey deflected from this line. The upper plate is then loosened and the telescope pointed at the sun.
o
Mineral. Land Surveying.
The sun may be observed in various ways; for example, through a colored glass placed over the eye-piece, to which may be added a prism when the sun is very high. This colored glass may be very conveniently placed in the slid ing cover of the eye-piece and is thus always ready for use. As this method involves the attachment of the col ored glass, and also when the sun is high some personal discomfort as regards the position of the head, a card, sheet of paper, or better the brown back of a note -book, which latter does away with the glare on a white surface, may be used. On this surface, preferably held by the assistant, the cross wires are first focused, and finally the sun is brought into the proper position, by the aid of the tangent screws.
A Davis screen is a piece of apparatus attached to the telescope to answer the same purpose as the card men tioned above, and its use leaves both hands free to manip ulate the instrument. Otherwise it is of no great advan tage.
In regard to placing the sun with reference to cross wires, there are many opinions. In most treatises we are instructed not to bisect the sun, as in Fig. 1 A, but to place it in one quadrant, as in Fig. 1 B, as it can thus be ob served more accurately. While this is perfectly true, es pecially with inverting instruments, a correction for semi diameter .of the sun must be made, and the operation is liable to be somewhat confusing to the beginner. The student is therefore advised at first to divide the sun into quadrants by the two cross hairs (Fig. 1 A) leaving tho method of placing the cross hairs tangent until proficiency is secured. As an error of one minute in placing the ver tical cross wire causes an error of one minute in the re sulting azimuth, while an error of one minute in placing the horizontal wire causes an error of several minutes in the result, it might be well to place the sun as in Fig. 1 C. The reason for this will readily be seen on examining the
Mineral Land Surveying.
examples which follow. The sun, in very accurate work, is sometimes placed in a rectangle or other arrangement of cross wires, but in ordinary work these are unnecessary refinements.
Fig. 1 A.
direct observation is to place the sun tangent to the cross wires first in the N. E. corner with the telescope normal, and then in the S. W. corner with the telescope inverted. These are the best positions in the morning. In the after noon the other two quadrants had best be used in order that the sun may be moving in the same direction with reference to the cross wires. The average of the two ver tical and two horizontal angles are used in each case in the subsequent calculations, and in this way all considera tion of the semi-diameter of the sun is avoided. At least
two sets of such observations must be made, otherwise
♦
there is no check.
In an instrument provided with stadia wires, care must be taken not to confuse these with the horizontal cross
Mineral Land Surveying.
wire. It is also well not to assume, without a trial, that the stadia wires are each equally distant from the hori zontal cross wire.
If the stadia wires are correctly placed they should be 0° 34' 22" apart, and each 0° 17' 11" from the center hori zontal wire. As the sun's semi-diameter varies around 0° 16' the stadia wires may be used with advantage to place the sun with a very slight probable error. (Fig. ID.)
We will assume that the sun has been bisected. The vertical and horizontal circles are then read and noted and an observation made with the telescope inverted, assuming that the first observation was made with the telescope normal. By averaging-the two results all errors of ad justment or in levelling the instrument are obviated. As a check a number of observations may be made on the sun, and the writer finds that two each with normal and in verted telescope are sufficient. The observations should not be made within two hours on each side of noon, nor when the sun is too near the horizon, as the correction for re fraction is then too great.
The direct solar observation depends on the solution of a spherical triangle (see Fig. 2*) whose sides are all known, and whose angle between two planes is desired. These planes, as can be seen from the figure, are one, observer, zenith, pole; and the other, observer, zenith, sun. In our work we have first the latitude, distance pole to horizon or zenith to equator, and therefore the co-latitude (90° — latitude) for one side; or, in other words, we have from pole to zenith; we have the declination, distance of the sun above or below the equator and therefore the co-, declination (90° — declination), that is from pole to sun, and we finally get the altitude and thence the co-altitude
'"Redrawn from the Bulletin, Colorado School of Mines. January, 1901, "Determination of the Meridian by the Di rect Solar Observation." Edward P. Arthur, Jr., E. M.
Mineral Land Surveying.
(90° — the altitude) by the solar observation with the transit as described above. In Fig. 2 the sun is shown by solid lines north of the equator and by dotted lines south of the equator. This also showing its position before noon. This
triangle may be solved by any one of the various form ulas found in every treatise on spherical trigonometry.
The best formula, however, for the direct observation is that derived by John G. McElroy, of Breckenridge, Colo-
Mineral, Land Surveying.
rado, and given in the Michigan Engineer's Annual for 1889, page 62, as follows:
sin d
a
Cos Z — ±
rp tan 1 tan a.
cos 1 cos a
which is simply a modification of one of the fundamental equations of spherical trigonometry.
Before illustrating the utility of the formula and the facility with which it may be logarithmically reduced, it will be proper, for the sake of completion, to give the ar gument on which it rests. To this end let P Z S, Fig. 3, be a spherical triangle, and K an arc of a great circle drawn from Z perpendicular to P S, — (or to P S produced).
z
p
Fig. 3.
Then from the triangle P Z D,
cos s cos k cos (z — x) : and from the triangle S Z D,
cos p cos k cos x Eliminating cos k, we find
cos z -f sin z tan x.
cos p
Cos X
Mineral, Land Surveying.
3ut, from SZD, cos S tan x cot p;
sin p
cos p
cos s sin p sin z
cos p cos p
or, cos s cos p cos z + sin p sin z cos S (5)
This is the above-mentioned 'fundamental equation.' It asserts that the cosine of either side of a spherical
Mineral Land Surveying.
triangle equals the product of the cosines of the other sides, plus the product of the sines of those sides into the cosine of their included angle. To apply it to the deriva tion of our solar formula, let us consider Fig-. 4, which rep resents the four astronomical triangles, PZS, PZS', P'Z'S, and P'Z'S', projected on the plane of the meridian PNHZ. In a. m. observations the azimuth angles at Z or Z' will be estimated from the north to the right; in p. m. observa tions from the north to the left.
We adopt the following notation:
PP' — axis of the celestial sphere.
P the celestial north pole.
P' the celestial south pole.
EQ the celestial equator.
HO the celestial horizon of which the poles are Z and N. (Note. — The horizon of which Z' and N' are the poles is not shown in the Fig.; it would be projected as a diameter perpendicular to Z' N'.)
Z and N zenith and nadir of an observer in north latitude. Z' and N' zenith and nadir of an observer in south latitude.
EZ — 1 observer's latitude when at Z.
EZ' 1 observer's latitude when at Z'.
S the sun when north of the equator.
S' the sun when south of the equator.
VS — d — the sun's declination when north.
VS' d the sun's declination when south.
PS the sun's north polar distance when north.
PS' the sun's north polar distance when south.
MS — a — the sun's altitude when north.
M'S'= a the sun's altitude when south.
pp' the sun's daily path when north.
PiP2 the sun's daily path when south.
It will be sufficient to consider the particular case of an observer in north latitude, and the sun in north declina tion (whence d and 1 are positive; a is always positive), and then make our results general by properly observing the signs of d and 1.
Mineral Land Surveying.
The case assumed is illustrated by the triangle PZS (Fig. 4), in which —
PS 90° — VS 90° — d,
Pz 90° — Ez 90° — 1,
SZ — 90° — MS 90° — a,
and the sun's azimuth angle PZS is required. It is found
thus: By applying the principle of which equation (5) is
the enunciation to the angle PZS, we have —
cos PS cos PZ. cos SZ -f sin PZ. sin SZ. cos Z; or, cos (90° — d) cos (90° — 1) cos (90° — a)
+ sin (90° — 1) sin (90°— a) cos Z, whence, sin d sin 1 sin a + cos 1 cos a cos Z.
sin d
From this, cos Z - tan 1 tan a (6)
cos 1 cos a
In (6) cos 1, cos a, and tan a, are always positive, but sin d and tan 1 will respectively have the signs of d and 1; hence to prevent mistakes it is advisable to write the ex pression in the form
sin d
cos 1 cos a
which is the desired solar formula.
With respect to the signs of the formula, the surveyor has simply to remember that the first term of the second member is
-f- for north declinations,
— for south declinations,
and that the second term is
— for north latitudes,
+ for south latitudes.
For north latitudes the formula always gives negative values for cos Z when the declination is south, and also for such north declinations and values of a as render sin d less than sin 1 sin a; but when cos Z is negative, Z is greater than 90°, and hence the positive value of the cosine,
Mineral Land Surveying.
as taken from the table of 'Naturals' is the cosine of (180° — Z), (i. e., of EZS, the azimuth from the south) for — cos Z cos (180° — Z)."
In the case of observations taken near the Summer solstice, it must be remembered that one may get the sun north of east or north of west when one is working near sunrise or sundown. Care must be taken, therefore, not to set this down as a south course merely because the sun is normally in the south as the result of observation.
As an example we will take the following series of direct observations on the sun, the first two with telescope normal, and the last two with telescope inverted:
Fig. 5.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Angle to right from line to be determined.
Altitude of sun.
Difference for 1 hour 29.45
Difference for 5 hours 2' 27"
July 22, 1905, 10 a. m., latitude 39° 47' north.
Dec. Greenwich apparent noon ... 20° 22' 18.1"
Less 5 hours west . 2' 27.0"
Call 20° 19' 51" 20° 20'
Cos azimuth
sin 20° 20'
- tan 39° 47'
cos 39° 47'. cos 52° 50* etc. [tan 52° 50* etc.
log sin 20° 20' 9.540931 log cos 39° 47' 9.885627
log cos 52° 50' 9.781134
log .7485 9.874170
♦Corrected for refraction — always diminished.
Mineral Land Surveying.
log tan 39° 47' 9.920476 log tan 52° 50' =10.120259
log 1.0984 0.04073?
' .7485
log cos 53° 2' 9.779128
log .7519
log tan 39° 47' 9.920476 log tan 53° 2' =10.123411
log 1.1066
log cos 53° 17' 9.776598
log .7564
log tan 39° 47' log tan 53° 17'
log 1.1163
nat cos. 68° 54' 234° 01'
Mineral Land Surveying.
log cos 53°
log .7596
log tan 39°
log tan 53°
log 1.1239
I-*
Co
o
o
S. 57°
5' W.
Average course of line, S. 57° 9' W.
It will be seen that the cos and tan of the latitude and altitude, respectively, are found on the same line in the tables and are set down at the same time for calculation.
The sun's semi-diameter varies from about 16' 15" on January 1st to 15' 45" on July 2nd, and is found in the Ephemeris. The average, 16' nearly, will do for ordinary work.
The refraction, always subtracted from the apparent altitude, is 57" X tan zenith distance of sun or by table.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Mean Refraction (to be Subtracted from Observed Alti tude) Barometer 30 inches; Thermometer 50° Fahrenheit.
Altitude.
Refraction.
Altitude.
Refraction.
The declination is taken from any ephemeris such as is published by many instrument makers. At Denver we are seven hours later in apparent time than Greenwich, one hour for each 15° of longitude, and this difference in time multiplied by the hourly difference given in the ephemeris is added or subtracted, as the declination is increasing or decreasing, to or from the declination given for Grenwich noon.
Latitude.
The latitude is taken from any good map, such as those of the United States Geological Survey, and carried from the initial point when necessary. At latitude 40°, one min ute of latitude equals 6,070 feet, or one mile equals 52 sec onds of latitude. A surveyor doing-considerable work in one district will prepare a table showing cosines and tan gents for latitudes likely to be of use, and thus avoid look ing them up in a large table every time an observation is figured.
When the latitude is known approximately, observations may be taken at equal intervals before and after apparent noon, and various figures for latitude tried till one is found which gives the same azimuth in the morning as in the afternoon. When the latitude is absolutely unknown, it may be found as follows: Set up the instrument in plenty
Mineral Land Surveying.
of time before apparent noon. Bisect the sun with vertical cross wire and either bisect it with horizontal cross wire, or place tangent. Follow the sun till it ceases to rise. Care must be taken in the observation to allow plenty of space through which the tangent screws may be moved, other wise they are liable to give out at a critical moment. As
z
Fig. 6.
the instrument cannot be reversed as in the case of the direct sight, it is well to level the telescope immediately after the observation and note the index error, adding or subtracting it for the angle observed. In instruments with a movable arc, the arc had best be set at zero imme diately after getting the sun. The telescope is then leveled and the angle read, thus avoiding errors incidental to set tling of the instrument during a long observation.
When the observer is north of the equator the latitude
Mineral Land Surveying.
then equals the zenith distance plus or minus the declina tion for apparent noon. Lat. (90° — altitude*) -f decli nation, when the sun is north of the equator, and Lat. (90° — altitude*) — declination, when the sun is south of the equator.
When the observer is south of the equator the above is reversed.
In Fig-. 6, which represents a section of the celestial sphere on the meridian, we have ZN Zenith to Nadir line, PP' line joining the poles, QQ the equator, and HH' the horizon. While S and S' shows the position of the sun, Z and Z' the zenith distance, a and a' the altitude, and d and d' the declinations, respectively, when the sun is south or north of the equator and the observer in north latitude. Example: October 20, 1905; 12 m.; Longitude 105° 30' -j- W.
Altitude sun's upper limb 40° 15'
Less refraction 0° 1'
Less semi diameter 0° 16'
Altitude sun's center
Declination Greenwich A. T. Diff. 1 hr. 54.01. Diff. 7 hrs.
Declin. Longitude 105° 30' + W.
Latitude place of observation
O
O
tH
By inspection of the following table errors resulting from the use of erroneous data for declination or latitude may be found.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Errors in Azimuth for 1 Min. Error in Declination or
Latitude.
No. of Hrs. For 1 Min. Error in For 1 Min. Error in
from - Declination - Latitude -
Noon.
Lat. 30°
Lat. 40°
Lat. 50°
Lat. 30° Lat. 40°
Lat. 50°
h m
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
Min.
By
use of the above
table the
amount
of the
azimuth
error,
resulting
from the use of erroneous
Declination or
Latitude at the
different
hours of
the day,
may be determined
.
If
the South
Polar Distance used be too
great,
the observed
meridian
falls to
the right
of the true South Point
in the
forenoon,
and to the left in
the afternoon,
and vice
versa if too small.
If the Latitude used be too great, the observed meridian falls to the left of the true South Point in the forenoon, and to the right in the afternoon, and vice versa if too small.
Another formula for direct sight, though not so con venient when many observations are to be worked out, but still useful as a check, is as follows:
Sin y2 A
cos L cos h
S L + h + P
A Azimuth of the sun.
L Latitude of the place.
Mineral Land Surveying.
h Altitude of sun less refraction.
p Sun's polar distance 90° -f- the sun's declination when it is south and 90° — the sun's declination when it is north.
Example:
L — 40° 30' h 23° 05' p 107° 03'
170° 38' -r- 2 85° 19' S.
S — L 44° 49' S h 62° 14'
log sin 44° 49' — 9.848091
log sin 62° 14' 9.946871
log 10 — cos 40° 30' 0.118954
log 10 — cos 23° 05' 0.036243
log sin i/2 9.975079 V2 A 70° 46'
A 141° 32'
180° — 141° 32' S. 38° 28' E. Course of observed sun.
As A is here doubled all errors to this point are there fore doubled.
Chapter Ii.
The Shattuck Solar Attachment.
Fig. 7 is a sectional view in the plane of the Shattuck Patent Double Reflecting Solar Attachment, perpendicular to both reflectors and the pivot of the arm D.
The frame AA, which carries the stationary mirror H, revolves about a main axis called the polar axis, coincident with the line of collimation, by means of a bearing in the cap B, and is held in place by two screws and a spring washer. It is provided with a clamp ring C, which may be clamped to a cap B by means of a clamp screw. A slow motion is obtained by means of a tangent screw and spring plunger (not shown) at the base of the frame AA.
Mineral Land Surveying.
D is a swinging arm pivoted in the frame AA as shown, and provided with a coiled spring which keeps the adjust ing screw E constantly in contact with the surface of the lug on the outer end of the frame. This swinging arm car ries the movable mirror I, the adjusting screw E for set ting off the declination, the differential nut F for setting off the hourly change in declination, and the clamp G for clamping the screw E when turning the nut F.
The ray of light from the sun or star enters from above, as indicated by the arrow, impinges upon the mirror I, is thence reflected to the mirror H, thence through the open ing in the base of the frame AA, and through the object glass to the cross-hairs of the transit.
The sun's declination, corrected for refraction, is set off by means of the screw E with the aid of the limb of the transit, as will be explained later. The hourly change in the sun's declination between the first and subsequent
readings during the day is corrected by means of the grad uated differential nut F, each division of which represents one minute of arc and is turned to the right or left accord ing as the declination is increasing to the north or to the south.
The cap B is fitted to the objective end of the transit.
The sun, in its apparent diurnal motion about the polar axis, follows a path parallel to the celestial equator at a certain angular distance from the poles. When this angle is set off by means of the solar attachment, and the sight line of the telescope is set at an angle with the horizon equal to the latitude of the place, it is evident that it is impossible to view the sun on the cross-wires and follow it by turning the attachment on its axis except the instru ment be in the plane of the meridian with the sight-line parallel to the polar axis.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Determination of Meridian.
To Determine the Meridian with the Shattuck Patent Double Reflecting- Solar Attachment, assuming the sun's corrected declination for the day and hour of observation to be North 11° 26':
Fig. 8.
First. Sight at some point on the horizon (B, Fig. 8) with the solar attachment off, the telescope level and the vernier set at 101° 26' (90° + 11° 26'), the corrected south polar distance, Fig. 8, being an illustration.
Second. With the lower plate clamped, turn the vernier of the horizontal limb to zero and with the solar attach ment in place, as shown by Fig. 9, sight the same object
Mineral Land Surveying.
(B' Fig. 9), bringing it to the cross-hairs by means of the adjusting screw E, which may then be clamped with the clamp G, Fig. 7.
Should the object sighted be less than about a mile distant — depending somewhat on the focal length of the telescope; — allowance should be made for the distance from the axis of the instrument to the optical center of the solar attachment, as shown graphically in Fig. 9, where A is the axis of the instrument, B is the first point sighted, and B' the second point with solar attachment in place; the angle CAB equals the angle CDB' and the distance AD equals the distance BB\ With a little practice this dis tance can be readily estimated on distant fence posts, bricks in houses, tree trunks or other natural objects.
At great distances the distance BB' becomes inappreci able and is ignored. The angle CDB' will remain at 101° 26' so long as the angle HEI (the angle between the reflectors) remains at 50° 43' (101° + 26' -r- 2), regardless of minor de fects in the polar bearings of the attachment.
The lower clamp may now be released.
Third. Depress the objective of the telescope until the vernier of the vertical circle or arc is set at an angle equal to the latitude of the place of observation.
Bring the sun's image to the proper position on the cross-wires of the instrument by turning the transit on its vertical axis (using the lower clamp and tangent screw for
Fig. 10. Fig. 11.
its fine adjustment) and the solar attachment upon its polar axis. The sun's image will be in the field of view
Mineral Land Surveying.
when the light from the fixed mirror is seen to pass ex actly through the opening in the base of the frame.
After the sun's image has been bisected, as shown in Fig. 10, the bisection may be successively checked by turn ing the tangent screw engaging the ring C, Fig. 7.
The axis of the telescope is now parallel to the earth's axis and the instrument is in the plane of the meridian with the vernier of the horizontal limb set at zero. The solar attachment may now be removed and the azimuth of any desired object taken.
If the transit is not provided with solar wires as shewn in Fig. 10, set off on the vertical circle the latitude minus the sun's semi-diameter as given in the ephemeris, and
%
N
Fig. 12.
then bring the upper limb or edge of the sun to the inter section of the cross-hairs as shown in Fig. 11, which can be done with great precision.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating the transit with solar at tachment set in the meridian. A is the axis of the transit, PP' the polar axis, NS the meridian. The sun's declination being north, the south polar distance is 90° plus the cor rected declination.
If the transit has a full vertical circle, the errors of ad justment may be eliminated by taking the mean between normal and reverse observations, as in the case of the direct solar observation.
Observations on fixed stars for the meridian or latitude are made with the solar attachment in exactly the same manner as on the sun. There being no appreciable hourly change in the declination of the fixed stars, the refraction correction for the proper hour angle is applied directly to the apparent declination.
The writer has obtained perfect checks on the Shattuck solar by direct observation of the sun, and considers it the best solar made.
To Determine the Latitude with the Shattuck Solar.
Carefully set off in the solar the south polar distance of the sun at apparent noon, corrected for the refraction at that hour, in the same manner as previously explained.
About fifteen minutes before noon, direct the telescope with the solar attached, toward the lower pole; then move the transit on its vertical axis and the solar on the polar axis until the reflected light of the sun from the fixed mirror is seen to exactly pass through the opening in the base of the frame, with the sides of the solar as nearly vertical as possible. The sun's image will then be in the field of view.
Now bring the upper limb or edge of the sun to the horizontal cross-wire by turning the tangent screw of the telescope axis; then by turning the tangent screw of the polar axis of the solar, cause the sun's image to pass rap idly across the field of view. If the limb of the sun passes
Mineral Land Surveying. 25
parallel to the horizontal wire, the plane of the solar is in a vertical position; but if not, turn the solar on the polar axis and the transit on its vertical axis, until the plane is vertical as shown by this test.
Keeping the plane of solar vertical, follow the sun's upper limb with the horizontal cross-wire, by turning the tangent screw of the telescope axis, as long as the sun continues to rise.
The sun is at its greatest altitude when it reaches the meridian; therefore, at apparent noon, when the sun's im age ceases to rise, take the reading of the vertical circle and add to it the sun's semi-diameter as given in the ephemeris, which will give the required latitude. This is illustrated in Fig. 12.
Use of Solar Ephemeris.
The sun's declination at Greenwich mean noon is given in the ephemeris for every day in the year.
Local time at different points on the earth's surface varies at the rate of one hour for every 15 degrees of longitude; the more easterly the place the later the local time.
When it is noon according to "Eastern" (75th merid ian), "Central" (90th meridian), "Mountain" (105th merid ian), or "Pacific" (120th meridian) time, it is five, six, seven or eight hours, respectively, after noon at Green wich. Hence, for example, to determine the declination at 9 o'clock, a. m., "Mountain Time," which is four hours (seven hours minus three hours) after mean noon at Greenwich, the given difference for one hour is multiplied by four, which gives the correction to be applied to the given declination, noting carefully the algebraic signs ot both the declination and hourly difference as given in the ephemeris.
In using the Shattuck solar attachment, the refraction correction is always positive, and is always added to the
2G
Mineral Land Surveying.
South Polar distance, and subtracted from the North Polar distance when making observations in the Northern Hem sphere.
The declination of the sun being its distance from the celestial equator, the south polar distance is 90° plus or minus the declination, according as the sun is north or south of the equator.
This refraction is found under the description of the Burt Solar, in a table for various latitudes and periods before and after noon.
Example:
Required the south polar distance of the sun at 3 p. m., "Mountain Time," May 28, 1902, latitude 40°.
Hourly difference +24.79"
X Number of hours 10.
Total change in declination Declination at Greenwich noon
+ 247.9" or + 4' 07.9" + 21° 21' 12.0"
Required declination Refraction (hour angle 3)
+ 21° 25' 19.9" + 00' 33.0"
Corrected apparent declination +21° 25' 52.9"
Declination being north, add 90°
South polar distance 111° 25' 52.9"
To save time, it is advisable, before going into the field, to prepare a table for the day, giving the south polar dis tances of the sun for every hour suitable for taking obser vations.*
The Burt Solar Attachment.*
In Fig. 13 we have a graphic illustration of the Burt solar apparatus, the circles shown being intended to repre-
*The methods of figuring declination and refraction are given more fully under the description of the Burt Solar.
*Taken by permission from Gurley's Manual.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Fig.
Fig. 14,
Mineral Land Surveying.
sent those supposed to be drawn upon the concave surface of the heavens.
When the telescope is set horizontal by its spirit-level, the hour-circle will be in the plane of the horizon, the polar axis will point to the zenith, and the zeros of the vertical arc and its vernier will coincide. Now if we incline the telescope, directed north as shown in the cut, the polar axis will descend from the direction of the zenith. The angle through which it moves, being laid off on the vertical arc, will be the co-latitude of the place where the instrument is supposed to be used, the latitude itself being found by sub tracting this number from 90°.
When, however, the sun passes above or below the equator, his declination, or angular distance from it, as given in the ephemeris, can be set off upon the arc, and his image brought into position as before.
In order to do this, however, it is necessary not only that the latitude and declination be correctly set off upon their respective arcs, but also that the instrument be moved in azimuth until the polar axis points to the pole of the heavens, or, in other words, is placed in the plane of the meridian; and thus the position of the sun's image will indicate not only the latitude of the place, the declina tion of the sun for the given hour and the apparent time, but will also determine the meridian, or true north and south line passing through the place where the observation is made.
The interval between two equatorial lines, cc, as well as between the hour lines, bb (Fig. 14), is just sufficient to include the circular image of the sun, as formed by the solar lens on the opposite side of the revolving arm.
Allowance for declination; Let us now suppose the observation made when the sun has passed the equinoctial point, and when his position is affected by declination.
By referring to the ephemeris, and setting off on the arc his declination for the given day and hour, we are still
Mineral Land Surveying.
able to determine his position with the same certainty as if he remained on the equator.
When the sun's declination is south, that is, from the 22nd of September to the 20th of March, in each year, the arc is turned downward, or towards the plates of the transit, while during-the remainder of the year the arc is turned from the plates.
When the solar attachment is accurately adjusted and its plates made perfectly horizontal, the latitude of the place (co-latitude from horizontal) and the declination of the sun for the given day and hour being-also set off on their respective arcs, and the instrument set approxi mately north by the magnetic needle, the image of the sun cannot be brought between the equatorial lines until the polar axis is placed in the plane of the meridian of the place, or in a position parallel with the axis of the earth.
The slightest deviation from this position will cause the image to pass above or below the lines, and thus dis cover the error.
To Run Lines with the Burt Solar Attachment.
Having set off the latitude of the place (co-latitude from horizontal) on the vertical arc, and the declination for the given day and hour as computed from the tables in the solar ephemeris, the instrument being also carefully lev eled by the telescope bubble, set the hoi'izontal limb at zero and clamp the plates, loosen the lower screw so that the transit moves easily upon its lower socket, set the in strument approximately north and south, with the objectglass end of the telescope towards the north, turn the proper solar lens to the sun, and with one hand on the plates and the other on the revolving arm move them from side to side until the sun's image is brought between the equatorial lines on the silver plate.
The lower clamp of the instrument should now be fastened, and any further lateral movement be made by
Mineral, Land Surveying.
the tangent screw of the levelling head. The necessary allowance being made for refraction, the telescope will be in the true meridian from which any lines desired may be deflected.
The declination of the sun given in the Ephemeris, or Nautical Almanac, from year to year, is calculated for ap parent noon at Greenwich, England.
To determine it for any other hour at a place in the United States, reference must be had, not only to the dif ference of time arising from the difference of longitude, but also to the change of declination during that time.
The longitude of the place, and therefore its difference in time, if not given directly in the ephemeris, can be ascertained very nearly by reference to that of other places given which are situated on, or very nearly on, the same meridian.
It is the practice of surveyors in states east of the Mississippi to allow a difference of six hours for the differ ence in longitude, calling the declination given in the ephemeris for 12 m. that of 6 a. m. at the place of obser vation.
Beyond the meridian of Santa Fe, the allowance would be about seven hours; and in California, Oregon and Washington about eight hours.
Having thus the difference of time, we very readily obtain the declination for a certain hour in the morning, which would be earlier or later as the longitude was greater or less, and the same as that of apparent noon at Greenwich on the given day. Thus, suppose the observa tion to be made at a place five hours later than Greenwich, then the declination given in the ephemeris for the given day at noon, affected by the refraction, would be the declination at the place of observation for 7 a. m.; this gives us the starting point.
To obtain the declination for the other hours of the (lay, take from the ephemeris the declination for apparent
Mineral Land Surveying.
noon for the given day, and, as the declination is increas ing or decreasing, add to, or subtract from, the declina tion of the first hour the difference for one hour as given in the ephemeris, which will give, when affected by the refraction, the declination for the succeeding hour; and proceed thus in making a table of declination for every hour of the day.
The table of refractions is calculated for latitudes be tween 15° and 60° at intervals of 21/2° , that being as near as is required.
The declination ranges from 0° to 20° both north and south, the -f- declinations being north and the — south, and is given for every 5°, that being sufficiently near for all practical purposes. The hour angle in the first column indicates the distance of the sun from the meridian in hours, the refraction given for 0 hours being that which affects the observed declination of the sun when on the me ridian, commonly known as the meridional refraction; the
refraction for the hour just before or after noon is so
nearly that of the meridian that it may be called and al lowed as the same.
'
When the table is used it must be borne in mind that when the declination is north, or -f in the table, the re fraction is to be added; when the declination is south, or - — , the refraction must be subtracted. It will be noted that the refraction in south declination increases very rapidly as the sun nears the horizon, showing that obser vations should not be taken with sun when south of the equator, less than one hour from the horizon.
To Compute the Declination.
Suppose it was required to obtain the declination for the different hours of April 16, 1895, at Troy5 New York.
The longitude in time is four hours, fifty-four minutes and forty seconds, or practically five hours; sp that the
Mineral Land Surveying.
declination given in the ephemeris for apparent noon of that day at Greenwich would be that of 7 a. m. at Troy.
Declination at Greenwich at noon of April 16, 1895.
N. 10° 7' 56". 5
Troy.
N. 10° 7' 56".5 + Refr. 5 hrs. 10° 9' 54" Dec. 7 a.m. add hr. d if. 5 3 ".2
10° 8' 49".7-f Refr. 4 hrs. 1' 11" 10° 10' 00" Dec. 8 a.m.
+ Refr.
hrs,
M
O
o
+ Refr.
hrs.
+ Refr.
hr.
+ Refr.
hrs.
f-A
O
+ Refr.
hr .
10° 14' 08". 9 + Refr. 2 hrs. 53". 2
52" 10° 10' 34" Dec. 9 a.m.
39" 10° 11' 15" =Dec. 10 a.m.
36" 10° 12' 05" =Dec. 11 a.m.
36" 10° 12' 58" =Dec. 12 m. 36" 10° 13' ol" Dec. 1 p.m. 39" 10° 14' 47" Dec. 2 p.m.
10° 15' 02". 1-1- Refr. 3 hrs. 52" 10° 15' 54" Dec. 3 p.m. 53". 2
10° 15' 55".3 + Refr. 4 hrs. 1' 11" 10° 17' 06" Dec. 4 p.m. 53". 2
10° 16' 48".5 + Refr. 5 hrs. 1' 58" 10° 18' 46" Dec. 5 p.m.
Again, suppose it was desired to obtain the corrected declination for the different hours of October 16, 1895, at Troy, New York.
The difference in time being nearly five hours, and the
Mineral Land Surveying
declination at Greenwich, noon, 8° 53' 53".6, that declination affected by the refraction would give the true declination for 7 a. m. at Troy; the latitude being nearly 42° 30'. The declination being now south, the refraction is to be sub tracted, but the hourly difference is to be added because the declination is increasing, as in the first example; thus:
Troy.
S. 8° 53' 53".6 — Refr. 5 hrs. 9' 24" add hr.dif.55". 3
8° 54' 48".9— Refr. 4 hrs. 2' 49" 55". 3
8° 55' 44". 2— Refr. 3 hrs. 1' 49"
r r H o
8° 56' 39".5— Refr. 2 hrs. 1' 26" 55". 3
8° 57' 34". 8— Refr. 1 hr. 1' 14" 55". 3
8° 58' 30".l— Refr. 0 hrs. 1' 14" 55". 3
8° 59' 25".4— Refr. 1 hr. 1' 14" 55". 3
9° 00' 20". 7— Refr. 2 hrs. 1' 26" 55". 3
9° 01' 16".0— Refr. 3 hrs. 1' 49" 55". 3
9° 02' 11". 3 — Refr. 4 hrs. 2' 49" 5 5". 3
9° 63' 06".6— Refr. 5 hrs. 9' 24"
8° 55' 13" r=Dec. 10 a.m.
8° 56' 21" Dec. 11 a.m.
8° 58' 11" Dec. 1 p.m. 8° 58' 55" Dec. 2 p.m. 8° 58' 27" Dec. 3 p.m. 8° 59' 22" Dec. 4 p.m. 8° 53' 43" Dec. 5 p.m.
These calculations should of course be made before the surveyor begins work in the field.
A
Mineral Land Surveying.
Table of Mean Refractions in Declination to Be Used With the Shattuck and Burt Solar Attachments.
Apply to the Declination as Found in the Ephemeris.
a
o
fd DECLINATIONS.
Q For Latitude 15 .
H
i+5°
0°
I —10°
0 h.
0"
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
1T0"
For Latitude 17°
0 h.
1 h.
0"
2 h.
4 h.
l'Ol"
1T3"
i h.
1T0"
For Latitude 20°.
0 h.
0"
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
l'OO"
I'll"
5 h.
For Latitude 22° 30'.
h.
h.
h.
h.
1T9"
h.
For Latitude 25°.
h.
h.
h.
h.
h.
1T0"
For Latitude 27° 30'.
0 h.
2 h.
l'OO"
l 1+0"
3 h.
l'OO"
4 h.
l'OO"
5 h.
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w
o
% For Latitude 30°.
H
O
to
o
o
0 h.
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
l'OO"
l'lO"
For Latitude 32°
o
Co
0 h.
2 h.
l'OO"
I'll"
3 h.
l'Ol"
4 h.
l'Ol"
5 h.
For Latitude 35°.
0 h.
1 '08" J 1'21"
2 h.
1'18"| 1 '35"
3 h.
4 h.
2'32"| 3'25"
5 h.
For Latitude 37° 30'.
0 h.
2 h.
l'OO"
3 h.
4 h.
1'01"| 1'13"[
5 h.
I'll"
1'54"| 2T0"I
For Latitude 40°.
0 h.
2 h.
l'OO"
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
For Latitude 42° 30'.
h.
l'l 4"
h.
l'OO"
h.
l'l 3"
h.
I'll"
h.
l'l 6"
For Latitude 45°.
0 h.
2 h
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Mf
o
G
w
Declinations.
For Latitude 47° 30'.
O
fH - - -
0 h.
2 h.
l'OO"
3 h.
l'Ol"
4 h.
5 h.
For Latitude 50°.
0 h.
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
For Latitude 52°
o
Co
0 h.
2 h.
I'll"
3 h.
l'OO"
I'll"
4 h.
5 h.
For Latitude 55°.
0 h.
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
l'lO"
For Latitude 57°
0 h.
2'1S"
2 h.
I'll"
3 h.
l'lO"
4 h.
I'll"
5 h.
For Latitude 60°.
0 h.
2 h.
3 h.
4 h.
5 h.
Mineral Land Surveying.
To Find the Latitude With the Burt Solar Attachment.
First, level the instrument very carefully, using, as before, the level of the telescope until the bubble will remain in the middle during a complete revolution of the instrument, the tangent movement of the telescope being used in connection with the leveling-screws of the parallel plates, and the axis of the telescope being firmly clamped.
Next, clamp the vertical arc, so that its zero and the zero of its vernier coincide as near as may be, and then bring them into exact line by the tangent screw of the vernier.
Then, having the declination of the sun for 12 o'clock of the given day as affected by the meridional refraction carefully set off upon the declination arc, note also the equation of time; and fifteen or twenty minutes before noon, the telescope being directed to the north and the object-glass end lowered until, by moving the instrument upon its spindle and the declination arc from side to side, the sun's image is brought nearly into position between the equatorial lines. Now bring the declination arc di rectly in line with the telescope, clamp the axis, and with the tangent screw of the telescope axis bring the image precisely between the lines and keep it there with the tangent screw, raising it as long as it runs below the lower equatorial line, or, in other words, as long as the sun con tinues to rise in the heavens.
When the sun reaches the meridian the image will remain stationary in altitude for an instant, and will then begin to rise on the plate.
The moment the image ceases to run below is, of course, apparent noon, when the index of the hour arc should indicate XII., and the latitude be determined by the reading of the vertical arc.
The angle through which the polar axis has moved in the operation just described is measured from the zenith
Mineral Land Surveying.
instead of from the horizon so that the angle read on the vertical limb is the complement of the latitude or co latitude.
To Adjust the Burt Solar Attachment.
The declination arm is first detached by removing the clamp and tangent screws and the center with its small screws, by which the arm is attached to the arc.
The adjuster, which is a short bar furnished with every instrument, is then substituted for the declination arm, the center screwed into its place at one end, and the clampscrew into the other, being inserted through the hole left by the removal of the tangent screw, thus securing the adjuster firmly to the arc.
The declination arm is then placed on the adjuster, one end is turned to the sun, and brought into such a position that the image of the sun is brought precisely between the equatorial lines on the opposite plate.
Carefully turn the arm over, until it rests upon the ad juster by the opposite faces of the rectangular blocks, and again observe the sun's image. If it remains between the lines as before, the arm is in adjustment. If not, loosen the three small screws which hold it to the arm, and move the silver plate under their heads until one-half the error in the position of the sun's image is removed.
Bring the image again between the lines, and repeat the operation as above on both ends of the arm, until the image will remain between the lines of the plate in both positions of the arm, when it will be in proper adjustment, and the arm may be replaced in its former position on the attachment. This adjustment is very rarely needed in these instruments, the lenses being cemented in their cells and the plates securely fastened.
To adjust the Vernier of the Declination Arc: Set the vernier at zero, and then raise or lower the telescope until the sun's image appears exactly between the equatorial lines.
Mineral Land Surveying
Having the telescope axis clamped, carefully revolve the arm until the image appears on the other plate. If precisely between the lines, the adjustment is complete; if not, move the declination arm by its tangent screw un til the image will come precisely between the lines on the two opposite plates; clamp the arm and remove the index error by loosening two screws that fasten the vernier; place the zeros of the vernier and limb in exact coinci dence, tighten the screws, and the adjustment is complete.
To Adjust the Polar Axis: First, level the instrument carefully by the long-level of the telescope, using in the operation the tangent movement of the telescope axis in connection with the leveling-screws of the parallel plates, until the bubble will appear in the middle during a com plete revolution of the instrument upon its axis.
Place the solar apparatus upon the axis and see that it moves easily around it; bring the declination arm in the same vertical plane with the telescope; place the adjusting level upon the top of the rectangular blocks, and bring the bubble into the middle by the tangent screw of the decli nation arc. e
Then turn the arc half way around, bringing it again parallel with telescope, and note the position of the level. If in the middle, the polar axis is vertical in that direction; if not in the middle, correct one-half of the error by the capstan-head adjusting screws under the base of the polar axis, moving each screw of the pair the same amount, but in an opposite direction. Bring the level to the mid dle again by the tangent screw of the declination arc, and repeat the operation as before, until the bubble will remain in the middle when the adjusting-level is reversed.
Pursue the same course in adjusting the arc in the sec ond position, or over the telescope axis, and when com pleted the level will remain in the middle during an entire revolution of the arc, showing that the polar axis is at right angles with the level under the telescope, or truly vertical.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Care should be taken that the level under the telescope is kept in the middle, and the capstan-screws brought to a firm bearing-.
The adjusting-level in the operation just described is supposed to be itself in adjustment; but if not, it can be easily corrected by the screw shown at one end, when re versed upon a plane surface, exactly as a mason's level is adjusted.
As this is by far the most delicate and important ad justment of the solar attachment, it should be made with the greatest care, the bubble kept perfectly in the middle and frequently inspected in the course of the adjustment.
To Adjust the Hour- Arc: Whenever the instrument is set in the meridian, as will be hereafter described, the index of the hour-arc should read apparent time. If not, loosen the two flat head screws on the top of the hourcircle, and with the hand turn the circle around until it does, fasten the screws again, and the adjustment will be complete.
To obtain mean time, the correction of the equation for the given day, as found in the Nautical Almanac, should always be applied.
Berger and Saegmuller Solars. t
The principle of these two solar attachments is the same. (Fig. 15 A and B.) The declination of the sun for the place and hour required is figured as previously shown. This declination is regarded as plus or minus as it is north or south and added algebraically to the refraction which is always plus. The refraction is found from the table previously given for the Burt and Shattuck solar or for each day and hour in the ephemeris issued for the Saeg muller solar. The declination corrected for refraction be ing determined, the instrument provided with the solar (see Fig. 15 A and B) is carefully levelled and the line of collimation of the solar and main telescope made parallel
Mineral Land Surveying. Ii
,
by sighting at some distant object. The declination 'is now set off on the vertical arc or circle of the transit by de pressing the telescope when the declination is north, and raising the telescope when the declination is south. The solar telescope is then levelled by means of its attached bubble with the main telescope still clamped. The co latitude is then set off on the vertical circle of the transit, and the solar telescope directed towards the sun, which is bisected exactly as in the case of the direct observation.
Fig. 15 A. Fig. 15 B.
This is done by turning the solar on its vertical axis and by means of the lower motion of the transit. If the hori zontal plates have been previously clamped at 0°, with the lower motion unclamped, as soon as the sun is bisected by the solar telescope, the main telescope is necessarily pointing due south. If now the lower motion is clamped and the upper motion free, the direction of the main tele scope as read on the horizontal plates will give the correct bearing.
By an ingenious attachment called an equatorial adap tor, the auxiliary telescope made by C. L. Berger and used in sighting down steep shafts may be used exactly as the Saegmuller solar.
Chapter Iii.
T reversing.
The bearing of the initial line of the survey being known, there are two ways of carrying it forward in the course of the work. When it is necessary that the correct bearing should be known at all times during the field work, as for example in retracing old lines, it is best to retain the bearing always on the upper plate of the transit, backsighting with the upper plate, giving the last forward course and then turning the upper plate in any new direc tion required. This method may be used at all times and simplifies the note taking somewhat, and adds to subse quent clearness. The disadvantages are that the upper plate may move somewhat in transportation between sta tions, and the vernier must be carefully examined each time a back-sight is made. Then, too, it may be incon venient and is usually unnecessary to figure out the direct solar observation in the field, in which case the entire survey may be completed with either an assumed bearing to commence with, or else by angles-, without the use of any bearing whatever. When angles alone are used the an gle of the initial line surveyed with the line whose bearing is determined by direct solar observation is read and when these are identical, as is usually the case, the first line is simply measured to the second station. At the second sta tion the upper plate is set at 0°, the first station bisected by the use of the lower plate and the angle to the next sta tion read as from left to right or the hands of a watch, and noted. When side shots are made, it is well to make horizontal parallel lines above and below the notes taken, so that the line or lines of notes will not be confused with the notes of the main continuous traverse. By this method
Mineral, Land Surveying.
of carrying forward a survey all errors of instrumental adjustment are eliminated except those entering in the height of standards. Another method of traversing com monly used is to back-sight with the upper plate of the transit at 0°, then invert the telescope and turn to the right or left and read the angle turned. While this is probably the method usually employed, it involves a dou bling of any errors in adjustment of the transit and a possible error in setting down each time the fact that the instrument was turned right or left. On the other hand, the results are more easily reduced to courses than in the method given before, which is always used by the writer.
It is well to read the compass at each station as a pre caution against large errors.
Measuring.
At the same time that the bearings are being carried forward with the instrument, measurements are beingtaken. These measurements as a rule are to determine the distance traversed, but are also at times for the purppose of laying out a certain necessary distance. Practically all measurements now made in mineral land surveying are made with long steel tapes, 300 to 700 feet in length, grad uated every five feet, with each end of the tape graduated to feet and tenths. The method of using long tapes is as follows: The chainman holds the zero of the tape at the station to which the measurement is to be made, and the transit man pulls the tape, preferably holding it taut by a pair of parallel pliers, provided with a clamp, just opposite the trunnion of the telescope. The distance is then meas ured to the nearest five-foot mark with a pocket tape from the point marked by the clamped parallel pliers. When the nearest five-foot mark is beyond the transit man, it saves subtracting the tenths, to which measurements are usually taken, to place the five-foot mark on the pocket tape over the five-foot mark on the long tape, and then read as from the five-foot point ahead of the instrument. Another
Mineral. Land Surveying.
method for reading the tape is for the transit man to hold the five-foot mark just beyond the distance measured to the transit, the chainman then holds the tape tightly wher ever it happens to come at the forward point. He then reads on the finer graduations the distance from the zero point back to the station and this is subtracted from the distance read opposite the transit. This method is, however, rarely used, as it requires a reliable chainman, and involves possible mistakes in subtracting. It also requires finer graduations on the zero end of the tape.
The writer finds a tape graduated every foot, with the end foot in tenths, a great time-saver. No pocket tape is required, as the tenths may be estimated or marked on a notebook cover. Some surveyors use a notched stick, or even a pencil marked in tenths.
In traversing, the tape may be wound up after each measurement or may be dragged over the ground. The writer prefers the second method, as it saves time. There is, however, greater danger of breaking the tape. Should the tape break it may be temporarily mended by using Alexander's Little Giant Tape Splices, or the surveyor may even carry a piece of solder with a few brass or copper sleeves which he solders on with a candle. The Eureka Tape Repairer is a sleeve already prepared with soft solder and flux, and makes perfect repairs with the heat of a match. As a rule, however, he proceeds wuth the longest portion of the broken tape. As the tape breaks most fre quently near the zero end, and the chainman has then no handle, it is well to carry an extra pair of parallel pliers for such an emergency.
There are many cases where stadia measurements in mineral land surveying could be used with advantage, but they are rarely employed. In the first place, they are strictly forbidden by the land office regulations in all gov ernment work. In preliminary work, such as in laying out location surveys, there is great difficulty in persuading the
Mineral Land Surveying.
claimant that he is getting-anything at all accurate, when the surveyor is compelled to admit that it can not be used in surveying for patent.
The choosing of proper stations is a very important part of the chainma-n's duty. A careful chainman can, by good judgment, save much valuable time in selecting sta tions which in the first place offer good fore-sights, and in the second place are suitable for set-ups. In the moun tains of the West there is frequently little or no choice in the placing of stations, and the best are often none too good. Stations are usually marked by stakes picked up near the spot. In case it is desired to preserve the traverse stakes, they had best be made of hard wood and carried in sufficient quantity by the party. Opinions differ as to the height of stations. Many, among others the writer, prefer a short stake, not showing as a rule over a foot above the surface of the ground. Others prefer a long stake. With the short stake a plumb line will as a rule have to be used for both the fore and back-sights, but the station is more stable, and is likely to remain in place. With the long stake the use of the plumb may be avoided, as the stake may be seen from the instrument, and this will often save time, but the stakes are very liable to de rangement after the lapse of a few days. In many cases large nails may be used for stations, in which case they are simply driven in the ground. They are especially use ful in winter when the ground is frozen.
The exact station point on the stake is marked by a nail or tack and, when possible, the measurement is made directly to the point, and both cross wires of the telescope, their intersection, placed on the nail head. In case the nail can not be seen, the instrument is sighted to a plumb line, the height to which the zero of the tape is held being taken by the horizontal cross wire. In windy weather long plumb bobs filled with mercury give the best results.
When the surveyor has a clear fore-sight for a longer
4G
Mineral Land Surveying.
distance than the tape will reach, and the country is not too rough, he may set his foresight stakes ahead at a dis tance apart approximately equal to the stretch of his tape. He may then set up at every other stake, omitting those in between, and make a measurement each way fore and back from each set-up. This will often save consid erable time.
The vertical angles for most work need to be read only to the nearest fifteen minutes; that is, they should be within iy2 minutes of the correct, and may be read with out the use of the verniers on most transits. As a rule in western mineral surveying the horizontal distances must be figured in the field. The best method of figuring is probably by the use of the pocket traverse table, and the Roe traverse table is the only suitable one known to the writer.
The method of using is as follows:
Vertical angle. Distance. Horizontal dis. (Lat.)
Another method using natural cosines is as follows:
cos 23°= .92050
This means that in 100 feet slope measurement the hori zontal component is 7.950 feet less. (Simply move the deci mal point and subtract each integer from 9, etc.) For all practical purposes the distance to be subtracted from 261.5 feet is 2.61 X 7.95 20.75; 261.5 — 20.75 240.75. While this method seems to be more accurate, the correct hori zontal distance being 240.71, it is probably as a rule not so; in fact, as it is extremely difficult to pull the tape perfectly tight, there is a tendency to set down a measurement which is too large.
Many times a certain definite distance must be laid out
Mineral Land Surveying.
with the tape on a hill side, as for example the end of a lode claim and also in setting corners from the center line. We will take the example where we find that to complete the 1,500 feet of a lode claim we have 294.5 feet yet to go. We find the angle of slope is 15° and this apparently continues for the distance required. Erom the traverse table we find that the nearest horizontal (lati tude) to 294.5 given in the column for 15° is 289.8, which equals 300 feet on the slope. This leaves a horizontal dis tance over of 4.7 which in turn equals 4.9 on the slope. The distance to be laid off is therefore 304.9 feet on the slope.
Example: Ver. Angle. Horizontal. Slope.
In case of end lines 75, 150 and 300 feet, respectively, from the center line, natural secants may be used for lay ing off distances. For the distance 300 the multiplication may be easily made, but for 75 and 150 feet the surveyor had best prepare a table for each fifteen minutes and paste in his notebook. A complete table of natural secants pre pared as a traverse table would save much time to the min eral surveyor.*
To return to laying out distances, it will often be found, especially by one who is not good at estimating distances, that the trial angle of slope is too small or too great, as the case may be, and the horizontal wire of the instrument either hits the ground or comes too high above the station. In that case the only thing to do is to try a new angle until everything corresponds.
The final distance to be measured is marked on the
*An incomplete table of natural secants is to be found in Hodgman's Surveyors' Tables.
Mineral, Land Surveying.
tape by the parallel pliers and the instrument sighted to the zero of the tape held at the proper height on a stake or by plumb bob.
The surveyor will frequently meet obstacles which re quire offsets, which subject is, as a rule, well handled in the standard books on surveying. The usual offset is at right angles far enough to avoid the obstacle. A conven ient offset is to turn off say 60° to the right, measure any suitable distance, then run the same distance with 60° turned to the left. In this wray the distance required is
Fig. 16.
Mineral, Land Surveying.
exactly equal to the distance measured on the offset, as we are dealing-with an equilateral triangle. (See Fig'. 16.)
Sometimes a long traverse has to be made to get around an obstacle, and sometimes the measurement has to be made by triangulation either to the point which it is desired to reach or to some point near. Triangulation methods are of course simple, and are exhaustively treated in text books. Traverses, that is, measured traverses to And a missing course, are not, as a rule, so well handled in the text-books, and it is sometimes necessary to do all the figuring in the field. In figuring a traverse, the first thing necessary to do is to get the traverse into a record of
courses and distances. When the true bearing is carriea throughout the survey nothing has to be done but to put down the bearings and the horizontal measurements, and figure the latitudes and departures. When assumed bear ings have been used, they must be corrected. In case tht inverting right or left method has been used from the initin, bearing, the succeeding courses may be easily figured. In case the instrument is read as though turned from left to right, that is, with the hands of a watch, the followingrule simplifies the calculation of bearings.
Rule: Take angle right from back-sight. If less than
Mineral. Land Surveying.
180°, add 180°; if greater than 180°, subtract 180° from it. Add results to former course from north, or azimuth. If required, subtract 360°. The result is the azimuth from north.
Azimuth 237° 9' -
Azimuth first course 306° 48'= N. 53° 12' W.
174° 31' 180°
661° 19' 360°
Azimuth second course 301° 19' N. 58° 41' W.
The courses and horizontal distances at hand, the lati tudes and departures are figured, preferably with a traverse table. Among the many traverse tables, Gurden's is the most rapid. In using the Gurden's tables to facilitate picking out the figures, a triangle, preferably a transparent one, or even a card may be marked and so spaced that one mark being placed under the latitude figure, the other mark falls of itself under the figure for the departure.
An example of a short traverse is given below', wuth the missing course calculated, and many similar cases will be given later. There are also given examples of latitudes and departures figured with the Gurden's table.
Neat and systematic wrork may be done by the use of printed blanks, each of which is afterwards filed away, as w'ill be described later.
Mineral Land Surveying. 51
Cos. Latitude.
Sin. Departure.
Sta-
Dis-
N. S.
E. W.
tion.
Course.
tance.
Lat. Lat.
Dep. Dep.
S. 57° 9' W.
—
N. 53° 12' W.
N. 58° 41' W.
log
log 642.73
log 642.73
—
log sin 81
♦
2.812882 log- 649.95 Missing course S. 81° 27' E. 649.95
Note. — It is well to remember to take the log of the larger number, whether latitude or departure, and divide it by the larger log, whether sine or cosine of the angle found.
Chapter Iv.
Lode Location.
About the simplest survey that the western surveyor is called on to make is that of a lode location. It is, how ever, somewhat complicated by the fact that as a rule he is assisted by the claimant himself in the work and thus .often lacks an efficient assistant, with the result that the character of the results suffers.
Usually the survey is begun at the discovery point, which may be a shaft, cut, adit, or even a point in the tunnel or other underground workings. We will begin with the survey of a straight claim as in Fig. 18. (See also page of note book.) The first set-up is just thirty
N.Q4'ST£. 5/0 56ft North Center n ty Cor / Side Stake. „
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feet from the center of the discovery shaft. After the direction of the center line has been determined, and this may often be done in unimportant work with the mag netic needle, a measurement is made as before explained under measurements, to station No. 2. It will save the transit man a set-up if a measurement is taken at the same time to No. 5. This will, however, in a rough country, give the chainman more work. From station No. 2 the line is extended through No. 3 to No. 4, at which point the claimant having desired to end his claim, a right angle is turned off, and the stakes set, we will say, seventy-five feet on each side of the center line. These stakes, the best ob-
Mineral Land Surveying
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Dis. lfith March. 1905
Mineral, Land Surveying.
tainable, are marked Cor. No. 1, N. W. Cor. ; and Cor. No. 2, S W. Cor., Good Samaritan Lode, respectively.* From No. 3 a tie is made to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 14950 Columbus Lode, as shown in the notes. As we have now measured 935.6 feet, we know that we have passed the point for setting center side stakes, so we return to No. 1 and measure back 185.6 feet to No. la, whence the center side stakes are set at right angles to the center line. They are marked North and South Center Side Stakes, Good Samaritan Lode, respect ively. Of course it frequently happens that the position of the center side stakes is known in advance, and in this case a measurement would have been made in the begin ning to No. la. In this case No. la would have been called No. 2 and the next sight might have been made to No. 3, etc., but in the case of the Good Samaritan Lode the center side stakes could not be placed till the claimant had decided where the claim was to end in its westerly course. We now extend the line through No. 5 and No. 6 and here, knowing that the survey can be completed with another sight, the previous measurements are reduced to horizontals, the total subtracted from 1,500 and the result laid out. Corners No. 3 and No. 4 are then set as for the westerly end. If a tie has not been made to a patent cor ner, or some other proper monument, as above, the instru ment is set up at some corner of the claim, preferably Cor. No. 1, and bearings to two or more mountain peaks or other permanent points taken and recorded. The surveyor then makes sure that he has the name of the lode, a de scription of the discovery, whether shaft, cut, etc., the correct name of the locators, the name of the mining dis trict and the date. At his office the surveyor figures the
*While the law requires that the corners shall be marked by substantial stakes or other monuments, it does not require any inscription on them, and this may be omitted and the location yet be perfectly legal.
Mineral Land Surveying. 55
tie to the patented claim as given below, writes out the certificate, usually signs it for the claimant, and sends it for record to the county recorder. There are several styles ,)f blank forms for location certificates sold by different publishers, but they are all essentially the same. The location certificate of above is as follows:
State Op Colorado,!
j-ss.
County of Gilpin J
Know All Men by These Presents: That Rudolf Gale, the undersigned, has this 29th day of May, 1905, located and claimed, and by these presents does locate and claim by right of discovery and location, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress, approved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with local customs, laws and reg ulations, 1,500 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Good Samaritan lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations as allowed by law, together with 75 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be deter mined from present developments; and all veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim 594.4 feet running N. 81° 32' E. from center of discovery shaft and 905.6 feet running S. 81° 32' W. from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being situ ate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Russell Mining District, County of Gilpin, and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:
Beginning at Cor. No. 1, whence Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 14950, Columbus lode, bears N. 84° 57' E. 510.56 feet, thence S. 8° 28' E. 150 feet to Cor. No. 2, thence N. 81° 32' E. 750 feet to south center side stake, thence N. 81° 32' E. 750 feet to Cor. No. 3, thence N. 8° 28' W. 150 feet to Cor. No. 4, thence S. 81° 32' W. 750 feet to north center side stake,
Mineral Land Surveying.
thence S. 81° 32' W. 750 feet to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Said lode was discovered on the 16th day of March,
A. D. 1905.
Date of location, May 29, A. D. 1905.
Date of certificate. May 29, A. D. 1905.
It is not necessary to mention the center side stakes in the description. Should several claimants desire to be recorded as possessing-unequal shares, the names may be arranged as follows, at the bottom:
J P. Smith, y2 interest.
L. S. Weaver, % interest.
L. J. Walter, % interest.
For a company, the name may simply be placed at the bottom, with or without the addition of the name of an agent or attorney in fact.
Other examples of location certificates will be given under field notes of patent survey.
The above simple straight location may be varied in many ways. The end lines may not be at right angles to the center, but made to fit some other claim; in this case the end line is longer than the width of the claim, and is figured in the same way as the end line of an angular Claim given later. In order to avoid conflicts, the claim is frequently made narrower than the legal width, some times on one side of the center, sometimes on both sides, and the side lines may even be broken lines. In this latter case they are figured as examples of mill sites or intersections of patents, etc., which will be given later. There is probably no legal objection to having the end line even longer than the side line, as is the case in Fig. 19. In this example, were a mistake made and the vein
Mineral Land Surveying.
placed as shown in the figure, the claimant would get over 3,000 feet of vein in one location, provided the vein was perpendicular, so as not to require extralateral rights. At
the time of issuance of patent of course this could not be known, as the vein is required, as far as known, to be not more than 75, 150 or 300 feet from either side line, according to the district.
Angular Claims.
In the case of angular claims the conditions given above are more or less complicated. The simplest angular claim is one whose one angle is at or near the discovery and therefore known in advance, or at least before either end line is laid out. This is easily surveyed, as follows: See Fig. 20, the angle a being determined as 40°. The angle b is equal to 140°. In placing the angle stakes the angle b is bisected, that is, 70° is turned from either the fore sight or the back-sight on the southerly side, or 110° turned from either the foresight or back-sight on the northerly side. The bisecting line is therefore 20° in each case from a line at right angles to the lines 1 — 2 and 1 — 3. The direction of this line is seen at once to be in the figure above S. 30° E. (90° — 80° 10° + 20° S. 30° E. 90° — 40-° 50° — 20° S. 30° E.) As one-half of this line is the hypothenuse of a right triangle whose base is 150 feet (or, as the case may be, 75 or 300 feet), and whose angle A is 20°, its length is found from a traverse table, or table of natural secants, to be:
Mineral Land Surveying.
lat.
distance
or nat. secant.
—
—
end line
which is the true distance from No. 1 to the agle corner S. 30° E. and also of course in the other direction N. 30° W. These lines in turn must be corrected for slope of hill. The end lines are then placed parallel to the line of the angle stakes, and the same length. The stakes are marked as
Fig. 20.
Mineral. Land Surveying.
given under straight lode locations, except the angle stakes are marked Cor. No. 2 and Cor. No. 5 North and South angle stakes respectively. As the end lines and angle stake line are all parallel, the opposite side lines are the same length, therefore no figuring or checking up is required in the office and the location certificate may be written out at once. This certificate is exactly the same as in the case of a straight claim, except that in the best work, when the discovery shaft is not exactly at the angle, additional description is required; for example, in Fig. 20 it would be described " " " " claims 400 feet running S. 40° W. from center of discovery shaft and 300 feet running No. 40° E., thence 800 feet running No. 80° E., etc.
In surveying an angular claim where the angle is not known when the first end line is reached, or when there are two or more angles in the claim, this first end line is usually put in at right angles to the center line. In the
Mineral Land Surveying.
case of a claim having only one angle, the setting of the end line may often be postponed till the angle of the center line is determined. When the end line is set at right angles one or more sets of angle stakes are placed on lines bisect ing the angles, as given above; but these lines are not par allel to the end lines, nor are they necessarily parallel to each other. As the end lines of the claim must be parallel to each other, this requires that the end line for No. 4 be turned from a line at right angles to its center line over an angle equal to the algebraic sum of all the angles enter ing into the broken centre line of the claim, or from the back sight on the centre line over the complement of this
A
algebraic sum. This is shown in the two figures above, Fig. 21 and Fig. 22, to be 20° and 50°, respectively, as the deviation from a straight centre line is always to the right
Mineral, Land Surveying.
or first to the right and then to the left; right figure as plus and left as minus.
The end line angle is thus the angle caused by the total change of direction of the centre line of the claims from its course No. 1-No. 2 to its course No. 3-No. 4.
The length of the end line is figured as the hypothenuse of a right triangle whose base is 300 feet (or 150 or 600, as the case may be), and whose angle A is the angle turned from a line at right angles to the centre line at that point. This in turn is corrected for the slope of the hill. While it is no more difficult to stake out this kind of an angular claim in the field than in the case of the angular claim first cited, the office work is more involved. The side lines opposite to each other are not of equal length, as in the case of the angular claim first cited. The length in each case is found by adding and subtracting on opposite sides the perpendiculars or departures, of the various triangles used and figured in setting the stakes, to the lengths actu ally measured on the centre line of the claim. For the angular claim given in Fig. 21 the most easterly angle is first figured, 150 feet multiplied by the tangent of 20° gives 54.59, which is added for the northerly side lines and sub tracted for the southerly lines, that is, added to exterior angles and subtracted from interior ones, to and from the distances measured on 1-2 and 2-3 on the centre line. For the next angle west 26.44, the tangent of 10° multiplied by 150 feet ,is subtracted for the northerly side lines, and added for the southerly side lines, from and to 2-3 and 3-4 on the centre line, remembering that 54.59 feet have al ready been subtracted or added to 2-3. Finally 54.59, tan gent 20° multiplied by 150 is subtracted for the northerly side line and added for the southerly side line to and from 3-4, to which 26.44 feet have already been subtracted and added. In Fig. 22 the same method is pursued. On the northerly side line the tangents are added until the end line is reached, then subtracted from the centre line distances
Mineral. Land Surveying.
while for the southerly side line the tangents are sub tracted until the end line is reached and then added. To be sure that the work has been done correctly and that the boundary lines close, a traverse is made as in the following examples. While the traverse may be made in the usual way, the labor is greatly decreased by subtracting the length of the side lines and end lines from each other, using the di rection in each case of the longer line. We thus find lati tudes and departures for only half the courses and for smaller numbers. The closing of the traverse round the claim proves the correctness of the previous work.
Example.
Fig. 21...
Fig. 23
Course.
S. 10° E. N. 60° E.
S. 40° W. S. 80° W.
Dist'ce.
N. Lat.
S. Lat. I
E. Dep.
W. Dep.
Course.
Dist'ce.
N. Lat.
S. Lat.
E. Dep.
W. Dep.
N. 10° W.
S. 30° W.
N. 40° E.
N. 80° E.
Course.
Dist'ce.
N. Lat.
S. Lat.
E. Dep.
W. Dep.
N. 15° E.
S. 82° W.
S. 73° E.
It frequently happens that in case of angular claims the end lines must be made to fit prior claims. In this case the calculations for the amounts to be added to the length of the centre line must be made at each end of the claim as well as at the angles, and the amounts to be added and the lengths of the line will vary according to the angle at which the latter are set. (See Fig. 23.) Angular claims may also be narrowed down and located with irregular side lines, but the figuring of these variations is only a
Mineral Land Surveying.
form of the figuring-done in such work as patent intersec tions treated later on.
In the case of all lode locations the setting of end lines is of great importance. The end lines should be placed as a rule as nearly as possible at right angles to the strike of the vein, while the location survey covers the apex.
The dip of the lode and the extralateral rights desired should always be kept in mind by the surveyor. Thus in Fig. 23 the arrangement of end lines there placed so as to
Fig. 23.
avoid conflict with the prior location may not be the best or may be extremely bad when the question of extralateral rights is considered. It is therefore often best not to sur vey to avoid a conflict, but to make the best possible ar rangement of end lines to cover the ground desired.
Relocation and Amended Certificates.
"Distinction Between Relocation and Amended Certifi-
Mineral. Land Surveying.
cate. — In strictness there is a relocation only when some change is made upon the ground, as by changing length, width or boundaries; perhaps also when overlapping aban doned ground is taken. The certificate filed to show such change is a relocation certificate. But if error is in the papers only, as by a misleading or too vague description, there is no relocation, but only the filing of an amended location certificate. But the terms are not always used with exactness even by the legal profession, all such papers as well as acts being called relocations or relocation certificates, and a misuse of the term is not generally material. — Cheeseman vs. Shreeve, 40 Fed. 789." — Morrison's Mining Rights, p. 109, 10th ed.
It frequently happens, especially just before surveying for patent, that the descriptions of claims are found to be defective in some respect, and in this case an amended description is filed, and no change is made upon the ground. More often, however, the stakes on the ground are changed somewhat, and the owner takes advantage of a resurvey to take in some abandoned ground, or to alter the lines of his claim slightly one way or the other from the original location. He may even make radical changes in direction of lines and extent of territory embraced. In this event there is no change in the method of survey from the pro cedure in the case of the original location, but the certifi cates are worded to suit the case. Of the two examples which follow of amended and relocation certificates, the first is rarely used, as the second covers almost every pos sible case. In some cases it is well to state the cause for amending, as for example, to state that it is to correct the spelling of the name of the claim or location. This as sumes importance when it is desirable to impress sus picious neighbors with the fact that no change has been made in the boundaries of a claim, but an amendment made simply to perfect the description
Mineral Land Surveying.
In the case of a second amendment we add to "This be ing the same lode, "and again located on the 18th
day of April, 1905, and recorded on the 31st day of April, 1905, in book 160, page 352. in the office of the recorder of Clear Creek county."
Additional and Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
State Of Colorado,
County of Clear Creek, j ss'
Know All Men by These Presents, That The Treasure Vault Gold Mining Company has, this 18th day of April, 1905, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of the original dis covery and this additional and amended location certificate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress, approved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 717.2 linear ieev. _.id hori zontal measurement on the BOREAS lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 75 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 10 feet running northeast erly from center of discovery shaft and 707.2 feet running southwesterly from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or de posit, and within the lines of said claim, in Idaho Mining District, County of Clear Creek and State of Colorado; described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:'
Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence S. 14° 15' E. 152.48 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 65° 24' W. 377.33 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 89° 2' W. 339.79 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 14° 15' W. 154.12 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence N. 89° 2' E. 343.81 ft. to Cor. No. 6; thence N. 65 24' E. 373.47 ft. to Cor. No.
Mineral Land Surveying.
From Cor. No. 1, Cor. No. 3, Su r. No. 12276, Bessie lode bears N. 14° 15' W. 7.66 ft.
This being-the same lode originally located on the 21st day of February, 1901, and recorded on the 2nd day of March, 1901, in book 147, page 319, in the office of the Recorder of Clear Creek County. This further additional and amended certificate of location is made without a waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the pur pose of correcting any errors in the original location, de scription or record, and making more specific the bound aries and description of said lode as originally located upon the ground.
THE TREASURE VAULT GOLD MINING CO. [Seal.] By J. P. Little, Agent.
Said lode was discovered the 15th day of February,
A. D. 1901.
Date of additional and amended certificate, April 18th,
A. D. 1905.
Additional and Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Clear Creek, ] ss'
Know All Men by These Presents, That The Treasure Vault Gold Mining Company has, this 18th day of April,
1905, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents J does amend, locate and claim, by right of the original discovery and this additional and amended location certificate, in compliance .with the Mining Acts of Congress, approved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 1014.2 linear feet and hori zontal measurement on the ARC LIGHT lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 75 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and
Mineral Land Surveying.
all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 21 feet running N. 61° 37' E. from face of discovery cut and 993.2 feet running S. 61° 37' W. from face of discovery cut, said discovery cut being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim, in Idaho Mining District, County of Clear Creek and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence S. 28° 23' E. 150 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 61° 37' W. 1014.2 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence N. 28° 23' W. 150 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 61° 37' E. 1014.2 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
From Cor. No. 1, Chief Mt. bears S. 5° W. and a promi nent peak bears S. 30° W.
This being the same lode originally located on the 21st day of February, 1901, and recorded on the 2nd day of March, 1901, in book 147, page 320, in the office of the Recorder of Clear Creek County. This further additional and amended certificate of location is made without a waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the pur pose of correcting any errors in the original location, de scription or record, and of taking in and acquiring all for feited or abandoned, overlapping ground, and of taking in any part of any overlapping claim which has been aban doned, and of securing all the benefits of said Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado.
THE TREASURE VAULT GOLD MINING CO. [Seal.] ' By J. P. Little, Agent.
Said lode was discovered the 15th day of February, A. D. 1901.
Date of additional and amended certificate, April 18th, A. D. 1905.
Mill Sites and Placers.
Mill sites and placers are for the most part on streams. Placers are required by the General Land Office to be taken up by legal subdivisions when on surveyed lands.
Mineral Land Surveying.
When the land is not surveyed, as is often the case with mineral lands, placers should be surveyed as regularly as possible.
At present the General Land Office requires all placer claims on unsurveyed lands to be laid off as if the land was properly surveyed. In other words, the surveyor is prac tically required to survey the whole country, or as much of it as is necessary to establish the legal subdivisions of the placer required. When the nearest surveyed tract is far distant, the department would probably permit a placer to be surveyed with east, west, north and south boundaries.
As a rule the surveyor will lay out a mill site in rec tangular form for simplicity, and the following table, taken from Morrison, will often be useful:
"Area in Feet or Acres. — By the following table the number of feet necessary to include any desired number of acres when in the shape of a square or parallelogram may be ascertained:
Claim
feet
contains
acres.
it
if
it
acres.
tt
it
it
acres.
a
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it
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tt
it
it
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it
acres.
tt
it
it
acres.
tt
it
it
acres.
43,560 square feet 1 acre. A square 208.71 feet in length and width 1 acre." — Morrison's Mining Rights, p. 185, 10th ed.
It may happen that the survey must follow the mean dering of a stream, and in this case the rules for angular claims may often apply. Even when the claim must be widened or narrowed the same rules hold, each portion be ing figured separately as in Fig. 24, the whole forming five acres or less in the case of a mill site, and twenty acres or less for each claimant in a placer. The end lines, if
Mineral Land Surveying. 69
they may be so called, need not, of course, be parallel as in the case of lode locations. In case all ground possible is desired between two claims, A and B, Fig. 25, the center
Fig. 24.
line 1-2 is measured and the width of claim then laid out, which will give 217,800 square feet (five acres) when multi plied by the length of 1-2. The end lines are figured as in angular claims. In case 1-2 is not the center line, more figuring is of course required.
Fig. 25.
It sometimes happens that very irregular tracts must be laid out and there is no escape from more or less exten sive figuring to get the correct boundaries for the number
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of acres to be included. It will then be necessary to divide the area under consideration into rectangles or triangles, or both, or calculate the area by double meridian distances. The method of surveying will also vary according to cir cumstances of the case. It may be possible to survey from a center line, as in Fig. 26, or in the case of large tracts it may be necessary to run the exterior boundaries. Ties should be made as for all lode claims.
Century Mill Site.
Mineral. Land Surveying
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Mineral Land Surveying.
In any case, except when rectangular tracts are sur veyed, the final description must be carefully checked by
traverse as in the case of the angular claims, to make sure of a closure, and the area figured by double meridian distances.
Double Meridian Distances.
The traverse is begun with the most easterly or west erly station (Fig. 27). Double Meridian Distances — D. M. D., of preceding course plus the departure of that course, plus
the departure of the course itself. The first and last D. M. D. is the same as the respective departures. The latitudes are arranged plus and minus North and South.
/
Mineral, Land Surveying.
respectively, multiplied by their D. M. D. as above. The plus and minus areas resulting are then added and the lesser subtracted from the greater and the result divided by 2. The result is the area in square feet.
Care must be taken in the case of a mill site that is cut into tracts by other claims to locate the mill site as one unit not including more than five acres, and during the patent surveying cut into tracts.
Location Certificate — Mill Site.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Clear Creek, j
To All Whom These Presents May Concern:
Know ye that I, John T. McDonald, of Idaho Springs. Colorado, do hereby declare and publish as legal notice to all the world that I have a valid right to the occupation, possession and enjoyment of all and singular that tract or parcel of land not exceeding five acres, situate, lying and being in Montana Mining District, in the County of Clear Creek, in the State of Colorado, bounded and described as follows, to -wit:
The CENTURY Mill Site, beginning at Corner No. 1,
whence Cor. No. 6, Sur. No. 1465, Cohos Mill Site, bears N. 16° 42' W. 27.6 ft.; thence S. 79° 5' E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence N. 148 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 72° 13' E. 210 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence S. 80 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence
S. 72° 2' E. 474.5 ft. to Cor. No. 6; thence S. 88 ft. to Cor.
No. 7; thence N. 88 32' W. 946.18 ft. to Cor. No. 8; thence
N. 263 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Containing 4.747 acres, together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging or in any wise appertaining.
Witness my hand and seal, this 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and three.
Mineral Land Surveying.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Clear Creek, j sS'
Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally appeared John T. McDonald, to me personally known to be the same person described in and who executed the within Declaration of Occupation, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and published the same as his free and voluntary act and deed, for the uses and purposes therein set forth.
Witness my hand and notarial seal, this twenty-sixth day of December, A. D. 1903.
My commission expires December 27, 1905.
ROYAL R. GRAHAM, Notary Public.
(Note. — The certification before a Notary is not neces sary. Another example of Mill Site Certificate will be given under Field Notes of Patent Surveying.)
The following Location Certificate, though not according to the present requirements of the General Land Office, is probably perfectly legal. To avoid trouble, however, it is best to take it up by legal subdivisions:
Placer Location Certificate.
Know All Men by These Presents, that J. M. Cross, the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of the County of Clear Creek, State of Colorado, having com plied with the provisions of Chapter 6, Title XXXII., of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and with the local customs, laws and regulations, claims by right of discov ery and location the SNOW STORM Placer Claim, situate, lying-and being in Gold Dirt Mining District, County of Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence N. 81° 42' E. 329.85 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 35° 3' E. 227.6 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 44° 46' W. 213.6 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 68° 34' W. 422.30 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Mineral Land Surveying.
From Cor. No. 1, two prominent peaks bear N. 87° 30' W. and S. 45° W., respectively.
Containing an area of 1.808 acres, said claim was located on the 19th day of November, A. D. 1902.
Date of certificate, December 1st, A. D. 1902.
J. M. Cross.
(A Placer Location Certificate by legal subdivisions will be given under Field Notes of Patent Surveying.)
Tunnel Sites.
There is considerable difference of opinion in regard to
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Mineral Land Sltrveying.
the location of tunnel sites, but the best method seems to be the surveying of the proposed line of the tunnel on the surface, and the marking of the exterior boundaries of the tunnel site. The tunnel line is easiest marked by stakes at the various points of set-up, but rather better by stakes set at regular intervals of say 500 feet. From the end points stakes are set 1,500 feet on each side of the tunnel line as shown in Fig. 28. Certain ground is frequently located or staked for dumping purposes.
Location Certificate — Tunnel.
To All Whom These Presents May Concern:
Know ye that I, George E. Plant, of Georgetown, Colo rado, on the 20th day of May, 1905, located, and by these presents do locate, for the discovery of mines and the development of lodes or veins, the TIP TOP Tunnel and Tunnel Site, and claim the right of occupancy, possession and enjoyment thereof, together with the right of posses sion of 1,500 feet in length on all veins or lodes within 3,000 feet from the face of said tunnel, on the line thereof, not previously known to exist, discovered in said tunnel,
situate in Virginia Mining District, Clear Creek County, State of Colorado.
The mouth of the tunnel (at the point where it enters cover) is located on the North side of Cold Creek, whence Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 16521, Colorado lode, bears S. 27° 16' W. 351.5 ft.
Size of tunnel, 6 feet wide by 8 feet high in the clear.
Course of tunnel from its mouth is North 3,000 feet.
A full description of the stakes set along the line of
tunnel is as follows: Six stakes set at intervals of 500
feet for 3,000 feet from mouth.
A full description of the stakes set at the exterior boun daries of the area claimed, 3,000 feet square, is as follows:
From the mouth of tunnel stakes set 1,500 feet west and 1,500 feet east, respectively. At 3,000 feet from mouth,
Mineral Land Surveying.
stakes set 1,500 feet west and 1,500 feet east, respectively.
I also claim for dumping purposes a tract of land de scribed as follows: Beginning at the mouth of said tunnel, thence E. 100 ft.; thence S. 200 ft.; thence W. 200 ft.; thence N. 200 ft.; thence E. 100 ft. to place of beginning,
together with all and singular the hereditaments and ap purtenances thereunto belonging or in any wise appertain ing, and all rights granted to the locator as tunnel rights under the terms of Section 2323 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.
Witness my hand and seal this 20th day of May, A. D. 1905. [Seal.] GEORGE E. PLANT.
Legal Subdivisions.
Locating placers by legal subdivisions of sections is closely connected with the procedure for restoring lost cor ners of the public survey. The subject is exhaustively handled in "Circular on Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners and Subdivision of Sections: General Land Office,
March 14, 1901." The pamphlet may be obtained by apply ing to the General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Follow ing is an account of the most important points to be kept in mind and principles to be applied. An example of the Location Certificate required will be given with the Field Notes of a Patent Survey.
General Rules.
1st. That the boundaries of the public lands established and returned by the duly appointed government surveyors, when approved by the surveyors general and accepted by the government, are unchangeable.
2nd. That the original township, section and quartersection corners established by the government surveyors must stand as the true corners which they were intended to represent, whether the corners be in place or not.
3rd. That quarter-quarter corners not established by the government surveyors shall be placed on the straight
Mineral Land Surveying.
lines joining the section and quarter-section corners and midway between them, except on the last half mile of sec tion lines closing on the north and west boundaries of the township, or on other lines between fractional sections.
4th. That all subdivisional lines of a section running between corners established in the original survey of a township must be straight lines running from the proper corner in one section line to its opposite corresponding cor ner in the opposite section line.
5th. That in a fractional section where no opposite cor responding corner has been or can be established, any re quired subdivision line of such section must be run from the proper original corner in the boundary line due east and west, or north and south, as the case may be, to the water course, Indian reservation or other boundary of such section, with due parallelism to section lines.
From the foregoing it will be plain that extinct corners of government surveys must be restored to their original locations whenever it is possible to do so; and hence resort should always be first had to the marks of the survey in the field. The locus of the missing corner should be first identified on the ground by the aid of the mound, pits, line trees, bearing trees, etc., described in the field notes of the original survey.
The identification of mounds, pits, witness trees or other permanent objects noted in the field notes of survey, affords the best means of relocating the missing corner in its orig inal position. If this can not be done, clear and convinc ing testimony of citizens as to the locality it originally occupied should be taken if such can be obtained. In any event, whether the locus of the corner be fixed by the one means or the other, such locus should always be tested and confirmed by measurements to known corners. No definite rule can be laid down as to what shall be sufficient evidence in such cases, and much must be left to the skill,
Mineral Land Surveying.
fidelity and good judgment of the surveyor in the perform ance of his work.
Subdivision of Sections.
1. Subdivision of Sections into Quarter Sections. — Un der the provisions of the Act of Congress approved Febru ary 11, 1905, the course to be pursued in the subdivision of sections into quarter sections is to run straight lines from the established quarter section corners, United States surveys, to the opposite corresponding corners. The point of intersection of the lines thus run will be the corner common to the several quarter sections, or, in other words, the legal center of the section.
(a) Upon the lines closing on the north and west boundaries of a township, the quarter section corners are established by the United States deputy surveyors at 40
chains to the north or west of the last interior section cor ners, and the excess or deficiency in the measurement is thrown into the half mile next to the township or range line as the case may be.
<b) Where there are double sets of section corners on township and range lines, the quarter corners for the sec tions south of the township lines and east of the range lines are not established in the field by the United States deputy surveyors, but in subdividing such sections said quarter corners should be so placed as to suit the calcula tions of the areas of the quarter sections adjoining the tvviiohip boundaries as expressed upon the official plat, adopting proportionate measurements where the new meas urements of the north and west boundaries of the section differ from the original measurements.
2. Subdivision of Fractional Sections. — Where opposite corresponding corners have not been or cannot be fixed, the subdivision lines should be ascertained by running from the established corners due north, south, east or west lines, as the case may be, to the water course, Indian boundary line or other boundary of such fractional section.
Mineral Land Surveying.
(a) The law presumes the section lines surveyed and marked in the held by the United States deputy surveyors to be due north and south or east and west lines, but in actual experience this is not always the case. Hence, in order to carry out the spirit of the law, it will be neces sary in running-the subdivisional lines through fractional sections to adopt mean courses where the section lines are not due lines, or to run the division line parallel to the east, south, west or north boundary of the section, as con ditions may require, where there is no opposite section line.
3. Subdivison of Quarter Sections into Quarter-Quar ters. — Preliminary to the subdivision of quarter sections, the quarter-quarter corners will be established at points midway between the section and quarter section corners, and between quarter corners and the center of the section, except on the last half mile of the lines closing on the north or west boundaries of a township, where they should
be placed at 20 chains, proportionate measurement, to the
north or west of the quarter section corner.
(a) The quarter-quarter section corners having been established as directed above, the subdivision lines of the quarter section-will be run straight between opposite cor responding quarter-quarter section corners on the quarter section boundaries. The intersection of the lines thus run will determine the place for the corner common to the four quarter-quarter sections.
4. Subdivision of Fractional Quarter Sections. — The subdivision lines of fractional quarter sections will be run from properly established quarter-quarter section corners (paragraph 3) due north, south, east or west, to the lake, water course or reservation which renders such tracts frac tional, or parallel to the east, south, west or north bound ary of the quarter section, as conditions may require. (See paragraph 2-a.)
5. Proportionate Measurement. — By "proportionate
Mineral Land Surveying.
measurement," as used in this circular, is meant a meas urement having-the same ratio to that recorded in the orig inal field notes as the length of chain used in the new measurement has to the length of chain used in the orig inal survey, assuming that the original and new measure ments have been correctly made.
For example: The length of the line from the quarter section corner on the west side of Sec. 2, T. 24 N., R. 14 E., Wisconsin, to the north line of the township, by the United States deputy surveyor's chain, was reported as 45.40 chains, and by the county surveyor's measure is reported as 42.90 chains; then the distance which the quarterquarter section corner should be located north of the quar ter section corner would be determined as follows:
As 45.40 chains, the government measure of the whole distance, is to 42.90 chains, the county surveyor's measure of the same distance, so is 20.00 chains, original measure ment, to 18.90 chains by the county surveyor's measure, showing that by proportionate measurement in this case the quarter-quarter section corner should be set at 18.90 chains north of the quarter section corner, instead of 20.00 chains north of such corner, as represented on the official plat. In this manner the discrepancies between original and new measurements are equitably distributed.
The foregoing will be clear from an inspection of Fig. 29. We will assume that the corners actually existing on the ground are represented by the points A B C D E F G, while corner H is missing. This corner is re-established by placing it on a straight line half way between A and G. When the character of the country permits, this had best be done by running a random line (straight trial line), as nearly direct from A to G as possible. This line will probably fall somewhat to the east or west of G, say at G'. From G' the course and distance is measured to G. At a point half way between A and G' on the line AG' run a
Mineral Land Surveying.
line parallel to G'G and half the length of G'G to H. Thus H is on line AG equidistant from A and G.
In rough country it will often be easier or even neces sary to run a traverse from A to G, figure the missing course, and thus find the course and distance directly from A to G. Half of this distance is the distance from G to H. This may either be run directly on the ground from G or A, or, better still, the position for H may be found by figuring
the course and distance from the nearest station used on the traverse from A to G, for which all the latitudes and departures have been previously figured in order to deter mine AG.
Mineral Land Surveying.
In a similar way the line between H. and D. is run and its interior corner I is established at the point of its inter section with the line BF. Midway between B and I, K is established, and J between A and H. Half way between A and B establish L and similarly M between H and I. This same principle will determine the re-establishment of lost corners, or the subdivision of the whole section.
Should the section be on the western tier of the town ship, it must be remembered that the eastern portions of the sections are subdivided as nearly as possible according to the dimensions of a perfect section, and all the error thrown into the western portion.
Tracing Extensions of Veins on the Surface.
On the borderland, between surface and underground
Mineral Land Surveying.
surveying-one of the operations that a western surveyor is frequently called upon to perform is tracing the extension of a known vein or finding from underground workings the probable outcrop of a vein. This may be done with various solar with great ease as afterwards described, but with an ordinary transit it requires considerable calculation.
Let Fig. 30 in plan, vertical and longitudinal section, represent the simplest possible case, a vein striking due north and running up a regularly sloping hillside. The problem is to find the direction of the apex and the point
on the surface approximately 600 feet away where the vein outcrops. From the tunnel the strike of the vein is found to be north, or assumed to be so for simplicity, and the dip is found to be 55° 30'. Measuring 600 feet up the hill north, the same direction as the tunnel is assumed, the angle of elevation is found to be 30° 33', which gives us a perpendicular height of 304.9. From this, with the angle of dip 55° 30', we find we have to measure 209.5 feet at right angles to the strike to reach the apex. Should the course only of the apex be desired, we have only
Mineral Land Surveying.
- cot course log- 516.7 2.713238
0.392054 log cot 22° 4' or N. 22° 4' w.
It will usually happen, however, that A is not on a level with B, and therefore some correction must be added or subtracted to 209.5 feet as the point A is above or below B, as shown in Fig. 30 D. This correction, of course, varies as the height varies above or below B, and is figured from this height with an angle of 55° 30' as the 209.5 feet was figured from 304.5 feet in Fig. 30 C.
Vein Tracing with the Solar Attachment.
By using the Shattuck Solar Attachment this becomes a very simple operation and is performed as follows:
The dip and strike of the vein are first determined by any convenient means. Then set the transit over an out crop of the vein and attach the solar with the mirror set to deflect the line of collimation through an angle of 90°.
Point the telescope in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the vein, which is done by deflecting an angle of 90° from the strike of the vein, and setting off on the ver tical limb an angle of 90° from the dip of the vein.
The Solar revolved on its axis will then cut a plane of the vein. The line where this plane cuts the surface of the ground is the line of the apex of the vein, which may be traced by simply sighting through the Solar. Its posi tion may be marked where it crosses gulches or hillsides with equal facility.
In case there are two openings at different elevations on the apex of a slanting vein,, the strike of the vein may be determined in a similar manner.
Place the transit, with Solar attached, over one of the croppings; depress the telescope to an angle of 90° plus the dip of the vein and direct the telescope toward the
Mineral Land Surveying.
footwall of the vein. Sight through the transit and solar at the other outcrop, when the vernier reading will be 90° from the strike of the vein.
In a similar way the same results may be obtained by the use of a solar provided with a telescope, as for exam ple, the Berger or Saegmuller Solars. For vein tracing the auxiliary telescope of the solar is set exactly parallel to the main telescope of the transit in the same vertical plane. The auxiliary telescope is then pointed in the direction of the dip, as, for example, down a shaft, and at right angles to the strike of the vein. If the auxiliary telescope is now revolved on the adaptor or whatever device is employed, on a plane parallel to the plane of the vein, it will always point to some spot on the outcrop, provided, of course, the dip and strike are regular. In this way the outcrop may be staked by sighting directly through the telescope, a process somewhat simpler and clearer than the reflections of the Shattuck Solar.
The top telescope alone of a mining transit may be used, provided it will turn on the point of attachment as in the Scott model. This may be turned, after it is tightly set, by loosening the capstan screw.
Chapter V.
Surveyinq for Patent.
We now come to that portion of western mineral sur veying where the assistance of a mineral surveyor is re quired, namely, surveying for patent. As a rule, before beginning patent proceedings, the correctness of the loca tion surveys is carefully verified, or the surveys are cor rected and modified as required. In the case of groups it is especially necessary that the exact status of things be known before an order for survey is requested from the Surveyor General. This done, the claimant or his attorney deposits the fees for the Surveyor General's Office at the nearest United States depository, with the name of the claimant and the name of the claim to which the fees are to apply.
He then, on the proper blanks which are supplied by the Surveyor General, applies to the Surveyor General to issue an order for survey. This form is given later under Specimen Field Notes. With this application are forwarded certified copies of the location certificates.
At the present writing the mineral surveyor is strictly forbidden either to send the monev to the United States depository, or make out the application to the Surveyor General for survey, and is strictly forbidden to act as attorney in any way for the claimant. He may not even make an estimate to the claimant of the probable cost of the complete patent. This also applies to his chainman.
The certified copies of location certificates are carefully examined in the Surveyor's General Office, and if any mis takes are found, are returned for correction. Here it may be observed that the commonest mistakes found in these certificates are in angular claims which fail to close. If
Mineral Land Surveying. 87
the certificates are satisfactory they are copied in the Sur veyor's General Office and the copies, with the order of survey, are sent to the United States mineral surveyor
designated in the application.
This order is also given later under Specimen Field
Notes.
The mineral surveyor then surveys the claim exactly as described for a location survey, except that the work is done much more carefully and with greater safeguards. In place of the stakes used in the location survey, stones, rocks in place, substantial posts, or even trees, are used for corners. If the ground is such that it is impossible to set a corner, or if it is seen that a corner can not possibly' be permanent if set, a witness corner is placed on one of the lines of the survey, but not except when absolutely necessary, off of these lines. Cor. No. 1 is placed on the end of the claim nearest the section corner or monument of the public survey, but it is not necessarily the nearest corner. Thus in Fig. 31 one section tie serves for both
Sur No 17136
Sur No. 17136
Fig. 31.
claims, which would not be the case should it be required to tie the nearest corner of the claim to the section corner and make it Cor. No. 1.
d
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Mineral Land Surveying.
In case the surveyor has not carefully verified his loca tion certificates in advance, he may find that the condi tions on the ground do not fit the descriptions in the cer tificates. Usually a slight divergence of a few minutes or a few feet is permitted by the Surveyor General. In case the divergence is material, it is then necessary to amend the locations and the claimant must apply for a new order for survey. This new order costs $5 and results in a new number being issued and a cancellation of the old number. Therefore it is stated again that too much care can not be taken to verify the descriptions in the' location certifi cates before an order is requested.
Wherever possible, bearings are taken from the corners set to blazed trees, rocks in place, boulders, and, lastly, to mountain peaks, or permanent objects. The blazed trees and stakes are marked with a timber scribe, and the rocks and stone corners are chiseled.
The tie to a section corner may often be made directly from some convenient point during the process of the survey and the missing course figured from Cor. No. 1, as given above under Location Surveys. As a rule,* more or less of a traverse must be made to the section corner and afterwards the direct course from Cor. No. 1 is figured. When the surveyor has a claim that he has previously sur veyed for patent in the vicinity, which is tied to a section ' corner, he may run to this claim and figure his section tie through it. Should he tie through any other claim not his own survey, the work must be thoroughly checked. This practically means that he can use another's survey only as a help to find the section corner. The traverse to the section corner in any case is filed on a special blank with the field notes in the Surveyor's General Office. Ties made to a United States locating monument are in every way the same as to section corners.
A general description of the corner or monument tied
Mineral Land Surveying.
to must be given in the notes, examples of which will be given later on.
In many districts, such as, for example, the Clear Creek and Gilpin districts, the work of connecting the corners of the public survey is greatly facilitated by a number of triangulation systems in which each station of the system is tied to some corner of the public survey. In some cases these triangulation systems are official, and figure on the maps in the Surveyor's General Office, but in most cases they are simply private aids. With these systems the min eral surveyor has simply to tie to some triangulation station, and at his office has the bearing and distance from this station (with its latitude and departure) all figured out to the sec tion corner. He has only to add this latitude and depar ture to this traverse to the triangulation station in order to figure his section tie. The triangulation systems are also useful for deflecting lines.
Thus, one may set up on a triangulation station, sight
to some other triangulation station, the course of which is
/
known, and thence run to the claim to be surveyed, carry ing the course with him. In this way the figuring of a direct observation is avoided. (Plate I.)
Ties to other claims are also made from the most con venient points on the survey, only as a rule they are much shorter than the section tie. In order to know exactly the position of each conflicting claim, ties must be made to every corner terminating a line in conflict with the claim being surveyed. In case some of the required corners on a conflicting claim are missing, the lines are treated in a manner to be described later on. In case no corners at all are to be found, and no bearing trees, bearing rocks, etc., it is necessary to tie to the discovery shaft of the conflict ing claim. If the discovery shaft can not be identified, the claim must be treated descriptively, and this case will be taken up under examples of figuring. As with the cor ner of a public survey, the corners of all claims tied to
Mineral Land Surveying.
must be described in a general way as stone, post, etc., and the markings noted..
All workings and improvements, such as shafts, tun nels, adits, buildings, etc., are tied in from convenient points on the survey, and the courses and dimensions taken. They are eventually figured to some corner of the claim.
Roads, gulches, creeks, hill crests, county lines, etc., are picked up in the course of the survey and enough of them run out so that they can be indicated on the map and the general direction and intersection with the boundaries of the claim known.
Up to this time the survey has been treated as though one location at a time were being surveyed, or in the case of many locations as if each one were being surveyed as a unit. In the case of groups of claims, the surveying may be often greatly simplified by a little forethought. This is evident in the case of those locations which lie side by side when one surveyed center line may serve for the whole group, the end lines being run from its two ends.
In the case of a whole group where the claims are irreg ularly arranged, it is well to make a closed traverse in cluding all the discovery shafts before an application for an order of survey is made. This traverse is then platted and the claims arranged in the manner best suited to cover the veins and ground desired. The surveyor then, figures out the fewest lines that can possibly be run which will take in all the corners and improvements. In this way the running of the center line of each claim is avoided. If the original traverse stakes have remained in place, it is often possible to put in many of the corners from them without further surveying. The surveyor must also make sure that he really has a group before the claim ant applies for an order for survey, that is, that the claims actually conflict continuously or are contiguous, i. e., hav ing boundary lines in common, and not just corner in cer tain cases.
Mineral Land Surveying.
After the survey is completed it is carefully platted, usually on a scale of 200 feet to the inch. The use of drawing paper on which is engraved a protractor greatly facilitates the platting. The lines are carried from the protractor by a parallel rule. The plat made, the figuring of intersections and areas is begun.
Angles from Courses.
Before taking up patent figuring it will be well to show how the angles of the various triangles are found.
To determine the value of the various angles of trian gles, the directions of whose sides are designated by courses, is somewhat confusing to the beginner, especially if he is not thoroughly familiar with field methods. Fig. 32, A, B, C and D, shows the four possible cases, the angles in question being the interior angles between solid lines. A shows the simplest possible case. Each course being S. W., we simply subtract 20° from 60° and get the angle
N
Fig. 32 A.
N
™". In B we have a case, on each side of the north and south line, and the amounts of the two courses have sim ply to be added to obtain the required angle. Thus 70° + 34° 104°. In C the amounts of the two courses are added and the sum subtracted from 180°. Thus, 40° + 55° 95°,
mineral land surveying.
180° — 95° 85°, or 90° — 40° 50°, and 90° — 55° 35°, 35° _j_50o — 85°, the angle required. For D the included angle may be obtained in three different ways. The difference in course may be obtained and then subtracted from 180°, as go0 — 20° 40°, 180°— 40° 140°, or 180°— 60° 120° + 20° 140°, or 90°— 60° 30° -f 90° + 20° 140°, the angle re-
N
N
Fig. 32 C.
quired. The reverse of these methods may of course be
used in deriving courses from angles.
Patent Figuring of Survey No. 17846.
Taking Sur. No. 17846 in Plate II. as the claim to be patented, the section tie from Cor. No. 1 of the claim is figured by means of the missing course of the traverse actually measured from the end center. Thus, beginning at Cor. No. 1, thence to No. 1, thence to No. 2, thence to No. 3, or the section corner, thence by misusing course to Cor. No. 1.
Mineral Land Surveying
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Mineral Land Surveying
Station. Course.
Cor. 1— No. 1 |S. 15° E.
No. 1— No. 2 N. 81° W.
No. 2—3, Sec. Cor. N.50° W.
Dist.
N.Lat
S. Lat.
E. D'p
W. D'p
log 128.89 2.110220
log 604.90 2.781684
log 604.90 2.781684
sin 77° 58' 9.990351
Missing course S 77° 58' E 618.49 Sec. tie N 77° 58' W 618.49 feet
For the conflicting claim, Sur. No. 16591, the missing courses (the side and end lines) of the line actually traversed show us that the claim is surveyed and described correctly, with an error on not more than 1 foot in 2,000.
Station.
No. 5— No. 4 .
No. 4 — No. 6 .
No. 6—4—16591.. Cor. 4 — 1 .
Course.
S. 29° 39' E S. 14° 46' W. S. 4° 2' W. S. 58° 19' W. N. 10° 15' E.
Dist.
>4. Lat.
S. Lat.
E. D'p
W. D p
Station.
No. 5— No. 4 .
No. 4— No. 6 .
No. 6— Cor. 3
Station.
1- 16591— No. 5... No. 5-2-16591...
Course.
Dist.
N.Dat.
S. Lat.
E. D'plW. D'p
S. 54° 3' W.
S 14° 46' W.
S. 4° 2' W.
S. 26° 53' E.
N. 10° 15' E.
Course.
NXat.
S. Lat.
E. D'p| W. D'p
S. 29° 39' E.
N. 54° 3' E.
N. 79° 45' W.
Mineral Land Surveying. 95
Station.
3- 16591— No. 6. No. 6-4-16591..
Course.
N. 26° 53' W.| S. 58° 19' W.l S. 79° 45' E.
Dist.
N.Lat.
S. Lat.
E. D'p
W. D'p
Conflict With Sur. No. 16591.
We are now in a position to figure the tie from Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 16591, by missing course as follows:
Station. Course.
No 1 — No 4 . . . N. 75° E.
Dist.
N.Lat.
S. Lat.
E. D'p
W. D'p
No 4 — No. 5 . N. 14° 46' E.
No. 5— 1-16591. . .|N. 29° 39' W.
log
log 590.44
log
log cos 32° 31'
cot
log 700.08
Tie
N 32°
To
check 590.43
We now figure the triangle a b c, in which we have the course and length of a b given, namely, N 32° 30' E 700.08 feet. Subtracting courses to find angles, we get:
a 32° 30' b 75°00' 10° 15' 22° 15'
10° 15' 32° 30' 90° 00' 42° 30'
sin 115° 15' : 700.08 sin 22° 15' : ? sin 115° 15' : 700.08 sin 42° 30' : ?
Mineral Land Surveying.
log- 700.08 2.845147
log-sin 22° 15' 9.578236
colog sin 115° 15' 0.043613
log 293.08 2.466996
log 700.08 2.845147
log sin 42° 30' 9.829683
colog sin 15° 15' 0.043613
log 522.90 2.718443
The angle e of the right triangle dec is known (79° 45' + 75° 154° 45' . 180° — 154° 45' 25° 15') to be 25° 15'. We know d e is 300 feet, the width of the claim, therefore, 300 is multiplied by the tan e to get c d. The length of the line c e may be found by multiplying 300 by the nat secant of e. or 300 may be divided by the cos of 25° 15'.
nat tan 25° 15' :
t
log 300
log cos 25° 15'
log 331.69
Here natural functions may be used with great advan tage, as d e is, with rare exceptions, 150, 300 or 600 feet, the width of the claim. The natural tangent of e may then be rapidly multiplied by 300 or 600, and in case of 150, quickly halved, and the half added to the tangent and. multiplied by 100. The secant is treated in the same way.
The triangle 1 n c is, of course, equal to the triangle dec.
By subtracting 141.49 from 522. 9U we get 381.41, the length of the line from Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 16591, to the intersection of line 1-4, Sur. No. 17846. All the sides of the parallelogram cehn are, of course, of equal length and 331.69 feet. We therefore have n and h 854.59 and 713.10 feet, respectively, distant from Cors. Nos. 1 and 2, Sur. No. .16591. By subtracting these distances ff-om 1500 we get the respective distances from Cors. Nos. 4 and 3.
Mineral Land Surveying. 97
The distances of e and h from Cors. Nos. 1 and 2 of Sur. No. 17846 are found in the same way.
The area of the parallelogram cehn is found by mul tiplying 331.69 by 300, the width of the claim, and dividing by 43560, the number of square feet in an acre.
log 331.69 2.520734 log 331.69 2.520734
log 300 2.477121 log 300 . 2.477121
colog 43560 — 5.360912 -
log 2.284 acres 0.358767 log 43560 4.639088
log 2.284 acres 0.358767
The process is somewhat simplified by adding the colog as given above.
Conflict With Sur. No. 17541.
In the case of Sur. 17541 we find Cors. Nos. 1 and 2, but not Cors. Nos. 3 and 4. The line 1,-2 is found by our survey to be correct and Cors. Nos. 3 and 4 are then placed S 26° E 1500 feet away as given in the notes of the survey for patent of Sur. No. 17541. We then figure the tie from Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17541.
Station. 2-17846— No. 1, No. 1— No. 4.. No. 4-1-17541
Course. List.
N. 15° W.l 150.00 N. 75° E. 335.6 S. 50° 16' E. 87.4
N.Lat.
S. Lat.|E. JJ'plYV.L'p
. j 324.15| .
Mineral, Land Surveying.
log
log
log
log
sin 63° :
log
cot
log
Tie
N i
O
Co
'
—
mi
98
To
check
We
now
find
the triangle
j i k:
j
' 101°
sin
sin
log
log 393.98
log
sin
log sin 89° 29
colog sin 79° 00'
colog
sin 79°
log
log 401.34
Then for the triangle p k o' we have the angle (75° — 64° 11°) and as it is a right triangle, it as in the case of the triangle dec given above.
nat tan 11°
nat sec 1 1 '
log 300 2.477121
log cos 11° 9.991947
log 305.61 2.485174
With 80.13 from above and, 1,18. 44 (58.31 +
89° 29' 11° 31' 79°
k 11° we work'
Mineral Land Surveying.
have the two parallel sides of the trapezoid j k p o, and the area is found as follows:
log 109.28
log 300
—
colog 43560
log .7526
log 109.28
log 300.
log 43560
log .7526
To get the net area of the conflict between Sur. No. 17846 and Sur. No. 17541, that is, exclusive of the conflict between Sur. No. 17846 and Sur. No. 16591, we must figure the quadrilateral j k h r. From previous figuring we have the distance from Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 17846, to k' and h, respectively, and by subtracting, we thus get k h to be 81.94 feet (483.28 — 401.34). From this we may figure the quadrilateral in two ways: either as twro triangles, or by prolonging it to k', and figuring the triangle j k'r.
The easiest way to figure j h is by missing course as follows:
Station. Course. Dist.
j_k . |S. 26° E. 80.13
N.Lat.
S. Lat.
E. D'p
VV. D'p
k— h . |N. 75° E. 81.94
log 50.81 1.705949 log 114.29 2.058007
log 114.29 2.058007 log sin 66° 2' 9.960843
log cot 66° 2'
log 125.07
Mineral Land Surveying.
Course N 66° 2' W 125.07 feet.
Co I
o 1 1
u-
o
To check
We find
the area of jkh
as follows:
j 66° 2'
26J h
38° 58' 101° 00'
Area K
log 125.07
log 125.07
—
log 80.13
log 80.13
—
log sin 40°
log sin 40
colog 87120
—
log .0739
log 43560
log .1479
Here it is more convenient tQ add the colog of 87120 (43560 X 2) in place of dividing by 43560 and afterwards by 2.
In the triangle j h r the area is found to be:
66° 2' 130° 2' 66° 2' 10° 15'
j 49° 58' h— 76° 17' r — 53° 45'
Area K %
(125. X sin 76° 17' X sin 49° 58'
sin 53° 45'
t v
Mineral Land Surveying.
log: 125.07 2.097164
log to square 2.097164
log sin 76° 17' 9.987434
log sin 49° 58' 9.884042
colog sin 53° 45' 0.093425
colog 87120 log .1656
log 125.07 log to square log sin 76° 17' log sin 49° 58'
- log sin 53° 45'
log 43560 log .3313
.1656 acres .0739 acres
Total area j khr .2395 acres
Another way of calculating-the quadrilateral j k h r is as follows: We first figure the triangle kk'h in which, as we have seen above, we have kh 81.94.
75° 180° k'=10°15' h 75° k 79°
26° 101° 26° 10° 15' k'= 36° 15'
sin 36° 15' : 81.94 sin 64° 45' : ?
Area K — y2
(81. X sin 79° X sin 64° 45'
sin 36° 15'
log 81.94 1.913496
log to square 1.913496
i log sin 79° 9.991947
I log sin 64° 45' 9.956387
j colog sin 36° 15' 0.228185
colog 87120 — 5.059882
j log .115 — 1.063393
Mineral Land Surveying.
log 81.94
—
log sin 64°
colog sin 36°
log 125.35
jk
tff
jk'
For the
triangle
j k' r we
thus
which we figure the area.
the base from
log 205.48 — 2.312769 area jk'r .355 acres
log tan 36° 15' 9.865240 area kk'h .115 acres
log 205.48 2.312769
colog 87120 — 5.059882 area .240 acres
log .355 —1.550660
This result checks the first method and gives another method which frequently has to be used.
Conflict With Sur. No. 12716.
Taking next our conflict with Sur. No. 12716. we figure the missing course from Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 12716, using our tie made on the ground from No. 8. We assume that we have found the boundaries of Sur. No. 12716 to be correct.
Station. Course.
No. 9— No. 8 . |S. 75° W
No. 8-2-12716... |N. 40° 32' W
log 216.07 2.334595
log 444.05 2.647432
log cot 64° 03' 9.687163
List. |N.Lat.
S. Lat.
W. D'p
log 444.05 2.647432
log sin 64° 03' 9.953845
log 493.84
Mineral Land Surveying.
Course S 64° 03' W 493.84 feet. 64° 03'
To check 216.09 444.04
The triangles w x z and w x y may be worked at the
same time, and
the triangle
yzx afterwards
calculated
as a check and for area.
w— 75°
x
w — 10° 57'
x — 13° 03'
y=156°
z — 75
w — 10° 57'
z — 66°
—
—
x 103° 03'
—
180° 00' %
sin 156° :
sin 10°
sin 156° :
sin 13°
sin 66° :
sin 10°
sin 66° :
sin 103°
log 493.84
log 493.84
log sin 10
log sin 13
colog sin
colog sin
log 230.63
—
log 274.16
log 493.84
—
log 493.84
log sin 10
log sin 103° 03'
colog sin
colog sin
log 102.68
—
log 526.61
In the right triangle yzx we have from above z x
Mineral Land
Surveying.
log 102.68
log 102.68
log tan 66°
log cos 66°
log 230.63
log 252.47
log 102.68
log 230.63
colog 87120
—
check
log .2718
area y z x
Conflict With Sur. No. 1462.
In the case of the conflict with Sur. No. 1462, no cor ners, hearing trees, or bearing rocks could be found, neither could the discovery shaft be identified. The conflict, there fore, must be figured according to its patented or descrip tive position and from its section tie. This patented posi tion of Sur. No. 1462 may or may not be its true position, depending on the accuracy of the section tie. In this case a traverse is made from Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 1462, to section corner (by means of its section tie), thence by section tie to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17846, thence along lines 1-4 and 4-3, Sur. No. 17846, thence by missing course to Cor/ No. 1, Sur. No. 1462.
Station. ' 1 Course.
1-1462— Sec. Cor.. N. 87° 14' W. Sec. Cor.— 1-17846 S. 77° 58' W.
Dist.
N.Lat.|
S. Lat.
E. D'p
w:iTp
r
log 66.41 1.822233 log 127.33 2.104928
log 127.33 2.104928 log sin 62° 27' 9.947731
log cot 62° 27'
log 143.61
Mineral Land Surveying.
Course S. 62° 27'
To check
From
this the triangles u s t and v
v 32°
s 62° 27'
t 15°
u 75°
t=75°
sin 137°
sin 137°
sin 47°
sin 47°
log 143.61 2.157197
log sin 30° 27' 9.704825
colog sin 137° 0.166217
log 106.74
log 143.61 2.157197
log sin 102° 33' 9.989497 colog sin 47° 0.135873
log 191.67 2.282567
In triangle utv we have:
log 106.74 2.028239
log tan 43° — 9.969656
v — 47° s — 30° 27' t=102° 33'
u 1370
12° 33' 30° 27'
log 143.61 log sin 12° 33' colog sin 137°
log 45.76
log 143.61 log sin 30° 27' colog sin 47°
log 99.52
log 106.74 log cos 43°
log 145.92
log 99.52
Mineral, Land Surveying.
log 106.74 log 99.52 colog 87120
To check
uv
su
log .1219
Conflict With Sur. No. 17560.
For Sur. No. 17560 we first find the course and dis tance from Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17560, as follows:
Course. j List. |N. Lat.
N. 45° 10' W.| 149.5 1 105.40 N. 75° E. I 458.0 118.55 S. 15° E. 150.00| .
S. Lat. |E. D'pi W. LVp
Station.
4-17560— No. 8. No. 8 — No. 9. . . No. 9— t3-17560 ..
log 79.07 log 375.19
log 375.19
log cot 78° 06' 9.323761
log sin 78° 06' 9.990565 log 383.43 2.583686
S 78° 6' W 383.43 :
course
For the strangle A B t
A 75° 00' 34° 08'
B 180° 00' 78° 06'
t 78° 06' 75° 00'
A — 40° 52' B 136° 02' t 3° 06'
101° 54' 34° 8'
Mineral Land Surveying. 107
sin
: sin 136
O
O
to
sin
: sin 3
log
log
log
sin 136° 02'
log sin
Cd
O
O
Co
colog sin 40° 52'
colog sin
Id
O
O
log
log
"or the triangle DAE:
D
A 75° 00'
D
A
cq
Ld
K —
—
sin
sin 109
sin
z sin 40°
log
log
log
sin 109° 53'
log sin
colog sin 29° 15'
colog sin
log
log
In order to ascertain the intersection of line 6-1, Sur. No. 17560 and line 4-1, Sur. No. 17846, prolong line 6-1, Sur. No. 17560 with dotted lines until it touches line 2-3, Sur. No. 17846. Thus we have the triangle G D F, of which we have the side G D, as follows:
75°45' 75° 45' 180° 00' 75° 00' 39° 45'
36° 00' 75° 00' 150° 45' 36° 00' 29° 15'
39°45' 150° 45' 29° 15' 111° 00' -
sin 111°
sin 111°
log-log
115.30
log sin
log sin 29° 15'
colog sin 111° 0.029848
colog sin 111°
log
log 60.35
In the right triangle J F H
nat tan
nat secant 21°
J F
G F
260.99 J G cor. No. 6-17560 to line 4-1-17846.
In figuring the triangle A B t we find cor. No. to A 1500
From cor. No. 2-17846 to D we have:
In the triangle G D F we find F D, and in the J H F we find H F:
FD= 78.97 cor. No. 2-17846 to Dr
Hf= 115.15 Hd:
t
triangle
Hd 194.12
cor No. 2-17846-H 346.14 cor. No. 1-17846 to line 6-1-17560.
Mineral Land Surveying. 100
In the triangle J K L, line J K is drawn parallel to line 1-2-17560.
Co
o
Co
70° 08' 69° 00'
Co
1 o
o
o
o
sin 69° : 318.98
sin 40°
sin 69° : 318.98
sin 70°
Oo
O
log 318.98
log
log sin 40° 52'
log sin
colog sin 69°
colog sin 69°
log 223.55
log
No. 17560
739.01 1-Sur. No. 17560 to 1-4-Sur. No. 17846.
962.56 2-Sur. No. 17560 to 1-4-Sur. No. 17846.
346.14= 1-Sur. No. 17846 to line 6-1-Sur. No. 17560. 321.34 J L
667.48 1-Sur. No. 17486 to line 2-3-Sur. No. 17560.
37.44 3-Sur. No. 17560 to line 4-1-Sur. No. 17846.
Areas of Sur. No. 17560.
We first figure the area of the trapezoid J L 3 6 and the parallelogram represented by cors. Nos. 3, 4, 5 ana ui Sur. No. 17560.
- colog 43560 — 5.360912
log 1.027= 0.011831
colog 43560 5.360912
log 3.443= 0.537003
Area for the triangle DAE
log 552.91= 2.742655
log 287.29= 2.458320
log sin 40° 52'= 9.815778
colog 87120 — 5.059882
log
3.277 Total area in con flict between Surs. Nos. 17846 and 17560.
To find the area in conflict between Sur. No. 16591 and
Sur. No.
within Sur. No. 17846,
we
the triangle J
e N.
e 75° 00'
N 36°
-Sur.
No. 17846-2-3
-Sur.
No. 17846-6-1-
e
sin 46° 15' : 2
log
log
log sin
log
sin
colog sin
log
69° e 64° 45' N 46° 15'
log 348.87 2.542659
In the triangle G N M
colog
log
G 75° 45' 36° 00'
N 36° 00' 10° 15'
M 75° 45' 10° 15'
Mineral Land Surveying
G 39° 45' N — 46° 15' M 94° 00'
Area
Vz
(87.88)- X sin 39° 45'Xsin 46° 15'
sin 94°
log 87.88= 1.943890
log to square 1.943890
log sin 39° 45'= 9.805799
log sin 46° 15'= 9.858756
colog sin 94°= 0.001059
colog 87120= — 5.059882
log .0410 — 2.613276
1.041 area J e N. .041 area G M N.
1.000 net area in conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 16591 within Sur. No.
We now figure the area in conflict of Sur. No. 17560 and
Sur. No. 17541 within Sur. No. 17846 which is Q o p D G.
By previous work we have found the total conflict of
Sur. No. 17541 and Sur. No. 17846 to be .752 acres. We
have also found the area of the quadrilateral j r h k to be
.240 acres. We must now find the area of Q r M G. In
order to figure the area of the triangle Q r N it is necessary
to find the length of one side, which we will take r N. In
previous figuring the area of the triangle j r h was obtained and from the data used in that work we find the side r h as follows:
64° 00' 180° 00' r 64° 00'
66° 02' 130° 02' 10° 15'
130° 02' 49° 58' 53° 45'
sin 53° 45' : 125.07 sin 49° 58' : ?
log 125.07 2.097164
log sin 49° 58' 9. 884042 colog sin 53° 45'=0. 093425
10° 15' 66° 02'
j 49° 58' 53° 45' h 76° 17'
log 118.75 2.074631
Mineral Land Surveying.
In the small triangle F h N we must obtain the side h N. We have the side F h, as follows:
483.29 2-Sur. No. 17846 to line 2-3, Sur. No. 16591.
F 75° 36°
N
36° 00' 10° 15'
69° 00' 64° 45' N 46° 15'
Sin 46° 15
' : 22.00 Sin
log
log sin colog sin
Nh= 28.44 h 118.75
r N 147.19
log
64° 00' 10° 15'
N 10° 15'
Q
r 53° 45' N 46° 15' Q 80° 00'
Area triangle Q r N y2
(147. X sin 53° 45'Xsin 46° 15'
sin 80° 00'
log 147.19 2.167878
log to square 2.167878
log sin 53° 45'= 9.906575
log sin 46° 15'— 9.858756
colog sin 80°= — 0.006649 colog 87120 — 5.059882
log .1471 1.167618
Subtracting from this the area of triangle G M N, found in previous work to be .0410 acre, we have:
Mineral Land Surveying.
In the small triangle h M D we have h D 540.26 2-17846 to D 483.29 2-17846 to h
h 7 5 ° 00' 10° 15'
64° 45' 64° 45' M 86° 00' D 29° 15'
180° 00' Area= y2
M 75° 45' 10° 15'
D 75° 45' 75° 00'
X sin 64° 45' X sin 29° 15'
sin 86 '
180° 00' 150° 45'
log 56.97= 1.755646
log to square 1.755646
sin 64° 45'= 9.956387
sin 29° 15'= 9.688972
colog sin 86°= 0.001059
colog 87120= — 5.059882
log .0165 — 2.217592
.752 area j k o p .240 area j r h k
.512 area r h o p .016 area h M D
.496 area r o p DM .106 area Q r M G
We therefore have found the total area in conflict of Sur. No. 17846 and Sur. No. 17560 to be 3.277 acres.
The net area in conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 16591 within Sur. No. 17846 to be 1.000 acres.
The total conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 17541 within Sur. No. 17846 to be .602 acres, and the net conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 17541, within Sur. No. 17846 (that is, ex clusive of Q r M G, .106 acres) to be .496 acres.
Therefore, the net conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 17846 is:
.496 acres r o p D M 1.496 acres
The result may be checked by double meridian distances as follows:
Mineral. Land Surveying.
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Mineral. Land Surveying. 115
The area statement for Sur. No. 17846 would be as fol lows:
Total area Sur. No. 17846 . 10.330
Area in conflict with
Sur. No. 1462 122
Sur. No. 12716 . 272
Sur. No. 16591 2.284
Sur. No. 17541 752
Sur. No. 17560 . .' . 3.277
Total area Sur. No. 17846 . 10.330
Less area in conflict with
Sur. No. 1462 . 122 acres
Sur. No. 12716 . 272
Sur. No. 16591 . . 2.284
Sur. No. 17541 . 513
Sur. No. 17560 . 1.781 " 4.972
acres
Net area lode claim
In case of an irregular mill site or placer the calcula tions of the area by double meridian distances must be handed in with the field notes. The calculations have been taken up under mill sites and placers.
It is well to be systematic in making and filing the above calculations. Many prefer books of uniform size, but here it is very difficult for more than one person to wonc on tfie same case at the same time and keep the calculations to gether in the same book. It is also difficult to copy from one page to another as is often necessary. The writer pre fers to use traverse blanks printed and blocked. On these the traverse is first worked ,and the triangles and areas figured underneath on the same sheet. These sheets are then filed in Congress manila envelopes in document files.
Mineral Land Surveying.
In this way any number of people may work on the same ease without getting into each other's way. The papers of each survey are kept together in order, and all useless figuring and any calculations found to be in error are de stroyed and do not encumber the record.
Miscellaneous on Patents.
Various points may arise in figuring or writing up the notes that need attention. For example, it frequently hap pens that by excluding areas in the usual way a discovery shaft is excluded. To avoid this, a tract is made around tfie discovery shaft, and one corner of the tract is tied to a corner of the claim, and the tract described by metes and bounds. In Fig. 33, if either A or B excludes the other then
they respectively exclude their discovery shafts. To avoid (his the conflict is described as follows:
Information From Mining Science. 117
Total area A lode . 5.165 acres
Area in conflict with —
B lode of this survey . 840 "
Total area A lode . 5.165 "
Less area in conflict with tract C . . 310
Net area A lode . 4.855 acres
This tracting of the discovery is useful sometimes in conflict with a location survey. If A above is a location sur vey, a small tract, just large enough, may be made round the discovery shaft of B and not excluded with the re mainder of the conflict of A with B. This small reserva tion, which may not be over ten feet square is usually not objected to by the owner of the location, and might even be deeded back to him after the patent is issued.
During-the period that conflicts were figured in the de scriptive positions by their section ties, as stated before, tracts were frequently employed to exclude the conflicting claim or claims in their true positions. Thus, when figuring the position from the section ties showed no conflict, but the corners on the ground clearly showed a conflict, this was excluded as a tract. Tracts are frequently employed to exclude any desired area other than that embraced in an officially surveyed claim.
In case the discovery is unavoidably excluded the claim may still be patented according to the present rulings of the general land office by producing proofs that there is a valid discovery of mineral at some other point on the center line not excluded.
Here it may be observed that for about five years be tween June, 1899, and August, 1904, the general land office required all claims to be figured according to their patented positions, as we have figured Sur. No. 1462, regardless of the existence or position of the monuments on the ground.
Mineral Land Surveying.
As the section ties of many claims varied from a few feet to many thousand feet from the correct distance, the official plats issued during the period mentioned above, often give a very erroneous idea of the conditions actually existing on the ground. The surveyor dealing with claims surveyed within the time mentioned must bear clearly in mind the conditions under which the surveys were made.
In case errors are found in the surveying and descrip tion of conflicts, the conflicting claim must be platted and figured as actually found on the ground, and a note added to the field notes filed with the surveyor general's office about as follows:
I find the following errors in the lines of former ap proved surveys:
Sur. No. 16162, Alice Lode:
Line 1-2, S16° 10' W 147.8 ft. instead of S16° 50' W 150 ft., as approved.
Line 2-3, S73° 50' W 1406 ft. instead of S73° 10' W 1500 ft., as approved, etc.
The mineral surveyor who made the conflicting survey which is found to be in error then files amended notes covering the errors in question. In case he does not admit that there is an error, a joint survey is called for at the ex pense of the one who is found to be wrong.
Mineral surveyors, however, rarely require an official joint survey to settle their differences, and disagreements are, as a rule, arranged privately and the reports made in accordance with the facts. Here it must be remembered that an error of one in two thousand, or about two minutes in course is allowed by the surveyor general. Thus it is evident that two surveyors may differ from each other one in one thousand, or three minutes in course, and yet each be within the limit of allowable error.
All the intersections and areas having been figured for
the claim, a plat is made on tracing cloth, the dull side, and the notes are written up as in the example of field notes given later.
Mineral Land Surveying.
In case the claim has been narrowed on one side and the vein, and therefore the discovery, is not in the center of the claim, a tie must be given to it from some corner of the survey.
Claims are frequently cut short when, on account of con flicts, no acreage is obtained by patenting the full length. This .of course often reduces the amount of figuring neces sary, but it is sometimes objected to by the claimant, as he frequently thinks it desirable to be able to state that he has a claim 1500 feet long, even if it gives him no more acreage than if the claim were only 800 feet in length and on clear ground. It must here be remembered that during many years the general land office required all claims either to cross a conflicting claim completely with the center line, or else cut off the claim at the point where the center line intersected the boundary lines of the conflicting claim. In fact, for a brief period no crossings at all were allowed by the general land office.
In case the claim has been cut off for any reason, a tie must be given in every case from the corner set to the original corner of the location.
It is sometimes advisable in very complicated cases to write up the notes in advance of the actual figuring, leaving blank spaces, which are filled systematically as the calcula tions proceed. In this way repetitions and omissions are avoided.
In the matter of improvements, the so-called "$500 worth of work," the land office is 'constantly changing its opinion. For many years $500 worth of work sufficed for a whole group of locations, no matter how many, provided that the work was done for their common benefit. This was in accordance with a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which regarded a group of locations as one claim. At present $500 worth of work is required for each claim, though it need not necessarily be on each
Mineral Land Surveying.
claim. A tunnel can thus be used to patent a whole group, provided there is $500 worth of work which can be shown to be for the benefit of each location, or a total of as many dollars as there are locations in the group multiplied by $500. In case this mutual benefit cannot be shown for cer tain locations, other work must be in evidence. It cannot be too strongly stated that the utmost care must be taken by the mineral surveyor in preparing his mutual benefit statement to bring out strongly the fact of the mutual ben efit of the improvements in the event that there is not act ually $500 worth of work on each claim. Neglect of this has caused a great deal of trouble in the subsequent deal ings with the general land office. When the claim being patented is contiguous to a patented claim belonging to the same claimant, work done on the patented claim may apply towards the $500 worth of improvements, provided the work has never been used in patenting any other claim, and also provided that it can be shown to be of benefit for the claim in question, and both these facts must be stated in the field notes. This-can be done only when the claims are con-
' r
tiguous, and under the same ownership or, when not con tiguous, in the case cf a tunnel, when the work is actually under the claims being patented.
All of the improvements need not be used in patenting if there is a possibility of their being used later on for ' other claims as five hundred dollars' expenditure. Where there is a chance of this in the future it is well to claim only enough improvements necessary to patent the claim in question. But it must be remembered that all improve ments must be subsequent to the date of location of the claims which are thus benefited. (See 39 of the manual.)
At the time the survey is approved the required $500 for each location may not have been completed, or it may happen that more improvements are required at a later date by the General Land Office. In this case, the surveyor makes a supplementary affidavit of labor. This is made on
Mineral Land Surveying.
a form furnished by the Surveyor General's Office, and the surveyor repeats or revises all the data given in the ap proved field notes, and then adds the description of the new work. He also states, as is required, that the work was completed before the period of advertising-expired. For this affidavit the surveyor general requires an additional fee.
Should it be desired to take the whole or any portion of a piece of ground that has been surveyed and advertised for patent, though no patent has actually issued, it is usu ally necessary to have the application for this claim can celled before the ground or any portion of it can be included in a later application.
The surveyor must be careful in the case of mill sites to see that it is clearly shown that they are used for min ing purposes and not just to take up land or water. They may legitimately contain mills and reduction works, dumps,, necessary roads, cabins, storehouses, etc., actually used in connection with mining operations, and the fact must in each case be clearly shown.
Mill sites will not be allowed at the present writing to touch the side line of any location in the same group in which they are being patented, nor can they be placed on the end of any claim. A slight space between in each of the above cases will probably avoid difficulty.
Adverses and Protests.
In surveys for adverse the claim adversing is tied to the official survey adversed exactly as described in pre vious sections, and the area in conflict figured in the same way. Improvements should be also noted as in patent surveys. The net area in conflict is then described by metes and bounds and this description had best be trav ersed carefully to make sure of a closure. An adverse plat is finally prepared, usually on a scale of 200 feet to the inch, on tracing cloth and the area in conflict colored. The mineral surveyor signs a statement as follows:
Mineral. Land Surveying.
I hereby certify that the above diagram correctly rep resents the conflict claimed to exist between the Little Annie lode and the Belle lode as actually surveyed by me. And I further certify that the value of the labor and im provements on the Little Annie lode made by the adverse claimant (and his grantors) is not less than one hundred dollars. JOHN SMITH,
United States Mineral Surveyor.
When time is lacking to figure the conflict completely, the adverse plat with simply the ties and boundaries of the conflicting claims, and the improvements of the claim'* adversing may be filed and the complete description sent in later. In case it is imposible to make the adverse sur vey, as, for example, on account of deep snow, the best statement possible of the facts should be made at once and a proper survey made later. The attorney for the claim ant prepares all the papers in an adverse suit, as well as in a protest suit, which latter, from the standpoint of the surveyor is practically the same as an adverse suit, and the surveyor simply supplies him with the plat and the description of the conflict.
The mineral surveyor who is surveying claims for pat ent should avoid all possible cause for adverse or protest proceedings by leaving out all ground clearly belonging to others. In spite of his best efforts his claims will occasionally be .adversed and his advice may be called for in connection with the settlement of the case, or he may be cited as a witness. Should the case be fought to a finish in the courts, he has no influence. In case of a compro mise, by which the claimant patenting loses the area in conflict or any portion of it, the simplest solution is usually to deed this area to the contestant after the receiver's re ceipt is issued. In case the area is simply left out in the final application to purchase, the land office will call for an amended plat at some later date, with attendant delay and expense. The amended plat will be called for in any case
Mineral Land Surveying.
where any area is excluded in the final application to pur chase, and which is not shown in the field notes approved by the Surveyor General. While this is all part of the attorn'ey's work, and has really nothing to do with the actual surveying, it is well for the surveyor to keep in mind the probable subsequent actions of the General Land Office in order to provide for the best interests of his clients.
Chapter Vi.
The following-field notes and forms, with the exception of the two forms for Colorado, are taken from the new "Man ual of Instructions for the Survey of the Mineral Lands of the United States." — 1909. See Plate III.
Specimen Field Notes And Forms.
Application to United States Surveyor General for Survey
of Mining Claims.
United States Surveyor General,
Sir: . . claimant.., hereby make., applica
tion for an official survey, under the provisions of chapter 6, title 32, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and regulations and instructions thereunder, of the mining
claim known as the . . situate in . mining
district, . county, . . in section . town ship No . . range No . Said claim is based
upon a valid location made on . , 19..., and duly
recorded on . 19..., and is fully described in the
duly certified copy of the record of the location certificate, filed herewith. Said certificate contains the name of the locator, the date of location, and such a definite description of the claim by reference to natural objects or permanent monuments as will identify the claim, and said location has been distinctly marked by monuments on the ground, so that its boundaries can be readily traced.
. request that you will send . an estimate of
Mineral. Land Surveying.
the amount required to defray the expenses of platting and other work in your office, required under the regulations,
that . may make proper deposit therefor, and that
thereupon you will cause the survey to be made by .
United States mineral surveyor, and proper action to be taken thereon by your office, as required by the United States mining laws and regulations thereunder.
P. O. Address,
Claimant.
Order for Mineral Survey.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Office of the Surveyor General,
To
U. S. Mineral Surveyor,
Sir: Application has been filed in this office by .
dated . . 19..., for an official survey of the mining
claim of . , known as the . . situate in .
mining district, . county, in section . , town ship No . . range No . . which claim is based upon
a location made on . , 19..., and duly recorded on
. . 19..., and is fully described in the duly certified
copy of the record of the location certificate, filed by the applicant. . for said survey, a copy of which is herewith inclosed. You are hereby directed to make the survey of ! said claim in strict conformity with existing laws, official regulations, and instructions thereunder, and to make proper return to this office. Said survey will be designated
as survey No. . . . .
Very respectfully,
U. S. Surveyor General for
Mineral Land Surveying.
N otice.*
Applicants are requested to mention in one application the name or names' of the locations constituting the entire claim of which they desire an official survey, and are ad vised that several locations can be embraced in a single survey only when the same are contiguous — i. e., such as conflict or adjoin. Therefore, to obviate confusion and de lay, strictly observe the foregoing in filing applications for orders for surveys.
To the U. S. Surveyor General,
District of Colorado, Denver.
Sir:
You are requested to issue an order for an official sur vey of the mining claim of . upon the
Mining District, . County, . Land
District, Colorado.
I herewith transmit CERTIFIED cop... of the Location Certificate of said claim, and have deposited for office fees
on same, $ . to the credit of the Treasurer of
the United States at the . National Bank (U. S.
Depository), with request that duplicate certificate be for
warded to you.
Send order to . U. S. Min.
Sur., at . , Colorado.
Yours respectfully,
P. O. Address,
By
Claimant.
Attorney.
This form is used for Colorado.
To
Mineral Land Surveying. 127
Department Of The Interior,*
Office of U. S. Surveyor General,
Denver, Colo., . 19...
U. S. Mineral Surveyor, District of Colorado.
Sir:'
You are hereby directed to survey the claim of .
upon the . , in . Mining District, .
County, Colorado. This survey will be designated "Survey
No . . . Land District," and must be made
in strict conformity v ith the .
U. S. Surveyor General for Colorado.
This form is used for Colorado.
Mineral Survey No. 20,000, A and B. Lot No .
Montrose Land District.
Field Notes
of the survey of the mining claim of
The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company,
known as the
t
Matchless, Mascot, Noonday, Bryan and Little Olive Lodes, and Bryan Mill Site, Gold Brick Mining District, Gunnison County, Colorado, Sections 12 and 13, Township 50 N., Range 3 E. of N. M. P. M.
Surveyed under instructions dated Dec. 1, 1906.
By O. M. THAYER,
U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Claim located . 19...
Survey commenced May 6, 1907.
Survey completed May 11, 1907.
Address of claimant:
E. J. BROWN, Secretary, Pueblo, Colorado. Dates of Amended Locations. Matchless, Noonday, Bryan, and Little Olive May 7, 1906.
Mascot Lode, June 4, 1906.
Bryan Mill Site, May 7, 1906.
Lodes,
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B.
Matchless Lode.
Beginning at Cor. No. 1.
On line 2-3, Mascot Lode, of this survey.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 1 the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT.
The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M„ bears N. 18° 53' 20" E., 9,175.32 ft.
Thence N. 51° 45' W.
I To Cor. No. 2.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT.
Thence S. 25° 06' W.
Intersect line 4-1, Noonday Lode, of this survey. Intersect line 2-3, Noonday Lode, of this survey.
To Cor. No. 3.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT.
Thence S. 51° 45' E.
Intersect line 2-3, Noonday Lode, of this survey. To Cor. No. 4.
On line 2-3, Mascot Lode, of this survey.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, Sins, square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT.
Cor. No. 4, Noonday Lode, of this survey, bears S. 47° 38' E. 276.96 ft.
Intersect line 4-1, Noonday Lode, of this survey. To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Mascot Lode.
Beginning at Cor. No. 1.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground with mound of stone, scribed MAS. 1-20000 A, whence
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. Mascot Lode Continued.
The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., bears N. 16° 49' 20" E. 8,976.06 ft.
Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode, The Cortland Gold and Silver Mining Com pany claimant, bears S. 39° 49' 30" W. 406.88 ft.
Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode, The Cort land Gold and Silver Mining Company claimant, bears S. 40p 28' W. 562.25 ft.
Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, bears S. 6° 44' W. 490 ft.
Thence N. 64° 54' W.
Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode, at N. 27° 45' E. 542.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode, at N. 10° 14' E. 407.15 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
t
To Cor No. 2.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAS.
Thence S. 25° 06' W.
Cor No. 1, Matchless lode, of this survey. Intersect line 4-1, Noonday lode, of this survey. Cor No. 4, Matchless lode, of this survey.
To Cor. No. 3.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone scribed MAS. '
Thence S. 64° 54' E.
Intersect line 3-4, and 1-2, Noonday and Bryan lodes, of this survey, respectively.
Intersect line 4-1. Bryan lode, of this survey.
To Cor. No. 4.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAS.
Cor. Nos. 4-1, Noonday and Bryan lodes, of this survey, respectively, bears N. 18° 43' W. 51.3 ft. Thence N. 25° 06' E.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued.
Mascot Lode Continued.
Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, at S. 17° 27' W. 11.34 ft. from Cor. No. 5
Intersect line 6-1, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, at S. 79° 10' E. 140.70 ft. from Cor. No. 6, also
Intersect line 2-3, Sur No. 17854, Grant lode, at S. 79° 10' E. 153.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode, at S. 79° 10' E. 106.71 ft. from Cor No. 3.
To Cor No. 1, the place of beginning.
Noonday Lode.
Beginning at Cor. No. 1.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 1-20000 A, whence
The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., bears N. 22° 42' 10" E. 9,163.46 ft.
Cor. No. 1, Little Olive lode, of this survey, bears N. 2° 32' 30" E. 323.3 ft.
Thence S. 68° 18' W.
Intersect line 4-1, Little Olive lode, of this sur vey.
To Cor. No. 2.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 in. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 2-20000 A.
Thence S. 14° 17' E.
Intersect line 4-1, Little Olive lode, of this survey
.
Intersect line 2-3, Matchless lode, of this survey
.
Intersect line 3-4, Matchless lode, of this sur vey.
To Cor. No. 3.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 3-20000 A.
Thence N. 68° 18' E.
Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
!
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. Noonday Lode Continued.
To Cor. No. 4.
A pine post, 4 ft. long-, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 4-20000 A.
Thence N. 14° 17' W.
Intersect lines 2-3 and 4-1, Mascot and Match less lodes, of this survey, respectively.
Intersect line 2-3, Matchless lode, of this sur vey.
To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Bryan Lode.
Beginning at Cor. No. 1.
Identical with Cor. No. 4, Noonday lode, of this survey, whence
The N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., bears N. 18° 05' 10" E. 10,296.64 ft.
Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, bears S. 12° 06' W. 845.0 ft.
Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, bears S. 11° 24' W. 695.2 ft.
Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 12479, B. Am. The Cortland Mill Site bears S. 8° 55' E. 641.1 ft.
Thence S. 68° 18' W.
Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey.
To Cor. No. 2.
Identical with Cor. No. 3, Noonday lode, of this, survey.
Thence S. 11° 55' E.
Intersect S. boundary, Sec. 12, at E. 1,950 ft. from S. W. Cor. said Section.
Intersect line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields locie, at N. 59° 28' E. 49.88 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Wagon road, course Northeast and Southwest. Intersect line 3-4, Penguin lode, unsurveyed, J. M. Flick, claimant, at S. 44° 07' W. 18.79 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, at N. 59° 28' E. 63.51 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
Creek, 1 ft. wide, flows Southwest.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued.
Bryan Lode Continued.
Intersect line 1-2, Penguin lode, unsurveyed, at S. 44° 07' W. 138.82 ft. from Cor. No. 1.
To Cor. No. 3.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed B. 3-20000 A.
Thence N. 68° 18' E.
To Cor. No. 4.
A pine stump, about 4 ft. high, hewed to 5 ins. square, scribed B. 4-20000 A, whence"
Cor. No. 1, Penguin lode, unsurveyed, bears N. 43° 55' W. 342.29 ft.
Cor. No. 3, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, J. M. Flick, claimant, bears N. 43° 42' 20" W. 347.7 ft.
Thence N. 11° 55' W.
Intersect line 2-3, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, at N. 59° 28' E. 193.28 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
Intersect line 4-1, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, at N. 59° 28' E. 294.70 ft. from Cor. No. 4, also
Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854. Shields lode, at N. 59° 28' E. 376.52 ft. from Cor. No. 3.
Intersect S. boundary of Sec. 12 at W. 390 ft.
from S. % Cor. said Section.
Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, at S. 79° 10' E. 298.38 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 12479 B. Am. The Cortland Mill Site at S. 51° 20' E. 52.84 ft. from
Cor. No. 3.
Intersect line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, at N. 59° 28' E. 362.90 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 12479, B. Am., The Cortland Mill Site, at N. 9° 41' E. 91.14 ft. from
Cor. No. 3.
Creek 1 ft. wide, flows Southwest.
Wagon road, course Northeast and Southwest. Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode,
at N. 17° 27' E. 561.11 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey. To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued.
Little Olive Lode.
Beginning at Cor. No. 1.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 1-20000 A, whence
The N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., bears N. 23° 25' 20" E. 8,860.6 ft.
Thence N. 77° W.
Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode, claimant unknown, at N. 50° E., 40.38 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode, at N. 23° 05' W. 39.91 ft. from Cor. No. 4.
To Cor. No. 2.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 2-20000 A, whence
Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode, bears S. 24° 05' E. 40.43 ft.
Thence S. 6° 28' W.
To Cor. No. 3.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 3-20000 A.
Thence S. 77° E.
To Cor. No. 4.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 4-20000 A.
Thence N. 7° 12' E.
Intersect line 2-3, Noonday lode, of this survey. Intersect line 1-2, Noonday lode, of this survey. To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
Variation at all corners 14° 10' E.
Lode Lines.
As near as can be determined from present de velopments the veins of the several locations em braced in this claim extend as follows from their
Mineral Land Surveying. 135
Feet.
Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued.
; respective discovery points:
Matchless lode, 458 ft. N. 25° 06' E., and 558 ft. S. 25° 06' W.
Mascot lode, 610 ft. N. 25° 06' E. and 764 ft. S. 25° 06' W.
Noonday lode, 675 ft. N. 14° 17' W. and 702 ft. S. 14° 17' E.
Bryan lode, 347 ft. N. 11° 55' W. and 1,146.52 ft. S. 11° 55' E.
Little Olive lode, 510 ft. N. 7° 33' E. and 990 ft. S. 7° 33' W.
Bryan Mill Site Sur. No. 20000 B.
Beginning-at Cor. No. 1, identical with a corner of the location.
A pine post, 4 ft. long, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the ground, in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S.
Cor. No. 1 of Bryan lode claim bears N. 87° 15' E. 600 ft.
The N. E. Cor. of T. 50 N., R. 3 E., bears N. 21°' 15' E. 10,515.05 ft.
No bearing objects available.
Thence N. 85° W.
To Cor. No. 2, identical with Cor. of location.
A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the ground in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S..
. Thence S. 5° W.
To Cor. No. 3, identical with Cor. of location.
A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the ground in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S., 3-20000 B.
Thence S. 85° E.
To Cor. No. 4, identical with corner of location.
A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the ground, scribed B. M. S., 4-20000 B.
Thence N. 5° E.
To Cor. No. 1, beginning.
Containing 5 acres.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Area.
Acres.
Total area, Mascot lode . 9.463
Area in conflict with —
Tract "A," hereinafter described . 189
Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode 1.375
Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode . . 1.629
Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode (exclusive of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479, A.
its conflict with Tract "A") . L440
Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode (exclusive of its conflict with Tract "A" and Sur.
No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode) .325 Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode . 848
Total area Noonday lode . 9.434
Area in conflict with—
Matchless lode of this survey . 2.017
Mascot lode of this survey . 1.188
Little Olive lode of. this survey . 1.998
Total area Bryan lode . 10.170
Area in conflict with —
Tract "B," hereinafter described . 172
Sur. No.. 12479, B. Am. The Cortland
Mill Site . 048
Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode . 1.909
Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode (exclusive of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B.
Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode . 1.114
Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B.
Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive of its conflict with Sur. No. 17854,
Mineral Land Surveying.
Acres
of its conflict with Tract "B") . 942
Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B.
Am. The Cortland Mill Site, Sur. No.
Penguin lode, unsurveyed . 542
Penguin }ode, unsurveyed (exclusive of, its conflict with Sur. No. 17854,
Pelican lode, unsurveyed . 1.681
MascoL lode of this survey . 027
Total area Little Olive lode . 9.669
Area in conflict with —
Sur.- No. 7153, Little Dora lode . 017
Total area Matchless lode . 5.694
j Area Bryan Mill Site . 5.000
Tract "A."
Beginning at a point on line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854 Grant lode, 153.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3, and on line 4-1, Mascot lode, of this survey, at 869.74 ft. from Cor. No. 4. Thence N. 25° 06' E. 137.04 ft. to a point. Thence N. 79° 10' W. 54.29 ft. to a point. Thence S. 31° 16' W. 141.73 ft. to a. point. Thence S. 79° 10' E. 70.00 ft. to the place of beginning, containing 0.189 acres.
Tract "B."
Beginning at a point on line 2-3, Bryan lode, of this survey, and on line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, at N. 59° 28' E. 49,88 ft. from Cor. No. 4. Thence S. 11° 55' E. 162.95 ft. to a point. Thence N. 44° 07' E. 18.79 ft. to Cor. No. 4, Penguin lode, unsurveyed. Thence S. 30° 35' E. 5.60 ft. to Cor. No. 4, Pelican lode, unsurveyed. Thence N. 59° 28' E. 35.58 ft. to a point on line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854,
Mineral, Land Surveying.
Shields lode, 117.4 ft. from Cor. No. 3. Thence N 15° 20' W. 160.62 ft. to a point. Thence S. 59° 28' W. 43.81 ft. to the place of beginning-, containing 0.172 acre.
The survey of each lode of this location is identical with respective amended location as staked upon the ground.
Location.
This survey is located in the S. V2 Sec. 12 and the N. W. % Sec. 13, T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M.
Expenditure of Five Hundred Dollars.
I certify that the value of the labor and im provements made upon, or for the benefit of, each of the locations embraced in said mining claim by the claimant or its grantors is not less than five hundred dollars, and that said improvements con- j sist of:
The discovery cut of the Matchless lode, the face of which, being the discovery point, is on the lode line 458 ft. from a point on line 1-2, 132.47 ft. from Cor. No. 1, 5 ft. wide, 10 ft. face, running S. 60° E. 20 ft. to mouth. From the face is a tunnel, 5x7 ft., running N. 60° W. 45 ft., thence S. 30° W. 30 ft.
Value of cut and tunnel, $850.
No. 1. The discovery tunnel of the Mascot lode, the mouth of which being the discovery point, is on the center line 610 ft. from center of line 1-2, 5x7 ft., running S. 72° 30' W. 100 ft.
Value, $1,000.
No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No. 2, Mascot lode, S. 18° 20' W. 593 ft., 5x7 ft., running N. 79° 20' W. 205 ft.
Value, $2,000.
No. 1. The discovery shaft of the Noonday lode, on the center line 675 ft. from the center of line j 1-2, 4x6 ft., 45 ft. deep, timbered.
Value, $450.
Mineral Land Surveying.
No. 2. A shaft which bears from Cor. No. 1, Noonday lode, S. 3° 32' E. 772 ft., 4x6 ft., 15 ft. deep.
Value, $150.
No. 3. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No. 4, Noonday lode, S. 77° 10' W. 152 ft., 5x7 ft., running N. 14° 17' W. 450 ft.
Value, $4,500.
No. 1. The discovery cut of the Bryan lode, the mouth of which being the discovery point, is on the center line 347 ft. from the center of line 1-2, 5 ft. wide, 10 ft. face, running N. 14° W. 15 ft., at the face of which is a shaft 4x6 ft., 10 ft. deep.
Value of cut and shaft, $250.
No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No. 2, Bryan lode, S. 14° 23' E. 698 ft., 5x7 ft., running N. 25° W. 37 ft.
Value, $370.
No. 1. The discovery shaft of the Little Olive lode on the lode line 510 ft. from a point on line 1-2, N. 77° W. 141 ft. from Cor. No. 1, 4 x 6 ft., 35 ft. deep, timbered.
Value, $350.
No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No. 4, Little Olive lode, N. 42° 40' W. 32 ft.. 5x7 ft., running N. 145 ft.
Value, $1,450.
Other Improvements.
A log cabin, the Northwest corner of which bears from Cor. No. 2, Mascot lode, S. 19° W . 565 ft., 12 x 16 ft. Course of long sides S. 10° 40' W.
A log blacksmith shop, the Northwest corner of which bears from Cor. No.- 2, Mascot lode, S. 18° 30' W. 600 ft., 10 x 12 ft. Course of long sides S. 10° 40' W. Both belong to claimant herein.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Instrument.
This survey was made with a C. L. Berger min ing-transit No. 3126. The courses were deflected from the true meridian as determined by direct solar observations. The distances were measured with 100-ft. and 400-ft. steel tapes.
Report.
The lode line of each location of this claim was run directly upon the ground, and the several corners established by means of off-sets from the lode lines. All tie lines were run either directly upon the ground or by traverses, run upon the ground and submitted in a separate report here with.
The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., is a granite stone, chiseled with six notches on the East face. Near it are 4 witness trees, blazed and scribed 51-4-31 B. T., 50-3-1 B. T., 50-4-6 B. T., and 51-3-36 B. T. This is the nearest standing corner of the public survey that can be found and identified.
Sur. No. 12479 A and B, Am. Queen No. 2 lode and The Cortland Mill Site:
All of the corners are pine posts, properly set and scribed with the number of the corner and survey. I find all courses and distances to be cor-' rect as approved.
Sur. No. 17854, Grant, Brown and Shields lodes:
All corners are pine posts, properly set and scribed with the number of the corner and survey. I find all courses and distances to be correct as ap proved.
Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode:
Corners 3, 4 and 5 are pine posts, properly set and scribed with the number of the corner and survey. I find lines 3-4 and 4-5 to be correct as approved.
Note. — The amended location certificate of the Mascot lode fails to furnish the course of line 1-2 and the same is properly given in these field notes.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Final Oaths for Surveys.
List of Names.
A list of the names of the individuals employed by 0. M. Thayer, United States Mineral Surveyor, to assist in running, measuring, and marking the lines, corners and boundaries described in the foregoing field notes of the survey of the mining claim of The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, known as the Matchless, Mascot, Noonday, Bryan, and Little Olive lodes, and Bryan Mill Site, and showing the respective capacities in which they acted.
D. J. Lehan, chainman.
Final Oaths of Assistants.
I, D. J. Lehan, do solemnly swear that I assisted O. M. Thayer, United States Mineral Surveyor, in marking the corners and surveying the boundaries of the mining claim of The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, known as' the Matchless, Mascot, Noonday, Bryan, and Lit tle Olive lodes, and Bryan mill site, represented in the fore going field notes as having been surveyed by said mineral surveyor and under his direction; and that said survey has been in all respects, to the best of my knowledge and belief, faithfully and correctly executed and the corner and boundary monuments established according to law and' the instructions furnished by the United States Surveyor General for Colorado.
D. J. Lehan, Chainman.
. Flagman.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Subscribed and sworn to by the above-named person, before me this 28th day of May, 1907.
Richard Roe,
Notary Public, Gunnison County, Colorado.
My commission expires December 16, 1908.
Final Oath of U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
I, O. M. Thayer, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, do solemnly swear that, in pursuance of instructions received from the United States Surveyor General for Colorado, dated December 1, 1906, I have, in strict conformity to the laws of the United States, the official regulations and instruc tions thereunder, and the instructions of said Surveyor General, faithfully and correctly executed the survey of the mining-claim of The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining artd Milling Company, known as the Matchless, Mascot, Noon day, Bryan, and Little Olive lodes, and Bryan mill site, sit uate in Gold Brick Mining District, Gunnison County, Col orado, in Sections 12 and 13, Township No. 50 N., Range
No. 3 E. of N. M. P. M., and designated as Survey No. 20000, A and B, as represented in the foregoing field notes, which accurately show the boundaries of said mining claim as distinctly marked by monuments on the ground, and de-* rc riled 'n U:e alia h d cc y cf each location certificate, which was received by me from the Surveyor General with said instructions, and that all the corners of said survey have been established and perpetuated in strict accordance with the law, official regulations and instructions therein der; and I do further solemnly swear that the foregoingare the true and original field notes of said survey and my report therein, and that the labor expended and improve ments made upon or for the benefit of each of the locations embraced in said mining claim by claimant or its grantors are as therein fully stated, and that the character, extent,
Mineral Land Surveying.
location and itemized value thereof are specified therein with particularity and full detail, and that no portion of or interest in said labor and improvements so credited to this claim has been included in the estimate of expendi tures upon any other claim .
O. M. Thayer,
United States Mineral Surveyor.
Subscribed and sworn to by the said O. M. Thayer, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, before me, a Notary Public in and for
Gunnison County, Colorado, this 28th day of May, 1907.
W. W. McKEE,
Notary Public.
My commission expires December 20, 1908.
Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Gunnison, j ss.
Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap proved May 10, 1872, and with all subsequent acts,
and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regu lations, 1,016 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Matchless lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 115.12 feet on the westerly and 129 feet on the easterly side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present develop ments, and all veins,' lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 458 feet running N. 25° 06' E. from face of discovery cut and 558 feet running
Mineral Land Surveying.
S. 25° 06' W. from face of discovery cut, said discovery cut being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E. of N. M. P. M. bears N. 18° 53' 20" E. 9,175.32 ft.
Thence N. 51° 45' W. 250.7 ft. to Cor. No. 2.
Thence S. 25° 06' W. 1,016 ft. to Cor. No. 3.
Thence S. 51° 45' E. 250.7 ft. to Cor. No. 4.
Thence N. 25° 06' E. 1,016 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
This being the same lode originally located on the 23d day of April, 1890, and recorded on the 23d day of July, 1890, in book 64, page 544, in the office of the Recorder of Gunnison County. This further and amended certificate of location is made without waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location, description or record.
THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.]
By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary.
Said lode was discovered the 23d day of April, A. D. 1890.
Attest: John Franklin.
Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, 1906.
Additional and Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
State Of Colorado,
County of Gunnison, j ss.
Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned,
has this 4th day of June 1906, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of the original discovery and this additional and amended location certificate, in com-
Mineral Land Surveying.
pliance with the Mining Acts of Congress approved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with
Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 1,374 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Mascot lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 610 feet running N. 25° 06' E. from mouth of discovery tunnel and 764 feet running S. 25° 06' W. from mouth of discovery tunnel, said discovery tunnel being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows,' to wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 16° 49' E. 8,976 ft.
Thence N. 64° 54' W. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 2.
Thence S. 25° 06' W. 1,374 ft. to Cor. No. 3.
Thence S. 64° 54' E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 4.
Thence N. 25° 06' E. 1,374 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
This being the same lode originally located on the 23d day of April, 1890, and recorded on the 23d day of July, 1890, in book 64, page 543, in the office of the Recorder of Gunnison County. This further additional and amended certificate of location is made without a waiver of any pre viously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location, description or record, and of taking in and acquiring all forfeited or abandoned, overlapping ground, and of taking in any part of any over lapping claim which has been abandoned, and of securing
Mineral Land Surveying.
all the benefits of said Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado.
The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining And
By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary.
Said lode was discovered the 23d day of April, A. D. 1890. Attest: John Franklin.
Date of Additional and Amended Certificate,- June 14, A.
D. 1906.
Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Gunnison, jss.
Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi cate. in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 1,377 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Noonday lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 675 feet running N. 14° 17' W. from cen ter of discovery shaft and 702 feet running S. 14° 17' E. from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to wit:
Mineral Land Surveying.
Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 22° 42' E. 9,163.5 ft.
Thence S. 68° 18' W. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 2.
Thence S. 14u 17' E. 1,377 ft. to Cor. No. 3.
Thence N. 68° 18' E. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 4.
Thence N. 14 17 W. 1,377 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning.
This being the same lode originally located on the 24th day of May, 1895, and recorded on the 1st day of August, 1895, in book 132, page 53, in the office of the Recorder of Gunnison County. This further and amended certificate of location is made without waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location, description or record.
THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND MILLING COMPANY. [Seal,]
By EDWARD J, BROWN, Secretary.
Said lode was discovered the 24th day of May, A. D. 1895.
.Attest: John Franklin.
Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, A. D. 1906.
Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Gunnison, jss.
Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday
Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned.
has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and
claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 1,493.52 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Bryan lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and
Mineral. Land Surveying.
variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 347 feet running N. 11° 55' W. from mouth of discovery cut and 1,146.52 feet running S. 11° 55' E. from mouth of discovery cut, said discovery cut being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 18° 05' E. 10,296.6 ft.
Thence S. 69° 18' W. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 2.
Thence S. 11° 55' E. 1,493.52 ft. to Cor. No. 3.
Thence N. 68° 18' E. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 4.
Thence N. 11° 55' W. 1,493.52 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place
of beginning.
This being the same lode originally located on the 14th day of September, 1896, and recorded on the 17th day of
September, 1896, in book 57, page 530, in the office of the
Recorder of Gunnison County. This further and amended certificate of location is made without waiver of any pre viously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location, description or record.
THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.]
By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary.
Said lode was discovered the bth day of September, A. D. 1896.
Attest: John Franklin.
Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, A. D. 1906.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Amended Location Certificate — Law of 1889.
State Of Colorado,
Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and claim, by right of discovery and amended location -certifi cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regulations, 1,500 linear feet and horizontal measurement on the Little Olive lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments, and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 510 feet running N. 7° 33' E. from center of discovery shaft and 990 feet running S. 7° 33' W. from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and bounds as follows, to wit:
Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor., T.
50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 23° 25' 20" E.
Thence N. 77° W. 291.72 ft. to Cor. No. 2.
Thence S. 6° 28' W. 1,503 ft. to Cor. No. 3.
Thence S. 77° E. 272.4 ft. to Cor. No. 4.
Thence N. 7° 12' E. 1,500.92 ft. to Cor No. 1, the place of
beginning.
This being the same lode originally located on the 21st day of October, 1889, and recorded on the 7th day of No vember, 1889, in book 30, page 444, in the office of the Re-
Mineral Land Surveying.
corder of Gunnison County. This further additional and amended certificate of location is made without waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the original location, description or record.
The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining And
By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary.
Said lode was discovered the 24th day of October, A., D.
Attest: John Franklin.
Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, 1906.
Location Certificate of Mill Site.
STATE OF COLORADO, 1 County of Gunnison, j ss.
To All Whom These Presents May Concern;
Know ye that The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company does hereby declare and publish as a legal notice to all the world that it has a valid right to the occu pation, possession and enjoyment of all and singular that tract or parcel of land - not exceeding five acres, situate, lying and being in Gold Brick Mining District, in the County of Gunnison, in the State of Colorado, bounded and de scribed as follows, to wit: The Bryan Mill Site,, beginning at Cor. No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., bears N. 20° 15' E. 11,000 ft.
Thence N. 5° E. 500 ft.
Thence N. 85" W. TcSS.o tt.
Thence S. 5° W. 500 ft.
Thence S. 85 E. 435.6 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of be ginning.
Containing 5 acres.
together with all and singular the hereditaments and ap-
Mineral Land Surveying.
purtenances thereunto belonging-or in anywise appertain ing.
Witness its hand and seal, this 7th day of May, 1906.
THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.]
By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary.
Surveyor General's Certificate of Approval of Field Notes and Survey of Mining Claim.
Department Of The Interior,
Office of U. S. Surveyor General,
I, U. S. Surveyor General for . . do hereby cer
tify that the foregoing and hereto attached field notes and
return of the survey of the mining claim of . .
known as the . . situate in . mining dis trict, . County, . , in Section . , Town ship No . . Range No . , designated as Survey No.
. . executed by . , U. S. mineral surveyor,
. 19.., is under my instructions dated . 19..,
have been critically examined and the necessary corrections and explanations made, and the said field notes and return, and the survey they describe, are hereby approved. A true copy of the location certificate filed by the applicant for survey is included in the field notes.
U. S. Surveyor General for .
United States Surveyor General's Final Certificate on
Field Notes.
Department Of The Interior.
Office of U. S. Surveyor General,
Mineral Land Surveying.
I, U. S. Surveyor General for . do hereby
certify that the foregoing transcript of the field notes, re turn, and approval of the survey of the mining claim of . . known as the . , situate in . min ing district, . County, . , in Section . .
Township No . , Range No . , and designated as Sur vey No . , has been correctly copied from the originals
on file in this office; that said field notes furnish such an accurate description of said mining claim as will, if in corporated into a patent, serve fully to identify the prem ises, and that such reference is made therein to natural ob jects or permanent monuments as will perpetuate and fix the locus thereof.
And I further certify that five hundred dollars' worth of labor has been expended or improvements made upon said
mining claim by claimant or . grantors, and that said
improvements consist of . , and that no portion of
said labor or improvements has been included in the esti mate of expenditures upon any other claim.
I further certify that the plat hereof, filed in the U. S.
Land Office at . is correct and in conformity with
the foregoing field notes.
U. S. Surveyor General for . .
The office of the Surveyor General in Denver requires: "In order to enable this office to determine the form and sufficiency of the statement of area, a report must be filed on a separate blank setting forth tht claims contemplated to be excluded in the application to purchase in whole or in part in their correct order." Such a report for the preced ing survey would be as follows:
' Acres. Acres.
Total area Mascot lode . 9.463
Less area in conflict with Tract "A" herein after described . 0.189
Sur. No. 12479A, Am. Queen No. 2 lode . 1.375
Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode . 0.848 =2.412
MINERAL LAND SURVEYING, lb'3
Acres. A.cres.
Net area Mascot lode . 7.051
Total area Noonday lode . 9.434
Less area in conflict with Matchless lode of
this survey . 2.017
Mascot lode of this survey . 1.188
Little Olive lode of this survey . 1.998 =5.203
Net area Noonday lode . 4.231
Total area Bryan lode . 10.170
Less area in conflict with Tract "B" herein after described . 0.172
Sur. No. 12479B, Am. The Cortland Mill Site 0.048
Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode . 1.861
Penguin lode, unsurveyed . 0.542
Pelican lode, unsurveyed . 1.681
Mascot lode of this survey . 0.027 =4.331
Net area Bryan lode . 5.839
Total area Little Olive lode . 9.669
Less area in conflict with Sur. No. 7153,
Little Dora lode . .017
Net area Little Olive lode . 9.652
Total and net area Matchless lode . 5.694
Net area Mascot lode . 7.051
Net area Noonday lode . 4.231
Net area Bryan lode . 5.839
Net area lodes embraced in this survey.. 32.467
In the following are given a number of conditions not provided for in the above field notes, but which are likely to arise in practice:
Descriptions of Corners.
A rock in place 6x4x2 ft. above the general surface, chiseled cross ( X ) at corner point and N . whence,
Or a (X) cross at corner point and N . chiseled
on a granite rock in place showing 10x3x2 ft. above the gen eral surface, whence,
A (X) cross at corner point and N . chiseled on
a large boulder, 25x12x10 ft., whence,
Mineral Land Surveying.
. to Cor. No. 3.
Identical with the S. W. Cor. of Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 73 W. of the 6th P. M.
A granite stone, 24x10x6 ins., set 12 ins. in the ground, chiseled N- 3- 19000 and % on west face, whence,
. to Cor. No. 3.
Identical with the S. W. Cor. of Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 74 W. of the 6th P. M.
A pine post 4 ft. long, 4 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the ground with mound of stone scribed N- 3 -19000, set alongside the section corner, a granite stone chiseled four notches on east face and five on south face, whence,
Bearings From Corners. .
A pine tree 8 ins. diameter blazed and scribed B. T.
Mas . bears .
A prominent peak bears .
Chief Mountain bears .
A cross (X) and B. R. Mas . chiseled 4 ft. above
the ground on a limestone cliff 20 ft. high, running S. 20° E.. bears .
A (X) cross and B. R. Mas. . . .chiseled on a rock in place
showing . ft. above the general surface bears .
The N. E. Cor. of a log cabin bears .
Witness Corners.
If it were impossible to establish common Cor. Nos. 3-2, Noonday and Bryan lodes, respectively, and a witness cor ner were placed on line 3-4, Noonday lode. 150 ft. from the position of common Cor. Nos. 3-2, the description would be as follows, ending with line 2-3, Noonday lode:
Not set, as it falls on the face of an inaccessible cliff, where corner could not be established, whence,
(Ties to other claims necessary for figuring intersections given here.)
Thence N. 68° 18' E.
150 Witness Corner to Cor. No. 3.
Mineral Land Surveying.
A granite stone, 26x12x8 ins., set 16 ins. in the ground, with mound of stone, chiseled W. C. N-3-20000 A, whence,
(Ties made on the ground to other claims should be given here.)
For line 1-2, Bryan lode, the description would be as follows:
151 Witness Corner to Cor. No. 2. On line 3-4 and iden tical with Witness Corner to Cor. No. 3, Noonday lode of this survey.
301 To Cor. No. 2. Identical with Cor. No. 3, Noonday lode of this survey, and not set.
Placer Location Certificate by Legal Subdivisions.
Know All Men by These Presents, That I, T. E. Jenkins, the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of the County of Arapahoe, State of Colorado, having complied with the provisions of Chapter 6, Title XXXII of the Re vised Statutes of the United States, and with the local cus toms, laws and regulations, claim by right of discovery and location, as a placer claim, the following described prem ises, situate, lying and being-in Pike's Peak Mining District, County of El Paso and State of Colorado, to-wit: The S. E. Zq. of the S. W. Z4, and the S. Z2 °f the S. W. '/4 of Sec. 17, T. 14 S., R. 69 W. of the 6th P. M. To be known as the Cumro Placer. Said claim was located on the 1st day of May, A. D. 1892; date of Certificate, June 4th, A. D. 1892.
T. E. Jenkins.
15G
Mineral, Land Surveying.
As no placer notes are given in the 1909 "Manual of In structions," the following is taken from the Manual of 1895:
(Title Page to Report Under Circular "N" of September
Report
Under General Land Office Circular "N" of September 23, 1882, upon the Placer Mining Claim known as the Cumro placer, claimed by T. E. Jenkins et al., situate in Pike's Peak Mining District, El Paso County, Colorado, embracing 32.07 acres, and forming a portion of the S. half of the S. W. quarter in Sec. 17, Town. 14 S., Range 69 W of the 6th P. M.
Examination made February 15th, 1909.
By A. L. HAWLEY,
U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
a
b
Survey No. 20001.
Cumro Placer.
The soil embraced in this claim consists of decom posed mineral-bearing granite on the mountain slopes, and auriferous sand and gravel along the creek bot tom, all covered with a thin layer of loam and allu vium supporting a scant growth of grass and sage brush, with scattering pine, spruce, cedar and cotton wood timber.
The only stream passing through this claim is Cumro creek, 4 ft. wide, and about 2 ft. deep, which crosses the extreme southeast corner.
A log cabin, the west corner of which bears from Cor. No. 13 S. 40° E. 120 ft., 12x16 ft., course of long sides N. 44° E.
The surface and underground workings on this claim consist of:
A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No.
7 N. 67° 48' E. 582 ft. 5x6 ft., running N. 10° 44' W. 515 ft. to breast.
A shaft, which bears from Cor. No. 28 S. 48° 30' W. 305 ft., 3x5 ft., 12 ft. deep in earth and rock. Placer workings, the center of the northeasterly end of which bears from Cor. No. 15 N. 46° W. 285 ft., averaging 40 ft. wide and 8 ft. deep, and extending S. 62° W. 120 ft. along the bed of Cumro creek.
Mineral Land Surveying.
d
The nearest postoffice to the claim is Jamestown, a mining camp of about 300 population, located on Brush creek about two miles south of the claim. The nearest railroad station is Tie Siding, a spur and flag station on the Denver, Apex and Western R. R., at the confluence of Cumro and Plum creeks, about 6 miles southwesterly from the claim.
e
Other than the system of lode deposits adjoining and forming a part of this claim, there are none nearer than Carbonate, situate about four miles to the north east.
This claim is peculiarly adapted for placer mining purposes, inasmuch as the contour of the surface and the character and nature or the soil are such that it can be most advantageously and cheaply worked by hydraulic giants and the tailings be rapidly and easily disposed of. Cumro creek carries about 50 cu. ft. of water per second during the dry season, being an abundance of water for working the claim. As yet no water has been taken upon the claim for its devel opment, except in washing the placer workings here inbefore described; but by a survey it has been found that by a ditch not over one mile in length, water can be taken from Cumro creek onto the highest por tions of the claim. It being the express intention of the claimants to work the claim in this manner.
g The works and expenditures made by the claim ants for the development of the claim consists of the placer workings described under paragraph c of this report.
h There are no mines, salt licks, salt springs, or mill seats upon this claim.
Oath of U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
Under General Land Office Circular "N" of September
I, A. L. Hawley, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, do solemnly swear that in pursuance of an order received from the U. S. Surveyor General for Colorado, dated February 6th, 1909, I have made, under the provisions of General Land Office Circular "N," approved September 23. 1882, a personal and thorough examination, upon the premises, of the placer
Mineral Land Surveying.
mining claim of T. E. Jenkins et al., known as the Cumro placer, situate in Pike's Peak Mining District, El Paso County, Colorado, embracing 32.07 acres and forming a por tion of the S. /z of the S. W. '/4 of Sec. 17 in Township No. 14 S., Range No. 69 W. of the 6th P. M., and that my report of such examination, hereto attached, is specific and in de tail, and is a full and true statement of the facts upon all the points specified in said Circular.
A. L. Hawley,
U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
Subscribed and sworn to by the said A. L. Hawley, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, before me, a notary public in and for El Paso County, Colorado, this 20th day of February, 1909.
B. F. CLARK, Notary Public,
My commission expires December 20, 1910.
Corroborative Affidavit under Paragraph 62, General Mining Circular, Approved June 24, 1899.
State Of Colorado, 1
W. H. Wilson and J. P. Thompson, being first duly sworn, severally depose and say that he is personally and well acquainted with the placer-mining claim of T. E. Jen kins et al., known as the Cumro placer, situate in Pike's Peak Mining District, El Paso County, Colorado, embracing 32.07 acres and forming a portion of the S. /z of the S. W. J/4 of Sec. 17, in Township No. 14 S., Range No. 69 W. of the 6th P. M.; and also with the character of all the land included in said claim, and has been so acquainted for 10. and 12 years last past; that his knowledge of said claim and land is derived from prospecting the ground and work ing the claim and is such as to enable him to testify understandingly with regard thereto; that he has carefully read the foregoing report of A. L. Hawley, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, and that to his own personal knowledge said re port is in all respects true and accurate.
W. H. Wilson.
J. P. Thompson.
Subscribed and sworn to by the above-named persons before me this 20th day of February, 1909.
Notary Public.
My comm'ssion expires December 20, 1910.
Chapter Vii.
Office United States Surveyor-General.
The province of the office of Surveyor-General for any district is to supervise the surveys of the public land in that district.
The agricultural land is subdivided into townships six miles square, each township again into thirty-six sections, each one mile square, containing six hundred and forty acres, which can be still further subdivided to suit the con venience of persons desiring to obtain title thereto. This surveying work is done by contract made between the sur veyor appointed a deputy surveyor and the government, the price paid the deputy being from five to seven dollars per mile for subdivision, seven to eleven dollars per mile for township exteriors, and from nine to thirteen debars per mile for connection and meander lines. After these surveys are once made and approved by the Surveyor -Gen eral and the General Land Office, the Surveyor- General has no more authority in the matter, unless on account of fraud ulent surveys or some similar cause the surveys in question are suspended, and new and correct surveys are made.
In surveying mineral claims, a different method entirely is followed. The surveying is done by United States Min eral Surveyors employed by the owner of the claim to be patented. These Mineral Surveyors are appointed by the Surveyor-General, who requires the applicant to pass an examination or not, as he sees fit. Section 2334 of the revised statute making provision for these appointments being in part as follows:
Sec. 2334. The Surveyor- General of the United States may appoint in each land district containing mineral lands as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appoint-
Mineral. Land Surveying.
ment to survey mining claims. The expenses of the sur vey of vein or lode claims, and the survey and subdivision of placer claims into smaller quantities than one hundred and sixty acres, together with the cost of publication of notices, shall be paid by the applicants', and they shall be at liberty to obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, and they shall also be at liberty to employ any U. S. Min eral Surveyor to make the survey. The Commissoner of the General Land Office shall also have power to establish the maximum charges for surveys and publication of no tices under this chapter; and, in case of excessive charges for publication, he may designate any newspaper published in a land district where mines are situated for the publica tion of mining notices in such district, and fix the rates to be charged by such paper; and, to the end that the Com missioner may be fully informed on the subject, each appli cant shall file with the register a sworn statement of all charges and fees paid by such applicant for publication and surveys, together with all fees and money paid the register and the receiver of the land office, which state ment shall be transmitted, with the other papers in the case, to the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
Before appointment of a mineral surveyor is made he is required to file a bond of $5,000 for the faithful perform ance of his duties.
Upon receipt by the Surveyor-General of the application for survey order, together with the certified copy of loca tion certificate and duplicate certificate of deposit for the necessary amount on account of office work, the applica tion and copy of location certificates are examined on the following points:
Application for survey order must give —
Name of claimant.
Name of claim.
Mineral Land Surveying. 161
Name and address of Mineral Surveyor to whom order is to be sent.
Postoffice address of claimant, and must be signed by the claimant or his attorney; typewritten signatures will not be accepted.
The examination of the copy of the location certificate consists of:
A traverse of the boundary lines of the claim, which must close.
Claim must be tied to some permanent or fixed monu ment or so described that the locus of the claim can be de termined (by giving section, or mining district in which claim is located.)
The certificate must give —
Name of claim.
Name of locators.
Date of location.
Certificate of county clerk regarding correctness of doc ument which must contain his signature, seal and date.
All dates must be consistent.
In case of a lode claim the lode line must be described and must fit within the boundaries of the claim, and not be in excess of the statutory limit from any side line nor over 1,500 ft. in length.
In case of placer claims, the acreage must be calcu lated and not over 20 acres allowed for each individual lo cator.
In case of mill sites not over five acres can be included in the exterior boundaries.
If these papers are correct, the order for survey is mailed to the Mineral Surveyor designated, who should then proceed to make the survey and return the field notes to the Surveyor General prepared on the proper blanks, to gether with a plat of the claim prepared on tracing linen on a scale of 200 ft. to an inch.
Mineral Land Surveying.
The three blanks, title page, affidavit of the Mineral Sur veyor and affidavit of assistants, are examined to see that they agree clerically with each other and with the applica tion for survey order regarding names, dates, etc. This is done by the Chief Examiner, who also examines the field notes for clerical errors, notes that all intersections with lines of conflicting surveys are properly given, that the area statement is complete, and that the improvements are prop erly described and actually benefit the claims to which they are credited.
The field notes are then taken up for examination on the connected sheets, which are diagrams showing all ap proved mineral surveys. The sheet examination consists of platting the claim on this diagram, ascertaining that all conflicting approved surveys are shown in the field notes and that all such claims are shown in their correct posi tions. After passing the sheet examination the intersec tions, conflicting areas, lode line, etc., are then checked. Should at any stage errors be discovered in the field notes, they are returned to the Mineral Surveyor for correction, possibly many times, till the final draft is found to be cor rect. When all is found to be correct, the plat as approved and transcript of notes are prepared, and upon date of ap proval two copies of the plat and a transcript of the field
t
notes are mailed to the claimant, or attorney, one copy of the plat mailed to the local land office, and one copy of the plat and the original field notes retained in office of Surveyor, General. The Mineral Surveyor is notified at date of approval of field notes.
36. The Surveyors General should designate all sur veyed mineral claims by a progressive series of numbers, beginning with Survey No. 37, irrespective as to whether they are situated on surveyed or unsurveyed lands, the claim to be so designated at date of issuing the order there for, in addition to the local designation of the claim;
Mineral Land Surveying.
it being required in all cases that the plat and field notes iof the survey of a claim must, in addition to the reference to permanent objects in the neighborhood, describe the locus of the claim with reference to the lines of public sur veys by a line connecting a corner of the claim with the nearest public corner of the United States surveys, unless such claim be on unsurveyed lands at a distance of more than two miles from such public corner, in which latter case it should be connected with a United States mineral monument. Such connecting line must not be more than two miles in length, and should be measured on the ground direct between the points, or calculated from actually sur veyed traverse lines if the nature of the country should not permit direct measurement. If a regularly established survey corner is within two miles of a claim situated on unsurveyed lands, the connection should be made with such corner in preference to a connection with a United States mineral monument. The connecting line or traverse line must be surveyed by the Mineral Surveyor at the time of his making the particular survey, and be made a part thereof.
Placer Claims.
58. The proceedings to obtain patents for placer claims, including all forms of mineral deposits excepting veins of quartz or other rock in place, are similar to the proceedings prescribed for obtaining patents for vein or lode claims; but where a placer claim shall be upon surveyed lands, and conforms to legal subdivisions, no further survey or plat will be required. Where placer claims can not be con formed to legal subdivisions, survey and plat shall be made as on unsurveyed lands..
59. The proceedings for obtaining patents for veins or lodes having already been fully given, it will not be neces sary to repeat them here, it being thought that careful at tention thereto by applicants and the local officers will en able them to act understanding in the matter, and make
Mineral, Land Surveying.
such slight modifications in the notice, or otherwise, as
may be necessary in view of the different nature of the
two classes of claims; placer claims being fixed, however,
at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, or fractional part
✓
of an acre.
60. In placer applications, in addition to the recitals necessary in and to both vein or lode and placer applica tions, the placer application should contain, in detail, such data as will support the claim that the land applied for is placer ground containing valuable mineral deposits not in vein or lode formation, and that title is sought not to con trol water courses or to obtain valuable timber, but in good faith because of the mineral therein. This statement, of course, must depend upon the character of the deposit and the natural features of the ground, but the following de tails should be covered as fully as possible: If the claim be for a deposit of placer gold, there must be stated the yield per pan, or cubic yard, as shown by prospecting and de velopment work, distance to bedrock, formation and extent of the deposit, and all other facts upon which he bases his allegation that the claim is valuable for its deposits of placer gold. If it be a building stone or other deposit than gold claimed under the placer laws, he must describe fully the kind, nature, and extent of the deposit, stating the rea sons why same is by him regarded as a valuable mineral claim. He will also be required to describe fully the nat ural features, of the claim; streams, if any, must be fully described as to their course, amount of water carried, fall within the claim; and he must state kind and amount of timber and other vegetation thereon and adaptability to mining or other uses. '
If the claim be all placer ground, that fact must be stated in the application and corroborated by accompanying proofs; if of mixed placers and lodes, it should be so set out, with a description of all known lodes situated within the boundaries of the claim. A specific declaration, such as
Mineral Land Surveying.
is required by section 2333, Revised Statutes, must be fur nished as to each lode intended to be claimed. All other known lodes are, by the silence of the applicant excluded by law from all claim by him, of whatsoever nature, pos sessory or otherwise.
While this data is required as a part of the Mineral Surveyor's report under paragraph 167, in case of placers taken by special survey, it is proper that the application for patent incorporate these facts under the oath of the claimant.
Inasmuch as in case of claims taken by legal subdivis ions, no report by a Mineral Surveyor is required, the claim ant, in his application, in addition to the data above required, should describe in detail the shafts, cuts, tunnels, or other workings claimed as improvements, giving their dimen sions, value, and the course and distance thereof to the nearest corner of the public surveys.
As prescribed by paragraph 25, this statement as to the description and value of the improvements must be corrob orated by the affidavits of two disinterested witnesses.
Applications awaiting entry, whether published or not, must be made to conform to these regulations, with respect to proof as to the character of the land. Entries already made will be suspended for such additional proofs as may be deemed necessary in each case.
Local land officers are instructed that if the proofs sub mitted in placer applications under this paragraph are not satisfactory as showing the land as a whole to be placer in character, or if the claims impinge upon or embrace water courses or bodies of water, and thus raise a doubt as to the bonafides of the location and application, or the charac ter and extent of the deposit claimed thereunder, to call for further evidence, or if deemed necessary, request the spe cific attention of the Chief of Field Service thereto in con nection with the usual notification to him under the circular instructions of April 24, 1907, and suspend further action on
Mineral. Land Surveying.
the application until a report thereon is received from the field officer.
Mill Sites.
61. Land entered as a mill site must be shown to be non-mineral. Mill sites are simply auxiliary to the work ing of mineral claims, and as section 2337, which provides for the patenting of mill sites, is embraced in the chapter of the Revised Statutes relating to mineral lands, they are therefore included in this circular.
62. To avail themselves of this provision of law, parties holding the possessory right to a vein or lode claim, and to a piece of non-mineral land not contiguous thereto for min ing or milling purposes, not exceeding the quantity allowed for such purpose by section 2337, or prior laws, under which the land was appropriated, the proprietors of such vein or lode may file in the proper land office their application for a patent, under oath, in manner already set forth herein, which application, together with the plat and field notes, may include, embrace, and describe, in addition to the vein or lode, such non-contiguous mill site, and after due pro ceedings as to notice, etc., a patent will be issued conveying the same as one claim. The owner of a patented lode may, by an independent application, secure a mill site if good faith is manifest in its use of occupation in connec tion with the lode and no adverse claim exists.
63. Where the original survey includes a lode claim and also a mill site the lode claim should be described in the plat and field notes as "Sur. No. 37, A," and the mill site as "Sur. No. 37, B," or whatever may be its appropri ate numerical designation; the course and distance from a corner of the mill site to a corner of the lode claim to be invariably given in such plat and field notes, and a copy of the plat and notice of application for patent must be conspicuously posted upon the mill site as well as upon the vein or lode for the statutory period of sixty days. In mak ing the entry no separate receipt or certificate need be is-
Mineral Land Surveying. 167
sued for the mill site, but the whole area of both lode and mill site will be embraced in one entry, the price being five dollars for each acre and fractional part of an acre em braced by such lode and mill -site claim.
64. In case the owner of a quartz mill or reduction works is not the owner or claimant of*a vein or lode the law permits him to make application therefor in the same manner prescribed herein for mining claims, and after due notice and proceedings, in the absence of a valid adverse filing, to enter and receive a patent for his mill site at said price per acre.
65. In every case there must be satisfactory proof that the land claimed as a mill site is not mineral in character, which proof may, where the matter is unquestioned, con sist of the sworn statement of two or more persons capable, from acquaintance with the land, to testify understanding.
Adverse Claims.
82. In order that the "boundaries" and "extent" of the claim may be shown, it will be incumbent upon the adverse claimant to file a plat showing his entire claim, its relative situation or position with the one against which he claims, and the extent of the conflict: Provided, however, That if the application for patent describes' the claim by legal sub divisions, the adverse claimant, if also claiming by legal subdivisions, may describe his adverse claim in the same manner without further survey or plat. If the claim is not described by legal subdivisions, it will generally be more satisfactory if the plat thereof is made from an actual sur vey by a Mineral Surveyor, and its correctness officially certified by him.
Appointment by Surveyor General and Charges.
91. With regard to the platting of the claim and other office work in the Surveyor's General office, that officer will make an estimate of the cost thereof, which amount the claimant will deposit with any assistant United States treasurer or designated depository in favor of the United
Mineral. Land Surveying.
States treasurer, to be passed to the credit of the fund cre ated by "individual depositors for surveys of the public lands,'' and file with the Surveyor General duplicate cer tificates of such deposit in the usual manner.
92. The Surveyors General will endeavor to appoint
surveyors to survey mining claims, so that one or more may be located in each mining district for the greater con venience of miners.
93. The usual oaths will be required of these surveyors and their assistants as to the correctness of each survey executed by them.
The duty of the surveyor ceases when he has executed the survey and returned the field notes and preliminary plat thereof with his report to the Surveyor General. He will not be allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the papers in support of an application for patent, or otherwise perform the duties of an attorney before the land office in connection with a mining claim.
The Surveyors General and local land officers are ex pected to report any infringement of this regulation to this office.
94. Should it appear that excessive or exorbitant charges have been made by any surveyor or any publisher, prompt action will be taken with the view of correcting the abuse.
Surveys of Mining Claims.
General Provisions.
115. Under section 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats., the U. S. Surveyor General "may appoint in each land district con taining mineral lands as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey mining claims."
116. Persons desiring such appointments should there fore file their applications with the Surveyor General for the district wherein appointment is asked, who will furnish all information necessary.
117. All appointments of Mineral Surveyors must be
Mineral Land Surveying.
submitted to the Commissioner of the General Land Office for approval.
118. The Surveyors General have authority to suspend or revoke the commissions of Mineral Surveyors for cause. Before final action, however, the matter should be submitted to the Commissioner of the General Land Office for approval.
119. Such surveyors will be allowed the right of appeal from the action of the Surveyor General in the usual man ner. Such appeal should be filed with the Surveyor Gen eral, who will at once transmit the same, with full report, to the General Land Office.
120. Neither the Surveyor General nor the Commis sioner of the General Land Office has jurisdiction to settle differences, relative to the payment of charges for field work, between Mineral Surveyors and claimants. These are matters of private contract and must be enforced in the ordinary manner, i. e., in the local courts. The Department has, however, authority to investigate charges affecting the official actions of Mineral Surveyors, and will, on sufficient cause shown, suspend or revoke their appointment.
121. The Surveyors General should appoint as many competent Mineral Surveyors as apply for appointment, in order that claimants may have a choice of surveyors, and be enabled to have their work done on the most adavantageous terms.
122. The schedule of charges for office work should be as low as is possible. No additional charges should be made for orders for amended surveys, unless the necessity therefor is clearly the fault of the claimant, or considerable additional office work results therefrom.
123. In cases where the error in the original survey is due to the carelessness or neglect of the surveyor who made it, he should be required to make the necessary cor rections in the field at his own expense, and the Surveyor General should advise him that the penalty for failure to
Mineral Land Surveying.
comply with instructions within a specified time will be the suspension or revocation of his commission.
124. Mineral Surveyors will address all official commu nications to the Surveyor General. They will, when a min ing claim is the subject of correspondence, give the name and survey number. In replying to letters they will give the subject-matter and date of the letter. They will promptly notify the Surveyor General of any change in postoffice address.
125. Mineral Surveyors should keep a complete record of each survey made by them and the facts coming to their knowledge at the time, as well as copies of all their field notes, reports, and official correspondence, in order that such evidence may be readily produced when called for at any future time. Field notes and other reports must be written in a clear and legible hand or typewritten, in non copying ink, and upon the proper blanks furnished gratui tously by the Surveyor's General office upon application therefor. No interlineations or erasures will be allowed.
126. No return by a Mineral Surveyor will be recog nized as official unless it* is over his signature as a United States Mineral Surveyor, and made in pursuance of a special order from the Surveyor General's office. After he has received an order for survey he is required to make the survey and return correct field notes thereof to the Sur veyor General's office without delay.
127. The claimant is required, in all cases, to make satisfactory arrangements with the surveyor for the pay ment for his services and those of his assistants in making the survey, as the United States will not be held responsi ble for the same.
128. A Mineral Surveyor is precluded from acting, either directly or indirectly, as attorney in mineral claims. His duty in any particular case ceases when he has exe cuted the survey and returned the field notes and prelim inary plat, with his report, to the Surveyor General. He
Mineral Land Surveying
will not be allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the papers in support of his application for patent, or other wise perform the duties of an attorney before the Land Office in connection with a mining claim. He is not per mitted to combine the duties of surveyor and notary public in the same case by administering oaths to the parties in interest.
It is preferable that both preliminary and final oaths of assistants should be taken before some officer duly author ized to administer oaths, other than the Mineral Surveyor. In cases, however, where great delay, expense, or incon venience would result from a strict compliance with this rule, the Mineral Surveyor is authorized to administer the necessary oaths to his assistants, but in each case where this is done, he will submit to the proper Surveyor General a full written report of the circumstances which required his stated action; otherwise he must have absolutely noth ing to do with the case, except in his official capacity as surveyor. He will not' employ chainmen interested therein in any manner.
In the Appendix will be found a copy of the "Manual of Instructions for the . Survey of the Mineral Lands of the United States," 1909.
The Surveyor General of Colorado has issued the follow ing circular letter and requires Mineral Surveyors to comply strictly therewith:
In your future work before this office you will comply in detail with the requirements contained in amended paragraph 147 of Mining Circular, and to insure uniform ity in your returns will pay particular attention to the following
instructions:
As said amendment requires that all conflicting sur veys shall be shown according to the boundaries as each is marked, defined and accurately established upon the ground without regard to whether or not patents have is sued for the claims in question; you will be required to
Mineral. Land Surveying.
determine in each case that the monuments of conflicting claims as found upon the ground 'are the official monu ments of the official surveys, or occupy the original posi tion of the same. If this cannot be determined it will then be necessary to revert to the record and show said claims in their approved and patented positions.
A strict compliance with paragraph 149 of the Mining Circular, which is in part as follows, will be required:
"If in running the exterior lines of a claim the survey is found to conflict with the survey of another claim, the distances to the points of intersection and the courses and distances along the line intersects from an established corner of such conflicting claim to such points of intersec tion, should be described in the field notes."
This will necessitate the re-running by you of each line of a conflicting survey which intersects the exterior lines of the claim being surveyed; and a report upon the course, and if necessary, the length of the same.
The section and quarter section in which a survey is located will be determined, assuming the subdivision field notes as returned by the Mineral Surveyor to be correct.
You will further be required in the field notes, when connections' are given to a conflicting or neighboring sur vey, to state whether or not said connection is given to the position of the claim as staked or as approved by this office.
An additional note added at the end of the field notes,
f
under heading "Report," will be required, stating:
1st. How the lines of the survey, connections to con flicting surveys and to the corner of the public survey or U. S. Location Monument, were determined.
2nd. A description of the section corner or U. S. Loca tion Monument to which connection is given in the field notes.
3rd. A full description of all corners of conflicting claims to which connections are given in the field notes, together with a statement of how and by what visible evi-
Mineral Land Surveying.
dence you are able to identify the same as being the official monuments of the claim in question.
4th. A statement showing how the courses and lengths of the intersecting boundary lines of conflicting-surveys were determined.
The following circular letter is also of interest:
Department Of The Interior,
Office of
United States Surveyor General, for the District of Colorado.
Denver, Colo., May 25, 1892.
To Applicants for Mineral Survey Orders in the District of Colorado:
You are informed that in numerous cases' the certified copies of location certificates filed in this office with appli cations for mineral survey orders are so defective that or ders cannot be based thereon. This is a very important matter, and locators cannot exercise too much care in de fining their locations at the outset, inasmuch as the act of Congress of May 10, 1872, provides "That all records of mining claims hereafter made shall contain the name or names of the locators, the date of location, and such a de scription of the claim or claims located by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will iden tify the claim."
It is also provided by the General Statutes of Colorado, section 2400, that "Any location certificate of a lode claim which shall not contain the name of the lode, the name of the locator, the date of location, the number of lineal feet claimed on each side of the discovery shaft, the general course of the lode and such description as shall identify the claim with reasonable certainty, shall be void."
One or' more of these requirements is often omitted in location certificates submitted to this office, and you are therefore advised, before filing your application, to see that
Mineral Land Surveying.
your location has been made in conformity with law and regulations, and that the claim for which patent is sought is properly described.
A fruitful source of delay is the failure of applicants, their agents or attorneys, to thoroughly examine the copies of location certificates received from the county clerk, comparing the same with the original, to see that clerical errors have been avoided. The discovery of such errors in this office necessitates the return of the document for correction; causes delay in the issuance of the order for survey, and, by allowing the intervention of other orders with prior numbers, retards the approval of the survey often for many weeks. You are therefore requested, be fore filing a copy of a location certificate in this office to examine the same carefully and see:
That the distances given each way from the discovery do not aggregate more than 1,500 feet, and equal the length of the claim along the vein, as determined from the de scription by metes and bounds thereof. That not more than the statutory limit is claimed on either side of the discovery,* that the discovery is not described in one place as a shaft and in another as a cut or tunnel; that the end lines are parallel; that the courses and distances given as the boundaries of the claim close; that the dates are correct and consistent; that the name of the claim is leg ibly written; that the certificate of the county clerk is properly sealed, dated, signed, correctly gives the name of the claim and designates the instrument, as a location, amended, additional or relocation certificate, as the case may be. The importance of attending to these details in
Note. — Colorado Statutes, Section 2398: The width of lode claims hereafter located in Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder and Summit counties, shall be seventy-five feet on each side of the center of the vein or crevice; and in all other counties the width of the same shall be one hundred and fifty feet on each side of the center of the vein or crevice.
Mineral Land Surveying.
the matter of location will be the more readily perceived when it is understood that a failure to gie the subject proper attention may invalidate the claim.
E. C. Humphrey,
United States Surveyor General for Colorado.
,
Records.
As the Mineral Surveyor and others are constantly re quired to consult the records on file in the Surveyor's Gen eral office, it will be well to give an account of the methods used in the Colorado office:
All claims are indexed alphabetically and numerically. In the alphabetical index there is no information except the name of the claim, its number and land district. In the numerical index is given the number of the claim, the name or names, the claimant, surveyor, date of filing, plat book number, field book number, date of patent or cancellation, township and section, and, under remarks, any further information. The plat books, of which there are over two hundred at present, each contain about one hundred facsimilies of the plats of approved claims. These plats show at a glance the position of the claim and its conflicts, the net area being colored, conflicts, ties, intersections, im provements, etc., and are probably the most consulted by those desiring information. For additional information the bound field notes filed by the Mineral Surveyor are used. In addition, all correspondence with the General Land Office, if any, is kept on file and may be consulted if re quired. The so-called connected sheets embrace each a square mile on which all claims in the area embraced are platted on a scale of 300 feet to the inch. Notes from any of these records may be made by anyone interested or entitled to information, or copies certified or otherwise will be made in the Surveyor's General office for a nominal fee.
The Mineral Surveyor as a rule finds it necessary to
keep a complete record of the claims in his district for the
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benefit of his clients, and is required by the General Land Office to keep a complete record of all official work done by himself. In this way every Mineral Surveyor's office is a more or less complete reproduction of the Surveyor's Gen eral office in miniature as far as his own district is con cerned. The writer's method of keeping records is as fol lows:
The card catalogue system is employed throughout where possible. Each claim is catalogued alphabetically on cards (with a number of names of claims on each card), and also catalogued numerically with one number to each card. This latter card contains data as follows:
Sur. No. 16721. Name Silver Star.
Surveyor John Smith. Date March 20, 1903.
Notes Scrap Book 101. Plats Vol. 12.
Maps
N. W. Sec. 31, T. 3 S., R. 73 W. Patent June 20, 1905.
District Montana.
Claimant Henry Jones.
Area 5.045 acres.
Remarks
These constitute the index cards.
The skeleton field notes, an example of which is given below, are also copied on a card which is catalogued nu medically. (These should contain the metes and bounds of the claim, the section ties and ties to other claims, and it is well to have a note of the corners, whether they be stones, posts, etc.):
1 S. E. 25-3-74 N. 38° 51' W. 1961.7.
S. 50°> 30' E.
1 n
stone
S. 30° 30' W.
2
tree
.N. 50° 30' W.
3
stone
N. 30° 30' E.
4
stone
Golden lode
- N. 5°
E.
Bear lode
- N. 30°
W.
The cards have all the advantages common to the card system in general, and also the advantage over books, that several people can work in the same office without get-
Mineral Land Surveying.
ting-in each other's way by wanting the same volume of notes at the same time, or having to copy the notes de sired out of a book. Then, too, the cards can be taken into the field, and thus copying of notes is avoided. While the skeleton field notes of old claims have to be copied, in the case of new claims the published notes of the claim are simply pasted on the cards, after checking, and afterwards any further information likely to be required is added. The official plats of the claim are also copied and bound up in plat books in every way similar to those in the Sur veyor's General office, but as a rule without the intersec tions. On these plats the areas actually patented are col ored.
The carbon copies of all field notes made or acquired are bound together. In addition the connected sheets for these sections required in the Clear Creek and Gilpin dis tricts have been copied in the Surveyor's General office and transferred to protractor sheets exactly like those used in that office.
In order to give an idea of larger areas of country than that given by one section, another set of maps is also made up where nine sections are combined in one sheet and the-claims colored to show at a glance what area each has patented. These sheets of nine square miles each are arranged in a roller map case.
Field note books are paged consecutively and card cat alogued. Thus in the system used, page 1213 means note book, volume 12, pqge 13.
All figuring is done on sheets of paper of equal size, and filed, each claim by itself, in congress envelopes.
Carbon copies of all location certificates are filed in an arch letter file.
The Globe -Wernicke and similar filing cabinets afford the best means of preserving these various devices, with
the exception of the large plats.
The connected sheets are kept in a case made especially
for them.
Chapter Viii.
Examination for Commission as U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
This examination in Colorado consists of problems in calculation of closing line in a twelve or thirteen-sided placer, together with calculation of area by Double Merid ian Distance Method, calculation of lode line to fit an irregular claim, calculation of ties, intersections and areas in an actual approved survey together with writing up a complete set of field notes. A problem on the subdivision of a section of the public survey is usually added. The ap plicant is also required to determine a correct meridian from solar observation and must do this with his own transit. There are of course other problems, but they in no way differ from those numerous examples that have been given and explained in the course of this work. A few examples will, however, be given in detail to illustrate special cases. One favorite problem which is of consider able importance is the one first mentioned above, and is as follows:
Placer Calculations.
Given: The courses and lengths of lines 1 to 13 of a certain placer. (Fig. 34.) It is desired to amend the sur vey making Cors. Ncs. 2 and 12 identical with the corners of the original survey, the courses of lines 1-2 and 12-13 to remain the same, and the course of line 13-1 to be S. 33° 34' E., the new placer to contain an area of 35 acres. Re quired, the lengths of lines 12-13 and 1-2.
In figuring the missing course and distance of line 13-1, reference should be made to the latitudes and departures
- Latitudes — — Departures —
Station. Course. Distance. North. South. East. West. D. M. D. N. Areas. S. Areas.
1-2 S 87° 19' W . 1108.73 . 51.91 . 1107.51 1107.51 . 57490.83
Mineral Land Surveying
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of courses 1 to 13, included in computing the area by Double Meridian Distances.
The sum of the north latitudes is found to be 2235.61, and the sum of the south latitudes is found to be 1401.16, which latter subtracted from the north latitudes leaves a north latitude of 834.45. In like manner subtracting the sum of the east departures, 2466.42, from the sum of the west departures, 2701.97, leaves a west departure of 235.55.
log 834.45 2.9214003 log 834.45 2.9214003
log 235.55 2.3720831 log cos 15° 46' 9.9833449
log cot 15° 46' 0.5493172 log 867.07 2.9380554
Missing course S. 15° 46' E. 867.07 ft.
In the triangle ABC draw AC parallel to DE, whoso course is given as S. 33° 34' E. Line AB we have found to
be
S. 15
E. 867.07 feet.
A
A :
O
Co
Co
B 87° 19' C
O
Co
Co
Co
B
C
sin 59° 07' : 867.07 sin 103° 05' : ? sin 59° 07' : 867.07 sin 17° 48' : ?
Mineral Land Surveying. 181
log
log sin colog sin
log
log sin colog sin
867.07 1938054 17° 48' 9.485289 59° 07' — 0.066404
log
log
log
log
log sin colog
log
Construct the triangle ACF. Line AF is a prolongation of line 12-13, and line CF is a prolongation of line 1-2.
A 103° 55'
A 70° 21' C
O
o
°
cn
sin 16°
sin 103° 55' : ?
sin 16°
sin 59° O'
log
log
log sin
log sin
colog sin 16° 58-
colog sin
log
log
log
log
log sin
colog
log
The
area of the placer was' found to
be 27.873 acres.
The area . of the quadrilateral ADBE is therefore the dif ference between 35 acres, the required acreage, and 27.873
Mineral Land Surveying.
acres, which is 7.127 acres. The area of the triangle ABC was found to be 2.994 acres; then the area of the quadri lateral ADCE is the difference between 7.127 acres and 2.994 acres, or 4.133 acres. The area of the triangle ACF has been found to be 31.732 acres. Therefore the area of the triangle DEF is 31.732 acres + 4.133 acres, or 35.865 acres.
By geometry —
log
5.
log
1.
log
1.
log 1046.21 3.019619
log 2894. 172 6.923046 log 35.865=1.554671
log 31.732=1.501502
log 3076.86 3.488107
Bc 308.85 1-2
Ec 206.63 Be
Be 514.48 E-2
De2
Ef2
Dfc
log
log
log
log
Df Af
Ad
Ef Cf
Ec
Ad
Another method of working this problem is as follows: The area of the quadrilateral ADCE has been found as in the previous figuring The following formula will give th? altitude:
Mineral Land Surveying.
Let x altitude
Let K cot E — cot A
Let A area of ADCE (4.135 acres 180,033 sq. ft. Let D 984.09 ft. (line AC)
x
K
± V 2 Ak + D2— D
nat cot 59° 07' .59809 nat cot 76° 05' .24778
log 984.09 2.9930348 log to square 2.9930348
K
log 968433.12=5.9860696
x
( V 2 X 180033 X .35031 + 968433.12—984.09)
log
log
D2= 968433.12
log
—
log
The square root of 1,094,678.12
is found as follows:
log
log 1046.21
log
log
log
In the right triangle ADo, we have Do angle D 70° 21' — 56° 26' 13° 55'
log 177.33 2.248779 log tan 13° 55' 9.394073
log 177.33=2.248779 log cos 13° 55' 9.987061
log 43.94 1.642852 log 182.69 2.261718
It is seen here that line AD, 182.69, checks with the for mer work
In the right triangle CEn, we have Cn 177,33 feet, and the angle E 59° 07'
Mineral Land Surveying.
log 177 .33 2 . 248779 log 177.33 =2.248779
log cot 59° 07' 9.776769 log sin 59° 07' 9 . 933596
log 106.06 2.025548 log 206.62 2.315183
Line CE, 206.62, also checks line CE in the first method. 984.09 AC 43.94 Ao
940.15 oC Dn 106.06 nE
Calculation of Lode Line.
Given the boundaries of a claim, calculate the lode line parallel to the side lines, and the points at which the lode line intersects the end lines. No point on the lode line to be in excess of 150 feet from either side line. Lode line to be 1,500 feet long.
/ East 7 02' 2
The boundaries are as follows: Beginning-at Cor. No. 1, thence E. 702 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 58° E 800 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 30° W. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 4: thence N. 58° W. 800 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence W. 702 ft.
Mineral. Land Surveying.
to Cor. No. 6; thence N. 30° E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. (See Fig. 35, which shows conditions necessarily greatly exaggerated.) The side b is drawn parallel to the end lines in the triangle whose sides are a, b and c.
800 -(- a + 702 — c — 1500 1502 + a — c 1500 c — a 2
' a sin 88°
sin 60°
a sin 88° — a sin 60° 2 sin 60°
2 sin 60°
a
sin 88°
— sin 60°
sin
log 1.73206
log .13336 -
log 12.99
sin
sin
In the triangle whose side a we have found to be 12.99, the sides b and c are found as follows:
a sin 88°
c — -
sin 60°
sin 60° : 12.99 sin 32° : ? sin 60° : 12.99 sin 88° : ?
log 12.99 1 . 113673
log sin 32° 9.724210
colog sin 60° 0.062469
log 7.95 0.900352
log 12.99=1.113673
log sin 88° 9.999735 colog sin 60° 0.062469
log 14.99 1.175877
Mineral Land Surveying.
The distance of the lode line at its intersection with line 6-1 is found to be 157.95 feet from Cor. No. 6, and 142.05 feet from Cor. No. 1, by adding the distance 7.95 feet (b) in one case, and subtracting in the other, to and from 150 feet.
In the triangle DEL draw DE perpendicular to the side line. Multiplying the side LD (157.95) by the sine of the angle L, 60°, we get the distance of the lode line from line 5-6, which is 136.80 feet.
Mineral Land Surveying.
Subdivision of Section.
Given the boundaries of a section (Fig. 36) to determine the boundaries of the S. E. of the N. W. %, the S. % of the N. E. % and the N. E. % of the S. E. % sections.
s.
E.
feet.
N.
W.
feet.
N.
W.
feet.
N.
W.
feet.
S.
E.
feet.
S.
E.
feet.
General Figuring.
In Fig. 37 we have an example of a problem given the writer in his examination for a commission as United
States Deputy Mineral Surveyor. Given the data shown in the figure, calculate boundaries of St. Louis Lode (cutting
Suff. No 9666 Sr. Lou/s Lode
Mineral Land Surveying.
off at intersection of end line with Sur. No. 8556 Den ver Lode), section tie directly, ties to conflicting-claims, and conflicts in each case, also ties to improvements. Then write up the notes, giving-imaginary bearings from corners and imaginary dimensions to improvements. Do not ex clude Surs. Nos. 8733 and 8853, New York and Chicago lodes, and state why.
South Dakota.*
Following is a partial list of questions asked in South Dakota:
1. I run 360 feet on a descent of 1 foot in 15 feet, thence 240 feet on an ascent of 11° from the horizontal, thence 400 feet on a descent of 1 foot in 16 feet, thence 250 feet up an ascent of 35°.
Required total horizontal distance, also difference of level of the initial and terminal points. State a full solu tion with sketch.
2. From initial point I run S. 12° E. 650 feet, and am intercepted by a pond. From 650-foot point I run S. 82° E., a distance sufficient to clear pond, thence S. 28° W. 420 feet to flag on line in advance of pond, thence S. 12° E. 460 feet to terminal point.
Required the length of line from initial to terminal point. State a full solution with sketch.
3. I run S. 38° E. and at 380 feet turn off a base N. 82° E. 520 feet, from the eastern extremity of which a flag on line in advance of river bears S, 8° E.
What is the distance of flag from initial point? State a full solution with sketch.
4. Course No. 2 of Delta mining claim is broken into by a rock bluff, unfavorable to accurate chainage. To ob tain the bearing and length of this line, I run from one
These questions kindly furnished by Prof. Mark Ehle. Rapid City, South Dakota.
Mineral Land Surveying.
extremity on a random line S. 28° E. 610 feet, thence N. 82° E. 260 feet, thence S. 12° W. to a point 'which from the data so far obtained I find to be on my random line; thence I continue the first random 340 feet further and arrive at a point from which the other extremity of said course No. 2 bears S. 62° W., 110 feet distant.
What is the bearing and length of course No. 2? What angle do I deflect from the course S. .12° W. in order to line in with the first random State a full solution with sketch.
5. The two extremities of a straight line forming a por tion of the boundary of a mining claim are not conveniently accessible, but a convenient base can be had, from each extremity of which both extremities of said boundary can be seen.
1st. Illustrate this condition with sketch.
2nd. State the measurements, both linear and angular, which are absolutely essential to a solution.
3rd. State briefly the trigonometric solution and their respective purposes, with their respective formulae.
4th. Trace the process to a final resulting course and distance.
A numerical example is not asked.
6. State a convenient formula applicable to what is known as a "broken base," using the number of minutes in the deflection angle of the second component.
7. Given the following consecutive courses of a mining claim :
From Cor. No. 1 to. Cor No. 2, — S. 28° 40' W. 503 feet;
From Cor. No. 2 to Cor. No. 3, — N. 70° 30, W. 476 feet;
From Cor. No. 3 to Cor. No. 4, N. 9°35'E. 485 feet; From Cor. No. 4 to Cor. No. 5 ? 343 feet;
From Cor. No. 5 to Cor. No. 1, — N. 79° 50' E. ? feet;
Mineral Land Surveying.
1st. Required bearing of line 4-5 and length of line
2nd. If by actual survey of all the sides, it is found that the line 5-1 is N. 79° 55' E. 395 feet, state a traverse showing the closing errors; then
3rd. Balance the survey on the assumption that the measurements have equal weights.
4th. Deduce the resulting courses and distances of the closing survey for record.
5th. Compute the area of the figure so enclosed, by the method of D. M. D. State full solution with sketch.
8. An incline descends on a dip of 30°. It is determined to sink a shaft to intercept incline, the shaft to be at a point 450 feet from mouth of incline; the surface from mouth to shaft descending at a rate of 1 foot in 75.
How deep will the shaft be?
10. Observe Polaris at greatest elongation at a place in latitude 45° 30' N. Apparent of the star is 88° 44' 10".
What is the star's azimuth?
State the formula and whole process.
What are the two hour angles corresponding to east ern and western elongations respectively, counting from culmination, round with the sun to 24 hours, and their equivalents in mean solar time?
11. If in the last example the star is observed at east ern elongation and its magnetic bearing at that instant is N. 13° 20' W.,
What is the magnetic declination?
Is it to be called East or West?
State process and reason therefor.
12. U. S. Revised Statutes (2320) limit lode claims located after May 10, 1872, to 300 feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface; suppose you were called upon to make an official survey of such a location under order from this office, and found it to be 350 feet
Mineral Land Surveying.
on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, and you found nothing-in the location certificate to dictate to the contrary; what would be your action in respect to such a location? Why? Suppose such a location was 200 feet on one side of the vein and 400 feet on the other; what would your action be? Why?
13. A lode claim located since May 10, 1872, shows a length of 1,529 feet along the center of the vein at the surface. What would be your action in this case? Why?
14. The boundaries of a lode location have the follow ing consecutive courses', namely;
S. 42° W. 800 feet;
S. 22° W. 600 feet;
N. 80° W. 90 feet;
S. 62° W. 200 feet;
N. 22° E. 600 feet;
N. 42° E. 800 feet;
N. 62° E. 190 feet; thence to place of beginning.
What would your action be on this location if required to make an official survey Why?
15. I run N. 89° 56' W. on a random line between Secs. 30 and 31, and at 73.20 chains intersect the west boundary of township at a point 22 links north of the corner of Secs. 25, 30, 31 and 36.
1st. What is the course of the return or true line?
2nd. The position of the % section corner?
3rd. State a short rule for obtaining the return course in these cases, applicable when the fallings are within limits, and apply to the above case.
16. An order to officially survey a mineral claim is issued to you from this office under date March 12, 1900; said order is based upon a location certificate dated Janu ary 10, 1899. Upon proceeding with survey, you find the location as marked on the ground does not conform to the location as recorded, and upon informing your client
Mineral Land Surveying.
to that effect he provides you with a certified amended certificate of location dated March 30, 1900.
What action would you take in the matter of survey?
17. Describe fully your instrument, stating its make, age and condition; also its capabilities as to power, illu mination and graduation, and its attachments of conveni ence for safe and accurate work.
What measure of length have you?
18. If your telescope has a level, state briefly in writ ing how you would adjust it and the horizontal hair.
19. The usual method for adjusting the vertical hair in a transit for collimation, may or may not place that hair truly in the center of the telescope. In a well constructed instrument the displacement will be small; in such case, what sensible effect has this displacement upon observa tions, seeing that the motion of the slide will not project this hair truly along the axis of the telescope?
20. It is required that you determine the true meridian by direct solar observation. You will make the observa tion in the presence of the examiner, who will then furnish
you with a copy of the nautical almanac. From the data then at hand you will make all necessary calcula tions, handing in the same complete.
21. In latitude 30° N. the sun's declination 20° S. with hour angle 5 hours; the refraction in declination is 8' 50".
Assuming no index error, which would be the correct reading to set off on the declination arc, proper for the above date?
22. In latitude 44" N. the hour angle of the sun 6 hours. I start a line due north by solar; but find after running a mile in the course so started, that I have set off 6' too much latitude.
What is the nature and amount of error in course thus induced ?
If in the above the hour angle is 3 hours, what is the nature and amount of error?
Mineral Land Surveying.
If the latitude is correctly set off, but instead of a declination of 10° S. I set off 10° 10' S., the hour angle of the sun being 3 hours, what then is the nature and amount of the error thus introduced?
State, if you can, the differential formulae applicable to these cases.
California.*
The customary manner of appointment in this and the adjoining-states is as follows:
"The surveyor who wishes an appointment, makes ap plication to the Surveyor General, detailing his qualifica tions. This application, together with the recommenda tion from some Mineral Surveyor of good standing within that district, is then forwarded to the Surveyor's General Office, and in due time the appointment is made. The customary filing of the bonds complete the appoint ment of the U. S. Mineral Surveyor.
"If the surveyor desire an appointment in any other state or territory, I have found that a recommendation from the Surveyor General of the state in w'hich the original ap pointment was made, was all that was necessary to ob tain a commission in any additional state or territory. Of course new and separate bonds must be filed for each state or territory in which commission is held."
Oregon. f
The examination in Oregon is about as follows:
1. Fifteen or twenty questions covering the Land Office rulings, the proper markings for corners of government land surveys, the methods of taking latitude by the sun and Polaris, the maximum number of acres allowed in quartz claim, placer and mill site, the kind of corners which may be set in making patent surveys, and various details of procedure in executing such surveys.
Kindness of Henry J. Jory, Los Angeles, California.
f From H. G. Moulton, U. S. Deputy Mineral Surveyor, Grant's Pass, Oregon.
Mineral Land Surveying.
2. Given the notes of a quartz claim (metes, bounds and ties) and the location of the same, make out notes and preliminary plat of same as if surveyed for patent. This requires the same work to be done that a Deputy would have to do in making out his office work -of such a survey.
3. Given the plat of the locations of four claims form ing one group, and overlapping each other, with a section corner located on one of the center ones (this plat is fur nished by the Surveyor General), make out notes of a sur vey for U. S. patent of the group, with plat, calculations, etc. The claims are given on the plat furnished as longer than 1,500 feet and wider than 600 feet, so there is a test of ability in getting them within the required limits and at the same time not leave any fractions.
4. An instrumental examination. Applicant is required to take a transit and determine latitude and meridian by sun and Polaris, checking upon an established meridian, and also to report the courses from a given point to a number of points whose bearing is known.
Parts 2 and 3 are severe tests of applicant's ability, and the examination as a whole is an exceedingly thorough one. It is the aim of the office to get the best available men of the state as surveyors, and the examination is in every way a fair one and free from "catch'' questions.
While this is all the information that the writer has been able to obtain on the subject of examinations for commission as U. S. Mineral Surveyor, it is safe to say that in no state is the examination more difficult than in Colorado or Oregon. If the applicant is able to pass the examination in either of these two states, the chances are that he will be able to pass in any state where an examination is held.
Mineral Land Surveying.
The Patenting Of Mineral Land.
The layman who desires to secure United States patent on his mining property is not always cognizant of the proper procedure and approximate expense involved, and frequently either delays action, fearing that the matter is more formidable than it really is, or else takes unwar ranted steps due to his ignorance of all the conditions in volved. The following forms have been devised by me wTith a view of obviating the above-mentioned difficulties and I claim that they put the matter of patents in as con cise and at the same time as complete a form as the laity can desire.
Preliminary Steps in the Obtainance of United States Pat ent to Mineral Claims.
1. Obtain from the county recorder a certified copy of the location notice of each claim upon which patent is sought.
2. Deposit in any United States depository to the credit of the treasurer of the United States a jum sufficient to cover the expenses of the work in the Surveyors General
office. In this state this is $ . for lode claims, and
$ . for placers, with reduction for groups.
3. ' Forward the certified copies of location notices, to gether with the duplicate certificate of deposit to the United
States Surveyor General at . . together
with an application for official survey upon a blank issued by the general land office for this purpose, a copy of which may be had at this office.
4. In due time the Surveyor General issues to the min eral surveyor named in the application a survey order, in which a serial number is given to the particular survey au thorized. This is the surveyor's warrant for entering upon any lands necessary in order to make the survey. No sur-
' vey is official unless in pursuance of an order from the Sur veyor General of the district.
Mineral. Land Surveying.
5. The United States mineral surveyor designated thereupon makes a complete survey of the premises, locating and fixing the corners of all the claims, locating the discovery points, all the shafts, cuts, tunnels, buildings, and machinery, with reference to the nearest corner of the claim. Also runs ties to the nearest section corners, or section cor ners, or if upon unsurveyed land, then to the nearest mineral monument. Assistants must be sworn in to faithful service both before and after the survey, before an officer qualified to administer oaths. Neither the claimants them selves, nor agents thereof, may act as assistants in min eral surveys. An underground survey must generally be made in order to plat the same upon the map, in plan only. All corner stones or posts must be up to government stand ard, and chiseled or scribed with the claim initials, number of corner and survey number.
6. Plat and Field Notes from the Mineral Surveyor to the Surveyor General. — These very commonly take double the time of the actual field work, as they must be prepared with absolute accuracy and fidelity to detail as required by the department. They must show, in addition to the data previously mentioned, the distances intersected on all the section lines, complete calculation of areas by double me ridian distances, the sectional subdivisions made fractional, the 'errors found in previous contiguous surveys, and many' other minor details.
7. Examination of the Above by the Surveyor General. — The returns by the Mineral Surveyor must await their turn in the Surveyor General's office before coming up for approval. This may take two or three months, or longer. The returns are then examined by a skilled force of clerks and deputies, all calculations, ties, boundaries, intersections, etc., are rechecked, and the notes and plat searched for ir regularities. If any are found, the notes are returned to the surveyor for correction, and when again received, must generally await their turn for approval. In extreme cases
Mineral Land Surveying.
it has taken several years to obtain the approval of a sur vey. Three months is about the average time.
. 8. Upon the approval of the survey, the Surveyor Gen
eral prepares an approved copy of the plat for claim in the survey, and three extra copies. One copy is re tained, one forwarded to the general land office at Wash ington, one to the local land office, and the other, with as many transcripts of the field notes, is returned to the claimants: Each plat contains the official approval of the
Surveyor General and his certificate of $500 improvements, as returned by the Mineral Surveyor.
Upon receipt by the claimants or their attorneys of the plats and transcripts, the matter is in shape for the patent application proper.
Method of Procedure in Patent Applications for Lode
Claims.
Upon receipt of the approved plats and transcript of notes from the Surveyor General, these are turned over to the attorney engaged to prepare the necessary papers in the case. (United States Mineral Surveyors are not allowed by the rules of the department to act as attorneys in min eral cases.)
1. There is prepared the notice of application for United States patent, according to the specified form, describing the ground claimed. This is prepared in triplicate, and one copy attached to the plat and transcript of notes, is at once posted on the claim in the presence of two witnesses.
These witnesses then subscribe to this posting before notary public, in the form proof of posting notice and the diagram of the claim. They also attach their names as witnesses to the notice of application for patent.
2. There is then prepared by the attorney the following papers constituting the first set.
Application for patent in regular form and describing premises.
Mineral Land Surveying.
The abstract of title. (This must be shown to be in applicant*)
The proof of citizenship. (Affidavits showing applicant to be United States citizen.)
Proof of non-abandonment, i. e., that assessment work was done for year preceding the application.
Agreement of publisher. (That he will not hold United States responsible for costs.)
Publication notice. (This is identical with notice of ap plication for patent, except that it is not signed by appli cant, but left blank for signature of the register of the district.
3. These papers, together the extra plat, tran script of notes, and the proof of posting, are then filed with the register of the land district, who attaches his signature and the serial number of the publication notice, and either delivers same to the attorney or forwards it direct to the printer.
4. This publication notice is published for sixty-one consecutive days in a daily, or nine consecutive times in a weekly newspaper. During this time plats, notices and transcripts must remain posted.
5. After expiration of period of publication, attorney prepares the second set of papers, as follows:
Proof of continuous posting (by two witnesses before notary).
Proof of publication. Certificate from the publisher,
giving dates and number of times published.
Proof of no suit pending, attested by clerk of county wherein claims exist.
Proof of sums paid. Made by applicant, detailing amounts paid to surveyor, the filing fees, publisher's ac count, and amount tendered received for acreage. Formal application to purchase.
The filing of this paper completes the requisites of entry and payment and the register's proof of posting no-
Mineral Land Surveying. 199
tice, and final certificate of entry completes the patent ap plication.
All papers except a copy of the plat are forwarded by the local land office to the department at Washington and patent issues within one year, except in cases of over crowding the department.
No assessment work need be done after the issuance of the receiver's receipt.
The government price for lode claims is $5 for each acre or fraction thereof.
All affidavits must be made before an officer legally qualified to administer oaths, and with few minor excep tions must be made within the land district.
A corporation may apply, if its citizenship is properly supported. Alien corporations may not patent, and sums paid by them are forfeited.
Time required to obtain receiver's receipt, six to eight months after survey.
Any other details desired can be supplied.
Estimate to Claimant Not to Be Made by the Mineral
Surveyor.
As per request I am pleased to submit you a detailed estimate of the minimum cost of obtaining United States
patent to the following mining claims, viz.: .
together with a general statement of the method of pro cedure, which may serve to guide you in the matter.
1. ( . ) Certified copies of the location notices — one
for each claim — to be obtained from the county recorder
at . t and forwarded to the United
States .Surveyor General at . $ together
with an application for official survey, drawn up on a spe cial blank, which can be furnished by this office. This must be signed with the name and address of applicant or his attorney. $ .
2. This application must be accompanied by a certifi-
Mineral Land Surveying.
cate of deposit from any bank, designated as a United States depository, showing that there has been deposited by the claimant, to the credit of the treasurer of the United States, a sum sufficient to cover the cost of office work on plats, transcripts, etc., in the Surveyor's General
office. In this state the cost is $ . for the first
claim, and $ . for each successive claim or frac tion. Total, $ .
No survey order will be issued unless money is de posited and unless application is accompanied by satisfac tory location certificates. (See special sheet in regard thereto.)
3. Official survey by United States Mineral Surveyor, in
cluding all expenses for traveling, assistants, incidentals, notary fees (all assistants appearing twice under oath in addition to their affidavit of improvements), also all office work on plats and field notes, and full returns to the Sur veyor General until the final approval of the survey. $ .
4. Attorney work, preparation of the patent application
and all papers in the case, as listed in the circular entitled "Method of Procedure," including the taking of affidavits and all notary fees. $ .
5. Abstract of title, as shown by the records of the
county recorder, cost depends upon number of claims, num ber of transfers, etc., and is very variable. In this case about $ .
6. Publication of the notice of application for patent. This must be advertised in the nearest newspaper to the claim, satisfactory to or designated by the register of the local land office. Amount charged is very variable and is
a matter for special contract. About $ . Sixty-one
consecutive days in daily, or nine consecutive weeks.
7. Fees for filing application for patent at the district
land office, in this case at . §
Mineral Land Surveying.
Payment must be made to the receiver when first set of papers are filed. $ .
8. Proof of posting plats, etc., and proof that plats,
etc., have remained posted. Two witnesses must in each case subscribe to these affidavits. Cost is very variable, depending on distance witnesses must cover in going to claim and to notary. About $ .
9. Certificate of no suit pending, proof of non-abandon
ment, proofs of sums paid, and miscellaneous affidavits, if necessary. About $ .
10. Purchase price from United States government for the land. Amount to be paid to the receiver of the district land office by the claimant for the acreage as returned by the Mineral Surveyor. Fractional acres are charged as full acres. Rate is $5 per acre for lode claims and millsites,
and $2.50 per acre for placers. About .
acres at $ .
Estimated total, $ .
If any adverses or protests be filed, costs are at once increased largely, and no approximate estimates can be made.
Notation to Accompany Surveyor's Estimate.
Many of the ordinary location notices upon which claims are held are not deemed "sufficient" by the Surveyor Gen eral, and survey orders will not be issued upon them with out amendment.
Satisfactory location certificates must in general be drawn up after a certain recognized government form, and state with great explicitness the locality and boundaries of the claim. The Surveyor General is authorized to re fuse survey orders on notices that are vague, indefinite, faulty, or that will not serve to fix the boundaries of the claim upon the public domain.
Furthermore, the surveyor is expressly prohibited from including any ground outside of the original boundaries
of the claim, even though said ground may be vacant at the time of survey, and neither side line may be over 300 feet distant from the middle of the vein at the surface. Any attempt to evade these requirements will probably cause a disapproval of the survey, or if successfully evaded in the plat and field notes, the entire application is subject to protest and cancellation in the land office.
This last requirement, together with the well-recognized principle that the end lines must be made parallel, often serves to cut off ground from the claim which can not be included in the patent application.
Very often this ground is valuable and must be made the subject of another survey and application, with its attendant cost.
It is, therefore, generally advisable, in all cases where claims have not already been surveyed for amended loca tion, to first make a preliminary survey of the claim-s, tak ing up all fractions and vacant ground, shifting the original locations, if necessary, so that the side lines and dis covery point present the proper relations to each other. Formal amended certificates are then filed, disposing of the ground in exactly the manner desired in the patent. A survey order may at once be obtained from these certifi cates and a survey based upon such re-location generally meets with prompt approval.
None whatever of the original rights are lost by this amendment, but, on the contrary, this simple procedure does away with nearly all of the protests, adverses, apex litigation, and other difficulties attendant upon the exer cise of mining rights.
H. J. Jory.
To oe filled in in accordance with the list of charges adopted by the Surveyors General in each state or territory, t County in which claim is located. t Capital of state or territory.
§ Land district office in state or territory.
Appendix.
The following extracts are from the
MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SURVEY OF THE MINERAL LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909.
Department Op The Interior.
General Land Office,
Washington, D. C., September 11, 1908. To United States Mineral Surveyors.
Sirs: These regulations are chiefly compiled from the
practice of the various surveying districts, no changes or additions being made, except where necessary to secure uni formity and to conform to present interpretations of the law.
You are expected to strictly comply with these instruc tions, and no survey wrill be accepted or approved by the surveyor general until all the requirements herein have been fully met.
Very respectfully,
Fred Dennett,
Commissioner.
Approved, October 6, 1908.
Frank Pierce,
First Assistant Secretary.
General Information.
Appointments.
1. Under section 2334, United States Revised Statutes, the United States surveyor general "may appoint in each land district containing mineral lands as many competent
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surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey mining claims."
2. Capable persons desiring such appointments should therefore file their applications with the surveyor general for the district wherein appointment is asked, who will fur nish all information necessary.
3. Mineral surveyors may, at the same time, be ap pointed in more than one State or land district. (20 L. D., 163.)
4. The surveyors general have authority to suspend or revoke the appointments of mineral surveyors for cause. The surveyors, however, will be allowed the right of appeal from the action of the surveyor general in the usual man ner. The appeal must be filed with the surveyor general, who will at once transmit the same, with a full report, to the General Land Office. (20 L. D., 2S3.)
5. Neither the surveyor general nor the Commissioner of the General Land Office has jurisdiction to settle differ ences, relative to the payment of charges for field work, be tween mineral surveyors and claimants. These are matters of private contract and must be enforced in the ordinary manner, i. e., in the local courts. The department has, how ever, authority to investigate charges affecting the official actions of mineral surveyors, including combinations to fix prices for survey work, and will, on sufficient cause shown, suspend or revoke the appointment of the surveyor.
6. Where error in the original survey appears to be the fault of the mineral surveyor who made the survey, he should be required to make the necessary corrections in the field as speedily as practicable; and upon his failure or re fusal, without satisfactory reason, to comply with instruc tions within a specified time, he should be called upon to show why his appointment should not be suspended or re voked for willful neglect or incompetency. In the event he fails or refuses to comply with the instructions, the mineral
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claimant will be notified and given a reasonable time to apply for an amended survey.
7. These instructions are subject to the limitations of section 2324, United States Revised Statutes, so far as the same refers to local laws and customs.
8. The Commissioner of the General Land Office is exofficio United States surveyor general for Arkansas and Florida, and all surveys in Oklahoma are made under his direction as Commissioner.
Bonds.
9. All bonds of mineral surveyors must be submitted to the Commissioner of the General Land Office for approval.
10. The appointment of a mineral surveyor is not for any fixed period, the continuation thereof depending upon the character of the service rendered. The surveyor general will, therefore, not appoint mineral surveyors for a specified term. While under the act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat., 807), mineral surveyors' bonds are examined every two years as to their sufficiency, and new bonds required every four years from their dates; the latter requirement is not because the term has then expired.
11. A mineral surveyor is not authorized to perform any work under his appointment until his official bond shall have been accepted by the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The bond shall be in a sum not less than $5,000, and will become effective and the liability of the principal and surety will begin with the acceptance of the bond by the Commissioner.
12. Bonds cannot be cancelled, nor can the surety thereto withdraw, to the extent of relieving the surety of liability for defaults during the time the principal performed his duties thereunder. The most that may be done is to relieve the surety of future responsibility by requiring a new bond, or by the retirement from office of the principal, by formal notice from the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
13. Mineral Surveyors' bonds will be examined every
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two years by the surveyor general as to their sufficiency, and every four years such bonds shall be renewed as pro vided by the act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat., 807). Only cor porate sureties will be accepted.
14. If at any time the surveyor general deems the surety on a bond insufficient, he will report the matter to the Commissioner of the General Land Office for instruc tions, notifying-the mineral surveyor of his action, and the mineral surveyor will be required to renew his bond within sixty days under penalty of revocation of his appointment, unless satisfactory explanation of delay is offered therefor. Unsatisfactory service, also, will be deemed sufficient cause for a revocation of an appointment, but the surveyor gen eral's action therein, subject to appeal, will require the ap proval of the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
15. The acceptance of a bond will be based upon an ev ident desirability or necessity therefor, and, prior to an ac ceptance of such bond, the principal will be required to make satisfactory explanation to the surveyor general, sup porting his tender of same.
Instructions To Mineral Surveyors.
General.
1. All official communications must be addressed to the ' surveyor general. You will always refer to the date and subject-matter of the letter to which you reply, and when a mineral claim is the subject of correspondence, you will give the name and survey number.
2. You should keep a complete record of each survey made by you, and of the facts coming to your knowledge at the time, as well as copies of all your field notes, reports, and official correspondence, in order that such evidence may be readily produced when called for at any future time.
3. Field notes and other reports must be written in a clear and legible hand or typewritten, in noncopying ink,
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and upon the proper blanks gratuitously furnished you by the surveyor general's office upon application. No interlin nations or erasures will be allowed, and no abbreviations or symbols must be used, except such as are indicated in the specimen field notes.
4. No return by you will be recognized as official unless it is over your signature as a United States mineral sur veyor and made in pursuance of a special order from the surveyor general's office. After you have received an order for survey, you are required to make the survey and return correct field notes thereof to the surveyor general's office without delay.
5. The claimant is required, in all cases, to make satis factory arrangements with you for the payment for your services and those of your assistants in making the survey, as the United States will not be held responsible for the same. You will call the attention of applicants for mineralsurvey orders to the requirements of paragraph 12 of the circular, Appendix A. (Sec. 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats., par. 90, Mining Circular, May 21, 1907.)
6. Jou will promptly notify the surveyor general's office of any change in your postoffice address. (20 L. D., 163.)
7. You are precluded from acting, either directly or in directly, as attorney in mineral claims. Your duty in any particular case ceases when you have executed the survey and returned the field notes and preliminary plat, with your report, to the surveyor general. You will not be allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the papers in support of his application for patent, or otherwise perform the duties of an attorney before the land office in connection with a mining claim. You are not permitted to combine the duties of surveyor and notary public in the same case by adminis tering oaths to the parties in interest. It is preferable that both preliminary and final oaths of assistants should be taken before some officer duly authorized to administer oaths, other than the mineral surveyor. In cases, however,
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where great delay, expense, or inconvenience would result from a strict compliance with this rule, you are authorized to administer the necessary oaths to your assistants, but in each case where this is done, you will submit to the proper surveyor general a full written report of the cir cumstances which required your stated action; otherwise you must have absolutely nothing to do with the case, ex cept in your official capacity as surveyor.
The Field Work.
8. The survey made and reported must, in every case, be an actual survey on the ground in full detail, made by you in person after the receipt of the order, and without reference to any knowledge you may have previously ac quired by reason of having made the location survey or oth erwise, and must show the actual facts existing at the time. This precludes you from calculating the connections to cor ners of the public survey and mineral monuments, or any other lines of your survey through prior surveys, unless it is satisfactorily shown in your report that you have re traced such lines and found them to be correct. (6 L. D., 718; 7 L. D.-, 81.)
The term survey in these instructions applies not only to the usual held work, but also to the examinations required for the preparation of your affidavits of $500 expenditure, descriptive reports on placer claims, and all other reports
Survey and Location.
9. The survey of a mining claim may include several contiguous locations owned in common, but such survey must, in conformity with statutory requirements, distinguish the several locations, and exhibit the boundaries of each. (5 L. D., 199; 6 L. D., 808; 29 L. D., 585.)
10. The survey must be made in strict conformity with, or be embraced within, the lines* of the location upon which the order is based. If the survey and location are identical, that fact must be clearly and distinctly stated in your field
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notes. If not identical, a bearing and distance must be given from each established corner of the survey to the cor responding corner of the location, and the location corner must be fully described, so that it can be identified. The lines of the location, as found upon the ground, must be laid down upon the preliminary plat in such a manner as to contrast and show their relation to the lines of survey. (1 L. D., 581.)
The survey will be given but one number. A location under the mining laws can legally be made only of a tract or piece of land embraced within one set of boundary lines; and twro or more tracts merely cornering with each other cannot legally be embraced in a single location. (33 L. D., 560; 35 L. D., 485.)
11. In accordance wfith the principle that courses and distances must give way when in conflict with fixed objects and monuments, you will not under any circumstances change the corners of the location for the purpose of mak ing them conform to the description in the record. If the difference from the location be slight, it may be explained in the field notes.
The act of Congress of May 10, 1872, expressly provides that "the location must be distinctly marked upon the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced," and "that all records of mining claims hereafter made shall con tain the name or names of the locators, the date of the lo cation, and such a description of the claim or claims lo cated, by reference to some natural object or permanent monument, as will identify the claim." (Sec. 2324, U. S. Rev. Stats.)
These provisions of the law must be strictly complied with in each case to entitle the claimant to a survey and patent, and, therefore, should a claimant under a location made subsequent to the passage of the act of May 10, 1872,
who has not complied with said requirements in regard to marking the location upon the ground and recording the
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same, apply for a survey, you will decline to make it. (1
L. D., 582.) You will then report the facts to the surveyor general and await further instructions.
Should the survey be applied for under a location made prior to May 10, 1872, under section 2332, United States Re vised Statutes, in making the survey thereof you will be governed by the special instructions accompanying the or der for survey.
No mining claim located subsequent to May 10, 1872,
should exceed the statutory limit in width on each side of the center of vein, or 1,500 feet in length, and all surveys must close within 50/100 feet in 1,000 feet, and the error must not be such as to make the location exceed the statu tory limit; and in absence of other proof the discovery point is held to be the center of the vein on the surface. The course and length of the vein should be marked upon the plat and specifically described in the field notes.
Lode Line and End Lines.
''There is no warrant in the mining laws for extending, arbitrarily and without any basis of fact therefor, the vein or lode line of a location in an irregular and zigzag man ner for the purpose of controlling the length or situation of the exterior lines of the location to suit the convenience, real or imagined, of the locator.
"The end lines of a lode location must be straight and parallel to each other and when at right angles with the side lines may not exceed six hundred feet in length.
"The mining laws contemplate that the end lines of a lode claim shall have substantial existence in fact, and in length shall reasonably comport with the width of the claim as located."
Instrument.
12. All mineral surveys must be made with a transit, either with or without solar attachment, by which the me ridian can be determined independently of the magnetic
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needle, and all courses must be referred to the true meridian. The variation should be noted at each corner of the survey.
The True Meridian.
13. The true course of at least one line of each survey must be ascertained by astronomical observations, i. e., either Polaris or sun observations, made at the time of the survey; .the data for determining the same and details as to how these data were arrived at must be given. Or, in lieu of the foregoing, the survey must be connected with some line the true course of which has been previously estab lished beyond question, and in a similar manner by your self, and, when such lines exist, it is desirable in all cases that they should be used as a proof of the accuracy of sub sequent work. In this connection you will be governed by the instructions for methods of obtaining a true meridian.
Connections.
14. Connect corner No. 1 of each location embraced in your survey by course and distance with nearest corner of the public survey or with a United States mineral monu ment if the claim lies within 2 miles of such corner or mon ument. If both are within the required distance, you must connect with the nearest corner of the public survey. (7 L. D., 475; paragraph 36, Mining Circular, May 21, 1907.)
(a) You will make surveys and connection of mineral claims in suspended townships, so long as they remain sus pended, in the same manner as though the claims were upon unsurveyed land, except as hereinbefore specified, by con necting them with independent mineral monunients. At the same time you will note the position of any public land corner which may be found in the neighborhood of the claim, so that, in case of the release of the township plat from suspension, the position of the claim can be shown on the plat.
(b) A mineral survey must not be returned with its connection made only with a corner of the public survey,
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where the survey of the township within which it is situ ated is under suspension, nor connected with a mineral monument alone when situated within the limits of a town ship or within 2 miles of a corner thereof the regularity and correctness of the survey of which is unquestioned.
If a mining claim is situated within the limits of a town ship, the regularity and correctness of the survey of which is unquestioned but no corner of the public survey can be found within two miles of the claim after diligent search, connection may be made with a mineral monument, the mineral monument to be connected with a regularly estab lished survey corner.
(c) In making an official survey hereafter you will es tablish corner No. 1 of each location embraced in your sur vey at the corner nearest the corner of the public survey or mineral monument, unless good cause is shown for its be ing placed otherwise. If connections are given to both a corner of the public survey and mineral monument, corners Nos. 1 should be placed at the end nearest the corner of the public survey.
15. When a boundary line of a mineral claim intersects a section line, give courses and distances from the points of intersection to the corners of the public surveys at each end of the half mile of section line so intersected.
Mineral Monuments.
16. In case your survey is situated in a district where there are no corners of the public survey and no monuments within the prescribed limits, you will proceed to establish a mineral monument, in the location of which you will exer cise the greatest care to insure permanency as to site a,nd construction.
The site, when practicable, should be some prominent point, visible for a long distance from every direction, and should be so chosen that the permanency of the monument will not be endangered by snow, rock or landslides, or other natural causes. Its position with reference to latitude and
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longitude should be determined and stated as accurately as the instruments used will permit.
17. The monument should consist of a stone not less than 30 inches long, 20 inches wide, and 6 inches thick, set half wTay in the ground, with a conical mound of stone 4 feet high and 6 feet base alongside. The letters U. S. M. M., followed by the consecutive number of the monument in the district, must be plainly chiseled upon the stone. If impracticable to obtain a stone of required dimensions, then a post 8 feet long, 6 inches square, set 3 feet in the ground, scribed as for a stone monument, protected by a well-built conical mound of stone of not less than 3 feet high and 6 feet base around it, may be used. The exact point for con nection must be indicated on the monument by a + chiseled thereon; if a post is used, then a tack must be driven into the post to indicate the point. Any necessary departure from the prescribed material and size of monument must be fully explained.
18. From the monument connections by course and dis tance must be taken to two or three bearing trees or rocks, and to any wrell-known and permanent objects in the vicin ity, such as the confluence of streams, prominent rocks, buildings, shafts, or mouths of adits. Bearing trees must be properly scribed B T and bearing rocks chiseled B R to gether with the number of the mineral monument; the ex act point on the tree or stone to which the connection is taken should be indicated by a cross or other unmistakable mark. Bearings should also be taken to prominent moun tain peaks, and the approximate distance and direction ascertained from the nearest town or mining camp. A detailed description of the mineral monument, with a to pographical map of its location, should be furnished the General Land Office.
Where practicable, it is desired that mineral surveyors connect by course and distance with mineral monuments in the vicinity other than those prescribed for connections
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as being within the limitation of distance. The purpose of this is to enable the General Land Office to locate the various mineral monuments established and used prior to the extension of the public subdivisional surveys over the land.
Corners.
(1) A stone at least 24 inches long set 12 inches in the ground, with a conical mound of stone 1 y2 feet high, 2 feet base, alongside, and state kind of stone set for corner. A stone should always be used for a corner when possible.
(2) A post at least 3 feet long by 4 inches square, set 18 inches in the ground and surrounded by a substantial
mound of stone or earth.
Should it become necessary to vary from these instruc tions, your returns must contain a full statement of tne reason for establishing a corner differing from those pre scribed.
20. All corners must be established in a permanent and workmanlike manner, and the corner and survey number must be neatly chiseled or scribed on the sides facing the
claim. The exact corner point must be permanently indi cated on the corner. When a rock in place is used its di
mensions above ground must be stated, and a cross chiseled' at the exact corner point.
21. In case the point for the corner be inaccessible or unsuitable, you will establish a witness corner, which must be marked with the letters W C in addition to the corner and survey number. The witness corner should be located upon a line of the survey and as near as possible to the true corner which it must be connected by course and distance. The reason why it is impossible or impractica ble to establish the true corner must always be stated in the field notes, and in running your next course state whether
you start from the true place for corner or from witness
corner.
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22. The identity of all corners should be perpetuated by taking the courses and distances to bearing trees, rocks, and other objects, as prescribed in the establishment of mineral monuments, and when no bearings are given, state "no bearings available." Permanent objects should be se lected for bearings whenever possible.
23. If an official mineral survey has been made in the vicinity, within a reasonable distance, a further connecting line should be run to some corner thereof; and in like man ner all conflicting surveys and locations should be so con nected, and the corner with wThich connection is made in each case described. Such connections will be made and conflicts shown according to the boundaries of the neigh boring or conflicting claims as each is marked, defined, and actually established upon the ground. You will fully and specifically state in your returns how and by what visible evidences you wTere able to identify on the ground the several conflicting surveys and those which appear accord ing to their returned tie or boundary lines to conflict, if they were so identified, and report errors or discrepancies found by you in any such surveys. In the survey of con tiguous claims which constitute a consolidated group, where corners are common, bearings should be mentioned but once.
Tubular iron posts with flaring base, cement core, and brass cap for marking with steel stamps, have been adopted for agricultural public-land-survey corners, and it is be lieved that, wherever possible, the establishment of similar corners for mineral surveys would add greatly to the value of the survey made. Such corners are identified at a glance, may be accurately set, are difficult to move, easily found, and are indestructible. Their use is recommended.
Topography.
24. Note carefully all topographical features of the claim, taking distances on your lines to intersections with
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all streams, gulches, ditches, ravines, mountain ridges, roads, trails, etc., with their widths, courses, and other data that may be required to map them correctly. If the claim lies within a townsite locate all municipal improvements, such as blocks, streets and buildings.
Conflicts.
25. If, in running the exterior lines of a claim, the survey is found to conflict with the survey of another claim, the distances to the points of intersection, and the courses and distances along the line intersected from an established corner of such conflicting claim to such points of intersec tion, should be described in the field notes: Provided, That where a corner of the conflicting survey falls within the claim being surveyed, such corner should be selected from which to give the bearing, otherwise the corner nearest the intersection should be taken. The same rule should gov ern in the survey of claims embracing two or more loca tions the lines of which intersect.
Lode and Mill Site.
26. A lode and mill-site claim in one survey will be distinguished by the letters A and B following the number of the survey. The corners of the mill site will be numbered independently of those of the lode. Corner No. 1 of the mill site must be connected with a corner of the lode claim as well as with a corner of the public survey or mineral mon ument.
Field Notes.
27. In order that the results of your survey may be re ported in a uniform manner, you will prepare your field notes and preliminary plat in strict conformity with the specimen field notes and plats, which are made part of these instructions. They are designed to furnish you all the needed information concerning the manner of describ ing the boundaries, corners, connections, intersections, con flicts, and improvements, and stating the variation, area,
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location, and other data connected with the survey of min eral claims, and certain forms of affidavits for the sur veyor and his assistants.
28. When a placer claim includes lodes, or when sev eral contiguous placer or lode locations are included as one claim in one survey, you will give to the corners of each location constituting the same a separate consecutive nu merical designation, beginning with corner No. 1 in each case. In the former case, you will first describe the placer claim in your field notes.
29. Throughout thj description of the survey, after each reference to the lines or corners of a location, give the name thereof, and if unsurveyed state the fact. If ref erence is made to a location included in a prior official sur vey, the survey number must be given, followed by the name of the location. Describe your corners once only.
30. The total area of each location in a group embraced by its exterior boundaries, and also the area in conflict with each intersecting survey or claim, should be stated. The area claimed will not be stated. But when locations of the survey conflict with each other such conflicts should only, be stated in connection with the location from which the conflicting area is excluded.
The field notes and plat of survey should not show ex clusions, or attempt to specify the net area of the claim. These are matters for the applicant to state in connection with his application for patent, and the notices posted and published. The field notes should merely show the total and net areas of conflict, so that any exclusion desired may be readily made.
31. You will state particularly whether the claim is upon surveyed or unsurveyed public, lands, giving in the former case the quarter section, township, and range in which it is located, and in the latter, the township and range as near as can be determined. Wffien upon surveyed
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lands the section lines should be indicated by full lines and the quarter-section lines by dotted lines.
32. The title page must contain the postoffice address of the claimant or his authorized agent.
Expenditure of $500.
33. In making out your certificate of the value of the improvements, you will follow the form prescribed in the specimen field notes.
34. Only actual expenditures and mining improvements
t
made by the claimant or his grantors, having a direct rela tion to the development of the claim, can be included in your estimate. "Labor or improvements, within the mean ing of the statute, are deemed to have been had on a min ing claim, whether it consists of one location or several, when the labor is performed or the improvements are made for its development, that is, to facilitate the extraction of the metals it may contain." (6 L. D., 222.)
35. The expenditures required may be made from the surface or in running a tunnel, drifts, or crosscuts, for the development of the claim. Improvements of any other character, such as buildings, machinery, or roadways, must be excluded from your estimate unless you show clearly that they are associated with actual excavations, such as cuts, tunnels, shafts, etc., are essential to the practical de- ' velopment of, and actually facilitate the extraction of min eral from the claim.
36. You will locate all mining and other improvement's upon the claim by courses and distances from corners or the survey, or from points on the indicated lode line, or side lines, specifying with particularity and detail the dimen sions and character of each, and the improvements upon each location should be numbered consecutively, the point of discovery being always No. 1. Improvements made by a former locator, who has abandoned his claim, can not be included in the estimate, but should be described and lo-
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cated by separate statement, in the notes and on the plat.
37. You wiH give in detail the value of each mining improvement included in your estimate of expenditures, and when a tunnel or other improvement has been made for the development of other claims in connec tion with the one for which survey is made, you must give the name, ownership, and survey number, if any, of each claim to be credited, and the value of the interest creditedto each claim.
38. In case of a lode and mill site in the same survey, an expenditure of $500 is required to be shown upon the lode claim only.
Common Improvements, Etc.
39. When a survey embraces several locations held in common constituting one entire claim whether lode or placer, an expenditure of $500 for each location embraced in the survey will be sufficient.
'Where several contiguous mining claims are held in common and expenditures are made upon an improvement intended to aid in the common development of all of the claims so held, and which is of such character as to redound to the benefit of all, such improvement is properly called a common improvement.
"Each of a group of contiguous mining claims held in common and developed by a common improvement has an equal, undivided interest in such improvement, which is to be determined by a calculation based upon the number of claims in the group and the value of the common improve ment.
"There is no authority in the law for an unequal as signment of credits out of the cost of an improvement made for the common benefit of a number of mining claims, or the apportionment of a physical segment of an improve ment of that character to any particular claim or claims of the number, such an arbitrary judgment of credits, as the
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exigencies of the case may seem to require, being utterly at variance with the essential idea inherent in the term, a common improvement.
"In any patent proceedings where a part of a group of mining claims is applied for and reliance is had upon a com mon improvement, the land department should be fully ad vised as to the total number of claims embraced in the group, as to their ownership, and as to their relative situa tions, properly delineated upon an authenticated map or diagram. Such information should always be furnished in connection with the first proceeding involving an applica tion of credit from the common improvement, and should be referred to and properly supplemented in each subse quent patent application in which a like credit is sought to be applied."
Improvements Succeed Locations, Etc.
"A common improvement or system, offered for patent purposes, although of sufficient aggregate value and of the requisite benefit to all the mining claims of a group, can not be accepted as it then stands in full satisfaction of the stat utory requirement as to sucli of the claims the location of which it preceded, the law requiring that an expenditure ot at least $500 shall succeed the location of every claim.
"If the requisite benefit to the group is shown, or to the extent of such of the claims as are so benefited, and the el ements of contiguity and common interest in the claims concerned appear; if the improvement represents a total value sufficient for patent purposes for the number of
claims so involved; if for each claim located after the partial
construction of the improvement the latter has been subsequently extended so as to represent an added value of
not less than $500, each is entitled under the law to a share
of the value of the common improvement in its entirety, no claim receiving more or less than another from that source, participating therein without distinction or differ-
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ence, and as to each the statutory requirement is satisfied."
40. The explanatory statement in such cases should be given in your field notes, or affidavit, at the conclusion of the description of the improvements included in the esti mate of expenditure, and should be as full and explicit as the facts in the case warrant, dealing-only with the im provements, conditions, and circumstances as they actually existed at the time of making the survey or examination.
41. If the value of the labor and improvements upon a mineral claim is less than $500 at the time of survey, you are authorized to file thereafter supplemental proof, show ing $500 expenditure made prior to the expiration of the period of publication. The information on which to base this proof must be derived by the surveyor, who makes the actual survey, from a careful examination upon the prem ises.
42. You will file wfith your field notes a preliminary plat made on tracing cloth, protracted on a scale of 200 feet to an inch, if practicable, in conformity with the specimen plat herewith. In preparing plats make the top north. Copy of your calculations of areas by double meridian distances and of all triangulations or traverse lines must also be furnished. The lines of the claim surveyed, on this plat and on all plats of approved surveys, should be heavier and show a contrast with conflicting claims.
Errors.
43. Where error in an original survey appears prior to the issuance of patent, the surveyor, who made such sur vey, will be required to make the necessary corrections in the field within a specified time; and failure or refusal, without satisfactory reason therefor, to comply with in structions will be followed by suspension or revocation of appointment. The mineral claimant will be notified of the action taken and given a reasonable time to apply for an amended survey.
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Whenever a survey is reported in error by a surveyor, the surveyor who made the survey will be required promptly to examine same upon the ground, and, if found in error, will report the errors in detail, under oath, to the surveyor general's office. If he should report his survey correct, a joint survey with the surveyor who reported the errors will be ordered to settle the difference.
Joint Survey.
44. A joint survey must be made within ten days after the date of order, unless satisfactory reasons are submitted, under oath, for a postponement.
45. The field work must in every sense of the term be a joint and not a separate survey, and the observations ahd measurements taken with the same instrument and chain, previously tested and agreed upon.
46. The surveyor found in error, will make out the field notes of the joint survey, which, after being duly signed and. sworn to by both parties, must be transmitted to the sur veyor general's office.
Amended Surveys.
47. Inasmuch as amended surveys are ordered only by special instructions from the General Land Office, and the conditions and circumstances peculiar to each separate case, and the object sought by the required amendment, alone govern all special matters relative to the manner of making such survey and the form and subject-matter to be em braced in the field notes thereof, but few general rules ap plicable to all cases can be laid down.
48. The amended survey must be made in strict con formity with, or be embraced within, the lines of the original
survey. If the amended and original surveys are iden tical, that fact must be clearly and distinctly stated in your field notes. If not identical, a bearing and distance must be given from each established corner of the amended sur vey to the corresponding corner of the original survey. The
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lines of the original survey, as found upon the ground, must be laid down upon the preliminary plat in such manner as to contrast and show their relation to the lines of the amended survey.
49. The field notes of the amended survey must be pre pared on the same size and form of blanks as are the field notes of the original survey, and the "amended" must be used before the word "survey" wherever it occurs in the field notes.
Descriptive Reports on Placer Claims.
50. By General Land Office circular, approved May 21, 1907, paragraph 60, you are required to make a full exam ination of all placer claims at the time of survey, and file with your field notes a descriptive report, in which you will describe:
(a) The quality and composition of the soil, and the kind and amount of timber, and other vegetation.
(b) The location and size of streams, and such other matter as may appear upon the surface of the claims.
(c) The character and extent of all surface and under ground workings, whether placer or lode, for mining pur poses, locating and describing them.
(d) The proximity of centers of trade or residence.
(e) The proximity of well-known systems of lode de posits or of individual lodes.
(f) The use or adaptability of the claim for placer mining, and whether wrater has been brought upon it in sufficient quantity to mine the same, or whether it can be procured for that purpose.
(g) What works or expenditures have been made by the claimant or his grantors for the development of the claim, and their situation and location with respect to the same as applied for.
(h) The true situation of all mines, salt licks, salt springs, and mill-seats, which come to your knowledge, or
Mineral, Land Surveying.
report that none exist on the claim, as the facts may war rant.
(i) Said report must be made under oath, and duly corroborated by one or more disinterested persons.
51. Descriptive reports, as above, on placer claims taken by legal subdivisions will not be made, as mineral survey ors have no duties to perform touching such claims. fSec. 2331, U. S. Rev. Stats., and paragraph 58, Mining Circular, approved May 21, 1907.)
Practice.
52. Claimants, their attorneys, or parties in interest shall not be employed as assistants in making mineral sur
53. Your field work must be accurately and properly performed and your returns made in conformity with the foregoing instructions. Errors in the survey must be cor rected at your own expense, and if the time required in the examination of your returns is increased by reason of your neglect or carelessness, you will be required to make an additional deposit for office work. You will be held to a strict accountability for the faithful discharge of your du ties, and will be required to observe fully the requirements and regulations in force as to making mineral surveys. If found incompetent as a surveyor, careless in the discharge of your duties, or guilty of a violation of said regulations,- your appointment will be promptly revoked.
A mineral surveyor is within the purview of section 452 of the Revised Statutes, which prohibits officers, clerks, and employees in the General Land Office from directly or' in directly purchasing or becoming interested in the purchase of any of the public lands, upon penalty of forfeiture of his official position. (36 L. D., 61.)
Circular to Applicants.
Applicants for mineral survey orders will observe the following requirements in the conduct of their business
Mineral Land Surveying.
with the surveyor general's office, the same being based upon the United States mining laws, and circular and spe cial instructions from the Commissioner of the General Land Office:
1. All applications for survey orders, descriptive re ports on placer claims, or certificates of $500 expenditures, should be addressed to the surveyor general, and be signed by the claimants; their agents or attorney.
2. Each application should contain:
(a) The name of the claimant in full, and as it is de sired to appear in the application for patent.
(b) The name of each location embraced in the claim.
(c) The name of the land and mining districts in which the claim is located.
(d) The name of the mineral surveyor to whom it is desired the order shall be issued.
(For form of application see page 124.)
3. The applicant is required to file with each applica tion for survey order a copy of the record of location of the claim, properly certified by the recorder of the county or mining district where the claim is situate.
4. The mineral surveyor is required to survey the claim in strict conformity with or within the lines of the location upon which the order of survey is based. The ap plicant is therefore advised, before filing his application, to see that his location has been made in compliance with the law and regulations, and that it properly describes the claim for which patent is to be sought.
Section 2324, United States Revised Statutes, expressly provides that "the location must be distinctly marked on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced." and that "all records of mining claims hereafter made shall contain the name or names of the locators, the date of the location, and such a description of the claim or claims lo cated by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will identify the claim."
Mineral Land Surveying.
These provisions of the law must be strictly complied with in each case, to entile a claimant to a survey and patent, and therefore should a claimant under a location made subsequent to the passage of the mining act of May 10, 1872 (referred to in said section 2324), who has not com plied with such requirements in regard to marking the lo cation upon the ground, and recording the same, apply for a survey, the surveyor general will decline to order it.
The only relief for a party under such circumstances will be to make a new location in conformity to law and regulations, as no survey will be approved by the surveyor general's office, unless these and all other provisions of law are substantially complied with.
A lode locator may not, in the same location, lawfully include any surface area, or acquire any incidental mining rights therein, outside of the course of, or vertical planes drawn downward through, the established end lines of his claim extended in their own direction. (35 L. D., 592.)
5. The surveyor general will furnish the applicant an estimate of the cost of the platting and other office work connected with the survey in his office, which amount the applicant will deposit with any assistant United Statestreasurer, or designated depository, in favor of the United States Treasurer, to be passed to the credit of the fund created by "individual depositors for surveys of the public lands." The duplicate certificate issued for such deposit will be immediately forwarded to the office of the surveyor general by the applicant who will retain the triplicate cer tificate for his own use and security. Under no circum stances can this deposit be made with or by the surveyor general.
Payment for exemplified copies of plats or other records in the office of the surveyor general will be made or remit ted directly to that officer, who will promptly receipt for the same. (36 L. D., 125.)
6. The various surveyors general have schedules of
Mineral Land Surveying.
rates for office work, and an estimate of the cost in any par ticular case may be had upon application.
Should an applicant deem an estimate excessive, he will be allowed the right of appeal to the General Land Office in the usual manner.
In transmitting such an appeal the surveyor general should transmit therewith a full report.
7. An application for an amended survey order must be accompanied with a statement setting forth fully the reasons for the proposed amendment and all the material facias in the matter.
8. If, after having obtained a survey order, the applicant should abandon his purpose of having a survey made, he can apply the deposit, less the amount estimated for office expenses already incurred, on a survey of another claim if one is desired.
9. Upon discovery of any error or defect in an order the applicant is requested to return it to the surveyor gen eral's office for correction or amendment.
10. If, after having obtained an order for survey, the ap plicant should find that the record of location does not practically describe the location as staked upon the ground, he should file a certified copy of an amended location cer tificate, correctly describing the claim, and obtain an amended order for survey.
11. The order of approval of surveys of mineral claims is prescribed by General Land Office circular dated March 3, 1881, as follows:
The mining survey first applied for shall have the prior ity of action in all its stages in the office of the surveyor general including the delivery thereof, over any other sur vey of the same ground or any portion thereof.
The surveyor general should not order or .authorize a survey of a claim which conflicts with one previously ap plied for until tfye survey first applied for has been com pleted, examined, approved, and platted, and the plats de-
Mineral Land Surveying.
livered, unless the survey, first authorized is not returned within a reasonable period, and the applicant for a conflict ing survey makes affidavit that he believes (stating the rea sons for his belief) that such first applicant has abandoned his purpose of having a survey made, or is deferring it for vexatious purposes, to wit, to postpone the subsequent ap plicant, in which case the surveyor general shall give no tice of such charges to such first applicant, and call upon him for an explanation under oath of the delay. He shall also require the mineral surveyor to make a full state ment in writing, explanatory of the delay; and if the sur veyor general shall conclude that good and sufficient rea sons for such delay do not exist, he shall authorize the ap plicant for the conflicting survey to proceed with the same; otherwise the order of proceedings shall not be changed.
When the conflict does not appear until the field notes of the respective surveys are returned, then the survey first applied for should be first examined, approved, and platted, and the plats delivered before the field notes of the survey last applied for are taken up for examination or plats con structed.
Whenever an applicant for a survey shall have reason to suppose that a conflicting claimant will also apply for a survey for patent, he may give notice in writing to the surveyor general particularly describing such conflicting claim and file a copy of the notice of location of such con flicting claim. In such case the surveyor general will not order or authorize any survey of such conflicting claim until the survey first applied for has been examined, completed, approved, and platted, and the plats delivered.
12. The applicant has the option of employing any United States mineral surveyor in the district to execute the order of survey, and must make satisfactory arrange ments with such surveyor for the payment of his services and those of his assistants in making the survey, as the United States will not be held responsible for the payment
Mineral Land Surveying.
of the same. The duty of the surveyor in any particular case ceases when he has executed the survey and filed his returns of survey in the surveyor general's office. He is not allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the papers in support of an application for patent, being precluded from acting directly or indirectly as attorney in mineral claims. (Sec. 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats.)
13. The applicant is advised of his right to appeal to the Commissioner of the General Land Office from the approval or disapproval of the survey of his claim. The appeal must be in writing or in print, should set forth in brief and clear terms the specific points of exception to the ruling appealed from, and should be transmitted through the surveyor gen eral's office.
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Illustrating the various problems met with in practical mining, making locations of claims, obtaining patents, etc. The best book on the subject ever written.
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Origin Of Ore Deposits.
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exceedingly useful book. Fills a need seriously felt mining men, and it will have a place in the pocket of jry mining operator. Many a mine superintendent has puzzled at times by the behavior of the ore body he j mining and das' felt that a better knowledge of ore deposition would be of immense value to him.
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Lysis, Detection And Commercial Value Of The Rare Metals.
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treatise on the occurrence and distribution of the rare medals and earths, the methods of determination and their commercial value in the arts and industries, with a hisvical and statistical review of each. Fourth edition, thor- Ov lly revised, enlarged and brought up to date.
Uloth bound; 300 pages. Price, $3.00.
From Prospect To Mine.
By Etienne Ritter, M. E.
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Information From Mining Science.
As the name would imply, this book is composed of many of the more important notes and articles appearing in Mining Science from time to time. In republishing this in formation in book form the publishers are placing n the hands of their readers a large amount of valuable data, so indexed as to be readily referred to. It has also frequently happened that some article creates so great a demand for extra copies of the issue in which it appears that the pub lishers find it impossible to fill the order. It is hoped by means of this reproduction that most of these difficulties may be obviated.
Vol. I; cloth bound; about 200 pages; illustrated. Price, $1.00.
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