Preliminary report on a portion of the main coast of British Columbia and adjacent islands included in New Westminster and Nanaimo districts [microform]

Le Roy, O. E. (Osmond Edgar) · 1908 · Historical

Sir, —I beg to present herewith a report on a geological reconnais sance of that portion of the main coast of British Columbia and adjacent islands included

This 1908 document, Preliminary report on a portion of the main coast of British Columbia and adjacent islands included in New Westminster and Nanaimo districts [microform], is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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: c DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH

Tow. W. Tempieman, MINISTER; A. P. Low, Deruty MINISTER 3

R. W. Brock, AcTina imxcTOR.

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Preliminary Report

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ON A PORTION OF THE MAIN COAST oF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS

New Westminster And Nanaimo Districts

By

O. E. Lr Roy

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Ottawa

PRINTED BY 8S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY No, 996

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Canada Department Of Mines Geological Survey Branch

Dow. W. Temriremay, Mivisten; A P. Low, Deruty MINISTER 3 R. W. Brock, Active DikecToR

Preliminary Report

PORTION OF THE MAIN COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS INCLUDED IN

New Westminster And Nanaimo Districts

By

Ottawa

PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE ®TNG'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 190s.

No. 996

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Contents.

Introduction. . Geography. . General Geology.

Polaeozoic Mesozoic. . Tertiary. .

Quatermary. .

Economie ¢ teology. .

Lynn Creek Camp. .

Howe Sound.. Jervis Inlet. . Seechelt Inlet. . Texada Island. .

Structural Stone. .

Water Power.. Timber. .

Page.

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A, P. Low, Esq., Deputy Head and Director,

Geological Survey of Canada.

Sir, —I beg to present herewith a report on a geological reconnais sance of that portion of the main coast of British Columbia and adjacent islands included in the mining districts of New Westminster and Nanaimo. In this preliminary examination, which occupied the summer of 1906, especial attention was paid to the formations of economic importance that occur in this region.

To Messrs. W. W. F. Robertson and H. Carmichael of the Provincial Mining Bureau, Messrs. A. Grant, A. F, Eastman and H. D. Robinson of the Marble Bay mine, and Messrs. M. T. Adams, W. Jacobs, W. H. Lee, H. Youdall, S. F. Raymond and A, S. Going my sincere thanks are due for their courteous assistance in facilitating my work,

I have the honour to remain, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

O. E. Le Roy. Ottawa, May 1, 1907.

Note.

In this report distances are given in statute miles, and all bearings

are with reference to the true meridian.

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Introduction.

The area described in this report embraces that portion of the coast of British Columbia lying between the International Boundary and the mouth of Powell river on Malaspina strait. It includes Burrard inlet, Howe sound, Jervis inlet and the adjacent islands. With the exception of Texada and Lasqueti islands, the area is wholly in the mining district of New Westminster.

The greater part of this region has not been previously examined geologically. In 1873 and 1875 the late Mr. James Richardson* visited Texada and Lasqueti islands, while the late Dr. Dawson+ examined the shores of those islands, and the main coast from Jervis inlet to Powell river, during his reconnaissance trip in 1885.

The present report is of a preliminary character, and the exploration was confined mainly to the shore line, the examination of inland areas being made only where the formations were of sufficient economie importance. Texada island, in its western half, was subjected to a somewhat detailed examination, as it seemingly presented a large area with possibilities for mining under very favourable conditions. The object of this geological reconnaissance was primarily to examine all formations of economic importance, and to secure all possible information with reference to the extent and value cf the mineral deposits now known to occur in these formations. At ihe same time the relations of the various formations were to be studied, in order to elucidate such geological problems as might be presented, this latter work often being an important factor in successfully assisting the exploitation of the narrower and more purely economic horizons.

Owing to the general character of the coast, and the deep indentations or fiords which extend far inland, and present splendid geological exposures along their steep and precipitous walls, it was decided that the easiest and most effective way of travelling would be by water. An auxiliary gasoline launch built for the purpose was therefore used, and answered admirably in making a continuous examination of the coast line. This method of work was rendered more effective by the fact that the fiords cross the trend of the coastal belt

Report of Progress, Geol. Sur. of Can. 1873-74 and 1876 +Annual Report, Part B, Geol. Sur. of Can, 1886,

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8 Geological Survey.

almost at right angles, and occurring as they do, at comparatively short intervals, the cross sections obtained give a good general idea of the geology of the inter-fiord belts. At present this is the only method that could be followed, as no work of any value could be undertaken inland without proper topographic maps.

In this preliminary work the Admiralty charts were used, and were found to be excellent in giving sufficient topographic information to allow the several formations to be mapped very closely as they occur along the coast.

The geological map which accompanies this report is based mainly on the charts, and is on a scale of four miles to the inch. The geologieal boundaries inland are shown as conjectural, but it is believed that they will be found to closely approximate the true contacts.

Geography.

In this region two distinct physiographic types are developed, with Zurrard inlet as the dividing line. To the south lie the lowlands, which include the Fraser River valley and delta, while to the north lies the Coast range.

From Burrard inlet south the country, with the exception of the prominent ridge between Hastings and Port Moody, is comparatively low and rolling, and is marked by a few parallel ridges of glacial drift with east and west trend. Locally the country is much dissected by narrow and deep ravines. South of the Fraser, and extending to the International Boundary, the country is plateau-like in character, and represents parts of the v.d delta of the Fraser, which in the glacial period was formed at the edge of the ice sheet. This delta extends to Point Roberts, and also to Point Grey at the western extremity of English bay. It varies in elevation from 150 to 200 feet above sea level. The post glacial uplift allowed the distributaries of the Fraser to cut deeply into the early delta, and at present a new delta is being formed and is rapidly extending seawards. Richmond, Sea, Annacis and Westham islands, and the plain around Port Guichon, form the greater part of it.

The old channel of the Fraser south of Sand Head lighthouse &s now entirely closed to large craft, and the main entrance is one and three-quarter miles northwest of the lighthouse. Dams and training walls have been built to allow for scour, and prevent the present

channel from being silted up.

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Geography

The bottom lands of the flood plain and delta are exceptionally fertile, and offer great inducements to the agriculturist. The higher lands north and south of the river are nearly all drift covered, and

consequently the soil is less uniform, and its adaptability for agricultural purposes varies. Much of the land is covered with a luxuriant forest growth, and the lumbering industry is still active. The Coast range, which first reaches the sea along the north shore of Burrard inlet, is the master feature of western British Columbia.

The range has a general trend of noi northwest, and is of a composite character, being broken by fiords and prominent valleys into a series of subordinate ranges which vary in height from 8,000 to 6,000 feet, with individual peaks from 1,000 to 2,000 feet higher. The higher peaks and ridges along the upper reaches, and at the heads of the inlets have snow fields and glaciers developed on their slopes. The whole region is extremely rugged; the valleys and the gentler slopes are forested, while the steeper slopes are bare or support a scanty growth of stunted pine. Land slides which have oecurred from time to time have left huge sears on many of the more precipitous faces. The summits of the mountains and ridges are usually rounded, sharp peaks and serrated ridges being the exception, below elevations of 6,000 feet.

The fiord system is the most prominent feature of the coast. The fiords represent the old lines of drainage, developed during early Cretaceous and possibly late Jurassic time, when the Coast range suffered from vigorous erosion. The present courses have been determined to some extent by differential erosion along contacts, and by a system of master joints in the granitoid rocks. The later influence of the Cordilleran ice sheet had a considerable effect in modifying these old river valleys. The fiords are bounded by steep slopes and precipitous walls, in many places rising sheer for hundreds of feet from the water's edge. Where the fiord is narrow, particularly near the head where the mountains attain their greatest height, with a shore line marked by an entire absence of harbours and beaches, the general aspect is most impressive.

The narrowing of the fiords at certain points produces very strong tidal currents. The principal ones in this region are the Lions gate at the entrance to Va:.couver harbour, and the Skukum Chuck at the entrance to Seechelt inlet. The former is produced by the encroach-

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ment of the delta of the Capilano, while in the latter, the naturally narrow channel is blocked by numerous small rocky islands. In both cases the maximum current 'aries trom eight to ten knots.

The fiords head in the swampy land of a low grade delta formed by the streams flowing in the longitudinal U-shaped valleys. The sediments are fine silts, and the front of the delta is very steep to the water, shoaling rapidly from sixty to less than two fathoms. The Squamish, flowing into the head of Howe sound, is a good type of this kind of stream. It carries a large amount of fine sediment, which

modifies the colour of the water as far south as Anvilisland. A large

delta has been built up which is being extended rapidly, and nece tates a long wharf being built to its front for the convenience of steamers,

The lateral valleys are usually V-shaped, and are occupied by swift streams with a succession of falls and rapids. These build at their mouths high grade deltas composed of sand and gravel. The streams are fed by glaciers, or by the less permanent snow fields, and in the latter case their importance varies and is directly dependent on the snow fall of the previous winter. Britannia creek flowing into Howe sound is one of the most important, and has in the last 2-6 miles a fall of 730 feet to the mile, or one foot in seven.

The valleys of Capilano, Lynn and Seymour creeks, flowing into Burrard inlet, are parallel, and analogous to the North Arm of that inlet. Erosion, however, has not been go pronounced nor so effective in these valleys, and their floors are well above sea level instead of being 55 to 100 fathoms below it, as is the ease with the North Arm.

There are numerous streams which are of the intermittent, or wet weather type. They have no well defined valleys and their courses are along joint planes, or other accidental channels. The islands of the coast have the same rugged outline as the main land, though the mountains are lower and rarely attain a height of more than 3,000 feet. Texada island, with its mountainous character and bold and rugged shore line, has, when viewed from a distance, the appearance of part of a submerged mountain chain,

General Geology.

The rocks of this region are largely of igneous origin and represent

a great range from acid te basic in composition, and from voleanic

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General Geology 11

surface flows to deep seated plutonics.

; The rocks of aqueous origin have a comparatively small distribution.

The almost entire absence of fossils in the latter, and the inter- P rupted character of the exposures, prevent placing these rocks defi- ; : nitely in their proper positions, with the exception of the Cretaceous : and the Eocene.

6 The oldest rocks belong to the Paleozoje era, and have been placed f provisionally in the Dey ono-Carboniferous, though it is possible that 7 some are older. A more extended examination across the Coast range might enable some correlation to be made with the Cache Oreek Z grotip on the eastern flanks of the range. The rocks are mainly of f igneous origin, the sedimentaries forming but a small proportion of the whole, and they occur in isolated areas lying on the granitoid , rocks of the Coast Range batholith. : Certain basic eruptives have been placed provisionally in the : Triassic (see Fig. 3). In most cases, owing to the subsequent altera- ; tion and decomposition, it is impossible to separate them from the 3 associated Palmozoie rocks.

The Coast Range batholith has been referred to the upper Jurassic,

t though sufficient data have not been collected to accurately determine the age. Subsequent to its intrusion there was a wide spread intrusion

; of dikes, which cut all the older rocks.

The Cretaceous in this area is represented by a few erosion remnants

, occurring on Texada and Lasqueti islands. The Tertiary sedi-

j 5 ments are of Eocene age, and are not found associated with the Cre-

. 3 taccous. In the vicinity of Vancouver these rocks are cut by dicks f.

a The sequence of the above rocks is expressed below in tabular fori.

i Palwozoic. Devono-Carboniferous. Texada group.

4 Made up largely of igneous

: rocks with some limestones

and slates. Britannia group. Conglomerates, quartzites, slates, sericite schists, Marble Bay formation. 7 4 Limestones.

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Mesozoic. Triassic (7). Basic eruptives. Jurassic. Upper (?). Coast Range batholith.

Cretaceous. Conglomerates, sandstones, shales. Tertiary. Eocene. Puget group.

Conglomerates, sandstones, shales with little impure lignite.

Post-Eocene. Trachytes and andesites in flows and dikes. Quaternary. Pleistocene Boulder clays with some modified drift. Modern. Stratified gravels, sands and clays.

Pal.Zozoic.

Devono-Carboniferous.

Rocks of this age, originally wide spread in the coastal belt, are now continuously developed only off the western margin, commencing on Merry island and continuing through Thornmanby and Texada islands. In the Coast range proper they occur as isolated areas lying on the granitoid rocks, and vary in extent from a few feet square, to areas of 100 square miles or more. The smaller exposures occupy the lower slopes of the ridges and of the valley bottoms; while the longer, extending over the divides, are found on some of the highest peaks in the district.

From an economic point these Paleozoic rocks are of great importance, as nearly all the mineral deposits of any value are either found in them, or along their contact with the granitoid rocks of the Coast Range batholith.

It has been found convenient to separate these rocks into three divisions, according to their lithological character.

These are in ascending series :—

Texada group. Britannia group. Marble Bay formation. The distinguishing names have been taken from localities where

the development of the divisions is most typical. The comparative

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Palzozoic 13

age of the two last is not known, as they do not occur associated with one another, but both are younger than the Texada group which they overlie, the line of junction being either a fault, unconformity or igneous contact.

Texada Group.

This group consists of a great variety of rocks of igneous origin, forming a great basic complex, along with a few interstratified and now highly altered sediments. The rocks are agglomerates, breccias, tuffs, porphyrites, diabases, lavas, schists, slates, chert and crystalline limetones. Conditions of vigorous volcanic activity must have alternated with quieter periods, when true sediments interbedded with tufaceous ash rocks were deposited in local and separated basins.

With the exception.of the tuffs, slates, cherts and limestones which are usually well bedded or banded, the other rocks are generally massive, though here and there when broadly viewed occasional stratiform structure can be detected. Combined dynamic and thermal action have locally produced sheared and schistose types, and in some cases finely laminated crystalline shisis, these latter being found chiefly in contact with later intrusions. :

In colour the rocks are prevailingly some shade of green or dark

grey, weathering in lighter tones of the same colours. The amount of alteration has been great, and a large proportion of the rocks is made up of the ordinary secondary minerals. In many instances alteration has so far advanced that it is impossible to determine the origin with any degree of accuracy.

The agglomerates are massive without any traces of bedding. They are composed of angular and sub-angular fragments of basic igneous rocks—now largely altered and silicified, and angular grains of feldspar and quartz in a matrix of chlorite, calcite and epidote. In places the rock becomes more uniform, and passes into a coarse tuff in which there are few large fragments. On exposed surfaces the fragments weather in relief, and the whole rock assumes a dirty brownish grey colour. The agglomerates are well developed on Texada island, forming hills nearly 1,000 feec high. They appear to lie near the base of the Texada group.

The porphyrites are dense textured green rocks, with porphyritic ructure weathering greenish or brownish grey. They are all basic,

and have either hornblende or augite as the essential dark constitu-

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ent. As a rule they are much altered, with a great development of secondary minerals, and in their sheared and schistose facies are represented by chlorite and epidote schists, in which the fractured feldspar is the only distinguishable original constituent.

Under the microscope they are seen to be composed essentially of twinned feldspar, usually labradorite, in well formed phenocrysts and green hornblende or colourless augite. Both the hornblende and augite may be present together, and in some cases the former is secondary. The matrix is made up of laths of feldspar, and grains of hornblende and augite. The rocks are never fresh, and the feldspar contains carbonates, epidote, and zoisite as decomposition products; the augite alters to chlorite or hornblende, and the hornblende to chlorite. Pyrite, hematite, quartz and especially magnetite are common secondary minerals in addition to the above.

The diabases occur both as flows and dikes. As in the ease of the porphyrites they are much decomposed and a great proportion of the rock is secondary. Some types are porphyritic, and in some a pseudovesicular structure is shown, which when examined microscopically is seen to consist of sub-angular cavities, with caleite and epidote replacing the original material.

The tuffs are but sparingly represented, and occur over small areas on Anvil, Hutt, Pasley, Thornmanby and Texada islands. They are as a rule well bedded in alternating light and dark grey bands, interstratified at times with cherts, slates and soft schists. They have been much disturbed, and their present attitude varies from 60° to vertical.

Under the microscope they are found to consist of fragments of feldspar and quartz, in a matrix of quartz, turbid carbonates, epidote, zoisite, magnetite and pyrite.

The cherts have their largest exposure at Roger-Curtis point, Bowen island. The rock is dense black, weathering light brownish grey, and occurs well banded in thin beds. The beds are faulted, and their attitude is almost vertical. A few intercalated dikes are associated with them, and these have been sheared into soft schists.

Microscopically the chert is composed of crypto-crystalline quartz, with considerable carbonaceous dust, and small amounts of calcite and pyrite.

The schists, which are the metamorphic equivalents of the porphyrites and tuffs, are thoroughly recrystallized with additional silica.

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They are finely laminated dark grey and green rocks, weathering in lighter tones of the same colours, The strike usually coincides with the contour of their contact with the granitoid rocks of the Coast range, and the dip is high—50° and over—and away from the contact. The principal varieties are biotite, actinolite and augite schists, With quartz. Microscopically the rocks are composed of mosaics of grains in parallel bands. The feldspar and quartz are clear and show slight strain shadows. The former is rarely twinned. The dark constituents are colourless augite, green hornblende, columnar actinolite and brown biotite, with small amounts of epidote, zircon, apatite, pyrite and magnetite,

Crystalline limestones occur at Middle point, on the main coast, in a few small contorted and faulted beds, which are lenticular and

pinch out along the strike.

On Hardy island, Jervis inlet, the limestone occurs as a narrow band with a visible width of a little over fifty feet. This band strikes across the island and runs inland on Nelson island for a short distance, where it is cut off by the granite. Tn part the rock is flat lying, and in part highly contorted. It is a fine-grained, impure erystalline limestone, with a pitted or fluted weathered surface. It holds long narrow areas of siliceous material filled with pyrite, which coincide with the bedding planes and represent subsequent mineralization,

In both the above occurrences the limestone is closely associated with finely banded siliceous schists,

Britrania Group—This roup consists of conglomerais, quartzites, slates and quartz mica schists in which the mica is biotite, muscovite or sericite. The slates are the most important, and nearly the whole group is composed of that formation.

The conglomerates and quartzite have limited exposures, and have been found at and near Britannia beach, Howe sound, underlying the slate formation. The conglomerate is a light grey massive rock, with large and small lenticular and rounded fragments of granite in a quartz feldspar matrix. It has a rude strike along vertical shear planes of N. 72° E.

The quartzite is also massive with traces of bedding, showing a strike of N. 35° W. with a dip to the S. W. from 45° to 80°. It is thoroughly recrystallized, and is composed of orthoclase and quartz with small amounts of plagioclase, biotite, chlorite and pyrite.

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Geologicai

The slate formation, without these basal rocks, occurs on the east shore of Anvil island and opposite on the mainland; also on the north shore of Gambier island, and on the mainland extending up the valley of Potl:

across country to Deserted bay on Jervis i

ch creek. It is stated that the last band has been followed

t, and has been found to be continuous.

On Jervis inlet, about two miles and a half south of the upper end of Prineess Royal reach, the slate formation outcrops along the shore,

ind with the exception of a few small exposures of granitoid rocks,

is along Queens

and a narrow band of the Texada group, is continuou

reach to and beyond its head. The formation is he exposed for a

length of twenty miles, with a minimum width of six miles. The highest ridges and pea: s along this reach are composed of slates, and a moderate estimate would give the formation a thickness of 6,000

feet at least Che strike is usually along shore, and the bedding

planes, now in most part obseure, vary from horizontal to an inclina

tion of 30°. The cleav is at right angles to the bedding and is well developed. Except at es and dips on the map are those of cleavage. Fault is common, especially near the margin; but the throws so far as noted were small. On Jervis inlet,

opposite Moorsan bluff and at Saumarez bluff, the slates and associated beds of feldspathie sandstone are cut by a series of porphyrite dikes, altered the sedimentaries in part to mica schists, with the avage parallel to the length of the dikes.

val, and the contrast in colour, together

with the hei f exposures, makes the occurrence a very

Ihe slate is a dark grey or black carbonaceous rock, usu y well

laminated with films of pyrite occas nally on the cleavage plan s. It passes at times into glossy greenish slate, with wavy lamination. hh

contact with granite it is altered to hornfels and biotite schist.

Quartz sericite schist, which in part represents an altered slate, occurs as the upper member of the group along the Britannia mineral ne which runs inland from Britannia beach

Ture Marsir Bay FORMATION formation consists of limestone in its northwest half, by a broad band which has a length of seven miles, with a maximum width of

occur at different point

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Upper Jurassic 17

the island, which indicate a much more extensive area in former time. From the scanty fossil evidence the formation would be placed either in the Carboniferous or Dx vonian. The rock varies, dependent upon metamorphie influences, and passes from a quite unaltered limestone to a pure white marble. The unaltered rock found at Limekiln bay is a dark grey very pure compact limestone, occurring in beds from one

to three and half feet in thickness, The beds are but slightly disturbed

and dip seawards at 15

In the vicinity of Bl bber bay and elsewhere the rock assumes a lighter tone of grey ana is crystalline. At the contact with dikes the rock becomes a white fine grained marble. The metamorphie zone js very irregular, and in cross s ction varies from a few inches to several feet, with the white marbl passing insensibly into a less altered form. On the north shore of Sturt bay a similar marble has been formed by a small intrusion of granite: the marbleized area is larger and the rock is more uniform. The formation is much faulted, thus preventing any computation being made as to the present thickness of the limestone,

PRIASSIC (2) The above groups and formations are associated with igneous rocks

of a later period, which occur

dikes and intercalated sills and masses. The intrusions in the rocks of the Texada group can only be distinguished in a few places, owing to the amount of alteration and the similarity in composition. In the slates and limestones the relations are plainly seen, showing these eruptions as broad sills that have intruded along the contact b stween two formations and along the bedding planes. The eruptives are both voleanie and plutonic, and incline towards the basie end of the series, being principally hornblende and angite porphyrites, diorite, gabbro, with some quartz and syenite porphyries. They have been provisionally placed jin the Triassic, and are at all events older than the Coast Range batholith. At certain localities considerable areas of these rocks may be associated with the Texada group, but without very detailed and laborious work, it is impossible to separate them. UPPER JURASSIC (?)

Tue Coast Range paruorrn The Coast Range batholith extends in a north-northwesterly direction from the Fraser valley to the White River basin in the Yukon Territ ry.

It is the master geological fea-

Grological

Survey,

ture of the coastal belt of British Columbia, being nearly 1,000 miles

long, and from 30 to 100 miles broad. The present description only

applies to that part of the batholith accessible from the coast, lying 2 between Burrard inlet and Powell river.

The batholith intrusion has been referred to the Upper Jurassic provisionally. It is younger than the Triassic, but older than the Cretaceous coal measures.

The term granite has been used as a general field name which strictly can only be applied to a small portion of this enormous intrusion. The less siliceous types of the plutonic rocks are well represented, and the whole batholith varies in composition from an acid granite to basic gabbro. The more basic types are usually at or near the contact with the overlying remnants of the old roof covering of Paleozoic rocks,

The rock as a rule has granitoid texture, and varies from medium to coarse grained. At or near a contact a narrow marginal zone may be porphyritic with quartz phenocrysts in the acid, and feldspar or hornblende in the basic types. Along many of the contacts the granitoid rocks are more or less distinctly foliated, and tue strike of the

' foliation coincides with the contour of the contact line,

The contact between the intrusive batholith and the overlying Paleozoic rocks illustrates at many points the powerful action of the magma in preparing chambers for itself, by the rifting and stoping of the roof rocks, and the flotation and absorption of the detached blocks.

These fragments, depending on the fluidity of the magma and its power of absorption, assume different forms. When the rifting was done during the viscous stage of the magma the included blocks were carried but a short distance, hence are close to the contact and have preserved their angular forms. Occasionally the schist and granite may assume a banded structure, where the former has been rifted off in a series of huge slabs that alternate with a variable thickness of granite.

In other occurrences the invaded rock, owing to its original structure, has been broken into smaller fragments. These passing into the magma have been softened and partially fused, and the inclusions due to a slow movement in the magma, have been drawn out into long narrow lenticular, contorted, and elongated dumb-bell forms, which

coincide in direction with the foliation of the granite.

Upper Jurassic 19

In other cases a more fluid magma has quickly absorbed the frag-rounded

forms, becoming smaller as the distance from the contact increases, until they finally disappear. In the trans-basie

segregations,

ments, which assume

ition. stages the inclusions resemble

Occasionally, as on the we has intruded the schist

flotation or absorption of

st end of Worlecombe island, the granite in a series of reticulating dikes with little the fragments. The composite rock forms a

There is a complete absence of contact metamorphic aureoles in the been intruded by the granite. alter to hornfels at the cont

slates, where they have They simply act, while the fragments included in the granite become quartz biotite schists.

The aplite dikes, with some pegmatites, are very widespread, cutting all varieties of the granitoid rocks. and often forming an irregular net-work system in the schists. In the granites proper, the contact with the aplite varies fr

into the former

om distinct to indefinite, the latter passing

xv insensible gradations. In the more basie rocks the contact is always sharp and definite. The aplites are light grey or pink in colour, and very fine grained,

ular individuals of orthoclase, albite and quartz with small amounts of a

quartz always shows

Mic: vscopically they consist of irreg

ecessory microcline, The intense strain shadows. The dark constituents

are practically absent, only a few shreds of partially chloritized hornblende

and biotite being noted, The more atid types of the plutonie rocks

composing the batholith are prevailingly white or light

grey in colour, passing to dark grey and dark greenish grey in the more basic. They weather in lighter tones and are occasionally rusty from the decomposition of pyrite. The following principal types have been examined :—

F'otite and hornblende granites,

Granite porphyry,

Quartz syenite,

Grano-diorite,

Quartz diorite,

Quartz augite diorite.

Quartz hypersthene gabbro,

tabbro,

hOh rap psind

nee

Geological Survey.

There is no hard and fast line separating the different varieties, and over comparatively small areas regular transitions may be found ranging from the acid to basic.

The following tabulated list shows the mineralogical composition of the batholith as a whole :—

Essential Lece-sory secondary Orthoclase Plagioelase Epidote Plagioclase Muscovite Zoisite

albite to anorthite Quartz Calcite Quartz Brown horublende Leucoxene Hornblende ILypersthenc Chlorit Biotite Zireon Hornblende Augite Apatite Kaolin

Sphene Pyrite Th matite

Magnetite

ial order of erystallization prevails throughout, with a few

trifling exce ptions.

The feldspars range in colour from white to dark green, and in composition from othoclase to anorthite. They are rarely fresh and are more or less altered to kaolin, epidote, zoisite and turbid calcite.

The stout tabular and slender lath forms are predominant, with smooth crenulated or jagged terminations. Interstitial to the better formed individuals are irregular grains with interlocking borders. The albite twinning in the plagioclase is invariable, with additional pericline or carlsbad. Zonal structure is very common, the zoned individuals having a basic inner and less basic outer zone. In many there is a whole series of zones basic alternating with less basie feldspar.

The ferro-magnesian constituents are rarely seen with good form, and usually occur in aggregates of individuals with a partial development of one or more crystal faces Hornblende is occasionally allotriomorphie to feldspar, and biotite to quartz.

The hornblende is the common green variety, pleochroic in deep green, yellowish green and pale yellow tones. It is sometimes intergrown with biotite and augite. A few individuals are twinncd on the 100 plane, with one or two thin lamallae between che two larger parts.

The common alteration product is chlorite.

id id

nm

:

Biotite is next in abundance. It is pleochroie in deep brown and pale yellow tones, and alters by bleaching to muscovite, and to chlorite

with a separation of magnetite.

The augite is pale yellow or colourless, and is occasionally twinned in the same manner as the hornblende. It alters to compact and fibrous hornblende, and to chlorite.

pleochroie in pale green and red tones is rare, and was only noted in two slides. It is surrounded by a % action rim of compact

hornblende, and is in part altered to bastite.

Quartz, with one exception, is present in all the rocks, and generally

as an essential constituent. It always shows strain shadows

more or less intense, accompanied in many cases by a development of

fracture planes. In the granite porphyries it occurs in good f

forms,

otherwise it is quite allotriomorphic. The accessory minerals are in

trifling amount, and neither they nor the secondary min rals present

any new point of interest.

A fe of the pri 1@1

types have been selected for special description

to illustrate the range from acid to basic.

Biovire GRANITE, GRANITE ISLAND—The most typical granit

occurs

on Granite and Nelson islands, at the entrance of Jervis inlet.

On the former island the rock is a medium grained light grey

ranite, composed of light grey feldspar, grey vitreous quartz and

black glistening biotite. Under the microscope the feldspar is seen to

be mainly orthoclase in large irregular individu with interlocking borders. A small amount of albite is present in good tabular forms,

and is idiomorphie towards the orthoclase. Brown biotite, in considerable amount, occurs in lines of po rly formed individuals. The quartz is interstitial, and has both smooth and interlocking borders towards the feldspar. Magnetite, zircon, and apatite are present in

trifling amounts as accessories,

The grano-diorites contain o] clase and goclase-andesine with

considerable orthoclase ft ldspar, the former being usually zoned. The

dark constituents are hornblende, with subordinate biotite and augite.

Quartz is always present, and generally in large amount.

QuARTzZ pDIORITE, TRAIL ISLANDS Microscopically the rock is of

medium grain, and is made up chiefly of black hornblende and greenish grey feldspar. Under the microscope the plagioclase feldspar is

see! occur in stout well formed tabular individuals, twinned

oer eTOIT HOT RI ave TO ERENT REP wES W0% ¥ 05

Geological Survey

according to the albite law with additional carlsbad. Irregular grains occupy the interstitial spaces between the well formed. The feldspar is mainly acid labradorite with some andesine. Green hornblende, colourless augite and brown biotite are present in aggregates of poorly formed individuals. The two former are occasionally intergrown. Quartz, magnetite, apatite, zircon and chlorite complete the mineral content.

QUARTZ HYPERSTHENE GABRO, NARROW ARM, SEECHELT INLET—This rock occurs in contact with basic schists of the Texada group. To the north and away from the contact it passes by gradual transition: into a granite. The rock is greenish grey in colour, and rather coarse in grain. Microscopically it is composed of plagioclase feldspar ranging from oligoclase to medium labradorite and augite with hypersthene

, hornblende, biotite, quartz, magnetite and apatite.

The plagioclase is present in stout tabular and slender lath-shaped individuals with irregular grains interstitial. It is twinned according to the albite law, with additional pericline and occasional earlsbad. Zonal structure is common, showing alternate zones of labradorite and oligoclase. A schiller structure is developed in a few individuals, consisting of numerous minute black opaque rods in parallel arrangement. The augite is colouriess, and in part is intergrown with, and surrounded by hornblende. In a few individuals the schiller structure is developed. The hypersthene occurs in rather large individuals surrounded by a reaction rim of compact green hornblende. it is pleochroie in pale green and faint red tones. Only in a few instances do the dark constituents show any approach to good form. They occur in aggregates of individuals, and the hornblende is at times quite allotriomorphie to the feldspar. Magnetite, probably titaniferous, is present as grains and narrow bands along the cleavage planes of the hypersthene and biotite. The quartz is in

Gasro, Wuite Ciirr pont, Howse sound—This rock type is the most basie found, and the only one characterized by an entire absence of quartz. It is a medium grained, dark grey gabbro and has in the field a comparatively small exposure. Microscopically the rock eonsists of labradorite and anorthite feldspar, augite, with small amounts

f brown and green hornblende, biotite apatite, chlorite, pyrite and

magnetite. The feldspar occurs in tabular form and irregular grains.

alent Sad Bitch, soi

Cretaceous 23

It is twinned according to the albite law, and a few individuals have carlsbad twinning in addition. The augite is both idiomorphiec and allotriomorphic, and has altered largely to a fibrous hornblende,

The foliated types vary in composition from granite to quartz diorite, and are found at or near the contact of the batholith with the overlying Paleozoic rocks. There are two origins for the foliation; the first is caused by an alignment of the minerals during the cooling stages of the magma, while the second is the result of dynamic action subsequent to final or partial solidification.

In the first case, while the quartz and feldspar show the effect of a certain amount of strain, there is an absence of fracturing and granulation. In the second case, fracturing and granulation of the light constituents are prominent features, and in extreme types the original grains have disappeared with complete granulation.

At a period subsequent to the intrusion of the Coast Range batholith, and prior to the Cretaceous coal measures, the older rocks were invaded by a great series of dikes consisting of diabase, augite porphyrite, quartz hornblende porphyrite and syenite porphyry. With the exception of the syenite porphyry, which is older than the more basic, these dikes are closely related aid may represent variations of the same magma,

They vary in width from sixty feet to a fraction of an inch, and are very irregular when traced along their strike. Many hold inclusions of granite which they have rifted off their walls. Diabase predominates over the other types, and dikes of that rock are particularly numerous at the entrance to Salmon and Narrow arms, Seechelt inlet. Subsequent movements have caused some faulting, but the throws are small and generally do not exceed the width of the dike,

Cretaceous.

The period succeeding the intrusion of the Coast Range batholith was one of extensive and vigorous erosion. The present drainage system of the coastal belt was initiated, and in its youth was an active agent in transporting rock debris from the mainland across to the sea,

The Cretaceous sediments came from this source, and were laid down along the old margin of the Coast range.

In the district under review rocks of this age occur now only as

small erosion remnants on Texada and Lasqueti islands. They are

ba

ba DOF ePaTeRe 22.

a

wee

littoral deposits and consist of conglomerates, fi ldspathie sandstone and shales. They have been but slightly disturbed, and the seaward lip never exceeds 15°. At Gillies bay fossil plants* occur in the sandstones, and a small exposure on the south sid of Texada island about five miles from Point Upwood contains fossil brachiopods and molluses.+

In these different exposures the beds are basal and of no great thickness. It is quite improbable that coal seams of any value will be found in them.

Tertiary.—Eocene.

Pvcer Grovp—The Puget group is developed in two separat regions, one occupying the area between Burrard inlet and the International Boundary, while the other occurs at and inland from Wollffsohn bay on Malaspina strait.

In the former area the rocks are exposed in a se ries of interrupted bluffs along the south shore of Burrard inlet, from English bay to a

point a little east of Barnet. From Hastings to Barnet they form a

se known as " North mountain " which, south of Barnet. rises to a height of 1,335 feet. This ridge slopes towards the Fraser rive r, and it is only on its northern face that continuous outerops are found.

Southwards to the Boundary no more exposures are seen, as the whole country is covered by glacial drift and alluvium, but the group has an extensive development in the State of Washington.

The group consists of conglomerates, with well stratified sandstones and shales. The beds are but slightly disturbed, with strikes varying from northeast to east and west, and dipping southeast, and south at low angles. The conglomerates consist of well rounded pebbles of schist, granite, quartzite, ete., in a sandy ferruginous matrix. The sandstones are argillacecys, and disintegrate rapidly on exposure. In places they hold small lenticular areas of dark brown lignite. A coarse thick bedded feldspathic sandstone is interbedded with the finer sandstones. It weathers differentially leaving large projecting knobs in the face of the bluffs. The shales are dark grey or black and usually carbonaceous. Some of these beds hold numerous plant remains. The whole group indicates estuarine conditions of deposition, and the area underlain by these rocks in this southwest portion of British Cclum-

Report of Progress, Geol. Sur, of Can 1876-77, p. 169. + Mesozoic Fossils, vol, 1, Part V., Geol. Sur. of Can. 1903.

Post

Eocene Eruptives

bia represents but the northern rim of been estimated by Mr. A. Bow

an extensive basin. It has that the group has a thickness of in the vicinity of Vancouver, while in the State of Wash ington it attains a thickness of 10,000 feet. ,

ad Several collections of the plant remains were made, and were submitted

to the late Sir William Dawson f

' " examination, with the k- result that the group has been placed in the Eocene, Jon In Washington the group contains several seams of lignite which 3 are of commercial importance, No coal has been found on the Cana- : dian side, and if any beds exist they are much below the horizon of 4 the exposed beds. The superiority of the coal on Vane uver island 3 will prevent any active prospecting in this group for a-coal that vy vuld t- : in any case be a very inferior one. 4 On Wolffsohn bay and Sandstone river there is a series of sandstones

which are probably of this age. and have been placed there

: provisionally. It is supposed there is an extensive basin inland, but : the dense forests and heavy growth of underbrush prevent a close 3 examination being made at present. On lot 1803, along the bank of ; 4 a small creek, the soft sandstones contain thin streaks of impure lig- 1. 3 nite; but no bed of any value has been exposed.

e 2

Post-Eocene Eruptives.

Effusive eruptives occur in the vicinity of Vancouver as dikes and

asia:

masses cutting the Eocene rocks.

Closely related rocks are found north of Watts point, Howe sound, and are referred to the same age.

The rocks vary from dense holocrystalline augite

andesites to quartz

trachytes with vesicular structure.

rR ct

- The upper ridge of Fairview heights is composed of a dark grey 1 fine-grained augite andesite, which on exposed surfaces weathers 5 readily to a brownish sand. Microscopically the rock consists of : 2 phenoerysts of plagioclase feldspar and augite in a matrix of the two, : Magnetite is present in large amount as inclusions in the augite, y In Stanley park a dike extends from Siwash rock to Prospect point, and is exposed at several places on the road between these -two points.

Where it is exposed in the bluff at Prospect point it has a width of

fifty feet, and is over 200 feet high. The feldspathic sandstones are

l'rans. of the Royal Society of Canada, sect. iv, p. 187.

second series, 1895-96, vol,

4 Set be eeu nS odes

ei tt LS Le

peer as 2oee teeee

da FOOTIE NSE TE.

,

slightly altered along the contact, and occasional fragments are included in the dike. The rock is a greenish grey non-porphyritie quartz trachyte with irregular vesicular cavities partially filled with quartz erystals showing pyramidal terminations. In the lower portions of the dike the vesicular structure disappears, and the rock becomes

more compact.

South of Siwash rock there is a small dike of decomposed andesite which is only exposed at low water.

North of Watts point an eruption of andesite has flowed over the old eroded surface of the granite. It occurs along the shore in bluffs 800 to 400 feet high, and rising inland to about 1,000 feet above the sea. The exposure is one mile long and half a mile wide. The surface of the flow is a black vesicular andesite with pitechy lustre and basaltic jointing. This forms the selvage of the grey vesicular rock of the interior part of the flow, into which it passes, Both types microscopically are composed of stout and slender phenoerysts of augite, and a few tabular individuals of medium labradorite, in a matrix of slender laths and acicular forms of plagioclase and augite, and grey or brown isotropic glass. There is considerable magnetite in minute grains. The flow structure is present throughout, but is much better developed in the selvage border than in the interior of the mass.

Quaternary.

GLACIATION AND SUPERFICIAL DFPOstts—In the region examined the glacial phenomena were purely local, and not of such a character as to bring forward any new information. Most of the data were collected from low levels, as little opportunity was afforded of examining the higher slopes and summits of the ranges. In the glacial period the Strait of Georgia was occupied by the southern extension of the Cordilleran ice sheet, which flowed through the fiords from Bute inlet south, and formed the Strait of Georgia glacier. According to Dr. Dawson this glacier had a thickness of 3,000 feet in the north and about 700 {vet at Victoria. The slate hills in the vieinity of Deserted bay on Jervis inlet are over 3,000 feet high, and are glaciated to their summits. Midway in Princess Royal reach, a peak on the northwest side of the inlet, 4,647 feet hich. shows a glaciated summit. This

would allow for the Jervis Inlet tributary a thickness of at least 5,000

Trans. of the Royal society of Canada, vol. viii., sect. iy D. 34, 1890.

Quaternary 27

feet. Where the fiord sides are steep or perpendicular the lateral pres sure of the glacier has been very intense, as evidenced by the polished and scored walls and the deep undercut groves,

The striae, showing the general direction of the

movement, are, as a rule, parallel to the

wend of the fiords and the coast line. Local deflections were noted

where lateral branches maintained their strength, after the recession of the main ice stream.

Glacial deposits of any great importance are not founc

1 in this part of the coastal belt. Boulder clays,

which are rather pure and compact, occur along the northeast shore of Howe sound ne the east shore of Anvil island, and at the heads of the bays along the south shore of Gambier island.

ar its head, on

A clay belt extends from Gibsons landing along the main coast, and terminates near Seechelt. Between Burrard inlet and the Fraser river there is a considerable thickness of sandy boulder clay, in which occur many small areas of modified

drift consisting of sands and gravels. These are stratified, with much false bedding, and were formed by sub-glacial Streams, and also by those issuing from the front of the glacier at a period of recession. These deposits are invariably covered with one to four feet of boulder

drift, which marks a later deposition of the glacier, A certain

amount of till occurs south of the Fraser, associated with the alluvial deposits of the old delta of that river.

In the Capilano valley, one and a half miles above the suspension

bridge over the gorge, there is a series of well stratified clays, sands and a few lenticular areas of gravel. The evenly bedded character of the deposits shows that the sediments were laid down in quiet water. The highest beds noted were 380 feet (bar.) above sea level. Again, on Lynn creek, about five miles north of North Vancouver, there is a deposit of very pure bluish grey clays with even horizontal bedding. These are about 885 feet (bar.) above sea level. In both cases the beds are devoid of shells of any kind, and it appears probable that these sediments were deposited in glacial lakes, behind the front of the glacier which dammed the valleys lower down. With the disappearance of the glacial lakes and a renewed activity on the part of the glacier, these beds were eroded in part. In the Capilano valley this erosion produced small valleys in these dk posits which are eut with knife-like sharpness, and are now filled with boulder clay. Figue 1 is a sketch to scale of one of these small valleys. The work was done

by the lateral tributaries of the Capilano glacier,

Seta Eee LEC t tat Cet TT oe

pa Det eR ewe Te rape

we

much lower than marked by beaches On

the northwest half cl are found from 500 to

l At Powel on the main sands

examples glacial depression f Georgia

formerly opened in the Strait st-glacial time, when the land was but . a sand and gravel bar was built up by long entrance. This bar is now twenty to thirty 1,100 yards broad.

on the mais

on the Thornmanby islands, there is a considerable thickness

feet on west Thornmanby—of well stratified sands and gravels, with some very fine and pure clays, overlain by false bedded sands and gravels. The basal beds contain large boulders of granite left by the ice sheet. Some of the beds contain large numbers of marine shells, specimens of Cardium nuttali and Tapes

ommon being

Economic Geology.

rhe principal areas of economie importance are those occupied by the wozoie I . The mineral deposits ocenr in them or along their contacts. In prospecting, therefore, it is important that these rocks should receive the greater amount of attention.

The difficulties which the prospector has to contend with are many

in this coastal belt. The whole country is extremely rugged and diffi-

z

a

cult of access, while rock slides, the luxuriant forest growth and the dense underbrush below the 4,000 foot leve l, afford effective conceal ment of contacts and mineral outcrops, entailing careful and laborious work.

In most cases the discovered mineral deposits of value are so situ ated that economic methods in mining and transportation are feasibh Surface or aerial tram lines may connect the mines with tide water, and from there cheap transportation is afforded the different smelters. The principal metallic ores in this region at those of copper and iron

The former has been mined for over a dee

the production throughout has been characterized by a high percent age of copper, with good values in gold and silver. On the Britannia mineral zone, Howe sound, the Britannia Copper syndicate have an extensive plant for handling and treating their enormous deposits of low grade ore. This zone is being further exploited, and it is expected that other properties will become shipping mines in the near future. Pr parations are being made to mine the low grade ores at Britannia West, and the high grade bornite deposits of Mount Donaldson have

received some attention during the past season.

The magnetite deposits of Texada island have been known since the early sixties. Development work up to the present, however, has been of a desultory nature, and comparatively little ore has been shipped. Several deposits of magnetite occur on Vancouver island." and elsewhere along the coast; but so far hematite and limonite have not been discovered in commercial quantities.

With the growing demand for iron and steel products of all kinds there is an opportunity on the coast of British Columbia for blast furnaces and a steel plant. The coal mines of Nanaimo and Comox

should be able to supply coke with a sufficiently lov: ash content, and

the large areas of pure limestone on Texada i

sland and elsewhere could furnish flux. Transportation would be cheap as all the neces-

Sary material is at or near the sea coast.

It is to be hoped that capital will be found to make a serious attempt to examine these deposits of iron, with the view of determining their value and extent.

*Iron Ores of the Coast, by W. F. Robertson. Annual Report of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1902, pp. 225-229,

Economi Geology 20

sh

SSO 0 ge sea beroenyes

De ee ee eee ee

ped 9 tereses

on

Taq se SPARE ecw ast

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Besides the local there is the general demand for iron and steel commodities along the whole western coast of the Americas, and also the Oriental market, where the British Columbia product ought to successfully compete with that of Europe. Japan at present is not

able to supply the demand, and with the industrial growth of China

a permanent market ought to be assured,

In the following d scriptions the mineral areas have been grouped

with reference to the inlets and islands,

Burrard Inlet, Lynn Creek Camp.

The Lynn Creek camp is about eight miles north of North Vancouver, and twelve miles by trail. Tt comprises an area of about five square miles, and some thirty-five claims have been staked up to the

present. The whole country is extremely rugged and the narrow valleys

are bounded by steep and almost precipitous walls. The hills rise abruptly from the main and tributary valleys of Lynn creek to heights of 3,000 and 4,000 fe é:

The country rocks are massive and banded siliceous, epidote and

chlorite schists, surrounded by granites d syenites of the Coast

Range batholith.

The ores consist of zine blende, chaleopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite and magnetite, which occur as irregular bodies along shear and fracture zones in the schists. The preliminary work on the claims has been mainly of assessment nature consisting of stripping, small open-eut and tunnels: but in no case has sufficient been done on

any one deposit to prove its value.

On the Banker claim, 2,750 feet (bar.) above sea level, the ore consists

of a mixture of pyrite and zine bk nde, and occurs in a breeciated zone about three feet wide. Similar ore occurs in the schists at other points on the same claim. An assay of the ore gave negative results

for gold and silver, On the Mountain Lion and Lynn claims, three tunnels have been driven in on the slope of the hill. The highest is 1,600 feet (bar.)

above sea level and is 100 feet long, cutting thr "gh a mineralized

zone. The ores are coarse pyrite, chaleopyrite and molybdenite in a quartz-epidote-calcite gangue. It was stated that some of the ore

carried as much as 3 per cent copper. It was supposed that these

Ce

a

Burrard

Inlet, Lynn Creek Camp 31

prospect tunnels had cross-cut the mineralized zones; but no drifting

was done to prove if that was the case.

The Kemptville claims are situated up the west fork of Lynn ereek, and are about 2,400 feet (bar.) above sea level.

The country rocks are banded grey,

white and yellow siliceous schists, and are almost

vertical in attitude. Two veins of almost pure zine blende, two and

three feet wide respective ly, have been discovered ; but the amount of

development work has not been sufficient to prove their value. Blende

ociated with galena occurs on the Eve ning Star claim to the north

of the Kemptville. The following assays of these ores have

een made by Mr. G. C. Robbins :—

I II It be Lead ' ® 3°00 Zine 2°80 34°20 80°60 14°00 Tron 5°70 4°30 2 60 40 Gold ' 0°300z.)... 0° 0202. Silver O41 a 3°00 1' S0oz

I. and IV. Kemptville, II. Kemptville No. 2. ITZ. Evening Star. On Angel claim No. 3, small bodies of yellow e

opened up, dnd this ore is known to occur with pyrite on adjacent claims. With additional

opper have been

work some of the ore bodies may prove to be of sufficient size to make them commercially important. In any case, however, owing to the cost of mining and transportation, it will be necessary to amalgamate the different interests in or

successful results,

ler to ensure

Howe sounpb, BrirANNIA MINERAL zONE—The Britannia zone is situated on the

miners' east side of the sound, and 'wenty-three m

from the entrance. The associated rocks belong to the Britanni.

group, and consist in ascending series of conglomerates,

quartzites, carbone

1ceous slates and quartz sericite schists, with intercalated sills and masses of hornblende porphyrites and quartz-syenite porphyries.

They have q width along shore of one and a half miles, and extend

Report of the Commiss appointed to investigate the Zine Resources f Briti-h Columbia. Mines Branch, Dept. of the Interior, 1906.

eae.

betieallnh tia: Sehawromen es

PARR PERK peed wim neni :

AAP EP phere nee

POPES yd BHT 89D OPEL REDE DERE,

ner Claim, a distance

l, en & strike occurring on the Jane claim, dui i faul Phe dip varies f a to the south and southwest In tl entral portion, betwee} e ( ind Last Chance claims. tl} dt} P rom 300 ¢ 600 feet jy Ith Th rth b ri S the rbonac is slates, but the sonth cont l he meml his group have been greatly d et ed in part, he rusion f the ¢ 8 ! Th ' it ( bsequen the general faulting ] s so far ] been found fre n faults and dike I ' n ving skate ) ne Fig. 2 ly par $ Ww? ! ~ssible t scent h Ith tl h

The rtz serieits hists ar r 1 gore h gre ! Ir l are well uinated when of f mpusition, The ther

gidas nT

With the development of the schist, during the eruptive after-action produced bs intrusio1 f the granite The faulting and brecela tion prior to the deposition of the or prepared in part the necessary channels for the solutions carrying the ulphates of iron and copper and the silica. The carbon in the slates no doubt had an important effect in reducing and pr imitating the sulphates. A coneentration

took place at a later period in parts of the zone, and lenses of massive

"bf BE Bes mw

CURE Pw OROChelinnend ae accu ee

eee eReNeEe" -— 0°

chaleopyrite, with quartz, were formed in parallel arrangement along

the strike of the schist. These lenses range from an inch to several

feet in width, and are the source of m irly all the clean ore. So far

they have been found in the worki gs on the Jane, Fairview and

Empress claims.

About seventy claims have be n staked al r this zone and adja cent to it. The principal groups are controlled by the Britanni: Copper Syndieate, Ltd., the press Mining Co., and the Goldsmith Copper Co.

THe Brrrannta Copper Synpicare, Lrp.*—Th mines of this com pany are situated 3-8 miles from Britannia beach, and 3,500 fect above sea level. The company owns sey claims comprising 297-04 acres, on which there are 8,500 feet of lode

long the divide between Britannia and South valleys, 4,165 feet (bar.) above se evel, on the Fairview claim, the ore body has been

prospected over a width of 600 feet, by stripping, test pits and short tunnels, and numerous small lenses of chale pyrite in quartz and schist have been exposed. The local strike varies irom N. 25° W. to N. 60° W. with a southwest dip of 60

present ore is mined only on the Jane el

aim at the Jaie and Mammoth bluffs, which are separated by a fault valley. The Mammoth bluff (PI. I) is 260 feet high and 800 feet long, with a visible width of 150 feet. It extends eastward into the Fairview claim. The exposures on the Jane and Fairview r present enormous bodies of low grade ore, and their position and topography favour economie methods of mining. The development is being carried on by means of tunnels, drifts, cross-cuts, and glory holes. As the work progresses a great proportion of the ore will be mined from glory holes, No sinking

on the ore body has been done below the 3.300 foot contour line.

The ore consists of finely disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite in small masses and lenses with a little galena. Small amounts of vornite and covellite occur near the surface as sex ondary enrichment. The ore is essentially low grade, and about 60 per cent has to be concentrated before being shipped to the smelter. No recent assays are available, and the only information referring to values are those of the prelim-

*Annual Report of the Minister of Mine British Columbia, i899, pp. ¥12-814; 1900, pp. 980-634; 1904, pp. 261-265

Rritish Columbia Mining Record, vol. xii, no. vi, pp. 413-426 W. M. Brewer, Eng. and Min. Jour., 1901, p. 189 38897—3

/

ANTON Ta ION Z

2° Qnnos 3Mo0H Inoz Iwyhiainiw Vinnyling

Awganns

iG aunesasaaseues

E s +e te se ep hemeny i . toe P we Pee eid

Sunes Sec ee Preah eete sco! his neve s?6? siege

Burrard Inlet, Lynn Creek

inary sampling of the ore bodies on the Jane claim, which appeared in the Annual Report of the Minister of Mines in 1904. Ina series of samples from the Mammoth bluff, the average gave 35-84 per cent copper, 0.0! . gold, an 5 . : ton. Jane No. 1 gave from 4 to 13 per cent copper, and $1.50 to $2.00 in gold and silver from the more massive ore; and Jane No 2 gave r cent copper, and $1.75 in gold and massive ore from Jane No. 2 made by r. M. EF. Connor he Survey gave 8-4 per cent copper.

The total number of tons ined anc ippec un to January 1. 1907, Was 168,396. Of this 42,552 ¢ IS Wer ii pi e, and 65,844 n- centrating. From the latte 2,612 tons of concentrates were milled. Both ore and cone: ntrates are shi} 2 company's smelter at Crofton on Vancouver island.

equipped for the first crushed tramway by a Sturtevant where both clean ore and matie aerig] tramway is 16,800 feet long. lt in two sections vith an intermediate station,

mines with the concentrator and shipping dock at

The buckets carry 1,000 pounds of ore. The present tramapaeity

way will be remodeled shortly, and its ised.

The crushing plant at beach consists of three Blake rock erush-

K Ci

ers, and two Gates rolls. The product from them is then sized in two sets of trommels with eight mm. screens, the over-size passing thro gh rigid rolls. The whole product is separated on Hancock jigs, the clean ore going directly to the bins, while the tailings are ground in two Huntingdon and two Ch ian mills, and conveyed to the e mneentrating mill in wooden launders,

The concentrating plant consis f two Cammett tables, eleven Wilfleys, twelve Overstroms, six Johnston, thirty-eight Frue vanners, two Sperry slimers, two sets of Richards classitiers, six settling tanks, and a Huntingdon mill f, r re-grinding the middlings. The concentrates are discharged into bins on the lower floor of the building, Where the cars are loaded and the mineral transferred to the bins on the dock.

The electrie plant, which supplies both light and power to the mines and to the plant at the beach, derives its power from Britannia

vsvT—S34

sSRObe the ab oaee POROP Ce weer yay os

oe IS PERO TATE:

ereek, The creek is dammed 2-6 miles from the beach, which gives a fall of 1,950 feet with an ordinary pressure of 750 pounds. The water mve ed in wire wound wooden Jipes, and steel pipes.

Tur Empress Minina Co.—This pany has eight claims in South valley, adjoining the Britannia Copper Syndicate's property on the east. The ore body on the Empress claim is a continuation of that on the Fairview and is from 400 to 600 feet wide, Tunnels have been driven on the strike at 3.700. 3,500, and 3,520 feet (bar.) respectively, and about 2,000 feet of work was done d iring 1906. The ore is similar to that of the Britannia. A good trail has been built from the

outh of Furry creek to the mine, a distance of five miles, and other preparations are being made to ensure the mine reaching the shipping Stage at an early date.

Tue Goivsmitn Coprrr Co.—The company has a group of seventeen claims, situated between the Britannia Copper Syndicate's property and the beach. Little work has been done beyond some preliminary stripping and trenching,

In South valley, three miles inland, on the trail to the Empress, and 1,850 feet (bar.) above sea level, a claim has been staked by Messrs. Kirk and McKinnon. The ore body 's a contact deposit, with a granite gneiss foot-wall, and a slate hanging. It strikes N. 50° W and dips southwest at 75°. The ore body is two and a half feet wide and consists of a mixture of pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and zine blende in a quartz-calcite-slate gangue. Only assessment work has been done so far, which has not been sufficient to open up a large body of ore,

Briransta West Coprer Co.—The claims owned by this company are situated on the west side of Howe sound ost due north of Britannia beach. The second claim is about a quarter of a mile inland,

and from 1,100 to 2,000 feet above sea level. It is more or less mineralized

throughout. The country rock is a granite porphyry, which has

suffered locally from intense shearing. Along these shear zones the rock is considerably altered, with a dc velopment of sericite and quartz carrying copper and iron pyrites, pyrrhotite, molybdenite and a little bornite. Superficially the ground has been tested by open-cuts and short tunnels. It is stated that the ores carry appreciable values in gold and silver. The pyrrhotite was analysed by Mr. M. F. Connor and was found to contain 0-70 per cent nickel. The ore, which is low

grade and very siliceous, will be favourable to water concentration.

y

Burrard Inlet, Lynn Creek Camp. 37

A concentrating plant is being installed at the shore, and a gravity connect it with the mine. Power will be from Cedar creek to the south.

deposits will admit of

tramway is being built to

developed The topography of the

economic mining, but active de velopment will

not commence until the plant for tri ating the ore has been completed.

Bowen Island.

Bonanza MANE—This mine is situated on the southwest s! pe of Mount Gardiner and 1,100 feet above sea level. The ore occurs in a zone of

fracture in the cherts and chlorite schists, which crosses the strike. The width varies from nine inches to three feet and a half;

but in the wider parts the ore is mixed witl

of rock. A tunnel has been driven in on the ore body for 200 feet,

but no further de velopment

1 a considerable proportion

1as been done. The ore is a mixture of

pyrite, zine blende and galena and is stated to carry $6.40 in gold, 30

g ozs. Of silver, and from 25 to 40 i

ver cent lead. Messrs. Ilubbard and Elliott of Chicago, and Mer ach

of Seattle are the joint owners, JERVIS INLET.

On the southwest side of Queens reach

, nearly opposite the entrance of Princess Louise inlet,

a small deposit of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite occurs along a diorite slate contact. prospect tunnel four feet wide was driven in for thirty feet. An assay of the ore gave negative results for gold and silver.

South of Deserted bay, on the granite slate contact, small masses

of arsenopyrite are found impregnating the granite. No large bodies

have been discovered, as prospecting is very difficult along a

a contact which is so well concealed by talus and vegetation.

An assay gave no values in gold or silver,

Five miles below Vancouver bay, on the

t side of the inlet, some bodies of pyrrhotite occur in the schists of the Texada group. Fourteen claims have been staked,

ut nothing has been done to prove the

value of these occurrences.

SEECHELT INLET. GRANITE Mountaty Copper CoMPANY about three miles inland from the

arm, and is at an elevation of 4

This propert, is situated east side of the head of Salmon 500 feet above the sea. It was first located in 1878, and was reported

rted on about that time by Mr. R. B.

eye Pereeegere

,

Harper for the Provincial G vernment, The original lo

locations have recently been increased to eighteen, which cover all the known outcrops

on and around Mount Donaldson.

Che country rock js granite, and the ore occurs jn fissure veins

They are nine in number, one of which has been traced along the

strike for 300 feet. The veins are parallel, and strike east and we st

with a dip of 65° to the north. On the irface they vary in width

from three to twenty-five inches. The extreme veins are 1,609 feet

from each other. Five hundred feet below the main outcrops a tunnel

was driven on the main vein for thirty feet. This vein is three and

Hree-quarter feet wide on the ro f, and four and a sixth feet wide on

floor. The ore is massive bornite with a little chaleocite and eup-gangue

. An assay of the massive ore made by Mr, J,

O'Sullivan ¢ t oz. of gold, 35 ozs. of silver, and 53 (wet) of pper [he property is about s xty-four miles from Vancouver by way of Seechelt. The country is very rugged, but if the veins on development

prove extensive ore bodies, an aerial tram line could be built

fr the mine to mon arm, whence the transportation to the smelter offers no difficulties TEXADA ISLAND. lexada island lies in the Strait of Geor (Fig. 3), its southeast end being eighty miles north of Victoria and forty-seven from Vancouver

. The town of Van Anda, where the chief working mines are ituated, is about seventy-five miles from Vancouver, and is a port of call of the Union Steamship Company. The island has a length of and a half miles. The

shores are very rugged and Sturt, Blubber and Gillies bays afford the

thirty miles, and a maximum width of

good anchorage, the two latter being xposed to certain winds. The western half of the island is more or less mineralized throughout, and has been nearly all staked at one time or another. It was the early nineties that attention was first called to the occurrences t free gold in quartz, and later deposits of rich copper sulphides were found in the limestone formation. These latter were not considered

f any great importance at the time, but subsequent development has

proved the contrary. Prior to that. in 1872, Mr. James Richardson*

Report of Pregress, Geol. Sur. of Can. 1873-7

; hay te

1 Out-veins

r the west width ' feet innel and le on

eup-

Tenada Islani 39

and in 1885 Dr Dawson,+ call 1 attention to ind described the

d posits of magnetite occurring on the southwest side of the island. Mr. W. M Brewer has frequently ce scribed the

progress of the min ing industry of

mining journals during the past ten ve ors.

The ore deposits occur in th

lexada group, and along the contact of that group with the Marble ]

say limestone formation.

Deposits IN THE TrXADA Group In this group the ores are found

along the shear and fracture zones in the basie eruptive rocks, Much

movement is shown by the slickensidk d walls, and later eross fractures

have been developed in the ore bodies. The

ores are galena, zine blende, chaleopyrite and pyrite, carrying as a rule low values in gold and silver. The veins are pockety in character and massive

ore abruptly alternates with barren zones

The veins ar from two to four feet wide, in one case twelve feet, and from twe nty to over 300 feet long. These deposits are not b ing worked at present, and conse quently there was no opportunity to examine the underground workings as the mines are filled with water,

Tue Surprise—This mine, owned by the Comox syndicate, was

vein oceurring along a line of fracture in she:

developed on a ared diabase

porphyrite. The vein had a northwest by southeast strike with

to the southwest. About 1,000 feet of work has been dene

in all, and the shaft was sunk to a de pth of 360 feet with 100 feet of

The vein is from two to three feet wide and is pyrite and chalcopyrite, with subord blende in

a dip of 65

drifting at the bottom. the ore inate galena and zine a quartz-chlorite-caleite gangue. Selected ore is stated to

have yielded from $4 to $34 a ton in gold, silver, and copper.

The Coprrr Kiva is east of the Surprise and belongs to the sam syndicate. The shaft is sixty feet deep and a small amount of drift ing has been done.

The Sinver Tip is half a mile to the northwest of the Surprise and is owned by a St. John, N.B., syndicate.

Two shafts have been sunk on the vein, 150 and 140 feet

deep respectively, and about 300 feet apart. At the bottom the vein varied from three to four fe

et in width. The ore is similar to that of the Surprise

, and selected lots are stated to have given from $62.00 to $140.00 per ton,

t Annual Report, Vol. 1/., Part B. Geol. Sur, of Can., pp. 36-38 ft Eng. and Min. Jour.-1900, p. 651; and 1901, pp. 665-667 Jour. of Can. Min. Inst., vol Vili, 1905, p. 172,

i driven along

f vein which carries small valuc in pyrite and

iller quartz veins cur in tered diabases and porphyrites

Chey are from two to twenty-twe ches wide, and the greatest leagth worked een 140 fe rhe superticial parts of the veins car vied very high values in free gold, which quickly di appeared with depth,

, Lorindale,

Nute ' Vik nd Post ! pl Dp it which elded free gold and eral tl lars worth was extracted On the Gold Slipper iim the gold oeeurred in calcite stringers ilong a shear zone in dial PACT DEF I () contact dey ts, tl most important are those ox rr Ligne ( pper on the pro] t f the Puget S 1 [ron Cor nd those ppe Van And rhe rmer are ited the southwest side of the island out three miles northwe G b rhe outerops are found along the uthern flan] f & prominent ridge which parallels the shore, and ' they occur over an area one mile long and h If a wid at elk 1

nland. Denudation has exposed thes¢

lenticular bodies, a

with respect to the country rocks.

Phe y occur

#reenstone,

greenstone

ises the

es e has been re b rosion rhe granite passes into grano-diorite and quartz augite diorite. The greenstone is mainly

w largely altered to chlorite and epidote schists.

ne is crystalline in grey and white colo irs, is much fault-

o the south.

as the Texada, Paxton, and

1e is the most western

and is abo 200

yards from the shore, the collar of the sl

aft being 280 feet above sea

level. The shaft is 150 feet deep, the bottom being connected with

in on a lower slope. The tunnel is

Se eee COLLET OL hE E Le eet ee

LEGEND ae . MEzozoICc e& + ow 44 Prey) — Ly - oy we ey t Limekiln . . ; s TACOMA ™ Bay 5 ; STEELCO> er 47 a PaLé€ozoic $ pict : ; Big Bay rte ' vi es i "LAN OF WESTERN PART O Golden' @ Magnetite PLA F WESTE! Ar F a Golden Sl)

Texada Islay B.C Ss Ja

Hoktzoxvar S f ' Bey

. a lake Mine 46 8% Parton

Wcet Sound Ikon Company

Georgia

+ Bay

Cross-Section Alone

+54 Set st don seen paegtavtedt@tamhieiess

"Sk,

Penada Land 41

over 300 feet long, and near the shaft seventy-four feet of magnetite were passed through, but no cross-cuts were made to determin the width of the ore. Magnetite also occurs on the surface at the shaft, and at intervals on the slope to the north where it was formerly mined in quarries. The first quarry is 114 feet, and the third 214 feet above the shaft. In the latter the width and length of the exposed ore body aro twenty-six feet with a face over sixty-five feet high. Sufficient development work has not been done to determine if the bodies exposed in the quarries are connected with one another and with the one in the tunnel. If they were so connected, it would give an ore body about 500 feet long, with a maximum surface width of thirty feet. The enclosing walls are quartz diorite on one side and limestone with greenstone on the other, except on the lower levels where diorite alone is exposed. Along the contact the diorite has been altered to a mixture of quartz, epidote, and garnet through which are small recticulating

veins of magnetite.

The ore is a coarse crystalline magnetite which loeally is impure from impregnations of copper and iron pyrites; some of the ore having carried as high as 3 per cent copper, it was smelted at the Van Anda smelter some years ago. Quartz, actinolite, calcite, epidote, and garnets are present in small amounts in parts of the ore bodies.

The Paxton mine is about 1,100 yards east of the above, half a mile

inland and 400 feet above sea le vel. The ore body is 320 feet long, with a maximum width and height of 240 and 92 feet respectively. The ore lies on a floor of altered porphyrite which is also the north wall, the south wall being granite. The work on the first level consists of two open-cuts and tunnels driven north, each thirty-five feet in the granite, and eight and fifty feet respectively, in the ore. The magnetite at the econtaet is impure from rock and inclusions of sulphides, but farther in, some clean ore was mined. The impure ore disintegrates

rapidly on exposure to the air and becomes covered with a

white coating of iron sulphate.

The Lake mine is one mile east of the Texada, and 400 feet above sea level. The ore rests on a floor of altered porphyrite with limestone as the north wall. The ore body is nearly 200 feet long, fifty feet wide, and the highest part is seventy feet above the first floor. A considerable portion of the ore body has been uncovered, and a short

tunnel has been driven at the base. The ore is coarse and fine-grained

4? Ogical Survey.

crystalline magnetite with some hematite. The impurities are small amounts of copper and iron pyrites, epidote, actinolite, garnet, calcite and quartz.

Little has been done in exploiting the other deposits beyond delimiting their boundaries superficially. The development work on these magnetite deposits has not been extensive enough to show any great reserves of clean ore, and at present it is not possible to make any statement regarding the amount of ore that would have any bearing on their actual importance. Much of the ore now exposed would require to be roasted to free it from sulphur. Regarding the variable amounts of copper which is disseminated through parts of the ore bodies it will probably be found that judicious selection will prevent the copper content in the roasted ore becoming high enough to materially vitiate the product for cast iron or steel. It is well known that copper in very small quantity strengthens and toughens steel, and the metal may oeeur without injury in larger quantities in cast iron.*

analyses of the magnetite have been made both of average lots and selected ore.

Tron : BE 91 65°71 68°40 69°00 Silica 6 3°97 Manganese

Sulphur 0036

Phosphorus F 13 5 030 Lame

These deposits were first located in 1875, and the lots were Crown granted. No record of the output was kept prior to 1884. The total amount shipped to date probably does 'not exceed 20,000 tons, and the greater part of this was smelted at Irondale in the State of Washing-

The deposits present good facilities for economie mining, prineipally

by a system of quarries and tunnels. Gravity trams would trans- Thurston. Treatise on Iron and Steel, Part IT,

. the Tron and Steel Inst. 1886, p . Geol. Sur. of Washington. eld. Tenth Census, U.S. (Mineral Industries) Vol. XV. p Lot of 600 tons

a?

Texada Island 43

port the ore to the loading pier. The coast is somewhat exposed; but there is deep water close to Gillies bay which in very stormy weather would make a safe harbour.

In 1902 some 6,000 tons were mined which cost, delivered at the Irondale smelter, $3.10 per ton, including a duty of 40 cents on the ton.* With properly equipped mining and transportation plant the cost could be very materially reduced.

Closely associated with the magnetite is a series of copper deposits consisting ot chaleopyrite and a little carbonate. They occur as small irregular bodies along the contact of the limestone with the chlorite schist and magnetite. They are shallow deposits, and on the limestoneschist contact vary in attitude from almost vertical to horizontal with a limestone hanging wall or roof, and a schist foot wall or floor. The largest deposit had a length of 180 feet, with an average width of five feet, expanding in one place to twenty-four feet, and a maximum depth of twelve feet. Figure 4 is a cross section of this deposit showing its association with the country rock.

Over a dozen different bodies have so far been discovered, and some of them have been worked out. It is stated that over $10,000 worth

of ore has been mined, the average of some of the shipments giving

08 to -10 oz. of gold, 2 ozs. of silver, and 8 to 10°% copper per ton.

CROSS=SECTION Showing form of Ore body (Copper) On Puget Sound Iron Co.'s Property Seale 11 feet 1 inch Ficure 4. It is probable that along the schist-limestone contact other deposits

may occur elsewhere with no surface indications, but it is doubtful if

British Columbia Mining Record, vol. ix, No. 7, p. 221.

a - 3. pepe venppagenepaneren: {parte teneesacein games senate enee van pe rene

the amount of dead work necessary in prospecting would be compensated by the value of the ore bodies found.

ORIGIN OF THE MAGNETITES* AND CHALCOPYRITE—The magnetites ire secondary, and have evidently been produced by the decomposition of the basie eruptive rocks of the Texada group. These rocks when examined microscopically are found to be made up largely of secondary minerals, among which magnetite is a most productive member. In the formation of these bodies the ore solutions have followed the line of contact between the eruptives and the limestone, replacing the latter by magnetite. It seems to have been a direct precipitation of ire, with a liberation of lime carbonate, as the contact between the magnetite and limestone is always sharp, and iron carbonate is never, and ferruginous limestone rarely, seen. There are also residual concentrations of magnetite in the massive schist, and in extreme cases he latter is present as small cores in the ore. All the bodies were formed at considerable depth, and subsequent erosion has removed the overlying and surrounding limestone, sometimes completely, as in the ease of the Paxton mine. The period of formation was prior to the intrusion of the Coast Range batholith, a smail extension of which is found in contact with tk-ore at the Texada and Paxton mines.

Chis intrusion altered the limestone, and produced new mineralizing

agents, which during the cooling stages of the rock formed the coppet

deposits. The copper bearing solutions in many places penetrated the magnetite along fractures and incipient shear planes. At and near the contact, epidote, actinolite and garnets were formed, and a marginal zone of the grano-diorite was replaced in part by these minerals

along with quartz, and copper and iron py rites.

Other deposits of magnetite occur elsewhere on the island and are rf the same origin as the above. They are, however, of minor importance

.

The Volunteer claim, owned by the Tacoma Steel Co., is a quarter of a mile south of Marble bay. The magnetite occurs at the contact of a uralitie gabbro and the limestone. The ore body is sixty-five feet long with a maximum width of nine and three-quarter feet. The magnetite is coarse and fine grained, and contains small amounts of actinolite, epidote, and pyrite. An assay and partial analysis by Mr. F. C.

Robinson gave -0335 oz. of gold, 1-44 ozs. of silver, and 62-4 per cent

Kimball, American Geologist, vel. xx, 1897, pp. 16-23

Texada Island £5

of iron. A small amount of this ore has been shipped for fluxing purposes,

The security claim is half a mile south of Van Anda bay. The shaft is fifty feet deep, and the ore is a rather ill defined body along the contact of a porphyrite and pyroxene-garnet gangue rock. The ore is a mixture of magnetite and chaleopyrite, and an av rage sample gave on assay gold -04 0z., copper (wet) 1-16 per cent, and iron 49.77 per cent.

North of the shaft a portion of the lead has been stripped and shows magnetite, chaleopyrite and pyrite from three to four feet wide. with a porphyrite foot and limestone hanging wall. This ore has been

used in small quantities as a flux.

The Red Cloud claim, owned by the Raven Copper Gold Co., is situated a quarter of a mile inland from Spratt bay, and near a contact of the Texada group with an extension of the Coast Range batholith. An open-cut extends east from the shaft for ninety-six feet, and a second cut fifty feet long is 160 feet east of the shaft. - The shaft was sunk on the ore and is 130 feet deep. The ore is a coarse platy magnetite with some pyrite in a calcite gangue, associated with granular magnetite which is finely interbanded with chaleopyrite and pyrrhotite, with garnets irregularly distributed through it. At the west end of the second open-eut crystalline magnetite is exposed with a width of seven feet. Just immediately west on the same strike coarsely crystallized pyrite occurs to the exclusion of the magnetite. This deposit is very irregular and the magnetite impure. The ore could only be used as a flux.

The Black Prince claim is one and a quarter miles inland from Pocahontas bay. The country rock is a fine-grained diorite. The lead is about 200 feet long, and from fifteen inches to four feet wide. The strike is N. 35° W., and the dip 58° to the southwest. The ore is banded magnetite and pyrite, and the remnants of the limestone show its replacement from the rock. A lot of 2,100 pounds shipped to Van Anda smelter gave $13.50 gold.*

Deposits IN THE MARBLE Bay LIMESTONE—The ore deposits which occur wholly in the limestone have their chief development in the vicinity of the town of Van Anda. The three principal mines are the

*Ann. Rep. of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia 1899, p. £04

Mares 22 ape 200 gy Bere Bawa mee ees

Rae Per ewetetepe rere e"

Copper Queen, Cornell, and Marble Bay; of which the latter has been

the most extensively developed.

Tue Marsie Bay mine—The Marble Bay mine is owned by the Tacoma Steel Co., which holds about 1,500 acres of Crown granted land in the western part of the island.

In 1897, an insignificant outerop of copper and iron pyrites with some bornite was found about a quarter of a mile east of Sturt bay, on a lot owned by Messrs. Christie and Palmer, of Toronto, A shaft was sunk on the ore and drifts run, but it was not until the 260 foot level was reached that the ore body assumed a de'inite character.

In 1902 the property was purchased by the present owners for $150,000, and it was extremely gratifying to the company to have been able to pay the whole of the purchase money out of the profits in three years.

The mine is now 771 feet deep, and 726 feet below high tide. The ore body from the 260 level to the present workings has varied in length from 70 to 105 feet, and in width from five to forty-five feet. On the first floor of the 771 level it is eighty-seven feet long with a maximum width of thirty-two feet. The strike on this floor is N. 45° W., and the walls are vertical.

From the surface to the 260 level the ore body was divided into subordinate shoots; but below that level it has been one continuous shoot (Fig 6). It pitches at a high angle to the north as far as the 460; from there it is practically vertical.

The ore shoot occurs in a zone of brecciation in a crystalline and semi-erystalline limestone, the zone being approximately parallel to the strike of the rock. The borders are broadly irregular, and small stringers of ore are occasionally given off which run into the wall rock for a few inches. In the upper levels the walls were much brecciated and weak, but in the lower they are firm and very little work is necessary in the way of lagging.

The ore is bornite with subordinate chalcopyrite and a little pyrite, pyrrhotite, and molybdenite. These occur in a gangue of pale green

pyroxene and pale reddish garnet, the " green" and " bull felsite " of the miners—and ealeite. The ore is finely disseminated through the pyroxene, or occurs in large rather pure masses with calcite between the pyroxene and the limestone walls. Very little ore is found in the

garnet, which is in fact generally barren. A considerable proportion

Geological Survey

Magnetic North

260" on 360" 460 " SS fy 560 u " i fp i Ey ——

Marste Bay Mine

Scale 50 feet

of the

Marble Bay Mine Texada Island B.C.

Texada Island

of the pyroxene is partially decomposed, and disintegrates rapidly on . exposure to the air. There are also large areas of pyroxene which are practically barren. Wedge-shaped masses of limestone are occasionally found in the ore body, and represent areas not r placed by the ,

gangue minerals and ore.

Subsequent to its formation, the ore shoot was cut by a dike of basic porphyrite, which, between the 7th and 8th levels, was from four to six feet wide. It dipped to the south at a high angle, and diminishing in size on the 771 level it is only seven inches wide, and crosses the drift some distance south of the ore body. This intrusion caused considerable movement in parts of the ore body adjacent to it, producing small fractures and slickensides. The pyroxene and garnet were finely

fractured, and in places granulated, with a redeposition of bornite along these plane 8,

The ore throughout is essentially high grade, and carries good values in gold and silver. That which is finely disseminated through 4 the pyroxene carries much higher values in gold and silver than the 3 purer and more massive bornite and chaleopyrite. It has also been noted that the percentage of copper has steadily increased with depth.

As it is necessary to mine considerable barren gangue which is intimately mixed with the productive, the ore is hand sorted before shipping, and graded into coarse and fines. The waste, on account of its fluxing properties, is shipped in large part, and sold to the smelter. At present the total output is sent to the Tacoma smelter ' for treatment.

In order to ascertain the average value of the ore, the smelter returns for the year beginning in June, 1905, were examined and the following results tabulated :—

- Gold oz. Silver oz. Copper Net value

Grade. per ton. per ton, p. c. (dry.) per ton, Coarse 0° 498 4°138 6° 765 $28.77 Fines 01673 1°560 1°602 6.88 Wastes tr.— 'OR 0°15.0°9 0° 22-0°8 0.50 Coarse . 1: 006 5°73 11°25

The last entry refers to a shipment of 116 tons of coarse grade a made in July, 1906. :

YEG Hi Beebe de bees

s

Sot werent'

arwe i msipsatenlanianiniaiein rmeenenenniepennstrerrineaeirs van

See

About 13,000 tons are mined and shipped annually. From 1991 to

1906 inclusive, over 65,000 tons have been shipped. Through the

courtesy of Mr. T. C. jbinson of the Sheffield Smelting Works it is

possible to] iblish w interesting assays which he made of the or

and gangue The samp wert

Gold, oz per long ton

1 Os

with finely disseminated ore.

II. Pyroxene and garnet gangue III. Caleite after removing mineralized portions.

IV. Caleite and garnet after removing ming ralized portions. Num

bers IIT and IV are interesting in showing the oeeurrence of gold and

silver in what was apparently barren gangue. Free gold in disishable

leaves and grains has been found oe sionally; but it

ting not common. The mine is well equipped with a modern plant. The power plant

externally fired boiler of 125 hp. The

consists of a two return tube

steam is transmitted at 100 pounds pressure through a four inch pipe

down the shaft to the 560 level, with a tee connexion at the 360 level

to supply steam to the pumps there, which have to deal with the surface water. On this level there are two pumps, a Northey Cameron plunger type, and a Blake differential sinking pump with a total cap acity of 15,000 Imperial gallons per hour. Water cannot be retained at a higher level owing to a mud-slip which extends from the surface

to the 360. The retaining dam holds 25,000 ga lons, which amount

would collect in a fortnight in the dry season. In the winter, however

, during the thaw of a heavy snowfall, or after continued heavy

rains, it would fill in two or three hours. On the 560 level, a Cameron station pump raises, through a six inch column, any water escaping

from the 360 as well as that p imped up from the bottom of the

shaft. It has a capacity of 16,000 Tniperial ge lons per hour. It is

required to operate the pumps 20 per cent of the time for six months,

50 per cent for five months, and full time for one mont!

Pexada Island 51

[he mine water has a \v.ry corrosive action on the ordinary

wrought iron pipes. The water from the lower levels is much more

corrosive than that colleeted on the 360 level, as in the le'te> ease the

purely surface water flows down quick nd passes through channels which ital but lit Iphides in thet wall

Phe power to work the drills is furnished by a duplex two stage air compressor of the Ingersoll Sargeant type with a capacity of ten drills. It is provided with a governor to limit the speed and pressure to 100 pounds

The shaft is a double compartment with a four by five manway. Ivistine is done by a Lidgerwood geared hoist at a speed of between 360 and 450 feet per minute. The mine and camp are supplied with water at sixty-five pounds pressure from Priest lake, and a fifty light Westinghouse dynamo is used to illuminate the works at the surface, and the company's hotel. The mine is conneeted by a tram line 2,125

feet long to the wharf, where the ore bunkers are situated.

Phe Copper Queen, Cornell, and Little Billy are owned by the Van Anda Copper and Gold Mining Co. At present the two former are being worked under lease, the Copper Queen by the Copper Queen Operating Co., and the Cornell by Mr. J. A. Johnson, representing a Seattle syndicate. Both mines are connected by a tram line to the

ore bunkers and wharf on Van Anda bay.

Tk Copper Queex—The Copper Queen is situated half a mile from Van Anda bay. The shaft is 500 feet deep, and from tne lowest level a winze was sunk for 240 feet, making in all 740 feet. The upper 680 feet have been nearly all stoped out. The ore shoot in the stoped areas varied from 40 to 100 feet in length, and from one to twenty feet in width. At the 680 foot level in the winze the ore shoot is eight to nine feet wide. Both walls are limestone with a strike of N. 47° W., and dip at 70° to the southwest. The lower sixty feet in

the winze is in unstoped ore.

The ore is bornite and chaleopyrite with occasional rich masses of tetrahedrite in a pyroxene-garnet-caleite gangue. No recent assays are available, but the following will no doubt approximate closely the ore values in the lower workings. In 1897 a shipment of 300 tons gave -34 oz. of gold, 6 ozs. of silver, and 6-2 per cent copper per ton.

In 1898 sorted ore yielded $7.00 in gold, 7 ozs. of silver, and from 10

DePe reer ene Pepe he

to 15 per cent copper.* On the 680 level in the winze a large mass of tremolite occurs along the hanging wall, which gave on assay 05 per cent copper, and $8.00 in gold. In 1900 the Van Anda smelter treated 7054-75 tons of ore from the Queen, Cornell and Little Billy, which

produced 827,844 pounds of copper, 10,563 ozs. of silver, and 1,857-25 ozs, of gold.

There is no good reason to doubt but that the ore shoot will continue with depth, and it is possible that careful and systematic prospecting

might result in discovering parallel shoots on some of the

upper levels. The limestone formation is much cut by dikes in this PI A

ground, and a favourite channel for deposition would be along the contact of the dikes and limestone. The main disadvantage that the miae labours under at present is that the shaft ends at the 500 foot level. In the present workings, the hoisting must be done through the winze and shaft, which is inconvenient and adds considerably to the expense.

Tue Cornett MineE—Th nell mine is three-quarters of a mile south of the Copper Queen, and is situated near the contact of the Texada group and the Marble Bay forma

Work was first commenced on an ore shoot which outeropped to the east of the shaft. The shaft was sunk on ore to the 160 foot level, and then in a porphyrite dike and limestone to the 560, No work of any importance has been done below the 260 level. On the 160 level two ore shoots were found separated by a wedge of limestone. They were known as the Treat and Coney shoots, and have been nearly all worked out. On the 260 level the ore shoot which may be connected with the above has a known length of 110 feet, a height of fifty feet and maximum width of fourteen feet.

The ores are bornite and chalcopyrite, with small amounts of mag netite and molybdenite, in a gangue composed of pyroxene, garnet and serpentine, the latter being in part the result of the decomposi tion of basic dikes intruded prior to the formation of the ore bodies. No recent assays of cargo lots are ayailable, but it is probable the values are somewhat similar to those of the adjacent mines. It is stated that $270,000 worth of ore was produced between the surface and the 160 level. The ore from the glory hole was very rich, and carried as high as 1-25 ozs, of gold to the ton.

*Ann. Rep. of the Minister of Mines, Britis: Columbi 1897, p. 562; 1848, p. 1135; 1900, p. 925.

Texada Isla 53

The Little Billy is situated on the coast half a mile east of Van Anda bay. small irregular body of chaleopyrite was found with the usual gangue minerals at the contact of limestone and granite. One thirty ton shipment gave $4 to $5 in gold, 18 om. of silver, and 12 per cent copper. Further prospecting failed to locate any other body, though local conditions would seem to favour the oecurrence

of other shoots.

The Loyal mine, leased by Mr. D. O. Jacobs, representing a Seattle syndicate, is at the north end of the island and east of Blubber bay. Some years ago masses of bornite and chaleopyrite were discovered along a garnet-pyroxene and limestone contact. In some minor development seventy tons were shipped which yielded 17 per cent

copper and 20 ozs. of silver to the ton.

Work was resumed by the present lessee about two years ago. The shaft in October, 1906, was 270 feet deep, with levels at 160 and 200 feet. About 1,200 feet of work has been done. The mineralized zone was three to six inches wide on the 100 level, and had broadened considerably on the 200; but as yet no large ore shoot had been encountered. The ore consists of pyrite, zinc blende, galena, chaleopyrite and bornite with caleite in brecciated limestone.

The Paris claim lies south of Blubber bay. Three shallow shafts

have been sunk on a mineralized zone which lies along a limestone

porphyrite contact. The ore is an irregular mixture of galena, e

per and iron pyrites, zine blende and magnetite, in a composite

gangue of country rock, pyroxene and garnet.

The Canada group south of the Loyal, together with the rest of the coast belt extending to Sturt bay, has been only partially explored. It is a favourable field, and close prospecting may result in the discovery of new ore bodies. At the northwest end of the Canada group a shaft was sunk to a depth of iifty feet, and rich copper ore was encountered thirty feet from the surface having a width of seven feet.

Origin of the Ore Shoots in the Limestone—These deposits in point of view of origin are closely connected with the intrusion of the Coast Range batholith, extensions of which are found at several places

on the north shore of the island and elsewhere. 'The deposits are

*Ann. Rep. of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1908, p. 236.

Geological Survey.

clearly of pneumatolytic origin and can be referred to the Kristania

type.

It is well known that mole gina wive off enormous quantities

of gases ance vapours, which in this case wo id have a profound effect

on the limestone through which they would pass along zones bree

elation, bedding plates aud contact planes between basic dikes and

ed

by silieates rich in

limestones Here the limestone has been repla

lime, and by sulphide ores, with a consequent liberation of carbonic

acid gas, the siltea and s ides coming from below in solution or

gaseous form.

The deposition of t re and wanguc m simultaneously with the cooling ef e granite magma, and bodies were formed before the intrusion of the split dikes, two of which were —— ting the ore bodies in the Copper Queen and ¢ wna.

Several sections of the gar "© made and subjected toa micro scopieal examination The variety omphacite—is ¢ lour-of

clear individuals with turbid borders.

fess ana sf Thsales

The garnet is pale brown and shows zonary structure and optical

anomalies, It is traversed by merous eracks filled with chlorite and turbid calcite. Towards th he gengue the garnet shows a tendeney ty lop crystal Bornite and chaleopyrite in small grains, solitary or connected in groups by narrow stringers, occur be tween the pyroxene individuals, or are included in them along cracks and cleavage planes.

In the Copper Queen and Cornell mines, where one wall ts occasion ally a basie dike, the decompositi f the dike has gone simul taneously with the deposition of the ore, and the latter is present in small bands and grains in felty serpentine, associated at times with harrow veins of asbestos. The ore-hearing serpentine occurs only in

small masses, and is intimately connected with pyroxene and garnet. Calcite, well erystals of garnet vesuvianite and larger grains of the or a o erystallize out and filled all hie interstitial spaces 'he vesuvianite occurs in erystals with the two prisms, pyramid

and end face (110, 100, 111, 901) ed, 'The garnet is andra

Genises of Ore Deposits Prof. J mar Lindgren, p. et seq.

Trans. Amer. Ins. of Min. Eng., vol. xxx! near Igneous Contacts, p. 715 et seq.

Structural Stone 55

dite in rhombohedrons (110) and combinations of them and the tetratragonal trisoctahedron (211).

An approximate analysis of the pyroxene gangue by Mr. M. F.

'a 55-25, oxides of iron and alumina 6-50, oxide of

Connor, gave "me 25-00, oxide of magnesia 14-00, The erystalline limestone in the vicinity of Marble Bay mine has the following composition: insoluble 6-00 oxides of iron and alumina 0 30, lime earbonate 86-00, magnesia carbonate 7-40,

There are a few occurrences of ore in breeciated limestone without garnet and pyroxene gangue. The sulphides have been deposited in cracks with a small amount of calcite gangue. The Commodore is the only mine working on a deposit of this character. It is situated two and a half miles from Van Anda, at an elevation of 500 feet above sea level. The shaft was sunk on the contact of a diabase dike with the limestone which strikes N, 70° £., and dips south at 58°. At a vertical depth of 124 feet drifts were run both ways along the strike to tap mineralized zones which lie east and west of the shaft.. In an

open-cut east of the shaft mineralized streaks were exposed in the

limestone which contained zine blende, pyrite, ch: copyrite, and galena, A sample gave on assay S-S0 per cent lead, 29-20 per cent Ane, -O3 oz, of gold, and 15 ozs. of silver to the ton.

Phe development up to November, 1906, was of an exploratory

nature, and mo ore had been shipped. STRUCTURAL STONE.

There are a number of quarries along the coast at present in operation which furnish both building stone and scrap for eonerete work and road metal. 'The demand is readily supplied by the present workings.

SURRARD INLET—On the North arm there are two quarries near the head and opposite Croker island.

The rock in both eases is a light grey or white biotite granite, varymg in grain from medium to coarse,

Phe Vancouver Quarry Company, formerly Keefer's quarry, on the west side of the arm, was first opened sixteen years ago, and has been worked more or less continuously ever since. The work extended inland from the shore, and there is now a working face about 100 feet

high. The best building stone was taken from the front of the

ees Ae ee ee

: : ° quarry, and as work progressed inwards the rock became so seamy that

it was untit for building purposes and is now used for road metal and conerete work. About seventy cubic yards a day are quarried. The company also owns a quarry on the west side of Croker island, where there is a good ledge suitable for building stone. The rock is taken to Vancouver in shows, and is broken to size by the company's erushers on Westminster avenue.

The Coast Quarries, Ltd., is situated on the east side of the arm. [he granite cliff is about 120 feet high; but no work has been done above the forty foot level. A Farrel crusher breaks the rock into two and one inch and fines. A two drill Rand compressor has been in stalled, the power being derived from a waterfall adjacent to t quarry.

On Fairview heights, Vancouver, there is a quarry owned by Messrs. Nicholson and Morrison, The rock is an augite andesite and is used for road metal. It breaks readily under slight pressure and is of value only on roads where the traffic is light. It is used extensively by the British Columbia Electric Company, for ballasting their

Jervis Inner—At the entrance to the inlet on the southwest end of Nelson island an old quarry has recently been re-opened by the Ellis Granite Company of Seattle. The working face in the granite is at present about thirty feet hi h and 260 feet long. The rock is free from flaws and works well. The total production is shipped to Seattle. The granite taken from this quarry was used in the piers and abutments of the Provincial bridge over the Fraser at New Westminster.

Farther north on Granite island, and sixty miles from Vancouver, a granite quarry is operated by Messrs. Kelly and Murray. The main face is nearly 100 feet above the sea level and about 175 feet long. The new post office at Vancouver is being built from rock taken from this juarry. At both the above quarries the rock is a light grey to white granite of medium and uniform grain, It is massive, free from objectionable flaws, works well and may be quarried in large blocks.*

Phe granites here were the best seen on this part of the coast.

At Deserted bay work was resumed at the old slate quarry in September

last. The quarry is at sea level, and to the east the slate hills

Ann. Rep. of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1905, p

pier! /Pemecedeswbestesseion

STRUCTURAL STON i

rise to heights of 3.000 nove. The slate is a black carbonaceous finely laminated rock free from objectionable impurities. Traces of bedding show horizontal or with low dips, the plane of the cleavage

being at right angles. In places small veins of quartz and calcite

occur, and small dikes of granite eut the slate. Slate, formerly quarried, was graded as first class, eighteen by ten inches, and third class fourteen by nine inches. oe - : p22 3 I'he former splits evenly and the latter unevenly, giving a rough surface. The objection in the past work was that too much waste

more uniform beds have been found that will permit of more eco-

d, but it is stated that half a mile inland better and

TeXADA IstaNp—A fine grained pure white marble occurs at Blub ber bay, Sturt bay, and west of Paxton lake. Very little work ha been done to prove the rock, but at Sturt bay, where a small amount was quarried, the rock in the upper layers was much jointed and large blocks could not be quarried. It is possible that other localities may furnish better indications for successful exploitation.

The limestones are generally very pure and when burned furnish a lime of excellent quality. The Tacoma Steel Co. have two kilns on Limekiln bay on the northwest end of the island. The rock is a dark grey unaltered limestone occurring in thick beds up to three and a half feet, and dipping seaward at from 15 to 25 degrees, The following

analysis was made by Mr. M. F. Connor, of the Survey.

Carbonate of lime, 97 Carbonate of magnesia, 2.25,

Oxide of iron and alumina, -34.

Insoluble, -30.

About 120 barrels of lime per day is the output which is shipped to Vancouver and to Suva, Java.

On Marble bay the same company has one kiln which is not worked regularly. The output here amounts to about 100 barrels per day.

Clays.

Very pure clays are found on the north arm of Burrard inlet, at the head of Howe sound on the east side, and on Anvil island where they are used in the manufacture of brick.

QQ" addi v

pepe terevererezansse |isaree se

Geological Survey.

On West Thornmanby island a very fine pure clay occurs inter ed with coarser clays and sands. This clay on drying produces powder with an entire absence of grit. It makes good natu-powder

for nickel, copper, and other common utensi WATER POWER.

There are many streams in this region with high grade channels which will be used as a source of power as future conditions demand. The fluctuation in volume during the year is consideftable, and at present no data are available which would give an idea of their permanent or average value. This would entail a separate study of each stream. The streams fed by glaciers have a much greater value than those relying on the winter snows and general rainfall. Reference has also been made to Britannia creek which is one of the most important flowing into Howe sound. At the head of Salmon arm there is a fall of over sixty feet in the river draining the Clowhom lakes. The falls in Powell river have a maximum height of 120 feet. It has been estimated that 12,000 and 30,000 h.p. could be respectively developed from these two sources.

The British Columbia Electric Power Company's power house is situated on the north arm of Burrard inlet. Power is developed from the 400 foot fall from Lake Buntzen to tide-water. A tunnel two and a half miles long connects the above lake with Lake Coquitlam, the level of the latter being thirty-five feet higher, and this assures a sufficient

supply of water for the extensive plant.

Timber.

Lumber is a very active industry in parts of the lowlands between Burrard inlet and the Fraser river, and generally along the main coast ard inlets. In the early stages of the industry timber was only cut

clong the shore in the broader valleys and on the general slopes. The

growing demand has caused more extensive exploitation in the less

accessible areas, and the cutting is extending farther inland each year.

Transportation to Tide-Water—The logs are carried to tide-water by siuall railways and log chutes, where they are collected in booms and towed to the mills at Vancouver and elsewhere along the coast. In some of the valleys long flumes have been built along the creeks

for the transportation of cedar shingle bolts.

Mber

The principal commercial woods are the D

douglasii) and the western cedar (Thuja gigantea). The following

species also occur in greater or less abundance in this region: Spruce

(Picea sitchensis ), hemlock (Tsuga mert nsiana), yew (Taxus brevtifolia

), white pine (Pinus monticola),scrub pine (Pinus contorta),

Many of the older limits will shortly be worked over, and considerable timber formerly thought valueless will be taken out.

The regrettable forest fires still break out every dry season, and at

times cause incalculable damage when they secure a foot-hold in good timber areas.

ies emeeces

Canada Department Of Mines Geological Survey Branch

Hon. W. Tewpreman, Minister; A. P. Low, LL.D, Derury MINISTER ; R. W. Brock, Dinecror

Selected List Of Reports And Maps

Of Special Economic Interest

The Geological Survey Branch

Reports of, the Mines Section—

No. 245. Report of Mines Section for ISS. No. 662. Report of Mines Section for 1897. 2 ' " 1898,

" 1899.

" . 1900,

625 " " 1896. Minera! Production of Carada-

No. 414. For 1886, 22. For 1893, . 719. For 1900, 415 w $1887, By 1894, 719 1901. 416 uw 1888, 7 1895, 813 1902, 417 1k89, bg 1896, 861 1903. 418 1890, ys 1886-96. S46 + 1994, 419 1891, w 1897, 924 1905, 420 Iss6-9L j w 1898. 931 1006, 421 1892. 86 1899,

Mineral Resources Bulletins—

No.*818. Platinum. No, 860 ; . Phosphate. S51. Coal. 869. Mica. . Copper. *854. Asbestos. 872. Molybdenum and . Mineral Pigments, 857. Infusorial Earth. Tungsten, . Barytes, 858. Manganese, 877. Graphite. - Mineral Pigments 859, Salt. 880. Peat. (French)

Reports of the Section of Chemistry and Mineralogy—

No.*102. For 1874-5, No. 169. For 1882-3-4. No. *110 1875-6. 2 *119 1876-7, 126 1877-8. 138 1878-9. 148 1879-80, 156 1880-1-2.

Publications marked tlins are out of print.

ee ee es

a dpe rebahererspeyepe

745, Altitudes of Canada, by J. White. 1899 "079. Descriptive Catalogue of Minerals and K Young

isu Lin Klondik by R. G. MeConnell, 19900. Map No 48 ! 8&4. Klond old fields, McConnell. 1901. Map No, 772, scale 2 m Windy Arm, Tagis! y R. G. McConnell. 1906. Map N 16, ™ li 043. Upper Stewart rive y Keele. Map No, 938, scale mm lin Bo land Wind rivers, by Chas, Camaell. Map No. 942, :

"O00

scale 8 m Lin Klondike gravels, by R. G. McConnell, Map No. 1011, seale 40 ch 1 in. id Whitehorse mining districta, by D. D. Cairnes. 1901 Map No, 10,

n Lin Creek and Hill gravels, by R.G. McConnell. (French Map No. 1011,

British Columbia

212. The Rocky mountai between latitudes 49° and 51° 30'), by G. M. Dawson. 1885 Map No, 223, scale 6 n Lin. Map No. 224, seale 14 m n M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. 247, Sim.=1Lin

Vancouver island, by G 1886. Map No

The Rocky mountains, geological structure, by R. G, McConnel 248, scale 21 263. Cariboo mining district, by A. Bowman. 1887. Maps Nos, 27

*971, Mineral wealth, by G. M. Dawson

*994 West Kootenay district' by G. M. Dawson. 1888-9. Map No, 303, scale 8 m.

lin *573. Kamloops district, by G. M Dawson 1894. Maps Nos. 556-7, seale 4 m lin 574. Finlay and Omineca rivers, by R. G. McConnell. 1894. Map No. 57, scale 8

1 in,

743. Lake mining division, by J. C. Gwillim. 1899. Map No. 742, scale 4 m.=

1 in 939, Rossland district, by R. W. Brock. Map No, 941, scale 1,600 ft. in. 1905, Map No. 921, scale 4 m.=1 in., and May

986. Similkameen district, by Chas. Camsell. Map. No. 987, scale 400 ch. in.

988. Telkwa river and vicinity, by W. W. Leach. Map No. 989, scale 2m. 1 in.

096. Nanaimo and New Westminster districts, by O. E. LeRoy. 1907. Map No. 997, scale 4.1m, Lin.

Alberta.

*937. Central portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1886. Maps Nos, 249 and 250, scale 1 in.

$24. Peace and Athabaska Rivers district, by R. G. MeConnell. 1890-1. Map 336, scale 48 m.=1 in

703. Yellowhead Pass route, by J. McEvoy. 1898. Map No. 676, scale 8 m.=1 in

949, Cascade coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. Maps (8 sheets) Nos, 929-936, seale 1m. lin

968. Moose Mountain district, by D. D. Cairnes. Maps No. 963, scale 21m.=1Lin.; No

966, scale 1 m.=1 in. SASKATCHEWAN,

213, Cypress hills and Wood mountain, by R. G. McConnell. 1885. Maps Nos. and 226, scale 8 m, in

601, Country between Athabaska lake and Churchill river, by J. B. Tyrrell and D. B, Dowling. 1895. May No. 957, scale 25 m. 1 in

868, Souris River coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. 1902.

Manitoba

Qu

. Sudbury mining di Bell m1 lap No. 343,

Gla a Lah North-we

Map

Territories

Great Bear Kast Coast Hud

Kkwan river and $ 50 ni lin

Nastapoka islands, Phe Cruise of the ¥

ion, by A. C, Lawso 1p No. 283, scale 4m. in mines and mini 5 E 1] Maps Nos 285, acale 286, scale 20 ch lin

le 4m ] in, Hunter is , by H.O. So l 342, scale 4m. in Natural Ga Petroleum, by ; Brumell. 1890-1. Maps Nos

Victoria, Peterborough and Hastings counti by F. D, Adams, 1892-3

On the French River sheet, by R. Bell, 1896 Map No. 570, scale 4m. in.

Seine river and Lake Sheband Wan Mmap-s ts, by W. McInnes 1897 Maps Nos. 589 and 560, scale 4m. in,

Iron deposits along Kingston and Pembroke railway, by KE. D Ingall 1900. Map No. 626, scale 2m, in; and plans of 13 mines

Carleton, Russell and Prescott counties, by R. W. Ells 1590. (See No 739, Quebec.

Ottawa and vicinity, by R. W. Ells. 1900,

Perth sheet, by R. W. Ell 10, Map No. 7 tm 1 in.

Sudbury Nickel and Copper der by A. E. Barlow Reprint Maps Nos. 775, 820, scale 1 m.= 1 in. ; 5, S64, scale 400 ft l

Nipissing and Timiskaming may by A. EK. Barlow. (Reprint Maps Nos 599, 606, scale 4 m.= 1 in. ; No. 944, seale 1 liz

Sudbury Nickel and Copper depo by A. E. Barlow

Repor*on Niagara Falis, by J. W. Sper . _Maps Nos

Report on Pembroke sheet, by R W. % Map No. 660, 4m lin

Report on North-western On ario, traversed by National Trar 'continental railway between Lake Nipigon an {-Sturgeon lake, by W. H. Collins Map No. 993, scale 4 m.= lin

Report on Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells French). Map No, 660, scale 4 m.= 1 in,

JAPA 89d ase ewer sers ees oe

pe P tt eeernpe teperewe se:

Quebec,

216. Mistassini expedition, by A. P. Low. 1884-5. Map No. 228, scale 8 m.= Lin 240. Compton, Stanstead, Beauce, Richmond and Wolfe counties, by R. W. Ells. 1886 Map No. 251 (Sherbrooke sheet), scale 4 m Lin 268. Megantic, *e, Dorchester, Le ellechasse and Montmagny counties, by R. W. Ells. 1887-! Map No. 287, scale 40 ch.= Lin Mineral resources, by R. W. Ells, 1880. Quebec and Montmagny es, by A. P. Low. 1890-1, wwnships, Montreal sheet, by R. W. Ells and F. D. Adams. 1894. Map oO , scale 4m lin entian area north of the Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. 1895. Map fo, 500, seale 4m.= Lin Auriferous deposits, South-eastern portion, by R. Chalmers. 1895. Map No. 667, scale 8 m.= 1 in. . Eastern Townships, Three Rivers sheet, by R. W. Ells, 1898, Argenteuil, Ottawa and Pontiac counties, by KR. W. Ells. 1899. (See No. 739, Ontario). 788. Nottaway basin, by R. Bell. 1900. *Map No, 702, scale 10 m.= 1 in. 863. Wells on Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. 1901, Maps Nos. 874, 875, 876 923. Chibougamau region, by A. 1905, 932. Timiskaming map-sheet, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint Maps Nos. 599, 606, scale tm.= 1 in. ; 944, scale Ln in report on Copper-bearing rock Eastern Townships, by J. A. Dresser. Map No. 976, scale 8 m Lin 975. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townsh Te Dresser. (French). 998. Report on the Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Fil i 1028, Report on a Reece Discovery of Gold near Megantic, Que., by J. A. Dresdor. Map No. 1029, scale 2m. 1 it 1032. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near L Megantic, Que, by J. A. Dresser (French Map No. 1029, scale 2 m iin.

NEW BRUNSWICK Brunswick and Eastern Nova Scot y R. W. Ells. 1885. Map

, scale 4m.= Lin and ria counties, ey. 1885. Map No. 231, scale 4 . Restigouche + t 1 coun ..B., by L. W. Bailey and MeInnes. 1886. Map No, 2 le 4m. Lin. Northern portion and adjacent areas, by L. W. Bailey and W. McInnes. 1887-88. Map No. 2 scale 4m lin Temiscouata and Rimouski counties, by W. Bailey and W. McInnes. 1890-1. Map No. 350, seale Mineral resources, by rT, Bailey 1897, Map No. 675, scale 10 m.= Lin. New Brunswick geology, t tls LS87 Carboniferous system, by L. 1900) 3. Coal prospects in, by H Mineral resources, by I f ls. Map No. 969, seale 16 m.= 1 in.

' Bound together j

Nova Scotia

vigh, Antigonish, Pictou, Colchester and Halifax counties, by Hugh ether and BE. K. Faribault. 1886. Picton and C ster counties, by H. Fletcher. 1890-1 . South western Nova Scotia (preliminary), by L. W. Bailey. 1892.3. Map No. 362, scale 8m 1 in South-western Nova Scotia, by L. W. Bailey. 1896. Map No, 641, seale 8 m.= Lin. Sydnev coal-field, by H. Fletcher. Maps Nos. 652, 655, 654, seale 1 m.= 1 in. . Cambrian rocks of Cape Breton, by G. F. Matthew. 1900. Pictou coal-field, by H. 8S. Poole 1902. Map No, 833, seale 25 ch,= 1 in.

MAPS. nof Canada. Minerals. Seale 100 m =1Lin YUKON, 805. Explorations on MacMillan, Upper Pelly and Stewart rivers, scale 8 m.=1 in, 891. Portion of Dun Creek Mining distric cale 6m. in 894. Sketeh May In Mining district, sca m

916. Windy Arn ning district, Sketch Geologie I le 2m. in. 01. Tantalas and Five Fingers coal mines, scale

British Columbia,

278. Cariboo Mining district, scale 2 m.=1 in.

604. Shuswap Geological sheet, scale 4 m.=1 in.

771. Preliminary Edition, East Kootenay, scale 4 m.=1 in, 767. Geological Map of Crowsnest coal-fields, scale 2 m. =Lin. 791. Weat Kootenay Minerals and Strie, scale 4 m.=1 in. 792, West Kootenay Geological sheet, scale 4m, in,

$28. Boundary Creek Mining district, scale 1 m.=1 in.

890. Nicola Coal basins, scale 1m. in,

941. Preliminary Geological Map of Rossland and vic inity, scale i,600 f. im. 1001. Topographical Map of Rossland, scale 400 ft. in' 1003. Rossland Mining camp, scale 1,200 ft, in,

Alberta,

594-596, Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 10 m.=1 in. 808. Blairmore-Frank coal-fields, scale 180 ch =1Lin $92. Costigan coal basin, scale 40 ch. in.

1010. Coal Areas of Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 35 m.=1 in,

Manitoba.

804. Map of part of Turtle mountain showing coal areas, scale 14 m. in

Ontario

Lake of the Woods sheet, scale 2m. in. *283. Kainy Lake sheet, scale 4 m.=1 in. "342. Hunter Island sheet, scale 4m. in. 343. Sudbury sheet, scale 4 1 Rainy River sheet, sca 1). Seine River sheet, scal 570, French River sheet, sc 589. Lake Shebandowan shee 599, Timiskaming sheet, scal i in, w Edition 1907), 605. Manitoulin [sland sheet lb 4m 606. Nipissing sheet, scaled m.=1in. (New Edition 1907), Pembroke sheet, scale 4. in Ignace sheet, scale 4m. in 708. Haliburton sheet, scale 4m. in 720. Manitou Lake sheet, scale 4m. =Lin, *750. Grenville sheet, scale 4m, in 770. Bancroft sheet, scale 2m. in 775. Sudbury district, Victoria mines, scale 1 m.=1 in. 789. Perth sheet, scale 4m. in 820. Sudbury district, Sudbury, scale m, in. 824-825. Sudbury district, Copper Cliff mines, seale 400 ft. 1 in, 852. North-east Arm of Vermilion Fron ranges, Timagami, scale 40 ch, in. 864. Sudbury district, Elsie and Murray mines, scale 400 ft. in 903. Ottawa and Cornwall sheet, scale 4m. in. 944. Preliminary Map of Timagami and Rabbit lal es, scale 1m. in, 964. Geological Map of parts of Algoma and Thunder bay, scale 8 m. =e] in

QUEBEC. 251. Sherbrooke sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scaie 4 m.=1 in. 287, Thetford and Coleraine Asbestos district, scale 40 ch. in 375. (Quebec sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m.=1 in. 571. Montreal sheet, Eastern Townships sheet, scale 4m. in 665, Three Kivers sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m.=1in. 667. Gold Areas in south-eastern part, scale 8 m,=1 in 668. Graphite districts in Labelle county, scale 40 ch. 1 in. 918, Chibougamau region, scale 4m.= Lin. 876, The Older Copper-bearing Rocks of the Eastern Townships, scale 8 m, 1 in. 1007, Preliminary Map of townships east of Lake Timiskaming, scale 2 m. 1 in.

New Brunswick.

675. Map of Principal Mineral Occurrences. Scale 10 m.= 1 in. 969. Map of Principal Mineral Localities, Scale 16 m.= 1 in,

Nova Scotia

Preliminary Map of Springhill coal-tield, scale 50 ch

Pictou coal-field, scale 25 ch. 1 in

Preliminary Geological Plan of Nictaux and Torbrook Lin

General Map of Province showing gold districts, scale psigate Crold district, scale 500 ft,

Harrigan Gold district, seale 400 ft.

Malaga Gold district, scale 250 ft.

Brookfield Gold district, scale 250 f

I! Canadian

individual Maps or Reports w heation hould be addressed to the Director gical Suri Branch, tment of Mines, Ottawa

ports and Mapa may be ordered by the numbers prefix

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Point Roberts '

N° 997

Price lOc