A system of mineralogy. Descriptive mineralogy, comprising the most recent discoveries
A system of mineralogy. Descriptive mineralogy, comprising the most recent discoveries by Dana, James Dwight (1890). Full text and reference in the Mountain…
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Mineralogy And Mining
Mike Acoidbkts— Ventilatiok— Orb Dbessikg, Etc.
Dana.
Dana.
Beush, Dana.
Dana
Dana.
Brush. Dana.
Fu8Sak. Smith.
Williams.
Oqestbb.
DESCRIFTIVE JHOXfERALOGY.
ComprisiDg the recent Disooveries. Fifth edition. Al* most entirely re- written and greatly enlarged. Containing nearly 900 pages 8vo, and upwards of 6( wood engravings. By Prof, J. D. Dana, aided by Prof. Geo. J. Brush. Ineluding Appendices by Profis. Bruui and E. S. Dana, completing ihe work up to 1882. 8vo, cloth, $10 00
hATO used a good manor works on Minermlogy, bnt hare met with none that begin to compare with thla in fullneaa of plan, detail, and ezecatlon AiTwHean Journal <ifMiMng.
Third Appendix To Ditto.
Bringing the work down to 1882. By E. S. Dana. 8vo, limp cloth, 1 50
APPENDICES TO DESCRIPTIVB MINEBAIiOGY, FIBST, SECOND, AND THIBD.
Completing the work to 1882. By Prof. Geo. J. Brush and
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MANUAL OF MINSRAIiOGY AND PETBOQBAPHY.
Containing the Elements of the Science of Minerals and Rocks, for the nse of the Practical Mineralogist and Geologist, and for Instruction in Schools and Colleges. By Jas. D. Imna, LL.D. Ninth edition. Revised thronghoat and enlarged. Illustrated with numerous woodcuts. lovO 12mo, cloth, 2 00
The present imne is the 15th of the revised edition, *the aale having reached nearly 15,000 copies. This I0 conclusive evidence of its valoe as a text-book, and for practical purposes."
A Text-Book Of Minebai.Ogy.
Based upon the System of Mineralofry of Prof. J. D. Dana. Embracing an extended Treatise on Crystal lojinniphy and Physical Mineralogy. By Edw. 8. Dana, Curator of Mineralogy, Tale College. With upwards of 800 woodcuts and one colored plate. Revised and enlarged edition. 1889. 8to, cloth, 8 50
MANUAIa OF DETEBMINATIVE MINEBAIiOGY.
With an Introduction on Blow.Pipe Analysis, (constituting the Determinative Part of Dana's Mineralogy). By Prof. Geo. J. Brush. Third edition, translated into the new system.
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INSTBUCTIONS FOB THE DETEBMINATION OF BOOE-FOBMINa MINEBALS.
By Dr. Eugen Hussak, Privat Doceat in the University of Orau. Translated from the German by Erastus G. Smith, Prof, of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Beloit College. With 108 plates 8vo, cloth, 2 00
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A CATAIiOGITE OF MINEBALS,
Alphabetically arranged, with their Chemical Composition and Synonyms. By Prof. A. H. Chester, Hamilton College.
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**Thi8 book ihooM be In the poeaesslon of every person connected with the mining of coal ifini/iflr Herald.
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THE MODEBN HIGH BXPIiOSIVBS— NITBO-GLTC ERINS AND DYNAMITE.
Their Manufacture, their Use, and their Application to Mining and Military Engineering; Pyroxyline or Gun Cotton, the Fulminates, Hcrates, and Chlorates ; also, the Chemistry and Analysis of the Elementary Bodi's which enter into the Manufacture of the principal Nitro-Compounds. By Manuel Bisaler, Mining Engineer. With many illnstratiye plates.
8vo, cloth, 4 00 This volume supplies to the engineer, contractor, and the chemlat predsely what they previously needed with regard to the explosiTe forces which they may be called upon either to supply or uee.*'— JRnlsiir Rtcord.
EXPLOSIVE OOKFOUNDS AND BOCK DBUiLS.
Giving properties of Modem Bxplosiyes, Principles of Blasting, and descriptions and uses of the various Rock Drills and Compressors, and forminr a SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME to the first edition of DRINKER'S TUNNELING. 4to, cloth, 6 00
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System
or
Minera/Lo G Y .
DESCRIPrrVB MINERALOGY,
Oomfusivo Thb
Most Regent Discoveries.
James Dwig9T Dana,
or OBOMMT Aim mawMAUMY n tau oollmk autbob or a marital or oaoLMf ; mvovn or wilkm*! v. s. UEnamun wsramnow ov owlmy; oir BOorHmi: ahv
OBUCTACBA, WKk AIDID BT
George Jarvis Brush,
KoraBAUMi An mvAUunMT Of nn Mirmu icuuiTuno mbool or yaim
Blbventh Edition,
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(11 SUB-BDITIOH, WITHTBBIB APFBHSOSf AlTD OOBBXOTXOVP.)
New York:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 6a Ea0T Tenth ,
fiooondfdoor imt of Biwdinigr,
H
f LIBRARY
I OF ¥Hf
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MOordlBff to Aot of OoognM, In tho jwt 18881 ov
JOHN WIUET 4k SOH,
Ototfcft Oflko of tho DUtrict Cowt of tho TTnlted Btatet Ibr tki Boitkmi DtotcioB
of Sow York.
Preface.
Tbi large size of this volume on Deacriptive Mineralogy, eiceedmg by oie-baU the correspoDding part of the pre<;;edinff. edition, is not without good reason.
In the first place, Ihe . intcrym of fourteen years has elapsed since the last edition was published, and tis period the science has made great progress. Chemical researched have ben earned forward in connection with almost every species, and analyses have been largely 'initiplied; and it is the plan of the work to be complete in this department, so tar as to include all analyses. Crystallographic investigations also have been numerous and important. Moreover, the number of "species has been much enlarged, and every part of the science has had accessions of facta.
In addition, a new feature has been given the work, in the systematic recognition aad description of the varieties of species. The first edition of this Treatise, that of 1837, was written in the spirit of tne school of Mohs. The multitudes of subdivisions into subspecies, varieties, and subvarieties, based largely on unimportant cha racters, which had encumbered the science through the earlier years of this century, aiid were nearly smothering the species, were thrown almost out of sight by Mobs, in bis philosophic purpose to give prominence and precision to the idea of the species Much rubbish was cleared away, and the science elevated thereby ; but much that was necessary to a full comprehension of minerals in their diversified slates was lost sight of In the present edition an endeavor is made to give varieties ihcir true place ; and to insure greater exactness with regard to them, the original locality of each is stated with the description.
Farther, the work has received another new feature in its historical synonymy. A fist of sjmonyms has hitherto been mainly an index to works or papers on the species, and often without any regard to the original describer or description. liArsMANN's admirable Handbuch (1847) is partly an exception. Leonhabd's "Oiyktognosie" (1821, 1826), following the method of Rbuss of the opening centaiT, contains a full catalogue of references lo publications on each species ; but it fails of half its value because the references have no connection in any way with the synonymy. In most recent works, an author who has merely adopted a name is often quoted as if the original authority. The present work is no longer open to this criticism. As now issued, the first author and first place of publication of each species, and of each name it has borne, and of the names of all its varieties, are stated in chronological order, with the dates of all publications cited ; and, besides, remarks are added in the text when the subject is one of special interest. The facts and conclusions have been derived in almost all cases from the study of the original works themselves; and this Treatise has become thereby, to some extent, an account of ancient as well as modern minerals. These historical researches added a third to the labor of preparing the edition for the press, thereby delaying the publication of the work about a year. But such studies are endless, especially when they relate to past centuries, and the work, however long continued, must be incomplete. As an example : the word schorl which figured largely in the mineralogy of the laat
ty PREFACE.
century and the earlier part of the present, is traced by some writers to the Swedish, and is cited from Cronstedt (1758). From Dr. Naumann, of Leipsic, I learned of the occurrence of the word in the Magnalia Dei of Bbuokmann (1727). Afterward I found it in £*8 Aula Subterranea (1595); and later in Gesneb on Fossils (1565), and in the Sarepta of Matthesius (1562), which contains a detailed description of it In what earlier works the word occurs, and what was its orin, are among the questions unanswered. (See further p. 205.)
The introduction of formulas on the basis of the new system of chemistry, with the necessary explanations, constitutes another addition. The formulas, it will be observed, while in principle those of the leaders of the system, have some peculiar features, serving to give them greater compactness on the pae, and make them more easy of comparison, and bringing out well the unity and simplicity of type among inorganic compounds.
In these and other ways the volume has unayoidably become enlaid. Not a page, and scarcely a paragraph, of the preceding edition remains unaltered, and fuD five-sixths of the volume have been printed from manuscript copy. I may here add, that, notwithstanding the impaired state of my health, this manuscript — the paragraphs on the pyrognostic characters excepted — was almost solely in the handwriting of the author, or in that of a copyist from it Neither the consultation of original authorities, the drawing of conclusions, nor the putting of the results on paper, has been delegated to another. And beins now out half way between the fifties and sixties, it is my hope that the future wiH afford another opportunity for similar work.
The optical qualities of minerals have been but briefly stated, and in general for those species alone which seemed to require this addition to their distinctive characters, as a full presentation of them would have added much more to the size of the volume. The best work on the subject, and one containing many original observations, is the excellent Mineralogy of DebCloizeauz, the first volume of which, on the SUicates, was published in 1862. The second, unfortunately for the science, has not yet appeared. Other works in this department are Brooke A Millrbs Mineralogy (1852); Gbailichs Vienna edition of Millsrs Crystallography (1856), and his own Krystallographisch-optische IJntersuchungen (1858).
In classification, the general system remains unaltered. It is based on a comprehensive view of the characters of minerals as species in the inorganic kingdom of nature, the preeminence being given to chemical, the next place to crystallogniphic, the third to the different physical characters. The author believes (after having tried the so-called natural history system of Mohs for two editions) that light from no source should be shut out where the relations of species and groups in nature are to be determined. As in the preceding edition, the method avoids almost entirely the distinction, in most cases wrong, founded on the fact of the base in oxygen temaiiea or salts being in the protoxyd state, or in the sesquioxvd, or in both combined, and proceeds on the ground that the basic elements in these and the other different states are mutually replaceable in certain proportions determined by their combining power with oxygen. But while the progress of chemistry and the kindred science requires no modification of the general plan of the classification, but gives it new support, it has rendered many mmor changes necessary, and some that are of mud importance.
The historical inquiries above alluded to were prompted by a desire to place the nomenclature of mineralogy on a permanent basis. They were incident to a search after a reason for choosing one name rather than another from among the nurabex that stand as claimants. Part of the existing diversity is due to national partiality, and much of it to indifference. It has become somewhat conunon for authors to select the name the\ like best without reference to authority. or to reject an old foi
Pbefaob. 1
new one on no other gronnd than that of their preference. Increaflinf? confusion m nomenclature has consequently attended the recent progress of the science ; and in view of this fact the novel expedient has been tried of endeavoring to escape the oonfiudon by adding one more to the number of nanses. The right method is manifestly that which has proved so successful in the other natural sciences, viz., the recognition, under proper restrictions, of the law of priority ; and this method the anther has aimed to carry out.
Moreover, it has seemed best that the science should not only have a system of Domenclature, but should also stand by it; that, accordingly, the termination ine, which is prominently chemical, should be left to the chemists, and that other miscellaneous endings should, as &r as possible, be set aside, or be made to conform to the system. With this in view, chanty have been made in accordance with the principles explained in the course of the remarks beyond on Nomenclature.
In the preparation of this volume, the author owes much to the cooperation of his friend, Prof. Gbobgb J. Brush. Prof. Bbush has had sole charge of the blowpipe department The pyrognostic characters have been entirely rewritten by hira ; and while he has had the works of Plattkbr and yon Kobbll always at hand, he has, for much the laier part of the species, made personal trials of the reactions before writing them out ; so that, although the facts stated are not generally new, they still are mostly from his own observations. His skill also in analytical chemistry, and his thorough knowledge of minerals, have enabled him to remove doubts, afford aid and advice, and furnish new facts, on various points throughout the progress of the work Prof Bbush has also given the proof, while the work was in the press, the benefit of his revision.
I take pleasure also in acknowledging the assistance of Prof. Gbobgb F. Babkbb of this city, an excellent chemist in both the old and new systems, during the last six months before the book went to press ; and later, that of Stonbt I. SMrni, vsistant in the zoological department of Yale College.
Hie author is under obligations to many men of science for their kind response to his inquiries, and for much information in their letters ; among whom he would mention, with gratitude, Dr. Cabl F. Naumann of Leipzig, W. Haidinoer of Vienna, Pt£ VON EoDBLL of Muuich, Fbibubich Hbssenbero of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dr. G. voM Rath of Bonn, Dr. G. A. Kbnkoott of Zurich, Dr. Hanks Bruno GBiNm of Dresden, Dr. A. Kunth of Berlin, Dr. A. Erantz of Bonn ; Prof Forcuhammbr of Copenhagen, Dr. A. E. Nordbnskiold of Stockholm, Prof. C. W. Blomstrand of Lond, Sweden, Mr. L. J. Ioblstbom of Filipstad, Sweden, Prof. A. £. Arppb of Christiania, Norway; Louns SiSMANN of Paris, whose letters were numerous and always valuable, and whose death, in 1866, was a misfortune to this work as well as to the sciences he cultivated ; Prf A. DbsGloizbaux of Paris, A. Damour of Paris, F. Pbani of Paris, Mr. Gutbroet of Paris ; David Forbes, Esq., of London, N. S. Mabkbltjtb, Esq., of the British Museum ; Dr. F. A. Genth of Philadelphia, Frot C. U. Shbpard of Amherst, Prof J. P. Cooke of Cambridge, Mass., Prof C. M. Wairbk of the Technological Institute, Boston, Prof T. S. Hunt of Montreal, Prof JAa 0. Booth of the U. S. Mint, Philadelphia Prof. H. How of Windsor, Nova Scotia, Profe. Silliman, 0. C. Marsh, A. E. Verrill, and W. H. Brewbr, of New Haven, Ct, W. W. Jbvfbrib, Esq., of Westchester, Pa., and Prof A. Winchell of Ann Arbor, Michigan.
lo addition, the book has received private contributions to the text of analyses and other information from P. Collibr, B. S. Burton, C. S. Rodman, C. A. GoBsa- MAXK, C. S. SHABPLBa, G. F. Babkbr, G. C. , and E. W. Root.
Among works consulted, the publications on chemical mineralogy of KAMMBLSBBBa of Beriin, and especially his Mineraichemie, have afforded great assistance. The uaj foj] Annual Reports (or Uebeniohte) of Dr. Ebnnoott of Zurich, on
n PBEFAOE.
the progress of mineralogy from 1844 to 1861, and those of the Giessen JahreBbe richt, have been freely and constantly consulted' Much use has been made also of the mineralogical works of DebCloizsaux, Dufrenot, Hausmann, BKEiTHAnPT, Naumann, Haidinoer, von Eobsll, Koksoharof, Hessbnbbro, Qubnstedt, B&ookb & Miller, Greg & Lbttsom, and Shepard; also the valuable History, (Geschicbte) of Mineralogy of von Kobbll ; the classical work on the Precious Stones and Gems of the Ancients by King ; and the various recent American Geological Reports. Amoug these Reports, the volume of the Canadian survey for the year 1863, containing extended mineralogical contributions by Pro£ T. S. Hunt, deserves special mention. A fall list of the works consulted in studying up the history of the species, and the later progress of the science, is to be found on pages to xlv of the Introduction.
In Crystallography, the sources of recent information have been mainly Kokscua- ROFs Mineralogio Russlands, and his Memoirs in the Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Academy ; DesCloizeauxs Mineralogie, and various Memoirs ; the Mineralogische Notizen of F. Hessenbero, of which eight parts have appeared ; Naumann'b and Quenstedt's works on Mineralogy ; the Memoirs of Zippe, von Zepharovioh, Grai- LicH, A. Schrauf, v. Lang, Zirkel, and Eenngott, in the Berichte and Denkscbriften (mostly the former) of the Vienna Academy ; of Dauber, G. Rose, vom Ra'i;h, Schroder, Schabub, in Poggendorff 's Annalen ; of Webskt and vom Rath, in the Zeitschrift of the Gennan Geological Society at Berlin of A. £. Noroenskiold, in the (Efversigt of the Swedish Academy ; of Quintino Sella, in his Studii, and in the publications of the Turin Academy ; of Miller, v. Lang, Maskbltne, and Grbo, in the Philosophical Magazine ; of Prof. J. P. Cooke, in the American Journal of Science. The Mineralogy of Brooke & Miller (1852) has been freely used again, as in the preparation of the preceding edition.
This volume would probably be more acceptable to some chemists if the formulas on the old system were rejected altogether. But chemistry has not advanced so far on the new road, but that most mineralogical papers are still written as if there were no new system, and a large part of chemists would understand the constitution of the species better from the old formulas than from the new. Moreover, the great majority of the persons who consult a Mineralogy would find the new formulas and new terminology quite unintelligible. It has seemed reasonable therefore that both systems should be presented. The new formulas will be more easily understood or learned from their association with the old, and thus the book may help forward the views it only partially adopts. The past history of the work evinces no aversion to change where the progress of science requires it.
This work has been posted up, as far as was possible, to the date of publication. The facts which have come to hand too late for their proper place in the volume, are inserted in a Supplement. And it is proposed to make this the first of a series of supplements to appear from time to time in the American Journal of Science.
the Preface to the Firet Edition (1837).
r£iQ classification of the mineral species, which is here adopted, is strictly a Natural Arrangement The superiority oi this method is exhibited in the body of the work, and in connection with the remarks on Chemical Clasaificar tions, in Appendix B. Although founded by Mons on the external characters of minerals, it exhibits, in a considerable degree, the chemical relations of the species ; and those who are accustomed to prefer a chemical arrangement will probably per ceivo that, in addition to such qualities as appear to recommend the chemical method it possesses other advanta not less important.
FSEFAOX. Til
The changes which have heen made in the notaienclatare of minerals appear to demanded bv the state of the Science. The present names, excepting those pro posed by Mohs, are utterly devoid of system, unless we may consider such the addition of the syllable ite to words of various languages ; and even this glimmering of system has been capriciously infringed bv a French mineralogist of much celebrity ', —thej seldom designate any quality or character peculiar to the mineral ; neithei do they exhibit any of the general relations of the species, by which the mind may, at a glance, discover their natural associations, and be assisted in obtaining a comprehenfflve view of the science. On the contrary they are wholly independent, and often worse than unmeaning, appellatives, and are onlv tolerable in a very unadvanced tate of the Science. As a necessary consequence of this looseness of nomenclature, most of the species are embarrassed with a laie number of synonyms, a fertile source of confusion and difficulty.
As a remedy for this undesirable state of things, a system of nomenclature, constructed on the plan so advantageously pursued in Botany and Zoology, was proposed by the author in the fourth volume of the Annals of the New York Lyceum. The necessity for something of the kind is very apparent, and the author trusts that it wiD not be considered a needless innovation.
From the Preface to the Second Edition {\%U).
The natural system adopted in this Treatise has received such modifications in the present edition as were demanded by the advanced state of the Science ; and the systematic nomenclature has required some corresponding changes.
Besides the natural classification, another, placing the minerals under the pririci pal element in their composition, has been given in rart VIL ; and various improve ments on the usual chemical methods have been introduced, which may render it acceptable to those that prefer that mode of arrangement
From tlie Preface to the Third Edition (1850).
This Treatise, in the present edition, has undergone so various and extensive alterations, that few of its original features will be recognized. The science of Mineralogy has made rapid progress in the past six years ; chemistry has opened to us a bettet knowledge of the nature and relations of compounds ; and philosophy has thrown new light on the principles of classification. To change is always seeming fickleness. Bnt not to change with the advance of science, is worse ; it is persistence in error ; and, therefore, notwithstanding the former adoption of what has been called the Natural History System, and the pledge to its support given by the author in supplying it with a Latin nomenclature, the whole system, its classes, orders, genera, and Latin names have been rejected ; and even the trace of it which the synonymy might perhaps rightly bear has been discarded. The system has subserved its purpose in giving precision to the science, and displaying many of the natural groupings which chemistry was slow to recognize. But there are errors in its very founwoQ, which make it &lse to nature in its most essential points ; and, in view of the character of these errors, we are willing it should be considered a relic of the past.
Yet Sdence is far from being ready with an acceptable substitute. Most chemical ijstems have been more artificial than the natural " system ; and doubts now hang
This edition, fkfling to find a publisher in New York, was printed at the expense of the nthar.
Viii PBEFAOB.
over some of the principles of chemistry tliat are widest in their inflneuce on clai fication. In view of the difficulties on either side, it was a point long question whether to venture upon a classification that might be deemed most accordant w truth among the many doubts that surround the subject ; or to adopt one less str to science, that might serve the convenience of the student for easy reference, a for the study of mineralogy in its economical bearings, while, at the same time, shonid exhibit many natural relations, and inculcate no false affiliations or distiz tions of species. The latter alternative has been adopted ; — the classification offered simply as a convenient arrangement, and not an exhibition of the trae affii ties of species in the highest sense of the tenn. Amouff the Silicates, however, will be perceived that the groupings in the main are natural groupings ; and, tbroug out the work, special care has been taken to inculcate, as &r as possible, the tn relations of species, both by remarks, and by an exhibition of them in tables.
From the Preface to the Fourth Edition (1854).
In the Preface to the last edition of this Treatise, the classification of mineral then adopted was announced as only a temporary expedient The system of Mouf valuable m its day, had subserved its end ; and in throwing off its shackles for lh< more consistent principles flowing from recent views in Chemistry, the many diffi cutties in the way of perfecting a new classification led the author to an arrange ment which should "serve the convenience of the student without pretending tc strict science."
A classification on chemical principles was however proposed in the latter part of the volume, in which the Berzelian method was coupled with crystallography in a manner calculated to dbplay the relations of species in composition as well as form, and prominently "exhibit the various cases of isomorphism and pleomorphism among minerals." The progress of Science has afforded the means of giving greater precbion and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to become the authorized method of a System or Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a physicai or chemical point of view, the groupings appear in general to be a faithful exhibition of the true affinities of the species.
The mind uneducated in Science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, as galena, side by side with one of unmetallic lustre, as blende ; and some systems, m accordance with this prejudice, place these species in separate orders. Like the jeweller, without as good reason, the same works have the diamond and sapphire in a common group. But it is one of the sublime lessons tanghi in the very portals of Chemistry, that nature rests no grand distinctions on lustre, hardness, or color, which are mere externals, and this truth should be acknowledged by the mineralogist rather than defied. Others, while recognizing the close relations of the carbonates of lime, iron, zinc, and manganese (calcite, spathic iron, smithsonite, and dialogite), or of the silicates of lime, iron, manganese (wollastonite, augite, rhodonite), are somewhat startled by finding silicate of zinc, or silicate of copper, amonfl the silicates of the earths, or of other oxy ds. But the distinction of useful " and "useless," or of "ores" and "stones," although bearing on "economy," is not Soienoe.
Table Of Contents.
bitrodoetun.
Ussdiplire Mineralogy : Genenil SubdivisUms 1
L NinTB Elbmebts I
II SoiPHZDfi) TjOLUBISfl, SELXKID8, ABSSKID8 AjBrTDfOXIDfit BlBHDTHIDB. S€
I. Simple Snlphids and Tellurida of Metals of the Sulphur and Araenio Groups 26 1 Simple Sulphide, Tellurida, Selenids, Arsenids, Antimonida, Bismuthids, Phoephida
of Metals of the Gold, Iron, and Tin Groupa 88
8. Solpbaraenitea, Sulphantimonites, Sulpbohismnthitea 84
m. GOXPOUNDS OF CHLOSINB, BBOiaXB lODUIB. 110
IT. FLXTOBIHS COMPOaNDB 128
T. Oztobt Oomfouhdb. 181
L Chcyds, or Binary Oxygen Compounds 181
L Ozyds of Elements of Series I..: 131
A. Anhydrous Ozyds 131
B. Hydrous Ozyds 167
n. Ozyds of Elements of the Arsenic and Sulphur Groups, Series II 183
HL Ozyds of Elements of the Oarbon-Silioon Groups Series IL 189
IL Temaiy Ozygen Compounds 202
1. Saicates 202
A. Anhydrous Silicates 202
L Bisilicates 207
IL Unisilicates. 250
in. SuheiUcates. 862
B. Hydrous Silicates. 398
I. General Section of Hydrous Silicates 894
XL Zeolite Section 422
I£L MargarophyOite SectioD 447
Appendix to Hydrous Sflicatas 609
t Tantalatee, Columbates 612
8 Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates, Nitratea 626
A. Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonatea 626
L Anhydrous. 627
IL Hydrous 64f.
Oqhtestb.
Introduction.
The object of this introdaction is to supply sach tables and information a i wiL make the work convenient for use ; and, toward this end, some explanations of an elementary character are included, with special reference to readers not iiEuniliar with chemistry and other collateral sciences.
In the Descriptions of Species, the characteristics are mentioned in the following order:— 1, Crystalline Form and Structure ; 2, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Lustre, Color, Diaphaneity, etc. ; 3, Varieties, Chemical Composition ; 4, Pyrognostic end other Chemical characters ; 5, under the head of Observations, Geological position, Localities, Mineral associates, etc.; 6, Altered forms; 7, Artificial and Fum.ice products.
2. Chemistrt.
1. A barred letter in a symbol of an element, in the table of atomic weights which foUowB, and also throughout the work (except in formulas after the new system, see p. it), agnifics two atoms of the element : e. g.j Alr=2 Al or Al*.
2. aver a symbol stand each for an atom of oxygen in the compound refer.*ed to: 51=2 A14-3 O, or Al' ; and B'a=BaO.
3. The atomic weight of a compound equals the sum of the atomic weights of it? constitnents : e. for XI, the atomic weight=2 x 13-75-f 3 x 8=51-6 ; for fia 68-5 +8=76-5 ; for XI fli, the atomic weight=51-5-!-30=81*6.
4. The atomic ratio for the constituents of a compound is the ratio between the r.amber of atoms of the same : e. for the aluminum and oxygen in XI, it is 2 : 3 ; tor the ahiminaand silica in XI Si it is 1 : 1, there being 1 of alumina to 1 of silica; for the aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in XI Si, it is 2 : 1 : 5, there being in the compound 2 of aluminum, 1 of silicon, and 5 of oxygen (5 dots).
5. The oxygen ratio for the constituents of an oxygen compound is the ratio between the number of atoms of oxygen in the different oxygen compounds present : e. the 0. ratio for the alumina and silica in XI Si is 3 : 2, alumina containing 3 0 and silica 2 0; for the magnesia and silica in ftg fli, the O. ratio is 1 : 2.
6. The percentage ratio (or number of parts in 100) for the constituents of a compound is deduced from the ratio between the atomic weight of the compound and that of each constituent: e. g. as 61 '5 of alumina contain 24 of oxygen, so 100 will contain 46*0 ; or, for the percentage of aluminum, 51*5 : 27*5 : : 100 : o3*4 ; again, as 81*5 XI Si contain 30 of silica, hence 81*5 : 30 : : 100 : the silica in tbe compound, etc. ; or since XI Si contain 27-5 Al + 14*0 Si +40*0 O, making in all 100 : the p. c of oxygen ; etc
xn
Table Of Atomio Weights.
Lunasmtj Al
Oxyd of Cobalt, Co
87-6 (O 2
Alnmina, Si
(0 46-6)
COLUXBiuii, Gb (Niobium)
Amtimont (Stib!am\ 8b
Colnmbic add, Cb
184 (O 2
Antimonious ad 5b
CoPPBB (Cuprum), Cu
31*7
Antimonio add, S
b
Bubozyd of Copper,
71*4 (Ol
Sulph. ADtim., 8b8*
(8 28*24)
Ozyd of Copper, Cu
39-7 (O 2
Arokntuic, Ag (ffilver
)
DiDTMnnf, D
Absemio, Ab
EBBini, E
56*8
Ajrsenous add, Xt
Febbum, Fe (Iron)
Anenio add, jLv
(0 34-78)
Protoxyd of Iron, te
36 (0 22
Sulphid of ARABS'
(8 39*02)
8esquioz7d of Iron, Pe
80 (0 8C
AuBUM, An (Gold)
Fluobihb, F
BARnm, Ba
Hydrofluoric add, HF
20 (F 95
Baryta, Ba
(0 10-45)
Gluoihuh (Beiyllinm), Be
Gludna, Be
12-7 (0 63
Be
(0 68)
Gou) (Aumm\ An
B18MUTH, Bi
HTDBABOTRnM, Hg (Ifioroury)
Oz7dofBiBmntb,fii
(0 10-24)
Htdbogek, H
Bobov, B
Water, tL
9 (O 88'
Boric add, B
(0 68*57)
BROMnrBy Br
lODINB, I
OADHinM, Od
Ibidiuh, Ir
Ojoiuu, Cs
Ibov (Feirnm), Fe
CALonTx, Oa
Protoxyd of Iron, te
36 (0 221
lime, Ca
(0 28*67)
of Iron, P&
80 (0 30)
Oakbon, C
Kalxux, K (Potaaaium)
39*11
Carbonic add, C
Potaasa, £;
47*11 (0 16*8
ORnm, Ce
IiANTHANUlf, La
46*4
(0 14*81)
Protoxyd of Ik, tja
64*4 (014*7
Oblobinb, CI
86*46
Lead (Plumbum), Pb
Hydrochlor. add, H 01
111*5 (0 7-1
Crbom lUM, Or
Limb, BeeOAUUUH.
Oxyd of Cbromium, <5r
(0 81*88)
IJTHniX, li
Chromic add, Cr
(0 47*77)
Lithia,L!
16 (0 53-3!
OoBAur, Co
29*6
6 6 7
£1 0*4660
1*8640
2-3301 2-7961 82621
8*7281
la 0-8478
1*3913
1-7391 2-0869 2*4347
Ba 01046
0-6228 0*6274 0*7320
Be 0-68
2*52
8-16 8-78 4-41
6*67
Oa 0-2857
1*1428
1*4285 1*7142 1-9999
2*2857
2*5714
3*6365 4*3638 6-0911
0-8188
6*9414
1-5690 1-8828 21967
Cr 0-4777
1*9008
2-8886 2-8662 8-8389
Oo 0-2133
0*6400
0*8588
1-0667 1*2800 1-4933
1*7066
0*2240
0*4480
0*6600 0*6720 0*7840
0*8960
On 0*2016
0*6045
0*8060
1*0076 1*8090 1*4105
tt 02228
1*1110 1*8882 1-5654
1*7776
Table
Of Atomic Wbiohw.
Xiu
lfagiMia,ag
(O40)
flora, JiTa
81 (0 25-81)
)Lunuaa,Un
Stannux, Bq (Tin)
(0 22-63)
OxjdofTin, Sn
76 (0 21-33)
Sesqaioxfd of M., fin
(0 30-38)
drmnTif, Sb (Antimony)
AntimoniouB ad Sb Antimonic add, Sb
XOLTBDBn,Mo
Moljbdio add, fio
(0 34-28)
Sulph. AntimSbS'
170 (S 28*24
Ninouii, Ka (Sodium)
SiBOMTiuai, Sr
43*75
Sodi,a
(0 25-81)
Strontiai &
51-75 (0 15-46)
29*6
Sulpudu, S
rrolozTd of Nickel, tn
(0 21*33)
Sulporlo add, S
40 (0 60)
Xdxum (Cdimibiiixni ( Golimilnc acid, Ob
:!b
Tahtaluu, Ta
(0 29-85)
Tantalio add, ta
222 (0 1801)
NfTVxnir, K
,
f
Tkllubium, Te
Fitrioadd,!
(0 74 07)
Thaluux, Tl
Thoria, fh
136 (0 11-84)
Tnr (Stannum), Sn
Oz7dofTin,Sn
75 (0 21-88)
Pb06Phoed8P
TiiAJnuii,Ti
Fbospborio add,
(0 56-34)
Titanio add, ll
41 (0 39*02)
W
Tungstic add, W
116 (0 20*69)
QxydofLead, Ifh
(0 717)
Uraniux, IJ
59*4
K
ProtoxydofU., tr
67*4 (011-87)
47-11 (0 16-98)
Sesquiozyd of IJ., S
142*8 (016-8)
;100
Vahadidm, V -
BBODiuic,Bh
WoLntAMiuif, W (Tungsten)
BoBmnnf,Bb
Tungstic add, W
116 (0 20*69)
Bkiuuuic, Bo
Ytthiuic, Y
diLDiuM,Se
Yttria,*
40-18 (0 19-16)
Bnjasm,Bi
Znroi Zn
(0 63-83)
OzydofZlnc, 2n
40 53 (0 19-74)
Ag
JOUDV (HatriinD), Ka
Ziroonia,2r
60*80 (0 26-31)
s
5 6 7
ft o-ssso
2*6661
r 3-5566
4-4445 58334 6*2228
7-1112 8-0001
& 0*1698
[ 0*6792
0-8491 1*0189 1-1887
1-3685 1-5288
ti 0-6333
1*0666
1-699S
) 2*1332
2-6665 8*1998 8*7881
4-2664 4-7997
Stg 0-40
0*80
2-00 2-40 2-80
3*60
&a 0-2253
0-6760 0-9014
11267 1-3621 1-6774
1-8028 2-0281
Ai 0-8088
0-9118 1-2161
1-5190 1*8227 2-1266
2-4304 2-7841
0-740.7
I 2-96-28
3-7085 4-4442 5*1849
6*9256 6-6668
0*7748 1-0324
1-2905 1-5486 1*8067
2-0648 2-3229
r 0-6634
1*6902 2-2636
2-8170 3-3804 8-9488
4*5072 5-0706
fb 0-0717
0-2162 0-2870
0-8587 0*4304 0*6022
0-5740 0-6467
Bl 0-6333
1-6000 21883
2-6666 3*2000 3*7383
4-2666 4-8000
0-1546
0-4637 0-6188
0*7729 0-9276 1-0821
1-2367 1*3918
nV INTRODUCnON.
The percentage of oxygen in each of the oxygen compoonda enameratcd in th preceding table of atomic weights is stated in parentheses after the atomic weight a the compound ; and ihQ percentage of sulphur in the same manner, after the atom weight of many of the sulphids.
7. The atomic ratio is calculated from the percentage ratio by dividing eacl number by the atomic weight of the constituent : the percentage ratio of Al and ( in alumina being 53*4 : 46-6, 63-4 -13-76 gives 8*93, and 46*9 H- 8=6*85 ; when© the ratio 3*93 : 5*85, which, by dividing the larger by the smaller, is found to equa 1 : 1*5 or 2 : 3, which is the atomic ratio of the aluminum to the oxygen.
For the compound %1 Si, the percentage of silica and alumina is 36*8, 63*2 whence, dividing the former by 30 (at. w. of silica), and the latter by 51*5 (at. w. of alumina), the ratio obtained is 1 : 1, the compound consisting of 1 of each alumni and silica ; or taking the percentage for the silicon, aluminum, and oxygen in the same, and dividing them, respectively, by 14, 13*75, 8, the ratio deduced would be 1:2:5.
8. The ratio of alumina and silica in a compound may also be obtained by comparing the amounts of oxygen in the percentages of the constituents. Take, e, g. a silicate of alumina consistmg of Si 36*8, M 63*2=100. If 100 of silica contain 53*33 of oxygen (see table then 36*8 will contain 36*8 X '5333 or 19*625 (since 100 : 36*8 : : 53*33 : the required percentage) ; so if 100 of alumina contain 46*6 of oxygen, 63*2 will contain 46*6 X -632 or 29*45; now 19*626 : 29*45 (the ratio obtaiued)=2 : 3 ; and since silica contains 2 of oxygen and alumina 3, it follows from the result of the calculation that the compound contains 1 of silica to 1 of alumina, or has the formula £1 Si. This is the usual method of calculating the ratio of the constituents in the case of oxyds. It involves multiplications of the percentage of each of the constituents by the percentage of oxygen for that constituent ; and in order to &cilitate these multiplications a table is given below the table of atomic weights, containing multiples of these oxygen percentages for each of the digits 1 to 9.
9. The letter R is used as a general symbol for any element ; R, for protoxyds in general ; S, for sesquioxyds in general.
10. In the formula 3 Ca' Si + Si*, the prefix 3 applies to the whole Ca' Si (or, in general, to all before the first comma, or first -+- or — ) ; but the small only to Ca, it signifying 2 Oa; and, in the second part, the small ' signifies that there are 2 £1, and the small ', 3 SL The oxygen ratio for the Oa and Si in the first part is 1 : 1, there being 2 Ca to 1 Si, 2 Ca as well as 1 Si containing 2 0; and in the second part it is 1 : 1, there being 2 iitl to 3 SL The oxygen ratio for the whole Ca, jl. Si in the formula is 6 : 6 : 12=1 : 1 : 2 ; and for the Oa-f- Xl, Si it is 1 -f- 1 : 2 or 1 : 1.
In the formula Ca' + i l)' i', the index ' signifies 2 of all within the parenthesis. The oxygen ratio of the part in the parenthesis is 1 : 1, there being Ca' to I XI ; the 0. ratio for Ca, XI, Si, m the formula, is 1 : 1 : 2 ; and for Ca+XI, Si, it is 1 : 1. Thus the two formulas here explained express identically the same constitution.
There are many compounds allied to the above, for example : Ag*+i XI)' Si*, (J Fe-|- JXl)' Si*, (i Mg'+i 3Pe)' Si", etc. The symbol R is used, in the manner above explained, in writing a general formula for the roup containing these and other related compounds; as (J R"-|-| H)' Si". So & 0 is a general symbol for any carbonate of a pi-otoxyd — whether of lime, magnesia, oxyd of zinc, or any other base.
11. In the preceding table, and throughout this volume, except under the sulphur compounds. As, Sb, Bi, Ni, P, in formulas under the old system, would be more correctly written As,, Sba, Bi>, Ni„ Pa, or As, Sb, fii, P. The atomic weighU of these elements in the table are double the value which is often given them in the old system.
Intboduotion. X9
12. Biiumf compounds are those consistiDg of elements of two kinds, those of one kiiid negative to the other : e. magnesia, Mg O, consisting f magnesiun and oxTgen ; water, H O ; silicic acid, or siuca, 8i O" ; pyrite, Fe S .
Ternary compounds (called also salts and double binaries) consist of elements of three kinds, (1) froMc, (2) aeidicj (3) acidific, a silicate of lime and magnesia (or caldimi and magnesinm) contains (1) calcium and magnesium, (2) silicon, (8) oxygen; sulphate of lead contains (1) lead, (2) sulphur, (3) oxygen; the sulpbantimooite, Jamesonite, contains (1) lead and iron, (2) antimony, (3) sulphur.
13. roLymeres are distinct substances that are atomically multiples of a common type. Thus the compounds 2 H", 3 6 H', 4 (generally written H*, H*, EP), are polymers of H*.
14. The following principle is of great importance in connection with the chemical constitution of inorganic compound, and although explained briefly elsewhere (pp. 1-3 and 202), deserves to be formally stated in this place :
Ths replacing power of the elements is in proportion to their comlnmng poster this combining potter being reckoned in number of atoms of oxygen (or sulphur, or the acidific element, whateyer it may be).
The line A, below, contains the formulas of the different kinds of oxyds ; B, the same, divided each by its number of atoms of oxygen that is, seyerally, for the successive members, by 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4), by which division they are reduced to the Drotoxyd form ; C, the basic elements without the oxygen :
A.
Bo
Bo*
Bo"
Bo*
K
Bo
BlO
Bio
bIo
Bio
B0
BiO
a
B
Bl
Bi
Bl
Bi
Bi
According to the above law, the R, R, R, etc, in the last line are mutually replaceable, 1 for 1, although in atomic weight there is a variation from 1 to They reprent different states in which elements may exist, and have, to a certain extent, dependent element-like relations. In some cases, as in iron, four of these states are reprented in a single element, the compounds (1) FeO, FeS, (2) Fe'O', (3)
Fe (4) Fe O", contaming this metal in the four states Fe, Fe*, Fe*, Fe*.
These different states of elements are best designated in the symbol by the letters of the Greek alphabet, as thus the confusion arising from the conflicting numbers for atomic weights and combining relations are avoided. The above lines A, B, C, thas , will become :
A-
oBO
2yB0
3kB0
E
Bo
yBO
Jbo
<B0
vBO
a
0K
yB
(Si
iB
In each table the line B is like C, except in the addition of 0 ; and the line A ia equivalent to B multiplied for the successive members by the number of atoms of oxygen in the oxyds, that is, severally, by 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4. Examples of the use of these symbols are unnecessary here, as they occur on the pages referred to, and the yolume.
15. In the statements of analyses throughout this yolume, the use of brackets eoclysmg figures hnplies that the substance referred to was determined by the loss.
N'ew Syetem of Chemistry. In the new system of Chemistry many of the elements We their atomic weights of double the value given in the preceding table, and theu symbols are accordingly written with a barred letter, as follows :
ZTi
16. Tabie o/Atamie Weights according to the New System.
AJimunuxa. Al 27*5
Antimony, Sb 122
Argentnm, Ag 108
Arsenic As 76
Aomm, Au 196
Barium, Ba 187 BeryUium, Be 94
BiBmuih, B! 210
Boron, Bo 11-0
Bromine, Br 80
Cadmium, 6d 112
Onaium, Ca 133
Galdum, €a 40
Carbon, 6 12
Cerium, €e 92
Chlorine, 01 86*40
Chromium, 6r 62*48
Cobalt, €o 69
Columbium, 6b 188
Copper, 6u 63*4
Erbinm, fib 112*6
Fermm, Fe 66
Fluorine, F 19
Glucinnm, Be 9*4
Gold, Au 196 Hydrargyrum, fig 200 Hydrogen, H 1
Iodine, I 127
Iridium, ir 198
Iron, Fe 66
Tianthanum, htk 92*8
Lead, Pb 207 lithium, li 7
ICagneaium, Bfg 24
Kauganeae, Mn 66
Kercuiy, fig 200
Molybdenum, Mo 92
Nickel, Ni 69
Nitrogen, N 14
Osmium, Oa 199
Oxygen, O 16
Palladium, Pd 106
Phosphorua, P 81
Platinum, Pt 197*88
Plumbum, Pb 207
Potaaaium, K 89*1
Rhodium, fih 104 Rubidium, Rb 8S
Ruthenium, fiu 104 Selenium, 6e 79
SiUoon, Si 28
SUyer, Ag 1 08 Sodium, Na 23
Stannum, 8n 118
Stibium, Sb 122 Strontium, 6r 87
Sulphur, S 32
Tantalum, Ta 18*2
Tellurium, ¥e 128*:
Thallium, Tl 203
Tin, Sn 118
TiUmium, 7i 50
Tungsten, W 184
Uranium, fi 1 18*8
yttrium, ¥ 64-3
Zinc Zn 66
Zirconium, Zr 89*6
The elements in the preceding table whose atomic weights are not doubled which have not barred letters in tne symbols), are hydrogen ; gold, silver ; the alka metals, potassimn, etc.; the arsenic group, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, nitrogen phosphorus, with boron ; the chlorine group, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
1 7. In the combinations between elements of the former series occur, hjdroge being taken as the unit, the ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5 ; and, with reference to the odt numbers 1, 8, 5, these elements are called periseads. While in the combination between elements of the latter series occur, taking the same unit, the ratios 2 : 2 2 : 4, 2 : 6 ; and these, in view of the even numbers, are called artiads. The word vBptifaof: and otpno were tbe words for odd and even numbers in ancient arithmetic.
16. As oxygen is one of the doubled elements, a protoxyd of a perissad must con tain 2 of the latter ; and water, accordingly, has the formula H0, potash EtO, sodi NasO, etc But the protoxyds of elements of the other series have simply the sjm bols MrO for magnesia, OaO for lime, etc
19. In the formulas of tbe salts, or ternaries instead of dividing the oxygen between the acidific and basic elements (thus making the acid and base in the compound distinct, as in the old system), the symbol of each of the elements is placed separately. Thus, Ag*Si becomes Si Mg* 04 ; or, in the method of writing adopted in this work,
20. It IS held that in some classes of compounds only part of the oxygen serve to unite the acidic element (Si) to the basic For example, for ftg §i the for mula is Si only two of the three of oxygen being regarded as uniting oxy gen. To explain :
20. As silicon combines with 20, and 20 are eauivalent to 4 H ; and magnesia, o. any protoxyd, with 10, which equals 2 H ; Uie combining character of silicon is repre
nrrBODucnoN. xvii
H H
seated by Si , and tbat of magnesiam by H — Mg — H, silicon bavisg /our bonda of
H H
fttiBctlon (being therefore a tetrad), and magnesium two (it being a dyctd). Combi
H Hh
UDg the two makes fii Mg. Substitating 0 for 2 H in the diagram, it becomes
9=9i Mg ; in which only two 0 unite the Mg and Gione B being combined
e
alone with the Si. Hence the form of the above forinula, Si
If the silica is combined with two of magnesia (using the language of the old sy tern), the diiram becomes
Mg Si Mg ; and, substituting oxygen as before, Mg Si Mg. Here
HH HH e e
sD the oxygen is uniting oxygen, and the formula is accordingly
21. The number of atoms of uniting oxygen is equal to the number of bonds of attraction in the basic or acidic element, according as the former or latter has the tmaUer number. If, in the case of a compound containing one of silica, the base is one of a protoxyd (on the old system), there are two bonds of attraction in the protoxyd, and therefore 0i is the uniting oxygen, one 0 remaining with the Si. If the base is two of a protoxyd there are four of attraction in the basic element (as well as the acidic), and the uniting oxygen is 04. If the base is three of a protoxyd, or one of a sesquioxyd, the silica then has the smaller number of bonds of attraction, namely but /bar, and the uniting oxygen will be 04, the rest being united with the Wc element jnd not the silicon ; and it cannot exceed this, however much the amoont of base be increased, it being determined by the greatest number of bonds of Maetion common to the two, the basic and acidic elements. With two of silica the bonds of attraction will be eight, and so on.
SI The rule above given may be also stated in terms of the oxygen of the base and acid in the old system : the number of atoms of uniting oxygen is double the Domber of atoms of oxygen of the base, unless the number of atoms of the base is greater than that of the acid : and in this latter case it is double the number of atoms of oxygen in the acid In the former case the formula should have the noo-uniting 0 after the symbol of the acidic element (after Si in a silicate, S in a olphate, etc.) ; in the latter, it is written after that of the basic element. In the former, the acidic element makes the left part of the formula ; in the latter the formula is turned about, and it makes the right part. See for examples of the latter, p. 362.
23. For the sulphur, selenium, and tellurium compounds (that is, sulphids, etc.), the formulas are like those of the oxygen compounds, except that S, Se, or i& rabstitated for 0. So also for ternary fluorids. In some oxygen compounds (topaz, etc.) O is replaced in part by Fs (or, as the symbol for fluorine may then be written, F) ; and in a few others, by Ck.
24. In the new system the expressions on p. xv, IB'R, R, 6R, eR, etc., become 6R, yfi, 6R, fH ; or, in the case of perissads, jSRi, etc. As, Ss, and fi of the old ystem become As 01, and Bi 0s m the new, and As and B are not monads, these formulas are equivalent under the new eystem to 8 jSAs 0, 3 j3B 0.
25. The clarification in this work is based on the following classification of the elements, a partial exhibition of which is presented beyond on pages 1-3, and 202
B
8m1mL
A. Fmsaads,
ClauifieaHon of the ElemtnU. Series n.
PotaBsium, Sodium, GbMiom, Bubidlum, Lithinm, Thallium, Hydrogen, SUver, Qold.
Nitrogen, Fhosphoms, Araenio Antimony, Bismuth, Columbium, Tantalum, in tiie JB state.
Boron?
B. ArUada, 1. Sulphur Oboup.
Fluorine.
B. ArUadB,
1. Iron-Aluminum Group.
e. Iron SuB-OROUP. — Platinum, eta, Copper, Lead, eta. Iron, Cobalt, Zinc, Cadmium, kel, Mangauose, Chromium, Tungsten, eta, Cerium, Yttrium, eta. Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium ; also Ha, Kt, Naa, eta C
i. Aluminum Sub-group.— Alu- Sulphur (rfi), Selenium, Telluri- Oxygen. alsoFe,/9Mn,
2. Tin Group.
Titanium, Zirconium, Thorium; also >Hs, y¥% yMn, yiJO, yPb, y€u, eta
This classification asBames that the metal iron, for example, when in the dentoxyd state, is of the same group with titanium or tin in the dentoxyd state ; that chrominm, molybdenum, etc, in the tritoxyd state, belong to the same group with sulphur, selenium, boron, etc, in the tritoxyd state ; and further, that while silicon and the elements of the tin group are unquestionably allied, the latter are basic to the former in all combinations of the two.
In the earlier part of the volume, the formulas on the new system are not given. Examples of the several kinds under each of the subdivisions are here presented, and from them the student will easily supply those here omitted.
26. SulphidSy Tellurtds, Seknids, Arsenids Antimonids Bismuthida, The following are the formulas of species from the lists on pages 26, 34, 84, 85, each being indicated by its number instead of its name. The atomic weights of the sulphur and arsenic groups in the new system are relatively the same with those that are used in the sections beyond on the Sulphids, those of the arsenic series employed in these sections being half less than are given in the table on pages xii, xiii.
Sulphur ((6), Selenium, Telluririum, Molybdenum ; alsocFe,
2. Carbon-Siuoon Group.
Carbon, Silicon; also >6, x¥e, eta
Chlorine, Bromine, loslina
B. PariBead (or Afiitd
L 28. Asi St
2, L 36. Ag Sb
S, IL 40. Ag,6
41. (Agi, Pb) S
44. FbS
27. Asi6
46. (Pb, 6u) 6e
47. Ob, fig) Se
48. Pb¥e
49.
84. Mo St
87. 6usAst 66. ZnS 68. Agi¥e 62. (en, Ag.) 6
101. Sb. 8,|S,|ea
102.
lit
SbJS,|(Ag,).
104 Sb, StlSJFe
105. As,B,|9,|Pb
sb,|s.|(eii, Pb),
106. Sb,B,|S,|Ag.
iNTBODuanoN. ids
1 m. Y5. Ftt or rFei 66. As)., or Ab),
81. 94. Fe (B, As) or Fe. (B, As).
88. (eo ¥% m) Abs, or yBt As. 98. (Ag. Aut)
86. €o (B, AbK or /eot (S, As). 100. OuB
129. Pb. B,|B.|(Sb,, As,) 131. (Ag.,6ii),e StlBeKSb, + Ab,)
27. CUoridSy Bromids, lodids. For tbe Chlorida, BromidB, lodids, p. 110, the Ibllowiiig are exampleB of the new foimiilas :
136. Bgt d, 142. Ag Br 147. (K, Mg) OI9+4 aq
137. KQ 148. Ag I 148.
138. Nad 144 fig. It 150.
139. KH4a 145. PbCa. 161.
140. Aga 146u FosCU
28. Fluorids. Under the Fluorids, if flaorine is taken as a perissad, among the formulas of p. 123, Ca the new system, Oa Fi ; Ce F. ; 3 Na F-f Al* =Na. M, F„ ; (Ca, Na), F+ Al* P=(ea, Na.). AU F,.
29. 0xyd9, A. For the .ilnAy(/rotf Oxydsipf. 131, 132, examples of the formulas are:
I. 173. MgO 175. H,e 176. ZnO
1 179. Mt e. or $Mm 1 81. (Fe, Fe, yfi). O.
t 1. 183. (iMg+*(Al,/JFe4e. 187.
184. a Fe+i 188. (i (Zn, Fe, Mn) + f (/3¥e, 0MiiJiU
186. 189. (i (Fe, Mg, er) + 04
2 191. (ifie+i 04
4 192. Sn e>, or yBn, O, 195. (iMn+i yMn), 0.
193. e., or yTi, e, 1 97. (i Pb + i yPb), 0,
The general formula for the Spinel group is fi4- § B ) 4 04.
The spinel formula written, as ordinarily done under the new system, without the Greek symbol, would be But this formula contains the fiction of 2H inB9 0s; when, in fact, while there are 2B in atomic weight, there are actually 3B in replacing power, as already explained (p. xv). Some additional sign is therefore required to make the formula tell the truth, and this is afforded either by adding other numbers to the barred letters, or by the use of the Greek letters as here adopted.
80. B. For the Hydrous Oxyds, p. 167, the formulas become, if the species arf regarded as only oxyds :
5itL -?
Si
J1.C
r 3
±13L
1 &
Tw ir
X. ArracjiL jlS3
!SieCI SL
E. lEBXfS f :r -
tsM! tnum-tss in & x-ctnai rjKra £:5er rrin. ii:isif ii s l.dRnxck. rtii ccL-ai szs ii tjii rriecii -re taif ifTDSK. jaa&.
5. Ii lie -"Ct-n.. 111,1 Qi FTiCiiiu rtif T'J rQ*ictrx" ar* TiinJtft "at* rrr
ai* rciir TV I..
Ae feOowinff is the scale of fbsibiKty adqited (that of ron Kobell) : 1, 0ai AmMOHT ; a, Natboutb ; 8, Aluaddiki (via. of ; 4, Ohbkk Acnxoun J, Okthoclaoe ; 6, Bboneitx.
4. Cbtbtalloqbapht.
I. He systemB of crystallizstion are as follows :
1. Savii Ike axe eqttaL The Isomktbic btbUdi.
9. Saving only the lateral axet eqttaL The Tbtraooxal and Hxxaooital.
4. Saving the axei uneguaL The Ortborhoubic, MoNOCLuno, and Triclinic.
hexagonal syBtem being as much dmdrie aa the tetragonal and the monodinio and triclinic lU much irimetric as the orthorhombic ; (2) the desire to promote uniformity in the language of acienoe. The names employed appear to be the best that have been proposed, and those mofU generally used ; and hence those that have the best daim for universal adoption.
A. Isometric System, 2. Some of the simpler isometric forms are represented in figures 1 to 50. Fig. 1, a cube (with three equal axes) ; 2, an octahedron (or lar octahedron) ; 3, a dodecahedron (or rliombic dodecahedron) ; 4, 5, combination of. cube and dodecahedron ; 6, 7, cubo-octahedron ; 8, combination of octahedron
and dodecahedron (by noting out, the several combinations solid) ; 15, id., another variety hedron in different positions.
3. The following are some o are to be understood, unless it
0 A 0=90", f. 1.
0 A 1 126 16', f. 6,7.
OAt=136, f. 4,6.
OA-fJ=
0 A $4=141 20
0 A 1-1=146 19
OAt-2=163 26, t 16| n.
OAi-J=166 48
0 A 1-1=168 12
OAt-3=16l 34
OAf-4=rl66 58
OAi-6=168 41
0 A 1-40=178 34
OaH=133 19
OaH=136 46
0 A 2-2=144 44,C, 10.
OaH=J60 30
0 A 8-3=154 46, C 16.
OaH=147 16
OAf, ov. 1,=116 14
0A2, " =109 28,1: 23w
0A3, " =108 16
0A2-J=164 46
O A J 43 18, f. 26,27.
0 A 4-2=160 48
0 A 64=147 41 2-2
0 A 74=165 42 2-2
OaV-V-=162 4 2-2
A 1=109 28, t 2. J
A 1, top,=70 32 i
A t'= 144 44, £ 8. S-3
Ai-}=144 16 3-3
A -1=143 66 Hf
A 140 16, f. 12.
Ai-J=188 68 i-i
A 1-3=136 64 H
A 1-4=184 26 i-l
A 1-6=132 48 i-i
he lettering, like planes being lettered alike through-
are easily read off); 10, a trapezohedrpn (24-faced
31, a tetrahedron ; 47, 48, the pentagonal dodeca-
the angles among isometric forms ; adjacent planes R stated otherwise :
A 2-2=160' 32', £11.
aH=16'' 26
A 3-3=160 30, £ 20.
A 1=169 49
A 2=164 12, £24
A 8=168
A 167 46*
A 4-2=161 62
A 64=161 26
A 74=145 46
aV-V=161 47
A 1=120, £ 3.
At, ov. top, =90
Ai-i=\l3 39
A i'i=in 62
aH=167 42
A 1-2=161 84, £21.
A t-}=166 48
A 1-8=158 26
A i4=149 2
A 1-5=146 18
A 2-2=160
A 84=160 64
A 3-8=148 31
A 166 6
A 64=162 68i
A V-3=160 46
A 2-2, B,=181 49, £ 10.
A 2-2, 0,=146 27
A 2-2, ov. top, 109 28
A I B,=136 48
A}, C, 119 38
A8-3, B,=144 64, £15.
A 8-3, C,= 129 81
Ai-H,A,=121 43
A Hi, 0,=177 3f
Ai-j, A, 127 34
Ai-f. CS, 167 19
Ai-I, A, 129 47
Ai-I, 0,=168 44
Ai-I, A,=183 49
Ai-i, 0,=167 28
-2 Ai-2, A,=143" 8', f 17.
i-2 Ai.2, G,=143 8
t-2Ai-2, ov. top,=126 63
i-2 A 1-3=171 52
A 2-2=156 54
i-3 A 1-8, A, =164 9, 18.
i-S At.3, C,=126 52
2 A 2, A,= 162 44, 26.
2 A 2, B,=141 H
3A3, A,=142 8
8 A3, B,=163 28
3.f, A,=158 18
3-1, B,=149
158 18
4-2, A,=162 16
4-2, B, 154 47i
4-2, 0,=144 3
2-1, A, 1A4 64}
2-1, B, 136 24
2-t, 0, 164
6-i, A, 152 20
5-1, B,= 160 32
6-}, G,=162 20
7-},A, 168 47
7-1, B,=166 2
74, C,=136 47
H, A,=163 49
H,B,= 167 H
H, C, 138
V, A,=166 kl
¥-V,B,=162t
V-V-. 0, 140 9
4-}, A, 147 46
4-i, B, 157 28
4-J, 0, 164 3i
6-, A,=162 20
6-3, B, 160 32
64, C,=152 20
V-3, A, 172 61
V*3, B,=154 33
V, 0, 128 16
The angles A, B, C, above, are those over the edges so lettered in the figure referred to, or over the corresponding edges in related forms. 4. Figures 29 to 49 represent AantAecra/ forms, or those hnving for tome or all thp
nmoDiTCTioir. zxih
ptanw ka tlie mmW wbich complete sjnqnet requires. In t S9 plane I ocean OD only kaf the 8 solid angles, and 31, tne tetrahedron, resalts fiom the extension of these planes ; and so for the rest. Ilgnres 39 to 40 are of mclined honiliedroDs ; and 41-49 oi parallel hemihedroos. Some of the angles are as follows; many are the same as for the preceding forms.
1A1=79* 38', C 31, 31a.
iAiA, IBS 39t
iAi,B, ai 10
SaI, A, iei 44
SAJ,B,=90,t37A.
Sai,A.=1 8
>A1,B,=99 S HaH, 31 HHf C;=160 IB WAi.i,B,= 109 aB,f 34. IiAH,(;=iM 3t H/M;B,=1M :
A 3.3, 0, 134' I' 8-1A3-J, A, 168 IS, C 3 8-jA3-i, B,=110 fi6* 3aHiOi 1&8 13 4-SA4-I, iL,=162 IS 4-a A 4-1,6, 124 fil 4-9A4-2, C,=144 3
*.3A*-8, C, 107'' 27J' A, lfil 66
MaK 0, 108 l-SAI-I, A, 128 IS 4-2 A 4-2, B.U'I 47 4-SA4-2, 0, 131 48 8-}AR- A,=11G 23, r. 45a S-iA3.J, B, I48 - " 3-1, 0,=;U1 47
MA<.2, C n8 36 6-iA-S. B, I80 33
t-8A# A,=143 8 B-IaH, (1=131 fi
In fonns i, j-9 (t 47), {-3, -4, A is the angle at the longer edge, md C thrtatehheroftotlieW. H
CXIV IHTBODUOnOlf.
SOa Fig. 50 represents a common twin or compound crystal in th<
isometric system ; and 50a illustrates that it corresponds to an orta hedron cut across the middle parallel to an octahedral face, with on< half revolved 60 or 180 degrees.
B. Tetragonal System, (Also called Quadratic, Pyramidal, Monodi metric, Dimetric, Zwei-und-einaxige.) 5. In the Tetragonal sjsten the lateral axes (b) are equal, being the diameters or diagonals of i square, while the verticcU (a) is either longer or shorter than the lateral.
6. Owing to the square torm, the planes of a kind are in fours or eights. The like planes on the four solid angles make a 4-sided pyramid, and those of the twc extremities combined a square octahedron. For any species one such octahedron may be assumed to have the vertical axis la ; and then the other octahedral plane on the same angles, with shorter or longer vertical axes, have the vertical axis a mul tiple or submuTtiple of a ; as |a, etc., 2a, fa, do, etc. ; and the planes of sucli octahedrons are accordingly lettered I, 2, 3, etc.
7. So again like planes on the four edges of each base make an octahedron, but of an intermediate series, called the diametric, the planes being parallel to a lateral axis or diagonal The vertical axis varies by simple ratios, as in the other series ; but in the lettering, as the planes are parallel to a lateral axis (and would therefore meet it only at an infinite distance), this parallelism is expressed by adding the letter :, initial of infinity. Thus t, l-t, 2-i, 3-t, etc.
8. With the lengthening of the octahedron in each series, the numeral becomes arger and larger, until* the octahedron is merged in a vertical square prism, its planes parallel to the vertical axis. This parallelism, expressed by the letter i again, as just explained, gives for the lettering of the square prism of the first or fundamental series, or /; and for that of the second or diametric, t-4. The figures on pages 277, 273, are examples of these forms, and also of the 8-sided pyramids and 8-sided prisms which occur in this system.
9. The angles between the planes on the vertical edges and /, or t'-t, are the same as those having similar symbols in the isometric system, noting only this difiference in the lettering, that 0 in the cube is i4> in the square prism : thus 0%-2 in the cube or other isometric form is the same with in a t-2 m the tetragonal system ; and so on.
10. The length of the vertical axis a is calculated from the supplement (S) of the angle O a i-t, A line drawn vertically on the plane l-t (f. 260, p. 277), that is, at right angles to the lower or upper side, is the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, the basal side of which triangle is parallel to a lateral axis 5, and the vertical parallel to the vertical axis a. These sides have the ratios, therefore, of the two axes ; and taking 6=unity, a=tan A (or angle of triangle at base, or opposite a). This angle A equals the supplement of O a and therefore, calling this supplement /S,a=tan S.
11. The value of the axis may also be obtained from the supplement {S') of the angle O ' 1, by the equation :
a=tan S'--aeo 46* ; whence log a=log tan S' — 10-1606160.
C. Hexagonal System, 12. This system differs from the Tetragonal in having three equal lateral axes (6) instead of two ; the vertical (a) is at right angles to the lateral (fig. A).
13. In the Hexagonal section of the system the symmetry of the crystals is by sixes and twelves, as in figs. A to D ; f. 440, p. 530 ; t 527, p. 627. In f. B, 1 corresponds to a hexagonal pyramid of the frmdamental series, and 1-i, |-2, 2-2, similar pyramids of the intermediate series; / is the hexagonal prism of the former series, and t-2 that of the intermediate prism, /"a 7=120% /Ai-2=160% t-2 a t-2, ov. /,=120\
14. In the Rhombohedral section tf the system, the planes 1, 2, 3, etc, are
TTBODncnoii .
pliDea (tf AombohedriMis, hanae for the vertical axis la, So, 3a, eta., Is oetng tbe -niat of the axis Id the fundamental rbombohedroa, (R) (figa., t>. 8). Th ngie of rhombohedroD mentioned is always that over a terminal edge, as that between the upper planes A of figure HI, p. 141. On gradoally shortening the rboraiiobedron in fig. 141, it tn&y become R, iR, and so on, till the length Decoroos 0,
ind the rhombohedron is reduced to a flat plane. Hence, stalling fixim this plant) (ubieh corresponds to the basal plane of the rhombohedron or hexagonal prism), the rfaombohedron as it elongates reaches the form of fig. 141 ; and contmning the flosgation, the vertical axis doubles, trebles, and so on, till finally it becomes inhnite, sod the rhombohedron is then a six-sided prism. If a diminution in length now commences by planes inclined to the opposite extremities of the vertical axis, these pline* correspond to another serifis of rhombohedrons which are distinguished by minm ( — ). The planes
0 i..l..3.../ (or ob) a..— 1..— J 0, lie in a single vertical zone. Figs. 550, 551, p. 070, represent the forms B, -i, -2, -J, 4, 13.
15. The value of tbe vertical axis a is obtained from the supplement: Of Ol-S (S) by the equation a=tan S.
Of 0 A 1 {S']hj the equation (i=tan 5"-soo 30*.
The latter gives log a=log tan 5'— 100624604.
D. Orlhmhonne Sytem. (Also called Rectangular, Prismatic, Trimetric, Bin
imd-einBiige.) 16. In the Ortborhombic system the thi KCt at right angles; and the three diametric planes, or those containing the axes, are consequently rectangular in btenection.
He annexed figure represents a rectangular prism widi replaced edges and angles.
17. a, h, e, are the axes, of which a is the vertical, b the shorter lateral or brachydiagonat, c the longer lateral or nuiendiaffonal, 0 is the baal plane of the prism ; i-1 tbe Urger lateral plane, parallel to the longer lateral uis; i-t tne smaller lateral plane, parallel to the ihorler lateral aria.
18. / are planes on the edges of tbe rectangular prism, which when extended would form a verti< rhombic piiun, having its axes b and o in the ratio of 16 : Ic. It is therefore the tint ot fandatnental vertical prism.
19. 1-1 are planes parallel to the loTtger lateral axis, md baring for the axes a, 6, the ratio la: lb; extended qtwirds tney form a dome (so named from donut, a hwse -is called the maerodome. The planes l-I
IS are unequal and inter
in a similar manner form what is called a hraehydomej they bebg parallel to the shorter lateral axis; its axes a, c, have the ratio la : Ic, that is, the two diagonals of this horizontal prism have this ratio. These two domes are therefore the utdl domeM Their summit angles are of coarse supplements of their basal angles (or those ovei the vertical planes i-l, i-i).
20. If the axis 5=1 ; half the obtuse angle of the prism / be called half the summit angle of the macrodome 1-i, T, and half the basal of the same Z; then we have for the values of the other axes a and e :
a=cot Y=tBai Z. X. Further, a /— -00'' ; 0 a 1-i_00* ; Z=U a l-i— 90'.
20. The planes I on the eight angles are planes of an octahedron, having for the axes a, 5, c, the ratio la : 16 : Ic. It is therefore the unit or fundamental octahedron (1). Its pyramidal edges, if the octahedron were completed (as in f. 55, p. 20), would be of two kinds, two each extremity opposite to the axis c, the longer lateral axis, and two opposite to &, the shorter lateral axis. The former is the macrodiagonal edge, the tatter the braehydiagonal.
21. By doubling the length of the vertical axis, the lateral being fixed, we form the octahedron 2 ; by trebhng it, the octahedron 3 ; by halving it, the octahedron i ; and so for the domes, doubling the vertical axis we have the dome 2-1 or 2-1 ; by halving the same, the dome or Y, and so on. The letter t, as before explained, stands for infinity, and means that the plane is parallel to one of the axes ; i, that it is parallel to the longer lateral axis ; I, that it is parallel to the shorter lateral axis
t or / alone, or as the initial letter in a symbol, signifies that the plane is parallel to the vertical axis. A plane i-l is parallel both to uic vertical and longer lateral ; -t, both to the vertical and shorter lateral.
22. The octahedrons alluded to above have for the axes &, c, the ratio 16 : le and belong to what is called the fundamental series. But others may exist with different ratios for 6 and c, and any value for a. If the ratio for 6, e, is 16 : 2Cy then, as c is the longer lateral axis, if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 1-3 ; or if the vertical axis is 3a, the plane is 3-2 ; or if it is j2. So for the ratio 36 : Ic ; if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 1-S ; or if 2a, it is 2-5 ; and if the vertical axis is infinite, the plane is parallel to the vertical axis, and the symbol is t-5. The first figure or letter in these symbols always refers to the vertical axis, and the second to one of the lateral axes.
23. The planes may thus be viewed as lyin in vertical zonea a different zone for every ratio of the lateral axes 6 : c. Each senes, or zone, terminates above in the basal plane of the prism, for which a=0, and behw in a vertical prism, for which a is infinite. By taking the pUmes t-l, i4, successively, for the basal plane 0, there may be similar series of zones for each. The planes of a tone have their mutual intersections parallel to one another; and wherever a series of planes exists having such parallel mtersections, the series is called a torn*
The small tables inserted in connection with the crystalline forms of some of the species of thb and other systems of crystallization (pp. 2?, 35, 338) consist of the vertical zones of occurring planes. The planes of a vertical zone have mntoal korifontal intersections in the crystaL Consequently in a crystal not oblique the inclination of the basal plane, 0, on any plane m a zone, subtracted from 270'', gives the inclination of the prismatic plane of the same zone on that plane, and the tangents of the supplemental angles of 0 on the planes of a zone vary as the coefficient of the vertical axis for each pkne. Thus, suppose there are the planes 1-i, 2-i, 34, take the supplement of 0 a 14 (which, if Oai is 124% equals 180*— 124=66' ) I then the tangent of this angle, doubleij will be the tangent of the supplement of 0AS4, and trehUd of the supplement of the angle of 0 84. The same for th<
plmes 1, 3, or 1-S, 2-S| 3-S, and so on ; and if t-l be made the base, theu in the sams maoner the angles may be calculated for similar zones of planes terminating in t-I ; oi if i4 be made the baise, for sones of planes terminatiDg similarly mH, So if the ang}% are giren, the relations of the axes may be calculated by reversing the process 24. Making the brachydiagonal 6=unity :
(t=tan. soppL 0 a 1 1 ; and calling the angle /a/, over t-f, X: c=tan X,
E Monodinic System, (Also called Hemiprismatic, Qinorhombic, Monoclinohe dnl, Zwei-ond-eingliederige.) 25. In this system two of the axial intersections are reetaDgnlar, and one is obfiaae. In other words, the lateral axes are at right angles to one another ; but one is Mtque to the vertical axis, and the other at right angles to it.
26. If figure E on pase xxv be taken as representing a monoclinic form in its Bsoal position, then a wul be the vertical axis ; b the inclined lateral, called the clino" diagonal', c the other lateral, called the ortkodiagonaL The angle or the inclination of the vertical axis, is called the angle C,
27. The section of the crystal in which 6, the clinodiagonal, and a lie is the clinch diagonal section ; and that in which c and a lie is the orthodiagoTuU section. The rerticai plane i-l, of £ is parallel to the orthodiagonal section, and is lettered simply t-i ; and the plane *-l, of the same figure, is parallel to the clinodiagonal section, and n lettered -L The angle 0iri=.UOT the inclination of the vertical axis; while 0' and wAt-i=2=90*'. The clinodiagonal section is the plane of symmetry,
28. The domes having the planes parallel to the clinodiagonal are called clinodomes aod are lettered with an accent over the i, thus, 14 (14 in L E), 24.
29. The domes parallel to the orthodiagonal are hemidomeSy the planes in front at top being unlike in inclination those in nont below, each being a hemidome ; one series is opposite the unite intersection of the axes, and is the plus series, lettered 14, 24, etc ; the other is opposite the obtuse, and is lettered -14, -24, etc.
30. The octahedral planes are all hemioctahedral, and + and — are used in the Avmbols in the same manner as in the symbols of tiie hemidomes. Thus in fig. E, if tike angle between the upper 0 and the front plane i4 is obtuse, then the upper planes 1, 1, in front would be -1, -1, and the corresponding planes below, -f 1, -fl, written usually 1, 1.
31. If the clinodiagonal 5=1 ; half the front angle of the prism / (over i4) be caUed iT, half the summit angle of the clinodome 14, X' ; the supplement of ui a — called ft and supplement of Oa14 be v; and C be used as above explained ; then,
C tan X, sin C tan -y==sin v -r sin |x=sin ( C — t) -r- sin jx.
F. Tridimc System (Also called Doubly Oblique Tetartoprismatic, Anorthic, Ein- Bod-eingtiedcrige.) 82. The three axes are unequal, and obliquely and unequally bcfined. Angles of 00 and are not met with in Tricltnic crystals. Examples, figures on pp. 297, A38, 340.
33. The crystallographic symbols used in this work are essentiallv those of Naumann, the an&or of the system of crystallography which is followed. The only difbence is that t, the initial of infinity, is substituted for the symbol oo, and the P is dropped, it being in almost all cases unessential Thus, P, 2P, 4P2, ooPooy a/*, QoThi, djy of Naumann, are P or 1, 2, 4-2, §4, t (or /), f-2, 8-2, of this work. And in the rhombohedral section of the hexagonal system, for 22, 2i2, 3i2, i, 2i, (Nanmanuy are here written, 22, 2, 3, 1', 2'. Moreover 0 or o is written for the btia] plane. The disdnction of capital or small letter in the symbols is mathemati* tally of no importanoe.
34. In the orthorhombic system the shorter lateral axis is made the UTiit in this 'ork. Hie axes are lettered cr, 5, c, in different systems, except in that of Miller (oi
ZX7U1 nrmoDTronov.
proDerly Wbewell's), who uses the letters A, ib, as indices " referring t j the in tiie order here written :
In this work a b e
In Namnann a c b
In Weiss and Rose e a 6
InMiUer k I k
For the tetragonal system the axes are the same, except that b=€. In the mono-
dinic :
YertiosL Oliiiodiagona]. OrthodiagonaL
Nanmann and this work a b c
Weiss and Rose cab
MiUer k I h
The following are convenient simple roles for nse in connection with crysttallographic measurements and calculations :
35. If a plane, p, replaces the edge hetween any other two, t, making parallel intersections, the sum of the angles between p and the two planes 8, eqaala 1 80 plus the inclination of 8 on t. If the planes t, meet at OO"*, the sum of angles equals 180'' + 90''=270'' ; and if the angles are equal, each is 135' ; if the planes meet at 110% the sum of the two angles equals 180'' + 110*'=20O'' ; and if one is 130% the other will be 160%
36. On p. xxvi, the relation between the symbols and the tangents of the inclinations of planes lying in zones between rectangular axes (which zones can be made to be vertical zones in one position or another of the crystal) is pointed out The same method holds for ail vertical zones in the tetragonal system, and for those that become vertical on putting the crystal on its plane i-t ; also for all the zones which are made vertical by placing a monoclinic prism on its fiice t-i, that is the zone of clinodomes, the zone of vertical prisms, and all zones, then vertical, of hemioctahedrons ; also for all the vertical zones of the hexagonal prism, and hence for the zone of rhoinbohedrons of any species, or vertical zones of scalenohedral planes.
37. For the transfer of hlk of Miller's system into the system of this work, take the reciprocals. Thus if symbol is 212, the reciprocals are J-, 1, the last referring to the vertical axis. As the relation of the lateral axes should be in whole numbers, double the whole and it gives 1:2:1; whence the plane is that which would be here designated 1-2. So 1 : 1 : 3 becomes 1:1:, whence the symbol ; or 315 becomes 1, 4, or 1, 8, ; whence |-3 and in the orthorhombic system the 3 in |-3 would have toe short mark, or be written ; while 135 would the symbol |-3.
38. In hexagonal forms the change is less simple, and the method for it is hardly intelligible to one not knowing something of boUi systems. The axes of Miller, instead of being those of fig. A, p. xxv, are lines drawn through the centre normal to (that is, at right angles to) the alternate feces of the pyramid ; they are therefore thrte in number, and uie planes are thus referred to axes parallel to tne rhombohedral edge. The planes in fig. A, according to Nanmann's system, are all of one kind in Uie hexagonal section of the hexagonal system, but of two lands, B and -JR (or 1 and ~1) in the rhombohedral section* In Miller's system they are of two kinds in both sections, the distinction between the two sections not being entertained
The axes a, 6, c, of any plane in the hexagonal system of Naumann, have the fol (owing values in terms of hk I of Miller
FonUshed the antbor tar this place bj Fxot J. P. Oooke of Harvard.
iSTBODironov. .xix
V Q/T 6=-7— r c-
A+ifc+V cos 7) "-(— — A
Bat in using these equations strict attention mast be paid to the signs, as illustrated in the eiibiples below. The ansle 7 is the angle between the axes in ALller'a Kstem, which eqoab the facial angle of the rhomb face at the vertex of the rhombo- LedroD R,
The equations give the true ratios of Naumann's axes ; bat these ratios often have to be reduced to whole numbers, or otherwise modified, to obtain precisely the vala Qsed in Naumann's symbol llie second member in the equation for a gives the length of the axis ma in any form ; the first member in it is all that is required for the vslae of m in the symbol, while the second is the valae of a.
Tbo foQowing are some examples ;
Id f. 564 (p. 672 X plane H, which is 100 of Miller, gives, on substituting the values ofhklf and working the equations, a : 6 : 1 : t (infinite) : -1. The parameters of the plane in Naumann's I7tem for the vertical and three lateral axes are 1 : 1 : 1 : i
The plane t, to the right, is 2TT of Miller ; whence a: b : c=t : i : which, since a and h arceach infinicy, is equivalent to : t : -1.
The plaoe -i, to the right, is 1T| of Miller; whence a:h: c=l : : t=2 : 1 : t ; the Naumazin ratio for this plane is 2 : 1 : 1 : i.
Plane -4 is 832 of Miller ; whence a : 6 : c=i : i : -jt= J : -1 : -1.
The left upper plane is 20T in Miller; whence a : 6 : c=l : -1 : -(=3 : -3 : -1, giving the Kianunn Bjmbol S-3, from whiclf comes its equivalent scalenohedral symbol 1*.
The left upper plane y is Miller's 31m ; whence a :b i : -1 : : -S : -1 ; giving tne Kaufflaiin symbol i-H, and its equivalent i*.
The right upper of the two adjoining planes, in f. 664, is 301 of Miller ; whence a :h : c-~ i : I : -I. This is apparently a different result from the last But calculating the length of the foanh of Naumann's parameters, it gives /=n+(n— l)=i-4-(-i~l)=. from which it follows that the parameters of the plane are i : 1 : i : ~i; and on calculating the fourth parameter in tbe preceding, would be obtained, proving that both are really the same plane.
6. Nomsnolaturb.
1. termination itei or iiU (the origitial of ite) was ased, according to system, among tLe Greeks, and froni them among the Romans, in the names of stones, it being one of the regnlar Creek suffixes. It was added (as ite in these recent times} to the word signifying a quality, constituent, use, or locality of the stone.
Some of the examples are: Hematites, from the red color of the powder Ckioriiii from the green color ; Steatites, from the greasy feel ; Dendritis, from a reMmblanee to a tree or branch ; Alabastritis, for the stone out of which a vase called sn alabastron was made ; Bawniten, from the word for touchstone ; Sideritet, from the word for iron ; Argyritis, from the Greek for silver ; Syenitis, from the IwUity, Syene in Egypt ; Memphitis, for a marble from Memphis in Egypt.
2. The only modem kind of name not in vogue in Pliny's time is that after persons,
Werner appears to liave been the first to introduce personal names into mmeralogj. The riiest sample, as £tf as ascertained, was his naming what von Bom had called (green Mica (Mka viridis), Torberiie, after its investigator, the chemist Torber Bergmann (more correctly written TifdaniU by some mineralogists of last century, as Bergmann wrote his name in Latin, the lgutge of his adecttflo works, Torbemus Bergmonn). The name encountered objections ; and n eroer, in view of Bergmann's announcement (after 83me incorrect trials) that the mineral was eop] ore, substituted in 1789 the name ChalcoUte. He, however, immediately afterward (early )o i7M) showed that he saw nothing bad in the style of name by designating older new species sod WUheriie, the former after Col Prehn, the discoverer, and the latter after Dr. Withering, the discoverer and analyst of the species. The same year Eatner, a mineralogist of Vienna isrfned a pamphlet against the Werner school, with the tide " Freymiithige Oeitaiikao
XXX IBTBaDUCllON.
iiber Herrn Inspector Werner's Yerbessenmffen in der Mineralogie " etc. (64 pp. I61DO, 11 k which he makes light of Werner's labors in m scienoe, and nnder the head of Prehniie ridicoiw tliis method of creating a paternity, and providing the diildlees with children to hand down theii names to posterity (pi 26). Sndi names were, however, too easily mada too pleasant, as a general thing, give and receive, and withal too firee from real objection, to be thus stopped ofl and tliey have since become numerous, even Vienna contributing her ftill share toward their multiplication.
As a part of the history of mineralogical nomenclature, it may be here added that Werner, when it was proved that his aleolUe was an ore of uranium with but little copper, instead of a true ore of copper, dropped the name entirely, and called the mineral simply Urangiimmer (Uranium mica); and Karsten, in his reply to Abb Estner (Berlin, 1193, 80 pp. limo), makes out of the necessary rejeotiOQ of chalcolite an argument against chemical names, and in favor of names after persona, as the latter could never turn out erroneous in signification.
Werner, in an article written in defence of his introduction of this dass of names (Berm. J.. L 1 0:iy 1790), mentions the case of Obsidtan (oxwe properly OMam) as a precedent firom PU?iy, Oban being, as Phuy states, the reported disooverer of the substance in Ethiopia. But this is not strictly an example. Fw Pliny uses Obsictn not as a substantive, bat as an adjeetix-e ; the ixiineral was not Obsian but OMam gUua or Obsian skme ; vUrum oftndmim, lapis obnamts, and obsiana [vttra], occurring in the course of the paragraph. The addition of the termination He to Obeian would, according to mineralogical method, make a name equivalent to Pliny's tapia obsiamu. Names of persons ending in on (as Octavian, Tertullian) were common among the Romans ; and this ifi so far reason for avoiding the termination in names of stones.
Some critics question the existence of the reputed Obsins, and reject Pliny's explanation.
3. The ancient origin of this tenmnation ile, its adoption for most of the names in modem mineralogy, its distincuve character and convenient iplicatioDy make it evidently the trae basis for nniformity in the nomenclature of the science.
4. If any other termination in addition is to be used, it ahoold be so only under system ; that is, it shoold be made characteristic of a particular natural group of species and be invariably employed for the names in that group; and its use would not be a matter of choice or €uicy with describers of species.
As a matter of tact, several other terminations are in use, but wholly without reference to any such system. The most common of them is ine ; but" it has not been employed for any particular division of minerals and it could not now be so restricted; it belongs by adoption and long usage to chemistry, and should be left to that science.
5. In onier then that the acquired uniformity may be attamed changes should be made in existing names when it can be done without great inconvenience.
Names like Quartx Garnet Gyptum Rmdgar Orpiment with the names of the metab and gems which are part of general literature, must remain unaltered. Mieu and FMipmr equally old with Quarti, have become the name of gnyups of minerals and are no longer applied to particular species Fluor was written JluoriU last century by Napione. Blende although one of the number that might be allowed to stand among the ezceptionsy has already gives place with some mineralogists to SpkaUriUy a name pr(>06ed by Haidinger (becanse blende was applied also to other species) in 1845, and signiHng deceptiomj like Kende. Galena was written Galenite by von KobeQ some years since. Orthociase, Loxoclase, Oligoolase might be rightly lengthened to OrtkiOclcuite etc. Bat the termination ease (from the Greek for Jraeture) is peculiar to names of minerals, and the abbreviated form in use may be allowed to stand for species of the groups It seems better that it be avoided elsewhere. Many other examplefl will be llband by the reader in the pages of this volume.
In the course of the last century, when the sciefice of minerals was takinr shapevandpragresi in chemistry was helping it forward, there was an euort on one side to introduce, nnder thp Adiience of Linoflus, the doable names of Botany and Zoologr ; and on the other, nnder dM jiAKDce of CrottStedt and Bergmann, names expressive of cheniical composition, as tar as it wbj and the twmtBlhods have had titeiradvooates tin lata in tto Balk
a tii nme time, the neoenity of Bingle iiamea was reoognused by most of the early mineralo ptB ; and in the of tiie system which had made its appearanoe among the GreeKs and lomiDS oat of tike genius of the Greek language, they almost uniformly adopted for the new aimes the termmation tie.
Thus we have from Werner the names Torberitet Chalcolite, Graphite, Prehnite, Witherite, Bora dte, Augite, Fistadte, Finite, Aragonite. Apatite, Leucite, Cyanite (Kyanite) ; and from other sources It the same century, Zeolite, Actlnolite, Tremolite, Coocolite, Arendalite, Baikalite, Melanite, Sttorolite, Lepidolite, Cryolite, Chiastolite, Collyrite, Agalmatolite, Sommite, Moroxite, Pharmaooiixe, StroQtianUe Delphiuite, Titanite, Ceylanite, Gadolinite, Bubellite, Sahlite, Wemerite, Scapo* lite, MeUite, eta
The termination me was also adopted for a few names, as Tourmaline, Olivine, Masoagnine, Serpentine ; and an in Yesnvian ; but the great bulk of the names were systematically termioakAmite,
With Uie opening of the present century (in 1801), Hauy came forward with his groat work on CryBtallograpliy, and in it he brought out a variety of new names that defy all system, having oothiDg of the system of the earlier dence, and no substitute of his own. Forgetting that the unity of law which he had found in nature should be a feature of scientific language, he gave to tus Dames the following terminations :
oju, in Cymophane ; ase in Euclase, Idocrase, Anatase, Dioptase ; aaie in Pleonaste ; in Diallage; cue, in BisUiene, Sphene; in Amphigene; tde, in Staurotide; tme, in Analdme; o/e, in Amphibole ; ome, in Aplome, Harmotome ; ewe, in Orthose ; ote in Actinote, Epidote ; yre, in Dipyre : fpe, in Mesotype. And the tnie mineralogical termination He he admitted only in the few flowing: Azimte, Moionite, Pycnite, Stiibite, Grammatite.
Hauy had commanded so great and so general admiration by his brilliant discoveries iu - taUognphy, and by the benefits whicli he had thus conferred on mmeralogical scienoe, that ht names witii their innovations were for the most part immediately accepted even beyond the limits of France, although a number of them were substitutes for those of other authors. Some of Werner's names were among the rejected ; and a break was thus occasioned between German and Tmach miueralc, which will not be wholly removed until the rule of priority, properly restricted, shall be allowed to have sway.
The nhaittiteB among Haiiy's names in the 1st edition of his Crystallography (1801) are the following:
Amphibole, for Borjibknde of hist century and earlier.
Orthosa for ,
Pfrozene, for Augiie of Werner, and Volcaniiie of Delamtherie. [Delametherie was a jcmtempony of Hauy at Paris, the author in 1792 of an edition of Mongez's Manuel du MinercUogiate (tier Bergmann's Sctagraphia) ; in 1797, of an ambitious speculative work entitled Theorie de la Ithe first two volumes of which consisted of a Treatise on Mineralogy; in 181 1, 1812, of in 2 vols., and for a number of years principal editor of the Jfnimal de Fhy He gave offence to Haiiy by some of his early publications. Haiiy's mineral Euclase i£ deeoibed in full by Delametherie in the JoumcU de Physique for 1792 (some years in advance of Btaft description of it), without crediting the name or anjrthing else to Haiiy ; but five yeaw later, in his Thkfrie de la Terre, he inserts the species with ftill credit to Uaiiy.]
CTmophane, for Chrffsoberyl of Werner.
Idocruefor FenevMMi of Werner.
Pleonaste. for CeylanUe of Delametherie.
Diathene, for Oyaniie of Werner.
Anatase, for Ociahedrite of de Sauasure, and (HsanUe of Delametherie.
)heQe, for TUaniie of Elaproth.
Nepheline, for Sommile of Delametherie.
Triphtte for Spodumene of d'Andrada.
Amphigene, for LeucUe of Werner.
Actinote, for AcUnolHe of Kirwan, and ZiUerQiUe of Delametherie.
£pilot fior ThaUiie of Delametherie, DelpMniie of de Saussure, and Arendalite of Earsim
Axioite, for Yanolite of Delametherie.
Harmotome, for Andreolite of Delametherie.
<3nmmatite, for TrtmoUu of Pint
Staurotide, for Stauroliie of Delametherie, and Orenatite of de Saussure.
And. later, Paranihine for ScapolUe of Andrada, and RapidoliU of AbUdgaard.
Part of the changes were made with good reason ; but others were wholly unneoessaiy was opposed to names from localities, and hence several of the displacements. He objetod also to names based on variable characters, and characters not confined to the species. Moreover, pupil, Lucas, observes (in giving reasons for rejecting the name ScapofUe and substitute fKlkim), " le vice du mot /tfe, qui s'applique k toutes les pierres, ne pouvoient plus conveaij teeste substenoe du moment ob elle aeroit reoonnue pour un espece.** Haiiy's own names arc
I iHTRODucnoir.
remarkable, In general, for their indeflnitenesfl of signifloation, which makes them etymological nearly as good for one mineral as another, and very bad for almost none as. for example, iage, which is from the Creek for diffartnce; Analcime, from weakneaa m Greek; Orihose fron straight in Greek ; Epidote. from increase in Greek; Anata§&, ftom erecHan in Greek, intcrpreU by him as equivalent to length; Idocraae I aee mixture ui Groek, etc His name Pyraxt. which he defines hoit ou stranger dans le domaine du feUf is an unfortunate exception, as ol"!] remarked, the mineral being the moat common and universal constituent of igneous rocks.
Beudant succeeded Haiiy, and had the same want of system in his ideas of nomenclature. Find ing occasion to name various mineral species which till then had only chemical names, he adopte< Haity's method of miscellaneous terminations, but indulged in it with less taste and jiidginent and with little knowledge of the rules of etymology. In liis work we find the termination ee, ii Apherese, Aphanese, Neoctese, Acerdese, Mimetese ; iae, in Leberkise, Sperkise. Harkise (ouIt German words Gallicized) ; Melaconise, Zinconise, Grocoise, Stibioonisep Uraconise ; in Argy* rose, Argyrythrose, Psaturoso, Aphchalose, Rhodalose, Sideroae, Elasmose, Exanthalose, (Jyanose Melinose, Disomose ; ase, in Neoptase, Discrase ; fm, in Ypoleime ; ele in Exitele ; while namefl ending in ine are greatly multiplied.
In Germany, the tendency has always been to uniformity through the adoption of the terminatiou ite. Breithaupt has boon somewhat lawless, giving the science his Plinian, Alumiau, Sardinian, Asbolan, etc. ; his Castor and Pollux; Glaucodot, Homichlin, Orthodase, Xanthocon, etc ; still, far the larger part of his numerous names are rightly terminated. Haidinger's many names are always right and good.
6. In forming names from the Greek or Latin the termination tie is added to the ffenitive form met dropping the vowel or vowels of the last syllable, and any following letters. , fiiKcig makes fxiXavo; (melanos) in the genitive, and gives the name melanite. The Greek language is the most approved source of names.
7. In compounding Greek words the same elision of the Greek genitive is jnade for the first word in the compound, provided the second word begins with a vowel ; if not, the letter o is inserted. Thus, from irup, genitive rupis (puroa) and tpdog comes pyrorthite ; and from the same and fvoc {xenas) comes pyroxene.
8. The liberty is sometimes taken in the case of ]on compounds to drop a sylla bid, and when done with judgment it is not objectionable ; thus melaconite has been accepted in place of melanoconite. But tnoffno/errite (as if from the Latin magnus great, and femim, iron), for a compound of magneisia and iron, or calcimangite for one containing lime and manganese, are bad.
9. In the transfer of Greek words into Latin or English, the x (k) becomes c, and .ne u (u) becomes y.
10. In the formation of the names of minerals, the addition of the termination iu to proper names in modern languages (names of places, persons, etc.), or names of characteristic chemical constituents, is allowable ; but malnng this or any other syllable a suffix to common words in such languages is barbarous.
11. Names made half of Greek and half Latin are objectionable ; but names that are half of Greek or Latin and half of a modem language are intolerable.
12. Law of Priority, The law of priority has the same claim to recognition in mineralogy as in the other natural sciences. Its purpose is primarily to secure the stability, purity, and perfection of science, and not to insure credit to authors.
1 3. Limitations of the Law of Priority. The following are cases in which a name having priority may properly be set aside :
a. When the name is identical with the accepted name of another mineral o1 arlier date.
6. When it is glaringly fiilse in signification ; as when a red mineral is declared in .ts name to be black ; e. g,, Melanochroite (p. 630) ; or when a honey -yellow mineral is made to be ashen ; e. g,, Melinophane (p. 263).
c. When it is put forth without a description.
d. When published with a description so incorrect that a recognition of the mineral by means of it is impossible ; and in consequence, and because also of the rarity specimens, the same species is described under another name without tl
INTBODUCnoXI XZZil.
deacriber's knowledge of the mineral beanng the former name. When, on the c >n- tniy, a badly descried bat well-known old mineral is redeacribed correctly, there is no propriety in the new describer changing the old name.
Acoordmg to this canon it might seem right that the name Emerylite ahould haye been nubsti* tated for MairgarUe (p. 606). Yet margarite, though incorrectly deacribed, was a apecies well known in cabinet. and Dr. Smith manifested his appreciation of the true interests of science— the end of all canon — in adopting the old name so soon as he had aacertained by further research the identttj of hia spedea with margarite.
f. VThen the name is baaed on an uncharacteristic variety of the species. Thup SageniU was properly set aside for HutiU (p. 159).
/. When the name is based upon a variety so important that the variety is best left to ntain its orinal name ; particularly where this and other varieties of the species, introduced originally as separate species, are afterwards shown by investiga tion tc oeiong to a common species. Thus, the earlier name Augiie is properly retained as the name of a variety, and Hauy's later name Pyroxene accepted for the group, as explained on p. 214.
g. When a name becomes the designation of a group of species : as Mica Chlorite, K When the name is badly formed, or the parts are badly put together : as when
the terminal of a Greek word is retained in the derivative ; e. apkaneae from doav ; Melaeoniet from the Greek for black and xovi; ; Rhodaloee from the Greek for rm-adored and cLXgc (halos), the genitive of aV, salt. The last word is bad not only in termination but in wanting an A before the a, and strictly an o after the d. Also Siderose (spathic iron), Argyroee (silver glance), Chalcosine (copper glance), from, respectively, (fiS-npof, ap/upo;, ;aXxQ(. The ancient Greeks showed us how the derivatives from these words shoidd terminate by writing them Sideritis Argyritis, ChalcitU.
Ignorance or carelessness should not be allowed to give perpetuity to its blunder under any law of priority.
i. When a name is intolerable for the reasons mentioned in §§ 10, 11, as Harkise, from the German Haarkies (hair pyrites) ; Kupaphrite, from the German Kupfer vhaum ; BUirUeritey from the German Blei-Niere,
j. When a name has been lost sight of and has found no one to assert its claim for a period of more than fifty years ; especially if the later name adopted for the pecies has become intimately incorporated with the structure of thp science, or with the nomenclature of rocks. Thus, although Thallite and Delphinite antedate EpidoUy it is not for the ffood of science that Epidote should be thrown aside. Bat where a name has not tins importance, and is unexceptionable, the law of priority may be allowed to have its course.
The right to recognition, under this canon, where the names are those of the original describer of the spedea, ia strong. But with regard to names for well-known old species to replace earlier chemical or provincial names, the claim is feebler ; and if the names are not strictly to rule, or are unsatisfactory in mode of publication, ey may be more freely modified, abbnmated if desirable, or rejected altogether. Prof. Chapman's " Practical Mineralogy," published in England in 1843, affords examples of the latter kind, and has occasioned some em barfusmeni The work was by an author at that time unknown in the science (the preface sajs, io engineer, and "a very joung man ") ; it was small, of limited droulation, and practical in its object, snd therefore one in which new names for old species would uot naluraUj be looked for. Ir 15, Haidinger, then already a veteran in the science, the author of sever: 1 works on mineralogy, utd of numerous researches in its various department, issued his " Handbuch," in which also a ntber of old apedea were provided with miueralogical names. Through Chapman's publication ing6f% BretthavptiU is anticipated two yeara by Chapman's IIarirnaT,nUe ; his Freits eben'te, by the latler's Donaaurgyrite ; his CkromiU, by the letter's Chromoftiritt ; Lis Cuprite by hubert*; 110 on. Chapman'a names have ever since remained unknown or forgclten ; while Ujidiuger's lud gaoeral acceptance among the mineralogists of Europe, and arc now the current names It has seeaied that after so long a period of oblivion, it would be doing lo good tc aoienecj to di
place the latter, and a naeleaa endeavor to attempt it The la er English Hineraiogiea of NlooB (1849), Brooke k Miller (1862), and Greg & Lettsom (1858), oontain none of Chapman's name.
k. Whore the adopted system of nomenclature in the science is not conformed to. In accordance with this last principle, the aathor, believing that the ay stem demands that the names of species should have as &r as possible, as above explained the common termination tto, has changed, accordingly, a number of the names in the course of this volume.
14. It has appeared desirable that the names of rocks should have somediffereuce of form from those of minerals. To secure this end, the author has written the final syllable ite of such names with ay; thus Diorite, Eurite, Tonalite, etc, are written Dioryte, Euryte Tonalyte. The y is already in the name Trachyte. The author has allowed Granite and Syenite to remain as they are ordinarily written* since they are &miliar names in common as well as in science literature.
See further, on Nomenclature, the excellent Mineral-Namen of v. EobelL
The following catalogue contains the titles of the works which are referred to in the following pages, with their abbreviated titles. As the value of these references, and of the various hbtorical conclusions deduced, depends on their having been derived from the original publications themselves, the abbreviated titles of the Journals and other works which the author has had by him for consultation are put in black letter ; while the rest, that is of those he has not seen, arc in small capitals. Some titles also are added of works consulted, but not referred to. Many other titles might have been inserted, a considerable number from the author's library ; but they would swell the list without increasing much its value.
The abbreviations of the more important words in the abbreviated titles, and of the names of the States in the United States some of which are in the titles and others in the observations on minerals, are as follows :
Abbreviated wards. — Am, American ; Can, Canada ; C%., Chemistry, Chemical, Chemie, Chimie ; Fr,j French ; Geolocal, Geology, Geologie, Geologischen ; Germ,, German ; t/.. Journal ; iT., Mines ; jfin., Mineralogy, Mineralogie, Mineralogical ; pt,, in part ; Q., Quarterly ; Sc, Sci., Science ; Soc,, Society ; Zo., Zeitschrift.
Abbreviated names of the United States. — Ala., Alabama ; Ark., Arkansas ; OaL, California ; Ct., Conn., Connecticut ; Del., Delaware ; Ga., Georgia ; HI., Illinois ; Ind, Indiana ; Kan., Kansas ; ICy., Kentucky ; Me., Maine ; Mass. Massachusetts , Afd., Maryland ; Mich., Michigan ; Minn., Minnesota ; Miss., Mississippi ; Mo. Missouri ; iV. Car., North Carolina ; iV. M., N. Hamp., New Hampshire ; N. New Jersey ; N. Z"., New York ; 0., Ohio ; Perm., Pennsylvania ; R. I., Rhode Island ; 8. Car., South Carolina ; Tenn., Tennessee ; Va., Virginia ; Vt., Vermont.
Other abbreviations are explained below. The catalogue is divided into three parts: 1. Periodicals not issued by Scientific Societies ; 2. Publications of Scientific Societies ; 3. Independent works or publications.
In giving abbreviations of the publications of Societies, the name of the place there the Society is established is in all cases stated, and, for the sake of uniformity, it is made the Uut word in the abbreviated title, a method which it were well if always followed. For the prominent journals, and the serials of some societies, the tim of publication of the successive volumes, or of the volumes of every successive fiv years, is stated.*
A very useful Uible, giving the date of publication of each volume of the journals here referred might easily be oonstmcted from the facts stated. It may be cr iper ruled in squares.
1. Periodicals not issued by SeUntifie Soeisties
AAl, or AfhanHI. Afhandlingar i Fisik, Kemi och Mineral ogie, otc utgifhe af Hisinger J
Am. J. ScL American Jonnial of Science and Arts. Ist series, 60 yols., Sto ; conducted bj B
SiOiman. 1818-1839 ; with B. Silliman, Jr., fyom 184o. Four numbers to rol 1, and two tc
subsequent vols. Vol 1, No. 1, Aug., 1818; No. 2, Jan., '19; Na 3, Mar., Mi); No. 4
June, U9 ; vol 2, Ap., Nor., '20 : Feb., Maj, *21 ; 4, Oct, Feb., '21, '22 ; 5, June, Sept.
22; 6, Jan., May, '23; 7, Not., Feb., '23, '24; 8, May. Aug., '24; 9, Feb., June, '25; 10,
Oct, Feb., *25, '26; 11, June, Oct, '26; 12, 13, Mar., June, Sopt, Dec, '27; aOerward
regularly on the first of April, July, Oct, Jan. ; vols. li, 15, in '28, '28-'29 ; 24, 25, in '33,
'33-'34; 34, 5, in '38, '38-'a9; then regularly, Jan., May, July, Oct, 36, 37, in '89; 38,
39, in '40 ; 48, 49, in '50 ; 50, Index Tolume. 2d ser., by the same and James D. Dana, until 1866, after which, by B. Silliman and
James D. Dana; from 1851, aided by A Oray and W. Oibbs; '53 to '66, by L. Agassiz;
from '63, by G. J. and Q. W. Johnson ; from '64, by H. A. Newton. 2 vols ann. ;
1, 2, 1846; II, 12, '61 ; 21, 22, '56; Hi, 32, '61 ; 41, 42, '66; whence, 49, 50, 1870. Aa
ind to 10 vols, in each vohi. 10, 20, 30, etc. Abb. Ch. Annales de Ohemie. 8vo. Paris, vols. 1-3, 1789 ; 4-7. '90 ; 8-1 1, '91 ; 12-16. '92 ; 16-
18, '93; 19-24, '97; 25-27, '98; 28-31, '99; then regularly 4 v. ann.; 32-35, 1800; 52-
55, '05; 72-75, '10 ; 92-95, 96, '15, an Index to vols. 31 to 60 inclusive. Continued ji the
Ann. Ch. Phys. (q. v.). Abb. Oh. Phann. Annalen der Ohemie und Pharmaoie; by Wohler and Lieblg; from vol. 77,
by Wohler, Liebig; and Kopp, and called new aeriea, 8vo, Leipsig and Heidelberg, 4 vols.
ann. Vol 1-4, 1832; 13-16, '35; 3.S-36, '40; 53-56, '46; 73-76, '50; 93-96, '65; 113-
116, '60; 133-1.36, '65; 153-156, '70. Supplementbond, 1, 1861; 2, '62, '63; 3, '64; 4,
*65,'66. Abb. Oh. Phya. Annales de Ohemie et de Physique: at first by Gay Lussao et Araga 8vo
Fria; 3 vols.ann.; 1-3, 1816; 16-18, '21; 31-33, '26; 46-48, '31; 61-3, '.36; 73-75,
*40. Vols. 67-75 made 2d ser., and numbered 1-9. 3d ser., 1-8, '41; 16-18, *46; 31-
33, '51 ; 46-48, '56; 61-68, '61 ; 67-69, '63. 4th ser., 1-3, 1864; 16-18, '69. Abb. d. BC Annales des Minesi 8vo, Paris. Begun in 1816 as sequel to Journal des Mines;
I voL a year untU 1825, and subsequently 2 vols, a year. Vol 1, 1816; 6, '21; 10, 11.
*25; 12, 13, '26. 2d ser., 1, 2, '27; 9, 10, '31. 3d ser., 1, 2, '32; 19, 20, '41. 4th ser.,
1, 2, '42 ; 19, 20, '51. 5th ser., I, 2, '52 ; 19, 20, '61. 6th ser., 1, 2, '62. In. Mcs. d'Hibt. Nat. Annales du Museum d'histoire naturelle par les Professeurs de oet
tiblissement, MM. EUiiiy, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Desfontaines, A. L. de Jussieu, GeoffVoy,
lAoepede, eta 4to, Paris; vols. 1-20, 2 a year, 1803-1815. ABB.PhiL Annals of Philosophy. 2 voIr. pnn., 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Thos. Thomson;
vols. 1, 2, 1813; 11, 12, '18; 15, 16, '20. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1821; 11, 12, '26. Then
merged in Phil. Mag. (q. v.). BL H. Ztg. Berg und huttenmannisoho Zeitung. 4to, Liepssig, 1 vol ann. Begun by Hartmann,
and sometimes called Hartmann's Zeitung. Now edited by B. Kerl and F. Wimmer. Vol
1, 1842; 4, '45; 9, '50; 14, '65; 19, '60; 24, '65; 2, '7o.
Haomq. ZSu Zeitschrid t Physik und Mathematik ; edited by Baumgartner and Ettingshausen.
10 vols, 8vo, 182&-1832, Wien. Beigm.J. Bergmannisches Journal ; ed. by A W. Kohler. 12mo, Freyberg, Sax. 1,2, 1768;
2, '89 ; so to '92 ; 1,2, '93, by Kohler and Hoffinann. Afterward, Neues Bergm. J., of K. 4 H. ; 1, 1796 ; 2, '98 ; 3, 1802 ; 4, '16. Contains papers by Werner, Hoffmann, Klaproth, and mact on mineralogy.
BfbL Univ. Bibliotheque Universelle de Gendve. Begun in 1816. In 1846, 4th series of 86 vols, commenced, and the scientific part of the Review takes the title. Archives des Sciences physiques et Naturelles. 6th series commenced in 1858.
Bmco Ann. Min. J. The American Miueralogical Journal ; conducted by Archibald Bruce, M.D. Only I voL, 8vo. Begun Jan., 1810; No. 1, 62 pp., 1810, and 2, to p. 126, '10; 3, to p. 190, '11 ; to end, p. 270, '13.
OuL Nat. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 8vo, Montreal YoL 1, 1866; 5, '61 ; 8, '63; 2d ser., vol 1, '64; 2, '66 ; 3, '66.
having tibe years in suooession, beginning with 17t0, at the top of the columns of squares, the titles of the several journals to Uie left, and the number of the volume or volumes of each issued each year in the column for that year. Such a table was constructed by the author, with refe* reixse to the preparation of this edition. It would be a vast benefit to science if a series of sucb 'abls. containing all journals of importance, and also the publications of societies, ootild be inadff yii ftod engraved, and thus placed within the reach of students in science.
XXXVi INTRODUCTION.
Oan. J. Oiiiiadiaa Journal of Industry, Science, and Art Toronto, Oanada; 2d ser. toL 1
1856; 5, '60; 10, *66; II, '66, '67. Oh. Gkiz. Chemical GhnBette, by W. FranciB. 8to, London; 1 voL ann. after ycL 1, of 182, 3 Oh. NewB. Chemical News; edited by W. Crookes. Sm. 4to, London. 2 v. ann; toU. 1,
1860; II, 12, '66; 21, 22, '70. OreU*! Ann. Chemische Annalen : by L. Crell. 40 toIb., 1 2mo, Helmstadt u. Liepzig ; toIb. nuiK
bered I, 2, for each year, from 1784 to 180S indusiye. .Dingier J. Polytechnisahes Journal ; by /. G. ft £. M. Dingier. 3 vols, ann., 8yo, Augaburg.
Begun in 1820; vol. 187, in 1868. Dublin J- 8cL Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science ; edited by Bey. S. Haughton. 6 yola,
8yo, 186I-'66, Dublin. Sd. J. Soi. Edinburgh Journal of Science ; edited by D. Brewster (often called Brewster's J.).
8V0, Edinburgh, 2 yols. ann. let ser., yd. I, 1824; 2, 3, '25 ; 6, 7, '27 ; 10, '29. 2d ser.,
yoL 1, 1829 ; 2, 8, 'SO ; 4, 6, '31 ; 6, 'S2. Merged in PhiL Mag. Bd. PhiL J. Edinburgh PhUosophical Journal ; edited by Brewster and Jameson. 8yo, 2 yol&
ann.; yoL 1, 1819; 2, 8, '20; 6, 7, ';2; 10, '24; edited by Jameson alone, II, 1824; 12,
13, '26 ; 14, '26. Becomes Ed. N. Phil. J. (q. y.). Ed. N. PhiL J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal; edited by Prof. Jameson (often called
Jameson's Journal). 8yo, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol 1, 1826; 2, 3, '27; 12, 13, '32; 22,
23, '37; 32, 83. '42; 42, 43, '47; 62, 63, '62; 56, 67, '64. 2d ser., yols. 1, 2, 1865; II
12, '60; 19, 20, '64. Here ends. Erman's Abch. Archiy fiir wissenschaftliche Russland. Begun in 1841 ; 1 yoL ann. Y6L 1,
1841; 11, '61; 21, '61, etc. Qehln*B J. Neues allg. Journal der Chemie ; by A. F. Gehlen. 6 yols., Berlm ; 1, 1803 ; 2, 3, *04;
6, 'u6. 2d ser., under the title Journal fiir die Chemie und Physik und Mineralogie, 9
yols., Berlin; 1, 2, 1806; 6, 6, '08; 9, '10. Afterward, Schweigger's Journal (q. y.) beg
at Nuremberg. Oilb. Ann. Annalen der Physik; conducted by L. W. Gilbert 8yo, Leipzig, 30 yols.; Ut
series, 1799-1808; then 80 yols., 2d ser., 180d-'I8; then Annalen d. Phys. und der Phy-
sikalischen Chemie, 16 7ols., 3d ser., 1819-23. The yols of the seycral series usually
counted consecutively ; 1, 2, 179; afterward 3 yols. a year, 8-6, I8()i); 13-16, '08;
30, '08; 48-, 'i;>; 68-60, '18; 73-, '23; 76, '24. Afterward continued as Poggendorff's
Aimaleo (q. y.). J. D. M. Journal des Mines. 8yo, Paris. In monthly nos. 2 y. ann. ; 1, 2, 1797 ; 11,12, 1802 :
21, 22, '07 ; 81, S2, '12; 37, 38, '15. Continued after in Annales des Mines (q. y.). J. de Phys. Journal de Physique. 4to, Paris, 2 yols. ann. Edited by Abbe Rosier (and hence
called Rozier's J.), for yoU 1-43 (for a time with also Mongez, Jr.); by Delametherie
for vols. 44-84; and afterward by Blaiuyille. Two introductory yols., 1771, 1772; yols. I,
2, 1773; 11, 12, '78; -.'2, 23, '83; 32, 33, '88; 42. 4.% '93; 44, 45, '94 (French Reyolu-
tion); 46, 47, '98; 657, 1803; 66, 67, '08 ; 76, 77. '13; 86, 87, '18; 94,96, '22; 90, 1828. px* Oh. Journal fr praktische Chemie. byo, Leipzig, 3 yols. ann. Begun in 1834; first
edited by Erdmann A Schweigger-Seidel (see Sschweiggor J.) ; flrom 1838 by E. A Marchand;
from 1862, by E. k Werther. ' Vols. 1-3, 1884; 19-21. '40; 34-36, '46; 49-51, '60; 64-
66. '65; 79-81, '60; 94-96, '66; Iii9-lll, '7o. Preceded by J. f. pr. und (Ekonomiache
Chemie, 18 yols. 8vo, 3 yols. ann., begun in 1828. hrb. Min. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologic, und Petrefiiktenkunde: edited by
K. C. y. Leonhard k H. G. Bronn. 8yo, Heidelberg, 1 yol ann. 1880-32, 4 Nos. a year;
aftr '32, 6 Nos., and caUed Neues Jahrbuch etc. Vol 1, 1880; 6, '35 ; 11, '40; 16, '45;
21, '50; 26, '55; 81, '60; 36, '66; 41, '70. Arab. ) Arsberattelser om fremstegen i Kemi och Mineralogi, af Jac. Berzelius. In German, Jahresb. ) Jahresbericht uber die Fortscliritte der Chemie und Mineralogie. 8yo ; usually
designated by the year. Commenced with 1821. YoL 1, 1821; II, '81; 21, '41; 30,
1860 ; the last three yols by Syanberg. Continued in the Giessen Jahresbericht, issued
by Llebig k Kopp, firom 1847 to '56 ; by F. Zammincr, '67 ; Kopp k Will, in '68 ; and Will
alone from '63 -n. The first yol coyers the years 1847, '48. Karat. Arch. Blin. Archiy fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hiittenkunde. 26 yols.
8yo, 1829-1866, Berlin. Edited for yols. 1-10 by C. J. B. Earston; later by Karsten k
y. Dechen. SLastn. Aboh. Nat. Archiy. fur die gesammto Naturlehre ; edited by K. W. G. Kaatner. 8ya
Nuremberg. 27 yols., 3 yols. ann., 1824-'85. KelL A Tiedm. Nordamerikauischer Monatsbericht fiir Natur- imd Heilkunde ; edited by Br
W. Keller & Dr. H. Tiedemann. 4 yols., 8yo, Fhiladelpkia. Yol I, I860 ; 2, 8, *6l
4, '62. Lampe's BSag. Magawn fUr die Bergbaukunde, by J. F. Lempe. Dresden, yds., Svo, 1, 1786
2, '86; 4, '87; then I yoL ann. till II, '94; 12, '98; 13. 99.
LDsUtat. Llnstita a weekly journal in small foL, Paris, 1 yoL aim.; begun in 1832. 36U
year or yoL in 1868. UiM. Hat. Belyvt, Magarin fQr die Nainrkunde Helyetiens; herausg. A. Hdpfner, Zurich
Begun in 1787. Moll's Bfem. Efemeriden der Berg- und Huttonkunde ; edited hyC E. yon Moll. 6 yols. ; i,
1805, at MiiDchen ; afterward at Niimberg, 2, *06 ; 3, '07 ; 4, *08 ; 6, '09. Preceded bj
T. Moll's Jahrb. t B. H., Salzburg, 6 yols., 1797-1801 ; and Annalen id., Salzburg, 8 voIh.
IQcfaolaon's J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts ; by Wm. Nicholson
Lomion, Ist ser., 5 yol&, 4to, yoL 1, 1797; 5, 1801. 2d ser., 36 yols. 8yo, yoL 1, l8o2
Ktt Mao. Nyt Magadn for Natnryidenskabeme ; by 0. Langberg. 8yo, Ohristiania. PhiL BCag. Philosophloal Magazine. 8yo, London. 1st ser. by Tilloch, 2 or 8 yols. a year; 1
2, 178; S-5, '99; 6-8, 1800; 21-28, '05; 80-32, '08; 33,34, '09 (thence 2 y. ami.); 36-
36, '10; 45, 46, '15; 55, 56, '20; 65, 66, '25; 67, 68, *26. 2d ser., or PhUosophical Maga-
sine and Aunals of PhUosophy, 2 y. ann.; 1, 2, 1827 ; 11, '32 3d ser., London &, Edin-
borgh PhiL Mag.; 1, 1832; 2, 3, '33; 12, 13, '88; 22, 28, '43; 32, 83, '48; 86, 37, '50.
4th ser., L., E. & Dublin PhiL Mag., 1, 2, 1851 ; 11, 12, '56; 21, 22, '61 ; 81, 82, '66. Pogg. or Pogg. Ann. Annalen der Physik und Ghemie ; edited by J. G. Poggondorff. 8yo,
Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Preceded by Gilbert's Annalen (q. y.). Vols. 1, 2, 124; 3-5, '25 ;
18-20, '.HO; 27-29, '38; 80, Index yoL; 31-83, '84; 34-86, '85; 49-61, '40; 63-66, '46;
79-81,50; J4-96, '55; 109-111, '60; 124-126, '65 ; 139-141, '70. Q.1. 8ci Brandes' Quarterly Journal of Science. 8yo, 2 yols. ann. after 1810. Published by
the Royal Institution. VoL 1, 1816; 2, 8, '17, '17-'18; 4, 5, '18; 6, 7, 8, '19; 9, 10, '2u;
19.20, '25; 27, 28, '29. Rsc Oen. ScL Records of Oeneral Science ; by Tbos. Thomson. 4 yols., 8yo, Edinburgh. Vols.
I, 2, 1885; 8,4, '36. Revista Minera. Revista Minera, Periodico cientifico 4 industrial redactado per una Sociedad
de Ingenieros. 2 yols., 8yo, Madrid. YoL 1, 1850; 2, '51. Bebarer'a J. AUgemeines Journal der Ohemie ; conducted by A. K. Scherer. lu vols.,
lig und Berlin; 1, 1798; 2, 3, 1799; 6, 7, IbOl ; 10, 'u3. Gontinued as Gehlen's Journal (q. y.). Bdnrsifg. J. Journal fur Ghemie und Physik ; conducted by J. S 0. Schweigger. Kiimberg,
8yo. Also under the title Jahrbuch der Ghemie und Physik. 3 vols, a year; 1-3, 1 SI 1 ;
16-18, '16; 28-30, *20; afterward issued by Schweigger A Meinecke; Ihen by J. S. G.
Schweigger & Pr. W. ?>chweigger*Seidel ; then by Fr. W. SchweiggerSeidel ; 31-:<.H,
1821 ; 46-48, '26; 61-63, '81; 67-69, '33. The next year began the J. pr. Gh. (q. v.),
b7 Erdmann & SdiweiggerideL Tasch. Min. Tasohenbuch fiir die gesammte Mineraloge, von G. G. Leonhard. 18 vols., 12mo,
Frankfort a. M., 1 voL ann. YoL 1, 1807 ; 4, '10; 9, '15 ; 14, '20 ;- 18, '24.
2. TVatuactions etc,, of Scientific Societies,
Abh. Ak. Berlin; Abhandlnngen der koniglichen Preuss Akademie der Wissenschaflen eu
Berlin. 4to, Berlin. YoL 1 (for 1804-181 1 ) issued in 1815. Abbahdu Sekil Ge& FBAjnunntT. Abhandlnngen von d. Senkenbergischen naturforschenden
Qeaellschafl zu Frankfurt Begun in 1854. YoL vil. in 1868. Ak.H. Biockholm. K. Yet-Academinens Uandlingar, Stockholm. Aflier. Assoc. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 8ya
YoL 1, meeting at Philadelphia in 1848 ; 2, at Gambridge in '49; 3, at Gharleston in '50;
4, at N. Haven, '50; 6, at Gincinnati, '51 ; 6, at Albany, '51 ; 7, at Gleveland, '53 ; 8, at
Washington, '54; 9, at Providence, '55; 10, at Albany, '56; 11, at Montreal, '57; 12, ai
Baltimore, '58; 13, at Springfield, '59; 14 at Newport, '60; 15, at Buffalo, '66; 16, at
Burlington, '67. Ann. Zyc. N. Hist. N.T. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Begun in
1824. YoL 8 unfinished in 1868. AsMig. Ak. Wi0ii. Anxeiger der K. E. Akad. d. Wissenschaflen. 8yo, Wien. Begun in 1 864.
I yoL ann. Bar. Ak. Monchmi. SitEungsberichte der K. bayerischen Akad. der Wiss. an Miinchen (Munic'i)
8yo. Bar. Ak. Wim. ffitsungsberichte der K. E. Akad. der Wiss., Wien (Yienna). Gommenced '.c
1848, 8ya Bff. Ak. BerUn. Monataberichte der. K. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaflen su Berlin. Svo
Begun in 1836.
te- BMderrheinisdhen Oesellscha T in Bonn. Issoec
-v. t w sjk-fe*. Geaellschaft der Wisa , Leipsia
>s-v .'is* t" Impriale des Sciences de St Petersb. 4t*) A .JT. Preceded hy the two BuUetina, B. phyaico vw< v; V *avi -philologique, 16 vola., 4to: and these twi
kxiv-? Chemique de Paris. 8vo, 1 vol. ann
,vH.xiqe de Prance. 8vo, Paris. Ist ser., vol. 1, 18S0- , 4, V';J4: 5, '84; 6, *34-'36; 7, '36-'86: 12, '40-'41 : 14.
' 'tl'tiu la Soa Impdriale des Naturalistes de Moscoa Svo. . , V *v' L'Avdemie des Sciences. 4to, 2 vols. anu. ; vol 1, 1836;
.kr Kals. Akademie d. Wias. in Wien. ; Math.-Natnrwi8a.
J vs><fcuvUingari Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania. 8vo. " V N X vUuwgon on Freondeo der Wias. in Wien; edited by W
w V v*A'iC*? K. bayerischen Akad. der. Wiss. zu Munchen. 4to
r V Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Ist ser., 8vo, t
' V xttu in 1847; voL 6 finished in 1868.
, ,. .1' Natural History. 8vo, 7 vola, 1834-'63.
V 1st ser., called Quarterly Journal, eta 15 vols.;
V vvsi Jiv Klseriich-K6niglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, Wien.
. , \,N v-iSm't der wetterau'schen Geaellschaft fur die gesammte
'v vWr Ooaellschafl; naturforschender Freunde. 8 vols. 4to: Vc\ .s.v Aocademia delle Sdenze di Torino. 4to, Turin; Ist
Vv ..v.vi' Amoricai Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4to, Boston.
K Wt'Akad. Forhandlingar, StockhoUn. Commenced m 1844,
sV yWv vSvi'i over det Kongelige danske Videnskabemes Selskabe
%'v Society of London. 4to. VoL 1 contains transactions
published k,vAl th ODOJoglcal Society. 8vo, London Begun in 1845 ; I
\w- Ikmliv dor Gesellschaft naturforschender Frounde in Berlin.
' s kWUiohtungen und Entdeckungen, eta). Next, Neue Schrifta
V- KJw VVI k\>n dor nisaisch-kaiserlichen Gesellschaft fiir die gesammte
vv V .H Ponnio©, Ohnstiama, Norway.
V Vu Transactions of the Amencan Philosoph cal Society. 4tio
xhtbodugtiok. tool
. BCia. Qes. 81. Pt. Yerhandlimgen d. rossisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen QeBelbcbafl
10 St Petersburg. Verh. oat Oes. BaseL VerhaDdlangnn der Daturforsdienden Geselldohaft in Basel Begun in 1 854 VeilL naL Yer. Bonn. Verhandlangen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preuss. Bhein
linde and Weatphalens. Begun in 1844. Z& Os or Z8. O. CJea. Zeitschrift der deutschen geol GeBellschaft 8to Berlin ; a quarterly ;
1 ToLann.; toL 1. 1849; 11, '69; 21, *69. Z8. NaL Vr. Hall. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten NaturwiBseuaohaften, von dem nat Verein
L Sacfaaen and Thiiringen in Halle. Begun in 1853.
8. Independent Works,
AgrJA., Ort. Ornis. Bobt. Georgius Agricola, de Ortu et OauslB subterraneorum ; preface dated
Agric, Foaa. Id., de natara foesilium ; pre£ dated ; and De Teteribna et novis metalUa:
pref., 1546. Agiic Berm. Bermannua, sive De re metallica Diallogos; pref., 1529. Agrir.., Interpr. Interpretatio Germanica vocum rei metallic; pref., 1546. The edition of
Agricola'a works, dted beyond, including the four preceding parts, is one in folio, 1 vol,
Basfless (BasleX 165& Afric, MeUlL De re Metallica; hy id. Preface dated 155a PoL, BasQefla, 1557. AOiBjBCui. Manual of Mineralogy; by A. Aikin. 2d ed, 8to, London, 1815. The 1st ed
appeared in 1814. Albert Magnus, BCin. Albertus Magnus, De Mineralibus. Written after Alger, Min. .Troatise on Min. by Wm. PhilHps ; 6th ed by B. Allan, with numerous additions ,
by P. Alger. Sto, Boston, 1844. Allan, BCin. Manual of Mineralogy; by B. Allan. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1884. See also Phillip AUan, Min. NomancL Mineralogical Nomenclature ; by T. Allan, bvo, Kdmburgb, 1814. ArgeaviUa,Oryct. VHistoire Naturelle, eta : by D. dVArgenville. 4to, Paris, 17od. Axppe Finak. BSin. Analyser af flnska Minerer; by A. B. Arppe. Part L, 1855, from
tbeAcUSoa Penn.,iv. 561-678; IL, 1857, ib., v. 467 (paged 1-61); IIL, 1859-1861, ib.vi
Aristotle. Aristotle's works ; particularly the Mf-ttopoXtynt, or " Meteorology," und Hepi Qaofiutrian
t9V9fikTia or Wonderful Things Heard of." Works written about the middle of the 4th
oentory B.a A. bom about 384 &0. and d 322 &a & da Boot. Lap. Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia. 4to, Jena, 1647 ; the 1st edit published at
Jena in 16o9 ; the 2d enlarged by A. Toll, Lugduni Bat, 8to, 16tf. Beck, Min. N. T. See Bep. Mm. N. Y., beyond BMidi, Tr., 1824, 1832. Traits elementaire de Afin. ; by P. a Beudant 8vo, Paris, 1824 ; 2d
ed, 2 Yola., 1882. ., Opoac Opuscula of Torbemus Bergmann. 1780. Bargm., Sdagr. 8ciagraphia fiegni Mineralis (in Latin); by T. Bergmann. 8to, 1782 ; reprint
in London, 1783. Bnz N. 8t5T. Mix. Keoes System der Mineralogie ; translated ttom the Swedish by Drs. Gmelin
and Pfafr. Niimberg, 1816. Ban. M. Byst Min. Nouyeau Systeme de Mineralogie; by J. J. Berzelios. jBvo, Paris, 1819 ;
translated from the Swedish. Bars. Iothr. Die Anwendung des Lothrohrs, eta Oerm. TransL by H. Rose. Niirnberg,
1821 ; 4th od, 1844. American ed by Whitney, 1845. BunciKBAOH HAXD& Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. 8yo 8th ed, 18n7. Born, Brifl£ WalsohL Briefe aus Walschland (Italy); by L ▼. Bom. 8vo, Prague, 1773. Bom, Lithoph. Lyihophylacium Bomiauum ; Index Possilium qu coUigit, etc., Ignatius S. B
L Equee a Bom. 2 parts, Prague; part 1, 1772; 2, '75. A descriptive catalogue, bu
without notes. Bom, Oat. Foaa. do Raab. Catalogue methodique et raisonn de la ooUectiou des Fossiles de
Mile. Eleonore de Baab; by id. 4 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1790. BoiJRx. Oai. Catalogue de la Collection minralogique particulire da Roi ; by Comte de Bouraon.
8ro, mit Atlas in foL Paris, 1817. Boom. Min. Traits de Mineralogie ; by Comte de Bouraon. 8 vols., 4to 1808. Braith., Ohar. 182a Kuiae Charakteristlk des Mineral-Systems; by A. BreithanpU 8to, Frei
beig 1820. Braith., ubar. 1823, 1832. Yollstaadige Char., eta; by id Sro Dresden, 1823; 2d ed
isia.
.tl nrrBODUcnoN.
Breith., Uib. 1830. Uiberaicht defi Mineral-System's ; bj A. Breithaupt 8to JTreileig 183C Brith Handb. VoUstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie ; by id. 8to, Dresden and Leipsig
▼oL 1, introduct, 1836; 2, '41; 3, '47. Broohant, BSin. Traite de Mineralogie ; by A. J. M. Brochant. Paris, 1808 ; an earlier edition ii
BromeJJf Mln. Herr Magni von Bromells Miueralogia. 2d ed, I6mo, Stockbolm, 1739. Isl
ed. pub'd in 1730. Brongn., Min. Traits mentaire de Mineralogie; by A. Brongniart 2 yols., 8?o, PariS| 18u7. Brongn., TabL Tableau des Espces Minerales; by id. 48 pp., Syo, Paris, 1833. Brooke, Oryst. Familiar IntroduotioD to Crystallography ; by J. Brooke. 8vo, London, 1 823. B. & M., Min. Introduction to Mineralogy, by the late Wm. Phillips ; new edition, with exten*
siye alterations and additions, by H. J. Brooke and W. H. Miller. 8yo, London, 1862.
ProC Miller is the author also of a Treatise on Crystallography, 8yo Cambridge, 1839, giy-
ing the elements of the system adopted in the above work, a system proposed bj
Whewell, in PhiL Trans, for 1826. Bnickmann, Magnalia Dei in lods subterraneis. 2 parts, foL ; part 1, 1727 ; 2, '80. Csesius, Min. De Mineralibus; by Bemardius Gnsios. 668 pp, foL, Lugduni, 1686. Cafpjelleb, Cbisi. Prodromus Cristdllographiie ; Marc Ant Cappeller. 4to, Lucerne, 1728. Cat. de Dree. Catalogue des huit Collections qui oomposent le Mus6e mineralQgiqoe de Et. da
Dree. 4tO) Paris, 1811. Dufrnoy speaks of it as the work of M. Lemao. Chapman, Min. Practical Mineralogy ; by E. J. Chapman. 8to, London, 1843. Chapman, Char. Min. Brief Description of the Characters of Minerals ; by id. 12mo, London,
Cleaveland, Min., 1816, 1822. Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology. 8to, Boston, lbl6 ; 2d
ed., 2 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1822. Cronat., or Oronst. Min., 1758, 1781. Mineralogie, eller Mineral-Rikets Upstallniug: by A.
Cronstedt (but issued anonymously). 12mo, Stockholm, 1758 ; Briinnich's edit, in banish,
Copenhagen, bvo, 1770; 2d Swedish ed., Stockhohn, 1781; Magellan's edit in Englisli.
2 vols., Uvo, London, 1788. Dana, Min. Boston. Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its vicinity ; by J
Freeman & S. L. Dana. 8vo, Boeton, 1818. Dana, Min. This work. Editions of 1887, 1844, 1850, 1854. Supplements 1 to 10 to last ed
tion in the Am. J. cl, 1856-1862, the last three by G. J. Brush. Daubenton, TabL Tableaux methodique des Minrauz. Paris, 1 7 84. Only a dassifled catalogue.
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and Lodwig's Min. contains that of 1800 and 1803. Lebnhard's Tasch., iii. 261, that of
IVestmmb KL PhysXTh. Abh. Eleine physikalisch-chemische Abhandlungen ; by J. F. West
rranb. 8vo, Leipaig, vol. 1, 1785; 2, '87; 8, '88; 4, '89; Hannover, 6, 6, '93; 7, '96;
Withering, IVL Bergm. Sdagr. Outlines of Mineralogy, trL from the original of Bergmann ;
by Wm. Withering. 8yo 1783 (Heprinted in toL 2 of Mem. and Traces of the late Dr.
WiLhering; London, 1822). Whitney, liake Sap. Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District ; by J. W.
Foster and J. D. Whitney. 8yo, Part 1, 1850; % '51. Whitney, Bftet. Wealth. The Metallic Wealth of the United States, described and compared
wiUi that of other countries ; by J. D. Whitney. 8?o, Philadelphia, 1 854. Whitney, MIm. Xead Region. Report of a Geological Snryey of the Upper Mississippi Lead
Regioa ; by id. (Made by authority of the State of Wisconsin.) 8to, 1862. Whitney, Rep. Q. OaL See Rep. G. CaL Whitney, Bers. Blowpipe. Berzelius on the Blowpipe ; translated by J. D. Whitney. 870,
Boston, 1845.
WooDWABD, Fobs. Fossils of all kinds digested into a Method suitable to their mutual ReUtiou
and AJfinity. 8vo, London, 1728. Zepharovich, Min. Itez. Mineralogisches Lexicon das Kaiserthum Oesterreich ; by V . R. T.
Zepharorich. Swo, Wien, 1859.
The works in the above catalogue which are most important for the study of the history of mineral species are the following, the order cited bein that of time :
Theophrastus ; Dioscorides ; Pliny's Natural History ; Agricolirs works ; Linnasus'a Svftema Naturae, 1st ed., 1735; VSTallerias's Mineralogy in the original Swedish, 1747 (the first Bystematic, descriptive work, following in its system of classification mainly the 1st edition of Linnaeus, which the author alludes to in his preface, %mong other Swedish works by Forsius, Hiseme, Bromell, and Swedeuborg); Cronstcdt's Mineralogy, 1767 (a new chemical system); Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, lOth ed., 1768 ; Rome de Lisle*s Crystallographie, 1772, 1783 (the first systematic eifon to apply the principles of crystallography to the science) ; Wallerius's Min. of 1772, 1778 (the system and facts are little changed from the earlier edition) ; Werner od the External Characters of Minerals, 1774, and his Cronstedt, 1780; Bergmann's Opuscnla, 1780, and Sciagraphia, 1782; Hofmann's exposition of Werners system in the Bergm. J., 1789 ; Emmerling's Mineralogy, l793-'97, and 1799-1802 ; Lenz*s Minenilo, 1794; Elaproth's Beitr&ge, 179&-1810; Earsten's Tabellen, 1800; Haay's tise on Mmeralogy, 1801; Rensss Mineralogy, 1801-1806; Ladwigs Werner, 1808, 1804; Mohs's Null Kab., 1804; Karsten's Tabellen, 1808; Lucas's Tableau, part 1, 1806 (ving views of Hauy of 1801 and 1801 to 1806) ; Brarigniart's Mineralcy, 1807; Haily's Tableau comparatif, 1809; Hausmann's Haodbach, 1813 ; Hoffmann's Mineralogie, 1811-1817 ; Ullmann's Uebersicbt, 1814 ; Jsmeaon's Mineralogy, 1816, 1820; Werner's Last Mineral System (Letztes, etc.), 1817; Cleaveland's Mineralogy, 1816, 1822; Berzelioss Nouv. Systeme, 1819; Leonhard's Handboch, 1821, 1826; Mohs's Mineralogy, 1822; Haidinger's translation of Mohs, 1824; Breithanpt's Charakteristik, 1820, 1823, 1832 ; Beudant's Treati.% 1824, 1832 ; Phillips's Mm., 1823, 1837 ; Glocker's Min., 1831, 1839 ; Shepard't Min., 1832- 35, and later editions; von Kobell's Gmndztige, 1838; Mohs's Min 1839; Breithanpt's Min., 1836-1847; Haidinger's Handbuch, 1845; Hausmann'i Handbuch, 1847 ; DufWnoy's Min., 1844-1847 (also 1856-1869) ; Glocker's Synoi sa, 1847; Brooke Miller, 1852; von Kobell's Tafeln, 1863; Rammelsberi Handwdrterbnch and Supplements, 1841-1853; Eenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1865 , OeiCloiaeaax's Mineralogy, 1862 ; von Kobell's Geschichte, 1864.
zlvi nSTBODTJOnOK.
7. Ahnotatbd Index to the Usbvul Metals and Mstaluc Ohbs,
GOLD. — Natwe Gold (1 Distinguished ftom all niinerals it resembles by its flatteniDg tide a liammer; its cutting like lead, although considerably harder; its resisting the action of nitir acid, hot or cold ; its high speciflc gravity.
Gold also occurs in Gold Amalgam (11 V Sylvaniie (98X Nagyagik (99), Pebaie (58 A), and Colaverile (Supplement). Also sometimes in traces in Pyriie, (Hlenite, Chalcopyrite. Native Teilurium.
PLATDn7M.—IBIDinM.— PALLADIUM.— Abft'va PlaUnum (3), the souix of the platinum of commerce, is distinguished by the same tests as gold; and it is mainly on account of its ma)- leabihty that it occurs in flattened grains or scales. FlaUniridiuin (4) is another ore somewhat harder. Iridornnimt (7) resembles platinum ; but it scratches glass, and gives the reaction of osmium, besides being rather brittle. Native Palladium (6).
SILYfiR — The important Silver minerals are: Kative Sdver (2), sectile and nudleable like gold, the only one that has a white color; ArgenUte or Sulphuret of Silver (40), blackish lead-gray, cutting (unlike the following) nearly like pure lead, cubic in crystallization; Pyrargyrite and Proustite or Ruby Silver ore (117, 118), ruby red to black, always giving a bright red powder; tftesfebentte or Gray Silver ore (11 4X steel-gray, rather brittle and powder steel-gray ; SiepkaniU or Brittle or Black Silver ore (130), iron-black, and giving an iron-black powder ; Cerargyriie or Bom Silver (140), resembling a dark-colored gray or greenish wax, and cutting like wax ; EmUh lite or Chloro-bromid of Silver (141). like the last, but more greenish. These ores yield silver easQy, when heated on charcoal Besides these, Telrahedriie or Gray Copper (125) is often a valuable silver ore ; Galenite (44), which, although seldom yielding over seventy-five ounces to the ton, affords a considerable part of the silver of commerce. For other rarer silver minerals, see 36, 86, 41, 42, 58-60, 62, 68, 98, 99, 108, 111, 116, 116, 120, 131, 133, 142, 143.
COPPER. — The more valuable species are : Native Copper (12) ; CTuUcopyriie or Copper pyriia (78). of a brass-yellow odor, scratched easily with the point of a knife-blade, and giving a greenish* black powder; Bamhardtite (79) and Cubaniie (77), which are similar to the last, but paler; Bomite or Purple Copper (49), pale yellowish, with a slight coppery tinge, but tarnishing enter* aally to purple, blue, and reddish tints, easily scratched with a knife-blade, and powder grayish ; Chakocile or Vttreous Copper (61), of a dark lead-gmy color, and powder similar, resembling some silver ores, but yielding copper and not silver when heated on charcoal ; Tetrahedrite or Gray Copper (1 25), of a somewhat paler steel-gray color and powder; Red Copper ( 172) ; Back Copptf (178) ; Malachite or Green Carbonate of Copper (751), of a bright green color, sometimes earthy in the fracture and sometimes silky; Azurite or Bue Malachite (752), of a rich deep blue color, eithi-r earthy or vitreous in lustre. All the above are acted on by nitric acid, and the solution deposits a red coating of copper on a strip of polished iron ; ChryeocoUa (H46), a silicate of copper, reseui* bling the Green Carbonate, but paler green, and usually having a dose texture (never flbrous), a smoother surface and somewhat waxy lustre, although occurring usually as an incrustation- Ataoamtte or Chlorid of Copper (153), of deeper green than Malachite; Sulphate of Copper (C()9 For rarer minerals containing copper, see 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51, 62, 80, 82, 100-103, 1 lO, 119, lil, 124 126, 154 (sulphids, arsenids, etc); 218, 346 (silicates); 533-53b, 567 53, 615, 622, 623, 636, 639, 644, 66.% 670, 700, 705, 706, 7U8 (phosphates, arsenates, sulphaisa); 750, 755 (carbonates).
QUICKSILVER.— The only valuable ore is Cinnabar (64) of a bright red to brownish-black color, with a red powder, and affording quicksilver when heated in an open tube. There are also Native Quicksilver (8) ; Amalgam (9) ; Selenid (65) ; Chlorid and lodid (186, 144). Tetrahedrite (125) sometimes contains this metaL
LEAD. — GalenOe (44) is the only abundant lead ore ; it is a lead-gray, brittle ore, yielding lead when heated with charcoal The carbonate (oerussite, 729), phosphate (pyromorphite, 498), arsenate (mimotite, 494), and sulphate (anglesite. 633), are rarely worked as ores. For otbor lead inineraU, see 41, 45, 46, 47, 99, 105-107, 111-114, 1 19, 122-124, 126, 128, 129 (sulphids, antimo aids, etc.); 145, 150-152 (chlorids; 177, 197 (oxyds); 602, 639 (arsenates); 506 (antimonate); 666 (phosphate); 616 (tungstate); 617 (molybdate); 619-621, 623 (vanadates); 635, 6S6 S'S6 641, 700 (sulphates); 642-646 (chromates); 712 (selenate); 716 733 (carbonates).
The numbers refer to the number of the tpedet.
ZnrC— Tbe most iraportant orea are: 1, SmWuanite or Carbonate of Zinc (723), and 2, Oala miae or SHUeate of Zinc (361) ; they are dike in a white, grayish-white, or greenish-white color, commonljr a slight waxy lustre and smooth look (often stakctitic or mammillary). yet soraetimea earthy; and a hardness such that the surface is scratched with a knife-blade with some little dif&cult. They differ in their action with muriatic add ; when the surface is rudy, the tilicato shows profiictions of minute rectangular prisms. Zincite or Red Zinc Ore (176) is also important ; it is bright red and very distinctly foliated. Blende or Sulphid of Zinc (5H) is a common ore, hav ing a yeOow to black odor and resinous lustre, and distinctly deavable ; the black varieties are Bomelimss a little metallic in lustre, but the powder is nearly or quite white. For other Zinc DUQNais, see 185, 188 (ozyds); 70 (sulphid); 57 (ozTSulphid) ; 2S8, 241, 266, 270 (silicate); 63 66$ (solpfaate) ; 500 (phosphate); 53u, 537 (arsenate); 749, 760 (carbonate).
COBALT, NICKEL.— The ores of cobalt : SmalHte (83) and OobaltiU (85), both of nearly a tinrhite color, with the powder grayish-black, color sometimes verging slightly to gnj. The Black (kfd of oiali (218),% kind of bog ore and very impure, is sometimes sufficientlv abundant to be filiuble The useful ores of nickel are ChloanihUe or the nicooliferous 8maltite'(83), Geradorffitt fxKichd G/attce (8ri), yiccoUie or Copper Nickel (71), distinguished by a pale copper-red color, and KkcUi/erous FyrrhotUe (68), from which the larger portion of the nickel of oommeroe is extracted. For other ores of CobaUf see 53, 81, 82, 84, 95, 97 (sulphids and arsenide) ; 618 (molybdate); 667 isulphatc); 526, 5'i9, 530 (arsenate); 748 (carbonate); of KiekOy 54, 66 (sulphid); 74, 87, 88 (arsenical or antimonial) ; 416 (silicate); 668 (sulphate); 527, 629, 580 (arsenate) ; 747 (carbonate).
MAXGAfiESE. — Gommon, as PyroluaUe (199) and PHlomelaM (211\ both black or grayisublack ores, and having little lustre, and a bladEish streak or powder, in which last particular they are diffttiict from the iron ore called limonite, with which they are often assodated, and also from Hematite or Specular Iron. Wad (218) is an earthy bog manganese, sometimes abundant and vihiable. Manganite (205) is abundant in certain mines, but is of little value in the arts, because ofitAoontaming so little oxygen (one-third less than PyrolusiteX to which fact Beudant alludes is his name for the spedea, Acerdese; it differs pyrclusite in its reddish-brown powder. For other manganese ores, see 52, 76 (sulphid); 73 (arsenid): 196, 196 (oxyds); 241, 262, 263 26:1,491 (silicates); 498, 499, (phosphates); 532 (arsenate); 663, 679, 680 (sulphates); 717, 7il, 722, 725 (carbonates).
GBROICIUM. — Chromic Iron (189X a grayish-black, little lustrous ore, oocnrring mostly in Ser peotiiie, is the source of chrome In the arts. For different chromates, see p. 614.
IHOH. — The important iron ores are : Hematite or Specular Iron (the aiaririy,- or bloodstone of Theopfarastos) (l!<o), characterized by its blood-red powder, and occurring either earthy and red, or metoOic and dark steel-gray ; in the latter condition very hard, a knife-point making uo unpreslioD ; Magnetite or magnetic iron ore ( 1 86), as hard as the preceding, but having a black powder, aad being attractable by a magnet; FrarJdinite ao allied spedes, containing zinc and manganese (188}; Ltmonitc called also brown hematite (206X a softer hydrous ore, affording a brownishjtUov powder, earthy or eemi-metaUic in appearance, and often in mammillary or stalactitic forms; aearly related to limonite are gothite (204), turgite (202 and Umnite (213) ; Siderite or S-afhc hok (721 ), a sparry ore, of grayish, grayish-brown, and brown colors, very distinctly dearabie, turning brown to black on exposure. The common dayey iron ores are impure ores, either of Spathic Iron, Limonite, or Hematite ; when the last they are red ; when browh, reddish-brown, or jeliowish-brown to black, they may be either of the two former. One of the most common inn minerals is Pyrite or sulphid of iron (76), a pale yellow, brass-like ore, hard enough to strike fin with steel, and thus unlike any copper ore, and all similar ores of other metals. It is fVe- <taentiy mined and utilized for the sulphur it contains. Marcaaite (90) is similar, but is prismatic aod often crested in its forms. PyrrhoUie or Magnetic Pyrites (68) is less hard and paler, or more grijish in color. LeuoopyrUe and Miapickel (91, 93, 94) are white, metallic, arsenical ores, somewhat resembling ores of cobalt Msnaccanite or Titanic Iron (181) resembles specular iron dosely, has not a red powder ; it is abundant in some regions. For other iron minerals, see 260, 284,334, 369, 436, 486. 467, 469 (silioates); 473-475 (coiumbates, tantalates); 498, 499, 624, 5i5, 653.557, 558, 560, 567-670, 676 (phosphates, arsenates); 006 (borate); 610 (tungstate); 646, 62, 1SU. 666, 672, 676, 682-687, 692. 696 (sulphates); 717,719,720 (carbonate); 758 (oxalate).
TIN.— Hie only valuable ore is the Oxyd of Tin or Cassiierite (192), a very hard and teayy otaeral of a dark brown to black color, sometimes gray or grayish-brown, without any metallic ippeiranee ; the crystals usually have a very brilliant lustre. Tin also occurs sf a sulphid (80), sd is Sparingly found in ores of tantalum and some other mineral suede.
tbmi niTBODUcnoH.
TITANIUM.— The only ore of this metal of any value is Batile (193\
ARSENIC — Naiiffe Anenic (17) is one source of arsenic, but it is too rare to be of mooh trail also OrpimeiU (27), a sulphur-yellow, foUaoeous, aod somewhat pearly mineral, and BecUgar (26) bright red and vitreous. Arsenic is mostly derived for the arts from the arsenical ores o[ iron cobalt, and nickel
ANTIMONY. — StOmite or Gray Antimony (29) is the source of the antimony of commerce. It is a lead-gray ore, usually fibrous or in prismatic crystals, and distinguished a similar ore of manganese by its perfect diagonal deavage and its easy fusibility. Native antimony (18), senarmonlite (220), valentinite (221), are sometimes found in sufficient abundance to be mined. AntimoDy occurs also in numerous ores of lead, silver, and nicdcel ; also as ozysulpbid (226).
BISMUTH.— To/ifw Bismuth (20), the source of the metal in the arts, is Whitish, with a faint reddish tinge, has a perfect deavage, and is very fVisible. For other bismuth ores, see 80-33, 36, 102, 103, 121, 123, 124 (sulphids, teUurids); 222, 223 (oxyds); 386-888 (silicates); 768 (ca bonate).
For explanations of the abbreviations Var., Oomp., Obs.. Alt, Arti£, as headings of sections In the descriptions of spedes, see p xi; of chemical symbols, pp. xi-xviil; of H., 6., B.B., O.F., R.F., p. XX ; of other abbreviations, p. xxxiv.
The fractional expression f , before the statement of an analysis signifies a mean of two analyfes; a mean of three; and so on.
Q in a formula after the new sjrstem stands for an accessory ingredient in the compound, and the nature of this ingredient is to be learned from the formula after the old system in the line. In the statements of the angles of crystals, abbreviations are used as follows: pyr,f angle over a pyramidal edge. baa.j angle over a basal edge. mac., angle over a macrodiagonal edge. brach, angle over a brachydiagonal edge; top, angle between opposite planes over the summit term., angle over terminal edge in a rhombohedron. a4i.i ang between adjacent planes. ov., over; ftituftydL, bnchy diagonal; mocnxi, niMVodiagQBit
Descriptive Mheralogt.
The following are the general subdivisionB in the claeeilication of mine* raU adopted in tiiis treatise :
General Subdivisions.
L Natttb Et..
n. Compounds : this hobb negative elebcent an element of Series II
1. Binary: Sttlphids, Tbllttbids, of Metals of the Sulphub ani
jBSENio Gbottps (p. 26). 3. Binary : Sulphids, Tellubids, Selenidb, Absenids, Antimonids,
BiSMUTHIDS, PhOSPHIDS, OF MeTALB OF THE GoLD, IbON, AND TiN
Groups (p. 83). 3. Ternary: Sulphabsenites, Sulphantimonites, Sulphobismutr TTES (p. 84).
ILL Compounds : the mobb NBOATiyB element an elemxv Sebieb ni., Gboup I. (See page 8.)
1. Ghlobidb, Bbomids, Iodids (p. 110).
IV. Compounds: the mobb neoatiye element an element of Sebies m, Gboup n.
1. Fluobids (p. 123).
Y. Compounds : the mobb NEaATivE element an element of Sebies E., Gboup HI. Oxygen Compounds.
1. Binary : Oxtds (p. 131).
2. Ternary ; the basic element an element of Series L ; the acidic of Series II. (as silicon, columbinm, phosphorus, etc.) ; the acidific of Series III. (oxygen) : 1, Silicates (p. 202) ; 2, Columbates, Tantalates {p. 512) ; 3, Phosphates, Absenates, Antimonates, NiiBATES (p. 526) ; 4, Bobates (p. 593) ; 5, Tunostates, Molybdates, Vanadates (p. 601) ; 6, Sulphates, Chbomates, Tellu- BATES (p. 612) ; 7, Oabbonates (p. 669) ; 8, Oxalates (p. 718).
VI. HrDBChCABBON COMPOUNDS : MINEBALS OF OBGANIO ORIGIN (p. 720).
i NATIVE ELEMENTS.
Arrangement Of The Species.
SttlM L BriM XL
L Gold Gboup.
I. GOUI. 3. SiLTSR.
2. ntON GBOUP.
1. Ab8Eni0 Gboup.
17. ABSBKia
18. Aktimokt.
19. ALUDIOVim. 30. BiSMUTB.
2. 8Ulphub Gboup.
4. Plattkibidium. 6. Palladium. fS. Allopalladtuu.
7. Ibid061Iine.
!1). Newjankite. 21. Sisaerakita
8. Quigk8Ilts&
9. Amalgam.
11. Gold-Amal.
12. Ooppkb.
13. Ibon.
14. Zura 16. Lead.
21. Tsllubium.
22. SXTLPHUIl.
3. Tin Gboup.
8. Gboup.
Two series of elements are here recognized; the first containing the more hasic and the seami tm division of the more negative. These two series are parallel in their subdivisions, so that tbi arrangement is a natural one, whether read across, or up and down, the page. The first group of each contains elements whose compounds have an odd number of atoms of the negatiTe elenieDt, as 1, 3, 5, or the perissads (p. xviii); the other iufo of each, an asen number, as 2, 4, A, or the ariiads.
(1). To the Gold group of elements belong also hydrogen potassium sodium, Utkium ruStridittnif eamunif Ihattium; the atomic ratio for the ozjds is 1 : 1, and the general formula of the same BO, or B*0, in the new system of chemistry.
To the Arsenic group belong the elements fhoaphcrua, nUirogm, oofumMMm, tontatom, and probablv hoTon, In all but boron, there are ozyds containing 3 and 6 atoms of oxygen ; in boroiiy 3. but not 6.
(2). To the Iron group of elements belong oakium magnesium, aluminum beryUium, topper tjobalt, nickel zinc chromium (in part), manganese (in part), lead (in part), etc Among the oxyds. the atomic ratio 2 : 2 occurs in the ordinary protoxyds, having tiie formula RO, as ordinarily writ' ten (and so written in this work), but RO, in the new style of chemistry. The ratio 4 : 6 is represented in the sesquioxyds, B*0' (fi'O* in the new system).
To the Sulphur group of elements belong also eUn%um. vanadium, and probably mnlybdennTn in which the more prominent acid has the atomic ratio 2 : 6. Here also may be included that state of the metal chromium iiich exists in chromic acid (GrO* or rO*), that of mamganess in manganic acid, and that of moiifiibdenum in mdybdic add.
(3). To the Tin group belong also Utaniuin ziroonium thorium. The prominent oi;yd has the atomic ratio 2 : 4 (RO*, or in the new system HO*). This group may contain also that state of had whidi exists in the oxyd PbO* (or PbO*) : and the same also of measgeuieee existing in MaO* of platinum and pAii*/iiwm in the deutoxyd state.*
The three states of a basic metal, corresponcUng to the protoxyd, sesquiozTd, and deutoxyd 9f the same (inwhioh 1 part of metal balanoea. in its afBnify, li,and 2 parts of oxygen) aibt
Gold.
S
The Okibon-SOicoii Groap oontains Chrbon and SOioon. They are related to one another in the stcnue ratio of their prominent adds (SiO*, 00*), but they are very widely unlike in many Kpecta, and very strikingly so in the mineral oompounda of the two acids.*
Serioa m. — Besides the above two series of elements, there is a third, oonsiMing of the eTfUwa oegatiTe elements (for the most part ezolusirely negative). The three groups of thii denes HL are :
(I). Ghlobhtk, BaoKiNi Iodine.
The first of these groups (like the same in Series L and H) indudes elements of the odd diTt eica; the third of the eom; wldle fluorine is of either.
1. OOZjD. SoL Alehem. Gediegen Gold Germ, Or natif JV.
Isometric. Observed planes 0, /, 1, t-2, 3-3, 4r-2. Fies. 1 to 8, 15, 17, and the following : the octahedron and dodecahedron (f. 2, 3), most common. CryBtala sometimes acicular through elongation of octahedral or other forma ; also passing into filiform, reticulated, and arborescent shapes ; and occasionally spongiform from an aggregation of filaments ; edges
51 5S 63
of crystals often salient (£ 51). Cleavage none. Twins : composition face octshedraL as in £ 50 ; and occurring also in trapezohedral and other fonoB. Also massive and in thin laminse. Often in fiattened grains or Bcales, and rolled masses in sand or gravel.
a=2-5 — 8. Q.=15-6— 19-5; 19-30— 19-34, when quite pure, G. Eose. Lustre metallic. Color and streak various shades of gold-yellow, sometimes inclining to silver-white. Very ductile and malleable.
Oomposltion, Varieties. — Gold, but containing silver in different proportions, and sometimea ibo traoee of copper, iron, palladiuin, rhodium.
Yar. 1. OnUnarff. Containing 0*16 to 16 p. c. of silver; or, the atomic ratio of gold to ail- Ter varying firom 160 : 1 to 3:1. varying, aooordinglj, from deep gold-yellow to pale yellow; G.=:19— 16'5. Ratio for the gold and silver of 3 : 1 corresponds to 151 p. c. of silver; i : 1, 12 pL c; ; 6 : 1, 8 4 pb c. ; 10 : 1, 5*3 p. c. (a) In distinct crystals or groups of crystals ; (&) arborescent or reticulated; (c) filiform; (d) spongy ; (e) in lamins; (/) rolled masses ; {g) Hcalea orgrains.
1 ArgaUifertHU ; Eledrum. (Acmr Berod,; *HXcvrpov Homer, Strdbo; Eleotnim Plin. xxziil 23.) Color pale yellow to yellowish-white ; G.= 1 6*5—1 2*6. Ratio for the gold and silver
(designated respectively (using the letters of the Greek alphabet) the aipha, bda, and gamma statea hOe the iron or Fe in FeO is dosely related to magnesium, calcium, eta, chat in FeH)' is as ciosely rdated to aluminum ; and that in Fe, or Pb in PbO', or Mn in MnO*, as closely related to tin and titaninm, whose ordinary ozyd is RO*. This relation is apparent in the crystaUographtc and diemioBl characters of the corresponding oxyds. See Airther on this subject a paper by the thor in Am, Jour, ScL II. zliv., 1867, and Introd., pb xv.
in Btriot system, the Silicates should come in dassiflcation next before the Carbonates, instead d where they are pUioed in this work, iiut as there are no analogies between the species of thesi tvn grape the separation is without serious objection.
Vativjs Elebcents.
of 1 : 1 ooTTesponde to 36 p. c. of Bilyer (anal 3, 4, 26, 27, 45) ; Ij : 1, to 26 p. a (aDaL 15, 41-44) , 2 : 1, to 2 1 p. c. (anal. 54, 56) : i 1 , to 1 8 p. c. (anal 40). Pliny says that when the proportion of silver in the gold is one-fifth (=20 p. c) it is called ekctum. The word in Greek means also amber; and its use for this alloj probably arose the pale yellow color it has as compared with gold. An argentiferous gold the Ophir Mine, Nevada, pale yellowish in color, gve Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., zzv. 169) G.= 13*26, 13*68. He observes that it contains more silver than gold, but gives no analysis.
3. PaUadium-Goldf Pcfrpente Frobel, contains nearly 10 p. c. of palladium, besides some silver; color pale. From Porpez in BraziL Another variety ftom Zacotinga and Oondonga io Brazil contains 6 to 6 p. a of palladium.
4. Rhodium- Gold, Contains, according to del Rio (Ann. Oh. Phys., xxiz. 137X 34-43 p. a of rhodium; G.= 16*5— 16*8; brittle. Bequiros reexamination.
Analyses by Avdejef (Pogg., liiL 163); Boussingault (Ann. Gh. Phyv., xziv. 408); Forbes (PhiL Mag., lY. zxiz. 129, and zzx. 142); T. H. Henry (Phil Mag., III. xxxiv. 205); Uofmann (Ann. Gh. Pharm., Ixx. 266); T. & Hunt (Rep. G. Oan, and Am. J. Sci.. II. xx. 448); Eerl (B. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 3); Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 1); A. Level (Ann. Ch. Phys., IL xxvii. 310); Mallet (J. 6. Soc. Dublin, iv. 271) ; Marsh (Am. J. Sd., IL xxxiii. 190) ; Northcote (Phil. Mag., IV. vi. 390); Oawald (Pogg Ixxvii 96) ; Pietzsch (Aroh. Phann., IL xcviil 142) ; Rivot (Ann. d. M., lY. xiv. 67); G. Rose (Pogg., TTJii. 161); Torreil (G. R., lix. 1047); Teschemacher (Q. J. Gh. Soa, iL 193); Thomas (PhiL Mag., lY. L 261); E. W. Ward, at Mint of Sydney, N. & W. (W. B. Glarkes Roeaiches m Southern Gold Fields, Sydney 1860, p. 276) :
Sp.gr.
Au
Ag
Fa
Ou
1 Widclow Go, Ireland
0*78
99.27 Mallei
3. Transylvania, Barbara
99-65 Rose.
[64-52]
100 Bouss.
99.32 Rose
5. Schabrovski (Eath.)
=99.12 Rose.
6. Katharinenburg
18*79
0.61"
100 Avd.
7. " 18*77-
95*50
0-50"
100 Avd.
8. "
5*66
0-36"
100 Avd.
9. "
0-24'
100 Avd.
10. "
0-oe
99*94 Rose.
Il "
99*90 Rose.
11 " 18-11-
-18*40
6*17
100 Avd.
13. " 17*74— 18-35
0*76
100 Avd.
19*47
0*84
100 Avd.
16. "
15*627
70*86
28*30
0*84'
100 Avd.
16. Czar. Nikokjevsk (Minsk)
92*47
99-74 Rose.
17. " " "
17*72
100 Rose.
la Perrov-Paidovski (Kath.)
99-76 Rose.
19. Boruschka (N. Tagilsk)
0*04
100 Rose.
20. " "
99-78 Rose.
99-61 Rose.
22. " "
100 Rose.
23. Beresof
91*88
100 Rose.
24. Alex. Andrejevsk (Miask)
0*09
99-56 Rose.
26. Petropavlovski
13' 19
[0*30]
100 Rose.
26. Siranovski, Altai
14*66
60*98
38*38
99-69 Rose.
27. Schlangenberg, Altai
28. Malacca
90*89
tr.
ir.
29. Siam, Pachim
tr.
1 §13-33=97-77 Imf]
SO. AfHca Senegal
. Pt 0*16=100 LevcO.
31. "
10*53
und.
97-50 Daroet
32. "
0*90
5*85
99-85 Daroet.
35. Bolivia, Ancota
5*23
0*04
100 Forbes.
36. " Romanplaya
100 Forbes.
37. " Gritada
6*49
100 Forbes.
38. " Tipuani
ir.
— gangue 0*67 — 1 00 IVifliea
39. N. Grenada, Bogota
8*00
100 Bouss.
40. Trinidad
82*40
100 Bouse.
4L " Titiribi
100 Bonis.
Gold.
An
M
¥9
On
il N. Grenada, TititM
100 Bousa.
43. "
Goamo
100 Booaa
44
Mannato
99-93 Booaa
45. "
Santa Boaa
100 Boubs.
46. "
Ellilano
ICalpaao
U-70
11 '76
100 Bouse.
48. "
Baia
Rio Lado
12*06
100 B0088.
50. "
84*50
15*60
100 Bonaa.
51. "
£1 Llano
100 B0U88.
52. Fera, CanLbaya
2*54
100 Forbes.
5X " B. GhnquianiiUo
16*693
9*14
100 Forbes.
54 "
Tnngu
100 Forbes.
56. "
u
21*31
100 Forbes.
5. K. Rflotia, Tangier
r.
0-06= 99-94 ICarsh.
Lnnenboiff
tr.
Oil- 99-91 Marsh.
5a Califaniia
100 Thomas.
59. "
6*47
100 Thomas.
60. "
61. -
61 "
und, 99-66 HofmaniL
63. "
0*86
99-88 Henry.
64
(It'iS ftuod]
99-88 Rivot
65. "
100 Oswald.
66. "
0-29= 99-73 Henry.
67. "
— quartz 2-44=98*97 Pietasoh.
100 Hunt
u
100 Hunt
70. "
M
100 Hunt
71. Anatnlia
007 Bi 0-01 =100 Northooie.
U.
— quarts 0-10=99*17 KerL
Bathnrat
95*68
99*76 Henry.
74
Aralaen
100 Ward
76. -
M
6*66
100 "
Aralnen
100 "
89*59
100 "
80. -
10*43
81.
Omeo
100 "
81 naoania, Giandara
M
7*34
100 "
84
U
100 "
85. "
U
0*22
100 "
U
0*11
BFk Boy Flat
=99-80 "
88. "
.
4*66
<r. 99 69 "
92*55
Ir, 99-82 "
Tingal
8*02
<r. Sn, Pb, Co 1*0 Ward.
The STerage proportion of gold in the native gold of California, as derived from assays of seir nl hnndred millions of dollars worth, is 880 uiousandths ; while the range is mostly betweea 670 and 890 (ProC J. G. Booth, of XJ. S. Mint in a letter to the author, of May, 1867). The range ifl the metal of Australia is mostly between 9iK) and 960, with an average of 925.
The gold of the Chaudi Caxiada, contains usually 10 to 15 p. c of sUver ; while that of Nora Bootia is very nearly pore.
The Chilian gold afforded Domeyko 84 to 96 per oent of gold and 15 to 3 per cent of silvei ;Aiin. d. Mines IT. vi).
PififaHe afforded Berzelius (Jahresb. 1835) Gold 8698, palladium 9*86, silver 417.
A mass of etedrttm, weighing 26 lbs., YoroBpatek, oonsisthig of large crystals (i-i in.), oon* dmed 25 p c. of silver (DingL Polyt J., dxvi 396).
Pyrognostio and other Ohamioal Oharaoters. -— B3. fuses easily. Not acteill on bj IwohiMe in any sinjda add; soluble in nitro-mnriatic add (aqua-regu).
6 Vatiye Elements.
Obtervfttionfl. — Native gold is fouDd, when in aUUf with oomporatiyelj small ezoeptioiiH, ii the quartz yeina that interaeot metamorphic rocks, and to some extent in the wall rock of theee Tcins. The metamorphic rocks thus intersected are mostly chloritic, talcose, and argiOaoeoui schist of dull green, dark graj, and other colore ; also, much less commonly, mica and homblendic schist, gneiss, diorite, porphyry; and still more rarely, granite. A laminated quartdte, called itaoolumito, is common in many gold regions, as those of Brazil and lorth Carolinai and some* times specular schists, or slaty rocks containing much foliated specular iron (hematite) or magne* tite in grains.
The gold occurs in the quartz in strings, scales, plates, and in masses which are sometimes an agglomeration of crystals ; and the scales are often invisible to the naked eye, massive quarts that apparently contains no gold frequently yielding a considerable percentage to the assay er. It is always very irregularly distributed, and never in continuous pure bands of metal, like many metallic ores. It occurs both disseminated through the mass of the qiiartz, and in its cavities. The larger masses and the finer crystallizations are mainly in the latter; and ProC Wurtz has suggested that these have been formed by a slow aggregation and crystallization carried on through the solvent power, as regards gold, of peraulpbate of iron— this salt of iron being derived from the decomposition of the pyrite present ia the quartz veins.
The associated minerals are : pyrite, whidi far exceeds in quantity all others, and is generally auriferous; next, chalcopyrite, galena, blende, mispickel, each frequently auriferous ; often tetradymite and other tellurium ores, native bismuth, stibnite, magnetite, hematite ; sometimes barytes, apatite, fluor, siderite, chrysocoUo.
The quartz at the surface, or in the upper part of a vein, is usually cellular and rusted the more or less complete disappearance of the pyrite and other sulphids by decomposition ; but below, it is commonly solidL The endosiug scliists are sometimes soft and easily removed in mining. In other cases, they are excessively tough, and the quartz, being a brittle mineral, yields the most easily to the drill
The gold of the world has been mostly gathered, not directly the quartz veins, but from the gravel or sands of rivers or valleys in auriferous regions, or the slopes of mountains or hills, whose rocks contain in some part, and generally not far distant, auriferous veins; and such mines are often called cdluvial waahvnga ; in California placer-diggings. Pliny speaks of the " bringing of rivers from the mountains, in many instances for a hundred miles, for the purpose of washing the debris," and this method of hydraulic mining is now carried on in California on a stupendous scale. (See Silliman, in Am. J. Sci., II. xL 10.) The auriferous gravel and earth have been derived ftom the disintegration or wearing down of auriferous rocks. The aurifer* ous gravel beds in California are of vast extent; those of the Tuba, an affluent of Feather River, varying from 8m to 250 feet in depth, and averaging probably 120 feet Most of the gold of the Urals, Brazil, Australia, and all other gold regions, has come from such alluvial washings.
The alluvial gold is usually in flattened scales of different degrees of fineness, the size dependrog partly on the original condition in the quartz veins, and partly on the distance to whidi it has been transported. Transportation by running water is an assorting process; the coarser particles or largest pieces requiring rapid currents to transport them, and dropping first, and the finer being carried far away — sometimes scores of miles. A cavity in the rocky slopes or bok* tom of a valley, or a place where the waters may have eddied, generally proves in sudi a regiOD to be a pocket full of gold.
In the auriferous sands, crystals of zircon are very common ; also garnet and kyanite in grains; often also roooazite, diamonds, topaz, corundum, iridosmlne, platinum. The ziroons are sometimes mistaken for diamonds.
Gold is widely distributed over the globe, and occurs in rocks of various ages, from the Azoio to the Cretaceous or Tertiary. The schists that contain the auriferous veins were once sedimentary beds of day, sand, or mud, derived from the wear of preexisting rocks. Through some process, in which heat was concerned, the latter were metamorphosed into the hard crystalline schists, and at the same time upturned and broken, and often opened between the layers : and then, all the fissures (cutting across the layers) and the openings (made between the layers, and therefore conforming with &e lamination) became filled with the quartz veins containing gold. The quartz was brought Into the intersectliig fissures, and the interlaminated open spaces, nom the rocks either side by means of the permeatiug heated waters (such heated waters, at a temperature much above that of boiling water, having great decomposing and solvent power, and oai tying into cavities whatever they can gather up from the rocks). Thus, the gold of the veins was derived from the rocks the openings, either directly adjoining, or above, or below it ; and it must therefore have been widely distributed through these rocks before they were crystal* tized and the veins were made, alUiough in so infinitesimal a quantity in a cubic foot, that the beds, without the metamorphism and the vein-making, would have been worthless mining ground.
As schists with auriferous quartz veins were made in Azoic time, so were tliey also in Paleo ioic, espedaUy at the groat mountain*making epoch whidi closed the Paleocoic era; also IstSa, if
Gold. 1
ibe Janasic period, u !n the Sierra Kevada ; and still later in the Oretaor jus and Tertiary peri ttdi, ifl in die Ooasc Moiutains of Galifornta. Bat whatever the age of the achiBts and veins, the onoal eoaroe of all the Paleozoic and later gold deposits most be the azoic or original rocks of the be, as Uiey are the great sonroe of the material shales and sandstones of all subsequent sgest exocpting sndi as may have been derived aqueous solution or chemical deposition, ioriferous quartz veins are in no case igneous veins — that is, veins filled by injection of melted natter from below.
Gold exists more or less abundantly over all the continents in most of the regions of crystalline nck espodalSiy those of the semi-crystalline schists ; and also in some of the large islands of the world where such rocks exist In Europe, it is most abundant in Hungary at Konigsberg, Scbemaiti, and Pelsobanya, and in Transylvania at Kapnik, Vdrospatak, and Offenbanya; it ooDons also in the sands of the Rhine, the Reuss, the Aar, the Bhone, and the Dauube; on the toathem slope of the Pennine Alps from the Simplon and Monte Rosa to the valley of Aosta ; Id in Spain, formerly worked in Asturias; in many of the streams of Cornwall; near Duigellyand other parts of North Wales ; in Scotland, in considerable amount, near Leadhills, and in Gbd Coich and other parts of Perthshire ; in the county of Wicklow, Ireland ; in Sweden, at Kieifon.
At tfaa Tranfl;]ivania mines of Vdrospatak, where one piece of 22 ozs. was found, the gold is obtained by mining, and the mines have been worked since the time of the Romans. The Rhine his been most pnxluctive between Basle and Manheim ; the sands, where richest, contain only about 56 parts of gold in a hundred millions ; yet sands containing less than half this proportion are worked. The whole amouul of gold in auriferous sands of the Rhine has been estimated at $30,000,000 ; but it is mostly co\'ered by soil under cultivation.
In Alia, gold occurs along the bastem flanks of the Urals for 600 miles, and is especially abundntatthe fieresov mines near Katharine nburg (lat SO"* 40' N.); also obtained at Petropavlovaki (60' N.); Nischne Tagilsk (69 N.) ; Miask, near Slatoust and Mt Ihnen (55° N., where the Ui Russian nagt was found) eta Katharinenburg is the capital of the mining district The Urals were win the territory of the ancient Scythians ; and the vessels of gold reputed, aooording to Herodotus, to have fiillen from the slues, were probably made (torn Uralian nuggets. Bat the mines were not opened until 1819; soon after this they became the most productive in the world, and remained so until the discoveries in California. They are principally alluvial washings, and these washings seldom yield less than 65 grains of gold for 4,000 lbs. of soil, and rely more than 1 20 grains. At Beresov, there are workings in the parent rock. Siberian 0iiu8 less extensive occur m the lesser Altai, in the Kolyvan mining region (about 1,500 miles Katharinenburg, near long. 100*" E., between the Obi and Irtisch, and 1,500 miles west of thtiiher great Siberian mining region, that of Nertschinsk, which is between and 140" E., e-iit q( L Baikal); among the localities are Schlangenberg and Siranovski, noted for affording the ekctnuBCanal 26, 27). Asiatic mines occur also in the Cailas Mountains, in Little Thibet, CeyloQ, and Hsiaooa, China, Gorea, Japan, Formosa, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and other (Cast India Islands.
lo Africa, gold occurs at Kordofao, between Darfour and Abyssinia ; also, south of the Sahara io Western Africa, from the Senegal to Gape Palmas ; in the interior, on the Somat, a day's jour- Doj from Gasacn ; along the coast opposite Madagascar, between 22 and 35 &, supposed by some to have been the Ophir of the time of Solomon.
In South America, gold is found in Brazil (where formerly the larger part of the annual prodace of the world was obtained) along the chain of mountains lying nearly parallel with the coast, eapeciaJly near Villa Rica, and iu the province of Minas Geraes ; in New Grenada, at Antioquia, ChooO) and Iron ; Ohili ; in Bolivia, especially in the valley of the Rio de Tipuani, east of Sorata; sparingly in Peru. Also in Central America, in Honduras, San Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and near Panama ; most abundant in Honduras, especially along the rivers Guynpe ud Jalan, in Olancho, while found also in the department of Yoro and in Southern QoodurasL '
la North America, there are numberless mines along the mountains of Western America, and others along the eastern range of the Appalachians from Alabama and Georgia to Labrador, besidira some indications of gold in portions of the intermediate Azoic region about Lake Superior. Tj occur at many points along the higher regions of the Rocky Mountains, iu Mexico, in New ICeziuQ, near Santa Fe, Gerilios, Avo, etc. ; in Arizona, in the San Francisco, Wauba, Tuma, and Xber districts ; in Colorado, abundant, but the gold largely in auriferous pyrites ; in Utah and Idaha Alao along ranges between the summit and the Sierra Nevada, in the Humboldt region elsewhere. Also in the Sierra Nevada, mostly on its western slope (the mines of the eastern beta; prindpally silver mines). The auriferous belt may be said to begpu iu the Califomian penin- Near the Tejon paas it enters California, and beyond for 180 miles it is sparingly aurlfer- M>. the slate rocks being of small breadth ; but beyond this, northward, the slates increase in Biteatt and the mines in number and productiveness, and they continue thus for 200 miles or Qoid oocars al in the Ooaat ranges in many localities, but mostly in too small quantities
8 DEBOBTPnYE KINEBALOOT.
to be profitably worked. The regions to the north in Oregon and Waahington Territoiy, aad tht British Possessions farHier north, are at many points auriferous, and productively so, tliough to a less extent than California.
The mines of California were first mode known in 1849. They were for some years solely alluvial washings, but since 1862 quartz mining has been on the increase. The quartz veins are often of great size. Some in the "Mariposa estate*' average 12 feet, and in places expand to 40 feet in breadth. NorUi of Mariposa county, the auriferous gravel, which has everywhere been a principal source of the gold thus far obtained, is very extensive. The thick deposits, often seml- .ndurated, are now washed down by vast stretans of water thrown by the pressure of a column of water of 150 feet, that do le work of running ofi* the earth and gravel, and gathering the gold in an incredibly short time. Much of the auriferous gravel formation is under a covering of vol* canic rock, eitlier tufa or lavas, which has to be underworked, in one way or another, to get out the gold, making what is called iable-mottfUain mining; the flat tops of hard volcanic material giving a table-like look to the heights. (See J. 1). Whitney's GeoL (&lifomia ; review of same in Am. J. ScL, IL xli. 231, 351, and B. Silllman, lb., xl. 1.)
In eastern North America, the mines of the Southern United States produced before the California discoveries about a million of dollars a year. They are mostly confined to the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Groorgia, or along a line from the Bappahannock to the Coosa in Alabama. But the region may be said to extend north to Canada ; for gold has been found at Albion and Madrid in Maine ; Canaan and Lisbon, N. H. ; Bridgewater, Vermont ; Bedham, Mass. Traces occur also in Franconia township, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. In Vir giniOf the principal deposits are in Spotsylvania county, on the Bappahannock, at the United States mines, and at other places to the southwest ; in Stafibrd county, at the Bappahannock mines, ten miles from Falmouth, in the Culpepper county, at Culpepper miues, on Bapidan river ; in Orange county, at the Orange Grove gold mine, and at the Greenwood gold mines ; in Goochland county, at Moss and Busby's mines ; in Louisa county, at Walton's gold mine ; in Buckingham county, at Eldridge's mine. In North Carolina the gold region is mostly confined to the counties of Montgomery, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and lincohi. The mines of Mecklenburg are prindpally vein deposits ; those of Burke, Lincoln, McDowell, and Butherford, are mostly in alluvial soil ; the Davidson county silver mine has afibrded gold. , In Georgia' the Shelton gold mines in Habersham county have long been famous ; and many other places have been opened in Babun and Hall counties, Lumpkin county, at Dahlonega, et& ; and the Cherokee country. In South dirolinoj the principal gold regions are the Fairforest in Union district, and the Lynches creek and Catawba regions, chiefly in Lancaster and Chesterfield districts; also in Pickens oounty, adjoining Georgia. There is gold also in eastern Tenneddee,
In Canada, occurs to the south of the St Lawrence, in the soil on the Chaudiere (where first found in 1835), and over a considerable region beyond, having been derived probably from the crystalline schists of the Notre Dame range (T. S. Hunt), whi(£ is properly a continuation of the mountains of New England and the Appalachians to the southwest Jn Nova Scotia, mines are worked near Halifax and elsewhere.
In Australia, which is fUUy equal to California in productiveness, and much superior in the purity of the motaL the principal gold mines occur along the streams in- tlie mountains of N. & Wales (S. £. Australia), and along the continuation of the same range in Victoria (S. Australia). It was discovered in N. S. Wales, near Bathurst, in the spring of 1851 ; and in August of the same year, the far richer deposits of Victoria became known. Some gold has also been obtained in Queensland, N. Australia, in the vicinity of Morcton bay. Prof. Booth states (in a letter to the author) that one lot of Australian gold worth about $4,000, submitted to him in 1853, consisted of grains from the size of a very large pea to small sand, all of which wore more or less perfect dodecahedrons. Gold also occurs in Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land). In New 2iealand, it has been found at Coromaudel harbor, near Auckland, on the Northern island, and on the Middle island near Cook's Straits. Found also in New Caledonia.
Masses of gold of considerable size have been found in North Carolina. The largest was discovered in Cabarrus Co.; it weighed twenty-right pounds avoirdupois ("steel-yard weight, equals 37 lbs. troy), and was 8 or 9 inches long by 4 or 5 broad, and about an inch thick, llie largest mass yet reported from California weighed 20 pounds. A mass consisting of a congeries of crystals, and weighing 201 ozs. (value $4,000) was found in 1865, in "California, 7 miles tfom Georgetown, in El Dorado county. In Paraguay, pieces from 1 to 60 pounds weight were taken from a mass of rock whicli feU from one of the highest mountains. Several specimens weighing 16 pounds have been found in the Ural, and one of 27 pounds ; and near Miask, in the valley of Tnsohku Targanka, in 1842, a mass was detached weighing 96 pounds troy. This mass is now in the Mufeum of Mining Engecrs at St Petersburg. A mass found recently in Australia, called the " Blanch Barkley Nugget " had the enormous weight of 146 lbs., and only 6 ozs. of il were gangue; and one still lar, from Ballarat) weighed 184 lbs. 8 ozs., and yielded £8,376 lOs. Gd. sterling of gold.
Tne yield of gold mines has very much increased in amount since iba disooTery of the mines
if Gdifbrniak The minei of South America and Mexico were estimated bj Humboldt over CC jun BBoe, to yield annually $11,500,000, whioh much exceed the present proceeds. Brazil lias funuahed about 17,500 pounds troy per year. It is estimated that, betwion 1790 and 1830, MezicD piodaoed $31,250,000 in gold, Chili $13,460,000, and Buenos Ayres $19,500,000, making an avenge annual yield of $16,050,000. The Russian mines in 1 846 produced about $16,500,000 ; and in 1851, $15,000,000. The yield of California in 1849, the first year after the dia< AOfeiy of the gold, was $5,000,000. It rapidly increased from that year until 1853, when it was nearly $60,000,000. Since then it has diminished, and in 1866 the amount was but $21,000,0001 Montana, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada, raise the total from the United States for the year 1866 to $86,000,000, with $20,000,000 besides of silver. Australia produced $60,000,000 for a Dumber of years; but for 1863, 1864, 1865, the average was not above $30,000,000, onefourth to one-third of which came from the auriferous quartz.
The gold is obtained from the auriferous quartz by pulverizing, and then treating the finelypowdered quartz with mercury, a method well known to the ancients. This metal dissolves out the gold, producing an amalgam which, by straining and distillation, yields the gold. The auriferooe price is first and then roasted in an oven of peculiar construction until the nlphor is driven off. The residue, according to one prooess, pronounced the best, is treated with chlorine gas, and the metaUs thus converted into chlorids, of which the chlorid of gold is aoiaUe. This is removed and then treated with protosulphate of iron, when the gold is deposited. Aoooidiog to another process, the residue is fused with litharge, and the gold is thus combined with lead, and afterwud obtained from the lead by cupellation. By a third prooess, the auriferooa pyrite, especially when cupriferous, is concentrated into a copper matt by partial roasting and fuun; tibie matt is then roasted, and the oxyd of copper taken up by dilute sulphuric acid, leav* ing the gold and silver in the residue.
2. SIIiVBR. Luna Aienem. Gediegen Silber Germ, Argent nam Dr,
Isometric. Observed planes 0, 1, /, v2, i-4, 3-3. Fiffs. 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 17. Cleavage none. Twins : composition face octahedral, liSe f. 50 ; but occurring also in the trapezohedron 3-3, and other forms. Commonly coarse or fiae filiform, reticulated, arborescent; in the latter, the branches pass off either (1) at right angles, and are crystals (usually octahedrons) elongated in the direction of a cubic axis, or else a succession of partly overlapping crystals ; or (2) at angles of 60°, they being elongated in the direction of a dodecahedral axis. Crystals generally obliquely prolonged or shortened, and greatly distorted. Also massive, and in plates or superficial coadngs.
H.=2-5 — 3. G.=10-l — ll'l, when pure 10*5. Lustre metallic. Color and Btreak silver-white ; subject to tarnish, by which the color becomes grayiflh-black. Ductile.
Ooapi, Var.— Silver, with aome copper, gold, and aometimes platinum, antimony, bismuth, Biercuij,
Tar. 1. Ordinary, (a) orTStalliaed; (b) filiform, arborescent; (c) massive.
2. Awiftrws; XuMUe, (GiUdiBcli-Silber ffausm., Handb. 104, 1813. Kustelit BreHK, B. H.Ztg zzv. 169, 1866.) OontainB 10 to 30 p. a of silver; color white to pale brass-yellow. There is a gradual passage to argentiferous gold (see Gold).
The name Xfitfto/tfe was given to an ore Nevada, having the following characters: H; (7.=U*32-> 13-10 ; color silverwhite, somewhat darker than native silver on a fresh surface Bichier foand in it silver, lead, and gold, the first much predominating. From the lode of the Ophir mine, Nevada, in bean-shaped grains.
3. OupriferouB. Contains sometimes 10 p. c of copper.
i. AnUmoniaL John found in silver from Johanngeorgenstadt (Chem. Unt, i. 286) 1 p. o. antiand traces of copper and arsenic. (See further under Discrasite.)
The Kongsberg native silver contains 0*44) p. c of mercury (D. Forbes), and the presence of this metal, Siemann suggests, may account for its fine crystiiUization.
PofdToe (PhiL Trans., 1176, 623) found in silver from Kongsberg, Norway, silver 72, gold 28. Berthier (Ann. d. IL, xL 72) obtained 10 p. c of copper from silver from Curcy, France.
Pyr., tc~B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a silver-white globule, which in O.F. gives a faint w red coating of ozyd ; crystalliEes on cooling. Soluble in nitric acid, and deposited again bj *|iUte of copper.
VATiyS ELEMENTS.
Obfl.— KatiTO aQver occurs in masses, or in arborescenoes and flliform shapes, in reins traYersing gneiss, schist, porphjny, and other rocks. Also occurs disseminated, but usually iuTiaiblj, io native copper, galena, choloocite, etc.
The mines of Kongsberg'in Norway, lure afforded magnificent specimens of native silver. One among the splendid suite from iJiis locality in the Royal collection at Copenhagen, weighs upwards of 5 cwt, and recently two masses have been obtained weighing severally 238 and 436 pounds. The principal Saxon localities are at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt; the Bohemian, at Przibram, and JoachimsthaL A mass weighing 60 lbs. from the Himmelsfurst mine near Freiburg had G.= 10*840. It also occurs in small quantities with other ores, at Andreasberg, in the liartz; in Suabia; Hungary; at Allemont in Dauphiny; in the Ural near Beresof ; in the Altai, at Zmeoff ; and in some of the Cornish mines.
Mexico and Peru have been the most productive countries in silver. In Mexico it has been obtamed mostly from its ores, while in Peru il occurs prrndpally native. A Mexican specimen from BatopUas weighed when obtained 400 pounds ; and one from Southern Peru (mines of Huantaya) weighed over 8 cwt During the first eighteen years of the present century, more than 8,180,000 marks of silver were affoiaed by the mioes of Guanaxuato alone. In Duraugo, Binaloa, and Sonora, in Northern Mexico, are noted mines affording native silver.
In the United States it is disseminated through much of the copper of Michigan, oocasionaUy in spots of some size, and sometimes in cubes, skeleton octahedrons, etc., at various mines. It has been observed at a mine a mile south of Sing Sing prison, which was formerly worked for silver ; at the Bndgowater copper mines. New Jersey ; in Interesting specimens at King's mine, Davidson Co., N. C. ; at Prince's location, Lake Superior, Canada ; rarely in filaments with baiytes at Cheshire, Ct In Idaho, at the " Poor Man's lode," large masses of native silver have been obtained. In Nevada, in the Comstock lode, it is rare, and mostly in filaments ; at the Ophii mine rare, and disseminated or filamentous ; in California, sparingly, in Silver Mountain district, Alpine i. a ; in the Maris vein, in Los Angeles Co. ; in the township of Ascot, Canada. The yield of the United States at the present time in silver is about $20,000,000.
Alt.~Pseudomorphs, consisting of horn silver, red silver ore, and argentite.
3. PIiATZNUM. Platina (fr. Choco) UOoa, Relac Hist Viage Amer. Merid., Ub. a 10 Madrid 1748. Platina (fr. Garthagena) W. Brownrigg (who received it in 1741 fom C. WoodX Phil Trans. 1750, 584. Platina del Pinto Scheffer, A& H. Stockh. 1752, 268. Poiyxen Edtum Handb.,97, 18 IH, 20, 1847.
Isometric. Rarely in cubes or octahedrons (f. 1, 2). Usually in. grains; occasionally in irregular lumps. Cleavage none.
H.=4— 4-5. G.=16— 19, 17-862, 17-759, two masses, G. Rose, 17*200, a smaller; 17*108, small grains, Breitli. ; 17*608, a mass, Breith. ; 17*60, large mass from Nischne Tagilsk, Sokolofi*. Lustre metallic. Color and streak whitish steel-gray ; shining. Opaque. Ductile. Fracture hackly. Occasionally magneti-polar.
Oomp. — Platinum combined with iron, iridium, osmium, and other metals. Analyses ; 1 — 3, Berzelius (Ac. H. Stockholm 1828, 113); 4, 5, Osann (Pogg., yiiu 505, xL 411, xiiL 283, xiv. 32d, xv. 158) ; 6, 7, Syanberg (Institut, il 294) ; 8 Bi. Bocking: (Ann. Ch. Phann., xcvL 243); 920, H. BUG. Deyillc & Debray (Ann. Ch. Phys. III., Ivl 449); 21, Kromayer (Arch. Phann. IL, ox. 14| Jahresb., 1862, 707):
Pt An Fe Ir Rh Pd Cu I-O Sand Os
1. Goroblago't 86-50
2. N. Tagilsk 78'94
4. " 8307
6. Ural 80-87
5. ChocoB.A.86-16
7. Pinto? 84-34
8. Borneo 82-60 0 Ohoco 86-20
110 0 46
1*40
4-97 0-86
0-28 0-70
2-35 1-15
0-30 5-20
Benelioa.
1-91 0-59
0-26 1-30
-=99-72 Osann.
—
0*06 4-44
1-30 2-30
Oil
-=100 Osann.
— ..
1-09 216
0-35 0-40
Mn 0-10=101-17 Sv
— .
2-52 3-13
1*66 tr.
0-81 101-23 8v
-=98-36 Booking.
0*85 1*40
0-50 0-60
-=100*25 D. A Dl
Fxttribidiuic.
Pi
An
fe
Ir Bh
Pd Ga I-O
Sand
1*50
1 55 2*50
1-00 0*65 1-40
4-35=:10015 D A Ix
1*22
7*43
1*18 1*22
114 0-88 7-98
2-41 100-28.
II Oaliforrja
0*80
6*76
1-05 100
0-60 1-40 1-10
2*95=101-15.
4-20 0-65
1-95 0-75 4-95
005*
2-60=100-00.
a "
0-85 1-95
1-30 1-25 7-55
1-26*
1-60 Pb? 0-55=100.
15. Oregon
0*85
0-40 0-65
0*15 2-15 37-30
3*00=100-25.
IS. SpaiD
0*95 2-65
0-85 105 2-85
005*
35-95=10000.
U. Aastnlitt
59*80
2-20 1-60
1-50 110 25-00
0-80*
1-20 =100*00.
b. "
1*20
4*55
110 1-85
1-80 1*10 26-00
1-20=100-20.
19. Boisia
9*60
145 2-80
0*85 215 2-36
2-30*
100=100-00.
0*40 11*70
4-So 0-30
1-40 4-10 0-50
l-40=100-50.
2L Oafifornia
63*30
0-70 1-80
010 4*26 [22-65]
— HgO-60
the loss, with some osmium.
7tr.*-|l) Svanberg makes the PUtinum of Nos. 2, 7, 8=Fe Pt,- Pe IV; (2 that of 3, 4, Fe Pf. The last is called /nm-P/a/tiium {EiaeaplaUn, Breah.)- a.=14*6— 15-8, H.=6.
Pyr., eux— Infusible. Not affected bj borax or salt of phosphorus, except in the state of fine dust, when reactions for iron and copper may be obtained Soluble only in heated nltromuriatic acid. Acts slightly on the magnet ; this property has been supposed to depend on the amoant of iron it contains ; but Kokscharof states that platinum masses from Nischne Tagilsk are imgBeci-polar, and attract iron filings far more strongly than the ordinary magnet.
Obs.— Platinum was first found in pebbles and small grains, associated with iridium, osmium, paUodiom, gold, copper, and chromite, in the alluvial deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of ChooQ. near Popayan, in South America, where it received its name pkUina, pkUOy sUver, In the province of Antioquia, In Brazil, it has been fouud In auriferous regions in syeuite (Boussingaalt).
In Russia, where it was first discovered in 1822, it occurs at Nischne Tagilsk, and Goroblagodat, la the Ural, in alluvial material ; the gravel has been traced to a great extent up Mount La MartiaDe, which consists of crystalline rocks ; in Nischne Tagilsk, it has been found with oliro* aite in serpentine. Formerly used as coins by the Russians. Russia affords annually about 800 cvt of platinum, which is nearly ten times the amount from Brazil, Columbia, St. Domingo and iWneo. The amount coined 1826 to 1844, equalled two and a half millions of dollars.
Platinum is also found on Borneo, which furnishes 600 to 800 lbs. annually ; in the sands of the Rhine ; at St Aray, val du Drac ; county of Wicklow, Ireland ; on the river Jocky. St Domin* go; according to report, in Gholotcca and Gracias, in Honduras ; in California, in the Ellamath regioQ. at Cape Blanco, eta, but not abundant; in traces with gold in Rutherford Co., North Carolina; at St Frangois Beauce, eta, Canada East
Althoogh platinum generally occurs in quite small grains, masses are sometimes found of con- sKierahle magnitude. A mass weighing 1,088 grains was brought by Humboldt from South America, and deposited in the Beriin museum ; specific gravity 18*94. in 1822, a mass from Ooudoto VIS deposited in the Madrid museum, measuring two inches and four lines in diameter, and weighing 1 1,641 grains. A specimen was fuund in the year 1827, in the TTraL not far from the Demidoff mines, which weighed Russian pounds, or 11 '67 pounds troy, and similar masses are not unoommon; the largest yet seen weighed 21 pounds troy, and is in the Demidoff cabinet
The metal platinum was brought ftom Chooo, S. A, by XJUoo, a Spanish trayeller in America, in the year 1735, and firom Carthagena, by Charles Wood, who procured it in Jamaica. Ulloa apeaka of specula made by the people of the country, of a peculiar metal, which Brownrigg says vu 'platina," and the latter mentions a " pununel of a sword,* and other artides of platinum, noaived by him from Oarthagena.
4. PZiATiMIRIOIUBff. Svanberg, Jahresb., zv. 205, 1834.
Isometric. In Binall grains with Platinum ; Bometimes in cubes with truncated angles, (f. 6). H.=6— 7; G.=22-6— 23. Color white.
Oomp.— Platinum and iridiimi in different proportion?. Analyses by Svanberg :
Plat Irid. Pallad. Bhod. Fe Cu Os
I. 5. Tagilsk IBrasa
trace
=99-11 =98*02
19-64 76*80 0 89 178
Prinsep, in a specimen from Ay in India, found 60 of iridium and 20 of platinum. If plaonuiD ud iridium are iaomorpbooa, it is probable that the proportions of these metals are indefiuise.
KATIVB KTiBMENTS.
Dr. Gentli, after some trials, oonsiderB some grains oocorring with the California gold to be Pla Hniridium. Am. J. ScL IL, zr. 246.
6. PATiTiATOUM. WoOaalon PhiL Trans. 1808.
Isonietiic. In minute octahedrons, Haid. Mostly in grains, sometime composed of diverging fibres.
H. =4r-5— 5. G. 11-3—1 1-8, Wollaston ; of hammered, 12*148, Lowry. Lustre metallic. Color wliitish steel-gray. Opaque. Ductile and malleable.
Oomp.— PoUadiumi alloyed with a little platinnm and iridlom, but not yet analyzed.
Pyr., etc — The blowpipe reactions of native palladium are undescribed. As prepared by Deyille, it is the most flisible of the platinum metals. Oxydizes at a lower temperature than silver, but is not blackened by sulphurous gases.
Obs. — PaUadinm occurs with platinum, in Brazil, where quite large masses of the metal art sometimes met with ; also reported St Domingo, and the UraL
Palladium has been employed for balances ; also for the divided scales of delicate apparatus, for whicli it is adapted, because of its not blackening from sulphur gases, while at the same time (t is nearly as white as silver.
6. AIXOPATiTiATOUM. SelenpaUadinm Zinken Pogg., xvi. 496, 1829. Palladium pt
Hexagonal, Zinken. In small six-sided tables. Cleavage : basal perfect Lustre bright. Color nearly silver-white to pale steel-gray.
Oomp. — Palladium, under the hexagonal system, the metal being dimorphous; the formuls probably Pd', instead of Pd. Obs. — From Tilkerode, in the Hars, in small hexagonal tables with gold.
7. IRIDOSBiUNJU. Ore of Iridium, consisting of Iridium and Osmium, WiMaston PhU Traosu, 1806, 316 (Metals Iridium and Osmium, first announced by Tennani PhiL Trans., 1804, 41l\ Native Iridium Jameson, Osminre d' Iridium ., Nouv. Syst. Min., 196, 1819. Osmium- Indium LeorOu, Handb., 1821. Iridosmium; OsmiridiuoL Newjanskit, Sissersldt, HM, Handb., 558, 1845.
Hexagonal. Rarelv in hexagonal prisms with replaced basal edges; pyramidal angle, 127 36', basal, 124°. Commonly in irregular flattened grains.
H.=6— 7. G.=19-3— 21-12. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, and light steel-gray. Opaque. Malleable with difficulty.
Oomp. Var. — Iridium and osmium in different proportions. Two varieties depending on these proportions have been named as species, but they are isomorphous, as are those of the metals (0 Rose). Some rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, and other metals are usually present
Yar. 1. (W'araffAnfe, Haid.; H.=r7; G.=I8*8 — 19*5. In flat scales; color tin-white. 0Ter4C p. c. of Iridium. Named from a Siberian locally.
Analysis by Borzelius (Pogg., xxil 232, 1833):
Ir 46-77, Os 49-34, Bd 3*16, Fe 0*74, giving the formula Ir Os=Iridium 49*78, Osmium 60*22 jh.=19*386— 19*471.
Glacis obtained (Bitr. Platinum. Dorpat, 1854) from six-sided tables from Kischne-Tagilsk; Ir 56-24 Os 27*32 PI 10 08 Ed 1*50 Pd Fe Cu <r,=100.
Deville and Debray (Ann. Oh. Fhys., m. Ivi. 481) found:
Ir
Bd
Pt
Ru
Os
Cu
K. Gh-enada
70*40
0*10
17*20"
=100
it
67*80
0*06
010=100*06
Oalifomia
'43*40
=100
Australia
58*13
'33*46
=100
Borneo
100
e!
fiissia
77*20
0*50
I-Io
21-00'
ir.
=100
t.
" G.=rl8-9
43*28
5*73
0*62
'40-11*
0 99=100
b ltd Pt Bn Oa Cn Pa
1 tMda 0.=ia-8 M-BO IBO 2-SO paM] 0-90 1-40=.100
t. " O.=30-4 43-M l-Sft O'U 4-aS W 86] O'll 0*63=100
nmHtn (band In a ateel-grar Tailel7 from BraxQ 71*9 pL & of iridium, with 24*1 osmfiuD and
1 SunnUfe Haid. In flat ecilefl, often alx-aided, color graTiah-wblto, iVxA-gnj. Q=:!Q — il'l Not orer 30 p. c. of Iridiim. One kind from Niujme Taff3ak aftbrded BerseliaB (L a) Ii U'=lridioia ISil, oeminm 80'1 100; G.=21118, Another corresponded to the formula Ii 0!'=lriium M-8, osmium 1B-2 100, It affordinK Ir 25, Oa Ifi. Named a Siberian locality, Pjr ate. — At a hi temperaturs the SiBaerakile gives out osmium, but undergoes no further ctiiige. The Newjanakite is not decomposed and doea not give an oamium odor. With nitro, (he duncterittic odor of oamium is soon perceived, and a maaa obtained soluble in water, tnm iiid I pvm. precipitate ia thrown down bj nitric acid.
ObL — It Docurs with platinum in the prtmnoe of Choco in South America ; near EatfaarlneDbar ETBchtiiusli, in the Ural mountalnai in Auatralia. It is rather abundant in the umTertKui besch-sandB of northern California, occurrlDg in small bright Lead-colored scales, aometint lii-flided. Also traces in the gold-washing on the rivera du Loup and dea FLauteit, Oanads.
3. MESOURT. ipy" Ttuopkr. TJuyspsc taff Inrt. [native] Diotoor., E, a. Ar>
jeatmi virom, Hydraigrros, Plih. zxi. 32, SO, 11, Quicksilrer. Mercnrins AidKem
Oa>n Quadunber Germ. Uercure natif Fr.
Isometric. Occurs in small fluid globules scattered throngli its gtingue.
G.=13-568. Lustre inetallic. Color tin-wliite. Opaque.
OoaqL — Pore mercory (Hig) ; with sometimes a little ailver.
Pyr, a. — B,B., entirely volatile, vaporiiing at 662' F. Becomes solid at — 39" , and be ojiuQiied in octahedrous. Dissolves readily in nitria add.
Oba — Keicnry in the matalUo state ia a rare mineral ; the quickaQver of commerce ia obtained Donly dnnabar, one of ita ores. The rocks affording the metal and its ores are mostly clay haka or tdiiBta of differeDt geological ages.
At Ciridale, in Venetian Lombardy, it ia found in a marl regarded aa a part of the Eocen? DummoMc beda. Uercuryhaa been observed occadODOlly in dni; and near Eszbetek, iu Tnin- t'truia, and also Newmarkt, ia Oalida, springs, iaauing from the Carpathian aandatone, Bome> Eiim tear sknig globules of mercury. Its most important mines are those of Idria, in Onmiola, ind Aliuden in Spun. At Idria it occurs interspersed throogh a cQay slate, (Vom which it is dbtuned by washios. It Is fonnd iu small qusutitiee at Wolfatein and Morsfeld, in the Palatinate, in Canatfaii, Hungary, Peru, and other oountriea ; also at Peyrat le Chatean, in the department of the Haute Vienna, in a diaintegrated granite, unaooompanied by cinnabar; in Califbrnla, MpKaiOf it the Pioneer mine, in the Kapa Yalley, where some of the qoarta geodea oontaio ttetl poDDds of mercury.
9. AHAIXAM. Qnickmlfwer emalgameradt med fediget SIfwer (ft. Sala) OrotOl., 189.
nss. Katnrlich Amalgam, Klheramalgam, Otrm, Amalgam natif de Ztila, L 430, 1783. Hercore mental E. Fell* natonl DA Bio.
Isometric. Observed places, as id f. 64, with
abo plane 2. Figure 3 comuion ; also i, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14. Cleavage : dodecabedm in traces. Also mafieiTe.
tt=3— 3-5. 0.=13-75-14; 13-755, Haid. Color and streak silver-white. Opaque. Fraetnre conchoidal, uneven. Brittle, and giving a rating noise when cut with a knife
Caap.-Both Ag Hg* (=aire[ 348, mercuir, $61), and Hgi [=aiiver 3e-26, and mercaiy, 73-1S), are here indnded u lAnii n.- b.n.rf . ] Eitpiotb (Beitr., L
LlIag,,liz.41};3,Heyer
14 hahvb elements.
1. Ag Hg5 MoechellandBberg 36 64 =100 Klapioth.
2. Ag Hg Allemontr 27*6 72*5=100 Oordier. 8. " MoBchoUaudsberg 25*0 98*3 Heyer.
., etc.— B.B., on duraoal the mercury TolatUizes and a globule of aUyer is left. In tht deed tube the mercury sublimes and condenses on the cold part of the tube in minute globules Dissolres in nitric add. Rubbed on copper it gives a silvery lustre.
Obs. — From the Palatinate at Moechellandsberg, in fine crystalSi and said to occur where the ▼eins of mercury and silver intersect one another. Also reported from Rosenau in Hungary, Sals in Sweden, AUemont in Dauphine, Almaden in Spain.
Domey ko reports (Min., 1 87, Ann. d. M., VL il 1 23, v. 463) other compounds iVom the mines of La Rosilla, province of Atacama; one of white color, with Hg Ag 48*6 ; 2, white with (mean of 3 anaL) Hg 63*2, Ag Ag* Hg*; 3, granular and dull, (mean of 3 anaL) Hg 44*9, Ag Ag Hg, 4, blackish and dull, (mean of 3 anaL) Hg 46*6, Ag 53*4; 5, bladdsh and dull metallic some* times in crystals, Hg 35*8, Ag 64*2=Ag*H'.
Of the last there is a mass in the museum at Santiago, CbXii, weighing 21} lbs. These may be only mixtures of a true chemical amBlgnm with silver.
la ARQUSBm]. Arquerite BerOLf deR,A 0. R, xiv. 567, 1842, m Bep. on Art by
DomeykOf pub. in Ann. d. M., IIL xx. 268, 1841.
iBometric. In regular octahedrons; also in grains, small masses, and dendrites. G.=10'8. In color, lustre, ductility like native silver, but softer.
Oomp. — According to Domeyko (L a) the crystallised contains Ag" Hg= Silver 86*5, mercury 18*5=100.
Obs. — From the mines of Arqueros, in Goquimbo Oliili, where it is the principal ore In the fifteen years of exploration these mines afforded 200,000 marcs of silver. Occurs with barite, cobalt bloom, and little sulphnret and cfilorid of silver.
11. GOLD AMAZtQABft. H. Schneider, J. pr. (Th xliii 317, 1848.
In small white grains as large as a pea, easily crumbling (Columbia variety) ; also in yeUowish-white, four-sided prisms (California variety).
Oomp.— (Au, Ag)* Hg*, an analysis by Schneider of a specimen from Columbia (L a), affording, mercury 57*40, gold 88*89, sflver 5*0.
The California amalgam gave Sonnenschein (ZS. G., yi 243 gold 89*02, mercury 60*98 ; also another, gold 41*68, mercury 58*87, in which Au: Hg=2: 8.
Obs.— the platmum region of Columbia, along with platinum; California, especially near Mariposa.
12. OOPPZIR. Aea Qyprium PUn. Yenos Alchion, Gediegen Eupfer Oerm. Cuivre natif iV.
Isometric. Observed forms O, 1, ij i-2, i-|, 3-3. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, and others. Cleavage none. Twins ; composition-face octahedral, very common, and producing, in connection witn distortion, complex forms ; one a double six-sided pyramid, made of the six planes i-2 about one cubic angle of f. 17, and the six about the diagonally opposite, the rest wanting. Often filiform and arborescent; the latter with the branches passing off usually at 60, the supplement of the dodecahedral angle; the blanches sometimes twin-dodecahedrons modified by plane? 1, and the composition-face longitudinal, but contained under only one dodecahedral plane along the upper side of the branch, and either side of this one octahedral and one cubic, with an oblique extremity made up of two Q'lyio planes (Bose). Also massive.
/
IBOK. Id
E-8-6— 3. G. =8-888, native, Whitney ; 8 948—8-958, electrotype cop-
grr, Dick. Lustre metallic. Color copper-red. Streak metallic Bhinin4r uctile and malleable. Fracture hackly.
Ooiiip.~Piiie oopper, but often oontaining aome silver, bismuth, etc
P. Collier obUined i*016 p. c. silver in native copper from the Minnesota mine. (Private com* nnmiatioD.)
Hantefedlle states that a Lake Superior specimeu afforded him, Oopper 69*280, silver 6*648, mercoiy 0*0119, gangoe 26*248 (C IL, zliiL 166); while F. A. Abel found in a specimen of same, which had a thick vein of native silver runnmg through it (J. Oh. Soa, II. I 8v), 0*002 p. a or silver, with a trace of lead, and in another 0*56 of silver. Abel obtained for a Undian, from the Kiighix JHstrict, 0*084 silver, 0*11 bismuth, a trace of lead, and 1*28 of arsenia
.,etc. — B.Bb ftises readily; on cooling, becomes covered with a coating of black ozyd. DioolTes readily in nitric add, giving off red nitrous Amies, and produces a deep azurUae location with ammonia.
Oba.— Copper occurs in beds and veins accompanying its various ores, and is most abundant in Ibe TioDity of dikes of igneous rocks. It is sometimes found in loose masses imbedded in the soiL
In Siberia, and the island of Nalsoe, in Faroe, it is associated with mesotype, in amygdaloid, lad thoogfa mostly disseminated in minute partides, sometimes branches through the rock with extreme beanty. At Tuiinsk, in the Un in fine crystals. Common in Cornwall, at many of the miitea near Bedruth ; and also in considerable quantities at the Consolidated mines, Wheal Buller, and others. Brasil, ChiH, Bolivia, and Peru afford native copper; a mass now in the museum at lisboD, supposed to be from a valley near Bahia, weighs 2,616 pounds; north of Tres Puntos, <JHert of Atacsma, a large vein was discovered in 1::$A9. In Bolivia, at Oorocoro, in sandstone, ud oDed in conunerce BariUa de (copper barilla). Also found at some localities is Ctisa and Japan.
Tim metal has been found native throughout the red sandstone (Triassico-Jurassic) region of tbe euteni United States, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and more abundantly in New Jersey, vfaere it has been met with sometimes in flue crystalline masses, especially at New Brunswick, Somerrille, Schuyler's mines, and Flemington. One mass from near Somerville, on the premises of J C Van Dyke, Esq., of N. Brunswick, weighed 78 pounds, and is said originally to have weighed 128 Near N. Brunawick a vein or sheet of copper, a line or so thick, has been traced for several nd& Near New Haven, Conn., a mass was formerly found weighing Po pounds.
No known locality exceeds in the abundance of native copper the Lake Superior copper region, Mtf Kewenaw Point, where it exists in veins that intersect the trap and sandstone. The annuu yield of native oopper at the present time is about 8,000 tons. Masses of great sixe were ot-cemd in this district near the Ontanagon river, by Mr. Schoolcraft, in 1821. The largest isBMiybt found was discovered in February, 1867, in the Minnesota mine, in the belt of coogloonnte, which forms the foot-wall of the vein. It was 46 feet in length, 22 feet at the PBttett width, and the thidcest part was more than 8 feet It contained over 90 p. a copper, >od wrigfaed about 420 tons. This oopper contains silver, sometimes in visible grains, lumps, or , and occasionally a mass of copper, when polished, appeara sprinkled with large silver ipote, resembling, as Dr. Jackson observes, a porphyry with its feldspar crystals. Tlie copper oooan in imp or sandstone, near the junction of these two rocks, and has probably been produced thn8h flie reduction of copper ores. It is assodated with prohnite, dacolite, analdte, laumoutite, peeUriite, epidote, dilorite, woUastonite, and sometimes coats amygdules of calcite, eta, in amjgdaioid. Strings of copper often retionlate through crystals of analdte and prehnite. PModoaporphs after scalenohedrons of caldte are sometimes met with. Besides this occurrence in the Tidnitj of trap, it is also in some parts of the Kewenaw region distributed widely in grains through the sandstone.
Katire copper ocean sparingly in California ; at the Union and Keystone, Napoleon and Lancha Piaaa mines in Calaveras Co.; in the Cosumnes ndne, Amador Ca ; in serpentine, in Sta. Barbara Ci Also on the Gila river in Arisona; in large drift masses in Bussian America.
13. XROK. lianAldimn, Gtodiegen Bisen (Tenik FernatiffV.
Ifiometric. Cleavage octahedral.
H.=4*5. ; 7*318 a partially oxydized fragment of a crrsta. of meteoric iron from Guilford Co., N. C. Lustre metallic. Color iron- Py. Streak shining. Fracture hackly. Ductile. Acts strongly on the magnet
16 Native Elements.
Obs. — The oooarrenoe of mosBes of native iron apart from that of meteoric origin is not plaoec beyond doubt An iron bo regarded, with some reason, occurs in the hill country above Bexle] in Bassa Co., Liberia, Africa. An analysis afforded A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci., IL xxL 153) iro 98*40, quartz grains, magnetite and a zeolite 1 00. The mass of iroui from Canaan, Ct., pu9 lished as native, was artiUciaL A fragment of iron found near Knozville, Tenn., but of uncertain exact locality and possibly meteoric afforded Geuth (ib., xxviii. 246) Iron 99*79, nickel O'ti, mag nesium 0*022, calduni 0*121, silicium 0*076, cobalt raoe= 100*148. Cramer describes a mass weigh ing four pounds, obtained in the mine of Hackenburg. It is said to have been observed in £l lainina in an ironstone conglomerate in Brazil, and in lava in Auveigne ; also in the keeper in Thuringia, in an argillaceous sandstone, containing fossils ; it afforded but a trace of nickel : G. 5*24, (Pogg., Ixzxviii. 1863, 146, where other localities are mentioned) also at Chotzen in Bohonia, in a limestone (the Flanerkalk\ affording on analysis Fe 98*83, graphite 0*74, As 0*32, Ni 0*61, and thought to be possibly an ancient meteorite ( Jahrb. G. Reichs., viil 354).
The presence of metallic iron in grains in basaltic rocks (from Giant's Causeway, etc) has been announced by Dr. Andrews. Ar pulverizing the rock and separating by means of a magnet the grains that were attracted by it he subjected the grains to the action of an acid solution of sulphate of copper in the field of a microscope, which salt, when there is a tnce of pure iron present, gives a deposit of copper ; and in his trials there were occasional deposits of copper in crystoUino bunches. It has been noticed in other related rocks.
Meteoric iron usually contains 1 to 20 per cent of nickel, besides a small percentage of other metals, as cobalt, manganese, tin, copper, chromium ; also phosphorus oonmion as a phosphuret, sulphur in sulphurets, carbon in some instances, chlorine.
For a review of papers on meteoric iron, see Rammelsberg's Handbuch der ICineralchemit (laepzig, I860). The following are a few analyses: 1, Berzelius (Ac. H. Stodch., 1834 Pogg., zxxiiL 123); 2, Bergemann (Pogg., Izxviii. 406); 3, W. a Clarke (Ann. Ch. Pharm., IzxxlL 367); 4, Berzelius (Ac H. Stockh., 1832, Pogg., xxvii. 118); 6, J. L. Smith (Am J. ScL, IL zix. 153) :
a
dlberla.
Ziitatcaa, M udoo.
Lenarto.
Kaozvttl Teon
Iron
85*09
90*153
83*02
Nickel
10*732
14*68
Cobalt
0*67
Manganese
Copper ) Tin f Magnesmm
0*066
0*082
(3arbon
0*043
0, Fe 0-33
%0*a4
Sulphur
&.
0*84
0*482
0*08
Pe,Ni,P
1*65
P019
Chrome-iron
1*48
giO-04
Gangue
0*480
0 0*03
Ci 0*02
100-000 100*33 99-223 100*00 99*67
Reichenbach has named the alloy of iron and nickel, containing up to 23 p. c. of the latter, ChamasUe; that approaching probably the formula Fe Ni', TaenUe; and to that having the formnls Fe Ni, Shepard has applied the name OkUbbehiie. The phosphorus in the analyses is oombined with iron as Schreibereiie ; the sulphur as TroiUte; the magnesia, in anaL 5, with the silica probably as EnskUite.
Among large iron meteorites, the Gibbs meteorite, in the Tale College cabinet weighs 1,635 lbs. ; length throe feet four inches ; breadth two feet four inches ; height one foot four inches. It was brought from Red River. The Tucson meteorite, now in the Smithsonian Institution, weighs 1,400 lbs. ; it was originally (torn Sonora. It is ring-shaped, and is 49 inches in its greatest diameter. Still more remarkable masses exist in South America ; one was discovered by Don Rubio de Cells in the district of Chaco-Gualamba, whose weight was estimated at 32,000 lbs. ; end another was found at Baliia in Brazil, whose solid contents ar€ at least twenty-eight cubic feet, and weight 14,000 lbs. The Siberian meteorite, discovered by Pallas, weighed originally 1,600 lbs. and contained imbedded crystals of chrysoUte. Smaller masses are quite common. Meteoric iron is perfectly malleable, and may be readily worked in a forge, and put to the same uses as manufactured iron.
Bahr has observed grains of native iron in a fragment of petrified wood. The iron was mixed with Umonite and organic matter, and is supposed to have been produced by the deozydation of fl salt of iron by the organic matter of the wood. He calls the iron SideroferrUe,
Yon Dechon reports that an artificial iron has been observed by him, whidi has cuic; cleavage fVerh. uat 7er. Bonn. 186L)
zora 11
14.Zino.
Hexagonal, Soee. deavage : basal perfect.
E=2. G.=7. Lustre metallic. and streak white, slightly grayifih.
Oomp.— Zinc with Bometlmee a trace of cadmium and other metolff.
Ota— Reported by 6. Ulrich as having been found in a geode in basalt, near Melbooma Vkioria laod, Auatralia; the piece weighed oss and was incrusted with Bmithaonite and anpioite, and nome oobalt bloom. Also said to occar in the gold sands of the Mittamitta river, noiitti of Melboome along with topaz, oorundum, eta ; a single pieoe, aooording to L. Becker, barinff been foand which contained traces of cadmium and o&er metals. (L. Becker, in Trans. Pba Lot, Victoria, 1856, and Jahrb. Mil 1857, 812, 698; G. Ulrich, in B. H. ., zviii. 68.) It ebodd be stated the zinc said to oome the Melbourne basalt was found by a quanyman ad not by a sdentiflc observer, and tiiat therefore there may be an error with regard to its actually iuTing been taken from the basalt The existence of native zinc seems still to need confirmation.
StoD has recently obtained artificially hexagonal crystals of zinc, six-sided prisms with low PTiundal tenninations (J. pr. Gh., xovl 182). Zinc is supposed to occur also in isometric forms (Am. J. ScL, IL xxxL 191).
16. IBAD. Ffaimbom nigmm FUn zxxiv. 47. Satomus Alchan, Gedlegen Btei Chnik
Isometric. Found in thin plates and small globules. E=l-5. G.=11'445, when pure. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray. Malleable and ductile.
OoBp. Pnre lead.
Pyr— B3. fuses easily, coating the charcoal with a yellow oxyd, which, treated in B. F., VBhtifins, giving an azure-blue tinge to the flame.
OfajL— This species is reported as occurring in globules in galena at Alstonmoor; in lava in lnn, Bathke; at the mines near Carthagena in Spain; in Oarboniferous limestone near Biistd, and at Kenmare, Ireland; according to R P. Greg, Jr., in thin shQta in red oxyd of neir a baaalfeio dyke in Ireland; in an amygdaloid near Weissig; in oasaltic tufa, at Baiftenberg, in Moravia; with gold in an Altai gold region, seven miles from Mt Alatau; the PngjonofVelika, southern Slavonia; near Katherinenburg, in the Urals; in the district nf ZoBMbhoacan, in the State of Vera Cruz, in a granular limestone, containing in some places tpedee of ammonites, in laminss, in a foliated argentiferous galena; in the iron and manganese MbedofPaiberg Wennland, with hematite, magnetite, and hausmannite (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 21); ilio IB wbite quarts north-west of Lake Superior, near the Dog lake of the Kaministiquia) in the Am of a small string (Ghapmao, Oan. J., 1866).
IC TIN. eandidnm FUn zzxiv. 47. Jupiter Aldtenk Gediegen Zinn ChrnL Btafa:
natif I.
Tetragonal. 1 Al, over basal edge,=57° 13', over pyramidal=140® 25', 1-t Al-i, over basal edfre,=:42° 11', over pyramidal=160 81' ; a=0'8856fi In grayish-white meti&c grains.
OompL— 'Tin with some lead, Barmann J. pr. Oh., sxxilL 800.
above ancles are from artificial crystals galvanically deposited, measured by Miller. 'povtad as occurring with the Siberian gold; also in the Rio TiiSuani valley, hi Bolivia, but Fomy only aa artificial product (D. Forbes, FhiL Mag., IV. zxiz. 188, xxx. 142.)
n. IBaBNIO. Gedlegen Arssolk Oemu Arsenic natif JV.
BhombohedraL AjB=85*' 41', O Ar=122° 9', a=l-3779. Observed forma /J, -.J, O; — |A— 21'. Cleavage: basal, imperfect. Often granolar massive; sometimes reticulated, reniform, and stalactitic. Straotare rarely columnar.
18 Xtattte Xlebtents.
H.=3'5. G.=5*93. Lustre nearly metallic. Color and streak tin-white temishing soon to dark-gray. Fracture uneven and fine granular.
Oomp. — Anonic, often with some antimony, and traoes of iron, sOrer, gold, or biamath.
The araenical hiamufh of Werner (Arsenik Wiamnth Wem Letztea Mm.-S78t, 23, 56. 1817 BreUh Char 167, 1823, Araenik-Glanc, WiamutiBcher Arttcn-Glanz, BreUh Char., 273, 1832). from Murienberg, is araenic containing 3 p. a of bismuth. H.=2 ; Q.=5*36---5*39.
Pyr. — B.B., on charcoal volatilizes without , coats the coal with white arsenons adJ. and affords the odor of garlic; the coating treated in R. F. yolatilizes, tinging the flame blue.
Oba.— NatiTe arsenic commonly occurs in veins in crystalline rocks and the older schists, and is often accompanied by ores of antimony, red silver ore, realgar, blende, and otlier metallic minerals.
The silver mines of Freiberg, Annaberg, Marienberg, and Schneeberg, afford this metal In oodliderable quantities ; also Joachimsthal in Bohemia, Andreasberg in the Harz, Kapnik in Transjl* vania, Oravicza in Hungary, Kongsberg in Norway, Zmeoff in Siberia, in large masses, and at St Maria aux Mines in ijsaoe; abundantly, at the silver mines at Ohanargillo, and elsewhere is Chili. In the United States it has been observed by Jadcson at Haverhill, N. H., on che estate of Mr. Francis Kimball, in tiiin layers in dark-blue mica date, stained by plumbago, and contain ing also white and magnetic pyrites ; also at Jackson, K. H. ; on the £. flank of Furlong Mta, Greenwood, Me.
The name arsenic is derived from the Greek ippttK6p or maactUme, a term applied to orpiment or sulphuret of arsenic, on account of its potent properties.
Alt — Oxydizes on exposure, producing a black crust, whioi is a mixture of arsenic and arseo' olite (%s), and also pure arseuoHte.
17 A. Antdconial ABSBino. — An antimonial arsenic, containing, according to Schultz (Ramm. MiB. Ch., 984), 7*97 p. c. of antimony, occurs at the Palmbaum mine, near l&rienberg in Saxonj. A similar compound, consisting, according to Genth (Am. J. Sd., IL xxxiiL 191 ), of arsenic 90*81 and antimony 9*18 (=17 As + 1 Sb\ occurs at the Comstock 'Uead* of the Ophir mine, Washoe Co., California, in fluely crystalline, and somewhat radiated, renifonn masses, between tin-white and iron-black on a fresh fracture, but grayi-black on tarnishing, associated with arsenoUto, calcite, and quartz.
18. AMTIMOMT. Gediget Spitsglas (fr. Sahlberg) v. 8wdb,, Ak. H. Siockh., z. 100, 1748,
CroTUftf Min., 201, 1768. Spiesglas, Gediegen Antimon, Oerm. Antimoine natif Dr.
Rhombohedral. A 87° 35' Rose. OaII 123*" 82' A a 1 -3068. Observed planes, -ff, (?,i,— 2, i-2 ; UA (cleavage plane) =142° 117° 7', 2A2 89° 26', iA=144° 24', (?A J=159° 26', Oa2=108° 20'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect ;— 1 distinct. Generally massive, lamellar; sometimes botryoidS or reniform with a granular texture.
H. =3—3-5 G.= 6-646— 6-72,; 6-66— 6-62, crystals, Kenngott. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin-white. Very brittle.
Oomp. — Antimony, containing sometimes silver, iron, or arsenia Analysia by Klaproth (Beitr dL 169) : from Andreasberg, Antimony 98, silver 1, iron 0 26=99'2S.
Pyr. — B.B., on charcoal mses, gives a white coating in both 0. &. F. ; if the blowing be inter mittod, the globule continues to ow, giving off while fUmes, until it is finally crusted over with prismatic crystals of ozyd of antimony. The white coating tinges the B. F. bluish-green. Crystalliaes readily from ftision.
Occurs in lamellar concreUons in limestone at Sahlberg, near Sahl, in Pweden ; at Andreasberg In the Harz ; in argentifenms veins in gneiss at Allemont in Dauphins at Prsibram in Bohemia; In Mexico; Huasco, Chill; Sarawak in Borneo; in argillite at South dam, Canada; Warren, K. J. ; at Prince William antimony mine, N. Brunswick, rare.
Alt — Oxydizes on exposure and forms Valentinite (Sb).
19. ALLBMOMTITB. Anthnoine natif arsenifSre R, Tr. iv. 182. Arseniksplesiglani Zppe Yerh. Ges. Hub. Bohmen, 1834, 102. Arsenik- Antliii' a Ettuam, Aneninre AntI moine JFV. Antimon-Arsen Kaum. Arsenical Antimony, AllMnontiti SML, Handb., 567, 1840
Rhombohedral. In reniform masses and ami Tphous ; Btractnre carved AmcUar ; also fine granular.
H.=3'5. 0.=6-13, Thomson ; 6*203, Bammekber. Lustre metallic, occasionally splendent ; sometimes dull. Color tin-whit€, or reddish-gray : often tamishea brownish-black.
Oonp-AAs'tsAraenie 65*S2, antimony 34'78 Analysia by Bammelsiberg of the Allemont on (lit Sappc 18) : Arsenic 621 5, antimony 37-85-=100, giving I 3b to 2*6 As.
P7r.~B.B. emits fumes of arsenic and antimony, and fuses to a metallic globule, which takei In and boms away, leaving oxyd of antimony on the charcoaL
ObBy— Oocnrs Sparingly at Allemont ; Przibram in Bohemia, associated with blende, antimony, ipathic iroD, eta ; Sdiladmig in Styria; Andreasberg in the Harz.
20l BI8MUTK. Bisemntaro, Plumbum dnoreum, Agric, Foss 439, Interpr. 467. Antima nium femininum, Tectum Argenti, Akhem. Gediegen Wismuth Gtnru
Hexagonal. 40', G. Rose; (?A=123 36'; a=l-3035. Obeenred planes, R, —H, (?, 2, and — 2 ; 2 A 28'. Cleavage : basal, perfect, 2, — 2, less so. Also in reticulated and arborescent shapes ; foliatea and granolar.
H.=2— 2*5. G. =9*727. Lustre metallic. . Streak and color silverwhite, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture not observable. Sectile. Brittle when cold, bat when heated somewhat malleable.
Var. — Pare bismuth, with occasional traces of arsenic, sulphur, tellurium. (1) A tpKxxaak from a gold mine of the Peak of Sorata gave South (Am. J. ScL, TL zzYil 247), B' 9ili, Te 042, Fe <r=99'95d; and (2) Forbes (PbiL Mag, IV. xzix. 3X Bi 94*16, Te 509, As H9, 3 0D7, An <r=100. Forbes's mineral is much like totradymite in foliation, and probably fontaina 12 to 1 6 p. o. of that species. (3) A fine scaly variety from Bispberg in Dalecarlia, analysed by dene and Feilitaen ((Efv. Ak. Stockh.,18ftl, 1<'9;, contains as mixture 3 to 7 p. c. of sulphid afiroo.
Pyr., ate — on charcoal fuses and entirely volatilizes, giving a coating orange-yellow vblie hoty and lemon-yellow on cooling. Fuses at 476*" F. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent hitioa causes a white predpitato. Cxystalliaes readily (torn fusion.
Obs— Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and other crystalline rocks and day slate, accoropanyiag nriooa ores of silver, cobalt lead, and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobidt BuaBs tf SuDony and Bohemia Schneeberg, Altenberg, Joachimsthal, Johanngeorgenstadt, eta It has also been found at Modum and Gjelleb&k in Norway, and Fahlun in Sweden. At Schneebeq it forms arborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Wheal Spamon, near Redruth, and ebewbere in Cornwall, and at Oarradc Fell in Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt; temeriy from near Alva in Stirlingshire; in a large and rich vein at the Atlas mine, Devonshire ; tt Sod Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili 11%. Hlampa (Sorata), in Bolivia.
At Lane's mine in Monroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with wolAram, scheelite, fdiiia, Uende etc, in quarti ; occurs also at Brewer's mine, Chesterfield district, South Carolina.
21. TBUiURXUBC Aumm peradoznm vel problematicnm MSUer v. Rekhenstein Phys. Arb Wlen, L 17S2. Sylvanite Kinoan, Mm., ii. 334 1796. Gediegen-Tellur Klapr. Beitr., iii. 2, 1802 Oediegm Sylvan Oam, Tellure natif auroferrif&re Hi
Hexagonal. -B A 5=86° 57', G. Rose; A 5=123° 4', a 1-3302. Obeenred planes, 5, —5, /, 0; 5 A —5, over base, =113° 52'. In sixnded prifims, with basal edges replaced. Cleavage : lateral perfect, basal imperfect. massive and granular.
H.=2 — G.sG'l — 6*3. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin white. Brittle.
O A 1=108 19
Katitb Bleuentb.
g to Klaproth (L TeUurinin 9S-SS, Iron T'SD, and gold 0*25. A fpadnM a Nagyig afforded Iril. 447), TeUurinm et-SIG, and gold 3'78fi, with a Vace IroD and alphur.
FTT, — In the open tube flisea, fTing a white BuUJmate of lellurouH acid, which B. B. tail K ookirless transparent drops. On chaixul ftuea, rolatiliaes almoat lltigM the Sim graeo, and gives a white coating of tellurouB add
Oba.- Native tellurium occurs at the mino of Uaria Loretto, near Zalathna, in TranBjIvaDii (whence the name Sylvan and SylvtauU), in aandstone, acoompaojing quarts, iron pjrilB, and gold. Abont forty years ainoe it was found In considerable abniidanee, and waa malted to extract Uw amall quanti ot gold it contains.
33. NATITB SnZfBDB. NatOriicber Schwefel Germ. 8ou&e R. Ortliorhorabic. 11=101" 46', (?Al-t=113'' 6'; o : J : c=3-3 : 1: 1"23. Observed planes : O; vertical, /, *-t, i-i, i-i, i-t; domes, 1-t, l-,Hi 1-1, f-i, ft ; octahedral, 1, i, f -J, 1-1, j-8.
O Ai=134° 47' O A 1-(=115° 63' 1 Al, mac.,=106'' 25'
" ' )9a14=117 41 lAl, brach.,=85 07
Oa|-=128 12 lAl, baB.,=143 23
Cleavage : J, and 1, imperfect Twins, compoBition-face, /, Bometimes producing cmciform cryetale. Also massive, sometimes consisting of concentric coats.
H.=l-5-2-5. G.=2-072, of ciyetals from Spain, Lnstre resin oua Streak salphnr-yellow sometimei u] reddisb or greenish. Transparent— Bobtranslncent. Fracture coiichoidal, more or Jees perfect. Sectile,
Oomp, — Pure aalphnr; but oflen ooDtami- Dated with day or bitumen.
PfT., Bto. — Bnma at a low temperature with a
blniui flame, with the strong odor of solphuiooi
add. Becomes rasinousl; ueetrified by Aictin
Insoluble in water, and not acted on by the adda
Oba. Sulphnr dimorphous, the crystals being obtuse oblique rhombic prisma, of SO" 39'.
ad inclination of the rertiool axisS6° 46', when formed at a moderately high temperatuit
(12B'' C., according to Frankenheim).
The great rcpositoriea of sulphur are either beds of gypaum and the assodate rodca, or the regions of active and extinct volcanoes. In the valley of Noto and Mazaaro, In Sfcilj; at CodlI, near Oadie, in Spain; Bex, in SiriCaerland; Cracow, in Poland, It occurs in the former aituationi near Boloja, Italy, in Une crystals, imbedded in bitumen. Sicily and the neighboring vdcanic lales) the SolTatara, near Naples; the volcanoes of the Pacific ocean, etc, are locahtiea of llM latter kind. The cryetaU from Sicily are aometimea two or three iiichea in diameter. It is alM deposited from hot springs 'm toeluid; and in 3avo;, Switzerland, Hanover, and other conntriei, it ia met with in certain metallic veins; near Cracow aod in Upper Egypt there are large deposita A fibrous variety is found near Siena, in Tuscany. Abundant in the Chilian Andes.
Sulphur ia found neir the sulphur springs of New York, Virginia, etc, sparingly,' in many coil depcMits and elsewhere, where siilphid of iron ia undergcung decomposltiou ; in microacople crystals at somo of the gold mines of Virginia and North Carolina ; aa a powder and iu cryatali ia the Western lead regions, In cavities in the limestone; in minute crystals oo cleavage suifaras d galena, Wheatloy mine, PhenizvlUe, Pa. ; In small masses in limestone on the Potomac twenly-Sn miles above Waahington ; in California, at the geysers of Napa valley, Sonoma Co.; In Santa Barben in good cryatals ; near Clear lake, Idke Oo., a large deposit, with a vein of cinoabar (now woriced) tntting through It; in Nevada, in Oo., in luge beds; Nje and Esmeralda Oo*. IS n N. oTSUver Peak; Waahoe Oo.
Ikt mfaea otStdlj, the arateToT Tuteano IlieSolfttan DaarNaplea, and thn bda at HtSkraiM, wlhri large qoantitiM of ibr commerce. It ia alao obtained la roaaUng the RjpUdi al iroB and copper.
Thli nwie* is bomiBOcnorphona with barytee acd maraaslte It \-i be takes ai the unit maniK dna IbeaboTeflgura, ST, UbySooochioTNaplea.
Selenadiwerel Stn-jtt*f, J-, >IIU- 403. ResembUng enlphar, but of an orange or brownish color.
Ademai, pDnctinn lapidla, prUotor rdto, ManiUai, AatroiL, It. L 936 (the ariiMt diitinBt nMaSon of true Adimai, In part, xxzriL 16. Demaot OernL Dinanti.
Isometric Observed planes, 1, 2, /, 0, 3-|, i4, i- ; often tetrahedral in plauea 1, 2, and 34. 1, 2, .:. 5, 6, 8, 24, 25 27; also i-|, limilar to f. 16 and 17 ; also f 40, all Uoiiallv with curved faces, as in f. S8 (=2T), 59 (=39), 60, the planes of whidi are 34; 60 is a distorted of 58. Cleavage : octahedral, highly perfect. Twins ; composition-
oe, octahedral, as in fig. 50, bnt with curved faces ; f. 61, which is an wuptic twin of 68, the middle portion between two opjtosite sets of sii VMLxx bong wanting ; f. 63, in which composition is parallel to tJie octa- Mdral faces, bnt the form corresponds to two interpenetrating tetrahe "MB, u illnstrated in 1 62. Karely „
28 Vativib Eleicentb.
H.=10. G.=x3-5395, Thomson; 3-55, Pelouze. Lustre brilliant ada niantine. Color white or colorless : occasionally tinged yellow, red, orange,
freen, blue, brown, sometimes black. Transparent; translucent when ark colored. Fracture conchoidal. Index of refraction 2*439. Exhibitfl vitreous electricity when rubbed.
Oomp. — Pure carbon, isometrio in crystallization.
Var. — I. Ordinary f or crystallized. The crystals often contain numerons microecopio oavitiet, as detected by Brewsteri and some are rendered nearly black by their number; and around theas cavities \the diamond shows eridenoe, by polarized light, of compression, as if from pressure ia the included gas when the diamond was crystallized. Sometimes crystals bear impressions of other crystals. The bade planes of diamonds reflect all the light that strikes them at an angle exceeding 24° 13', and hence comes the peculiar brilliancy of the gem. The refraction of light by the diamond is often irregular, probab arising from the cause which has produced the oouvez forms. In some plates from crystals, Desdoizeauz has observed a fixed star of six synmietrioal rays, and in others, allied in diaracter, the rays were replaced by three large elliptical areas. Desdoizeaux shows that the rays are symmetrical with reference to the faces of the octahedron.
2. Massive. In black pebbles or masses, called carboTiadOj occasionally 1,000 carats in weight H.=10 ; G.=3'0L2 — 3 416. Consist of pure carbon, excepting 0*27 to 2'u7 p. a
8. AnthraciUc; Cairbon diamaniairef Count de Douhet, Les Mondes, Ap. 11, 1867. Like anthradte, but hard enough to scratch even the diamond. In globules or mammillary masses, consisting partly of concentric layera; fhigile; G.=l*66; composition, Carbon 97, hydrogen 0*6, oxygen 1*5. Cut in facets and poUshed, it refVacts and disperses light, with the white lustre peculiar to the diamond. Locality unknown, but supposed to come from Brazil C. Me has obsenred that an onthradte from Creuzot, consisting of C 98*2, 0 0*04, ash 0*12, long heated in pieces in a cmcibie, takes a metallic lustre, and will then cut glass like a diamond. As anthradte is derived from bituminous coal, by subjection to more or less heat under pressure, it is possible that the degree or condition of heating may prodnoe an anthradte with its partides partly or wholly of the nature 'f the diamond, and still have the low spedflc gravity of anthradte.
Pyr., etc. — Bums, and is wholly consumed at a temperature of 14:" Wedgewood, producing carbonic add gas. It is not acted on by acids or alkalies. .
Obs. — Tlio diamond appeara generally to occur in regions that afford a laminated granular quartz rock, called Hacolumiiej which pertains to the taloose series, and which in thin slabs ia more or less flexible. This rock is found at the mines of Brazil and the Urals ; and also in Oeoigia and North Carolina, where a few diamonds have been found. It has also been detected in a spedes of conglomerate, composed of rounded siliceous pebbles, quartz, chalcedony, etc., cemented by a kind of ferruginous day. Diamonds are usually, however, washed out from the soil According to M. Denis (Ann. des M., IIL xix. 602) the diamond in Minas Gleraes, Brazil, is found in two diSeront deposits ; one called gurgtdho consisting of broken quartz, and covered by a thin bed of sand or earth ; the other, cascaDio of roUed quartz pebbles, united by a ferruginous day, resting usually on talcose days, the whole the debris from taloose rods. The flrat deposit affords the finest diamonds, aod both contain also gold, platinum, magnetic iron, rutile, ota The most celebrated mines are on the riven Jequitinhonha and Pardo, north of Rio Janeiro, where the sands (the watere being turned off) are washed by slaves. It has lately been found in Bahia, on the river Cachoeira, at tiic mines of Surua and Sincere ; and Damour has recognized in the sand of the locality, quartz, feldspar, rutile, brookile, anatase, zircon, diaspora, magnetic iron, gold in grains, anhydrous phosphate of alumina and lime, a silicate of yttria, and a hydro-phosphate of yttria. At Bogagem, Minas Geraes, an enormous diamond of 264 carats lias been found ; it was a dodecahedron, with beveled edges, in which there were impressions of other diamond ciystaiS, showing that it was originally one of a duster ; it weighs, since cutting, 122 to 126 oarats, and is called the " Star of the South. The Brazilian mines wore firat opened in 1727, and it is estimated ihat since then they have yielded two cons of diamonds.
The Ural diamonds occur in the detritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet, where worked for otd, and also at other places.
In India the diamond is met with at Purteal, between Hyderabad and Kasulipatam, where the famous Kohinoor was found; but there are now only two places of exploration, and these are let to some of the natives for less than 26 francs a year ; and if the hands find a stone worth four or dve rupees ($2 to $2) a month, they consider themselves fortunate. To such a state ar the famous mines of Golconda now reduced. They are obtained also near Parma in Bundelcund, where some of the most magnificent specimens have been found ; also on the Mahanuddy near EUore. The locality on Borneo is at Pontiana, on the west side of tho Ratoos mountain. Th nrer Qunil, in the province of Constantino in Africa, is reported to have afforded some diamooda
In the United States a few crystals have been met with in Butherford Co., N. C and HalS Co.
Oiamdnb. 38
Gi. (Ail J. ScL IL U. 253, and zv. 378); they oooar also at PortiB mixed, Frankliii Ca N. 0. ((tenth); oue baadaoiiie one, over in. In diameter, in the yiUage of Mandiester, opposite Bichmond, Va.
la Qdifoniia, at Cherokee nine, in Butte Go. ; also in N. San Juan, Nevada Ga ; in French Ooml, one of cumta; at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., of carats; Fiddletown, Amador Ga; jmr PlacenriUe. Reported Idaho.
hi Australia, in the valley of the Turon; in the bed of the cquarie; mouth of lTramul Oeek ; oa Oalcida Creek ; and also in Victoria; also in West Australia, at Freemautle.
In BnsQ the diamond has been found massive, in small black pebbles, called carbonado having tb epeofic gravity 3*01 2 — 3 41 rt. They proved on trial to be pure carbon excepting 2*07 to 0*27 per wot This compact diamond is sold in the region at 75 cents the carat of three and one-sixth gnutf troy, and the masses are sometimes carats in weight
Bnwster finds that diamonds contain generally numerous microscopic cavities, and some ara rendered nearly black by their number; and arouud these cavities the diamond shows evidence of as if from pressure in the included gas when the diamond was crystalline. DiaiDoods have been observed having impressions of other crystals.
The largest diamond of which we have any knowledge iB mentioned by Tavemier as in posses loo of the Great Mogul. It weighed originally 900 carats, or 2769-8 grains, but was reduced cutting to 861 grains. It has the form and size of half a hen's egg. It was found in 1550 in the mine of Golone. The Pitt or Regent diamond weighs but 136*25 carats, or 41 grains; but la of unblemished transparency and color. It is cut in the form of a brilliant, and is estimated at ii25,(N> Tho Kokunoor measured, on its arrival in England, about If inches in its greatest diameter, over of an inch in thidcness, and weighed 1 86 carats, and was cut with many fattta. It has sinoe been recut, and reduced to a diameter of by nearly, and thus diminished over one-third in weight It is supposed by Mr. Tennant to have been originally a (iodflcahedroa, and he suggests that the great Russian diamond and another large slab weigMng UO carats were actually cut from the origioal dodecahedron. Tavemier gives the original weight tt 787} carats. The Bigah of Mattan has in his possession a diamond from Borneo, weigfawg 37 oarata. The mines of Braail were not known to afford diamonds till the coounencement of the ISth century.
Colorless diamonds are in general most highly esteemed. When cut and polished, a diamond of the purest water in England, weighing one carat, is valued at £12 ; and the value of others is calculated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by 1 2, except for those exceeding 20 carats, Uie value of mncik increases at a much more rapid rate. This rule is scarcely regarded i& market, as the standard of purity and taste for different countries differs, and the slightest tinge of oolbr affects greatly the commercial value. Blue is an exceedingly rare color; and one of this Shade, the Hope diamond, weighing only carats, but of peculiar beauty and brilliancy, is valued tt £25,000. A yellowish diamond of hu'ge size (value £12,000) has been found by Fremy to take a roared color when heated, which color it retains for two or three days, and then resumes the <vigifial jellow. An emerald-gTeen diamond in the Dresden Treasury weighs 31 carats.
Xbe ancient Romans had rings set with the diamond, and usod the chippings for arming gravers' took Pliny speaks of the six-angled form of the crystals of tiie cuUimaSj and their resemblance to two pyramids or tops placed base to base, a description that would apply, perhaps, as well to a doable hcAagonal pyramid as to an octahedron ; yet it is probable, from the other characters mentioaed, the hardness, rarity, small size, use, and occurrence in gold regions, that the octahedral diamoDd was referred to. The adamas of the ancients included some corundum and other hard Btonea, and even hard metal Theophrastus makes no mention of the true diamond. (See, on the adamas of the ancients, King on Precious Stones and Gems, p. 19.)
The method of polishing diamonds was discovered in 1456, by Louis Berqnen, a citizen ot niftes, previous to which time the diamond was known in Europe ouly in its uncut state. It appeara to have been practised long before in India, the faceting of the Koiunoor dating far back iato onoertain time. (See King, pp 30, 31.)
TIte diamond has probably proceeded, like mineral coal and oil, the slow decomposition ot ngEtable material, or even from animal matters, either source affording the requisite carbon ; but baa been formed under those conditions as to heat that has produced the metamorphism of vgillaceoos and arenaceous sdiists and their auriferous quartz venus ; since it is found exclusively in gold regions, or in the sands derived from gold-bearing rocks. The schists that were altered the time may have previously been shales impregnated with petroleum, or other carbonaceous lubitaDces (hydrocarburets) of organic origin. Chancourtois observes that the formation fVom a ;drocarburctted vapor or gaa is analogous to that of sulphur from hydrosulphuretted emanaooM. In the oxydation of the latter by the humid process, the hydrogen becomes oxydized, and jinly a part of the sulphur changes to sulphurous acid, the rest remaining as sulphur. So in the haaud oxydation of a carburetted hydrogen, the hydrogen is oxydized, part of the carbon beoomef earbooio add, and th rest remains as carbon and may form crystallized diamond.
VATTVE BLEBCCZfTB.
26. ORAPHITB. Plumbago IColybdiena, Blj-Ertz, BromeU, IfizL, 68, 1739 [not Fluiiilwgc Jffric GesTiforl. BljerU pt, Mioa piotoria nigra, Moljbdtena pt, WaU 131, 1747. ICiua def Pbintree, Crayon, iV. TrL Wall, 1763. Blaok Lead. Beisablej Genn. IColjb daenum Linn., 1768. Plambago Schede (proving its carbon natoreX Ak. H. Stockholm, 1779 PkKnbagine da LMe, Crist, 1783. Graphit WenLt Bergm. J., 380, 1789, KarsL, Mus. Leek ii 839, 1789. Carburet of Iron. Far oarbur Dr.
HexagonaL In flat six-sided tables. JR A 11=85 29', Kenngott, by calculation from Ticonderoga crystals, which have the planes 2i7, 1-2 and 2-2, with, approximately, OAf.2=137°, Oa 2=110°, and (? A 2=122°. A plane, observe by Haidinger, is probably Jij or ; the angle measured, 40° 56\ was the basal anle of the pyramid. The basal planes (0) are often striated parallel to the fdtemate edges. Cleavage : based, periect. Commonly in imibedded, foliated, or granular masses. Barely in globidar concretions radiated in structure.
H.=l— 2. G.=2-0891; of Ticonderoga, 2-229 Kenngott; 2*14 Wunfiiedel, Fuchs. Lustre metallic. Streak black and shining. Color ironblack — dark steel-gray. Opaque. Sectile; soils paper. Thin laminse flexible. Feel greasy.
Var.— {a) Foliated; (b) columnar, and sometimes radiated; (c) scaly, massive, and tHatj (d) nular massive ; (e) earth, amorphous, without metallic lustee except in the streak; (/) in radiated ooDcrotious.
Oom.p. — Pure carbon, with often a little ozjd of iron mechanically mixed. Scheele (1779, La) and some later chemists made the iron essential, aud the species a carburet of iron. Vanuxem in 1826 (J. Aa Philad., v. 21) showed that the iron was an oxyd, and unessentiaL He obtained the graphite of Bustletown, Pa., Carbon 94*4, ox. iron and mangancrte 1*4, silica 2*6, tl 0*6 99. Fuchs found (J. pr. Ch., viL 253) only 0*33 p. c of ash (or impurities) in that of Wunsiedel, a pure black, amorphous, unmetallic kind, metallic in streak, having G.=as*14; Frituche (B. II. Ztg., 323, 1854) 0-9 in that of Ceylon.
TJie following are analyses of difiorent graphites by 0. Mdne {0, R., Iziv. 1091, 1867):
Comp. of 100 parts of ash.
1. Ural, Mt AUbert
5. Cumberland, Eugland
3. ICngrau, lhemia
4. Zaptau, Lower Anstii
6. Swarbock, Bohemia
5. Fagorita, Sweden
7. Cumberland
8. Passau, Bar aria
9. Buckingham, Canada
10. Cumberland
11. Ceara, Braail
12. Passau, Bavaria
13. Madagascar
14. Ceylon
16. Pissie, Hautes-'Alpes
Q. Carbon VoL Ash
2*8465
2*2179 2*1092 2*6867 2*3032 2*2863 2*4092 2*3108 2*2669 2*457i
91*66 84*38 73-6') 68*30
0*7-2 1*10 4-lU 1*05 2*62 1*82 6*10 2*55
7*35
l.'i'OO
11*62
19*70
2*216
24*13
37*13
Si
62*5 61*8 6S-6 A2*Q 68*6 69*6 60S 68*7
28*5 3u*0 28*6 35 26*1 30*5 11*7 21*1 41*6 20*8
Alk. J te ftg,Oa loss.
10*0 0-8 0*3
6*0
1*2-0 8*0
14*3 7*2
7*6 6*8 Si 8*1
0*6 2*6 8*5 1*6 2*0
l-O 0*7 2*2
1*9
Other analyses: 16-19, Y. Begnault (Ann. Ch. Phys., II. L 202); 20, 21, a G. Wheekr (prii
16. Canada (I.)
17. " (in
19. Siberia
20. Albert mine, Siberia
M
C H Ash
86-8 0-5 12*6=99*9 Bognaiilt
76 35 0*70 28-40=100*45 Regnaolt.
98 66 1*34 0*20=100*10 Renault
89*61 0*60 10*40=100*61 ficnault
94*7 6-8=100 Wheeler.
9717 2*S9sl00 Wheelr.
QltAPUITE. 2t
111 tbe a of Uariinakoi, t. JeTreinof found (Runs. B. J. 1849) G 94-77, ash 5*22 (=Si 2-04, Pc J-sa, il O-S Mg, Oa 0-17) ; ▼. Laskorskj found (BuU. Sx. Nat. Mosa 186t>) in a plumose var. C 83-75 aah 15*111, water 0-888; ▼. Pusirevski found (Verh. Min. Gea. Sc Pet 1857, 1858) C 641M, &i 1098, ft 3-77, with aome e, Oa, Mn, and 6.=2'28-2-31. In G. Of the Kirgbi? Steppe, Hermann found 0 40'55, earth matters 56*56, 2-89=100. These results show that tbe TBriadaiis arismg from impurities are great. The material analysed bj Wheeler is that uaed by the flnii of A. W. Vaber.
IhrnetkeerUe, PSddmgton, appears to be impure graphite, or is between coal and graphite ; it If waHj in stmcture, and highly metallic in luHtre. It afforded PiddingUm Oarbon 85*70, water and alnir4'00, aeiaki:7d of iron 2*50, earthy impurities, chiefly silica, 7*50, water and loss 100; Oa iron oooors as sulphuret Tenasserim, Rev. F. Mason, Maulmaiu, 1852, p. 52.
Fyr elQ— At a high temperature it bums without flame or smoke, leaving usually some red aji of iron. B3* inftuible ; fused with nitre in a platinum spoon, deflagrates, converting the neat into carbonate of potash, which effervesces with adds. Unaltered by acids.
Ofai<— nohite oooors in beds and imbedded masses, lamlns, or scale, in granite, gneiss, mloa , oystuline limestone. It is in some places a result of the alteration by heat of tbe coal of tbe ocal formation. Sometimes met with in greenstone. It is a common ftimace product
A &De variety of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Oumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs ID day ikte ; in Glenatrathfarrar in Invemesshire, forms nests in gneiss ; at Arendal in Norway, in quartz; at Fugaa in Finland; in the Urals, Siberia, Finland ; in various parts of Austria; Prus- Bt; FltaDce; at Craigman in Ayrshire, it occurs in coal beds, which have been altered by contact vitii trap. In Irkutok, in the Tunkinak mta., at the very valuable Mariinskoi graphite mine, a bige mass has been obtained, having the structure of the wood which it was formed. Large qoantitieaare brought from the East Indies.
Fbnne beds in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass., where it presents a structure between scaly and fine gniralar, and an occasional approximation to distinct crystallizations ; also at North Brook* Held, Brimfleld, and Hinsdale, Mass.; extensively in Cornwall, near the Housatonio, and in Ash* M, Co&jL ; also in Brandon, Vt. ; at Grenville, G. £., associated with sphene and tabular spar is gnznilar limestone. Fdiated graphite occurs in large quantities at Tioonderoga, on Lake Qoorge ; upon Boger's Rode, assodated with pyroxene and sphene. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. Y., it b met with in white limestone, aooompanving spinel, ohondrodite, hornblende, eta ; at Ro8ai(\ Sc lawrenoe Oo, K. Y., with irion ore, and in gneiss ; in Franklin, N. J., in rounded ooncretiooB radiated within ; in Wake, N. 0. ; on Tyger Biver, and at rtenborgh near the Cowpens "vnasB, 8. G. ; also iu Bucks Ca, Penn., three miles from Attleboro', associated with tabular tpar, pjToxene, and scapolite; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance m Bjeaite, at ManaeUs black lead mine. There is a large deposit at St John, New Brunswick.
luthc United States, the mines of Sturbridge, Mass., of Ticonderoga and FishkiU, N. Y., of Bn&doD, Yt, and of Wake, N. C, are worked; and that of Ashford, Conn., formerly aflbrded a amount of graphite.
The name block lead applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The name Snphite of Werner, is derived from I write.
Xordenskiold makes the graphite of Ersby and Storgard moTiodinic with the Indination of the wtioil axis 88' 14', w (deavage fooe) on faces of oblique prismioe* 21', and angle of prisn Ur 24' iPtigg zorL 110).
86 lULPHIDS* TELLUBIDS, KKJ.
n. SULPHIDS, TELLXJRIDS, SELENIDS, ARSENIDS,
Antimonids, Bismuthids.
There are three natural divisions of the species of this secticm :
1. Simple Sulphids and Tellukids of Metals op the Sulphub oh Absenio Group.
2. Simple Sulphids, Tellurids, Selenids, Arsenids, Antimonids, Bis- MUTHID8, OF Metals OF THE GoLD, Iron, AiTO TiN Groups. Some of the species contain, along with sulphnr, also arsenic, antimony, or bismuth ; but the arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, in such cases, replaces sulphur as its isomorph.
3. Double Sulphids : or Sulpharsenttes, SuLPHANTiMONriES, Sulpho-
In this section of Sulphids, eta, the atomic weights of aaramic antimony and hiamuih are takes at half the value given in the table on pgezvi, as it is in this state that they approximate to mlphur in the forms and relations of their compounds. The atomic weights thus halved are, fcf arsenic 37*5, antimony 61, bismuth 105; that of sulphur being 16.
1. SIMPLE SULPHIDS AND TELLURIDS OF METALiTOF THE SULPHUR AND ARSENIC GROUPS.
1. REALGAR GROUP. Composition RS. Crystallization Monoclinia
26. Rkalgab, AsSb
2. ORPIMENT GROUP. Composition R*S'. Crystallization Orthorhombia
27 OBPDfEKT, As' 29. Stibnite, Sb'S*
28. DmOBPHITB, ?AS*S* 30. BlSMUTHDrUB, BiV*
8. TETRADYMITE GROUP. Containing Bi, Te.
31. Tetbaotsiite, 33. Wehbliti.
32. Joseite.
4 MOLYBDENITE GROUP. Containing Molybdenum.
34. MOLTBDEMITB, MoS*.
26. REAIjOAR. S'ii'(aj'i'cii Theophr 326 B.a ZavSoftaxn Diaaoor 60 kSk Sandarar a Aa, xxxT. 6, 77 A.a Sandaraca , Reuschgeel, Rosgeel, Agric 444, etc., 1629, Interpi., 468, 1646. Rauscbgelb pt, Arsenicum sulphure miztum, Risigallum pt., Realgar, Arsenicum rubrum, WiOL, 224, 1747. Arsenic rouge Fr. TrL Wall., 4u6, 1763. Realgar natiC Bubine d' Arsenic
BULpHiDS, Era
ifrXMm. 33a, 1783. BedBnlpbttntofAneiiic. Bothos Bauadlb, Opennent, (Tama. Arsenic
Monoclinic. (7=66*' 7a 7=74° 26', Marignac, Scacchi Oa 14=138 <?=0-6765 : 1 : 0-6943.
0 A 7=104 12' 0 A i=113° 55' Ua 1=133° 1'
Al-=139 38 i-2Ai-2=113 6 i4Al.2=115 1
CleaTage : i4, O rather perfect ; I, -i in traces. Also granular, coarse fine; compact.
0 1
U
a
4S
H
/
H
Obeenred pbuieB.
H.=1'5— 2. G.=3'4 — 3*6. Lustre resinous. Color aurora-red 01 orange-yellow. Streak varying irom orange-red to aurora-red. Transparent— translucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven.
Oomp— As 3=rSu1phar 29*9, arsenic 70*1=100. A specimen from Pola de Iiena in Asturia, Spun, gsTe Hugo Miller (J. Gh. Soa, xi. 242) S 3000, As 70*25.
Pyr., etc — ui the closed tnbe melts, Tolatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate; in the open tube, sulphurous fumes, and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on charcool bams with a blue flame, emitting arsenical and sulphurous odor& Soluble in caustic alkalies.
ObkOocurs with ores of silver and lead, at Felsobanja in Upper Hungary, at Kapnik and Nagyag in Transylvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Bchneeberg in Saxony, at Andreasberg in the Hars; at Tajowa in Hungary, in beds of day; at BinnonUial, Switzerland, in dolomite; at WlMloch in Baden, in the Mnschelkalk; near Julamerk in Koordistan; in Yesuvian lavas, in mate crystals. Strabo speaks of a mine of aandaraca (the ancient name of this species) at PtMnpeiopolis in Paphlagonia.
For rDoent crystflJlographio observations see Hessenberg's Min. Kotizen, Nos. 1 and 3.
The name rtalqatr is of Arabic origin.
Alt— Jhanges, on exposure, to orpiment (As* 8') and arsenolite (As' C), 6 of As S becoming 2 As' S*, and 2 As being set ftee which ciianges to As* 0' or arsenolite (Yolr). A black crust onetimes forms on reaigar, which is supposed by Yolger to be a stUphid containing less sulphur thao realgar.
27. ORPHCEINT. 'Acrivtfv Thaophr. *Xp9t¥u6v DiMoor, Auripigmentum, Arrhenicum, PJm zzxiiL 22, xxxiv. 58 Auripigmentum, Ofnn, Operment, Agnc Interpr., 46?. 1&46. Orpiment Kansobgelb pt, BislgaUnm pt, Arsenioum flavum, WaU, 224, 1747. Arsenic ifwne Fr, trl Wall. I 40a, 1763. Gelbea Baoachgelb Oerm, Arsenic sulfVird Jaune Fr. Yellow Arsenic
Orthorhombic. I A 7=100° 40', 0 A l-i=126° 30' ; a : J : c --.1 3511 : I ; 1*2059. Observed planes as in the annexed figure.
BULPHiDB, sra
0 A 2-2=127 27 2-SA2-i adj. 94 20 2-iA2-i ov. l-i=181 36
Cleavage : i-f highly perfect, ii in traces, i-i longitndi nally striated. Also, massive, foliated or columnar ; sometimes reniform.
H. 1-6 - 2. G. 3-48, Haidinger ; 3-4, Breithaupt Lustre pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage ; elsewhere resinous. several shade of lemon-yoUow. Streak yellow, commonly a little paler than the color. Subtransparent — sul> translucent. Sub-sectile. Thin lami* nsd obtained by cleavage flexible bnt not elastic
Oomp. — S*=Sulphur 89, anenio 61=100. etc. — In the closed tabe, fuses, TolatOiices, and giyeg a daik yel* sablimate; other reactions the same as under realgar. Dissolves in nitromuriatie add and itic alkalies.
Obs. — Orpiment in small crjrstals is imbedded in day at TajowSi near Neusohl in Upper Hnngaiy. It is usually in foliated and fibrous masses, and in this form is found at Eapnik in Trail sylrania, at Moldawa in the Bannat, and at Felsobanya in Upper Hungary, where it exists in metalliferous veins, assodated with realgar and native arsenic; at Hall in tiiie Tjrrol it is found in gypsum ; at St Gothard in dolomite ; at the Solfatara near Naples, it is the result of volcanic sublimation ; in Fohnsdorf, Styria, found in brown ooaL Near Julamerk in Koordistan, there is a large Turkish mine. Occurs also at Acobambillo, Peru. Small traces are met with in EdenviDe. Orange Ck)., N. T., on arsenical iron.
The name orpiment is a corruption of its Latin name auripigmentum, gMenpaini, whidi waa given in aUusion to the color, and also because the substance was supposed to contain gold.
The crystalline form is made monodinic by Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., zxv. 194). He mes vi the dinodiagooal plane, and i-l the Aront or orthodiagonal, with the planes vi, above and below t-I, hemidomes, inclined at unequal angles on i-i, that below at an angle 2"" to 3" tiie smaller. Also be makes i-2 the plane Ko definite measurements are given.
28. DIMORPEOTB. Dimorflna Soacehi Mem. GeoL BuUa Oampanla, Napoli, 11 e, 1S49L
Orthorhombic. Two types: (A), /a/= 6', OM-i — 50'; a :
: c=l-2876 : 1 : 11526 ; (B) coinmon form, /A/=il00**32', O A 1-1=127*
Observed planes as in the annexed figures.
In A, Oa 1=120° 23', <?Al-J Ua 1-t over 0 40', 1 A 1 ov. l-i=ni**10'.
45'. Cleavage none. Crystals tninnte.
H.=1'5. 6.=3'58. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color orange-yellow : powder saffron-yellow. Translucent and transparent. Fragile.
Oomp.— From imperf trials by Scaochi, perhaps As* 8*=Sulphur 24*55, arsenic f 6*45=100.
Pyr., 010. — Heated in a porcelain crucible with a spirit laropi affords odorons fVunes and tales red ; with more heat becomes brown, gives off yellow times, and evaporate, leaving residue; with soda a garlic odor. Oompletely soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— From a ftimarole of Sol&tara Phlegran fields. Orystals not over half a miUimelsi In their longest direcdon.
Eto.
Znl, Srfti, 1Har,itiu,, Dbacor. Btimmi, SHU, 8Ut4nm, PUn.. zziiiL 33, H dM, 3plei;lM, Butt robnAw (who proved it to coDtaln snlphiir), 14S0. Lupus motal lomm AlchoK. SpiesB431au-Eis Berkwerke, IT31. fipitgl.m.lTn, Uinen Ant) noBii, AntunODJum Sulphare minenlisatuio, (TofL, 231, 1717. OniupiMsglawn, GnnapleMjlicieit, AnUmongluii, Oerm. AntimcAne BulAird JV. Sulpbaret of Autimonj; Onj Antfc mar; Antbnoa; Oltuice. Stibine Snul, Tr., IL 431, IBS!. Aniimoalt Baid Huidb., 66B, lUi. StibDito Dana, Uln 18B4.
Orthorhombic. /a7=90'' 54', OAl-tlSi" 16'; a : J : c=l-0259 : 1 : JtodbJ, i, 1, 3; 14, 14, 1-f, 14, 1-1, 1-3, f!, i-l, fa, 2-i, fi a, 3-S, fi,
0Ai=154 SO*. OAl-i=134'' 42'f
OM=:iU 45 t-SAi-a, mac.,=127 J
0a2=113 49 1-tAl-t, top,=89 24
Lateral planes deeply striated loozitndinally. Cleavajre ; i-i highly "'
Mifect Often colnnmar, coarse' or W; also granolar to impalpable.
H.=2. G.=4-516, Hatiy; 4-62, Mohf. Lustre metallic. Color and itneali lead-gray, inclining to steelgrgy: abject to blackish tarnish, sometimes irideeceat. Fracture small BDb-conchoidal. Sectile. Thin limine a little flexible.
Oa1=124*45'. lAl,braeh.,=108 40 lAl,ba8.,=110 30
Ooap.— Sb* 8'=Salpbur 38-1, aotimonr Brrxiaaua, wbo mide tbe Qrat jtlrrainabati of the lulphur In ths mineral [IpoK, u. IS7, 1783), obtained S 20, 3b 14 100. Eight aiuIjKB of etibnito from AraBber Totphalia, gtn SahuBiier m mean of Sb 7148, B !8'S3, excluding <i-38 p. c. of qaarta; the muluof the naljava vuied Tram 71'441 to 71-G19 (Pogg., xoTiii. 393), Schnabel oblaiucd Sir lie Mtoe Sb li-Ot, 3 3785, Fb "-IS (Eainm. Min, Ch,, 38).
Pfin etc— Id the open tube aalpburoua and antimoDouB ftimea, the latter oondeiuiDR m tiiie luUinuta wiiich 8.B. ii aon-volatile. On charcoal fuaea, apreada out, gives aiilphDroiii ud lEtimmous fuinei. coats the ooal wliita with 0T7d of aatJaMiiT ; thU coating treated in B.'F. Bom the flaoia grecaisb-blDe. Fua.=l. When pure perfectly soluble in muriatic add.
Ok*.— Occur* with apathic iron in beds, but gsnerallj in vema. Often aaaodated with blende, bMTj ipar, iDd quarts.
)lii with in veins at Wolfaberg, in the Han; at Briiuusdorf; near Freiberg; at Frabram; ftlubsBja, Schemnits, and Kremnitz, in Hungary, where It often oocure in direrging priami, "ml inches long, ftooompanied by crTstaln of heavy spar and other mioeral species ; at Peila, b TDKNir, fa) OTstalk : In KatharhieDtieiv, in the Uivla ; in Dumfiieeshire, Sbrous and laminated ; a i-'cnnD, abundant near Padatow and lint; also crTstalliied at Wheal Boys; at Hare Hill, ia Bcctiudj ut Parthabire. Alao found at dlrent Uezican mines. Alao abundant in Borneo.
In (be nnited 9tala, It ooonr* sparingly at Oarmel, Penobtoot Oo., lie.; at Comiah and Ime, 'B.; It "Soldier'* Dolight," Hd.; abundant in the granitic range, south Bide of Tulare valley, HnpanBan Amedio: in the Humboldt ndnlD region in Ifevada, and usually argentiferous; iIm b Ibi mine* of Aurora, Eaneralda Oo., Nevada. Also found hi New Brunawidc,' 10 m. Tnm Iiteictai, &W. aide of St John B.
en aObrda nearly all the anUnKmy of oommeraei. The crude antimony of \ix shops it by timpla ftiaioii, wUdi separates Uie acoompauylng root From thii product moat of
80 8TJLPHID8, no.
eye. Aooording to Dtosoorides, ft WM prepared for this purpose by enciodng it in a Iimip of dough, and then burning it in the coals till reduced to a cinder. It was then extinguished witt milk and wine, and again placed upon coals and blown till ignition : after which the heat wai discontinued, lest, as sayK, " plumbum flat," it beeoTne lead. It hence appears that the mot& antimony was occasionally seen by the ancients, though not distinguished from lead. . On cryst see Erenner, Ber. Ak. Wien, IL 1864, 436.
Alt--Ohanges on exposure by partial ozydation to aniimony Iflende (2 Sb* S'+Sb' O'X and b; Airther ozydation to vdlentiniie 0"). AfUinumy ochre (Sb* O'+Sb* 0*), and also Sb* 0*+5H are oer results of alteration.
30. BISBCUTHnnra. Tisunutum Sulphure mineraiisatom (fr. Riddarhyttan) OronsL, 193 lt68. Wiamuthglanz .; Bismuth sulfur Sulphuret of Bismuth. Bismuth Glaooe Bismuthine BauL, Tr., VL 418, 1832. Bismutholamprite Glock Syn., 27, 1847.
Orthorhombic. /a/=91® 30'. Observed planes ly i-i, i-i, t-S, Brooka Cleavage : brachydiagonal perfect ; macrodiagonal less so ; basal perfect* In acicular crystals. Also massive, with a foHated or fibrous stmctiire.
H.=2. G.=6-4— e-459 ; 7*2; 7-16, Bolivia, Forbes. Lustre metallic Streak and color lead-gray, inclining to tin-white, with a yellowish or iridescent tarnish. Opaque.
Oomp. — Bi' 8*=Sulphar 18'76, bismnth 81 '25= 100 ; isomorphoos with stibnite. Analyses : 1 , H. Bose (Oflb. Ann., IxxiL 192); 2, Wehrle (Baumg. Ztg., x. 885); 3, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixr. 299); Hubert (Haid. Ber., iil 401); 6, Banunelsberg (5th SuppL, 261); 6, F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL, IL xxUL 415); 7, D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., lY. zxis. 4):
S Bi
1. Kiddarhyttan 18*72 80-98ss99'70 Bose.
2. Retzbanya 18*28 80*96=99-24 Wehrle.
7. Bolivia 19*61 80*93=100*54 Forbes.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube sulphurous fVimes, and a white sublimate which B.6. fiuea into drops, brown while hot and opaque yellow on cooling. On charcoal at first gives sulphiironc Chmes, then fuses with , and coats the coal with 3reIlow oid of bismuth. Fus.=l. Dissolves readily in hot nitric acid, and a white precipitate falls on diluting with water.
Obs. — Accompanies molybdenite and apatite in quartz, at Brandy GUI, Oirrock Fell, in Cumberland, having a foliated structure; occurs near Redruth; at Botallaolc near Land's End; at Herland Mine, Gwennap ; with childrenito, near Callington ; at Lanescott mine, near St AuataH ; at Johanngeorgenstadt, Altenberg, Schneeberg, in limestone ; with cerium ore at Riddarhyttan, Sweden; at Uie San Baldomero mine, near Sorata Bolivia, foUated, massive and acicular.
Occurs with gold, pyrite, and chalcopyiito in Rowan Co., N. G., at the Bamhardt vein. Reported by Shepard to have been found with ohrysobeiyl at Haddam, OL
G. Bose obtained artifldal crystals, /A/=90'' 40', i-2 Ai-i&=53* 40' and 126* 20', /Afr-t= 135* 20', wAv4=28* 23', i-4At=152'' 14'. G.=7*10— 6*89, the Variation depending on some bismnth present. Pogg., zci. 402.
31. TBTRADTMITB. Ore of Tellurium (tt, Tellemark) JSmarkt Trans. O. Soo, iii. 413, Jane 1, 1815. Tellurwismuth (fir. Riddarhyttan) Ben Ac. H. Stodch., 1823. Telluric Bismntii. tradymite (fr. Schubkau) iToui, Baumg. ZS., iz. 129, 1831. Bismuth teUnr TeUnro solenii bismuthif&re F, Bomine Beud. Tr., IL 538, 1832. BismuthoteUurites pt OheheTf Syn. 19, 1847. Tellurbismuth Bakh, Am. J. Set., IL . 99, 1868.
Hexagonal. 0a5=118 38' BaB —SV 2'; a 1-6865. -2A— 66° 40', Oa— 2=105*' 16', Haid, from Schubkau crystals. Crystals ofteo tabular. Cleavage : basal, very perfect Also massive, foliated, or granular.
H.=l-5— 2. &.=7'2— 7*9, Lustre metallic, splendent. Color pale steel gray. Not very sectile. Laminss flexible. Soils paper.
BULPHIDBy BIO.
Var. — OoQBistB of bismuth and telluriam, with sometues Biilphitr and seleninm. If wtien present, replaces part of the tellurium, the analjees for the most part afiford thf leisil formula BP (Te, S)*.
Tar. 1.— Viee from, milpttr. Bi Te'=TeUurium 481, bismuth 61*9 ; analyses 1—7. G=7'868, frn IkUotiega, Jackson: 7*642. id., Balch.
1 Svtervcu. Bi" Te + Sr; analyses 8—11, G.=7-600, crystals from Schubkau, Wehrle ; Uli, lit, Baamgartner ; 7*237, fr. Dayidiwn Co., Qentb. The name Bomine, afler von Born, was psm Beudant in 1 832, and Wehrle's analysis of the Schubkau ore was the only one cited.
1 Skmifertma Tho Tellemark ore, according to Berzelius, gives B.B. a strong odor of
, Month (Am. J. Sd., U. six. 16); 4, 5, Qentb (ib., zzzi.368); 6, 7, D. M. Balch 99); Wehrle (Sohw. J., iJx. 482, 1830); 9, Beraelins (Jahresb., zil 178, 1831); 10, (J. pr. GOx., sir. 456); 11, 0. T. Jackson (This Min 712, 1860); 12, Genth (Am. J. 81):
a
Va
M M
3w
i. "
I
r 1 Schobkan 1 IL IThiteball, Va.
II Skridson Ool,N.O.
Te
8 8e Bi
tr.
ir. r. r.
r.
[50-83] 51*46
=101-36 Genth. =100-85 Genth. 101-36 .
0-17 Gu 0*06, Au, quarts, etc., 0*72=100 Genib.
0-25 " 0-06, " " 0-80=99-33 Gonth.
99-72 Balch.
=100*30 Balch.
99*4Wehrle.
gangue 0-75=99*42 Bera.
- Hruschauer.
Au, Si 2:70=100-20 Jackson.
=100-46 Genth.
f!dMr oifatained in an analysis of the Fluvanna mineral, 6*81 p. c of selenium. But Dr. Gtontt ia it no Beleniom or sulphur. 0. T. Jackson obtained (Am. J. Sd., II. zzvli 366) the compo* of josdite for the Dahlonega mineral ; but the later results of Genth and Baloh havo rfiswn tfaifl to be incorrect
Pyr — In the open tube a white sublimate of tellurous add, which B.B. fuses to colorless drops. Oa dtaroOal fUaes, gives white fumes, and entirely volatilizes ; tinges the R.F. bluish-green ; ooata the ooal at first white (tellurous add), and finally orange-yellow (ojp of bismuth) ; some fuietiBe giro milphorous and sdenous odors ; that from Fluvanna Gow, Va., gave Fisher a red DbGmate of selenium in the open tube. Oba. Oocors at Schubkau near Schemnitz; at Betzbenya; at Tellemark in Norway; at Bast*
Biddarhyttan, Sweden. In the United States, in Virginia, at the Whitehall gold nunes, Spotsylvania Co., at Monroe if Stafford Ool, and Tellurium mine, Fluvanna Co., with native gold : in North Carolina, David- Oob, about 6 m. W. of Washington mine in foliated scales and lamellar masses along with
gold, obakxypyrite, magnetite, epidote, limonite, etc. ; it was partly altered to a combination ot tdfanoua add and ozyd of bismuth, with but little of carbonate of bismuth (Genth, L c.) ; is Geocgfa, Lompkin Co., 4 m. B. of Dahlonega, and also in Cherokee and Polk counties.
12. JOSfilTB. Tennmre de Bifimnlh DamouTf Ann. Ch. Phya IIL ziil 372, 1846. Bomine Shire blsiiiatiiif&ro da Br Ihtfi [not Bomine Bead.] JosSit Kenng,, Min., 121, 1863.
Hexagonal, with perfect basal cleavage, like tetradymite. Soft. G.=: 7-924 — 7*936. Lustre submetallic. Color grayish-black, steel-gray. Fragile.
Damour's analyses, Bi' Te* (S Se)*i=:Bi' (i Se))\ or a tellnrid of bisith, in whidi half of the teUurinm is replaced by sulphur and selenium. Analyses by Damon? 0.a):
1. San Job4 BraxQ
Te S Se Bi
15*93 3-15 1-48 7915 =99-71 15-68 4-58 78*40 =98*66
Iv jieiabcrg obtdned flrom an allied mineral, from Cumberland, Ehigland (Min. CJh., 6) : Tel- Ivim e-t3 mSpm 6' bismuth 84*33=97-49 : oonesponding to Bi\ Te, making the Te 9 =1:4
82 SULPHIDS, Kia
An ore from Sonta, passing fbr native bismuth, and mentioned under that specfea, gato as there dted, 5*09 iLe, of tellurium, with As 0*38, and S 0*07 ; whOe Genth found m asothei specimen onlj 0*042 Te. Forbears specimen maj have the formula Bi' Te. It is foliated nessly like tetradymite.
Pyr.— B.B. the Brazil ore acts nearly like teiradjmlte. In on ope i tube It gives o.T some sulphur, then white times of ozyd of teUurium, and then affords a decided odor of seleniun ; and in tlie upper part of the tube a white coating with some brick-red over it, due to the selenium ; and a yellowish residue below due to the ozjl of bismuth.
Obs. — Found in granular limestone at San Jose, near Mariana, province of Minas Geraes Brazil, and first brought to France by Mr. daussen.
33. VnSHRIJrB. Argent molybdique de Bom Cat de Baab., IL 419, 1790. Wanaerblef sober, Molybdiin-Bilber, Wem Letates Min. SysL, 18, 48, 1817. Mdybdic silver. Wiamuth glanz Klapr Beitr., I 264, 1795. Tellurwismuth BenL, Ak. H. StoddL, 1823. Wismuthspiegel Wdsa, Spiegelglanz [=Mirror-glanoe] BreiOu Tetradymiie pt many onUhors, Wehrlit Huot, Min., i. 188, 1841. Pilsenit Kamg Min., 121, 1853.
Hexagonal. Like tetradymite in perfect basal cleavage. H.=l — 2. G.=8'44, Wehrle. Lustre very bright. Color light steelgray. Thin folia a little elastic.
Oomp.Bi (Te, 8)*, with Te: 8=8: 1, from an imperfect analysis by Wohrie (Baumg. Zig., ir 144):
Fyriq etc. — lako tetradymite.
Obs. — From Doutsch PUsen, in Hungary. First reported as an ore of silyer and molybdenscs. Distinguished from tetradymite by its high spedflo gravity. Breithaupt obtained G.=8D0 with a specimen not wholly free from the gangue.
44. VOVTBDWXmi. Not Mdybdmna [=product fr. partial reduct and oiyd. of Oalena] JHoMor I'UfL, Agric Blyerta, Molybdena pt. [rest graphite] WaXL, 181, 1747, Lwm., 1748, 1768. Sulphur ferro et stanno satuntum (fr. Bastnaes, eta), Wasserbley pt, Molybdena pt, CVdmI, 139, 1758. Molybdsena (with discor. of metal) mdm, Ak. H. Stodch., 1782, 1788-1793. Wos* serblei Wmi. Molybd&nglana Germ, Molybdena trto., IGn., 1796 (calls the metal MolybdeDite). 8ulphuret of Molybdena. Molybdenite Brongn il 92, 1807, dtiog Kirwan aa authority
Monoclinic? Hexagonal? In short or tabular hexagonal prisma. Twins: consisting of three combined crystals, sometimes indicated by strisB on the base of the hexagonal prisms, at right angles to its sides, having occasionally replaced terminal edges. Cleavage : eminent, parallel to base of hexagonal prisms. Commonly foliated, massive, or in scales ; also fine granular.
H.=l — 1*5, being easily impressed by the naiL G.=4*44 — 4-8. Lustre metallic. Color pure lead-gray. Streak similar to color, slightly inclined to screen. Opaque. Laminae very flexible, not elastic. Sectile, and almost malleable. Uray trace on paper.
Oomp. — Mo S'=Salpbar 41*0, molybdennm 690= 100. Analysea: 1, Brandea (. J., zziz, 325); 2, Seybert (Am. J. Set, !▼. 1832, 820); 3, 4, Svanberg k Strure (J. pr. Ch., zliT. 357); Wetberill (Am. J. ScL, IL zr. 443):
Mo 8
1. Altenberg 59*6 40*4=100 Brandos.
2 Cheater, Pa. G.=4*444 69*42 39*68 =99-10 Seybert.
8. SmoaUnd 58*627 40*673, gangue 0*800 8 Jb S.
Sulphid8, Eto. 33
Pyx H&— In the open tabe aulphtiroas tamos. B.B. in the foroepe InfViBible, imparts jel* towidtreeii color to the flame ; on charcoal the pulTcrized mineral gives in O.F. a strong odor of soljriiur, and coats the coal with cryatals of molybdlc acid, which appear yellow while hot, and wfuta OQ cooling; near the assay the coathig is copper-red, and If the white coating be touched with an intermittent RF., it assumes a beautiful azure-blue color. Decomposed by nitric acd. twring a ite or grayish residue (molybdlc add).
Oha— ICoIybdemte generally occurs imbedded in, or disseminated through, granite, gneiss, cnxxhcjenite, granular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numedal in Sweden, Aroudali Selbt, and Tellemarken in Norway, Nerchinsk in Russia, and Auerbach in Saxony, it has been obserrod la hexagonal prisms. Found also at Altenberg and BhrenfViedersdorf in Saxony; ScUaekenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia ; Rathausberg in Austria ; near Miask, Urals ; Bostuoes, ete, Sweden; in inland; Laurrig in Norway; Ghossyin France; Peru; Brazil; Oalbeck Fell, OvTock Fells, and near the source of the Oaldew in Cumberland, associated with tungstate of lime and apatite; seyeral of the Cornish mines; in Scotland at Bast Tulloch, south of Lodi Tkr; at Mount Goby on Loch Creran, etc.
In Mame at Blue HiU Bay and Camdage farm, in large crystallizations ; also at Brunswick, Bowdoiiiham, and Sanford, but less interesting. In Oonn., at Haddam, and the ajoinhig towns OD the CoDoecticut rirer, in gneiss in crystals and large plates ; also at Saybrook. In Vermonif at Newport, with crystals of white apatite. In y. Hampshire at Westmoreland, four miles south of the Dorth Tillage meeting-house. In a vein of mica slate, abundant; at LUmdaif in regular tabular crystals; at Franconia. In JTom., at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond; at Brimfleld, with iolit& In N. Tarkf two mQes southeast of Warwick, in irregular plates associated with rutile ziroon, and pyrite. In Penn., in Chester, on Chester Creek, near Reading ; near Concord, Cabarrus Co, K. witii pyrite in quartz. In Cidifamia at Excelsior gold mine, in Excelsior district. In Qaada, at Balsam Lake, Terrace Cove, Lake Superior ; north of Balsam Lake, on a small island in Big Turtle Lake, with scapolite, pyroxone, eta, in a vein of quartz intersecting crystalline Imestooe; at BL Jerome, a K ; at Seabeach Bay, near Black River, N. W. of L. Superior (48'' 46'
ir,8firw.).
IXitisgaished from plumbago its lustre and streak, and also by its behavior before the blowpqiaadwithacidfl
J. SIMPLE SULPHTDS, TELLURIDS, SELENIDS, ARSENIDS, ASTIMONIDS, BISMUTHIDS, PHOSPHIDS, OF METALS OF THE GOLD, IRON, AND TIN GROUPS.
Three divisions of these SvUphids Arsenids etc., are here recognized : (1) a fcwic division, in which the atomic ratio between the sulphur or arsenic metal and the others is 1 to more than one ; (2) a proto division, viUi the ratio 1:1; (3) a deuio division, with the ratio 1:2. In these ratios, and in stating the formulas beyond, the halved atomic weights of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are in view, as stated on p. 26. In the ihifi division, some species are included which appear to be combinations of dent and proto compounds.
The ndoenl cSktlovpyrlCs is sometimes referred to the double-binary sulphids, on the gronnd ofiti eontsining along with a protosulphid, the snlphid Fe* S'; but as the existence of a sesquimpiiid Fe* 8' is not established, while Fe is the one of common occurrence, the more probable view of the sulphid is that it consists of two sulphids Fe S and Fe in combination. Tliis view ia softalned by the near isomorphism of pyrite and chalcopyrite. The above remark applies also to trade and pyvAoMe in which Fe* S' has been supposed to be present. Fe* S', it should be tti equals Fe 8 + Fe 8*. lAmaHU and caimMit come into the same category.
In an artide Sn the American Journal of Science, toL zlir. 1867, the author glTes reasons foi dnriDg thai the compounds crystaTliring in "hma/goMX forms hare the number of atoms of the Msallfe dsBWDt S, or a multiple of 3, and in U/knkgvnaX forms, a multiple of 4 ; whence it foUows, that vhOs ordmazy Momdirk blende %x sulphid of zinc for example, may be Zn the hexoifonai,
B
M
BULPHiDB| vra
wQrtdta, la pnmtitfZL* 81 The prindle if real, has a T017 wide applmtloD among dNnAoi and mineral apedea.
B5. DraoBAsm
(B) 8€i OmuMin
L BASIO OB DY80RASITB DIYISIOlir.
Ag'Sb 87. DoMXTXxn 611* Aa*
Ag'Sb 88. ALQQDONm 611* Aa*
Ag*Bi 89. VHiTNiiiTa 611* Aa*
n. FBOTO OB aALBNA DIYISION.
1 GAIiEi;rA GBOUP.— laometrifl holobedraL
Avomnra
AgS
CROOKISin
Galbnitb
PbS
44 JL HUAflOOLin
Zowsm
62. Alabahditb
63. STKPOOBrra 64 PBHTLANinri
66. GROHAUm
S. BLENDS GBOUP.— laometriq tetrahedraL
66. SPHALEBin ZnS
[Mabmatiti (Zn, Fe) 8 67.
8. OHALOOOrrB GBOUP.— Orihorhombia
AgS
Ag8
4. FYBBHOTITB GBOUP.— HezagonaL
69. DALBWNZm 80. AOANTHITl
YOLTSETl
67. Tboiutb
68. Ptbbhotiti
HgS
Hg8e?
NiS
FeS
Gbohogkri WuBTzm
74 80BBBBBB8ini
Fe, Ki, P
m DBUTO OB F7BITB DIVISION.
L PYBITB GBOUP.— laometrio.
76. Ptbitb Fe 83.
76. HAUBBin MnS*
78. 2 (611, Fe) 8+Fe 86. 79 BABKHABimTB + [6uS] 86.
82. Oabbollri 89.
u
COBALTm
Lausitb
2. 1CAB0A8ITE GBOUP.— Orthorliombio.
90. MABOA8ITI Fe
91. LanooFTBira Fe Aa* 91 BAiaanjuMinNiAa* 98. MoBBn Fe Aa*+Fe Aa
198. STLTASini
94 Absbnupiuitb 96. Glauoodot
96. PAOm
(611, Fa 9
611 8e
O08
Zn8i-iZnO
(F Ag) 8+i Fa
OdS Zn8
mAB
N18b MnAa
BAa+BAi*
Ni (8k Aa)"
Ni (8, Sb,
(Oo Fe) (8, Aa)* Fe (i 8+1 On (8, Bl Aa
8Ulphid6| Rol
1 VAGTA6ITS GB0X7P.— TetnfOuL
L OOYELLITE OBOUP.— HezagonaL IOOl OofiLun Ca or 611
L Basic Oe Dyscrasite Division.
15. STBORASFTB. Aigentam natiTiim antimonio adunatam , Sdagr 119| lt81 Selb, Lempe Mag iii. 5, 1786. SilbenpieBSglanz, Bpiesglas-Sllber, Antimon* BDber, Germ, Antimonfal SOrer. Argent Antimonial J. Diacnie Beud U. 613, 1832. DisamtLFrdbd, T Piodr. StSohidlitfa, 1837.
1 : 1-7315.
Oa J=:146 r 1=126 40 0 A 1-4=142 12
OaU 6' (?A24 126 89| 1 A 1, mac., 132 42
Cleavage : basal distinct : 14 also distinct ; / imperfect Twins : stellate forms and hexagonal prisms. Also massive, granular; particles of ▼arioQB sizes, weakly coherent.
a=3-5— 4. G.=9-44— 9-82; 9-4406, Haiiy. Lostre metallic. Color and streak silver-white, indinine to tin-white ; sometimes tarnished yellow or blackish. Opaque. Fracture uneven.
1 A 1, brach.,=92* i-i A 1-2= 98 18 t-8At-8=120 1
t
iH
a
i-S
iJi
Obserred planes.
Ooamr-(A) Ag* 8b=Antimoiij 22, aOrer 78=100. Alao IB) Antimony 16*66, aUrer 84'34 Also Ag* Sb"=8aTei 11*92, antmumy 27*08. Analyaea: 1, 2, 7, Elaproth (Beitr., ii. 298, iii 173); 8, Yaaquolin (HaVk IGn., iiL 892); 4, Abich (Oroll'a Ann., 1798, iL 3); 6, Plattner (Bamm. Min. Oh., 30); K a, Bamnwlsbeig (Z& G., x?L 620):
1. Wolfiidi, eoant grmwiar Antimony [2i
1 Q.=9*82
4
5. "
6.
7. W€lftdi,>Mpniiiiii2ar
8. G. 10 027.
[24-76]
[2708] [lb] 15*81
[17-81]
8ayer78 Klaproth.
77 Klaproth.
78 Yauquelin. 76-26 Abioh. 84-7=99-7 Plattner. 72-72 Bamm.
84 Elaproth.
83*86, As <r=99'66 Bamm
82*19 Bamm.
Pyr atOtf— B.B. on eharooal fbaes to a globule, coating the ooal with white ozyd of antimonJ mH ilLafly giving a gobole of almost pure ailyer. &>luble in nitric add, leaving oxyd of timony.
Oba--.<)ociin in vain near WolfiMih in Baden, Wittichen in Suakria, and at Andreaaberg in the Hiti, aasodated with aeveral orea of ailver, native arsenic and galena, and other species; also at Ataont hi Danphin OaaaUa in Spain, and hi BoUvia, a A.
If kas lars would be a valuable ore of ailver. Named from iwpavn a had dBcy.
nmic 8ikm (AnenikaOberX from Andreaaberg, analyzed by Klaproth (Beitr., i. 183 and
86 BULPiims, vro.
Onmenil (Schwelg. J., zzxiy. 357X h&s been shown by Ramihelsberg to be probably a mixiot* 6l ftTsenopyrite, arsenical iron, and djscrasite (Pogg IxxviL 262, and MIn. GIl, 28).
350. Domejko found a mass of ore from Ohafiarcillo, Chili, which was mainly impure cfaloro bromid of silver externally, to contam within (Tr. do Ensayes, 238, 1858) 55*9 pi a of dilorid of silver 15*1 of an antimonid of nlrer, with 14*5 of carbonates and 14*2 ochreous day; and this antimonid, he says, consists of Sb 36, Ag 64 and "appears to constitute a distinct spedes." Tlie formula would be Ag Sb. This species is not mentioned in his Mineralogy of 1860.
Domeyko states (Min. 190, I860) that at Chafiardllo a finely granular grayish-white silver ure disseminated in grains, taking the lustre of silver when rubbed, afforded him 4 to 6 p. c. of antimony; that of the Descubridora mine 4*1 Ag; that of the Rosario mine 5*8 p. c. He also states that the filamentous silver of Bolivia contains Sb 3*7, As 2*3 p. c.
35D. Ghanabchjjtb Zna.— He describes further (ib.) a silverwlute, shining arserwHuUi' monial ore from Chafiardllo, disseminated through caldte, which afforded him Sb 19*6—21*4, As 23*8—22*3, Ag 5S-6 — 53*3, Fe 3*0—3*0. Begarding the iron as arsenical iron, he dedaces the formula Ag (As, Sb).
Rammelsberg points out the isomorplusm of dyscrasite and the antimonid of zinc Zn' Sb, described by Oooke (Am. J. Sci IL xviii. 229, xx. 222).
36. OHZLSNZTB. Aleadon de plata oon bismuto Dameyhoi Min., 18'i, 1845. Plata BiBmatal id, ib. 185, 1860. Chilenite Dcma.
Amorphous; granular.
Soft. Silver-white, but tarnishing easily to yellowish.
Oomp.— Ag* Bi= Bismuth 13*8, silver 86*2. Domeyko obtamed (Min., 185, 1860) Hi 101, Ag 60'1, Cu 6*8, As 2*8, gangue 190, corresponding to Bi 14 4, silver 85*6. Also (Ann. d. M., IV. v. 456) Bi 15*3, Ag 84*7. For the last Uie material was separated from a mass containing 8 to 10 p. c. of it disseminated in small points.
Obs. — From the mine of San Antonio in Gopiapo.
36A. BiSMOTH Silver of Schapbaob, Sohapbachitb. (Bismuthlsches Silber ISdb, Crella Ann., lYO, i 10, Schapbachite Kenng Min., 118, 1853). According to F. Saudberger, this biamuth-silver, analyzed by Klaproth, is a mixture of bismuthiue in needles, argentite, and galena (Jahresb., 1863, 797, 1864). Klaproth obtained (Beitr., ii 291) Bi 27, Ag 15, Pb33, Fe4'3.Cu 0. S 16*3. Sandberger gives an analysis by von Muth, who obtained Bi 8*22, Ag 4*05, Pb 46*30, Fe 0*07, S 9*72, quartz 32*83=99*69; which, after separating the iron as Fe S*, affords for the rest 1 Bi S', 12 R a D. Forbes remarks with regard to Klaproth*s analysis (PhiL Mag., FV. xxv. 105) chat the sulphur is sufficient to make sulphids of the metals, and suggests the aame conclusion.
37. DOMZnrKITB. Arsenikknpfer (fr. Gopiapo) mJken, Pogg., xli..659, 1837. Arseninre de cuivre Domeyko Ann. d. M., XV. ilL 3, 1843 ; Gobre Blanco id, Min. 138, 1845. Weisskupfer Maumu Cuivre arsenical Dr. , Arsenical Copper. Domeykite Said Handb., 562, 1845. Gondurrite W. FhiUipg, Phil. Mag., iL 286 1827.
Keniform and botryoidal ; also massive and disseminated.
H.=3 — 3*5. G.=7 — 7*50, Portage Lake, Genth. Lustre metallic, but dull on exposure. Color tin-white to steel-gi*av, with a yellowish to pinchbeck-brown, and, afterward, an iridescent tarnish. Fracture uneven.
Oomp, — 6u' Arsenic 28*3, copper 71*7=100. Analyses : 1, 2, Domeyko (Ann, d. lY. m. 5); 3, 4, F. Field (J. Gh. Soa, z. 289); 5, D. Forbes (2 J. Q. Sea, xvii 44); 6, 7, F. AGfenth (Am. J. ScL, U. xxxuL 8, 9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IxxL 305); 10, Blythe ( J. Gh. 8ocl, L 213):
Edabozo. Ghili Aa 28*36 Cu 71*64=100 Domeyko.
70*70, Fe 0*52, S 3-87=98*38 Domeyka 71*56=100 Field. 71*48=99*74 Field. 71*13, Ag 0*46=100 Porbea. 70'68=99'93 Genth. 70*01=99*59 Genth. 70*51, Fe 0-66 Rammelsberg. 70*02, gangue 1*07 Rammelsberg.
1. Galabozo, Ghili
2. Gopiapo "
Aa 28*36 23*29 28*44
4- Goqnimbo, "
5. Goracoro, Bolivia
6. Portage Lake
28*26 29*25
8. Gomwall, Qmdurriie
18*70 17*84
19*61
BULFHiDs, Era 87
(A) OMmrltB Is a retuH of the alteration of other ores. It U black and soft, scQirg the ingen. It appears, sometimee, at least, to be a mixture of arsenite of copper with domeykite. asd eooe solphid of copper. Rammelsberg treated one specimen with muriatic add, and analysBed the Bdlable and maoluble portions separately, obtaining
L Insoluble As 13*89 On 12*81 S 2*20 gangue 0-70=29-60 3. Soluble la 3*70 Cu 62-29 fi 5*83=11 82.
The insdnblfi portion contains, therefore, As 4*16, On 13*89, with 10*86 of sulphid of copper, cofrespopdinfe the ladt excluded, to arsenic 23*04, copper 76*96=100.
YoQ Eobell (J. pr. Ch., xxxix. 204), with the same treatment of another specimen, found the roopoeition of tho soluble part, 2ls 8-03, Ou 79*00, Pe 3*47, A 9*50=100, and the insoluble oonlifted of anenic and some sulphid in grains.
Kjthe eondudee, as a mean of many analyses, that the arsenid of copper contained in condurrite ooDSists of araenlc 28*85 copper 71*15, which corresponds with the domeykite ,- and Faraday's ualjais (Phil Mag 1827, 286) leads to the same result, or arsenic 29*88, copper 70*11 ; but fiaauDeisbeig's analyais gives a larger proportion of copper.
Pyr., etcIn the open tubo fuses and gives a white crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. EB. on diarooal araenical fumes and a malleable metallic globule, which, on treatment with soda, gives a giobnle of pure oopper. Not dissolved in muriatic acid, but soluble in nitric add.
Obs— From the Chilian mines of Algodones in Coquimbo, in Illapel, San Antonio in Copiapo, etc
In "S. America, found on the Sheldon location, Portage Lake ; and mixed with copper-nidcel at Mkhipiooten Island, in L. Superior.
Cotdmriie is from the Gondurrow mine, near Helstone, and Wheal Druid at Carnbrae, near Bednth, Oomwall.
38. AliOODONmi. F, Field, J. Ch. Soc, x. 289, 1857.
In incrustations minntely crystalline. Commonly massive and distinctly granular.
H.=4. G.=7'62, from Chili, Genth. Lustre metallic and bright, but becoming dull on exposure. Color steel-gray to silver-white, the latter on a polished surface. Opaque. Fracture sub-conchoidal affording a granular snr&ce.
Oompr-eu* A8=As 16*60, Cu 83*50=100. Analyses: 1, F. Field (L a); 2— Qesth (Am. J. ScL IL xxxiiL 192) :
As
On
Ag
1. Chin
16-23
0-31 =99-84 Reld.
(})16 96
tr. =99-37 Genth.
3. Ik Superior
0-32 =99-84 Genth.
82*35
0*30 Genth.
hi naljBiB 3, a little whitneyite was mixed with the ore. and hence the higher percentage of oopper (QenthV
Pyr.— The same as with domeykite, hut less
Oba— In Chili, at the silver mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo, in the Cerro de los Seguas, Department of Bancagua ; in the United States, in the Lake Superior region. A transported mass of mixed whitneyite and algodonite, weighing 95 — 100 lbs., was found on St. Louis R. The color tt grayer, and the texture more granular ana less malleable, than in whitneylta
39. WUITNUVITJJ, Omih, Am. J. Sci., II. xxyii. 400, 1859, Tnriii 191, 1862. Darwmite A FMiet, FbSL Mag., lY. xx. 423, 1860.
Uassive. Crystalline ; very fine granular.
H.=3*6. G.=8'246— 8*471, from Lake Superior, varying probably on count of porosity, Genth ; 8*64: from Chili, Forbcas. Lustre dull and submetallic on surface of fresh acture, but strong metallic where scratched or grabbed, but soon tarnishing. Color pale reddish to grayish- white, pale redwhite on a rubbed surface ; becoming yellowish-bronze, brown, and Vcownifih-black on exposure Sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Malleable
Ooiiip.-u* AB'=Anenio 11-64, oopper 88*36=100. Analjiea : 1—4, F. A. Qenlli (L e.); i U. (priT. GODtrib.); 6, D. Forbes (L a):
Ab Gu Ag&iBBoL
1. Miohigan 11*61 88*13 0*40 =100*14 Gentib.
2. " 122A 87*48 0*04 99*80 Genth.
4. 10*92 (?) 87*64 0-19 98-76 Genth. 6. 8nora 11*46 88*54 ir. =100 Genth. 6. ChiU (i) 11*68 8814 0*28 =100 Forbea.
Pvr. — LesB fusible than algodonite ; otherwise as in domeykite.
Obs.— In Houghton Co., Ifichigan, coated with red oopper. A loose mass, weighing about 18 Lbs., and oonsisting partly of algodonite, was found on the Pewabio location, 1 m. from Hancock village. Portage Lake ; reoently found in plaoe on the Sheldon location, near Houghton, ICidt ; stated to occur at the Albion location, about a mile from the GUff mine, in a Toin 4 Indies wide ; also at the Minnesota mine ; also in Sonora (QenthX near La Lagoona, a ranch on the road to Llbertad, Gulf of Oalifomia, 36 m. fr. Saria
Kamed after J. D. Whitnej.
n. GALENA DIVISIOK
[For list of speoies see page 34]
iO, ARCHtlNTlTlJ. Aigentum rude pIumbeioolorisetGalentt simile, oultiodilBnditar,dentibai oompressum dilatatur, Agrie 438, 1629; Germ. Glaserz, rtr., Interpr., 463, 1646; Brnded, Min., 1734 Qiroying it a sulphur compound). SiUVerglas, Minora argenti vitrea, Azgentom sulphure mineralisatum, TToiL, 308, 1746; Sae, Ann. Oh., ii. 250, 1776 (with earliest anal) Glanzerz, Silberglas, Silberglani Schwefel-SQber, Weiohgevmchs, Cferm, Yitreous Silyer, Sulphnret of SOver, Silyer Glance, Argent sulftir6 i. Argyrose Beud Tr., iL 892, 1832. gentit Haud Handb., 666 1846. Argyrit (XocJl, , 23| 1847.
Isometric. Observed planes 0, /, 1, 2, 2-2. Figs. 1 to 11, 23. Oleav- ; dodecahedral in traces. Also reticulated, arborescent, and filiform ; [so amorphous.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=7-196— 7*365. Lustre metallic. Streak and color blackish lead-gray : streak shining. Opaque. Fracture small sub-condioidal, uneven, perfectly sectile.
Ag 8=8ulphur 12*9, silver 87*1=100 Analjses: 1, 2, Elaproth (Beitr., L 168); I Undaker (Yo's lOn. Joaoh., 78):
8 Ag
1. Joadiimsthal [16] 86 =100 Elaproth.
2. Himmelsf orst [14] 86-3=100 Elaproth.
3. Joadiimsthal 14*46 77*68 Fb 3-68, Gu 1-68, Fe 2'02-=99-27 Liiid.
alo. — In the open tube gives off sulphurous add. SlB. on ciuurooal ftuies with intn- BMSoence in O.F., emitting sulphurous Aimes, and yielding a jobule of sHyer.
Obs. — This important ore of silver is found at Freiberg, Aunabeig, Joachimsthal of the Enoe birge ; at Schemnits and Kremnits in Hungary ; in Norway near Kongsbeig ; in the Alta at UM Bmeinogorsk mine ; in the Urals at the Blagodat mine ; in Cornwall ; in BoKvia ; Peru , Chili llezioo at Guana'uato, Zaoatecas, Oatorce, 8an Pedro del Potosi, etc.
Occurs in Kevada, at the Comstock lode, at different mines, along with stephanite, natire gold sta ; in the vein at Gold Hill; common in the ores of Beese Bircr ; probably the diisf ore ol iihrerinthAOorteiaiatrlol; in the Xearsaige district, Saver-ront vein.
ULPHIDB, sia 89
of snlphid ofsilTer is stated by Troost to have beea found in EiMita Tennessee ; oocurs with utfre sflver and oopper in northern Michigan. [A silver ore not yet analysed, ftocurs, aooorqg to Jacksoo, witii gray antimony, at Cornish, H. H.] AIL—Katire silver, at JoachimsthaL Also a mixtiire called silver-black (Silberscbwane
40A ABonrropTBm (Slberkies). Tlus nuneral flrom Joachimsthal, made a species by v. Wal tenhaosen (6e& Wiss. Gdttingen, 1866, No. 2), is shown by Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 342) to be a pseadomorph consisting of the minerals argentite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, pyrargyrite. It oocois in small hexagonal crystals, which were probably pyrrhotite originally. Yon Walters* hmsea obtained in his analysts, Sulphur 34*2, iron 39'3, silver 26*6.
Jalpaub H. Ztg., zv. 85, 1858). — Jalpaite is a cupriferous silver-glance firom Ja Mexico. It la isometric in deavage, and maUeable like ordinary argentite ; color blackish kadtray; 0.= 6*877— -6*890. Composition acoordmg to B. Bichter (L a) S 14*36, Ag 71*51, Ci 13-1 Fe 0-79, affordmg the formula 3 Ag S+6u 8 or (f Ag+i eu) a
41 NAUMANNXTB. Selensilber Q, Boee, Fogg., xiv. 471, 1828. Selensilberglans. 861 ure d'argent Jh Seteniuiet of Silver. Kaumannit iToidL, Handb., 666, 1846.
Isometric. In cubes. Cleavage : cubic, perfect. Also masBive, granular, and in thin platee.
£L=2'5. G.=8'0. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color and streak ironblacL
OompAft Fb) Be. Pure, Ag Se=Selenium 26*8, silver 78*2. Analyses: 1, Rose (L a) ; l, Baamelsberg (id, Snippl., 127, and Min. Gh., 34) :
I. THkerode Selenium [29*63] Silver 66*66 Lead 4*91=100 Rose.
bKo. 1, Ag : Pb=13 ; 1, in 2, 1 : 6.
Pyr., eta — B.B. on charooal it melts easily in the outer flame ; in the inner, with some into* aeaoenoe. With soda and borax it yields a bead of silver.
ObSir-Oocurs at Tilkerode in the Mars, Named after the crystallographer Naumann.
Aocardiog to Del liUo another selsnid of silver occurs at Tasco in Mexico crystallized in hexagonal tabte (Bead. Tr., iL 636.)
41 BUOAXBTTB. Eukairlt Ben Afh. vL 42, 1818. Cuivre sni6 aigental S. Seleniunt
of silver and copper. Selenkupfersilber Oen/k
Maflfiiye and granular ; also in black metallic films, staining the calcite in which it is contained.
Soft; easily cut by the knife. Lustre metallic. Color between silverwhite and lead-gray. Streak shining.
OcBipb— 6u Se+ Ag Se=(eu, Ag) Se=Selenium 31*6, copper 26*8, silver 43-l=sl00. Analy* m: 1-3, Benalius (L a); 4-6, Nordenskiold (Bull Soa Oh., IL vil 411):
1. Skxikemm
Solenium 28*54
Copper 25*30
saver 42-73=96*67.
t
42*73, gangue 8-90=96*88.
" 28-63
" 26-39
i
44-21, thalUum <r.-100*41 Nord.
" [31*97 " [32-22
" 26*30
42-73, " "=100Nord.
1
" 24-86
" 42*67=100 Nord.
Pyr., etc. — B. gives copious times of selenium, and on charcoal fuses readily to a gray me* Wiic giobole, leaving a bead of selenid of silver. With borax a copper reaction. Dissolves in boiling nitric add.
Obs— Occurs in small quantitisa in the Skrikerum copper mine in Smoaland, Sweden, in a of serpentine rode, Imbedded in caldte ; in Chili at Aguas Blancas, near Copiapo (this variety iffordiag Domeyko (Min., 206) Se 32*2, Cu 28*0, Ag. 39*8), and at the mines of Flamenco, a few higoes north of Trespuntas, hi the desert of AtacanuL Also a similar ore (Ann. d. M., YL v. ind a R., Iviii. 666) on the east side of the Andes of (3hili, in the province of San Juai vWeit oocars in a narrow vein (LO-12 muL broad), and has a lead-gray color, tarnishes easily ttd ii putty granular, and partly vexy imperfectly lamellar ; at the Oacbeuta mine, in the pror- IMS of Kendosa, with other aalenids.
BULPHIDe, KTO.
II altar the diaeovir]
43. OBOOKBBrFB. A. K SbrdauHeiiH, (Eh. Ak. BtockiL, 1866; fiall So& Ch., IL tIL <13 Massive, compact ; no trace of cryBtallizatioD' H.:=2-5— 3. G.=6-90. Lnstre metallic. Color lead-gray. Brittle.
[S3-27]
U-31
I 0-S3 18'Sg=I00.
I 0-86 16-i7=99-08.
) 1-23 16-89=99-61.
Pyr., Bto. — B3. fasea Tbry easily to a greenish-blaclc Bhiaing enamel, coloring the flams tJDD green. InBolnble in muriatic add; completely Holubla in uitric.
ObBr—From Qismine of SkrikBrum in Norway. Formerly regarded as aelenid of copper or aenelianite. Named after Wm. Crookes, the discoverer of the metal tbalUum.
44. QAIiXINITB. Oalena Plin xzxiiL 31 [not Galena or Uolybdena (=litharge-UlfB product from the ore), FHn., xxxiv. 41, 63]. Uolybdnnapt, Plumbago pL, Galena, Pleierti, Flei-Glanz, Agric 1646. Plumbago pt., Blyglants, Galena, Plumbum lulphure eC argento mineralisatom, WalL, 29:1, 174T, Onmtl, 167, IGS, 1768. Sulphuret of Lead. Plomb anlAire Golenit tm Mob tOn 201, 186S.
numtMgo, Pleiachweia T Agrie., loUipr., 467, 1 B16. SlciBdiveir, Plumbago. Plumbum solphtire at BTBenlco mineroliHatum, WaiL, 294, 1746. Stelnmaonita Zippe, Verb. GeB. Uas. Bobmen., 1633,39. Tarite SkAi, Am. J. sk, IL ziT. 60, 1853. Supersulpburattod Lead JbAaNba, Bep. Brit Asboc, 672, 1B3S; Tkmuim, Mis., L 662, 1836; Johuatonlle Ortff A Liilatm, UiA, 448, 1B68. iBometric. Observed planes ; 0, 1, // 2, 3 ; 3-S, 2-2, |4. Figs. 1 to
8, 23 with planes 1, 70, 71, the last a distorted form. Cleavage, cubic,
perfect ; octahedral in traces. Twins, like f. 50 ; the same kind of composition repeated, f, 72, and flattened parallel to 1, Also reticulated, tabular; coarse or fine granular; aoraetimes impalpable; occasionally fibrous.
H.=2-5— 2-75. G.=7-25— 7'7. Lnstie metallic. Color and streak pure lead-gray, Sui-face of crystals occasionally tarnished. Fracture flat Bubconchoidal, or even. Frangible.
Oomp., Tar.— Pb S=3iilpbnr 13-4, lead 66-6=100. Contm sUver, and ODOaaionallj Mlannim Fore ft'. ESdilun, Bers.), ainc, cadmium, antimony, copper, as sulpblda; bees, aJao. somelimM oatiTe silTer and gold; and even platinum haa been reported aa oocurring in a galeoito ttom (iw Dept of Chnrente, yranoe.
Tar. t. Ordinaqi. ya) Well crygtalUmd; (b) somewhat flbroui and pIumoM; (r) grannlai Kan* or fine; (d) crypto-oiTStalliua.
suLPHiDB, Era 41
1 AfoMfenmB. AH galenite is more or lets argentiferous, and no external characters serre to dirtingwiih tiie kinds fiat are much so IVom those that are not
3. ODotBiniDg arsenic or antimony, or an ore of these metals, as impurity. Here belong the UatdkfBeif Ufrgiomte and jietninafintfe, which appear to be merely impure galenite.
1 Goatuning an excess of sulphur, through mixture. SugpenuJhureUed lead of Johnston and oihen (or Johnstonite) is here induded. llie excess of sulphur is owing to a deoomposltion of a portion of the mass, setting part of the sulphur 6*00.
AjuIjws: 1, Thomson {ISA, PhiL J., 1829, 266); 2, 3, Lerch (Ann. Ch. Phana, xlv. 326):
1 PtBbram G.='r*262 14*41 81*80 Zn 3'69=99'80 L. Pb S to Zn 8 as 6:1
found 6*02 p. a of cadmium in a galena from Altenberg.
iQyef present is detected easily by cupellation. The galenite of the Harz affords *03 to "05 pi e. of sOyer; the English *02 to '03 ; that of Leadhills, Scotland, *03 to *06 ; of Monroe, Ct, 3 p. (l; of Boxbixry, Cl, assayed by P. Collier, 1*86 p. a si]?er ; Eaton K. H., 0*1, G. T. Jackson; fihelounm, N. H., 0*16; of Missouri, *00I2 to *0u27, Litton; Arkansas 0*08 to *06, Silliman, Jr.; ICddletown, Gt, 0*15 to 0*20 p. a; Pike's Peak, Colorado, 006 to 0*06 p. c.
The foOowing; from Tuscany, contain antimony and sil?er (£. Bechi, Am. J. Sci., II. xlv. 60):
Pb
Sb
Pe
Cu
Zn
1. Bottino 12-840
80*700
8*307
1*377
0*326= 99*013
I " 16*245
1*828
kr.
0*486=100*227
1 " . 16-50S
78*284
2*462
2*811
0*560= 99*610
1 izgentiera 16*780
72*440
4*308
1*856
4*261
0-650=100*284
6*77
1*11
1*38
0*72 99*220
Ko 5 is the iargionUe of Bechi, occurring in octahedrons with 6.=6'932.
The Udtckweif dausthal in the Harz, G-.=7'53 — 7 '55, analyzed by Rammelsberg (Min Wi ZX7. 561) found in one spedmon of efidnmanniU, Pb S 76*48, with As' 9*26, Sb" S' 0*77, ZaS 11*36,- S 2*lo=99'88; and in another, less lead, only a trace of zinc, very little arsenic, ind mncfa antimony ; and he concluded that the sulphid of lead was the only constant oonstitueut.
Th tnerwipkwrettied lead gave Johnston, Pb S 90*38, S 8*71. B. Hofmann found 8*7 p. a of BQar in a galenite from Now-Sinka, Transylvania, along with 61*30 of sulphate of lead.
PyrIn the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses, emits sulphurous fiUQes, boats the coal yellow, and yields a globule of metallic lead, boluble in nitric acid.
Oba.— Occurs in beds and veins, both in crystalline and uncrystaUine rocks. It is often asso- BiN with pyrite, maroasite, blende, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, eta, in a gangue of quartz, calcdte. iMiite orfluor, etc.; also with cerussite, anglesite, and other salts of lead, which are fVequent Tiaht of its alteration. It is also common with gold, and in veins of silver ores. E. J. Chapman feattrks that galenite is seldom much argentiferous except when it is associated with mispickel or some other arsenical ore.
At Freiberg in Saxon/ it occupies veins in gneiss ; in Spain, in granite at Linares, and also in Citalonia, Grenada, and elsewhere : Clausthal and Neudorf in the Harz, and at Przibram in Boliemia it forms veins in day slate ; in Styria it oocurs in the same kind of rock in beds ; at &1* in Sweden it forms veins in gnular limestone ; through the graywacke of Leadhills and tbe killfiB of Cornwall, in veins ; in mountain limestone in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and the Dcrtbem distncts of England, and also in Bleiberg, and the neighboring localities of Carinthia. In the SoglSsh mines it is associated with calcite, pearl spar, fluor, barite, witherite, calamine, and biendA. Other localities are Joachimsthal, where it is worked principally for the silver; Przibram ID Bohemia; m Nertsdiinsk, East Siberia; in Algeria; near Cape of Good Hope; in Australia;
xsive deposits of this ore in the United States exist in Missouri, lUinois, Iowa, and Wis> fnsjL The ore ooonrs in stratified limestone, of different periods of the Lower Silurian era, Ppcialiy the Trenton, associated with blende, smithsonite dry-bone " of the miners), calcite, tc, and often an ore of oopper and cobalt The mines of Missouri were discovered in 1720 by Frauds Benanlt and Mr. la Motte ; they are situated in the counties of Washington, Jefferson, tod Hadiaoo. Of the Upper Mississippi lead region, five-sixths, says Whitney (Rep. Up. Miss, nion, belong to Wiscousm, and the richest portion is in that part of the State ajoming Aois and lowBk The productive lead district is bounded on the west, north, and east by the ' k!!!! Wisoonsin, and Bock rivers. The occurrence of calo spar in the soil, or sink holes considered indications of lead. From a single spot, not exceeding fifty yards square, wtoas oror9 have been raised.
mm also in IlUnxns, at Cave-in-Bock, associated with flaorite. In Nao York, at Bossie, St
a BULPHID8, ETO.
LawT&noe Go, in Teins flrom one to three or ftrar feet in width, the cmtalB often veij laige (Ski t 70, without tX with caldte, iron and oopper pyrites, and some blende and celMtine; neai Wnrtiboro, SuUi?aQ Co., in a large vein in millstone grit, with blende, iron and copper pyrites, at Ancram, Colnmbia Oa ; in Ulster Oo where often in crystals with the planes 0, 1, 3-Jt, i-3 or tike 70f except that the edges are be?eUed. In Maine, veins of considerable extent exist at Luboc where the ore is associated with chalcopyrite and blende; also less extensively at Bbe Bay, Bingham, and Parsonsville. In New HampshArt at Eaton, with blende and and also at HaTorhill, Bath, and Tamworth. In Venrnni at ThetfoitL In CbiraecticiU; at Middletown, in a vein iu argillite, maBsive and crystalline. In MasMckuaetta at Sonthamptoo, Leyereti, and Sterling. In PMMylvania, at PhenixriUe and elsewhere. In VtrgindOt AusUn's iruDes Id Wythe Ckx, Walton's gold mine in Louisa Co., and other places. In THenneases at Brown's Greek, and at Haysboro, near yashyille, with blende and heavy spar. In Wchigan in the region of Chocolate river and elsewhere, and Lake Superior oopper districts; on the N. shore of L Superior, in Neebing on Thunder Bay, and around Blade Bay.
In California at many of the gold mines. In Nevada, abundant on Walker's river, and it Steamttoat Springs, Galena district. In nsono, in the Castle Dome, Eureka and other districts. In Colorado, at Pike's Peak, etc.
AIL — Minium, anglesite, oerussite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, tetrahedrite, chaloodte, diallogita, quarta, limonite, pyrite, pistomesite (pistopyrite Breith.), calamine, occur as pseudomorphB after galenile, partly firom alteration, and partly through removal and substitution. A change to tbe carbonate (cerussite), with the setting free of sulphur, is the moat common.
The specimens regarded as pseudomorphs after pyromorphite, from Bemkastel on the Mosd, Breithaupt makes into a new species (a H. Ztg., xxL 99, 1862, xxiL 36, IStiSX which he ceDs vUmbtme or one species of his Sauukguliiet regarding this sulphid of lead as crystallized in nexagonal prisms, and not a pseudomorph. It has G.= 6*729 — 6*87, and hexagonai deavBgei He places with it the stalactitic galena of Cornwall, Freiberg, and Prsibram.
A galenite occurs in Lebanon Co., Pa., which has an easy octahedral ckaxagt as first obserred by Dr. John Torrey. It is regarded by some as proof of dimorphism of the sulphid of lead, ud by others as a result of pseudomorphiam after a mineral with octahedral deavage. See Ain. J. ScL, IL XXXV. 126. Dr. Torrey observes that on moderate heating ihe deavage hecomae cuMc. In peoilic gravity it does not differ from ordinary galenite.
fkmrMliU of Ch. Mdne (C. R., U. 463k supposed to be near tetrahedrite, is pronounced by Foumet (C. B., liv. 1096) a mixture of galenite with copper ore.
Artilraleoite is sometimes a fUmace product It has been made in crystals by testing oxyd or silicate of lead with vapor of sulphur (Wurtz) ; also by suspending sulphate of lead in i bag ill water saturated with carbonic add, and In whidi putrid fermentation is kept up (as by an oyster in the water), there resulting an incrustation of galenite upon the shells (Gages, Brit Amoo, 206. 18G3).
44A. HaASOOLiTB (Galena blendoaa Domtyho, Min., 166, 1860. Sulphid of led and line Z>. fbtbeSf PhiL Mag., lY. xxv. 110.) The characters are mostly those of galenite. It baa granular or succharoidal texture, a lead-gray color rather paler than ordinary galenite, but little lustra and is apparently homogeneous and without any mixture of blende. Domeyko obtained (L a) S I9*'i, Pb 4S-6, Zn 25 6, gangue SM ; whidi corresponds nearly to Pb S + li Zn & It oomes from lugahuaa, in the province of Huasoo where' it forms huge aggregated masses or nodules in the lower part of the vein.
44B. OupROPLUXBiTB Breith. (Kupferbleispaih of the Germans, Oalena cobriauk Domeyko), from Chili, where it is not rare, appears to be, as Domeyko*s name for it and his description implies (Min., I860, 16dX a mere mixture of galenite and chalcodte. The structure, odor, and lostra vary firom diose of galenite to those nearly of dialoodte and coveUite : the color a little darker, Vid passing to iron-gray and indigo-blue ; the lustre generally feeble and sometimea almost want' Ag, and looking, says Domeyko, as if sulphnrot of copper were distributed throu{ it" Tba specimens contain disseminated orea of copper, and come from a mine in Catemo (Aconcagoal Analyaea: 1, Plattnor (Pogg., IxL 671); 2, Field (Am. J. Sd., U. xxvii. 387) :
2. Algodoncs 17*00 28*25 53*63=98-88 Fidd. G.=6M0.
Fidd has named the variety analyzed by him AUsonOe ; it was Mlna Grande, near Oo* quimlKX According to G. Ulrioh, a similar mineral occurs at M'lvor in Viotoria, Australia. Tenth suggests that this mineral may have resulted from the dteratioo of galenite, which iiprobab true iu some cases.
46. OXiA.a8TBAIiIT£L Sdenblei Zinkm, 1823, Pogg., iu 415 1824, m. S71 ; H. Boae xb., ii 415iiL281. Sdeniuret oTLaad. Flomb adeniur /h OauBtiialie Bmd, Tr., iL 681. Oaoa ihattlA.
Buiphids, Sic.
£obttlt*Bleigisai [=Oobaltio Gfllena] Btnam Nordd. Beitr. B. BL, iil 120. Sobaltbleien Iiau$m BMoSb 183 1813; id. Sirwn. muunk, Gott goL Am., 329. SelenkuhAltblei & :, ill 288, 290. TUkerodite BaitL, Handb., 666, 1845.
Isometric Occurs commonly in fine granular masses ; some specimens foliated. Cleavage cubic
H.=2-5— 3. (I.==7'6— 8*8. Lustre metallic Color lead-gray, somewhat bluish. Streak darker. Opaque. Fracture granular and shining.
OoBim Varw— Fb SeSeleninm 27'6, lead 72'4=100. Besides (1) the pare selenid of lead, there iR oChos, often arranged as distinct species, which contain cobalt, copper, or mercury, in place oT part of the lead, and sometimes a little silTcr or iron. The proportions of these ingredients vvj eo much and so irregolarlj, that the true chemical constitution of the ores, as Rammelsberg fltiiest ia yei doubtftiL (2) The cobaltic ore (anal TUkerodite Haid., is here retained as a variety of ciausthalite. It affords the formula 6 Fb Se-f Co according to Rose, who makes the Iocs matiilj selenium ; but taking the results as they stand, 6 Pb Se + Go 8e.
Aoafyses: 1, H. Rose (L c); 2, Stromejrer (Pogg., il 403) ; 3, H. Rose (Pogg., iiL 288) :
Se
Pb
Go
Fe
1. Clmiifkakie
27*59
71*81
=99*40 Rose.
I "
28*11
70*98
0*83
=99-92 Strom. G.=7*697
31*42
63*92
3*14
0*45
=98*93 Rose.
PjrDecrepitates in the dosed tube. In the open tube gives selenous fumes and a red sub> Bmite. EBw on charcoal a strong selenous odor ; partially ftises. Coats the coal near the assay It &8t gny, with a reddish border (selenium), and later yellow (oxydof lead) ; when pure entirely volatile; with soda gives a globule of metallic lead. The Wkerodiie yields a black residue, and fires a cobalt-bhie bead with borax.
Oba.— Modi resembles a granular galenite ; but the fiunt tinge of blue and the B.B. selenium comes aerre to distinguish it
Found with the following selenic ores: first byZinken, near HarKgerode in the Hars with bnaadte at CSauathal, TUkerode, Ziorge, and Lehrbach ; at Reinsberg, near Freiberg, in Saxony ; at the Bio Tinto mines near Seville, Spain ; Oadieuta mine, MendoKa, & A.
i& 20BOITIL Selenblei mit Selenkupfer K Roee Fogg., iL 416, 1824. Selenkupferblei, Selen* tikikiipfer, Jftwe, ib., iiL 293, 294, 296. Seleniuret of Lead and Copper. Zorgite JL <jfr iC, 163, 18S2. Biqphanosmit v. Kob Tat, 6, 1863.
Hsasive, granular, like Ciausthalite.
H.=2-5. G.=7— 7*5. Lustre metallic. Color dark or light lead-gray, Bometimes inclining to reddish, and often with a brass-yellow or blue tarnish. Streak darker. Brittle.
Ooiqk-.pb Se4-(3u and Se in varying amounts; and perhaps only a mixture of - dauathalita vtti the other ingndienta. Analyses: 1, 2, H. Rose (Fogg., iiL 288); 3, Eersten (ib., xlvL M):
Ag
1*29 9e Fb 2*08=100*61 Rose.
Fe Fb 0*44 under 1 00=99*26 Rose.
0-06 9e 2*00 S ir quarts 4'6=98-31 Kerst 0-07 ¥e S Ir., quartz 2*06=99*30 Kerst
0) Na 1 is Roae*s SdenbteOBupferA Fb+4 Ou + 7 Se, or wanting i Se of Fb Se + Ou Se; and Gu + 1 2 Se, which is near 2 Fb Se + Gu Se, the formula of (3) Ko. 4=6 Fb Se + Ou Be. The defldoncy of Se in Nos. 1 and 2 may be a result of pvtial alteratioD.
.— Like daasthalite, but yielding a Uack residue and a globule of copper, with usually, when cvpQed, a trace of silver.
Ofaa.— Occars under similar circumstances with dausthalite at Tilkerode and Zorge in the Han ; Obabaefa near Qabelinllraringia, in argillaceous schist with galenite dialoopyrite malachte is SBKM of calcite siderite fluoiite and quartiL
Se
Fb
Cu
L TOkerode
47*43
16*16
1
29*96
30*00
1 "
29*36
63*82
4*00
44 suLPHiDSy Kra
47. ZjBHRBAOHITB. Setonbloi mit Selenquecksaber K Ibae, IL 418, 1824 iii.381 Mm QuedcBilberblei LeonJUf Handb., 692, 1826. Selenioret of Lead and Meicoiy. Xehrbacnite R i JV; Min 163, 1862.
Massive, granular.
G.=7-804~ 7*876. Color lead-gray, steel-gray, iron-black. Brittla
Oomp.— Pb Se with Hg Sa. Analyaes : 2, Roae (La); 2, 3, SchuUas (Baxnm. Min. Ch., 1011):
1. TQkerode Be 24*97 Fb 66-84 Hg 16'94=97-76.
2. " 27*68 61-70 8-3H, 8 0*8, Pe 0-64=99-16 81, a.=7'08. 8. " 241 16-93 66-62, 11 =97-96 S., G.=8104.
Pyr. — In the dosed tube gives a lustrous metallic gray subUmate of selenid of mercury ; witb ioda, a sublimate consisting of globules of mercury. In the open tube gives reactions for aeles' ium, and a sublimate of selenateof mercury oondeusiug in drops. On charcoal like dausthaHte.
Obs.— From Tilkerode and Lehrba( in the Harz, like clausthalite.
48. AIiTAITE. Tellurblei O. Bose, Pogg., xviiL68, 1830. Tellurid of Lead. Elasmose HwL Min., I 1841 ; 0. HaUoy, Litrod. 4 la GeoL, 1833 (not of Beud. Tr., 1832 etc. Altait Baii Handb, 666, 1846.
Isometric. Usually massive ; rarely in cubes. Cleavage : cubic H.=3— 3-5. G.=8'159, G. Eose. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, resembling that of native antimony, with a yellow tarnish. Sectile.
Oompr— Pb 38-3, lead 61-7. Analysis by G. Bose (Pogg., xvilL 68) gave silm 1*28 p. a ; and from an imperfect approzimaldTe determination of the lead and tellurium Boe* assumed them to have the same rekitiou as in hessite, or Tellurium 38-37, lead 60*35.
Pyr. — In the open tube fuses, gives Aimes of tellurous acid, forming a white sublimate, wbid B.B. fuses into colorless drops. On diarcoal in R.F. colors the flame bluish, fuses to a globule, coats the coal near the with a lustrous metallic ring of teUurid of lead, outside of which it is brownish-yellow, and in O.F. still more yellow. Entirely volatile, except a trace of silver.
Obs. — From Savodinski near Siranovski, in the Altai, with hessite.
Huot says that Beudant in his lectures changed his first use of the name Elasmose; and the later use Huot adopts in his Mineralogy, and Omalius d'Holloy in his Introduction to Geologj. The confusion thus occasioned, and the unallowable form of the name, arc reasons enough for tet* ting it aside altogether, and adopting AlUuie.
49. BORNrm. Knpferkies pt, Kupfer-Lazul Bsnehelf Pyrit, 1725. Lefveralag, Bnu Kopparmalm, Minera Gupri Hepatica, Cuprum sulfure et ferro mineraUsatum, TTofl., 283, lUt Ouivre vitreuse violette Trl WalL, 1763. Koppar-LaKur, Minera Cupri Lazuren, OnmsL, 176, 1758. Buntkupfererz Warn. Purple Copper Ore Kiru}. Variegated Copper Ore. Cui vre pyriteuz hepatique, K Phillipsite BeucL il, Tr., ii. 411, 1832. Pyrites erubesoens Dana, IGn., 408, 1837 ; Poikilopyrites GUx anindr., 328, 1839. Bomit Eaid., Handb., 562, 1845. Poikilit JJreHh, Erubescite Daiui, Min., 510, 1850. Cobre abigarrado, Cobre pasaceo, Dsmeyho.
Isometric. Observed planes Oy /, 1, 2-2. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 11, 14. Cleavage : octahedral in traces. Twins : f. 50. Massive, structure granular or 3ompact.
EL=3. G.=4-4— 6'5. Lustre metallic. Color between copper-red and pinchbeck-brown ; speedily tarnishes. Streak pale grayish-black, alightlj shining. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var<— <6u, Fe) S, the proportion of 6u to Fe varying; and sometimes (there being sa excess of sulphur above the ratio of unity) united to Fe (pyrite), either as an impurity or i obemical compound; at times also mixed with chalcopyrite. Ais it is a result of the alteration of other ores, occurring only sparingly at great depths in veins, such compounds, or mixtures, an not improbable.
0I7Lpu1D8, Itto.
4ff
(1) la loal. 1, 5, S, : Fie:=4 : 1 neoriy, whence the speofal foimjla 6q + i Fe) 8=:8alphiit tril, copper 70-13, Fa 7-76=:] 00.
(1). In anal 3, 17, 18, €n : : 1 nearly, and henoe €u+i Fe) S=Snlphur 23*7, oop* per €25, 113-8=100.
(3). In the other analjaes FeS* is apparently present (a). Anal. 2, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22 approzi* mate mom or less, in the ratio of sulphur to the metals, to 16: ) 3, whence the formula 1 1 (Ou, Fe) B eu S + 8' Ramm.)=S 26*00. Gu 61-87, Fe 12-13. (b). Anal 7 and 13 cor mpoBdto 4 (€11, f) 8 + Fe S' (=3 Bn S + Fe* 28-04, Ou 56-60, Fe 16'86sl00. (iQk Aiil 24=10 (6a, Fe) 8 + Fe (=9 Ou 84- Fe* Bamm.). Rammelsberg writes for Na 5,
h aaaL 2S, the proportion 01 copper is unusually small ; 6n : Fd=3 : 2 ; formula 3 6u 8 + S + Fb 6a 4- i Fe) 8 + i Fe But Mdne obsenres that the ore is not pure, and thit after separating the impurity, or what is so regarded, it corresponds to 6u S + Fe
The preMDoe of Uie ordimiry sulphid of iron Fe appears to be far more probable than that of the uncertain Fe' S', as stated on page 33.
AnalyBes: 1, 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., HL ill. 48, yil 540, 556): 3, Phillips (Ann. Phil, 1822, S9i); 4, Brandos (Sohw. J., zziL 364); 5-9, Plattner (Pogg., zlyif. 361); 10, Yarrentrapp (ib.); ll,Hiauiger (Afh., If. 362); 12, Chodnef (Pogg., Izi 396); 13, Bodemann (Pegg., Iv. 116); 14 StufftEfr. Ak. Stockh 1848, 66); £. Bechi (Am. J. Sd., II. ziv. 61); D. Forbes (Ed. K. PhiL J., I 278); 20, (Ann. dh. Ph., zcyI 244); 21, C. Bergemann (Jahrb. Min., 1867, 22, Rammelsberg (Za a., xriiL 19); 23, OoVLieT (private oontrib.); 24, Bammelsberg (ib., 20); 23. (a R., IziiL 53):
I Hootecastelli, Tuscany
3. Boss I., L. KiHamey
i Siberia
fi. Sangerhansen, ffuusive
1 Eisleben, fnassive
I Woitiki, White Sea, ffum,
8. CoDdnira II, Gomw., oryA
9. Dalame, fnoMive
10, "
11. YestanforsB, Westmannl'd
II Itodruth cryH.
13. Bristol, Gt, fnasrive
14. Westmannliind iS. Mt Oatmi
17. Mieoio
Feriodo
19. Jemteland, Sweden
30. Gnqnimbo
21. Bamoi Mexico
S3. Bristol, OL 24. Lauteiberg t&. Corsica
a=6D30
22*8
Cu
63*03
60*01
Fe
6*8,gangue 4-0=99-4 Berthier. 13*0, gangue 6*0=100 Berthier. 14*0, quartz 0*6=99-32 PhiUips. 12-76, " 3'6=99-63 Brandoa.
6*41=99*99 Plattner.
7-64=99-91 Plattner. 11.-56=99-65 Plattner. 14*84=99-84 Plattner. 17-36, Si 0*13=99-39 Plattner. 14*86=100*03 Yarrentrapp. 11-80=99-83 Hisinger. 14*94 gangue 0-04=99*71 OhodneC 11-64 quartz 0*04=100-13 Bodemn. 10-24, gangue 4-09=99-11 8taaf. 18*03=98-84 BechL 13-87, gangue 0-76, ¥e 1*60=98-96 B. 16-09=99-23 Bechl 16*89=100*60 BeohL 11*12, Mn tr.. Si 3*83 99*16 Forbes— G.
4*432. 13*67=99-93 Bdoking. 11*79, Ag 2*68=100 Berg. a.=6— 6*476. 11*80, Pb 1-90, Ag .=100-63 Bamm. 11*77, Ag <r.=99*39 OoUier.
7*63=100-11 Bamm. 15*4, i/uoL 8-1=99-80 Mdne.
Ptt., In the dosed tube gies a fSAint sublimate of sulphur. In the open tube yields nluroim acid, but gives no sublimate. B3. on charcoal fiises in RF. to a brittle magnetio brde. The roasted mineral fives with the fluxes the reactions of iron and copper, and with Ma a metaUc globule. Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur.
Obar-OeooTB with otiier copper ores, and is a valuable ore of copper. Crystalline varieties De fixed in Comwall, and mostly in the mines of Tincroft and Dolooath near Bedruth, where it m ctfled bj the miners " horse-flesh ore.'' Other foreign localities of massive varieties are at Boss ud in KiOamey, in Ireland ; at Mount Oatini, Tuscanv; in cupriferous shale in the Mansfeld Imt, Qcrmany ; and in Norway, Siberia, Silesia, and Hunganr.
.L? principal copper ore at some Chilian mines, especially those of Tamaya. and Sapos; itao eoooBOD in Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico. At the copper mine in Bristol, Conn., it is abundant often in tfaie eryitallizalJons (£ 1, 8, 4, and 14 with planes O, JA Cheshire, it in met with
16 BULPUiD8| EIO.
in babes, along witti hnfte, malaohile, and dhaloocito. Voimd maaeiTe at ICaboopenj, sen Wnkesbarre, Penn and in other parts of the same State, in capriferooa shale, aaaociatod in amal quantities with vitreous copper; also in granite at (Siesterfteld, Mass. ; also in New Jersey. A oommon ore in Canada at the Acton and other mines, along a belt of 16*20 m., between L. Mem* phremagog and Qnebea
Named after Ton Bom, a distinguished mineralogist of the last century; The name FhiDip- 4te has a prior use for another spedes.
60. BBRZBZiXAMXTIL Belenkupfer Ben Afb., tL 42, 1818. Selenid of copper; Setodind of Copper. ChuTTe sAni Dr. BeneoUne Bmd, Tr., iL 634 1832. Beraeliaaite Dana, ICa 609, I860.
In thin dendritic crusts. Soft. Lustre metallic. Color Bilver-white. Streak shining.
Oomp Ou Se=8elenium ZS% copper 61*6=100. Analysis by Benelius (L a):
Selenium 40 Copper 64
Pyr. — In the open tube gives a red sublimate of seleniuni, with white crystals of adenou acid. B.B. on charcoal selenous fumes, and with soda yields globule of copper.
Obs. — Occurs at Skrikerum in Sweden, and also near Lehrbach in the Han.
Beudant gave the name Bendine to this species, which, as it has another earlier implication ia the science, is given to another form aboye.
61. OASTIXiZJTB. Castmit Bamm Za G., zyiiL 213.
Massive. Distinctly foliated.
H.=3. G.=5'186— 5*241. Lnstre metallic. Color and tarnish as in boiiiite.
Oomp*— 4H Zn,Fb Analysis: Bai Bielsberg (L a) :
8 Cu Zn Pb Ag 9e
Bammelsberff writes the formula (Cu Agf S+ 2 (Cu, Fb, Zn, F6) &
P3nr.f etc.— B. ftises rather difBcultly, and changes to a slag colored red by oopper. In nitric add dissolves with the separation of sulphur and sulphate of lead, and gires a blue aolution.
Obs. — From Guanasevi in Mexico, where it was considered an argentiferous bomfte. It is near bomite in constitution, as observed by Bammelsberg.
62. Sdhwazze Blende (fr. TransylTania) MSUer v, Reichaukinf Fhys. Arb. ft, in Wien, L 2nd Quart, 86, 1784 ; Bindheim, Schrift Ges. Fr BerL ▼. 452, 1784 (making it comp of Mn, S, Fe, Ag). Schwarserz Klapr Beitr., iil 85, 1802. Braunsteinkies LetmK, Tab 70 1806. Brunsteinblende [=lCanganb1ende] Bhmmbachf Handb i. 707, 1807. KaugaugJPT** Kant, Tab., 72, 1808. Manganese sulfur, JZ, Tab liL 1809. Sulphuret of Manganese. Schwefel-Mnngaa Germ, Alabandhie BeudL, Tr., iL 399, 1832. Blumenbachlt Brmih B. E Ztg.,zxiL 193,1866.
Isometric. In cubes and octahedrons. Cleavage : cubic perfect. Twins : simple, with composition-face octahedi*al ; also cruciform, made of five combined octahedrons. Usually granularly massive.
H.=3'5— 4. G.=8-95— 404. 4-036, Mexico. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black, tamished brown on exposure. Streak green. Fracture uneven.
Ooiiip.-MBuS=Sulphur 36*7, manganese 68*3ssl00. AnalyBes: 1, ArfVedaon (Ak. H.8tockb. im); 2, Beigemann (Jahrb. lOn., 1867, 394):
1. ItanajlTinia Sulphur 87*9 Ifauganeae 62*1=100 ArfVedaon. 1 Heidco " 86*81 " 62*98=89-79 BorgenuoiB.
6Ulfhid6, Bto. 47
Ittfier malfaes Caprotb, Yanqaeliii, and Del Bio give eironeons resulta, the first two find* !iVitmiinljlfii,withll to 15 &
Pyr.— Unehangod in the dooed tube. In the open tube snlphurons fhmeii. Boasted on charcoal, the utMj is converted into ozyd, which, with the flue gives the reactions of manganese. Solu* bie in dlliite nitric acid, with eyolntion of snlphuretted hydrogen.
Obs.— JfaoganUende occurs in veins in the gold mines of Nagyag, Kapnik, and Offenbanja, in Tmsjlvimai associated wilii teDorinm, carbonate of manganese and quarts; at Oersdorf, near Freibog, a variety contiUning a trace of arsenic ; in Mexico at the mine Predosa in Puebla with titnhediili.
With regard to the cruciform twins of five octahedrons, Schrauf who describes them, observe that 5 times the tetnhedral angle 70 is nearly 360%
N. SfBPOORITB. Solphuret of Gobalt MkUOehn, FhiL Mag IIL zvhi. 852, 1846. yepoorita J: Medfl; Hin., 458, 1849. KobalftBuIftiret pt, SchwefU Kobalt pt, Kobaltldes Graokobilt* en Otrm,
MassiTe, disseminated in grains or veins.
6. =5*45. CJolor steel-gray, inclining to yellow.
Oonpi-Oo 85-3, cobalt 64-8= 100. Analysis by Ifiddleton (L a) :
Solphnr 36*36 Oobatt 64*64=100.
ObeAcm ljepoor, near Bipootanah in North-west India, where it occurs In ancient Bchista wi& pjrriiotita. It is emplojed by the Indian jewelers to give a rose color to gold.
S4 PBRTLAIIDrrB. Bisen-Nickelkies Sckmer, Pogg., Iviii. 816, 1843. Sulphuret of IraaaadSicM. Pontlandite Dufr Min., iL 549, 1866. ITicopyrite 5%., VOn 807, 1857.
Isometric. Cleava octahedral. Massive, granular. H.=3-5— 4. G.=4*6. Color light bronze-yellow. . Streak light bronzebrown. Not magnetic.
OoiBplNilF) S SiilphQr 86*0, Inm 41-9, nickel 88*1=100. Analysis: Schemr
8 ?e Ni Cu
L 86*45 42*70 18'35 1*16=98-66 S. 86-64 40*21 21-07 l-78=99'70
Sniodingtiieocmper asohalcopyrite, Na 1 gives 8 37*02, Fe 43*73, Ni 19*25 ; Na 8, 8 86*86, Fs i0*8e, Si 22-28. Bivot foond (Bufr. Min., 1. a), for the ore from Oraigmuir in Argyleshire, 8
Pyr.— In the opon tube sulphurous fumes. The powdered mineral roasted B.B. on charooftl pTes with the fluxes reactions for nickel and iron.
Obs.— Occurs with dialconyrite in a homUende rock near LOlehammer in 8ouihem Norwajr, iSglitly nixed with magnettte at Oraigmuir, 9 ul flrom Liverary, in Argyleshire, Scotland, in also 2 m. from Inwraiy, both extensively mined ; at Wheal Jane in Kenwyn, ComwaU. ne OK is valaable for tha axlraoticn of niokeL
Kned after Mr. Pentland.
SI CKattafAUim Kldcelwismnthglans v. Kob J. pr. Oh., vL 882, 1835. Bismuth Kidcol OrBnoite NkoL, Min. 458, 1849. Saynit v. Kdb., TkC, 18, 1853.
iBometric Figs. 2, 6, 7. Cleavage octahedral.
H.=4'5. 0.=5'13. Lustre metric. Color light steel-gray to silver- Ute, often yellowish or grayish through tamisb. Streak dark gray. Brittle.
Oom-AaayM: l,(La). 8, 8, Sohnabtl (Bamm.. 4th SappL, 164) :
M
Sulphids, Etc.
8 Bi Ni Fe Go Ga Pb
3. 3310 10-41 22-78 6-06 11*73 11*56 4*36=100 Schoabel
- The ra . is to the metals present as 4( 3. No probable formula has been deduced. Pyr., etc — Fuses to a gray, brittle, maguatic .globule, coloring the charooal greeniah-jeDiw Dissolves in nitric add, excepting the sulphur. Ob8— Found at Griinau, in Sajn Altenkirchen, with quartz and chalcopjiite.
66. SFHALERmi or BLENBR Galena inanis, Cferm. Blende, Agrie Interpr., 465, 1546 Bl&ide, Pseudo-galena, Zinonm S, As, et Fe mineralisatum, WaHf lUn., 24S, 1747. Ziiuam cum Fe, S mineralisatum BergTH., Sdagr 1782. ZiniLSulftir I. Ziaxy Blende. Sphalorit Gioek Syn., 17, 1847. Black-Jack Engl Minera..
Cleiophane NuttdL Marmatite (fr. Marmato) BoumngatUt oggi xriL 399, 1829. Prsbiamitt Buotf Min., 298, 1841. KarasmoUte Shep Am. J. Sci., XL zii 210, 1851. Christophit BnUk, a H. Ztg., Z3dl 27. Bahtlte 8hep Am. J. Sd, XL zli 209, 1866.
Isometric: tetrahedral, Observed planes, 0; /; 1; 2; i-f, i-2; 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5. FifiB. 3, 29 to 83 ; also 73, 74. Cleavage : dodecahedral, highly perfect. Twins : composition-face 1, as in f. 75 ; also 76, of which 73 is the simple form. Also botryoidal, and other imitative shapes ; sometimes fibrous and radiated ; also massive, compact.
H:.=3-5-4. G.=3-9-4-2. 4-063, white, New Jersey. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color brown, yellow, black, red, green ; white or yellow when pure. Streak white — reddish-brown. Transparent— translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp., Var-*Zii S=Sulphar 88, dno 67=100. Bat ote having pajt of the sine replaced hj iron, and aometimea bj cadr mium.
Yar. 1. Ordinary, Containing little or no iron; colors white to yellowiah-hrown, aometimes black; G.=3'9— 4*1. The pun white blende of Franklin, N. J., is the cleiophane (anal. 5). 2. Ibrrifarous; Mamnaliie, Containing 10 p. c. or more of iron; dark-brown to black; G.=3'9— 4*2. The proportion of sulphid of iron to snlphid of soe Taries atom 1:5 to 1:2, and the last ratio ia that of the chriaiophite of Breitliaapt (l brilliant-black blende from 8t Gluiatophe mine at fireitenbninn, near Johanngeorgenatad haring G.=3-91— 3-923 (1. c.).
3. Oadmiferoua; PnibramUe. The amonnt of cadmium present in any blonde thus far analjMJ is less than 5 per cent
Each of the abore varieties maj occur (a) in crystals ; {b) firm, fibrous, or oolunmar, at tifitf vadiated or plumose ; (c) deavable, maMlTe or foliated; (d) granular, or oompaot maadrsw
BULPHIDfi, Fro.
Hie hnsi-4ire (Jfesaingen Germ.) of early mlneralogiBts is a mixtnre of blende and chaloopyrite. 8hefMfd*8 maramoHie (L a) is a partially deoompoaed blende containing some free sulphur.
ADalyses: 1, ArfVedson (Ac. H. Stockh., 1822, 438, Pogg., L 62); 2, Lowe (Pogg., xxxviii. 161); S, Zenten (Pogg Ixiii. 132); 4, a Kuhlenumn (Z& nat Ver. Halle, viii. 499); 5, T. H. Henry fPtuL Mag TV. u 23); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, IL xz. 250); 7, 8, 9, Jackson (G. Rep. N. Hampshire. 208); 10, Scheeror (Pogg., Izr. 300); 11, 12, Bechi (Am. J. Sd., II. ziv. 61); 13, Sdieerer (B. H. Ztg., ziz., No. 15); 14 Heinichen (B. H. Ztg., zxii. 27); 15, Lecanu (J. de Pharm., ix. 457); 16, 17, 18, Berthier (Ann. d. IL, ix. 419); 19, 20, Boossingault (Pogg., xyu. 399):
3. Garinthia, Raibe), rh, yw. L Claas&a], black
9. N. Jersey, white t PheDlzrille, Pa. 7. Kaxaa, N. £L, ywK hk & Lyman, N. H. 9. Shelbanie, N. H.
10 uufistiania, ./S&rtNtf 11. Tuscany, marmaiiU
a Titiribi, K G., hkh. hL 14. Otrishjuie, black
161 England, ffray_
17. Oagolin, broum
18. Lodion
19. MarmatOi IfarmaiU$ SO u u
s
Zn
6H-62
62*0
Fe
1'18
ZnS
Gd
=100 Arfvedson.
1*50=98*34 Ijowe.
1r 8b and Pb 072, H 0-80=99-16 Kersten.
0*79, Cu 0-13, Sb 0-63=101-06 Kohlemann.
.=99-68 Henry.
0-98, Ou 0-32, Pb 0-78=100-29 Smith.
0-6 including loss =100 Jackson.
2-8=99-7 Jackson.
3*2, Mn 1*3 =991 Jackson. , Mn 0-74, Cu <r. =99-43 Scheerer.
1-23, Fe 0-75=96-44 BechL to-., Cu 6-.=97-99 Bochl
0-8*2, Mu 0-88=100-88 Scheerer.
0-28, Mn 2-66, Sn (r.=99-43 Heinichen.
FeS
13-71=96-47 Lecanu.
6-4=98-2 Berthier. 17-2=92-7 Berthier.
5*4=99'8 Berthier. 22*6 1 00 Boussingault 23-2 1 00 Boussingault.
The marmaiUe of anal 19 affords the formula 3 ZnS+FeS=77 Zn S and 23 FeS; of anal. 12, 5 ZiiS<>-*2 FeS; another, of brown color, firom near Burbach in Siegen, afforded Sdinabel (Pogg., CT 144) 5 ZoS+FeS; Breithaapt's cAnkopAife=2 ZnS+FeS.
Pyr., etc — In the open tvhe sulphurous fumes, and generally changes color. B.B. on charcoal, tn B.F., some yaneties giye at first a reddish-brown coating of ozyd of cadmium, and later a CD3ting of ozyd of zinc, which is yellow while hot and white after cooling. With cobalt solution tbe zinc coating gives a green color when heated in O.F. Most varieties, after roasting, give vith boraz a reaction for iron. With soda on charcoal in B.F. a strong green zinc flame. Difflealtlj fUsible.
Dissolfes in muriatic add, during which sulphuretted hydrogen is disengaged. Some specimens Iospboresoe when struc with a steel or by friction.
Obs,— Occurs iu both crystalline and sedimentary rooks, and is usually associated with galena; also with barite, chaloopyrite, fluorite, siderite, and frequently in silyer mines.
Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Cornwall, afford different varieties; also Transylvania; Hungary; the Han; Sahla in Sweden ; Batieborzitz in Bohemia ; many Saxon localities. Splendid crystals in fixed in BinnenthaL A variety having a divergent 6us structure and presenting botryoidal forms !fi met with in Cornwall ; at Baibel ; and at Groroldseck in Badeu.
Abounds with the lead ore of Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. In K. Tork Sullivan Go, Dear Wnrtzboro*, it constitutes a large part of a lead vein in millstone grit, and is occasionally in octahedrons; in St. Lawrence Co., brown blende occurs at Cooper's falls, in a vein of qarbonatie pfUme; at Mineral Point with galena, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr. Belmont, in a vein witL ifoa aad copper pyrites traversing serpentine; ut the Ancram lead mine in Columbia Co., of feOovaod brown colors; in limestone at Lockport and other places, in honey and waz-jellow cstala often transparent; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles south-west of Spraker's Basin. In Man,, at Sterling of a cherry-red color, with galena ; also yellowish-brown at the Southampton iead Diineg ; at Hatfield, with galena. In K Hamp. at the Eaton lead mine ; at Warren, a large Tsm of ladc blende. In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines ; also at Bingham, Dexter, and Parsons- Md. Ift Oonn yellowish-green at Brookfleld ; at Berlin, of a yellow color ; brownish-black ut Soxbory, and yeUowish-brown at Lane's mine, Monroe. In K, Jersey a whiie variety (ckiophane of NatuU) at Franklin. In Penn., at the Wheatley and Perkiomen lead mines, in handsome ('yRtaOizatioci; near Friedensville, Lehigh Co., a whiie waxy var. In Virginia, at Walton'n 9oid mine, Looiaa Co., and more abundantly at Austin's lead mines, Wythe Co , where it occurs
50 Bi7Lphid8, Etc.
oijfftallized, or in radiated cryatallusaUons. In Wdugon at Prinoo yein, Like Superior, abundant In lUtnoia, near Boeidare, with galvnito and calcite; at Maraden's diggings, near Galena, ii stalactites, some 6 in. or more through, and oovered with cryst pjnrite, and galenite. In Wvicontin, at Mineral Point, in fine crystals, and many of large size (8 in. tiirough, or so), altered to smith lonite. In Thnnesses, at Haysboro*, near NashTille.
Named blende because, while often resembling galena, it yielded no lead, the word in Geiman meaning blind or deceiving. SphakrUe is from vuArpif, treacherovji,
Alt.*- Blende by ozydation changes to zinc vitriol Calamine (2n* Si + 1( ft), smithsonite (2o C), and liroonite occur as pseudomorphs. The sulphate is decomposed by bi-carbonate of lime, producing smithsonite ; and the alkaline silicates in solution, acting on the sulphate or carbonate, afibrd silicate of zina
Artif. — Blende may be made in crystals from a solution of sulphate oontaining some putrifying animal matter; in an experiment by (Jages, using oysters for the animal matter, the shells were turned partly into carbonate of zinc and selenite, and some blende incrusted them. Also may be made by subjecting heated o:d or silicate of zinc to vapors of sulphur.
BahUU of Shepard (L c.) is a wholly uncrystalline blende, with G.=4*128, oontaining iron aod oopper, and probably a mere mixture of blende and other minerals. Shepard says that it occurs " in the upper decomposed portion of the Ducktown copper lode, associated with melaconite and various mixtures of coopyrite, redruthite," eta The specimen analyzed by Mr. Tyler for ProC Shepard was iron-black, while Shepard says that the mineral is 'dark lead-gray, with a tinge of blue, not unlike some of the ores of antimony.*' Tyler obtained (L c.) for the composition of his specimen, S 33'36, Zn 47*86, Fc 6*18, Cu 14*00, giving approximately 10 S, 7 Zn, 1 Fe. 2 Cu, and equivalent to 7 Za S+Fe S"+6u S, or 7 of blende, with 1 pyrite and 1 ohalcocite (rednithite). Since 6u (not Cu) replaces Fe and the related metals in the sulphids. the formula cannot be (Za Fe, Cu) S, or that of a cupreous blende.
67. VOliTZTTIL Yoltzine Fbufnet, Ann. d. M., III. iil 519, 1833. Oxysulphuret of Zinc. Leber blende BreitK,, J. pt, Ch xv. 1838, K H. Ztg., xxiL 26. Yoltzit RamnL, Handw 260, 1841.
In implanted spherical globules ; structure thin curved lamellar.
H.=4— 4*5. u.=3'66— 3'81. Lustre vitreous to greasy ; or pearly on a cleavage surface. Color dirty rose-red, yellowish, brownish. Opaque or subtransiucent.
Var. — G.=3-66 flr. Boeires, Foumet; 3*691 fr. Meyer; 3*711 fr. Marionberg; 3*777 fir. Oonwall ; 3*804 fr. Johanngeorgenstadt
Oomp. — 4 Zn S+Zn 0=3ulphid of zino 82*73, oxyd of zinc 17*27=100. Analyses: 1, Fou net (La); 2, lindaker (Vogrs Min. Joach., 175) :
1. Ro9iree Zn S 82*92 Zn 0 16-34 Fe 1*84 Resinous subst. (r.=lu0'10 Foumet
2. Joachimsthal 82*76 17'25=100 Lindaker.
r., eto,— B.B. like blende. In muriatic acid affords fVimes of sulphuretted hydrogen.
'bs. — Occurs at Bosidres, near Pont Giband, in Puy de Dome ; Elias mine near Joadilmathal, with galenite, blende, natire bismuth, etc. ; near Marienberg (the Idferblende) ; Hochmuth near Geyer ; Cornwall, probably at Redruth ; at Bemkastel on the Mesel, in pseudomorphs after quartz.
Named after the Frendi mining engineer, Yoltz.
The supposed artificial yoltzite the Freiberg smelUng-works has been shown to bs blende.
8. HBSSITB. Tellursilber G. Boee, Pogg., xviii. 64, 1830. Savodinskite Hvioi Min L 187 1841. Telluric Silyer. Hessit FrobO Grundz. Syst Kryst, 48, 1843.
Orthorhombic, and resembling chalcocite, Kenngott, Peters. Occurring planes /, irl i4, m-i, i-n, and others. Cleavage indistinct Massive ; compact or fine-grained ; rarely coarse-granular.
H.=2— 3-5. G.=8-3— 8*6. Lustre metallic. Color between lead-gray and steel-gray. Sectile. Fracture even,
Oomp. — Ag Te=TeUurium 37*2, sQver 62*8=100. Silver scmiethnes repkoed in part by goldl Analyses: 1, 2, G. Rose (Pogg., xviii 64); 8, Petz (ib., IviL 470); Bammelsberg (4th SuppL nO):
BULPHiDe, Era
6]
1. StTodlitski, Altd Te 36-96 Ag 62*42 0'M=09'62 Boae.
8. ITigyag a.=:8-31— 8*46 [87-76] 61-W, Au 0*89, Fe, Pb, Sy Pete.
I. BtilDjm 27-96 54*67 Foreign substaDceti 15*25=97-88 Ramm.
— In tihe open tube a flint white sublimate of tellnroQs acid, which B.B. Aiaes to oolorleu rioboiea. On cfaajooal fuses to a black globule ; this treated in B.F. presents on cooling white deodritic points of silver on its surface; with soda gives a globule of silver.
Obi-<)ocnr8 in the Savodinski mine, about 10 versts from the rich silver mine of Zirianovski, in the Altai, iu Iberia, in a talcose rock, with pyrite, black blende, and ohalcopyrite. Specimens in the moseum of Barnaul, on the Ob, are a cubic foot in size. Also found at Kagyag in Tranajl- Tinia, and at Betebanya in Hungary ; Staiuslaus mine, Calaveras Co., CaL
Kenngott examined crystals f¥om Nagyag, and Peters, Arom Betebanya. Hess made the Altai miiieral rhombohedralf which Kokscharof does not sustain.
68 A PnzmL (Tellursilber P€ Pogg., IviL 470; TellurgoldsUber ffauam., Handb., 1847. Petzit H€ud Handb., 1845.) Differs from hessite in gold replacing mudi of the silver. H.=2*6. G.=8*72— 6*83, Pete; 9—9*4, KusteL Color between steel-gray andiron-black, sometimes with paTDnioe tarnish. Streak iron-black. Brittle Composition AuTe+4AgTe, Pete; AuTe + 8 AgTe, Genth. Analyses: 1, Pete (L c); 2-4 Oenth (Am. J. Sci., H zlv. 310); 6, Kustel (lb., a H. Ztg., 1866, 1*28) :
1. Nagyag Te {34*98
2. Stauifllaiis mine (f) [82-23 8. Golden Bole mine 32*68
4. " " [84*16]
5. StanialanB mine 85*40?
42*14 25-08=: 100 Genth.
41*86 25-60=100*14 Genth.
40-87 24-97=100 Genth.
Oeeoii at the locaUtiet stated, with other ores of tellorinm. 69. DAZiBlCZMZITB. Dalemindt JBreiih., B. H. Ztg., zxL 98, 1862, zxii 44, 1868.
OrthorhombiCj and isomorphous with chalcocite: /A /=116 Occurring plancB O, 7j i-t, 2-5, 1-. H.=3-2-5. G.=7-044-7-049. Physical characters like those of argentina
CknnpAg 8, or same as far argentite, it being the same ohemioal compound under an MthoriuMnlric fonn. Pyr.— Same as for argentite.
Obs.— From the Himmelfahrt mine near Freiberg. . Much resembles stephanite. Named from Dalminzien, the ancient name of Freiberg. Akanthite is also orthorhombic suiphid of siWer, but of very different angles.
60. AOANTHITB. Akanthit Kenng., Pogg., xcr. 462, 1855.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=110° 54' ; Oa 1-1=124° 42' ; a :h : p=l-4442 : 1 : 1'4523. Observed planes : as in f. 77, with also vertical i-2, i-2 ; domes, H' HVHl' H 2-v 8-i?; octahedral,J, f5?; H; H; fS; 2-g;
H=88° 3' (obfl.) 1 A M=150° 31' (obs.) 1 A / 140"18',l.tAi-i=145° 18', l-tAl4,over.t,=110° 36'. Twins : composition parallel to 1-t. Crystals Usually slender- pointed prisms. Cleavage indistinct. H,=:2-5 or under. G.=7-16-7-33 ; 7-16-7-236, from Freiberg; 7-188— 7-326 from Joachimsthal. Lusbre metalhc. Color iron-black or like argentite. Practure uneven, giving a shining snriace. Sectile.
Oomp.— Ag or like argentite. P. Weselsky obtained (J. pr. Jgri. 487) from a Freiberg specimen 86*71 silver, 1270 snl- Pbv; from a Joachimsthal specimen, 87*4 silyer.
nrr.— Same aa for argentite.
52 SOLPHiDs, vra
Obs.— At Joachinuthil, with pTTite, argentite, and cslcite, usosUt' on quutB; tlao at the Illia melCilret taiae, near Freiberg in .Saionj, along with argenlte lud slepbstiite. Ths crjetals are parallel with Uiose of abromeyaiite when I-i ig mode /; in that oaae /A /=110° 3S', and I-t AlA —89° 40'; while in Btroma7erit these angles are 118° 3B' and Ma 1-1=91° and twin are compounded paisllel to / io each. On crypt, aee H. Dauber, Ber. Ak. VHea, ixziz. 6B5. The prisma 1h and I, coTTeapond nearly io angle to the twiniog form ofdialaacile.
The ore anal/zed bj w, J. Tsjiur, and reretred bj bim to Btromeyerite, mar belong to aoao- Ihite, as suggested b; Eenngott; bat this oan be made eartain only by ascertaining ita CTyslalline form.
61. OHAIiOOOTTB. .£a rude plumber aaloris pL, Oerm. Kaprergloaen, Agric Interpr., 461, ISM. Ilopparlas pt, Oupram Titreum, WalL 23, 1147. Cuivre Titceoz £¥. TtL WalL, L 009, 1163. Eopparmalm, Cuprum aulphure mineraliaatum pt, OrofuL, 114, IIGS. Titreons Copper, Sulpboret of Copper. CuiTre aulfuH FY. Eupfbrglans Oerm. Copper Olanoe. Cbalcoaine And, Tr., iL 408, IB33. CTprit Oloob, Syn., 1841. Bedruthite SieiA, Uin., 1849. Kupreln BrtOh B. H. Ztg., rdL 36, 1BS3. Digenlt £n Po., IzL 673, 1844. Oaroteoite B. Salm, B. H. Ztg., xziv. 80, IBSS.
Orthorhombie. / A 7=119° 35', 0 A l-i=120'' 57' j a:h: c=l-6676 : j-i, 1-i, j-f, J-t ; octaliedral, 1, 4.
0 A =147" 16' O A f 1=147° 6' l-i=135° 52'
117 24 (9AfT=124 30 1 A 1, raac.,=126 56J
Cleavage: /, indistinct. Twins: (1) coinposition-face 7, producing hesagonal, or stellate forms (left half of f. 80) ; (2) oompoBitton-face |-i, a cruci form twin (f. 80), crossing at angles of 111° and 69° ; (3) (f. 81), a crnciform twin, having 0 and 7of one crystal parallel respectively to t-t and Oof the other ; (4) c.-face j. Also massive, stmcture granular, or compact and impalpable.
H.=2-5-3. a=5-5-6-8; 6-7022 Thomson. Lustre metallic. OoLw and streak blackish lead-gray ; often tarnished blae or green ; streak sometimes shining. Fracture conohoidal.
Ooup.—6u3=Si]]phiir90-a, copper 19-B=1M. Analjtea: 1, Ullmann (87M. tab. Uebeib.,
Sd., n. zir, 61); S, 7, WilccTiiikr (Bi (private con trib.):
SUIiPHIDSy STO. SS
I lUlemark, KorwBj, a.=5*5ai 20*36 79*12 0-28=99-76 Scheerer.
1 Segen, mam 21*60 UnS 1*26, Si 2'00=9tf'49 Sohnabel.
5. Kt Otim 20-50 76-54 1-75=98-79 Beohi
6. Chili 21-81 74-71 8-33=9J*-86 Wilczynsky.
7. Kootagone, Tascany 21*90 71*31 6*49=99*70 Bammelsberg.
8. Briatcd, Ct 20*26 79*42 0 33, Ag 01 1 100*12 Collier.
PjT etc. — Yields nothing volatile in the closed tube. In the open tube gives off sulphurona fames. B3. on charooal melts to a globule, which boils with spirting; with soda is reduced tc metiUic copper. >oluble in nitric add.
Obs.— Oorawall affords splendid crystals where it occurs in veins and beds with other ores of copper, and ejipecially near St Just. It occurs also at Fassnetbum in Haddingtonshire, in AyrttoTdy and in Fair Island, Scotland. The compact and massive varieties occur in Liberia, Hesse, Saxooy, the Bannat, etc.; Mt Catini mines in Tuscany; Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chill Near Angina, Tuscany, a crystal has been obtained, weighing half a pound.
In the United States, compact varieties occur in the red sandstone formation at Simsbury and CheahirQ, Conn.; also at Schuyler's mines, K. J. Bristol, Conn., affords large and bnlliani crystals, t 79-61; fig. 80, a crystal, with its striss and irregularities, compounded by two different methods. Mother crystal has a small octahedral plane situated obliquely upon the intersection of 1, i, and adjoining the brachydiagonai section, which is probably the plane |-2. 24 A 2-{ in the Bristol crystals=125'' 43'. In Virginia, in the United States copper mine district Blue Ridge, Oraiige Ca Between Newmarket and Taneytown, Maryland, east of the Monocaoey, with chalcopyrite. In Arizona, near La Paz; in N. W. Sonora. In Nevada, in Washoe, HumboIdt Churchill and Nye Cos.
The Argent en qns or Onivre epidforme of Hauy, which is merely vegetable matter impregnated Tith this ore, oooors at Frankenberg in Hessia, and also Mahoopeny, Penn.
Under the name Oupreinet Breithaupt separates the larger part of the spedmens, referred to dudcodte, on the ground alleged that they are hexagonal instead of orthorhombic, and have a lower epedfic gravity. He gives for the angle between the base and a pyramidal face 117° 53 approximately, and G. 5*686 of the mineral from 12 different localities. He dtes Scheerer's two aaalyBes above of the Tellemark mineral. Other localities mcntionod are Eongsberg in Norway , near Freiberg Sadisdorf, Deutsoh-Neudorf in Saxony ; Schmiedeberg in Silesia ; llettstedt and Sengerhausen in Thncingia; near Siegen; Mt Catini in Tuscany; Bosgolovsk in Siberia; Kargalinsk Steppes in Orenberg; Cornwall; Eleonora and Ulrique in Mexico; West Coast of Africa. Breithaapt is oertainly in error with regard to the Cornwall mineral, as the measurements of Pkillipe and others, and recently of Maskelyne (in a letter to the author), condnsively prove; and probably in error throughout.
BeudanVs name, chakoeiney has priority. We change the termination ine, which ought to be ont of the science, and substitute c for ChakUe (yaXirirK in GreekX Aristotles name for the ooomton ore of Cyprus, cannot be employed in modem mineralogy, because it has the same pronanoation wit aUcUe, But with the added syllable, used above, this objection does not hold. Moreover, the word tiius altered does not imply an identity of the spedes with tliat of Cyprus, ibont whidi there is yet much doubt
Alt--0cciir8 altered to chalcopyrite, bomite, oovellite, melaoonite.
Spedmens are often penetrated with the covellite, or Indigo-copper, resulting from the alteration. (A) DiffenUe of Breithaupt (L a) is probably a mineral of this kind. Plattner obtained B.B., 10*2 of copper and 0*24 of silver, whence the formula ihi S+ 2 €u making it a compound of 1 oovellite. Localities mentioned are ngerhausen in Thuringia; Szaska in Tranlylvania; in the Government of Orenburg; Flatten in Bohemia; Angola, W. Coast of Africa; Chili, with caproplumbite.
(B) CarmeiUte of Hahn (L c. from Carmen island, in the Gulf of California, approaches digenite. It iA an impure chaloodte, containing visibly, as the author finds after personal examination, much oonrellite. Hahn analyzed the mass by first separating into two parts, one soluble iu muriatic add, and the other not ; and the former was then analyzed, and the oomposition obtained given as corresponding to 1 chaloodte + 1 covellite.
(C) Hauisitb of Shepard (Bep. on Canton Mine, dted m Am. J. Sci., 11. xxiL 256 and Pra:; Am. J, Sd. IL TTJii 40tf), from Canton mine, Georgia, and later found at the Polk Co. copper Buoca in Bast Tennessee, is dialcocite with the doavage of galena, and, as Grenth hua proved, is peeadomorphous after galena. Genth's many analyses of the Tennessee mineral (Am. J. Sou IL Qziil 194) show a variation in oomposition from that of chalcocite Co that of a mixture with 2 of galena. Unaltered galena 1ms been observed within crystals of harrisite both at the igia and Tennessie localities. Jts color is dark lead-gray and bluish-black. As Gntfa Tvei, it is related to the so-called euprophmibiU (p. 42).
94 8T7Lphid8, Rto.
Arti£ — The double sulphate of copper and iroxi, in carbonated water conUukJig outrescibte animal matter, afforded Gages malachite, selenite, and some dialoocite.
62. 8TROB1U V HKITU. Silberkupferglanz ffaum, A Strom., GeL Anz. , iL 1249, 1816 Argent et cuivre sulfur Bourrum, Gat, 212, 1817. Sulphuret of Silver and Copper. Argentif erous Sulphuret of Copper. Gnivre aulfure argentif iV. Stromeyerine BsukL, Tr., iL 410, 1832. Stromeyerite 3hq>., ii 211, 1836.
Orthorhombic: isomorphouBwithcliaHocite. lAl:=119Sb\ Observed planes 0, i-J, -t, 16', Afi=155*' 7'. Also massive, compact.
Ii.=2'5— 3. G.=6*2— 6*3. Lustre metalHc. Color dark steel-gray. Streak shining. Fracture subconchoidal;
Oomp.— (Ag 6u) S, or Ag S + 6u S=Sulphurl6*8, silver 53% copper Bl'l =100. Analysefl : 1. W. J. Taylor (Proc. Ac. Phuad., Nov., 1859) ; 2, Stromeyer (Sohw. J., xix. 326) ; 3, Sander (Fogg.,' iL 313); 4—7, Donieyko (Ann. d. M., I Y. ill 9) ; 8, 9, P. Collier (private contrib.):
8 Ag Cu Fe
1. Copiapo 16-36 69*59 11-12 2*86=99-92 Taylor.
2. Schlangenberg, Siberia 15*782 52*272 30'478 0-333=98-865 Stromeyer.
3. Budelstadt, SUesia 15*92 52*71 30*95 0*24=99*82 Sander.
4. a Pedro, Chili 17*83 28*79 63*38 =100 Domeyko.
6. Catemo, " 19-93 24*04 53*94 209=100 Domeyko.
9. " 19-41 7*42 72*73 0*33=99 89 Collier.
Domeyko's analyses indicate a large proportion of the copper sulphid, No. 4 containing, along with Ag S, as Rammelsberg shows (Min. Chem., 54 9 6u S; 5, 6 3; 6, 4 Ou 8; 7, 8 eti Taylor's analysis corresponds to (Ag, 6u, Fe) S.
P3ri'., etc — Fuses, but gives no sublimate in the closed tube. In the open tube sulphurous Aunes. B.B. on charcoal in O.F. fuses to a semi-malleable globule, which, treated with the fluxes, reacts strongly for copper, and cupelled with lead gives a silver globule. Soluble in niinc acid.
Obs.— Found associated with alcopyrite at Schlangenberg, near Kolyyan in Siberia ; at Budelstadt, iSilesia ; also in Chili ; at Combavalla in Peru ; at Heintzelman mine in Arizona.
Named after Stromeyer, by whom the mineral was first analyased and establiahed.
63. STBRNBHRQina. ffaieL, Trans. Boy. oo, Ed., 1827, and Brewst J., vii 342.
82 Orthorhombic. /a/=119 30', 0 A l-t=124 49',
B. & M.; a:i:c=l-4379:l :1-7145. 0 M=: i of 0 macrodiaonal, of sides horizontal. Cleava : basal highly eminent. Commonly in implanted crystals, forming rose-likcj or fan-liKe aggregations. Sometimes compound parallel to Z
H.=l— 1*5. G.=4'215. Lustre of 0 brightly metallic. Color pinchbeck-brown, occasionally a violet-blue tarnish on 1 and 2. Streak olack. Opaque. Thin laminsB flexible ; may be smoothed down by the nail when bent, I'ke tin foil. Leaves traces on paper like plumbago.
Oomii.-.Ag S + 8 Fe 8 + Fe S'=:4 (i Ag+f Fe) S + Fe S*=8ulphur 30-4 ailTer 34-2, iioa 36*4 J 00. Batio of sulphur, iron, and ailTer more exactly 6:4:1. Analysis by Zippe (Pogg., zzriL 190):
Sulphur 30*0 Silver 33-2 Iron 36*0=99*2.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube sulphurous Aimes. B.B. on charcoal gves oflT sulphur and fusel to a magnetic globule, the surface of which shoTS separated metallic silver. Tbd washed min
8Ulphid6, Eto.
8.
treated with tiie fluxes, gives reactimi for iron ; on charcoal yields a gbule of metallic silver SolDbie ID sqna-iegia witii separation of snlphur and chlorid of sliver.
Obi. — Oocora with ores of silver, particularly pyrargyrite and stephanite, at Joachimsthal in Bohwnia, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony. Named after Count Casper Sternberg of Prague.
TbB FksibU sUpor are (ArffoU tulfwri flestbile Bourn., Bieffaamer SUberglaTus) Himmelsf urst oioa, near Freiberg, is refened here. Aomrding to Brooke & Miller the figure by Phillips Is a distorted figure of argentite.
The angiefl of stembergite, above given, are from very perfect crystals in Mr Brooke's ooUeotioB, wfaidi were forroeriy in the possession of Count Boumon (B. i M., p. 180). The plane 2-2 is OQtks edge of O Ai-i; and besides this, there is another KM, represented by tiiese authors, with ilio the maorodome and the pyramid 2-2.
64 ODINABAR. Kirtfapc( (1¥. Spain) 7%0p. *Aftiop DioKor. Mmium TUrui;., Pia. Minium Biti?imiy (rerm. Betgiinober, , Interpr., 460, 1646. Cinnabar; Snlphuret of Mercury. Zinnober, Sdiwefelqiiedciilber, Merkor-Blende, (Mmu
Ehombohedral. a5=92° 36',5aC>=127** 6'; a=l-1448. Observed -4,-2,-1,-,-1,-,-4, -J., -J-; pyramids, 22, 62; scaloaohedroii and also Oj I. Also granular, massive; sometimes forming superficial coatings.
OAi=146° 32' 4A4=10r 68'
0 A 1=138 36 6
24 (9 A 7=90
(?A2=110 43 /A 7=120 (?A2= 71 48
Cleavage: Ij very perfect. Twins: compositionfkeeO.
H.=2--2.5, G.=8-998, a cleavable variety from Neomarkteh Lustre adamantine, inclining to metallic when dark colored, and to dull in friable varieties. Color cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish-red and lead-gray. Streak scarlet, subtransparent, opaque. Fracture subcon ehoidal, uneven. Sectile. Polarization circular. Ordinary refraction 2-854 extraordinary 3*201, Descl.
Vtr— L Ordmary: either (a) oryskMiMed; (6) massive granular, or octnpact, bright red to leddiali-browii in oolor; (e) takh and bright red.
1 Bepatic (Qaecksilberleberers and Queokstlberbranderz, Cterm Inflammable dnnabar), of a fiTer-broom color, with aometimea a brownish streak, occasionally slaty in structure, though com* granular or compact Omnabar mixed with an organic subatanoe called tdriaUne (q. t.) oeoonatldria. The cofoBMen of Idria ia a carred lamellar variety of hepatic cinnabar. Oompb— Hg S (or Hg* 3')=Salphnr 13*8, quicksilTer 862= 100 Sometunes impure fWnn dty.oxyd of iron, bitamen. Analyses : 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., It. 14) , 3, John (John's Ch. Unt, LS52); 5, Schnabel (Bamm., 4th SuppL, 269); 6, A. Bealey (J. Oh. Soo., iy.); 7, Klaproth (Batrir.24):
Hg 86*00=99'25 Klaproth. 84*50=99'25 Klaproth.
78-4, 3Pe 1-7, 3fcl 0-7, CJa 1-3, Mn 0-2=100 John. 86'79=I00'46 SchnabeL 84'55, gangue r02=99'35 SchnabeL
S
14*25 14*76 18*78 11*38
1. Neomarktel t Jwia
a. "
4. Westphalia iw Wetilar California t' Idria, hepaac
Pyr-*In the doaed tube a black aubUmate. Oareflilly heated in the open tube gives sulphur Ha fimea and metaUio merouiy, oondenaing in minute globules on the cold walla of the tuba BJl oa charcoal whoUy Tolatile if pure.
Obfc— Cinnabar oocora in beds in slate rocks and shales, and rarely in granite or porphyry. 1
56 SULPHIDS, KrO|
has been obfleired in TeinSi with ores of inm. The Idm urine are in the Oarboniferoni Jbm* tion ; those of Kew AlmAdeii, Oalifomia, in partially altered Cretaoeoos or Tertiaiy beds.
Grood crystals occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and Wolfsteininthe Palatinate; also in Japan, Mexico, and BrazH The most important European beds of this ore are at Almadec in Spain, and at Idria in Camiola, where it is usually massive. It occurs at Reichenau in Upper Carinthia ; in beds traversing gneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvama ; in gray wacke at Windiacta Kappel in Carinthia ; at Keumarktel in CamioLa ; at Ripa in Tuscany ; at Schemnitz in Hungary - in the Urals and Altai ; in China abundantly, and in Japan ; han Onofre and elsewhere in Mexico ; at Huanca Yelica in Southern Peru, abundant ; in the Provinces of Coquimbo ; Copiapo in Chili ; forming extensive mines in California, in the coast ranges at different points Clear lake in the north (near which there is a vein in a bed of sulphur) to Pan Luis Obispo in the south, the principal mines in which region are at New Ahnaden and the vicinity, in Santa Clara Co., about 60 m. S.S.E. of San Francisco. Also in Idaho, in limestone, abundant
This ore is the source of the mercury of commerce, from which it is obtained by sublimation. Wlien pure it is identical with the manufactured vermi'um of commerce.
The above figure is from an elaborate paper by Schabus, Ber. Ak. Wien, vL 68.
The name Cinnabar is supposed to come India, where it is applied to the red resin, drag> on's blood. The native cinnabar of Theophrastus is true cinnabar ; he speaks of its afTording qnioksilver. The Latin name of cinnabar, mtntum, is now given to red liad a substance wh&oh was early used for adulterating dnnabar, and so got at last the name. It has been said (Sling on Precious Stones) t&at the word mine (miniera, JlaL) and mineral come from the Latin for quicksilver mine, miniaria (Fodina miniaria).
6ft. TZXIlffANNITB. Selenquecksilber Marx . J. liv. 223, 1828. Selenid of Mezxsoiy
Seleimiercur, Tiemannit, Naumeminf Min., 425, 1855.
Massive ; compact granular. Cleavaje none.
H.=2-5. G. 7-1 -7-37, Claiisthal; 7*274, fr. Tilkerode. Lustre metallic. Color steel-gray to blackish lead-gray.
Oomp. — Selenid of mercury. Perhaps Hg 8e=:Selenium 28*4, mercury 71*6=100; but the analyses correspond mostly to Hg* Se*=Selenium 24*8, mercury 75*2=100. Anal. 4 gives Hg* 8e". Analyses: 1, 2, Kerl (B. H. Ztg., 1852); 3, Bammelsberg (Fogg., IzzzviiL 39); 4 (Ramm. Min. Oh., I'llO):
' Se S Hg
1. Zorge 21*27 0*36 65*52, quarts 10-2=09*57 KerL
2. " 2405 0*12 72-26, " 2*86=99*74 Keri.
3. " 25*5 74*5=100 (quartz excluded) Ramm.
4. Tnkerode 23*61 0*70 7402=98*33 Schultz.
Pyr. Decrepitates in the closed tube, and, when pure, entirely sublimes, giving a blaok nil Itmate. %>.t- the upper edge reddish-brown; with soda a sublimate of metalHc mercury. In the open tv.1 emits the odor of selenium, and forms a blaok to reddish-brown sublimate, with a border of white selenate of mercury, the latter sometimes ftising into drops. On charcoal Talatiliiwii coloring the outer flame azure-blue, and giving a lustrous metallic coating.
Obs.— Occurs with chaloopyrite near Zorge in the Hans; at Tilkerode; near Claustfaal; in California, in the vicinity of Clear lake. Named after the discoverer, Tiemann.
A. ONontiTE of Haidmger {Sdmachwrfelquecksilber H. Bose, Merkiuglanz Breith., Char., 1832X from San Onof Mexico, first made known hj Del Bio, is either a compound or mixture of selenid and sulphid of meronry. H. Rose obtained (Pogg.. xlvi. ai5, 1839) Se 6*49. S 10*80, Hg 81*63= 98*12, c >rr sponding to Hi; Se+4 Hg S. It is a tine granular ore, ot a dark lead gray color, shining when rubbed. G.=5'56, Del Rio; powder soils.
66. MILIifiRITB. Haarkies (as avar. of Sohwefelkies) WertL, Bergm. J., 383, 1789; (fr. Johanng.) Hoffmann id., 175, 1791. Fer sulfure capillaire (as a var. of Pyrite) -ff, Tr., ly. 1801. Otaipillary Pyrites. Gediegen Nickel Klapr Beitr., v. 231, 1810. Schwefehrickel Ben.; Affvecbon, Ac. H. Stockh 1822, 427. Nickelkies fiierm. Sulphuret of Nickel Nkskol Bulftir< Harkise BeucL, Tr., U. 400, 1832. Capillose Chapman, Mhu, 185, 1843. Millerit iToii, HaadK, 561, 1845. Trichopyrit Cflock., Syn., 43, 1847.
Khombohedral. 5 A 5=144° 8', MiUer. a=0-82955. Observed planes : rhombohedral jB, —1, i, — i, — 3 : priflmatic /, i-2, t-| ; J2 A/= 110° 50', /A 3=138° 47 JA J=161° 22\ <?AjB=159° 10'.
BULPHiDSi mo. 57
cleavage : rhombohedral, perfect. IlBual in capillary crystals. Barel; in columnar touted coatings, partly semi-globular and radiated.
H.=3— 3-5. G.= 4-6— 5-65; 5-65 fr. Saalfeld, Ramm. ; 4-601, fr. Joachimsthal, Kennott. Lustre metallic. Color brass yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with often a gray iridescent tarnish. Streak bright. Brittle.
Oofli.— Hi S=Siilphiir 36*1, nickel 64-9=100. Anfilyses: 1, ArlVedson (Aa H. Stockh., 1623. 41); % Bammelflberg (1st SuppL, 67) ; ft, Tenth (Am. J. Sol, IL xzxiiL 195) :
8 Ni Ck) Fe Cu
S. SMlfeld 35-79 61*34 1-73 1*14=100 Ramm.
3. Gap mine, PtL 85*14 63-08 0-58 0-40 0-87, gangue0'28= 100-36 G.
A paitlj adhered mfllerite afforded Genlh (L c.) 8 33*60, Ni, Co 59*96, Fe 1-32, Ou 4*63, gang 0'54=100i5.
FjTf flic — In the open tube sulpharous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fiises to a globule. When roasted, giTes with borax and salt of phoephorus a violet bead in O.F., becoming gay in B.F: from reduced metallic nickel On charcoal in R.F. the roasted mineral gives a coherent metallic maaSf atmctable by the magnet Most varieties also show traces of copper, cobalt, and iron with theflnzBS.
Ohfc Occora in capillary crystals, in the cavities and among cr3rstal8 of other minerals. Found at Joadmnatfaal in Bohemia; Johaungeorgenstadt ; Przibram; Riecholsdorf; Andreasburg; Himmelfahrt mine near Freiberg ; Marienberg in Saxony ; Cornwall, and other places. Near Mer- Tydvil, at Dowlais, it is found in regular crystals, occupjring cavities in nodules of spathic imo.
Ooetzra at the Sterling mine, Antwerp, N. Y., in capillary crystals with spathic iron the largest aystal jet observed was about a fifth of a line in diameter, and in some cases crystals of spathic zron are transfixed by the needles of mlUerite (Am. J. Scl II. ix. 287) ; in Lancaster Co., Pa., at Gap mine, with pyrrhotite, where it occurs in coatings of a radiated fibrous stnictiu'e, from a line to a third of an indi thick, often with a velvety surface of crystals, or tufts of radiated needles.
The capiBafy pyritea {Haarkiea) of Werner was true millerite, from Johanngeorgenstadt, aooordiog to Hoffman (Kin., iv. 168, 1817). But capillary pyrito and marcasite have sometimes gone by the
67. TBOZZJTB. Pyrrhotite pt Protosulphid of iron. Sulphid of iron of If eteoritet. Troilit
midd Ber. Ak. Wien, xlviL 288, 1863.
Besemblee pyrrhotite. Observed only massive.
H.=4-0. G.=4-75-4-82 ; 4-787, fr. Seelasgen, Ramm. ; 4'817, fr. Sevier Co., Ramm. ; 4'75, fr. Knoxville, Smith. Color tomback-brown. Streak black.
OoBu— Fe 8 (or Fb' 86*36, iron 63-64=:100. It thus differs pyrrhotite in bebgatnie piotoealphid. Analyses: 1, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., II. xix. 156); 2, Rammelsberg TOCS Izxiv. 62); 8, 4, id. (ib., cxxL 365):
8 Ni Oo
1. KnozviHe, Tenn. 85*67 62-38 0*32 <r.. Si 0*56, Cu 0*08=98*91 Smith.
1 Seeiaegen 37*16 62*84 — =100Ramm.
I. Sevier Cki., Tenn. 85*39 62*66 --=100 Ramm.
Exehiding impurities. With some oobali
eCo— 6ame as for pyrrhotite.
aU iron meteorites oontain this sulphid of iron in nodules disseminated more oi sparing throngh the mass.
Nansd after Dominioo TroiU, -who, hi 1766, described a meteorite that fell that year at Al>)areto ia Uodeoa, and which contains this species. The meteorite resembles much that of Weston, CouL, in general appearance
BULPHTDSi ETC.
68. PYRRHOTITB. Yatteokies, Pyritea Aisoa, Minora hepatica, pt., WaU MIil, 30J, 213, 1747. Pyrites en priames hezagonales first, Cat. 1772; Bourn, de Lisle's Crist, ill 24S, 1Y83 ICagnetischer-Kies Wem., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. ICagnetic Pyrites Kinoan, 1796. Magnetic Sulphuret of iron. Magnetkies Oerm, Fer sulAir magntique I, Leberkies pt Genn, Leberkies Lumh Handb 666, 18S6. Leberkise Beudt Tr., ii. 404, 1882. Magnetopyritc Gloekert Qnindr 1839. Fyrrotin pt, Magnetischer Pyrrotin, Bmih J. pr. Ch., ir. 265, 1835.
Hexagonal A 8'; a=0-862. Observed planes: 0, /, i, 1, 1-2, 2-2, i-2.
0 A 0 A 2-2=119*' 53'.
(9 A 2=116 28'. 2/V 2=126 52'.
1 A 48'. /A 7=120.
Cleavage : 0, perfect ; /, less so. Commonly massive and amorphous ; structare granular.
H.=3-5-4-5. G.=4-4-4-68. Lustre metallie. Color between bronze-yellow and copperred, and subject to speed tarnish. Streak oark grayish-blacK. Brittle, lilagnetic, being attract able in fine powder by a magnet, even when not affecting an ordinary needle.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, G. fV. Kongsberg, 4*584 Kenngott; ft*. Bodenmais, 4*546 SchafTgotfich ; fr. Harzburg, 4*580 Ramm. ; fir. Xalastoc, Mexico, 4*564 Ramm. ; tr. Tnimbull, Ct, 4*640 Ramm.
2. Nicooli/erous. O. of ElefVa, 4*B74 Berz ; of Hilsen, 4*577 Ramm ; of Gap mine 4*543 Ramm.
Oomp.— <1) Mostly Fe' S''=6 Fe 8 + Fe S'=Sulphur 39*5, iron '00; but Taryiiig to Fe" Pe S + Fe S", Fe Pe S- Fe S*, Fe" 8"=9 Pe S + Fe 8*. The species is iaomorphous with Od S (greenockite), and Frankenheim wrote the formula Fe S ; yet no native pyrniotite, except that of meteorites (troUite), gives this composition. Berzelius found that on beating pyrite it was reduced to Fe and not to Fe S. Rammelsberg obtained in the same way Fe and the other ratios of pyrrhotite.
Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., zviiL 183, 209); 2, 3, Plattner (Fogg., xlvii. 369); 5, Berthier (Ann. d. M., IlL xl 499); 6, H. Rose (Fogg., xlvii.); 7, Schaffgotsch (Pogg., L 533); 8, btromeyer (l,c):
4. Sitton 6. Sitten 6. Bodenm. 7. Bavaria 8. Bardgea
Sulphur Iron
1. Harx 2. Brazil 8. Fahlun
40*15 40-43 40*22
59-85 59-68 59*72
100*00 St 10006 P. 99*94 P. 1000 B. 100*0 B.
With 0*82 Ilcft=100-lS.
100 Sch.
100 St
Rammelsberg found (Pogg., . 337) in the P. of Harzburg, Fe 60*00—60 83, G.=4-58; of Trumbull, Ct, Gl-03 (mean of 8 anaL), (>.=4*64; Harz (Tresoburg, same as anaL 1 above j. Fa 69-21, a.=4'5i:i. For other analyses, see Middleton, Pha Mag., III. zxviii. 352; Baumert, Verb, nat Ver., Bonn, xiv. Ixxxv. ; N. de Leuchtenberg, Bull. Ac. St Pet, viL 408.
Analyses of niocoliferous pyrrhotites : 1, Berzelius (Jahresb., xxi, 1 84) ; 2, Scheerer (Pogg IviiL 318); 3, Rammelsberg (Min. Clh., 113); 4, 5, 6, id. (Pogg., 361):
S
Fe
Ki
Co
1. Klefra
57*64
0-09, Mn 0-22, Cu 0-45=99*53 Ben.
2. Modum
2*80
, Cu 0*40, =99*69 Scheerer.
3. ?
39*95
58*90
2*60
=101*45 Ramm.
4. Horbach
40*03
55*96
3*86
—99*85 Ramm., G.=about 4*7.
5. Hilsen
40*27 '38*59'
56*57
3*16
=10() Ramm.
6. Gap Mine, Pa.
55*82
=100 Ramm.
Strecker found nickel in a hexagonal pyrrhotite from Snarum in Norway (B. H. Ztg., xviL 3041
Pyr etc. — Unchanged in the dosed tube. In the open tube gives sulphurous add. On diar-
ooal in R.F. fuses to a black magnetic mass ; in O.F. is converted into red oxyd, whidi witli flozea
gives only an iron reaction when pure, but many varieties yield small amounts of nlokel and
cobalt Deoocpoaed by muriatic add, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen.
sxjVFKWBy irro. 59
OIml— Odcnra al Kongsberg, Modum, Saaram Hiliieii, in Korway ; Elefra in Sweden ; Andreasbefg aad Teaebarg, Um ; idenmaia in Bavaria ; Breitenbrunn, Fahlun, Joachimsthal, N. Ta* fiht ; M'nus Geraes in Brazil, in laie tabular cryatals ; the lavas of yeauyiaa ; Cornwall ; Appin in Afgyieahire.
In N. America, in Yennonti at Stafford, Corinth, and Shrewsbury; In many parte of Massacbosette; in Connecticut, in Trumbull with topaz in Monroe, and elsewhere ; in N. York, m. N. of Henry, Essex Co. ; near Natural Bridge in Diana, Lewis Co. ; at Oeil mine and elsevrhere in Orange Co. Ui N. Jersey, Morris Co., at Hurdstown, cleavable massive. In PennsyivasiS) at the Gap mine, Lancaster Co., nicooliferous. In Tennessee, at Duoktown mines, abun* dani In Omada m luge veins at St Jerome, eta
The nioooJiferous pyrrhotite is the ore that affords the most of the nickel of commerce. At the Ottaden nickel works (N. Jersey) this ore (from the Gap mine) ia the principal one used, but along with nicooliferous pyrite and some mOlerite. Prior to 1 864, the whole amount of pure nickel made in the ooontry was not over 100,000 lbs. Since then, up to May, 1867, the Camden work bsTs tamed oat 106,000 lbs. ; and now they produce at the rate of 150,000 lbs. a year (letter from J. Wharton, Bsq.).
Kaaied from redduh.
Alt— Occurs altered to pyrite (G. Bose, ZS. G., x. 98) ; slso to limonite and siderite.
(A) KuKKKBiTJ Z>. fbritf (Phil Mag., lY. xxix. 9, 1865). Krooberite is a strongly magnetic pyrite, m crystals, not yet analysed, which Forbes says appears to be principally a snbenlphid of Iron." The reasons for this opinion are not stated. Named after P. Krceber. It was from between La Pas and Tungas, on the eastern slope of the Andes.
69. OBBBNOOJUTU. Greenockito JofRMon, Ed. N. PhiL J., xxvui. 890, 1840. Sulphuret of Cadmium Cbmia lb., 392. Cadmium-blende. Oadminm sulAir Dr.
Hexagonal ; hemihedraL with the opposite extremes dissimilar. 0 Al —136® 24' ; a=:0'8247. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with tko 4 and i-2.
0 A i=154 82' /A 86' 1 A 1, p3rr.,=139° 89'
(?A 2=117 42 /A 2=152 18 2 A 2, " =127 26
GeaTage : /, distinct ; Oj imperfect.
H =3-3-5. G.=4-8, Brooke; 4-9-4-999, Breit-
hanpt ; 4*5, the artificial, Sochting. Lnstre adamantine. Color honey-yellow ; citron-yellow ; orangerellow — veined parallel with the axis ; bronze-yellow. Streak-powder between orange-yellow and brick-red. Xearly transparent. Strong double refraction. Not thermoelectric, Breithanpt.
Comp.— S (or 22*3, cadmium 11*1, Analyila hy Oonnel Hoc dt) : Sulphur 22-se. and oadminm 77-80=r99'86.
Pyr., etc.—- In the deed tnbe aaanmes a carmine-red color while hot fading? to the origina* feDov on cooling. In the open tnbe gives sulpharoua add. B.B. on charcoal, either alone or with oda, girea in BF. a reddiah-brown coating. Soluble in muriatic add, affording sulphuretted hydrogen.
Ofaa.— OocQTS in short hexagonal Cfystals at Bishoptown, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in a por piiyritio trap and amygdaloid, associated with prehnite : also at Pnibram in Bohemia, on blende ; the Uebero sine mine, near Friedensrille, Lehigh Oo., Pa.
Ibis ipedea is related in to niccolite and brdthauptite. It has been found as a fVimace product (Ann. Oh. Fharm IjdcztU. 34, and Halle Zeitschr., L 846, 1863).
Kiand after Lord (Greenock (later Earl Oathcart). The first crystal was found near 60 years ioee bj Mr. Brown of Ijinfyne, and waa taken by him for blende. It was orer half an inch
ta WUU'lViTll. a IHedel, 0. &, UL 983, 1861. Sinterit BreUh., B. H. Ztg., zzL 98, 1862
r.l98.
Hexagonal. IsomorphonB with ereenockite. 0 A 1=129 (approxi iitttely) Occnrring form a qnartzoi with occasionally planes of tne cor
8T7IiPHID6| STO.
roBponding hexagonal prism; the latter planes horizontally striated Cleavage : basal and prismatic.
H.=3"6— 4. G.=3'98. Lustre vitreons. Color brownish-black. Streai brown.
Oomp. — Ztx S, or perhaps more correct]/ Zn* S*. AnalysiB by 0. IViedel (L a) :
8 Zn Fe Fb 8b Ca
82-6 56*6 80 2-7 0*2 r.=991.
The lead and antimony are firom the gangue.
Pyr.— Same as for sphalerite or blende.
Obs. — From a sUveimtne near Omro in Bolivia. According to Breithaupt (L c.) a radiated blende firom Przibram (his tpiauieriie) is hexagonal; also that from Albergaria Yolha in For tugal ; from Quesbesita, Peru, in tabular crystals grouped and forming a trust, some of the crystals inch across.
Wurtsite and sphalerite are the same compound under distinct crystalline forms — a case of dimorphism.
Named after the French chemist, Adolphe Wurts.
▲rti£ — May be made in crystids by a long and high heating of amorphous blende (C. R., Izil 999) ; or better by subliming the blende in a current of sulphurous addi long, transparent| ooloi less hexagonal prisms haying been thus formed (ibi, bdiL IBS).
71. NIOOOUTB. Eupfernickel [=False Oopper, it resembling bat not yielding copper] JETtame, Anledn. Malm og Berg., 7S, 1694. Cuprum Nioolai [mistaken trL of Knp£] Jl Woockpard Foss., 1728. Kupfemickel, Arsenicum sulphure et cupro mineralisatum, aeris modo rubente, WalLf 228, 1H7. Niooolum ferro et cobalto arsenicatis et sulphuratis min. (fr. Saxony) CfnmsL Ak. H. 8tockh., 1761, 1764 (first disooT. of metal) ; Min., 218, 1768. Cuprum min. arsen. fulyua £tnn., 1768. Mine de cobalt arsenicale tenant cuivre Sage Min., 68, 1772; de Lide OriPt., iiL 1S6, 1788. Kiccolum nativum Bergnu, Opusc, il 440, 1780. Bothnickelkies, Arqonicnickel, Cferm, Oopper Nickel, Arsenical Nickel Niokeline jBeud, Tr., il 586, 1832. Araenischei Fyrrotin Breith J. pr. Ch., iv, 266, 1836. ITiccoIite Dana,
Hexagonal; isomorphons with breithauptite. O A 1=136® 85'; a: 0-81944. Observed planes, 0 md 1; 1 A 1, pyr.,=139® 48'. Usually massive, stnictnre nearly impalpable ; also reniform with a columnar structure ; also reticulated and arborescent.
H.=5— 5*5. G.=7'83— 7'671. Lustre metallic. Color pale copperred, with a gray to blackish tarnish. Streak pale brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp— in As (or Ni' A8')=ArBenic 65*9, nkel 44-1=100; sometimes part of the annie replaced by anthnony. Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (Gel Ana. 1817, 204) ; 2, Pfaff (. J., zxil266); 3, Suckow (Verwitt im Min., 58, Ramm. 4th Suppl., 122); 4, Berthier (Ann. Ch. Phys., xiil 62); 6, Scbeerer (Pogg., Izv. 292); 6, EbeUnen (Ann. d. M., IV. zl 65); 7, Schnabel (Ramm. 4th 8uppl, 122); 8, Grunow (Za G., ix. 40) :
1. Riechelsdorf
4. Allemont
5. Krageroe, G.= 7*662
6. Aver, G.=7-89 T. Westphalia
8. Sangerhausen
As
63*69 48*80 54*89
Ni Fb Fb Oo Sb S
46*87 43*21
0*16 8-00 CuO-ll 0-82 0-06
0-40=100 Strom. 0-80=97-02 Pfa£ 0-16= 102-80 Suckow. 2-00=98*90 Berth. 0-14=99-79 Sdieer. 2*18, gangue 0-20=100-75 & 0*48, Gu 1-44=100 SchnabeL 1*36=99*99 Gninow.
An ore Balen in the Pyrenees afforded Berthier As 38*0, 8b 27*8, Ni 83*0, Ee 1*4, S 2*8, quartz 2*0=100, in which a large part of the arsenic is replaced by antimony.
Pyr., etc. Li the closed tube a faint white crystalline sublimate of arsenous acid. In the open tube arsenous add, with a tTMO of iulphnroos add, the assay yellowish-gner. On
8T7Lphid6, Ipto. 61
diarootl ghes araenica] flies and ftuea to a globule, which, treated with borax glass, afTordfl, bj nuoessire ozjdation, reactions for iron, nobel and nickel Soluble in nitromuriatic atnd.
Obt.—Aocompanies oobalti silver, and copper in the Saxon mines of Annaberg, Schneeberg, etc ; iiiso in Thnrhigia, Hesse, and Stjria, and at Allemont in Dauphinj ; occasionally in Cornwall, aa at Angell; and Wheal Ohance ; formerly at the Hilderstone HiUs, Scotland ; at Ghanarcillo cetr Oopiapo and at Huasco, Qiili ; abundant at Mina de la Bioja Oriocha, in the Argentine Provinoes.
Found at Chatham, Conn., in gneiss, associated with smaltite.
Thif b an important ore of nickel.
Kamed fhmi the contained metaL The name of the species should be formed from the Latin fTord for nickel, luccom, proposed by Cronstedt, and hence should be written niccolinCf or bettei weoUte, in pkce of Beudant's niehdinc. NtckeUne and nickdiferotu are not more proper words than pool be copperine and eapperiferotu,
71 BREXTHAUFTTTB. Antimonnickel Slromeyer A EcMam QeL Ans. Oott, 2001, 18S3. Antimonial Nick; Antimoniet of Nickel Hartmannite Chapman, Mln., 1848. Breithauptit EaiiL, Handb., 569, 1845.
Hexjoiial. A 15'; a=0-8585. Observed planes: Ohh L 0Ai=153° 38', O A 1=123 55'. In thin hexagonal plates. Also arborescent and disseminated.
H.=5*5. 6. 7*541 Breithaupt. Lustre raetallic. splendent. Color in the freah firacture light copper-red, inclining strongly to violet. Streak reddish-brown. Opaque. Fractui'e uneven — small subconchoidal. Brittle.
Coup— Ni Sb (or Ki' Sb')= Antimony 67*4, nidcel 32*6=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer (,ixxL134):
In the open tube white antimouial flies. On charcoal fuses in R.F., gives off antilaonki vapors, and coats the coal white; if lead is present a yellow coating near the assay; titated with soda the odor of arsenic may be distingpiished in most specimens.
Obtv— Foond in Uie Uarz at Andreasberg, with calcite, galenite, and smaltine. Has been obserred as a famace product, crystaUijoed.
SaiDed the Saxon mineralogist, Breithaupt
73. KANXOTB. Arseniaret of Kanganese Kane, Q. J. Sd., IL tL 382. Eaneit Haid Handb.
659, 1845.
Id botryoidal masses, also amorphous; structure foliated or granular. H. above 5? stated as bar! G.=5-55. Luistre metallic. Color grayish-white, with a black tarnish. Opaque. Fracture onerea. Brittle.
Aiulysis by Kane (L a): Manganese 45*5, arsenic 51*8, and a trace of iron=97*8, corresponding to Mn As Manganese 42*4, arsenic 57 '6= 1 00.
KB. boms with a blue flame, and falls to powder; at a higher temperature the arsenic evapo rates, and corers the diarooal with a white powder. Dissolves in aqua regia, without leaving an residue.
It is supposed to be flronkSftzony, and was first observed by B. J. Kane, of Dublin, attached oaMofgKleuite.
74 SOHRBZHBRSTTB. Schreibersit Haid,, Haid. Ber., liL 69, 1847.
In Bteel-gray /olia and grainB. Folia flexible. 1=6-5 G.=7-01-7-22. Magnetic.
CompAnalyses: 1, Patera (Haid. Ber., L a, and Am. J. Sd, U. viii. 439); 2, Fisher (Am. J a xuL 157); 3, 4, 5, J. L Smith (ib., xix. 157):
P Fe Ki 0
l.Am 7-26 87-20 4*24 iiiid( =93*70 Patera.
J. Brammi iwa 55*43 25*08 1*16, 01 2*85, Si 0*98=98*16 Fisher.
68 SDLFHIDB, no.
Ob. — Found onl; In moteorio tron.
The s/Jtreibarnle of Shepard (Am. J. SoL, IL il), mateorita, ia aappoied to be m "tempinlphuiet of chromium." The name baa been chained to riupardHt hj Haidiugor. It la eoutained iu Sbepard'a recent liat of meteoric minerala, tn ibid., xUIL IS.
m. PTRITE DIVISIOK
[See for liat of spedoa, page Si},
7B. pyUlTU. £>rro( Theophr. JI<,,t„, pt. Dioaeor., E. aliL Fjritea pt. PItit., 39 Ffritea pt., Aral), IfarchaHita, . Kin, Agric., 33t, 431, 46T, IGUS, IMa PTritoa pL Marcliaaita (=ctTSt. Tfr.) Eeackd, PrriL, 172S. Eiei pt, STaTeUriea pL, Prritea pt. (=mua. and nodular Pjt.), Marchasita {=ajBt. Ftt.), Wall., SOS, 311, 1747. Pyritea pL (=gIob. Tar., etc.); Maroaaile (wryat. Mundio (=inaBaive rar.) Stii, Foaa., 324-331, 1771. Sohwefelkiea, Eisenkiea, Germ. Iron lytilea, Bianlphuret of iron. Fer auUlirri Xantboprritea Gloek, Handlk, 314. 1B39.
laoinetric ; pyritohedral. Observed pines ; -2, i-i, i-Z, i- ; 2-2, 3-3 ;
coinnion ; Uie pyntohedron, f. 47, and related forms, f. 41, 46, verj
conimoii. Cubic faces often striated, with striatioiis of adjoining faces at right angles, and due to oscillatory combiaation of the cobe and pyritoliO' droD the striae having the direction of the edges between 0 and i-2 m £ 46
SULPHIDBy ETO,
OjgUk sometimes acicolar through elongation of cubic and other forins Cleavage : cubic and octahedral, more or less distinct. Twins : 1, com position-faoe // this composition either {a) single, or (J) repeated parallel to each /, producing iJius forms like f. 90, consisting of combined pyritohe drons, also a cube, having striations on each face parallel to its sides and meeting at an angle in the diagonals. 2, O.-face Oy fig. 89. Also reniformTglobular, stSactitic, with a crystalline surface ; sometimes radiated subfibrous. Also amorphous.
E=6— 6-5. G.=4-83 — 5'2; 5-185, polished crystals, Zepharovich. Lustre metallic, splendent to glistening. Color a pale brass-yellow, nearly imifonn. Streak greeni or browniSi-black, Opaque, Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Strikes fire with steel.
Oonm Var. — Ee 8'=Siilphiir 63*3, iron 46*7=100. Niokel, oobalt, and' thallium, and also copper, Bometizoes replace a little of the iron, or else occur as mixtures ; and gold Is sometimea present, distiihuted inyiaiblj through it Thallium occurs in traces in much pyrite, it showing ita presenoe often in the chimneys of ftunaoes where pyrite, or ores containing it, are roasted.
Vh. L Ordinary, (a) In distinct crystals ; (b) nodular, or concretionary, often radiated within; stalactitie; (d) amorphous.
2. JfkeoUferovs. Schnabel found 0'168 of nickel in a kind from a silver mine near Eckorhagen. 1 pfiite from ihe Kewmey ore-bed, Gtouvemeur, N. Y., is similar; it is pale broD2se in color, and ndiitedbotryoldal; H.5-5; a.=i4-863 (Am. J. Sd., IL xv. 444).
3. OobaUtferouA, Specimens from Cornwall, Lebanon Oc, Pa. (f. 88), afforded J. M. Blake 2 p. c. of oobalt Fig. 88, by Mr. Blake, represents the planes about an angle of the cube, one of vbich, 3-1, has not been before observed in pyrite, though known in cobaltite (p. 71). The ffystals are much distorted.
4 (kprifarous, A variety CJomwall, Lebanon Ca, Pa., gave J. 0. Booth (Dana*8 Min., 18H 55) p. c. of copper, affording the formula (Fe, Cu) S'. The analysis gave 8 53*37, Fe 44'47, Ou 2*39. It tarmshes readily, assuming the bluish tarnish of steeL
5. SkaunferouB; BaUeakronie Schulz & Paillette (Bull G. Fr., II. viL, 16). A kind in cubes, ooQtamiog tin and xinc occurring in argiUite, 6 m. S. of Ribadeo, in Galida. Named after Lopez Ballesteros.
& Awiftrons, Gontainiog native gold. See under Gold. The pyrite of most gold regions is viri&nniSL The £act is not apparent in any of the external characters. 7. ArgenttferouB, From Hungary.
8w ThaBirotts. The pyrite of tiie Rammelsberg mine, near Goelar, Prussia, is especially rich in thalUoffl; and also that of Saalfeld. Thallium occurs in the furnaces of the Bethlehem (Pa.) inm works, which W. T. Boepper attributes to the pyrite of the Pennsylvania coal used.
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube a sublimate of sulphur and a magnetic residue. B.B. on charcoal gtTes off sulphur, burning with a blue flame, leaving a residue which reacts like pyrrhotlte. Insoluble in muriatic acid, but decomposed by nitric add.
Obi— Pyrite oocors abundantly in rocks of all ages, from the oldest cvf stalline to the most recent alhivial deposits. It usually occurs in small cubes, but often modified as above described; bo in irregular spheroidal nodules and in veins, in day slate, argillaceous sandstones, the coal foRDatioD, etc Chibes of gigantic dimensions have been found Si some of the Cornish mines ; peotagonal dodecahedrons and other forms occur on the island of Elba, sometimes five to six inchea in diameter. Large octahedral crystals are found at Persberg in Sweden. Magnificent er-sula come from Pteru; also Traversella in Hedmont, twins of which locality are figured Q- Sella, one of them a large pyritohedron (f. 47) with a small converse pyritohedron (f. 48) iMle of each of the six cubic edges. Alston-Moor, Derbyshire, Fahlun in Sweden, Eongsin Norway, are well-known localities. The day at Munden in Hanover, and the chi Um in Sumy, have afforded some remarkable compound crystals. It has also been me*; vUh ia the Yesuvian lavas in small irregular aysteds.
In Jfinae, at Gorinnai Peru, Waterville, and Farmington, in crystals ; at Bingham (saw mills), and JeweII*B Id., massive. In Ni Hampshire at Unity, massive. In at Heath, in ; at Hawley and Hubbardston, massive. In Vemuml, at Shoreham, in limestone, crystals abun- w; Hattford, in cubes 2-4 in. In at Lane's mine, Monroe, in octahedrons; Orange am Muford, in cubes in dilorite slate; Middletown lead mine, sometimes adcular, and also scattered quarts, like £89; at Stafford, in mica slate ; massive at Ooldiester, A shford, Tolland, Stafford, lmon. In N. York at Bossie, fine crystals (f. 85, 87) oocur at the lead mine in green shale ; Scnohaiie, a mile west of the ooort-house, in single and compouicl crystals, often highly polished
64 8T7Lphid8, Kto.
and abundant ; in intereBtinff crystals at Johnsburgh and Oheater, Wanen Oo. ; in gneiA) Tonkors ; in Orange Co., at Warwick and Deerpark ; in Jefferaon Co., in Champion and near CbEbon on tiie banks of Vrooman's lake, in modified octahedrons (£7); massive in Franklin, Patnam, and Orange Cos., eta In Pennsylvania, in crystals at Little Britain, Lancaster Co. ; at Chester, Delaware Co. ; in Carbon and York Cos. ; at Knauertown, Chester Co. ; in Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in lustrous cubo-oetahedrons, and with an elegant steel tarnish, sometimes an inch throufrh ; al Pottstown. near French Creek, in large jeUow octahedrons. In Wufconnn, near Mineral Point In Illinois, near Glenii, at Marsdens Diggings, in stalactites of great beauty with a surface of crystals. In y. Car near Greensboro', GriUlford Co., in crystcds. Anriferous pyrite is common at the mines of Colorado, and many of those of California, as well as in Virginia and the States south.
In Oanackit 2 miles N. W, of Brodcville, a cobaltiferoos var., in the Laurentian ; on the river Assumption, seignoij of Daillebout and at Esoott, a niocoliferous var., containing also some cobalt
This species affords the greater part of the sulphate of Iron and sulphnrio acid of ooouneroe and also a considerable portion of the sulphur and aluuL The auriferous yariety is worked for gold in many gold regions.
The name piriie is derived &om rip, fire, and alludes to the sparks fKotion. Pliy meations several things as included under the name (zxzyL 30): (I) a stone used for grindstones: (2) a kind which so readily fires punk or sulphur that he distinguishes it as pyritea , aoU which may have been flint or a related variety of quartz, as has len supposed, but more probably was emery f since he describes it as the heaviest of all; (3) a kind resembling brass or copper: (4) a porous stone, perhaps a sandstone or buhratone. The brassy kind was in all probability oar pyrite. But with it were confounded copper pyrites (chalcopyriteX besides marcasite and pyrrhotite, although these three kinds of pyrites fail of the sdntlnaUons. In fact. Dioscorides calls pyrite an ore of copper, jet in the next sentence admits that some kinds contain no copper; and. moreover, he states thac the mineral gives sparks. This confounding of iron and copper pjritea is apparent also in the descriptions of the vitriols (sulphates of iron and copper) by PUnj and other ancient writers, and equally so in the mineralogy of the world for more than fifteen centuries after Pliny, as is even now apparent in the principal languages of Europe. KupjertDOsser (copper-water) of the Germans being the copperas of the English and couperose of the . It is quite probable that copperas and couperose are in fact corruptions of the German word, instead of derivatives from cuprosa or cupriroia, as usually stated, for the Latin u would not haye become ju in French.
Under the name marcasite or marchasUe, of Spanish or Arabic origin, the older mineralpglBts. Henckel, Wallorius, Linnasus, etc, included distinctively crystallized pyrite, the cubic preeminently ; the nodular and other varieties being called ponies, and the less* yellow or brownish and softer kinds, wasserkies this last including our nuircasUe and pyrrhoUU, and some true pyrite. Werner first made pyrrhotite a ditftinct species.
Alt.—- Pyrite readily changes to a sulphate of iron by ozydatlon, some sulphur being set free. Also to limonite on its surface, and afterward throughout, by the action of a solution of bicarbonate of limo carrying off the sulphuric acid as change proceeds, and from limonite to red oxyd of iron. Green vitriol, limonite, gothite, hematite, quartz, graphite, ochreous day, occur as paeudomorphs after pyrite.
Artif. — May be made by the slow reduction of sulphate of sesquiozyd of iron in presence of some carbonate.
76. HAUIIRITZL Hauerit EaicL, Kat Abh. Wien, L lOI, 107, 4to, 1847.
Isometric; pyritohedral, figs. 2, 7, 6, 8, M ((?, 3-J), 41 (O, t-3); the octahedral form most common. Cleavage: cubic imperfect. Crystals sometimes globularly clustered.
H.=4. G. =3*463, v. Hauer. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color reddish-brown, brownish-black. Streak brownish-red.
Oomp.— Un S*=Sulphur 63*7, manganese 46*3=100. Analysis bj Patera (L a, Pogg., Izz.
148):
8 63-64 Mn 42-97 Fe 1*30 §11*20=99-11.
Pyr.— In the dosed tube a sublimate of sulphur ; in the open tube sulphurous add, and beoomea green. On charcoal gives sulphur ; the roasted mineral reacts for manganese with the floxea.
Obs.— From Ealinka, Hungary, in day with gypsum and sulphur, in a regn something like a solfatara tradiytic, and other eruptiTe rods decomposing and adding to the day, and the snlphui given off at the same time ir aking depositions of sulphur and sulphids. One crystal found meaa Btes inches through.
BUTjPHIDB, eto
M
Isometric Massive. Cleavage cubic, and rather more distinct than in ordinary pTrites, Breith. Color between bronze and brass-yellow. Streak dark red-bronze, black. H.=4. G.=4-026— 4-042 Br.; 4-169 Bootli;
4-18 Smith.
OomSllOii,4S=r4FlOa,8 8=:0aS+FeS+3FeS'=2jpyrite+l cKakopyrUe. Fe' Booth, wfafcdi Ui the aame with the preoedmg in its atomic proportions.
iaijstB: 1, Eastwidc (oommuniosted by J. 0. Booth): 2, Magee (ib.); 3, Steyena (ib.); 4 Scfasdaur (Fogg., hdr. 280); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sci., ILzyiii. 381):
Si
2-30=99-12 Eastwidc 1-90=101*10 Magee. 2-86=100-81 SteTens.
Pb lr.=100'26 Scheidauer.
Si 9e 4*23=99-13 Smith.
Braittympt obtained in repeated trials 19 per oent of copper. Smith in two other inoompleis uolyteg mind sulphnr 39-20, 39*30, and copper 19*10, 19*00.
Py.— la Che cloMd tube a sablimate ; in the open, solphurous add. B.B. on charcoal giTei sour fames and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roaied ore reacts for copper and am with the fluxes ; with soda on charooal gives a globule of metallic iron with copper.
Obb— Barraoanaa Cubik
Oo
39*35
21*05
38*80
88*29
34*78
22*96
38'57
87*10
78. CBAJUOOPYBSTB. 1 XaXttrtf (flr. Oyprus) AristaOe. f XaXcirK, Uvpirm pt, Dioaoor 7 Ghalcita pt, Pyrites pt PUn, Pyrites lerosus pt, Pyrites aureo colore, Oerm, GhBelkis o. Kupferkii Afric 212, Inteipr., 467, 1546. Pyrites pL, Germ. Kupferkies, Gemer Foss., 1565. Pyrites flTui, GhatcopyritoOi ffendt irit, 1725. Qui Kopparmalm, Ouprum sulphure et ferro mhienfiaatom, Ohaloopyritefl, WaU 284 1747. Ouiyre jaune, Pjrrite cuiyreuse, Dr. TrL WoIL, it 1753. Copper Fyzftea. Fyritous Oopper. Galyre pyriteux iV. Towanite B. A M, Min., 181,1852.
Tetragonal; tetrahedral. OAl-i=135*' 25'; a 0*98556. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, *-i, i-3 ; octahedral or tetrahedral, J, J, 1, 2, K H 2-i ; other planes, f-3, 6-5.
OaJ=146 8'
0a1=125 40 0a2:=109 44
OhU=ll&' 64'
0 A 14=124: 5
1 A 1, pyr.,=109 53
2A2,pyr.,: ♦ Afpyr.,:
1A1,£92,:
:100 44
71 20 and 70 7
M
8X7Lphid6, Etc.
M
Cleava: 24 sometimes distinct; 0, indistinct Twins: compositionface (1) l-t, f. 93. 94 ; in 93 repeated parallel to 4 terminal edges of a pyramid ; also similar to ng. 89, through combinations of sphenoids ; (2) tlie plane 1,
similar to f. 50, also similar to f. 62, p. 21, bnt with the interpenetrating tetrahedrons of the forms in fig. 92 ; also somewhat similar to fig. 119, nnder tetrahedrite. Often massive and impalpable.
H.=3-5— 4. G.=41— 4-8. Lustre metallic Color brass-yellow ; subject to tarnish, and often iridescent. Streak greenish-black — a little shining. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven.
Oomp. — A Bulpfaid of copper and iron, oootuning 2 of per, 2 of iron, and 4 of 8nlphur=rSulpliur 34'9, copy Zii, iron 30*5=100. S + Fe S*, usuaUy written 6n S+Fe' 8*, the objection to which has already been mentioned (p. 33) Some analyses give other proportions ; but probably finom mixture with pyrita These are indefinite mixtures of the two, and with the increase of the latter the color beoomei paler.
This species, although tetragonal, is very closely isomprphons with pyrite, the yariatton from thi cubic form being slight, the vertical axis being 0*98566 instead of 1.
Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Gilb., Ixxii. 185); 2, HartwaU (Leonh. Handb., 646); 8, 4, B. Bedu (Am. J. Sd., II. xiv. 161) ; 5, D. Forbes (Ed. N. PhiL J., L 278) ; 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd E EX. 249); 7, Joy (Lye. N. H N. Yoric, viil 126):
Fe 80-47 quarts 0*27=100-01 Bose.
8029 =100*00 Bechl
29-76 0-86=99-56 Bedu.
82-77 Mn r., Si 032=99-62 ForboiL
29-93 Pb 0-35=99-23 Smith.
31-26 0-30, §10-20= 100-83
Tnk'es of selenium have been noticed by Kersten in an ore from Belnsberg near Freiberg; tod that from Rammelsberg near Goslar must contain the same, it being one of the Aimooe Qdvta (Banunelsberg, Min. Chem., ViO). Thallium is also present in some kinds, and more frequently present in this ore than in pyrite.
Other analyses : Malaguti and Durocher (Ann. des M., IV. xviL 229).
P3rr., etc.— In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a sulphur sublimate ; in other resctioiii like cubanite. Dissolves in nitric add, excepting the sulphur, and forms a green solution ; am* monia in excess changes the green color to a deep blue.
Obs.— Ghalcopyrite is the prindpal ore of copper at the Oomwall mines, and 10,000 to 12,000 tons of pure copper are smelted annually from 1 60,000 to 160,000 tons of ore. It is there assncuUed with tin ore, galenite, bomite, chalcodte, tetrahedrite, and blende. The copper beds of lUt* lun in Sweden, are composed prindpally of this ore, which occurs in large masses, sunounded by a ooating of serpentine, and imbedded in gneiss. At Rammelsberg, near Goslar in the Hsr% *.t forms a bed in argiUaoeous schist, and is associated with pyrite, giUenite, blende, and mino portions of silver and gold. The Kurprinz mine at Freiberff affords weU-defined crystals.- U occurs also in the Bannot, Hungary, and Thuringia ; in Sootund hi KirkcudbrightshlrB, FBrtbshire and elsewhere ; in Tuscany (analyses 8, 4) ; in South Australia; in fine ccystali at Gmto Blanco, near Oopiapo Chill
In Maine at the Lubec lead mines ; at Dexter. In K, Hamp at Franconia, in gnein ; Unity, on the estate of Jas. Neal; Warren, on Davis's farm; at Baton, 2 m. K.B of Atkina'i tavern; Lyme, K of £. Village: Haverhill, eta In Vermoni at Stafford, Oorinth, Waftertmiy, Shrewsbury. In Masa at the Southampton lead mines; at Turner's foils on the (Tounectictt zear Deerlield, and at Hatfield and Sterling. In OonnecUctO, at Bristol and Middtotowu, sometimes in crystals. In New York at the Ancram lead mine ; five miles from Bossie, beyond De Ung mills at the Bossie lead mmes, in crystals ; in crystals and massive near Wurtoboro*, SuOivMi Oft : very large crystals and massive at BUenville, Ulster Oo. In Finnsyhfoma at Phenixrille; at Pottstown, Chester Ok (Elizabeth mine). In Marylandf in the Gatootin mti.; between Ke
1. Sayn S 36*87
Cu 34-40
2. Finland 8633
8. Val Cajitrucd 36*62
4. Mt Catini 36-16
6. Jemtel'd, Sweden 33-88
6. Phenixville 36-10
7. Ellenville 86-66
BULPHID6, lETO. 67
mvket md TaiMytown ; near Faiksboiyi Carroll Oo abundant (Fatapsoo and othor mines), with boroitey oairoQitei and malachite. In VirginiOf at the Phenix copper mines, Fauquier Go., and the Wiltao gold mine, Louisa Co In K Garolma, near Greensboro', abundant massive (Fenreaa jt North Carolina, and Maoculloch mines), along with spathic iron in a quartz gangue. In 7V- ume 30 miles from Cteveland, in Polk Co. (Hiwassee mines), with black copper and pyrites.
In CaL in different mines along a belt between Ifaripoea Co. and Del Norte COb, on wost side oC ud parallel to, the chief gold belt ; occurring massive in Calaveras Ca, at Union, Kevstoue, Empire, Napcdeon, Campo Seco, and Lancha Plana mines, and in crystals on Domingo Creek ; in Miriposa Oo at the La YiotoirQ and Haskell claims, and on the Ohowchillas river; in Amadot Co, at the Newton mme ; in El Dorado Ca, at the Oosumnes, Hope Valley, Bunker Hill, £i DQnMk\ Excelsior mines ; in Plumas COb, at Glenesee and Cosmopolitan mines.
Id (Xmaddt in Perth and near Sherbrooke; extensively mined at Bruce mines, on Lake Huron
Tbe Oomwall chalcopyrite is not a rich ore ; what is picked for sale at Redruth rarely yielding 12, generally only 7 or 8, and occasionally but 3 or 4 per cent of metal Its richness may in (reoerai be judged of by the color ; if of a fine yellow hue, and readily yielding to the hammer, it may bo considered a good ore ; but if hard, and pale-yellow, it is poor from admixture with Pfrite.
Readily distingnished from pyrite, which it somewhat resembles, by its inferior hardness ; it may be eat by the knife, while pyrite will strike fire with steel. The effects of nitric acid are also different DiiorerB from gold in being brittle, on which account it cannot be cut off in slices, like tbe latter metal; and, moreover, gold is not attacked by nitric acid.
Ooconi as a furnace product near Goslar.
Alt~<%angel on exposure with moisture, especially if heated, to a sulphate. Malachite, eovte, diryaoooUa, copper, chalcocite, and oxyd of iron, are other forms into which it is nnetimes altered.
Named from hrass and pyrites, by Henckel, who observes in his Pyritology (1725) that dttkopyrite is a good distinctive name for the ore. Aristotle calls the copper ore of Cyprus Aaiatis; and Dioscorides uses the same word ; but what ore was intended is doubtful There is no question that copper-pyrites was included by Greek and Latin authors under the name pyriiet (q.T-64).
79. BABNHARZyrrnL Tenth, Am. J. ScL, U. xix. 17, 1856, xxviil 248.
Compact massive.
H.=3*5. G.=4'521. Lnstre metallic. Color bFonze-yellow. Streak mjiah-blaek, slightly shining. Fractm conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Tarnishes easily, giving pavomne tints, or becoming pinchbeck-brown.
OoBiiw— 3 6a S+Fe S-f-Fd chalcopyrite-f 1 chakocite=Sulphur 30*5, copper 48*2, iroo 11*3. Analyses: 1-3, W. J. Taylor, F. A. Genth, and P. Keyser (L c.); Tenth (ptir, oontrib.):
S
Fe
Gn
1. Bamhardt's Land
4*7-61, Ag ir. Taylor.
2. Pioneer Mills
46-69 Genth.
48-40 Keyser.
4. Bill Williamn' Fork
20*44
50-41 Genth.
In sooflier ore fVom Bamhaidt*s land, Taylor found (L a) S 32-9, Fo 28*4, Gu 40*2, oorrespond- iB£to8S+4Pe+2i6u.
Pyr., etc — B.B. gives sulphurous fumes, and ftises easily to a magnetiu globule. With rax for copper and iron.
Obk — Occurs in N. Carolina with other copper ores, at Dan Bamhardt's land, Pioneer Mills, mine, and Vanderburg mine, in Cabarrus Co. ; also near Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co. ; at Bill Wnfiams' Fork, in California, with chalcopyrite, eta
It 001 be a dialcopyrite, partly altered to copper-glaiioe (cfaaloodteX as would be inferred tsoih Dt. Geirth's later obaerrations.
(A) HoMiCBLnf Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., zvil 385, 424, 1858, zriiL 65, 321) is closely related to the preceding, and may be chalcopyrite partly altered to bomite. Occurs in tetragonal octahedral ojitals, but mostly massiTe; H.=4 — 8, G. =4*472-4-480 ; color more bronze-like than in chal oopyTite; streak black.
or 3 6n S+ 8 Fe 8+Fe 6*, corresponding to 1 of chalcopifrUe, 2 of chalcocite, and 2 of pyrrhotite, to 1 of diaksopyrite and 2 of bomite.
Onsrs with znalaohite and other copper ores at Plauen in YoigUand; also sud to occur, by Bnithanpt, in BaTaria, Duchies of Hesse and Nassau, Silesia, the Bars, at Bheinbreitenbaoh oo the Blmie in Algeria, in Chili at BMnolinoa and TooopilUs and in Japan.
Ducktownite is a blackish copper ore from Ducktowxif Tenn., named by Sh<)pard, who fmm4 b it 30*76 iron, 26*04 copper, with 48*20 of undeterminecL G-. J. Brash has si town diat it is nol homogeneous, and oiy a mixture, grains of pyrite being visible through the mass, and also t softer gray mineral, which is probably chalcodte See Ben. on Mt Pisgah Mine K. Haven, 1859, and Am. J. Sd., IL xxviii 129, 1859.
80. STAKNTTB. Geschwefeltes Zinn (fir. Cornwall) Schriften Nat Fr. Berlin, riL 169, 1787, Beitr., il 257, 1797, t. 228, 1810. Zinkies Wem., Beigm. J., 1789, 386, 897. Tin Pyrites
Kino ii. 800, 1796. Snlpburet of Tin; Bell Metai Ore. Etain sulftire JV-. Stannine Bnd
Tr., il 416, 1832.
Prboably tetragonal, and hemihedral like chalcopyrite, Kennott Cleavage,; parallel to the faces of the cube and dodecanedron indistinct. Commonly massive, granular, and disseminated.
H.=:4. G.=4-3— 4-522; 4*506, *fr. Zinnwald, Kammelsberff. Lustre metallic. Streak blackish. Color steel-gray to iron-black, the former when pure ; sometimes a bluish tarnish ; oiken yellowish from the presence of chalcopyrite. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp.— -2 (6n, Pe, Zn) S + Sn which, the ratio of 6u, Pe, Zn, being 2:1:1, correspondfl to. Sulphur 29-6, tin 27 2, copper 29-3, iron 6*5, zinc 7'5=100. The ratio between the sulphur of the two terms is 1 : 1, as in chalcopyrite. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Breitr., r. 228); 2, Kudernatsch (Pogg., zzzix. 146); 8, Johnston (Bep. O. Cornwall, etc., 1839); 4, Mallet (Am. J. ScL, D xvii. 33); 5, Bammelsbeig (Pogg., IzzzviiL 607):
S Sn On Pe Zn
1. Wheal Rock 30-6 26-6 800 12-0 -990 Klaproth.
3. St Michael's Mt 29*929 31*618 28-649 4*791 10'113=:100 Johnston.
5. Zinnwald 29*05 25*66 29*38 6*24 9*68=100 Rammelsbeiig.
Pyr., ate— In the closed tube decrepitates, and gies a faint sublimate ; in the open tnbe sulphurous add, and a sublimate of oxyd of tin quite near the assay. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, which in O.P. gives off sulphar, and coats the coal with white osyd of tin ; the roasted mineral treated with borax gves reactions for iron and copper.
Decomposed by nitric add, affording a blue solution, with separation of sulphur and ozyd of Un.
Obs.~Pormerly found at Wheal Rock, and at Gam Brea, where it constituted a considerable vein, and was accompanied by pyrite, blende, and other minerals ; more recently in considerable quantity in granite at St Mic&aers Mount, where it is sold as an ore of copper: also at Stenna Gwynn, St Stevens, and at Wheal Primrose, Wheal Scorrier, and occasionally at Botallack mine, St Just; also at the Gronebane mine, Go. Wicklow, in Ireland; Zinnwald, in the Brzgebirgo, with blende and galenite. It frequently has the appearance of branae or bell metal, and hence the name beUfmeUU ore,
Bl. UNNiEITB, Kobolt med Jem och Svafelsyra (fr. Bastnaes) O. Brandi, Ak. H. Stockh., 119, 1746. Kobalt med fonrswafladt Jam, Gobaltum Perro Sulphurate mineralisatum, OronsLf 213, 1758. Gobaltum pyriticosum LinfL, 1768; de Bom, Lithoph., L 144, 1772. Mine de Cobalt Bulfureuse do lAale, iii. 134, 1783. Kobalt-Glanz pt TFm., Kirwan, etc Svafelbunden Kobolt ffioinger, AHi., UL 316, 1810. Kobaltkies ffauom., Handb., 158, 1813. Sdiwefelkobalt Sulphuret of Gobalt; Gobalt Pyrites. Cobalt sulfur Koboldino Beud., Tr., il 417, 1832. Unneit ifaid, Handb., 560, 1845. Kobaltnickelkies [not Kobaltkies] Bamm,\ Siegenite (fr Muse: ) Dana, Min., 687, 1850.
Isometric. Figs. 2, 6, 7. Cleavage : cubic, imperfect. Twins : com* position-face octaaedral. Also massive, granular to compact,
H.=5-5. Q.=4'8— 5. Lustre metallic. Color pale steel-gray, tarnishmg copper-red. Streak blackish-gray. Fracture xmeven or subconchoidal.
Sulphidb, Sku
Obnps Var.rl Go 8+ Go SE'sfiulphur 42-0, cobalt 68*0=sl00 ; Imt baring the cobalt raplaoed putin by nidcel or oopper.
Yar. 1. Ci/erotic; LtxsMm Hud. (La). Ore from Bastnaes. The oopper has been attributed to mized ehalcopyrite ; but, in view of the composition of carroUite, thia is probably not tnw of aU of it. The name ttmKBtte, after Tiinnmna, was given diatinatiyely by HaicUnger to the Bnfadflrminenl (L aV
L Ifiooriiferoui ; 'LmfUJtUe SiRGBNTTE Dana (L c.). Ore from Kuaen, near Siegon and eidre. The specimens from Musen afforded Rammolsberg, in his reoent analysis (No. U'SOofaickel; uid he shows that the earlier analyaes are erroneous, owing to the fact that i method of separating nickel and cobalt completely was not known when the analyses were made.
Aoal/ses. 1, Hisinger (AfhandL, iiL 319); 2, Wemekink (Sohw. J., zxzix 306, and Leonh. ZaCMin., 1826); 3, Schnabel fRamm., 4th SuppL, 111); Ebblnghaus (lb.); 6, Bammelsbeig (J. pr. Gh, Izxzvi. 340); 6-8, Oeuth (Am. J. ScL, U. xxiii 419):
I ButDses 1 Musen 3. " Suv. L " Sieg.
S
& MinerBl HiD, Sieg. S9'10* Sieg. 41-15 L Hkioiiri, aieg. 41'64
Go
53*35
14*60 29*56
[50-76] 21-34 30-53
Gn
14*40, gangne 0-38=:99*96 Hisinger. 0-97=98-87 Wemekink.
100 SohnabeL G.
=100*63 Ebb. a.=6*0.
0-49=98-90 Bamm. 2*23, Insol. 0 45=99-59 Month. 8-68, InsoL 1*26=100 Oenth. [(Senth. , Pb 0-39, Ou, Sb Ir., InsoL 1-07=98-24
ttc — The Tsriety from Mosen gives, in the dosed tube, a sulphur sublimate ; in the opes tabe, sulphurous times, with a faint snbUmate of arsenous add. B3. on charcoal givei anenijal and sulphurous odors, and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted mineral gies with the fluxes reactions for nickel, cobalt, and iron. Soluble in nitric add, with separation of satobur.
Obs<— In gneiss, with ehalcopyrite, at Bastnaes, near Biddarhyttan, Sweden; at MQsen, near Siegea, in Prussia, with heavy spar and spathic iron ; at Siegen (8iegenUe\ in octahedrons ; at Xme la Motte, in Missouri, mostly massive, sometimes octahedral and cubo-ootahedral crystals; nd at Ifinend Hill, in ICaryland, in a vein in chlorite slate, witli ehalcopyrite, bomite, blende, pfrite, eta
Alt— Ooenrs altered to yellow earthy cobalt so-called { BrdkdbaU which is a mixture of vythrite and pttUdtew
82. OARROLZiITB. Fbher, Am. J. Sd., IL xiii 418, 1862.
Isometric. Sarely in octahedrons. Massive. Fracture subconchoidal or uneven.
H.=5'5. G.= 4'85, Smith and Brush. Lustre metallic. Color light iteel-graj, with a faint reddish hue.
Ooap.— Gn 84- Go* 8*: or its equivalent On S+Oo 8+Oo S'(obtained by donbUngthenumbei tf atoms), whidi may be written 2 + i Go) S4-8 Go S*: analogous to Guban. Analyses 1-t, Smith and Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL xvL 367); 4, Oenth (ib., xxiil 418):
1. Patapeoo mine
4. "
8 Go Ni Fe Gu As
41-9:) 37-26 1-64 1*26 17-48 Ir. =99*46 a ft B.
40-94 38-21 1-54 1-66 17-79 100-03 & A B.
40-99 37-66 1-54 1-40 1918 <r. 100-76 & A B.
41-71 38-70 1-70 0-46 17-65, quarts 0-07=100-19 G.
obtained hi an moorreot analysis (L a) S 27-04 Co 28-60, Ki 1*60, Fe 6-31, Gu 32*99, Aa HI, lifioB -2-16=99-30.
Like siegenite, except that the roasted mineral reacts for oopper with the fluxes.
Obi—In GarroU Ga, liaryland, at Patapsoo mine, near Finksburg; and also at Springfidd Bine, MMoiated and mixed with dialcopyrite and dmloodteb
'Rut species may prove to be identical with the Bastnaes Imnaaite or true linnaite), on a new *7int of the latter, both being oupriferous.
TO BTTLPHIDe, KTO.
83. BMALTTTB, f Oobaltmn dneraoeiim Agrie 469, 1529. Koboltmabn, Xiobol;laDts, Mi* era Gobalti dnereai Oobaltam anenioo mineralifiattim, pt (Cdoaltite here indaded), ITolL, 231 1747. ? Cobaltum Eerro et Anenioo mineralisatum, Olaate-Oobalt (flr. SohneebeigX 213 1 758. Mine de griae De Luk, Grist, 833, 1778 ; Mine de Gobelt araenioate De lAdt, Ui 123, 1783. Weisser Speisakobold, Orauer Spelsakobold, Wem. Gray Cobalt ore Kkno 1796 Tin-whiU xbalL Speiakobalt Haiumn Handb 165, 1813. Sznaltine Beud Tr., iL 584| 1852.
Isometric. Observed planes : Oy 1, 2-2, also an undetermined tetrahexahedron. Firares 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9. Cleavage : octahedral distinct. Cubic, in traces. Also massive and in reticulated and other imitative Aapes.
H.=5'5-— 6. G.=6'4 to 7'2. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, inclining, when massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grayish from tarnish. Streak grayish-blacK. Fracture granular and uneven. Brittle.
Comp., Var.~For typical kind (Ca Fb, Ni) (if Co, Fe, and m be present in equal parti) Arsenic 72*1, cobalt 9*4, nickel 9*5, iron 00. It is probable that nickel is never wboUy absent although not detected in some of the earlier analyses ; and in some kinds it is the principal metal The varieties based on the proportions of oobalt, nickel, and iron, are the following:
Var. 1. CkibaUic ; Smaltinb. Contains little nickel or iron.
2. NUxoHferoua; Chloanthite BrtUh, (B. H. Ztg., iv. 1845 ; Weisenickelkies pt, Wdasnickelen, Arsenik-Nickel, ,\ Wliite Nickel; Rammelsbergit Haid Handb., 560, 1845; Ohathamite She, Am. J. ScL, xlvii. 851, 1844). Contains miidi nickel, the cobalt sometimes nearly wanting.
8. FeirTifermLS ; ifuyaarm BreWi, (Grauer Speiskobold ; Bisenkobalterz fTattfm. ; Eiaen* kobaltkies v. JTofr.). Contains over 10 p. a of iron with oobalt, or with cobalt and nidceL
But the atomic proportion of arsenio and other elements often varies much ftom the normal above stated, and without oorrespoodenoe with the three groups just pointed out Theae varia* tions lead to the following groups, as distinguished by Eammelsbeig, which, however, blend mon or less with one another :
A. Composition B As*, with R=0o, Fe, and some Kl Includes some of Noa. 1, 2, and 3, above;
B. B As', with R=Ni, Fe, and some Co. Indades most chloaiUkUii Ko. 2. Anal. 6 tol2.
C. R As + B As'. AniaL 13 to 15. Includes some of Nos. 2 and 3.
D. R As*+ 2 R As'. AnaL 16 to 21. Includes some of 1 and 2. In this last the anemo constitutes 73—76 p. a, and the mineral approximates to SkuUenuUie,
Analyses : Series A. 1, Yarrentrapp (Pogg., zlviii. 505); 2, Hoflnann (Pogg., xxv. 486); 8, Kobell (Grundz. Min., 300) ; 4, Klauer ( BamuL, 5th SuppL, 225) ; 5, Lange (RamoL, ICn. Ch., 24). Series B. 6, Booth (Am. J. ScL, zziz. 241) ; 7, Rammelsberg (J. pr. dL, Iv. 486) ; 8, 9, id. (Ist Suppl, 15); 10, F. Marian (Yofl's Min. Joach., 158); II, C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sd, xlvii. 851); 12, Min., 512, 1854).— Series 0. 18, Jackel (Rose's Kiyst Oh., 58); H RammelS' berg (5th SuppL, 235); 15, Salvetal k Wertheim (These, Paris, 1854, 79).— Series D. 16. Stromeyer (GeL Anz. Gott, 1817, 72) ; 17, Sartorius (Ann. Oh. Pharm., IxvL 278) ; 18, 19, B. W Bull (Biose's Kryst Ch., 52) ; 20, Karstedt (Ramm., 6th SuppL, 225) ; 2 1, Marian (L a) :
A.
Aa
Co Ki
Fe
Cu
1. Tunaberg
23*44
, S 0-90=98*76 Varr.
2. Schneeborg
18-95 1*79
1-39, SO'66, Bi 0-01=99-88 Hote.
tr. S tr., Bi 1*00=100 Kolk
4. Riechelsdorf
68*73
16-37 12*15
0*46—100 Kbiuer.
5. Sobneeberg
6-38 14*49
S 0*27=99-79 Lange.
B.
6. Riechelsdorf
3*37 20-74
=100 Booth.
7. AUemont
18*71
1 S 2-29=98*93 Ramm.
8. Kamsdorf
28*40
ir.
=98*74 Ramm.
tr.
—100-48 Ramm.
10. Joaohimsthal
71*47
8*62 21-18
2*83
0-29, S 0-58=99-97 Marian.
11. Chatham, Ct
70*00
1*35 12*10
=101*21 Shepard.
12. "
3-82 9*44
, S 4*78=100 Genth.
G. cf min. of anaL 13, 6*84;
14, 6-874.
18. Riechelsdorf
66*02
1*90, 8 0*49, Bi 0*04=101-26 JIflhiL
10-80 26-87
, 8 2*11 100 Ramm.
16. Schneeberg
3-01 86-00
, 8 2*80=100-82 Salv. ft W.
8ULPHID6, EflO. 71
a a oTiu. of uuJ. 19 6-S37 ; 21, 6-807.
Ai Go Ni Fe Ga
17. 78-63 9-17 U-06 2*24 , 8 0*94=99-94 Sartoriufl.
18L " 7609 4*56 12-2fi 6*82 =99*72 Ball
19. Sdmeeberg 76*85 8*32 12*04 6*52 0*94=98*67 Ball
J. L Smilh found over 8 p. a of copper in a smaltine from Ataoama, his analjraia afTordifi
r., etcs — In the dosed tube gires a sublimate of metallic arsenic; in the open tube a white rabfij&ate of arsenoos acid, and sometimes traces of sulphurous add. B.B. on <mrooal gves an aneniol occur, and fuses to a gbule, which, treated with sucoessiye portions of borax-glasa, aflordi reactions for iron, cobalt, and nickeL
Obs.~UBUall7 occurs in veins, accompanying ores of cobalt or nickel, and ores of silver and oopper; alao in some instances, with nicoolite and arspuopjrite ; often having a coating of mBbecgite.
Oeoura with silver and copper at Freiberg, Annaberg, and particularly Sdmeeberg in Saxony; at Joadiimstbal in Bohemia, the reticulated varieties are frequently found imbedded in calc spar, aad also at Wheal Spamon in Gomwall ; at lUechelsdorf in Hesse, in veins in the copper schist ; at Tnoaberg io Sweden ; Allemont in Dauphin; at the silver mines of Tres Puntas and others in ChDi, bat only in small qnantitieB Also in crystals at Mine La Kotte, Missouri See analyses iTe for the' varieties at these localities.
At Qotham, Gonn the chloanthite (chathamite) occurs in mica slate, associated generally with arseDopyrite and sometimes with niccolite.
This spedes and the cobaltite were. confounded by the mineralogists of last century; and altfaoQg right diemical distinctions were early indicated by those of Sweden, doubts continued until t& analyses by John and Stromeyer in 1811 and 1817. Bom de Idsle brought out and %ared correctly the crystaQographic distinctions in 1772 and 1783; but the value of his deter- Bioatious were not generally appreciated.
AIL — Occurs altered to erythrite (arsenate of cobalt), a change due to the ozydation of the aneaic and cobalt on exposure to moiatttre.
84. SKUTTBRUDITE. Tesseral-Kies, Hartkobaltldes, Pogg., ix. 115, 1827. Arsenikkobdtkies Schearer, Pogg., zUL 646, 1837. Hartkobalten ffauam Handb., 69, 1847. Skutterudit Eaid Handb., 660, 1846. Modumite Nkol, mjL, 467, 1849.
1. Skuttemd
As 77-84
Go 2001
79*2
18*5
8L moM.
19*6
laometric Observed planes 0, /, 1, 2, 4, 2-2, i-3, 2-f. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 10. Cleavage : cubic, distinct ; /, in traces. Also massive anular.
H.=6. G.=6*74— 6*84. Lustre bright metallic. Color between tinwhite and pale lead-gray, sometimes iridescent.
Oomp.— Co Ab'= Arsenic 79*2, cobalt 20-8=100. Analyses: 1, Sdheeror (La); 2, 3, Wdhler (PtaggxiiiL69l):
Fe 1-51 S 100*06 Scheerer. l-8=99'0 Wohler. Wohler.
Pyr— Reactions like those of snudtite, but gives a more copious sublimate of metallic arsenic in the dosed tube.
ObSi— From Skutternd, near Modum, in Norway, in a homblendic gangue in gneiss, with iiibtae and cobaltite, and the crystals sometimes implanted on those of cobaltite.
B5. OOBALTITB. Gobaltnm onm ferro sulfurato et arsenicato mlnerahsatum, Olants-Eobolt Pt (fr. Tonaberg), OnnsL, 213, 1758 Mine de Gobalt blanche de Lisle, Grist, 884, 1772. Mme <fe Gobalt araenico-snlfureuse de Lisle, Grist, UL 129, 1783. aimiz-Kobold Wem. Kobalt- Gbu Qenn. Gobalt gris pt ff. Olanoe Gobalt; Bright-White Gobalt aianzkobaltkiea CHodL, Qrondr., 1881. Gobaltine JtadL, Tr. iL 450, 1832.
iBometric; pyritohedral. Observed planes, as in the annexed %ure;
6I7Lphid8, Sto.
f. 46, 47. Cleavage: cubic, perfect Planes 0 striated. Also massiTe.
granular or compact.
H.=6*6. Q.=6— 6'8. Lustre metallic. Coloi silver- white, inclined to red; also steel-gray, with a violet tinge, or grayish-black when containing much iron. Streak grayish-black. Fracture uneven and lamellar. Brittle.
Comp., Var.—Oo 8*+0o As*, or Ck> (S AB)*=8alphur 19*3, anenio 45*2, oobalt 35*6=100. The cobalt is sometimes Isrgelj replaced- by iroOf and sparingly by copper. Var. 1. OrdvMury, Oontains little iron. AnaL 2. IerriferwM ; Febboo6bai;titb (Stahlkobalt HamnLf 4th Sappl, 116, 6th SuppU 148, 1853; Ferrocobaltine Min., 58, 1H54). Oontains mudi iron (anaL 7—9) ; trom the Hambeig mine, Segen Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (. J., xix. 336) ; 2, Schnabel (Bamm., 8d SuppL, 65) ; 3, Hnberdt (Bamm., 4th Suppl, 116); 4, Patera fib.); 5, Ebbinghaus (ib.); 6, 7, Schnabel (ib.); 8, Schnabel (ib., 5th SuppL, 149); 9, Heidingsfcld (ib.):
S As
Oo
Skntterud
Siegen
Skntterud
20*25
42*97
Siegen, masaive
83*71
" plumose
1 14
20*86
u
19*08
Fe
8-23=99-87 Stromeyer.
6-88=100 Schnabel
3-42, quartz 1-63=100*34 Ebbinghaua.
1-6.3=99*99 Schnabel 25*98 Sb 2-84=100 Schnabel 2803= 1 00-75 Schnabel 24 99, Sb 1-04, Cu 2-36, gangue 0-62= 100*75 Held.
The analyses of supposed oobaltite by Patera and Huberdt are given under Alloolabeti.
Pyr., etc. — Unaltered in the closed tube. In the open tube, gives sulphurous fumes, and crystaUine sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and arsenic, and fuse to a magnetic globule ; with borax a cobalt-blue color. Soluble in warm nitric add, separating arsenous add and sulphur.
Obs.— Occurs at Tunaberg, Riddarhyttan, and Uokansbfi, In Sweden, in laige, splendid, welldefined crystals ; also at Skutterud in Norway. Other localities are at Querbach in Silesia, SiegeD in Westphalia, and Botallack mine, near St. Just, in Cornwall The most productive mines are those of Vena in Sweden, where it occurs in mica slate; these mines were first opened in 1809.
ThiB species and smaltite afford the greater part of the smalt of commerce. It is also employed in porcelain painting.
86. QBRSDORFFTTB. Nicoolum Ferro et Gobalto Arsonicatis et Snlphnratis mineralisatom, Kupfernickel, pt (wkUevar, tt. JjoosChonsL, 218, 1758, Ak. H.Stockh., 1761, 17.)4. [Thespeoief later taken for Kupfernickel and Cobalt ore, until 1818.] Kickelglanz, Weisses Nickelerz, JPfrf . J., zzil 260, 1818 ; Ak, H. Stockh., 1820. Sulfo-arsniure de nickel Beud 1824 Nickelaisenikglanz, Nickelarsenikkies, Arseniknickelglanz, Oenn, Nickel Glance. DisomoGe Betid., Tr., il 448, 1832. Tombazite pt BreUh J. pr. Oh., xv. 830, 1838. Oersdorffit (fr. Sdiladming) pt Ldtoe, Pogg., Iv. 6(>3, 1842. Amoibit pt v. Kob J. pr. Oh., zzxiu. 402, 1844.
Isometric ; pyritohedral. Observed planes (?, 1, i-2. Figs. 2, 6, 7, 46. Cleavage : cubic, rather perfect. Also lamellar and granular massive.
H.=5'5. G.=5-6— 6*9. Lustre metallic. Color silver-white — steelgray, often tarnished gray or grayish-black. Streak grayish-black. Fracture uneven.
Oomp., Var.— Normal, Ni S'+Ni As or Ni (S As)*:: Arsenic 46*6, sulnhar 19*4, nickel 351:? 100. But the composition varies in atomic proportions rather widely, and the species is not fil \1ll7 nnderstood.
Var. 1. KonrnL Having the above composition.
BULPHIDt), XIU.
1 Llliro giniovffiU (Ka 10) affords 1 [Ni S'+NI AB*]+i niccolite (p. 60), oomspondini* to it Titb for As, 8, Ki, 3 : 2 : 3. L5we deduoed 4:3:4, the formula which would diilbr ooJ in the last member being niooolite. AnaL 9 falls in with this formula.
3. VoQ £dbea*s onunUfe (anal 17) afforded him, 4 As + 3 8+4 in=Ar8enic 4*7*4, sulphur 15*2, nickel 3T'4w nearer the analysis. The mineral occurs at lichtenberg in the lUbtelgebirge in light steel-gray octahedrons, having H.=:4.
L IL=4. Pleases analyses (Nos. 12-14), and also Bogen*s of the ore of Siegen (No. 15 corr ipod to 2 Ni 8+Ni As'. This ore may be named ptsaAe,
&. JMtcftawle. AnaL 18 corresponds to At ratio for As, (Ni, Fe, Oo), 2:1:2, givhig the formula 1 [B S"+ B As*] 4- 2 niccolite.
Analyses: 1, Benelius (L c.); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Izviiu 611); 3, 4, Schnabel (Verb. Ycr. Boon, TiiL 307, Bamm. Min.-Ch., 65); 5, Bergemann (J. pr. Oh., Ixxv. 244); 6, Dobereiner (. /., xxTL 270); 7, Bammelsbeig (Haadw., il 14); 8, Heidingsfidd (BamnL, 6th 8uppL. 174); 9-11, Lowe iBaomL, 2d 8appL, 102, Fogg., It. 503); 12-14, Pless (Ann. Oh. Phamu, li U50); 15, Bogen (BL E Ztg., zzHl 65); 16. Bergemann (J. pr. Oh., Ixzix. 412); 17, r. Eobell (J. pr. Oh., xxxilL 18, Zeijaa (Ans. Ak. Wien, 1866, 173):
L Looa, 8wBden
2. Hanjgvrode, G. 5*65
3. Muaen, eryst
4. Ems, montM
6. Kamadorf
7. Lobenttdn 8l "
9. Pnkendorf
10. >SfihlartminR Gendoff.
11. " 5. 6-7— 6-9 R J4.
crysl, 0.6-64
u
u
17. AmaOritt, G. 6*08 It. Dobsdiaa
As
46*87
44*01
48*02
46*10
39*88
83*25
45-34*
18*83 17*82 14* 18*96 16*:i5 16*91 17*49 21*51
Ki
30*30
35*27
34*18
27-*
31*82
33*04
38*42
37*34
Oo
0-92*
with some Ou.
by loss.
, Si 0 9=100*58 Berselius.
Sb 0*86=100 Bamm.
=100 Schnabel.
2-23, Ou 2*75=101-96 Schnabel. 0*27, Sb 0-61= 100-14 Bergemann.
=100 Dobereiner.
=100 Bammelsberg.
0-60, Ou 0-11, Sb 0-33=100-97 Held
=100 Lowe.
=99-65 Lowe.
quartz 1-87=99*12 L5we.
14' 12= 100-23 Pleas. 0-83=99*69 Pleas. 2*88=100 Pless.
=10017 Bogen.
1*64, Ou 401, Sb 0-62=100-46 B Mr., Pb 0*82=100 KobelL 7*46, Si 1*63=99-26 Zeij&u.
with some Oa
Pyr., etc— In the closed tube decrepitates, and gires a yellowish-brown sublimate of sulphid of anenic. In the open tube yields sulphurous fumes, and a white sublimate of arsenous add. BB on dbaraoal gives sulphurous and garlic odors and fuses to a globule, which, with borax-glass gives at first an iron reaction, and, by treatment with fteah portions of tiie flux, cobalt and nickel ooessiTely oxydiaed.
DeotHDposed by nitric add, forming a green solntbn, th separation of sulphur and arsenous
Obs.— Occurs at Loos in Helsingland, Sweden; in the Albertine mine, near Harzgerode in the Hu with cbaloopyrite, galenite, caldte, duor-spar, and quartz; at Schladming in Styria; Kamsdorf in Lower Thuringia; Haaeisen, near Lobenstein, voigtland; at the quicksilver mine (anaL 4) aad at Pfingstweise (anaL 5), near Ems. Also found as an incrustation of cube, with planes I od 2-2, on daoompoeed galenite and blende, at Phenixville, Pa.
87. XTLLBSANMITB. NickelBpiesglaserz (fr. Siegen) discov. in 1803), Syst-Tab., IM, 379, 1814. Nickelspiessglanzerz Hauam Handb., 192, 1813. Antimonnickelglanz, Nickaotimonglanz, Antimon-Arseniknickelglanz, , Nidcel Stlbine; Nidceliferous (}ray An* tzmgny. Antimoina sulfur nickelifdre £C, 1822. UUmannit Frobd, 1843.
Isometric Observed planes, 0, 1, // f. 5, 6, 7. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Occurs also massive ; structure granular.
U.=5— 5-5. G.=6-2— 6-51; 6-352— 6-506, Harzgerode, Ramm. Lustre metalUc* Color steel-gray, inclining to silver-white. Brittle.
-t S*-i-]n (Sb, As)*, Ramm., or Nl (8 Sb, As)'=(arsonic excluded) ISckel 27-7, (7*2, sulphur 1S*1=:100. The arsenic is sometimes wanting, as in anal 3, 4. Analyses
74 8T7LPHIDS, sra
1, Klaprodi (Beitr., tL 329) ; 2, UUinann (Syst tab. Uebera., 394) ; 3, H. Bose (Pogg xr. 6S8) 6, RammeLiberg (Pogg., Mv. 189):
As Sb 8 Nl
1. Freusberg ll-'TS 47*75 15*28 26'26=100 Elaproth.
2. Siegeu 9-94 47*56 16*40 26*10=100 UllmaniL
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a faint white Bublimate. In the open tube and antimouous fumes, the latter condensing on the walls of the tube as a white non-TolatOe sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, boils, aud emits antimouous yapors, whidi coik the coal white : treated with borax-glass reacts like gersdorfflfce. Some varieties contain arsenic.
Decomposed by nitric acid, forming a green solution, with separation of sulphur and aatimonoos acid.
Obs. — Occurs in the Duchy of Nassau, in the mines of Freusbufg, with galenite and dudoopf* rite ; in Siegen, Prussia ; at Harzgerode and Lobenstein.
Bammelsberg calls an ore from the Harz bournoniU'nicMfjIkuuk It oocnrs in oabee ; H.=4'5 a.=5*635--'706. Analysis (Fogg., IxxviL 254):
As
Sb
S
Ni
Go
Pb
Ou
Ee
19*58
0-61=100
It comes from Wdfsberg in the Har&
88. CORTNTTIL Eorynit v. Zepharovieh, Ber. Ak. Wien, IL 117, 186fi.
Isometric. In octahedrons, with convex faces. Also in globular groups.
H.=4-5--5. G.=5-994; 5-95-.6-029, v. Z. Lustre metallic. Color silver- white, inclined to steel-gray on fresh fracture ; streak black. Opaque. Fracture imeven.
Oomp.— Ni S*+in (As, Sb)*, or like nUmannite, and differing in that the anenSe piweiit exceeds in amount the antimony. Analysis : ▼. Payer (L c.) :
As Sb S Ni Te
87-88 13-46 1719 28*86 1*98=:99*31
Pyr., etc — In the open tube affords sulphurous add and a crystalline white sublimate. In the mattrass also finally a narrow yellowish-red and a broader yellow aone. B.B. on <arootI ftises easUy at surface, yielding Aimes of sulphurous add and antimony. With bonzreactions of iron, cobalt, and finally nidcel, with an arsenical odor.
Obs — From Olsa, in Carinthia, with boumonite ; crystals about mm. through.
Named from Kopivn a ctub,
89. ZiAUUITJU. Laurit WShkr Ann. Oh. Pharm., cmnJT. 118.
Isometric. In small octahedrons, with faces of the cube, and 2-3, 3. Cleavage: octahedral distinct.
H. above 7. G.=6'99, v. Waltershausen. Lustre nietallic, bright Color dark iron-black ; powder dark-gray. Brittle.
Oomp. — Sulphid of osmium and ruthenium. Perhaps 1 2 Bu* 4- Os or Bn [ -i- A Ba* Oi] Sulphur 3*12, Bu 62*88, Os 6'00=:100. Analysis: W6hler (L a):
SS1*79 [08 8-08] Bu 65*18=100
The osmium was determined by the loss, and the ruthenium was not wholly pure from it, thf mount used for analysis having been but 0*8145 grain.
Pyr., etc. — Heated it decrepitates. B.B. infusible, giving first sulphurous and then osmio aoid fumes. Not acted upon by aqua regis, or by heating with bisulphate of potash.
Obs. — From Uie platinum washmgs of Bomea Found among flne-grained platinnw whidi had been brought firooi Bomea
flCTLPHIDS. ETO.
go, MARCASITE. Not Marahasite [rrCryat Fyrite] ArtOt., Agrie 1546 ; Senehel, 1725 ; WaJL, ]74T; OrvuLf 1758; LmiL, 1768; de lAde, 1783. ? Pyrites argenteo colore, (?erm. Wasserklea a Wmeikiefl, Aric. Inteipr., 477, 1646; F&muxi jeooris oolore, Oerm. Lebererz, pt, Agric, tlL4e9. Tattenkies [=WA8aerkie8] pt, PjHtQa fasouspt, P. aquosus pt., Wall, 212, *747. SmfweDdes pt OronsL, 184, 1768. Pyriivs lamelloaus Borfk, Uthopfai, ii. 106, 1772 P. Kjoons? itL, 107. Pyrites rhomboidales pt de Liaie, Grist, 1773, ill 242, 1788. Pyrites baeOeose en crdtea de coq [=Oock8comb Pyrites] FhrsL, Oat, 1772; de JMe, Grist, ill. 252, 1TS3. Pmtes fascas lamellosus TToflL, IL 134, 1778. Strahlkies, Leberkies [=:Radiated fyriten, Hepatic Pyrites] pt, Wem Bergm. J., 1789. Per sulfur yar. radi K, Tr., 1801, Brvagn Tr 1807. Wasserklea (Dichter o. Leberkies, Strahlkies, Haarkies pt) Hausm, Htiidb., 149, 1813. Fer sulAire blank pt J7. White Pyrites Aikin, Min., 1814. Per sulfUr prianatiqae rfaomboidale BmrrL, Oat, BOl, 1817. Prismatic Iron Pyrites James., ill 297, 1820. lammkiea, Speerkles, ZeUkies pt, Oerm, Oookaoonib, Spear, and OeUular Pyrites. Markasit floii, Handbi, 467, 661, 1845.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=106° 0 A 1-1=123*' 26', a:bi 0=1-5737 : 1 :
0 A 1=116° 55' 1 A 1, mac.,=115° 10' l- A 14=64° 52' 0 A 4-=158 27 1 A 1, brach.,=89 6 l- A l.i=80 20
0 A 1-1=130 10 1 A 1, ba8.,=126 10 /A i-l=126 57
Cleavage : / ratlier perfect ; l-i in traces. Twins : plane of composition /, sometimes consisting of five individuals, DBited by the acute lateral angle (f. 97) ; also others with composition parallel to l-i. Also globular, reniform, and other imitative shapes — structure straight columnar ; often massive, columnar, or granular.
a=6-6-5. G.=4-678— 4-847. Lustre metallic. Color pale bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or gray. streak grayish or brownish-black. Fracture uneven. %nt-
H
H
H
/
M
Oonm Var— Fe S", like pyrite.
Tarieties that have bee;i recognized depend mainly on atate of GaTatallisation.
t. BaHeted {Strahlkiee) : Badiated ; also the simple crystala.
1 Codaemb F. {Kammkiea) : Aggregatious of flattened orTstala into crest-like forms.
S. Sfear P. {Speerkiee) : Twin crystato, with reentering angles a little like the head of a spear nfono.
1 OaptOary {ffaarJaee) : In capillary crystallizations.
S. HeptUie F. (Leberkiee and Pgritee fuscus pt) : The massive of dull colors, being named from ; but induding, among the older mineralogists especially, brown spedmens of any i?n altered more or leas to limonite.
(XMarP, (ZeBkies): In cellular specimens, formed by the incrustation of the crystals of Bunenils that have disappeared; partly pyrite. nawal: Nearly white in color (in put kyroeil
(in part kyroeite Breith., and weieakupferen); contains s
.ms: 1, Hatufaett (PhiL Trans., 325, 1804); 3, 3, BeraeUas (Sohw. zzyiL 87): 4. *ffliiuer (Pogg, triv. 282); 6, Trapp (a H. Ztg., xxiii 66): '
76 BULPHiDs, sra
We 8
i. 46-4 68-6=100 Hatahett.
3. Spear P. 45-07 52*3.% Mn 0*70, Si 0*80=99-92 BeneUuf.
4. Kyroeite 45 60 53*05, Cu 1*4], As 0-98=100*99 Scbeldhaiiar.
5. MOnsterthal, Badeo 46-98 61*95=98*88 Trapp.
Pyr. — Like pyrite. Yery liable to decomposition ; more so than pyrite.
The kyronte Breith., called also toeiseupferert, Ghar 1823, 111, 246, and araenid of copper if firom the Mine Briocius, near Annaberg. A Chilian weisskupfarerz contains, according to Plaltor (Breith., in Pogg, IviiL 281), 12*9 p. a of copper, besides iron and sulphur, but no arsenia Another so callcKl, from Schneeberg, is, according to ▼. Kobell (J. pr. Ch.. IzzL 159), impon marcasite. Weiaskupfererz (abo called weisakupfer and weiasen) oooars as the name of a species is all the mineralogical works of last century, from Henckel's Pyrotology, hi 1726, where U is called a whitish copper ore, and placed near tetrahedrite ; and the light color, from Henckel down, is attributed to the presence of arsenic It has finally been run out as mostly impure marcasite; and the domeykite and related species (p. Hft) are now the only true white copper.
Obs. — The spear variety occurs abundantly in ilie plastic clay of the brown ooal formation at Llttwitz and Altsattell, near Carlsbad in Bohemia, and is extensively mined for its sulphur and the manufacture of the sulphate of iron. The radiated variety occurs at the same place ; also as Joadnmsthal, and in several parts of Saxony. The cockscomb variety occurs with galenite and fluor-spar in Derbyshire; crystals near Castleton in Derbyshire; near Alston Moor in Oomberland ; near Tavistock in Devonshire ; and radiated at East Wheal Rose and elsewhere in OomwaU.
At Warwick, N. Y., it occurs in simple and compound crystals, in granite, with zircon. Hustis'i farm, in Phillipstown, N. T., affords small crystals, referred by Beck to this species, occurring in magnesian limestone. Massive fibrous varieties abound throughout the mica slate of New England, particularly at Oummington, Mass., where it is associated with cummingtonite and garnet Occurs at Lane's mine, in Monroe, Conn., and hi the topaz and fluor vein in TrumbuU; also io gneiss at East Haddam ; at Haverhill, N. H., with common pyrite. In Canada in Neebing. a few miles east of the Kamanistiqiiia B.
Marcasite is employed in the manufacture of sulphur, sulphuric add, and sulphate of iroa, though less frequently than pyrite. Its color is considerably paler than that of ordinary pyrite.
The word marcasite of Arabic or Moorish origin (and variously used by old writers), was the name of common crystallized pyrite among miners and mineralogists in later centuries, antil near the close of the last It was first given to this species by Haidmger in 1845.
The species is probably recognized by Agricola under the name waaaerkiea and and also under the same by Cronstedt; and it is Wasserkiea of Hausmann in both editions of his great work. This name, wasserkies (pyrites aquosus, as Cronstedt translates it), is little applicabto; yet may have arisen from the greater tendency of the mineral to become moist and alter to vitriol Inan pyrite— if it be not an early corruption, as Agricola seems to think (see above), of Weisaerkiet (white iron p3rrites). It appears to have been used also for easily decomposable pyrite ; and pyrrhoUie was also included under its other name, pyrites fueeua. The rhombic crystaUication mentioned by de Lisle ; but Hauy long afterward considered it only an irregularity of common iroo pyrites. Marcanie is made by Breithaupt (J. pr. Ch., iv. 257, 1835) a generic name for the various species of pyrites.
LoNCUiniTE BreiL di PlaUn., Pogg., IxxviL 135 (Kaushnkiea, Br. Char., 264, 1832). This miners! appears to be a mixture of marcasite and mispickeL Breithaupt gives for it the angles 20' for I A I, and 100'' 36' for the brachydome. H.=:6'5. O. =4*925— 5. Color tm-whito, sometimes greenish or grayish; streak blade. Analysis by Pluttner (loc. cit), S 49*61, As 4*40, Fe 44*22, Ck> 0*35, Cu 0-75, Pb 0 20=99*54, equivalent to 24 of marcasite (Fe S*) and 1 of Fe As*. From Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Cornwall
Alt. — Limouite and pyrite occur as pseudomorphs after maroasite.
91. Z5IjIJNQXTII* Prismatic Arsenical Pyrites (commtmic. by Mobs) pt Jaanaaoa ill tl% 1820. Axotomer Arsenik-Kies pt. MoJia Grrundr., 525, 1823. ArsenikaUries, Araenikeiaes, Arseneisen. pt.. Germ, Leucopyrite pt. 8h,, Min., ii. 9, 1835. Arsenoaiderit pt Gioek, Grundr., 321, 1839. Mohsine pt Chapman, 1843. LSllingit pt. jBbtd, Haodb., 659, 18i5. S&tersberglt Kenny., Mb , 111, 1853. Leucopyrite Jkma Min., 1868.
Orthorhombic. Form like that of araenopyrite, and probably the samf in augles with that of Idliingite. Also massive.
BULPHiDB, no. 77
H.=5-5-5. G.=6-8— 8-71; 6-80 from Andreasberg, Uling; 7-09, from Foflsom, Scheerer; 7*28 from Breitenbrtmn, Behncke; 8*67— 8*71 from Schladming, Weidenbusch. Lustre metallic. Color between silverwhite and steel-gray. Streak grayish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Comp— Arsenic 72*8, iron 27*2=100 ; or (Fe, Ni, Go) Aa*. Analyses; 1, 2, Scheerer (Pogg zlir 536, L 163); 3, Weidenbusch (Rose's Kryst Oh., 54); 4, Behncke (Pogg., zorilL 181); 5, mng (Z8. nat Yer. HaUe, 1854, 839):
As
S
Fe
L Foesimi, Norwny
27-80=98*81 Scheerer.
26-14=99-64 8cheerer.
3. Schladming
26-48=99-36 Weid.
69*85
I-Io
27-41, 8b 1-05=99 41 Behncke.
5. Andreaeberg
1*65
Pyr.— In the dosed tnbe gires a sublimate of metallic arsenic; in the open tube a white sulh fimtte of araenoua acid, with traces of sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives the odor of sneoie; in OS. a whit coating of arsenous add, and in B.F. a magnetic globule. With the fioxea the roasted mineral reacts only for iron.
Oba,— Ooears with copper niokd at Sdiladniing; at EhrenfriederedorfJ in Saxony; at Satersnear Foasum, in Norway.
A ciTital of arsenical iron, weighing two or three ounces, was found in Bedford Co., Penn., but it is not Iraown under what circumstances; and in Randolph Go., N. 0., a mass of nearly two pooDds vogfat. Whether these were leuoopyrite or lingite is uncertain. Also found at Paris, Ibine.
Tbe niDe leuoopyrite is derlred flrom ><urtfc, vhUef and pyrUea; it was given by Shepard in
92. RAMMHLSBEROITS. Weissnickelkies Pogg*. xxv. 491, 1832. Rammelsbergite Vma, IGn., 61, 1854. [Not Rammelsbergite (Syn. of Ghloanthite) Maid., Handb., 1845.1
Orthorhombic; /A 7=123— 124 ?
H.=5-25-6-75. G.=7-099-7-188Breith. Slightly ductile. Otherwise Jike the preceding.
Oonpu— Hi Aa', like diloanthite= Arsenic 71*7, nidcel 28*3=100. Analysis: 1, Hoffiauum
As N1 Bl Ou 8
Schneeberg 71-30 28-14 2-19 1*50 0-14=102-27
Pyr.*-In ihe closed tube gives a sublimate of metallic arsenic; other reactions the same ai vilh nfeodtte {p. 60).
Oba—Oocurs at Schneebeig and at Riedielidort It was first separated from the isometrie wtdle siokBl by Bruittiaupt
13. LB0OOFTBXT1I. Syn. same as for LOLUVGin (p. 76), with also Olanzarsenikkiea BreiSu, I pr. CSl, It. 260, 261, 18S5. Mdisine pt Chapman, Pract Min., 138, 1843. LoUingit pt 1841. Oaierite (fir. Meyer) BreWu, B. H. Ztg., zxv. 167, 1866. LolUngite Jkma, Min., 186&
Orthorhombic. Porm like that of mispickel, 1-t A l-i=
Roae, 122 20' Breith. Cleavage : rather perfect in one direction. Also massive.
H.=5-5-5. G.=6-24— 7-8 ; 6246 Geyer ; 7-Oq— 7*228 Reichenstein. In other physical characters like leuoopyrite.
it
Oomp. — Fe As+Fe As*=Ar8enlo 66*8, iron 33*2=100. Analyses: 1, Heyer (Pogg., L 154); 3, Karsten (Bisenhatt, IL 19); 3, Weidenbusch (Boao'a QhiaL, 14); zoriiL 187); 6,
BULFHIDe, Bia
1. Beidhenstein
a. "
8. "
4 Geyer
6. Eeichenatein
As S Fa
68*14 1*63 SO-ai gangae 3-56=98*56 Meyw.
66-88 vnn 33*35r=l00 Eareten.
66'61 1-09 81-61, gangae l-0i=99'26 Weid.
65-99 1-94 28*06, gangae 2*17=9816 HofiDann.
The last analysis afibrds a composition intermediate between those of leaoopyrite and kSlingita The 4th is between this species and mispickel, and has been called geyerUe. It is tin-white, witk black streak. G.= 6*82 1—6*246 Behncke, 6 550 Breith.
Pyr. — Same as for leuoopyrite.
Obs. — At Beichenstein in Silesia, in serpenthie, with arsenopyrite; at Geyrr in Saxony is crystals, haying distinctly the form of arsenopyrite, and massiTe, mixed with quarts ; at Ldling near Huttenberg in Carinthia, in siderite, along with bismaih and soorodite.
Named by Chapman after Mohs, by whom the mineral was first desoribed, and who mention L51ing as the first locality at whidi it 'was found ; bat as fMihaiU was previoasly given to a yariety of menaocanite, Haidinger's name is here adopted.
94. ARSBNOPTRITB, or MISPIOEEL. ? Lapis subratUas atque non fere aliter ao argenti spuma splendens et flriabilis, , Mistpackel, Agric Interpr., 466, 1646. Pyrites candidoa Wasserkies pt, Gtanar, Foss., 1666. Arsenikaliskkies, lOspickel, EeauM, Pyrlt, 1722 Arsenikaliskkies, Hyit Kies (=Pyrites albus), Mispickel, Arsenik-Sten, TfoOL, 237, 228, 1747. lOspckel, Pyrite blanche, Fr. trl WalL, 1753. Arsenikkies Wem 1789. Bauscbgelbkiea Fer arsenical i. Arsenical Pyrites. Dalamit, Giftkies, Glaosarsenikkiee, BreiOu, J. pr. CLl, iT. 269, 261, 1836. Arsenopyrite (72odk., Syn., 38, 1847.
Danaite=Gobaltio Mispickel (fr. Franoonia) ffa/i/et, Am. J. ScL, xnv. 886, 1833. senikkies &0rm. 7 Yermontit (fr. U. 8.) . L a Akontit (fir. Sweden) AisOA L a - hermit, Giftkies, BmOu, B. R Ztg., zzy. 167, 1866.
Orthorhombic. / A 7=111 58', 0 A 1-1=119* 87' ; a:h: c=l-7588 : 1 : 1-4798. But I A /varying from to 80', and 14 A l- from
Franoonia, K. H.
O A 1-2: Oa 1 : Oa 8: (?A84:
18'
Franoonia, N.H., and Kent K.T.
Danaite.
O A i%:
Oau: 0 A U: O A 34:
23' :149 16
:105 40
U A M, baB.,=120 46 1-f A H ba8.,=99 62 8-t A 8-f, ib.,=148 40 ftAit,top,=118 82
Cleavage : / rather distinct ; (?, faint traces. Twins : composition-faoe 7, and 1-t. j&Jso columnar, straight, and divergent ; granidar, or compact
81Tlphid8, Eto.
a=5-5— 6. G.=6-0— 6-4; 6-269, FrancomajKenngott. Lustre metallic. Color Bilver* white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Ooovb, Vkt—Fb S'+Fe A8'=Fe (As, Anenio 46*0, sulphur '. 9*6, iron 34*4=100. Faii of tie iron sometinies replaced bj cobalt
Tar. L Ordinary, Gontaininff litUe or no oobelt.
BRtOttnpt makes /A 7=111* 1' and 1-iA l-i=120" 52' for cryBt tr, Dalame, Sweden (his iilanUt) and a.=5*66— 6*69; 111* 27' for id. fr. Freiberg, Chemnitz, Munzig, YiUarica. Brazil, BieKDgnga, Zinnwald, Altenberg, with G.=s5'839— 6*053 ; 1 12° 4' and 120 30\ for id. fr. Thalheim near Sidberg in the Erzgebirge, Schlackenwald, GomwaU, with G.=6'155 — 6*221 {gijVdea aDd AaOeNRiiCe, Breith. For M. of Mt Sorata, G.= 6-255 D. Forbes.
1 Oabdiic : Danaite. Containing 4 to 10 c. of cobalt, and giving the formula (Co, Fe) (As, Tscheoacher; /a /=112* 33', U A l.i=12r 20', 14 A 14=99'' 54', Kenngott In dyst from Skuttemd, /a /=111'' 40 --112* l-i A l.{=121° 30', Scheerer. VermorUiie and akontiie are ooUkiferous (Breith.). The Termontite is supposed to be from Vermont [Franconia?] ; it gaye him 7 A I=nV 38'. and O. =6-20*7. The akontite is from Hokansbo and Yena, in Sweden, and gate /A 7=110* 29*, with a.=6-008 and 6069. For D. from Kt Sorata, fibrous, a.=6-94, granular 5*861, D Forbes. The danaiU was named after J. Freeman Dana, who first made known the FnoooDia locality.
3. Siooolifianaiis, Oontaining nickeL
4. Argmeroua. Containing a little silrer, and occurring in adcular crystals (Weissers pc Wen.; Fr arsenical argentifre Bi From Brailnsdorfl in Ssucony.
Analjaes : 1, Strotneyer (. J., z. 404) ; 2, Chevreul (OilL Ann., xril 84) ; 8, Thomson (Ann. Uo, N. Tork, iiL 85) ; 4, Baldo ( Jahrb. Mm., 1866, 594) ; 5, Weidenbusch (Rose's Kryst Ch., 56) ; 6, T. Haoer (Jahrb. Q. Beichs , It. 400); "i Freitag (Bamm. Ifin. Ch., 58) ; 8—1 1, Behucke (Fogg., xcTiiL 184); 12, Potyka (Fogg., cyii. 804); 13, D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., IT. zziz. 6); 14, Kroeber (ibzzix. 8); U 16, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., zxv. 167); 17, D. Forbes (L c.); 18, Scheoror (Fogg., iE54€); 19, Wdhler (Fogg., xliii. 591); 20, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. ScL, zziT. 386) ; 21, J.L. Smith (OtDia Exped., iL 102); 22, D. Forbes (L a):
I. Rviboig
3. " OrswicM S. Beidumstein IHohlbadi
7.
8. Sahla, Swed.
8. Altenberg, SiL 10. Freiberg, Sax. U. Laodeshnth, SiL llSahla
abqmshri iiBoltiria
16- Ehnmfriedersdorf
1. Hi Sorata
Skutterad, OobaUif.
u
As
42*88
43*418
45*92
43*78
44*83
44*02
46*95
44*00 45*46 46*76 47*45 41*44 42*83
8 ¥e
Co
21*08
18*52
20*25
16*76
19*89 17*34 17*48 20*25
36*04
33*52
86*95
34*83
34*93
34*02 33*75 30*21 29*22
0-09,
=100 Stromeyer. =98*488 ChevreuL =99-32 Thomson. =100*04 Balda , gangue 1*97=100*23 Weid. =99-88 ilauer.
100 Freitag.
Sb 1*10=99*32 B. G.=5*82.
Bb 1-05=99*43 B. a.=6*042.
=99*53 B. G.=6-046.
Sb 0-92=99-54 B. Q.=6-067.
Sb 1-29, Bi 014=98*60 Potyka. Q.=6-095.
100 D. Forbes.
Ki 4*74, Ag 0-09, An 0002, Sb 100*202
Kroeber.
gangue 0-92=98*71 Winkler.
gangue 0-22=99*86 Whikler.
Ni 008, Mn 0-14=100*07 Forbes.
=100-47 Scheerer.
=98-67 Hayes.
100*60 Smith.
m 0-81, Mn 512, Bi 0*64=100 Forbes.
Jordan has analjraed arsenopyrite from near Andreasberg (J. pr. Chem., x. 436) and obtained At 88*344 ¥e 86-487, Ag gyingnearly the formula 2 Fe 8+ 3 Fe Arsenic /i ndphur 8*0, iron 35*2=100. Jordan made out 3 As, 3 Fe, which requires arsenic 52*9, Wgar 7*6 iron 39*6=100.
fiaotach obtained from an ore from the coal formation of Merseburg (ZS. Yer. Halle, yii. 372) Mr23 S 21-70 Fb 85*97, Si 3-a7, % Ca <rao0=99-l7; G.=5'36-5-66; giving the formula
so 8ULPHID8, ETC.
2 Fo A8*+3 Fe 8*. AnalyBifl 11, by Behncko, oorrespondB to 7 Fe, 6 B, 6 As. The d&msnpaney in these cases maj be owing to impurities.
Pyr,, etc. — In the closed tube at first gires a red sublimate of sulphid of arsenic, then a blade lustrous sublimate of metallic arsonia In the oen tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white miblimnto of arsenous add. B.B. on charooal reacts like leucopyrite. The Tarieties containing cobalt give a blue color with. borax-glass when fused in O.F. with snooessive portions of flnxuntUallthe iron is ozvdised. Gives fire witii steel, emitting an alliaceous odor. Decomposed bj nitric adJ with separation of arsenous add and sulphur.
Obf . — Found prindpally in crystalline rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores of sflver, lead, and tin, pyrite, ohalcopyrite and blende. Oooars also in serpentine.
Abundant at Freiberg and Munztg, where it occurs in veins; at Beiohenstshi in Silesia, in sa pentine ; in beds at Breitenbnum and Basohau, Andreasberg, and Joachimsthal ; at Timabeig in Sweden; at Sknttenid in Norway; at Wheal* Mawdlin and Unity, Cornwall, and at other localities ; in DevoMshire at the Tamar mines.
In yew Hampehirc in fine orystalliaations in gneiss, at Franconia {damaiUe) assodated with dialoopyrite ; also at Jackson, and at HaverhiU. In Jfiuna, at Blue TSSSL, Gorinna ; Newfield (Bond*i mountainX and Thomaston (Owl's head). In Vermmd at Brookfleld, Waterbury, and Stockoridge. In Maaa at Worcester and Sterling. In .. at Chatham, with smaltite and nioodiie , at Monroe with woUVam and pyrite; at Derby in an old mine, associated with quarts; at Mine Hill, Rozbury, in fine crystals with siderite. In New Jereey at Franklin. In J. York, massive, in Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co., with hornblende ; in crystals and massive, near Edenville, on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange Co., with soorodito, iron sinter, and thin scales of gypsum ; also in fine crystals at two localities a few rods apart, four or five miles north-west of Garmel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Co. In OaU/omia Nevada Co., Orass valley, at the Betsey mine, and also at Meadow lake, with gold, the danaUe in crystals sometimes penetrated by gold. In S. America, in the Sam Baldomero mine of Mt Sorata in Bolivia, both the mispickel and danaite, the former having crystallised out of the latter and the most abundant ore : also both at Inquisivi in Bolivia ; also nicooUferouB var., between La Pas and Tungas in Bolivia (anal, by Krosber).
Alt, — Pseudomorphs consisting of pyrite.
94A. PUNUN.— Plinian BreitiL, Pogg., Ixix. 430, 184B, B. H. Ztg., xzv. 168, 1866. Ysr. of Mispickel O. Rose, Pogg., Ixxvi. 84. Monoclinic, according to Breithaupt, who figures the planes, F (l-I), I, with h between P and I, and o below /, in the same sone with Pjh Z /\/=6r 30* P to vertical axis 51" 36 =:FaJ£; Pa*=146' 0', JfAAzslS*' 20, o A 66', oAt=117' Sd', oAif=:103*' 15', AA=119''0',i'on edge AA=161° 12', Jfon edge AA=1U* 12'. Cleavage: P and M distinct Also massive.
H.=5*5— 6. a.=6'272— 6*292, fr. St ; 6*299— 6*307. fir. EhronfKed. Lustre metallioi Color ; streak black.
Composition : Fe S*+ Fe As*, or Fe (S As)*, like arseuopyrite. Analysis by Flattner (Pogg., box. 480): As 45-46, S 20*07, Fe 34*46=99*99.
Sm Ehronfriedersdorf in crystals, idso St acoording to Breithanpt
96. QLAUOODOT. Glaucodot BreUh. A PlaUtL, Pogg., IxriL 127, 1849.
Orthorhombic. /A /=112® 36' ; form like that of arsenopyrite. Cleavage : baaal perfect ; prismatic less so. Also massive.
H.=6. G.=5-976— 6-003. Lustre metallic. Color grayish tin-white. Streak black.
Oomp.— (Co, ¥e) S*+(Co, Fe) As* with (S, As)*=Sulphur 19'4 arsenic 46*5, cobalt 28*8, iron 1 1-3=100. Analysis : Plattner (L c.) :
As S Co* Fb ChiH 43*20 20*21 24*77 11*90 100*08 Plattner.
WHh trace of idekeL
Pyr. — In the dosed tube gives a faint sublimate of arseaous ack! Tn the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of arsenous add. B.R on charooal in B.F. gives off sulphur and arsenic, Aising to a feebly BUignetic globule, which is black on the surface, but on the fracture has a light bronse color and a melalUc lustre. Treated with borax in R.F. until the globule has a bright metallic surftioe, tb flux shows a strong reaction for iron ; if the remainhig globule is treated with a ftesh portion of borax in O.F., the flax becomes colored smalt-blue firom oxydised cobalt
Obs.— Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltite, ic the province of Huasoo ChtlL The supposed glaucodot of Orawicsa is aOodatUe (p. 81.)
SDIfBIDS, KTO. HI
96. PAOITB. BboMbitM FkdtM, Pacit (fr. la Ttm), SrtUlL, B. H. Ztg., zzr. 167, 1866b
Orthorhoinbic 7a 7=116' 24'. 1-tAl-t, over 119" 56'. Occurring f-'/'lf MeasurementB only approximatim Cleavage: /rather distinct. Also massive.
H.=i-4-6. Q.=6-297— 6-803, Weisbach. Lustre metallic. Color tinwhite, inclining to steel-gray ; streak black.
Ooaqir— Eb SP + 4 Ee As's Anexdo 68'86, sulpbor 6*78, iron 29'66= lOa Aiudjsia by Wlnklei (Lft):
OtmFnm Jm Ptoi in BoliTiai in maaaeB and thin plate in the gangae with native gold and
Xamad from the kMsaKty, or its Latin signtfloation, pax, peace
97. ALLOOZiASim. AlioUai ntUrmak, Ber. Ak. Wien, liil 220, 1866, Olauoodot pt
Breiih.
Orthorhombic /A/=106; (?Al-t=118; l-IAl-i=58 Cleavage: 0 and /perfect. H.=4-5. Q.=6'6. Color steel-gray. Streak nearly black.
Oo 8+ Co Aa'-f 4 Bi As, or a compound related to glauoodot and cobaltite-l-4 Bi At;orlCo8+8Go Ab+2 AbS* Taohemiak. AaiBes: 1, Hein (L a); 3, 3, Hubert ft Patera (Jabrb. Min., 1848, 825):
After aabtraolloc gold, aQiiOA, and Unrath.
Pjr., etoy— B.B. on diarooal giyea arsenic tunes, and a biamuth coating. Fuaea to a doU gJobole. Sohible in nitric acid, leaving a reeidue of gold.
Obi-Occttra at Orawioaa, Hungary.
Named froin lAAof , Aacd, beoanae ita cleavage differs from that of araenopyrite and marcaaite, whidi it reaemblea.
98. 8YLVANITE. Weiaagolders MSttm' v. lUichenstein, Ph. Arb. eintr. Fr. Wien, Qu. 8, 48. Or piano d*Offenbanya, ou grapbique, Aurum graphicum, JBbm, Gat do Baab, ii. 467, 1790i Prismatiidies weiaaea Golderz v, Fkktel Min. Bemerk. Garpatben, ii 108, 1791, Mia, 124, 1794 ; Aoram btamutioum Sdmaaaer, Ifin., il 28, 1795. Schrifterz Emark, N. Bergm. J., ii. 10, 1798i WtPL, ISOa Sylvane grapbique BrodLt 1800. Tellure ferriftire et aurifre H. 1801. Sohrift* Hmm/L, 1818. Orapbio TeUurium Aikin 1814. Tellure auro-argentifere 1822. Sylvane Bmd, Tr., 1882. Sylvanit Neckerf Min., 1835. AuroteUurite Dana Min., 190, 1887.
Or giia jaunatre v. Bom L a, 1790. Gtelbers Kartim Tab., 56, 1800. Sylvane blanc Brock., 1800. TeDure aurifdre etplombifdre pt 1801. Weiaa-Sylvanerz YTana., 1800, Ludwig, L 55, I60t WeiasteUur JEfinwm., 1818. Yellow Tellurium Aiki% 1814. MuUerine Beud,, Tr., il 541, 1831 MuQerite.
Monoclinic, Eose, Koksch. 21V, /A 7=94°' 26', 0AU=12r 21' ; a : J : c=l-7732 : 1 : 0-889, Koksch. Observed planes : 0; vertical, 7, i, M, iri ; domes, — 1-i, J4, 14 ; octahedrd, f-i, 1-, I-7.
0A-l-i=144 aA*-i=161 37 i-iAa=107 12
OaI =132 26J A 1=141 54 i-iAl.7= 99 44i
BULPHIDBi ETO.
deavage: iA, distinct. Twins: composition
face t-i, as in the figure. Also massive ; imper* fectly columnar to granular.
H.=l-5-2 G.=7-9-8-33; 8-28, Petz. Lns. tre metallic. Streak and color pure steel-graj to silver-white, and sometimes nearly brass-yelloir. Fracture uneven.
Oomp., Var-— (Ag, An) pf Ag:Au=l :1) TeUurium gold 28*5, silyer 16*7=100. Antimony sometimes repUoM part of the tellurium, and lead part of the other metals.
Yat. Sylvanite, (Schrifters TFcni.,etc., Istpar.Sjn.) Containing little or no lead. G.=7*6— 8-5. AnaLl-7. Theangk> given above are of this variely, and are ftom Kokscharot
2. MiiUerite. Gelberz Kareien, Weisstellur Wem etc, 2d par.Syn.) Oontaining much lead. AnaL8-lo. Haidingergi?ei the annexed figure and angles for io3.
the weissteUw making it dLOferent in dimensions firom the preceding. TT
MaM=105' 80', OAa=108*30',
0 Aa=143° 6'. It is from Nagyag. G.=7*99 -8-33. The yellow color does not distinguish the two varieties, and the propriety of separating them is doubtfhL Much of the so-called ffdberz (yelore) is not muDerite, as shown by Peta's analyses.
Analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iiL 16) ; 2, Berzelius (Jahresb., ziiL 162, analysis imperfeot) ; 3-8 PMi (Pogg IviL 472) ; 10, Klaproth (Beitr., ill 20) :
Te 8b Au Ag Pb
H
Offenbanya
10- =100 Caproth.
If.
" G.=8'28
69*97
0*58
11 -4 7 0*25, Cu 100 P.
0*66
White erysL G.=8*27
14-68 2-64=100 Petz.
" G.=7-99
48*40
8*42
10*69 3-51 100 Petz.
TeUowcrysL G.=8-38
27*10
7-47 8-16=100 Petz.
" massive
44*54
25*31
10-40 11-21 100 Petz.
11 u
49*96
S-82
29*63
2-78 13-82=100 PeU.
HQDerite, Gelben
44*76
26*75
8-50 19-50, 8 0*5=100 K.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube gives a white sublimate, which near the assay is gray ; wheo treated with the blowpipe flame the sublimate fuses to dear transparent drops. B.B. on cbarooil fuses to a dark-gray globule, covering the coal with a white coating, which treated in E.F. (Usappears, giving a bluish-green color to the flame ; afler long blowing a ycUow, malleable metallic globule is obtained. Host varieties give a faint coating of ozyd of lead and antimony on charooal
Oba— Witli gold, at Offenbanya in Transylvania, in narrow veins, which traverse porphyry ; also at Nagyag in the same country. In California, Calaveras Ga, at the Melonea and Stanialaua mines.
Named firom Transylvania, the country in which it occurs, and in allusion to syhfomum one of the names at first proposed for the metal tellurium. Called grcghie becaose of a resemUance in the arrangement of the crystals to writing diaracters.
For Koksoharors paper on oiyst, see BulL Aa St Pet, iz. 19S. His 6,coare€a,iiiof Brooke and Miller.
99. NAQTAQITZL Aumm Galena, Frra et particulis volatilibua mineralisanim, SoepdUt Ann. Hist Nat, iil 107 ; v. Bom, lithoph., i. 68, 1772. Nagiakeren Wem. Bergm. J., 1788. Or gris lamelleux v. Bom, Oat de Baab, 1790. Blatteren KanL, Tab., 66, 1800. Foliated Tellurium; Black TelluriunL Elasmoae Beud Tr., ii 689, 1832. Klaamoaine Ao MiiL, I 1841. Nagyagito J9ML, Handb., 666 1846.
fULPHIDBy JETOm 83
TetngonaL O A 1-=127'' 37' ; 1*298. Observed planes as iii the Annexed figure. O A 1=118 87', 1 A 1=103° 14', 0 A 2-i=lir 4',
2-t A 2-i, ba8.,=137*' 52'. Cleavage: basal. Alsc JW granularly massive, particles of various sizes ; gener-
ally foliated.
H.=l— 1-5. G.=6'85— 7-2. Lustre metallic, splendent. Streak and color blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Sectile. Flexible in thin lamiuse.
Analjaes: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., liL 32); % Brandos (. . 409); 8, P. Schon* lem (J. pr. OtL, )x. 166); 4, 6, Folbert (Verb. Sieb. Ver. Nat HermaDiuitadt, viiL 99, and Kenng. TTeh, 1856); & J. Kappel (Jahreab 1859, 77o):
Tb S Pb Aa Ag Oa
1. 32-3 3-0 54*0 90 0*5 1-3=100 Elaproth.
1 31-96 3-07 65-49 8-44 100*10 Brandea.
3.30-52 8-07 50*78 9M1 0-58 0*99=100 Schonlein.
5. 18-04 9-68 60 27 6-98 Sb 3*86, Se lr.=97-83 Folbert
& 1511 8-56 60-10 12*76 1-82 Se 1-66=100 EappeL
BciAiIeia foand in ottier trial, Pb 6101, 51-06, Te 26 67, S 9-62, 1059; and Pets obtained (Pbg Ifil 478), 8'54| 7-81, 6*48 per cent of gold. Schonlein'a and Folbert's analyses (3-5) eorreipoDd to 2 (Pb An) + 3 (Te, Sk S) Banun. In Schonleiii's, Te : ) : 3 nearly ; in Folbert's Te-t-Sb: 8=1 : 2. Tbe formula for tbe latter may be written B Te + B S'.
Pyr flic* — In tho open tube gives, near the assay, a grayish sublimate of antimonate and tdfauifte with peihi some sulphate lead ; farther up the tube the sublimate oonsists of anti- Doooas add, whidi yolatHiaes when treated with the flame, and tellurous acid, which at a high temperBture ftisea into colorless drops. B.B. on charcoal forms two coatings : One white and ▼obitile consisting of a mixture of antimonite, tellurite, and sulphato of lead; and the other ydlow, less yolatUe, of oxyd of lead quite near the assay. If the mineral is treated for some time in O.F. a malleable globule of gold remains; this cupelled with a little assay lead assumes a pure gold color. Decomposed by nitro-muriatic add.
Obs. — At Nagyag and Oflenbanya in Transylyania, iu foliated masses and crystalline plates, Moompu&ying, at the former place, rhodonite, blende, and gold; and at the latter, associated with lotimoDial ores. Folbert states that the Nagyag crystals examined by him were hexagonal and Mt of the tetragonal system, and had G.= 6-680, or not exceeding this.
Berthier has analyzed another ore very similar to the above in physical characters, consisting of leUnriom 13-0, sulphur 11*7, lead 63*1, gold 6-7, antimony 4*5, copper 1*0=100; corresponding to SIS, 6Te, 4Sb 18Pb 2Au, but probably impure with sulphiiret of antimony. It is called Btotteriae by Huot, Min L 189, 1841.
vA) SauBPHTLLnroLAKZ BrtOi. (Sdiw. J., i 178, 1828), occurring in gneiss at Deutsch-Pilsen, Himuy, appears to be related to naagtte. Its color is blacklsh-gray; structure foliated masiiv it ha?u one perfect deavage; H.=l-2 ; G.=5-8 — 5*9.
Aooordtng to Plattner (Probirkunst, 3d edit, 421) the constituents are antimony, lead, tellariuni, gold, silver, and sulphur—- 4*9 p. c of gold, u*3 of silyer— the sulphur probably in oomuation with the antimony and lead. Only a trace of selenium was found, contrary to the earlier termhtttions of Harkort and Breithaupt
lOa 007BZLITIL FnMAtn, Oeogn. Arb., Ui. 129 (fr. Sangerhausen); Kupferindig BrtUh i&HofflD. IGn., It. 2, 178, 1817. Indigo-Oopper; Blue Copper. Covelline, SulAire de cuivre do VenTBy AmdL, iL 409, 1832. Breithauptite GhxpoL, Min., 126, 1843. Oantonite FraU, Am. J. E xxlL 449, xxiiL 400.
HexaronaL Observed planes: // with faces of two hexagonal Pyramids 1 and J; basal edge of 1,165 24'; 1 A J=150 24' Kenngott. Qearage : basal, very perfect. Rarely in crystals. Commonly massive or plieroidal ; suriace, sometimes crystalline.
H-=l*5— 2. G. of cryBtals=4*590, 4*636, Zepharovich. Lustre of crysiJg nbmetallic, indining to resinous, a little pearly on cleavage-face ; sub re-
84 BULPHABSSNTTJLB, VfO.
Binous or dull when massive. Color indio-blae or darker. Streak leadgray to black, shining. Opaque. Thin leaves, flexible.
Oomp.— 8a S'sOu S=Sulphar 33*6, oopper 66*6=100. AnalTses: 1, Walohnor (Sohw. xlix. 158); 2, Goyelli (Ann. Gh. Phys., . 105); 3, 0, ▼. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wiaa, xii 22):
8 Ca Fe
1. Badenweiler 82*64 64-778 0*462, Pb 1-046=98-921 Weldmer.
2. Veauviua 320 66*0 Govem.
3. Leogang 34*30 64-56 114=100 Haaer.
A DUlenbeig ooTellite afforded Grimm (Jahresb., 1850, 702) 66*82 biaulphid of ooppor, 3'9€ pyrite, 18*63 quarts, and 10*57 Pe Sn £L
Analysis of ore of Algodoa bay, Bolivia, by v. Bibra, in J. pr. Ch., xcri. 202.
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of sulphur; in the open tube sulphorouB fumes. B.Ba on oharooal bums with a blue flame emitting the odor of sulphur, and fuses to a globule, whitish reacts like ohalcodte.
Oba. — With other oopper ores near Badenweiler at Leogang in Salaborg where it is aometimea in small arystalB of the form above described; at Kieloe in Poland' Bangerhanaen in province of Saxony, Prussia; Hansfeld, Thnringia; Vesuvius, on lava; common in Chili; at Alodon bay in Bolivia.
Named Covelli, the discoverer of the Yesuvian covellite, by Beudant, and without reference to th" ore as previously described.
Govellite is a result of the alteration of other oreA of copper, and is often mixed with chekodts or copper-glanoe, from which it has been derived. (See DigemU and (hrmenUt p. 63.)
(A) GAMTONm is covellite from the Canton mine, Georgia, occurring in cubes, wiA a eubtesl deavage. It is associated with harriaiU (pseudomorphs of chalcocite after galenite, see pi &3X and is regarded by Tenth as a pseudomorph of covellite after the harrisite. Gtonth obtained in his analysis (L c, xxlil 417), S 32*76, Se trace, Ag Ou 65*60, Pb 0-11, Fe 0*25, insoluble 0*16 =99*24.
(B) AusoNiTB , — Alisonite is an indigo-oopper, containing a much larger propoztioa of lead than the oantonite ; but it is probably, like thal a result of the alteration of gpilenite. The color is a deep indigo-blue, tarnishing on exposure; G.=6*10; H.=2*5— 3. Ajoalyaee by F Field (1, Am. J. ScL, H. xxviL 387 ; and 2, J. Oh. Soc., xiv. 160):
S
Ou
Pb
28-26-98*88
28-81=99-78
OoirMpondiiig to S ea S+Pb S=S IT'TS, On 63-34, Pb 28-88. It oooon at ICiui Onuide " Ooqoimbo, OUli, aaioowted with oeroMite, malaahtte and Tuadkte of lead and oopper.
3. SULPHAESENITES, SULPHANTDfONITES, SULPHO-
Bismuthites.*
The spedes here included are arranged aooordlng to the amount of the basic metal (lead, silver, Dopper, iron\ beginning with those in wiiich the proportion is the smallest SeTenl of tlM species require more investigation :
101. GhaIiOOStibitb, in
102. Emplbotitb, III.
103. OmvLLTin, m.
B:8:A
1:4:2
1:4:2
B:S+A
1 :6 1 :6
P
6aS4-Sb
In the table of species the system of orystaUization is indicated by Soman numeraki
L Isometric System. IV. Monodinic SysteuL
IL Tetragonal System. Y, Tridinio System.
IIL Orthorhombio System. YL Hexagonal System.
BUUHABSSinTIC8, BTO.
lOi fimBmnSy HL
io5l SiHOBiz m.
101 , Iil
lOS. XUMTSIT& IV.
111. BlOTOHIABDin L 111 JAMBBOXm, UL
113. DurasfOTsm, TIL
U4. FnaSLIBBIflTly IT.
115. PiBosnLPNrn IV.
116. BirnirGVBiiB, IV.
IIT. PtbabotbitI) YL 116. PBooBim, YL
119. Bouisonrb, Iil
120. dmorrpTTi IIL
ISL WimOBEBITBi TIL 121 BoOLAXOBBtn IIL
in. KoBBxin, IIL 124. AazsiTB, IIL
126k TmAHBDBRl L
126. FOLTTEUn
127. TDXAATITli L
128. MBnoHmniy IT.
129. OiOGBONin, in.
130. QaPBAxra, UL
B
Tl
8:A
4:2 4:2 4:2
4:2 3:i
B:8+A
1:6 1:6 1:6
1 :6 l:S
l:4t 1 :3i 1:3
f
a:i
t;f
f:f
4:8
2t
2J
H
1:14
F
FeS-fSbV PbS+Sb'S*
Ag8+SbS'
Fb8-hSb'S*+iPb8
2 Pb S+A8"S
8 Ag8+Sb8"
SAgS+AB'S'
8 €u 8 + BW
3 Pb 8+(Bi.
3 (€u, Pb) 8+ Bra*
4 (611, Ag, Hg) 8+(Sb, AjifB
4Pb8+8b'8
6PbS+(Sb, A8)'8
8 6ii8-i-A8%*
Amnnz.— 134. CuLim, L Pb On, As, Sbi 135. BourxAvm, in. Ag, 8, Sb.
iOL EnpferantimongUns Ztnken, Pogg., zzzy. 357, 1835. Sulphurei of Oopper and Antimony; Antimonial Oopper. Boeite Buot, Min. L 197. 1841. Ohalkostibit OiodL, iL, 32, 1847. Wolfsbeigite NkoO Ifis., 484, 1849.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=101% irZ A i-2=138 12', U A 24'. In nnaU grated tabular prismB presenting the planes Oj /, i-2j ir%. Cleavage: very perfect ; C?, less bo.
tt=s3— 4. G.=4-748,H.Kose; 5-016, Breith. Lustre metallic. Streak black. Oolor between lead-gray and iron-gray. Opaque. Fracture conchoidaL
Oonpg €fn8->-8b'8'=8iilplinr 26-7, antinionj 48*9, oopper 26*4=100. Analyses: 1, H. Bom (L a); 2, T. Bichter (B. H. Ztg., 1857, No. 27):
L Wolfrbeiig 1 GQadii
8 Sb On Fe Pb
26-34 46-81 24*46 1*39 0-56'99*56 Bose. 25-29 48-30 25*36 1-23 =100*18 Bichter.
& iron is anppofled to exist as pyrite and the lead as feather ore.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tabe decrepitates at first, and then fuses, giving a faint sublimate of olphid of antimony, which on cooling is dark red ; In the open tube gives sulphurous and anti* HaoQs fumes, the latter forming a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, emittiua otimoooQs Amies, coating the ooal white; the globule treated with borax reacts for iron ; witS loda gives a globole of metaOio oopper.
Iwooposed by nitro add, with separation of sulphur and oxyd of antimony.
8A Bulphabsenttss, Eto.
Oba.— From Wol&berg in the Hans, in nests imbedded in quarts ; and at GuadJi, Spam. It if DBoallj corered with a coating of pyrite. Glocker*8 name antedates NtooU's. Bonie haa an earlier
102. BBSPIjBOTITB. Wiamuth-Knpfererz (fr. Tannenbaum) SeSb, Tasch. Mul, zL 441, 4bl 1817. Kupferwismuthglans i2L iSbkfMuitfr, Fogg., xc. 166) 1863. Bmplektit Kin. Fondly 126, 186S. Tannenlte Jkma, lOn., 73, 1864. Hemichaloit v. Kob Qesch. Min., 600, 1864
Oomp-weQ S+Bi* S'=:8ulphur 19-1, bismuth 62*0, copper 18*9=100. Analjsea: B. Sdineider (Fogg., xa 166):
18t83 Bismuth 62*16 Oopper 18-72=99*71
Pyr etc — In the open tabe gives snlphurons fumes. B.B. on oharooal taaoB eaafly, with firothing and spirting; treated with soda coats the coal dark-yellow from oxyd of biamnth, and gives a obule of copper.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Oba. —From the mines of Tannenbaum, near Schwarsenberg, Saxony; also from Oem Blanco in Gopiapo, Chili (Ann. d. M., IV. y. 469).
On cryst., see Dauber, Togg xdL 241 ; Weisbach, Fogg., czxviiL 435.
103. OHiyiATXTB. Ohiviatit Bamnu, Fogg., IxxxviiL 320.
Foliated maasiye ; deavable in three directions in one zone, one making an angle with the second of 153, and with the third of 133, Miller. G.= 6*920. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray,
Oompeu, Pb) S+}Bi*8'=Sulphiir 17*76, bismuth 62*96, lead 16*72, copper 2*66=100 Analysis by Bammelsberg (L a) :
Bi
Fb
On
Fe
Ag
16*73
tr.
0*59=99*71
Pyr. — Same as for aikinlte, Bamm.
Odb. — From Chiriato, in Feru; along with pyrite and barite. Besembles bismnth-glaiioe.
104i BBRTHIBBITB. Haidingerite BertMer, Ann. OL Fhys., . 851, 1827. Berthieiit
JSToAL, Bd. J. Sd., TiL 353, 1827.
In elongated prisms or massive ; a longitudinal cleavage rather indistinct. Also fibrous massive, plumose ; also granular.
H.=2— 3. G.=4— 4'3. Lustre metallic, less splendent than stibnite. Color dark steel-gray, inclining to pinchbeck-brown ; surface often covered with iridescent spots.
Oomp.-'Fe S+Sb* S'=8ulphnr 29*9, anthnony 57*0, iron 13*1=100. Analyses: 1, 2, 8, Ber thor (Ann. Ch. Fhys., . 51); 4, Bammelsberg (Fogg., xL 163); 6, Fettko (Haid. Ber 52); 6, T. Hauer (. O. Beidhs., ir. 635); 7, Sacknr (Bamm., Min. Obem., 988); 8, Bamm. (ZB ft., XTiiL 244):
S Sb Fe Zn
80*3
0*80=98*6 Berthior.
2. Martouret
=1()0 Berthier.
a. Anglar
29*18
12*17
=100 Berthiw
Bulphabsenttss, Ibto.
Sb
¥e
Zn
81*32
64-'ro
11*43
0-74 Mn 2-64=: 100*78 Bamm.
Bi AmIdka
67*88
12*86
=100 Pettko. a.=:4'043.
6L Biiimsdoif
80*53
=100-78 Hauer.
28-7'l
Mh 8-73=99-96 Sackur.
& a Antonio, OiL
29*12
66*61
Mn 8*56=99*38 Bamm.
Anal 3-8 oorreapond to the abore fonnula.
Ka l=3Fe8+2Sb*8*=8alpha 30*6, aaiimonj 61-7, iron 17-8=100. Ko. 2=3VBS+4Sb*S'=Snlphur 29-6, antimony 60*0, iron 10*4=100.
PyK,tto— In the dosed tube ftisea, and giTOS a faint sublimate of ; with a strong heal yields a black sublimate of sulphld of antimony, which on oooling bcKnmes brownish-Ted! In the open tnbe gives off tunes of sulphur and antimony, reacting like stiboite. B.B. on chai>> cod gives off sulphur and antimony times, coats the coal white, and the antimony id expelled, letriof a black magnetio slag, which with the fluxes reacts for iron.
Dttsolves readily in muriatic acid, giving out sulphuretted hydrogen.
Oba.— At Ghaaelles and Martouret in Auvergne, associated with quarts, caldte, and pyrite; hi tiie Voages, Commune of Lslaye, containing about 32 of Sb to 18 of Fe; at Angar in La Creuse; Iso it Briunsdorf m Saocony, and at Padstow in Oomwall; at Arnny Idka in Hungary ; at Beal 8ui AfitoDio, Lower California, massive; near IVederioton, N. Brunswiok.
Yidds antimoyi but of inferior quality.
106. 8ARTORITB. Skteroklas+Arsenomelan TTo/feriftatiMn, Pogg xdv. 116, 1866, a 637. SUmUas v. StOK ib., codL 380. Binnit C. Beusaer, Pogg. xdv. 336, 1865, xoviL 120. DnikvMjrsite, pt., Tr., pL 236, f. 66. Ikacl Ann. d. IL, Y. viii 889, 1866. Arseuomelao , OffBub. Yer., viL 13, 1866. Sartorite Dana.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=123° 21', O A l-f=131]' 3' ; a : 6 : <j=l-1483 : 1 : 1*8553. Observed planes : O (broad) ; in zone i-l (all narrow, the crystals
2-t, 4-1, t-i ; 1 (large
elongated and channelled in this direction) -i, i,
pUnee), y. Bath.
OAl=127°28J',calc (? A 1=126 40, meas. Oa1.=180 15, meas. (? A 2-1=128 66. lAl, brach.,=91 22 1 A 1, macro.,=136 46 lAl, bas.,=106 3 lAl-i=135 41 1 A 14=157 68
Crygtals slender. Cleavage : 0 quite distinct.
H.=3. G.=5-393. Lustre metallic. Color dark lead-gray; streak iah-brown. Opaque. Brittle.
Oonpl 8+ As8'=sSnlphnr 26-39, arsenic 30-93, lead 42-68=100. Analyses : 1, Walters. 124); 2, 3, Stookar-Bscher (Kenng. Ueb., 66-67, 176):
Am
Pb
Ag
Fe
0-46=99-90 Walt
a6'30
=100-08 a-K.
J. "
=99-98 S -R
J[ WitoahanBen states that bis analysis (So, 1) was made on striated crystals, wbich proves ntopHtida to this ecifls ia defined r. Bath (I &). The other two analyses by Stockar*
88 ffUIf HABSERTTEfiy STO.
EMher may have been made on material oontaining poitioiia of tbe other prismatio-apeoiiif of thi locality; yet in the sulphnr and arsenic they agree with the other analysis, and diverge but litUe in the lead.
Pyr etc. — Nearly the same as for dufnoysite, but differing in strong decrepitatton.
Obs. — From the Sinnin TaQey with dufrenoysite and binnite. As the name Sderodase Is inapplicable, and the mineral was first annotmoed by Sartorius y. WaltershsAlisen, the speciee may be appropriately called SartorUe,
106. ZINKBNZTB. Zhikenit G, Bom, Pogg Tii 91, 1826.
Orthorhombic. /A 39' Eose ; 120° 34', Kenngott. Usual in twins, aa hexagonal prisms, with a low hexagonal pyramid at smnmit ; angle at pyramidal edge=165 26' ; / on face of pyramid=104:® 42'. Lateral faces longitudinally striated. Sometimes columnar, fibrous, or massive. Cleavage not distinct.
H.=3— 3*5. G.=5*30— 5-35. Lustre metallic. Color and streak steelgray. Opaque. Fracture slightly uneven.
Oomp.— PbSi-Bb* S'=8alphnr 22*1, antimony 42*6, lead 36*3=10a Analyses : 1, 2, H. Bose Fogg., yiiL 99); 8, Kerl (B. H. Ztg 1863, Na 2) :
2. mdeL 44*11 81-97 mdet Bose.
Pyr., etc.— Deorepitates and foses very easily ; in tho dosed tnbe gives a faint sublimate ol sulphur, and sulphid of antimony; in the open tube sulphurous times and a white sublimate of ozyd of antimony. B.B. on charcoal is almost entirely yolatiliaed, giving a ooating which on the outer edge is white, and near the assay dark yellow; with soda in R.F. yields globules of lead.
Soluble in hot muriatic add with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen and separation of dilorid of lead OD cooling.
Obs. — Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Harz ; the groups of columnar cryBtali occur on a massive variety in quarts ; the crystals sometimes over hau an inoh long, and two or three lines broad, frequently extremely thin and forming fibrous masses. Has been reported from St Trudpert in the Schwarzwald. Named in honor of Mr. Zinken, the director of the Anhalt mines, by G. Bose.
Besembles stibnitc and boumonite, but may be distinguished by its superior hardness and specific gravity.
Kenngott makes the crystallization monoclinic, and the pyramidal plaues oblique basal planes; but such twins with pyramids so formed are not known among monodinio spedee.
107. JOBDAKITK Jordanit v. RaJOi, Yerh. Kat Yer. Bonn, Mardi, 1864 Fogg., czzii. 887, 1864.
Orthorhombic. /a/=128'29'; Oa 1=128' 27'; a: 6: 1*2696:1:1*8604. Observed planes: narrow, except 0 ; ctystals hexagonal in general form.
0Aa4=126' 27* Oa V4=130' 46' 0Af=116' 0' OA}.i=184 84 OAl-f =124 68 0Ai=144 261
Twins : oompoeition-faoe /; forms hexagonal, arragonite-like. Cleavage : -i distinct Streak pnre black.
CoifP. — Undetermined.
Ptb., kto.— Nearly as for sartorite.
Obs.— From the Binnen valley, with sartorite (q. v.). Approaches dosely sartorite in iti planes and angles, but differs in occurring in twin crystaJs, and in its black streak.
Kamed after Dr. Jordan of Saarbrudc, who furnished vom Bath with his specimens.
108. MIARQTHITB. Hemiprismatisdie Bubin-Blende {tr. Br&unsdorf ) Mtha, Grundr., 606, 1824. Miargyrit. Roee, Pogg., xv. 469, 1829. Hypargyrite, Hypaigyron-Blende (fr. Clausthal), BrmOk, Char., 286, 388, 1832. Kenngottite (fir. Felsobanya) Haid Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiL 236
Monoclinic. (7=48 14', /A 7=106 31', (? A 14=136° 8'; a:h:c 1-2883: 1:0*9991, Nanmann. Observed planes : 0; vertical, ij i-i, i-5| *-2
gUIiPH A Rft K WITIM. KTCL
I-} ; domes H, ff , f-i, 14, 14, 84 ; loe
14, 84, H, H
(?AM=131 46' (?Aft=139 68' 0a/=122 16 (9Al-i= 98 24 0a|=109 16 i'Al-{=129 60
Observed angles by WeiBbach, from Brtttnadorf crystalB: /A 86' -105** 50; OAi4=13228M34M6', 129", W.
CiTBtab thick tabular, or Btont, or fibort priBinatic, pjramidaL Lateral planes deeply striated. Cleavage:
fvl- imperfect
H.=2— 2'6. G.=6'2— 6*4 ; mostly 5'22— 5'24. Lustre stibraetallic-adamantine. iron-black. Streak dark clierry-red. Opaque, except in thin splinteis, which, by transmitted light, are deep blood-red. Fractnre ftuboonchoidaL
CompAg 8+8b S'=8idphur 21*8, antimoDj 41*6, silver 86-7=100. Analysis bj H. Boss (PQBxt.469):
Hw hamffoiUk (L c.) which Weisbach refers here (Fog?., . 467), has not been analyzed; TOO Haaer foand in it (Pogg., xoviil 165) about 30 p. c. of silver ; G.s6*06. HypargyrUe Is a BMsife wieij; G.=4'719 — 4*890| Breith.; it afforded Plattner (L c) 36 p. c. of silver. For Wcisbadi's measurements see Pogg., L c.
., etc — In the dosed tnbe decrepitates, ibses easflv, and dves a sublimate of snlphid of lotiBiooj ; in the open tnbe snlphurons and antimonous names, ttie latter as a white sublimate. BJ. on diarooal fitsee qniedj with emission of sphiir and antimonv tunes to a gray bead, which fter contmned treatment in O.F. leaves a bright gbbule of silver, if the silver globule be treated with phospboms salt in O.F., the green glass thus obtained shows traces of copper when fhsod with tin hi RF.
Deoompoaed by nitric add, with separation of sulphur and ozyd of antimonv.
Oba— At Braansdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, associated with tetrahedrite, pyramrite, valentinite, etc; Felaobanya {kennooUiie) with pyrite, galenite, blende, barite; Pnibram in Bohemia; Clansthal {ffgpcargyriu) ; Gnadalajara in Spain ; at Parenos, and the mine Sta. M. de Catorce, near P .ion ; aliio at Molinares, Mexico, with diallugite.
Named froio Mi', 'sm, ptvpoc, sUoer, bccaose it contains less silver than some kindred ores.
109. FULQIOMITB. Plagonit G. Bom, Pogg., zxviiL 421, 1888.
Monoclinic. 67=72 28', /A 25 0M4=: 158 9',Bose; a : 6 : 0-87016 : 1 : 0-8802. Ob- Berred planes as in f. 107.
0 A 1=164 20' OAi4=:10r 82'
0 A 2=188 62 1 A 1=142 8
Oa-1=149 2 a 2=120 49
Orysiab thick tabnlor; the plane 0 shining and nnootii ; others striated. Cleavage : 2, pertect, but eldom affording smooth surfaces. AU massive, gnnular.
H.=2'6. G.=5-4. Lustre metallic. Color black uhleadray. Opaque. Brittle.
90 BULPHASSENTTBS, ElO. -
Oompi.PbSfSb* 8' -t-iPb8=Snlphur 21-3, antimony 88*2, iMd 40*5. Analyaes: l,E.BoM (Pogg., xzriiL 428); 2, Kndernatach (Pogg., xxxtiL 588); 8, Sofaults (Bamm. Min. GSl, 1006):
1. Tjlfsbeig S 21*63 Sb 37-94 Pb 40-52=99'99 Bose.
3 21-10 37-84 39-38, Gu 1-27=99-53 Sdiiilte.
Pyr. — Same as in zinkenite.
ObB — At Wolfsberg in geodes and dues of cryatalB in maaaive plagionite, or oryBtalliced on quarts, and was disooyered bj Zinoken. Named, in allusion to its annsuallj oblique crTstallisation, from vXayiof, chUquie,
Taking the planes 2, 2. as the lateral faces of the Amdamentsl prism, the lateral angle is neaiir the same as in freieslebenito.
110. BINNITB. Dufirenoysite A WdUenhau8e% Pogg., xdv. 119, 1865; C. Boumt Fogg xdT. 384 xcTil 116. Binnito Dead. Ann. d. 11, Y. tUI 389, 1866.
Isometric. Figures 3, 14, and others : observed planes : 7j 2-2, with 1, f, and 6-6, on some crystals. Cleava not distinct.
H.=4'5. G. =4*477. Lustre metallic. Color on fresh fracture black, sometimes brownish or greenish. Streak cherry-red. Brittle.
Oompi— From anal 1, |6u S + A8*8*=Sulphnr 29*7, arsenic 31-1, copper 39*2=: 100. From anal 2, 8+i As*8', or like enanate. Analyses: 1, Ubrlaub (Pogg., xdv. 11*7); 2, Stooka Rsoher (Kenng. Uebers., 1866-67, 174):
S As Gu Pb Ag Fe
1. 27-65 30-06 37-74 276 1-28 0-82=100-16 Ulir.
2. 32-73 18*98 46*24 1*91 =-99-86 8.-E.
Pyr. — In tbe closed tube, gives a sublimate of sulphid of arsenic ; in the open tube a crystd* line sublimate of arsenous add, with sulphurous flunes. B.B. on charcoal gives an amenieal odor and a faint white coating, ftises with intumescence to a dull iron-black, magnetic globnto which, according to Wiser, is surrounded by a coating of oxyd of xina The globule jields metal* lie copper with soda.
Obs. — In dolomite, in the valley of Bmnen, with realgar, orpiment Uende, psrrite sartorito and duftenoysite.
111. BRONaNIARDITB. Ikmawr, Ann. d. M., IT. xvL 227, 1849.
Isometric In octahedrons with truncated edges (1, 1), Damour. MassiTe, without cleavage.
H. above 8. G.= 5*950. Lustre like that of boumonite. Color and streak grajish-black.
Oomp.— Pb 8-f Ag 8+8b* S*, 2 (Pb antimony 29*5, 8flTer26*U iMid 26*0=100. Analyses: Damour (L a) :
Sb
Pb
Ou
Zn
29*95
24*74
0*54
0*40=100*34.
29*60
0-32=99-61.
19*14
0-37 =99*98.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube a feeble orange sublimate with a white one aboiro ; in the open tube fUses, affords an odor of sulphur and a white sublimate of ozyd of antimony. BJa. on - coal decrepitates, fuses easily, giving off an odor of sulphur and white vapors ; after roaiog yields a globule of silrer, with a yellow coating of oxyd of lead. Rapidly attacked conoentnted nitric add.
Oba.— From Mexica
C12. JABEBSOMITB. Qftej antimony pt JSiiil, Syst, ill 390, 1820. Axotomooa AntiaoD/' Qlonoe Jam Man., 286. Axotomer Antimon-Glans Moha Grundr., 686| 1824. Janesomti HaadL, Tri Mohs's Min., L 461 (iiL 26), 1886.
8I7Lphar8Enite8, Ibto.
f; Sohw. X, zzTii. 1. Pfafflte ffuot, I 192, 1841. iptimonlilfiilr Ueren pt, MiDor antlmoiiii plamosa pt, WalL, lt47 ; Federon (?rm. Mine dVmtiiiiouie mi plumos I, ; Fisather ore, Flamose Antimonial Ore, pt (rest mostly' Stibnite), ikntkdeaA Antimoine BolAnA eapfllaire pt [or var. of Stlbnite] J9:, Tr., 1801 ; HaarfopmigBi GniiaplwwglanBerg pt Kant, Tab., 52, 1800; Haarf. Aatimonglaxiz , 1824 Leonh ISSe. Fdderen of Walfsberg A iZbiM, Pogg., xr. 411, 1829; Beiid,, Tr 11 425, 1832. Fedefi en, vir. Jazaesonite, v. Kob Chan, ii 175, 1831. Wolfsbergite HwL, Min., L 193. Plnmolit And; Handb., 569, 1845. Plnmites CRoek., Syn., 30, 1847. Heteromorpbit Ramm Pogg., banL 340, 1848. Fledereii, var. of Jamefloniie, Bamm,, Min. Cb., 71, 1860.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=101'' 20' and 78 40'. Observed planes /, i4. CIea?age basal, highly perfect; /and i-i less perfect. Usualljr in acicular crystals. Also iibrous massive, parallel or divergent; also in capillary forms; also amorphous massive.
H.=2-3. G-.=5-5~5-8; 5-564, from Cornwall, Haidinger; 5-616, bom Estremadura, Scha%otsch ; 5-601, from Arany Idka, Lowe ; 5'6788, massive, Ramm.
ViLS.*-a, wen eryatallized ; 5, fibrous or oolonmar, sometiiiies diTerging; capillary, or oobwebtike; d; gnnnlar or compact
Ibe eiOlarj is feather on (FMererz .) regarded as a species by nearly all the . minenlofrijlB oflaat oenliify, bat indading capillary stibnite ; made a variety of stibnite by ▼. Bom, Kinto, Hauy, Mobs, Leonbard, and other authors, until 1829; and a distinct species again br most aolhors after the analysis by Rose in 1829 ; but referred to jamesonite by y. EobeU in l83Cj isd Bammelsberg in 1860. Aii amorphaudTtaieij occurs with the feather ore at Wolfsberg (iDttl 'iX far which Bammelsberg gives the hardness 3*0, and G.=5*6788.
CoBJ (Pb, Pe) 8+8b=(if Pe : Pb=l : 4) Sulphur 21*1, antimony 32-2, load 43-7, iron 3D=I0a But excluding the iron as sulphid, Rose makes the formula f Pb S + Sb%'= Sulphur 20*7. BDtiiDODy 34-8,. lead 4-45=100. Yon Zepharovich sustains the first formula (Sitz. Ai, Wieu 1867, Analyses 5 to 10 of feather ore agree well with the preceding, whence Beoimels oerg reference to JAmeeonito.
Aiai/flea: 1, 2, H. Rose (Pogg., viiL 101); 8, Schaffgotsch (Pogg., xzxviii. 403); A. 'j&Wf fHaidBer., L 62); 5, H. Rose zv. 471); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ann., Izzvii. 24 7 Pwelger (ib Ramm Min. Oh., 71); 8-10, a Beohi (Am. J. Sd., XL xiv. 60):
S
1 " 22-53
3. Estremadura 21*78
.Anoyldka 18-59 &. WoU3berg,>a<%eror0 19*72
Woibberg, maaaive 20-52
8. ToBony, cmL 18*89
Sb
84*40 32*62 83*10 [31 96] [81-54J 29*24
Pb
39*97
40*82
49*81
Zn
=99*73 Rose.
0-74=99-72 Rose. 0*42, Bi 1-06=09*48 Sch. 0-35, Ag 1-48, Bi 0*22=99 83 0*08=99 01 Rose.
=100 Ramm.
=100 Poselger.
Pyr— Same as for sinkenite
Ohi'— occurs prluflipa&y in Onuwall, associated with quartz and minute crystals oi MRUDite; occasioiULUy also in Siberia, Hungary, at Valentia Alcantara in Spain, and Bnudl ptriect cleaTage at right anes with the vertical axis is sufficient to distinguish it from the ipw it membles. Named after Prof. Jameson of Edinbur
rhejbAor ore occurs at Wolfftberg in the Eastern Harz ; aJao at Andreosberg and CJlansthal ; Frefter; and Scbemnitx; in the Anhalt at Pfiiffenberg and Meiseberg ; in Tuscany, near BotatChoBtainPem.
Ttndenn, or3eigsnnden [sTinder Orel of O. Lebmann (Mem. Ac. Berlin, 20, 1758), which "J°ft fike der and dark dirty red in color, has been referred to kermesite, but proves to MMute or feather ore mbced with red silver and arsenopjrrite. BomtrSger obtained in an MiMAerg and Glauathal in the Han.
M 8Ut.PHAB8SfiriTX8y STO.
113. DOFRBMOTSim DofteiMTato Damomr, Ann. Oh. FhjE m. lir. UtS. 1845. Goti haidit JtoMik, Ben: Oh. Mbu, 229, 266 1847. Anenomaltti and SoleroolaM pt WUfenft Fogg;, sdr. 115, 185ft. Dufrenogrnto pL itoioL, Ann. d. M., Y. TfiL 389. SUenAlaa Atervoi QflbnK Yer., TiL 18, Jahrb. Ifin.. 186T, 208.
Orthorhombia /A /:=98 89', (? A 1-1=121 80', a:h: 1-6318 : 1 :
1*0658. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, Ifirii; domes, |-t, f-t, 1-i, {-l f,!-!, 1-1, 2-t; octahedral, 1, 2. OaU 1072', 0M=zlW6\ (?A2=102"36', 1 A W=14r 20J, 1 A l-f =138° 15', v. Bath. IJsnal m thick rectangiilar tables. Cleavage: 0 perfect. Also massive. H.=8. G.=5-549, Darnonr ; 5-5616,
Landolt ; 5*569, v.Bath. Lustre metallic. Color blackish lead-gray ; streak
reddish-brown. Opaque. Brittle.
OQmpL2 Fb 8+ A89=Siilpliiir 22*10, anenio 202, lead 57-18=100. Analyses: 1, X Damoor (L a); 8, 4, Landolt A Berandfee (Dinert deDaftno7Bite,l864, Pogg., czxiL 3U):
8 As Fb Ag Fb Ga
4w " 2311 21*85 52*02 mUL L. ft B.
Analjaea of dnfranojaito bave beea pabEdied bf IThrianb and Karoo (Fogg., c. 537), and I7 Btockar Eadier (Kenng. ForadL, *56, '57, 176) ; bat aa tbej were made witiioiit discriminatiQg th apeciea, and gire intermediate reeolte, they are not cited here bk deta£L Feterson has also palv Bahed two anavaea (L aX and giTea the following %b the mean of 17 anaL by the chemists just aasntiooed and hunaelf :
8 Aa Fb Ag lb Ga 1. U-Sl 24*26 60-86 0-41 T =99*88
FBlenoB fai one analjsia obtahied a 23-22, Aa 25-83, Pb 50*74, Ag 0-21 ; and in the other 8 SSiM, t Asi'S*.
Pyr., adc. — Bufly ftiaea and givea a anbBmate of aolpfanr and solphnret of araenic; in the open tnbe a amdl of aoJphnr oiy, with a BnbBmate of aolpfanr in ufier part of tube, aod of aiaenona add below. On obarooal decrepitatoa, melta, yielda ftmiea of aiaenie and a globule of lead, which on cupellation yielda aflrar.
Oba— From the valley of Binnen in the St Gothard Alpa, in ciyalalline dolomite, along with aartorite, jordanite, binnite realgai* ocpimen blende pynte. The oiyatala are aomeiimes as
Damoor, who atndied the aT8anio*nlphida of Binnen, anafyaed the maaaiTe ofvandnftoed It dttfirtmoysiie. He iofrrred that the cryataUiaation waa monometric from aome aaaodated crystals. and ao pabUahed it Thia led too Waltershanaen and Henaaer to call the raonometric minenl dnfipenoysite. and tiie latter to name the trimetrie hmmik. Ton Walterahaoaen, after stodjingtbe prismatic minal, made oat of the qpeciea 4tfataonietaa and atiwaclaae yet partly on hypotheticL grounds. Becentiy it baa been found that three orthorhoBBbieminerala exist at uie locality, as an* nooneed by Tom Bath, who idratiilea cos by spedlle sraTity and oonpoaitioo, with Damoor byirvaaysiie; another he makea aoiwaeiaai of von WattenOiaBaan (avtoiito, pk87); and the otfaef he namaa jtHmik Ip. 88).
sro
9d
114 reBIBSLBBfiNITB. Mine d'antimdne grise tenant argent (fir. Himmelsfiint) tU iMtk, JkiKt. de Min 36, 17T3, Grist, ill 64, 1783. Dunkles Weiasgoltigerz (id. loc, known sinfie 1720) Kkqir Beitr., i 173, 1796. Sohilf-QlasenB Freiesltben, Geogn. Arb., 97, 1817. 4BtimnnMi Sulphnret of ailver, Solphoret of SUver and Antimony. Argent antimoniet cuprifSre Zevy, Deaor. Biin. Henland, 1838. Donacargyrite Ohaipm Min., 128, 1843. Frdeildbeiiit i7ail, 669, 1846.
Monodinic. 67=87 46', /A 7=119° 12', 0 A 14=137° 10' (B. & M.) ; a:h: c=l'5802 : 1 : 1'7032. Obserred planes 0 ; vertical, /, i-i, i-t,
0 A 1-*=123° 65'
A 44=156 8
1 A 1, front, =128 2 MA 1-4 " =166 6
1.2A1.2, front,=152°86' i-3Ai.3 " =157 54 14 A 14, top, =94 20
Prigms longitudinally striated. Cleavage: /perfect.
H.=2-2-5. G.=6— 6-4; 6*194, Hausmann ; 623. fr. Pnibram, v. Payr. Lustre metallic. Color and streak liffht steel-gray inclining to silver-white, also blackish lead-gray, lields easily to the knife, and is rather brittle. Fracture subconchoidal — uneven.
Comp-6 (Pb Ag) S+ 2 Sb* S' (fr. ▼. PayrB anaL)=, If Ag : Fb=:3 : 4, Snlphur 18*6, antinioy 35'9, kad 81% sQTBr 24*3=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Wdhler ogg., zlvi 146); 3, Escosura (Rev. ttacis, Ti 368, Ann. d. M., V. viii. 496); r. Payr (Jahrb. Min. 1860, 679):
a.
8 Sb Pb Ag P6 On
IS-lt 27*72 8000 22-18 Oil l-62=:10O W.
18-72 27-06 30-08 23*78 =99*60 W.
17-60 26-83 31*90 22-46 =98*78 Escosura.
18-41 27-11 30-77 28*08 0*68=100 Payr.
Pkamt refers here the massive dark weistgiUtigen analyzed by Elaproih, who obtained (L d?er as here replaced by lead.
Pyti— In the open tube givee sulphurous and antimonial fiimes, the latter condensing as a vtute SDbtimate. BJB. on charcoal fuses easily, giving a coating, on the outer edge white, from iotiiDonoaa add, and near the assay yellow, £rom ozyd of lead; continued blowing leaves a globule of silTer.
Obi.— With argentite, siderite, and galenite, in the Hlmmelsfurst mine, at Freiberg in Saxony, fod Kapnik in Transylvania; at Ratieborzitz, the ore of which locality contains bismuth, accord- 'n| to Zmcken; at Praibram in crystals, often twins, and 2 to 6 lines long; at Felsobanya; at Hiatdeleiicuia in Spain, with argentite, red sQver, siderite, galenite, eta
The crystals from Hlmmelsfigst are tridUMe, according to Breithaupt (E H. Ztg., xzv. 189). uxik his name donacargyrite from the Britiah Museum, in 1843, knowing nothing of its oria. Such a name ought not to displace Jreieilebenite,
n& PTROSnZiPNITB. Fbnerblende BreiiK Char., 286, 888, 1832. Fireblende Dana, Ifin,
643, 1860. PyroBtilpnite, Dana.
Honoelinic In delicate crystals irrouped like stilbite. Observed planes.
u
SULPHABSXNirSB, SIC
/A 7=139 12'. 24 A 24, top,=74: iA A 14=123*' 84'.
14 A 14, top,=112 62. a A 24=148 42. 1-4 A 1-4, top,=62 36.
Cleavage : t4, and crystals flattened in this direction. Faces t4 striated
Sarollel to the clinodiagonal. Twins : plane of composition i-i (ortho diagonal).
fi.=2. G.=4"2— 4'25. Lnstre pearl-adamantine. Color hyacinthred. Translucent Sectile and somewhat flexible.
Oomp. — Contains 62*3 per oent of silver, along with sulphur and antimonj (FlaUner, L a, 3S3)
Pyr. — Idke pjranyrite.
Obs. — From the KurpriiUB mine near Freiberg; Andreasberg; Pnibram.
Named flrom fire, and vnArr, timing, in illusion to its fire-like color.
116. RimKQBRITB. Blttingerit Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, ix. S, 345, 1851
. Monoclinic; 67=88 26'. In small rhombic tables with replaced basal edges. Observed planes: J, /, ±6, ±1. Observed angles: 20', Oa-6=98**80', (9Ai=150-lA-l=140°l'. Deavage: (Simperfeet.
II.=1*5— 3. Lustre submetallic-adamantine. Plane 0 blackish-brown in the larger crvstals, less dark in the more minute ; other parts iron-black. Translucent and dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red in the direction of the axis. Streak orange-yellow. Brittle.
Oomp. — Probably a compound of sulphid of silver and antimony.
Pyr. — B.B. same as with pyrargyrite; ftises very easily, gives an arsenical odor, and flnallji globule of pure silver. Oba. — From Joachimsthal, in small crystals.
117. PYRARQTRTTB. Argentum rude rubrum pt, Omvu Bothgolden, Agne 362, Infeerpr 462, 1546. Argentum rubri coloris pL, Gtomein Rothguldenera, Oeaner Foss., 62, 1565. BoUh golden pt, Argentum arsenioo pauco sulphure et ferro mineralisatum pt, Minera aigenti mbn Tar. opaca, var. nigrescens. Wall, 810, 1747. Mine d*ai*gent rouge Dr. TrL Wall., 1753. Bob; Silver Ore pt, Red Silver Ore pt, ffiO, Foss., 1771. Dunkles Bothgultigerz, Ltchtes id. pt Wenu, I78tf. Dark Bed Silver Ore ; Antimonial Bed SQver. Argent antimoni sulfur pt. IL Tr., 1801. Argent rouge antimoniale FrottsL, J. de Fhys., lix. 407, 1804. JBrosit SeOt, Denki. Kat Schwab., L 311, Tasch. Hln., 401, 1817. Rubhiblende pt Moha, Antimonailberhiaide. Fyraigynt ., Handb., 388, 1831. Argyrythrose Brad, Tr., ii. 430, 1832.
Rhombohedral. Opposite extremitiw
of crystals often unlike. B A 42', B. & M., 137 42'; a=0-78ij Observed planes in this and the following species : basal and prismatic, /, i-2, -Jj 1), 1, 4, -14, -6, -1, -2, -f , -1, -i, "h ""'j pyramidal, 2-2, |-2, ; scaleno-
'tSs.
f
t*2
Bulphabbenttes, Etc.
Oa i=156 32' OaV=112 83' <?Ar=100 14
4Ai 58' *-2A=125 39 i-2Ar=155 4
i?Ai =144*21'
Ja+'=:164 6
i-2A2=120.
Oeamge: H rather imperfect. Twins: composition-face — i, as in f. 113, which consistB of four individuals ; 0 or basal plane, as in f. 1 14 ; ak) S and Z, Also massive, stracture granular, sometimes impalpable.
us
H.=2— 2*5. G.=5'7— 5*9. Lustre metallic-adamantine, somedmes approaching cochineal-red. Streak cochineal-red. —opaque. Fracture conchoidal.
Color black, Translucent
vpoaqi. — s Ag D+sir C5'=esiupaiir iff, annmoaj zz'o, buyof oy-9=:Luu. Analyses: i, ixms* H. StociElL, 1821, 838); 2, Wohler (Ann. d. Pharm., xxviL 167); 3, fidttger (Bamm. Hindw 8. 106); 4, F. Field (Q. J. Gh. Soo, xlL 12) :
Sb
1. Andreaaberg
2. Mexico
68-96, gangne 0*30=98*70 Bonadorit 60-2=100 Wdhler.
S. Zaoateoaa, Mez.
17*76
67-45=99*80 B5tiger. 69*01=99-62 Reld.
foand arsenic in mbj ailTer (PyritoL, 169, 1725), and both light and red ailver orea ven aftarwarda conaidered ftraenical, Tintil Klaproths analjrsia, detecting antimony alone, in 1794 CMtr., L 141); after this both were supposed to be aDtimonial, until Proust, in 1804 (J. de Phys., liz* 403) ahowed that there were two species, an antimoniol and an arsenioaL
Pyr, ate— In the dosed tube fuses and gives a reddish sublimate of sulphid of antimony; in open tobe auliurooa Aimea and a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony. B.B. on charcoal |ues with spirting to a globule, givea off sulphid of antimony, coats the coal white, and the assay is QATerted into snlphid of aUrer, which, treated in O.F., or with soda in R.F., gives a globule of ftae iQTer. In case arsenic la present it may be detected by (Using pulverized mineral with Nda on diarcoia in R.F.
Dgconpoaed by nitric add with separation of sulphur and antimonous acid.
Obs— The dirbred tiiver ore occurs principally with calotte, native arsenic, and galenite, Andnaabergin the Haix; alao in Saxony, Hungary, Norway, at Gteudalcanal in Spain, and in In Mfizioo it ia worked extensively as an ore of silver. In Chili it is found in crystala sDiae Dolorea and Chafiareillo near Gopiapa In Nevada, at Washoe in Daney Mine; in Ophir rve ; abandant about Austin, Reese river, but no good crystala ; at Poorman lode, Idaho ift masses sometimea of several hundred weight, along with oerargyrite.
iightti ore from Andreasberg according to Zincken, contains no araeoia A gray ore froia itne kMsality, contains both arsenic and antimony, and may be miargyrite On oryst. of Frnrgyrite, aee Q. Sella, Acad. 8cL Torino, 8vo, 1866.
-Oooora like pronatita, changed to argentite (Ag S); to pyrite; a HMdled argentopjrit*
96 SULPHABSENITBB, VtO
118. PROU8TITB. Argentum rade rabnim traosltictdum oarbunoulis simile, . Diick> siohtig Bodtguldener Agric 862, Interpr., 462, 1546. Ajgentum nibrl ocoris pelliKadizB, Schon Rubin Rothguldenerz, Cfesner Fobs., 62, 1565. Minora argenti rubra pellacida WoSll, 1747. Ruby SUver Ore pt. HUL Argent rouge arseuicale Proust J. de Phys., lix. 404, 1804. Lichtes Rothgultigerz pL, Arsenikalisches id., Arseuiksilberblende, Germ, Rabinblende pli Arsemoal SUver Ore ; Ugh: Red Silver Ore. Proustite Beud Tr., ii 446, 1882.
granular massive.
H.=2— 2*5. G.=6'422— 5'56. Lustre adamantine. Color cochinealred. Streak cochineal-red, sometimes inclined to aurora-red. Subtranspa rent — sabtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal — uneven.
Oomp.— 3 Ag 8 + As* gCSulphur 19-4> arsenic 15*2, sUver 100. Analyses : 1, H. Bona (Pogg., zv. 472); 2, F. Field (Q. J. Oliem. 8oa, ziL 12) :
8. Ohili 19-81 16*12 64*88=99*81 Field.
Pyr., eto. — In the closed tube ftises easily, and gives a faint sublimate of sulpbid of arsenic; in (he open tube sulphurous Aimes aiid a white crystalline sublimate of arsonous acid. BJ8. on dharooal Aises and emits odors of sulphur and arsenic ; by prolonged heating in O.F., or with soda in R.F., gives a globule of pure silver. Some varieties contain antimony.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and arsenous acid.
Obs.— Occurs at Freiberg, Johanngeorgenstadt, Marienberg, and Annaberg; at Joaohimsthal in Bohemia; Wolfach in Baden ; ICarkirchen hi Alsace; Chalanches in Dauphin; Guadaksnal in Spain; in Mexico; Peru; Chili, near Oopiapo, at Chananillo, some crystals 3 in. long (D. Forbes.) In Nevada, in the Daney mine, and in Oomstock lode, but rare ; in veins about Aostn, Lander Co ; in microscopic crystals in Cabarrus Co.. N. C, at the McMakin mine ; in Idaho, tt iL' Poorman lode, with pyrargyrite, native silver and gold, and oerargyrite.
Named after the French chemist, J. L. Proust.
Alt. — Occurs altered to pyrrhotite, Breith.
119. BOURNONITB. Ore of Antimony (tr. Endellion) P. Raahleigh, Spea Brit Min L U, pL zix., 1797. Triple 8nlphuret of Lead, Antimony, and Copper Btmnum (with figs.), FbiL Trans., 30, 1804; Ch. SatcheU (anaL), ib., 63. Boumonite, Antimonial Lead Ore, Jamao Syst, ii 579, 1805, ill 3f 2, 1816. Spiessglansblei KarsL, in Elapr. Beitr., iv. 82, 1807, and Tab., 68, 1808. Plomb sulfUr antimonif&re £r., TabL, 1809. Endellione Bour/Lj Cat IGil, 409, 1813. Schwarz Spiesglanserz Wem, Antimoine sulfUr plumbo-cuprifere Tr., iv. 1822. Radelers [=Wheel Ore] Kapnik miners. Endellionite Zippe, Char. Ifin., 213, 1859.
Prismatlscher Spiesglas-Glana Make, Char., 1820; Prismatoidischer Kupferw&lans Orundr., ii 559, 1824. Antimonkupfer-Glans BreiiK Wolchit Handb., 564, I8i& Wolchite.
Orthorliombic. /A 40', 0 A 1-1=136 17 a:b: c=0-95618 : <4, i-f ; domes, H ft, l-i, S-i; ft, ft, ft, ft, 1-t, ft, ft, 2-t, 3-i: octahedral, i, J, J, 1, 2, 1-J, 2-2, 3-*, f 1-T, ff, 1-2, 2-2.
0 A f t=154- 27'. 0 A i=146 45'. 1 A 1, mac,=114** 6'.
0 A f f =147 29. O A 1=127 20.. 1 A 1, brach,=109 6.
O A 1-2=133 26. O A f 5=144 29. i-2 A i-5, ov. i.i,=129 44-
0 A 2-2=115 20. 0 A l-t=188 6. t-2 A i-2, ov. vt,=123 52.
Ulphabssnttss, Sto.
Cleavage: m imperfect; vi and 0 less distinct. Twins: compositionboe // crjBtalB often crnciform (f. 116), crossing at angles of 93 40' and hence, also, cog-whed shaped. Also massive : granular, compact
lie
Kagyag.
E=S-5— 3. G.=5*7— 5*9. Lustre metallic Color and streak stee.- graj, inclining to blackish lead-gray or iron-black. Opaque. Fractniv (xmchoidal or uneven. Brittle.
IH, antimcmj' 25-0, lead 42-4 copper 12-9=100. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Po., xv. 573); 2, auSog (BaouD. Handw., 123); 3-6, Bammelflberg (Pogg., IxxviL 253); % G. Kuhlemann (Za STit Yer. Halle, Tiil 500); 7, F. Field (Q. X Ch. Soc xIy. 158); 8, 0, DufHnoy (Ann. d. M., ID. 1.371):
8 8b Pb On
1. Keadwf 1 "
3. Meiseberg
5. Wolfsberg 1 Oausthal T. CornvaU & Alais 9. Bfexioo
IOl Huasoo
The ICeiaeberg minend (Na 4) ia light-gray, and oocurs in tabular crystals, with an oncTen VKKhoidal fractnxe, and sabmetallic lustre. G. =5*703, Zincken ; 5*726 and 5*792, Bromeia ; 5*779, Saaunelsberg.
Another Taiiety (Na 3) is iron-black, with the faces of a rhombic octahedron largely deyeloped. Vrvune oonchmdaL Lustre metallia G.=5*822 and 5*847, Bromeis; 5*844, Zincken; 5*863,
The ore (Na 5) is iron-black. The crystals are rectangular prismatia Fracture coocfaoidaL Lustre metallia G.=5'726| Bammelsberg; 5*796, Zincken; 5*801 and 5*856, Biomeis.
For Ziikel on cryst and history, see Ber. Ak. Wien, xlv. 431, 18B2. Zirkel makes the macro- <Ii*gnial of the crystal aboTO the vertical axis ; and in this we have not followed him, because abore is strictly the wifmol position for the yerttoal axis, or that which homology with the eabe rMpirea, since 0 A M and 0 a 1-i are near 135*. The faces i-i and iri are homologous with the cable (aoes, and ly I with the the angle between which, either, sldo of i-i, ia WW ST.
Pyr flCo — In the dosed tube decrepitates, and gives a dark-red sublimate. In the open tube tnlphmrous add, and a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony. B.B. on diarooal Aises easily, nd et Ibsk boats the coal white, from antimonous add; continued blowing gives a yeBow coating oiQzjdof lead; the xeddiM treated with soda in B.F., gives a globule of copper.
20*31
26*28
40*84
12*65=100-08 Bosa
19*63
41*38
12*68=99-37 Sinding.
19*49
24*60
40*42
13-06—97*57 Bamm.
40*04
15*16=99*01 Bamm.
24*34
42*88
13*06=100*04 Bamm.
d) 18-81
23*79
20*30
26*30
40*80
12*70=10010 Field.
19*4
29*4
38*9
17*8
28*3
40*2
20*45
26*21
40*76
12*52=99*94 Field. G.=5*80.
tf8 BTTLPHABBSNmEB, STO.
by nitro add, alXbrding a Uae solutioii, and leaTing a residiie of anlphar, and t white powder oontaining autimoxiT and lead.
Obs. — Oooura in th mines of Neudorf in the Han (which Indude the Meiaeberg localitaet), where the crystals occasionally exceed an inch in diameter; also at Wolfsbeig, Oansihal, and Androasberg in the Hars; with quartz, tetrahedrite, and phosphorescent blende, at Kapnik Transylvania, in flattened crystals at Servos in Piedmont, associated with pearl spar lod quartz. Other localities are the panfth of Braunsdorf and Gersdorf in Saxooy, Olsa in Garinthia, etc. ; Endellion at Wheal Boys in Cornwall, where it was first found, and hence called endeBioni by Couut Boumon, after whom it waa afterward named; in Mexioo; at Huasco-Alto in Cbili; at Machacamarca in Bolivia; in Peru.
Alt.— Occurs altered to cerussite, malachite, azurite, and also (as Bammelsberg has shown) to tliC mineral called toolckUe which occurs in similar crystals, with the same hardness and saiih sp. gr. (5*88 — 6*94 Bamm.). It waa originally from Wolch in Garinthia, but oocnrs also at Olaa, with true boumonite.
Schrotter, in his analysis of wdlchite Wolch, obtained (Baumgartn. ZS., viiL 2S4> 8 28*ea percentage of mixed carbonate, sulphate, and antimonial salts of lead and copper, and acme water.
12a SmjOTTPTTB. Stylotyp v. KobeO, Ber. Ak. liunchen, 1866, L 163, 1866. CafiutiUo
ChiUan nunen.
Orthorhombic /A /about 92®, near that of Boumonite. Twins: eruciform, angle of intersection near 90. Cleavage : none distinct.
H.=3. G.=4:'79. Lustre metallic. Color iron-blade; streak black. Fracture imperiectlj conchoidal, uneven.
Oompw— 8 (Ou, Ag, Fe) 8 + Sb* 8*, the spedes being an iron-silYer-copper boumonite (ratio €q 4- Ag : Fe=2 : 1, and 6u : Ag=6 : l)=Sulphur 24-9, antimony 31*6, copper 29% silTer 8*0, faron 7-8= 100. Analysis : ▼. Kobell (L c.) :
8 Sb On Fe Ag
24-30 30*63 28-00 7-00 8*80, Pb, Zn Cr.=9813
Pyr., etc — B.B. decrepitates, and fuses irery easily. On oharooal a steel-gray globule, wfaiob to magnetic ; fumes of antimony, and some lead coating the ooaL
Obs. — From Oopiapo in GhilL
Named from irrA(, column, and rrrot, fomif in sUusion to the columnar form, in whidi ft differ from tetrahedrite, although approaching it in composition.
121. WrmOHBNTTB. Kupferwismntheiz 8db., Desks. d'Aerzte u. Nat Schwab., L 419; Klapr Beitr., ir. 91, 1807. Bismuth sulfiire cuprif&re Gupreous Bismuth ; Gupriferons Sal* phuret of Bismuth. Wismuth-Kupferen 1826. Wittichitv. £16., Tafl, 13, 1868. Witti* ohenit JCsAfi Uebers. 1863, 118,* 1866.
Orthorhombic. Observed planes i-J, i-t, 1-t, l-i, 7, and isomorphom mth boumonite, Breith. ; prismatic angle of 110 50', Sandberger. Massive and disseminated ; also coarse columnar, or an aggregate 01 imperfect prisms. Cleavage in one vertical direction.
H.=3*5. G.=6 ; 4*3, fir. Gallenbach, Hilger. Color steel-gray, tuiwhite, tarnishing palelead-graj. Streak black.
Oomp.— 3 6u S+Bi'S" (from Schneider's analyses) =Sulphnr 19-44, bismuth 42-11, copper 88-46=100; 3 (Ou, Fe) S+Bi*S', from Hilger's.
Analyses : 1, Elaproth (La); 2, Sohenck (Ann. Gh. Pharm., xd. 232); 3, Tobler (lb., xovL SOT); 4-7, Sdmeider (Fogg., xciiL 306, 472, xcvii. 476, gzxtiL 302); 8, Hilger (ib., oxxy. 144):
8 Bi Gn Fe
1. Wittichen 12*68 47-24 84-66 =94*48 Klapratti.
1 n*79 48-13 8114 ai64=99'00 Scbeaok.
fUIJPHABSBNlTES, BIC. 99
Bi
Co
¥b
t. Wttkhen
1
16*15
— =99-29 Schneider
L "
— =99*68 Schneider.
ft. "
(1) 17-10 (1) 18*69
2#82
0-20, Oo 0*86-99-19 Schneider
t. "
0-91— 99-8i Schneider.
8 "
Pyr-Ih the open tube giTes ralphuroos tunes and a white eublimate of snlphate of bismuth. BJl 05 eliarooal fiiaes easily, at first throws out sparks, and coats the coal with oxyd of bismuth; Uienridiie with soda in KF. giTes a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in muriatic add, with mAnAm of sulphuretted hydrogen; decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obi->From cobalt mines with barite, near Wittichen in Oallenbach, Baden; analyses 4-6 ars ofipediiisns from the NenQck mine, and 7, 8, from the Daniel mine ; also at.Zell, near Wolfach ; il GbriitophsaQe near Freudenstadt
Alt<— Undeigoea easy alteration, becoming yellowish-brown, then red and blue externally, ianao apparently ooyeUite; also changing to a greenish earthy mineral, which is a mixture of mabdiite oxyd of bismuth, and hydrated oxyd of iron ; also to an earthy yellow bismutlte and btSDQth-ochre. (Sandberger, Jahrb. Hin., 1865, 274)
121 BOUIiANQKUlTJU. Plomb antimoni sulfur Bmdangert Ann. d. M., m. viL 676, 1835. Sthwefelantimonblei Orm. Sulphuret of Antimony and Lead. Boulangerit ThauUw, Pogg., xlL Hi, 1837 ; HmsnL, ib., xItL 281. Embrithito, Plumbostib, BreWu, J. pr. Ch., x. 442, 1837.
In plnmoee masses, exhibiting in the fracture a crystalline structure ; also granular and compact
E=2-5— 3. G.=5-75— 6-0. Lustre metallic. Color bluish lead-gray ; often covered with yellow spots from oxydation.
Ooakp.r-9 Fb S+8b'=:Sulphur 18-2, antimony 23-1, lead 58*7=100. Analyses : 1, Boulan- 575); 2, Thaulow (Fogg., xlL 216); 3, Bromeis (Fogg., 281); Brxni ; 5, Abendroth (Fogg xlviL 493) ; 6, Bammelsberg (3d SuppL, 28) ; 7, 8, E. Bechi (Am. J. 8d, IL xiT. 60) ; 8, Genth (piiyate contrib.):
8 Sb Fb
1. Hofidrea 185 25-5 53-9, Fe 1*2, Ou 0-9=100 Boulanger.
1 NasaQeld, 1886 24*60 55-57=99-03 Thaulow.
3. Nertsdiinak 18*21 25-04 56*'29=99'54 Bromeis.
4. 19-11 23-66 53-87, Fe 1-78, Ag 005=98-47 BrueL
6. ObsrLahr ]9'05 25-40 55-60=100-07 Abendroth.
6w WoUiiberg 18-91 25-94 55-15= loO Bammelsberg. a.=5-96.
7. Tuscany, moo: 17-99 26*08 53*15, Ou 1-24, Zn 141, Fe 0-35=100-28 BeehL 9. Union Gc, Ney. 17*91 26*85 54*82, Fe 042, Ag <r.=100 Genth.
Pyrr— flame as for zinkenite.
Oba— Quite abundant at ICoUdres, department of Qard, in France also found at Naaafjcld in lapltad; at Nertsohhisk; Ober-Lahr in tiayn-Altenkirchen; Wol&berg in the Harz ; near Bottino b Tuscany, both massive, adcular, and flbroua.
Bmiri&ik is from the locality of boulaogerite at Nertschinsk, and is probably the same species. It is gixanolar in texture, of a lead-gray oolor, has Q.=6'29 — 6-.'ill ; and contains, according to PiittiMr (L e.X l®*d 63*3, oopper O-S, silyer 0*04, along with antimony and copper. Named from
PaiboaUb is also from Nertsdiinsk. It consists, according to Flattner, of antimony, arsenic, olptor, a Uttle iron, with 58*8 p. a of lead; and appears to be boulangerite. Named from plum-
123. KOBBUJTB. Kobellit SmBrberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 188, 1839 ; Jahresb., xx. 215.
BesembleB gray antimony, but brighter in lustre ; structure radiated. 6.=6-2fl-6-32, Satterberff ; 6-145, Ramm. Soft. Color blackish leadgnj to Bteel-gray. Streak black.
OoB93Pb8+Bi'S+(3FbS+Sb*S0Bamm.=3FbS+(Bi,Sb)*8*=8ulphiirl6*8bismna ilt, mOaoOBj lOiS, lead 54-4=100.
100 8ULPHAB8ENITE8y VTO.
AnalyMs: 1, S&tterberg (lo& dt) ; 2, Bammelsbeig (J. pr. CIl, IzzxyL 340):
8 Sb Bi Pb Fe Oa
Kammelsberg'a analysis represents the composition of pure kobellite alter exdnding 6 61 p. c oobeltiferouB pyrites, and 3*87 p. a ohaloopynte present as mechanical impurities Id the sped men analyzed.
P3rr etc— B.B. in the dosed tube fuses and gives a faint sublimate of sulphur. In the open tube, sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of ozyd of antimony. On charcoal fUses and forms a ooating, the outer edge of which is white firom antimonous add, eta, and near the aasaj dark rellow. Soluble in concentrated muriatic add, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Obs. — From the mine of Hvena in Sweden, associated with actinolite, chaloopyrite, and small reddish-white crystals of a cobaltiferous mispiokel (Kobaltarsenikkies). Named after too KobelL
124. AIEINITB. Nadeleiz Mohs Null's Kab., Ul 728, 1804. Bismuth sulflir6 plombocapri' fdre Rt Tabl, 105, 1809. Needle Ore; Adoolar Bismuth; Cupreous Bismuth. Aikinite Cha man, l£h 127, 1843. Patrinito BaifLj Handb., 668, 1845. Bdonit Glock Syn., 27, 1847. Adcnlite Ifieot, Min., 487, 1849.
Orthorhombic. /a/=110® nearly, Homes. Crystals long, imbedded, acicular, longitudinally striated. Also massive.
H. 2-2-5. G.=6'l-6-8 ; 6-757, Frick. Lustre, metallic. Color blackish lead-gray, with a pale copper-red tarnish. Opaque. Fracture uneven.
Oomp.— (8 6n 8+Bi S) + 2 (3 Pb S+Bi (e Pb) S+Bi* 8=8ulphur 16-7, \asmaA 86*2. lead 38*1, copper 11-0=100. Supposed to be isomorphous with boumonite.
Analyses: 1, 2, Frick (Pogg., zxzL 529) ; 3, Chapman (PhiL Mag., IIL ttti. 641) ; 4, HeimanB (J. pr. Ch., Izz?. 452):
8 Bi Pb Oa Ni
— =98-16 Prick; a.s=:6-6T. — =99-70 Prick. — =99*84 Chapman; G.=6*l. 0*36, Au 0*09=100 Henn.
Pyr., etc— In the open tube gives sulphurous ftmios, and also a white sublimate, wbidi ma/ be fused into dear drops that are white on oooling ; the assay becomes surrounded with a black fused ozjd, which on cooling is transparent and greenish-yellow. B.B. on dharooal fhsea and gives a white coating, yellow cm the edge nearest £e assay ; with the fluxes, reactions for oopper, and afler long blowing a globule of metallic copper.
Decomposed by nitric add, with separation of sulphur and sulphate of lead.
Obs. — Occurs at Beresof near Katharinenburg, Urals, with gold, malachite, and galenite, ia white quarto. In the United States, in the gold xgion of Georgia (?) in slender crystals, some of whidi have a centre of gold, and others are altered to bismuth-ochre or cupreous carbonate of bismuth (, Am. J. Sd., IL zxziiL 190); probably at Gold Hill, Rowan Co, N. OaroliiuL
Alt. — Occurs, as just stated, altered to bismuth-odue and native gold.
Bkizbantitb JEbrmafin (J. pr. Ch., Izxv. 450, 1859). A lead-gray ore of bismuth, ooourring mixed with the product of its alteration, at Retzbanya in Hungary It is without trace of ozy 1-98, On 4-22=99-6l.
126. TSTRAHflDRITB. Argentum araenico cuproetferromineralisatum, Falerts, G'Mierts, Ifinera atgenti grisea, WaXL, 313, 1747. Palers, Argentum cupro et antimonio'sulph. miaeral> isatum, OronaLf 167, 1758 : Pyrites cupri griseua, Pahlkupfererz, OroruL, 176, 1758. Argentnn dnereum crystallis pyramidatis trigonis v. Bom, Lltboph., 1 82, 1 772. Ouprum dnereum cryBt tiigoniSi to, V. Bom, lb., 108. Pahlerz, Kupferfahlerz, Sdiwanera pt, Antimonfahler Germ
1. Beresof
16*06
86*69
11*79
2. "
36*46
36*05
10*59
8. "
40*10
4. "
16*50
34*87
36*31
BTTLPHAltdEMITES, ETO. 101
Ifine enivre griae de LUk Oriit, iiL 816 (with figs. crystX 1783. OniTre gris iV. Gray Oopper Ore. Faiubaae Beud Tt iL 438, 1832. TetaraSdrit SaieL, HandK, 563, 1845. Olino. idrit pt, fUilit Breiih B. H. Zig zxr. 181.
AsfmMf. : Argentam rude albQm pt AgriCf Fofls., 362, 1646. Weisgylden, IGuera argenti alfaapt, WalL, 812, 1747; CroiiBtedt, 156, 1758. Weissgnltigen pt, SUberfohlen, araagtltigen pt, SdiwBzsgfltigerz pt, Germ, Freibergit Kenng,j Kin., 117, 1853. Polytelit Kob,, Tafl, 10, 18 [not of Gloek SjiL, 31, 1847].
Msrcmial: Schwanen pt Wem, QaeckBilbeifahlers. Gkaugilttgen pt Sausm. Spaniolito ?.iUL, IGn. Namen, 98, 1853. Schwatdt JCmn., Miiu, L a, 1853. Henneait BreWu, B. H. ZXXT. 182.
Isometric ; tetrahedral. Observed planes : those of f. 11.7, with also 4-4, -44. —5-5 ?, with 0 and i, Hessenber. Twins, composition face octahedral, producing, when the composition is repeated, the form in f. 119, the simpler condition of which is snown in f. 118, a solid seemingly made of
two interpenetrating tetrahedrons ; also forms similar to f. 62, 63, p. 21, in which the tetrahedrons are united in a reversed position* Also massive ; granular, coarse, or fine ; compact or crypto-crystaUine.
H.=3— 4*5. Q.=4*5— 5*11. Lustre metallic. Color between light flint-gray and iron-black. Streak generally same as the color; sometimes inclined to brown and cherry-red. Opaque; sometimes subtranslucent in very thin splinters, transmitted color cherry-red. Fracture subconchoidal Hmeven. Eather brittle.
Tar— 4 Oa S+Sb' 8*, with part of the copper often replaced by iron, ainc, silver, or VBtSaStnx, and rarely cobalt and part of the antimoay by arsenic, and rarely bismuth ; whence general formnla 4 (Bu, Fe, Za, Ag, Hg)+(8bi Aa, Bi/S*. Ratio Ag+Ou : Zn + Fe generally : 1. There are thna :
An antfanonial aeriea :
B. An amnio-antixDoniai lerieB ;
& A bismnthic araenioHmtinHinial ; (mUm an anemcalf in which arsenic replaces all the antimony, and which is made into a distinct ipeeiea named tennantUe, In the analyses below the largest amount of arsenic given is about 20 (anal JO.)
yr. 1. Orimary. Oontaining little or no silver (Cupreous tetrahedrite ; Kupferfahlers, lichtea nhlen, QrattgUtigers pt, Germ.). Color steel-gray to dark gray. G.=6— 6-8.
t Arfeniifirmtt ; IMergite (Syn. above). Light steel-gray, sometimes iron-blade -*.orl88fc
I Mareurifenmi ; SJuwatriie (Slyn. above). Color gray to iron-black. a.=5~6'6. Breiihaupl 4Bites the ore of fichwati alone kkwaiaiie, having G.=6'107 ; that of Eotterbach and others.
Sxtlphasaekites. Etc.
having (}.=6'2 — 5*28, 9p€mioUte; that of MorahellaDdsberg, having G.=:6 6— 6*666 harmmik the Greek for Mercarius), it affording Hg 24*10, Ag 6*62. But another ore Uxmthe landflbeig contains Hg 17*32 p. c, and no silver, a fact which shows thp ftitility of attempts to divide up tetrahedrite into distinct groups or species.
4. PlaUnifBroua, An ore from Guadalcanal, Spain, contains, according to Yauquelin, I — 10 p. e, of platinum.
In distinguishing these varieties, color, as above seen, is a poor criterion, it depending largely on the amount of iron present The argentiferous ores are commonly tho lighter gray, but not always sa
Analyses : Ordinary, 1. Kerl (B. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 2) ; 2, Bromeis (Fogg., Iv. 117) ; 3, Amelung (RamnL, 3d Sup 61); Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 61); 5, H. Bose (Popg., zv. 576); 6, G. Kuhlemann (Z& nat ver. Halle, viiL 6o0, Jahresb., 1856, 834); 7, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Soi., IL xliil 67); 8, Sandmann (Ann. .Gh. Pharm., Ixxxiz. 364); 9, H. 10, Wandesleben (Jahrb. Pharm. ii 1 05, Jahresb., 1854, 814); 11, A. Lowe (Hose's Beis. Ural, l 197); 12, Wittstein (Vert pr. Phann., iv. 72): 13, Sandmann (1. a); 14, Sondberger (Jahrb. Min., 1865, 584); 15, H. Rose (La); 16, Ebehnen (Ann. d. M., IV. zl 47) : 17, H. Bose (L c) ; 1 8, Hilger (Jahrb. Ifin,, 1865, 591) ; 19, 30, v. Bibra (J. pr. CSl, xcvi 204).
Argenitferous, 21, Svanbeig ((Efr. Ak. Stockh., iv. 85); 22, G. Kuhlemann Q.c-)', 23, J. L, Smith (Gilliss's Bzp., il 91) ; 24, H. Rose (L c.) ; 25 J. L. Smith (Am J. ScL, II. zliiL 67) ; 26, Sander (Ramm., 1st SuppL, 52); 27-29, Rammelsbeig (Pogg., IzzviL 251); 80, Paykull ((Efr. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 85, J. pr. Gh., a 62) ; 81, F. A. Gtonth (Am. J. ScL, IL zvi. 83) ; 82, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 73) ; 33, 34, H. Rose (L c.).
MercuridL 35-87, v. Bauer (Jahrb. g. Beichs., 1852, 98, J. pr. Gh., Ix. 65) ; 38, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 66); 39, V. c); 40, 41, Kersten (Fogg., lix. 181, lzvii.428); J.ScL, II. ziv. 60); 43, Scheidhauer (Fogg., IviiL 161); U, v. Hauer (L c.); 45, H. Weidenbusch (Fogg UzvL 86); 46, G. v. Rath (Fogg., xcvL 322); 47, (EUacher (Jahrb. Kin., 1865, 504):
I. CMainin UtXk or no SOvor,
Sb As Gn Fe Zn Ag
Rammelsberg, num.
25*82
2*62
Durango
23*76
37*11
1*09. Fb imdL 0-47: 98-38 Bromei).
Kamsdorf
23*78
tr.
3*59
—=100 Amelung.
Kapnik
87*75
3*25
5*00
0-26=96-25 Klaproth.
'1
0-62=99-84 Rose.
Andreasberg
27*38
0*67
37*18
8*94
6*00
1-58—100-97 Kuhlemann.
Arkansas
1*80
4*20
2*30=99-02 Smith.
liomshausen
(1) 24*61
1*59
0-6-i, Ni Cr.=8-67 Sandm.
Dillenburg
25*08
88*42
0-83=100-18 Rose.
la
Freiberg
27*27
2*40
42*02
1*89
0-06=99-45 Wandesleben.
Beresof
26*10
21*47
2*42
6*07
[0-56]=99*ll Lowe.
Gomwall
23*66
39*18
=99*87 Wittstebi.
Stahlberg
(1) 25*62
4*98
38*41
2*29
0-69, Ni r., Si 0*36=98-46
Sandmann.
26*40
1-37, Co 4-21, Nir.,Bi 4*65 =98*46 Sandbeziger
Qendorf
2*76
2*37=98*71 Rose.
Algeria
14*77
9*12
41*67
4*66
=99*61 Ebehnen.
Elsaoe
26*88
40*60
8*69
0*60, quarts 0-41 =99*44 R
Kahl, in Zechsteln
28*34
82*04
4*86
3*84
0-22, Co 2-96, Fb 0*43, Bi 1*88=99*74 Hilger.
Algodon, Bolivia
19*66
18*00
4*29
0-68, Hg Bibra.
M 11
11-64 20*05
38*72
0-45, Fb, '.=98-38B.
Omkuning Siher: Fmborgiie.
24*77
fr.
6*40
3-09, Fb 0-04, Co 0*49,
ganglia 1-29=100-37 Svanberi
Glausthal
25*54
84*59
6*28
8*43
8*18=100-61 Kuhlemann.
36*02
2*86
8-41=99-40 Smith.
Olausthal
34*48
6*55
4-97s;l00-24 Rose.
Arkansas
6*10
4*97=98*03 Smith.
Glausthai
24*10
8-90, Fb 100-90 Sand
{nTLPHABSKN 1TC8, BTO.
M
ST. Xabebetft M. "
30. Loogbtn
31. CUwrrna, K. OL
35. Fomdi, HnngBiy
a u
S Sb Ab Ca
24-22 26*44 31*58
24*69 26-74 3246
24-80 26*66 80*47
23*32 [28-76] 8004
26*48 17-76 11*66 80*78
26*60 27*00 26-60
28-62 26-68 26*23
21-17 24-68 14-81
3, Chntainmg Meroiiry : 8pamoUle
37. " 39, "
4q! T. di GuteUo 41. Aagnu Tosoany
43. Iglo, Hmigarf- 4i.Zantka 4S. Sdiireti, Tyrol
4e.Iotterbadi
u
82*00 24*17 24*14 (!) 24-74 26*90
88*33 80*18 19*60 26*62 26*70
r.
39*04 30*68 85*80 87*72 37*54 36*59 34*57
0*12
6.iiiiDiLl2,4*73; 18,4-68; 21,4*87; i'Jn; 87,4-788; 39, 5-107; 41, 4*84; 44,
Cobalt oocoTB in the ore of Sehwaizwald,
0-31 32-19 1*41 0*10 010
27,4*89—4*946; 28,4*526; 29, 4-606; 45, 6*107; 46, 6*356.
=97*07 Bamm. =97*63 Kamm. Pb 0*78=100 Bunm ]00Pa7kuU. . =98-25 Saaproth =99*01 Rose. =98*87 Bose.
Hg
0*62=100*62 Hauer 3-57=100-07 Hauer 6-57=99-36 Hauer. 6-25=98-25 Klap. 10-69=98*67 Hauer. 2-70=98*41 Keraten 2-70=97-97 Keraten 8-08=99*7. Bechl 7-87=100 Scheldh. 8*07=90*48 Hauer. 16*57, gangue 98-83 WeideubuBch. 17*27, Pb 0-21, Bi 0-81 100 Bath. 17-32, Oo 0*23, Bl 157, gangue 1-39=99-87 0 4*852 ; 85, 4*582 ; 86,
Cobalt OOCOTB in the ore of Sehwaizwald, MoschellandBberg, Schottenhofen near Zell, Clara near Sdhipbach, and others.
Pyr., etc — Differ m the different yarietieB. In the dosed tube all fiise and give a dark-red.
mbUmate of snlphid of antimony ; when containing mercury, a faint dark-gray sublimate appears
alow red beat ; and If much arsenic, a sublimate of sulphid of arsenic first forms. In the open
tobe fuses, giTes sulphurous times and a white sublimate of antimony ; if arseuic is present, a
OTstaDine Tolatile sublimate condenses with the antimony ; if the ore contains mercury it con-
draaes in the tube in minute metaOio globules. B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a coating of anti*
moDOQS add and sometimes arsenous acid, ozyd of zinc, and oxyd of lead ; the arsenic may be
detected by the odor when the coating is treated in B.F. ; the ozyd of zinc assumes a green color
wirn heated with cobalt sdntion. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reactions for iron
md copper ; with soda yields a globule of metallic copper. To determine the preeenco of a trace
of arsBnic by the odor, it is best to fhse the mineral on charcoal with soda. The presence of mer*
cn is best ascertained by jfhsing the pulverized ore in a dosed tube with about three times its
of dry soda the metd subliming and condensing in minute globules. The silver is de-
tvmioed by capellatioo.
by nitric add, with separation of sulphur and antimonous and arsenous adds.
Obt. — The Comb mines, near St. Austell, have afforded laree tetrahedral crystals, with rough
ud 8Drfiu>. More brilliant crystallizations occur at the Levant mine near St. Just, at Con-
dorm mine and other places in Cornwall ; at Andreasberg and Clansthal in the Harz ; Krem-
nia in Hangnry: Freiberjr in Saxony; Przibram in Bohemia; Kahl in Spessart; Kapnik in
Tnniylraaia ; Dillenburg m Nassau; and other localities mentioned above.
lbs on containing mercury ooonrs in Schmohuts, Hungary; at Poratsdi, 2vatka, and Kotternear Iglo; ttt§diwatB in the lrrol; and m the valleys of Angina and Gastello in Tuscany. Tetrahedrite is fomd in America ; in Mexico, at Dnrango, eta ; at various mines in Chili ; in Boima; at the Kellogg mines, 10 m. K. of Little Bock, Arkansas, with galenito. In Oalifomia in lAnposa Ooi, in the Pine Tree gold vein and others; in Shasta Go., Chicago claim. In Nevada, *nadaBt at the £Bieba and De Soto mines, Humboldt Co., massive and rich in silver (the De Soto eootaaiiig 16*4 p. c. of silver, Allen); near Austin in Lander Co. ; in Arizona at the Heintzelman obe, ooDtsining pi a of silver; at the Santa Bita mine.
Alt-Obdoopyri maladiite, azurite, amalgam, boumontte, erythrlte, dnnabar, oovellite, *oau pwndomorphs after tetrahedrite. Also a red pulverulent mineral, consisting of an add If tttifliony, 01 of oopper or ozyd of mercury, eta (See AmmiolUe,) iMi of Anrans (lutth. nat Qes. Bern. 1864 Kenngott's Ueb., 1866), from the Anniver
8I7LPHAB8SNITE8, BTa
raDey (n the Yalaffl, Ui probabljr, aooordiog to Kenngott, only tetrahedrite. Braims obiaioed 5 quarts, the oompoaitton corroaponds nearly to 4 B 8+(A8* 8', 8b* S', Bf* S"). It oocura odIj maaaive, and U mixed with chidoopyrite.
Skidente of FeUenberg (Mitth. nat Gea., Bern, 1864| 178) ia a aimilar compound (Konng., Min. d. Sehweii, 402). It ia from Auaaerberg in the Upper Yalaia, Switzerland. Fenberfr gangue 1-8L G. =4-667.
A. Fdslditi. — An ore from mine Altar, 30 league Ooquimbo, afforded F. Field (Qp J. Ch. aoft, of greasy appearance, gieeniah-gray, alightly reddiah, with powder bright-red. Domeyko oonaidera it impure with blende, pjrrite, and genie. Ettling obaerrea (ib., vL 140) that the constitution ia analogous rather to enargite than tetrahedrite, oorreaponding to the formula 4 (611, Zu, Fe, Ag) 8 + (Sb, Aa*) 8*. Kenngott haa named it Dieldik.
B. Aphthontti (or Aftonite) Svanberg. — ateel-gray ore, reaembllng tetrahedrite. if not iden- <ical with it; H.=3; G.=4-87; and it oontaina, according to STanberg (Ben. Jahreab., zzriL gangue 1*29=100*36. Ratio of aulphid of antimony to that of the other metala, 3 : 6*4. From Wermland in Sweden.
126. POLTTEUTB Cflock., Syu., 31, 1847. (Weiasgultigers pt) An ore oonaiating mainly of lead, ailyer, antimony, and sulphur. Glocker dtea Bammelaberg'a analyaia (Pogg-f bmiL 516, Min. Oh., 99) of an ore HofShuog Gottea mine near Freibei);, a fine-granular ore, having 0. =6*438 — 6*466, apparently homogeneous, but somewhat mixed with blende and pyrite. Klaproth analyzed a related iotiaaguUigeni horn the Himmelsforst mine near Freiberg (Beitr. 1 166).
8b
Ou
Fe
Zn
Pb
Ag
1. Himmelanirat, Ughi
2. dark
3. Hofll 6.
22*63
8*60 21*88
2*42 1*79 3*83
6*79
41*73
2200=97 -94 E. 9-41 =97*20 K. 6*78=100 B.
Bammelaberg makes the mineral, his analyaia, a aOyer-lead tetrahedrite, with the formoli 4 (Pb Ag, Fe Za) 8+8b* S', in which the ratio Fe : Zn : Pb+Ag=2 : 3 : 6, and Pb : Ag=7 : L
127. TENNANTTTB. Gray Sulphuret of Copper in dodecahedral oyatala SoweHfy Brit Ifin, 1817. Tennantite Wm. ds R. PhUUps, Q. J. Sd., viL 96, 100, 1819. Aiaemkalfahlen Oem. Kupferblende BreWk, Ohar., 181, 261, 1823, Pogg., ix. 613, 1827. Sandbergerit BnHh K E Ztg.. zzT. 187, 1866.
Isometric; holohedfal, Phillips. Observed planes 0. /, 1, 2-2, |-j. Figs. 55, 57, 58, and 18 with planes of 55. Cleavage: aodecahedral impenect. Twins as in tetrahedrite. Massive forms unknown.
H.=3-5-4. G.=4-37-4-58: 4-37-4-49, Cornwall; 4-53, Skntterud. Lustre metallic. Color blackisn lead-gray to iron-black. Streak dark reddish-gray. Fracture uneven.
Oomp.— 4 (Ou, FIb) 8+ Ab* 8*, agreeing in cryatalline form and general formula with tetnhedrite. Analyaea: 1, Phillipe c*); 2, Kudematach (Pogg., xzzviiL 397); 3, Waokeraagel (Ramm, Mln. Oh 88); 4, Rammelaberg (MhuOh., 88); 6, Feamley (Scheeier in Pogg., Ixr. 198} ; 6, Plattner (Pogg., Ixrii 422) ; 7, Merbach (B. H. Ztg., zxr. 187):
1. Treviaane Comw.
6. Skutterud, a.=:4-63 6. Kupferblende
t. SandberfferUe
Aa
20*63
19-01*
Cu
Fe Zn
9-76 =100-16 Phillipt.
3-67 Ag Si 0-08=99-46 End.
3-09 =99-18Wa6k.
1-96 =99-21 Bamm
9-21 =100 Feamley.
2-22 8-89. Ag, 8b, ftr Pb 0*34=99*61 PL
2-38 7-19, 8b 7-19, Pb 2*77=100-48 Merbabh.
The Kupferblende Breiih, (or nwahlen), from near Freiberg (anal. 6), haa part of 0ia iroa replaced by zina Its atreak ia browniah or dirty cherry-red; O. The MaAerywife
8I7Lfhab8En1Te8, Sto. 106
(uL 1), ftom L Iforooodia in Fern, ft suited to haw eabio deavage, tn iroa- oolor, and G'. =4*369; H is in tetrahedral crystals baying also the planes 2-2.
Pyr.— In the dosed tube gives a sublimato of sulpbid of arsenia In the open tube gives sniphorooB Aunes and a sublmiate of arsenous add. B.B. on chaicoal Aises witii intumescence ad eoisaoD of arseiuc and sulphur fUmes to a dark-gray magnetic globule, llie roasted mineral gives reiCKiaDS for copper and iron with the fluxes ; with soft on charocol gives metallic copper, ffTthirao.
01.- fonoeify foond in the Cornish minesi particularly at Wheal Jewel in Gwennap, and Wbeil Unity in Gwinear, uauallv in splendent crystals investing other copper ores; but latterly Dot met with nnleaa at East Bellstian ne. Also at Skutterud in Norway, and in Algeria.
NiBttd after the chemiati Smithson Tenoant
128. BSBNBOHmXTB. Bechif Am. J. Bd., IL xiv. 60, 1862.
Monoclinic, v. Rath. Observed planes : vertical, i4, i-i, /, i-|, i-i. i4 i4, i-i; hemidomes 1-i, 2, -1, -2-i ; hemioctahedriJ, 2-2, and four otners. /A 7=140 16', iri A i-i, front, 17', U A i-i, front, 85° 23', U A -1-i 0', 14 A -2-£=124° 30', i4 A l-i=107° 54', i-i A 2-i=124° 29'. Crv3tal8 slender prismatic* Twins : composition-face i4; 1-t A -1*=177® 54 , the two face 1, -l-i being nearly in the same plane. Also compact fibrous.
H.=2'5. G.=6'339. Lustre metallic, very bright. Besembles boulan* gerite.
Oomp<-A Pb 8+Sb*S*. analogous to tetrahedrite. Analysis: 1, B. Bedii (L a); 2, t. Bath (PDgg cmS. 189T) ;
Sb
Pb
Cn
LBottfaio
;9-28
I "
16*91
0-28, undM. 0-82=:98*26 Bath.
Obs— Odcdis at Bottmo near Serravesa, in Tosoany, along with galenite, boulangerite JvMsoBite, and also crystals of albite; also in the neighborinflr valley of Gastello. First obaetved bj Fiot Heneghini, of Pisa. The orystalliaation has been determined as above given nd oystali, both simple and oomponnd, figured by v. Bath (La). Q. Sella made it orthorhombic (Gw. QiSa dltaL, 1862).
1. QSOCmONrrB. Geokranlt SvcuAtrg, Jahresb., zx. 203, 1889. KilbrickeDite Affolm Tnma & Irish Ac, 1840. Sohnlzit HamgnL, Handb., 166 1847.
Orthorbomic. /A 7=119*' 44', Kemdt. Observed planes: /, 1-2. H A 1-2, pyram., abont 163 and 64 45', bas., 122. Cleavage : /. Usually nuufiiTe. Also grannlar or earthy.
H.=2-.8. Q.=6-4— 6-6. Lustre metallic Color and streak light Ittd-gray— grayish blue. Fracture uneven.
C'oBpw— 6PbS-|-(Sb As)* S'=8ulphur 16*5, antimony 16*7, lead 66*8=100. Analyses: 1, Bviberg (Jihresb zz. 203) ; 2, Sauvage (Ann. de IC, IIL rfiL 526) ; 3, Kemdt (Pogg 1- 302) j 5, Svanberg Ak. Stookh., 1848,64):
8 8b As Pb Co 1!
Meildo SduMU a.=6*43 16*90 16*00 64*89 1'60 — =9939 Sauvage.
XaWdbcato G.=6*407 16*36 14*89 68*87 0*88=100 Apjohn.
4*17, Si 1*9=96-86 Svanboy.
dednoes for the last the fonnnU 6 Pb 8+(|3b As)* 8*. ryr-Bsoe m for ilnkeniti.
Sulphabsenttes, Etc.
Obf. — From the silTer mines of Sala in Sweden ; also from Ganida Merido tn Spain, in nodolM in galena; it crambles easily and soils the fingers; the valley di Castello near Pietro Santo ia Tuscany.
The kilbrickenUe is from Kilbridcen, dare Co., Ireland.
The name geocronite is derived from oalrOi and Kptfi;, 5alum, the alchemistie name Ibr bad.
A mineral found at Tinder's gold mine, Louisa Go., Ya., may be this species. It oontaliMy ae> cording to Genth (Am. J. Sci., II. ziz. 19) S 16, Pb 60, Ag 0-25, with antimony and arsenic.
An antlmonial ore from between La Paz and Yungas, in Bolivia, is referred here by D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., lY. xxiz. 9).
130. STBPBANZTII. Axgmtom nxde nigrom?, Oerm, Sdiwarzerz, pt, Agric Intern, 462, 1466. Svartgylden, Schvortserti, pt liinera argent! nigra spongiosa (fr. Freiberg) WalL, 313, 1747. Argentum mmeralisatum nigrum fragile (fr. Schemnits, et&X BoschgewacfaB (of Hang, miners) Bom lithoph., L 81, 1772. SprSdglaserz WenL, 1789. Sprodglanseis. BriUie saver Ore, or Glance. Brittle Sulphuret of Silver. Argent noir pt F., Tr., 1 80 1 . Argent su)-
fmi fragile Fr. SchwarzgQltigeiz Leonh Handb., 688, 1826. Psaturose And, Tr. 1882. Stephanit Haiid Handb., 670, 1846.
Il 432,
1 : 1-5844. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, i-i, i-t, i-Ti, i-9, i-S, t-8 ; dome?
Oa|=147M4'. 0 A 1=127 61. 0 A 2=111 14. OAl-t=145 34. 0 A 24=126 6.
1-tAl-t, ov. i.t,=68°62'. 2-tA2-i, ov. i-i,=107 48. lAl, mac.,=131 16. lAl, bracli.,=96 8.
Cleavage: 2-5 and vi imperfect. Twins: compoBitionface // forms like those of aragonite frequent. Abo massive, compact, and disseminated.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=6-269, Przibram. Lustre metallic. Color and streak iron-black. Fractare uneven.
Oomp.— 6 AgS+Sb*8*=Salphnr 16*2, antimony 16*3, ailTer 68*6=100. AnalyBes: I, K. Bom (Fogg., ZY. 474); Kari (B. H. Ztg., 1863, No. 2):
Sb
Ag
On
14*68
68*64
.
0*64=100-28 Bom.
2. Andreasberg
16*79
0*14
— =100-82 Koa
Oonaiderod an arsenical mineral nntil Klaproth's analysis in 1793 (Beitr., I. 162).
Pyr.— In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses, and after long heating gives a faint sublimate of sulphid of antimony. In the open tube fuses, giving off antimonial flies and sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal fuses with projection of small particles, coats the coal with antimonons add, which afler long blowing is colored red ttom ozydized silver, and a globule of metallic silver ia obtained.
Soluble in dilute heated nitric add, sulphur and oxyd of antimony being depoaited.
Obs.— In veins, with other silver ores, at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt In Saxony ; at Przibram and Batieborzita in Bohemia ; at Sdiemnitz and Kremnita in Hungaiy ; al Andreasberg in the Harz; at Zacatecas in liexico ; and in Peru.
in NevadA, an abundant silver ore in the Comstodc lode ; at Ophir and Mexican misea in tea aryatals; in the Reese river and Humboldt and other regions. In Idaho, at the silver mines
Kamod after the Ardiduke Stephan, Mining Director of Austria. A valuable ore of aflver.
The spedes is homosomorphous with aragonite. See on cryst, F. H. Sdiroeder, Pogg., zev. 267
Alt— Crystala occur altered to silver, and alio to aigentopyrite (p. 69).
817Lphab8Enites Sto.
k3L F0LTBA8XVB. Spr64gaaeni pt Wem, Fdybarit ff. Bimf Pogg zr. StS, 1829. En*
genglaiui BreUh Obar 1832.
OrthoAombic, Dead. /A 7 nearly 120, 0 A 1=121 30'. Observed planes 0, /, 1. 1 A 1, 32', 1 A 1, ba8.,=117 Crystals usually ehort tabular prisms, with the bases triangularly striated parallel to alternate edsea. Cleavage : basal imperfect. Also massive and disseminated.
H.=2— 3. Gr.=6'214. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black; in thin ciTStak derry-red by transmitted light. Streak iron-black. Opaque except Len quite thin. Fracture uneven.
Oompi— a (Ag, 6ii) S+(Sb As)* S'=, if oontidxiiiig silTer withoat copper or arsenio, Sulphui U% ntmoBf 9-7, alter 75-5=100. liore probably 10 (Ag, 6u) S+(Sb, Aa)" S", in which the ftoood member ia half what it ia in the preoeding apeciea, and the at. ratio (Ag, 4u) and (S, Sb, i/i8 S: 3. Analjaes: H. Roae (I. a); 0. A. Joy (Inaug. Diaa., 24); 5, Tonner (Lotoa, laSS, 8$, JthrbL Ilk, 1860, 716):
1. DufBDgo, Mexico
1 Sdienmits
S Freiberg
i GorowaU
B. Pnlbram, a.=:6-03
S Sb Aa Ag Oa Fe Zn
17-04 609 3-74 64 29 9-93 006 =10015 Roae.
16 83 0-25 6-23 72*43 304 0*33 0-59=99'70 Boae.
16-35 8-39 1-17 69'99 4*11 0-29 =100-30 Roae.
16-87 5-46 3-41 3-36 034 =10045 Joy.
15-55 H -63 68-55 3-36 014 =99-13 Tonner.
B. Forbes foond in cryatallized apedmena from Trea Pontoa, Ohili, 67*47 and 66-94 p. c. of silyer. tod in a maniTe ore from Bomero, S. of Copiapo, 66-14 p. c. (Prirate oommonication.)
Pyrijftc.— In the open tube fhaea, giyea aolphuroua add and antimonial fumea, the latter fonmng a white anbUmate, aometimea mixed with cryatalline araenooa acid. B.B. fViaes with to a gobnle, giTea off aulphnr (aometimea araenicX and coat the coal with antimonoui acid; wiA longcontinaed blowing aome yarietiea give a faint yellowiah-white coating of oxyd of zis aod a metallic globule, which with aalt of phoaphoma reacts for copper, and cupelled with gives pore ailyer.
Deoompofied by nitric add.
Obi.— Oocora in the minea of Guanaxuato and Gkradalupe y Oalyo in Mexico ; alao at Onariaamei b Dnnogo, with chaloopyrtte and caldte ; at Trea Puntoa, desert of Atacama, Chili : at Freiberg ud Piabram. In Kevada, at the Beeae minea ; in Idaho, at the ailyer minea of the Owhyhee district
Gained from fTiony, and ff&vis, Uue in allusion to the many metallic baaea present Alt— Stepfaanite and pyrite occur aa paiandomorpha after polybaaite.
131 BNARarTB. Snaigit BnUk Pogg., Izxx. 388, 1860. Guayaoaiiite FM, Am. J. 8cL,
IL zxylL 52, 1859.
Orthorhombic. /A 53', 0 A l-i=136* 37', Dauber ; a:h:o= 0-M510 : 1 : 1-1480. Observed planes: 0; vertical, // w, i-i; Comes, fi, 14, 2-?, 1-t ; octahedral,
0 A fl=l 48' 0 A 24=117 63 0 A 14=140 20 0 A 1=128 36
Cleavage : / perfect ; i-l, ii distiuet; 0 indistinct. Also massive, granular or columnar.
H.=3. G.=4-48-4-46 ; 4-362, Aenngott. Lustre metallic. Color p
mm to iion-black ; streak gray- UQ-black, powder having a metallic lustre. Brittle. Fracture unevim.
Ktc
Oompy— At ratio for On, As, 8=8 : 1 : 4; whenoe 3 6u 8+ As* SsSulphar 32-5, araenic IH copper 48*4=100. Analjsea: 1, Plattner (Pogg., Ixzz. 883): 2, F. Field (L a); 3, ▼. Kobl mr. Ak. llOnoh 1 161, 1866): W. J. Taylor (Proc. Ac. 168, 1867); 6, Genth (Am. ScL, n. TxiiL 420); % 7, lAtbe k Bammelsberg (Za G., xriiL 241); 8, K a Burton (prirsti oontrib.):
8 As Sb Oa Fa
1. Pam 82-22 17-60 1-61 47-20 0*67
Chili, Chay. 81*82 19*14 48*50 tr.
8. Ooquimbo 32*11 18-10 48-89 0*47
6. Ohesterfleld 88*78 16*68 60*69
6. Ooaihuiraolii 81*86 17-17 50*08
7. " 82*45 16-88 49*21 1-58
Ag
0*02, Zn 0-23=99*45 Plattaar. (.=99-46 Field. -
Te 005, Zn, Se <r.=99-62 KobeU.
i—— =98-99 Taylor.
=100 Genth.
=99*20 Luthe.
—99*12 Bamm.
inaoL 1*98=99*40 Burton.
Genth'B analyab was made on *'too small a quantity for a complete examination.''
P3rr.-~In the dosed tnbe decrepitates, and gives a sublimate of sulphur ; at a higher temperii tnre ftises, and riTes a sublimate of siUphid of arsenic. In the open tube, heated gentij, th powdered miners givea off sulphurous and arsenous adds, the latter condensing to a sublimatt eontafaiing some antimonous add. B.B. on charooal fhaes, and gires a faint coating of araenoui idd, antimonous add, and od of c; the roasted mineral with the fluxes giToa a globule of vietallic copper.
Sdlubto in nitro-muriatio add.
Oba.— From llorococha, CordOlerBS of Peru, at a hdgfat of 15,000 feet, in large masses, ooctvlonaUy with small druses of crjrstals, along with tennantite, imbedded in crystalline limestooa (anaL 1); Cordilleras of OhiU (yaayoamiia anaL 2); same, mhie of Hediondas, Prov. Coqaimbo (anal. 8); mines of Santa Anna, N. Grenada, in oayities in quarts (anal 4) ; at Coeihuirachi is Mexico; Brewster's gold mine Chesterfield district, & Ouolina (anaL 5); in (Colorado (anaL 8); it Wniia's Guldi, near Black Hawk.
For Dauber on cmt, see Fogg., xdL 237. (ib Ixxx. 383) made /A .s98* 11', and Bammelaberg (Za G., xriiL 242) 88* 10*.
133, Xanthdkon BnUk, J. pr. Ch., zx. 67, 1840.
Rhombohedral ; JSAJi=7V 84'; <?AjB=110 30' a=2-3163. Ob- Berved planes jB, -2, 0. 0 A SrslOO** 35'. Cleavage : jKy and 0. TJsuallj in renitorm massefl, with the interior oonustinff of minute crystals.
BL=2. G.=6'0— 5*2. Color doll-red to clove-brown ; cirstals oranwyellow on the edges by transmitted light Streak-powder yellow. Brittle,
Ag 8+ As* aP)+2 (8 Ag S-hAs* CDsSotar aKseuio 14*9, siItw M-O-lOO Aaatjass: Plattosr (Pig., bdy. 276):
As
Ag
¥9
[13-491 [14*32]
0-87::=100
=100
PyT<— In Am dosed tube, at a gentie heat) flis yeOow color Is changed to daik-rsd, but ob eool it regafais ila original color; at a higher temperature flies, and gires a fidnt subUmato of iutehid of arseoia In the open tube, and on oharooa], befaaTes like pcoustits.
Obi Oocnrs wMi slephanlte at the HImmelsf&rst mine near FMbeig.
Hamad In aDnrion to its jeDow powder, fhm yeBiNi and
APPENDIX TO SULPHIDS, Em
184. GLATITS Wi /. Afbr, Proa A& , Hot. 1868.
iMDelri IvInJisdnL OecaiTii flia tetrahedron, witfa planes of flie dodeeahsdroa small Also maesiTe incrasting. 2-6. Tnsfni matalHri Ootor and strsA bJnofcfah ldgty, Opaqpn Sselili.
flULPHABSXinTES, SIO. lOfi
bjW. J.
As
8b
Pb
On
8-as
68*61
7-6T
67*40
A-63
ftm Ptora. FrobaUj a xesutt of alteration. BeqnirM ftirther investlgatbiL
135. BOLTSriANITS. BoUtUii BreOu, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 188.
OrtiwriMimbia In adcolar ihomUc prisms, tofts, and fine columnar. Resembles stibmte. E=Si. O.=4-820— 4-828. aeayago: 14 distinct Lustre submetallic. Color lead-gray, a fittfe darker than in stibnite.
AaoorisBg to T. Biditer, an antimonial snlphid of flyer, oontaining 8*5 p. c. of silver.
65& SULPU06ELEN1D OF ZINC AlH) lOSRCURY. A. del OaeHOo, in priT. oomm., datea Mexico Feb. 27, 1866, to ProC Heniy, and from him to the author.
1b ajBUls (riiombohedrons ?) I cleavage not observed.
E=3. G.=6-67— 7*166. Color dark lead-gray. Streak grajish-blade
CQMr.— Acoording to Castillo's trials, a oomponnd of sulphur, selenium, and mercury, of QBetemiDed proportions.
Ptl ncL— In the dosed tube gives a grayish-black sublimate, and above tills a ring of metallie mtKOTj ; in Uie open tube affbrda the odor of selenium, a bladdsh zone of selenium, and ibore this a grayish-red ozyd, and still higher a sublimate of mercury. RB. the selenium and macoTy are vnlatilisnd, leaving a residue of oxyd of sine, yellow while hot and white on coding. Od cfaarraid bums with a bluish flame, giving first the odor of sulphur and then of selenium ; the iuaj turns ydlow, then red, and finally yidds a yellow skeleton of ozyd of dna Insoluble in citric add ; sdnble in nitro-muriatic add.
Qia— Occurs at the quicksOver mines of Quadalcaiar, along with dnnabar, and hi cavities h bnti Cmrits and gypram. Appears to be near owrikf ISo. 66A, pi 86.
Iil Compounds Of Chlorine, Bromine. Iodine
1. Anhydrous Chlorids, Etc.
1. Gompositioa ((9, Br, L CALOMEL GBOUP. TetngonaL
186. Galoxk Hg'OL
1 Gompositioii B (Gl, Br, L HALITE QBOUP. laometrie.
187. STLYin, K OL 14a Gbubotuii Ag (X
188. HALin Na GL 141. Bmbout Ag (01, Bki 139. Sal Amiiohiao NH OL 142. Bboictboi, Ag Br.
1 lODYBTTE GBOUP. HezagonaL
143. lODTiiii Ag L 144. OooomaMi Hg L
3 OOTUNHITE GBOUP. Orthothomliift 145 OoTuaaiM, PbOL
8. Oompoaitioii B*a'. M0LY8ITB GBOUP.
148. lC0LT8n99*a'.
2. Htdrous Chlorids.
147. Gabhaluti, (K llg) Gl+4 d. 149. Kbimwhbti 8 (X; Am) O+Fe* GI'+8 &
148. Tacbhtdsri (Ga Mg) a+4 fi.
UO. KATLOGCn, Pba+PbO. 163. Atacaiutb.
151. Mbmbipitb Pba+2PbO. 153A. Talungrb, 40ufi+(Gaa)&f Stf.
151 SoHWABizxMBieBOtn; PbI+2PbO. 164. Pbbotutb.
15. Bbomid or ZiNO.
OHLOBKDS. Ill
1. Anhydrous Ohlorids, Etc
lie. OAUOMBU Horn Ifercury (fr. Denz Fonts) Wbulfi FhiL TranfL, 618, HIS. Miiied mercareegni de LuiU, Wrist, iiL.161, 1783. QaednilbeiHornen WertL, Bergm. J., 381, 1789. HoniQiiickBQTer; DicUorid of llercaiy. Kalomftl, Ohlorqnecikgilber, Chlormercur, Oerm. Her* eon Ih
Tragonal. <?Al-i=129 4' 1-232. Observed planes: vertical,
Oa8=1125' (?Al=119°5r 2-iA2-i, pyr.,= 98° 8' 0Afi=140 86 OAi=149 51 lAl, pyr.,=104 20
Fmmid i-i when alone gives a very acute termination to the prism. Cleavage: /, indistinct. Twins compounded so as to have the vertical axis in one line, but the edes of the pyramid of one in the same plane with the iuxB of the pyramid of the other.
H.=l— 2. G.=6*482, Haidinger. Lustre adamantine. Color white, ydlowish-gray, or ashay, also grayish, and yellowish-white, brown. Streak pale yellowish-white. Translucent — subtrauslucent. Fracture concboidaL Sectile.
OoBVr-Hg* Ql=Obkirixie 15*1, meroozy 84*9=100.
Pyr., Ma — In the dosed tabe volatilizea without ftiaion, condenalng hi the cold part of the tube wtjto Boblimate ; with aoda glvoa a aublimate of metallic mercury. B.B. on charcoal vidatllau, floating the ooal white. Insoluble in water, but dissolved by nitro-muriatlc add ; blackena wbe& treated with aUcaliea.
At MoadiellandBberg in the Palatinate, coating the oayities of a ferruginous gangne. UKdated with cinnabar— crystals often large and well-defined ; also at the quicksilver mines of Una in Ouniola ; Ahuaden hi Spain ; Horzowits in Bohemia.
iocording to Heeaenberg, cryBtala ftom lloaohellandsberg afford OAl-t=:129*' 40' 0A2-<=r 112' 15'.
Vamed ftom heauUfiUy and ftlXt honey the taste being sweet, and the compound the Mm anu ddoB of early chemistry.
137. STLVITB. Muriate of Potash (fr. Vesuvius) SmWuonf Ann. PhiL, IL vL 258, 1823. Chbrid of Potasdum. XaU SalaeaureSi Ohlorkalium, Oenn, Sylvme Beuk, Tr., ii. 611, 1832. HoeveiU K Girard Jahrb. Min. 1868, 668. Leopoldit & Bekhardt, Jahrb. Ifin. 1866, 831. Sehitaemt and HovoUit (fr. StassftirtX B. H. Ztg., xziv. 276, Ann. Oh. Phys., lY. y. 318, 324.
Isometric Figs 1, 6, 9. Cleavage cubic. Also compact. H.=2. Q.=l-9— 2. White or colorless. Vitreous. Soluble; taste like that of common salt.
62*5, chlorine 4t*6=:l00. That of Yesuvius, according to A. llaUer ierh. Oes. Basel, 1854, US), is pure, affording no traoe of lime, magnesia, or alumina, and only of soda. The sylvite of the Anhalt sdt mine, Leopoldshall, afforded Beichardt (1. c.) K 52*4,
Pyr., ate.— B.B. in the platinum loop ftises, and gives a violet color to the outer flame. Added a nit of phosphorus bead, which has been previoudy saturated with oxyd of copper, colors the 0. deep azure. Water completely dissolves it, 100 parts taking up 84*5 at 18*75' a Heated dtfa idphuric add gives off muriatio add gaa.
Obi-Oocurs at Yesuvius, about the fumaroles of the volcano Also at Stasafurt, in the onaUifeB beds of the sdt formation; at Leopoldshall (UtpMUe}.
ooBponnd is the Sd dtifeaUmu Sykm of early chemistry, whenoe Beudant*s name for the ipeeiei. There is no reason for dianghig it hi the fiict that the earlier known mUierd was of voienic origin.
OOHPODMDS OF OHLOBIHB, BSOUQTZ, lODINX.
138. BAIJTB. OOIOCOK SALT. Bode Salt, Hurbte of Sodm, OhlorU of Sodium. Eodink! SCcdnuli, fierguls, Qerm, Boude murUt Ohlonire de aodtum, 8*1 gemme, R, galmm BMTr.,lB33. EtUtei ffloot, Sjn iSO, 1U7.
Isometric. Observed planes, (?, 1, /, i-2. Figs. 1,
2, 6, 16, and 6 + 16; usually in cube; rarely Id ocU-< liedronB ; faces of crystals Eometimes cavemoits, as in 122. Cleavage : cubic, perfect Massive and grann lar, rarely columnar.
H.=2-5. G.=2-l— 2-257; of pure crystftls, 2135,
Hunt. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color while,
also sometimes yellowish, reddish, bluish, purplish;
often colorless. Transparent — translucent. Fractnn"
conclioidal. Rather brittle. Soluble ; taste purely saline.
Oomp.— Nt Cl=Ohlorine 60-T, sodium 3&-3=100. Gommoiilj nixed wiUi some lima, ohlorid af caldom, and ohlorid of magneriiim, Mid Mmetiniei inlphate of magneaia, itVA nnder It Uable to deHqueaoe. AiiB];aeB; 1-8, Berthier (Ann. d IL, x. 1G9); 9, Foiunat litx, IT ix-SBI); 10, BammeUber (lUn. Ch., 1014); 11, 12, a A. Qoeasmann (Bep. on Petit Anaa m IDiiQ, Bunaa of UinM, Naw York, 1M1, 17):
NaCl MgOl CaS fr3
1. Tio, KMie 99-8 0-6 0-3=100 B.
1. " grayiA 97-8 0-S 1-9=100 B.
a. " gray BO-3 6-0 8-0 a-oaO'7=100K
4. " red ggs —fl 0-4=100 a
B. Itareones, 97'! 0-4 l-:t 0-S 0-7 100 a
6. " yOoia 96 70 029 1-31 0-06 1-20=100 E
7. " TtA 8-18 0-88 1-09 0-60 0-BB=100R i
5. " gnen B6-ST 0-37 1-09 O-BO 1-B7 100R I
B. Algian 97-8 1-1 Si 1-H, fl 06=100 F. J
10. SlaaaAirt 9T-36 1-01 043 0*23, fl 0-30=99-82 Banun.
0-04 1-48 0-06, B OT.inaoL O'Dl=09-99
Other analraaa: Salt from Staaafart, by HeintE, ZS naL Ter. Halle, xi. 34S; Ihim Aljpen bj da Uarignj and Simon, Ann. d. U., xiL S71 ; bttai WioticEka, BercbtesdsD, Uall in tUe Tyrol, HaUstadt, Sotiwabisch-Hall, by O. Biacho GeoL, li, lae9, 1676: from EriUrt and Cardona, bj: SfMbCing, ZS. uat Ver. Hallt-, vii. 404; trom YeiUTiua, 1822, bj Laugier, P., iii. 79; lhm| TeauTiua, IkGD, bj Biaohof; from TeauTiae, ISSO, by Soaachi, Ann. d. IL, lyTxTiL S33; TeauviuB, I "66, b/ DpTille, Bull Q. Fr. IL litL 620.
DlaBolres in tbrae porta Of water. Some Torieties attract mfuature, but are aiichangod in dij
teorEaralen (J, pr. Oh., xxxvL 127) oontaina 9-02 per cent of sulphate of magiKaiik ' which la equivalent to 10 parte of oommoo aalt to 1 of eulphate of magneaia. It is (Vom 3u- flirt. In Bammelaberg's analyaia the water waa hvrosoopitv and the apecimeu oontained 0*49 of mixed karetentto. In n dirt reddlah aalt ftom Abingdon, WaahitigtOD Oo Ta., B. Btieiti found (Jahreib., 18H2, 7S6lNaCl 90'66, gTpaum 040, olay and carb. time 9-00=10aL
The bluish and indigo-colorad aalt of StasBRir etc, poBEiblyon'eB its oolor, acoordhig to PnC 3. W, Jotiiison, to the presence of Bubchlorid of sodinm,
Pyr., oto.— In the cloaed tube flisea, oRen mtb deerepitatiati ; when toni on th datimuo loop the Some deep Tellow. Other rsactiona like thoM given under sflvite.
Oba. — Common aalt oocara in extenaive but irregular beda in rooks of varioua agea, aaiwiited with sTpdum, polybalite, clay, awidatone, and oalcite ; alao dlBatdTed, and fanning iili priuga.
In Europe and England it occurrtn theTriostic, aaaodated with red marl or aaudaton, butitH not confined to thaae rocka. At Durham, Northumberland, and Leioesterahire, England, aalt priofil riaa from the OariNniiibrauB aeriet; in ttie Alpa, nome aalt worka are applied from Oolitic icni Jw ibmoua minea of Gaidoaa and Wielicskft ore rofbrred, the fonoer to uie Oreen QDd formalin
Ohlobidb.
Uw ktter to Tortlaiy rods. Salt springB also oocnr in yoloanio reg:{on8. In the United Statea fte farinea of Kew York oome from Upper Silurian atrata; thoae of Ohio, Pennsjlvania, and Vlrgini moatlf from Deronian and SubcarboniferonB beds; those of Michigan, mainly from the SabcarboDiferoofl and Oarboniferons ; while in Louisiana, at Petit Anse, there Is a thick bed of pore aiJt in the 4ertiax7 or more reoent deposits of the coast ; reoent explorations there have prored Uiat it underliea 144 area, and it has been penetrated to a depth of 38 feet without showing anj diane in ita structure or purity. Salt also occurs as efflorescences over the dry pniriesand shallow ponds or lakes of the Bocky Mountains, Oalifomia, Ataoama; and in most demt or semi-desert regions there are numerous salt lakes.
Tbe prindpal mines of Burope are at Wieliczka, in Poland ; at Hall, in the Tyrol ; StassAirt, in PtnoDi Saxony; and akm the range through Beiohenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Salzburg, HtilEtadt, Ischl, and Ebensee, in Upper Austria, and Aussoe in Styria; in Hungary, at Marmoros tad cteeiriiere ; in Transvania ; WaUadiia, GkdUda, aiii Upper SUesia ; Tic and Dieuze in Pnnee: Yalley of Oardona and else'/rhere in Spain, formutg hills 300 to 400 feet high; Bex in Sviterisnd; and Northwidi in Cheshire, England. At Cheshire it occurs in a basin-shaped deposit, and is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 6 to 8 feet in diameter, which are composed of ooaoestrie boats, and present polygonal figures. It is but little contaminated with impuritieSi ad is prepared for use by merely crushing it between iron rollers. At the Austrian mineti, where it contains much day, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the olay thus precipitated. AAer a time the water, fully saturated with the salt, is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating bosses, and the chambers, after being deared out, are again filled ; at Berchtesgaden, the water is astonted m a month, at HaH it takes nearly a year.
It aho occurs, forming hills and covering extended plains, near Lake Oroomiah, the Caspian lake, etCL In AJgeria ; in Abyssinia; in India in the province of Lahore, and in the valley of OubiDse; in China and Asiatic Russia; in South Ainerica, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and NemoooQ, the former a large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of Granada. Occaclonally roared It the eruptions of Vesuvius, as in 1856, when it was found in cubes, incrustations, and stiketiteB.
lo the United States, salt has been found forming* beds with gypsum, in Virginia, Washington Oa, li BL Abingdon ; In Uie Salmon Biver Mts. of Oregon ; in Louisiana, as already mentimed. Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. These springs are vorisd at Solin* and Syracuse, N. T. ; in the Kanawha Valley, Va. ; Muskingum, Ohio ; Michigan, at Saginaw and elsewhere ; and in Kentudcy. The salt water is obtained by boring, and raised by means of machinery, and thence conveyed by troughs to the boilers, where it is evaporated by artificial beat; or to basins for evaporation by exposure to the heat of the sun.
Hie following table by ProC Beck (Mineralogy of New York, p. 112), gives the amount of brine nqoirBd for a boabel of salt at tiie prindpal salt springs in the United States :
Boone's Uok, Mlasonxi
Oooemaugh, Fenn.
Siswneotown, BL
Jackson, Ohio
Lodkhaif s, Ifiss.
St Oatherines, Upper Canada
ZaaesviBe, Ohio
Sea water at Nantucket gives a bushel of salt for every 350 gaDons.
Onnposifeioa of fyracoso brines, aooording to analyses by Dr. C. A. Qoessmann (private oom* BBBioitMl):
Ghlorid ot sodium Sulphate of lime Chlorid of caldnm dilorid of magnesium Brooiid of magnesium Chlorid of potassium (bonate of proungrd of iron Water
Galls.
Kanawha, Va. Grand River, Arlc mmois River, Ark.
Montezuma, N. Y. Grand Rapids, MidL Muskingum, Ohio Salina— Old wells
Kew wells
n.
m.
16-7503
13*3767
0*5234
0*1594
0*1588
0*1984
0*1336
0*0026
0*0017
0*0086
0*0015
la 1 has a=l*1800 at 16* Baum, and 20* C. Ko. n. has G.=l-1226 at 15* Baum4, and lbs SsgfnsnrbriiieiMiahigan, afford about 19-2( of salt
114 Oomfoitndb Of Chlorine, Bboiokb, Xodins.
Vait lakes of salt water eziat in many parte of the world. Lake Tlmpanogos in the Rock; mountains, 4,200 feet above the level of the sea, now called the Great Salt Lake, is 2,000 eqnare miles in area. L. Grale found in this water 20*1 96 per oent of dilorid of sodium (Stansb. Exped cited in Am. J. ScL, IL zrii. 129). The Dead and Caspian Seas are salt, and the waters of the former contain 20 to 26 parte of solid matter in 1 00 parte, vf. Gmelin, who analyzed a pon n of these waters of specific gravity 1'212, found them to contain dilorid of calcium 3'336, cblorld of magnesium 1 2-1 67, dilorid of sodium 7*039, sulphate of lime 0*069, bromid of magnedum 0*449, ohlorid of potassium 1*086, chlorid of aluminum 0*144, chlorid of ammonium 0*007, dilorid of manganese 0*161=24*485, with 76665 water= 100*000. This result is given as corrected bj Marchand.
Alt. — Anhydrite, gypsum, polyhalite, occur as pseudomorphs after this species ; also oelestine, dolomite, quartss, hematite, pyrite ; the removal of the salt cubes by their solution, leaves a cavity which any mineral may then occupy. The hopper-shaped crystali often leave an impressiim of their form on days.
139. SAL AMMONZAO. Katurlidhes Sahnlak {ft. Bucharia) J. 0. Modd, Yersuch fiber eia nat Salmiak, Leipdg, 1768. Muriate of Ammonia; Ohlorid of Ammonium. Salmiak (Tena. Ammoniaque muriate Salmiao Beud., Tr., 1832.
Isometric. Observed planes, (?, 1, /, 2-2. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14. Cleavage octaliedral. Also stalactitic, and in globular masses ; in crusts, or as an efflorescence.
H.=l"5— 2. G.=1'528. Lustre vitreous. Color white; often yellowish or srajish. Streak white. Translucent— opaque. Fracture conwoidal. Soluble ; taste saline and pungent ; not deliquescent.
Oomp.— OL=AmmooiQm 83*7, chlorine 66*8=100. Klinoth obtained (Beitr., iiL 89):
YesuTiua. Bocharia.
Chlorid of ammonium 99*5 97*50
Sulphate of ammonia 0*5 2*50
B. Siniman, Jr., obtained (Dana'S G. Rep. EzpL Exp., 202) foraapecimen fromKilauea, Hawaii, Ohlorid of ammonium 65*63, chlorid of iron 12*14, sesquiozyd of iron 8*10, chlorid of aluminum 18*00, insoluble matter tod loes 1*23=100. For an analyaia of an impure StromboU specimen, see G. Schmidt, in Za G., ix. 403.
Pyr., etc-Sublimes in the dosed tube without (Vision. Pulverized with hydrate of lime, or heated with a solution of caustio alkali, gives off pungent ammoniacal Tapors. Soluble in three times ite weight of water.
Oba. — Occurs about volcanoes, as at Etna, the island of Yulcano, Vesuvius, StromboU, 8and wich Islands, and near Hoda after the eruption of 1845, as observed by Bunsen. Observed after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855, in rhombic dodecahedrons with cavernous faces ; and as usual it occurred where the lavas had spread over soil and vegetation. Also found in small qnantitiei in the vicinity of ignited coal seams, as at St Etienne in France, and also at NewcasUe, and m Scotland ; crystallized near Duttweiler in Prussia, where a ooal seam has been burning for more than a hundred yeara. It occurs also in Bucharia ; at Kilauea in Hawaii, a variety whidi oootains largely of iron (see above), and becomes rusty yellow on exposure ; in guano the (%inoha Islands.
The hu SfifiwtaKdi, sal-ammoniac of Diosoorides, Celsius, and Pliny, is proved by Bockmann (Hist of Inventions, iv. 360) to be common rock salt, dug in Egypt, near the orade of Ammon. The name was afterward transferred to the muriate of ammonia, when subsequently manufactured in Egypt Sal-ammoniac is supposed to have been induded by the andento, with one or two otiier spedes, under the name of n/Umm, which, according to Pliny, gave the test of ammonia wbea mingled with quicklime.
140. OSRARGTRITB. Argentum coma pelluddo simile {tt. Marienberg\ Germ. Homftrbe- Silber, Gemer, Foss., 63, 1565. Argentum rude Jecoris colore, lucem oomeam habens (fr. Fretberg, eta) O, /Siricttcs, De Bebus Met, 1566. Glaser dursiditig wie ein Horn In einer Libtern, MdWienuSj Saxept, 1585. HornrSilfver, Minora argenti oomea, A. snlphnre et arseoiM mineralisatum, WaH, 810, 1747. Aigontoaddosaliamineraliaataiii, OromtL, 169, 1716
0Hl0Kid8, Bbomidb. 115
fObtAoroBrz, SObeikerat, Honuilber, Ohlor-Silber, ChntL Horn Silyer; Oomoous 8 Ivor Argent nariat Argent oomd, Gblorure d'argent lY, ButtermQcherz (first mentioned early ii ntb oentniy). Kerargyre Beiid Tr., il 501, 1832. Kerat ffaidL Handb., 506, 1845. Argyro eantite Cfhek SyiL, 2i9, 18i7. Plata oomea blanoa Domeyko, Min., 200, 1845. Kerargyrite
Isometric Observed forms, 0, /, 1, 2, 2-2 ; f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ; also 5 with planes 1, 2, 2-2. Cleavage none. Twins: composition-face octa hodral Usnally massive and looking like wax ; sometimes columnar, oi boDt colnmnar ; often in crusts.
E=l— 1'6. 6.=6"562; 5'31— 5'43, Domeyko. Lustre resinous, passing into adamantine. Oolor pearl-graj, grayish-green, whitish, rarely Tiolet-Uue, colorless sometimes when perfectly pure ; brown or violetbrown on exposure. Streak shining. Transparent — feebly subtranslucent. Fracture somewhat conchoidal. Sectile.
Oonp.— Ag CS=Chlorme 24*7, sflver 75'3=100. This constitution corresponds with KlaproCh'i inalTses (Beitr., L 184, and iy. 10) ; also F. Field's of a specimen OhaOarcillo, Chili (<i J. Ch. &oa, X. S39).
Pyr., tc.'--Iii the dosed tnbe Aises without decomposition. B.B. on charcoal gives a globule of metinic silTer. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus, preyiously saturated ?rith ozyd of copper, ifid heated in O.. imparts an intense azure-blue to the flame. A fragment placed on a strip of Bsc, aod moistened with a drop of water, swells up, turns black, and finally is entirely reduced to netillio silver, which shows the metallic lustre ou being pressed with the point of a knife. InaoioUe in nitrie acid, but soluble in ammonia.
Obfc— Occurs in veins of day slate, accompanying other ores of silver, and usually only in the Ueber parts of these veins. It has adso been observed with ochreous varieties of brown iron ore; alM with several copper ores, oaldte, barite, eta
The largest masses, and particularly those of a green color, are brought Peru, Cbilii and Mexico, iihere it occurs with native silver. In Ohili, at some mines, it is a much less common ore thin the dilorobromid; often contains, intimately mixed with it, native silver in very minute gnias ; it occurs at Tres Puntos, Atacama, OhaQarcUlo near Oopiapo, and elsewhere in ChilL Also in ITicarigaa near Oootal ; in Dept of Gradas, Honduras. It was formerly obtained in the Saxon miniog districts of Johanngeorgenstadt and Freiberg, but is now rare : a mass weighing six and threeuarter pounds, from this region, is in the Zwuiger collection at Dresden. It also occurs in tb(> Altai, at tiie mines of Smeinogorsk and Krukovskoi ; at Konigsberg in Norway ; in Alsace ; wely hi Oomwall, and at Hnelgoet in Brittany. In Nevada, about Austin, Lander Co., abundant; at mines of Gomstodc lode. In Arizona, in the Willow Springs dist, veins of El Dorado cafioo, and San Prandsoo dist In Idaho at the Poorman mine, in crystals some half an Indi croas, mostly cubes and cubo-ootahedrons, but occasionally with other planes, and in twins oon- Ditiog of two interpenetrat'ug cubes, the angles of one projecting from the faces of the other.
At Andreasberg in the Hurz, an earthy variety is met with, oSled by the Germans Buttermilk ore {BvUarmikhen, Thanige whioh, according to Klaproth (Beitr., i. 187), oontahis tilTer H'M>, chlorine S-SS, alumina 67*08. Funckens describes it as " weiss und diinn wie ein Boltermfldi " (Lenz Mhi., tt. 101, 1794).
Named from Aom, and <, siher — Oeralargyrite, the proper derivative, being contracted to OerargyrUe, The Greek k becomes as hi other cases.
Ul. BMBOUB. Ohlorobromure d'argent Domeyko, Ann. d. It, IV. vL 153, 1844; Berthier, ibi, IY. iL 540, 1842. Plata oomea verde Domeyko Ifin., 202, 1845. Embdit BreWu, Fogg., horii. 184, 1849. Ghlorobromid of Silver. COilorbromsilber. ICegabromite, Miorobromit, JMi, & H. Ztg., zviiL 449, 1859.
Isometric. Figs. 1, 4, 6, 7, 6 + 7, 11. Also massive ; sometimes stalactitic AT concretionary at smface.
H.=l-l-6. Q.=5-31-5-43, Domeyko: 5-63, Yorke; 5-79-5-81, Breith. Lustre resinous and somewhat adamantine. Oolor grayish-reen tod asparaffnsreen to pistachio or yellowish-green, and yellow, often dark ; becoming OEu-ker eztemally on exposure.
OOHPOT7ND8 OF OHLOBINE, BBOMINE. lODINB.
Oomp. — Ag (CH, Br), the ratio of the dilorine to the bromine Taryingindeflnitelj, thejellowiiL rarieties and those of deeper green colors containing the hurgeHt proportion of bromine. Analjaee: 1, 2, Domeyko (Min., 1845, 203, and 1860, 212); 3, Miiller H. Ztg., xviil UV); 4, 6, Domejko (La); 6, 7, F. Field (Q. J. Oh. Soo x. 239) ; 8, Yorke (Q. J. Oh. Soa, iv. 149) ; 9, Plattner (Pigg Izxvii 134); 10, 11, Domeyko (L c); 12, Riohter (B. H. Ztg., xviii. 449); 13, F. Field (L a); ai ranged in the order of the proportion of bromid to chlorid (mentioned in oolamn Br : OIX oomiaaooing with those haTing the least of the bromid:
Ag
Br
Br:
a
1. Ohagaroillo pearly green
5*67
Domeyka
Q U U it
18*03
3*6
u
8. Oopiapo, microbromUe
12*39
Muller.
4. Qnillota, ram
2*76
Domeyko
2*5
u
6. '' light geeen
68*22
Field.
7. " emboliie
66*94
19*82
u
8. Ohili, Oreenish yellow
66*95
19*90
Torko.
Plattner.
Domeyka
20*86
12*62
i(
la. Megdbromite
Bichter.
IS. OhafiardUo, dark green.
Field.
The megabrwnite and microbromUe of Breithaupt are only Tarieties of embolite based on the pro* portion of bromid to chlorid, and are even indistinct as varieties, these extremes being connected by indefinite shadings. The aboTe numbers for Domeyko's and Yoke's analyses are calculated flfom their statements of the proportion of chlorid and bromid, which they give as follows :
Ohiorid of silver Bromid of silver
1 2 4 5 8 10 11
18-6 D. 271 D. 83-6 D. 34-4 D. 46*8 T. 47-2 D. 49 0
Obs.-— Abundant in Ohili, constituting the principal silver ore of the mines of Chafiarcillo, and found also at Agua-Amarga, Tres-Puntas, Bosilla, and at all the new openings in the province of Oopiapo ; found also at Eulalia in Ohihuahusy Mexico ; at the mine of Ooloal in Oradas, Honduiaa.
Kamed iikiov an interTnediate because between the chlorid and bromid of silver.
142. BROBRRTTEL Bromure d'Argent, Plata Verde Mex (ft*. Mexico and Huelgoet), BerffL, Ann d. M., m. xix. 784, 742, 1841, lY. ii. 526. Bromid of Silver; Brom'.c Silver. Bromsilber Oerm, Bromit Eaid Handb., 606, 1845. Bromyrite Dana, Min., 93, 1854. Bromargyrit Ramm Min. Oh., 196, I860. Plata oomea amarillamelada Domeyko, Mia, 214, 186a
Isometric. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6. Occurs ufiually in small concretions ; rarely in crystals.
H.=2— 3. G.=5*8— 6. Lustre splendent. Color when pure brightyellow to amber-colored, slightly greenish ; often grass-green or olive-green externally. Little altered in color on exposure, bectile.
OomiK — Ag 42*6, silver 67*4=100. Analyses: 1, Berthier (Ann.d. It, TV, U 616); 2, F. Field (Q. J. Oh. Soc, x. 241) :
1. Mexico
Bromine 42-44 42*67
Silver 57'66'= 100 Berthier. 57*48=100 Field.
In the Chilian ore Domeyko found 57 '1 of silver.
P3nr*f etc. — In the dosed tube and with metallic zinc reacts like cerargyiite. B.B. on dharooa emits pungent bromine vapors and yields a globule of metallic silver. Fused with bi-sulphate of potash in a matrass gives offyeUowish-brown vapors of bromine. Insoluble in nitric add. Diffi* cultly soluble in ammonia.
Oba.-With other silver ores in the district of Plateros, Mexico, and at the mine of San Onofre, seventeen leagues from Zaoatecas, associated with chlorid of silver and carbonate of lead ; also is crystals at OhaAarcillo, Chili, with chlorid of silver, sometimes imbedded in oaldte ; also at Hudgoet in Brittany, with oerargyrite.
Oklobidb, Iodid8. 117
I43i XODTRXm. lodura d*Aigeiit Vaniqudin Ann. Gh. Fhyn xxix. 99, 1826; Demiyin, Ann. i )£, lY. n. 158, 1A44. Plata oornea amarUla Dameyko, Wxl, 206, 1846. Iodic Silyer. lod- ObKOerm, lodit Eaid,, Handb., 608, 1845. lodyrite Dana Ifin., 96, 1854. lodargyrit IQn. Gh., 197, 1860.
Hexagonal. 0M=zlS6'' 46'; flf=0-814:38. Observed planes: (?, /, 4, 2,f AjQgles:
0 A 2=118 0i =154° 49' 2 A 2, pyr., =127° 36'
0a4=104 63' iAi, pyr.,=155 26 4A4 =122 12
Cleavage : basal perfect. Also massive, and in thin plates with a lamelkr fttmcture.
Soft. G.=5-6— 5-71; 5-707, Damour ; 6-504, Domeyko ; 6-64— 6-67, BreiHi. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color citron and sulphur-yellow to yellowish-green, sometimes brownish. Streak yellow. Translucent Plates flexible, sectile.
OoBy— Ag Islodine 64, flyer 46=100. Analyses: I, Domeyko (L c.); 6, Damonr (Ann. d lLT.ir.329); 8, 4, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, H zyiiL 374) ; 5, F. Field (J. Gh. Soo, x. 241) :
Ag I
1. AJgodones 46-25 [53'76]=100 Domejka
2. " (i) 45-72 54-03=99-75 Damour.
3. " 46-52 52-98=99-45 Smith.
4. " 46-88 53-1 1-.99-49* Smith. 6. Ghafiarano 45-98 64-02=100 Field.
With traeei of ohlorlne aod oopper.
Pyr., etc — In Uie dosed tahe ftises and assumes a deep orange oolor, but resumes its yelloif eoior on cooling: B3. on oharooal gives fumes of iodine and a globule of metallic silver. With ibc reacts like oerargyrite and bromyrite. Fused with bisnlphate of potash in a matrass, yields violBt Tapors of iodine.
Obsr--0ocnrs in thin yeins or seams in homstone at Albarradon, near Mazapil ; in Mezioo ; al Algodonee, 12 leagues from Ooquimbo ; less abundantly at Delirio mines of ChafEardllo, Chili, viuro the crystals are sometimes half an inch broad (Breith., B. H. Ztg., zyiii 460) ; also at Gui dalajtra in Spain. In Arisona at Oerro Colorado mine. Desdoiseauz has pointed out its ho- BMumorphlsm with gieenoddte (Ann. Gh. Phya., IIL xL).
144. OOOCHHITB. lodnredeHeroorelMiZiio; Aii, Tr.,IL6l6, 18S2. Coodnit .Smci, Handb.,
572 1846. Iferonre iodtir ih lodqnecksilber Oemu
In pirtides of a reddish-brown color on selenid of merodry, adamantine In lustre, at Gasas Viejas, Hezico; and supposed by Del Rio to be an iodid of merouiy. But Castfllo says (Colegio de Mio. Mezioo, 1865) that spedmens labelled by Del Bio contain no iodine, and appear to be Urgely dilortae and mercury, yet are not (slomeL Castillo describes it from Zimapan and Culena, both maashre and in acute, adcular, rhombic pyramids, 2-6 mm. long; color fine red to yellow, and sometimes yeUowish-green, changing to greenish-gray and dark green on exposure ; tnnspannt to translucent In a dosed tube affords a sublimate, white when cold, of Hg'Cl, and eavs a residuum which is dull red while hot, orange-yellow when odd, and whidi B.B. turns vnrHPed, and is dissipated with an odor like that of selenium.
146. OOTUimmB. Cotunnia McmL A (hv Frodr. Orltt Yesuy. Gotnnnite. Ghlorid of
Lead.
118 OOMFOUNDS OF OHLOSINB| BBOIOKB, lODINB.
May be scratched by the nail. G.=5'238. Lustre adamantine; iijeliii ing to fdlky or pearly. Color white. Streak white.
Oompb— Fb QI=Ohloriiie 25'5 lead U'5=:100.
Pyr., etc— B.B. od obarooal flies readily, spreadiDg out on the ooal and ▼olatQizlng, gives i white coating, the inner edge of which is tinged jellow from ozyd of lead; the coating in BJ. disappears, tinging the flame asure ; with soda gives metallic lead. Added to a salt of phosphonu bead, previously saturated with (nyd of copper, gives the reaction for chlorine (see oerargyrite). Soluble in about 22 parts of hot water.
Obs.— Found by Monticelli and Govelli, in the crater of Yesuvius, after the eruption of 1823, accompanlod by cord of sodium, and chlorid and sulphate of copper ; also by Scacohi and Ooii* oardi on the lava of 1856.
Named after Dr. Cotugno of Naples. Angles very near those of haidingerite.
146. MOLTSXTB. Biaenehlorid ffaumrk, 1819, Handb., 1463, 184Y. Ohlorid of Ircm. ICdy*
site Dana,
Incmsting. Color brownish-red, light or dark, and yellow.
Oomp.— Fe* Gl'=Chlorine 65*6, iron 34*5=100.
Obs. — Noticed by Hauimann at Vesuvius in 1819. forming a brownish-red incnistation od lavas; and by Scacohi in the same region, as a result or recent eruptions (Etusl Vesuv., 1850-55) who attributes the yellow color oi the lavas about the fUmaroles or steam-holes pardj to thii species.
The existence of a protoMmd of iron (Fe Gl) at Yesuvius was announced by ¥onticMilH aad Covelli; but this is not conflimed by Scacohi
Named Arom fiKwis, sUtin, in allui&on to its staining the lavas.
3. Hydrous 0Hl0Rid8.
147. OARNAUiXTB. Cbmallit K Bote, Pogg zcviii. 161, 1866.
Massive, grannlar ; flat planes developed by action of water, but no distinct traces of cleavage ; lines of strisa sometimes distinguished, which indicate twin-composition.
Lustre shining, greasy. Color milk-white, bat ofEen reddish from mixture of oxyd of iron. Fracture conchoidal. Soluble. Strongly phosphorescent
Oomp.— K 01+2 Mg Cl+12 H=(i K+} Mg) 01+4 H=Ohlorid magnesiam Si-SO cfalorid of potassium 26-88, water 38*92=100. Under a more general fonnula (K, Kg) 01+4 & Analy ses: I, 2, Oesten (Pogg., xoviii 161); 3, Siewert (Jahresb., 1858, Y39); A.Qoebel (J.pr. Oh. zcviL 6):
IfgOl KOI Nad CaQ CaS 9e IS.
1. 8tassftirt, roddiah 81*46 24-27 6-10 2*62 0-84 0*14 [35-67]=:100 Oesten.
2. " " 30-61 [24-27] 4*66 8-01 1-26 [0-14] [86-26] 100 OPSten.
4. Maman, Persia 34-65 26*62 39*67, gangue 0*06=100 QoebeL
The impure camallite of the mine contains Mg Gl 29*63, K CI 21*80, Ka CI 7-96, sulphate oi potash 10-20, silicate of magnesia and alumina, sand, and boradc add 1*20, vrater and losa 89*31 The brown and red color of much of the mineral is due partly to ozyd of iron, whic is is hexagonal tables and partly to organic matters (water-plants, inisoria, sponges, eta). I& aaal
Oxxohlobidb. 119
then WM flome ofguiio sabstanoe preBe&t with the water; and the cameliazi to blood-red ooldf ii shown to be due to it
etc— B J3. ftiaes easi. Soluble in water, 100 parts of water at 18'76°0L taking np I1'5 parts.
Obi— Oocurs at Staasftirt, where it forma beds in the upper part of the salt formation, altera itiBg with thinner beds of common salt and kieaerite, and also mixed with the common salt Ita beds ooosist of subordinate beds of different colors, reddish, bluish, brown, deep red, some* times ooloriesa. Sylyine oooors in the camaliite. Also found with salt at Kaman in Persia. It4 naeas m potassium makes it yaluable for exploration.
Vamed after von Oburnall of the Prussian mines.
AitilOccars artificial formed in the salt pans at Halle.
148. TAOHBTX3BITB. Tachhydrit Bamm Pogg., zcviii. 261, 1856.
MaasiTe ; in roundish masses. Two distinct cleavages. Color yellowish. Transparent to translucent. Yerj deliquescent on exposure.
Oomik— (Oa a+3 ICg Gl)+12 d=(i Oa+f Mg) Cl+4 fi=Ohloruie 41*17, oaldum 7't6, magw BMiBni 9-30, water 41*77=100 ; or under a mora general formula, (Oa, Mg) Gl+4 tL Analysis bj tamnebbergCLa):
GL 40-34 Ga 7 -46 ICg 9*61 fi [42-69] 100
PyZi, ato. — Fnses easily. Yeiy soluble; 100 parts of water at 18'76"G. dissolving 160 8 of Ikeialt
Oir~From the salt mines of StassAirt, in thin seams with camaliite and kieserite is aolijdrite. JTamed in allusioii to its readj deliquescenoe, from raiit 9u &nd Mwp, water,
149. KBBM&R8ITB. Eisenofatorid mit den Chloralkalien Ermnaraj Pogg., IxxzIt. 79, 1961.
Kremersit Kming ICin., 9, 1868.
Isometric. In octahedrons. Color ruby-red. Easily soluble.
OooipKa4- Am Ca+e* a"+8 fl[=2 (i K+i Am) Ol-fPe Ca+3 fi=Ohlorine 66'86, potas iiam 12*32, anmionium 5*67, iron 17*65, water 8-60=100. Analysis by Kremers (rOgg.j Izxxir. 79) :
a K Am Na Fe £[
6516 12-07 6*17 0*16 16-89 [9'66]=100.
Ris identical with an artificial salt obtained by Fritssohe. Ohk— ftom ftiTnarolfts at YesuTius, as a product of subUmation.
8. Oxy0Hlorid8.
ISa MATLOOKTCB. S. P. Ortg, PhiL Kag lY. 0. 120, 1851.
Tetragonal. A l-t=128"' 42'; a=l'2482. Oberved planes, O, I, 1, S-. O A 7=90'', 0 A 2-i= 111" 50|', O A 1=119" 34', 2h A 2-t, pyram.,=97° 68', W,=136'' 19', lAl, p7ram.,=104*. 6', basal, 120 2'- Cleavage: boaal imperfect. Ctystab generally Ubnlar.
120 OF OHLOBINB, BfiOMINE, lODINS.
H. 2*6—8. G. 7*21. Lustre adamantine, occaaionally pearly Color clear yellowish, sometimes a little greenish. Transparent to translucent.
Oomp.Pb Gl+Fb 0=Chlorid of lead 65*5, ozjd of lead 44*6=100. AnalysiB 0r. B. A Smith (L a):
Pb 01 66-1 8 Pb 0 4430 Moistuie 0*07 =99*66.
Rammelflberg found (Pogg. . 141 X Pb CI 62*45, Pb 0 46*42.
Pyr., etc. — Beacts like mendipite.
Oba. — From an old mine near (Romford in Derbjshlre, with phosgenite. Oryetala seldom larger but one measures two inches across; according to Kenngott (Min. Not, Na 1 a 1, basal, 12 1"" 2', and 2iA2-i basal edge =136'* 17'; idjBo, as a sublimadon product at Yesuyius afta the eruption of 1868 (R. Oappa, J. pr Ch., Izzx. 381).
161. BSENBXPTrZS. Saltsjradt Bly (Saksaures Blei) Ben., Ak. H. Stockh., 184, 1823 ; Ed J Set, I 379, 1824. New ore of lead Mendip, Peritomous Lead-barjrte, EaieL, Mohs's Uul, iL 151, 1826. Muriate of Lead, Chlorid of Lead. Plomb chlorure, pt, iV. Kerasine pL [resi phosgenite] Beud. Tr., iL 602, 1832. Chlor-Spath BreHfu, Char., 61, 1832. Berselite Levff Min. HeuL, ii 448, 1837. Mendipit Glock Grundr., 604 1839.
Orthorhombic ; /A 7=102 36'. Observed planes, Oy Iiriiri. Occure in fibrous or columnar masses, often radiated. Cleavage : / highly perfect ; diagonal less perfect
H.=2'5— 3. G.=7— 7*1. Lustre pearly and somewhat adamantine upon cleavage faces. Color white, with a tinge of yellow, red, or blue. Streak white. Feebly translucent — opaque.
Oomp— Pb 01 + 2 Pb 0=Chlorid of lead 38*4, ozyd of lead 1 00. Analyses : 1, Qerselioi (Ak. H. Stockh., 1823, Pogg., i 272, and Bamm. Ist SuppL, 24); 2, Sohnabel (ib., 3d SuppL 78); 8, Bhodius (Ann. Ch. Pharm., bdi. 378):
1. Mendip Hills Pb CI 89*82 Pb 0 6018=100 BeraeUuff.
8. Westphalia 38*70 61*25=99-95 SchnabeL
S. 82*55 67'78=100'33 Bliodius.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube decrepitates and becomes more yellow. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and is reduced to metallic lead with elimination of add vapors, giving the coal a white coating of chlorid of lead, the inner edge of which is yellow oxyd of lead. With salt of
Shosphorus bead, previously saturated with oxyd of copper, colors the O.F. azure-blue. Soluble I nitric add.
Obs. — This rare mineral was formerly found at the Mendip Hills, in Somersetshire, in smaU radiated crystalline masses on earthy black manganese; it has been met with at Tamowiti. Silesia, in day in opaque prismatic crystals ; at mine Kunibert near Brillon in Westphalia.
162. SOHWARTZBMBIIRQITE. Ozychloroiodure do plomb {tt. Atacama) Ikmtyhf Ana. d. M., VL T. 463, 1864. Sdiwartiembergite Dami.
Khombohedral. In druses of small crystals. Also in thin amorphous crusts, compact, passing into earthy.
H.=2— 2*5. G.=5"7, Schwartzemb.; 6*2— 6"3,Liebe. Lustre adamantine Color honey-yellow, when purest ; also straw-yellow, inclining to lemonyellow, sometimes a little reddish. Streak straw-yellow. Brittle.
Oonpr— Pbl + 2 Pb 0, Liebe. More probably, as the analysis so gives, Pb (I, OH) h2 Pb 0, I Gl=8 : 2. Analysis: K. T. Liebe (Jahrb. Min., 1867, 169) :
FbQ Pbl PbO b3 bC 5b
Oztohlobidb.
Uete ngudt all the iDgndienis m ImpuritiM esoept the iodid and ozjd of lead. Domsf ko in ID inpffftet aaalTaiB 0. e) obtained Fb 01 22 8, Pb 1 18-7, Fb 0 47*1, 5 2-5, Oa 1*7, gangoe 5*3 =Wi.
Pyr elc— Yerf IbsiUa, like oeraxgyrite; in ftising loses its color. On charooal metaHio gMnks. In a matrass abundant violet vapors of iodine No effervesoenoe with nitric acid, bnt cekx, hfcmming first brownish and then white, and, if some water be added, it dissoLyes oomplMel J on heating.
ObtFoffms Croats in galeoite at a mine 10 leagues foom the port of Paposo in the desert of AtficuDt, where it was dlKvered \jj Mr. Schwartzemlprg.
153. ATAQABfllTB. Sable yert cuiyreuz do Perou, Ohaux cuiyreuse unie i un peu d*acide mioiitiiliie et d'ean, BochrftAieauld Baumi A JPowrercy Kem. Ac. Paris, 1786 (pnb'd in 1788); BaMidt ib 474 (note added m 1788). Kupfersand, Salzsanres Kupfer, Karat, Tab, 46, 76, ISOO. Golyre muziat Tr., 1801. Muriate of Oopper. Atacamit, Salzkupfererz, ElumeniMcti, HAodb-Hai, 1805. Kupferhomera, Atacamit, Liukng, Min., ii. 178, 1804. Smaragdocholcit BauBL, Handb., 1039, 1818. Kalochnlrit Breiih., Handb., 165, 1841. Bemolinite KAM Mm., 618, 185:L Manlite Shiep Marty's £xpl Bed Einer, 135, 800, Washington, 1864, Am. J. Set, n. zn. 206; Dana, ib., xxiy. 122. Botallackite Ju H. Church, J. Oh. 8oc., IL ill 212, 1860.
Orthorhombic. 7a/=112° 20' <?Al-t=13r 29'; a: J:c=ri31:l: 1492. Observed planes: vertical, 7, i-i, i-i, i-2, t-4 : domes, 1-1, In; octahedral, i-l A i-S, ov. a,=106° 34', i-4A'i-4, ib.,=139M', l-tAl-I, top=105 42', 1 Al, mac.,=126 40'. Usual in modified rectangular prisms, and rectanlar octahedrons. Twins: composition-face/; consisting of three individual. Cleavage : i-I perfect, 1-i imperfect. Occurs also massire lamellar.
H.=3— 3'5. G.=4— 4-3; 3*7, Breith. Lustre adamantine — vitreous. Color various shades of bright green, rather darker than emerald, sometimes blackish-green* Stream apple-green. Translucent — subtransluoent.
Oomp*— 3 Cn fl+Ou 01 Cu+| Cu Q) 'A=0xy6 of oopper 6S-6, chlorid of oopper 30% (dUorine 16*0, copper 14-3X water 16*2=100. The ore of Oobga (anal 1) and bolaUackUe (anal 8) eootain half more of water, giving the formula H On fi+Ou 01 d-h2 aq.. Analyaea: 1, Berthior (Ann. d. IL, m. Tli 642); 2, 8, Bibra (J. pr. Ch,, xcvi. 203) ; 4, 6, P. Field (J. Oh. Soo, Til 1931- Manet (Bamm., 6th Buppl, 57) ; 7, 8, Ohurch (J. Oh. Soo, IL iii. 81, 213):
21-75=100 Berthier. 19-17=100 Bibra. 18-53=100 Bibra. 17-79 Field. 1800 Field.
12*96, quartz 0*08=99*85 ICallet 16-91=100 Church. 22-60=103-36 Church.
?br other aaaljaefl see Ulez, Ann. Oh. Pharm , Ixix. 361.
Pyr., etc— In the doaed tube gives off much water, and forma a gray sublimate. B.B. on <woal (haea, coloring the O.F. azure-blue, with a green edge, and giving; two coatings, one brovniah and the other grayiah-white ; continued blowing yields a globule of metallic copper; the coitinga touched with the R.F. Tolatilize, coloring the flame azure-blue. In acids easily soluble.
Ob This spedes was originally found in the state of sand in the Atacama province, northern of GhilL It occars in different parta of Ohili, especially at Los Bemolinos ; also in veins in (Satrictof Tarapaca, Bolivia; at Tocopilla, 16 leagues north of Oobija, an important locality. m Mm; with malachite in South Australia; at the extraordinary malachite locality in the Sin do Bembe, near Ambriz, on the west coast of Africa; at the Estrella mine in southern Spin ; at Just in Oomwall, in crusts and stalactitic tubes. Botallackite occurs at the Botallack OoniwaD, in thin crusts of minute interlacing crystals, closely investing killas ; ISdiwarzenin Saxony ; alro supposed to invest some of the lavas of Vesuvius, but queatioufid by ° — the wneral lo caUed beii a basic sulphate (Mem. Inoend. Yesuv., 1855).
a
Cu
Ou
L Bolivia,
14*92
% Algodon
13*33
4. Oopiapo
6. "
56*24
6. Chili
14*54
7. Cornwall
13*57
66*25
122 OOMFOUNDS OF CHLOBOrS, BBOIONB, lODimE.
It is Bomettmei np in Chili, and sold under the name of AnenHh ss sand for lattara.
McurcyliUe of Shepord, as originally described, was an impure atooamite of a black color ; m txia afforded Shepard copper 54*80, 0 and G 39-20, d 9*50. G.=4— 4'1. From the south part of thf Bed River, near the Waohita Mts. (See ftirtber under Melaoonitei p. 137.)
163A. TAUJNaiTB. A. H. Chmreh, J. O . Soa, IL iii 213, 1860.
In thin crusts, consisting of irregular aggrations of minute globules, appearing botryoidal under the microscope. Subcrystalline.
±1.=3. G.=3*5 (approximate). Color bright-blue, incliDing to green. Streak white. Subtranslucent Fragile. Hygroscopic.
Oomp. — lCufi+OuOL£[+8aq =:Chlorid of copper 22*55, ozyd of copper 63*29, water 24*16= 100; or chlorine 11*91, ojcjd of copper 66*60, water 24*16=102*67. Ghurdh (J. Oh. Soc , IL til 77) obtahied Cu 66*24, 01 11*38, which corresponds to
In another blue Oomwall mineral Ohureh found (ib., 213) Ozyd of copper 67-26, chlorine 8-73, water 26*56=102*54; which gives the formula 6 On £[+0u 01 tL+b aq=0zjd of copper 67*23, ddorine 8*58, water 26 13= 1 01*96. Ohureh sajs the less hydrated copper sulphates and ohlorids are green, the more hydrated blue.
F., etc — In vacuo loses hygroscopic water, remaining blue. At 100"* 0. rapidly beoomes green, losing considerable water. Insoluble in water, but easily soluble in ute acida and in ammonia.
Obs.— Occurs at the Botallack mine, OomwalL Named after R TalUng of Loatwithiel, by whom the mineral was collected.
Artif.— A similar compound has been formed by Kane, and by Oraham, by the actioa of water on N Ou 01; its formula is 4 Ou ]Q[+0u01Hsq.
164. PSROTIilTB. K J. Brxnke, Phil kag., m. , 131, 1850.
Isometric. In minute cubes. Observed planes : 1, /, i-2. H.=2'5. Color sky-blue. Streak similar to the color.
Oomp. — According to Percy, contains, besides some water, lead, chlorine, copper, and probabl; oxygen, with Pb : 01 : Gu=2*66 : 0*84 : 0*77 ; whence Perpy suggests the formula (Pb CI + Pb 0] 4-(Cu01+Cu0) + aq.
Vyx, — lu the closed tube yields water and odorless fUmes. B3. tinges the flame green with blue on the edges. With borax reacts for copper.
Obs. — Found with gold, and supposed to be from Sonera) Mezioa
APPENDIX TO OHLORIDS, BROMIDS, AND lODIDS.
155. Ohlobid Of Maqnesiuil 156. Ghlobid Of Manoanbsb.
Olilorid of magnesium and chlorid of manfnese, according to Scacchi (Mem. Incend. TesuT 1855), probably occur in the saline incrustations formed at the eruption of Vesuvius iu 185A. Tbs supposed existence of the manganesian chlorid was ascertained by treating the crust with distilled water and testing with ferrocyanid of potassium, when a white precipitate was thrown dowiv which acquired fSler a while a pale rose tint; and also in other ways.
1 57, 1 58. lODiD OF Znra — BBOim> or Znro. — Iodine and bromine are stated by Mentael to oocoi aloug with a cadmiforous zinc in Silesia, and hence it is inferred that iodid and bromid of sin exist lu nature, though not yet distingui£hed.
Besides the preoedinff species, the following also contain chlorine : Sodalite and Pyroemalitax and some Nophellte, Nosite, and Mica among silicates; some Apatite among phoepbates; Boracite among borates; Phosgenite among carbonates.
WWOBSDfU lU
Tv. Fluorine Compounds.
1. Anhydrous.
1. Fluobitb Oboxxp.
Ul. lucoaiM Ga 7 161. Fluooboti Oe F
IN Tmoonm (Oa Oe, T) 7 162. FLUOomra
S. FLUELLITB 0BOXXP. Ckmtain Alnminiim.
3. CBTOLITB GBOUP. Ooataln Alominnm and Sodium or Oaldnm.
ISiGiTOfjn SKaF+Al'F* 166. Cmoun 3NaF+2Al*P
fiiAinomB (0aNa)*F+Al*7* 167. OnonnDixci aKaF+Al*F*
2. Hydrous.
168. PAcmoun 170. Gzabkbutiti 0a*7+Al'7*+4fi 171. PBOSOPm
16S. FLUORmB or FLUOB Flaores lapides gemmarum similes sed minus dori— qui igiiia akm Hqueaoont [whence he derives the name] — Colores varii, jucondi, (1) nibri, (2) pnrpurei (▼nlgo anethyBtiX (8) candid, (4) lutei, (5) dneracei, (6) subnigri, [with mention also of its ue u a flux in smelting], Affiic Berm., 468 1629 ; Oerm. Flusse tdL, Interpr., 464, 1 646. Fluor iaeralis Stolbergicns, Lithophosphorus Suhlensis, Woodwardf Oat, 1728. Olas-Spat, Spatum Titieam, WaXL, 64, 1747. , Flussspat, Qlasapat OrofuLt 93, 1768. Flussaurea Ealk Ak. H. StoddL, 1771. Oalx flnoraU Sciagr., 1782. Spath visible, Spath ▼itnaz, de JUak, Grist, 1772, 1783. Fluorite NapioMf Min., 873, 1797. Fluor Spar, Fluate of Una, Rnorld of OUdum; ViUg. PerbTshire Spar, Blue-john. Ohauz fluate /h Fluorine taL, Tr iL 617, 1832. liparit CflodL, Sjn. 282, 1847.
Tor.— Chlorophane (fr. Nertschinak) TK, Ik GroUhaua; Delameth., J. de Fhya., xlr. 898, HH. BatofkU fiaeher, John Oh. Unters., tL 282, 1812.
Isometric. Obeerved planes :(?;/; 1, 2, 3 ; i-2, iiji-jt; 2-2, 8-3,
S; 4-2, y4, JfJjL, 7-i, yjj/L. Figs. 1 (common), 2 to 8, 10, 11, 16, 18, simt to 24 planes 1, and 3-), 26. Cleavage : octahedral, perfect. Twins : composition-face, 1, f. 50 ; also f. 129, in which the composition is parallel to ck octahedral face. Massive. Barely columnar ; usually granular, oarae or fine. Crystals often having the surfaces made up of sm cubes, or ctTernous with rectangular cavities.
PLUOBOn OOHPOUNDB.
H.=4. (i.=3-01— 8-26 ; 8-1800— 3-18S9, Keaagott, fixan 48 flpedmetu the meau 3*183. Lnatre Titreoos; Bometitnes epleiideiit; oenally glimmer
ing in the maasive varietiea. Color white, yellow, green, roae and crimsoiv
red, violet-bine, akj-blne, and brown: wint-yeIlow, greenish and violet blae, most common ; red, rare. Streak white. Tranaparent — sabtranslacent. Brittle. Fracture of fine massive varietiea Sat-conchoidal and splintery. Sometimes preaenting a blnish flnoreacence. Fhosphoreece* when heated.
Oomp, Var.— Ruorid of nldoni, Ca 4B-T, oddnm B1-3=10D. fieiwllai foond O'S of phogphateof limin the apar of DerbTihire. The preaencBaf chlotlDe (or muriatic icid it. old oheiniBtry) waa detected ean; b; Scheele. Eerateo found It In floor Itmn MarieabST lad' Freiberg. The fart ooloia, as ahown by Kenngott, an lot on beating the mlnenl ; the; ui attributed matoly to diBTeront bdrooarbon oompouoda Wjrouboff (BuU. Soc Cb IL t. 3H I8S6X tbe CTjstiUUuUOD having taken place aqueoua solution.
Tar. 1. Ordinary; (a) cleaTable or crystalliied, veij Tarioui in colors; (U ooaiM to Hat fraa-atar; (c) earthy, lull, and aometimea reiy aoll. A aolt etitii; variety trwo Batofka, Buwa of a lareuder-blue color, ia the roJo/lile.
The flnelj-colored Quora have been called, acceding to their colon, /ate raby, topaa, entenU,, amethyst, eCo. The colors of the phosphoreaoent light are varloua, and are independent oT Uk actual color; and the kind affording a green <xiot la (d) the Morophant (it, ;(Xv4(, preM, ui fuim, / oppair) or pyro-emerald.
Breithaupt obtained for fluor G.=:3-0n, fr. Alston Moor, CamberUod, white; S-ITO, Eul* blue; 3-ne, ib., white; 3-I7I, ft. Siberia, blue; 3-1B3, lb., white; 3-166, tt. Dear Varimbei green; 3-1T2, lb., blue ; 3-169, ft-. Btoenbrunn in Yoigtland, green; 3'I8S. ib., blus; Bise.ib.; white; 3-180, fr. Cornwall, flooreaceat; 3-188, r. Switaerlaod, toae-red; 8'i9S, ft. new fniberl green ; 3'2BB, IV. Ueiico, emeraM-green transparent oct ; 3-324 — 3-357, tt. Sitieria, violet-bliK. '
i. AnloztmUf. of Schonbein. Tbe dark violet-blge fluor of Wolsendorf, Bavaria, afforded Schi* tor O-Oi p. c. of ozone, which SchOnbein (J. pr. Oh., JmiiL 96, Izziii. showed to be mHaxn, whence his name for thia variety. Its strong antoiouu odor is aaid often to produoe bndicte and vomiting in the milan. Sohaf haul atatei (Ann. Ch. Fhann., xlrL 344] that tliia Siur oooaioa, Hltrogen O-oaOJS, hydrogen 0-00584, carbon chloroua add 0-08692. But Wytoubol diacredits, io part, his reeulta; ho himself obtained Carbon 0*0110, bvdrogen 0-0038, with S] 0-0180, Pe U-00;iS, f'e 0-002S. CI 0-4071. WyrouboCT attribute* tbe TMtoaa oolora to conpoundi of carbon and hydrogen, derived fVom a alight InAiaion of orgaoio mattera In the wiMn; lie found (Bull Soc Ch., IL v. 334, ISGS) that the bine and violet ocdon dunged to poipli beating, and snppoaes that two G B anbetances, a blue and a red, were praatnt, the TonMr dm* 1-olatile, end therefore leaving the color reddish aller partial healing.
Pyr„ ato. — In the closed tube decrepitates and phoaphoreaoea. B.B. in the foroep* and ' ttbarcoal flies, coloring the flame red, to an enamel whioh react alkaBne to teat paper. Willi soft on platinum foil ur ohareoal ftiaea to a clear Ijeod, Iwoooig opaque on oooling; witii a excess of soda on charcoal yielda a reaidneof a difflcnlUy fiisible enamel, while moat of the sink Into tbe coal; with gypaum Aieee to a tranaparent bead, becoming opaque (m oooliit Fnaed In an open tube iritb ftiaed aalt of phoaphorua gives the reaotlon for fluorine. IleaM
with auorio add girea (bmea ofbjdKuorio add w
Vluobids. 125
UmplMiMoenoe is obtained ftom the ooanelj powdered spar below a red heat At a high aqmibDe it oeeaes, but is partially restored bj an electrio disohaige.
ObtSometODes in beds, but generally in yeins, in gneiss, mica slate, day slate, and also is imestooefl, both crystalline and nncrystalline, and sandstones. Often occurs as the gangue of metallic ores. In the North of England, il is the gangue of the lead veins, which intersect the ooai fbrmatioD in Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire ; IJie Cnmberland floor cfisu coQtains drops of fluid within, especially tlie green variety (Qreg and Lettsom). In Derby* shire it ig abaadant and also in ( 'omwall, where the veins iotersed metamorphic rocks. Common ts the minisg district of Saxony; fine near Kongsbeig in Norway. In the dolomites of St Gothard it occurs in pink octahedrons ; at Munsterthal in Baden in flesh-red hexoctahedrons. U beeo detected in cancel coal by Prof. Rogers.
lo Mam on Long Island, Bine WH Bay, in veins. In N. Hampahirt at N. village of West*
norebfid, 2 m. & of meeting-house, white, careen, purple, constituting a vein in quartz ; at the
Kofidi in tbe White Mts green oct in quartz, rare. In Vermont, at Putney, in green cubes. In
MmaAiueSB, at the Southampton lead mine. In Ckmntdicui, Trumbull, the chkrophand var.,
with topaz, in two veins, each 1 8 in. wide, in gneiss ; at Plymouth, in octahedral and dodecahe*
dm crjftila; at Willi mantle, purple, in a vein m gneiss, and also sparingly at the topes vein ; at
Cfae Middletown lead mine. In New York in Jefferson Co., at Muscolonge lake, formerly abundant,
m gigantic comes, sometimes modiflod (fig. 128), of grass-green and pale-groen shades, in granular
i-moe; in St Lawrence Go., at Rossie and Johnsburgh, rarely in fine crystals ; at Lockport,
oecuioniflj in cubes, with selenite and celestine in limestone ; also similarly near Rochester and
HuHqs; Amity, in thin seams, with spinel and tourmaline. In New Jersey, near the Franklin
Farnaoe. In Ytrginia, near Woodstock, in limestone ; on the Potomac, at Shepardstown, in white
fimestoQs In IlUnoi$, Gallatin Co., for 30 m. along the Ohio, 10 to 15 m. below Shawneetown,
aad at other place dark purple, often in large crystals, in carboniferous limestone, with gulenite,
aod |;b the soil In CitHfomiaf at Mt Diablo, rare in white cubes. In Arisona, in Castle
iHxDe diet, white, pink, green, purple. In Nova Scotia, at Mabon harbor, green. Near Lake
Superior, a few miles from the N.K comer of Thunder bay, in largo violet cubes on amethyst,
SiTordm; mtgnilloent specimens.
Alt— spar is slightly soluble in waters containing bicarbonate of lime in solution. The sQufiaa carbonates decompose It, producing carbonate of lime or c€incite, and a subsequent change of the caidte may produce other forms of pseudomorphs. Pluor spar occurs changed to quartz, bj substitution, and also to llmonite, hematite, lithomarge, psilomelane, calamine, smithsonite. oeratite, kaolinite.
I6a TTTROOSRITB. Tttzooerit Cfahn dt Bendiua AAl, iv. 1814. Yttrooererit Haadh 678, 1826. Tttria fluatee FY. Fluate of Cerium and Yttria. Ytterflussspath, Fluss- Tttrooaidt, Gmn. Yttrocaldt CfUtek Syn., 283, 1847.
Massive ; cryBtaUine-granular and earthy. Cleavage : in two direction bclined to one another 108° 30'.
H.=4— 5. G. =3-447, Berzelius. Lustre glietening ; vitreons — pearly. Color violet-blue, inclining to gray and white, often white; Bometimes reddish-brown. Fracture uneveiu
Oogipb--OQtitain8 OaF, CeF, and YF, in difltorent proportions. Analyses by Gahn and Benelini (AfbaadL, ir. 151, and . J., x?i, 241):
Cb Ce Y FH
47-63 \Wl 9*11 25*05
60-00 16-45 8*10 2545
Pyr.1 etc — In the dosed tnbe gires winter. B.B. on charcoal alone infusible; with gypsum Tttroeerite of Finbo ftises to a Mad, not transparent, and that of Broddbo is infusible. With toe flnxea tiie fhibo mineral behave like fluor spar ; the glass is, however, yellow m the ozyfiang flame as long as hot, and becomes opaque sooner than the glass given by fluor spar la s putverfaed state it dissolves completely in heated muriatic acid, forming a yellow solution.
sparingly at Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun in Sweden, imbedded in quarts nodated with albite and topaa. Also at Amity, Orange Co, K. Y.; in Kass probably woronter Oa; at Mt Mica, in Pans, Maine. The Amity mineral has been examined by Teidbeaadiar. The Masaadinaetta mineral afforded Dr. & T.Jackson (Proa Nat H.,Bos 1844, 1) fioK, yttria, ozyd cerium, with some XI, le, and Si, and a loss of 19-4. The mineral is Bind irith fluorite la tiie and pretMb the tpeobnen analyzed was not pnre from it
126 Tluoeins Oomfotjkds.
Tttrooerite has been oonaiderad a floor spar in which pan of the ISme is leplaoed bj ozjdi d oerium and yttrinm. The angle of deayage reported, 108* 80', differs but a degree fttim tbi angle between faoes of a regolar octahedron.
161. FLUOOBRX. Nentralt flussspatssyradt Oerinm Ben., Afk, tL 66, 1818. Neatraki flnsssaures Gerer, Flnssoeriam cerinmfliiat, Oerm, Koutral Fluate of Oerinm. Oerium fluatei Fr. Fluodrino , Tr., IL 619, 1832. Sluooerit iToid, Handh., 500, 1845.
Hexagonal. In hexagonal prisms and plates. Cleavage: basal xnoet distinct. Also massive.
H.=4— 5. G.=4-7. Lnstreweak. Color dark tile-red or almost yellow ; deeper when the mineral is wet. Streak white, or slightly yellow Sabtransmcent — opaque.
Oomp.— Oe F+Oe* F", Berzelins, who obtained in an analysis (L o.) Se 82*64, 1-12.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube yields water, and at a high temperature corrodes the glass; the water contains fluorine, and tinges Brazil-wood paper yellow: the assay changes from yellow to white by heat B.B. on charcoal infusible, but darkens in color. With soda it is not dissolTei but divides and swells up ; the soda is absorbed by the charcoal, and leaves a gray mass on tb flurfaoe.
Obs. — Occnrs at Finbo and Broddbo near Fahlun, in Sweden, imbedded in quarts and alUte, accompanying pyrophysaliie and orthite.
162. FLU0€nmNK--(Ba8isk flussspatssyradt Oerium , Afh. vi 64. Baaischea Fluoroeriom. Basic fluoorine. Basicerine Bead, Fluocerine Hautm. 1847.) Isometric? Supposed to shov traces of the rhombic dodecahedron ; usually massire. H. =4*6—5. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Odor a fine yellow, with some red, and when impure, brownish-yellow. Streak yeOov, brownisli. iSiibtranslucent toopiique.
Fonniila, Ce' + 3 (CJct d + H) Cerium 17*6, fluorine 10-9, sesqutoxyd of cerium 66*4, waie 6*1=100. Berzelius obtained in hia analysis (L a) €e 84*20, andH 4*95, and deduced as ia oomposition Oe F+3 Oe £L
B3. on charcoal invisible, at a low red heat appears almost black ; on cooling it becomes dai)( brown, dear red, and finally ydlow. With the fluxes behaves like fluooerite.
From Finbo, with fluooerite.
A mineral firom Bastnas afforded Hisinger (Ak. H. Stodrh., 1838, 189X Sesquiozyd of Ce (nd Ia) 86*43, flnorid ibid. 60*16, water 13*41, which corresponds to the formula Oe' Named Autocenfe by Huot, liin., L 296, 1841.
163. FLUBLUTB. Fhidlite Zeoy, Ann. FhiL, XL viil 242, 1824. Flnateof Alnmine Fioorid
of Alominnm.
Orthorhombic ; in acute rhombic octahedrons with truncated apex. 1 Al, pyram.,=109* 6', 12', and, basal, 144**; /a/=105 nearly. H.=3. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent.
Oomp. — Fluorine and aluminum, according to WoDaaton.
Oba.— Fluellite is a rare mineral found at Stenna-gwyn, in OomwaB, in minute crystals fls inarts along with wavellite and uranite.
164. ORTOUm. Ohryolith, Thonerde mit Flussaure AhOdgaard Sdierer'a J., iL 502, 1799; d'Andrada, ib., iv. 8Y, 1800. Kryolith Kairsi Tab., 28, 78, 1800; id. (with anal) Xbyr J. Fhys IL 4Y3, 1800, Beitr., iiL 207, 1802 ; Vauq Ann. Oh zzzvlL 89, 1801. Alnmine totik alcaline Tr., iL 1801. Orydite. ffiastein Oarnk
Orthorhombic? /A/=8880'to88 OA/-t=125'*67'; a:&:tf=l-3789: 1 : 10265. Oboerved planes as in the figures. & A 14=196° OM
Vlttobido.
117' SC. Prisms often a little tapering, and marked '\7ith stricB parallel to the edges //14, and sometimes also to edges //I-*, and //l, as indicated by dotted lines rrmo in fig. 130. 130 I3i Twim: composition-face /, renter Ing angle /A I=:VlTy f. 131 ; no reentering angle or apparent suture on plane 0. Cleava: basal perfect; diagonal less so. Massive, cleavable. IL 2-5. Q. 2-9 — 3077, fr. Greenland: 2-95 — 2-96, fr. Miask, Dnmet Lustre vitreous; slightly [jr on 0, Color snow-white*; Kmetimes reddish or brownish to brick-red and even black. Subtransparent—- translucent. Immersion in water increases the transparency. Brittle.
Ooopi— S Na F+AI* PsAIuiiimiini ISO, iiodium 32*8, fluorine 64*2=100. Analyses: 1, 2, BeneUus (Ak. H. Stockh., 316, 1823); 3, Ohodnef ( Verh. Ges. mou St. Bst, Damef (Pogg., IxzxiiL, 588):
P
Al
Ob
Na
1. Onmland 1
i Miask
63*23' '63*38'
12*8 13*23 13*41
0*36
26*8 Elaproth.
82*93 Beraelios.
82-71, Sin, Mg 0*83 Chodnef.
82*31, Sin, Fe 0*65 Dumef.
Pyr eto*— Fusible in the flame of a candle. B.B. in the open tabe heated so that the flame cateiB the tiibe giTe4 off hydrofluoric add, etching the gass; the water which condenses at the upp end of the tube reacts for fluorine with BrasU-wood paper. In the forceps fuses yery easily, fioMig the flame yellow. On charcoal fuses easily to a dear bead, which on cooling becomes cpaqne; after long blowing, the assay spreads out, the fluorid of sodium is absorbed by the coal, I rjffociting odor of fluorine is given ofl and a crust of alumina remains, which, when heated *eohalt iolntioii in O.F., gives a blue color. Soluble in sulphuric add, with evolution of Troflnoric add.
Oba— Ooenrs m a bay in Arksut-flord, in West Greenland, at Evigtok, about 12 m. from the
luuth settlement of Ariout, where it constitutes a large bed or vein in gneiss, and contains
I'to, sphalerite, siderite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, fluorite, columbite, cassiterite, all often in flne
The ezpoeure of the cryolite is about 800 feet in length. It is shipped in large quantities
to Sorope, and to tiie United States (Pennsylvania), where it is used for making soda, and soda and
Unasalti; also of late, in Pennsylvania, for the manufacture of a white glass which is a very
good imitation of porcelain. It has also been used for the manufacture of aluminum. The first
cinans of crydite came through Denmark from Greenland, and tilie earliest notice of it was by
otmacher in the Abh. Kat Ges. Copenhagen, iv. 1795. The locality was described from
noQil observation by Gieseck in Ed. Encya, x. 97, and Ed. PhiL J., vi. 141, 1822 ; and re-
\(ji, w. Taylor in the Q. J. G. Soa, xil 140. Taylor states that the cryolite is not white,
wittdn 10 to 15 feet the surface, and that below this it becomes dark-colored, and
black. He attributes the bleaching above to the heat of two trapdykes ; but as the dykes
cdot hi contact with the cryolite, and the evidence is not dear that they ever overlaid it, this
may be questioned. The contained ores and other minerals are most abundant near the
WioQ with the gneiss.
Dr. Hagsnann described the crystals (Am. J. Sd., IL zlil. 268) as orthorhombia The author jj"™ the above figures firom specimens kindly fhmished by Dr. H. They occur imphmted o& ue mana oryditek The twin, by the absence of a redntering angle on plane 0, appears to thit the form is orthorhombic and not oblique. Yet Desddzeauz states that the optical as observed by him, indicate a monodinio form. Owing to the striations of the crys* vwQii their mmuteDess, the measurements of the author were not very satisfactory. O A I-;, gave 126* 40' (5 measurements 30'126'' 40', and three of them 126" 40), 0 A l-i
IV 8T' OaIh about 126", 1-f A2-2 about 169*" 40, OaI about 116* 30*, 16'. Hm asglea obtained point to a monodinic fi
form, and bat Ibr
138 FLCOBmS GOMFOUKPS.
the twin, woald hare been regarded as deds'iTe. The angle /A / raried finom 89*" 30' to 86*. Th planes 2-2 and 1 were not observed on the back of the crystal. Hfigemann found 1-1 A 80
165. ARKSUTITB. Arksudite 0. Hagmaann, Am. J. SoL, IL xliL 94, 18M.
Granular massive. Cleavage : one quite distinct. H.=2'5. Q-.=3'029— 3-175. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly on a cleavage face. Color white. Translucent. Brittle.
Oomp.~2 (Oa, Na) F+ Al' F*, with Oa : Na=l : 3,=Alnminum 18*8, sodium 23*3, oalcium 69, fluorine 61*3=100. Anais : Hagemann (L a) :
F Al Oa Na £[ InsoL
61-03 17'8t 701 23-00 0*67 0-74= 100*22
Pyr., etc.— Fuses at a red heat, yielding no water.
Oba. — From the cryolite vein of lyiktok, near Arksut-fiord, in South Greenland. The spedfle gravity 3*176, it is said, may have owed its excess above that of the other trials to the praseooe of a little pyrite.
166. OHIOUTB. Ghiolith (fir. Mlask) Hermaim dt Axurbach J. pr. Gh., xxxril 188 1846
131a Tetragonal. A l-t=133 49f ; o=l-()4184.
Observed form f. 131a. 1 A 1, pyr., =108° 23' ; 1 Al, basal, 111° 40' ; 1 A 1, over summit, 68° 20'. Cleavage indistinct. Twins : composition-face 1, ai in f. 50. Occurs massive granular, resembling cryolite ; structure crystalline.
H.=4. G. 2-72, Hermann; 2-842 — 2-898, Eamm. Color snow-white. Lustre somewhat resinous. Translucent.
Lmen Mts.
Oomp.— 3KaF+2Al'F*=Fiuorine 68*0, aluminum 18-8, sodium 23*4=100. Analyses: 1, Hennann (L a) ; 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Izxiv. 316, 1848):
Al
Na
1. Miask
2. "
(!) 18-44
[57-63] [67-61]
Pyr. — like cryolite.
Oba. — From the Dmen Mts., near Miask, whore it occurs in granite, with topaz, fluorite, pheoi' dte, and cryolite.
For Kokscharof on cryst, see Yerh. Min. Qes. St Pet, 1860, '61, and Mm. RusaL, iy. 393.
Kenngott makes crystals from the topaa mine of Mursinsk orthorhombic (Ber. Ak. Wien, xi 9801 with the prismatic angle 22', and having the acute edge of the prism truncated, and /A =117' 49'.
167. OHODNBFFTTB. Ohiolith (fr. MSask) v. WSHh A Chodnef, Yerh. Buss. MIn. Get, 1846-46, 208, 216, 1846. Ohodnefflte Dana, Min., 284 1860; OryoUte, ib., 97, 1864. ITipk nth Naium., MIn., 219, 1864.
G. =2-62 -2-77, v. Worth; 8-00, Ramm. Like chiolite in physical characters.
Oomp.— 2 Ka F+ Al' F"=rFluorine 6-4t aluminum 16-8 aodhim 27-8=100. It Ghodnef (L a); 2, Bammelaberg (Pogg., IzzIt. 314):
. „ Ui antljMa jfipevs to show tbU tieaidm orj-olile there are two other
d DOoponnda at luaak, ooe of hi* analTMa auBtalning the chlollte oT Hennann, and the
suB-iheclualitB at WOrtlt end Chodoef; uid cm the bmia of Ma reHUlta thii spedeste mada
dtftioot fhn the otbera.
168. PAOBtrOXitTB. PadmoUt Emip Ann. Oh. Phann osxtU. 61, IBS3.
ifonoclinic /A 7=98° 34', J A 15', /A i=153'* 37'. 0 A 7=90° 20\ front edge of pyr. on front edge of prism IW° 45', DescL Twidb : compoeition-face *-i (f. i33j ; ery&- tsb alwajB twine adjacent 94° 13'. Cleavage : 0 /, nneqnal. Lustre vitreous. Colorleea to white. Transparent to sub transparent. Optic-axial plane and one bisectrix normal to A; and incHned 10°— 15° to a normal to w, and 23° 15'~18° 15' to a normal to the front edge of the pyninid.
w1thCK:NB=3: 3=FliioriDe 51-13, altuiuunn 13-39, MtB IS'14, aodiom 13'3& vatsr 8-01=100. AnalTBea: 1, Eiiop (I a); 3, Q. Hagenuoa (Aol J.Sd,ttilLll9):
F Al Ca Ne fi
tO-19 1314 lT-36 13-16 B-Ba=103'M Enop.
BI'IS 10-37 11'U 13-04 S-03=99'63 Bagamtnn.
Pfr., atcL — In tbt dowd tabe, beatad gently, jleldH irater irtilch [b neutral; at a higher heat, tku which It odd. Heald rapicDjr it ia daoompoaed with craokUnK. aod the fonoatloD a while dMd wtiicfa cotiileTtMa on Bie nlla of the tube. DeoompoBed br anlphurio add, giTing out
169. THOHSBNOZJTS. Dlowtrio FachnoUlo (7. Hatemamn, Am. J. Sd., H slH. 08, 1S66. ThomMiiolite Dana.
Monoelinic. /A/ about 89° ; 0I approx. 92° and 88° : 13> Oa 1=121°— 134°, Dana. FrisniB slender, a little tapering ; / horizontally atriatl. Cleavafe : basal very perfect. Also maarive, opal, or chicedony-liKe.
a=2-5— 4. G.=2-74— 2-76, of cryatals. Lnstre vitrwuB, ft t clearaface a little pearly, of massive waxy. Color hite, or witb a reddish tinge. Tranaparent to translucent,
+ ArJ-t-Sfl, wfthCla:Na=7:3=Kaorine 62-a,alum-
ItiliCamlS-i, eoditnn T-6, water e-S=100. AnalTsis: Hagemann c);
F Al da Na a 3i
Ofttb fiO-08 14-37 14-61 I-IS O'TO 3-0=91-71
ftWapaot aflbrded Dr. Hagmaaiio a rinOar result.
rp Mc-Poaaa man easily thao OToUte to a dear gUaa. The madre deonpitatea remark- 'UuBaiiMofaeaDdla. Ui powder wail? deoompoaed by aalpbaria add. with pKhnoUt* on the crrolita of Oroenland, and a result of the alteration of erj-
ftiayWali often hare an odmolored ooating, eepedslly the terndnal portion ; and on thii Mn and Ih* atriatad tap*:ing idea, the neaaurementa are only approzlniatlona. The minen)
fSO
WB8 noticed hj Dr. Julias ThomBen of Oopenhagen, the originator of OTolSte indnatix, after whom it is here named. It differs strikingly from pachnolite in its pearly basal deavage and its nearly square prisms ; and from cryolite in 3ie horisontal strin of the same and the facilitjr of deayage. The compact Tariety, first observed by Dr. Hogemann (to whom the author is indebted for his acquaintance with itX has much of the aspect of chalcedony ; it incnists cryolite or oocqpies seams or cavities in it, and is covered by the chalky gearksutite ; the incrustations are somfr' times half an inch or more thidc.
169 A. HAOBMAVKnB. Hagemanuite Skepa/rdj Am. J. ScL| II. zlil 246, 1666. Okwely reset bles in aspect and condition the compact thomsenojite, but passes sooietimes into a yellow, opaque, jaspery variety. It incrusts the cryolite, and also constitutes seams i to i in. thidc. It sometiiMi traverses a drusy ferruginous pachnolite. It is ochre-yellow to waz-yellow in color, rarely first (ireenisb, dull, or with only a fiuntiy glimmering lustre, and looks like an iron flint, or the yellow chloropal of Alar, Bavaria. H.=3— 8*5. Gr.=2*du— 2*60. Adheres but feebly to the tongu&
?*79. H 10*44. Decrepitates surprisingly in the flame of a candle.
The analysis corresponds to the atomic ratio for F, Si, (Al, Fe), (Mg, Ga, NaX 4:1:1:2. Taking 2 F for the Si, to make Si P, it leaves only 2 F for the bases. Ko probable formula am bd deduced. Ezdudhig the Si, Mg, the composition (s that of thomsenolite.
Earthy, kaolin-like in aspect.
H.=2. Lustre dull. Color white, opaque.
Oomp. — Ga' F+ Al* +4 % or essentially like that of arissutite, excepting the water and thi presence of but little soda. Analysis: G. Hagemann (private contrib.):
F 41-18 Al 15-52 Ga 19-26 Na2-46. 20-22.
Oba. — Occurs with the Greenland cryolite, and is one of the residts of its alteration. The autha is indebted for his knowledge of the mineral to Dr. Hagemann. The underlying material is oompact thomsenolite. At the request of Or. Hagemann, it is named by the author from yi}, earthy sod arksuiUfif alluding to its earthy aspect
171. PROSOPITB. Piosopit SchMrWf Fogg., xo. Sib, 1853, xdi., 612, cL 36L
crystals.
H.=4-5. G.=2-890--2-898. Lustre weak. Colorleaa, white, or grayish.
Oomp.— Analysis by Scheerer (Fogg., d. 361, 386) :
ft Altenberg 10*71 42-68 OBI 0*26 22-98 015 16-50=92-5&
The loss of 7*42 p. a is regarded by Scheerer as proTing that 5*50 p. c. of tbi oxygen is replaced by fluorine ; the mineral is thence regarded by him as coonst* ingof fSiF*, 6l0a,5GaF, 12ft, or, differently arranged, Si F*, ltiP, 62l,20aF, 4Ca 12ft
Pyr., etc. — In the glass tube affords water and fluorid of silicon. Decomposable by sulphnnc idd.
Obs. — Occurs at the tin mines of Altenberg, in crystals, part of which are a kind of kaolin, and others, according to observations by O. J. Brush (Am. J. SoL, U. zxv. 41 IX deayable violet fluor, and otiiers still fluor partly kaolinised.
Also found at the (fchkckenwald tin mines ; but Sdieerer Infers, without an analyds, that the erystals from this place (Poggi zciL 6l2) are a phosphate with fluorid, and he gives the hypotheu
toal formula (&" 1, R P) Al P+yft.
The crystal sre doeely like datolite in form, as shown by the autiior in the last ediHoo of Uui work (p. 502). Desdoizeaux has stated that iiedBy they are tridinia
It is yet donbtiiil whether unaltered prosopite has been described or seen.
Named firom a mask, in allusion to the decepthre character of the minenL
Altenberg.
V. Oxygen Compounds.
The gnuad diviaioiis of Oxygen Compounds among mineralB are men Qonedonpage 1.
I. Oxyds.
General Arrangement.
L Ozm or Elxusnts of Skbibs I.
a. Anhydrous. i. Hydrous.
3. Ozm OF Elsments of the Abseiho and Sulphur Groups, Sebibs II.
3. OzTDB OF Elements of the Cabbok-Siliook Gboup, Sebies IL
1. Oxyds Of Elements Of Seetes L
A Anhydrous Oxyds.
The elements of Series I. whose oxyds are here included are those of the iron and tin groups, none of the gold group occurringnative. The oxyds bate, with few exceptions, the general formulas ft O, K O, R' 0', R O +R* 0",andRO*.
Isometric forma occur under the formulas ft O ; R O ; R O+R* Heugonal RO; R'O'.
Tetragonal " " RO'; 2R0+R0*.
Orthorhombic " " RO; RO+R'O'; RO*
The following are the groups of Anhydrous Oxyds :
L PROTOXTDS-BO.EO. L OOFBITB AND PERIIsBITE GEOUPa— Uobetria
11 Guviin ' &a 174. Boxsmn lb
mPttioufln iKg
132 OZTGEN OOXPOTTimB.
176. Watie ti 176. Zzvonn &
3. MASSIOOT OBOUP.— Isometrio and orthorhombia
177. Maasioot :b 178. MxLAooNin Oa
1. OOBUNDUM GBOUP.— HexagonaL
179. OoBUSDUic Xl 181. Mbnaooasttb (Fe, or (Fe,
180. HKicjLTin 9e 182. Piboibeitb (Oa TL)*
3. OOMPOUKDS OF PBOTOXTDS AND SBSQUIOXYDS— In the ratio 1 : 1, or BO+B'O*
1. SPINEL OBOUP.— Isometric.
183. SPDm. ttg (Si, Fe) 187. MAGirmoraBBiTB Ag 9e
184. HiBormn f'e £l 188. Frankunitb (2n, f'e, ttn) (Fe, Mn) 186. GAHNin (2d, t'e, %) (Si, 9e) 189. Ohbomith (fe, ilLg Cr) (21, Fe &) 186. HAomriKB te Fe 190. Uraniniti f tl 9
S. CHBYSOBEBYL GBOUP.— Orthorhombic.
4. B 0*.
1. BUnLE GBOUP.— Tetragonal.
192. CAflHiTjiairi Sn 196. HACSiiAinnni An', ttn
193. BuTiLB li 196. BsAUKRB 2 An* Ibi+Mn Si
194. OOTABlDSEni ti 197. f KiKTUM
2. BBOOKITB GBOUP.— Orthorhombia 198. Bbookhb 9i 199. Ptbolubiti Mn
6. OOMPOUNDS OF PBOTOXYBS AND SE8QUI0XYDS— Intheratio8:n,Qr3BO+n
300. OBaDmBm (Monodioio) Ca* fin'
Some points hi the above table require explanation. Admitting the principle stated on page 83, that in ozjds crystallizing in the ?texagonal system the number of atoms of the negative elemeiA, oxygen, is 3, or a multiple of 3 ; and tiiat in those oystalUzing in the tetragonal system number is 2 or 4, or a multiple of 4 ; and that the sesquioxyds Fe' 0', Al* are hexagcmal spedei in accordance with this principle, and the deutoxyds Ti 0*, Sn O' are tetragonal in exempli&aticii of it,* we have reasons for the following conclusions. In the Zindte group, since water (ice) aad Eindto arc hexagonal, these species, when (hue cryetaUiMed (whatever be true in other states), my have the formulas 0', and Zn' 0*. In the Massicot group, since tiie two species mentioned occur both in isometric and forms; and since the orthorbombic form la in angio
The principle does not require that when the number of atoms of oxygen is 2 or or a mnltipto that the forms should be neeeeaarOy tetragonal, but recognizes that tetragonal forms are tb "Sle. The oxyd Ti orrstallizM not only in tetragonal forms, but also in orthorhombic.
Anhtdboub 0Ztd8. 133
dCMrif Ske fliat of ortiiorliombic Ti (brookite), Oie angles /A/and /A being 99' S9', 126* 29' in coprite and 99* 60, 126* 15' in brookite, it would seem to be trae that while the isometric kinds hxn die formulas Pb 0 and On 0, as ordinarily written, the orthorhombic haye the formulas Pb* O' aad Oi* (or 0a 0) ; and that the latter ought to be arranged with the dbutoxyds, in the same KTtp with brookite, whidi also has 2 of oxygen. (This arrangement would hare been adopted ibove, if distinct <Mloriiombio forms of the roedes had been obMrred in natnre.)
Again, under the Batile group are arrauged the species hausmannite and braunite, ores of manguetSL The formula of hauxrnannUe is commonly written Mn Mn, making it analogous to tpeocs of the Spinel group. But it accords better with its tetragonal crystallization and its rela* ttODs to TI to write it An' ttn. Braunite has been shown by Bamroelsberg to have a compoatioo may be represented by the formula (Mn Si)* 0*, in which ICn and Si appear as replacing oge another. The constituents, as deduced by analysts, are 3 Shi liln + Si, which include 8 of Md aad S to 12 of oxygen, in accordance with the above formula. But braunite has closely the i2T9ti21isrtiDQ of n O' in rutile ; and this relation is brought out in the formula 2 Mn* Mn Mn Si. above given, whidi represents it as corresponding to 2 of hausmannite and 2 of a silicate analogoos to araoo, with whidi silicate also it is isomorphous. The dose reUtion and isomorphism of Kn and 81 aatnmed in the formula (Mn, Si)* is unsustalned by focus.
1. Protoxyds.
172. OUPBZTB. Aes oaldarium rubro-ftiacum, Cferm. Lebererskupfer, Agrie Foss., 834, In-
terpr 462, 1640. Minora oupri calciformis pura et indurate, colore rubro, Tulgo EupfergkB,
dvArLabererib, OrontL, Min., 173, 1758. Ouprum tessulatum nudum Lrnik, 8yst, 172, tab.
no, 1756; Oaprum ayst octaedrum i., 1768. Octahedral Copper Ore, Bed Glassy Copper
Ore, SB Voaa 1771. Mine rouge de cuivre Sage Min., 1772. Mine de cuivre vitreuse rouge
de LUk Crist, 1772, 1783. Bothkupfererz. Cuivre oxidul. Oxydulated copper. Zigueline
Aad, Tr iL 718, 1832. Bnberite Chapm., Pract Min., 63, 1848. Cuprit HaiL, Handb., 548.
ZkegeIers=T!le Ore ; Eupferlebererz; Hepatinerz.
Haazfonniges Bottikupfererz ; Cuivre oxiduld capiUaire, H, ; Kupferbldthe HautnL ; Capillary led Ozyd of Copper. Chalkotridiit GVocl., Orundr., 869, 1889.
85 Isometric. Observed planes, (?, 1, i, i-2 (e'),
i-6, 2 (a'0, 3, 2-2 (a'), (o). Figs. 1 to 8, and
£ 135. Cleavage: octahedral. Sometimes cubes lengthened into capillary forms. Also massive, granalar ; sometimes earthy.
H.=3-5-4. G.=6-86-616; 6-992, Haidinger. Lustre adamantine or submetallic to earthy. Color red, of various shades, particularly cochineal-red ; occasionally crimson-red by transmitted light. Streak several shades of brownish-red, shining. Subtransparent — snbtranslucent Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Var— Oiyd of copper, =Ozygen 11% copper 88*8=100. Sometimea aflTordi trace
tf- 1. Ordinary (a) Crystallized ; commonly in octahedrona, dodecahedrona, cube, and inter> Boiate fiona ; the ayBtals often with a cruet of malachite ; (6) masaive.
<ipiBary; ChakakiehiU. In capilliuy or acicular crystfldlizationa, aupposed formerly to be <*winDbkv according to Brooke and A. Knop, really cube elongated UMthe direction of the ctiiMdzil ana ( Jahrb. Min., 521, 1861).
134 Oxygen Oompouitdb.
3. Earihy; TiU On (Ziegelen (Term.). Brick-red cm* redduh-brown and eaithj, oflan mbaai ▼ith red ord of iron; Bometinies nearly black.
The hepoiiMnf or UwT'Cr of Breithaupt has a liver-brown color. Yon Bibra found (J. pr. Gh. zcTL 203) the tile-ore ot Algodon baj, Bolivia, to contain chlorine, and Xo be a miztnre of atacar mite, cuprite, hematite, and other earth material; he obtained for one, atacamite 8L*S2, capritt 10*85, aesquiozjd of iron 20*60, gangne 34*42, water, antimony, and loea 2*87. In two othera, atacamite 28 33*26, cuprite 12'T7, 13*02, limonite 25*00, 19*07, gangue 30*81, 82*57, water, aatimonj and loiw 3*02, 2*09.
Pyr., etc. — Unaltered in the dosed tube. B.B. in the forceps liiees and the flame emerald-green; if previously moistened with mnriatio add, the color imparted to the flame ia momentariiy azure-blue firom chlorid of copper. On charcoal first blackens, then fuses, and is reduced metallic copper. With the fluxes gives reactions for ord of copper. Sdnble in oonoentrateti muriatic add.
Obs. — Occurs at Cansdorf and Saalfleld in Thuringia at Lea Capanne Yecchie in Tasoaay; on Elba, in cubes ; in Cornwall, in fine translucent crystals with native copper and quarts, at Wheal and other Cornish mines ; in Devonshire near Tavistock ; in isdated crystalai, sometiDea an inch in diameter, in lithomarge, at Chessy, near Lyons, which are {generally coated with malachite ; at Katherinenberg in Siberia ; in South Australia ; also abundJant in Chili, Pern, Bolivia, the crystals in which reons, as far as examined by D. Forbes, are simple cubes (private communication) ; very fine crystals Andacollo near Coquimbo.
It has been observed at Schuyler's, Somerville, and Flemington copper mines, N. cryBtalliaed and massive, associated with chrysoooUa and native copper ; also near New Brunswidc, N. in red shale ; 2 m. from Ladenton, Bockland Ca, N. Y., with green malachite in trap; at Gomwall, Lebanon Co., Pa. ; in the Lake Superior region.
When found in large quantities this spedes is valuable as an ore of copper.
Named cuprite by Haidinger from the Latin cuprum, copper. Chapman's name ruberite (from the Latin ruber, red) is prior in date (La); but the laws of derivation would change it to rwbriie ; and instead of introdudng Uiis altered name, that next in priority, already long uaod, is here adopted.
Alt. — deoxydation of this oxyd of copper sometimes takes place, producing native oopper. It also becomes carbonated and green, by means of carbonated waters, changing to malachite of acurite ; or through a silicate in solution it is changed to chrysoooUa ; or by taking oxygen it be* comes melaoonite. Limonite occurs as a pseudomorph by substitution after cuprite.
173. PERIOZiASXTB. Peridasia Scaochi, Mem. Mh Naples, 1841. Periklas Cferm,
iBometric. Figs. 1, 2. Cleave: cubic, perfect. Also in grains. H.=: nearly 6. Q. 8*674, Damour. Color grayish to dark-green. Transparent to translucent.
Oomp. — &g; or magnesia, with 1 part in 26 of protoxyd of iron. Analyses : 1, Soaochi (L e.); 2, 3, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. iii. 360, and Bull. Soa G. Fr., 1849, 313):
1. fig 8904 te S'56=97*60 Scaodil
2. 93*86 5*97=99*88 Damour. 8. 93*38 6-0 1=99*39 Damour.
Pyr., etc — B.B. unaltered and infusible. With cobalt solution after long blowing nwrum famt flesh-red color. The pulverized mineral shows an alkaline reaction when moistened, and dissolves in mineral adds without effervesoence.
Obs. — Oocurs disseminated through ejected masses of a white limestone, and in spots of RnaS clustered crystals, on Mt Somma, sometimes with forsterite and earthy magnesite.
Kamed (ham mpt, about and icXactf, cleavage.
Artil — Formed in crystals of a cubo-octahedral form by making lime to act at a high temperature on borate of magnesia (Ebelmen) ; by the action of chorhydric gas on magnesia (DeviUe); b/ the action of chlorid of magnesium on lime (Daubr).
174L BUN8BNXTB. Nkkebxydul (7. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., Ixxv. 243, 1868. ProtoiTd of
KickeL Bunsenite Dana,
Isometric. In octahedrons, sometimes having tmncated edges. H.=5'5. Q.=6*398. Lustre yitreous. dolor pistachio-green. Streak wnishblack. Translucent. [Characters of mmute crystals half a line
Ahhtdboub Oztds. 135
is diameter.] Artificial ciystab observed in slags have a inotallic lustre, and brownisli'biack color.
Ook— 5n, or pore {votozyd of niieL
Obi-Oooors in caTities with other nickel ores, and ores of uranium, at Johanngeorgenatadt (CL Bfrgeoann, J. pr. Ol, facxr. 239). Nmad ifter Pro£ Bunaen, who obaerrod long atnoe artificial cryBtala of thia ozjd of nickaL
176 Watbb
HexagonaL Usual in compound stellate forms, 136
one form of which is shown in f. 136.
6.=0-918, Bninner ; 0*9178 at 32° F., L. Dufour. Colorless. Inodorous. Tasteless. Liquid above 32 F., and boils at 212° F. A cubic inch of pure water at 60° F., and 30 inches of the barometer, weighs 252*458 grains.
Gooipr-HOzrOzjgen 88-89, hydrogen 11*11 100.
ObftThe denaltf of water ia greatest at according to Jode nd FUyfair. Bespreta obtained 39'-I76; Hallatrdm 39*38; BhgdeBaiidailpin39''; Hope39'*6; Muncke 38*" 804. Below this teopenteie it expand aa it approaches 82°, owing to incipient crystallisation.
Water as ix occurs in nature ia seldom pure. It ordinarily contains some atmospheric air, often pore ozTgen and carbonic add, besides various saline ingredients, as salts of magnesia, lime, inn. KMb, potash, and sometimes traces of sine, arsenic, lead, copper, antimony, and even tin, ingredients being derired firom the rocks or soil of the region. For citation of numerous ftoeot analyses of waters, see Kenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1862 ; also the Jahresbericht f. Gh., etc.
0ba-8ee on the Crystallization of Ice, Leydolt, Ber. Ak. Wien., vii. 477. Also A £. Norden* itiMd, who statea that it is dimorphous ; one form probably orthorhombic (J. pr. Ch., Ixzzv. 431).
176. ZmarrZL Bad Ozyd of Zhic A, Bntoif Bruoe's Min. J., I., Xa % 96 1810. Zinkozyd,
Bothankerz, , Zincoxyd6 /V. Red Zinc Ore. Zinkit IlaUL, Handb., 648, 1845. Spartalite R M., 218, 1852. Sterlingite F. Alger, Min., 565, 1844.
Hexagonal. 0 A T ; o=l*6208. In quartzoids with truncated rammite, and prismatic faces /. 1 A 1=127'' 40' (to 43'), Rose; /A 53' ; 152 20', Levy. Cleavage : basal, eminent ; prismatic, sometimes distinct. Usual in foliated grains or coarse particles and masses ; also granular.
H.=4— 4-5. Q.=5-43— 5-7. 5-684, orange-yellow crystals, W. P. Blake. Lustre subadamantine. Streak orange-yellow. Color deep red, also orange-yellow. Translucent — subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidaL Brittle.
aBpi-.2Q~ Oxygen 19*74, sine 80*26=100; containing ord of manganese aa an unessential irafient Analyses: 1, Bruce (L c.); 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., It. 483); 3, 4, Whitney (Pogg., U 169); 5, A A. Hayes (Am. J. Sol, zlvilL 261); 6, W. P. Blake (Mining Mag., XL ii. 94, 1860):
2d Mu Stn Fe
1. Jm
=100 Bruce.
1 "
la
=100 Berthier.
1 "
ir.
, FrankL 4-49, ign. 1*09=100-08 .
4 "
96*19
, undsc 0*10=99-99 Whitney.
1.
0*36, scales Pe 0*44=99-78 Hayes.
C YdUm
ign. 0-28=100*38 Bhike.
186 OXT&KSf OOMPOUKIM.
Thin Boalea magnified and Tiewed by transmitted light are deep jellow. The author flndi means of a high magnifying power that this ore is firee Arom foreign soalea of red ozyd of inn oi other subatauoes; and oonaequentlj the oolor is probably due, as held by G. Rose and J. P Whitney, to the preaenoe of Ikln. The crystals analysed by Blake (anaL which contain leM Khan 1 p. c. of Sn, were orange-yellow in color.
Pyr., etc — Heated in the dosed tube blackens, bat on oooling resumes the original color. B.B. infusible ; with the duxes, on the platinum wire, gives reactions for manganese, and on char* ooal in B.F. gives a coating of oxyd of sine, yellow while hot and white on cooling. The coating, mdstened with oobalt solution and treated in B.F., assumes a green oolor. Soluble in acids without eifenresoence. On exposure to the air it suffers a partial decompoeition at tbe surfaoa and beoomes invested with a white coating, which is carbonate of sine
Obs.— Occurs with Franklinite and also with caldte at Stirling HiU and Mme Hill, Sussex Co, N. J., sometimes in lamellar masses in pink caldte. It was first noticed, described, and analyzed, by Dr. Bnioe. Beported as forming pseudomorphs alter blende at Schneeberg.
An oxyd of zinc, mixed with hydrate of iron, occurs on marmatite at Bottino in Tuscany, wludi afforded 0. Bechi (Am. J. Set, IL xiv. 62) Zn 81 -725, Fe 47*450, fi 20*826.
ArtiH.— Mitscherlich has observed minute six-sided prisms in the iron Aimaoes of Konigsbiitte. in Sileaia. Similar crystals have been met with in the ainc fiirnaoes near Siegeit ; also in the ftimaoes and roast-heaps at the New Jersey zinc mines; surface drusy, color white to ambe >*ellow (Am. J. Sd., IL xiii 417); in hexagonal prisms in the zinc furnaces at Bethlehem. Pa and Newark, N. J. ; by Ii. Stadtmuller at the iron furnace of Van Deusenville, Mass. ; also at other furnaces in Europe and America.
177. Bleiglatte. Lead-ochre. Plumbic Ochre. Ozyd of Lead. Plomb oxid
Massicot ffuot, Uin 346, 1841.
Orthorhombic and isometric (axtif.). Massive ; structnre scaly crystalline, or earthy.
H.=2. G.=8-0; 7-83-7-98, from Mexico, Pugh; 9-2-9-36 when pure. Lustre dulL Color between sulphur and orpimeut-yellow, sometimes reddish. Streak lighter than the color. Opaque. Does not soil.
Oomp.—b= Oxygen 7*17, lead 92*83= 1 00 ; more or less Impure. Analyses : 1, John (Sofav.
f -1 -'I -" -o—
Fe, Oa
Si
0*48
2-40-96-82 John.
2. Mexico
18
9e 6-57
tr 8 and loss m'U Pugh.
3. "
" 4-86
0-14, " 1-23 Pugh.
The specimens analyzed by Pugh were the mine of Guillermo, near Perote, in the disM of Vera Crux, where native lead also is reported to occur in galena.
Pyr., etc— B3. (Uaea readily to a yeUow glass, and on charcoal is eaaily reduced to metaSie lead.
Obs. — It is said to occur at Badenweiler in Baden, in quarts. Orolt states that it has been ejected from the volcanoes of Popocatapetl and Jataocituall, in Mexioo. It is found in many places in the provinces of Chihuahua and Cohahuila in considerable quantities, having been collected along the streams between Geralvo and Monterey, being supposed to come from the raog of mountains running nearly north of Monterey. The specimens (often 2 or more cubic inches is size) are between orpiment and sulphur-yellow in oolor, and glisten like a granular mica of ' nearly golden oolor. The natural surface is slightly crystalline and shining, and when broken it shows a scaly texture (Bailey in Am. J. ScL, II. viii 420).
Occurs also at Austin's mmes, Wythe Ck>., Ya.
ArtiL — Artifldal crystals have been obtained among fVirnaoe produots and by direct cbemioi methods, aa weU as from Aision, which were orthorhombic (rhombic ootahedrona, etc.); others that were isometric (cubes, dodeoahodrons, eta).
178. MBZaAOONITB. Kupferschwarze Wam., BerguL J., 1789. Black Oxyd of Copper; Black Copper. Melaconite Buot Min., 326, 1841. Tenorite SmmoUi, Opere Minori, 45, Najioii, 1641, Bull O. Pr., xiii 206, 1841-42. Melaoonisa A, Seaechi, Diatrib. Sist Min., 40, KapoU, 1S42. Melaoonite Dana, Ifin., 518, 18S0
akhtdbous oztds. 181
isometric aad orthorhombic (artif.). Earthy; massive; pulverulent; tiso in Bhiniiig flexible scale. Karely in cubes with truncated angles (peeodomorphons
H.=3, G.=6"25, massive, Whitnev ; 5*962, ib., Joy. Lustre metallic, tad color steel or iron-gray when in tnin scales ; dull and earthy, with a black Of grayish-black color, and ordinarily soiling the fingers when massive or polveralent.
▼ir.— I. Bartbj-black, sometimes mider the forms of crystals. 2, In sales, with a metallio iifiia
Oooib— <Xi or 6ii (the latter for the orthorhombic) Oxygen 20*16, copper 79*85=100. : 1, 2, J07 (Fogg., Izxx. 287) ; 3, id. (Ann. Lye N. Y., viiL 121) :
On Fe Ca Si
1. (Jopper Haibar 99-46 =99*46 Joy.
2. " [96-20] 1*19 0*23 3-38=100 Joy.
Pjr., ete— 'B3. in O.F. inlhslble ; other reactions as for cuprite (p. 134). Soluble in muriatic Old marie acids.
Obti— Foond on laya at Yesuyius in scales from a twentieth to a third of an inch across, often hexigoDil and sometimes triangular (Semmola) ; and also pulverulent (Sacchi, who uses tho name odaoooiae for the mineral). in the earthy form about copper mines, as a result of the dcooopantaon of chalcopyrite and other ores. Abundant thus at the Ducktown mines in TtHsoMeflee, and also formerly at Copper Harbor, Keweenaw Point, L. Superior. At the latter piM a Ta aJflTorded, some years since, 40,000 lbs. of this ore. Imbedded in its mass there wero oomenne perfect crystals, having the form of cubes with truncated angles. These crystals have bD regarded as peeudomorpha after cuprite by Teschemacher, Hayes, and others. J. D. Whitney has praooonced them (Bep. L. Supw, iu 99) origiiud crystals of the species, on the ground that the red copper now in the vein occurs only in octahedrons.
ArtiL— Beoqaerel obtained tetrahedral crystals by fusing ozyd of copper with potash ( Anxu Ch. , H 102); and Jenzsch has described (Pogg., evil. 647) orthorhombic crystals, found in the bearth oig calcining furnace at Freiberg, having /A/=99*' 89', /Ai=126<' 29 , /A 1h=122° 68\ / I 58', approaching the angles of brookite, and showing a relation of this ozyd of copper to tbe dentoiTds ; /a /in brookite being 99 6o', and /A 126 16'.
JUarqfiHe Sbepard (Marty's ExpL Bed River, 135, 1854, Shep. Ifin., 1857, 405) is an uncertain oiztore from the Bed Biver, near the Wachita Mts., Arkansas. Shepard made it (L c;) a mixed hjdrooB chlorid and ozyd of copper, as if containing atacamite. Specimens put by him into the of & W. Tyler for analysis were found to contain (Am. J. Scl, XL zli. Ill) 63*42 p. o. of copper and 17*22 of sulphur, with a supposed amount of oxygen and water set down at 8 of Qigen and 9 of water, whence it is supposed to consist of ozyd of copper (Cu 0) 39*70, sulpMd flfooppcr (CXi S) 47-70, with 9 of water. It is evidently a result of the alteration of a sulphidoT
2. Se8Quioxtd8.
179. OORUHDTJBC Oorlndon (=Sapphire, Oorundum, and Emery united K, Gilb. Ann, n,
187, 1806, Lucas TabL, L 267, 1806.
BhombohedraL 5 A 5=86- 4', (9 A =122- 26'; (122° 25', Koklrof); a=l'363. Obeerved planes: rhombohedrons, —2, -1 ; pyramids, 4-2 (f. 187, 139, 140, and plane r in f, 138), jjL2, 2-2, f 2, >-2,vf, ft
OXTOBH aOKPOdlDS.
13b
4S
OS Oh
Oh 2 (?A2-2
Oa
=152° Iv
=141 48 =107 38 =110 9 =118 49 =100 24 =120 59 =121 58 2Ai-2",pyr.=128 3
A 2-2, i-2hR i-2A4-2 2 A2
4(
=124 =136 58 =151 11 78 45
Cleavage : basal, sometimee perfect but interrupted, commonly imperfect / / in the blue variety ; also rliombonedral Large crystals usually rouffh. Tvrins: composition-face R, Also massive granular or impalpable ; often in layers from composition parallel to H,
H.=9. G.=3'909— 4'16. Lustre vitreous; sometimes pearly on the basal planes, and occasionally exhibiting a bright opalescent star of six ran in the direction of the axis. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, gray, and nearly white ; streak uncolored. Transparent — translucent. Fracture conchoidal — uneven. Exceedingly tough when compact.
Oomp., Var< — Pure alumina Sl= Oxygen 46*6, aluminmn 63'4=100.
There are three subdmsions of the species prominently recognised in the arts, and until mtIj In this century regarded as distinct species ; but which actually differ only in purity and state of crystallization or structure. Hauy first (in 1805) formally united them under tiie name here aooepted for the species, though the fact that adamantine spar and sapphire were alike in crrstallisa> tion did not escape the early crystallographer Bom de Lisle, and led him to suggest their identitT.
Tab. 1. Sapphirb.— 'Ydiri0o{ (bluish S.) Gr,\ Hyadnthos (id.) P/tn., zzxviL 44; Aateria (the asteriated) u2., xxxviL 49. Jacut Arab, [fir. name in Indi and thence Hyacinthus VeL (?) King]. (red &, the Greek meaning burning coat) pt, Theopkr, Carbunculus, Lychnis (red t:*.), pt. PUn xxzvii 25, 29. Saphir, Sapphirus, WaiL, Min., 116; Orientalisk Rubin, id 117, 1747. Tlie iT., Tr., 1801. Oorindon hyalin ir.,1805.
Includes the purer kinds of fine colors, transparent to translucent, useful as gems. Stones are named according to their colors; true Rvby or Oriental Ruby red; O, Topaa yellow; 0. Emerald, green ; 0, Amethst purple. A Tariety having a stellate opalescence when Tiewcd in the direction of the vertical axis of the crystal, is the Asteriated Sapphire {Asleria of Pliny The ruby sapphire was probably included under the atipa of Theophrastus, and the GarbtancHlus an4 Lychnis of Fliny.
2. CORUNDUif. — Adamas Siderites PUn. zzxvil 15. Karund Bind. Oorivindum, Oorivendam (fr. India), Woodw., Gat. Foss., 1714, 1726. Adamantine Spar (ft. India) Blacky 178-? accoiding to Greville and Klaproth (v. seq.). Demantspoth Klapr. Mem. Acad., Berlin, 176-87, Beriin. 1792; Beitr., I 47, 1795; Wem.j Bergm. J., I 75, 390, 1789. Spath adamantin DelamelhJ.de Phys., XXX. 12, 1787 ; BdHy, ib., 198. GreviUe PhiL Trans., 1798. Gorindon Tr., 1801. Corindon harmophane. Oorindon adamantin . Min., i. 429, 1807. Korund Gem,
Includes the kinds of dark or dull colors and not transparent, colors light blue to gray, brown, and black. The original adamantine spar from India has a dark grayiah smoky-brown tint, but greenish or bluish by transmitted light, when translucent, and cither in distinct crystals often iirge, or doavable-massive. It is ground and used as a polishing material, and being purer, ii superior in this respect to emery. It was thus employed in ancient times, both in India and Europe. The Armenian stone " below is supposed by King to have been corundum rather than emery.
8. Emebt. — 'AiToVn l( 'Aflficyiac Armenian Whetstone], Theophr. IHoeeor r. 16$ Naxlum (fr. Naxos), Naxiuim ex Armenia, Plin xxxvi 10. Pyrites tiyub (?) PUfk xzzil 30
Anhtdbous Oxtds. 139
itajm, SboiIb, Agrie Fosa, 1546. Smergel, Smiris ferrea, Wall, Min.. 267, 174*7. Smirgel, Bduoiigel, Genru Emeril JZ, Tr., 1801 ; Corindon graniileux J9[, 1806.
lodfldes granalar oorundum, of black or grayish-black color, and contains magnetite or hematita ioliiiuitely mixed. Feela and looks much l&e a black fine-grained iron ore, which it was long coasked. There are gradations from 'he evenly fine-grained emery to kinds in which tha soraodam is in distinct crystals. This last s the case with part of that at Chester, Massachuset ta
The foUowing are analyses by J. Lawrence SmiUi, taken from elaborate papers in the Am. J. ScL, n. X. 3M, zL 53, zUi 83. The oolnmn of hardness gives the efiective abrasive power of the pow* 4md fflioersl, that of sapphire being 100 ; Mag. stands for Magnetik :
H,
a.
U
Mag.
Ca
Si
fi
1. &99sftfirv India
4*06
1*89
0*80
=100-20.
IBiy, India
97*32
=99-62.
8. CbnMdttm, Asia Mfaior
8*88
923S
1*67
1*12
2*05
l-60=98*83.
i "
Kicaria
7*50
0*82
2*01
0*68=99-53.
Asia
86*62
8*21
0*70
1*16=101-04.
&
India
3*89
93*12
0*91
2-86=98-87.
t. "
u
3*91
84*66
7*06 Fe
4*00
3*i0=99*92.
1 Emeqf, Kulah
4*28
6.S-50
0*92
1*61
1-90= 101 -18.
Samoa
8*98
70*10
4*00
210=9903.
lOl "
Nicaria
1*40
2*53=99*43.
Kulah
4*02
30*12
0*50
8-86=98*34.
11
Gamuch
3*82
8*62
8*13
3*11=99*48.
11
Naxoe
3*10
4-72=101*31.
14
Nicaria
75*12
13*06
6*88
3*10=98*88.
Oomuch
4*31
60*10
83*20
0*48
1*80
5*62 101*20.
11 "
Kulah
8*89
27*16
1*30
9*63
2 00=101-1S.
17. "
Chestei
50*21
und.
18. "
u
50*02
44*11
It
191 "
51*92
5*46
lOl "
u
19*81
6*48
It
%L "
u
9*63
4*81
Br. GL T. Jackson makes the formula of emery 2tl, and puts the mineral in the spinel fiimilj. Bot neither microacopio nor chemical investigations appear to sustain this view.
Pyr etc — B.B. unaltered; slowly dissolved in borax and salt of phosphorus to a clear glass, vfaich is cobrleaa when fte from iron ; not acted upon by soda. The finely pulveriF.ed mineral, ifter long beating with cobalt solution, gives a beautiful blue color. Kot acted upon by acids, but ooQTerted into a soluble compound by fusion with bisulphate of potash or soda. Friction excites electricity, and in polished specimens the electrical attraction continues for a considerable length of time.
Oba. —This epedea is associated with crystalline rocks, as granular limestone or dolomite pets, granite, mica slate, <dilorite slate. The fine sapphires are usually obtained from the beds of nvers, either in modified hexagonal prisms or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of magnetic iron ore and several species of gems. The emory of Asia Minor, according to Dr. Smi occurs in granular limestone.
The best ruby sapphires occur in the Capelan mountains, near Syrian, a city of Pegu, and in the kiogdom of Ava; sinaller individuals occur near BiUn and Merowitz in Bohemia, and in the sand of the EzpaiUy river in Auvergpae. Blue sapphires are brought from Ceylon ; this variety was ttlied Satamttem by Werner. Corundum occurs in the Camatic on the Malabar coast, in the fSRitories of Ava, and elsewhere in the East Indies ; also near Canton, Qiina. At St Gothard, it oocnrs of a red or blue tinge in dolomite, and near Mezzo in Piedmont, ii\ white compact fe'Jdipv. Adamantine spar is met with in large coarse hexagonal pyramids on the Malabar coast, and in pTva, Sweden. Emery is found in large boulders atNaxos, Nicaria, and Samoa of the Grecian jiaads; also in Asia SGnor, 12 m. E. of Ephcsus, near Gumuch-dagh, where it was discovered iaiftiiby Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, associated with margarite, chloritoid, pyrite, calcite, etc,; and tbo at Kolah, Adula, and Manser, the last -24 m. N. of Smyrna ; also with the nacrite (?) of Cum- England. Other localities are in Bohemia near Pecschau ; in the Ural, near Katharinenourg: aod in the Dmen mountains, not far from Miask ; Frederic Valley, Australia.
la liT. America, in JTotiM at Greenwood, in cryst in. mica schist, with beryl, zircon, lepidolite, lu at Chester, corundum aud emery in a large and valuable vein, consisting of emery and magnetite, associated with diaspore, ripidolite, margarite, etc. ; the corun* isiQ oocasioQallj in blue bi-pyramidai crystals. In OonnecUaU, at W. Farms, near Litchfield, n pile bine oystala; at Korwich, with siUimanite, rare. In New York, at Warwick, bluisli and PAk, vith Spinel, and often in tta cavities; Amity, white, blue, reddish crystals, with joel and
140 OZraEN OOMPOUITDB.
rutilo in gnio. limestone. In New Jsney at Kewton, blue crystals in gran, limestone, with irroen hornblende, mica, toormalinef rare; at Vernon, near State line, red crystals, often seven inches long. In PennsyloaMa In Delaware CJo, in Aston, near Village Greei in large CTTstak; at Mineral Hill, in loose ; in Chester 0>., at Union ville, abundimt in crjrstals, some mtfadi weighing 4,000 lbs., and crystals occasionally 4 in. long, with tourmaline, margarite, and albite. In K CaroUna in Buncombe Co., blue massive, deavable, in a boulder ; in Gaston Co crystals and massive corundum. In Gwrgia in Cherokee Co., red sapphire. In Oaiiiforma in Los Angele Co., in the drift of San Francisqueto Pass. In Canada at Burgess, red and bine crystals. A called emery ttom Arrowsic, Maine, ground and sold under this name is nothing but massiTt garnet, rou of it mixed with hornblende.
Bed sapphire is the most highly esteemed. A crystal weighing four carats, perfect in transparency and color, has been valued at half the price of a diamond of the same size. They seldom exceed half an \nxki in length Two splendid red crystals, however, having the form of the pyramidal dodecahedron, and " de la longueur du petit doigt," with a diameter of about an inch, are said to be in the possession of the kmg of Arracan. Transparent blue sapphires are flome* times over three inches long.
The shirt of the Greek (caircip i) was the lapis laauli, which agrees with the diancter given it by Theophrastus, Fliny, Isidorus, and others. Pliny remarks, 'Sapphirus ooBrakos est cum purpura, habens pulvercs aureos sparsos," particles of pyrite which are frequently disseminated through lapis lazuli, looking like gold. The ancient names applied to the species hsfe already been given in the synonymy. See further on this subject, King on Freciotu oma.
C. U. Shepard, after showing (Descr. of Em. of Chester, Mass., London, 1865) that the Cbeeter emery is identical cryatallographically with corundum, takes the precaution to propose the naoe emmie for emery, in case it should hereafter be established as a distinct species. But a name thus given has no claim to reoocoiition.
Alt.— Corundum under some drcnmstances absorbs water and changes to diaapore; and perhaps also to the mlca-Uke mineral margarite. It is also replaced by silica, forming fart pseudomorphs.
Artif.— Formed in crystals by exposing to a high heat 4 pts. of borax and 1 of alumma (Ebelmen); by decomposing potash alum by charcoal (Gaudin); by subjecting in a carbon vessel fluorid of aluminum to the action of boric acid, the process yielding large rhombohedral platei (Deville ft Caron) ; by addition to the last of fluorid of chromium, affording the red sapphire ruby, or with less of the fluorid of chromium, blue sapphire, or wltii much of this chrome floorid, a fine green kind ; by action of chlorid of aluminum on lime (Baubr).
180. HBMATITB. 'Ai/iarrriy; [=Blood-8tone] pt Theophr 826 B.a; Diosoor v. 143, i.d 40. HsBmatitos pt FHtl, 28, 38, ▲.D. 77. (1) Galense genus tortium omnis metalli inanissimum. Germ, Eisenglanz, (2) HsBmatites pt=: Germ, Blutstoin, Glaskopf; Agrie Interpr., 465, 468, 1546. (1) Speglande Jemmalm, Minora ferri specularis, (2) Hssmatites ruber, (I) Ochra rubra. Wall, 269-266, 1747. Botheisenstein. (1) Jiimmahn tritura rubra, Spegiaads Eisenglimmer, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra pt, OronsL, 178-185, 1758. Specular Iron; Red Hematite, Bed Ochre. Per speoulaire, (2) Hematite rouge. Sanguine, Dr, (1) flisenglans, {i) Both Eiseustein, Bother Glaskopf, Bother Eisenrahm, Wem Bergm. J., 1789. Iron Gbaoe, Bed Iron Ore, Bed Oxyd of Iron, Micaceous Iron Ore. (1) Per ohfite, (2) Per roogo, A, Tr., 1801. Hamatit HaunrL, Haid. Handh., 662, 1845, Hausm. Handb., 232, 1847.
basal plane 0.
0 A 2=107° 40' 2 A 2=68° 47' H A f 2=154° 3'
<?Af2=137 49 5 A 5=61 34 Ai=143 55
0 A 1-2=118 53 + A J=143 7 Ha t-2=186 55
0 A 1=103 32 i A i=116 22 A i-2=162 41
Cleavage: parallel to H and 0: often indistinct. Twins: compositionboe H; also O (f. 145a). Also columnar — granular, botryoidal, and stala
AITHTDBOirS OZTDS. 14]
tib'c bIbo lamellar, laminee joined parallel to 0, and varitusl; bent — thick or thin ; also grannlar, friable or compact.
K=5*5— 6-5. G,=4*5— 5-3 ; of aome compact varieties, as low as 4*a. Lostre metallic and occasionally splendent ; sometimee earthy. Color dark
rteeJ-graj or iron-blac ; ' in very thin particles blood-red by transmitted 'it; when earthy, red. StreaK cherry-red or reddish-brown. Opaque, except when in very thin laminee, which are faintly translucent and oloodred. Fractnre snbconchoidal, uneven. Sometimes attractable by the magnet, and occasionally even magnetipolar.
., Tur,--Sesqui][oz7d of Ii-od, 30, iran TO=IO0. Sometbnei oonUlning titatfinD irid mapnesimiL
Id 1 ubolir cr7talllne hematite from Vasnrius, Bammetiherg food (PogR., criL 463) ("e S'll oA Mg (Hi ; !t magnetic, and O-.G'SOS ; the hematite marhaTe coatauied aome magnetite uimpuritr. Some hematite oontaloB titanium, Grjttala froiD Krageroe alTorded Rammelsb#rg ll'g&, dT. 638) Pe 83-63, tS 3-S6, te 8-56=1 00-44 ti+ 13 Pe, or (Pe Tl)' C+IS Pe.
The nrietieB depend on textore or state of aggregatioii, and ia aome oaaea Uie preeeooe of im-
Vaj. 1. 3peadar. Loatre metalUi and eryatala olten aplendeot, whence the name iptaiiar irtm, |i] When the itructore ia Ibllated or micaoeoos, the ore Is called mieactmit hematite.
1 Ompad evlimmar; or flbroos. The masBes often long radiating; Innre anbmetaHie to BetaHic; browniHh'red to Iron-blaok. Sometimes oalied nd hemtMt, the name hematil Bcog the older mlnernlagists Indnding the fibrona, atalacUtit and other solid massive varieties t'lbii speciea, thnonlte, and tnigite,
L Rtd Ocirvnu. Red and earthy. Often apecimetisorthe preceding are red ochreous on soma IvM. SedHt and roit daOt are red ochre, mixed with more or less day.
4 Inm-tlme; ArgiBaeeout hemoHU. Hard, browniBh-bUek to reddish -brown, bear 1u; often hi part ; of aiibmetaUic to nnmetallic lustre ; and aCTording, likr all the pre>
ii a idiiat rsKmUlng ndca-, but oontainhig much tpeoalar ore in giains or scale Xathe micaceous .
Bnittunt itataa that aome rhombohedrODS of hematite have a iiiEnetio a:d8 croaaii obHqnely lla TMieu aiia, pasaing between twooppoeite lateral anfea (B. E.Ztg., zxv. 14S); and further 'iai ttiB three deanea of the rliombobedron are not quite
JT-i etc.— B.B. inAutble: on ofaaKoel in B.F. becomes magnetio; with horai in O.F. Kivea bMd, vhicti yellow while not and ookrleaa on cooling , if saturated, the tAd peara red while
142 OXYGEN COHPOUinW.
hot and yellow on cooling; In RF. gires a bottle-green color, and if treated' on diarcoal metallic tin, aaanmea s Titriol-green color. With soda on charcoal in RJ. ia rednced to a gnj magnetic metallic powder. Soluble in concentrated muriatic add.
Ob8-Thi8 ore occnra in rocJce of all ages, The specular variety is mostly confined to crystal line or metamorphic rocks, but is also a result of igneous action about some Tolcanoes. as at Yesa- Tins. Many of the geological formations ntain the argillaoeous \rariety or day iron-stone, which is mostly a marsh-formation, or a deposit"* over the bottom of shallow, stagnant water; but this kind of day iron-stone (that giving a red powder) is less common than the corresponding variety of limouite or siderite. The beds that occur in metamorphic rocks are sometimes of very great thickness, and, like those of magnetite in the same situation, have resulted from the alteration of stratified beds of ore, originally of marsh origin, whidi wore formed at the same time with the endot* ing rocks, and underwent metamorphism, or a change to the crystalline condition, at the same time.
Beautiful crystallications of this spedes are brought from the island of Elba, which has afforded it from a very remote period, and is described by Ovid as Insula inexhanstis chalybdum generosa metallis.** The surfaces of the crystals often present an irised tarnish and brilliant lustre ; the faces 0 and are usually destitute of this punish and lustre, and may therefore assist, when present, in determining &e situation of oUier planes when Ihe crystal is quite complex. St Gothard affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized plates grouped in Uie form of rosettes and accompanying crystals of feldspar. Near limoges, rainoe, it occurs in large crystals. Fine crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Vesuvius, and particularly in Fossa Oancharone, on Monte Somma, where it incrusts the ejected lavas ; also formed in most recent eruption about the ftimeroles; in that of 1855, in fine crystallizations about the Aimarolet some so thin aa to be by transmitted light (Scacdii). Arendal in Norway, Longben in Sweden, Fremont in Lorraine, Dauphiny, and Switzerland, also Qeator Moor in Cumberland, afford splendid specimens. Ited hematite occurs in reniform masses of a fibrous concentric structure, near Ulverstone in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Harz. In Westphalia it occurs as pseudomorphs of caldte. In Brazil it is associated with quartz. In Chili there are immense beds.
In N, America widely distributed, and aometimes in beds of vaat thickness in rocks of the Azoic age, as in the Marquette region in northern Michigan ; and in Missouri, at the Pilot Knob and the Iron Mtn. ; the former 660 feet hih, consisting mainly of an Azoic quartz rock, and having specular iron in the upper part, the iron ore hi heavy beds interlaminated with quartz ; the latter 200 feet high, and consisting at surface of massive hematite in loose blocs, many 10 to 20 tons in weight ; in Arizona and New Mexica
Besides these regions of enormous beds, there are numerous othen of workable value, either crystallized or argillaceous. Some of these localities, interesting for their spedmens. are in northern New York, at Gouvemeur, Antwerp, Hermon, Edwards, Fowler, Canton, eta; Woodstock and Aroostook, Me.; at Hawley, Mass., a micaceous variety; at Piermont, N. H., id.; in New York, in Oneida, Herkimer, Madison, Wayne Coa, a lenticular argillaceous var., constituting one or two beds in the Upper Silurian ; the same in Peimsylvania, and aa far south as Alabama ; and in Canada, and Wiaoonsin to the west ; in North and South Carolina a micaceous variety in schisloae rocks, constituting the so-called gpicukar tehisif or UabirUe.
This ore affords a oonsiderable portion of the iron manufactured in diflbrent countries. The varieties, especially the specular, require a greater degree of heat to smelt than othor oroa, but the iron obtained is of good quality. Pulverized red hematite is employed in polishing metals, and also as a coloring material This spedes is readily distinguished from magnetite by its red streak, and turgite by ita greater hardness and ita not decrepitating before the
Named hematUe fromli/ia, bloody it seeming, says Theophrastus, as if formed of concreted blood. This old Greek author speaks afterwards of a second kind of hematites ('Ai/ir( which was of a yellowish-white odor, probably a yellow ochre, an impure form of Umonite, the spedes long called brown hemaHte.
Alt. — By deoxydation through organic matter forms monMfe or protoxyda ; and fixHn the latter eomes spathic iron by combination with carbonic add ; or by further deoxydation through sulphuretted hydrogen forms pyrUe, By combination with water forma Umonite. Idmonite, magnetite, and pyrite constitute occurring pseudomorphs after hematite.
Arti£ — Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chlorid of iron, regarded as the probable method of origin of the hematite of lavas ; also by the action of per(£lorid of iron on lime (Daubr); by the action of a stream of muriatic add gas on Fe, the application being made very slowly, lest the 9e be all converted to dilorid.
180 A. Martxtb. (Martit SreWi Char., 233, 1832). Martite is sesquioxyd of iron under an iflometrio form, occurring in octahedrons like magnetite (f. 2), and supposed to be pseudomor phous, mostly after magnetite. H.=6— 7. G. =4*809 —4-832, Bradl Breith.; 4*66, Pqy da Dome; 4*85, Frassem, Devalque; 6*15, Brazil, BamnL ; 6*33, Monroe, N. Y., Hunt Lurtre sab> metaDia Color iron-black, sometimes with a bronzed tamiah. Streak reddlah-brown or porpttih brown. Fracture ooocholdaL Not magnetic or only feebly sa
Akhtdb0U8 Oxtdb.
IhB ojitds an sometiiiies imbedded in the maaflhre Besquiozyd. They are diBtinguiBhed firom noutite by the red streak, and Tery feeble, if any, action on the magnetic needle.
rand at the localitiea mentioned ; alao in Yermont at ChittendeD ; in the Marquette iron Kn ofl Superior, where crystala are eommon in the ore, ae if all of it, or the giater part, were ourtite; Ban lake, Oanada West ; at Monroe, N. Y., in a rock containing quartz, feldspar, and honhleode, and imbedded in each of these minerals ; in Moravia, near Sidnberg, in granite.
The martite of Monroe oontains some l*e, Bmsbu The octahedral crystals from Cliittenden, Yt, McordiDg to D. Otzitead, are part true magnetite, with a black powder: part give a slightly redah streak, with IltUe ; and part give a red powder and contain no t'e.
Whether the crystali of martite are original crystals or peeudomorphs is still questioned ; but the latter seems to be the most probable view. Pseudomorphism after magnetite would imply that the Marquette ore bed was once all magnetite in composition, Fe' 0, and has been changed to the Msqmozyd, Fe* 0", by an addition of oxygen. Rammelsberg found 1 *88— 2':ho p. c. of prot- (nyd of iron in the BrazQ crystals. The octahedrons from the mmeroles of Ycsuvius afforded Beotmelebeig (Min. Ch 159) le 92*91, 6*17, Ag 0-82=:99'90. The crystals from Frassem, Faooaoontatn 0*2 p. a of sulphur, whidi suggests that theso may be peeudomorphs after pyrite
m
18L MBNAOOANITB. Specular Iron pt, Eisensand pt, of last cent Menachanite (fr. Curnwall) Wm. McGregor J. de Phys., 72, 152, 1791, Crell's Ann., 1791, and Kirwan's Min 1196 (making it to consist of iron and an oxyd of a probably new metal). Eisenhaltige Titanene, Menakanit (fr. Gomw.) Klapr Beitr., iL 226; (fr. Aschaffenberg) ib., 232, 235, 1797. Tttue ferrif Ti., 1801. Mftnaken KtytaL, Tab., 74, 1808. Titaceiaenstein, Titans COMB, fiemk Titanks or Titaniferoua Iron. Crichtonite (spelt Craitonite) Bowm Cat, 430, 1813. Ixotomea £isenerz (fr. Gastein) Mohs Grundr., ii. 462, 1824.=Eibdelophau v. JTo., Scbweig. IziT. 1832. Ilmenit (fr. L. Ihnen) A, Z Kupftr Kastn. Arch., z. 1, 1827. Mohslte (fr. Dmphin) Leoy, PhiL Mag., L 221, 1827. Hystatisches Eiseners, Hystatite (fr. Arendal), BnStL, Wx, H 1830, Char., 236, 1832. Baaanomelan (fr. St Gothard,=EisenTose) v. Kob OnzDdr., 818, 1838. Washingtonite (fr. Conn.) Skep., Am. J. Sci., zllu. 864, 1842. Titanioferrite Chafing Min 1843. Paracolumbite (fr. Taunton) Shep,, ib., II. xil 209, 1851.
Ehombolieclral ; tetartohedral to the hexagonal type. R A 40' 10', 6', Eose and Descloizeaux, 69', Mohs. Observed planes :
rhombohedrons, -6, -4, -2, -J; pyramids, f-2, 2, --2, which are hemihedral ; also
ir% O. Angles nearly as in hematite : O h Ii Often a cleavage parallel with the terminal plane, but properly duo to planes of composition. Crystals usually tabular. Twins: compositionface O ; sometimes producing, when repeated, a form resembling f. 144. Often in thin plates or I&minffi; in loose grains as sand.
H.=6— 6. G.=4'5— 6. Lustre submetalHc. Color iron-black. Streak robmetallic, powder black to brownish-red. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Influences slightly the magnetic needle.
C'oaq TarTi, Fe)' (or hematite, with part of the iron replaced by titanium), the pro portion orTi to Fe Taryioff. Bammelaberg write the formula jt'e ¥i+n le, which ia equivalent (i Pa -f-i Ti)' O'+ft Fe' C, the Fe' C being hi yarying proportiona. Sometimea also containlog Dagoesia or manganeae, whence the more general formula (Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg)' C.
Tbe Tarietiea reoogniaed arise mainly from the proportions of iron to titaniuuL They haye QWa named aa foUowa, commencLng with that containing the moat titanium. No aatiafactory tttennl diatinctioaB have yet been made out:
JBMtkpkomt. About 30 p. & titanium (anaL 1). In cryatala, but usually masaive, or In thm wi; J?i;=85* 69'; a.=4-661, fr. Gastein, ICoha; 4*123— 4-786, ib., Breith.
1 MMmOi. CtompositioD eaaentiallj like that of the preoedhig (anal. 2 and 28). In anti
Oxtoek Oomfoumdb.
rhombohedrons, with basal deavage; A/?=86" 62f ; 27'; G.=4*79, fim 81 Griatophe (original); 4*689, same compound from Ingelaberg, Bamm. (anaL 23); luatre bright.
8. IlmenUe. 26 — 30 p. c titanium, and near the preceding in composition, but ooDtaininginaTC seaquioxyd of iron (anal 8-6, 27). Crystallicod and maasive; i?Ai?=86'' 43'; G.=:4-tl96, fir Broen Mta. (original), Breith. ; 4*81—4*873, ib., Bamm. For same compound fr. Sgerannd, 4-74i — 4'71, Bamm.; tr, Krageroe 4*701.
4. Menaccanite, About 25 p. a of titanium, and with more aeaqmozyd of iron than in tha
7-10, 28, 29). liaaaive, and in grains or as a sand (Eiaenaand). G.=r4-7— 4*% r. near Menacoan, Cornwall (orig.). Similar compound tnm laerwiese, 4*676 — 4-752, Banun. (Iserine?)
6. BysiaiUe. 16—20 p. a titanium, and much Fe (anal. 11-14). i7Ai?=86* 10'; 0.=r5, fr Arendal (orig.). Washingtonite belongs here (anaL 13, M. 80). Occurs in large tabular rather dull oystals; B A i?=86 approximately; G.=4-963, fr. Westerly, B. L, and 6*016, fir. litohfiekL Ct (orig.), Shepard ; for latter, 4*986, Bamm.
6. UddevaUiie D. About 10 p. c. titanium and 70 p. a of Fe (anal 16). The Aschaffenbcrg titanic iron is near this. It occurs massive and in plates, and has G.=4*78.
7. Basanomelan (JSuenroae of the Alps). 6 to 8 p. & Ti, and 75 to 83 of Fe (anaL 17). G 4*95—5*21. It is properly a titaniferous hematite.
8. Krageroe htemaiUe, Oontaining less than 8 n. c. of titanium (anaL 35).
9. Magneaian AfnaccaniU; PicroHtanite D. Contatna 10 to 15 p. c of magnesia, anal. 24; formula (e, Mg) Ti; G. =4*293—4*813. Named from vuipoc, bitter, in allosion to the mai:nsia.
The Mohkte la of uncertara locality and composition. The occurring rfaombohedron allbrds tfaa angle 78'' 46' (Levy); crystala tabular; in twins; no dearage observable.
The loose Jronracmd of Iserwiese, called wertn is in part, at least, in isometric octahedrons ; and the trappischea Eiaenert Breith., is similar. See ISBRuni beyond.
Paracolumbite is an iron-black mineral from 1 m. S.W. of Taunton, Mass., having H. about 6. Pisani has proved it to bo of this species. He found G. =4*363, H. 4*5.
Analyses : 1, v. Kobell (. J., Ixiv. 69, 246) ; 2, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., IIL xir. 50) ; 3, Uosarder (Ak. H. Stockh., 1829, 220, Pogg., xix. 211); 6, Belesse (Three sur Tempi de ranai, otOL, 46); 6, R Boss (Pogg., m. 163) ; 7, v. Kobell (L c.) ; 8-12, Mosander (La); 13, Kendall (Thia Min., 2d edit, 527): Marignac (L a) ; 16, Plantamour (J. pr. Gh., xxiv. 802); 16-18, t. KobeUCLa); 19, T. S Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1849, 1860, 106, and 1863. 501); 20, J. MuUer (Jahrb., 1869, 776); 21, 22, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., U. 446); 23-35, Bammelsberg (POg., dv. 497, and Min. Ch., 406):
¥i Fo tB An % Oa
It
1. Gaatein, Kibdd. a. St Christophe, OriehL 3. Ilmen Mts., IlmmUe
5. "
6. Egersund f . " Menace
la
11. Aiendal,
12. "
13. Litchfield,
14. "
15. Uddewalla, lUan, I
16. Aachaffenberg, "
17. Scnweis, Baianofru
18. TUanic I
19. St Paul's, (3anada
20. Maxhoven, Bav.
21. Antioquia, B. Chico
22. " Cienaga
46*67
42*57
41*08
28*69
15'66
14*16
12*67
48*60
57*09
48*14
Sp.gr.
28. Ingelsberg 4*689
24. Warwick, K. Y. 4*313, 4-298
25. Ilmen Mts. 4*81, 4-878 2ft Egersund 4-744, 4*791
1*20 10*74 42*70 29*16 51*84 59*07 71*25 82*49
36*00 87*86 36*37 14*1 27*91 29*27 29*04 19*91 18*90 22*86 41*79
1*66
2-78 1*14 2*39 0-60
0*68
=100 Marignac.
99*39 Mosaoder. 0-26, 0-38, 2-8O=10O-ltM. 0-6, gn 0*6, 0-2=101-4 Del
=99-81 KobeU. 0-50, <Sr 0-33, Si 1*65=98-75 M 0-49,Vt,€e 0*68, aO-07=9-18M. 0-90, & 012, §1 0 81=99-13 M. 0*88, Si 1-17=99*29 M. 0-86, €r 0-44 Si 1-88=100-28 M. =99-98 KendalL
=100 Marignac. F, Si loss 1-87 Plantamour
=99-68 Hunt 0-30, Si 2-47=10019 MOHar
10u Damour.
=100 Damour.
0*80
te ftn Ag
88*30 4-80 1-65=99-94
26-82 0*90 18*71=99*14
39-88 fr. 0*40=100-40
tnfi:99
AiTHYDBOUB 0XTD6.
r.
ts. "
30. litebileld, Ct
31. fiaenadi 31 Sumrn
38. Binnea YaL 3t&Gothard SSiEngeroe
Sfk gr.
4*701 4-7b2 4*986 4*943
46-9S 37*13
5*127, 6-160(}) 9*18
6-187, 9-209 9-10
6*2406 3*66
11*48 83*86 68*71 77*17
39*82
22*39
12*60
8*62
8*60
7*68
2*26
Batia
ftn Mg teti:99
1*22=99-60 9 : 1
2*97=100*71 8 : I
1-57=99*44 8 : 1
O*6O=100*67 1 : 1
0-65=100 03 1 : 2
1*33, Si 1*46=98*60 1 a 4
=99*70 1 : 4
0*44 tr. =100-58 1 : 4
100*44 1 : 18
Wttfa tiM analjsea 28 to 85 the ratio of j'e 1h to le is giren in the last oolamn, from Rammelsborg, vbo writes the formula for 23, 24 l*efi; for 26,60 11 + 16; for 26, 9 ¥i+9e, and bo od BatceleulatiDg the ratio between the metals oomUned and the oxygen, for thee same analyses TBittTe:
Metals.
Oxygen.
Batia 1
Metals.
Oxygen.
Batio.
82*11
Anal 30.
30*80
1 : 1*50
22*71
84*64
1
: 1-62
" 31.
20*29
1 : 1*61
" 26.
20*67
31*65
: 1*50
" 32.
1 : 1*50
Jl
: 1*60
" 33.
1 : 1-50
" 27.
31*48
" 34.
20*23
1 : 1*60
" 28.
21*17
31*67
1*60
" 36.
20*13
30*22
I i 1-60
" 29.
Thes ntioa are, with two or three exceptions, almost exactly 2 : 3, which shows still bettor tbt tbej oorrespond with the general 0*. Analyses 1 to 22 afford this same ratio and tanaak. Boee made the formula m¥i+n 9e, assuming that the to obtained in the analyses arae fhmi the oxydation of a supposed titanic oxyd (Ti* at the expense of the 9e. This mw is not rastained, sinoe it has been proTed that the exist as such in the ore.
For other analyses: fr. Harzbniig in Gabbro 8trend, B. H. Ztg., xxiiL 65 ; fr. Gape de Yerd Ues. SOti, a B., Lnr. 1867; fr. Lobauer Berg, E. Galberla, Ber. Iris Dresd., 1866, 136.
ParacolumbiU afforded Pisani ti 35*66, Fe 3*48, te 39*08, M gl*94, Cs 206, Si and insoluble natten 10*66, 7*66 (Am. J. Sd., H xxxvii. 369). It is so mixed with the gangne that it is extremely diiBcult to obtain it pure. A menaocanite found at Biam&ki, Finland, contains some colum* bic add replacing part of the titanic (Pogg., cxxil 615).
Pyr., eto.— B.B. infusible in 0 F. although slightly rounded on the edges in B.F. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron in O.F., and with the latter dux assumes a more or less intense brownish-red oolor in B.F.; this treated with tin on charcoal changes to a violet-red color whra the amouut of titanium is not too smaU. The pulverized mineral, heated with muriatic add, is bIowIj disAolved to a yellow solution, which, filtered from tiie undecomposed mineral and boiled with the addition of tin-foil, assumes a beautiful blue or violet color. Decomposed by fusion with bifolphato of soda or potaalw
Oba.— The principal European localities of this species have been enumerated above. One of the most remaiicable is at Kragerde, Norway, where it occurs in veins or beds in diorite, which aometimes afford crystals weighing over 1 6 pounds. Fine crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, oocnr in Warwick, Amity, and Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y , imbedded in serpentine and white limeatone, and associated with spinel, chondrodite, rutile, etc. ; also 4 m. west of Bdenville, and near OKenwood fnmaoe with spinel and chondrodite ; also at Chester and South Boyalston, Mass. Vast deposits or beds of titanic ore occur at Bay St. Paul in Canada, in syenite ; one bed, 90 feci tbid[. continues on in view for 300 feet, and probably far beyond ; also in the Seignory of St 'raada, Beauoe, mixed with magnetite as a bed 45 feet thick in serpentine ; O. =4*56— 4*66; also wiih labndorito at Ch4teau Bicher. Grains are found in the gold sand of California.
ISIA ISBsrrB. (Titaneisenstein pt, Magnetischer Eisen-Sand pt, Wem. Iserin (fr. Iser) tTK, Letstes Min., 26, 62, 1817, Hoffm. Min., iv. 268, 1817. Oktaedrirches Titaneisen-Oxyd laerin BreiifL, Char., 61, 1820. Hexaedrisches Eisen-Ers Mohs Min., 436, 1839.) Iserite aoppossd to be isometric titauio iron, and, like martite, to be pseudomorphous. Forms like f.
AnalBes: 1, Bammelsberg (Ifin. Ch., 419); 2, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xix. 360); 8, Edwarda BriL Asaoa, 1866); 4, Vogel and Bischauor (Jahresb., 1860, 840);
tt ¥e fe
67*19 15-67 26-00
1- laerwiese
L Flattensee, Hong.
1 Keney
auberbeig
80*71 18*20 18*68
42*08 63*00
Mg
1*94=100*60 Bamnu 1 8*88 1 03*31 Hauer. 1779 =99*32 V. A
146 Oxygen 0Ompound8.
The locality' of laerwiese gave the name to this mmeraL The ntanic iron-fland is partly ic octahedral forms, and this portion, if not all, ia the iaerine. Yet it ie still doubted whether the otahedrons are regular octahedrons, or whether they are acute rhoDibohedrons with traDcatcd apices, and therefore true ilmenite. The Iserwiese crystals, as analyzed by Raromelsberg (au U. 1), give for the ratio between the metals and oxygen 2 : 2*33, which is much more oxygen thar the formula requires, and is still further remote from that of magnetite. The ore from 3io- Fok, on the Platensee, aa analyzed by v. Hauer (anal. affords the general fonnula (Fe, Ti)- + Fe' equivalent to FeO TiO'-Fe' 0" (or fe ti+Fe). G.=4*817. The grains were it part octahedrons, and some with truncated angles.
The sand on the Mersey comes from the shores nearly opposite Idverpool, and is mixed with magnetite. This is indicated in the analysis, which affords the formula 3 Fe 0, Ti (or S (Fe, 11)' 0*) -k-6te¥e (or 6 of magnetite). Minute octahedrons occur at Ballycrogan, Mull of Oantyre, Sand from Muggelsee, near Berlin, having G.=6*075, afforded Bammelsberg a similar oompoeition, but with only 6*20 p. c ti, it giving him the formula Fe 0 Ti 0*+ 6 of magnetite. It is not stated that this sand is octahedral. The ore from Silberberg, near Bodenmais, in Bavaria, corresponds nearly to (Fe, Ti)* 0' + 8 Fe* 0*, and therefore comes under the general formula R' O*.
Waltershausen has obtained from octahedral crystals of an iron-sand £m Etna (Yulk. Gat. i21X having G.=4-43, fi 12*38 and 9e 9218= 104*66. The analysis needs repetition, A. Ksof obtained for a titanic iron-sand a composition corresponding to magnetite in atomic ratio, giviiig tbe ratio I : 1*26 between the metals and oxygen. See under Magketttk
Iserine is reported also from Bohemia, Saxony, Calabria, Puy-de-Dome in France.
182. PBROF8KITZI. Perowskit G, Rose, Pogg zlviiL 568, 1839, Baifc UraL, iL 12&
iBometric, Rose (fr. Ural). (Rhombohedral ?). Observed planes : O, 7, that the planes are i-f . Rhombohedral, Descl. (fr. Zermatt) ; with HajB nearly 90. Perhaps dimorphous. Cleavage: parallel to the eabic, Oi rhombohedral ; faces rather perfect.
H.=5-5. G. =4-017, fr.Achmatovsk; 4-03— 4-089, fr. Zermatt, Damonr; 4*02, fr. Schelinffen, Seneca. Lustre metallic — adamantine : color pale yellow, honey-yeilow, orange-yellow, reddish-brown, grayish-black to ironblack ; streak colorless, grayish. Transparent to opaque.
Oomp.— <Ga + Ti) 0'= 0'=Titanic acid 69*4, lime 40-6= 100. Analyses : 1, Jaoobaon (Pogg Izh. 596); 2, Brooks (ib.); 3, 4, F. Seneca (Ann. Gh. Pharm., civ. 371); 6, Damour (Ann. d. 3L, V. vi512): tt Ca
1. Achmatovsk, black 58*96 39*20 2*06 ttg, iiu .=100*22 Jaoobson.
2. " brown 59*00 36*76 4*79 " Q-Il— 100*07 Brooks.
3. Schelingen, bkuk 58*95 35*69 6*23=100*87 Seneca.
5. Zermatt, yihw 59*23 39*92 1*14=100*29 Damour.
Pyr., eto. — In the foTtps and on charcoal infUsiblo. With salt of phosphorus in O.P. diasolvef easily, giving a greenish bead while hot, which becomes colorless on cooling ; in R.F. the bead changes to grnjrish-green, and on cooling assumes a violet-blue color. Entirely deoompooed bj boiling sulphuric add.
Obs. — Occurs in small crystals or druses of crystals, all of dark colors, associated with crystallized chlorite, ond magnetic iron in chlorite slate, at Achmatovsk, near Slatoust in the Ural; al Schelingen in the Kaiserstuhl, in white or yellowish granular limestone, with mica, magnetite, and pyrodilore ; in the valley of Zermatt, near the Findelen glacier, where crystalline masses oocor, in talcose schist, as large as the fist, and the interior, if not the whole, is of a light yellow (showing that the darker shades are due to alteration), along with garnet, idocrase, sphenc, zircon, corundum, rutile, titanic iron, serpentine, etc. ; at Wildkreuajo< between Pfitsch and Pfundert in the Tyrol, a crystal, probably of this species, having, according to Hessenberg, the planes 0, i-}, 3-3, '2-, }-f. Also in black oubo-ootahedrons at Misignet Cove, Arkansas (Shepard).
Named after v. Perofski of St Petersburg. - On cryst, see G. Boee, I a ; Kokscharof, Min. EussL, L 197 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not, iv. 20 Descloizeauz. Ann. d. M., Y. ziv. 417. If the forms were all isometrio they would still be dosely isomorpbous with the rhombohedron of hematite.
AriuL — Formed in crystals by making lime to aot at a high temperaUiie on Bilicate of tituina (Ebelmen)
AVHTDBOUS OXYBfl. Ill
8. Compounds Of Peotoxyds And 8Esquioxyd8.
183. BPINBZi.
Lometric. Observed planes : 1, /, O, 2, 3-3. Habit U7
octahedral ; £ 2, 7, 8, 20. Faces of octahedron sometimes convex. Cleavage: octahedral. Twins: f. 50; oomposition-face 1.
E=8. G.=3-5-4-l; 3~623, Haidinger; 3-575, red spinel Lustre vitreous ; splendent — nearly dulL Color red of various shades, passing into blue, green, yellow, brown and black ; occasions almost miite. Streak white. Transparent — nearly opaque. Fracture conchoidaL
Ooo CkBi8t8 of alumina and magnesi Ag Si, with more or less of the magnesia (X onaDj replaced bf protozyd of iron (i'e\ and aomotimea also in. part by Ume (Ca), protozyd ofmngiDeae (Mn); and the alomina in part hy aeaquipzyd of iron (9e). There is thence a gnditkiQ into kinds containing little or no magnesia, wbidi stand as distinot species, viz. : Her' eyssfe and GafmUe, ttg 3Scl=AlTmuna 72, magnesia 28=100.
Var. 1. Smby, or Moffneua Spinel 'Aei pt, 'AvSta nl MiXnrov, Theophr, Carbunculna pt, Ijdiois pt [rest raby sapphire], PUfL, zxxviL 26, 29. Spinella, Oarbuoculus pt, Rubinus pC, ruber paris, Oenn, Spinel, Ballagius (a pallido oolore videtur appella8se),=: oalbflt Ljchnia,= Oerm. Gelblichter Bubio, Agric Foss., 293, Interpr., 463, 1646. Rubin orientifes octaodrict, sen octo hedris oomprehensi, qu mode triangula sunt, mode trapezia, aliquando hens obbngs angulos solidoe occupant, etc., Cappeler, Frod. Grystallogr. Lucerne, 1723. Bobmna pt (SpineU, BaOlas, BubioelleX WaiLy Min., 116, 1447. Rubis spineUe octaedre (Spinelle, BaliisX de Liale, Grist, iL 224, 1783 [by L. first made distinct in species from Ruby Sapphire]. —Qear red or reddish ; transparent to translucent; sometimes subtranslucent G.=3'62~3'58. Coopoeitioa Mg it], with little or no je, and sometimes ozjd of chrome as a aouroe of the red eolflr.
Varieties are denominated as follows : (a) Spinel-Ruby deep-red ; (Jb) Baiaa'Ruihy rose-red ; (c) BAieeBi yellow or orange-red ; (d) Ahnandine violet
2. Ceyhrutej or Iron-Magneeia SpineL Geylanite (fr. the French spelling of Ceylon) DdameiK, J. dePhys., zhL 23, 1793. Zeylanit KareL, Tab., 38, 72, 1800. Pleouaste K, Tr., 1801. Oeylonit aimm, Candite (fr. Candy, Ceylon) Bowm. — Color dark-green, brown to black, mostly opaque or Deailj so; Q.=3*5— 36. Composition (Mg, e) or (Mg, le) Pe).
1 UagneaarlAme Spinel f Color green. From analyses of specimens of green spinel Fnoklin, N. J., and Amity, N. T., by Thomson (Min. 1214), about which it may be right to have doabta.
4. (hroepinel, or MagnesiOfJron Spind. Chloroepinel (fr. Slatoust) O. Rose, Pogg., 1. 652, Gahnit A (fe ifonit, 1883.-;-Color grass-green, owing to the presence of copper; Q.= 3*591— 3'594. Composition iSg (SJ, Fe), Uie iron being in the state of seaquioxyd.
5. Charpentier, J. d. M., xxxii. 1812, aUb. Aon., xlvii., 205. Ohrome-ceylonite,- Gontrfiifl over 7 p. c. of ozyd of chrome, and has the formula (Mg, o) 9o, €r). Color black loitrs brilliant ; =4*08. The original waa ftom a rock occurring about L. Lher called LherzO' Delametherie (T. T., ii. 281, 1797X and earlier described by Picot de la Peyrouse (Mem. Aa toQloiue, 'dL 410), after whom picotite is named, the constituents of which rock are stated by IKknieaox (Min., i 65) to be chrysoUte, a brown infusible pyioxene-mineral related to hyper- a green fusible pyroxene, and diaseminated grains (rarely octahedral crystals) of picotite.
Aulfiea: 1, 2, Abich (Pogg., xxiiL 305); 3, Berzelius (Gehlen's J., vi 3o4); 4, 5, Thom oaiiUn., L 2J4); 6, C. GmeUn (Jahresb., ir. 156); 7-10, Abich (L c); 11, Abich (Ak. H. oAk, 1842, 6); 12, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixr. 294); 13, Erdmann (Ak. H., Stockh., 1848); 14 {'aui (a R, bdiL) ; 15 16, H. Rose (Pogg., 1, 652); 17, Damour (BulL Q. Soc, IL xix. 41ig Hilgv (Jahrb. Min., 1866, 399) :
Oa Si
2-02, 1 -lOeS-OS Abt
2*25=100*47 Abich.
6'48=96'62 B. and H.
9e
Mg
69*01
3*49
1 u
lis
Oxygen Oohpounds.
&1
9e iig
)h
Si
4 Franklin, N. J., green
13*68
5-62=99-98 Thomsoo.
6. Amity, N. Y.
CaO 2-80, ti 0-98=: 991 1
6. Ceylon, Oeyloniie
20*61
-1. Ural, PleoTUute
.65*27
139T
2-50=99*32 Abich.
8. Monzoni,
23*61
1*23=99*80 Ataich.
9. Vesuvius, " '
67*46
10. Iserwiese,
59*66
1-79=9917 Abich.
11. Yesnviua, "
62*84
1-83=99-56 Abich.
12. Arendal, "
55*17
18*33
5*09, 2-71=98*96 &
18. Tunaberg,
62*95
23*46
—9*44 Erdmasn.
14. Auyergne, "
69*06
10*72
18*60
-100*68 PSiiani.
15. Ural, ehioroapind
8*70
Cu 0*27=100-14 Rose.
le. " "
14*77
Cu 0-62=100*22 BoHO.
n. L. Lhen, Pieom
24*60
10*18
1*98, 7*90=100 Damonr.
18. Hofheim, "
11*40
3*85
7-23=100 HUgm-.
Pyr, etc. — B.B. alone infhaible; red yaiiety xnges to brown, and even black and opaque B6 the temperature inoreasea, and on oooling becomes first green, and then nearly ccdorleaa, and at last resumes the red oolor. fflowly soluble in borax, more readily in salt of phosphonm, with which it gives a reddi bead while hot, becoming ikint chrome-green on oooling. The black varietiea ve reactions for iron with the fluxes. Soluble with di£Bculty in concentrated sulphuric add. Decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of soda or potash.
Obs. — Spinel oooura imbedded in granular Umestone, and with caleite in serpentine, gneiss, and allied rocks. It also occupies the cavities of masses ejected from some volcanoes.
In Oeylon, in Siam, and other eastern countries, it oocure of beautiM colors, as rolled pebbles mthe channels of rivers. Pleonaste is found at Oandy, in Cejlou. At Aker, in Sweden, is found a pale-blue and pearl-gray variety in limestone. Small black splendent crystals occur in the ancient ejected masses of Mount Somma, with mica and idocrase; also in compact geblenite at Monzoni, in the Fassa valley.
From Amity, K. Y., to Andover, N. J., a distance of about 30 mUes, is a region of granular Um stone and serpentine, in which localities of spinel abound. At Amity crystiJs are occasionally 16 in. in diameter ; and one collected by Dr. Heron weighs 49 lbs. ; it is in three pieces, and contains cavities studded witli crystals of corundum ; colors, green, black, brown, and less commonly red, along with chondrodite and other minerals. A mile S.W. of Amity, on J. Layton's fium, is a remarkable locality; also on W. Raynor's farm, a mile N. ; another half mile N. affording gmyishred octahedrons ; and others to the south. LooEdities are numerous about Warwick, and alfko at Monroe and Cornwall, though less favorable for exploration than those at Amity (form 1, also t, 3-3, i, 147). Franklin, N. J., affords crystals of various shades of black, blue, green, and red, which are sometimes transparent, and a bluish-ereen ceylonite variety here, has the lustre of polished steel ; Newton, N. J., pearl-gray crystals, along with blue corundum, tourmaline, and nitile ; at Brram, red, brown, green, and bbick colors, along with chondrodite ; at Sterling, Sparta, Hamburgh, and Vernon, N. J., are other localities. Light-blue spinels ooour sparingly in limestone in Antwerp, Jefferaon Oo., N. Y., m. & of Oxbow, and rose and reddish-brown in Gonvemeur, 2 m. N. and f m. W. of SomerviUe, St Lawrence Co. ; green, blue, and occasionally red varieties occur in granular limestone at Bolton, Boxborough, Chelmsford, and Littleton, Mass. Soft octaheal crystals occur in Warwick, which are pseudomorphs, consisting partly of steatite or serpentine* black spinel is found in Burgess, Canada West; blue with dintonite at Daillebout, C. £.
Alt.— Observed altered to steatite, serpentine, volknerite, mica.
Artil— Formed in crystals by heating a mixture of alumina and magnesia with boracio add, and also, f'r red spinel, some oxyd of ; for black, oxyd of iron (Ebelmen); by using floorids of aluminum and magnesium and dorado add, with heat (Deville & Caron) ; by aoUoii ohlorid of aluminum in vapor on magnesia (Daubr).
184. HBROXNITU. Hercynit F, X Zi/ppe MhL Bohm., 1839 Herdnite had orthagr. Iron
Spinel
iBometric Occotb massive, fine sranalar. H.=7'5— 8. G.=8'91— 8'95. Lustre yitFeous, externally dnlL black. Streak dark grajish-green to leek-green. Opaque.
Color
ANHYDSOnS 0XTD8. 149
Ooapy— 21=: Aluniiui -9, ozyd of iron 41*1 =100. Analysia by B. Quadrat (Ann Gh PbiraLflr 3£7):
M 61-17 Mg 2*02 te 36-67 =99*76.
Pyr., vtc. — BLB. infyisible. The heated powder beoomea brick-red, and giyea iron reactions VUh loda fnaee only imperfectly to an oliTe-green mam. Obm,~-From Bonaberg at the eastern foot of the Bohmerwald Mts. Haaied from the Latin of the Bohemian Foreat, SUva EBteynia (PIUl, It. 26, 29).
186. OAHNXTB. SmySpineL AntomoUte (Or. Fahlan) Ekeberg Af h., i 84, 1806. Gahnlt v M £fem-> 78, 1807. Spinelle Zindfdre A, TabL, 67, 99, 1809. Dysluite (fV. Sterling. 5. J.) Keatmg, J. Ac N. Sci., PhiUuL, iL 287, 1821 ; Min., L 168, 1832, ii 176, 1886 ; Tfutmr tukfWaL, L 220, 1886. Kreittonite v. Kob., J. pr. Gh., zliy., 99, 1848. 8pinellaa8uperiu8jBr0t( Haiidh., 623, 1847.
Isometric In octahedronfi, dodecahedrons, etc., like spinel.
H.=7'5— 8. G.=4— 4*6. Lustre vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color dark green, grayish-CTcen, deep leek-green, greenish-black, bluish, black, f ellowiah, or grayish-brown ; streak grayish. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Oonpi, Var.— 2n Si, with UtUe or no magnesia. The ozyd of sine sometlmea replaced in idlpnt by protoxyd of manganese or of iron (ftn, $*eX and the alumina in part by sesqoiozyd of iroii (Pey 2n Sl= Alumina 61*8, oxyd of sine 38*7 100.
Yir. I. AtOomolUef or Zinc Gahmkf Zn Si, with sometizipea a litOe iron. O. =4-1 —4*6. Oolors as ibore glTeo.
1 DfMiCf or ZinC'Mmffanietd'Iron OahnUe, Composition (2n, t% ftn) (SL Pe). Color yelor grayish-brown. G.=4~4*6. Form the octahedron, or the same with truncated edgNL
3. ZreMoniHle, or -Iron GahnUe, Composition (2n, Mg) (Si, Pe). Occurs in crystals, tad granular maasiye. H.=7— 8. Q.=4'48— 4*89. Color relyet to greenish*black ; powder grayish-green. Opaque.
Anslyses: 1, Ekeberg (Oehlen's N. J., y. 418); 2, 8, Abich (Ak. R Stockh., 1842, 6); 4, F. A. Genkh (Am. J. ScL, IL zzziii. 196); 6, Thomson (liin., L 221); 6, y. Kobell (I c.):
Si 9e :e ftg Mn 2n Si
1. Fahlun, AvUmnaiiae 60*00 9*25 1r. 24*26 4-75=98-26 E.
3. FrankHn, K. J. " 67-09 4-56 2-22 tr. 34*80 1 22=99-38 A.
i Bodeninafs, SreiU, 44*66 16*63 8*06 1*80 2400 InsoL 10=99*64 K.
Pyr., ate — A coating of ozyd of xhic when treated with a mixture of boraz and soda on charxsL Otherwise like spmeL
Obm-AMiomoHle is found at Fahlnn, Sweden, in tsloose schist ; at Franklin, N. Jersey, with fraakfinite and willemite ; at the Oanton mine, Oa. (of the form 1, t) ; Dyduite at Sterling, N. J. ; KreUtomk at Bodenmais hi Bayaria.
Named after the Swedish chemist Gahn. The name AtUomolUe of Ekeberg is from uTii/isAnf, a iuerier aOuding to the fact of the sine occurring m an unexpected place. Yon MoU objected to Bach an idea in nature, and named the spedes the next year after Qahn, the discoyerer. His name is here applied to the whole group of dnc spinels, and automolite retained for the sped) vcietf so named.
XAOMUTlTlLi 'HfXcia XiSos (fr. Heradea, in Lydia) Or, [Atac] eUnpo a/fvd, Theophr. Sot y4rfr XiBot [=Talc] Theophr, Maywfif Xi$ t DioBoor y. 147. Hagnes, Sideritis, Heradion, FUt zzxyi 26 ; Id., Otrm. Siegelstein Agric. Foss., 248, 466. (1 ) Mhiera ferri nigricans, mag- uA amlca, (2) Magnet, (8) Jem Sand, WaXL, 256, 262, 1746. Minora Ferri attractoria, Mag. set, OrcntL 184, 1758. Magnetischer Eisenstem (ind. Eisensand) TFem. Magneteiseostein, tfagneteiaeoers, OtmL Magnetic Iron Ore; Octahedral Iron Ore. Fer oxydul K Oxydnlated Iran. Magnetite iSTo Handh., 561, 1845.
leometrio. Observed planes, O, 1, 7, t-2, 2, 3-3, 10-10, 16-16, 3-|, 5-|, V-3. Figs. 2 and 3, common, also 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7 + 8, 19, 19-1-2 ; %. 149 h a distorted dodecahedron. Cleavage : octahedral, perfect to imperfect
Dodecahedral faces commonly striated pai
allel to the longer diagonal (f. 149), Twins like f. 50 ; ako in dendrites, brandling at angles of 60° (f. 150), indicating parallel to a dodecahedral face. MasBive, , etructnre granular — particles of various sizes, : sometimes impalpable.
H.=5-5-6-5. G.=4-9-6-2; 5-168— 5*180, crystals, Kenngott, and 5-27 after ' long heating. Lustre metallic — submetallic Colbr iron-black; streak black. Opaque; but in very thin dendrites (f. 150) in mica sometimes transparent or nearly so ; and
In mkk, Pemubair. varying from almost colorless to pale smoky-
brown and black. Fracture subconchoidal, shining. Brittle. Strongly magnetic, sometimes poBsessing polarity.
Oomp., Vn.—t'e Pe=Oxyg0a 31-S, iron 7!'l— 100; or sesquioiyd of Iran OB'S?, pKtai;rd 31-03=100. The iron Bometimes replaced io Bmall part bj tntgocBia. Alio BometimBR titaniTer- 3US. E. Sochting obtained Roai the magnetite of Flltech vaUe; (Pogg., cxivii. 173) 30-91 ft; and D. Finkler, from the Bome, 30-75 te.
Var. 1. Oi-dinaiT/, (a) In cryBlala. (fi) Qranulsr, ooarae or flne. (c) At loow sand. Kokscharof figures the above dodeoahedral modified bj planea 0, ), 8-3, 5-}j and another with the Bame, nnd also both from Aolunatovsk, UralB.
2. Magnteiaa (fe, Mg) Pe. (TBlli.eienera Breiih., . J., Ixrill 2B7, 1B33.) &.=4-41— 4-43 , lustre BubmetalUo; weak magnetic; ttom Sparta, N. J., In crfitala, Breiih. Prof. Andnvs foum! in ore from the Uoiiroe Uta., Ireland (Ch. Oaz., 379, 18B3|, Fe 71-41, Pe 21-&9, Hg 6-46. An octahedron from Eisenach gave EummelBberfi; (Min. Ch., IBS) Pe 69-88, Fe2T'88, Mg l'20, ifi O'lO.
3. Tlaniferout. OcUhcdrooa from Ueiches, ttie Vogelsberg, aSbrdod A. (Add. Ch Phann, ciiiiL 848 Fe 21'7B, *'e51-29, Ti !4-flfi, Mn 1-15, which oorregponds to (i"o, Mn) + 4f* ti + i Pe=(f'e, Iiln) + (Fa, Ti)'0', and henoe diEfering from isurine in coming under the pnerat formula of magnetite inateed of that of hematite. Uagnetite fVom Ytterby aflbrded J. A. Michao). pr. Ch., ic. 107) Pe 68-54, f-o 3018, ti 2-03=100-76,
i, OeltTonu. (Biaenmnlm .) Black and eanhj. A kind from nciar Segen aSbrded F. A Gecth, 08 a mean of 8 anal i Ann. Ch. Pharm., !xvL 277), Pe 66'30, 13-87, Mu 17-00, Co OiM l-7=98-9l=(f's a.=8-7e.
Anhtbbous 0Xtd8. 151
k FroD the normal proportion to Fe, 1 : 1, there is dipcasionally a wide yariation, and tboi a gndnal poaaage, to tlie aeaquioxyd (Fe) ; and thia fact may be regarded as eyidenoi thit fie octahedral ¥e, martite, ia only an altered magnetite, ikst tnlhe haa found (ZS. nat Yer. Halk XT 198) in two magnetitea firom Lando, in Bengal, India :
9b
Ag
Ca
Si
£1
Pe te
1,
ewt
0*49
0-03=99-60
8 : I neaxlj.
0-2-'= 99*82
3i : 1
Na I vaa polar- magnetic and oolnmnar; 2, granular, and not polar-magnetic. Von Kobell hai Unad la tin cylindrical magnetite of Schwarzenatein, in the Zillerthal, the ratio 4:3; and the audio IB ore from Arendid. G. Winkler found in a apedmen from Pfltach valley, Je 19*66, Fe 79-66, giiring the ratio 2:1; but this ia not oonflrmed by the later analyaea given above.
Pyrato— B3. very difficultly Aiaible. In O.F. loaea ita influence on the magnet. With the fleas react like hematite. Soluble in muriatic add.
Obar-Magnetite ia mostly confined to crystalline rods, and is moat abundant in metamorphio mka, tiioagh found alao in graina in eruptive rocks. In the Aaoio rocks the beds are of imiBeiiM extant, and occur under the same conditions as those of hematite (see p. 142). It is an iogredieDt in most of the maaaive variety of corundum called emery. The earthy magnetite ia found in bogs like bog4ron ore.
The bads of ore at Arendal, and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of maMiTe magnetite; Dannemora and the Taberg in Smaolandf are entirely formed of it Still krger moontains of it exiat at Kurunavara and Grelivara, in Lapland. Fahlun in Sweden, and Coniei, afford octahedral crystals (C 2), imbedded in clilorite slate. Splendid dodecahedral GTTBtab oocor at Kormark in Wermland. The moat powerful native magnate are found in Siberia, India &e Han; they are alao obtained on the island of Blba.
Ia H. America, it constitutes vast beds (some scores of feet thick) in the Azoic, in the Adirondack Warren, Esaex, and (31inton Cm., in Northern N. York, while in St Lawrence Ck> the ntn ore is mainly hematite ; also similarly in Canada, in HuU, Grenville, Madoc, etc, ; and at CoruwiU ia ftDoaylvania, and at Hagnet Cove, Arkanaas. It occurs also in N. Tork in Saratoga, fleridoer. Orange, and Putnam Oob.; at 0*Neil mine, Orange Co., in crystals (f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6). In Raymond, Davis's Hill, in an epidotic rock ; at MarshalPs island, masses strongly BnetifeL In K, Hamlin at Fnmconia, in epidoto and quarts ; at Swauzey near Koeue, and Uni. In Vtrmonlf at Marlboro*, Bocheater, Bethel, and Bridgewater, in crystals (f 11) in chlorite alatei In Cbmi at Haddam, in crystals (f. 4, 8, 149X etc. In N, Jersey, at Hamburg, near Franklin fiimaoe. In Perm at Gtoshen, Chester 0>. ; at Webb's mine, (columbia Co. ; in dendritic (IciiDeations (C 160) forming hexagonal figures, in mica at Pennsbury and New Providence. In at Deer Creek. In CfaUfirnia in Sierra Co, abundant, massive, and m crystals ; in Humas Co.; ICaripoaa Co., east of the Mariposa estate, on the trail to the Tosemite; Placer Co., Utt's LoB Angeles Co at Cafiada de las Uvas; £1 Dorado Co., near the Boston copper mine, in Oct, and at the £1 Dorado Excelsior copper mine. In Canada at Sutton, in crystals ; Broroet, hi X SooHa, Digby Co, Nichol's Mt, in fine crystals.
Ko ore of iron is more generally diffused than the magnetic, and none supenor for the roanuctore of iron. It is eaaily distinguished by its being attracted readily by the magnet, and also bj means of the black color of its streak or powder, which is some shade of red or brown in bematite and limonite. The ore when pulverhsed may be separated earthy impurities by BHtiia of a magnet, and machines for this purpose are in use.
Named ftom the loc. Magnesick bordering on Macedonia. But Pliny favors Nicander's derivation iUgoea, who first discovered it, as the fable runs, by finding, on taking his herds to pasture, that tbe nails of his shoes and the iron ferrule of hia staff adhered to the ground.
Alt*— By deoxydation through organic matter changed to protoxyd, which may become a caror siderite. By oxydation beoomes sesquioxyd of iron or hematite.
Ai—Fonned in crystals by the action of chlorhydric add on the sesquioxyd heated, producing a partial deoxydation (Deville); by decomposition of the sesquioxyd with boracic acid (Deville Canm, Ann. Ch. Phys., IV. v. 108).
iBaA DimagmtiU of Shepard (Am. J. Sd., IL xiiu 392) appears to be a magnetite pseudomorph. slender rhombic prisms occur upon a sarface which is covered with small cubo-octahedrons P'cihedroos, and cubo-dodecahedrons of magnetite, and some small irregular cavities in the unagDetite crystals contain similar crystals ; moreover no difference of lustre is perceived in a ltoiad sorfaoe of the magnetite and dimagnetite. The spedes imitated in the pseudomorph is Lievrite. The angle of the prism varies between 110° and according to the "WMnrementa (Shepard gives the angle ISO**). One crystal gave approximately aaothar 114* 20' and 66' 40' ; anotiier 1 12'' and 68 and the obtuse edge was vellea gJylMtciystalby pUmes (i-2) hiclined to the krger ones at an angie of about 160- The MiVitfiaUiliiotTaiyhriglit From Monroe, Orange Co, K. T.
16S OXYGEN OOHPOrVDB.
187. MAONB8Z0FBBBITB. Magnoferriti&ifiimn Pogg., eriL 461, 1669. IfagnefiiRii
Xmngi Ueb. J., 1869, 98, 1860.
Isometric. In octahedrone, and octahedrons with truncated edges (f. 8). H.=6— 6*5. G.=4*668— 4*664. Lustre, color, and streak as in magnetite. Strongly magnetic.
Oomp.— ftg Fe=rKagneria 20, ozrd of iron 80=100; bat the orTStals usiially interaeeted by hematite in innnmenUe rery thin laminn, parallel to the octahedral Ihoea. Analyaea : 1-4, Bammelaberg (Pogg., criL 461, Blin. QieoL, 160) :
9e
%
On
1. YesuviaB, empt of *66
86*96
12*68
=99-64
13*69
0-60=99-29
1-01=100-01
84*20
16*00
=100*20
6. "
84*36
16*66
=100
BegardJng a ftmrA of the aeaquioiTd of iron as a mixtnre, the rBtnlts give Banunelflbetg tiie aboTe formula. For the purpoee of analyeia, the magneaiofiBRite was separated fixm the miiad hematite by means of a magnet.
Pyr., eto-— B.B. like hematite. Difficultly soluble in muriatic add.
Obs.— Formed about the Aimaroles of Yesuvius, and espedally those of the emptioQ of 18$&, as obsenred by Soaoehi, who particularly described the crystals and tiieir asaodationa. The lamiuc of hematite intersecting the octahedrons haye rhombohedrsl planes on tiieir edges. Crystsls of hematite occur at the same fumaroles.
Bammelsberg first detected the magnesian nature of the ovystals, and, in aSnsion to it, named the spedes magnoferrite. But magno has its own dUTerent signification in Latin ; and the word ahould be magnesio/errite,
AxUL — Formed in crystals by heating together 9e and fig, and snlijeoting to the actioo of oUorhydric add yapor (Deville).
188. FRANKLmiTB. BerOitr, Ann. d. IL, It. 489, 1819.
Isometric. Observed planes : 1, /, 0, 2, 2-2. Figs. 2, 7, 8, commoD. Cleavage : octahedral, indistinct. Also massive, coarse or fine granular to
BL.=5'6— 6-5. G. =5-069, Thomson ; 5*091, Haidinger. Lustre metallic Color iron-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture conehoidal. Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnet.
Oomp.— (e, 2n, SCn), (Pe, Shi). Analyses: 1, Berthier (L a); 2, Thomson (M&l, L 438); t, Abich (Pogg., zxiiL 342) ; 4, 6, Gh. J. Dickerson (0. T. Jackson's Rep. on K. J. aino mhies): 60. J. Brush (AuL J. Sd., II. zzix. 871) : 7, Stoffbns (B. R Ztg., ziz, 463) ; 8, J. A. DaUgren (Oiw) ; 9, Bammelsberg (Pogg., cril 312); 10. ▼. EJobell (J. pr. Oh., xcriiL 129):
2n
17=99 Berthier.
17*43, §i 0-20, d 0'56=:99*26 Thomson. 10-81, 0-40, Si 0-78=98*99 AUcfa. 21-39, 0-29=100 Didcerson. 21-77, " 013=100 Dickerson. 14-77 28*30, insoL 0*30=10812 Brash. 21-40, Si 0-28=100 Stelfens. 21-77, 0*18=100 BahL 25-30=108-62 Bamm. 21-00, Si 0-80=100-42 KobdL
Ton beU states that the magnetic character of the mineral shows that the Iron is pardjpn asyd , and he deduces fhnu his analysis (L a), for the most probable compoaitioo, 9e Ur9 &
fe
Sn
L New Jersey
8. "
4. "
6. "
8. "
7. "
8. "
9. "
10 "
Anhtdbous 0Xtd6.
/K7&. O-Sa te 7-06, iin 3;48, 2n 21, with mixed IGIn 0*79=9944, oorroftpondiog to the formula Mn Sn+*s Fe Fe + 5 2n l'e=8e8qiiioxyd of iron 68*99, id. of manganefle 8'H2, protoxyd of iroTi 7-5 id. of manganese 3*74, ozyd of sine 21*37=100. Bammelsberg, in his most recent paper (PogS; . 146, 1 867 ) adopts essentially the same view. The evolution of chlorine in the treatment of the mineral is attribute try v. Kobell tc the presence of a little lln p. a) as mixture, which Bammeliiber obeorres may have oome from the oxydation of some the protoxyd of mangaMsei
Pyr. etc — B3. invisible. With borax fai O.F. gives a reddish amethystine bead (manganeseX Md m kj. this becomes botUe-green (iron). With soda gives a bluish-groen manganate, and on cbtrootl a flint coating of oj of which Is mudi more marked when a mixture of borax and eodi is used. Solable in muriatio add, with evolution of a small amount of chlorine.
Oba—Oeenrs in cabio crystals near JSibach in Nassau ; in amorphous masses at Altenberg, neax AixkChapelle.
Aboadaat at Hambuig, N. J., near the Franklin ftimace (whence the name of the species), with red oxyil of zinc and garnet, in granular limestone ; also at Stirling , in the same region, where it is associated with wiUemite, in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contahi crystalB from ooe to foor indiea in diameter.
ArtiL— Formed in crystals by action of perehlorid of iron and ohlorid of sine on lime, with heat (DtBbree).
1B9. GHBOMTTB. Far chromat alumin (fr. Yar) Vamq BuH Soa PhHom. 1800, 65, 57. BscsdDDm (fr. Ural) Jfofer, Crell's Ann., 1798, i 600 ; KanL, Tab.. 66, 79, 1800, 74, 1808. Fr fSanuH Kt Tr., iv. 180L Ohromate of Iron, Ohromic Iron, Ohromiron. Ohromsaures Eisen, ChraaiBisenstein, Germ, Eisenchrome Beud 1832. Siderochrome Buoit L 287, 1841. Ghro- BO&Rifee Ckom ICin., 1848. Ohromit Haid Handb., 660, 1846.
Isometic In octahedrons (f. 2). Commonly massive; structure fine granular, or compact.
H.=5-5, G. =4*321, crystals, Thomson : 4498, a variety from Styria ; 4*568, Texas* Pa. Lustre submetaUic. Streak brown. Color between Iron-black and brownish-black. Opaque* Fracture uneven. Brittle. SometimeB magnetic.
Oomp.l'e €r, or (te, &g, Or) (SL 9e, €r). ISrsOzyd of iron 32, ozyd of chromium 68
lAQgier (Ann. ICos. d'Hist N. ( J. pr. Gh., zliiL 119); 10, A. ] nr. 62); 12, 13, Starr and GkffreU (Am. J. Set, U. ziv. 46) :
1. Chester Oa, PiL 1 Baltimore 3. fNoame " eryil 6. Siberia
8. Bfdraas
1. Bulton, Oanada & Lk Kemphramagog
9. Beresof 10. Baltimore
IL YoUerra, Tnaoanj a Chester, PkL 13. Teas, Pa.
/
Si
2-90=99-32 Seybert 10-60= 99- 11 Seybert. 0*83=98-26 Abich.
=99-46 Abich.
Mn 1=100 Laugier. 4*88=98*95 Laugior
=99-81 Hunt
=100*46 Hunt
0-91=101*01 Moberg 2*21 Ca 2*02=99-60 Rivot 4-76=100-66 Bechl 0*62, Si 0-10 Starr. 2-28 0aitt
. protoxyd, giving the formula (e grains t&at were magnetic Garrett found €r 41*66, Fe 62*02, Si 1*26, oorrespond
154 OXYOEN OOMl'OUNDS.
Pyr., etc— B.B. in O.F. inftxsiblo ; in E.F. slightly rounded on thi< edgea, ana beoooDes magneUc With borax and salt of phoaphorua gives beads, which, while hot, abow only a reaction for iron, but on cooling become chrome-green; the green color ia heightened by fuaionon chansoal wi metallic tin.
Not acted upon by adds, but decomposed by fuaion with bisulphate of potash or soda.
Obs. — Occura in serpentine, forming veins, or in imbedded maaaea. It aaaista in giving tfaa variegated color to verde-antique marble.
Occurs in the Gulsen mountains, near Kraubat in Sjrria; in crystals in the islanda of Unst aod Fetlar, in Shetland; in the province of Drontheim in Norway; in the Department du Var is France; in Silesia and Bohemia; abundant in Asia Minor (Am. J. Sd., II. viL 285); in tbo Eastern and Western Urals ; in New Caledonia, affording ore for oommeroe.
At Baltimore, Md., in the Bare HiUs, in large quantities in veins or masses in serpentine ; also in Montgomery Ck>., 6 m. north of the Potomac ; at Cooptown, Harford Co., and in the north part of Cecil Co., Md. In Pennsylvania, In W. Qoahen (cryatals), Nottingham, Mineral Hill, and elsewhere ; Chester Co., near Unionville, abundant ; at Wood's Mine, near Texas, Lancaster Co, very abundant Massive and in crystals at Hoboken, N. J., in serpentine and dolomite ; in tlie south-western part of the town of New Fane, and in Jay, Troy, and Westfleld, YL ; Chester and Blanford, Mass. ; on L & Vache, near San Domingo; at Bolton and Ham, Canada EaaiL In California, in Monterey Co. ; also Santa Clara Co., near the N. Ahnaden mine.
This ore affords the oxyd of chrome, used in painting, etc. The ore employed in England is obtained mostly from Baltimore, Dronttieim, and the Shetland lales ; it amounta to about 2,000 tons annually.
Ibtte Herm, J. pr. Ch., zxiiL 276, 1841, was described by Hermann as oocarring in the Urals in black shining octahedrons, with G. =6*506, and as consisting of Iridium 56*04, osminm 9*53, iron 9*72, chromium 9*40, traces of manganese, with a loas of 15*26, which he reckoned as oxygen. But Claus has shown that the mineral is only a mixture of iridosmine, chromite, eta, and sustains this by a mechanical examination of the aubstanoe obtained by Hermann's method of separation (J. pr. Ch., Ittt. 285).
190. X7RANINITB. Schwarz Beck-Erz (fr. Joach.) Brudm Magn. Dei, 204, 1727. Beck- B]&nde=Pseudogalena pioea pt [rest (?all) pitch-like Zinc-blende] WaJtL 249, 1747. Swart Blende =Pechblende (fr. Saxony, etc.) pt [id.] OronsL 198, 1758. Pseudogalena nigra cooipacta, Pechblende (fr. Joach. and Job.), De Bom lithoph., 133, 1772. Pechblende, Eiseapecherz [put under Iron Ores] Wem Bergm. J.. 1789. Uranerz (fir. Joach.) Klapr., Mem. A& BerL, 1786-87, 160, pub. in 1792, Beiir,, iL 197, 1797 (discov. of metal uranium). Pecten Karate Tab., 56, 1800. Urane oxydul ff Tr., 1801. Uranpechera, Pechnran, Germ, Pitchblende, Protoxyd of Uranium. Uranatemnite Chapm, Pract Min., 148, 1853. TJnnxn Baiii Handb., 549, 1845.
Schweruranerz {ft, Przibram) BreWUj Handb., 908, 1847. Coracite (fir. L. Sup.)i> Conte, Am* J. Set, n. iil 117, 173, 1847. Eristallisirtes Uranpechens (fir. Norway) Th, Scheerer, Fogg IxxiL 570, 1847=Uranoniobit Hemu, J. pr. Ch., IxxvL 826. 1859.
Isometric. Observed forms: f. 2, 7, 8. Usually massive and botryoidal; also in grains : structure sometimes columnar, or curved lamellar.
H,=6'5. G.=6'4— 8. Lustre submetallic, to greasy or pitch-like, and dull. Color grayish, greenish, brownish, velvet-black. Streak brownishblack, grayish, olive-green, a little shining. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven.
Oomp., Var. — t] Ramm.r= Protoxyd of uranlnm 32*1, aeaquioxyd 67'9=100; but analjaes va much in their. resulta through mixtures with other aubstanoea.
Var. 1. OrysiaUized, Color pure black ; G.=6'71. Occura in Norway. It ia Hermanns Ursa ntobUe,
2. Ordinary msiBaiye. G. 7-0. Breithaupt found in 11 trials of the ore fhmJobanfr gcorgenstadt and Schnoeberg (the heaviest from the latter place) Q. =6*44-- 6*934 with one 5*625. A specimen the former locality gave F. Marian 7*08—7*28 ; and one tnm Joachimsthal tve Hermann (anal 5) 6*97. The Pnibram ore {Schweruranan) gave Breithaupt, in 4 trialit 0-=
168-8 025.
Avhtdb0U8 Oxyds.
I nak Ooradfce is probably pitchblende mixed with some gammite (the hydrous ore). It tityMik in color, and affords a grayish powder ; G.=:4*378, Le Coote. In Whitne/s uialyaia i "heottaioed 16*93 p. c of carbonate of lime, which accounts for the low specific gravity. li oe Tia wanted by , as far as possible, before making his analysis (lo. 9). Qnti) U:cie oxTgen ratio for the U and nearly 1 to 4.
tAi!)ger name is retained for the species, with the addition of the terminal syllable Ub Iciio'ibu precedence; but it is badly made, its derivation requiring the form UrancUomUe , amoTer, Qutil oystals are known and found lo be without deavage, or until crystals are ritd tobe an impossibility, it cannot be asserted that the species is undeavdble.
i:jipa: 1, Klaproth (Beltr., IL 197); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., lix. 36, and Min. Oh.. 176); 3, 'irtr .Bamm. Mul Ch 175) ; 4, Ebebnen (Ann. Oh. Phys., 1843, 498) ; 5, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., sT.tiS\; Pfair(. J., zxxT. 326); 7, ▼. Hauer (Jahrb. Q. Beichs., 1853, 197); 8, Whit* riiaJ.Sd, n. TiL 434); 9, Tenth (ib., xxiiL 421); 10, Scheerer (Pogg., UxiL 5tfi) :
tJ
te
Ca
Ag
2*6
2*81
76-94 8-10 6*24 2*07 81-21 Fe 1*88 6*78 0*41
80-62 2-86 2-97 064
8 72-60 2-74 6-99
t - 62-68 Fe 8*61 6-83 0*66
Si
5-0, Pb S 6-0=100 Klaproth. 8*60, Pb 6-57, S 1'76, Cu 3-96, Zn 0*70, Bi 0*62,
As 4*86, C 2-14= 100*39 Theyer.
1 '86 1 00-89 Ebelmen.
0-14, d 2 69 Hermann. 202, Pb S 4*20, Co 1-14=10012 Pfaff. 1*79, Pb 6*07, S 1-18, 8b 2*09, C 0-89, ti 048=
99*49 Hauer. 6-83, 6*66, Xl MO, ft 6*68=100 Whitney. 1*0, H 4-1, insol. and loss 2*7 8cheerer.
J. n anal 6, obtained S 52*87, and t 28-84 ; and Tenth, in anal. 9, 9 46*2 1 , and til 6*47. tcB.B. infusible, or only slightly rounded on the edges, sometimes coloring the outer -ttmeo (copper). With borax and salt of phosphorus gires a yellow bead in O.F., becoming 3 SJ*. (uranium). With soda on charcoal gives a coating of ozyd of lead, and frequently '-ofarwaic Many specimens give reactions for sulphur and arsenic in the open tube. " .be bi aitrjc aeid. Kot attractable by the magnet.
fai-Cmuaite aooompanies rarious ores of silver and lead at Johanngeorgenstadt, Marien- f isd Nihneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal and Przibram in Bohemia, and Retzbanya in
.7 It ia associated with torbemite at Tincroft and Tolcam mines near Redruth in Oom- 'v. Dear Adrianople, Turkey ; at the Middletown feldspar quarry, in octahedrons with trunwifw, Kcording to Shepard.
'f-a '\i from about 90 m. abore Sault St Marie, on the north fide of L Superior.
'Tiluable 'n porcelain painting, affording an orange color in the enamelling fire, and a black vr .a id which the porcelain is bakc A laboratory has been opened Mt Joachimsthal,
Uc ore is converted into uranate of soda for use.
-Ihe liferous ore called gummite occurs as a result of the alteration of this species ; also oufjchre.
tj- CBRT80BBRTX.. [Not Chrysoberyl (=Tar. Beryl) of ihe Andenia.] KrisoberQ Wem J-, 373, 387, 1789; 84, 1790. Chryeoberyll orfften, Lenz, etc. Cymophane ff J. de .S,n98. Alexandrite KordmakiM, . Min. Ges., St Petersb., 1842. Alaunerde + Beitr., L 97, 1795 ; Ar/vedaon, Ak. H. Stockh., 1822. Aluminate of Gludna, r, Sibert, Am. J. ScL, TiiL 105, 1824; Bergemam, De Chrys., , 1826.
"Horhombic 7a 7=129 88', 0 A 1-1=129*' 1'; a : ft :c=l-2285 : 1
Observed planes : vertical, i-% t-?, i-f? J domoa, f-i :;;H M (only as a composition-face) ; octahedraj, 1, 1-5, 2-i, 1 6-1 t
156 Oxtobk Coufousm.
wA*-S=133134 tfA2-a=:128 53 lAl, front,=139 53
t-t A 2-s=126 8 1-t A 1-t, top,=119 46 -t A l-t=90
Wa1=11084 8-*A3-t, ot. t-t,=12013 wAl-t=1207
Plane i4 Tertioally striated ; ao sometimes also -t, and other vertits planes. Cleava : 1-i quite distinct; ri imperfect; *-t more so, Twinai composition-face 31, as inf. 153, loos made op of 6 parts by the crossing (J 3 crjBtalB, united ong the dott| line, OS shown by the strue, the fonn either stellate, or simply hexaiu pyramids with tnincated sammitEJ also (2) conjointly, 8-t and -i, il in f. 154, 155, each mode by the crossing of 3 pain of twins, each sector pair twinned W 3-t, and united to the next pair by t-t.
H. 8'5. 6. 3*3— 3-84. Lustre vitreons. Color asparagus-greta grassreen, emerald-green, greenish-white, and yellowish-green ; soinetimej raspberry or columbine-red by transmitted light. Streak uncolored. Trani parent — translucent Sometimes a bluish opalescence internally. Fractutj conchoidal, uneven.
Vu. 1. OrdintOT/. — Oolor pale ereen, being oolored bj Iron. a.=3-BS1, Uitddua; 3-iM
Braill; 3-6S9, Ural, Bom; 3'88G, CVeobur, SokscbnroC i
2. AltxaittkHe.— Color emerald-green, but columbine-red bftranRmittod lighl Q.=3-M4. mat
of renultn, EokscbsroC Sapposed to be colored by hrom&. OryttlM oJUs toj larg and i
wins, like Og. 16k, either six-sided or six-rayed.
Comp.—Bt/%l= Alumina 80 2, gucina 16-8=100. AnalTiea: 1, S, 8, Ard (Fosk, M IW); i,a,
1. BrasQ 7810 11-84 4-4T=10a-Gl ATdejef; 0.=8-1387.
3 " 78-11 leoa S'47 100-M "
3. tJral 1892 18-03 S'lS, erO-36, Cn andb ArdeC
4 Uaddam, Ot 76-03 13-41 , Pn 4-61, quarto o-4B=B9-4S Dastoor.
6. " 76-43 173 , " me, " 0-88=88-38
Pyr., oto. — BJB. elon* nnaltend; with loda, theaarlkaa ia merely rendered dnlL 7101 ban! ar wit of phoaptonu hue* with gnat difionltj. With odbatt mIbUod, tha imwdaiad aiMd
.AHHTDBOnS OZYDB.
$}TC3 a bliDBb color. G. hardly changed bj heating; before 3*84, at tor 3'838. Ko action vhhaddi.
ObL— In Brazil and alao Oeylon, in rolled pebbles, in the alluvial depoeits of rivers ; at Morchadorf in MoraTia ; in the Ural, 85 versts from Katherinenburg, in mica slate with beryl and plenadte, rariety AiexandriU, of emerald-green color, colnmbine-red by transmitted light; in dbeOrenbeif district, & Ural, yellow; in the Mounie Mts Ireland; at Haddam, Gt, in granite traTeraisg gneiss, with loannaline, garnet, beryl, automolite, and columbite ; in the same rock at Qreeaflekl near Saratoga, K. T., with tourmaline, garnet, and apatite ; Orange Summit, N. ic ix-iVAv SI deep cut of the northern railroad; Norway, Me in granite with gained (Verrill).
Whn trsnqtarent, and of sufficient size, chrysoberyl is cut with facets, and forms a beautiful Tlovish-greeB gem. If opalescent, it is usually cut en cabodhon.
(T is from xf$, ffolden, liryL CymophaMf from wave and uiVcy, oppestr, allales to a peculiar opalesoence the crystal sometimes exhibits. Alexandriie is after the of Russia, Alexander I.
Od Gryst, see R ft M. ; Kokscharofl Ifin. BussL, iv. ; Hessenb., Ifin. Not, It. Fig. 152 la latonl siae, from a eryatal belonging to A. £!. Verrill. Chrysoberyl has very distinct deayage p&nM to 14, which appears to show thai M is the true vertioal prism as made in the last editios of (hif nori alkbou M is the twinning-plane. But for the sake of the shnpler notation, the positioQ gifea the crystals by other authors is here adopted.
ArtiL— Formed in ciystala by exposing to a high heat a mixture of 6 of alumina, 1*62 gludna, aod 51) boric add (Ebe£nen) ; by putting a mixture of fluorid of gludnum and fluorid of alumicum, in the proportioiia of their cquiyalents, in a carbon crucible, and at the centre of the flnorids I BnaU carbon crucible with a littie Aised boric acid, and heating for some hours (Deville and CaroD) tbe ]voess yielding line aystahi easily.
4. Deutoxyds.
191 OASSITBRXTXL Ore of the of (he Oreeka {fferod etaX and of the Plumbum allnmi of PIhl, xxzir., 47, etc ; not of the Stannum [=a pewtor-like alloy] of PHn. Zinnston, Stuurain ferro et arsenico mm., TToO., Hin., 303, 1747. Mme d'Etain, Trl WalL, 1758. Ore, Tin Stone. Zinnstoin, Zinnen, . Stannum caldforme (Oxyd of Tin) Bergrn Opoac., '± 436, 1780; Beitr., ii 245, 1797. Etain oxyd I¥. Oassitorito Beud iL 618, ISSt lUaAtstit Germ.'
Tetragonal. O A 1-/=146° 5' ; a=0-6724. Observed pla A H? Hj *"2 ; octahedroDB, f , 1, f ; zirconoids, 3-f , 1-3, 7-.
anes: vertical,
0 A 26' 0Af=ii2 49 OAW=rl4440
1 Al,pyr.,=12140 1 A 1, baB.,=87 7
/A 1=188" 84' 1-i A 1-t, pyr.,=133 31
15S Oxygen Ooufovsbs.
Cleavage: / and t-t bardlj distinct. Twins: f. 158, compoeitioii-fiM! 1-2 ; prodaciDg often complex forms throne the many modifying planes;! sometimes repeated parallel to all the eight planes 1-t; also f. 159. i, metagenic twin. Often in renifonn Shapes, stmctnre fibroos divergent :; also massive, grannlar or impalpable. i
H.=6— 7. G.=6-4— 7-1. Lustre adamantine, and' cryatab usually splendent. Color brown or black ; Bome-!
times red, gray, white, or yellow. Streak white, grayish.;
brownish. Kearly transparent — opaque. Fracture 6ul>-,
conchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Var. — I. Ordinary, Tin-stone. In aystali end maislve. 0. of ordiiuiT cr;Ht 6-96; orcolorloii, Ihim TipuanI R., Bolivia, 6-832, Forbet; otitoafijelloir, from Oniro, S'TiM, id. ; of very pure crjttiia trom Oanfaaco, 6-i, id. : . or black cryat. tt. Tipuani, id.
1. Wood Tm (Hola-Zinn Germ.), lu botryoidal Bod renifonn abqicit
ooDoeDtrii? in atnicCure, and radiated BbrooB intemallf, although *ery (sia-
, wiih the oolor brovniali, of mixed shades, looking aomewhat lite dr
wood iu its colore. TaaSt-eyt tin is the aame. on e imiilleT acala. O. of Ba
variety 6-614. Excellent . In Roahieigh'e Brit. Min., 1797.
SIream Un la nothings but the ore in the state of aand, as it occura along the beds of stmmi w.
in the gravel or the aoinuig region. It baa been derived from tin veins or rocka, throngh ttie
near and deoompoaition of the rocks and transportation by vater.
Oomp.— Bu=Tin T8-67, oxygen 2L-33 10U. Analyaea; 1, Benelius {ASK iv. UalletfJ-Q-SocDubL, iv. 27:i); 3, Bergemann (Jahrb. Min., iaa7,S96); 4, 5, D. Forbes (PbiL Uag., IT. XXX. 140):
gn ta Po St Si I
1. Flnbo S8-S 2-4 1-4 0-B — =98-! Benelius.
2. Wicklow, Ireland 95J6 — 2-41 — 0-84 — llallet. 0.=6-75S. '
3. Xeres, Itexico 8943 — 6-68 — 2-21 l-20Bergem. a.=6-863.
4. Tlpuaoi, BoUvia, hiA. 91-81 — 6-48 0-73=100-04 Forbes. i ff. " " bladt 91-80 — 3-69 — B-Bl =100FocbOB. Q =TOil. I
Oryatala Carabuco, Bolivia, afforded Kroeber (Phil Hag., IV. xxx. 141) 76-80. p. c of tiai (equivalent to 97-8 p. c of oxyd), with iron 318, silver 0-016, tungatie add 0-02, le*d D1' and l'74 of water. |The analyais ia stated to have afibrded 19-Bit4 of oxygen, frtiich ii int; enough for the tin aloae found.) The Tencbra ore coataioa fm 3 to 6 p. c of colambk tantalic adda. Tauquelin obtained 9 p. & of sesquioxyd of iron from wood tio. I
Pyr., etc — B.B. alone unaltered. On charcoal with soda reduced to metallic tin, and givEl t i white coating. With the fluiea aometimes gives reaction for iron and manganese, and mon, rarely for tantalic acid. Only slightly acted upon by adds.
Oba. — Tin ore ia met with in veina traveniDg granits, gneiss, mica sdiist, chlorite or di;' schist, and porphyry.
Oocurs iu reoiarkable orystala in Cornwall, aaaociated with fluor, apatite, topaz, blende. wolNn. etc., and also the uvwdin and Hream-iin; in Devonsbire, near Tavistodc and elaewbere: OkbX} ofWidclow, IreUnd; in pseudomorphs after feldspar at Wheal Ooates, near St Agnes, Convill; singular compound crystals in Bohemia and Saxony, the twin forma trom Zinnwild and Schlidt- eDwald weighing several pounds ; at Limoges in splendid cryetala ; also in Qallida ; GneDland, with cryolite at Evigtok , Sweden, at Ficbo ; Finland, at Itkaranta.
In the K. Indies, on Ualacca, Bsnca, Blitoog near Borneo; in the Ovens district, and in mm gullies of the Stratlibogie nuigea in Victoria, Auetralia.
Id Bolivia, S. A., in the gold region along the Tipuani &. ; at Oruro tin mines} and at CaraboM Bolivia ; in Mexico, at Xeres and Durango.
In the United Stales, In Maine, sparingly at Paris and Hebron: in JTom., at CheaterfleM tu) Goshen, a few crystals, with albite and tourmaline ; in If. Bamp., at Lyme, and soroewhat mon abundantly on the estate of Mr, Eaatma:!, in the town of Jackson; in FiryiMa, aparinly in some gold mines, Imbedded In a talco-micaceoua slate ; in Califonia, In San Bernardino O, ii Temesml region; in Idaho, on Jordan oreek, near BoonviUe.
Slanaile Breith. (Bandb. 773, 1S47I, an amorphous, pale yeUowish-whito sabstuice, (hut Cornwall, with H.=6*&, Q.=S-64Ci, has been regarded as s pseudomoiph after feldspar, on
AITHrDROUS OXYD9.
tdnitgBiidioijdof tin u a mUtara with the other iDgredieata. Kadiof obtained (Uhem. O, a. a , Sn 3891, ail 4-63, Po 3'6B, Ca O'l 6, iga. 0-43=-16.
Ob irnL, Hsnenberg, ICm. Not, tL; A. E. Nordeuldlild and QwloUn, Fogs., oL 637. Nor deukiald atkai the ugle 1 a 1 131° 43', whtiD<!8o=0-67!0, Aocording to Mr. Gadolin, JTn- >-fi, i-% H; hat there ia iloiibt as to aome at least of theae plaoea, aa theae unaaual ration XR detentloed tnm neuarad anglea alone aod not through lone.
AlHt—IteBad In iTTBlala hj the action of a atreain of muriatic acid gaa on Sn O' (DbtUIb) b; ntka rf ileva on (Alorld or Suorid ot tin ( Daubree).
Ii. inuat A. E. Sordentkiild (FinL Uin 163, IHSfi, 28, ISA3). A cauiterite containing ttsit Sf.a.et tantaUo acid. Isomorphoua with caaaiterite, and presenting the planes 1, H.=t-{-S- Q.=S'6 — 6'S. Luatie vitteoua to adanMntine ; odor blade to gniTieh-blaak ; streak aAtmn; opaque. AnBljaia Noidenikiotd :
&D B8-9G Ta B-T8 Pe S-04 Cn IHB=100-S5
tira FeBiiikiya in Somerot llnland, with tantallte and horyl In albita.
IS3. EDTO. fidiorl rage de Litli, Criat., IL 421, 1183 ; v. Born. Cat. de Raab, L 1 68, ITSO. SMita Scboil pt, Titaalnlk, Kli., Beitr , L 333, 1T96 (diaoor. of metal Titanium). Bed Schorl rn., Hin, L 171, 1794; TItanite, id., 11338, 1796 [not 'ntaoitefldpr., 1794=8phene], Scbori rnipi, 3coitc SoMiurt, Alpea,'iT.g 1891,1796. Qothaid) IMomalA II.,a.333,1797. ButU Wctil, 1800, Lodwig'i Warn, L GS, 1803. ntane ozjdA fl:,Tr.,1801. Sdwinar Onuiat JjuipadtuM, SammL, iL 119, 179T. EiaenbaHiges Titanen (fr. Ohlainaa) JOflir. Beitr., il, !3iS, 1797=H!gTiii KanL, Tab, 66, 78, 1800. nmenoratile SokteKarttf, Ilia.
Tetragonal. 0 A l-i;=147° 1', a=0-6442. Observed planes : vertical prism, 7, t-}, i-2, £-8, i-4, 4-7, i-i ; octahedrons, 1, 2, J, l-i, 3-i ; zirconoids, 1-3, 1-|, 3-) ; base, 0, not common.
/At-3=153'' 26' i-tA*-2=153 28 MM-i=122 47i mA1=118 26
Cleavage : / and v4 distinct ; 1, in traces. Vertical planes usaallj striated. Crystals often acicular. Twins : 1, composition-face 1-t, either (1) having a geniculation at the centre of origin of tne crystal (nearly like f. 50, or f. 158 under cafisiterite) ; or (2 having commenced as a simple crystal, and afterward become geniculatea, as in t. 161. (A) ITsually the successive
feniculations take place in a common plane, that is by those faces l-i that ie in the direction of the same diagonal ; and (a) either the parts at the gniculations, at the opposite extremities, resume alternately a like direction, as in f. 159, under cassiterite, p. 157 ; or the direction changes successively (f. 161), the extremities finally bending into one another, and producing at times when thus completed an inequilateral hexagonal prism (f. 102! ; but {B) occasionally the twinned commencement (as I, II, t. 163; is next
Sreniculated at either end parallel to the transverse plane l-u and a zig-zag orm is produced, and this in successive alternations, thence resulting, il'the twinning begins nearly at, or at, the commencement of the crystal, in the scalenohedr form in f. 164, which consists of 8 united sectors. [Fig. is ideal (from Qt, Bose) being introduced to illustrate the form in f. 164.] 2. Composition-face 3, making a wedge-shaped crystal consisting of two individuals. 3. Composition-faces l-i and 3-1 in the same crystal (fr. Magnet Cove, Hessenberg). Occasionally compact, massive.
H.=6— 6*5. Q'.=4'18— -4*25. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color reddish-brown, passing into red ; sometimes yellowish, bluish, violet, black; rarely rass-reen. Streak pale brown. Subtransparent— opaque. Fracture suDconcnoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var— Titanic add, Ti=0z7gen 39, titanium 61 100. Sometimes a little iron is pretest
Var. 1. — OrcUnairy. Brownish-red and other shades, not black. G.=4*18— 4*22. Transptreot
quartz is sometimes penetrated thickly with acicular or capillary crystals, and this rariety is tbs
Sagenite (fV. truynnif a net), also named OrigpUe. Dark smoky quartz penetrated with the adcuitf
rutile is apparently the Veneris crinia of I'liny (xxxvii. 69).
2. Ferriferoua, (a) Ntgrine. Color black, whence the name. Contains 2 to 3 p. c. of oxfd of iron. But as ordinary rutile has 1 to 2 p. c., the distinction is very smalL G.=4 249, fr. Ohhpian; 4*242 te. Freiberg. (6) IlmenonUtie, A black variety from the Ilmen Mta, oocurring iii oo tahedrons, containing over 10 p. c. of ozyd of iron, and having 6.=5*()74— 6*133.
3. Chromiferoua (Titane oxyde chromifre H.). A grass-green variety, containing oxyd of chrome, which gives the color.
Analyses: 1, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., IIL z. 417); 2, H. Rose (Gilb. Ann., IziiL 67, Pogg.,DL 166); 3, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xzxviL 170); 4, 5, Demoly (Jahresb., 1849, 728):
BL Yrielx, reddish ft 97 60 Pe 1*55=99*15 Damour. G.=4*209.
2. " " 98-47 1-53=100 11. Rose.
3. Freiberg, niffrine 96*75 2-40*=9916 Kersten. G.=4-242.
4. Loa unknown 96*41 1 63, Un 0*13, Si 1*83=100 Demoly.
" In part at least moffiuiUe, which may be separated b j a magnet.
Tlie IlmenoruUle consists approximately, according to Hermann (L c.), of ft 89*3, Pe 10*7.
P3rr., etc. — B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives a colorless bead, which m B.F. assumes a violet color on cooling. Moat varieties contain iron, and give a brovmish-yeDow or red bead in R.F., the violet only appearing after treatment of the bead with metallic tin oo diarcoal Insoluble in acids; made soluble by fusion with an alkali or alkaline carbonate. The solutioo containing an excess of acid, with the addition of tin-foil, gives a beaatifUl violet<!olor when cod* ceiitrated.
Obs. — Rutile occurs in granite, gneiss, mica slate, and syenitio rocks, and sometimes in gna* ular limestone and dolomite. It is generaUy found in imbedded crystals, often in masses of quart or 1'eldapar, and frequently in acicular crystals penetrating quarti. It has also been met with ia hematite and ilmenite. It is common in grains or fragments in many auriferous sands. Oocun In Arendal and Krageroe in Norway ; at Horrsjoberg, Finland, with lasulite and kyanite ; Sauaipa Oirinthia* in the Trals; in tlie Tyrol; at St. Oothard; at Trieiz, in France; KrammheoMtv
Akhtbb0It8 Oxtds. 161
dar£ oeir Freibei; In Qistile, In genicalated cryatalB, often large ; at Oblaplan in TransylTania, in pebUet ; in large cryetals in Perthshire, Scotland ; at Oriftilarick, at Craig Calleach neux KaiiiL tod 00 Benygioe ; in Donegal Go. Ireland. A Tarietj from Karingabricka in Sweden con* UIbs looorduig to Ekeberg (Ak. H., £kh., 1803, 46), 3 p. c of chrome, and is the Hiane oxydA cArMi{/af Hany; nu-pnem needles, Bnppoeed to be chromifrous, have been found in the Alpfl. The IbmrnirvtiU is flrom the phenacite and topaz mine of the Ilmen Mta., in the Urala Bngfa oetahedronflL reticalated within, from Brazil, are anppoaed to be peeudomorpha after anatase.
In Jfenc at Warren, along with tremolite and chaloopjrrite. In K Ham/p, sparingly at
LTB,with tourmaline; near Hanover, acicular crystalB in quartz, onlj in loose masses. In.
Yammi tt Waterbnty, Bristol, Dnrnmerston, and Putney ; also in loose boulders in middle and
Bortion Vermont, adcidar, some spedmena of great beauty in transparent quartz. In ifoM., at
Bam, in goelsa, erystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter ; at Windsor, in feldspar
rans ntoBecting chlorite slate; at Shelbume in fine crystals in mica slate; at Leyden, with
sapoGte; it Conway, with gray epidote. In Oofin. at Lane*s mine, Monroe, and in the adjoin-
tovn of Huntington. In K, Tork in Orange Co., 1 m. B. of Edenville, with pargasite in limestone
bookiers, 2 m. E. of Warwick, in granite with zircon ; I m. E. of Amity, in quartz with brown
toarauline, and 2 m. W., with sphiel and corundum, and also 3 m. 8.W., with red spinel and
eiiMdiodite; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz; in N. York Co., at Kings*
brklge, in Teins of quartz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular limestone ; in the limestone of
lii Col In in flue long crystals, at Sudsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in
UucuterCo.; at Parksburpf, Concord, West Bradford, and Newlin, Chester Co.; at the Poor
House quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystal sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. lu K Jersey
ftlKewtoQ, with spinel In N, Cor. at Crowder's Mountain. In Oeorffic in Habersham Co. ; in
lineob Co at Oraves' Mountain, with lazulite in large and splendent crystals, some by
Si in. In Arkammu, at Magnet Cove.
In Qaada, small crystals, with speciilar iron at Sutton, C. E. ; in the ilmenite of Bay St. Paul, C L, ofinge tranalnoent grains, pure Ti, and probably rutile or brookite.
Tbe ozfd of titanium is employed for a yellow color in painting poroelain, and also for giving tbente tint to artificial teeth.
fieoeat art on cryst., Kokscharof Min. RussL, i. iL iil iv. ; Pogg., zd 1 54 (whence angles pnn)} G. Boee, Pogg, cxv. 648; Hessenberg, Min. Not, L 11. V. Figs. 16.'-14 by G. Rose.
ArtiCr— Formed in crystals by heating together to redness titanic acid and protoxyd of tin, ud then heating the mass with silica to a cherry red heat (DeviUe) ; by the action of steam on fioorid or chlorid of titanium (Daubr Hautefeuille). Hautefeuille observes that in this process OTStalfl of nrfiJe are formed when the heat used is red heat; of krookitef when it is between that '<rnRd for volatilizing cadmium and zinc ; and of anataaej when the heat is a little below that RQvired for the volat. of oadmium. Uu been observed in cryatala aa a furnace product by Scheerer.
191 OOTAHEDRITB. Scbori bleu indigo (fr. Oisans) Bourn,, de Usle's Crist, ii. 406, 1783 ; Url oeliMre rectanguUdre id, J. de Phys., zzz. 886, 17S7. Octarite Sauss Alpes, § 1901, 1794. Oktaedrit WenL, 1803, Ludwig's Wem., ii. 218, 1804. Oisanite Ddamdh T. T., it 269, 1T97; J. d. M., T. 273, 1799. Anataae Tr., ill 1801. Dauphinit
Tetragonal. O A l.t=119'' 22' ; a=l-77771. Commonly octahedral or tabular. Obpenred planes: 0; prisms, /, i4\ octahedrons, 1, J, f, J,
0 A 1=153° 19' 1 A 1, bas.,=136 36'
0 A 1=160 15 2.iA2wi " =148 28
0 A 1=111 42 14 A 14 " =121 16 0A2-i=105 46 (?A/=90.
1 A 1, pyr.,=97 51 /A 1=158 18
Wage : 1 and perfect.
fl.=5-5-6. G.=3-82-8-95; sometimes 4-11— 416 wwr heating. Lnfitre metallic-adamantine. Color var noils shades of brown, passing into indigo-blue, and Wick; meenish-yellow by transmitted lit. Streak 'nicolored. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle.
16o
Oomp. — Like ratUe and brookite, pan titanic add.
Boee foand in crystiOs from Brazil 1*26 per cent eeBqaiazyd of Iron (Pofsgt ld. tad Damour obtained in an analjaia (Ann. Gb. ., IIL z. 417 fi 98*36, Fe 1*11, §n 0-20=9KT
Pyr., etai — Same as for rutile.
Oba. — Most abundant ac Bourg d'Olsana, in Daupbiny, with feldspar, axinite, and Qmenit found in mica slate in the Grisons ; in Bayaria ; near Hof in the Fichtelgebiige ; Korway ; tbi Urals; in chlorite in Deyonshire, near Tavistodc ; with brookite at Tremadoc, in Korth WalM; m Oomwall, near Liskeard and at Tintagel Cliffli ; in BrazQ in quarti and in detached crystals w splendent as to be sometimes mistaken for diamonds.
In the U. States, at the Dexter lime rook, Smithfield, R. I., in dolomite.
De Sauasure's name octahedrUe has the priority, and is particularly appropriate, the crystals being usually octahedrons. Hauy's anaitue is Na 3 in order of time, and was brought forward after be had once adopted for a while Delametherie's name oitanUe; it is from mwrMcc, enOkm aud was intended to signify, as HaOy says, that the common octahedron was longer than that of other tetragonal species; but length is not In the meaning of the Greek word.
Artil — Formed in crjrstals by the action of steam on chlorid or fluorid of titanium (Danbrte); by the action of a stream of muriatic add gas on Ti (Deyille); by ftishig titanic add with latt of phosphorus B3. in R.F., and then exposing the bead to the point of the blue flank% vhea minute transparent oystaJs of octahedrite separate (G. Bose).
196. HAUSBSAimini. Schwan Brsunsteinerz pt WenL, Bergm. 386, 1789. Sohinn Manganen pt KdinL, Tab. 72, 100, 1808. Blade Manganese. Bl&ttridier Sdiwais-BrannsttiB Eauam Handb., 293, 1813. Mangante oxyd hydrate £, Tr., 1822. Pyramidal Manganeai Ore MaicL, Kohs, Kin., ii 416, 1824. Hausmannite HauL, Trans. R. Soa Ed., 1827. Gins, braunstein Boubv/l, Handb., 406, 1847.
Tetragonal. 0 A 25' ; a=11743. Observed planes : 1, i, 1 i Forms octahedral.
(? A 1=1218' ti pyr.,=1396r
1 A 1, pyr.,=105 25 1-i A =114 52
0 A t=151 2 1 A l-i=142 42
Cleavage : baaal, nearly perfect. Twins, parallel to l-i ; the same kind of composition sometimes between four individuals, nearly like 93, p. 65. Also annlor massive, particles strongly coherent.
H.=5— 5'5. G.=4'722. Lnstre submetallic. Color brownish-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven.
Oomp* — ftn* Un=MangaQese 72*1, oxygen 27'9=Sln 69, An 31=100. Formula nnufly written Mn Mn. Analyses: 1, Turner (Trans. Roy.. Soa Edinb., xL) ; 2. Rammelsberg (Pog ziY. 222) ; S, id. (ib., czzIy. 623); i, L. J. Igelstrdm (OBfr. Ak. Stockb., 1866, 606):
An Sn 0 Ba Si £[
1. Defeld 98*002 0*216 0*111 0*837 0*486=100 Turner.
2. Bmenan 92*487 7*004 1*160 =99*641 Bamm.
4. Jakobsberg 28*78 71*27 =liiO IgelsteGm.
Bammelsberg, in later examinations of the Ilmenan mineral (Pogg., cxxIt. 622X found Si 0*191 8-91, 0*60, and Ba 016, 0*60, 0 14, with Ign. 0*6, and 0 7*10.
yr., eto — B.B. like manganite. Diswdyes in heated muriatio add, aiTording dikmne.
Ods. — Oocurs with porphyry, along with other manganese ores, in fine orystals, near BnieDiD in Tliuringia; Hefeld in the Hars; Filipstad in Wermland. Reported also from Fnmcot in Alsaoe. Obaenred at Lebanon, Penn.
Dauber foundfor crystals fttmi Ilmenan 1 A 1=105" 80', and i A i=140" 81' (Pogg., xdy. 406
The formula An* Mn, which makes the two members each to contain two of oaDyiM, aooocdf with the approximate isomorphism of the sped with octahedrite and rule, tiie ang 0 A 1 is it differing hardly from 0 A l-t in octahedrite, and about from 0 A 1 in ratio.
Arttf.— Ywmed in crystals by subjecting Sn and Ifg to heated muriatic aoid gas (DtfflleX
JOraTDBOUS 0X7D6. 168
IM. BSAUNITB. Bnmiite, BrachTtypoos Manganeie-ON EaieL, Ed. J. SoL, h. 48, 1826 Haiteniiiitoin muum, Handb 222, 1847. Karoeline Beud !L 188,1881 Hetaroklin zMx. 204, 1840 (in art hj Bvreinoff), Handb., 801, 1847.
Tetragonal Oa l-t=136*' 26' ; (=0-98526. Observed planes : O, 1, 2, 8-2:
Oa 1=125 40' 2 A 2, pyr.,=96 38'
0 A 2=109 45 2A2, ba8al,=140 30
lAl, pyr.,=109 58 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. axial, =128 17
1 A 1, baB.,=108 40 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. diag.,=144 4
46' and 108"* 63', Descloizeaux, Twins: forms consisting of three crystak, Kenngott. Also massive.
E=6-6-5. G.=4-75-4-82 ; 4*752, fr. Elgersburff, Ramm. ; 4-818, ib., Haid. ; 4*77, fr. St. Marcel, Damonr. Lnstre submetaUic. Streak and color dark brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
8 ibi* Mn+Mn Si (see p. IH8). Turner obtained no africa, and made the nneral aim* flySn. Analyaea: 1, Tuiner (Edinb. Trans., zi); 2-4 Bammelaberg (Fogg., cxriv. 615):
ttn 0 Ba Si £[
1. Bgwaboig 86-95 9*86 2*25 r. 0*96=100 Turner.
2. cryak undeL 0*24 7*98 Bamm.
Tbe mareekne (or beterodine) from 8t ICaroel in Piedmont, shown chemioallj by Damonr, and OTttaUographicallj by Desdoizeaoz, to be impure brannite, was found by Damour (Ann. dL M., IV. 1 400) to conaisi of
AuJjses of impoTB ore ftom Elba, by Bechi, in Am. J. Sd., H ziv. 62 ; itom Engadin, in entire Bukeisen, in Ber. Ak. Wien, zziv. 287.
Pyr., eto— B.B. infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives an amethyatine bead in (XF., becoming colorless in B.F. With soda gives a bluish-green bead. Treated with muriatic idd eTOlTaa chlorine. Maroeline gelatinises with adda.
Obs— Ooeors both ciystaUiaed and massive, in veins traversmg porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near Hmeiuta; at Elgersborg in Thnringia; at Botnedalen, Upper Tellemark, in Norway ; near Ilefeld in the Han; at St Maroel in Piedmont* at Elba (Beohi, Am. J. Sd., ILxiv. 62); at Vizianagram inlodi
Named after Mr. Braon of Oottuk
To exhibit the true relations between the forms of brennite and cassiterite or nitile, the plane 1-t abofB iboaU be 1, Oa I fai cassiterite being 186° 26'. HomologioaUy this plane in all these rehtedadfls is the plane oorresponding to that truncatiog an edge of a cube which indinea to
197. MlMiUiC Ifonnige OemL Plomb oxid rouge &
Pnlvemlent, occasionally exhibiting, nnder the microscope, crystalline ledeB.
H.=2— 8 G.=4'6. Lnstre faint greasy, or dull Color vivid red, niixed with yellow ; streak orange-yellow. Opaque*
OoapPV + 2 sOxvgen lead 90-66=100. the redaction flame of uie blowpipe globules of lead are obtained. Obb— Usoaily associated with galenite, and also with calaoiine, and sometimes courtitotinp CWnwflgpha after galflDite and oemaaiteb
OZTOBN OOMPOnniM.
FouDd at Austin'! mine, Wythe Co Ta., along wi&
108. BROOKITB. JtulDlte Sortt, 1S3S. Brookite Xtvy, Ann. FUL, IF. Iz. IM, IStS. Aitu site A)., Am. J. ad.,n.a SbO, 1S4S. ? Eumanite 5., ib xiL Sll, IBBl.
Orthorhombic /A/=99*' 60' (-100= SOO: >AM=131" 42'; o:}:*; =1-1620:1: 1:1-1883. Obaerved planes: O; vertical, /, t-i, m, t-l.
(9 A H=150*
(9aH=14T U
OaI =124 ir
OAi =143 45
0 A 2-1=111 34
OAl-i=132 19
Oa5-b=101 38
0 A 2-1=117 54
/Am=139'' 65' mA£-=157 11 -3At-E, mac., =134 22 iAi =136 U lAl =115 43 1-SAl-i " =101 3 l-iAl-i,brach.,=135 37 2-tA2-t, top,= 55 48
Cleavage : I, indistinct ; 0, still more bo.
H.=5-5— 6. G.=4-13-4-23, brookite; 4-21 —4-23, trp. Ural cryst. ; 403~4-085, artansite, KDMYille, N. T. Whitney and Damour, 3-86— 3*95, RammeUbere,
8"81, a variety from the Ural, Hermann, Hair-brown, yellowish, or readish, with metaUio adatnanttoe lustre, and translucent (brookite) ; also ironblack, opaque, and subinetallio (arkansite). Streak uncolored — grayish, yellowish. Brittle.
Oomp.— Pure title aoid, tt, like tile. AnilrMa: 1, Herraann (J. pr. Oh., EoDMncraky IB. H. Ztg., 1863, No. 36); S, 4 M., IV.xt. T):
Akhtdbovb Oxtm.
16S
SauBneUberg obtained 94*23 pi. a of titanic add from the aTkmtite, and a ooneiipQiidiiig lo ipedfic while Whitney and Bamour found little imparity and a higher speciflo gravity.
Pyr., eto.— Same as for rattle.
Obi<— Biookite oocura at Boorg d'Oisans in Dauphiny ; at St Gothard, with albite and quartz in the Unda, difltrid of Slatonat, near Miask ; near Makizxsh in the Voages, in pseudomorpha aftei ipbeoe; raiely at Tal del P-oye, Etna with rutile; at Fronolen near TremadoHO, Walea ; in thick Uadc crjBtala (ariumsUef f. 166) at Magnet Gove, Ozark Mta., ArkaneaBf along with elAolite, bUck gaaetf and acorlamite ; in small crystala the gold washings of Xorjh Carolina ; at the lead mioe of EDenville, Ulster Co., X. Y., on quartz (f. 1691 with ohalcopyrite and galenite ; al Puialfaine.
/A/m aikanaltesIOO"— 100* 30', 1-2 A I-SIOl* 80', and 185* 15' to 135* 60'. In brookite Sramth0 Urals, /A 50', Kokacfaarof (Min. RusaL).
Haowd after the Bngliab crystallographer and mlneralogiat, H. J. Brooke.
Arti£r— P6nned in cryattls by the action of ateam on c&orid or fluorid of titanium (DaubrV.
193a. EuiCA2nT& Eumanite occurs in minute crystals at the Chesterfield albite vein wito rabellite and pyzochlore. Its diemioal identity with brookite has not been ascertained. The iBBazed an figures, by the author, of two of the crystaia.
no
170a
q
I (I
h
n
n
n
4 J
Some of the observed angles are /a /=rioo* to 101*, H a J-lrrTT* 49', i-f a i.}=140*— 140'
199. PTROLu KU'X'Xi. Lapis manganensis pt Ooeaalp MetalL, 1596. Brunsten Mag Msia pt WalLf 268, 1747 ; Manganese pt Trl Wak, L 488, 1753. Manganaise grist pt IbftLy Oat, 1772. Grau firaunstehi pt TTem., BergoL J., 886, 1789; id. ., Handb., 388, 1813. Gray Ozyd of Manganese pt; Anhydrous Binozyd of Manganese. Mangaa Hyperozyd ZemA., Handb., 240, 1826. Irolusite, Prismatic Manganese-Ore, fiord. Trans. R 8o& EcL, 1827. Weichbraunstehi, Weichmangan, Oerm, Polianite (fr. Flatten) BreWL Fogg., IxL 191, 1844=Iichtes Graumangan-Brz ici, Char., 231, 18Jj.
Orthorhombic. /A 40', 0 A 1-1=142° 11' ; a ; J : c=0-776 : 1 : 1-066. Observed planes as in the figure. 0 A f-i=160/A w=136 50' /A t-i=133° Hah? top, 140 Cleavage / and irl. Also eolanmar, onen divergent ; also granular mafisive, and frequently in reniform coats. Often soils.
fl.=2-2-5. G.=4-82, Turner; Lustre metallic. Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish, weak blade or bluish-black, sometimes submetallic. Opaque. Rathci wittle.
. Ordinary, In (a) erTitals and ih) massive. H.ss2— G.=r 4*819, Tunisr 4 84 k Andalusia. Anglaa as abof giTen. t i -i
OXTOEN OOMFOmnM.
2. iMHi H. above 6. a=:4*838— 4*880, fr. PUhtten, Breith. Oolor iteel-gni j. Ang /A /=:92'' 62\ 0 A \'i:=:\4.V 43'. It IB a Tei7 pure pyrolusite. Pisani stalM that **poUaiille* from Cornwall has G. =4*826.
8. VairvacUe ia impure pTroltiaHe. See under ICanganitb.
Oomp. — MnManganeae 63*3, oxygen 86*7=100. Analyses: 1, ArfVedson (8cliw._J xln 210); 2, 8, Turner (Edinb. Trana., 1828); 4, Sdieffler (Aich. Pharnu, . 2(>0); 6, (Pogg., Ixil92):
1. Undenaes?
2. Elgersberg
3. Ilefeld
4. Bmenau
6. Platten, Bal
84*06
87*0
14*58
11*78
U-Oo
11*6
12*11
Si
1*86=100 ArfVedaon. 1*12=100 Tomer. 1*57=100 Turaer. 6*8, Fe 1-8, Ca 0*8, Si 0-S 8 0*32, 9e Si 0M7=10O Flatt
In another specimen Scheffler found 9*7 per cent ofbaiyta. Specimens from near Battenberg Hesse, afforded Schwarzenberg and Engelhardt 96*45 to 100 per cent of pure superozyd of manganese (Ann. Ch. Pharm IzL 262). Y. Sevoc and J. Breuilhs find in crystallized ore from HnelTi 09*4 (BnlL Soc. de . Min., ▼! 29, Bev. OeoL par Delesse, 1860, 67).
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone infusible ; on charooal loses oxygen. A manganese reaction with borax. Affords chlorine with muriatic add.
Oba. — This ore is extensively worked at Elgersberg near Ilmenau, and other plaoes in Thnringia ; at Yorderehrensdorf near Mahrish-Trubau, in Moravia, which place annually affords many hundred tons of the ore ; at Flatten in Bohemia, and elsewhere. Fine crystals ooonr near Johanngeorgenstadt, and at Hirschbeig in Westphalia, and crystalline plates at ICataka Transylvania; also found sparingly in Oomwall ; in Timor; in Australia.
Occurs in the United States with psiiomelane, abundantly in Yermont, at Brandon, Irasborg, Bennington, Ifonkton, Ohittenden, etc, both crystallised (f. 171) and masaive; at Conway, llasa in a vein of quarts ; at Plainfleld and West Stockbridge, ICass. ; at Winchester, K. H. ; at Salisburr and Kent, Conn., forming velvet-like coatings on limonite. In California, on Bed island, bay of San Francisco. In New Brunswick, 7 m. fr. Bathurst, in fine cryst ; in Shepody Mtn. and elsewhere ; near Upham in King's Go. In Nova Scotia, at Teny cape, cryst and maaaivo ; also at Walton, abundant; near Kentville; Pictou; Amherst; Husqnodobit
Irolusite and manganite are the most important of the ores of manganftse. yroluaxte patti with its oxygen at a red heat, and is extensively employed for discharging the brown and gieen tints of gloss. It hence received its name from vdo, fir% and Avm, to wuk: and for the aame reason it is whimsically entitled by the French Uaawtn de verrien. It is easily distingoished ttani psik)- melane by its inferior hardness, and usually by being crystalline.
flOa ORBDNBRITB. Knpferhaltiges Ifanganen OMnsr, Jahrb. Kin., 6, 1 847. Ifanganknpftfoxyd Bantmn Handb 1682, 1847. Mangankupferera, Crednerit, Mamnu, Poggi, IxxiL 669.
Monoclinic. Foliated crystalline. Cleavage: basal very perfect; less distinct in two other directions obliquely inclined to one another.
H.=4-5. G.=4-9— 5*1. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black to steelgray. Streak black, brownish.
On' lln*=Oxyd of oopper 42*9, oxyd of manganese 67*1=100; bat often mixed with oxyd of manganese. Analyses : 1, Oredner (Pogg., Ixxir. 666) ; 2-4 Bammelsberg (L Ci, sod Min. Ch., 178):
lib Itn Cu Ba Ca £[ 0
1. Frioderichsrode 22*96
81-26 42*18
2. 62*66
40*66
1*48
3. " 66*29
3*08
2*01
0*63 0*26 0*76
gangue 0*68=98*37 Cred. 6*78=100 46 Bamm. 8-68=99*06 Ramm. 8*83=98*81 Bamm.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. (bible only on thin edges. With borax in O.F. gires a daik Tiolet color (manganese) ; with salt of phosphorus a green glass, which on cooling is blue, and in B. be> oomea red (copper). Soluble in muriatic add with evolution of chlorine.
Obar— Ftom Friederichsrode, with volborthite, malachite, and manganese ores. Bainmalabers obaerrea that this ore is undoubtedly the aouroe of the cupreous manganese, a seoondaiy prod id
Htdboub 0Zyd6.
101 FUTIKBBITE. Schvrarbleien BreUh J. pr. Oh x. 608, 187. Plattnerit ITiimL, Handb.
604, 1846. Brannbleioxyd ffauam., Handix, 202, 1847.
la hexagoiiai prisms with replaced basal edges, planes 0, ij 1, but pseudomoipbous after pyro awriite (Greg) ; cleavage Indistinot G.= 9*38— 9*45. Lustre metallic adamantine. Color iron black. Streak brown. Opaque.
CoMP.— Aooording to Plattner (J. pr. Oh., x. 608X Fb 0=Lead 86*6, oxygen 18'4=100. Probi ably frtMD Lftadhillw, Scotland. A doubtful species. The specific gravity given is as high ai thit of the protuxjd of lead.
201A. Yaxadio Oghiol— {Yanadic add ThKhemaehar, Am. J. 8d IL xL 288, 1861.) A yellow
Gtrernt substance, encrusting masses of native copper, along wiUi quartz, at the Oliff mine, ke Soperior, according to J. £. Tescihemacher (1. c.). The color before the blowpipe changed to bbok ; also tiie powder, boiled in nitric acid, afforded an apple-green solution, from whl on putiai evaporation, after standing some weeks, red crystalline globules formed on the surface, whidi, as they enlarged, fell to Sie bottom ; by means of these crystalline masses the vanadates of nlver and lead were mada As no metal was found in the first solution, the yellow WIS inftned to be probably vanadio add (Y
B. Htdbotts Oxtds.
1. Oxygen ratio for £t, H=l :
aoa.. XuBGini
8. 0. ratio for ft, fl=l : f
m. BUflPQBS Slfi
8. 0. ratio for 3tt, H=l : f
206. Lmoxizi
4. 0. ratio for U, S=l : f Ml. XiTHoaiDBam Pe fi*
209. EUASm
5, 0. ratio for 3tt, fl=il : 1.
'IL PTBOOHBOm
3U GiBBsm
Ag fi (or lig* fi) An ]ft (or Mn*
216b Gmocm
204. GoiBm Sefi
208. Bbjluxixi (Si, 9e)
(C, 3Pe) fl
218. LDcnra 9e fi*
214. HTDROTALOm (i Sl +
216. PTBOAUBm
(6, Pe) fiP
%nda.— 217. Pbiloicblahb. 218. Wad: A, Boa ICANOAjnsB; B, AsBOun; LAHPADini
aoi TURQITB. Hematite pt Bed Odhre pt Turgit Arm., BulL Soa Nat Moscow, L 262,
1846. Hydrdhnmatit BrtUk,, Handb., 846, 1847.
Compact fibrons and divergent, to massiYo; often botryoidal and eta- 'critic like limonite. Also earthy, as red ochre.
1=5-6 ; 5-5, Brush. G.=3-56-3-74, from Ural, Herm. ; 4-29-4-49, fr. Hof, Breith. ; 4'681. fr. Horhansen, Bergemann; 4*14, fr. Salisbury, Bnuh. Lustre sabmetallio and somewhat satm-like in the direction of the
168 Oxtdkh Ookfoubm. .
Gbrons etrafltnre; also doll earth. Color reddish-black, to dork ted bright-red when earthy: botryoiaal surface often Inetrous, like limonite. Streak red. Opaque. i
Oonp.-~Fe*d=:Be8quiz;d of iroiL M*t, wBtar 5-3=100. Anilyiw: 1, HcrmaDD c) %
F. W. FritzBcbe [Breith. Handb., L c); 3, 4, Bergemaun and PMl (Bamm. Uin. Gl, 989); Boctman (Am. J. Bo., IL xUt. SIS):
Fe lila ft lasoL
1. TTral 8634 6 81 7-60, Cn, tb 1'86=100 Herm.
3. Hof gs-fS 4-61 1-91, S 0-09=tOO-lCI Fritoache.
3. HorbwuoD 89-S4 1-40 C-64 !-19=S9-47 Bergemum.
4. " &2-B3 . 6*81 0'93, l-10=lUO-27 Pfeiffer.
5. SaUsbuiy 1 91-8B 0-81 6-30, & i-06, il 0-78, P, S, Co lr,=B9-98 RodmaiL Id other deWrminatioiu for No. G, fi=S'OJ and 5-09 p. c ; for apednietu from Jehigh Tle;,
e-34 Rispper.
Pyr., vtoA-Heated in a doaed tube, flies to piecee In a romsAable manoer, and in this diEtinel ftom hwnatite and limonite; yields water Otherwise like hematite.
Ob.-~A very common ore of iron, oftea taken for limonite, with which it ie frequeotl; auodated, and wbidi it renemblea, except in its superior hardneaa, streak, and decrepitation. It also i looks Terj like flbroua hematite. Hennano'a mineral wai from the Turginak copper mine near Etogonlovik, iu ihe Ural, and tnm the KaiTran diatrict, in the Altai; tt of Breilhanpi, from near tn Bavaria, and Siegen in Fnisia; found alao with limonite at Dusseldoii la pTuaaia; at the Louisa mine, Horhauseo. In the United States it occura abundanttv, and Urge bocrTOidal massive, at the limonite ore bed of Sulisburj, Ct, as detected b; Prod Brmli (Am. J. So., IL xUt. S19|, usually constituting the exterior lr of the limonite, Bonictimea m Inch or more thick. The Uue of demarcation between it and the limonite ia verj diatinct. and iepttntion along it ia otten eaaj.
AitU. — E, Daviea has shown that the ordinary precipitate of hydrate of iron, on being boikd ! in water, may have its water reduced to 3'aS p. c. (J. Cb. Soc, IL iv. 69); and Rodman (L c.) hia, by the Bame coethod, reduoad it to 2 p. c., showing that the water varies with the tomperatnia of origin ; and, aa Daviea obaerrea, no great heat ia needed to make thua anhydrooa hematite. I
303. DIA8PORB. Diaapore Eaiiy, Tr., iv. IBOl. Blattricher HydrargUUt Hanfn Hand, I 442, ISIS. Hydrate of alumine. I
Orthorhombic /a 7=93° 42f ', O A 1-=147" 13J' ; : : c=0-G4425 i : 1 : 1'067. Observed planes: vertical, /, i-l, i-i, tf, i-i, i-i, i-S, t-J, i-ti domes, 1-J, J-t, |-i ; octahedral, 1, 2-a, 1-2, f-Fo, H, 1-*, 4-Y- <?Al-i=148'' 5H' 1-2A1-2, ba8al,=70 52' t-SAi-2=129'' 47'
w A 1-1=121 1i iA A 1-2=104 14i U A i=:140 50*
l-aAl-2, mac.,=116 40 i-t A 1=116 54* l-iAl-t, top,=:117 45
l-SAl-2, brach.,=151 31 i-iA 1-5=120 33* i:-tAi-a=115
i''S CrjBtalB uaitally thin, flattened parallel to
t-i ; eometimes acicular ; commonlT implanted. Cleavage : i-i eminent ; *-3 less perfect. Occurs foliated massive and in thin scales ; sometinied Btalactitic.
H.=6-6-7. a=3-3-3-5; 3-4324, Hafly: 3-452, Dufrenoy; 3-30— 3-34, fr. Schemniu. Lustre brilliant and pearly on cleavage-face; elsewhere vitreous. Color whitish, gravishwhite, greeniflh-gray, hair-brown, jellowisli, to colorless; eotnetimee violet-bhie in one direction, reddish plomb-blae in another, and pala
esparagiifi-green in a When thin, traosluoent — Bubtnoslacent
Very brittle.
Httooub Oxybb.
Ooapb— Si fi=86'l alaminA, 14*0 water=slOO. AnaljBM: 1, 2, Dnfroj (Ann. d. IL, ITI X. 577, 1936); 3, Hess (Pogg.. zyiiL 256); 4, B.. xxl 822) ; 5, Lowe (POgg., IzL 307); &T,J.L Smith (Am. X ScL, IL xi. 58); 8, Damour (L'Institut, 1853, 78); 9, GTT. Jacksoo (Am. J. SeL, n. zliL 108) ; 10, 8. & Sharpies (Friv. coQjxib.) :
SI ti
1. Siberia 74*66 14*58
1 IdL 78-93 15*18
5. lOaak 85*44 14*56 4 Sibena 79*01 14*00
6. Schemniti 85*18 15*00
6. Gomnoh-dagh 83*12 14-28
7. Naxos 82-04 14*81 &Bahia.aA. 84*02 ]4'59 9. Cheater, ICaaa. 8S*0 14*8
10. Hewlin, Pa. 80*05 14*84
Fe 4*51 " 0-52
0*66
FeO-68
" 8*0
" 312
Si
2*90, Ca and % 1*64=08*20 DuC
1*30, Ca 1*98=97*95 Dut —=100 Hess.
— — , unattacked 5*80=100*61 Bam. =10013 Lowe. G.=3*808.
0*82, Ca Mg /)-.=98-88 & G.=3*45.
0*26, Ca 0*86 =99-42 S.
0*43=99*72 Damour. G.= 3*464. =100*8 JackBon. G.=8*39.
1*58=100*44 Sharpies.
AsaL 2 was made on the mmeral of anal. 1 after removing the iron bj sulphuric add.
Pyr., etc— In the dosed tube decrepitatea strongly, separathig into pearly white sales, and ii a high temperatofe yields water. The Tariety from' Sohemntta does not decrepitate. Inftiidble ; wj6i cobalt aolution gives a deep bine color. Some arieties react for iron with the fluxes. Not tMdced by adds, bot after ignition becomea soluble in solphnrie add.
Obi.Commonly found with corundum or emery in dolomite, chlorite schist, and othor cr3r8 tillise rocks, in nests, or as implanted crystals on corundum and other minerals. Occurs near Koatoibrod, district of Katharinenburg in the Ural, in granular limestone with emery ; at Schemaits Id Teins between ddomite and limestone ; at Broddbo near Fahlun ; with corundum in dolomite in Cpo Longo, near Dasio Grande, in the Canton of Tessin in Switzerland ; at Gumuchdiffi and Ifauaer, Asia Minor, and the Grecian islands Kaxos, Samoa, and Nicariaf with emery, ai dsttcted by J. Lb Smith ; with topaz and margarodite at Trumbull, Ct, but rare ; with corundam Mod margHrite at Newlin, Chester Co., Pa. ; at the emery mines of Chester, Mass., in large plitea and crystals. Exists also as an impurity in some zeolites (Scheerer, Pogg., cviii. 430).
above angles are from Kokscharof (Min. BussL, iii. 169). Marignac obtained by measuremsai HAl-4=117° 46', i.2A-2=130% 1.2a1.2=151*' 86' and 11638'; PhilUps, i.2Ai.2= 129' 48'; Kenngott, .2a.2=129' 32'; Haidinger, i.2Av2=129* 54', I-Sa 1.2=151° 54'.
Diatpan was named by Ebiuy fyom 6taewtipuii, to scatter, alluding to the usual decrepitation before btowpqw. Le Udvre, as Ha&y states, first made known the spedes, having found it at t mineral'dnler's in Paris, and given it to Vauqudin for analysis. Its origmai locality is not kzkovD, but is supposed to have been the Urals. Vauqudin obtained dumina 80, oxyd of iron i) water 16 to 18=100 (Hauy, Tr., L a, and Ann. Ch., xUi. 113, 1802).
70L QOTHTTZL Dunnschuppiger, linsenformiger, rubinrother, etc. EisengHmmer (fV. Siegen), Baclcr, lOn. Besdir. O.-Nass. Lande, 401, 1789. Kryst fasriger Braundsenstein Moha, Null Min. Kab., iiL 403, 1804. Gdthit (fr. Biserfeld near Siegen) J, G. Lena, TabelL ges. Mineralreicfa,46u Jena, 1806, foL, Mollis Efenu, iv. 505, 1808, UUmann's Ueb., 304, 1814. Pyrrhosiderit [aotPyrosiderit] UUnumn, Hsusm. Handb., 268, 1813, UUmann's Ueb., 144, 299, 304, 1814 [but giTBo many years before to his dass]. Sdiuppig-fiEisriger Braundsenstein (ft*. HoUerter Zug)= Lepiddcrokit Utkfumn, Hansm. lb., 269, 1813, UUmann's Ueb., 148, 316, 1814. Haarformiger Bmmeisenstein ffautm, lb., 270, ]813=Kadeleisener2 BrcUh,, Char., 1823. Brown Iron-stone pt. Brown Iron-ore pt, Brown Hematite pt., of Jameaon, PkUUpa, etc. SammteisenerSt Sam- BMtUende pL=Ptsibramit in Glock. Handb., 649, 1831.
Chikit ArwO., J. pr. Oh., xix. 103, 1840. Onegit {tr. L. Onega) Andre (of BrOnn), Tageblatt, Ho. 18, 180], Mdl*s Efem., it 109, 112, 1806=Ore of Titanium variouaauih. for 26 years=GOkhils
Orthorhombic. /A/=:9462',B.&M.(95°U',Levy; 96Yorke): 0.\U =146° 33' ; a:h: c=0'66 : 1 : 1-089. Observed planes: vertical, i, w, i-2, ,
; women, 1-t ; octahedral, 1, 1-2, 8-8, f-f .
Oa1.|=143 55 (?Af4=121 8 i-2Ai-2 =130 40
OM =138 6 lAl, brach.,=121 4 t-*Ai-5, ov.,=122 53
In pmmB longitudinally striated, and often flattened intt scales or tables parallel to the shorter dianaL Cleavage: brachydiagonal, very peiiect. Also fibrous; foliated ox in scales ; massive ; renitbrm ; stalactitic.
H.=:5— 5-5. G.=4-0— 4-4; 4-37, crystals from Loatwitliiel in Corawall, Yorke. Lustre imperfect adamantine. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish-brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Streak brownish-yellow — ochre-yellow.
Var. — 1. Td thin miI-1Uc or tabular crjatala, ; attuied bj oua edge. Bodi ia tfae nt glnal OoOuie {Pyrrhotidenit at Jlubrnglimmer) of Slegen.
a. In acicukr or capilki; {not SaxiMe) otystil*, or slender prisiiu. often ndUtelT' frnniped; the yaaUt-Iromlone {SatUkumttein). It Into (b) h rare with Telvatj amac*: Ihi iVtOratTitte {SammeUileiidt) of Pmbiiim ia of thU Icind.
(c) Otufiie ia aclcular thlte penetrating quartz, like nitlle, from an laland in L Onega, Ruaaa, where it wm found in loose stones, in 180, \tj llr. Annatroug, an Rotshmau. It haa alM boen called DiSoaile, after Mr. Fallon, a brother-in-law of Hr. A., who also poaaeaaed apBdmena.
5, Columnar or Qbrous.
L Scal-abrous, or feather? oolnnituu', the Ilnea oonstitlng of moi or leisdiatinctioalea, eamawhat like plumose mica ; the LidoaveUe (fr. Xirii, tcalt, and irir, fiber).
6. According to Hausmsnn, compact iussIto, with a flat oouchoidal frmccure, liTSP-brown to UadJeb-browu and niat- color; sod Bometimea reuiform or atalaotido.
S. Diaaeminated microaoopk) orTstils of guthite are one source of the frequent awMterwM tad Opalescent ohnracter of epuamens of difhnnt feldapara (aae
Gamp.— PeBSeaquttnTdoT iron 80*9, water 101 100. Analyaaa: 1-3, t. EobII (J.pr.a .181,319); Oeb.tnBbeinLWeatpb., 7, Flatter tf , pr. Ch., zix. lOS); 8, Toike (PhlL Uag., ULxzriLSSl):
Fe
I1
fl
Si
I. Eiserfeld, OdlhUe
B6*86
0-Sl
0-8S, Cn 0'90=99-S9 Eobd
i.
90-G3
9-4T
ss-es
11 -Go
Oeo
lO-TB
0-sO=99Tlt Bnmdea.
fi.
se-44
ID'flB
2-.,0, I'b 1-08=100 KobelL
se-ss
Cnl'fl=loOPlattner.
8S-6S
Jo-Oj
0-a8= 100-06 Yorke.
06tUle from near Uarqnette gave Q. J. 10'4I S (Am. 3. 8d., 11. zxxTtL 3T)). Tbt iatierg mineral (anaL G) has been called but UUmami, whogare this nnm found for his mineral the oompoaition of limonite (q. t.)
Pyr., etc. — In the doaed tube givea off water and ta oouTerted into red aeaquiosji] of ifm With the Uuiea like hemaUte ; moat rarietieB giro a manganeae reaction, and some, treated in th* forceps in O.F., alter moistening in aulphuric add, impart a blniah-green oolor to the flxne (phosphonc acid). Soluble in muriaHo add.
Oba.— Found with the other ozjdiof Iron, espeolallyhematite or limonite. Ocoonat Kferfeld near SIcgen, in Naesau, in lamellirorm and footed crystallizations of a byadnth-red color, with limonite ; at Zwickau in Saxony ; OtMrkirchen in Weiterwald, etc. ; near Clifton in Qlonoeaterhire, near Bristol, RaglAud ; in Cornwall, near Botailaok and Loatwithtel, some of the ajataU It —2 in. lonr and ! in. acrcaaj in Somersetaliire, at the Profidenoe iron minuB.
In the O. Statea, at the Jackson Iron Utn, near Uarquette, L. Superior, in lamellifonn aystals ; b Penn., near Eaatoo, the var. lepidocrocite with Umonito ; in Oalifomia, at Bums Greek, Haripoca Co., in quartz; in Oregon, IS m. Portland.
Named GMite alter the poet philosopher To the ; and from find. and rtinti, irott. The name OnegUt baa priority, but it waa giren Without proper deaaiodi, aad SB years the nature of the mineral was unkDowiL
306. MAHOANITB. Manginalae crigtalltoi de LUU, Orlat 830, Wll, UL 101, H8S. Ha* gan ozydd metalknde H., Tr., It. IBOI (with Sga.). Omn-Brannatelnen pL ,, 1189; Santtn, Tah, IBOO. Granmanganen pt £iirfln, Tab., 180S. Braa-Biaunitein pC naim.
Htdboub Oztdb.
Itj
IumDil, S8d, 1813, 890, 1847. Gnj Qzyd of Manganese pi. Prinnatoidiadied ICaagan-Bn , 488, 1824 Maoganite MaUL, Trans. B. Soa Bdinb 1827. Aoerdte Beud. tt 8. sra, ISSi. KewUikite Tkom Min,, L 509, 1886.
Oithorhombic. /a/=99° 40', 0 A 9i' ; a :b : c=0-6465 :
(nncommon) : octahedral, 1,
1 : 1*185. Hemihedral, in plane 2. Observed plane, 0 (nncommon) :
2,1-!;Hh|-*-
(?A 2-1=127* 46' 0aM=146 9 0 A 1-2=144 69 Oa 1=139 49 0 A 2-2=128 18 0 A 14=161 26
1 A 1, mac.,=130* 49' 1 A 1, brach.,=120 64 1-1 A 1-8, mac., =162 39 i-2 A i-2, mac., =134 14 i-2 At.2, br.,=118 48 i4 A i-8, br.,=136 84
17ft.
Twins: composition-face 1-t. Cleavage: i-t verv perfect, / perfect. Crystals longitudinally striated, and often grouped in bundles. Also columnar ; seldom granolar; stalactitic.
E=4. G.=4-2— 4'4. Lustre subihetallic. Color dark steel-gray — iron-black. Streak reddish-brown, sometimes nearly blacL Opaque; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light. Fracture uneven.
CoBipi— lln fisSeaquioxyd of manganese 89*8 (=lfn 62*6, 0 27'3X water 10-2= lOa Anal* 1, ArlVedaon (. xxvi. 262); 2, Gmelin (ib., xliL 208); 3, 4, Tonier (Edinb. Trans., 6, How (. Mag., lY. 166) :
L West Qolbliiid tllefeld
1 Cheraria
ICn
(
lu*08 ArfVedsoD. 9-60 Gmelin. 10 101 Tomer. 10*10] Tomer. 10-00, gangne 1-14, 9e, fta, lose 2-05 How.
Pyr., eta— In the closed tobe yields water; otherwise Hke brannite.
Oba.— Occurs in veins trayendng porphyry, associated with caloite and barite, at Befeld in fte Htn; UmeDao and Oehrenstock Ld Thuringia ; Undenaes in Sweden ; Ohristiansand in Nor- VBj; Gonwall, at yarious places, occurring crystallized at Botallack mine, St Just; Gallington it the Boyal iron mines; also in Oomberland, Devonshire, Somerset; Aberdeenshire, Sioo near Ems and elaetiere in Ireland.
in Sootia, at OheTerie, Hants Go., and Walton; also 10 m. W. of Walton, where it forms
I M of ooDgkniente, along with quarts pebbles. In New Bmnswiok, at Shepody mountain,
Oql; TattagoodM BI, Gloooester Oa ; Upham, King's Go. ; and Dalhoosie, Bestigonche Co.
SeofUk of Thomson, from Newkirchen in Alsaoe, aooording to Lettsooi, is nothing but
loss of water changes to pyrolosite, hansmannite, or braonite. Vaimciu of B. fion Warwidcshlre is considered an altered manganite, oonsisting Lurffely of pyrolosite ivlVt observed a crystal with nearly the aofdes of manganite, giving /A 2=80' 24' and 99*
oxramf ooMFOuimB
20. UMONTTB. >'9ff (ff Iberia) Sohlstoa, Hftmatitos, Flii. , zzzvL a 38. Hsmatites pt, Blodstan pt [rest mi hemtttite], WaJL, 260, 1747, Orofui 178, 175 Hematite pt, 2V2. WalL, 469, 1763. Braun-EiBeDStein (ind Eiaenrahm, Brauner Glaskoii Wem., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Braoneisenstoin pt. [rest Gdthite] Bausm,, Handb., 268, 181 Braan-Eisensteln, StUpnosiderit, UUmamif XJel)., 146, 306, 148, 818, 1814. Brown Iron Stoi pt, Brown Hematite, Brown Ochre, Jameaon Min., 263, 261, 1816. Ltmonite pt [rest Gothit Bog Ore] BeudL, Tr., iL 702, 1832 [not Limonit ffauam 1813 Ore only)].
[jellow and brown] Theophr. ? Sil Plin xxxiiL 66. Ochra nativa, Germ. Beigge< Agric 466, 1646. 0. nativa, Sil, Berggelb, Ockergelb, Cleaner Foes., 8, 1666. Ochrigi BranneisenBtein Wem,, KarsL Brown Ochre pt. Yellow Ochre pt
Minera Ferri eabaqaosa, Min. F. lacastris, ▼. palastria, Gljoemalm, Mynnalm, WaU. 261 1747. Mine de fer limoneose iV. Trl WalL, 1763. Fomun limosnm, etc, WaiL, ii 256, 1771 Raaeneisenstcin 0ncL Morasterz, Sampfera, Wieaenera) Warn,, Bergm. J., 883, 1789. Mara Ore, Bog Ore, Meadow Ore pt, KiruHMy Jamuon eta Limonit (sRaaeneiaenstein or Bog On Batt8m.f Handb., 283, 1813 [not Limonite of BeudLj wh. ind. off hydrous ox. of iron]. Limn Cflock. Syn., 62, 1847.
Usually in stalactitic and botryoidal or mammillary forms, having fibrous or subfibrous structure ; also concretionary, massive ; and occasion ally earthy.
H.=5— 5'5. G.=3'6— 4. Lustre silky, often submetallic; sometime dull and earthy. Color of surface of fracture various shades of brown commonly dark, and none bright ; sometimes with a nearly black varnish like exterior ; when earthy, brownish-yellow, ochre-yellow. Streak yel lowish-brown.
Var. — (1) OoTnpacL Sabmetallic to silky in lustre; often stalactitic, botryoidal, etc. (2 Ochreoua or earthy, brownish-yellow to ochre-yellow, often impure ttom the presenoo of cla) sand, eta (3) Bog on. The ore from marshy places, generally loose or porous in texture, often petrifying leaves, wood, nuts, eta (4) Brown day'Vronatone in oompact maases, often in concrc iionary nodules, having a brownish-yellow streak, and thus distinguishable from the day-iron stone of tiie species hematite and siderite ; it is sometimes (a) piBoUtky or an aggregation of con cretions of the size of smidl peas (Bohnens Germ,); or (b) oolUic
Only part of stalactitic limonite, brown or yellow ochre, bog ore, and day-ironstone belong her< the water present sometimes much exceeding that of limonite, so as to make them of the specie or hmniis But since in the determinations of the water analysts have not alway separately estimated the organio ingredients, it is at present impoasible to refer the analyses i all cases to their true places.
KaliphUe of Ivaooff is a mixture of limonite, oxyd of manganese, silicate of zinc and Ubm foro Hungary.
Oomp. — ¥e* £[*=:8esquioxyd of iron 86*6, water 14*4=: 100. In the bog ores and ochres, saii( day, phosphates, oxyds of manganese, and. hun or other adds of organic origin are very oommq impurities.
Analyses: 1, UUmann (Ueb., 314, 1814); 2, 3, ▼. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., L 181, 319); N. Y., 33) ; 6, Amelung (Bamm. n. Ch., 149) ; 6, Schonberg (J. pr. Gh xix., 107) ; 7, a Berp mann (Verb, nat Yer. Bonn, xvl 127) ; 8. Litton (Rep. O. Mo, 1866) ; 9, C. a Bodman (prir. od trib.); 10-13, Schenck (Ami. Gh. Pharm., xa 123) :
1. Westerwnld, SUtpn.
2. Term fibrous
3. Siegen,|nfc*y
4. Amenia, N. Y., atalaeL Urn. 6. Bubelund, Hars
6. Horhauson
7. a.=S-908
8. Buffalo, Ma
9. Salisbiuy, Ot
9e
Mn
£[
Si
ir.
83*38
ir.
tr.
3-60*
&M8
WUhalnmlna.
r=98*75 UUmann.
=100Kob.
3-00, Cu, Ca er.r=l00 Sob. — =rl00Bedc.
=100 Amelung.
=100-08 Schonlierg.
=99-68 Bergemann.
£10*64. S 0-12=100-06 Littnt
Ir., 3fcl -93, Oo. 6a, § <r.=100-16 1
Htoboub 0Ztd6. 173
9e ft Si Si
13L " " 70-46 11-12 13-04 6*88=100*60 Scbenok.
A flonevetkmuy ore ftom Steatawald Hardt, Wnrtonberg, aflbrded A. MMer (J. pr. Gh ItIL 124) pL a of cfaraiiio acid, aad 0-08 of yanadio ; and traoes of titanium, sulphur, and arsenic hare Ixen found in others.
The (Kgaoie adds sometimes amount to 12~ 16 p. e., as in the following : 1, T. S. Hunt (Repk a OoSU 186S); 2, 3, Wiegmann (Preischr. Torfes, 76, 76, 1837):
9e ttn ft Si Humic add.
1. Priate da Lac, ObAre 5910 21*14 1*15 — 16*01, sand 8*60=100 Hunt
2. BraunBcfaweigjB0gofi0 f'e66 — 13 — 7 14=100 Wiegmann.
The odm analysed by Hunt was from a bed in the soil having an extent of manj acres ; th solar ligfat browniBhycdlow. It may be a mixture of limonite and a hydrous spedes oontaining oxyd <tf inm eoaabiiied with organic adds. Hunt suggests that it should be made a distinct on; and wbm the exact natora of the oinio adds is determined, this may properly be dona In other analyses of bog ores from Yaudreuil and other places in Canada, Hunt found 16*50 to p, c of water and organic adds, but the proportion of the two was not determined. For other MHalled limonite, bog ores, and ochres, see XANTHOSiDEarrB and Lxmntte.
Pyr., ate— like gothite. Some varieties give a skeleton of silica when fused with salt of pboflphara and leave a siUoeous residue when attacked by acida.
ObaIiaionite occurs in secondary or more recent deposits, in beds associated at times with base, sidefite, caldte, aragonite, and quartz ; and often with ores of manganese ; also as a modem harsh deposit.
It is in all cases a result of the alteration of other ores, through exposure to moisture, air, and carboBic or organic adds ; and is derived largely from the change of pyrite, sideritA, magnetite, tad ?ariou8 mineral spedes (such as mica, augite, hornblende, eta), which oontaio iron in the protoxTd statoi It consequently occupies, as a bog ore, marshy places, over most countries of the Rlobe, mto wbidi it has been borne by streamlets from the hills around ; and in the more compact it occurs in stalactites as weU as in tuberose and other concretionary forms, frequently making beds in rocks which contain the minerals that have been altered into it. In moist places vbere a alogjrish etraamlet flows into a marsh or pod, a rust-yoUow or brownish-yellow deposit cfWn covers the bottom, and an iridescent Aim the surface of the water : the deposit is a growing bed of bog ore. The iron is transported in solution as a protoxyd carbonate in carbonated waters, a sulphate, or as a salt of an organic add. The limonite beds of the Green Mountain region were shows by Perdval (Bep. G. Conn., 132, Am. J. ScL, IL il 268) to be altered beds of pyritiferoua micaceous and argillaceous schist ; and the same is held by Lesley as true also of the other beds of the Atlautic bender, from New England and New York, through Pennsylvania (Mt Alto region ud others X to Tennessee and Alabama (Proa Am. Aa Fhilad., 468, 1864, Am. J. ScL, IL xL 1 19). Abundant in the United States. A few only of its localities are here mentioned ; reference may \ft made to the various geological reports for complete lists. Extensive beds exist at Salisbury tad Kent, Conn also in the neighboring towns of Beekman, Fishkill, Dover, and Amenia, N. T., ladia a nnxilar situation north ; at Bidunond and Lenox, Mass. ; at Hinsdale as the cement in a VAgUanerate quartz rode ; in Yermqnti at Bennington, Monkton, Rttsford, Putney, and Ripton. linioeite it one of the most important oros of iron. The pig iron, from the purer varieties, obtsQid by smelting with charcoal, is of superior quality. That yielded by bog ore is what is (moed cold short, owing to the phosphorus present, and cannot therefore be employed in the man* Butore of wire, or even of sheet iron, but is valuable for casting. The hard and compact aadokr vuietiea are employed in pdishing metallic button etc
2fiaisd Limoniie from Xci/f.-, meodov. UUmann'a name, StilpnonderUe, from criXr¥6f, shining, bat priority ; but the ore is charaoteriatically not a shining ore, although sometimes with a lus* tnu, vanish-like exterior. The name limoniie was first appropriated especially to the &(v ores tr BsQiauinn in 1813. But most bog ores are of the spedes, and Beudant, recognizing ttoi, hi 1831 used limonite for the hog as well as other limonite.
AL— Bt deoatydation throng organic matter, if oarbonic add is present, may form siderilt fy lodog water becomes hematite (9e). Hematite ocoors aa pseudomorphs aftar of other spedes.
174 Oxygen Ooicfouhdb.
a07. XAMTHOBIDXIRITB. Gelbeifleiisteiii (fr. Goslar) OtjtnLf Handbu, 279, 1813. Xa ibofliderit (fr. Ilmenaa) E, £ Schmidt Pogg., board. 495, 1861. YeDow Odire pL Boj Orept
In fine needles or fibres, stellate and concentric. Also as an ochre.
H.=2'5 when in needles. Lustre silky or greasy; also pitch-like ; earthy. Color in needles golden-yellowish, brown to brownish-red ; as aij ochre yellow of different shades, more or less brown, sometimes reddish; StreaK ochre-yellow.
Oomp.— 9e £[*=SeBqixioz7d of iron 61*6, water 18*4=100. AnalyBet: 1, Hammanii (GiRi Ann., ▼. 21, 1811); 2, 3, Schmid (L o.); I, Morray (Banim. Min. Oh., 160); 6, Haughton (
4*00, Fe 9 8*06:=:99-84 HansoJ 2*61=96-28 Schmid. 6-02=96-96 Sohmid. 0-17, Q lOii Momj. 0-30, P 1 '60=99-48 HmghtOB Low dm to ttadtennlaed line, magntda, alkaliei, aatimdoyt kad, md blmatb, pgeunt m UnparitJWL
Haughton found no organic matter, protozyd of iron, or sulphur in his analTsea. Half the; water in Hausmanns analTsis must have belonged to the sulphate of iron, or else the mineral] analyzed by him could not have corresponded to the formula given.
P3rr.| etc— Like those of Umonite.
Obs. — Associated with manganese ores at Ilmenau, in sfllsy needles, etc ; as an ochie netf Goslar, Bruchberg, Elbingerode in the Harz; as a pitdiy ore at Kilbride, Wioidow Co., Irelaod, along with limonite and psflomelane.
Several analyses of bog ore apparently accord with those of zanthosiderite. But the amooat of water given actually indudes whatever was driven off on ignition, and no ezaminatum wsi made for organic adds. See under LnfONiTB.
Axtil— The hydrate, 9e d*, is formed when ozyd of iron is predpitated ftom hot solntUHU of its salts; and, according to Gmelln, also firom odd sdutions.
9e
8n
Si
ft
1. Goslar,
69*00
2. Ilmenau, yeBow
T4*96
1*82
16*67
8. " brown
16*00
1*88
14*10
4 HQttenrode, brown
81*41
6. Kilbride, Ireland.
77*16
ir.
208. BBAUZITB. Alumine hydrate de Beaux BerOUer, Ann, d. K, vL 631, 1821. Beanziti IGn. (iL 347), iiL 799, 1847. Bauxite Ann. Oh. FhyiL, UL hd. 809, 1861. Wodi nite A. Flechner, Za G., xviiL 161, 1866, Jahrb. G. Beiohs., 1866.
In roand concretionary disseminated grains. Also massive oolitic ; and earthy, clay-like.
G.=:2'551y fr. Wochein, y. Lill. Color whitish, grayish, to ochre-yellow, brown, and red.
Var. — 1. In concretionary grains, or oolitic; beauxite, 2. OIay*like, woduiaUe; the purer kisd grayiiB day-like, containing very little oxyd of iron; also red from the oxyd of iron preaent
Oompl, f e) with £i : fPe=3 : l,=Alumina 60*4, sesquio: of iron 26*1, water 2.1*5 £=100; without Fe,=Sl 74' I, water 26*9=100. Berthier considered the iron an imporitj. Analyses: 1, Berthier (L c.); 2, Deville (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. IxL 809); S, Berthier (L cl, v. 18S, 1820); 4, V. Lill (Jahrb. G. Beichs, Terh. 1866, 11):
-sslOO Berthier. =100 Devilla
1. Beaux
620 27*6 20-4
66*4 44*6
8. Senegal
2-0 40*0 83*60 24'7
4. Wodiein
6-29 64-24 2*40 26*74
, Sr lr.= 100-8 Berthier.
0*86 0-38, S 0-20, P 0*46, ir.=100-66 LOL
In the last, which has been called wocheinUe (although at first referred lo beanxiteX if the 6*29 Si are present in the condition of kaolinite, and this and the other ingredients are injected af impurities, the renudnder corresponds approximately to £l But if &e Si is in the oonditioc of allophane, it will require 13 p. c of the water, and the wodieinite remaining would ht essts tially identical with liMMpPiu A red variety from Wodiein contained 8*8 Fe and 68-08 2L
0Xtd6. 175
Tlie ftOowli mn anajsM bj DeriDe (L a) of idiot he rsgarda at impure rarleties of becazilt lO but 006 of wiklch oontaiu cajy water enough for a speciea of tiie diaspore gron :
a 21 Fe £[ fi CaC
1 Beveit, Mirad 2-8 67-6 26'3 10*8 8*1 0-4=100
i. Beaux 80-3 34-9 22-1 — 12-7=100
Obi— ftom Beaux (aometfinea spelt Baux), near ArioBi Franoe diBseminated in grains il oooqadlfaieatoiie and elso oolitic; also at Bevest near Toulon, brown to dark-red, and massive, ngudsd as an iron ore ; at Allauch, Dept of Yar, Frnnoei massive, oolitic, with a base of like lutore fwnpiited by some oarbonate of lime, the most common variety ; at Hiigel, in the Oommuna cffieaia, a hard and firm variety ; at Oalabre, massive. The wocheinUe occurs in Styria, between ftistritB and Ike Wochein, in a deposit 12 feet thick, the junction of the Trias and Jurassie fofiBBliaQa, part of it red froni the presence of oxyd of iron. The purest beauxite is used for the mannikcture of aluminum, and is oalled alwmiman ore,
209. BUA8ITB. nraiiisdiesFittin.Ers. Pittinus inferior, .&via., Handb., 901, 1847. Eliaall Oii, Jahrb. O. ., iiL Na 124 1852. Pittinit fferm,, J. pr. Ch., Ixxvl 322, 1859.
In amorphous masBee, more or lees resin-like in aspect, or like gnm.
H.=3-5--4'5, G.=4"0— 5K). Lustre greasy or resinous. Color dull; reddigb-browUy with thin edes hyacinth-red; also black. Streak waxjdlow to orange; of the olack var., olive-green. Subtranslucent to opaqna Fracture somewhat uneven, slightly conchoidal.
VarL SKaaHe, Somewhat resui-llke in aspect; G. =4*087— 4-237, t. Zepharovich. Ootor daO nddBah-brown.
2. Fmuk. Golor black ; streak olive-green ; lustre greaqr snbmetallic; — 6*0, Breith. ; 516, Ham.
Oomp.~fi with opal sOica and other hnpurities. 0 ratio for ft, S, Si, fi, as deduped Hennann, in dituUei 2 : 24 : 6 : 18 ; in pUUnite 2 : 24 : 6 : 16. These numbers correspond very aeariy to the above formula, and make the species analogous to xanthosiderite.
ABafsea: 1, F. Bagaky (Pogg., lY. Brgmna., 848, 1863); 2, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., IxxvL 326):
Ca iig th 6i P tL
=99*80 Bagsky.
The csrbooic add in anaL 1 may be combined with lime and part of the magnesia, making 6*7 e: of impurity.
PyKi alc— Hearty as for grnnmUe, Sliasite is sdublo in muriatic add.
OYm EHamk is fhRu the BUas mine, Joaehimsthal, where it occurs with fluor, dolomite, pitob- Ueodi etc ; tadpittmUef from JoaohimsthaL This species may not be distinct from gummite.
210. BRUOTSB. Native Magnesia (fr. K. Jersey) A. Bruce, Brace's ITm. J., L 26, 1814 (with LV Hydrrte of Magnesia A. Aiktn, Mh 236, 1816, Cleavdand, lOn., 429, 1822, F. Ball, Oit ICl, 28, 1824, ;SL BoffinBtm, OaX. Amer. Mln 166, 1826. Brudte, ou Hydrate do magnia Aid, Tr., 838 (Index), 1824. Talk-Hydrat, Magnesia-Hydrat, . Monoklinoddrischcs IhSBeslahydnii oder Texalith (fr. Texas, Pa.) Herm J. pr. Oh., IxxxiL 368, 1861. Amianthni (ft: Hoboken) J. Pimx, Am. X Sd., L 64, Magnesite, NemaUte, T, NuttdH ihshr.18, **hierher zugehoronsdieint"X XeonA., Handb., 246, 18i6- A irUteBf J. Boa K. U., Boston, 86 1849 (with anal).
Bhombohedral. E A J?=82 22i' 0 A 39i' ; a=l-52078, Hesbog. Obeenred planeB: 0; -ff, 3if, -4if, -|-B, -i-ff, -J-ff.
Oxtoen Oompoundb.
Plessenberg. Crystals often broad tabular. Cleavage : basal, eminent, folfi easily separable, nearly as in gypsum. Usually foliated massive. Am fibrous, nbres separable and elastic.
vn
Low's mine Texas.
Wood's mine, Tezia.
H.=2-5. G.=2-35, Haidinger; 2-40— 2-46 fr. Wermland, Igelstrom; 2'876, fr. Orenburg, Beck ; 2'ft, nemalite, Nuttdl. Lustre pearly on a cleavage-face, elsewnere between waxy and vitreous ; the fibrous silky. CJoloi white, inclining to gray, blue, or green. Streak white. TrauAlacent — subtranslucent. Sectile. Thin laminsB flexible.
Var. — 1. Foliated. 2. Fibrous; called nermi/tfe.
Oomp.Mg Magnesia 68'97, water 31*03=100. Analyses: 1, Bnioe (Bnice*s I 26); 2, Fyfe; 3, Stromejer (Unters 4rt7); 4, Wurts (This Mid., 682, 1860): 6, (Ed. N.Fhil J., Till 362) ; 6, Thomson (Mm., i 157) ; 7, Stromeyerd c.) ; 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., IxzxiL 3(>$); 9, Smith & Brush (km. J. ScL, iu xt. 214); 10, Beck (Yerh. Mm. St Bet, 1862, 87); II, Ige Strom (Ak. H. Stockh., 1858, 187) ; 12, J. D. Whitnej (J. Soa K. H., Bost, yL 36, 1849) ; IS, Waits (L c); 14, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Izzx. 284):
68*67 Wood's mhie, Texas, 68*87 Low's mme " 66-80
10. Orenburg 67-24
11. Wermland 68 04
12. Hoboken, NmalUt 62-89
13. " " 66-06
14. ' " 64'86
1. Hoboken
2. "
Swinaness
te
Ca
1*67
8*59
ft 0
30 =100 Bruce.
31-43 =100BVrfe-
30-90 —=100 Stromeyer.
30-42 1 00 Wurta.
80-26
30-96 =100*61 Thomsoo.
30*89 =100 Stromejer.
30-83 1 00 Hermann.
[31-93] 1-27 100 8 A B.
80-29 0-62=99-98 Beck.
190-29 Igelstrom.
28-36 4-10=100 Whitney.
8018 =I0I'81 Wurtt
29-48, Si 0-27=98-66 Bamm.
P3rr etc — In the closed tube glires off water, beoommg opaque and (Kable, sometinics taraing gray to brown. B.B. infUsible, ows with Sebright light, and the ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. With cobalt solution gives the violet-red color of magnesia. The pure mineral j soluble in acids without effervescence.
Obs — Brucite accompanies other magnesian minerals in serpentine, and has also been found Id limestone. Occurs in considerable veins traversing serpentine, at Swinaness in Unst, one of the Shetland Isles, where it is sometimes found in regular crystals ; at Fyschminsk in the Urals ; it >onjot in France ; near Fihpstadt in Wermland, in Sweden, in roundish masses in limestone. It occurs at Hoboken, N. J., opposite the dty of New York, in seams in serpentine ; in BtcbmoDi Co., N. Y. ; on the penuisula east of New Rochalle, Westchester Ck>., N. Y. ; at Wood's miafl. Texas, Pa., in large plates or masses, and often crystallizations several inches across ; at Low'i mine, with hydromagnesite.
The angles and C 177 given above are Texas crystals, as measured by Hessenberg (3lin. Not, iv. 42). G. Rose obtained from the same, OAi?=120', aAii?=l49" 40-160' 61, i?A — }/?=90% Tho author gave the following measurements of a minute crystal fiom Lov mine (C 176) in his last edit: OAi?=119''-119*'66% OA2i?=106* 30', i?Aj?(t9'CBlo.)382M5'
HYDBOTJ8 OXTDb. 177
The fibrous Tariety (nemalite) occotb at Hoboken, and Xettes .a the Toegea.
KusAd after A. Braoei an early American mineralogist, who first described the speolea.
Alt—Becomes white, pulvemlent and carbonated on exposure, and also orjstaUized, conscitnt' ing then the mineral hydromagneaite ; the latter is sometimes in psoudomorphoua ciystala aftei brodte.
21L FTROOHROrrB. Fyrochroit L, J. Igd/Mm Poggi oxiL 181, 1864, CEfV. Ak. Stockh
1864 205, 1865.
Foliated, like brucite.
fi.=2'5. Lustre pearly. Color white ; changing on exposure to bronze. and then to black. In thin piecee transparent, and having a flesh-red color bj transmitted candle-light.
Coapr-ftn or (1 lg) tL An £[=Piotoz7d of mangaaeae 79*8, water 100. Analy- i: c):
Pyr., tt&— In a matraaa a small pieoe becomes at surface yerdigris-greeD, then dirty green, inii finally browniah-blade. Yields water. KB. reactions of manganese. In mariatic acid forma easily 1 dear colorlesB solution. ,
Obi,--0ocani in veins 1 to 2 lines broad in magnetite at Paisberg in Filipetadt Sweieu.
Ieangoct refers here (Jahrb. Kin., 1866, 440) a mineral which Wiser had announctA as a hy* drona cubouate of manganese (Wasserhaltiges Kohlensaures Mangan), and which Haidinger (Handb 49S, 1646) named Witeriit. It is described as yellowish-mite to gray in color, pearly to sOkriDhgtre, fibrous in stmcture, and as coming ttom Gonzen near Sarganz, the Oaiiton of St GaU, ip Switaerland, where it is found in seams in a granulitic hausroannite, with rhodochrosite. Etsi if identical with pjrochroite in composition, it was so imperfectly and incorrectly describe thAt lgeJ8tr5m*s name 'should stand for the species.
212, OIBBSITEL Wayellite (fr. Bichmond) C, Dewey, Am. J. ScL, iL 249, 1820;= Water and Damioa, t&, ib, ill 239, 1821. Gibbsite J, Torrey, N. T. Med. Phys. J., L No. 1, 68, April, 1321 HjdrargiBite, Gibbsite of Torrey, Ckaoel, 224 782, 1822. Hydrargillite (Or. Ural)
Hexagonal, Koksch. ; monoclinic, Descl. In small hexagonal cirstals with replaced lateral edges. OhE=zQr 28', OJi:=zQr 22', OA-J- 55', Koksch. Planes vertically striate. Cleavage : basal or 0 emi- nTit. Occasionally in lamello*radiate spheroidal concretions. Usually Btalactitic, or small mammillary and incrusting, with smooth suriace, and often a faint fibrous structure within.
E 2-5-3-5. G.=2-3-24; 2-385, fr. Eichmond, B. Silliman, Jr.; 2'2ST, Ural, Hermann. Color white, grayish, greenish, or reddish- white ; reddish-yellow when impure. Lustre of 0 pearly ; of other faces treous; of surface of stalactites faint. Translucent ; sometimes transparent in crystals. A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on. Tough.
ttI. In cryatals ; the origbial JfdrargiUUe, 2. Stalactitic ; gibbsiie, Camp.~Sl]=Alnmina 66-6, water 34 4=100. Analyses: 1, Torrey (L a); 2, B. Silliman, Mim. J. Sci., IL yii 411); 3, Smith & Brush (Am. J. ScL H zvi. 51, 1863) ; 5, Hermann IJ Ff. CIl, xl 11) ; 6, ▼. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xlL, and L 491) ; 7, ▼. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reioha,, iv. 397):
21 9e ttg fi P
1. Richmond, (7iUi: 648 34*7 Torrey.
4 " " 63-48 r. 005 34-68 109 ir. =99-80 && R
VnA, Bffdrarff. 6403 34-64 143=100 Hermann.
1 TiOa Bioa '' 65'6 84*4 =100 KobelL
t. " " 64*35 35-65 =100 Hauer.
Dewey found (L a) 8386 p. a of water, with " littte beiideB ahunlne left."
HOTmaan states (J. pr. Ch., zl. 82, adil 1) that a 'gibbsite from Richmogd, Mass , aflbrM him r 87*62, 26-66, 86*72=100. But the trae gibbsite has since been analysed anew b/ Silliman, Jr., and by Smith & Brush, without finding more than a trace of phosphoric add, sustain* ing the original analysis of Torrey. This at least is certain, that gibbsite is a hydrate, and if a phosphate occurs also at Richmond, that phosphate is not gibbsite. Boss's hydrargilUte (found crystallized in the Urals) is identical in composition with gibbsite.
., etc.— In the dosed tube becomes white and opaque, and yidds water. B.B. infusible, whitens, and does not impart a green color to the flame. With cobalt sdution gives a deep-blue eolor. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric add.
Obs. — The crystallized gibbsite was discoyered by lissenko in the Sohischimskian mountains Dear Slatoust in the Ural ; it occurs, according to Kokscharof, in cavities in a talcose schist coo- Uining much magnetite. The larger crystals were 1 to 2 in. long. With corundum at Gnmucbdagh, Asia Minor; also on corundum at Unionville, Pa. ; in Brusil, resembling waveliite. The stdactitic occurs st Bidimond, Mass., in a bod of limonite ; also at Lenox, Mass. ; at the Qore mine. Union Yale, Dudiess Go., N. T., on limonite; in Orange Oc, N. T.
Named after Ool. George Gibbs, the original owner (after extensive foreign trav) of the large Gibbs* cabinet of Yale Oollege. Gleaveland calls the Bidimond mineral hydrargUUte on p. 224 of his mineralogy, but on p. 782 adopts Torrey's name gibbaik.
Koksdiarof states that the Ural crystals are optiolly uniaxial, and hence rhombohedral (BoU Aa St Pet, V. 372) ; Desdoizeaux that they are optically monodinic (0. B., IxiL 987).
213. ZaIBSNITB. Limonite pt Yellow Odbre pt Bog Ore pt Brown Iron Ore (BranneuflB-
stein) pt Qudlem Eemu, J. pr. Oh., xxriL 63.
Massiye. In stalactites or tuberose, resembling limonite. Also as ao earthy yeUow ochre.
H., (jr.j and other physical characters same nearly as for limonite. The darker colored kinds usually more yellowish-brown, the lighter rust-yellow.
Var. — 1. Submetallio or pitch-like in lustre, brownish-black in color. 2. Ochreoue, yellow. Oomp.— Pe H*=0xyd of iron 74*8, water 26'2=100. Analyses: 1, A. H. Church (J. Ch 8oa, n. iiL 214); 2, 8, Hermann (L o.); 4, Karsten (Earst Arch., xv. 1):
9e Sin fi Humioadd
1. Oomwall, stood 73-73' 2440 — loss, etc., 1-87=100 Church.
2. Novgorod, &07 ofs 6208 1*90 24*64 6*64 474=100 Herm. 8. " 6114 810 27-74 6'86 2-16=100 Herm.
4. New York " 66*33 076 26-40* (12 — , te 3*6, §i 2-80=100 KanL
After OEd. 4T-M Mod. Afkr excL OO'SS Mad. Indndlag hointo add.
As the amount of organic adds in Karsten's analysis was not determined, its right to be mduded here is not certain.
Obs. — The OomwaU mineral is the Botallack mine, and was stalactitic and of a rast-yeOow color; G.=2*69. That of Novgorod, Russia, was a bog ore.
Named UmnUe from X(/iq, mamK Glocker proposed this name as a substitute for limonite, ob the alleged ground that the word Umonite was of French extraction. As his limonite, or limnite was bog ore exdusively, the name is appropriatdy used here. Hennann's name QueUen alluded to its water or marsh origin.
ai4. HTDROTAZiOITB. Hydrotalkit MoehMter., J. pr. Oh., xxviL 876, 1842. VdOmeriti
Een/L, J. pr. Oh., xL 11, 1847, xlvi 267, 1849.
Hexagonal. Cleavage: basal, eminent; lateral, distinct. Also lamellftr massive, or foliated, and somewhat fibrous.
H.=2. G.=2-04:. Color whita Lustre pearly, and feel greasy. Translucent, or in thin folia transparent.
Oomp.— Si d*+6 Kg fi+6 fi=(i Sl+I Mg d*+ S fi=Alumina 16-8, mneiia 99% 14-0=100. OorresDonds to 1 of yOteO+Oofnictfe, with 6 £[ in addition.
HTDBOITB OXTSe. IT
kmifym: 1, Hemaim (L o.) ; 1, HMdurtetter (L a) ; S-fl, xoriL SM);
Si
9b
%
a
is-ss
4e-87
=lOOBenn4on.
3/-08
1D-G4, liuoL i'S0=9e-floHaobat
W-*7
261 100-72 Banun.
1M8
8T30
T-3a=IOO Bamm.
18-8T
—
T-30=100-fiBianL
Pyi, itc — In tbe dowd tube jtelda much iritoT. B.B. InniaiUe, but exfoUatei lomei nd gtN oaX Ught A weak rate-rod with cobalt loIiitioD. WUli the fluxM iotumesMa and tjbdi a deaz ccNtK'leHi glan. The Snutini mineral reacts for Iron.
Oba.-0oean the nines of SchiTJiimak, distriot at Blatoiut, IBB
fmlulad OB talc achjsti at Saaram, Nonmy, In serpentine.
Samed hg*vlitiaU in aUoBioTi to its resembliDg talc, but contnlog mub more water, and vdUaiarile, after Captain Tolkuer.
BnfflHti of SbeisTd (Am. J. SoL, II. xiL 310), R-om near Oxbow, lid naar SoneTTille in Boaaie St. Iwrence Co., New York, la hTdrottldte, daring fiom the altentiOQ oT apineL The color Is white; Ub peu. H.=S-S. Q.=3-0— 2'1. The crtula are in . tit ""jftwit mm the pan spinel to octahedrona with rounded viftsMltttd or fnegiuar surfaces, and it also occurs in Satteoed
edgM or anitkin bare tbe hardDeaa of spinal S. W. Johnson, who
baa Twkseribed the minml, obtained in one aQalaiB (Am. J. ScL,
U m. UI), Xl 19-743, Mg 36-9 C 8-458, insoluble ipinel, etc,
S-iH afiea 3-030, water (bj diff) 24223. Tbe whole loss hj Igai-
IHD ia eM klal wm 40-Sa p. c ; frhicb wood giro 33 to 34 p. & of water. It Is witli
iakaitt, tginti, phlogoplte graphite, and serpentina
316. PTROAnBITB. Prnwiirit feUrftn, (EfV. Ak. Stookh,, xxS. MS, ISttS.
Hexagoaat In aix-eided tables.
Color sabmetallic, gold-like. SubtransInceDt.
from bTdrotaldle in the pteMnoe oT Iran in plaoaoTalnminain. Aiial;sl>: c.): 9e23-9S Hg 34-01 B 84-69 C 7-34.
lie. aUMMTPB. Feate Uranokker pt, Wan Ifin. SfM. 3S, IBIT, HtdBn. lOn., It. 3T9 Uchtet Ufanpediets /Viailta. Unuilsches Bunuai-En BreWL, Uih, 60, ISSO, Char., 3IS, mi UrtBtgnouni Brath., Handb., 90S, 1847, Boto J, pr. Oh., IzxrL 327, lU*.
AmorpbonB. Id rounded or flattened pieces, looking much like gum. H.=2-5— 3. G.=3-9— 4-20, Breith. Lustre greasy. Color reddishfellow to bjBcintb-Ted, reddiab-browD. Streak jellow. Feebly trade-
and anstaining m supposed dose relation of uraninm and iron. AnaJjuai Kerstai
e 31 ? tt 7,As
trw 0-06 e-00 4-36 a-SO 14-76 k'.sM-ta.
Iso
OXYGEN OOMPOUinM.
Some ipedmiDB oontain tnoea of vanadic
Pyr etc — Yields much water and a bituminous odor. With salt of phospbqms in OS. gtm a yellow bead, becoming green in KF. (due to uranium), leaying an undiuolVed ikeletoii of silica.
Obi. — From Johanugeorgenstadt, with uraninite.
217. P8ILOMBLANB. Derb Bnmsten pt. WaiL, Kin., 268, 1147. Magnesia indnrata pt Oromftf Uia 106, 1758. Sohwan Braunsteinorz pt. TTef n., Bergm. J., 1789, 88& Verhartetes Schwara-Braunsteinens pt EmmerUng, Min., *v. 532, KanUn Tab., 54 1800. Verb. Schwan* Mauganen pt. Kani Tab., 72, 1808. Schwara-Eiaenstein pt Wtm v, LeonJk et& Blauk Hematite, Black Iron Ore, Compact Black Manganese Ore. Hartmanganers. Psilomelane BimLj Trans. B. Soc. Edinb., 1827.
Massive and botryoidal. Eeniform. Stalactitic. H.=5— 6. G.=3-7— 4*7. Lustre submetalHc. Streak brownish-black, shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-gray. Opaque.
Oomp.— {Ba, &n) Mn+Mn+ [+aql; or, for the anhydrous kinds, (£a, Each of these formica is equivalent to simply R' 0'. Rammelsberg writes for the mineral (Bsi Mn) Mn'+fi, with some Mn as mixture. For the Elgersburg ore (anal 7 ) Sohmid dedooea the "formula (Ba Mn) Mn*+d£f, which may be written (Ba, Mn) itn-4-8£[itn + 3£[,eqmTak&(to ft' 0'+ 3 ll* 0'+ 3 0'+} As the mineral occurs only massiTe, the true nature of tbi species is doubtftil.
Analyses: 1, 2, Turner (Edinb. Trans., xL); 8, Fuchs (Sohw. J, bdi 265); 4, BammeUberg (Handw., iu 78) ; 6, K. list (J. pr. Oh., Ixttjy. 60) ; 6, Soheffler (Arch. d. Pharm., . 260) ; ?-9, Schmid (Fogg., czzvi. 161) :
1. Schneeberg
2. Bomandche
3. Baireuth
4. Horhausen
Sn
6. Olpe 6. Bmenan
86-17 4*49 83-3 9-8
7. Elgersburg (a.=4-307) 6827 8*16 1727
S. Oehrenstock (G.=4 184) 70-64 10*09 9. Nadabula (a.=4-832) 82-46 9-87
0*01
6-22, 810*26=100 Turner.
4-13, §10-96=100 Turner.
4-6 4*2=100 Fuchs.
3*04 3-89, Si 0-63, On 0-96, Fe 1-48, CaO*3a,
%0-82=100-61 Bamm. 1*36 4*02, Chi 1*28, Co 0*81, Oft 0*37, insoL
4-8, Ca 1-8, atl 2*1, Fo 0*8, & l-n=
4-84, Si 0-61, Pe 0*1 0, 3tl 0*31, lb O'll,
% 0-02, Ca 0-16, 0-08=99-82 Schmid
0*21 6-86, Si 0-32, Pe 017, 0-21, Cu 0*25.
fig 013, Ca 1-26, J7a 100-21 Schmid.
3-06 3-21, Fe 0-30, M 0*08, 0-29, CuODZ
Ug 003, Ca 0-20, fTa 0-22=99*74 Schmid
Other Tarietiet of the so-called psilomelane oontain little or no water. Analyaea : 10, CUu bruch (Bamm. 1st SuppL, 121); 11, Ebelmen (Ann. d. M., IU. xix. 166) ; 12, Bammelsberg (Pogg IzvilL 72); 18, SchultK (Bamm. Min. Ch., 1006) :
liCu 0 Ba t.
10. nmenau 77-28 16-82 0*12 6-29
11. Gy. Haute Saone 70*60 14-18 6*66 4*06
12. Heidelberg 70*17 1616 8*08 2*62
13. Schneeberg 80*27 14*10 4*86
, Ca 0-91, Cu 0*40, 8i 0*62=100-29 C
0-21 [1*43], Ca 0-60, Cu 0-80, Co 0*64, Si 0*90=:
109 Bamm. [0-23], Ca 1-05=100 Bchnlti.
., etc. — In the closed tube most varieties yield water, and all lose oxygen on ignition; witb the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble in muriatic add, with OYolution of chlorine.
Obs. — This is A common ore of manganese. It is frequently in alternating layers with pyrolu* site. It occurs In botryoidal and stalactitic shapes, in Deyonudreand Oomwall ; at Ilefeld in thi Harz; also at Johanngeorgenttadt Schneeberg, Ilinenau, Siegen, etc; at Elgenbuigand Oehrs stock Thunngia, and Nadabula, Hungary.
It Aorma mammillary masses at Chittenden, Irasburg, and Brandon, Yt
Named from smooth ornaked and /iiAa, blaek.
Htdbou8 Oxtdb. 181
ai8. WAV. (A) BOG MANGANESK Magnesia fHabflis terriformis OronsL, Min 10ft, 1768 EirtfajOcbre of Mang Wad pt, iTtnoan, Min., 1784, 1796. Sdiwarz Braunsteiuen Ifuaoflduum, Karat Tab., 1808. Brauner Eisenrahm Wem. Bog Manganese. Ouatite AMt, Mia., 241, 1841. Groroilite Berth., Ann. Oh. Phys., li 19, 1832, Beissacherit mid JahiK G. Beichs., yiL 609, 1866.
(B) i&SBOLITB. 7 Gobahum nigmm Agric, Bormann 469, 1629. Brart Kobolt-Jord, Min Got (errea fbltginea, WalL, Min., 286, 1747. Kobelt-, Ochra Cob. nigra, Orowt, Min., !11, 175& Kobolt-Erde, Schwaner Erdkobalt, Russkobalt, Kobaltmanganerz, Germ, Earthy Obbatt, Blaok Cobalt Ochre. Cobalt ozyde noir H., Tr., it. 1801. Kakodilor (ft*. Lausita) SraX, Char., 240, 1832, Handb., 896, 1847. Aabolan (fr. Kamsdorf, eta) BreUh., Handb., 332, 1847.
(0 lAMPADITE. Kupfermangan Lampadius, Keno Erfahr. im Gebiete der Ch., eta, iu 70. Knpfennanganen BreiOL, in Hoffioo. Min., it. b, 201, 1818. Cupreous Manganese. Pelokonit G. F. Biehi&r Pogg., xzL 691, 1831. Lampadite HwU, Min., 238, 1841.
The manganese ores here included occur in amorpboug and reniform masees, either earthy or compact, and sometimes incrusting or as stains. They are mixtures of different oxyds, and cannot be considered chemical oompoands or distinct mineral species.
H.=0'5— 6. G.=3— 4*26 ; often loosely aggregated, and feeling very %ht to the hands. Color dull black, bluish or brownish-black.
Oomp., Var.— Hammelsberg considers them related essentially to psilomelane under the formula ft litn+fi (or 2 but mixed with other ingredients. Ttrieties: (A) Manganesian; (B) Oobaltiferous ; (C) Cupriferous.
A. Boo Majtoasxbb. Consists mainly of ozyd of manganese and water, with some oxyd of iron, and often silica) alumina, baryta. The Derbyshire wad sometimes gves the angle of barite, lOr 42', with which mineral it is in part impregnated. The wad of LeadhiUs is pseudomorpbous after calote. ChrortnkUe occurs in roundish masses of a brownish-black color, and reddish-brown itmk; with H. sometimes 6—6*6; it is firom Grorol in Mayenne, Yicdessos, and Caatem, in ance. Remathehie is the ore analyzed by Homig (anaL 14), which is remarkable for the uDoont of water. Huots name ovaHie is firom the French spelling of wad. Wad is of English origin. The wxd of the Gnmbeiland miners is graphite, a wrong use of the word, says Ma we in kis Mineralogy of Derbyshire.
B. AsBQLRB, or Earthy Cobalt, is wad oontaining ozyd of cobalt, which sometimes amounts to S! p. a Named from daSoXn, soot (or Aabolan from daf to soil like soot). For anal. 15-17, Bammelsberg writes the formula (Co, Cu) Mn*+4 1. Breithaupt*s cacochhr includes the ore ftwnRengeMdorf in Lausitz (anaL 16), having H.=2— 2*6, a=315— 8*29.
G. IiAMPADin or Gapreous Muiganese. A wad containing 4 to 18 p. a of oxyd of oopper, ttd often ozyd of cobalt also. It graduates into black copper (Melaconite or Kupferschw&rze). G.=8*l— 8'2. FeheonUe is a brownish-black varied, haying a liver-brown streak : H ; G.= 09-2-66T ; from Remolinos in Chili.
Bpedal formnlaa have been vrritten for several of the following analyses ; but these bog mmer' *1b are not simple species.
AaalyseB: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iil 811); 2, 3, Turner (Edmb. J. Sd. N. a, ii. 213); 4, 5, Ber- Oh. Phys., IL 19); 6, Wackenroder (kastn. Archiv., xiil 302, xiv. 257); 7, Scheffler (AitiL d. Pharm., . 260); 8, Bammelsberg (Pogg., bdi. 157); 9, Igelstrom (Jahrcsb., xxv. 2); 10, 11, Beck (Bep. Ifin. N. T.. 55); 12, Berthier; 13, Bahr (J. pr. Ch., liii. 308, fr. Oefv. Stockh., 240, 1860) ; 14. R Homig (Jahrb. G. Beichs., viL 312) ; 15, Klaproth (Beitr., iL 808) ; BSberriner (Oab. Ann., izvil 333): 17, Bammelsberg (Pogg., liv. 551); 18, Eerston ( Ixn. 1) ; 19, Bammelsberg (Pogg Hv. 545) ; 20, Bottger (ib.) :
L Wad.
ftn Ur,
9e
fia
Ctt a
T912
6*6
— 17-5, Si 8*0, C 10 Klaproth
10-06= 100 Turner.
IGfansihal
I Btfooahin
Oxyoen
6. Baden
7. Hmenaa
8. Bubeknd
Ibi Sin O
69-8 ll-t
62-4 12-8
66*5 12-1
67-60 13'48
10. Hfllsdole, N. Y. 68*60
11. Austeriitz, 68-60
12. ffiegen 68-6
13. Skidbeig 66*16
14. Gflstein
16. Laofiite 16. Kamsdorf
ftn
81*21 40*06
Fe Ba Cn fi
— 12*4, 51 100-9 Berthter.
6*0 16*8, day 3*0=100 BerOuer.
1-0 8-1 9*8, a 2-6=100 Scheffler.
1-01 0*36 10-30, Si 0*47, Ca4-22, & 3*66=100 R
0-77 6-68, Si 1-43, il 6*30, Ca 1-91,
22*00 . — 17*00, infloL 2*50=100 Beck.
10-4 6*7 12-9 (with losaX 10*7, ooarts 1*8 R
U-16 — 16*90, Ca C 7*69, sand 27*27 Honug
n. EarOny OobaU; Aabolite.
0 Fe Ba Co Cu tL
6*78 32-06 22-90=92*94 D.
in. OupreouB Manganege; Lampadite; Enpferachwane, ot Blade Oopper, in part
tin fin 0 9e Ba Co Cn £[
19. Kamadorf 49*99
74*10 012
100*47 Kenteo.
Ca 2-26=101-06 E
With oxyd of muaiMMu With osjd ornlekel.
P3rr., etc# Wad reads like psUomelane. EarOiy oobaU giTea a blue bead with salt ofphoephorua, and when heated in B.F. on diarooal with tin, aome apedmena yidd a red opaque bead (copper). Ouprtoua manganeBe giTea similar reactions, and three yarieties give a strong manganese reaction with soda, and evolve dilorine when treated with muriatic add.
ObSfl— The above ores are results of the decomposition of other ores — partly of ozyds, and partly of manganesian carbonates. They occur at the localities above mentioned, and many other places. Wad or bog manganeae is abundant in the counties of Columbia and Dncbess, N. Y., at Auaterlitz, Canaan Centre, and elsewhere, where it occurs as a marsh deposit and, according to Mather, has proceeded from the alteration of brown spar ; also in the aoutb-west part of Martinsburg, Lewis Co., in a swamp. There are hirge deposits of bog manganeae at Blue HUl Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine.
Earthy cobalt occurs with cobalt pyrites at Biechelsdorf in Hesse; Saalfdd in Thuringia: st Nertachinsk in Siberia; at Alder Edge in Cheshire. An earthy cobalt occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, which contains 10 or 11 p. c. of oxyd of nickel, besides oxyd of cobalt and copper, with iron, lead, and sulphur; also near tSilver Bluff, South Carolma, affording 24 p. c. of oxyd of cobalt to 76 of oxyd of manganese.
Cupreous manganese is found at Schladcenwald, and at Eamsdorf near Saalfdd ; at Laoterberg b the Harz. Fdoconite is Bemohnos, Chili, where it occurs with dirysooolla, or malachite.
Yabtacitb. Vanradte, referred to on p. 171 as an altered manganite, approaches a wad, in composition. Phillips obtained (Phil. Maff., yL 281, viL 284) Mn 68*8, 0 31*7, ti 6*0; or Mb 81-7, 0 13*.s, "A 5*0. A aimilar compound from Ilefeld in the tutn Qn part pseudomorphona aftfti oaldte) afforded Turner An 80*79, 0 14*23, A 4*98=100, and Dnfloaw. J., 81*40, 0 13-47, tL 6*18=100.
onM or jutssNio. ijnDCoznr, sra 188
U. Oxtds Of Elements Of The Arsenic And Sulphub
Groups, Series U.
L IBSDrOIIIB QBOTXP. Oompu BO*. Isometria
AuDOun AiO* 220. Sbubmoiitri 8b
1 TlLEZmxiTS GBOUP. Oomp. BO*. OrthorhoniU&
S21. YiLixnnn
8b
22i. MOLTBDm
KoO*
2n. (QBamn
BiO*
226. Tuvatim
wo*
IS3. (riKiBBiHTni
BiO*+aBlS]
3w XEBMBSETB GBOUP. . B 0', with 8 nplaciiig part of 0. MoDOcUnia lUL XmoBn 8b (0, Sf
i CKBYAimrB GBOUP. Oomp. BO'+B 0*. tn. OMKfAMIOB Sb 0'+8b 0*.
inmiix, 22a, SnBioonzi 8b 0*+aq. 229. YoiAwmxM 8b O+aq.
219, JOUSBKOIsPTB* Anenicnm natiyam farinaoeam, A. b. crjBtallmam, WcULf 224| 174T. JL ttldfonne Oviwt, 207, 1768. A. oabicam, eta, Lkuk, 1768. White Araenic BiU, 1771. Anmie Uano natif iV. Katnriloher Araenikkalk. AnenikblHthe Kant, Tab., 79, 1800. Aneoio (udd A Adde anenieuz Hr, Qxyd of Araenio AraenoaB acid. Anenige S&ure Qtm, Anenit Eaid, Haodb 487, 1816. AnenoUte Jkma, Min., 189, 1864.
Isometric. In octahedrons (f. 2). Usually in minute capillary crystals, Bteilarly aggregated, or crusts investing other substances. Also botryoidal, stalactitic; earthy.
H.=1'5. G.=3'698, Roget & Dumas. Lustre vitreous or silky. Color white, occasionally with a yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white, pale jeUowish. Transparent-opaque. Taste astringent, sweetish.
CoBpr-l8=Ox7gea 24*24, anenio 76*76=100.
eta — Sablimea in the dosed tube, oondensing above in minute octahedrona. B.B. on fwosl TobtOiaea in wliite fiounea, giving a white coating and an alliaoeoua odor. SUghtlj aolubla
Obi.— Aooompaniea orea of allver, lead, arsenical iron, oobolt, nickel, antimony, etc, aa a revolt tfa0 decomposition of arsenical ores. Oooars at Andreasberg in the Bars ; at Wheal Spamon a Gomvall ; Joadiimathal in Bohemia ; Kapnik in Hungary ; tho old minea of Biber in Hanau ; wOplur miiie, Hevada; the Annagoea mine, Great Basin, OaL
ianoiiie baa been obaenred as a ftamaoe product in orthorkombie crystaUi, probs bly isomorphoui wiih Tilmtintte. 2a and Sb are known to be iaodimorphous. The prismatic form is obtained ttam "lilaiaticn at a tempentura above 200* OL, and the isometric at one much lower.
Ab the name orMntfe Is used in chemistry for oompoundB of anenoos add, tbe anCbor In 1854 dumped it to anenolite,
Alt. — Xatiye arsenic is often covered by a blackish crust or powder, which has been ooomdeiM! a sabozyd (As); but according to Bockow, it is a mixture of metallic arsenic and arsenona add.
220. SENARMONTETB. Antunoine ozyd octadriqne K de Senarrumt, Ann. Ch. IIL xxxL 604 1861. Senarmontite Dana, Am. J. Bd., IL ziL 209, 1861.
Isometric ; in octahedrons (f. 2). Cleavage : octahedral, in traces. Also granular massive ; in crusts.
H.=2— 2*5. G.=5'22 — 5*3. Lustre resinous, inclining to subadamantine. Transparent — translucent. Colorless or grayidi. Streak white.
Oomp. — Sb (like Talentinite)=Ozye;en 16*44 antimony 88*66=: 100, with sometimes 1 aof lead and 1 to 3 p. a of grayish day, Rivot (L c.).
P3rr.i etc. — in the dosed tube fuses and partially sublimes. B.B. on diarooal easily, and gives a white coating ; this treated in B.F. colors the outer flame greenish-blue. Soluble is muriatic add.
Obs. — A result of the decomposition of stibnite and other ores of aotimoDy. found ia the district of Haradas in Algeria ; occurs also at Pemeck near Malaczka in Hungary ; Endellioii in Cornwall; the antimony mine of 8. Ham, Canada. The octahedrons from Algeria are some* times nearly in. in diameter.
Named aiter H. de Benarmont, who first described the spedes.
221. VAUEIN TIN ITJJ. Chaux d'antimoine native (fr. Chalandies) Manga, J. de Fbys zziii. 66, 1788 ; (fr. Przlbram) Rosier, Crell's Ann., 1787, L 834. Antlmonium spatosum album Eaoqu/O, ib., 1788, L 623. Woiss-Spiesglaserz Wem Hoffm, Beigm. J., 386, 398, 1789. Wefts Spiessglanzerz iTtojpr., Croll's Ann., 1789, L 9; JOr., iii 183, 1802. Antimoine ozyd Tr iv. 1801. White Antimonial Ore Kinoan, I 261, 1796. White Antimony, Oxyd of Antamouj. Antimonbiathe v. Leonh,, Handb., 160, 1821. Bxitdle Beud, Min., 616, 1832. Exitelite * man, Min., 89, 1848. Yalentlnit HaieL, Handb., 606, 1846.
Orthorhombic. /A 58' ; Oa 1-1=105° 85' ; a : h : (?=3-5868 : 1 : 2-5865. Observed planes : 7, H, H 4-i„ 2-5. MAl-i,adj.,=70** 82',fAf4=129° 32',7At.|= 111® 81'. Often in rectangular plates with the edges bevelled, and in acicular rhombic prisms. Cleavage : 7 highly perfect, easily obtained, Twins: compositionplane, irly producing an aggregation of thin plates. Also massive ; structure lamellar, columnar, granular.
H. 2-5 — 3. G. 5*566, crystals from Brauusdorf Lustre adamantine, i-l often pearly ; shining. Color snowwhite, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-gray to Streak white. Translucent — subtransparent.
brownish.
Oomp.—5b=r Oxygen 16*44, antimonj83'66=:100. Analjais: 1, Yanqnelin (Haii/a Min., it 274); 2, Sackow ( Jahreab., 1849, 783):
1. Allemont Ozyd of antimony 86 Ibid, with 9e 3 Silifia 8=97.
2. Wolfach " 94-7 " Fe 12 " 08, Sb 6*8=1001
Mongei, who makea the first mention of this mineral from a dlacoveryof the adcular vaiiety at Allemont, correctly regarded it as native oxyd of antimony as afterward oonflrmed by Yaoquelio. nd by Rossler (1. c.) for the Bohemian yariety. ProC Haoqnet and KliHproth annoaunoed ia 1788, 1789, the probable presence inthelatterofmnxiaticadd; botin 1802KlaprokhpioBoaBMd alao pure iojd of antimony.
., etc— Same aa for aenarmontile.
OXTDB OT ABBENTOy AXTIMONT, ETC. 18S
Obitf-Oocnra with other antfanonial ores, and resvltB ttam their alteration. Found at bmn inBohemiat in Teina traversing metamorphic rocka ; at Felsobanja in Hungarr, with atibnite tod menopyrite ; ICalaczka in Hungary; Brftnnsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony: Allemont in DtupbiBj. AJso at the antimony mine of South Ham, Canada East
AxUmmopki/Uite of Breitiuupt, of unknown looalitj, oocnrring in thin angular six-aided prisma, is probtbl J valentinite.
TiMbphmaik form of Sb is obtained from solutions at a temperature above 100 "'01
SwKd after BasQ Valentine, an alchemist of the IStix century, who discovered the properties
822. HUMfriL Ozyd of Bismuth, Bismuth Ochre. Wismuthocker Chmu Bismuth oxyd
iV.
Cmtalline form not obeerved. Occotb maasiye and disseminated, ptdvernlent, earthy ; also passing into foliated.
6.=4"3611, 'busson. Lustre adamantine — dull, earthy. Color greenishyellow, Btraw-yellow, grayish-white. Fracture conchoidal — earthy.
Ooapb— SirirQxygen lO'SS, bismuth 89*65= 100, along with some Iron and other impnritiea. Auljubr ImpadiuB (Handb. oh. AnaL, 286):
Qxyd of bismuth oxyd of iron 5'1, oarbonio add 4*1, water 3*4=99.
Sockuw obtained for another from Pf chtelgebirge, derived from the deoomposition of aikinite (DieTerwitt. fan Min., 14 Bi 96*5, Is r6, 20= 100.
Pyr., stc— In the dosed tube most spedmens give off water. B.B. on diarcoal Aises, and is tustf ndaodd to metallic bismuth, which in O.F. gives a yellow coating of oxyd. Soluble in aitrieacid.
Obi-Ooonrs pulverulent at Sohneeberg in Saxony, at Joadiimsthal in Bohemia; with native loUatBeresof in Siberia; in Cornwall, hi St Boach, and near LostwithieL
Dr. Jksqo reports an oxyd of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the totradynute of
Bbs flvtiber, BbmuiiiIi p 716.
223. JTABTITtTNlTB. KareUnit ffennmm, J. pr. Oh., Ixzv. 448, 1868.
MaflsiTe. Structure crystalline. Cleavage in one direction rather dis* tmd
H.=2. G.=6'60, Herm. Lustre strongly metallic within. Color lead-
Oooqifil with Sw Analysis : Hermann (L a) :
0 [6-21] 8 3-58 Bi 9126=100
cCor— In tube gives sulphurous add but no sulphur, yielding a gray slag with globules
Ohb—Prom the Savodinsk mine in the Altai, along with hessite (telluric silver). The mineral fiot bomogeoeons, containing along with the metallic substance a gray, earthy maas of bismufif treating the powdered mass with muriatic acid, a metallic powder remains, which, ex- ""Brt with a lens, and washed, proves to be entirely free fVom any native bismuth, and is the BiiMil kaeliniie.
Saoed after Mr. KareUn, the discoverer.
221 MOLTBnrVB. Molybdena or Holybdio Ochre, IColybdio Add. Mdybd&nodcer Omrn Jbdioe Oreg A Letttom, This IGn., 144 1864. Brit Ifin., 848, 1868. Molybdite BrmOk, E H.Ztg,XTil 1261868.
Orthorhoxnbic. /A/=136 48', and isomorphons with valentinite, Breith
186 Oxygen Compounds.
(fr. artif. cyst.]. In capillary crystallizations tnfted and radiated ; abo subfibrons massive ; and as an earthy powder or incrustation.
H.=l— 2. G.=4'49— 4*50, Weisbach. Lnstre of crystals silky to adamantine ; earthy. Color straw-yellow, yellowish-white.
Oomp.— fioOxygen 84*29, mdyfodenniD 66-71=100.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charooal Aises and ooato the charcoal with minote yeDowiah crjBtals U moljbdio acid near the asiiay, beooming white near the outer edoe of the coating. This ooatin tried for an instant in R.F. aaaomes a deep blue color, which dianges to daric red on cootinoed heating. With borax gives in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming ooloriess on cooling: in R.F. a saturated bead becomes brown or black and opaque. With salt of phosphorus gives a yel* lowish bead in O.F., beooming green when treated in RF. and allowed to cooL
Obs. — Occurs with molybdenite, which it is probably derived, at Uie foreign localities of that species : at Adun Tschilon in Dauria, and at Pitkaranta on L. Ladoga, in silky tofts of capillary crjatals.
In N. Hamp., at Westmoreland, earthy ; in Penn., at Chester, Delaware Co. ; Georgia, Heard Oa, in silky fibrous tufts; in the gold region, a few miles north of Virginia City, Kevad in subfibrons masses, and tufted crystallizations of a deep yellow ccr (called fiu>/|rMals of irvnhf D, D. Owen, in Proa Ac. Philad., vl 108, but shown by Tenth to be this species mizod with limonite)
Artificial crystals of molybdite afforded A. E. Nordenskiold the planes |-s H and the following angles: 7', Oa 5', 3', i4Av|=I06 12 ; and gave a : & : c=0*4792 : 1 : 0*387 2. Doubling the vertksal axis, a:b: c=0*0584 : 1 : 0*387 2, whi<% is very closely the relation in the corresponding add of vanadium, which has a:h: 0*9590 : 1 . 0*8682. The above dimensions correspond to / A 187 4a'
226. TUNaSTITB. Tungstio Odire B. Smnamf Am. J. Sd., iv. 52, 1822. Wdtemocker, Scheelsaure Chmu Wolfiramine LeUaom A Greg, This Min., 1864 Brit MIzl, 340, 1868
Pulverulent and earthy.
Color bright-yellow, or yellowish-green.
Oomp.— W, or pure tungstic add=0zygen 20*7, tungsten 79*3=100.
Vyr etc. — B B. on charcoal becomes black in the inner flame, but infbsfble. WlUi salt of phosphorus gives in O.F. a colorless or ydlowish bead, which treated in BJP. gives a blue glass as cooling. Soluble in alkalies, but not in adds.
Obs.— Occurs with wolfram in Cumberland, and Cornwall, England ; at Lsne's mine, IConroe, Ct, filling small cavities in other ores of tungsten, or coating them, and has resulted fVom their decomposition ; in Cabarrus Co., K. C ; at St Leonard, near Limoges, rarely in distinct ones of a sulphur-yellow color on wolfiram and quarts, a fine specimen of which is contained in the cabinet of Mr. Adam of Paris.
jlrtifidal crystals, accordmg to A E. Nordenskiold (Pogg., cziv., 228X are orthorhombk with /A /=1 1U and a: b: e=0'4026 : 1 : 0*6966 ; a.= 6*302— 0*384. These axes approximate to those of molybdite, if for c, is substituted, and then this axis is made the vertical ; the axes beoomhig0'4644:1 : 0*4026.
The name WdframvM is dianged to TwngsUie in order to get lid of the ofaemiosl tennlnatiflo iML Wolframiile has been used for another spedes.
226. XERMBSTTB. Bod Spitsglasmahn, Antimonium SuL et An. mineralisatum, lOoeri Ant oolorata, TFofi., 239, 1747 (fr. Br&unsdorfX OrotuL, 203, 1758. Antimonium plomosom 9. Bom, LIthoph., L 137, 1772. Mine d'antimoine en plumes, ib. granuleusessKsmies minenl natU; Sage, Min., il 261, 1779, de LUHe, Crist, ill 66, 60, 1783. Both-Spiesglasen WenL, 17S9. Bothspiessglanzen EmmerUng Mln., 1793; Klapr Beitr., ill 1S2, 1802 (with anaL, making it an oxysulphid). Antimoine oxyd sulAire ff TabL, 1809. Bed Antimony, {essglanxblende pt Ikmam, Handb., 225, ldl3. Antimony Blende .romeam, MhL ill 421, 1820. Antlmon*9lend LeimK, Handb., 157, 1821. Kermds Jtad, Tr., ii. 617, 1832. Kermesito ChapmoM, Ifio, GL 1843. Pyrosliblt CRock Syn., 16, 1847. F:ynntiniomte BreUk,
Monoclinic 0=77"" 61'; Oaw=102 9', OAl-i, plane on acate
OZTD8 OF ASSENtO, AKTDCOKTy ETO. 187
edgejrrllS** 86', O A |-t=149'* 67'. Cleavage: basal. TJsualljr in tufts of camUaiy dTstak, oonsistin of elongated, slender, six-sided .
H.=l— 1"6. G.=4"5— 1'6. Lustre adamantine, inclining to metallia Color cherry-red. Streak brownish-red. Feebly translucent. Sectile. Thin leares slightly flexible.
Ooopi— Sb 0*+ 2 8b S'= Antimony 76*3, milphar 19-8, oxygen 4'9=100. Analyaes: H. BoM (PQgg, m. 453, the sulphor separately determined) :
1. Braanadot/' Antimony T4-45 Oxygen 6*29 Sulphur 20*49
1 a ti 15.5 I. 4.37 " 20-49
Fyc, Ho— In tiie oioaed tube Uackens, ftaaea, and at flrat girea a white sublimate of oxyd of atiaQaj; with atrong heat gTea Uadc or dark-red snUhnate. In the open tube and on ehMOil nate like Btibnite.
ObiLBesalts fiom the diane of gray antimony. Oocnrs In veins in quartc,, accompanying ttOnitB and Talantinite at ¥a1itfakft near Posing in Hungary; at Braunsdorf near Freiberg in 8uoBf; at AHemont in Daupfainy; at New Ounmook in Ayrshire, Scotland; at South Ham, CuttdaEut
Iha mt (Zumienn) has been shown to be wholly distinct from red antimony.
Aitit— Thia apeciea ia the oomponnd long known in chemistry under the name of kermsa.
827. GBRyANTITB. Spieaglaniokker pt KanL, Ifus. Lesk., L 534 1789, Tab., 64, 78, 1800 Afitimoj Odire pt. Antimonodier pt Oenn, Gelbantimonen (from Hungary) BreUh Char.. 1S23, 224 1832. Adda antimonieux Jhnfir., Min., IL 654; 1846. Antimonoua Acid, Anti- BMBCMotimonie Od. Oerrantite Dana Min., 1854.
Orthorhombic In acicular crystallizations. Also massive ; as a crust, or a powder.
H.=4— 5. G.=4'084. Lustre greasy or pearly, bright or earthy. Color isabeUa-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or nearly white, sometimes reddish- wWte. Streak yellowish-white to white.
Comp— SbO*, orSb0*+Sb0*=0xygen 20*8, antimony 79*2=100. Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy 9- <t); i, Bedii (Am. J. Sd., U. ziT. 61); 3, Phipson (a K, liL 752):
0 Sb OaO 9e
IGBTTtttefl 16*86 67-60 11*46 1*50, gangue 20=99*80 Dufrenoy.
I Pewla, Twic. 19*47 78-88 1*26, gangue 0*76 =100-80 BediL
Borneo 66*00 9, M 1000, Si, ete 21*26, fi[ 8-75=100 Fhipson.
beeoDpoond 8b O'+SbO*, fie ofwatar, is Ibraied by diffnent methods fai diemistry, as by wnuti&gof Btibniie, or of valentinite eta; and irtien pure H is white. stc*— B3. inAisible and unaltered; on oharooal easily reduced. Sduble in mnriatie
at Tirioos mines of stibnite, and results from the alteration of this and other QMBiai orea. Found at Oenrantea in Oalida, Spain ; Ohaaelles in Auvorgne ; Felsobanyab Kmniti; aod elsewhere in Hungaiy ; Pereta in Tuscany (anaL 2) ; near St Minrera, at Wheal Wheal Kine, and at Endellion, hi Oomwall; in Ayrshh Scotland, at Hare Hill; in m rhombic prisms half an indi long, terminating in two planes, and also maasive ; at the aiae at Zacnalpan in Mexico; at South Ham, umada Bast; in California, Tulare Go., at ftnorau AmedioL with stibnitsw
j%wi makes the Borneo mineral a hydrate, with the formula SbO*+£[. But, as Brush (Am. J. BcL, n. xxxiT. 207 X the oxyd of iron and silicate of alumina present as impuri pile yeOowish or reddish-white mineral, would hsTO had, in combination, at least 3 p. o. tor, if in the states of limonite and kaolin. ICoreorer, the fact which Phipson states 'otOe Bjieni is nnalteied when betted, is farther OTidenoe that it is not a hydrate.
188 OZT0SN ooxpouime.
S28. STIfilOOimX. Antimonj Obbre pt (Syn. under Oerrantite). TV, fi| 6ie, 1832. mum A Deffs, J. pr. Oh., zL 318. StlbiooDite Bnuh, Am. J. ScL, Hi dT. 207, 1862.
HiiBsiye, compact Also as a powder and in crusts. H.=4— 6*5. Q.=6*28, B. ft D. Lustre pearly to earth/. Color pale yeUow to yeUowubn white, reddish-white.
Formula given, Sb 0*+ft=Oxygen 19-6, antimonj 14-9, water 6'5=10a Analysis : Blum ft ]>el£b (L c.) :
0 Sb Aa £[
Goldkronach 19-54 76-88 r. 4-68=100 B. ft D.
Beudant states that stiblcGOQite yields water, and he makes it in his foimnla antimonioos acd with x£L Blum ft Delflk say that the water ihej obtained was probably mechanically- mixed, bet no reason for this conclusion is given. Yolger states (Entw. Min., 72, 1864) that the stibiconite Is a mixture of the following hydrous species with oervantite and valentinite. The oompoQnd Sb has been formed artificially; but its existence in nature appears still to be donbtfol Beudant mentions no particular localily. Blum ft DeliA enumerate ottos besides GoldkroDack in Bavaria, but evidently aim to include aU localities of antimony ochre.
JPortnte of A. Arents (Am. J. SoL, IL xliiL 362) appeara to be a hydrous oxyd of antimony with various metallic oxyds, as pronounced by Blake (ib., xliv. 119). It varies in color fhn lowish-green to blackish-green and black; has G.=8'8; H.=8— 4; and an even oonchotsbl fracture.
occurs in the Blind Spring Mts., Mono Ca, Oalifomia, with argentiferous galenite, and Bntanomi} ores of lead and silver, from whose decomposition it has probably proceeded.
Steieldiiie of E. Biotte (B. H. Ztg., 268, July, 1666) appears to be very similar to tke partzite. It occurs massive ; blackish and brown in color; H.=3-5— 4-6 ; G.=4'12— 4*24, with i shining streak.
Stetefeldt found as a mean of two analyses: Sb 48*77, S 4*7, Ag 23*74, Ou 12-78, Fe 1-% H
It comes from South-eastern Nevada, in the Empire district ; also in the Philadelphia district
229. VOUOHEBTrB. Antimony Ochre pt Hydrous Antimonio Add.
Massive, or as a powder. Color white.
Oomp.— Sb 0*+6 ftrrOxygen 193, antimony 68-9, water 21*8=100, Yolger (EntwickL Hia, Y7). The analysis of Cumenge corresponds to Sb 0*+4 & Analysis; Cumenge (Ann. d. IL, Iv., xx. 80):
0 17 Sb 62 £[16 9e 1 gangue 3=98.
Sb 0*+6 ft is easily obtained artificially. It is tasteless, insoluble in water and acids, andbss G.sr:6'6, Boullay. It gives off its water at a heat below redness, and oxjmn at a red beat Bers is also a compound Sb 0*+4 ft ; but this is much less stable (Watt*s Diet Chem.).
Obs. — The mmeral analysed by Oumenge was flrom the province of Oonstantine Algeria. Volger remarks that tliis white antimony oolir a common result of the alteration of sSbnita
230. THLLUBtn. (Tellmrlge S&ure JRsta, Pogg., Ivil 478, 1842; TeQuUte Iieol, ., 4S9.) Email yellowish or whitish spherical masses, radiated in structure, and a yellowish, esrthj jDcrustation, occurring with tlie native tellurium of Fticebay and Zalina ; is nid to aflbrd the reactions of teUurous add,
230A. Taxtauo Oobbh. A tantalio ochre occurs on crystals of tantalite at in Sooero Fir land ; color brownish, lustre vitreous. A. R Kordenikidld, FhiL llin., 27, 1866.
in. OXrDS OF THE CAEBON-SILICON GKOUP, SERIES U.
231. QUARTSS. KraXA( Theopkr,, etc. CrystalluB (with allusion to its heiagonal form and {yjnmdiltenniiiations) Plt,xzzYiL 9, 10; Silez FUn-t zxxtL 371. OrystalluB, Quartzum can- (fidisaaiim [anriferooa], Germ. Qaertse, Kiselstein, Agric 276, eta, 444 46 V, 465, 1646, 1529. Qmrti KiMl, WalL 102, 1747. Quartz, Kieael, Cferm,
lihombohedral, and for the most part liemihedral to the rhombohedron (or tetartohedral to the hexagonal prism). Ai?=94° 15', (9a J?=128° 13' ; a=l"0999. Observed planes : {a) Ji, -R (or -1), i, most as in f. lSO-183, R and -1 making up the ordinary pyramidal terminations, and the latter often distinguishable from R in being the smaller planes, and sometimes in having feebler lustre or less smoothness ; the pyramid sometimes consisting of R alone (f. 183) ; (J) planes 2-2, very common, but only hemihedrally, as in f. 186, and thus corresponding to the faces of a double thiee-sided pyramid ; {c) various rhombohedrons replacing the basal edges of the hexagonal pyramid (as 4 in f. 185, 3, and -7, -1, in f. 191, others in £ 192), 3, 4, being the most oommon ; also the rhombohedron -J replacing the edges R/S (f. 191, 193, a rough plane, as usual) ; also, among otner rhombohedrons, 2, 6, 7, 10, and the same in the negative series, besides 50 others ; {d) various trapezohedral forms, situated obnquely about the angles of the pyramids, like 6-f in f. 190, and others in f. 192, 193, the plans or plaaihedral in position, and inclining upward toward the right or left, and thus being either right-handed as in f. 192, or lefthanded as in f. 190 ; and again occurring occasionally on each solid angle (as in f. 190), in which case they are hemihedral (12 out of the normal 24) ; or, as is generally the fact, only on the alternate solid angles (as in f. 192), when thev are tetartohedral or, more rarely, right-handed on one solid angle, and leila-handed on the next, another kind of hemihedral form ; amon them, in the zone : 2-2 : i, or -1 : 2-2 : i, there are bdow 2-2 and many others ; above 2-2, f-f , H"? I"! (f- etc. ; (e) other trapezohedrons bevellinff the obtuse edges of the rhombohedron as 4-3, 3, 1-5, etc. ; also (/) many trapezohedrons in other positions ; the total number of different forms over 175.
i;i=154 43 , iA84=171 8 A-1, adj.,=133 44.
' 2=158 31 A 13-14=174 39 J? A i, ov, 2-2,=113 8.
3=165 18 iAf J, ov. 2-2,=125 28 A 22=151 6.
V" 3=154 A?=120 J?a4=152 55.
H=161 31 £ai.#=171 33 5aH=175 1.
Cleavage : -1, and i very indistinct : sometimes effected by plunging lted crystal in oold water. Crystals either very short, or very mu(£
*'t
OXYOBSr OOXFOUNTM.
elongated, sometimeB fine adcular ; nBuallv implanted by one extremity of the prism ; occasionally twisted or bent (f. 195). Prismatic faces i com* monly striated horizontally (f. 189. 195, 196), and thus distinishable, in distorted crystals, from the pyramidal. Crystals often grouped by juxtaposition, not proper twins. Frequently in radiated masses witfi a surface of pyramids, or in druses having a surface of pyramids or short crystals.
Twins : 1. Composition-face, the basal plane O ; sometimes (a) revolntiun-twins, or such as correspond to a simple revolution of one-half (made by section parallel to the base), 60® or 180® to the right or left, bringing B aooye into the same yertical line with H below, and revolving other planes Ib a like manner (in f. 192 it would cany half the gyroidal planes to the next
<Husr, 191
aift e£ the priam, and Iialf the bevelled edge to the place of these planee). Veiy genersUj 0) pmetratianmns, the forms not corresponding to a regnlar rerolation, but to an inegnlai' interpenetration of unlike parts of ike . making —1 to be distributed in irregular areas over R, and bo also over -1, with a similar irregidar
distribntioii of other planes, as illustrated in f. 196, in which the unshaded parts of the pyramidal faces are Ji, ted the shaded parts are -1 ; crystals of quartz not thm compounded in some part are of very rare occur- Other twins, mostly geniculating, as in f. 187, and veiT rarely cruciform (represented cruciform in f. 197, in order to exhibit the divergence of the vertical axes [aiea a] of the combined crystals, and other relative characlaisticB) ; 3. O.-face li, or -1, f. 197b ; divergeaoe of axes 0=76° 86' (because the angle between axis A, and a or —1, is 38° 13'); (a) simply geniculating, like either half of 197b ; (o) a three-rayed twin, con- Eiiting of a central crystal twinned to three others by each B of one extremitT, t 198a, b. 3. Composition between li (or -I) and a face of the prism.
£ 197a ; diveinoe of axes 0=33° 13'. 4. O.-fece iR, f. 197c ; diverg- 1 a and face of i-S being 57° 35;
eocecaxea 115*10' (angle between axis a
obeorved only in umple twins. 5. C-face 1-2, or plane truncating edge of pyramid between B and -1 (a mode of twinning Uiat belong rather to the Inie bexonal system than to the rhombohedral, and showing that the rliombohral character is often crvetallogenically bat feebly dominant in
lie speciee), illustrated in f, 187 ana 197e ; divergence of axes 0=84° 44' (because the angle between axis a and the pyramidal edge is 42° 17*); 'bred in geniculating or juxtaposition twins like f. 187, and either half
195e- there are twotinds, one (a) in which faces M are correspondent in position in the two parts ; (J) in which they are not so. 6. Composition between the plane troncating edge of pyramid (or 1- and that truncating of prism (or -2), f. 197d ; angle ot divetence 42° 17'.
jiagsive ; coarse or fine granular to flint-like or crypto-crystalline. SometiKKs mammillary, stalactitic, and in concretionary torms.
E=7. G=2-5— 2-8;2-6413-2-6641,Bendant; 9fi63, Deville. Lustre ntieoQB, aometimes inoliniDg to resinous ; splendent — nearly dull. Colorlea when pure ; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, titik. Stieak white, of pure varieties ; if impure, often the same as the
103 Oxtokn Cohfouhd8.
color, bnt paler. Transparent — opaque. Fracture perfect conefa< dal — Bubconehoidal. TongL— brittle — friable. Polarization circular, then being a uslored centre instead of a central croee, and the rings of coJoi around enlaiins as tlie analyzer is timed to the right in right-handed tals (f. 192), or left in left-handed (f. 190) ; and colored spirals are seen which rotate to the right or left, when the incident light and emergent light are polarized, one circularly and the other plane.
For obMrring the polsriutioD, plates of tbe cryBUl are cut at right anglM to the axil. Ii twins the component parta may be both right-handed or bothlett-luiadedlaifD thoaeof Danphisj and the Swiss Alps) ; or one may be of ons kind and the other of the other. Iforeover, iDonl Blve laden of deposition (made as the crjgtal weol on enUrgiog, aod often fliceedingly thin) omeUmet alternately right and left-handed, ahowjng a oonstant oadllation of polari ia the oavM of its fonnation; and, wheti this ia tbe OHBe, and the layers are ngtJar, crou-aectUm, ezamistj ay polsriied light, exhibit a diTiaion, more or leas perfect into Mctora oT I'iO', panlUtothJ plane R, or Into asctora ot 60°. It the layers are of unequal thickness, there an broad aie*f d colors withont sectors. In f. 199 (b7 Deedaizeaox, a v/stal (bo Dept of the Aude), hil! of eadi Hector of 60° is right-banded, and theother half left (as shown by tbe arrows X arid the dail radii are neutral banda produoed by the overlapping of layers of the two kinda. In L 300, Ihm I
Im Zoo I
eryatal of amethyat (also by Desclotzoaux), the aJtenute white and black lines b each banded are due to alternate r%ht and left-handed layers, parallel lo R The fact of a structure ia layrn Is easily made manifest by means of Suoric add, it corroding successive layers unequally. BSteriated internal atructure is ofleu apparent in an aateristed onangement of shadtia of ooloi 01 of degreoH of transparency. Bioaiai polariaition Is aomeCiines s oansequeaoe of tbe conpoiiH structure (as in crystals from Euba, near Schemnitt).
Id crystals, the planes R and —1, when not distinguishable by different degree* of loitn tmoothnCKB, or striatioii, may be by etching with fluoric acid, this process going on imeqnaDy it the two directions and producing a differeitc of surface, besides often developing Uw layers Itail were superimposed in the growth of tbe crystal, alluded to above.
For papers on cryst. of quartE, aoe Weiss, Mag. Oea, nat Fr., Beriln, viL 16S: Hajdioj, Brewster's J, i. 3Z2, LB21; O. Rose, Ber. Ak. Uuriin, 1844, !'oi;g Ixii, 325. Dacl-iannx, Hem. Crist. Quartc Ann, Ch. Phys., xlv. 139, 1BG5, and Hem. Acad Sd., xr. 401, *ta, I3&!; Q Sella, R. Acad. ScL Torino, Bvo, 1656, and Stndii Uin. Sarda, Ho, Torino, 1866; Webaky, Fog;, xcix.2g6, 18:>6, ZS. Q., xviL 318, lBH5; Idng, Fogg., o. 351, 1851; HesBanbei, Kin. NoL, i II. ii 3. JoDzach, Fogg., cxii. 697, from whom Qgs. 135A — F are taken. F. Leydolt on the atnicture of quarts cryatala as developed by means of fluoric acid, Ber. Ak. Wien, xr. 59, 185t.
Oomp.— Pure silica, or i:il Oxygen 58-:)3, silicon 16-6'[ 10a. In oasve varieties. Onn mlsed with a little opal-siiica. Impure varieUea contain oxyd of iron, carboiMte of hlMs '7' sand and varioua minerals. Quartz-silica has been supposed to be inaoluble In a hot solnlion d potaali, and to lie thus distinguishable ftom opal-sUica. But since the InvestJgatioDS oTBamiult boTK (Pogg., cxiL n ] ) it has been questioned whether in a very finely diridod stMe aod eipeciill.' such as oanstitutes the compact (oryptocrystalliue) chaloedony or flin It la not moiv or ln> soluLla. Rammelsberg subjected a number of kinds of quartc to the aodon of a hot pooili solution, and the Ebllowing are part of his results; under ign. and S the Mai toM la gtveo, vii than, Id bntcketa, the part than drying over sulphoric acid-
B.
IMBiolved by pofeuh.
5 — 776 p. c
;o-46
12-82—16 "
013'
7-2 —201 "
'vn'
22 — 93-88 "
7*86—50-59 "
'0-20'
20 2 —73-4 "
Quabtz. 193
Lo88 bj IgiL and 9.
Tltreom masslTe qnaitB, Qaerbach 0*27
Gray homstone, Soineeberg 2-36
Agate, Saxonj, Q. 2-661 0*39
Ghaloedooy, Esroe, G. 2 624 0*69
" Hungaiy, G. 2*603 260
ChiTBoprase. Silesia, Q. 2-686 1*83
flint, G. 2-62, 2-63 1-40
From the high specific grayity of kinds affording a large percentage of soluble stHoa, it appears tbt the soluble silica la not all amorphous or opal-silica, .fenzsch has announced (Pogg., cxzvL 4dT) that there is a second modification of amorphous silica, distinct from opal, and hitherto SDRcognized (see under OpalX having G.=2'6, like quarts, lliis suggests an explanation of the aboTe. But the hyalite yariety of opcS, haying G.=2'185, gave Bammelsberg 9*6 to 19*9 p. c. of wolubie sUica. To explain this fJM by the same method still another modifintion of silica would be nqaired— an insoluble kind, having the low specific gravity of opaL
Pyr., etc— B.B. alone unaltered. With soda dissolves with effervescence ; unacted upon by It of phosphorus. Soluble only in fluohydric add.
Vtf— I. CfystaUized (phenoorystallineX vitreous in lustre. 2. Flint-like massive, or oryptocrTStaCioe. The first division indudes all ordinary vitreous quarts, whether having crystalline him or noU The varieties under the second are in general acted upon somewhat more by attrition, aad by chemical agents, as fiuoric add, than those of the first. In all kinds made up of layeTB, as agate, suooeesive layers are unequally eroded.
A. PHmrOCBTSTALLTirB OB VlTBIIOUB YABIBTIia.
L (Hamy OrystaBiaed; Rock Orystal Colorless quarts, or nearly so whether in distinct crystal or not. (a) Regular crystals, or limpid quartz; (b) right-handed crystals; (c) left-himded; cavmoQS crystals, having deep cavities parallel to the faces— occasioned by the Interference cf isporitiea during their formation; (e) cap-quartz, made up of separable layers or caps, due to tbe deposit of a little dayey material at intervals in the progress of the crystid ; (/) drusy quartz, a (Tast of small or minute quartz crystals ; (ff) radiated quartz, often separable into radiated parts ining pTiamidal terminations; (h) fibrous, rarely delicately so, as a kind fVom Orange river, near Cape of Good Hope.
i Attehated; Star-qtuuit (Stem-quartz Oenru), Containing within the crystal whituih or catered radiations along the diametral planes. Part if not all asteriated quartz is asteriated in poiaraatioD, as above described.
1 Amethystine; Amethysi (AMwror Theophr., eta). Clear purple, or bluish-violet. The color is opposed to be due to manganese. But Heintz obtained in an analysis of a Brazilian Bpecimen, beid€9 sQica, 0*0187 oxyd of iron, 0*6236 lime, 0-0138 magnesia, and 0*0418 soda; and he con &ien the color owing to a compound of iron and soda. The structure is composite, as illustrated 31 1 199, 200, and the shade of violet is usually deepest parallel to the planes B.
So$t. Rose-red or pink, but becoming paler on exposure. Common massive, and theit voallr much cracked. Lustre sometimes a little greasy. Fuchs states that the color is due to titazdc add; he found 1 to p. c. in specimens from Rabenstein, near Bodenmais. It may in part from manganese.
; False Topaat. TeUow and peUudd, or nearly so ; resembling somewhat yellow topaz, kt Terj different in crystallization and in absence of deavage.
i rwky, Caxnkgorm, SUme (Mormorion Plm, xxxviL 63). Smoky-yellow to smoky-brown, isd often transparent; but varying to brownish-black, and then nearly opaque in thick crystals. Tbe color is probably due to titanic add, as crystals containing rutale are usitally smoky. Called from the locally at Caimgorum, a W. of Banff, in Scotland. i. iiilk-white and nearly opaque. Lustre often greasy, and then called greasy quartz. SidtTiie or Sapphireuarix. Of indigo or Berlin-blue color; a variety occurring in an limestone at GoUlng in Saltzburg.
igetUtic. Containing within adcular crystals of other minerals. These adcular crystals sost commonly (a) tvJUU the mineral called from such specimens sagenUe (fr. aaynvfi, a'nel) by msnre (see under BimuB). They may also be {h) black tourmaline ; (c) gothito ; {d) stibuite ; <)Ubeitas; (/) actinolite; (y) hornblende ; (A) epidote.
'f Co8 Bye (Kateenaoge OtnrL CBil de Chat Fr,), Exhibiting opalescence, but without pri 'C colore, espedally when cut en eabochon, an effect due to fibres of asbestus. |i- AventeHfie. Nmgled with scales of mica or other mineral.
Imfwre from &e presence of distinct minerals distributed densely through the mass. The lAmmon kinds are those in which the impurities are : (a) ferruginous, either red or yellow of iron; (6) cMoriHe some kind of dilorite; (e) actinolitic; (d) micaceous; (e) airenaceous, oi
Ibm.
194 OXTOEN OOMFOUlilDe.
Quarts orjrstals also oocnr penetrated bj yarioiui minerala, as topai, oorundiini, chrjrsobenl garnet, different speciea of tlie hornblende and pyroxene groups, kyanite, zeolites, caldta and oer oarbonates, rutile, stibnite, hematite, gothite, magnetite, flnorite, gold, silver, anthzicit>. eta As quartz has been crystallized through the aid of hot waters or of steam in all ages dom] to the present, and is the most common ingredient of rocks, there is good reason why it should be found thus the envelope of other crystals.
18. Ooniaining Uquida in cavUie$, These liquids are seen to move with the change of poritioo of the crystal, provided an air-babble be present in the cavity; they may be detected also bj tbi rofractiou of lighL The liquid is either water (pure, or a mineral solution), or some petroleom-likc or other compound. (See p. 761.)
B. Obtftoobtbtaluhe TAsamEB,
i. Chalcedony (ICurrhina PUil, xxzviL 7. laonc pt Theophr. JusfOB pt PUiLj . 37 Murrhina, Germ, Chaloedonius, Agrie 466, 1546, Ghalcedon, Adiates viz pellndda, nebolon colore griseo mixta, WaU 83, 1747. Oaloedoine F¥,), Having the lustre nearly of wax, aiKJ either transparent or translucent Ooknr white, gmyish, pale-brown to dark-brown, black; tendon-color common ; sometimes delicate blue. A&o of other shades, and then having other names.
Often mammillary, botiyoida], stalactitic and occurring lining or filling cavities in rocks. It is true quarts, with some disseminated opal-quarts. A gray chalcedony firom Hungary afforded Redtenbacher (Bamm. Min. Gh., 1007) Si 98*87, Pe 0*63, Oa 0 0-62=100*02.
2. OamOian (Liuitow Theophr, Sarda PUn., xxxviL 28, id.=(70rm. Camedl, Agric 468, IM. Oameol, Agates fere pelludda, colore rubeacente, WaJL 82, 1747. Oomaline F¥,). A dear red chalcedony, pale to deep in shade ; also brownish-red to brown, the latter kind (Sardoioe Fr reddish-brown by transmitted light
Heintz found that tli red color was due to oxyd of iron, obtaining in an analysis Fe 0*050 p.c, £l 0*081, Mg 0*028, £: 0*0043, JTa 0075. It has been supposed to be of organic origin.
8. Chrysopraae (not Chrysoprasus atUiq.). An apple-green dialcedony, the color due to thi presence of oxyd of nickel Klaproth found in that of SUesia (Beitr., il 127 ) Si 96* 1 6, ilkl 0*08, Fe 0-ti8, Ni 1*0, Oa 0-83, H 1*85=100; and Rammelsberg, in the same (Pogg., cxii. 188X & d7>.V Fe, Ni U-41, Oa, Mg 0*51, £[ 2*08.
4. Pnue. Translucent and dull leek-green; so named from vMr, a Uek, Always regarded at a stone of little value. The name is also given to crystalline quarts of the same color. " Vflkirtf est turn Prasius." says Pliny.
6. PUuma (laspis pt P/tn., xxxviL 37). Bather bright-green to leek-green, and also sometime nearly emerald-green, and subtranslucent or feebly translucent ; sometimes dotted with bite.
BeUotrope, or BlooMone, is the same stone essentially, with small spots of red jasper, looking hke drops of blood.
The laspiSy or jasper of the andents, was a semitransparent or translucent stone, and iodaded in Pliny's time all bright-colored chalcedony excepting the camelian (Sard). He gives specul prominence to sky-blue and green, and mentions also a shade of purple (the odor of the be says), a rose color, the color of the morning sky in autumn, sea-green, terebenthine color (yelior like turpentine, as interpreted by King), smoke-color (his capniasX etc. ; but in general there a tinge of blue, whatever the shade. The green kinds may have been dirysoprase or plasma; or perhaps a variety of jade, a stone known in Europe since the Stone age. The green, with a IIm ninniug through it (MonogrammosX may have been plasma or jade, with a narrow seam of white quarts.
Pliny'w Praaiua, spotted with red, was our hdiotrope; his Heliotrope (xxxviL 60) was a VAgreen stone (prase or plasma) veined with blood-red (jasper); and -the jasper was so abuodiot a part as to give a general red reflection to the whole when it was put in water in the face of tb< sun, whence the name from 4Aio(, sun and , to turn.
6. Agaia [flr. Sidly] Theophr, Achates pt PUn, xxxviL 54. Onyx pt PH 24). A variegaced chalcedony. The colors are either (a) banded; or {p) in douds ; or (y) doe to visible impurities.
0. Banded, The bands are delicate parallel lines, of white, tendon-like, wax-like, pale and dan brown, and black colors, and sometimes bluish and other shades. They follow waving or courses, and are occasionally ooncentric droiUar, as in the eye-agate (LemcophOialiMta Hin., 62, and TriopMhalmue ib., 7 1). The fine translucent agates graduated into coarse and opaque Itioda The bands are the edges of layers of deposition, the agate having been formed by a aepoei( a ailioa solutions intermittently supplied, in irregular cavities in rocks, and deriving their ooe oeutric waving courses from the irregularities of the walls of the cavity. As the cavity caoooi contain enough of the solution to fill it with silica, an open hole has been supposed to be retaioM Du (me side to permit the continued supply ; but it is more probable that it passes throQS the oaM I
QCTABTZ. lOo
liTws bf okdobIb, the denser Bolaticn} outside Urns supplying silica is fast as it is deposited with- m. The ooknn are due to traces of organic matter, or of ozyds of iron, manganese or titanium, id higelf to differences in rate of deposition. The layers differ in porosity, and therefore in the nte at which they are etched by fluoric add ; and consequently the etching process brings out the difereat layers, and makes engravings that will print exact pictures of the agate. Owing also n the Qoequa) porontj, agates may be yaried in color by artificial means.
A brown banded agate afforded Redtenbacher (Bamm. Min. Oh., 1007) Si Fe 0*72, Oa 0
$, imguhff doomed. The colors various, as in banded agate.
A whitish douded rar. (a) is probably the Leueachatu Plin. (fr. Acvir, whUe) ; (6) a wax-colored, his Cendmfu (fr. eero, wax) a name that may have been applied also to ordinary wax-colored chiicedfii, aa tiie stone was one in little repute ; (c) a reddish, his Sairdaehaiea or camelian-agate. The list probably induded also banded kinds. HtmachaliefB [ft. Uood) was probably a true agate, btotehed with red jasper, "blushing with spots of blood," as says Solinua (King, p. 307), of which there are very beautlAil kinds, and not simple red jasper. laspachates matt hare been an agate in which bluish and greenish shades (laspis) predominated. These itaaee ue given bj Flmy without accompanying descriptions.
y. Oakm dua to visible iwpariiies. (a) Mos$ate or Mochcione filled with brown moss-like or dBodritic Ibcms distributed through the mass. (&) Dendritic Agak, containing brown or black doidritie maddngau These two are the Dendraehalea Plin. (fr. itpSpov, a tree), ,
There is also <S. Agatized wood : wood petrified with douded agate.
7. Oxfs (*Ortx(>' Theophr, Onyx pt [rest agate, stalagmite, q. v.] Flink, xxxviL 24) like igftte in oonswti of layers of different colors, but delayers are hi even planes, and the banding cetefore straight, and hence its use for cameos, the head being cut in one color, and another Kniog for the background. The colors of the best are perfectly well defined, and either white iBd , or white, brown and black altemata
6. 8ariimyx (Flin., xxxvii 23). Like onyx in structure, but hidudes layers of camelian () iloag with others of white or whitish, and brown, and sometimes black colors.
9. Agste-Joaper, An agate consisting of jasper with veinings and doudings of chalcedony.
10. SUidova tinier. Irregularly cellular quartz, formed by deposition from waters containing Blbi or sohible silioates In solution.
11. FM (iQepc pt Pits., Feuerstein Germ,), Somewhat allied to dialcedony, but more opaque, lod of dull colony usually gray, smoky-brown, and brownish-black. The exterior is oftn whitish, from mixture with lime or chalk, in which it is imbedded. Lustre barely glistening, subvitreous. Bfeek with a deeply oonchoidal fracture, and a sharp cutting edge. The flint of the chalk forma* tioQ oonsista largely of the remains of infhsoria (Diatoms), sponges, and other marine productions. The dlka of fiin aooording to Fuchs, is partly soluble silica. See on this point p. 194. There is usually one per cent, or so of alumina and peroxyd of iron, with one or two of water. The coloring matter of the common kinds is mostly carbonaceous matter.
12. Horntiome (Silex pt, PUn Horcstein Germ,), Resembles flint, but more brittle, the frac> tore more splintery. Chert is a term often appUed to hornstone, and to any impure flinty rock, bdodingtbe jaspers. A grayish chaloedonic hornstone Marienbad afforded Kersten 90*30, il-lC,l?e 1-73, Ag 1-28, Cu 0-94, and & 0 70, fi 1-95 (Jahrb. Min., 184ft, 65B).
13. BaaoMle, Lydlum Stone or TouchsUme (Lapis Lydius Plif xxxiiL 48, ? Basanites td, xxxvi. Ill A velvet-black siliceous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black ooior for trying the parity of the predous metals. The color left on the stone after rubbing the iBctal acroas it indicates to the experienced eye the amount of alloy. It is not splintery like ><>fnstooe. It passes into a compact, fissile, siUceous, or flinty rode, of grayish and other colors, oKed silioeous slate, and also Pkfhanyie ; and then resembles ordinary jasper of grayish and other diadet, espedally the banded jaspers.
14. Jiuper, Impure opaque colored quartz, (a) Red (Hiematitis PUn,, xxxviL c. 60, not his KBiatitesX eeaquioxyd of iron being the coloring matter. (&) Brofwniek, or ochre yellow, colored fdrosf seaquioxyd of iron, and coming red when so heated as to drive off the water, (c) gKen and brownish-green, (d) Grayisn-blue. (e) Blackish or brownish-black. (/ ) Striped nadjaaper (Bancyaspis Oerm.), having the colors in broad stripes, {g) Egyptian jasper, in which are soned iu brown and yellovrish colors.
Afeddta/oeper is nothing but baked day, and differs true jasper in being B.B. fusible oc cSes. Red porphyry, or its base, resembles jasper, but is also fusible on the edges, being oioiDj SB fanpure feldspar.
C Besides the above there are also: —
L Grmudar QuartM or QwirtMroek, A rock consisting of quarts grains very firmly compacted . Jpaisg often hsnfly distinct 2. QuartKoee Sandstone, 3. Quairti'eongtomierate, A rock made pebhies of quarts with sand. The pebbles sometimes are jasper and chalcedony, and mako e muted stone when polished. 4. liacokmitef or Flexible SandsUme. A friable sand-rock, cou
196 Oxygen Compounds.
sisting mainly of quartz Band, but oontaining a little talp, and possessing a degree of flezi bility when in thin laminsB. -5. Buhnlbant, A cellular, flinty rock, having the nature in part eoarse chaloedonj.
6. PswdrnnvrfifAU QuartM. Quarts appears also under the fonuB of many of the mineral spedei vrhich it has taken through either the iJteration or replacement of oiyBtals of those species. Thf most common quartz pseudomorphs are those of ohldte, barite, fluorite, and siderite. (a) Tabular qiiariz consists of intersecting plates of quartz, and is probacy a result of the quartz being depo ited among intersecting plates of other minerals, asbarite. {b) ffayiorite of 0. Tripe (Phil. Mag., I 40, 1827) is a pseudomorph after datholite. (e) Beckite Duf. is a pseudomorph after ooral, chaloedonic ih character, from DeTonshire, England ; it contains some of the carbonate of lime of the original coral (Ohurch, PhiL Mag., iV. xziil 96). (d) Babelrqwuiz is quartz which has impressions of cubes of fluor, aristiig firom its having been deposited over the crystals. SiUcfied theUa are proper pseudomorphs in quartz; they occur through many rock strata, including limestones. (/) Silicifioi wood is quartz pseudomorph after wood. The texture of the original wood is usually well retained, it having been formed by the deposit of silica from its solution in the cells of the wood, and finally taking the place of the walls of the cells as the wood itself disappeared
Pyr., etc. — B.B. unaltered ; with borax dissolves slowly to a dear glass ; with soda dissolTes with effervescence ; unacted upon by salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in muriatic add, and only slightly acted upon by solutions of fixed caustic alkalies. When (Used and ooded it beoomefl opalsilica, having G-.=2-2.
Obs. — Quartz occurs as one of the essential constituents of granite, syenite, gneiss, micasdiist, and many related rocks ; as the prindpal constituent of quartz-rock and many sandstones ; as an unessential ingredient in some tradiyte, porph3ri7, etc. ; as the vein-stone in various rocks, and for a large part of mineral veins ; as a foreign mineral in the cavities of trap basalt, and related rocks, some limestones, etc., making geodes of crystals, or of chalcedony, agate, camelian, eta ; as imbedded nodules or masses in various limestones, constituting the flint of the chalk formation, the homstone of other limestones ~these nodules sometimes becoming continuous layers; as masses of jasper occasionally in limestone. It is the prindpal material of the pebbles of gravel beds, and of the sands of the sea-shore and sand beds everywhere. It is reported by G. Rose as occurring in the meteorite of Xiqulpuloo (Pogg., cxiiL 184).
Silica also occurs in solution (but mostly as a soluble alkaline silicate) in heated natural waters, as those of the Geysers of Iceland, New Zealand, and California, and very sparingly in many cold mineral waters.
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries, and numerous other foreign localitiea, afford fine spedmens of rock crystal The most beautiAil amethysts are brought ttom India, Ceylon, and Persia, where they occur In geodes, and as pebbles; inferior specimens occur in Transylvania, in large crystalline groups ; in the vidnity of Cork, and on the island of Hay, Ireland. The false topaz is mot with in Brazil. Boae qwMrtz occurs in a vein of manganese, traversing the granite of Rabenstein, near Zwiesel in Bavaria Praae is found in the iron ndhes of Breitenbnmn, near Scbwartzemberg in Saxony; and in Brittany, near Nantes and Bennes. Tho amygdaloids of Iceland and the Faroe Islands, afford magnificent spedmens of chalcedany ; also Htittenberg and Loben in Carinthia, etc. A smalt-blue variety, in cubical crystals (paeudomorphis of fluorite), occurs at Treszytan, in Transylvania. The finest cameUana and agates are fonnd in Arabia, India, Brazil, Surinam, Oberstein, and Saxony. Scotland affords smaller but handsome spedmens (Scotch pebbles). Ckryaoprase, at Kosemutz in Silesia. AverUttrine guoHs, at Cape de Ghnta in Spain. CaCs eye, in Ceylon, the ooast of Malabar, and also in the Harz and Bavaria. PUuma, in India and China, whence it is iisually brought in the form of beads. HeUokropej in Bucharia, Tartary, Siberia, and the island of Bum in the Hebrides. Float Bton/e, in the chalk formation of Menil Montant, near Paris, and in some of the Cornish mines. The banks of the Nile afford tho Egyptian jasper ; the striped jasper is met with in Siberia, Saxony, and Devonshire. A yellow jasper is found at Yourla, bay of Smyrna, in a low ridge of limestone, to the right of the watering-place, between the harbor and the high hills back ; it is associated with opal, chrysoprase, and homstone, and these minerals seem to occupy in the limestone the place of homstone, which is found in various parts of the adjoining country, and also at Napoli di Romania in Greece. The plains of Argos are strewn with pebbles of red jasper. A variety of sandstone occurs in thin layers at Villa Rica, Brazil, remarkable for its flexibility; a Bxmox flexMe saiadsione occurs in the North Carolina gold region.
In Now Yorl quartz crystals are abundant in Herkimer Co., at Middleville, Little Falls, 8alifl> Dury, and Newport, loose in cavities in the Caldferous sand-rock, or imbedded in loose earth, and sometimes, according to Bock, in powdered anthradte Fine dodecahedral crystals, at the beda of specular iron in Fowler, Herman, and Edwards, St LaTence Co. In Gouvemeur, crystals, with tourmaline, eta, in limestone, which have rounded angles as if they had been partially fiised. On the banks of lake, Bossie, large implanted crystals. The Sterling ore bed, Antwerp Jefferson Co., interesting dodecahedral crystals. 4 m. E. of Warwick, crystals presenting the rhoiu.>ohdral form, in jasper At Palatine, Montgomery COi, crystals, having one end terminated
with the usual pymnid, while the other is rounded and smooth. Diamond Bode, near Lansingburgh, an old but poor locafitj. At EUenville lead mine, Ulster Co., in elegant groups. At Diamond island and Diamond Point, Ike Grge, quartz crystals, as in Herkimer Oo. In Mass.. crjstali with unusual modifications, sparingly at the Gfaarlestown syenite quarry, one of which from thi oabuet of Mr. J. E. Teschemacher is represented in f. 193. It has tlie adjacent planes 2-2 and uneven, and — with a triangular ftirrow but sharp edges ; the rest are lustrous ; with the reflectiTe goniometer, reflecting the sun's rays, R a Pelham and Ohesterfield, Mass., Pari* and Perry, Mo., Benton, N. H., Sharon, Vt., and Meadow Mount, Md., are other localities of quarti cryataL Soar Quebec, flg. 191, and other crystals similar, but theinyerse. At Chesterfield, Mass., small unpoUahed rhonAohedrona in granite. At Paris, Me., handsome crystals of brown or smoky quarts. In large crystals, often perfect and weighing several pounds, at Minnesota mine. Lake Superior, occasionally enveloped In metallic copper, as if cast around the crystals. Drusy quarti, of brown, apple-green, and other tints, at Newfane, Yt For other localities, see the catalogue of tocalitiea in tiie Utter part of this volume.
Rose qtuartt at Albany, and Paris, Me., Aoworth, K. H., Williamsburg, Mass., Southbury, Conn., and Port Henry, Essex Co, K. Y. ; 8moky quartz at Groshen, Mass., Richmond Co., N. T., eta ; omethjfH, in trap, at Keweenaw Point, Pic bay, and Gargontwa, on Lake Superior ; also in the same rotk at Bristol, Rhode Island, and sparingly throughout the trap region of Massachusetts and ConnecUout ; in Surry, New Hampshire ; in Pennsylvania, in East Bradford, Aston, Chester, and Providenoe (one fine (aystal over 7 lbs. in weight), in Chester Co. ; very handsome at the Prince vein. Lake Superior, but now hardly obtainable, as the mine is not worked ; also very large fine crystals, near Greensboro, N. C. Crystallized green quartz, in talc, at Providenoe, Delaware Co., Penn.; at EUenville, N. T., with cfaJorite. Chalcedony and agates of moderate beauty, in the same trap region ; more abundantly about Lake Superior, the Mississippi, and the streams to tlie west ; at Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; about the Willamet, Columbia, and other rivers in Oregon; abundant and beautiful on N. W. shore of Lake Superior. Belmont's lead mine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., has afforded good chalcedony and chrysoprase, associated with calcite. Red jasper is found on Sugar Loaf Mt., Maine ; in pebbles on the banks of the Hudson at Troy ; yellow, wi chalcedony, at Chester, Mass. ; red and yellow, near Murphy's, Calaveras Co., CaL Heliotrope occupies veins in slate at Bloomingrove, Orange Co., N. Y.
Smoky quartz in large crystals, some over 100 lbs., have been found on Paradise R., Nova
Quarts paeudomorphs, after hexagonal and scalenohedral crystals of calcite and cubes ol floorite, at Weathampton, Mass. ; after barite, probably, in Rutherford Co., N. C, often filled with water.
Quartz crystals occasionally oocur of enormous size. A group in the museum of the university at Naples whs nearly half a ton. A crystal belonging to Sig. Rafelli, of Milan, measures ft in length and in drcumferance. and its weight is estimated at 870 lbs ; another in Paris is 3 ft In diameter and weighs 8 cwt About a century since a drusy cavity was opened at Zinken, which afforded 1,000 cwt of rock crystal, and at that early period brought $300,000. One crystal weighed 80m lbs. A group from Moose Mountain, New Hampshire, at Dartmouth College, weighs 147 lbs., and contains 48 crystals ; four of them are from 5 to 5 j inches in diameter, ten from 4 to 4 j inches. A crystal from Waterbury, Yt, 2 ft long and 18 inches through, weighs 175 lbs.
Several varieties of this species have long been employed in jewelry. The amethyst has always been esteemed for its beauty. like most other stones, it is less brilliant by candle-light; it appears to best advantage when surrounded with pearls and set in gold. The color of the amethyst is often irregularly diHUsed, as is well described by Pliny, " ad viciniam crystalU desceudet albicante purpuree defect,** purple, gradually fading into white. It was called amethyst, aii.Hunrn on account of its pretended preservative powers against intoxication, from ", no\ and /i 'luj, tc intoxicate. This is not, however, the only am/ethyat of the andenta. The violet-colored sapphire, the violet fiuorite (scalpturis faciles, Plin., easily graven), and some other purple species, were designated by the same name ; and it has been supposed that garnet was also included.
Cameos are in general made of onyx, which is well fitted for this kind of miniature sculpture. The most noted of the ancient cameos, is the Mantuan vase at Brunswick. It was cut from a single stone, and has the form of a cream pot, about seven inches high and two and a half broad ; on its outside, which is of a brown color, there are white and yellow groups of raised figures, representing Ceres and Triptolemus in search of Proserpine. The Museo Borbonico, at Naples, contains an onyx measuring eleven inches by nine, reprosentmg the apotheosis of Augustus, and another exhibiting the apo&eosis of Ptolemy on one side and the head of Medusa on the other; both are splendid specimens of the art, and the former is supposed to be the largest in existence.
The camelian is often rich in color, but is too common to be much esteemed; when first obCsinBd from the rock they are usually gray or grayish-red ; they receive their fine colors exposure of several weeks to the sun's rays, and a subsequent heating in earthen pots. Th fiolors of state, when indistinct, may be brought out by boiling in oil, and afterward in sulphuric : the latter carbonizes the oil absorbed by the porous layers, and thus increases the contrast
198 Oxygen Compounds.
of the different ocHon, Agate ia often made into mortars for ctiemiofil and ptaimaoeDtica. lire parations, and, acoording to Pliny, it was employed for the same purpose by the physidans of hit day. Pliny also mentions that Uie best oautory for the human body is a ball of crystal acted on by the sun" (zxxyil 10). He deplores the extrayagance of his times, as exhibited in the crystal drinking cups and vases of the wealthy.
Jasper admits of a brilliant polish, and is often formed into vase boxes, knife-handles, etft It is also extensively used in the manufacture of Florentine mosaics.
Quartz is distinguished by its Tiardnesa — scratching glass with facility; iifiisib&Uif — not fusing before the blowpipe ; tMolubiUty — not attacked by water or the adds ; iineisatMi&tZily— one vaziel being tabular, but proper cleavage never being distincUy observed. To these oharaoteriatios m action of soda B.B. may be added.
The word quarts is of German provincial origin. Agate is from the name of the liver AcbateSi in Sicily, whence specimens were brought, as stated by Theophrastus.
Alt.— Pseudomorphs of pyrite, tin ore, stannite, magnetite, hematite, and Tdtdte, after quarts have been met with.
232. OPAL. Opalus, PSBoderos, Ftta xzxvil 21, 22. Quarto resinite £, Tr., iL 180L
Massive, amorphous; sometimes small reniform, stalactitic, or lai taberose. Also earthy.
H.=5'5— 6'6. G.=l*9— 2'3. Lustre vitreous, frequently subvitreous ; often inclining to resinous, and sometimes to pearly. Color white, yellow, red, brown, green, gray, generallv pale ; dark colors arise from foreign admixtures ; sometimes a rich play of colors, or different colors by refracted and reflected light. Streak white. Transparent to nearly opaque.
Oomp. — Si, as for quartz, silioa being dimorphous, the opal oondition being one of lower degrees of hardness and speciiic gravity, and, as generally believed, of inoapability of arystaUiiAtion. Water is usually present, but it is regarded as unessential It varies in amount from 2'75 to 21 p. c.; or, mostly, 3—9 p. to Si+i !& (or 9 Si+fi to3 &+£[). Opal often contains more or less of quarto mixed with it; and most of the analyses are unsatisfactory, because they leave the amount of the latter wholly unconsidered ; and since solubility in a hot solution of caustic potash is not a decisive test of opal, as shown by Bammelsberg pPogg., oxiL 17 7 ), no method for its exact determination is Imown. (See p. 192, under Quabtz.) Rammetobwg'a percentage results are as follows ; under the heading ign. & S, the sum of the loss both is given, and in brackets that by drying over sulphuric add aloue:
G. G. after ign. Ign. ft 5. InsoL
Semiopal, Grochau 2*101 1'878 6*55 7-Sl
Yallecas, brown 2*216 2*224 11-76
" whH0 4-54
Geyseritey Iceland 883
Hyalite, Walsch 2*186 8*28
(I tt
after ign. 1*507
8*26 3*41
18*5—69*3 19-2— 68*5 4-8 (=Pe) 9-7—19*9 21*
Moreover, optical characters do not afford decisive distinctions ; for Ehrenberg has found (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 65, 1849, Ramm., Pogg., oxiL 191) that hyaHief after ignition and lfore, and cAryvoprase are alike doubly-refhtcting ; chalcedony Faroe and semiopal from Yallecas, doublyrefracting, with spots of singly-refVacting; temiopal fir. Grochau and flint, singly-refhicticg, with spots of doubly-refracting.
Var. — 1. Freciotia Opal. Exhibits a play of delicate colors, or, as Pliny says, presente varioaa refulgent tinto in succession, reflecting now one hue and now another. Seldom larger than a hazel nut; a mass in the Vienna museum has the size of a man's fist and weighs 17 os., but has numerous fissures, and is not wholly firee ftom the matrix.
2. Fire-opal (Feueropal, fir. Mexico, HwnbokU, Karaten, Elapr. Beitr., iv. 156, 1807). Hyadntbred t) honey-yeUow colors, with fire-like reflections, somewhat irised on turning
H. Giraaol. Bluish-white, translucent, with reddish reflections in a bright light
4. Common OpaL In part translucent; (a) milkwhite to greenish, yellowish, bluish; A; Hetin opal (Waoluopal, Peofaopal, Gtarm,\ wax-, honey- to ochre-yellow, with a reslnons h stre ; (c
Opal. 199
dun olive-green and mounUixi-gTeen; ((I) bride-red. Indudes SemiopcU (Hidbopal WertL Beigm. J., S75, 1789); also (e) HydrnjuxsMy whidi is tranalaoent, whitish, or light-oolored, adheres to thi tongue, and becomes more translucent or transpaFent in water (to which the name, from iiotf waUr, Hnd to make decar. alludes), a Vfry common quality of opal. (/) ForrJterite (Aichborn, Wicn. Ztg. Abendbl., JuL 11, 1860) ; an orange-yellow opal, colored by orpim nt; G.=2-17 Maly (J. pr. Ch., IxxxTi. 501). It is from in Upiter Styria.
§ Caehobmg (Kaachtaohikm of Kahnuek$ and Tartan [=:beaatifVil stone], Kaaoholong (Temk Berimutter-opal KarsL Tab., 1808). Opaque, bluish-white, porcelain-white, pale-yellowish qi reddish ; often adheres to the tongue, and contains a little alumina.
6. Opoibigaii. Agate-Uke in structure, but consisting of opai of different shades of color.
I. ikmiiie (Pechstein de Henil Montant Ddaarbn db Qumqu/et J. de Phys., 21, 1787; llenQite de Sauasure Delameth. T. T., U. 169, 1797. Leberopal Kant, Tab., 24, 1800). In ooncretiouary forms, tuberose, reniform, etc, opaque, dull grayish, grayish-brown, occurring imbedded in a shaly argillaceous deposit
8. Jaap-opal (Earst. Tab., 26, 1808; Opal-jasper, Eisenopel, ffausm Handb 428, 1813X Opal containing some yellow ozyd of iron and other impurities, and haying the color of yellow jasper with the lustre of common opaL
9. Wood-opal (Holz-opal GermX Wood petrified by opaL
10 HydtUe (MuUerisches GHas [=Muller'8 Glass, after the discoverer]; HyaHt Warn., Hoflffai. ITin., it a, 134, 181 2, KanL, Tab., 22, 1800 ; Gummistein Nat, 668 ; Glasopal aitm., Bandb., 424, 1813). dear as glass and colorless, constituting lobular concretions, and also omata with a globular, reniform, botryoidal, or stalactitio surface ; also passing into translucent| and whitish.
II. FiarUe SOieooua Sinier (Kieselrinter Germ.; SatiUf Viaggio al Montomiata, Pisa, 1795, GrelPa Ann., iL 589, 1796; Thornton, J. de Phys., zzziz. 407, 1791, Breve Kotisia di un Viaggiatore snlle Incrost Sil. termali dltalia, etc, 1795, CreU's Ann., i. 108, 179 BibL Brittan, 186, 1796 (?name florite here given); iya/., Crell's Ann., ii. 689, 1796; Resinite termogino {liaL), Indndes translucent to opaque, grayish, whitish, or brownish incrustations, porous to firm in teztnre ; sometimes fibrous-like or filamentous, and, when so, pearly in lustre (then called JPear 9mier) ; formed from the decomposition of the siliceous minerals of volcanic rocks about Aimarolea, or the siliceous waters of hot springs. It graduates at times into hyalite, (a) The original Jkrriie (or pearl-ainterX as described by Thomson, occurs in tufa in the vicinity of Santa lUora, Italy, and also on Ischia, and at the Solfatara near Naples, in globular, botryoidal, and stalactitic concretions, pearly in lustre. Thomson also mentions (1791) a similar incrustation as formed from the hot waters of the Saaao lagoons. It was referred by Werner to hyalite in 1816 (Hoffmann), {h) The MickadUe (J. W. Webster, Am. J. ScL, UL 391, 1821) is similar, from the island of St Michaels, one of the Azores, where it occurs in snow-white incrustations, capillary or filiform in structure, pearly in lustre, with G.= 1*866. (c; GeyserUe (Kieseltuff (fr. Geysers) Klapr., Beitr., iL 109, 1797; Geysirite Delamdh., Min., 1812; Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 1848, 157) constitutes concretionaTy deposits about the Iceland geysers, presenting white or grayish, porous, stalactitic filamentous, cauliflower-like forma; also compact-massive, and scary-massive ; H.=5; rarely transparent usually opaque; sometimes falUng to powder on drying in the air.
12. Flocd-akme (Quartz nectique, K, Tr.. ii. 1801; Schwimmstein ,\ In light concretion* ary or tuberose masses, white or grayish, sometimes cavernous, rough in fracture. So light owing to its spongy texture, as to float on water. The concretions sometimes have a flint-like nucleus.
18. TripoUte (Trippel, Terra Tripditana (tr, Tripoli, in part). Wall, 82, 1747. Infusorial earth ; Bergmehl, Kieselmehl, Kieselguhr, Otrm. Farina fossilis. Bandanite ScUvekU, Ann. Gh. Phys., UL xxiv. 348, 1848). Formed from the siliceous shells of Diatoms and other microscopic species, aa first made known by Ehrenberg, and occurring in deposits, often many miles in area, either nnoompacted, or moderately hard, (ai Infusorial Earth, or Earthy IVipolite, a very fine-grained earth looking often like an earthy chalk, or a day, but harsh to the feel, and scratching glass when rubbed on it (b) BandanUe, a kaolin-like variety ttom Ceyssat near Bandan, in Dept Puy de Dome, and AJgiers, containing 9 to 10 p. a of water. A deposit at Santa Flora iu Tuscauj was made known by Q. Fabbroni in 1794 iGiom. ns.-med.diD. Brungnatelll p. 154; Oreirs AnpL, iL 199, 1794 ; Bergmehl v. Santa Flora Klaproth, Beitr., vi. 348). It consieta of a grayishwhile, loose, mealy earth; Fabbroni states that he made bricks of it which would float like those whidi Pliny described as made in Spain from a sort of pumice-like earth (. 49), and suppoaea the material the same. Ehrenberg has shown it to be an infusorial earth, (c) Tripoli tiaie (Polishing slate, Poliersohiefer, Trlpelschiefer, Saugkiesel, Klebschiefer, Germ,), a slaty or thin laminated variety, fragile; G.= 1*909— 208. Often much impure from mixture with clay, iLagneaia, ozyd of iron, eta (d) Atumocaldte (fr. Elbenstock, Breith., Char., 97, 326, 18M2) is a milk-white material, having a hardness of only 1 to ; G.=2'174 ; it may be a variety of tripolite, potrtaining a litUe lime and alumina.
Aoalyaea: 2, Klaproth (Beitr., IL 151); 2, v. Kobell (Ohar., 252, 1880); 3-6, Damour (BidL G
Oxygen 0Ohpound8.
Fr., ILv. 162, 1848); 7, Haproth (l i, iv. 166); 8, id (lb., ii, 167); 9,Forchhammer Togg., 831); 10, G. Min., 162, 1854); 11, c., v. 29); 12, id (ib.. ii 154); 13, TBchermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, ziil 881); 14, Wrightson (Ann. Ch. Pharm, liv. 858); 15, Stuckf (NoseBeschr. vulk.. Fobs., 78); 16, Forchhammer (L a); 17, 18, Damour (L c); 19, Eiaproth (L c, iL 160) ; 20. 21, Y. d Mark (Verb, nat Yer. Bonn, iz. 1862); 22, Wertbeim (Ronim. Min. Ch 133;; 23, G. J. Bniab (This Min., 691, 1850); 24, J. L. Smitb (Am. J. Sd, zv. 435); 25, Klaprotb (L c, il 16i) ; 26, 27, B. Brandos (Nogg. Qeh, Rh.-We8tpb., L 338) ; 28, Y. d Mark (L cj ; 29, Eiaproth (L a, iL 162); 30, Beudant (Tr., ij. 18).
81, Damour (L a) ; 32, Schaffgotscb (Pogg., Ixviil 147); 88, Damour (L c.) : 34, Bucbolz (OcU. Jm L 202, viiL 176) ; 36-38, Damour (L c.) ; 39, Klaproth (L a) : 40, Kersten (. J., btvL 25) ; 41, Forchhammer (Pogg., . 331); 42, 48, Bickell (Ann. Oh. Fharm., Isx. 290); 44, Pattiaon (Phil Mag., IlL zxr. 495); 45, MaUet ph., lY. y. 285).
46, Eiaproth (L a, tL 348); 47, 48, Foumet ft Salvetat (Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL zziy. 348); 49, Baumann (Ramm. Min. Oh., 136); 50, R. Hoffmann (J. pr. Ch za 467); 61, Hansteln & Sdmlti (Ann. Ch. Pharm., zov. 292); 52, Eubhnann (ZS. nat Yer. Halle, TiiL 478); 63, Eiaproth (L a, y. 112); 64, 66, Buoholz (Leonh. Tasch., vi 6, 8); 66, Eersten (Freiesleb. Mag. Orykt, Heft 5):
U QmnmdtOkf pneioua epal
4. Mexico, Iwnpid, =2-029 6. ckaioyani, G.=2-024
7. Zimapan, Itrt-opal
8. Eosemiitz, mtMw.
9. FtLXoe, Fir-opai
10. (Georgia, " G.=2-07
1 1. Morayia, (fray
12. Hubertsburg, Bydrophana
13. Thebes,
14. Schiffenberg, Semi-opal
15. Hanan "
16. Faroe, OachoUmg
17. Iceland, Besinopal, G.= 2*096
18. Mexico,
19. Telkebanya, "
20. Rosenau, ytoK-own
21. '' w. extoflast
22. Meronitz, gnfL-drawn
23. Yourla, gyfL-greerif G.= 2*064
24. Harmanjick, Beinopal 26. Menil-Montant, Mmiiite
26. Oberkassel, Wood-aal
27. QuegKtein, Siebengeb. 28b Stenzelberg, Jaspjfal 29. Telkebanya, ''
SO. Jaaztraba, Hung."
Si
'91-12
'89*90
'93-96
92*00
98*75
88*73
91*89
93*18 86*8 90*2() 96*82 [92-03] [96*:4()J 98*5 91*82 [94-9] 86*00
0*49 0 Mg 0*92
4*11 "0*86 0-90 6a 0-26
0-06 0*06
1*0
2-1501 4-94 " 0-17— 3-68 6a 1-67 —
Ag 3*U —
0-87 — -
8*60 —
016 —
47-0 —
3809 —
-r=100 Eiaproth.
=100 Damour
=100 Damour. =100 Damour.
100 Eiaproth.
=100Elapiotb.
'84 Mgl-48=10oF.
=100-05 .
i C 1, Bit n-83=
99 08 Eiaproth.
Eiaproth.
=100- 1 -
0*©0S0 81 101 76W.
=99-50 Stucke.
0-07,Mg0 4=99-5-F.
100 Damour.
100 Damour. Eiaproth. 0-10=100 Mark.
=100 Mark.
,Mg0 67 lolW,
HK> Brush.
=991.5 Smith.
=98-5 Eiaproth
=99-62 Brandea
,80-20=100-173
— Eiaproth. — 100 Beudant.
2. EffoHie Fiorite or SiUeeaue Sinier.
81. Waltsch, Bohem., Hyalite
83. Eaiserstuhl
34. Frankfort, a. M. "
35. Azores, MichadUe
36. Iceland, Oeyserite
8s. Al.
ti u ti u
It u
M
gray whiU
[96-94]
[96*99] 87*67
[92-69]
[91*23] 94*01 84*43
6*33 16*36
0*8 0-2
1*36 0*71
ir.
=100 Damour. =99-6 Scfaafig. 100 Damour. =98-33 Buchols
— =100 Webster
0-40 0*82 ir. =100 Damour.
— =100 Damour =1hO DauKMir.
— — -—=100 Eiaproth — . — — =99 81 Siertu
0*70 0-92, % Forobh. 0-29 0*11 Oil £2*49=100 B
Opal.
aoi
44
u
91*66
£1
9e Oa ifTa R
018 0*33 0-16 0-19, S 0-3], Mg 0-41
3. IHpolUe, Infiuoriai Earthy Floabtone.
46. Santa Yion, B&rgmM
47. Gbyuat 4S. iJgiera, 49. mn, TV-MlOfl a.=l-862.
6a
u
51. Lonebe, jEBorA
62. Jgbitorf;
53. Maoritiaai JQsdjti
64. Faria, Q. necHg lighter
65. " " heavier 56. Sbenatock, AlumocalcUe
79 12 6 3
87-2 100 2'€0 0-8*
80-00 9-00 1-41 0-65 0-66
87-68 8-89 2-04 109
80-30 10-90 6-40 0.44
87-86 8-48 0*18 0*78 0-75*
90-86 9-01 0-29 0*28 0'16
72-0 21-0 2-6 2*6
94-0 6-0 0*6
86-60 4-00 2-28 — Oa6-26
— — =99 Klaproth.
=100Foujmet
2-00JD8. §6-48=100 a
Mg 0-3t)=99-90 Bau
tr. 0-30, Mg. 0-43', Org 1-30=99-08 Hoflfhiaim.
,Org. 2-28=100-18 U.
,]iilgCo-Oy=100'64K.
=980 Klaproth.
Bufsholz.
,Ca 02 00=99-26 B
— — =99-08 Kersten.
Bomavfaat ammonlaeaL k Whli mom earbooaoeoiiB mateTUI. c Na OL 4 With ioiim magneirta. GarboiMU dfUrac fUtommmoolaO'Ol.
RandanOe of Salvetat (anaL 48) corresponds to the formula Si* £[(=Si 90-9, IS 9*1) when driedat 16* OfflndSi'fi (=§196*3, ilS 4-7) when dried at 100° a The predoas opal of Uungaiy, analyzed bj T. Kobell (anaL 2), lost 7-6 p. a on drying at a low heat, and the rest of the water, or 8*44 p. a, on ignition.
I., etc — Tieldfl water. B.B. infusible, but beoomea opaque. Some yellow yarieties, ooalaining orrd of iron, torn red.
Ofai.— Oocars lUliiig cavities and Assures or seams in igneous rocks, porphyry, and some metallic reins. Also imbedded, like flint, in limestone, and sometimes, like other quartK concretions, in agillaoeous beds; also formed firom the siliceous waters of some hot springs; also resulting from the mere aucumulsion, or accumulation and partial solution and solidiflcation, of the siliceous shells of infusoria — consist essentially of opal-silica. The last mentioned is the probable soonse of tfao opal of limestones and argillaceous (as it is of flint in the same rocks), and of part of that in igneous rocks. It exists in most chalcedony and flint Being like quartz in origin, it is natural that the two should be often mixed together. Common opal and hyalite are products of the deoompoaition of a Roman oement at the hot springs of Plombires in France.
PredoHB opai occurs in porphyry at Ozerwenitza, near Kashau in Hungary, at Frankfort, and at Gradaji a Dios in Honduras. Fire opal occurs at Zimapan in Mexico ; Faroe ; near San Antonio Hondara& Oomfnon opcU is abundant at Telkebanya in Hungary; near Pernstein, Luckau, and Smrezet in Moravia ; in Bohemia ; at Kosemiitz in bilesia ; Hubertsburg in Saxony ; Stanze.- berg and Quegstein in Sfiebengebirge : Steinheim near Hanau; in Faroe, Iceland; the GianVo Causeway, and the Hebrides ; also witnin i m. and to the 8. W. of the watering-plaoe at Vouriai the harbor of Smyrna, along with yellow jasper and homstone, imbedded in a low ridge of yellowish compact limestone ; of a wax*yellow and grayish-green color, oooasionally white, at the Giant's Causeway. ffyalUe occurs in amygdaloid at Schemnitz, Hungary; in clinkstone at Waltach, Bohemia. Wood opal forms large trees in tlie pumice conglomerates of Seiba, near Neuohl; KremnitE, Hungary ; Fiaroe ; near Hobart Town, Tasmania; and in many other regions of iKneouB rodcsL The Luneberg earth ooutainB many species of infusoria, and is 10 to 18 ft thick. Ui U. 8 , hytMe occurs sparingly in N. York, at the Phillipe ore bed, Putnam Co., in thin ooat- OD granite ; rarely in N. C, Cabarrus Ca, with the aurLTerous quartz; in Oeorga, in Burke ud Soriven Cos lining cavities in a siliceous shell-rock ; in Washington Co., good Are opal ; at the SoaDoa springy Florida, small quantities of siliceous sinter.
The piecioua opal, when large, and exhibiting its peculiar play of colors in perfection, is a gem high value. It is cut with a convex surface.
JiszscuiTB. — second modification of amorphous silica is mentioned above (p. 194) as umonnoed by G. Jenzsch. The facts may receive other explanation. For the present the opals apposed to represent it may be included under the above name. The characteristic is a specific Kirity of 2-6, like quartz-silica, while soluble in a hot solution of Caustic potash. The kinds here nfwred are a white c&cholong from Hflttenberg in Carinthia, G.= 2-691; from Hutberg, near itaig, in amygdaloid, a.=2-6H3— 2-647 ; flrom the porphyry of Begensberg, G. =2-620; fVom BraiO, Q =2*696. They are generally associated with chaloedony, and Jenzsch regards them as
9G8 OXTGBET OOMFOUima.
n. TERNARY OXYGEN COMPOUND&
1. SILICATES. A ANHTDBOnS SILICATEa
The following are the general BubdiviaionB of the Anhydrous Silicates :
I. BisiLioATES. Oxygen ratio for the baaee and Silica 1 : 2.
n. Unisilioates. Oxygen ratio for the based and Silica 1 : 1.
III. SuBsiLicATEs. Oxygen ratio for the based and Silica 1 : less thao 1 ; mostly 1 : f ; but also 1 : and 1 : f .
These subdivisions are essentially the same that were brought forward in the last edition of this work. The section of Tersilicates has, however, disappeared, the species hitherto arranged under that head being proved to have no existence ; and the few Sesquisilicates, and the Micas and Feldspars, are added to the Unisilicates.
OonaUiuUan and Fomwlaa of SUkatea,— The bases in the Silioates oomprifle various etomentB* of Series L (see p. 2) in their different states of oxidation, protozyd, sesquioxyd, or deutozyd, and possibly tritozjd; namely, K, Ka, Li, Th, Cs, H, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Ge, La, Di, Fe, Mn, Gr, Al, and rarely also Zn, Ni, Co, Ti; and in a few cases boron, of Series U., in the tritoxyd state. The element silicon is so strongly negative, that in its oxygen combinations all other elements present are relatively basic
The basic elements enumerated, when in the same state of ozydation, are mutually replaoeaUe; and, as the analyses beyond illustrate, 8 or 10 often occur in the same compound, combined either in simple, or indeterminate, ratios. But while in general thus replacing one another, there are certain groups, as, for example, the Feldspar and Scapolite, in which '&i is not replaced by Fe, nor Ca, Na, K by Mg, or Po, the presence of the latter ingredients being an irregiUari, and proof of mixture or alteration.
The basic elements are also mutually replaceable when in differmU states of oxydation, under the law that parts equal in power of combination with oxygon are equivalent or isomorphous , that is, Uia replacing power equals Out combining power. Thus 3 B 0 0"), B' 0*, f R
rI C). R' R 0' are replaceable ; and so also are R' (=2 B 0), and B 0'; for the basic metal is cumbinod with an equal amount of oxygen, 3 atoms in the former gup, and 2 in the latter. Phe basic metai;j of these different oxyds by themselves represent so many different states corresponding to the states of oxydation, and are therefore equivalents in combination. The above
formulas, if divided by 8, become reduced to the protoxyd form R 0, rI 0, Ri 0, RI 0, Ri 0, and
the expressions for the different states of the basio metals, to R, rS, Ri, Rt, Ri. The first three of these states have been denominated in a note to page 2, and in the Introduction, p. zv, the alphOf beta, and gamma states; the expressions are correspondingly written oR, /?R, rR, fR uRO equals RO, or a protoxyd. So also 0B, 0=(R' O7, or a third of a sesquioxd; 7R0= i (R O, or half of a deutoxyd ; and cR 0=i (R or one-third of a tritoxyd. aR, R, JB, iR, are mutually replaceable, or equivalent in substitutions.
The BisUicaJlea come under a single general formula, which msj either have the forai A, or thaJ of B. Tlie a is here dropped, It being unnecessary.
Jl (ii\ fi Itf, R) B. (RO, RO, yRO, dIO) a
8Ili0At1Cb. 203
TbB Ihrntieaha hare Uie oomflpQudiiig fonnaUi:
At deotozjdB and tritozyda oocor as baseB onlj in a few minerals, these general formuLts foi the ordioaiy species are :
BisOicates A. fi) Si' B. (BO,
Unisilicates (ft*, fi/Si (B 0, /?B 0) Si
If the latter formulas (B) be multiplied bj 3, after substituting the Talue of /? B, thej beoomi tbe exact equivalent of Uie fonner ; but they are not neoessarilj the better for this multiplication, bcciiue chemislrj is not yet able to decide positively whether, in the different cases, the multi pier sboold not rather be 6, 9, or some other number.
In the aoo gytiem of chemistry the formulas of tiie Bisilicates and Unisilicates, in their most geoenl ibnn, are written in the following manner, essentially, by writers on the Hubject, except that the letter B is here used with the Creek letters to express the metal in the difi'erent states ofoiydation:*
Bisaicatei SIO) UnisilioateB Siiu
These fonnulas may be more oooTeDiently written in a single line, as follows ; and to facilitate eompuisoii, the formulas of the older system are here added :
Old system. Old system modified. New system.
Bisilicates (It', fi) Si* (BO, 81 H,
Unisilicates (ft',fi)*Si' (BO,/?BO)'Si SilO/KB.H, /9fi),
fiy meaos of fhictions prefixed to the Bs or fis, the ratios of the constituents may be expressed, u in the older formulas.
The SutmUeaies raiy in formula according to the varying ratios, as presented beyond (p. 362) The only sQicates having the basic metals in the sesquioxyd state alone occur among the Subsilicate!>.
Besides the siUcates that are obviously Bisilicates and Unisilicates, there are othere which, while bisilicate or uuisilicate in type, contain a surplus of silica in serial ratios.
The Fetdapar group is remarkable for its unity in crystallographic and all physical characters, eviDctog the profoundost isotypism ; and yet the oxygen ratio for the bases and silica varies from 1 : 1 to 1 : S. The fact that all the essential cliaracten of a Feldspar appear in their perfection under the unisilicate ratio shows that the amount of silica of a Unisilicate is all that is required to make a Feldspar, and hence Uiat the type is stnctly unisiUcaie ; and Airther, that the excess of silica roust exist in the species in some state consistent with conformity to the unisilicate type. The amount of silica in the species of the Feldspar {(roup increases with the increasing proportion otaOiali in the mineral, from anorthlte, a Unisilicate witfiout, usually, any alkali, to albite and drthodaae, literal DrisiOoaies with the protoxyd bases sole alkaline.
The Mkas vary in the same way, being unisilicate strictly in the species containing the least ilkaU, and having a higher proportion as the alkaU increases, and the highest in the lithia micas, m one of which the raiii* is 1 : 2. The Jieionite section of the Scapolite group is in meioniU strictly ttniailicate, without J an, while misgonite has much alkali and more silica in proportion than owloDite, and marioiti (which like mizzonite is hardly distinguishable meionite in ciystallographic or physical ! . -act rs) is bisilicate, with the idkall constituting much the larger part of the pntozyd bases. Th- iipolite section of the Scapolite group illustrates the same point The raUos for this and each of the preceding groups are stated in the general remarks preceding ction on tho Unisilicates.
Among Bisilicates, spodumene is closely related to the Pjrroxene group in crystallization and other diaracters, induding the oxygen ratio for the bases and siUca, though alumina and lithia prominent constituents. Petaliie has the same crystallization (as shown by Descloizeaux) and uie Nune constituents as spodumene, and therefore is also pyroxene-like in Its fundamental char* Kttie&s ; and yet it contains twice the proportion of silica, the oxygen ratio for ll, fi, Si in
B' stands for 2 of a monad element, as potassium, sodium, Uthium, thallium, caesmm, nibi< ps, hydrogen, and B for other basic dements, as explained. Bee also Am. J. Sdi, II nj, 261, and Introd., p. xv.
204 Oxygen Oomfouitdb.
spoduuiene being 1:4:10, and in petalite 1 : 4: 20 a contract of great intereat in thia ooooaot on as remarked bj Descloizeauz. The amount of silica in spodumene shows what is essential to ths , and therefore proves that both are essentially BisUicatea. It differs fWn petalite in that the protoxyd bases include a little lime and protozyd of iron (about one4weffth of all the protozyda, from the average of the best analyses, those of Rammelsberg, Hageti, and Smith k Brush), while b petalite they are purely alkaline.*
The Feldspars, Micas, and the Meionite and Soapolite groups are examples of a surplas of silici) in species under the unisilicate type, and the SpKMlamene group under the bisilioatc. In eadi the alkali present appears to be the determinative cause. The surplus silica above what the type requires may have one of the two following conditions : Either it may be (1 ) ptui hatie {half of it under the unisilicate type, and onerthird of it under the bisilicate type) ; or it nuiy be (2) att oecea- 9cry silica. The formula of albite, under the unisilicate type, to whidi it is shown above to be* long, would be as follows, aooording to these two methods :
Ist method afra'+iSl+(Si)'Si', or
For other examples see the formulas of the Unisilicates beyond (p.
From the facts here explained it follows that the Mica and Feldspar groups should be annexed entire to the section of Unisilicatos ; and petalite to the section of Bismoatea. The intermediate silicates are thus mostly disposed of without the provision of other sections. lolite haa the 0 ratio for bases and ailica of muacovite (or 1 : 1), and its exoess of silica above that of the Uniailcates may be of the same nature as in that species. The case of nephelite may be similar.
The hydrous species of silicates are here sepiArated from the anhydrous, as in other divisions in the dascification, because the course seems most convenient in the present imperfect state of chemical science. There is no criterion yet furnished for deciding upon the state of the water present, whether part, or all, or none, is basic; and until chemists have some means of reaching safe conclusions on this point, the true reUtions of the hydrous and anhydrous species cannot to any great extent be positively made out Moreover there is often doubt as to whether the water present is simply bygrometric and accidental; or whether it exists as a result of incipient or ad* vanced' alteration of the mineral; or whether it belonged to the species from its origin; and these doubts still further complicate the subject.
In some silicates, as euclase for example, ths water appears to be so plainly basic that the species have been arranged beyond with the anhydrous ; and this is the beginning of a final disregard of the distinction which will probably before long be wanantcd.
In the descriptions of the silicates beyond, the chemicd formulas given are those of the old system, as these are equally intelligible to' all chemists. But in the tables preceding the general divisions of the spedes, the new formulas are introduced as well as the old.
NoU on the History of Vie SilicaUa, In the work of the Swedish mineralogist Wallerius, of 1 747, silicates as such are unrecognized, and the only spedes of those now so called which are described, are the gems that passed under the names of e-meraJd, beryl, topaz, hyacinth, chrysolite, garnet; days of various kinds aud names ; mica, talc, serpentine, amianthus, cuibestus, feldspar, and the convenient pocket for various undetermined heavy stones, named Comii— the Hombdrg of the Swedish mineralogist, and Roche de Come of his French translator, and which embraced Skiurl (Schorl of the GermunH) as a prominent part of it Quartz (Kieselsten, or Silex) in its many varietiea. with opal, made up a large part of the non-metallic division of the dence, occupying 30 pages out of 200. Feldspar is placed in the genus Spatum, as Spatum pyrimachum (or scintillating spar) along side of Huor, Iceland spar, and heavy spar ; and sapphire and the other predous stones are in the group of Gems. All of these species excepting feldspar had special names in Pliny*s time ; and feldspar is distinctly referred to in Agrioola as Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elidtur, is oubis aliisque liguris intersectis constans*' (p. 314, 1646).
Oronstcdt's work of 1758 indudes with the preceding the spedes Zeolite a recent difoovery or Pis own (1756); but adds no others. He shows however his acumen in making his group of KteselrArier (ailioeous minerals) to indude not only the varieties of quartz, but also feldspar And the gems above eoumerated (and his adding to it" the diamond is not surprising). Garnet and schorl are left outside, and make the two spedes of his GranaJL-Arier ; Mica (Glimmer- Arier) and Asbestos (Asbest-Arter), with Ler-Arter (day minerals), are the other independent groups. Transparent tourmalines Geylon were among the gems of the day, having been firat introiuoed into Europe in 1707 or before, but they are not distinctly mentioned by Cronstedt or WtH deritts-
See further on thia aubjeot a paper by the author in Am. J. ScL, IL adir. 898. IBtot
8Ili0Ate8. 20
The group of Sdiorl inereaaed in its Tsrieties for the next twetity*ll?e yearSi and aiter that became prolific in spedea, and much of the hiatoiy of mineralogy is inTolved in ita yarions phaaea. The fctriDg observatioua make, therefore, an introduction to the aynonymj of many mineral bevond.
The Cbraois, or Eomhiiirg of Walleriua indnded a variety of hard, cheap or worthleaa stones, nther heaTT, mostly of dark oolora fiom black to dull green. The name alluded to a resemblance to horn in the aspect of aome of the kinds. ' To Oomeus AoUdua belonged the massive, compact, flin rucks of black and lighter ahadea ; alao petrosilex (or HaJkftvrUa of the Swedes, which BMus/iUieyb'iU) of different shades; and maaaive hornblende ("granulia compactia"), though the uoM hombUode was, by a mistake of ita German use, given by Wallerius to a black zinc-blende aloDd. His Cornata fissUia embraced lamellar forms of hornblende and pyroxene, and some slaty rocb. White Oomena aysiaUiaaiuB was his SkiOrK which comprised opaque tourmalines, and other prianiatic mineralB of black, brown, green, and reddish cora, as hornblende, actinolite, an( perhaps pyroxene, and at the head of the list basalt, and basanite or Lydian stone.
onstedt's SkdH made up his genus BoMUtes and waa nearly synonymous with the ComefiS erystatiaatfts of Wallerius. Its varieties Were better defined; and to massive, lamellar, and columnar horablende, actinciteand pyroxene and crystallized opaque tourmaline wore added ; and intm ippeadiz to the species, cruciform staurotide. The name B&niblende is applied only to the masare Tariety or rode which Oronstedt made a ftoe, and called Bolua indaratiB partictUia squamosia; it probably covered other aimOar stones.
J. Hill in his work on Foaaila, published in London, and according to the title page in 1771 (thoagfa de lila aaya it .was not issued until 177 says of the **ai[..fls," that '*as to size we see them from that of barley oom up to the Gianf s Cauaeway," and the columns of the latter he calls Irish Shiri," or **Ba8altes Hibemicus." The group contains also made or chiastolite from Andaiosia, besides tourmaline, etc.
In the edition of Wallerius of 1772 and 1778 there is a little advance beyond the first as regards the number and dassifioatioD of the species. Oronstedt is followed in the position of feldspar, sod in the name *'fiasaltes " for the schools ; and Comeus is restricted to massive, fibrous, acd ooarse cdumnar stones, among which stands "hornblende" as Oomeua apcUhoaus and " trapp" as Oomeua iraparua.
At this period de I4ale bront crystallography to bear on the subject But while making
icoowD new distinctions, he did not appreciate their ftiU value, or the prodsion required for
thorough work. As a consequence, the group of Schorls (or Sdiorls, as he writes the word) in
bis later treatise of 178.% reached its greatest extension, although in a partly divided state. He
early prooounoed basaltic columns no crystals, and dropped off this excrescence. He showed in
ina that the gem tourmaline, his Tranaparani rhovfibaidai achorl, was identical in form with the
oommoa black acfaorL But still he made the latter a distinct speetw, his Opaque rhambaidal schorl
tod iocloded in it, along with black or opaque tourmaline, crystals of hornblende, augite, octahe-
drite from Oisans, mtile (needles in quarts), and, as a white variety, thin twins of albite, whose
reiatioQ to feldspar he did not perceive; and even hexagonal nephelite Vesuvius has a
parsing remark under this head. Axinite, then a novelty from Dauphiny, was made a short
leatieular variety of TroMaparerU Hytmboidal achorl or tourmaline, its rTumboidal planes proving to
liis eye the relationship. The massive mineral called B&mblanda or Boche de Come referred by
Oronstedt to Boit he annexes to Schori as a massive or semicrjrstallized kind, but makes it a
separate spedea, Schori argHeuXy although apparently appreciating that it was Uttie entitled to the
diflcinctioa. Schori crudformt was his last spedes in the group, and to it were referred both
andiiinBite and stiiurolito— the latter his Piarre de orwx with the prismatic angle of 130° by his
oeafittrement ; and the former, ifode haaalUqua with an angle of 95". The garnets and schools
vece plaoed in a common division, aa done by Oronstedt, and garnet was made the first species,
▼]th lounnaline the second, and cruciform schorl the flfttL Garnet included the white
rnei, aa it was called, of Vesuvius (leudce), first observed by Ferber in 1772. Besides these
cates, de Lisle's work has its several groups of Gems, Feldspar, Argillaceous Minerals (em-
naebg mka asbestus tale, serpentineX Kite, and Quartz. Labradorite, from Labrador (first
'nngbtto Europe about 1770), stands as a variety of feldspar, to which it had been referred by
cnier; idocraae, of which many figures are given by him (first described and figured by
(<ppder in 1722), meionite (hyadntes blanches), from Somma, and harmotome from Andreas-
(bis Ayooiie hUmcka eruciforme made calcareous spar by v. Bom in 1776, who first mentions
ad fiiniies it, but a hyadnth-Uke aiUoaoua spedes by Bergmann in 1780), are placed with zircon
u kinds of ikyacMtO.
After de Lisle, as chemistry and crystallography made progress, the disintegration of the great °c groap went rapidly forward, until the only thing left to it was common tourmaline ; and I'ov the name, once ao important, has become a mere mineralogical reUa In Werner's system of 1189. as pubtiabed by Hoffoiann (Bergm. J., I 369, 1789), Schorl indudes only the spedes ToormaliDe as it now stands. The Kieaelarian or Siliceous species (commencing wiih the diamond waprised the diiforent gems ; among which stands chrysoberyl (the modem), and, as distinoi
206 Oxtoen Oohfoundb.
spedes, azinite, prehDite, honiblende of Tarioos kinds, with fbldsper, mioa, chlorite, the ckji etc. ; while under Todkarten, or IfegneBian species, there are kyanitey actinoiite, with ashestna talc, serpentine, nephrite, etc.
Silica was first proved to he a chemical constituent of many mineral species by Bergmann ; and in his Opuscula (1780) and his Sdagraphia Beeni Mineralis (1782) he distinguishes, after analjsea by himself (made by Axsion with potash, a method of his own), the following minerals as sOioeoiic compounds of alumina, with or without lime or magnesia, namely, topas, emerald, garnet, acuori (black tourmaline hornblende, mica, seoh'te Iceland, feldspar, and the days ; and as essentially magnesian silicates, containing lime and a little iron, and little or no alumina, actinolite, asbestus (mountain cork and mountain leather), amianthus, steatite. These were the investigations tliat commence the disbanding of the schoris, and before Werner's system of 1789 wai published, many other analyses, more or less imperfect, had already been nuule by Wieeb Klaproth, Achaxd, Heyer, Mayer, Hopfher, Pelletier, and other chemists of the day.
The word Schorl of the (Germans has been supposed to be derived from the name of a looJitf of the mineral, Schorlau (meanhig Schorl-village) in Germany. But Prof. Kaumann says (m recent letter to the author) that it is more likely that tile name is a miner's term of imkncwo origin, and that the village got its name from the occurrence there of the sohorL Some Germao mineralpgiflts have pronounced it of Swedish origin, and as first used by Cronstedt But it occurs in BrQdcmann's Magnalia Dei, published at Braunschweig in 1727, on page 176, where it is spelt schirl It exists also still earlier, as the author has found, hi Broker's Aula Subtemuaea, first published in 1696, ihurl and wolfram being spoken of as among the rejected materia] in auriferous washmgs; and again in the yet older work of Gesner, De Berum Fobs, etc, 1665, p 87, where sohurl (misspelt? seArMQ is given as the German for Lapilli nigri steriles " of a tin which, "quando cum lapillis plumbl candldi [or tin] ooquuntur plumbum oonsumunt," etc.; again, in Matthesius's Sarepta, 1662, in the vth 'Predigt," where Schurl" is quite foil/ described, and also, in the next paragraph, WoUfrumb." The name Schorl (or Schurl) was at that time used quite indefinitely for the sterile (or metaUurgically worthless) black little stones C'nigri lapillr") accompanying tin ore and gold, especially tl former; and, as they were among the refusA of the ore-washings, Adelung suggests that Soh6rl may have oome from the old Ge man word Schor, meaning impurities or refuse.
General Pyrognostic Characters of the Silicates. In the systematic pyrognostlo examination of silicates, the following pohits should be particularly noticed:
1. If in the dossi Me the substanoe prove hjrifrous, the water given out should be tested aa to whether it is add or alkaline. If add, this may bo evidence that the mineral contains fiaorine; and if alkaline, that possibly the substance is an altered mineraL In the former case, the water should be (a) tested with Brazil-wood paper; {h) the tube should be careftilly observed, to a8oe tain whether it has been dimmed or etched by the action of the fiuorine ; and, frirther (e), the test for fluorine, by fusing in the open tube with salt of phosphorus, should be employed.
2. In the examination B.B. on charwal it should be noted that silicates containing much iron become magoetic; and silicates of the oxyds of iron, copper, eta, yield metallic buttons ou fryuon with soda.
3. In examining the mineral tn (he plaiinwn-poinisd foroepSj it should always be treated in OJ'. to ascertain (a) whether it Imparts a color to the fiame ; and (&) its Visibility, remembering that some silicates, infusible in O.F., become frisible by a reduction of their bases to a lower state of oxydation in B.F. It is to be noted that (c) only infusible and light-oolored silicates can be tested for alumina B.B. vrith cobalt solution, since all fusible silicates, not containing metallic oxyds, give a cobalirblue glass ; (<Q a small amount of soda in a silicate may, by tlie intense yellow color it imparts to the flame, mask a much larger peroentsge of potash or other alkali, as in the case of some varieties of potash-feldspar (orthodase); (a) when silicates, like hornblende, pyroxene, or garnet, contain various isomorphous bases, the ftisibillty of the spedes has a wide range; in garnet, for example, it varying from the easy fUsibility of almandine to the inAisibility of ouvarovite; If) a few silicates react alkaline after ignition or fhslon.
4. In treaimenU with IhefluaoeSj it is to be noted (a) that most silicateB are dissolved in soda with effervescence, (b) If sulphur or sulphuric add is present, the mineral gives in BJ*. a suthiJ which reacts for sulphur when moistened and placed on a surface of silver, (e) Borax dissdvM silicates ; and if they oontain metallic oxyds, the nature of these oxydi may be determined by treatment in O.F. and B.F. (d) Salt of phosphorus decomposes almost all silioatea, dissolving tha based, and leaving a gelatinous skeleton of msoluble silica ; and if metallio oxyds are jntmX, thaj also impwt a eharacterisUo ookxr to the bead in O.F. and "SLF.
L Bi8Ili0Ates.
ABBANGEMEKT OF THE SPEGDfiBL
L AHPHIBOLS GROUP. Gfjstallintioii aniflometrk eiUier orthorhombic or dlinohedn], ml
not 120*.
(1) Praozsn SinoBoup. /a 7=86*— 8d*. Oompodtion ft Si, or (k\ fi) Si*; and when both ft and fi are present, ratio offt':S=:8:ltol:2.
a. CjBtaUization orthorhombia Optio-axial plane normal to a diagonal aeotion ; one biaectris nonnal to tbe baae. Contain little or no Ume.
3S4. BMRAnn ftg Si Bl
23ft. HTFnsTHDni (ftg, te) Si Si Fe
236L DiAOLASiTB (Mg te, (k) Si 6i eiOtlMg Fe, 6a
h. CkTStallization monodinia Optic-axial plane nonnal to a diagonal section; biaeotriz not OffBMl to the baae.
BaaM nuinlj or whoQjr protoxjdt; mnoli Ume; Uttte or no alluilL 337. WoLLASTOxm CaSi
SS8. a. ft Si Si
B. ft (Si, Sil) (Si,
fi BaaM hrgolj aoaquioxjda ; Bttle or no Hme; mneh ilkaU.
j; OTBtallization tridinia Optiozial plane not nonnal to one of the diagonal sectiona, or to
241. BBQDQnn An Si
242. BABixQTOinn ft*+i Fe) Si' Si B + ii9Fe)
(S) Spodvusse Subgroup, /a 7=86*— 88*. Oompoaition (ft*, and ft*:fi=l:4: ft : £r% Li, with Bome Oa, j'e in E;>odnmene.
148. Sfoduxbo (i ft*+ id) Si* Si (B,, Il)+}A1)
ft. (+*5i)+f ySi)
(1) AlfPBiBOUi SuBOBOUP. /A 7=123*— 126* (corresponding to t-2 of Pyroxene SnbgnNip> & Gbysullisation orthorhombia Optical characters as under a abore.
MiL ABTBOVETiun
S08 OXTOEN GOliPOrNDS.
b, Crystallizatiozi monodlinic. Optical characters as under b above.
A Btm mainly or wholly protoyda ; little or no ftUulL
247. Amphibolb a. ft Si fii
a (&,'S)&i fiieie.KH,,ii)
0 BaaM largvlj aeaquloxjda ; nmeh alkali.
249. CBOOIDOLITa
Appendix to AmphiboU Oraup
263. Taohtltti
TL BEBYL GBOUP. OiystalllEatioii hexagonal ; not micaceona.
254. Bertl (i Be* + i &) Si* Si Be + i SJ
IIL POLLUGITE GBOUP. Crystallization isometria
The fact of the orthorhombic form of some species of the Amphibole group (those flo oharaottf ized above) was first ascertained bj Desdoizeauz through optical examination. Under Praiai, the formulas a and b are those of the two methods explained on page 204.
234. ENSTAITTE. DiaUage mtalloide pt. /T., Tr., 1801. Bronsit KarsL, lOapr., Gehlen's J., iv. 151, 1807; KarsL, Tab., 40, 91, ld08; Klapr., Beitr., y. 34, 1810. BlaUriger Anthophyllit Wem,, 1608, Hausm. Entw., 1809. Bronzite. Chladnite Shep Am. J. Sd., IL iL 381, 1846L Eustatit Kenng Ber. Ak. Wien, zyL 162, 1655. Protobastit A, ZS. G., xiiL 71, 1861.
Orthorhombic. /A and 93"*, Kenngott; SS"" and Descloizeanx. Observed planes : /, t-t, U. /A i-i=: 133° 30', /A i5-i= 136° 30'. Cleavage : /, easy ; i-l i-l, less so. Sometimes a fibrous appearance on the cleavagesurface. Also massive and lamellar.
H.=5-5. G.=3-l — 3*3; 3-19, Vosges, Damour. Lustre a little pearly on cleavage-surfaces to vitreous ; often metalloidal in the bronzite variety. Color grayish-white, yellowish-white, greenish-white, to olive-green and brown. Streak uncolored, grayish. Double refraction positive; optic-axia' plane br achy diagonal ; axes very divergent.
OompM Var.— ikg Si, or (lg, e) Si; the te atomically not over one-fourth of the protoxyda Ug Si=3ilica 60, magnesia 40=100.
Yar. 1. With UUlearnoiran; JBnstatite. Oolor whitn, yellowish, grayish, or greeniah-white; lustre pearly-yitreous; (i.=3'l0-<3*13. ChladnUe which makes up 90 p. o. of the BiflhcTilli meteorite, belongs here vid is the purest kind.
Bibili0Atb8.
1 ; BronatUe, Oolor grayiBh-green to olive-green and browu; lustre of deavage* rjrfaoe adamaDtine-pearly to Bubmetallic or bronze-like. Ratio of Mg to other protoxjds amis, 11}: 1; in4,8: 1; in5, 6i: 1; in6,4i: 1; in7, : 1; in9,4}: 1 ; inll (tbesoKsalled fiviBblulite% : U
AMywbs; L, 1, ▼. Haaer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xrl 165); 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Scu. II. xzxviil 226); IL 3, Pisani (Dead. Min., L 537); 4, Damour (Dead. Min., l 45); 5, 6, y. Kohler (Fogg., ziiL 101); 7, 8. Regnault (Ann. d. IL, IIL xiv., 147) , 9, ▼. KoboU (J. pr. Gh., xzzyl, 308); 10, Garrett (Am. J. ScL, II. TV. 333); II, 12, A. Strong (Z& G., ziii 73, B. H. Ztg., zxiii 54):
Si
21 te
An
Oa
fi
I I. Atoystbal, .
2-60 2-76
—
1*92=99'58 Hauer.
(1) 59-97
¥e 0-40
—
— ]fak &, Li 0-74= 100-48 8
a 3. LBiperrille
0-28 5-77
0-90-99-62 Pfnani.
4 Yosgea
(f) 56-70
0-60 7-72
1-04=99-67 Damour.
5. Stempel
0*70 7-46
0-63=100-30 K6hler.
6. Ultenthal
207 8 46
109 10-78
1-80=99-88 Regnault.
8.Stnia
2-38=10016 Regnault
9. Greenland
1-83 10-14
10. Texas, Pa.
113 d*60
31*83
=98-99 Garrett
IL Hanborg
3-71 8-54
0-87, 0-89, €r 0-07 i- 100-74 Strong.
a "
3-04 12-17
28-S7
inaL 5, ft. Stempel near Marbourg, 8*241 ; 6, fir. Seefeldalpe in the TTltenthal, Tyrol, 3,258; % ib 3-241 ; 8, fr. serpentine of Gulaen near Kraubat in Stjria, 3*125 ; 1 1, firom a rock at Baste, flan, OBlJed melaphyre, 3-29.
Pjr eto— B.B. almost infusible, being onlj slightly rounded on the thin edges ; F.=6. Insole bie in miiriatic acid.
Oba. — Oocnra near Aloysthal in Moravia, in serpentine (the variety had been considered acapo lite); at the W. base of Mt Bresouars in the Yosges, olive-green, in serpentine; in PeonsylyaDia, at Leiperville and Texas; at Kupferberg in Bavaria; at Baste in the Uarz {Protobcutite)] and at the other localities mentioned. The bronzite also of Lettowitz and Goldensteln in Moravia, of Alpnem near Sontra m Hesse, of Oape Lizard in Cornwall, may belong here according to cioixeaux ; but their chemical and optical characters are not yet ascertained. The brown pyroxene-like mineral which is a prominent constituent of the rock called LherzolUe firom the depart* oent of Arrige, France, is referred Iiere by Desdoizeaux.
The bronzite of Leiperville afforded Desdoizeaux prisms of 87 and 93°; and that of Texas, half a mile W. of the village, occurs in large foliated and fibrous masses ; neither is submetallio in lastre. Desdoizeaux first defined the limits of this species, as here laid down.
Kamed from Vffnirn, an opponent because so refractory. The name bronzUe has priority, but a bronze lustre is not essenti and is far from universal Shepard's chkidnite was so imper fectly and incorrectly described that the name cannot claim precedence ; he made it a tersilioate of magnesia (L c.).
AXLBaiUe or SchiUer apar the original firom Baste m the Harz, is regarded by Strong as altered protobastite or bronzite. G. Rose long since pronounced it a result of the alteration of lome mineral of the pyroxene group. PhasUne Breith. is stated by Breithaupt to be altered brMuite or bronze-like pyrozenok Enstatite oocurs altered to taJc. See Bastitb, p. 469.
335. BYPBRSTHSNIL Labradorische Hornblende (ft*. L St Paul) TVem., Bergm. J., :i76, S91, 1789. Diallage mtalloide pt £r., Tr., 1801. Hypersthene ff., Ann. Mus., ii. 17, 1803. labndor Hornblende; Motalloidal Diallage pt Paulit Wern., 1812, Hoffm. Min., u. 2, 143, U15.
Orthorhoinbic. I A /=86® 30' and 93'' 30'. Cleavage : trl perfect, /and *-t distinct bnt interrupted. Usually foliated massive.
fl.=5— 6. G.=3"392. Lustre somewhat pearly on a cleavage-surface tna sometimes a little metalloidal. Color dark brownish-green, grayishtlict greenish-black, pinchbeck-brown. Streak grayish, Drownisb gray
Si
£1
An
Ca
I. Laorador
51*36
3*09
2. Skje
3. Chateau Bidwr
S-To
1*68
ir.
5. Harzbaig
Translucent to nearly opaque. Brittle. Optic-axial plane bi achydiagonal ; axes very divergent ; bisectrix negative.
Comp.— (Ag, te) Si to ftg=l : 2 or above this ; In anal 1, 1 : 1-8 ; in 2, 1 : 1-4 ;=80ieB 64*2, protozyd of iron 21*7, magnesia 24-1 =100. Analjses: I, Damour (Ann. d. M., lY. t. 157) : 2, Muir (Thorn. Min., L 202); S, 4, Hunt (this Min., 4th ed and &ep. GeoL Can., 1863, 468; 5, Strong (B. K Ztg., xziii 64) ;
=98*72 Damour.
0-60= 98-70 Muir. 0-10 (ign.)=99-93 Hunt 0-20 (ign.)=99-66 Hunt 101-34 Strong.
Breithaupt givea for /A /in the bronzite of Fichtelgebirge 88* and 92°.
P3rr., eto. — B3. fUses to a black enamel, and on charooal yields a magnetic mass. Partiallj decomposed by muriatic add.
Oba — Hypersthene occurs at Isle St Paul, Labrador (anaL 1) ; at Chateau Richer and St Addle, Mille Isles, Canada (anaL S, 4), grayish-black and brown, with the lamins curved ; at the Isle of Skye (anal 2) ; in Greenland ; at Farsund and elsewhere in Norway ; and reported also from Penigin Saxony; Bonsberg in Bohemia; the Tyrol; Elfdalen in Sweden; Nenrode in Sileaia ; in Thuringia ; tlie Fichtelgebirge ; Yoigtland.
It is often associated with lflSradorite, constituting a dark- colored, granite-like rock, caDed fff/peryie.
Named 'wtp and 90io(, very strong or UmgK
236. DIAOIiASrm. Gelber SchiUerspath IeieOeben, SchOL Foss. Baste, 13, 1794. Talkaitiger Hornblende, iTatMnk, Nordd. Beicr. B. CL, l 16, 1806. Diaklas m0L, Char., 68, 1823. Diaklasit Ha/uam Handb., 498, 1847.
Orthorhombic. /A and 87°. Observed planes : /, i-i, i-Xj and 1, often in hexagonal plates. Cleavage : i-l perfect ; v-% imperfect. Foliated massive.
H.=3*5— 4. G.=3*054, Kohler. Lustre pearly and metalloidal on a cleavage-face. Color brass-yellow, greenish-gray. Streak greenish-cray or nearly uncolored. Transparent in thin laminae, translucent. Feel somewhat greasy. Brittle. Optic-axial plane i-i, axes very divergent ; bisectrix negative.
Ooiiip(%, j'e, Oa) Si, Kohler. Analyses: 1, Kdhler (Pogg., xiiL 101) ; 2, A. H. Ztg., xxiii. 64) :
gi Si ftn ftg da £[
etc — Same as for bronjdte.
Obs — In crystals or foliated masses imbedded iit serpentine rods at Baste near associated with euphotide ; also firom the gneiss mountains of Guadarrama, Spain. Reaembtrt bronzite, but tlie plane of the optical axis is macrodiagonal instead of brachjdiagonaL
237. WOIXASTONTTB. Tafelspath (fV. Dognatika) Kene Einr. Kat sammL Wiet, 144, 1793. Tabular Spar. Schaalstein YTem., 1803, Ladwig*8 ICn Wem., iL 212, 1804, Mohi NuU Kabi, iL 1, 1804. Wollastonite K, Tr., 1822. Yilnlte (ft-. Thia) Sorodeki, DescL Min., ii. 664.
Monoelinic. 0=69° 48', /A 28', (9 A 2-t=137° 48' ; a : J : e- 0-4338 : 1 : 0-89789. Observed planes, O ; vertical, t-i, trf, fj, /, t -4, uk ; clinodome, 24 ; homidomes, -J-i, 1-i, 3-*, 5-i, — f-t, — 1-t, — 3-t, — W ; head-
octahedral 2, 3-i, —2, bat with the edge O/iri eijstals by authors who
Oa-1-*=16030' 0a-3.=139 53 0A-5-t=130 42 Oa1-*=154 25 0A3-i=114 16 Oaw=:110 12
-2-i. Fig. 201 in the pyroxene or normal position, the obtuse edge ; f. 202 in the position given thp make iri the plane and 21 the plane 1.
i'A-l-i=12942' A-3-t=150. 19 tWA— -i=169 80 i-iA3-t=135 32 i-*Al-i=95 23 A -2=132 54 i.iA2=93 62
i-iAl=lll°48' iiNiz=,'l1 66 i-iA— 2-i=120 t'AiHJ=146 8 A 7=188 44
lOS
Barely in distinct tabular crystals. Cleavage : 0 most distinct iri ; l-and — 1-i in traces. Twins: composition-face iri. Usually ch
leaii bo; l-ancL — 1-t in traces. Twins: composition-iace t-*. Usually cleavable maasive, with the surface appearing long fibrous, fibres parallel or reticulated, rather strongly coherent.
H.=4-5— 5. G.=2-78-2-9; 2-785-2-895, United States, Thomson; 2"805, Haidinger. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, red, or brown, streak white. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven, sometimes very tough. Optic-axial plane iA ; divergence 70° 40' for the red rays ; bisectrix of the acute angle negative ; inclined to a normal to i-i 67° 48', and to a normal to O Descl.
SW, lime 48*8=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (TJntenuch., 1, 3M); 2, U Bo0e (Qilb. AniL, IxziL 70) ; 3, ▼. KobeU (J. pr. Oh., zzx. 469) ; 4, Weidling ( (Ef. Ak. Stookh., 1B44, 92); 6, BoDsdorff (. J., xxxiii. 368); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Izxvil 265); 7, Wiehage (Biiom. Min. Ch., 460); 8, M. F. Heddle (PhU. Mag., IV. iz. 452); 9, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., 267); 1), Vanuxem (J. Ac. Philad., ii. 182) ; 1 1. Seybert (Am. J. Set, iv. 20) ; 1 2, Morton (Ann Phi, 1827); 13, Beck (Min. N. Y, 271); 14, 15, J. D. Whitney (J. Soc. N. H. Boston, v. 486) le. Bonoe (This Min., 3d ed, 696):
Si
Je
&g
Oa
H
0-08, Sn 0-26= Strom,
1 Perhomemi
51*60
gangue 1-11=99-12 Bose.
3. C di Bore
, fin 0-38, Oa C 2*78 WeidL
S. Skr&bbole
FeO-18
1-69— 100-55 Bamm.
Je 0-96*
=99-95 Wiehage.
IMbnme Mta
1-36, C 2-37=99*31 Heddteu
IVom mizfd oaklt*.
OZTOBN COUPODlilDS.
Si
te
&g
Oa
9. Auer))edi 62*01
Fe 0*98
" 136
11. " 610
" 1-3
46*0
12. Bucks Co., Pa. 61*60
" 100
44*10
13. Diana 61*90
" 0-26
47*66
14. Cliff mine 4909
46*S8
16. " 4906
44'87
16. Grenyme,Gaxu 63*06
46*74
, & 1-87=101*66 Hampa.
=100*02 Vanuxem.
Seybert. 0-76=97*36 Morton.
2*96, &n 0*48, M 0*28 Whitney. [2 96], ♦♦ 0*98 " 1*28 Whitney. =99*99 Bunoe.
Pyr., eto. — In the matrass no change. B.B. fUses easily on the edges; with some soai, i blobby glass, with more, swells up and inflisible. With muriatio add gdatinizes; most Taiietiei effervesce slightly from the presence of caldte.
Obs. — WoUastonito is found in regions of granite and granular limestone ; also in basalt and lavas.
Occurs in the copper mines of Ozildowa in Hungary ; at Dognatzka and Kagyag; aooompanying garnet, fluorite, and native silver, in limestone, at Pargas in Finland, and Kongsberg in Norway; occurs at Perhoniemi and Skrabbole, Finland; at Gdcum in Sweden; at Yilna in Lithuania (vilnite) ; at Harzburg in the Harz ; at Auerbach, In granular limestone ; at Vesuvius, rarely in fine crystals; of a greenish-white color in lava at Capo di Bove, near Rome; in Ireland, at Donmon Head, on the shores of the Moume Mts.
In the United States, in J. Tork at Willsborough, forming the sides of a laige vein of garnet, traversing gneiss; at Lewis, 10 m. south of Keeseville, with oolophonice, abundant; m. N. of Lewis Corners, with garnet and quarts; at Roger's Bock, near the line between Essex and Warren Cos., with garnet and feldspar ; Diana, Iwis Co., about 1 m, from the Natural Bridge, in abundance, in large white crystals ; at Booneville, Oneida Co., in boulders, with garnet and pyroxene. In Penn., Bucks Co., 3 m. W. of Attleboro\ associated with scapoUte, pyroxene, and sphene. In Mich., of a red color at the Cliff Mine, Kewenaw Point, Lake Superior, and on lale Royale, a very tough variety, but now exhausted. In Canada, at Oreuville, with sphene and green cocoolite ; at St Jerome and Morin, C. £ , with apatite, in large tabular masses of a fibrona structure.
Scacchi obtained from Yesuvian crystals (f. 202) w A 3-1=186" 29', i-4 A l-i=95*' 26', 78" 2', i-i A 1=1146'.
The form 2-t is usually made the vertical prism I, with /A 7=96'' 36' (or 36> But the oystala in the position above given exhibit the near isomorphism with pyroxene.
Named after the English chemist, Wollaston ; also called ialnUar spar from its lamellar forms and structure.
The 8oda-tabidar spar of Thomson, from near Elilsyth, is pectolite.
237A. Edblpobsitb. (Kalksilikat fr. iBdelfors, Kalktrisilikat, Hisinger, Aa H. Stodch., 1838, i91, 1889. Edelforsit v. Koh., Orundz., 202, 1838. .Sdelforsit Erdmann.) Forchhammer baa shown (Danske Ac. Forh., Ap. 1864) that Hisinger's mineral is an impure wollastonite, containing some quartz and feldspar, with often carbonate of lime aad garnet. It oooura compact, part feathery fibrous, and part without any distinct crystalline structure. H. of portions 4; yet in other parts giving sparks with the sted, showing a hardness of 6 — 7. 0.= 2*684, Hlainger; 3*0, V. KobelL Color white, grayish-white, or with a tinge of yellow. Hisinger and v. Xobell have analyzed the mineral and made it a distinct spedes ; yet their results are oonsiderably diaoordant, like their determinations of the sp. gr. They obtained: 1, Hisinger (L c.) ; 2, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xcL 344) :
Si
Pe
4g
61*36
8*63
Ca
30*16, Sn 0*68=98*06 Hisinger. 20*00, An <r.=99'69 KobelL
Hisinger deduced the formula Ca' Si', and v. KobeU 9 &' Si'+£l* Si'.
The edelforsite of Gjellebak in Norway has also been shown by Forchhammer (L a) to be essentially wollastonite. Hisinger obtained, as the mean of two analyses, Si 43*368, Oa 38*433, Mu 4-962, te 1*434 C 11*368. It has the aspect of tremolite. Fordihammer has found *'okes* te" of S. Greenland (Asbestagtig Okenit Dr, Bink) to be wollastonite.
238. PTROZBNB. Comeus pt WoR,, 138, 1847. Basaltes pt OnmsLj 68, 1768. Schori noir de IasIa, Crist, 265, 1772 ; Schorl noir en prisme i huit pans termini pa* une pyramids diMre, eta (fr. vola Vivarais) Faujas, Vole Viv., 89, fig. D, 1778. Schorl oct obliquangia tronqnd [made a distinct spedes] Dimesk Lett, I 382, 1779. Schorl opaque rhomboidal pL,
Bi8Ilicatbb.
dchofl opaque qui paroissent deriTer dhin octaMre rhomboidal (fir. yoIc. Auvergne, VMar ViT EtOA), dk LUlA, OrisL, iL 396, 407, 416, figs. 12, 13, 14 (twinX 17, 18, pL 1783. Augf (fr. ▼olc} Wint., Freiealeben inBergm. J., 248, 1792. Volcanite DdameOi Sdagr., il 401, 17V2. FfToxane (fir. JSXaa AxeDdal, etc.).B:, J. d. iC, t. 269, 1799 ; Tr., iiL 1801. PentaklaBit Jlamn Hndbu, 687, 1813.
0*5412 : 1 : 0*91346. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, t-i, i-l, t-5, i-f , i-3, ?-2, i-J, i-*; hemidomes, 1-t, 2-i, 3-i, — i-i, — 1-i, — 3-i, —5; clinodomes, 14, 24, M; pyramidal, i, f, 1, f, f, 2, 3, -i, -1, -f -2, -j, -3, -4;
1-3, 1-3, -f 3, -4-2 ; -64, -54, 2-i, f i, -2-1, -4-i, 3-3, -3-i, 54,
ft
/
u
/
,
. :
Long Pond.
0 A 7=100° 57' 0 A -l-f=155 51 0 A l-t=148 35 0 A 8-=109 31 0 A i*=106 1 0 A i=168 13 0 A -1=146 9 0 A -8=130 6 0 A 1=137 49 0 A 2=114 38
0 A l-l=150 20' 0 A t-t=90 /A 1=121 14 /A 2=144 35 7a -1=134 48 /A —2=150 51 34 A 24,0V. <?,=82 34 t-t'A— 1-*=130 10 tAl-i=105 24 A 1-3= 152 15
A 7=133" 33' t-tAi-i=115 25 iri A t-=107 35 ♦-2At-2, ov.i-t,=124 3C i-i A t-i, ov. t-t,=50 50 i4A-3-=143 34
1 A 1=120 32
2 A 2=95 30
—1 A— 1=13124 -2 A -2=111 10
214 Oztoen Ookpoukds.
Gleavage : /rather perfect, often interrupted ; i4 sometimes nearly perfect ; irl imperfect ; 0 sometimes easy. Crystals usually thick and stout. Trins : composition-face id (f. 214). Often coarse lamellar, in large masses, parallel to O OT iri. Also granular, particles coarse or fine ; and fibrous, fibres often fine and long.
H.==5— 6. G.=3'233*5 Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous ; some pearly. Color green of various shades, veins on one side to white or grayish-white, and on the other to brown ana black. Streak white to gray and grayish-green. Transparent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal — uneven. Brittle. In crystals from Fassa, optic-axial plane i-i ; divergence to 113° ; bisectrix of the acute angle positive, inclined 51 6' to a normal to i-i and 22° 55' to a normal to O, Descl.
Ooinp., Var. — BisUicate of difrerent protozTd bAses, under the general formnUi ft Si ; tiieee bases (S) being lime (Oa), magnesia (Mg), protoxyd of iron (te), protozjd of manganese (Mn), and sometimes potash (&), soda (Ta), and oxyd of zinc (2n). UsuiJIj two or more of these hues are present llie first three, lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of iron, are most oommon ; bat lime is the onij one that is present alwajs and in large pereontage.
Besides the substitutions of different protoxyd bases for one another, these same bases are at times replaced by sesquioxyd bases Fe, ftn), though sparingly; and the silica occasionaUy by
alumina. The species has therefore the general formula {V, fi) (Si, il)' which may also be
written (k, B*) (Si, Xl*).
The varieties proceeding from these isomorphous substitutions are many and diverse ; and there are still others depending on the state of crystallization. The foliated and fibrous kinds early received separate names, and for a while were regarded as distinct species. Fibrous or columnar forms are very much leas common than in hornblende, and lamellar or foliated kinds more common. The crystals are rarely long and slender, or bladed, like those of that species.
The name Pyroxene is from vry, firCf and (cVw, stranger, and records Hauy's idea that the mineral was, as he expresses it, a stranger in the domain of fire," whereas, in fact, it is, next to the feldspars, the most universal constituent of igpieous rocks. This error, however, was more than counterbalanced by Haiiys discovery of the true crystallographic distinction of the spedes, whicL led hio; to bring together, under this one name, what Werner and othen had regarded as distinct species. The name, therefore, is properly the name of the species, while AugUe is only entitled to be used for one of its varieties.
The mopt prominent division of the species is into (A) the notHUwninaus ; (B) the oAtrntnou*. But the former of these groups shades imperceptibly into the latter.
These two groups are generally subdivided according to the prevalence of the magnesia, lime, rotoxyd of iron, or protoxyd of manganese, or of two or three together of these protoxyd bases. Tet here, also, the gradation from one series to another is in general by almost insensible shadea as to composition and chemical characters, as well as all physical qualities.
I. ComAimSQ LITTLC OR KO ALUlflNA.
1. Lime-Magneaia lyroxene ; MAiiAOOUrB. (Basaltes spatosus, y hwit, pt., Ororutedi 6S, 1758. Malaoolit Abildgaard (Ann. Ch., xxxiL 1800); Delameth., J. de Phys., 11 249, 1800. Alalite, Biussite, Bonvoisin, ib., 409, May, 1806. Diopeide (fr. Ala) IT, J. d. M., xx. 65, 1806 White CoccoUte. Traversellit Scheerer, Pogg., xciiL 109, 1864.) Oolor white, yellowish, grayish-white to pale green. In crystals : clcavable and granular massive. Sometimes transparent and colorless. 0.=3'2-<3'38. Oontains lime and magnesia, with leas than 4 p. c. of protoxyd of iron. Formula, (Ca, SL Anal 1 corresponds to (iOa+}S£g) Si; anal. 2-7 to Ca+iftg) Si= Silica 55*7, magnesia 18*6, lime 25*8.
a. MaldooliiA, as originally used, included a bluish-gray, grayish-green, and whitish translaoent variety from Sala, Sweden.
b. AkUiU occurs iu broad right-angled prisms, colorless to faint greenish or dear green, usually .<treated longitudinally, and came originally from Mt. Oiarmetta, in the Mussa Alp.
c. TraverseUite from Traversella, occurs in similar long glassy crystals, usually rectangolai I planes i-i, t-i), much striated longitudinally, often dear green at one end and colorless at ih% other ; cleavage parallel to perfect
d Mwsite is white, grayish-white, and apple-green (according to Bonvoisin*s original deacrij lion), and oecura in prisuKCic implanted crystals, and also in masses made up of aggregated crya> tals, the obtuse prismatiu edge rounded, and with cleavage parallel to the base. Named tfom thf locality, the Mussa Alp (or elevated plane of the Mussa).
Bi8Ilicate8. 215
The opUeal chanicten of malacolite are aa stated near top of the preceding page. Desdoizoatis ftmid tiie axial diyergenoe in a crystal from Ala for the red rays as observed in ihe air, 11 1 " 40' ; for the yellow 111* 20'; and Heusser obtained for the same 112o 27',. 1 12' 12'.
& Whiie Ooeookie ia a granular Tariety. The original eoccoUte was green.
Named MalaeoUie from /laXMot, aofti because softer than feldspar, with which it was associated ; ind Diopaide from k, iwiee or douUe, and ok, appearance,
2. Lme-MagfuaiOfJnm Pyroxene; Sahlite. (Malacolit pt. of atUhors. Diopside pt /T., 1. a BdiBt (fr. Sala) dPAndrada, 8cheer*s J., iv. 81, 1800; J. de Phys., li, 241, 1800. Baicalit (fr. L. Bttkal) Benaoatu, CreU*8 Ann., iL 1703, 21 ; Baikalit Karsk, Tab. 34, 74 1800. Funkiiu, Da£ MhL, fiL 7*)1, 1847. Cooot Andrada, Soherer's J., iv. 1800. Protheite (fr. Zillerthal) Ure, Asbestos pi.) Color grayish-green to deep green and black; sometimes grayish and yellowishwhite. In crystals; also deayabto and granular massive. Q.=8*25— 3*4. Named from Sala in Svedlen, one of ita localities, where the mineral occurs in masses of a grayish-green color, hanue a perfect deavage parallel to the basal plane (0). Formula (Oa, &g, te) §1 In anaL 9, (k : Mg : : 1:2; in 10, 11, this ratio=4 : 3 : 1, corresponding to SUica 58*7, magnesia Ume S49, prot. iron 8*0=100.
h. BaiiaiMie is a dark dingy green variety, in crystals, deavable like the preceding parallel to 0. Named from Lake Baikal, in Siberia, near which it occurs.
c Froiheiie is sombre-green, in crystaLs, and approaches fassaite ; from Zillerthal in the TyroL
d nkiie is dark olive-green ooccolite from Boksater in having a larger percentage of than JIg. It may be convenient to use this name for the pyroxene here induded that con- Uins 10 p. c. or more of protoxyd of iron.
e. DuLLAOB. (DiaUage pt if., Tr., 89, 1801. Hypersthene pt Bronzite pt) Part of the lOHaDed diaUage or thin-foliated pyroxene, belongs here, and the rest under the corresponding division of the aluminous pyroxenes.
Gotor grayish-green to bright grass-green, and deep green ; lustre of deavage surface pearly,
sometiines metalloidal or brassy; H.=4; G. =3*2—3*36. Double refraction strong; bisectrix
negative; inclined about to a normal to ui and showing therefore, when viewed through i-t,
a single system of rings in the field of the polarizing instrument (Desd.); the angle 35' to
observed'in the air (24° — 26'' in oil) in the diallage of Knockdallian in Scotland, of Zobtenberg
and Baumgarten in Silesia; a grayish hypersthone-likc mineral In large folia in the gabbro of the
Ruben coal mine near Neurode ; the vanadiferous bronzite of Grenoa. But the green diallage of
Neorode, analyzed by v. Rath (No. p. 219), has this angle about 49 50' ; and so also that of
Bonnio in Yeltlin ; diverging thus from ordinary diallage and diopside. "With this variety belongs
part also of what has been called hffpersOiene and bromUe — the part that is easily fusible.
Oommon especially in serpentine rocks.
Named itaxXayfi, difference in allusion to the dissimilar cleavages.
The grass-green diaUage-like mineral ama/ragdiiA constituting, with saussurite, a rock, is in part at least, amphibole (q. ▼).
S. hmIAme Pyroxene; HiDaiiBnoiTa. (Hedenbergite (fr. Tunaberg) Ben, Nouv. Syst Min., 206, 269, 1819; Hedenberg, Afh., il 160. Lotalite (fr. Lotola) Scoergin, before 1814. BolopheinXBreiOLy Handb., 582, 1847.) Color black. In crystals, and also lamellar massive; cleavage eoqr parallel to >-k G. 3 — 8*58. Contains lime and protoxyd of iron, with li ttle or no magnesia ; fcrmala (Ca, e) Si Ana), correspond to (i Ca+i ]e) §L Named after the Swedish chemist, Lodwig Hedenberg, who first analyzed and described Uie mineral LotaliU from Lotala in Finbod, is in black lamellar masses. Beudant gives for the angles of hedenbergite 0 A 7=100'* 10' —12', J A ISV 15' ; and Breithaupt for the Taberg mineral {Pyroxenua diagonaUa Breith.) / A / 28', (7=73' 51'.
4. Pyroxene; Scheffehiti: (Schefferit J, A, Michaelson J. pr. CIl, ze. 107). Color reddiah-brown. G.=3*39. Contains lime, magnesia* and protoxyd of manganese, snd in the absence of zinc differs from jeffersonite. Formula (Ca, jig, Mn) Si ; from Longbaa
The Bichiente of Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 864, 1865) is near schefferite in composition. It oenrs in adcular crystals, having 7 a 7=133 38', which appears to be the angle I a i-i of pyroxene (=133" 33'\ with G.=2-826; color isabella-yellow, rarely pale yellowish-brown, and ia ean frisible. If the prismatic angle is /a i- of pyroxene, the mineral belongs here. But Igdatrocn finds a very similar mineral in aspect and composition at Paisberg, with /A 7=124 Dd the aoalyaee are given under amphibole (see p. 234).
5. Ine-IronManganeee Pyroxene, A variety firom L, Laach, analyzed by BischofJ is hers
6. Ltme'Iron-Manganeso'Zine Pyroxene; JuTBRSOmrB (Keating A Vanttxem J. Aa Fbilad., il 194, 1823). Color greenish-blade Crystals often very hirge (3-4 in. thickX with the angles generally MBded. and boas uneven, aa if corroded. G.=3*36. Contains lime, magnesia, prr.toxyd of
216 ozraEN oohpounds.
iroD, and protozyd of mingBneee, with ozyd of sine ; fonnula (Ca, te &g, &l. 2d) SL Nanel Mr. Jeffereon.
IL ALuscnfrona
I. Ahimiiuma lAmMaqntia Pyroxene; Leuoauoitb (Dona). Golor white or grajish. Oq
tail Ml alumina, with lime and magnesia, and little or no iron ; formnla (Oa, &g) (Si, Sl). Looki Uke diopside. H.=6*6; G.=3'19, Hunt Named firom Uvoi wkUe,
8. Aluminous Lme-Mo/gnesiaJvn Pyroxene; Fasbaite, Adoitb. (For sjn. of Augiit, see p. 211 Also: BaBaltische Hornblende pt Wem Bergm. J., 1792; Basaltine ., Min., L 319, 1794. FaBsait Went., Hof&n. Min., iv. 2, 110, 1817. [Not Fbsaaite Dotomieu, which was a lolita.] Maolureite KuOal, Am. J. Sci., t. 24G, 1822- Amphibole E. Seybert J. Aa Pbilad., it. 139, 18il. Pyrgom BreUh,, Char., 140, 1832.) Color dear deep-green to greeniah-black and black ; in crys tule, and also massive; subtranalaoent to opaque; G.=3'26— 3*6. Optical charectors as tot uialacolite. Contain protoxyd of iron, with lime and magnesia; general Kinnula (Ca, Mg, t*e)(§i,
ftl*).
a. Fassaik (or Pyrgom). Indudes the green kinds found in metamorpbic rods. Named tnm the locality at Fassa in the lrrol, whidi affords deep-green crystalB, sometimes pistadiio-gTeen, like the epidote of the locality. Pyrgom was so named from Hpywa, a tower.
6. Augite. Indudes the greenish or brownish-blade and Uadc Idnds, oocnrring mostly in eruptive rocks, but also in metamorphia Named from dx4, hietre,
The Augiie of Werner (and Yolcanlte IMameOu) induded onlj the blade mineral of igneoni rooks — the vokanic schorl of earlier authors.
c. Ahaminous Diallage.
9. Aluminous IronIdme Pyroxene; Hcssonitb {Beck, Kin. K. Y., 406, 1842). Lamellar or desTable massive. Color blade. Streak green. Often has a bronze tarnish. 0.=3*5, Beck; 3*46, Brewer. Contains lime and protoxyd of iron, with but little magnesia; formula (Ca, fe)
(Si, Named firom the Hudson river, in the vicinity of which it occurs, in (Tomwall, Orange Co., N. T.
b. PolyUte of Thomson (Min., i. 496, 1886) may be the same compound. It is described aa deavable massive ; G. =3*281 ; H.=6— 6*5 ; oolor blade : opaque; and is stated to oome fiom s bod of magnetic iron ore at Hoboken, N. J., where no such bed of ore exists.
Appendix, — 10. AsBiSTua Asbestus is a finely fibrous variety, with the fibres easily sepanble and usually flexible. But most asbestus belongs to the spedes horMends, which tends more to ran into fibrous forma.
It is difficult to distinguish the hornblende asbestus from tiie pyroxene, except by noting its association with known varieties of one or the other species ; and this method is not tree from doubt See further under HoBNBLEMnc for description, analyses, and localities of aabestus.
II. Breislakite {Brocehi, Cat di una raooolta di Rocoe, 28, 60, 70, 192, 1817; OydopeUe, in Desd. Min., 65, 1862). Occurs in wool-like forms at Vesuvius and Oapo-di-Bove. Its crystal- (ographic identity with pyroxene has been shown by Chapman (PhiL Mag., zceviL 444 I860). The particular variety of pyroxene to which it bdongs has not been ascertained, aa no analysis of it has been made. Named after Brdslak, an Italian geologist
12. LtnroJfUe (Lawrowit, Vanadm-Augit, KokscharoQ Bull. Aa 8t Pet, xL 78, 1866) is an alumina pyroxene, odored green by vanaum, firom the river Slodianka, beyond Lake Baiks], where it occurs coarse granular massive with quarts, and also in small imperibol aystab. Cloavage affords the prism 7' ; and there is (he usual lamination, from compound etraoture paralld to OL The odor is fine emerald-green. It oontaina beaidea africa some alumina, iroa, ume, magnesia, and a trace of manganese and vanadium ; but no anayaia has been made, ao that its exact place among the pyroxenes ia not certain.
L OosTAiVDro umji ob ho Aluhqta.
1. Lime-Magnesia Pyroaoene; MTalaeolite, Analyses: 1, NordenskiQld (Sdiw. J., 457); H. Rose (ib., . 86) ; 3, T. Wachtmeister (ib., xxx. 334) ; 4, Hermann (J. pr. (XL, xzxviL 190)* 5, H. Rose (. J. . 86,); 6, Rammelaberg (J. pr. Ch., IxxxvL 340); 7, F. J. Wiik (Aipp< n Act Soa FemL, vL); 8, Bonsdorff (. J., xxxi 168); 9, Knssin (Ramm., 4th 8uppL, 12) .0, Wackecroder (Kastn. Ardi., xiil 84) ; 11, Bronner (Jahrb. ICn., 186; 1866); 12, Range (Ramm Min. Ch., 462); 13-16, T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 467, 468); 16, Redner (2i On zviU. S97) A, Men (N. Gea. Zurich, 48 1861):
Si 21 ]e &n llg fi
2 Lraban, ywlt 66*32 9e3*168nl-69 16-99 S31
Bi8Iu0Ats8.
Si
Si
te
An
Mg
Ca
fl
3L Korwijr, wK
16*74
Wacht
4. Acfamato'sk, wh.
63*97
17*86
25*60
zzzlih) Herm.
L Orryanri, w.
M-64
1=100-66 Rose.
e. Oubjo
=99-7 Ramm.
7. lapikko
1 52*40
22-55,
]5Ib 1*20, f[ 0*87 =98-68 "W
a. Tunmare, toJL
A 0-82=99-78 BoDsd.
9. Bma
=99-74 Kusain.
10. ZiDflrtha], wK
54*16
2-61 Stn 018
=100 Wack.
11. 8aMgnt w.
56*13
tr.
=100-85 Brunner.
—
=99-82 Range.
13. OttiWH, O, wK
0-40=100-89 Hunt
li, CtkmtL, gnh.
27*67
0-80=100-13 Hunt
25*66
100-56 Hunt
16l OinTffle,a
62*54
=100-09 Redner.
IT. Zecmatt
3*45
0-68=99-49 Men.
OBMahuntjui; th
n aiiiHtftlatii
Bd with EOMMML
Ka 1, ajBtala, Q.=8'267 ;. 2, fir. Longban in Wermlend; 8, fir. Tjdlton in Norway; G.=3-28 ft, fr. Bland; 7, ib., G.=8'215 ; 8, lb. ; 9, G.=:3-37 ; 11, te. the idpe; 13, fr. Canada, G.=3*26- 3-27 ; 14, fr. GanadBt with Eozoon ; 16, ib., a.=3*273--275.
I Um-MagnmaInn Pyroxene; Sahliie; IkmkUe. 1, H. Rose (. J., . 86); 2, Reutenkiold (Jahreab., xzt. 362) ; 3, HUinger (Afh., iU. 291); 4, Arppe (Anal. Finsk. Min., 22); 6, e. AErdmann (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848); 7, Winchenbaoh (Ramm. Min. Oh., 452): 8, Rammela- 4S2); 9, G. T. Bowen (Am. J. ScL, y. 344); 10, Erdmann (L a); 11, Payr (Ber. Ak. WMi,xrr.560); 12, 13, H. Rose (L c.); 14, y. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xiL 714); 16, Schulta fActFeno., 1866); 16 Rammelsberg (J. pr. Oh., Ixzzyl 361); 17, Funk (Jahresb., 1844, 862;; 18, Sejbert (Am. J. ScL, y. 116); 19, H. Rose (L a); 20, 0. W. 0. FudiB (Jahrosb. Min., '62 80S):
Si
t9
ttn
&g
Ca
d
1. Sah, SakUie 54*86
16*49
23*67
0*42=99*99 Rose.
2. LoDgban, ywK 68*66
1*87
16*27
23*86
=100*29 Reut
3. " " 64-18
1*46
2*18
1*20=99*54 Hiflinger.
4. Pugaa, gylL-gn. 62*67
21*03
=98*30 Arppe,
6. Timabeig pi. 641 3
0-68=99-81 Erdm.
6i yn. 68-82
0*89
12*20
28*55
0-64=99-90 Erdm.
2*46
3*73
=99-83 Winch.
16*95
22*80
0*86—100-07 Ramm.
9. N.Hay'n,0t,iSbA63-12
1*06
0*47=99-38 Bowen.
10. Timab., <)ocg gn, 53-50
13-u9
0*27=100-18 Erdm.
11. Oberrochlitx,wA. 65-03
4*84
8*16
20*72
=99*46 Payr.
a Didecariia, ffn, 64-66
0*14
8*14filnO-7d
=99-02 Rose.
0*61
11*49
28*47
=99*67 Rose.
11 Bok8ater,ilmAL 53-81
10*01
27*50
0'29=99*61 Hauer.
1ft. {Inland, ffn. 62-00
12*46
2-2*50
=98*75 Schulti.
K Eaiflerst, dk gn. 48*02
2*67
13*57
9*74
25*34
=100*62 Ramm.
n. Kordmark 62*17
0*42
16*12
1*61
7*06
=99-88 Punk.
18. L GhampL, gn, 50*83
20*40
r.
6*83
19*33
0*67=99*u9 Seybert
19. Tiber Ubl 68*36
0*09
4*99
=98-01 Rose.
20. Badantbal, &fc.(}) 61-78
16*91
7*03
21*00
0*04, jSfa 0-19, & 0*29=99*47 F.
]
Ka 2, G.=3-27; oryBtels; 6, G.=3-86; 8, ciTst, G.=3*294; 9, deayable massiya, G. =3-127-3*294! 10, G.=8-30— 3*37; 11, G.=3*395; 12, 13, fr. Bjormyresweden ; 14, fr. S Oothhnd; 16, fr. L Afyensor; 16, occurs mixed with scolopsite; 18, G.=3*877.
1 hoiLime Pyroxene; HedenbergUe. 1, H. Rose ($chw. J., L a); 2, Wolff (J. pr. Oh., zzxit t36); 3, Sdchting (Za Nat Yer. Halle, yil 67):
Si
te
iig
Ca
1. Timaberg Bed.
49*01
2*98
20*87 =98*94 Rose.
1 Anidal,5it
47*78
27*01
22*95-97*74 Wolft
62*28
la 2, G.=8*467; 8, fr. *'Melaphyre.
Oxygen Compounds.
Iw lAme-MaffneaiO'Manganeae Pyroxene ; SchefferUe, Aitaljsis : Miohaelson (L c.)
Si 9e te ftn Mg Oa A
6. Lirne'IrotManganeae Pffroaoeiie* AnalyBiB : Bischof (Lehrb., iL) :
Si 21 f'e lib % Oa fTa &
C JAmd'h-on'ManffaiMee'Zme Pyroxene; JiereonUe, AubItbIb : Hermazm (J. pr. Gh., iItIL 18)
Si Si f'e An 2d Mg Oa H
n. ALumNons Ptboxba
7. Idme-Magtiiena P. ; Leueaugite, Analyses : T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Oan 1868, 1868)
1-10=100*69 Hunt 0-90=100*46 Hunt
8. LifM'Mdgneaia'Iron P.; Fiusaitej Atigite, Analyses: 1, Eudematsch (Pogg., zzzyiL 577); S Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. ziL 293); 3. Bichter t Scheerer (Sachs. Ges. Leipsic, ci 93, 1858); 4 Barthe (Oh. OentralbL, IL 712); 6, Haughton (Dublin (). J. Sd., y. 96) ; 6, Kuderaatscfa (L c.); 7, Klaproth (Beitr., y.) ; 8, Kudernatsch (L c.) ; 9, Wedding (ZS. G., x. 895) ; 10, BammclabeTg (ib., XL 497) ; 1 1, Klaproth (L c.) ; 1*2, Kuderaatsch (L c.); 18-15, y. Waltershansen (Yulk. Gest, 107- 110); 16, Bammelfibeig (Pogg., eui. 436); 17, Kudernatsch 0- c); 18-20, Rammelsberg (PogR. brodii 458, cili. 437); 21, Waltorshausen (L c., p. 110); 22, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Gak, 1868 468) ; 23, Tobler (Ann. Ch. Pharra., zcL 28o) :
Si
21 9e
ftg Oa
1. Bathurst, a
61*50
6-16 0*35
17*69 23*80
6*77 0-36
18*14 23-74
Si
te
An
Ag
Ca
tt
1. Fassathal
12*04
19*67
2. Vosges
49*16
7*19
tr.
15*96
2-26=98-51 Delesse.
3. Traycrsella
4*03
18*98
=99-77 R A a
4. Zillerthal, gn.
48*47
8*22
15*59
0-78=99*27 Barthe.
5. Skje
15*06
A. Bhone, bkh.-gn. 50*42
6*58
16*82
18*78
=99*60 Kud.
62*00
6*76
11*02
0*26
0-26=96-02 Klapr.
8. Yesuyius
50*90
5*37
6*25
14*43
22*96
=99*91 Kud.
9. " of 1631
48*86
4*64
tr.
20*62
, Pe 2-73=99*39 Wedd.
10. of 1868
4*42
9*08
—
14*22
22*83
, Pe fid.= 100-16 Bamm.
11. Frascati
6*00
=97*65 KLiproth.
12. Etna
60*65
4*86
=98*66 Kud.
13. " 6ft. i
r 47*68
6*74
11*39
12*90
0-28=100-02 Walt
61*70
4*38
4*24
21*11
0-49=99-94 Walt
49*69
6*22
10*76
14*74
0-61=99*85 Walt
47*38
7*89
15*29
0*43, 9o 3-86=99-68 Bamm.
17. Eiffel
49*39
13*93
=99*25 Kud.
18. Hartlingen
47*62
0*40
12*76
18*25
=100*08 Bamm.
19. L. Loach
60*03
tf-65
22*85
Fe 2-36=99-24 Bamm
20. Schima, Boh.
3*38
5*46
23*54
, ¥e 0*95—99*89 Bamm.
21. Iceland
6*06
6*92
=100 Walt
2-2. Montreal, bk.
49*40
6*70 Fe 7*88
13*06
0-60, Sra 0*74, & fr =100-11 H.
23. Kaiserstuhl, bn.
44*40
7*83
11*81
u-11
1*08, Sa 2 18, i 0-66 =100-72 T.
Nos. 1-5, fr. metamorphic rocks; 6-23, fir. eruptive rocks. 2, fr. Temuaj, making with yoegite a so-called porphyry, G.=8135; 8, yar. pyrgom, G.=:{'294; 4, G. =8*895; 5, the augite of a metamorphic dolerite on Loch Scayig in Skye; 6, G.=3*347; 12, G.=3-40; 18, G.=2'886; 14, dolerite, G.=3-341.
9. -Lme P. (with litOe Magnena). Analyses: 1, DeyiUe (Et. Teneriflfb, 1848); 2, Hoch' tetter (J. pr. Ob. xzyiL 376); 3, 4, Smith & Brush (Am. J. 8cL, II. xyL 369); 6. Thomson (Mia. L496):
Bi8Ili0Ates.
te
iin ftg
Ca
L Tnwrillb
1 Inns
50*40
0-67 2-98
L
n-05
0*52 8*02
11*54
— =100 Deville.
0-30=99-19 Hoohst
1-95, ]!a 1-68, & 2-48=99-61 a ft B
1-95, Sa, fc 416=100-17 a & K
102*08 Thomson.
Koi. 1, 2, fr. TolcanSc rocks ; 3, 5, fir. metamorphia 1, G.=8*179.
m. DlXLLAOI AND PSBUDO-HTPIBSTHSKB.
26 Obaiammg latk or no Ahsmma. Analyses : 1-, y. Bath (Pogg zcr. 583); 6, Hermani (BbIL Soe Nat Moscon, 1854 273).
8c Abminovt. Analyses: 7, t. Bath (Za iz. 246); 8, 9, Begnault (Ann. d. III. zia 101); 10-12, Kohler (Pogg ziiL 101); 13,Bammelsberg (Min. Gh., 464); 14, Kohler (L a); 15, T. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., zz. 472) ; 1 6, A. Strong (B. H. Ztg., zziiL 54) ; 17, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IT. ZTi.); 18, Sduifhaatl (Ann. Ch. Fharm., IL 254); 19, 20, A. Strong (L a); 21, Seybert (J. Aa PhilwL,u.l41):
ft
1. Okti; ffffK-iiL 60-84
1 " (fi 6000
" " 51-78
4 Keurode, Nl Bj/p. 58-60
6. Skye, " 51-30
t Achmat'sk, DiaH 51-47
t.
Namorsra
8. Piedmont, DiaU.
9. Ural, "
1. Han, "
2. Baste, -5ik
4. Salzburg, gn,
e. Harzhuig, Diafl
M
So
7. Odem,
8. Genoa, fTMt 2H. d. Hirzburg. Hyp,
II. Wilmiugton,
u
M
58*71 50*20
49'3C 49*50 52*84
ll*i
2*58 2*47
3*62
8*95 18*92
1*80
ftn
0*28
8-67 0-38 8*08 8*40
8*40
9*41
8*28
0*61
4-00Fel0*73 <r.
Ag Ca fi
16*86 21-85 l-23=98-76 Bath.
15*87 21-11 1-69=97-63 Bath.
15-58 20*04 0-22=99 71 Bath.
13-08 21*06 0*86=99*82 Bath.
14-85 20-15 0*21=101-44 Bath.
15*63 27*81 2-39=100*25 Herm.
15-83 1 8-54 1 -46=98-94 Bath.
17-24 15-63 2*18=99*61 Begnault.
16-48 20-44 1-59=99-68 Begnault
14*91 19-09 1*77 100-49 Kohler.
1 7 -55 1 7 *06 1 -04= 1 00 27 Kohler.
17-68 17-40 1-06=100 24 Kohler.
18-51 16*29 1-10=100 36 Bamm.
15-69 18-28 2-1 1 100-(4 Kohler.
16-05 18-16 3-29, alk. 0*39, 1*84, €r 0-09,
fi 0-22=101*85 Strong.
17-61 15-48 0-85, €r 0-80=98*93 Delesse.
14-12 18*12 1-77, V 3-65, ]?fa 3*75 Schafh.
16-69 19 18 0-34, Pe 1*08=101-23 Strong.
11*38 20*00 1-27=99-50 Seybort.
Na 1, fr. gabbro, G.=8-249; 2, ib., G.=3-244; 3, lb., G.=8*246; 4, ib., G.=3*886; 5, fi TPmthene rock, G.=8*343: 6, G.=3-21, H.=4-5; 7, fir. gabbro of Graubundten, G.=H*263 ; 8, OKtdiaUage, G.=8-261 ; 9. met diallage, fir. serpentine; 10, fr. gabbro, G.=8-256; 12, fr. gabbro, &.=8-23; 13, fr. gabbro, G.=8*300; 14, G.=S*28; 15,G.=3*2; 16,fr.gabbro; 1 8, vanadiferous IvoDzite, G.=8*25 ; In, 20, fr. gabbro, pseudo-hypersthene ; 21, pseudo-hypersthene, assoa with *, G.=3*26 ; B.B. ftis.
etc.— Varying widely, owing to the wide yariations in oomposition in the different varie- Mnd often by insensible gradations. Fusibility, from the almost infusible diallage to 8*75 in ide; 3-5 in sahlite, baikalite, and omphadte; 8 in jeffersonite and augite ; 2-5 in hodenberg- Varieties rich In iron afford a magnetic globule when Aised on charcoal, and in general thor ratibifitj Taries with the amount of iron. Jeffersonite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for Bae and manganese ; many others also giye with the fluxes reactions for manganese. Most variare imaged upon by acids.
iPyrozene is a common mineral in crystalline limestone and dolomite, in serpentine, and "jokaoic rocks ; and occurs also, but less abundantly, in oonnection with granitic rocks and '''Borphic sdiists. The pyrozene of limestone is mostly the white and light green, or gray that of most other metamorphic rocks, sometimes white or colorless, but usually green shades, from pale green to greenish-black, and occasionally black ; that of serpentine yptimes in line cfystels, but often of the foliated green kind called dicUlage ; that of eruption >ni ii tt blaok to greenlah-bladK atie.
220 ozrasN oomfoundb.
In limeAtooe the associates are often hornblende, soapolite, garnet, orthodase, spheite, pUogo pite, and sometimes brown toormaline, chlorite, talc, ziroon, spinel, nitile, etc.; and in other metamorphic rocks mostly the same. In emptiye rocks the crystals are imbedded, and ofteu oceni with similarly disseminated chrysolite, crystals of orthodase, sanidin, labradorite, leudte, etc.
Pyroxene is an essential constituent of many rocks. Fyroxenyte is a metamorphic rock oi nniiU ing mainly of compact pyroxene of the Sahlite section. Lhenoiyte from the borders of Inkc Lherz, in the department of Ari in France (described by Charpentier and Dufrnoy as a variety of pyroxene), is a green pyroxenic rode. (For constitution, soe under Spdhel.) Pyroxene aknu; with, labradorite constitutes Uie dark gray and green to black eruptlye rock called doleryi which often contains also magnetic iron ore in grains ; and with labradorite and chrysolite, the related rock hoaaJlL Dolaritie and bataUic lavaa baye the same composition. With leudte it forma the leucUophffr, the common igneous rock of Yesuyius; and with nephelin, nephdinyU or mgtMtm' doleryie, another Italian igneous rode The pyroxene of these igneous rods is the black yariety augiie ; and it often oocurs in distinct crystals of the forms in figs. 203-208. Many kinds of to and the earthy basaltio rock called wade (either a nuiety of tufa or a decomposed basalt or doleryte) often consist lily of crystals or grains of augite.
DiaUage occurs generally in serpentine or steatitic ro<£s
Many foreign localities of pyroxene haye already been briefly indicated (pp. 214-219). 11m crystals of Ala in Piedmont are associated with garnets and talc in yeins trayersing serpentine; and the more transparent are sometimes cut and worn as gems.
In N. America, it occurs in Mainef at Baymond and Bumford, diopside, sahlite, eta ; at Deer Isle, diallage in serpentine. In Vermont at Thetford, blade augite, with chrysolite, in bonlden of basalt In JTcus., in Berkshire, white crystals abundant; at the Bolton quarries, same, good; Westfield and Blanford, diallage in serp. In Conn.j at Canaan, white cryst 2-3 in long by I-:l in. broad, in dolomite ; in TYumbull, lai green cryst in limestone ; in Reading, on the turnpike near the line of Danbnry, small transp. cryst, and granular ; at Watertown, near the Naugatnd white diopside. In H York in N. Y. Co., white cryst. in dolomite; at Warwick, fine (descr. and fig. by y. Rath, Pogg., cxi. 263) ; in Westchester Co., white, at the Sing-Sing quarries; in Orange Co., in Monroe, at Two Ponds, ciTst, often large, with scapolite, sphene, eta, in limestone; 3 m. SwE. of Greenwood iluaoe, sahlite with coccolite; i m. B. of same, in cryst with mica in limestone, one 6 in. long and 10 in. in cira ; 1 m. W. of Coffee's Hotel in Monroe, black coccolite; m. N. of BdenyiUe, gray cryst; 1 m. N.W. of Edenyille, black cryst in limestone; in Cornwall, the yar. hudsonite; near Amity and Fort Montgomery, gool; in Forest-of-Deao, lamellar, green, and bronze-colored, with blade coccolite ; in Putnam Co., near Patterson, grayish* white cryst, abundant; at Rogers' Rock, Oeorge, massive and granular (coccolite), graj, green, brown ; near Oxbow, on Vrooman Lake ; in lwis Co., at Diana, white and black cryst; m St Lawrence Co., at fine, in large cryst; in Essex Co., near Long Pond, cryst (f. 213), also beautiful green ooooolite ; at Willslro\ green coccolite with sphene and wollastonite. In K Jer* gey, in Franklin, good cryst In Penn., near Attleboro', cryst and granular ; in Pennsbary, it Burnett's quarry, diopside. In Mixrykmd, Hartford Co., at Cooptown, diallage. In Deiowan, at Wilmington, a hypersthene-h'ke yariety (anaL 21 X Nuttals MaclureUs, In Canada, at Bytown, subtrp. white cryst, 1-H if limestone; at Calumet I, grayish-green cryst in limestone with phlogopite, some appearing to be altered Eoznon; at the High Falls of the Madawaska, crysk sometimes 1 ft long and 4 in. wide, haying cryst. of hornblende attached; in Kildau, as a rock ; in Bathurst, colorless or white cryst; near Ottawa, in large subtrp. cryst, in limestone; at Grenyille, dark green cryst, and granular; at Montreial, Bougemont and MontaryeUi Mts., black in doleryte.
Alt— Pyroxene undergoes alteration in different ways, as has been well explained byBlsdioC and many spedes haye been instituted on the material in different stages of ohunge. In the simplest, there is only a taking up of water, producing a hydrous augite.** The water found in seyeral of the analyses already dted may be flrom this source. In many cases a loss of silks appears to attend this hydration ; and often, also, a loss of one or more of the bases (of wfaidh the lime and iron are the first to go), through the dissolving agency of waters holding carbonie add, or carbonates, in solution. Thus may come the following substanoes :
18. Htdrous Augite. Analyses 1, 2, 3 of an altered sahlite Sala, Sweden, the threa analyses made on different fragments of the same piece, by H. Boss.
14. PiOBOPHTLL (Syanberg, Pogg., L 662, 1839). Also Sala, where it occurs both maadva with the doayage of pyroxene, and fibrous, of a greenish-gray color, with H.=2*6 and G.=s2*7A Analyses : i, Syanberg (La). Formula deduced ft Si -H| It. Named from hiUtr, and fvXUv, leaf, in allusion to the odor when moistened.
15. Pthallolitb (Kordenkidld, . J., xxxL 389, 1820). Ftom Fhiland, where it oocort mostly in limestone, with pyroxene and scapolite. A pyimllolite Sibbo in Finland bai been named VargasUe, after Count Yaigas, Huot Min., IL 676, 1841 ; Wargasit Otrm. AaalyMt: 5, Ncirdcnskiold (L a), of the original mlaeral Storgord, whitish or gxeenlshwhila, w'th ar=3-6-4, G.=2-68-2-78, for which the formula ttgSi-hifi has beer written; 6-14, la'ar
Bihiugates.
by irppe Foruhjelni, Bimeberg and SeUn (AnaL FiubIc. MIil, 85 X from different Finland looalk tM— 6, lupf whitish cryatala from Stoiigard, G.=2*53; 7-10, from Kulla quany in KimiLo; 8, wliitiiii, aiigitic in atructure, H.=:3— 4; 9 and 10, whitish and earthy ; 11, green and oolumnar, H.=3*-4, from Takvedaholm; 12, similar, Skr&bbole; 13, greenish and granular, with G.=2-61, from Haapakyla; 14 brownish or grayish-yellow and oolumnar, H.=a, 6.= 2*66, from Frugard. The crystalline structure is that of pyroxene. Named {torn vvp, fire, other.
Id. ScaiLLSB Spab in part (Schillersteiu Wem BastUe pi) An impure serpentine, ttom Biflte in the Uar haying often the cleavage and forms of pyroxene; H.=3*5— 4; G.=2'5— 2*7it; lostre metaUio-pearly to sabyitreous; color dark-green to pinchbeck-brown. Analysis 15, by Kobler (Pogg. 192) ; 18, Rammelaberg (Pogg., xlix. 387). See ftirther Sebpbntine.
!7. TsiTSBSSLLiTB {Sche&ror, PogI?M 'ciii. 109, 1854). A leek-green mineral, in crystala, haying the form of pyroxene, from Trayersella in Piedmont. Analysis : 17, B. Richter (L c).
id. PtiKABANDiTB {Scheerer, Pogg., xciii. 100, 1854). Has a leek-green or dark-green color, tad looks like unaltered pyroxene, haying the crystal planea /, i-i -t, with cleavage parallel to K. It is from Pitkaranda in Finland. Analyses: 18, B. Richter (Pogg., xdiL 101 j ; 19, Prceohauser. Scheerer refers here part of pyrallolite (anaL 20).
19. STRAKOKUStn (v. ZphamHriehf Jahrb. geol. Reichs., iv. 695, 1853). Approaches steatite. U oocora in greenish-yellow cryctalB, soi\ and greasy in feel, wiUi G.=l*91. Analysis: 21, v. Haoer (1 a).
20. MoKRADiTB {Brdmann, Aa H. Stockh., 1842, p. 108). Probably a slightly altered pyroxene or homolende. Described as occurring granular massive, with two unequal cleavages mutually indinMl about ISO'' ; with H.=6, 0.=3*2678 ; color yellowish, honey-yellow, and lustre vitreous. Aualyais: 22, Erdmann (l c). Formula deduced (Mg, e) §i+ £L Prom Bergen in Norway Hamed after Dr. Monrad.
Si Pe Mn
0*78
u
Si
6. PyraOoUle, Storg. 56*68
u
i(
u (I
Takv. Skrab. Uaapi Frug.
20. Storg.
76*23
55'17
55*92
63*87
Ml
1*55
I'll
0*34
6*49
1*21
1*34
fe
5*13
6*b6
0*89
1*86
10*91
16*61
1*68
0*09 1*68
0*60.
Mg
25*07 23*46 80*10 11*65 [28-7] 18-.S9 23*19 12*60 2*94
£[
Oa
4-94 4'52=:99-82 Bose. 10-89 3-12=97-44 Rose.
9-58 8-12=97*51 Bose.
0-78 9-83 =98-48 Svaub.
5-68 3-58, bit t loss 6*88 Nord.
2-56 7-10=100-05 Arppe.
3*9 8-5= lOo Arppe. 10-69 12-83=99*41 Buneberg. 11-72 8-78=100-12 SeUn.
5-58 6-48=99-66 Furuhjehn.
6-33 9-15= 100-17 Arppe.
6-34 7-56=10103 Arppe.
2-90 7*80=100-80 Arppe.
3-74 7-32=100-64 Arppe.
2*76 12-43, €r 237 Kohler.
10-13=101-95 Bamm.
7*93 3-n9=100-09 Bichter. 9-17 2-62=100l9 Bichter.
14-42 2*80=99-19 Frank.
4-62, Fe 0-67=99-83 Sch.
1-37 19-86=100 Hauer.
4-04=100-40 Erdm.
TL Sk Hunt has analyzed some altered pyroxenes (Logan's Bep., 1863, 490) from Canada, recited dosely in oompoaition to his loganite (which is altered hornblende ; see under Hobkblb27DB) ; tDdtteo
11. Htdsoub DiALULOits (L a, p. 469), that may be examples of other alterations of the species. The following are his analyses : No. 1, of a brittle deavable-massive mineral, forming a bod in a itpotit of apatite in North iSlmaley, having the cleavages of pyroxene perfect; H.=3 ; 6. =2-538 —2-539: color greenish-gray; powder unctuous. No. *2, a similar material from N. Burgess, baTing the cleavage of pyroxeno; a waxy lustre; — 3, and G.= 2*322 -35; pale grayishodor : an unctuous feel Na 8, a ooarse, deavable, bronze-colored diallage, forming a rock iiao. No. 4, a rock Orlbrd, consisting of small masses of pearly, translucent, oelandin ;ree& diallage, with H.=60, and G.=3-02— 3*03:
Si
I Ktoiay, bganUic .16-70
N. Burgees, " 39-30
3. Ham, diattagic 50*00
9*36
18*59
Ag 25*73 27*17 24*55
14*31=99*62 16-93=100-62 6*30=100-86 5-88=101-66
222 Oxygen Oomfoukds.
A complete remoyal of the lime and iron produoes steatiie or iakf a oommon material of peeudo morplis. BenssetatrUe ia a yariety of steatite (see TaloX having sometimes the dearage <tf pyroxene. Pyrallolite is also in part talc or steatite (anaL 5, 18, 14). Saponiie and aerfmMm (q. r.) are other results of the same kind of alteration, they consisting, like talc, of biUoi, magnesia, and water. fforionUe is a steatitio pseudomorph of pyroxene, foond in Orange Co, N. Y., with chondrodite.
The following are other kinds of psendomorphs : Hematite, Umonite, Magnetite, Palagomts (which see). In the pyroxenes containing much iron, especially the augitio varieties, the protoxyd of iron, when moisture and air are present, may pass to a higher state of oxydation, and the mineral take a red color (the color of anhydrous sesquioxyd of iron (AemotfeX or it may take up water as well as oxygen, and become of a brownish-yeSoto color, tiie color of the hydrous Besqoi* oxyd, or Umontie, MagnetHe is another result, and probably through the alteration of one of theee Oxyds as an intermediate state.
PalagonU/6 as Bunsen has observed, is one of the products arising in part the change of the iron to a sesquioxyd; it is the material of many tufias of volcanic regions, as those of Iceiuid and Etna, such tufas having been made from doleritic or basaltic lavas abounding in pyroxeoa. Bunsen remarks that palagonite may be made artificially by putting powdered basalt into a lags excess of caustic potash in fusion and pouring on water; tLe product after washing, is hydrated, pulverulent, and gelatinizes with weak adds, and its oomposition is like that of the purest palagouite of Iceland. For analyses, see p. 488.
Epidoit is another mineral resulting tiie kind of change here mentioned.
In one variety of the diallage the gabbro of Haraburg (see analyses of others on pi S19X alkalies 0'55, £[ 4*68=98'15— a percentage of oxyd of iron and of water which indicates partial alteration.
OimoUUi, In the case of tiie aluminous pyroxene, when all the bases except the alumina are removed and water taken up, there may result dtnoUte (q. y.\ a whitish day-like earth, whiob has been observed constituting psendomorphs of augite at Bilin in Bohemia. In the change to this aluminous silicate, alomina may possibly be added, to some extent, from an external source, as flrom feldspar decomposing in the same rock. Pisani gives the following composition of a greenish aliuninous, although talc-like, pseudomorph having tiie angles of pyroxene (OL Ht.
Olaueaniie, Mica, Under the action of alkaline waters, alkalies may be introdufd. Ihos the hydrous mineral glauoonite (q. v.) or green earth may result as a constituent of some augite psea* domorphs ; or the essentially anhydrous mineral mica which has been observed by Kjenilf as a pseudomorph after augite, in the Eiffel. Ejerulf gives the following analyses (I ) of an unaltered augite, and (2) the mica derived from it :
Si £l te Mg Ca JTa H Ign.
2. Mica pseud, 43*10 15*05 23*25 10*82 0*81 0*82 4*62 1*50, with ti 1*03 as imparl.
Acmile (q. v.) is considered by Bischof and Rose a pyroxene altered by the alkaline prooess.
Qua/rtz, OpaJL Oakife, The removal of the mineral by the decomposing and dissolving agencies may be attended by the introduction of silica from the waters present, tiiese waters baring become siliceous as a consequence of the decompositions. Hence may come silioeous morphs, eicher anhydrous like quartz or hydrous like opaL One such firom Vesuvius is described by Rammelsberg, which still contained some part of the bases, affording him on analysis (Pogg., lixx. 3S7):
In some cases the waters hold in solution carbonate of lime instead of silioa, and this salt of lime conseqnentiy takes the place of the removed mineral, and so caldie psendomorphs after py> roxene are produced.
22. I Jralitb. Augite also occurs altered to hcrnbkndef and the product has been named ynHk Ly Rose (Pogg., xx. 822, 1 830, xxvil 97, xxxi. 619). The crystals have the form of augite, but the :Seavage of hornblende, /a ; they appear to consist of an aggregation of minute horablends prisms. They are subtransparent in very tMn lamizuo, have a deep-green color, agreeniahwhita streak, with H.=5 or nearly, and G.=3M4— 3*15, Ural; 3*278, SUeaia, v. Bath. Aiialysea: I Kudematsch (Pogg., xxxvii 586); 2, Bammelsberg (Min. Chem 490) ; 8, G. ▼. Bath (Pogg., J0f 557):
B1Siugate8. S2S
21 f'e ftn ftg da A
LVnl 63-06 i-66 16-37 r. 12*90 12-47 =99 36 Kudor.
1 " 60-76 6-66 16-48 0*79 12*28 11'69 1-80=99-34 Ramm. X SOeaia 48*70 082 26-21 12*01 11*26 1*01, alk. fr-.=99 Bath.
UnlitB WB8 obtained by Boee from a green porphyritio rook at Mostoviya, Lake Baltym, neai Kftiurineobeig; and at Carminskoj, near Miaak, in the UraL It has since been reported from Arendfll in Norway ; Tavignolo, near Predazzo in the TjkA ; near Neurode in Silesia, in green* stooe; Tungnragua in Qnito; Mysore in India.
Artil—Diopeido has been obsenred as a Airnaoe product at the Iron-works of Philipsbuig, N. Jenef (G. /. Brush, Am J. Sei.,IL . 182); and dark-colored pyroxene at OaspenlMrg; in an dd fhrnioe near Hacheburg ; a copper furnace near DiUenburg ; at Fahlun and Oldbury ; a man* at Magdesprung.
Ibmed in crystals as diopaide, artificially by the action of chlorid of silicon on magnesia (Dznfaree); tiao, a grayishwhite Tar., by mixing the constituents and exposing to a high heat (BerthJer).
Angite in small yellow crystals has heed found in old fumaroles at Eiterkopfe, near Andemadh (r. Bath).
238A. OxpHACiTB. (Omphaiit [fr. Baireut] Wem., Hoffm. Min., U. 2, 302, 1812; BreUh. lb., ir. 2, 125 1817, Handb., 612, 1841, £ H. Ztg., xxIt. 366, 397, 1866.)
MoQodinia Cleavage : in two directions with the interangie 1 1 6", one perfect, the other imperfiKt MasslTe, granular, cUsseminated. H.=6— 6. G.=3*2— 3*8; 3*178— 8 231, Breith.; 3*268, ft; ObePferdt, 3*27a fr. between Wustuben and Weppenreuth, 3*248, fr. SUberbach, 8-301, fr. Scambadi, all in the Fichtelgebirge, Fikenscher. Lustre yitreous. grass- to leek-green. , Oonqk,— Analyses by J. Fikenscher (B. H. Ztg., xny, 897):
Si
Si
te
ftg
Ca
[a
&
ign.
1. Ober-Pferdt
0-32=99-98
2. Wustuben
0-62=99-69
S. Slberbach
041 100-11
4. Stumbach
10*77
0-60=99-94
6. BMsfaer. Styria
3*26
21*60
0-46.2 07=100*64
AfiaL 1 gives for the 0 ratio of 6, S, Si, 2*6:1 :61; No. 2, 2*8: 1 :6'4; No. 6, 13-8 :.3-75 :26-lh (differing mudi from those adopted by Fikenscher). Although much caro was taken to use the pone mineral, the results seem to indicate an intimate mixture with some alumina silicate ; and jvsibly with lime-garnet or kyanite, which are its associates. If this be the case, the mineral may still be pyroxene or hornblende, as has been supp<>8ed. After an examination of the mineral, rs regard wiUi doubt the cleavage angle given by Breithanpt
occurs near Hof in Baireut, Bavaria, at the looalities mentioned above, and also at Picker in Styria. It is intimately mixed with a lime-garnet, and also usually with kyauite, makiofT tiie tough greenish rock, spotted with pale garnet, called edogyte. The rock contains often Kifes of a silvery mica. The name Omphacite is from an unripe grape alluding to the color ii is among the names of green stones mentioned by Pliny.
23SB. viOLAN Breithaupt (J pr. Ch , xv. 321, 1838). Occasionally in prismatic crystals, affording, according to Desdoizeaux, the anglcR, and the planes ij i-i, i-i, and i-8, of pyroxene, and deavge in the direction of /. Usually lamellar massive, sometimes fibrous. H.=6. G.= 8*233. lAiOe waxy. Ccrior dark video-blue. Translucent, but in thin plates transparent
Baooar obtained (Desdoizeaux's Min., i 66), in an unsatisfactory analysis of the lamellar min- (DoaatiKitoTy because this variety is penetrated by a fibrous mineral which appears to be twmoliteX & 56-11, 3fcl 9-04 i'e 2*46, iin 2*54 Mg lO'-IO, Ca 13*62, 5-63,=99-8u. Plattner pTeviously ascertained by his trials (J. pr. Oh xv. 821) that it was a silicate of alumina, irox Bnoioese, lime magnesia, and soda.
it is mialtered in the dosed tube. B.B. fUses easily to a dear glass, coloring the flame yellow (local With borax and soda gives reactions for manganese and iron.
Ooeon in small seams wi& white quarts, white fibrous tremolite spotted violet with manganese PMBovite and manganesian epidote, in the braunite of St Marcel, in the valley of Aoata, Pied aoBt Named from its color.
239. JEGTBTTB. JEgixitx Emarkf Berzelius, Jahrb. Min., 1836, 184.
Xonodmic, and isomorphoua with pyroxene. Cleavje : iri perfect ; 1 80 ; i-l BtQl leas. Usual in striatea or channelled prisms.
OXTOKN OOMFOUinDB.
H.=5-5— 6. G.=3-45— 3-58 ; 3*578, fr. Skaadte, Rammelsberg ; 8464 fr. Berkevig. Pisaiii. Lustre vitreous. Color greenish-black. Streak dark green. Suotranslucent to opaque.
Oomp.— if ]ft=rCa+]Sra+]e SUica 60-7, aeqmozydonxc 22*6, protoxyd of iron lO'l, lime 7*9, soda 8*7=100. AnalyseB: 1, Bammelsbeig dii 286; 802) ; 2, Pisani (a &, ItL UH) :
Si M 9e IbK &g Ca fTa. &
For an imperfect anal by Flantamcur, see BibL Unir. Gendve, 1841.
As Rammelsberg observes, sBgirine holds the same relation in oompoeltion to pyroxene tiiat arfedsonite does to hombleade : in each alkaUes being present, and sesqoiozyd of iron repLadng to a large extent the protoxyd bases.
Pyr etc. — B.B. ftises easily, coloring the flame yellow (soda) ; gives a magnotio obole oi oharooaL Not appreciably attacked by adds.
Obs. — Occurs with leucophanite, canorintte, eUeoUte, In Korway, near Brevig, on the Isle of Skaadoe, and at Berkevtf;: Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Yon Homberg obtained from a perfect crystal from lAmoe, IaIssBV 21'— 87*" 47', and 92* 48 20', the variation owing to a slight irregularity in the prism, the edges and faces being not quite parallel
Named after gir, the Scandinavian god of the sea.
240. AOMTTB. Achmit SirSm, Ak. H. 1821, 160, and Ben., lb., 163. Akmit Qem.
Monoclinic. /A 56' ; a:h: 0-5405 : 1 : 0*9135. Occurring planes : 0 ; vertical, i-i i-i, /:
dome, 24; pyramidal, 4-2, —12-3, 12-4. 4-2 replaces the edge between 2-i and i-i. Cleavage : /distinct ; i-i less so Plane i-i often longitudinally striated or channelled. Twins ; composition-face tri ; common.
H.=:6. G.=3-2— 3-53; 3-43, Eammelsberg, piece of a crystal ; 3*53, same pulverized. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Streak pale yellowisli-gray. Color brownisB or reddish-brown ; in the fracture blackish-green. Opaque. Fracture uneven — earthy. Brittle. Plane of optical axis parallel to clinodiagonal section, Descl.
.Oomp.— if JTa: te=3: 1, mm 61J, sesquioxyd of iron protoxyd of iron 61, soda 18*2. Analyses: I. Ber aelius (Ak. H. Stockh., 1821, 160); 2, Lehunt (Thomson's Mia, i 480); 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg., ciiL 30o) :
1. Bondemyr 56*26 31*26
2. " 62-02
61*66 28-28
Sin te ftn Ca StL
108 072 10-40, ft r.=980R
6-23 0*69 12*46, 4 0 48, ft 111,
ign.0*39=:lH)'26B.
The protoxyd bases are mainly soda and protoxyd of iron. Bammelsberg makes the ratio of he former to the latter 3 : 1. The ratio of the protoxyd to the sesquioxyds is 1 : 2, while it if 1 : 1 in egiriue, and 1 : 4 in spodumene. Anal. I gives the O. ratio for bases and silica 1 :
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fUses at 2 to a lustrous black magnetic globule, coloring the flame deep yellow, and wiUi the fluxes reacts for iron and sometimes manganese. SlighUy acted upon by adds.
Obs. — Acmite occurs at Rundemjrr, 4 m. S. of Dunserud, near Kongsbeig In Norwav, in slender crystals, sometimes nearly a foot long, imbedded in feldspar and quarts ; the oystals are oates made and bent and quite fragiLe.
sas
tumi from 'tft, aptM, in aUosion to th pointed eztreu ttaa of the cryatals.
0. Bom has suggeetod that aomite, aa hitherto obeerred, ia probably in a aomewhat altered edition, and that poaaib the ngirine of Brevig ia acmite in an unchanged atate (Kirat. Ch IGn, Id; I8S3).
UL'SBODOHTPB. Bother Biannatein pt JAko/ {m( Omt;fy.Eapnik, AyreeMC with anaLX FbTK Arbi Wien, L 65 1781 ; Orell'a Ann L 297, 1790. Bothbraonateinen pt Wern. Dkbtea Botb-Brannateinen (Eapnikker Feldapath) KartL, Tab., 64, 78, 1800 (boring ita being a fiitinct spedee, while others (HaQy, Beuaa, eto.) auppoaed it the carbonate mixed with qnitiV Rothatein pL, Kieaelmangan, Manganldeael, Otrm. Kanganeae Spur pt ; Bed Kaa> (UMW; Bidlioate of Manganeae. Bhodonit Jatckt, Germar, in . J., xztL 112, 1819 HjitofH Otrtaar, itx, 116. Buitamite (ft. Mexico), BiaiUaate de Manganiae et de Ohan A. Bnngit Ann. Sd. Nat, viiL
411, 182S. Fowlerite (fr. Hamburgh, K. J.) Skip., Kin., 186, 1883, IL 26, 1836. EapnOrite
an 1 239, 1841. Faiabergit JgMrSm, (Ztr.Xk. Stookh., 148, 1861 ; J. pr. Oh., Ut. 192, 1861.
Kiiigi]>.Amphibol BervL, J. pr. Oh., xWiL 7, 1848=:Hennannit Kamg., iOiL, 71, 1863=0-
Bungtonit Anam., Ifin. ok, 478, 1860.
Tridinic, but approximately IsomorplionB with pyroxene. Angles, according to Greg and Dauber, and also those of pyroxene :
Greg;
Danber.
In IrooLdMu
lAl
87° 20'
87° 38'
87° 6'
Om
Om'
111 8i
/At-i
136 8i
133 32i
/Avi
138 Hi
136 27i
/A 2
Fm'
142 39i
/A 2'
Cleavage: /perfect; (7 less perfect. Usually massive.
H.=:5-5-6-5. G.=8-4-3-68; 3-612, Longban; 3-634, Siberia; 3-63 Stirling, Hermann. Lustre vitreous. Color light brownish-red, fleshred, sometimes greenish or yellowish, when impure ; often black outsido from exposure. Streak white. Transparent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal — uneven. Very tough when massive.
Oompb, Var. — Silicate of manganese, An 46*9, prot manganese 54*1=: 100. Usuallj Kme f'e and Ca, and oocasionalfy 2n, replaces pan of the Mn.
I. Ordimary. (a) GiystaUued. Either in crystals or foliated. The ore in crystals from Paia- Sweden, was named PaisbergUe under the idea that it was a distinct species, (d) Granular BMii?e.
1 Caki/mnu; Bdstaiotb. Contains 9 to 15 p. a of lime replacing part of the "An, Often impare from the presence of carbonate of lime, which suggests that part of the lime replacing the Ma may haye come from partial alteration. Grayish-red. Named aher Mr. Bnstamente, the
3. Zmaferatis ; Fowleiutbl In oryHtals and foliated, the latter looking much like deayable red the crystals sometimes half an inch to an inch through, /a 7=286 30', Torrey. G.=: HBrelth. ; 8-44, Thomson. This mineral is mentioned by Fowler in Am. J. Sd, iz. 246, 1826 aa .SOiGgou layd of manganese from Sterling, K. J., and as often containing dysluite (zinciferous spinel). Itooiin under the same name in Bobinson's Oat Amer. Min., 298, 1825. It is Thomson's /arir fiaktf manganeae, Ann. Lye, N. Y., ill 28, 1828.
Aaaljses: 1, Berzelius (Afhandl, i 110, iv. 82); 2, 3, Bbehnen (Ann. d. M., IV. rii. 8); 4 HvnKii (J.pr. Ch., zlviL 6) ; 6, A. SohUeper (This Min., 463, 1860); 6, Igelstrom (J. pr. Oh., Uv 1, H. Hahn (B. H. Ztg., xz. 267); 8, Dumas (Ann. Sd. Nat, viiL 4U); 9,
22
Oxygen Oompound8.
iO, Bammelsben (Za xriiL 34); 11, Pisanl (C. IL, Izil 102); 12, Hermana (La); 13, Bub raelsberg (Min. Qu, 460) :
;
Si
te
An
2n
%
Ca
d
CaC
1. Longban
48*00
49*04
3*12
=100*38 Ben
2. Algiers
=98-63 Ebeliten
3. St Marcel
46*37
=ii9-2S EbelmeD.
4. Cmnmington
tr.
46*74
=100 Hermann.
6. "
ftr.
=101-13ftohliep.
46*46
3*31
41*88
8*18
00*69 Igelatr.
7. Elbingerode
44*86
6'16
3*06
0*96
,Xl 0-74, PeS" 0*4'
— 100-65 Hahn
a 8. Mezioo, Bust
48*90
0*81
86*06
1 00*84 Dumaa.
44'4&
1*16
12-27— 99-90 Bbelmfin.
w
0*72
—99*75 Ramm.
11. Vicenllne"
2*17
6-95=101-85 Piaafii.
a 12. Stirling, linoL
10
=99-67 Hennana
18. " "
6*10
6*30
0*28
— 100*74 Bamm.
Sohlieper found his speoimen (one fumiahed by tho author and seemingly unaltered) to consist putly of carbonate of manganese and other bases. By digestion in oonoentrated muriatic add, it afforded 90*16 per cent of siUoate of mauganese, and 9*85 soluble portion. The latter gave on analysis*
Ten p. c. of carbonates had been previously found in the Gummington mineral, by B. Hitch* oock. Allowing that the ten p. c. of carbonates in Schlieper's specimen had been formed at the expense of the bases in the rhodonite, and also that there was some Aree silica in minute pointi or grains, as was obvious to the eye, the oxygen ratio cannot be taken as different firom that of rhodonite.
Hermann*s iTanan-amplitM (L c) was based on an analysis of this Cummington mineral
Ruprecht, who published his first analysis of the species in 1782, obtained Si 55*06, manganese 35*16, iron 7*04, iHtl 1*56, water 0*78=99-59. Huot based hjs species KapnikiU on this old analysis.
Brandes obtained for the Hydropiiey a rose-colored ore fom Kapnik, haying G.=2*8 (. J., xxvi.) 53-50, Afn 41*93, 100, £l 1*24, tL 3*00; it has been considered a tersilicate, with the formula Mn* §i' ; but it was probably an impure rhodonite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. blackens and fsea with slight intumesoence at 2*6 ; with the fluxes gives reactions for manganese ; fowlerite gives with sixla on charcoal a reaction for zinc. Slightly acted upon by acids. The caloiferous yarleties often effervesce from mechanical admixture with carbonate of lime. In powder, partly dissoWes in muriatic add, and the insoluble purt becomes of a white color. Darkena on exposure to the air, and sometimes becomes nearly black.
Obs. — Occurs at Lougban, near Philipstadt in Sweden, in iron ore beds, in broad folia, and also granular massive, the Paisberg iron mine, where it occurs, being the origin of the name jxxisbergik; also at Elbingerode, in the Harz ; in the district of Katherineuberginthe Ural ; with tetrahedrite at Kapnik in Transylvania ; in Cornwall, eta
Occurs in Cummington, Mass., and some of the neighboring towns, in boulders ; also in Warwick, Mass. ; in an extensive bed on Osgood's farm, Blue Hill Bay, Maiue ; in Irasburg and Coventry, Vt ; near Winchester and Hinsdale, N. H. ; at Cumberland, B. I. ; fowUsrUe at Hamburg and Stirling, New Jersey.
Named ttom poiov a rose, in allusion to the color. The name is attributed to Jasche by Germar (1819X but is not in the Klehie Min., Sohrillen of Jasche (1817).
Alt.— There are two prominent methods of alteration, whldi may act separately or together. (1) Through the strong tendency of the protoxyd of manganese to pass to a higher state of ox nation ; in which process the red color changes to brown or black, oommendng with the exterior, which becomes a black crust to the mass. Indefinite mixtures thus result which may be either partly silicate, or wholly one or more oxyds of manganese. (2) Through the tendency of the protoxyd of nuiuganese and other protoxyds present to unite with carbonic add afforded by alkaline carbonated waters, this causing the sUioate to be penetrated with carbonate of manganese, and often also with carbonate of lime or iron. The color of tiie result after this latter method is usually grayish-red to grayish-white, and sometimes brown.
I. By OxydaUon; not Bydraled or OaHwnaied,
A. Maboslinx Berthier (Ann. Ch. Pharm., li 79, 1832). Color grayish-blade to iron-blade; lustre submetaUic; G.=3'8; H.=6*5— 6. From St Marcel in Piedmont Heteroclm BreitlL {Evrdnofff Pogg., xlix, 204 1840) is from Hie same locality, and of the same nature, as recognized by BreitiupL
BIBIUGAlifid.
B. e. KoMl (., 328, 1838) is Thomson's 9uquiitiUoa/le ofiL, ttom Franklin, N. J (isn. Lra N. York| L a), sn iron*black ore, with G.=3-67 ; it is altered foirlente. Yon Kobe! citH Thomson's analysis (see bdow), and gives no description of his own.
SreATOPim, Wittingite, Neotokite, are names of results of this kind of alteration. They are brad along with rhodonite. They contain about 35 p. c. of silica. See NaoroGiTB under Htdboui SiLiGim Opeimose of Bendant and Elipsteinite o f y. Eobell are names of a similar hydrous silicate eooiaining about 25 p. & of siUca.
A. Aluoitb Jaackt (Qermar, . J., 112, 1819 ; Gmnmanganers Joifche Kleine Min. Schriften, 10, 1817), firom near Elbingerode in the Harz, is either dull-green or reddiih-brown, and affording du Menil (Gilb. Ann., Izl 197) 7*6 p. a carbonic acid. The name AllO' like RkodowU, is not in the Eleine Schriften of Jaache, but is attributed to Jasche by Germar.
B. PHOTicin ( (Termor, . J., xxyi. 116; Photizit BrandiA, ib., 138) is yellowish-white, isabeOa- and wax-yellow, greenish-gray, pearl-gray, to rose-red; G.=2'8~3, from the same locality with the allagite. It afforded Brandos (ib., 1 36) 1 1 to 14 p. c. of carbonic add, with some water. Coneoas manganese {Homrmangan of Jasche) is of similar nature, it containing 5 to 1 0 p. c. of cuboDieacid; color brown to gray. And so also the Cummington rhodonite, which aiSbrded- Scblieper 10 p. a or more of carbonates.
AaalTses: 1, Berthier (l c.); 2, Berzelius (. J., xxl 264); 8, Evrehioff (Pogg.,. zlix. 204); i, Damoor (Ann. d. It, IV., J. pr. Oh., zzviil 284) ; 6, Thomson (Lya Nat Hist, K. Y., til 33): 6, 7, dn Menil (L a); 8-10, Brandos (L a) :
Si
Si
Sin
Fe
Ca
&K
a
67*23
100-26 Berthier.
1 HOendm
=97-71 Berzelius.
3.
86*87
4 0-44=1 00-36 Btt.
4. "
=99-45 Damour.
=99*60 Thomson.
& AUagiie,
16Hx)
=97-21 du MeniL
7. " ftrom
ir.
=98-5o du Menil
8. Photiaie, ywh.
0*26
——
=99*88 Brandes.
a " gyK
.— —
=99*89 Brandes
10. Hcrnmaaffoneae
=99*91 Brandes.
Bnatamite altered to kaolin has been described by Ebelmen (Ann d. M., IV. vil 1) and Damour (BuE G. Soa, viL 224).
Berthier obtained for a Graubundten (Ann. Oh. Phys., 11 79) Si 15*3, Sin 80*9, Fe 1*0, id ; and Schweiaer for the same (J. pr. Gh., zziil 278j Si 15*60, Sin 77*34, 9e 3-70, Ca 1-70, fl 1-76=100.
The ores, aa alteration continues, graduate into true ozyds of manganese. A kind from Pesillo icaiiedPemBite by Haot, Min., 1841) afforded Berthier Si 6*8, Sin 84*2, 0, ti 6*7, Pe 2*8, Co 0*8; it bad lost nearly sJl of the silica in the ohange.
24a. BABINOTONITB. Xtfoy, Ann. PhiL, IL yil 276, 1824.
form. Observed 87 26', Levy
Triclinic, but, like rhodonite, approaching jpyroxene in fo plsnee as in the annexed figures. /A /=87 24', Dauber ;
0 A 7=92*' 82' /A 19' 0a/'=112 12 /A -2'=89 13 0a1'=132 24 7'Ai-i=132 34 0 A -2=122 22 7'Ai.|=135 16 0 A -2'=136 54 T' A -2=98 87 0 A 2=117 /'A-2'=155 18
/Aw=134 50 i'Ar,adj.,=115 24 /a 1.1=137 20
H. 5-5-6. Qt. 8-35 - 8-87 ; 3'355, Thomson ; 8-366, Bammelsberg. Lustre vitreous, splendent.
Oxygkn Oomfounds.
dark greenish-black ; thin Splinters green in the direction of and browi transversely. Faintly translacent ; lar crystals opaque, or &intly subtranslucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal.
Oomp.— 3 6' Si'+Fe Si* Bammelsberg; =(1 ft"+i Fe) if 9 &=:2 f'e+l*6 An+Si Ca, Silica 50'1, sesqniozyd of iron 11*1, protozjd of iron 10*0, protozyd of mangasefe 1% lime 21*4 =100. Analyees : 1, Arppe (Berz. Jahresix, xxii. 205) ; 2, B. D. Thomson (Phil liign zxYii. 123); 8, Bammelsberg (Fogg., dii. 287, 304):
Si S'e % Oa te An £l
1. 64-4 2-2 19-6 21-3 Is
2. 47-46 2-21 14-74 16'81 10-16
0-3, ign. 0*9=100-6 Aippe. 6-48, ign. 1*24=99-10 Thomsoo. — ign. 0*44=100-92 Bamm.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fhaes at 2*7 to a black magnetic globule, and with the flaxes giTes reactioDi for iron and manganese. Unacted upon by adds.
Obs. — Babingtonite occurs in distinct oiTatals at Arendal, in Norway, assodated with epidote and massiTO garnet, and in the Shetland Sides, imbedded in white quarti. It was named afta Dr. Babington ; it resembles some dark yarietles of p3rrozene.
In the United States it is said to coat crystals of feldspar, at GouTemeur, 8t LawrenoBOoi, K. Y. On cryst., see Dauber, Pogg., zdv. 402.
Small black polished crystals coating mica slate, or micaceous gneiss, at Athol, ICasa., vetoed by Shepard to Babingtonite may possibly belong haze.
243. 8PODUMBNB. J/AnOrada, Scherer*s J., iy. 80, and J. de Phys., IL 240, 1800.
IMphane A, Tr., iv. 1801.
MonocUnic. 40' /A 7=87% 0 A 2-1=130 30'.
O A i4=:6r 40' O A 1=134 12 0 A 2=110 50 i4 A 7=133 30 i4 A i.ft=107 33 24 A 24, top, =80 a A 24=139 30 U A 24=102 64J
U A 2=lir* 19' i-i A 2-2=125 12 A 1=101 6 a A 2=134 19 7a 2=145 60 7a 1=121 28
1 A 1=116 19
2 A 2=91 34
CSiystalB large. Cleavage : i4 very perfect ; 7 also perfect ; 14 in traces ; in strisB on i4. Twins, coinposition-face i4. Also massive, with broad cleavage surface
H.=6-5-7. G.=313-3-19 ; 817, Haidinger; 8188, Dublin Bay, Thomson ; 3133, Ut5, Rammck-
berg; 8-187, Sterzmg, id. ; 3-182, Sterling, Smith; 3-18, Norwich, Brush.
Lustre pearly. Cross fracture vitreous. Color grah-green, passing into
Greenish-white and grayish-white, rarely faint-reddish. Streak uncolored. ranslucent — subtranslucent. Fracture uneven.
Oomp.— ft* Si*+4Sl Silica 64-2, alumina 29-4, Uthia 6*4r=100, Analyses: 1, R. Hagen (Pogg:, zlyiiL 861); 2, Thomson (Min., I 302) ; 3, 4, Bammelaberg (Poggt bcxxy. 544) ; 6-8, Smith and Brush (Am. J. QcL, IL xrL 372) :
Si
£1
9e
Ca
JTa
&
d
1. Uto
27*02
— =100 Hagen.
2. KOliney
63*81
0*73
6*60
— .
0-36=99*84 Thom.
8. Uto
29*14
tr.
0*14
— t Ag 0-16 Bamm.
4. Tpol
5. Norwich
65*53
fe 1*42
0*07
— i Mg 0*07 Bamsk
64*04
27*84
6*20
0-60=99*38 & 4 Bw
6L Hbrwidi
SI 9e Ca ta
28*97 0*31 6-05
28*70 0-26 4*99
26*30 2-66 0*43 6*66
fra
0-82* 0-80* I'lO*
— 0-60 &&B.
— 0*60 a ft B.
0*80, Mg 0*06=99-89 8 lb B
With tome potuh; In fi, 8, 7, magDMta, r.
In a spedmen from Sterling, ICaas Hagen found Si 66*247, Si, 9e 27-666 , and in another Tjni, Si 66-027, Si 26*461. G. J. Brush's earlier analysee (Am J. Sd IL z. 370) are rejected by Urn.
Pjr., vtc — B.B. beoomes white and opaque, swells up, imparts a purple-red color (lithia) to the flame, and fVises at 3*6 to a clear or white glass. The powdered mineral, fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on platinum wire, gives a more intense lithia reactioD. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs — Oocors on the island of Utd in SQdermanland. Sweden, with magnetic iron ore, quartz, tonnnaline, and feldspar; also near ning and listens in the Tyrol, and of a pale-green or yellowish color, imbedded in granite, at KQliney Bay, near Dublin, and at Peterhead in dcotlandL
Ooonrs in granite at Goshen, Mass., associated at one locality with blue tourmaline and beryl also at Obeaterfldd, Ohester, Norwich, and Sterlings Mass. ; at Windham, Maine, near the bridge, along with garnet and stauroUde; at Winchester, N. H. ; at BrodEfleld, Ct, a few rods north of ToinUnson'a tayem, in small grayish or greenish-white individuals looking like feldspar ; near BaDgronnd, Cherokee Oa, Ga. At Norwich, Mass., it is associated with triphyline, mica, beryl, and albite; one crystal from this locality was 16 inches long, and 10 inches in girt Fig. 221 is of a crystal from this locality, and is two-thirds the natural siziB. Well terminated crystals, having the terminal planes 2-j, 1, O, have been observed by A. B. Eittredge' at the Sterling locality. Grystala also occur at Goshen. Named tntSSt aahes, because the mineral beoomes ash-colored before the blowpipe. The following are the angles obtained by the author, with the common goniometer, from the 142% /A 2=144*, 1 A 1 117*, 2 A 2=92*.
344. PBTALITIL Fetdit dPAndrada, Scherer*s J., iv. 36, 1800. Castor
Ann. Ch. Fharm., bdz. 436| 1849.
Monoclinic 84'= 0, below, on t-i; /A 0-64511 : 1 : 0-8670.
Obeerved planes : 0 ; vertical, i-l, t-i, i-i ; clinodome, 84; hemidomes, -2-i, -1-i, 4-i, (cleavage).
O A 7=105*' 8'
Breith..
OaI, back,=74 62 O A -4-i=149 7 <?A-2-t=14123 O A -1=154 26 O A ♦-=99 19 O A i-i=90
O A 4-i, adj.,=90 23'
0 A f i, adj.,=117 27
-2-iAf*,ov. i-i,=101 10
ui A -.2-i=151 3
t-iA7=136 60
t-i A i-i=154 52
i-i A t-i, ov. 7, =50 15
Observed cleavage angles of petalite : 0 A -2-t=141** 30', 0 A f-t.. 117J**— 118% -2-i A ft=100J°-101°. Cleavage: (9 perfect; -2-i easy. Mqnite difficult or imperfect. Also massive, cleavable.
H.=6—6-5. G.=2'39— 2-5. Lustre of O, or face of most perfect deavage, pearly ; elsewhere vitreous. Colorless, white, gray, occasionally reddish or greenish-white. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane perpendiralar to the plane of symmetry and parallel very nearly to O; bisectrix acute, positive ; angle, in oil, for the red rays 86 27', yellow 86° 42'
OZYGKN OOlfPOUNDfi.
Vmx. — 1. Oaaiorilef in distinct transparent cryatals, affording the above angles and figure, accord mg to Desdoizeanx. G.=2*38, Breith. ; 2*397—2*405, Damour. 2. Ordinary pekUile massive; andG.=2-42, Arfvedson; 2'46, Dr. Clarke; 2*426, G. G. Gmeb'n; 2*412, 2*420, 2*469, 2*448, 2*553, Damour, the last two from different parts of the same Utd specimen, and indicating according to Damour, that the mineral is mixed with more or less quarts and feldspar. Thi deavage has been observed only in petalite.
Oomp.— O. ratio for tL fi, gi=l : 4 : 20, Berz. ; (i &'+i S) §i*+3 Si; or else with one-laird of the excess of silica (3 Si) basic; =Silica n*lX alumina 17*8, lithia 3*3, soda 1*2=100.
Analyses : 1, Arfvedson (. J., xxiL 93); 2, Gmelin (Gilb. Ann IxlL 399); 8, 4, B. Hageo (Pogg., xlviil 361); 5, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxxv. 553); 6, Waltershausen (Yulk. Gest, 296); 7, 8, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sd., IL xvL 878); 9, Plattncr (Ann. Gh. Fharm., bdx. 443):
Si & ti fra
Uto
3. "
5. "
6. " reddish
7. Bolton, Mass.
79*212 17*226
74*17 17*41
77*812 17*194
77067 18000
77*79 18-68
76*74 18*66
77*96 16*68
8. " 77*90
9. Elba, CastorUe 78*01
15*86 18*86
5-761 =102*198 Arfvedson.
6*16 Oa 0*82, ign. 2*17=99*23 Gmelin.
2*692 2*302 100 B. Hagen. 2-660 2*273=100 B. Hagen. 8*80 1-19=100*86 Rammelsbeix.
2-69 , Pe 0*08, 1 *0, ig I -0 11 0-97=99-96 W.
Smith A Brush.
The protoxyds in castorite are less than in petalite in the analysis made. But its cleavages, according to Rose, are like those of petalite, and its optical characters, according to Descloizeaux. Breithaupt still uiiges that they are distinct (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 85;, and mentions their difference in sp. gr. as a prominent distinction.
lyr., etc. — Gently heated emits a blue phosphorescent light. B.B. on charcoal becomes glassy, subtransparent, and white, and melts only on the edges ; gives the reaction of lithia. With borax it forms a dear, colorless glass. Not acted on by add.
Obs. — Petalite occurs at the iron mine of Uto, accompanying lepidolite, tourmaline, spodumene, and quartz ; on Elba {castorite) in attached crystals ; at Bolton, Mass., with scapolite ; according to Bigsby, in a boulder containing tremolite, at York, near Toronto, Canada.
LUfiia was first discovered in this mineral by Arfvedson. The name peiaiiie is from vcrcAov, a leaf, and alludes to the deavage.
On cryst. of casiorite and petalite, see DescL, Ann Ch. Phys., IV. ill 264, 1864, and Pogg cxxiL 648.
Desdoizeaux, who gives the above figure, points out the isomorphism with spodumene, and the fact that the 0. ratio differs by a multiple of 2 for the silica, it being 1 : 4 : lo for spodumene and 1 : 4 : 20 for petalite.
246. KUPFFBRITE. Eupffbrit (fr. the Tunkinsk Mts.) A Bermomn BulL Soc. Nat. Mos-
oou, XXXV. 243, 1862. Anthophyllite pt Antholith pt Ktumg,
Monoclinuj. /a7= 124° 15'— 124 80'. Cleavage :/ perfect. In aggregations of prisms, like actinolite.
H.=5'5. G.=3*08, fr. Ilmen Mts. Lustre vitreous. Color emeraldgreen ; brownish on weathering. Translucent in thin splinters.
Oomp. — lg Si, with but little replacing the Mg, like enstatite, it being an eMfoftife Aom- Mende colored by chrome. Analyses : I, Hermann (La, and J. pr. Oh., Ixxxviii. 195) ; 2, 3, Heinti (Pogg., IviiL 4, Lappe (Pogg., (Rec. Gen. Sci., iii 386):
Si
XXXV. 486); 5, Sackur (Ramm. ICn. Gh., 472); 6, Thomson
1. nmen Mts. 67 '46
2. Pinel, (W&effl 59*23
3. Tschussovaja 68*72 4 Koruk 68*48 b. Kuprerberg onA. 55*59 e. Perth, Can., 57*60
0*65
% 30*90 31*38 29*30
Ign.
0*81=100 Hermann. 1-31 100 Heintx, 1*58=99-49 Heintft
s Mn 1J0 L.
1 00*24 8ack*ir.
3*56=99*30 Thomson
Analyses 2-6 are referred here because of the approximation to kupfferite in composition. The Perth mineral (received thus labelled by Dr. Thomson finom Dr. Hohnes) is almost purely c
Bi8Ili0Ates. 231
it wu a "oongeriee of imperfect ciTVtalfl, and looked like anthcpliyllite;' 6.=2'707.
Pyr atc— In the dosed tube traces of water; otherwise unchanged. B.B. in the foroepi beoomes opaque white, bat does not ftise. In borax dissolves, giving a chrome-green glass.
Obs — The original kupfferlte, from a graphite mine in the Tunkinsk Mts., is a chromiferoui amplnbole. The analyses here giren are from a mineral of similar kind from near Miask, in the Mts. The former has not been analyzed. Kokscharof has also foand it near the Sanarlca rirer, Urals.
Hamed after the Bnssian physicist Knpffer.
24tf. AMTHOPHTUiTTiL AnthqphylUt (fr. Korway) Schnunaeher, Yenseicbn 98, 1801. AntophyOit Kani Tab 3S, 1808. Anthogrammit BniOL, Ghar 29, 1820. AnthoUth , TJUk, 38, 1830.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=125*' to 125° 25'. Observed planes : 7, i-i, ii. Cleavage : z-l perfect, / less so, irt difficult Commonlj lamellar, or fibroTU massive ; fibres often very slender.
H.=5'5. G,=3'l— 8'2. Lustre somewhat pearly upon a cleavage-surface; brownish-gray, yellowish-brown, brownish-green, sometimes Bubmetallic. Streak unoolorecl or grayish. Translucent to subtranslucent. Brittle. Double refraction positive; optical axes in the brachydiagonal section.
Oompwe Si+3 % §i=(i je+i ftg) gi=Sillca 56-5, magnesia 2*7*8, protozyd of iron 16-7 -lOa Analyses: 2, Yopelius (Fogg., xxiil 855) ; ;i,Pi8aB2 (Desd. Mia., i., 536):
Si
te
An
Mg
Ca
A
1. Komgaberg
—=101 Gmehn.
2. "
56*74
1 -67=9908 Vopelins.
3.
14*13
2-38=10i)'98 Pifianl
of Dufnoy (Ann. d. It, III. z. 582, 1836) has a different composition fom 4hat of intbophyllite; bat it ia still referred here by Desdolaeaux on the ground of opUcal iderUUy limilanty of deavage.
Analyses: 1, Dufirenoy (L c); % 8, Plsanl (Llnstitut, 1861, 190) :
Si
#e
Mg
Ca
fi
4*13
2'30=101-05 Dufrenoy.
15*51
4-50=10011 Pisani.
15*96
PisanTs analyses afford the 0. ratio for 6, fi, Si, d, 11 : 8 : 23 : Sf
Pyr., etc — B.B. (Vises with great dilBcalty to a black magnetic enamel ; with the flaxes giret Rsetions for iron ; unacted upon by acids.
Oba. — Oocors in mica schist with hornblende and mica in thin and long plates and fibres near KoDgaberg in Norway, and with gray cobalt near Modum.
TUa species, originally instituted upon the Norwegian mineral analysed by Gmelin and Vope- Inu and regarded as distinct by many later authors, including Mohs, but united to hornblende by others, haa recently been proyed to be an independent species by Desdoizeaux (Min., i. 75>, vote optical examinations have shown that the crystals are orthorhombic instead of monoclinia Oidy the mineral of the Norwegian localities above mentioned is at present here included, the o-caDed anthophyllite from Fiskenaes in Greenland (occurring with sappbirineX from Bavaria, Mand, and other Norwegian localities, besides the cummingtoniief of CummingtoS, Mass., being mhornblcmde in optical characters. Desdoizeaux has later announced (G. B., Ixii., 987) thai MOM anthophyllite ia monodinic. The ffedriie is from the valley of Ha, near GMres, France, ud oontains microsoopio black spinels {jricoUte).
Haned from anOiophwn, tht in allusion to Hie dove-brown go' or, as Schumacher
Oxtoen Oompoukdb*
S46A. PlDDiKOfOSin, Haidinger (Ber. Ak. Wten, zli., 261, I860). The ash-graj maM of ibt meteorite of Bhalka, in Bancoorui, consistiDg in part of grains having two easy deayagea indimd to one another 100°, with H.=6*6 ; G.=8'412, Haid., 8*66, Plddington ; and fhicture resinoos, and containing email imbedded grains of chromite. Von Haner obtained &i 67-66, iSl fr., te 20-61, iig 1900, Ca 1*63=98*84, which is nearly the composition of anthophyllite. The meteorite Orst described bj H. Plddington in the J. Asia! Soc. Bengal, zz. 299, 1862.
247. AMPHIBOLB. 8Ek6rl TToOL, 1747 (ezdading Amiantns, Bergkork, etCL and Asbestos). pt, Btrfilskfirl (=8trahlstein) OratuL, 1768 (ezd. Asbestnss AmiantfaiiB) and Bergkoik, id. Hornblende Wem.f Bergm. J., 1789 (exd. Strahlstein and Asbest). Hon blende KarsL, Tab., 1791 (exd. Strahlstein, TremoUt, and Asbest). Id. (ezcL also Smaragdit fitV KanL Tab., 1800, 1808 ; id. UUnuum 1814, and Jammtm, 1817. Amphibole (ind. Actinote) A, Tr.. 1801 (ezd. Grammstite=Tremolite and Asbeste). Amphibole (incL Aotinote and Gnymna* tite) JET., TabL, 1809 (ezd. Asbeste). Heterotyp (incL Asbestos, Bronzite, Hypersth., AnthoplL with other yarieties) Eaiusm. Handb., 1818. Hornblende Jaimeaon, , 1820 (ezd. Actinolite TremoUte, Asbestua, Oarinthine).
Monoclinic. 0=752', //\i=124*' 80', OaU=164 10', a:J:c= 3-5527 : 1 : 1*8825. Observed jjlanee : O ; vertical, /, i-i, i-3, vi, ; di Qodome, 24, 4-1 ; hemidome, 1-t, 2-i, -l-{ ; heznioctahedral planes in zod6 Oilyly 2, -1 ; id. in zone 1 : i-t, 8-i, 5-6, -8-*.
M
tt
0 A l-i=155° 88' 0 A l-i=149 0 A 2-*=124 56 0 A t"=104 68 O A -1=152 86 O A 1=145 35 0 A 2=121 29
0 A 2-t=150 26' 0 A 7=108 12 ♦4 A *-3=99 67 4A-8-i=124U
aA8-=130''16' 2-lA2-l,ov. C>,=120 58 -1 A-l=164 26
1 A 1=148 28
2 A 2=131 86 -8-* A -3-*=lll 82
84 A 8-i=99 30
Oiystals Bometimes stent, often long and bladed. Cleayage : I higUy perfect; t-t, iA,, sometimes distinct. Lateral planes often longitadinally striated. Twins : composition-face i-i, as in f. 226 (simple form £ 226), ana 230. Imperfect crystallizations : fibrons or colnmnar, coarse or fine, fibret often like flax ; sometimes lamellar ; also grannlar massive, coarse at fine, and nsnally strongly coherent, but sometimes friable.
Bibili0Ate8. 238
H.=5— 6. Q.=2*9— 3*4. Lustre vitreous to pearly .n cleavage-faces ; fibrooB yarieties often silky. Color between black and white, through vari- OQB shades of green, inclining to blackish-green. Streak uncolored, or paler than color. Sometimes nearly transparent ; usually subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Bisectrix, in most varieties, inclined 60 to a normal to and 15 to a normal to i-i ; and double refraction negative. See exceptions, p. 235.
Ogbpl, Tar— and (&' S) (Si, as for pyrozene. Alumina ia present in most amphibde tnd when so it usoally rejaoes silica, ft may correspond to two or more of the based Hg; (h, If n, ifa, &, fi ; and 8 to £l, 9e, or Sin. 9e sometimes replaces silica, like Bammelsberg made out the general conformity of amphibole to the pyroxene formula by discoverioff that the iron in both species was often partly sesquiozyd (Pogg., dii. 284, and Min. Ch., 468). Yet the analyses do not aU accord with this view, put giving the ratio 1 : 3, unless the water is made basic. Much amphibole, especially the aluminous, contains some fluorine. The base Asm is absent from some varieties, or nearly so.
The name AmphUbok proposed by Haily, has the precedence, because Haiiy first rights appreciated the speciea, as he had done for pyroxene, and gave it, and not any of its varieties, the name. In his Trait in 1801, he brought together Aomft/ende and acHnolik; and by 1809 he had added to the group the third prominent witty, tremoliie; while in all other works not taking their views from him, these three minerals still stood as distinct species. ABbestus was annexed to the leriee by Hansmann in 1813, though kept separate long afterward by many other authors.
The varieUet of amphibole are as numerous as those of pyroxene, and for the same reasons ; and they lead in general to similar subdivisions.
L GONTADIINO iriTLI OB NO AlUIOVA.
1. Magnetia-Lime AmphiboU ; TsBMOuraL (Tremolit Pini de Sauaswre Yoy. Alpes, iv. g 1923, 1796. Qrammatite Tr iii. 1801. Kalamit [fr. Kormark, Sw.) Wem., Taach. Min., x. 169, 1416. Calamite. BaphiHte Thorn,, Min., i 153, 1 836. Sebesit [fr. Sebes, Transylvania] in Breith. Handh, 539, 1847. Nordenskioldit, Konng., Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 297, 1854.)
Colors wldte to dazic-gray. In distinct crystals, either long bladed or short and stout ; long and thin oolomnar, or fibrous; also compact granular massive, /a 7=124 30. H.=5'0— 6*5. G. I'd— 8'] . Sometimes transparent and oolorlesa Omtains nugnesia and lime with little or no iron ; fixminla (Oa Mg) & Named TremoUte by Pini, from the locality at Tromola in Switzerland.
GramnuUUe (from ypaitti, a Une) alludes to a line in the direction of the longer diagonal seen by Haay on transverse sections of some crystals. It was substituted for tremolite by Hatiy, without reaaoQ, and is a very bad substitute. MordmAuUdiie, from Buacula, near Lake Onega, is tremolite (Kenngott and v. Hauer, 1. c). SofkHitef from Lanark in Canada, is tremolite in its grayish-white or but slightly greenish color, and its low spedfic gravity (G.=2*S6, Thomson; 2*845, Hunt). But both Hunt's and Thomson's oalyses give over 5*30 p. a of protoxyd of iron. In a letter to the author (dated Sept 21, 1864 Hunt states that he obtained in one of his trials, material which he had purified from mixed CtC only 3'15 of protoxyd of iron, with Ca 12-05 and Si 57*20 ; and he adds that he regards this u nearer the true composition of the mineral
1 0. KapBim pt (Pietra di hijada [fr. Mexico or Peru] Spam, Lapis nephriticus A, CftiUita, 1627 ; O, BarfhoUwu, Opusc, 1628; dk Boot, Qemm., 1609. Lapis Indicus AldrmHmdvA, Hei, p. 706. Talcum nephriticum Linn., 1768. Jade, Pierre nphrtique, dArgenviUe, OrycU, 1755 ; Sage, da lAaU, efc. Kephrit TTem., Ueb. Oronst, 185, 1780. Kidney Stone. Nierenitno, Beilftein, (Term.)
Nephrite is in part a tough, oompact, fine-grained tremolite, having a tinge of green or blue, and l*n!dng with a splintery fracture and glistening lustre. H.=6— 6*5. G.=2'96— 31. Named i rapposed effioaoy in diseases of the kidney, from vcp, kidney. It occurs usually associviUi talooee or magnesian rocks.
Hephiite or jade was brought in te form of carved ornaments from Mexico or Peru soon after uedaoovery of America ENsl Bio in hia Mexican Ifineralogy (1795X mentions no Mexican lo* auitf. A. nmilar stone comes from China and New Zealand. A nephrite-like nuneral, called from Smithfield, B. L, having the hardness 5*5, is serpentine in composition. The Jade X leSnisaare ia the under Zoisite) of the younger de Saussure, earlier named 2eman> jfOeiametfierie. Another aluminous jade has been called jadeUe (q. v.) by Damour. The usioQ mineral ia a mixture, and has been named paeudonephrite (q. v.).
I- Jbgimob'LmiIrim AmphiboU; Aotinolitb (Stralskorl pt CVnntft, L c. Strahlstein Qtirm AflaoGts ijfv Min., i. 167, 1794 Actinolite (oonect orthogr.). Schorl vert du Zillnrthal
234 Oxygen Compoitnds.
ZiUerthite, DdanneOu, T. T., u S67, 179t. Actinote H., Tr., iil 1801). Color bright-gretJ and grayish-greeu. In crystals, either short or long-bladed, as in tremolite; oolomnar or fibrcoi; granular massive. G.==3— 3 2. Sometimes transparent Contains magnesia and lime, with Bonc protozyd of iron, but seldom more than 6 p. c. ; formula (6a, ftg, te) Si The variety in kg bright-groen crystals is called gUuay acHnolite; the crystals break easily across the prism. Tho fibrous and radiated kinds are often called (uhekifrm acHnolUo and radiaied aetmUik. Actinodte owes its green color to the iron present
Named actinolite from *acri, a ray and hd(, sUme, as translation of the German skvhUtdn or radiated stone. Name changed to aUinote by Hauy, without reason.
TremoiUe graduates into acHnoMe through an increase in the proportion of iron, though generaSj easily distinguishable by its color. AtbeShu has usually a grayish-white or greenish-white color, although actinolite in the proportion of iron ; and the raphilUe (see preceding page) appears to shade Into actinolite in composition. Tremolite does not dlfrer ia color from the aluminous variety, denUe from Ekienville, N. Y. (p. 286).
3. Magneaia-Iron Amphibole ; Aivthoutb (Anthophyllite pt (p. 231). Antholith pt Kenng. Ueb. 1859, 68, 1860). Structure as in anthophyllite. Color gray to brown; G.=3'l— 82. Ooataini much magnesia, with some iron, and htUe or no lime. Formula (ftg, Je) §L Graduates into kupffiriie, p. 230.
4. Magnena'Lime'Manganeae AfrpikSbole; Biobtkbitb. A Tariety from Paisberg,is here indaded (anaL 34), described by Igelstrom, and affording the formula (ICg, An, Oa, &, Na) Si, aad ood* taining 8 to 9 p. c. of alkali, which may possibly be a result of alteration, /a /=rl24 ; color pale-yellowish to brown. Igelstrom considers the richUriU of Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xziv. 864, 1865) the same mineral, as it has the same general aspect and similar composltiou, ezcopting half less manganese ; Breithaupt describes it as occurring in adcular crystals, affording the prismttic angle 133 38' (which is within ft' of /a -i of pyroxene); with G.=2*82; color isabella-yelknr, rarely pale yellowish-brown ; B.B. Tery fusible. It resembles the kokscharoffite L Baikal, tliough unlike it in composition (p. 242 ).
6. IronMagnesia AmphihoU; GniCMiKOTONiTE (Dewey Am. J. Set, TiiL 59, 1824. Anthophyllite pt. Not Cummingtooite [=Rhodonite] RammJ). Color gray to brown. Usually flbroos or flbro-lameUar, often radiated. G. 3*1 3*32. Contains much iron, with some magnesia, and little or no lime. Formula (Je, fig) Si. Named the locality, Cummington, Mass.
6. Iron-Manganese Amphtboie; DAKxraiORiTB (Jem-och-manganoxidulrik Hornblende A. Mf fnann, Dannemora Jemm., 52, 1861. Danuemorit Kenng., Ueb. J 866, 61, 1866). Color yellowifdip brown to greenish-gray. Columnar or fibrous, like tremolite and asbestus. Contains iron and manganese ; formula (e, &n) SL In thin pieces B.B. fuses to a dark slag. Aeberrite of Igelstrom (B. H. Ztg., xzyi. 23, 1867) is similar; it is grayish-white to ash-gray, and like a gray asbestus ; in acids not soluble (anaL 39). The proportion of Mn is not stated, and it may be cununingtonite.
7. Iron AmphihoU; Gb&neritb (Pyroxene femigineuz (fr. tSollobridrea) (Truner, CI zxiv. 794; Griinerit Kenng. Min., 69, 1853). Asbestiform, or lamellar-fibrous. Lustre silky; color brown; G.=3'718. Formula eSl Optical properties those of amphibole, according to Desdoizeaux (Min., L 59).
Appendix, 8. ASBESTUS XiOoi Dioacor.f ▼. 165. [Not ddivro [=Quicklime] Vioseor Y. lii'i,] Asbestos, Linum vivum, Amiantus, Flin. ziz. 4, zxxvL 31. Lapis Carystius (fr. CaryS' tarn) Fausaniaa. Lana montana. Amiantus, Asbestus, Agrie. Foss., 258, 1546; WdtLf ICin 140, 143, 1747 (Caro montana or B&rgk6tt=Mountain leather, and Suber montanum or Bargkoark= Mountain cork, being included.) Asbestus, Amianthus, Carystine (=Mtn. leather and corkX HUl, Fobs., 166, 1771. Kymatin Breith., Uib. 1830, Char., 113, 1832. Byssolite (fr. Bouig d'Oisans) Saussure, Yoy. Alpes, § 1 696 ; Asbestoide (ib.) Vauq, db Macquartf BulL Soc. PhilonL, No. 54, 1797 ; Amianthoide (ib.) Delameih,, T. T., ii. 364, 1797). Tremolite, actinolite, and other varieties of amphibole, excepting those containing much alumina, pass into fibrous Tarieties, the 'Ibres of which are sometimes very long, fine, flexible, and easily separable by the fingers, and look like flax. These kinds, like the corresponding of pyroxene, are called asbesiw (fr. the Greek for incombuBLhle.) Pliny supposed it a vegetable product, although good for making ineomJbusUbU doth, as he state.s. The amianthus of the Greeks and Latins was the same thing ; the word meaning undeJUed and alluding to the ease of cleaning the doth by throwing it into the fire. The colors vary from white to green and wood-brown. The name amianlhua is now applied usually to the finer and more silky kinds. Much that is so called is chrgsoiUe or fibrous serpentine, it contaiuing 12tol4p.cof water. Mouniain leather is a kind in thiu flexible sheets, mada of interlaced' fibres ; and mouniain cork (bergkork) the same in thicker pieces; both are so light as to float on water, and they are often hydrous. Mountain wood (Bergho Holzasbesti Germ.) is compact fibrous, and gray to brown m color, looking a little like dry wood.
BystQliie (Amianthoid, asbestoid) fr. Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, is of an dive-green odor.
Bisilioates. 235
eoene and stiff fibrous, and hu O.=3-0 ; it is a flbrons variety of the ironnumgemeae cmiphiboUt iocordiBg to Tatiqiielm k Kaoquart (L c.). It oocura associated with a black oxyd of manganese.
IL Aluxinous.
9. Ahnmnovs MagnmaLime Anpihiboie. (a) £dent& (Edenit Breith., Handb 558, 1847). Oobr ite to gray and pale-green, and also colorless ; G. =80— 8*059, Bamm. ; 2*9, Brelth.
KfflbfeB antbophite and tremolite. Formula (Nlg,Ca) (Si, Named from the locality at EdennQe, N. Y. To this variety belong yarioos pale-cored amphiboles, having less than five p. t, of of iron. Breithaupt makes the edenlte iriclinic in B. H. Ztg zzir. 428, and he says that this is confirmed by Dauber. On an examination of crystals, the author sees no reason for adopting this condosion.
(h) SMASiGmTB Sanuaure (Voy. Alpes, ir. % 1313, 1862, 1*796. Diallge verte pt K, 1801 ; Green Dia%epi Diatlagon Ullmann, Tab., 90, 1814). A thin-foliated variety, of a light grass-green akr, resembling madi common green diaUage. According to Boulanger it is an aluminous mag Desia-Iiine ampMbole, containing less than Sj p. c. of protozyd of iron, and is hence related to edeoite and the green Paigas mineral Desdoizeaux observes (Min., L 90) that it has the cisaTB and apparently the optical characters, of amphibole. H.=5 ; G.=8, Yauq. ; 3*10, Bou* lsQgr. It forms, along with whitish or greenish saussurrite, a rode. The original mineral is from Corsica, and the rode is the corsilyie of Piukerton, and the verde di Ooraica dwro of the arts.
A similar smaragdite from Badier consists, according to Haidinger, of alternate laminsa of am* phibde and pyroxene in twin composition.
The eitphokde of the Alps resembles corsHyte in containing a smaragdite-Uke mineral (jgreon di tfiegeX Bat Hunt states that the mineral has the deavage of pyroxene, which our own examination&9 have not succeeded in confirming.
10. Ahtmnous Jfagneaia-Lime'Iron Amphiboie. (a) Pargasite; {h) Hornblbndb. (Gomeus fissilis pt Gomeus solids pt, C. crystaliisatus pt, Hombarg, Skiori pt, WalLj Min., 138, 139, n47. Skori pt., Basaites pt, Bolus particulis squamosis pt, OrvnaLj 7n, 82, 1758. Schorl opaque rfaomboidiii pt , Schori argiieux pt, de Liatt Grist, il 389 (pi. iv , f 97, 99 424, 1783. Basalthchs Hornblende Wern Bergm. J., 1789 (!nd. also augite). Basaltische H. (augite excl) Wem. 1792, aodlater; EatnL, Tab, 1800. Pargasit SUin&O, 1814, TasdL, Min. 1815, 301. Amphlbolit Braik, Char., 1823, Uib., 34, 1830. Diastatit (fr. Wermland) Breith., Ghar , 184, 1832. Syntagmtit (fr. Vesuvius), WaUerian, BreiOk, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 428, 1865.
Cotors bright, dark, green, and bluish-green to grayish-black and black. /A/=124*' 1'— 124'' 25'; G.=3 Oo— 3'47. Pargasite is usually made to include green and bluish-green kinds, occurring in nout lustrous crystals, or (ranular; and hornblende tiie greenish-black and black kinds, whether in stout crystals or long bladed, columnar, fibrous, or massive granular. But no line can be drawn between than. Pargasite occurs at Pargas, Finland, in bluish-green and grayish-whidi crystals.
Optical characters in general the same as for tremolite and actinolite (p. 233). But in one black crntal of hornblende (fr. Bilin ?) Desdoizeaux found one bisectrix to be parallel to the plane t-r, led the other normal to it Again, in the bluish or black pargasite, from Pargas, the bisectrix is iodised S2' 58 to a normal to 0, and 108* to a normal to t-i; and double refraction is positive. lacloiseaux observes that these distinctions are not suffident to warrant the separation of these oioenls.
(A) DtQsua'ie is a blade hornblende from Nordmark in Wermland, stated by Breithaupt to have / /=:120' -iff, and G.=3-08— 8*11. (5) Vesuvius black hornblende, analyzed by Kammelsb (Na 29X in which he found /a /=124' 8', G.=3-272.
<€i AoQording to Breithaupt, /A /in two hornblendes from Greenland is 128° 59' and 124*' 0', ika=3-462 and 3383; two from Ajendal m Norway, 124" and 1 24' If, with G.=;v301 and one fnm Persberg in Sweden, 124% with G.= 8*818; two Schmalzgrube, near fiWrg in daxony, 124 5' and 124'* iV, with G.=8'833 and 8*290; one from Rhonsbergin 124* 6', with G.=3-352. The preceding are of Breithaupt's Amphibolua ferraswf.
Port basattic hornblende, from Wetterau or Bilin {A. basaiUcue Br.) analyzed by Bonsdorff and 17. 2 IX Breithaupt gives /a/=124* 39' 38", andG.=3 17— 3 25 ; for one from tiie rcoQ-iTeQite of Laurvlg and IVsdriksvam in Norway {A. saxoaua Br.) /a/=:124° 7', and G =26.2*29; for one of greenish-black color from Ersby near Pargas in Finland, analyzed by "sngwand Bonsdorflf; anal 10, 11 {A, media Br.X /a/=124 15', and G.=3M4-317; for of gten to greenish-black color, from Sanalpe in Garinthia, analyzed by Clausbruch, anal 20 (A CbrmAtfiM Br., and Oarinihine W.), /a/=124 22', and G.=308-310; for one from Pai gu, OQcorring in limestone with ohondrodite, eta, analyzed by Bonsdorff and Gmelin {A, pargas Br., or Ppasae\ /A 7=124'' 10', and G.=306-3-08 ; for one of greenish-black to blackishcolor, from Kongiberg in Norway analyzed by &udematadi {A, macrodiagonalia Br.) //=l2426' and G.s 3*06-308
Oxtgen Oomfoundb.
DiasUOile cf Breithaupt (A. diattaUem\ in its angle /A 7=1 20* 20', if this be not an aocidentd imgalarity, diverges widely from tnie hornblende. Breithaupt has called a velvet-blade horoblende from Kordmark in Wermland ffenUpriimaUacher Anyahibol (Char., 135, 1882 ; Handb. liL 646) ; it is stated to have /A/=sl24° 26', and to be tricliMCt the anie between the macrodiagonal and the left (aoe of a dinodome bemg 27® 40', and that for the right face 2V 64', and the deayages parallel to the prismatic planes /', unequal G.=8'16— 3'18. The anatyBes bj Bonsdorff and Hisinger, Nov. 11, 28, he refers here. He has reoentlj named it Eemipnsmaittei Wallerianus or WalUrian, Breithaupt also observes that his A. mediuB (see abore) has unequal deaTages, and is probably related to the wallerianite. The grayish to colorless bombteDdt from IkienyiUe, called by him SdmUe (see p. 236), he also refers to his genua SemhtmaiUtL
11. AltmiinouB SrofJAmB AmphiboU ; KoRAUia Color black.
12. Alumifuna IrorManffoneBe AmphiboU; aAionoEAOin Braffu (B. H. Ztg.. sx 61, Color velvet-bladE. G.=3'12. Named from the locality, Ckunsigrad in Servia, where it fonni with white feldspar a rode called Unuaifte,
Mcmgai/HtmphiM of Hermann (Cummingtonite RammeUberg. and Heimannite JDmnoCQis noth' ing but rhodonite of Cnmmington, Mass., erroneously analyiecL
L COBTAIXiro LOTU OB HO ALUHZViL
1. TnmoliU: Magniuiai'lAfMAmpfvbole, Analyses : 1, 2, Bonsdorff (Sdiw. J., zxzL 414 . 123); 3, Michaelson ((Efr. Ak. Stockh., 1868, 196); 4, Damoor (Ann. Ch. Fts., III. ztL); K, Biditer (Pogg., . 863); 6, Bammelsberg (Pogg., cOL 296); 7, Lechartier (BuH Soa Ch., H. iii 381) ; 8, 9, Bammelsberg (L a) ; 10, Bendant (Ann. d. IC, IL y. 807) ; 1 1, Bammelaberg (L a) ; 12, id. (J. pr. Oh., IzzzvL 347).
2. AeUnolUe : MagniegUk'LmA'Ircn AmpMboU. 18, Bonsdorff (La); 14, Seybert (Ana. J. Sd., tl 883); 16, Hunt (Am. J. Sd., XL zii, 218, PhiL ICag., IT. L 822); 16, Furuluehn (Arppe, iokn, p. 69, Ramm. Min. Ch., 471); 17, 18, Bammelaberg (L c.); 19, Bichter (1. c.); 20, PIpfHDg (Bens. Jahresb., zzvii. 252); 21, r. Merz (Viert Gtos. Zurich, 1861, Kenng., I860); 22, Scbwalbe (ib., vii 20, Kenng., 1861, 68; 23, Michaelson ((Effr. Ak. Stodch., 1863, 199); 24, Murray (Bamm. 2d SuppL, 60); 26, Bonsdorff (L a); 26, Bammelaberg (Ist Suppl, 73); 27, Meitaendorf (Pogg UL 626); 28, Sdieerer (Pogg., hcxxiv. 331); 29, Bichter (ib.); 30, Sdieerer Q. c).
3. AniholUe: Magneata-Irtm AmphSboU, 81, Thomson (Eec. Gen. 8cL, xrii); 82. Bedc (Thi* Min., 1860, 692); 83, Lappe (Pogg., zxzY. 486).
4. AmplMboU. 84, Igelstrom ((EfV. Ak. StoddL 1867, 12, B. H. Zt 1867, 21); 36, Michaelson (L a)
6. OwnmingtcwUe: Iron-Mognma AmphiboU. 36, 87, ft Brush (Am. J. Sd., IL xri 48).
6. DamnemorUe : Irtm'Mcmganeae AmphiboU. 38, Erdmann (Dannemora Jom-Upaalai Storkhohn, 1861, 51); 89, Igelstr6m (B. H. Ztg., 28).
7. Oruneriie: Iron AnyiboU, 40, GrOner (a B., zxiy. 794).
8. 41, Bammelsberg (Pogg., bdL 148); 42, 43, Schafhftutl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., iItL 888); 44, 46, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phya, m. xvl); 46, 47, Sdieerer (Pogg., IzxzIt. 879); 48, 49. L E. ▼. Fellenberg (Nat Gtoa. Bern, 1866, 112) :
Si Si t'e An
1. Wermland, w.
<r.
14*71
2. Fahlun, w.
1-00 0-47
8. palegrem
1*18 0-86
4. 6t (Jotluurd, vk
0-60 -—
25*43
a) 68-56
26*68
12*68
8. Sweden, yi0
n7
28*19
9. 3Caneet8ok, GM., ywh.
28*92
10. Oaklowa
26
18*8
11. GouTemeur. K. T., w.
24*69
12. Gumd
67*62
— .
0-84 —
0-10, F 100 86 BL 015, P B. 0*20, F 0-86=99-30 Midi — -=97'34 Damoor. 1*20 (ftF)=99-90 Bichter 0*84 (ftF)=99'42Bamm. 1-62=100-40 LMdiaitier. 0-18 (A Banue 3-83 (k F)=99-43 Bamm.
=99*48
Bibili0Ate8.
11 Icwy
14. Ooooflid, F&
11. SIkrthai, erysl IS. Aieodal, gy.'gn.
20. Heiangfora, gy.
23. Oiryarhri, ifiL-R.
21 Tibei] wl&e8fitf 2£i TventBtae
26. JTymafm
27. ZiUerthal 28L Tyrol
30. Zillffthal, Boek Cork
3L Tyrol, Jjvte 81 Statra Id " SlKorok
Sf
£1
tB
An
Ag
Ca
6&'76
ir.
68*26
— — .
12*40
13*60
'
vn Atnibole; Asbestifonn.
4. Bicbtbbixe; MagnetiO'LifM'Manganeae Amphiboly.
U. PluBbeig
ti. LoDgban, FlnL
52-23 1-36 11-37 21-08
64-16 0-62 1-77 6*09 20*18
&. CuxiaHQiovm ; IronfMnfniena Amphibole,
36. Cufflmington 61-09 0-96 32-07 1*60 10-29
37. " 60*74 0-89 8814 1-77 1081
6. DAaxEMOBin ; Inrn'Mcmganese AmphSboU,
Sa. Omnemoia 48-89 1-46 38-21 8-46 39. Bnmajd Atibefemtt 46-26 40 40
7. GSDMMU'M; Inn AmpkSboU,
, F l-16=100-62 B.
l-03=:98 Seybert 0-80, STa 0-80, 6 0 26s 99-211Luiil =99-18 Furohjelm.
1-29=99-06 Ramm.
2'20=1U0'86 Ramm.
8-60=99-89 Richter.
, F 0-83=99-81 Men.
, F 0-29=10l-O7 Sch.
1-02, Fo 0-56, 0-48, &
0-88=100*66 MichaelBOii. =100-06 Murray.
0-14, F 0-6=99-46 B. —=100-21 Ramm. =99-39 MeitzendorC
2-36=100*25 Scheerer.
2-15, Ott 0-40 Richter.
2-48=100*24 Scheerer.
6-28=100-62 Thomson. 2-25=100 Beck.
>=100Lappe.
6-20 .Sa, 4 8-82=1001
6-06 0-12, Fe 2-80 Jffa 2*77, S 6-87=99-83 MichaelBon.
ir. 8-04 ffa 0-76, 4
99-69 & A B
100-43 & ft B
0-78 =100-67 Erdmann.
2-47=100 Igelstrom
M-GoOohridras
Hiphbub.
64*68
0-68=100-97 Ramm.
0*82
0-26, 4 0-80=99-23 a
U. M
0-27, t, 0 80=99-74 &
U.
=98-76 Damour.
u.
=98-15 Damour.
26*91
2-65=100-18 Scheerer.
41. H. Zealand
2-50—100-48 Scheerer.
48. Swiaa Lake-faab.
(I) 66-83
13*02
3-18=100 66 Fell
iDiaaL a.s2-99j anal 6 and 8, G.=2-93; anal 11, a.=8*0; anal 12, G.=3-003 ; anal 17 <3=3d67j anal 18, a.=3*026; anal 19, a.=3-004; anal 20, G.=3*166; anal 28, a.=8-08 *BiL 41, CL=2-96 ; anal 44, 16, a.=2-97.
Oxtosn Oompounds.
n. Aluiovoub YABDnm.
1. Edekitk: Magnetia-LifM AmplUboU, Analyses: 1, Bammekberg (Pogg, cdi. 441); I Gigaxider (J. pr. ClL, xliL 464) ; 8, Bammelsberg 0. c.); 4, 0. GmeUn (Ak. H. Stockh. 1816); 6. Bonsdorff (Scow. J., zxxi. 414, . 123); 6, 7, RammelBbeig (La); 8, BonedorlT (1* c.).
2. PargaiU hud. Hornblende 9, T. R Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 46); 10| Bonsdorff (Lu); 11, 12, Hisinger (. J., zxxL 289); 13, 8uckow (Die Yerwitt, 143); 14, Delesse (Ann. d 11, xvi. 32X, 1849); 16, Kudematsoh (Pogg., xxxii 686); 16, Kossin (Bamm., Min. Ch., 4y2); 17, Bonsdorff (L c.); 18, Henry (6. Rose, Beise Ural, I S88); 19, Hlsinger (L c); 20, Clausbrucb (Ramm., Ist SuppL, 72); 21, Strure (Pogg., vii. 360); 22, Rammelsberg (ib., IxxxiiL 458); 23 24, Waltershausen (Vulk. Oest, HI); 26, Delesse (Mem. Soc. d'emul da Doube, 1847); Sharpies (Am. J. ScL, II. zUi 271); 27, Kudernatsch (L &); 28, Bonsdorff (L a); 29-86, Bua jielsberg (Pogg., dii. 444) ; 86, Delesse (Ann. d. M., xvL 323); 87-40, Bammelsberg (La); 41, Puzyrersky (Jahrb. Min., 1866, 362); 42, Moberg (J. pr. Ch , xlii 464) ; 43, Waltershausen (I c.); 14, Hisinger (L c.); 46, DeTille (Et G. Teneriffe, 1848).
3. NoBAUTB; Alwminou8 Irtm-Limt Amphibole, 46, 47, Klaproth (Beitr., ▼. 160); 48, Sun nelsberg (L a, 447); 49, Schultz (Bamm. Min. (3h., 996).
5. SxASAODm. 61, T. & Hunt (Aul J. 8oi., IL zxril 848); 62, Boulanger (Ann. d. M., fiS 159):
1. EDiNm; Alwniwnu MagnenorLime Amphiboly
Si
Si
9e
An ftg Ca JTa & a F
1. EdenyiQe, ffy.
6'75
23-37 lii'42 0-76 0*84 0-46 =98-12 &
2. Storgord, FinL
89*87
16*87
2*89
21-46 17-61 =96-20 a
8. Pargas, gtk
2*27
21-22 13-70 2-48 l-2i) 110 2-76=98*60 R.
4. palein.
8*97
18 97 10-04 1-83 =97 49 6.
0 36 19-03 13-96 061 2 86, ganguf
0-48=98-47 Bonsdorff
6. Monroe, bh.-gy.
45*93
tr. 8112 12*22 224 0*98 059 =100 34R
7. Saualpe, 6n.
49'3S
1*72
1714 9 91 2-26 0*68 029 0-21=9918 R.
8. Aker, gy.
0-67 21-86 12-78 044 09 =90-98 R
2. Paroasite and Hobnblendb; Aiuminoua MagneBta-Lime'Jron AmphiMt.
a. (}ontaining not over 10 p. a of ozyd of iron
9. Madawaska B.
55*06 4-50 -
20-96 13-44
=100-14a
10. Pargas
45-69 12*18 -
0-22 18-79 1888
1-42=99-46 B.
41-60 15*76 -
7*75
0-25 19-40 14-09
=f7-24 H.
12. lindbo
45*37 13-82 -
1-60 16-34 13-92
=98-91 fl.
13. Fillefjofd, Korw.
45-37 14*81
1 — 8-74
1-50 14-33 14 91
=99-6 &
14. Th'-Uot, gn.
60-04 8-96 -
— 9-59
0-20 18-02 11-48 0-81 0 08 069
, 0-24=
100 Delesse.
15. B'Wtnrudgrube
49-07 9*24 -
— 9-77
20-29 10-33
=98-70 K.
Containing oyer
10 p. a of oxyd of iron and under 20 p. a
16. Zsidoyacx
46-01 10*49 -
— 10-03
3-46 169 13-80
=98 88 Jl
17 Wetterau
42-24 13-92 -
— 14-59
0-83 13-74 12-24
—
=97-06 B.
45*18 11*34 -
— 16-16
17-56 9-87
=liK.i-10E
19. Slatmyran
47-62 7-88 -
— 16-78
0-32 14-81 12-69
=98-60 H.
VO. Oarinthia
46-08 8-37 -
— 17-44
18-48 10-23
=1041-65 C
21. Bilin, Bohem.
40-08 17-59 -
— 12-82
18-50 1101
0-89 0-18 0 18
l-04=98-67 &
22. Hartlingen
42-62 11-00 -
— 16*59
13-46 12-26
1-71 1-92
, ft 1-01
10046 Bamm.
23. Etna
39-75 15-29 -
— 1440
1-06 13-01 12*99
. — 1-02
=97-54 W
24 "
40-91 18-68 -
— 17-49
tr. 18-19 13-44
=99-56 W
25. Scrvanoe
47-40 7*15 -
— 15-40
16-27 10-83
2-96 1-Ou
=lO0 Dei
26. Birmingham, Pa.
47*77 7-69 -
— 15-41
0-26 16-38 1316
— 8h.
27. 31 1188 -
— 15-93
14-28 10-49
, Tl 0-66S
Nordmark, Werm.48-88 7*48 -
— 18-76
1-16 13*61 10-16
0-60 0 41=100-89 B
Bi8Ilicate8. 23V)
fli 21 9b {"e An fig Ca JTa ft a F
101*28 Bamm.
99 10 Bamm.
98*34 Bamm.
99*67 Bamm.
c Contaiiiiiig o?er 20 pi a of oxyds of iron and manganese united.
34 41*99 11-66 22 22 12*59 9*55 1-02 1-47 =100 D.
98*59 Il
98*70 Bamm.
8. Nobauib; Ahmiinou JironlMne AfnphiboU.
98*63 Bamnk
4. GAMBieRADRB; Almninoua Irvn-Monifaneae Amphtbob,
0*61=99*15 Hunt
99*40 Boolaiiger.
la anal 1, O.=3059; anal 8, a=8104; anaL 6, a.=3*123; anaL 7, G.=3*102, /a/=124' V-114 12' ; anaL 6, called grammatite ; anal. 9, G.=3*(>54, High Falls of the Madawaska, Can. ; ual 14, 0.=8-059; 15, near Kongsberg, anaL 16, 6.=8'136; anaL 21, in basalt; 22, in inekyte; anaL 26 G.=3*114, in syenite; anaL 29, G.=3'282, in a block firom Somma; anaL 80, 6.s:S'270 in basaltic tufa; anaL 31, G.=8*225, in basaltic wacke ; anal. 32, G.=8*277 ; anal 33, G.-3-266, in tnohyte; anaL 34, G.=8'214: anaL 85, G.=3*216; 36, in diorite; anaL 87, G.= 5W: miL 38, G.=8*378; anaL 39, 40, G.=8*287, /a/=124** 7', in aircon-syenite ; anaL 41, &=3'>8, in sircon-syenite ; anaL 48, G =3*428, often called jEgirine; anaL 49. G.=3'25, with oHBetits; anaL 51, from euphotide of Alps; anaL 52, from euphotide of Finmalto Ooraica
lathaTesiiTius amphibole {synioffmaiHe Breith.) Hitscherlich found Fe 9*96 and 19*30; atlie Hinlingen, reapectiTely, 6*63 and tf*45 ; in the Wolsbeig 13*25 and 2-59; in the Arendal,
tmairagdde of Oorska aflfbrded Vauqnelin, in an imperfect analysis (Bend. Min., IL 134 Si Mt, il si-o, lilg 6-0 Ca 13*0, ozyd of iron 5*5, <Sr 7*5, On 1*5=104*5
Oxtoen Oomfoitkdb.
Au aeUmaiUie rock from 81 Frauds, Canada, afforded T. S. Hunt (Bep. G. Oan IMS, 466) § 62'80, Xl 1-30, Mg 21-60, Ca 16-00, fe 6-76, tr., ign. 3-10=99-95.
The BysadUe of Sauasure, Dauphiny, as analrsed bj Yauquelln and ICacqnart (J. 8oa Philom, No. 64), afforded Si 47, Fe 20, Un 10*0, liCg 9*3, Oa 11*8=96 '6. Oocun with a black oxjd of manganese.
The analysis by Thomson (Ann. Lya N. H. N. York, iil 60X referred by Shepard to boUanUe, if shown by B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. ScL, IL viil 391X to pertain probably to an actinolite from Bolton.
The fluorine in many hornblendes is supposed to exist as fluorid of caldnm, and this ingredient, aooording to Bonsdorff, may constitute 1 part in 6 of the mineraL
Pyr., etc. — The obseryations under pyroxene apply also to this speciea, it being impoosiUe to distinguish the varieties by blowpipe dukracters alone.
Jaomorjjhous and Dimorphaus rekUiona to JPyroxenc—Tbe analogy In composition between pyroxene and hornblende has been abundantly illustrated. They have the same general formuk ; and under this formula there is but one difference of any importance, tIs that Hme is a prominent ingredient in aU the Tarieties of pyroxene, while it is wanting, or nearly ao in some of those of hornblende.
The analogy between the two spedes in crystallisation, or their essential isomorphism, was pointed out by G. Bose in 1831, who showed that the forms of both were referrible to one and
the same flindamental form. The prism / of hornblende corresponds in angle to -2 of pyroxene; that is, if the horizontal axes of the latter spedes be &: e, those of the former wHI heb:2e. Vrvhing ttom the angle /A /in pyroxene, 87° 6', the angle of -2 la predsoly 124* 30', or the angle /A / in hornblende. The annexed table exhibits the symbols of the planes in hornblende as they would be oo the augite type.
But while thus isomorphous In axial relations or form, they are also tUmorphous. For (1) the dearage in pyroxene is parallel to the prism of 87 6', and in hornblende to that of 124". (2) The oocnrrmg secondary planes of the latter are in general diverse from thoas of Qie former, so that the crystals differ strikingly in habit or ajTslem of modifications. Moreover, in pyroxene columnar and fine fibrous forms are uncommon ; in hornblende, exceedingly common. (3) Tfaa several chemical compounds under pyroxene have oae4eni higher spedflc gravity than the corresponding ones under hornblende ; that is, a compound (as, for example, (i Ca+i Mg)* Si*) having O.a-iS under the former, has approxiinately, 0.==2'96 under the latter.
Again, twins occur composed part of amphibole and part of pyroxene, a fact bearing on the isomorphism and dimorphism of the spedes.
Obs. — Amphibole occura in many crystalline limestones, and metamorphic granitic and ediistose rocks, and sparingly in serpentine, and volcanic or igneous rocks. lmoUte, the magnet lime variety, is espedally common in limestones, particularly magnesian or dolomitic; actinoliKe, the magnesia-lime-iron variety, in steatitic rocks ; and brown, dark-green, and black hornblende, in dilorite schist, mica schist, gneiss, and in various other rocks of which it forms a oonstitneol part Asbestus is often found in connection with serpentine.
BonMend-rock or ampJuMyte consists of massive hornblende of a dark greenish-black or blfto: color, and has a granular texture. OccasionaUy the green hornblende, or actinolite oeour* in rock-masses, as at St Francis, in Canada.
HoriiUendeiiai has the same composition as amphibolyte, but is sdiistose or slaty in stra ture. It often contains a little feldspar. In some varieties of it the hornblende is in pert in minute needles. Diabase is a fine-grained, compact hornblende-rock, tough and heavy.
Aphanyte (or oomeine) is hke diabase, but is without distinct grains (whence the name, from i'ivm unmamft8t\ and breaks with a smooth flint-like fracture.
Syenilt is a granite-like rock, containing hornblende along with quarts and ortliodase feldeper. Dioryte is a similar rode, grayish-white to nearly black in color, consisting of horublende and albite. HomUendic or eyeniUc gneiss has the same constitution as syenite, but differ in hariiK e gneissoid or semischistose structure.
Bombkndic granite contains hornblende in addition to the ordinary constituents of grenitn, qtia-*' feldspar, and mica. Cfneiss and mica schist are often hamblendic in the same w. The nomblende in mica schist is usually in prisms, either stout or adcular, which sometimes aggregated in sheaf-like tufts. The fasciadite of Hitchcock is merely this tufted homblendeu
The dark-green antique porphyry contains hornblende in its compact) diabase-like maea, therefore called diabaseporphyry. G.=2'9— 8*0.
"U
f-6
2t
1-f
Bi8Ili0Atss. 241
HonlikDdB ifl often diMeminftted in black prismatic dystals through traohyte, and also thiough otiur igneous rodcfl, eepedallj the feldspathic kinds.
AfiMe oonaistB of a whitish or greenish compact base of varying constitution, with imbedded mangdite. The euphotideof Oondca has been added oorntyie (p. 235X The sauaau/riie, as showu b; Hont (Am. J. ScL, zzTiil 336X is either compact Hmspidote as that of the Alps, compact fMMiti, as that of Ht Qendvre, or compact /etdspar; these different kinds being distinguishable ltfaeiripectflo gravity.
Tt compact tremolite called fiArtfo is found hi talcose rock or schist, and granular limestone Aung and Teplits m Bohemia, Tunaberg in Sweden, and Pargas in Finland, afford fine sped- DHtt of the daric-colored hornblendes. AcHnoHie oocurs at Saltzburg and Greiner in the Zillerthal ; Atgwiife at St Gothard, in granular limestone or dolomite, the Tjto\ the Bannat, Gulsjd in Sweden, 6ta: Otkmik occurs at Normarken hi Sweden, in prisms in seipentine. Aabestus is found in Sifor, Saltzburg, the Tyrol ; also in the island of Corsica, where it is so abundant that Dolomieu mjkjtA it in packing his minerals. Bock cork is obtained in Saxony, Portsoy, and Leadhills, vbere abo mountain leather occurs. Oisans, in France, affords a variety of amianthus, composed of ilbree baring some degree of elastidty ; it is the amikmihoide of Haiiy.
In the TTnited States, in Maine black crystals occur at Thomaston, at Moultenboro in syenite ; pvgaaite at Phipsburg and Fi&rsonsfleld ; radiated or asbestiform actinolite at Unity; tremolite at ThomaatoD and Raymond. In If. ffamp black crystids at Franconia. In Vermani glassy and ra- (fitted actinolite in the steatite quarries of Windhiun, Readsboro', and New Fane. In ifoaa., white CTfstaia at Lee (1 m. S.W. of the meeting-house), and at Newberg; glassy and radiated actinobUi at Middlefield and Bhinford; radiated actinolite at Carlisle, Pelham, Windsor, Lee, and Great Barlingtoa; black crystals at Chester; asbestus at Brighton, Shef&eld, Pelham, Newbury, Dedham; commiogtooite at Cummlngton and Plainfleld. In Oonn in large flattened white crystals and in bladed and fibrous forms (tremolite) in dolomite, Canaan, between the Falls and the nost-olBo aad also at oer places hi Litchfield Co. ; asbestus at West Farms, Wmchester, and Wilton, and with moontain leather formerly at the Milford serpentine quarries. In K Tark in good black cryBtali at WUlsboro', presenting interesting forms; also near the bridge at Potodam, St Lawrence Co.; near Greenwood Furnace, and hi Warwick, Orange Co. (f. 229); dark green oyitala near Two Ponds, and also 1 m. N., 2i m. N., and 1 m. S., of Edenville, together with gny or hair-brown ciystahi and tremolite, sphene, and chondrodite, in granular limestone ; of TBriooa forms and colors, and often in large and perfect crystals, near Amity; in dark graen crystals, with ilmenlte, at the Stirling mines. Orange Co. ; in short green crystals at GoQTerneur, sometimes 2 or 3 in. m diameter, along with apatite ; in Bessie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow, the Tsriety paigasito in neat bright green crystals ; glassy and radiated actinolite near a hamlet oiled PGcksville, in FishkiU ; radiated at Brown's serpentine quarry, 8 m. N. W. of Carmel, Putnam Oa; in large white crystals at Diana, Lewis Co. ; radiated and bladed tremolite at Dover, Eingsbridge, the Eastobester quarries, Hastings, and near Tonkera, in Westohestor Co. : at Kuapp's quarry, Patterson, in Putnam Co., and on the banks of Yellow lake and elsewhere in St. Lawrence Co. ; asbestus, near Greenwood Furnace ; Bogere's farm in Patterson ; Colton rock and Hustis's brm in Phlllipstown, Putnam Co. ; near the Quarantine in Richmond Co., where the fibres are two to three feet long. In N. Jersey, tremolite or gny amphibole in good crystals at Bryam, and other vanetisi of the species at Frankh'n and Newton ; radiated actinolite at Franklin ; tremolite at JttiUin; asbestus and mountain leather at Brunswick. In Fenn., actinolite mTrovidence, at IGneral Hill, in Delaware Co. ; at Unionville ; at Eennott, Chester Co., often in fine crystals ; ttmolite with asbestus at Chestnut HiU near the Wissahiocon, near Philadelphia, at London Qrov8 Chester Co. ; nephrite at Easton. In Maryland, actinolite and asbestus at the Bare Hills ia aerpentine ; asbestus at Cooptown. In Virginia, actmolite at Willis's Mt, in Buckingham Co. ; intus at Bamet's Mills, Fauquier Ca
Alt— The alterations of amphibole are similar to those of pyroxene (see page 220). The fibrous nd diallage-like varieties are especially liable to take up water, owing to the finely or thinly Prided state of the mineral. Talc, steatite, serpentine, chlorite, biotite, plnite, chabasito, limonite, ttgnettte, iron ochre, are among the reported results of alteration.
At nxoenau, a magnesia-mica, a chlorite, and also (as an after product the chlorite) ironhn, oooor as pseudomorphs after hornblende (v. Fritsch, ZS. Geol Ges., xil 104). GroppHe, perhaps roeiie, as suggested to the author by L. Sesmann (4th edit, p. 287), may be altered Pilpiite. Tenth describes the asbestiform or fibrous serpentine of Texas and Providence, Pa., the (otttniortte as altered asbestus, and a chrysolice of Dekware Co., Pa., as altered actmolite (J.SciU.xxxiiL203).
ThefoOowing are analyses of altered amphiboles: 1, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. Sd, 11. xvi. 49); J. Thoiaaon (ICn., i 209); 3, a A. Joy (Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., viiL 123) ; 4, 6, Beck (Min. N. Y, 3J0; Suckow (Die Verwitt Min., 148); 7, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. x. 317); 8, Wiehagc ttVB. Hin. Oh 499); 9, KadreU (Pogg., bdL 142) ; 10, Schults (Bamm. Mm. Ch., 499) ; 11, T & ButlPhiL Mag IV*., it 66, and Bap. G. Can. 1863, 491):
842 0Xt6Sk Oompounds.
Si Si f'e An ftg 6a JTa fi
l.irydmftop*yafaiK.T. 168-88 tr. S-IB 29-34 0-88 2-2e,'.=99-fi7aAB
4. Warwick 86-00 32-33 20*70 10 80 =98-83 Beck.
Fillef jeld, Nor. 40-32 17*49 Fe 18*26 2*14 9 23 5*37 — Sockow
U. Loganiie 83-28 13-30 Fol-92 35-50 18*00=100 T. & Hunt
Anal. 4, 5, crystals haying the angles of hornblende, ateatitio in feel and hardness; 6, day-like; 7, from a micaoeons porphjiy at Traits-de-Boche, smaU prisms: 8. from trachyte at MQrgaiette kreuz; 9, large crystals, G.=2'94, from Wolfsberg, near Gemosin in Bohemia; 10, soft greeaiflh* brovm crystak; 11, assodated with pale-green serpentine, phlogopite, and apatite, in Lanrentian crystalline limestone, and having the form and cleavage of hymblende, though edges rounded ; Il about 124°.
The hydnus anffi€phylUl$ of New York Island oocnrs in place near the comer of 59th street and 1 0th avenue, and also in many places in boulders. The variations in the analyses, as well as lo the aspect of the material, show that it is a result of the alteration of an asbestiform tremolite.
247 A. WALDHXiMm. (Amphibol &hnliches Min. von Waldheim A. Knop Ann. Ch. Fharm., ex. 363, 1859; Waldheimit Ramm Min. Oh., 780, 1860.) An amphibole-like mineral, contains much Mcto, and is peculiar also in its excess of silica, both suggesting that it may be amphibole altered by the alkaline process. It occurs in veins an inch thick, and resembles actinelite. H.=5; 0.= 2-957; color leek-green; translucent. Oomposition, according to Knop and BolKnann, the silica in each being a mean of two determinations (Ann. Gh. Pharm., ex. 368)*
Si
&
te
ftn
Hg
Oa
JTa
0*25
11*53
12-88=100-05 Knop.
11*12
10*28
12*61 Hoi&nann.
58*45
1*74
10*76
It lost 0-5 a by ignition. The oxygen ratio for ft, fi, Si is 11*84 : 0*80 : 31*24.
From serpentine at Waldheim iu Saxony. The large amount of soda present suggests a relation to arfvedsonite. It is to be observed that the excess ofsfHioa occurs along wiUi an nnnsual proportion of alkaH.
247B. KoKSCHABOFFiTB. (Kokscharowit JV: NorderuikioH Bull Soa Nat Moscow, xxx. 223, 1857.) Like tremolite in appearanoe. /A /=124''— 124° 5', Kokscharof. In aggregations of prisms, with acute edges replaced Cleavage: I, two, equal, very distinct H.=5— 5*5. 6.= 2*97. Lustre subadamantine to vitreous. Colorless, dirty-white; brown to dark-brown from impurity. Subtranslucent Fracture splintery.
An analysis by Hermann (J. pr. Ch., IxxxviiL 197) afforded:
Si a tQ &g Oa fa & ign.
Giving the 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si 11*19 : 8*50 : 24*52 ; or, for ft+fi, Si 19-69 : 24-62=1 : 1*25; for ft : fi + Si 11-19 : 33*02. It appears to be, like edonfte, a magnesia-lunS amphibole, but witii a very large proportion of alumina) and moreover, part of the alomina must be basic if it oomea under the usual amphibole formula.
lu a dosed tube only traoes of water. B.B. in the forceps ftises easily to a white transtnoent pearl, coloring the flame yellow; with borax a dear odorless glass.
Occurs associated with lapis-lasuli near h. Baikal, in Siberia. Named after the Bnasian nuner* aloglst, Kokscharof
2470. SoHBFrEBiTB BreU/k (B. H. Ztg xxiv. 429). Breithaupt has referred to schelferite of MichaeUon a mineral of the same loodity — Longban, with rhodonite — whidi differs from it widely in composition, if the analyses may be trusted. Moreover, it occurs in crystals, while the true schefferite is known only massive. The following are its diameters:
Monodinic; /A 7=120'' 45'; basal plane (x) on f-t=147*' 80'. or to the axis. TbeciysUL has the planes i-i, the basal plane referred to, and a hemidome on the acute angle In front Cleavage : rather distinct in one direction, perhaps also parallel to & Mostly massive, flue - lar. H.=5— 5*5. O. =3*433—3*436. Lustre vitreous. Color chestnut to dove and laddiafa brown. Streak pale yellowish-gray. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Bisilioateb.
(La):
An ]!in
ftg
6a
6-78 0-20
OoBporitfoB Moordlito Dr. Winkler (L a)
Si 21 9e
40*50 1-42 26*43
Tb boB was ftfloertned to be all sesqaiozyd. The analTsis afforded also 808 Ca 0, and 0*01 tn C. It reqiibea farther atnd/.
248. IKPVBDBONZTB. Brooke Ann. FhO, r. 381, 1823. AifWedaonit Soda-hornblende.
Pirobably monocUnic. /A 7=123 55', Brooke; 123 50' v. KobeU; Brdthanpt; abont 124'' 40', Brevig mineral, IJescloizeaux. deavage : perfect parallel to /; imperfect to t-l. Also cleavable massive.
a=6. G.=3-44, Brooke ; 3-829— 3-840, Breithaupt; 3-589, Rammelsbeig. Lnstre vitreous. Color pure black ; in thin scales, deep green, Oreenland, or brown, Brevig. Streak grayidi-green. Opaque except in very thin splinters. Fracture imperfectfy conchoidal.
Oomp.— Sft*Si'+89eSi* Banun., whioh, making ft=ii*e+i]$ra,
00 KflqniozTd of iion 26-9, protozyd of iron 121, soda lO'S-lOO. 36"Si*+2Fe§i", v.EobeU, Analyaea: 1, Thomson (Min., L 483); 2, y. KobeU (J. pr. Oh., ziiL 8, and zcL 449); 3, Bammelaberg (Pogg ciiL 292, 306); 4, Plantamour (J. pr. Oh., zzIt. 800):
iSTa & 01 ign.
— — O-OSrsOS-n T.
8*00 tr. 0-24 =9817 K.
10-58 0-68 0*16=98*29 B.
7*79 2*96, ft 202=:100*99 PL
la the abore aDalyaea the degree of oxidation of the iron was determined only in those by Rammetoberg and t. KobelL A. Mitscherlich has obtained (J. pr. Ol, Izzxyi. U) for the Greenland A, Fe 25*37, $'e5'93.
Pyr., eto.— B.BL fuses at 2 with intnmescenoe to a black magnetic globnle; colors the flame yelknr (soda) ; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Not acted npon by adds.
Oba. — Ooeors in black hornblende-like crystals at EangerdUnarsuk in Greenland, with sodalite, enalyte, and feldspar ; also in siroon-syenite in Norway, at Brevig, and in beds of magnetite at ArendaL Beported also ftom Horberigberg, near Oberbergen, with ittnerite and ilmenite. The Br9?ig mineral, analysed by Plantamour, has been referred to iBgirwe. The angle given de> tenaiDes its relation to the amphibole snb-group.
349. GROOZDOIiTFB. Blaa-Eisenstein (fr. a AiHca) fZopr., ICag. BerL Ges. K. Fr., ▼. 72, 1811, Beitr., vL 237, 1815. KrokydoUth HiKtsnL, OeL Ana. Gott, 1585, 1881. Bins
Si
9e
tB
An
Oa
I. Gfeeolaiid 60*51
7*46
.
1*56
2*00
14*58
0*62
r.
23*75
1*12
0*90
2*08
4. Brerig 46-57
8*41
24*88
5*88
Fibrous asbestus-like ; fibres long but delicate, and easily separable, ilflo massive or earthy.
H. =4w Q. 3-2 — 8-265. Lustre sil. Color and streak lavender-blue or leek-green. Opaque. Fibres somewhat elastic.
GoaspTbe analyaea by Stromeyer afford nearly ft* Si* + 2 fit ; but the degree of oxydation of tteina is undetermined. Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer (Pogg., ziilL 153); 8, Delesse (Ann. d
Si je fin Kig Ca JTa tL
yr., etc — In fbe doaed tube yields a small amount of alkaline water. B.BL Aisea easily witb Bttoe to a Uaok magneto gasa, coloring the flame yellow With the fluxes giTCS for itoiL Unarted npon by acdda.
244 OXTOEN COMFOUinM.
Obs. — Occnrs in Soath Africa, in the Griqna counirj, beyond the Great Orange river, 700 n" up from the Cape of Good Hope ; in a micaceouB porphyry at Wembach in the Voagea (anaL H) ; at StaTem, Norway, in ziroon-syenitei along with arfVedsonite, to which it is doaely related, and of which| as has been snggested, it may be a flbrona or asbeetiform yaiietj ; at GoUing in Salzburg, in gypsum with blue quartz; at Rtdui, near Domasobow in MoraTia, with a ferragmooi dolomite ; in Greenland, both fibrous and earthy. In the African, the fibres of the fibrous seami or masses make an angle of about 106'' with the opposite surfaces of the seam, according toHausmann ; and the same author states (Handb., 743, 17) that a cylinder of it tIt of an inch in diameter, supported 91 Hanorerian pounds before breaking while one of asbestus, yJru of aa itch in diameter, broke with a weight of 6 ounces.
The Stavem mineral, referred here by Haunmann, is the FUMriger Siderlt Leonh OehL J., m. 101, and Fasriges Biaenldau ffaunn Handb., 1076, 1813.
Named xpoKig (or rpoff6f), woo/, in allusion to its fibrous structure.
260. WXOHTL8ITB. LaurerUi Ann. Ch. Phys., lix. 107, 1886. Wiohtidt Bammam.
Massive ; cleavage parallel to the sides of a rhombic prism, nearly rectangular, according to Laurent.
Scratches glass. G.=3-03. Color black. Lustre dull. Fracture anga* lor, or flat conchoidal.
Oompift'-f S) Si*. Analyses: 1, Laurent (L a); 2, StrSmborg (Aippe Finska Ifln., 17):
Si
Si
9e
te
ftg
Ca
JTa
66*8
6*0
8*6=99-1 Laurent
04*24
—
3*86
8*88, ftn 2*70=100-22 Stiomboig.
B.B. fuses to a black enamel and becomes magnetia Kot attadced by adds. From Wichtis in Finland. Dufrnoy observes that a specimen examined by him had nc cleavage. Gmelin has analyzed a mineral from a basaltic rode near Wetterau (Jahrb. Min., 1840, 649
oxene, but speaks of the composition as anomalous ; unlike the augites, the alumina does not replace any of the silica.
251. Olauoophanb Hausmamn GtoL Ans. Gott, 196, 1846. Orthorhombic or monodinia In distinct long thin six-sided prisms, made up of the planes / and and longitudinally striated. Also granular massive. H.=5*5. G.=3*]08 — 3*118. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color blue, lavender-blue, bluish-black, grayish. Streak-powder grayish-blue. Translucent to opaque. Brittle. Powder slightly magnetia
Oompi ft*+ 1 S) Si*. Analysis by Schnedermann (J. pr. Gh., xxxiv. 288) :
KB. becomes yellowish-brown, and melts easily and quietly to an dive-green glass. An iro reaction with the fluxes. In adds partly sduble.
Occurs at the island of Syra, one of the Gydades, in mica slate, along with garnet, hombleade, and mica. The name is from yXavti Uuish-freenf and faivu, I appear,
262. BORDAyAIiITB. Sordawalit N. KordeMkiold, FinL Min., 86, 1820.
Massive ; no cleavage apparent.
H.=2*5. G.=2*53— 2*58. Lustre vitreo-resinous, or like bitumen. Streak liver-brown. Color grayish or bluish-black. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp.— Analyses: 1, Kordenskidld (Lo.)\ 2, Wandealeben (N. Jahrb. Fhaim., L 82):
Si Si te tie P fi
1. 49-40 13-80 18-17 10*67 2*68 4-88= 99*10 KordenskidUL S. 47-70 16-66 Fe 21-32 10*21 2-26 — =9814 WandealebML
BI8ILI0ATES. 24d
doppoied bj Benelhifl to be a silioate mixed witii some of magoesi% the Bittcata xrieipoQding to (i (Ag, f'e)*+i &) Si*, which is eaaentiaUj the formula of widitiaite; but the Moond aoaljais makes the iron sesquiozyd.
BL& alone, it is difficoltlj Aisible to a blackish globule With borax it forms a green gass. 7 MlnblB in muriatic acid. Becomes reddish on exposure to the atmosphere.
Ftens tbin layers on trap, near the town of Sordavala in Finland; at Bodenmais in Bararia, it ii iMoriated with pyrrhotlte. It resembles pit-coal in appearance.
263. TAOBTLTTII. Taehyljrt (fr. SSsebuhl) BreUk Kaatn. Arch. Nat, yii. 112, 1836.
UassiTe without cleavage, looking like obfiidian or jgadolinite.
&=6-5. G.=2'665— 2'593. Lustre between vitreouB and resinous. Color pitdi-black, velvet-black to grayish-black. Brittle. In powder attractable by the magnet.
OoBipb— Analysis : Scbnedermann (Studien d. O. B. B. Fr., v. 100) :
Si Si An ftg Ca JTa & fi
Pjr., ate— B3. ftises easily with intumescence to a brown slag or opaque glass.
Oba.— Foimd at SasebQhl, between Dransfeld and Gttingen, in basalt and wacke.
253 A. Htalomxlaji Bautm Handb., 545, 1847. Gmelin referred to tachylyte a mineral froa I porous Tdcanic rock in the Yogelsgebirge, to which Hausmann has since applied the name kyaiomdaiL It is similar in aspect, structure, and hardness; G. =2*7144. Gmelins analysis (Fogg., ix. 234) afforded:
& Si te ftn ftg Ca ffa & Ti £[ ft Am
It affords approximately 3 fl, £1, Si But little reliance can be placed on results with such amorphous minerals. The species may be the same with tachylyte. Hausmann places near here the sloifffy augiU cf Karsteu, haying 0.= 2*666, from a limestone bed near Guiliana, Sidly, from iHiich Klaproth obtained (Beitr., iT. 190) Si 65-00, i&l 1650, le 13-75, Hn ftg 1*75, Ca loDO, ft 1-50.
A nmilar mineral in appearance is found on the north shore of Lake Superior; and also in a tiap dike at Johnsbuzg, Wanen Oo., K.T.
254 BBRTXi. 2VifHiy pt [rest CbrysoooUa, Malachite, eta, and other green stones] Theophr, Or, Bmaragdus pt [rest as above] +BeryUus (Ghrysoberyllus, Chrysoprasius incL) i%S xizYiL 15-20. Emerald; Beryl; Aquamarine. Smaragdus + BeryU WafL, Ifin., 117, 112, 1747. Smaragdus+Bloagron Topas (=Beryll, Aquamarin) OronsL Min., 44, 1758. Emvaode (ind. Emerald and Beryl or Aigue-marine,*' and Chtysolite du Brsil) de Lisk, Crist, 13 1772, iL 245, 1783 ; K, J. d. M., iv. 72, 1798, Tr., ii 1801. SchmaragdrfBeril WenL, the two as distinct sp. un& 1811. A sDicate of alumina with lime Achard Edelst., 47, 1779; rym., Opuso, U. 96, 1782 ; and others. A silicate of alumina and GLUCINA Vauq, J. d. Bl, ii 1798, Til 97, 1800 ; JT/opr., Beitr., ill 221, 1802. Dayidaonite (fir. near Aberdeen) Thomami L U7, 1886. Goehenite 8hep Min., L 143, 1844.
Hexagonal O A 1=150*' 3' ; a=0-499. Occurrine planes : 0 ; vertical, h% t-f ; hexag. pyramids, 1, f, 2, J/ ; 1-2, 2-2 ; dihexag. pyr., in zone,
M: /, 84, Hj IHf ; in other zones, 2HJ, 2, 6-f, 1H-
S46
Oztokh' Oomfoosds.
(?A34=
0 A 1=139° 0 A 2=130 58 0 A 2-#=130 68
O A 1-2=116° 37' O A 2-2=135 4 A 7=90 /A 7=120
ttl
Haddam, Ct
SSberia.
Cleavage : basal imperfect ; lateral indlBtinct Occasionally coarse columnar and laige granular.
H.=T'5--8. G.=2*63— 2*76. Lustre vitreous, sometimes resinous. Color emerald-green, pale green, passing into light-blue, yellow, and white. Streak white. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ; aids negative.
Var. — This spedes is one of the few that ooour only In GryatalBf and that have no eaaential variations in chemical oomposition. There are, however, two prominent gronpa dependent oo color, the color varying aa chrome or iron is present ; but only the mereat trace of either exists in any case. The crystals are nsually oblong prisma.
1. Emeraid. Color bright emerald-green, owing to the presence of chromium. GL=2'€t, tr, Muso, Lewy ; 2*63, flr. Pinu, Hofmeister ; 2*710—2-769, fir. Ural, Kammerer. Hardneaa a little less than for beryl, according to the lapidaries.
2. Beryl those of the spedes, excepting emerald-green, and due mainly to iron. G.= 2*694-2*695, transparent, colorless, fir. Ural; 2*681— 2*694 id., yellowish, id.; 2-702->2*T10, id, green, id.; 2*725, id., rose-red, id.; all by Kokscharof On cryst, see KokscharoC; Min. BoasL, L 147, iL 356, iii 72, iv. 125 ; Hessenbecg, Min. Not, r. 2& The varieties of beryl depending oo color are of importance in the arts, when the crystals are transparent enough to be of Talue as gems. The prindpal kinds are : (a) colorless ; (h) blui-green, called oiuimarifM a name suggested, though not used, by Pliny, where he says of it, " qui viriditaiem puri maris imitantor ;" apple-green ; (cQ greenish-yeUow to iron-yellow and honey-yellow (apparently ehrymiberyitm of Plmy and ardent jewelry) ; (e) pale yellowish-green (probably the chryiopraaiuM Plin, and perhaps his chrysoiiOiua in part, aa also in more modem times); (/) clear sapphire-blue QifyaeifUkomonitm of Plin.) ; {g) pale sky-blue {OBnUdea Plin.) ; (A) the pale violet or reddish (ometfUMs ftoMAraa Sage, Min., 231); (t) the opaque brownish-yellow, of waxy or greasy lustre. The abovo names bj Pliny are mentioned in his account of beryl The oritnial emerald of jewelry is emerald-oolored sapphire. DavideonUe is nothing but greenish-yellow beryl from near Aberdeen ; and goeheniU is a colorless or white variety from Goshen, Mass. (anal. 16).
Oomp.— 66*8, alumina 19*1, gudna 14*1=100. Analyses: 1, Dumenil (. J., . 487) ; 2, Berzelius (. J., xvl 265, 277) ; 8, 4, Moberg (Act Soc. Fenc IL 81); 5, Scheerer (Pogg., xliz. 683); 6, Bomtr&ger (Jahrb. Min., 1851, 185) : 7, W. Mayer (ib., 674); 8, 9, Miiller (J. pr. Ch lyiii 180); 10, Hofmeister (lb.. IxxzL 1); 11, 0. Gmelin (Pogg., I 180); 12, Mallet (Bamm. Min. Gh., 555, and 5th SuppL, 66); 13, Haughton (J. a. Soo, xviii. 417) 14, Hoddle (Phil Mag., zil 386); 16, Bdmeider (Bamm. Min. Oh., 556); 16, Mallet (Ana J. fid
Bi8Ili0Atb8.
llnB. jKlsproth (Beitr., iiL 216); 18, SchHeper (Bamin. 2nd SappL, 84); 19, Lewy {km, Gh. Fbjra., IIL liii 6); 20, Hofmeister (L a):
Beryl
U
u
LUnl 1 Broddbo 1 Xamels 4 Sonieio
8. FoMum 1 Heidelberg 7. Zwieael t TinehenrBih
9. Sdiwaraenbech
10. Boeenbach
11. Limoges 11 RiBiney 11 Donegal, L 14 JkmdsonUe 16. Anstralie 16b Goehen, Maaa. It. Mnao, Emerald
18. " " (I)
80. Heabachth.
Si
6fD0
68*86
66*61
66*18
66*97
16*60
17*60
16*61
19*64
19*9
20*0
14*49
16*36
te
Fe
1*63,
Ca 0*60=99-60 Domenfl.
fa 0-72=100*62 Beraeliaa.
fa 010=99-00 Moberg. =98*86 Moberg. Oa 0*18=99*91 Soheerer. 100*20 Bomtrager. Sin 0-11=99*68 Mayer. =100-7 Miiller. MiiUer.
Ca 0-28, Mg 0-12=99*86 HofinelatoK =98*68 Gmelin. =99*61 Mallet
Ca 0-43, Ag 0-18, fi 0-90=99-47 Ha Mg 3-10, 0-16=99*27 Heddle. =99-6 Schneider. Sin r.=99-13 Mallet <5r 0-30, Ca 0-26=98-30 Elaproth. Oa 1 64=101-05 Schlieper. iSr (r., ttg 0-90, la 0-70=99*80 Lewy. OaO'78, iKg 0-83=98-61 Hofmeiater.
In anal. 10, G.=2*66 ; anal 13, Q.= 2*686, firom Sheakin-roan in Donegal Go. The union of emerald and beryl in one speciea, which Pliny says vras auggeated in hia time, waa first recognized on cryatallographic groundia by De Liale, and more aatiafactorily ongh ineaanrementB of angles by Hauy ; and chemically by Yanqnelin.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone unchanged or becomea clouded; at a high temperature the edges are loonded, and ultimately a yesicnlar scoria is formed. Fusibility=6*6 (Kobell), Glass with borax, dear and colorless for beryl, a fine green for emerald. Slowly soluble with salt of phosphorus without leaving a siliceous skeleton. A yellowish Tariety from Broddbo and flubo yields with sodi traoea of tin. Unacted upon by acids.
Aooording to Lewy, the emerald of Muao becomes white at a red heat, and loaes, as a mean retttlt, 1 66 of water and 0*12 of organic matter, the latter consisting of 0*03 to 0*06 of hydrogen nd 0*09 to U-ti6 of carbon.
Oba. — Emeralds occur in clay slate, in isolated crystals or in nests (not in veins), near Muso, etc., ISoi.NJil'.E. of Bogota, N. Granada, a rock containing Oetaceous fosstilsin its limestone* concretions.' A. perfect hexagonal crystal from this locality, 2 in. lig, is m the cabinet of the Duke of Devonshire ; t measures acfoea ita three diameters 2i in., in., 11 in., and weighs 8 oa. 18 . ; owing to 3aw8, it is but partially fit for jewelry. Emeralds of less beauty, but much larger, occur in Siberia, on the river 'I'okowoia, K. of Katherinenberg, along with phenacite, chrysoboryl, apatite, rutile, etCLf imbedded in mica schist One specimen in the Royal collection measures 14 in. long and U broad, and weighs 16} lbs. troy : another is 7 in. long and 4 broad, and weighs 6 lbs. troy. Mognt Zalora, in Upper ypt, affords a less distinct varied, and was the only loosJity which was known to the ancients. Occurs about Heubachthal in Salzburg, in mica schist
] arena beryls are found in Siberia, Hindostan, and Brazil In Siberia they occur at the nenld mine mentioned, at Murslnka and Schaitanka, near Katherinenbeiv ; near Miask with xpas; m the mountains of Adun-Tschilon with topaz, and elsewhere; in Hindostan at Ganjar- gUB; and in Brazil on lUo San Mattea Some Siberian transparent crystals exceed a foot in jeogth. The most splendid aquamarine of which we have any account belongs to Don Pedro, and a from Brazil; it approaches in size, and also form, the head of a cal( and exhibits a crystalline "tnutore only on one side ; the rest is water-worn ; and it weiglis 2-j6 oz. troy, or more than 18 the specimen is transparent and without a flaw. Beautiful crystals also occur at Elba; the lia mioes of Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, and of Schlackenwald in Bohemia. Other localites are, ttMMoumc Mta., Ireland, Go. of Down; also Eilliuey near Dublin; yellowish-green at Bubislaw, 30V Aberdeen, ScoUand (davidsonite), and elsewhere in Aberdeenshire ; in small bluish crystals i*8L Midbael's Mount in Oomwall ; Limoges in France; Elnbo and Broiddbo in Sweden; Tamela
Uwy found the limestone to consist of Ca 0 47-8, % C 16-7, Mn C 0*6, Si 24*4, £l 6*6, ft 2*6, pyrite 0-6, alkaU 2*7=101*2.
:J48
Oxygen
nnd Bomera in FlnUnd ; Fomm In Nonray; PflUcber-Jodt, TjnH; Bodenmiii and Bilaiun
ID Bararia; in AiutroliB, tod elMwbera.
Berjla of pgantio dimaDsioiiB hsTs been foimd in the United SWes, in 2f. at Acvoith and Qrolton, and In Jfox it Bojalston; bnt thej nuatlj poor quality Que beryl boo Orafn weighs 2,800 lbs.; it is 83 In. thrangh in one direction sod 22 in anoUier tnnsvenq, oa ifl 4 r. 3 in. long. Anather oiTStel from this locality, according to ProC , meemru 45 Id by 24 in its dlanietori, Mtd a aingle foot Id length by catonlaHon weigh* i.OISIbi., making it inil Dearly H toui. At Boyilatoa, one oryUal exoMded a foot in 1ki(; Om amaUer cfjiltal* tn otlen limpid, and a yellowlah Tarlolf fonni a gem resembling duyaolite ; the colors an moMly aquamarine, graw-gieen, and yellowiah-green; one locali is in the aonthesat pert of fioyalMon, Dear the od the laod of ICr. Clarke ; the beat cryatala an imbedded tn quart* ; i ftiU better is tueted 4 m. beyond the old one in South Boyalstoo ; aome otyatals of s alcy-blue color in white quarts are beauttlbl.
Other locslItieB are in Maine, at Albany; at Nitfway; Bethel; Hebruo; in Vtra, large, with blaijc tourmaline and mica; at Bowdointiam and Topham, pale green or yellowUh' wmte, in veins of graphic granite; at Georgetown, PBtkei'i lalsnd, month of KennebM, In Jf. Earap., at Wilmot; atOomptOQ, sa good aa at Rodston. InJfiu, at Barre, excellent apedmcn*; at Pearl Hill in Fitchbuig, at Ocaben (goahenlte), and at Ohesterfleld. In Omn at Haddim, ini ibldapar vein in gneies, on the east side of the rirer, the orystals having the lenninalioQa Ibc ) twelfth of an inch transparent (fig. 281, the dotted line Indicating tba limit of the traaaparent don): also at the chrjioberyl locality ; the Middletown feldapor qostry; in Ohatliam, netrtha oobalt mine, in gnnite ; at Monroe, in a granite Teln, the crystal* oftea ooDsisting of diaplMcd
pieces separated by quarts (flg. 333) ; at MadiaoD, In beautlAil ocyatala. Id ian., at Leiperrilh and Chester, crystals scmndmes 10 to lU in. long and I. in diameter, with blade tounnaUne ; at
Mineral B
EokscbaroT obtained from Ural betyla for the angle Ofi 1, lfiO° S' M".
The species dicptaae and pf/rotmalile are homoiomorphoua with beryl, and have the aaoM (oygai ratio between the boaee and gilioa, if the water and chlorine be excluded.
Alt. — Kaolin, mica, limonite, and quartz, occur as pseudomorphs after beryl, the last two by nbsldtntioD, the others by alteraUon.
The change to ja the same essentially as In foldsper. An sltered beryl iVom TlisdieiilenUi afforded H. Hiitler (J. pr. Oh., Irili. 1S2) §i B8-S, £l '7, Fe 2-6, Se in'3, H £'6. Another, from Vilate, near Chanteloube, gave Damour (BuU. Q. Fr., H. to. 224) §i 4S'61, Si 38-86, Pe OW, fie 110, S 11.01= 10U-C5, corresponding to the oonunon kaolin fbnnula £l'-i-2fi.
206. Eudialyt Stromdyfr, OeL Ans GotL 1S19, 109S. Endyalite ivrope' OTOografAy. Ediolit SiAeerer, Fogg. IxxU. 6S1, 181T. EucoUta.
Ehombohedral. £ A Ji=126° 25', O A S {or 1)=U8'' 38', o=0-62733. Observed planes : 0 ; prisniB, /, t-2 ; rhombohecfrons, 1 (or Ji), 4, -8, -2, -4 ; pyramid, ; Bcalenohedroaa, 4', 4'.
S8i M6 0 A 2=129' 22°
(?A4=112 18
0 A 101 85
OAi-2=90
iOa/=90
t-2A4*=1661
i-2A4=14315
4a4=73S0
2 A 2=95 56
/At-2=150
9ry perfect, Ji imperfect ; in encolite -2 perfect. Also
3-01 ; 3-9036, Stroraeyer ; 2- damour ; 3-01, id., Scheerer.
198, Levy ; 2*906, Dauiour ; Lustre vitreoiis. Coloi
Bx8Ilicate8.
rosered, bliJah-red, brownish-red. Streak unoolored. Translncent to sub tniulacent. Fracture Bubconchoidal, splintery. Double refraction strong ; axis in endialjte positive ; in eucolite negative.
OomiMI ftVi 2r) Si*4-& Si*, Damonr. Anabrses: 1, Pfaff(. J., xzix. 1); 8, ly StromeTer (Gilb. .Ajul, bail 379) ; 4, BammelBberg (Pog, udil 142) ; 5, Damour (a B. zliiL, 197) G, Scheerer (Fogg., IzxiL 661) ; 7, Damour (L a) :
§1 2r fi I Etdiai 54-10 11*58
9e
Sin Ckk fTa La Ce Gl £[
7*86 2*98 10-80 1140
i
63-33 11*10 62-48 10*90 49-92 16*88
6*76 2-06
6-86 2*57
te 6*97 Ubil'lb
60-38 16-60 0-85 "6-37 " I'Ol 47-86 1406 Fe8-24 1*94 46-70 14-22 2*86 te 6*83 " 2-36
U-ll
18*92
13*10 11*69
1*11
0-80 1-66, Cu 0*92=r
101*66 PC 1*00 1-80=99*68 Strom. 1-00 1*80=99 71 Strom. 1-19 0-37, &0-66=
100*62 Ramm. 1-48 l'25=99-87 DamT.
0*94=100-37 Sch'r.
1-11 1*83=99*24 Dam'r.
BBmoar obtained for the ozvgen ratio of Jt, fi, Si in both endialyte and enooUte Tthe fa being udoded with the Si, and the Oe with the aa aeaquioxjd), 2:1:6, oorresponding to the above (irmoia.
Pyr., eto — In the dosed tube affords water. B.B. ftises at 2*6 to a light green opaque glass, coloring the flame jeHow (soda). With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. With mohatic add gelatinises, and the dilute add solution imparts a deep orange to turmeric paper even after the iron in solution has been reduced to colorless protodxlorid by boiling with metallic tin (reaction for ziroonia).
Obir— Eodialjte found at SaDgerdluarsuk, n West Greenland, associated with arfvedsonite and icdahie, or imbedded in compact white feldspar; the crystals are usually small, but sometimes an loch or more in length. First named Qronlandischer Hyazinth by Trommsdorff, Orell's Ann. i 433, 1801.
KuooUte is from islands of the Langesund flord in Norway, where it occurs in hexagonal prisms and reniform masses. Eudialyte has been reported as occurring at Magnet Cove, in Arkansas, in imperfect rouuded crystals, of a rich crimson to peach-blossom-red color, in feldspar, with elseoUte (Shepard).
On cryst me B. ft IL ; also Lang., PbiL Mag., IT. xxy. 4S6, from whose paper flg. 235 is copied.
The name from ev, easily, and StaXvu to dissolve, alludes to its easy solubility in acids. Diarorered by C. Giesecke; called Gronlandisehen Hyazinth by Trommsdorff in Crell's Ann., L 433.
266. POLLUOZTB. Pollnx
Pogg., Iziz. 439.
Isometric. Cabic, with trapezohedral planes, like analcime. Cleavage : IB traces. Massive.
H.=r6*5. G.=2*901. Lustre vitreous and bright on surface of fracture, but sometimes dull and gum-like externally. Colorless. Transparent. Index of refraction for the red rays 1'515, blue 1*527 ; no double refraction; Descl.
OonpProbably (B*, Si) Si*+i A, in which ft=c8Bsinm mainly, and ft*: £l=l : a. Analy-
Si 44*03
Fe
0*68
Ca
Ca 84*07
fra,Li 8*88
2-40= 1 01*71
oxygen ratio for S, Si, fi, 8-16 : 7*68 : 33-48 : 2*13. Flattner obtained (Pogg., bdz liHifne the diacovery of CMium, Si 46*20, £l 16*39, Pe 0*86, fi: 16*61, Na (with a little LiX lH 2-32=92*75 ; and Bruah ahows (Am. J. ScL, U. xxxviiu 115) that if the ceBsinm were JJwen for potaah, it would give 36*69 Ca, and reduce the aoda (if obtained by difference) te 0, and that thus the results are as dose to Pisani's aa oould be expected, considering the
25C Oxtgen
amonnt of material used. Flattner'8 analjrsis thus dianged would read Si 46*20, Xl 16*39, Fi 0-86 Cs 86'69, 1-72, fl 2*32=103-18.
Pyr., etc. — la the dosed tube becomes opaque and yields water. In the fofoeps viiiiten Aises with difficulty, coloring the flame yeUow. In muriatio add slowly deoompones, with a lep aration of pulverulent silica; and the filtrate firom the slick gives an abundant predpitate k the platin-chlorid of cssium when treated with biohlorid of platinum.
Obs.— Occurs in the island of Elba, with petalite (castorite). Named from PoUux (tiie genitiTf of which is Polluds), of heathen nytbology.
n. UNISIUCATES.
Abrakgement Of The Species.
A. UniBilicates of elements mostly in the protozyd (or alpha) state.
1. CHBYSOUTB GBOUP. Orthorhombio; lAl=91"— 96": 0Al-i=rl24*— 129"
Batia 261 PbBSTiBm 1:1 ftg"Si
268. MoNnoxujxi 1:1 (iCa+iftg/Si
269. Gbbtbolixb 1:1 (AgtefSL
261. 1:1
262. TEPiiBomi 1:1 Au*.i
263. Knebelttb 1:1 +
264. Lbucofhajhtb l : l i ( a (i (Oa, ff a) + i Be)' Si + Si Si 1041 Na,) + i fie),
+ }Be + 266. WdHLsaiTH 1:1 ? [+ Si je*! ft+i y + iS, Q
11. PHENACITE GEOUP. Hexagonal; EaE=116''-117'
266. WiLLSMTTB L-1 2n*Si
267. Phbnaoitb 1:1 Be* Si
268. Mbltphanitb r=l:]i7 + i6i€
b (B,\ Si iy 8i Si + iyfil),
III. HELVITE GBOUP. Isometric; related to the Garnet Group.
269. Helytte 1:1+
270. Dahauti 1:1+ (ift+iBe)'Si[ + iZnS] +
B. Unisilicates of elements in the protoxyd and other states combined; rarely of elements in the protoxyd or dentoxyd state alone. Contaio magnesium and iron in the series of basic elements. Colors yarious.
Unibiuoatib.
2d]
rr. OABNBT GBOUP.
Batia
2f L 6ABXR 1:1:2
A. 6fioe5ui.ABin
(iCa*+iSl)'Si"
GL AucAKSixs
D. taBBABrm
Al)),
B.
Mn)+ A!)),
a
f . BUDBKBOm
y. YBSmriANITB OBOUP. TetngonaL
r4. Mbuur 2:13 +
ns. TSPHuroGLAn 2:1:4
Anisometrio; /A /not 120% nor approximately ml
Fe)),
Fe, Fo.
r6L Bpidokb
1:24)
,
277. PBDMOHTin
1:2:3
278. ALLASm
1:1:2
Si, % te, Be, Ce, La
A. BODBHm
8i,t,*'e,0e,La,Ca.Xl,fi
fi. 1IIOHAXL0OXXTI
Si, Ca, Ce, &, Be, Fe, ]$ra, A
280. Zoom
1:24
a Saubbuhtm
1:2:8?
28A Jadbib
28L PAU'WUHiail'B
1:1:2
282. OABOuinn
1:1?
Si, t, Ce, te, Be
1:23?
284 iLTAZn A.
3:2:6
a
833+
Vn. AXIWTB GBOUP
Triclinia Contain Boron.
Azmtn
2:4:1:7
1:8:4
Na,+f /?A1),+Si
SiieKf (€a,Fe)+|/?Fe),[+iQ]
YUL lOLTTE OBOUP. Orthorhomblo; /A/=120%
1:33 rsl:H (5(}(ftg.<'e)*+|£l+(Si:)*3i*
OZTOSir OOMFOIISDB.
IX MICA GROUP. Plane angle of base of prism 120*; theforma either hezagonaloi oitiifr rhombia
Batia 288. PHLOGOPmA. t:4:ll
B. 8:1:3 289 BionTB 1:1:2
290. LBPmOMlBLAHB L'8:4
292. Abtbophtlliii 10:8:4el7
298. MusooYTni r=l:li 294. Lebwosjtm r=Lli 296. CBTOFHTUm r=l:2
SqeKKK,, F6)), OieKiiK., Fe,Mg)+A!.fe)),
+ jse"
Mn,:M).+ifiie'
C. IJnifiilicates of elementBin the proton and other states combined. The series of basic elements including calcium, barium, sodium, and the other alkaline metals, and not iron or magnesium (these latter occurring only in traces and abnormally).
X. SOAPOLITB GBOUP. Tetragonal 0. ratio for protoxyda and aeaquiozyda 1 : 1 to 1: 3, but mostly 1 :
1:1:8
1:2:8
1:2:4
800. EiOEBEBorri 1:2:4 fa Xl)*Si'+|Si
296. Babooutb
297. MBioinni
298. Pabaxthiti
299. Wnumon
802. DiPTBB iOS ICABIAim
€a) + /?A!), +i Si
1:2:6J <?M).+fa
J
r=l:lf [h 1:2:6 1:2:6 r=l:2 (6{|(]Sra,Ca)"+tSl+|flilj8i
17Ni8Ilicate8.
XL HSPHRUTE GBOUP. HexagonaL a ratio for prouszyds and eaqnioiydfl 1 : 3.
Batia l:3:4i
yO).
Xn. LBUGHB GBOUP. Konometrla 0. ratio for protozyds and seaquiozyda 1 : 3.
soft. SoDAxn 1:3:4+ (i Jra*+}Sl)*3i'[-l-iKaa] I06LLAPIS IiAsnu
S07. HAonm 1:3:4+ (ifra*+}Sl)'3i*[+Ca9] m KoBn 1:8:4+ afra*+f Sl)*8i*[+i JTaS]
soo. Lniam L*3:8 ( a (i&*+f Sl)'3i'+3ft
r=l:2 (
+ |/?A!+tySI),
Xm 7BLD6PAB QBOUP. Manodinlo or tridlnia 0. ratio for protozyds and seeqoioiTda 1:3.
SIO. AiORBm 13:4 (iCa*+f &)'Si*
L-3:8 r=ti:2 813. BTALonuani 1:3:8
r=l:2
r=l:2J
a
h a ft
(Oa.Sa)'+A*l)+
1:8:12 Sl)'ft*+6a 3ie. Orbogljub 1:8:12
f /93y),+ifii
+ i0M + fySi), (BaK,) + f /?A1), + SiO, (Ba,K.) + 1 Al + ySi). /?A1), + li
ySl),
+f /?2y),+2Sie
817. Bulititi.
h tiia preceding table the colimm of ratioa oontaios the oxygen ratios for the pratoxyda and Mea V the imkKBffdB and sUieOi where no sesqaiozyd hoses are present as in the first, second, and third pnpii 8Dd spedea 282 ; for the proioxydSt MaquiioxydSj and HHca, where the bases indude elements n neh of these three statea as in all the other groups. In spedea 285, the ratio is for the prot setqniozyds, tiHozyds, and silica.
Ae Islter r (species 268, 287, 298, eta) signifies oxygen ratio between the bases and silica. ntio is stated only when the silioa is in excess aboVe that of the nnisilicate type, and it ex* Ufaiiitfae smoont of that excess. Q is used in the second oolnmn of formulas for any accessory Oitflonita ttot aSttea; ila rahia in aadi oase mi be derived the part of the ooneaponding
Oxtobn Compounds.
fonnnla in the fint cohmm Is In brackets. In species 265 It stands for (fe, ii 284B| for Fofi ; and so on.
Examples of an excess of sQioa ooeur In many of the above groups ; namely, the Chrytoliti group, in leuoophanite; Phenadte groap, in meliphanlte;'the BpCdote groups in jadeite and pe haps hi sanssnrite; the lolite group; the Biica groups in musoovite, lepidohte, and ciyophjllite; BeapoUte in womerite, ekebeiglte, micaonite, dipyre, marialite ; Kephelite group ; Lendtt group in leuctte ; Fdspar groups hi Sil the species excepting anortfaite.
It nas been shown tluit this excess of silica is often connected directly with the alkaline titan of the base, and hicreases wiUi increased alkalinity, as if the former were detennined by the lattor. The following are the ratios between the non-alkaline and alkaline portions of the base hi Um above mentioned groups, as decided from the mean of the analyses, together with the ntios fis Uie bases and silica:
OHBTBQLm Ob.— QhiysoUte, eta
Leuoophanite
FBBHAGini Gs.-
- Phenadte, eta
ICeliphanite
Zoisite
Jadeite
Astrophyllite
Phlogopite
Biotite
Lepidomolano
Muscovite
Oiyophyllits
Meionite
Paranthlte
Wemerite
Ekebergite
Dipyre
Marialite
SVBMSJTB Gb.—
- Kephelite
IiBUUITB GB.
Sodalite
Leudte
VmSBPAM Gb.—
Anortfaite
Labradorite
Hyalophane
Andesite
Oligodase
Albite
isea
SQioa
KoD-alk. AIki
1 1 1
annoD-aUc
1 : It
: 1
1 : 1
alison-aDc
1 : n
: I
1 : 1
aUnon-alk.
s 1
I H
6 :
1
: 8
I : 1
1 : 1
8 :
1 : 1
8 J
1 : 1
8-1 !
1 :
1 :
1 : H
1 :
; 8-18
1 : S
I :
! H
1 : 1
9 :
t 1
A
; 1 .
1
alinoi
mDc.
1 4
H
: 1
! H
H
A 4
1
1 ;
I
1 :
1 I H
1 : 1
9Jl90dtL
1 t S
1 : 1
allnon-alk.
! H
2 :
: 8
Hj
1
a
1 :
A
1 :
1 i 1
Jk.
1 :
alli
Ilk.
In each of the groups ui this table the increase In the proportion of sQica Is aooompanled witt an inorease in the proportion of alkalies. Idlite is an exoeptiiMi, as it oontalns, aooording to the analyses hitherto made, no alkalies. Bphenodase (No. 275) is another, but the mhieral Is micrys> tanised, and it is too litUe known to be ccmsidered in this
The tiro formulas o and for the species containing this excess of sQioai are those ezplned on page 204, ibib first making tiie excess aeoesBory silica, the Monid making Asi of the azoeas tend
In connection with the descriptions of the spedes beyond, only the Ibmolas of the Ital of tfat swo kinds are given in taUk
Itnisilioatbs. 258
817. F0R8THRXTB. Xevy, Auxl . H, viL 69, 1824, Peridoto bfanoo Soaochi Distri 8hi IGsL, 63, KapoU, 1842. White OllTine. Boltonite Shep., Min L 78, 1836.
vertical,
Cleavage
ciTBtalB, grains, or maBsee.
"EsS— 7- G.=3-21 — 3*88. Lnatre vitreons. Transparent — translucent. Color white, ydlowish-white, wax-yellow, grayish, bluish-gray, greenish ; sometunes becoming yellowish on exposure when not in distinct crystals. Streak nncolored.
VarL ibrstBrOfl white GryBtals from Yesnyiaa, H.=V; G.=8.243, Bammelabeig: 3. AttiMf imbedded mineral of other tinta, from Bolton, eta, Maas. ; H.=6-6*6, a.=3.208-3*3a8 Smitb ; .
Oompi— Mg* 3i=Silica 42'86k magnesia 67*14=100. Analyaee: 1, Bammelaberg (Pogg;, dx.58); J. 8d.,fi.znii.872); 8, G. J. Brnah (ib., xzyiL 896) :
Si
Si
fts
Oa
#e
ign.
L IbnlerUe 42-41
63*30
2*38
98*04 Ramm.
61*16
8. 42*82
tr.
1*47
0-76=100*34 Bruah.
Pyr., eto< — B3. imaltered and infhaible. Boltonite givea traoni of moiatnre in the doaed tabe and beoomea colorleaa. Deoompoeed by muriatio acid with separation of gelatinous silica hi both foraterite and bdtonite.
Obi.— Forsterite ocean in hnpianted crystals, with spinel and augite at Yesuyios. Boltonite Is diftenmiated throngh a whitish crystalline limestone, at Bolton, Maas.; also at Box< boxy and Littleton, ICass. ; its imbedded masses or crystals are often over an inch throogh, and Rcttogultf in section. Part of the boltonite is idtered, and thence after and hydrous, with the oompoiition of villaraite (p..
Qd cryst, B.k. MiiL, 318 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. L, 22.
Fcnkrik was named by Leyy after Mr. Forster, a patron of mineralogy.
Artt£— ArtiilRial magnesia-chrysolite has been made by Ebelmen, by ftising together in a por* oekhi furnace a mixture of silica and magnesia, with carbonate of potash, or boric add.
TSAsifnoTO CHSTBOIJT& A massive, reddish-brown mineral from the taloose schist of PAmders in the Tjrrol, haying some resemblance to boltonite, and 0.=8'25. Contains, aooordingto Damoor (Ann. d. M., lY. viiL 90), 3*6 to 6*3 of titanic acid, with 6 p. c of protoxyd of iron. For analTses aee Noa. 1 and 2 on page 267.
The condition of the titanium haa not been satisfactorily ascertained. There is a deficiency of nlioa which it may sully. But if it exists in the mineral as titanic iron, the rest is a mag* cfaiysolite, like bctttonite, with but little te repladng ftg.
268. KOHnOBXiXJTB. Brooke, Ann. Phil., 1831. Batradhit BreUk Obar., 807, 1882.
Orthorhombic, and isomorphons with chrysolite. Occurring planes, ii vS, /, 1-i, S-2. In crystals. Also massive, with two cleavages inclined to one another 115, ana another diagonal to this angle.
H.=5— 5*5. G.=8*08— 8'25. Lustre vitreous, slightly resinous in the maasiTe Tariety. Oolorless, yellowish-gray, pale greenish-gray, and whitish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Fracture more or less conchoidaL
▼tt-(l) Mmikdlile, fai oolorieis to yeDowiab-graj crystala, from Yeanviiis; 0.s8*119-
Oztgen Oompouttds.
8*245. (2) BcUrachiie, deavable massive, of a pale greenish-gray color, or 'wo.tiah* G.S-O Breith.
Compel Ca+i ftg)' Si=8ilica 88*6, lime 36-9, magDesia 26-6=100. Oneighth of the Mg Ib replaced by te, AnalTseB: 1, Eammelsberg (Pogg., cix. 669); 2, Id. (Pogg., U. 446):
&
tB
ftg
Ca
ign.
6*61
— 100*46 Bamm.
21'79
1-27=99-19 Bamm.
Pyr etc. — B.B. rounded only on the edges. Solnble in dilute muriatlo add to a dear sdotio wUdi on heating gelatiniiea.
Obe. — Montioelhte occurs in crystals imbedded in granular limestone with mica and augte, oo Kt. Somma. BcUraehiUe is found hi small masses containing blade spinel, at Mt Bhisoni in tin
MonHoeiUfte was named after the Italian minerslogist, Montioelli ; BeUraehUe torn Siifx*ht in allusion to the color.
269. OHRYSOZJTS. Smaragdus?, Beryllus?, pt VeL Topasos? pt FUil Not Ghiysofithm [=Topaz] PHn xzxriL 42. Ohiysolit, Gtomma pelluddisdma colore riridi subflavo in igne Itagad (description also says quadrangular, infusible, etaX IToOL, IfliL, 118, 1747. Peridot ordhiaire [not the Oriental] dPArffemnOe Orykt, 161, 1766. Gulgr6n Owut, MhL, 48, 1758. Ghiysolite ordhiaire de JMe, Orist, 230, 1772, iL 271, 1783 [not Peridot (Se Oeylan=Tourmaline ib., h. 346J. Erisolith Wmi Bergm. J., 878, 1789+Oliyine (fr. beaalt) [=GhryBolite des Yolcans /btf/o Yirarais, 1778.] WenL, ib., 66, 1790. Peridot £, Tr., iii. 1801. Hyalosiderit TFofeAiMT, . J., zxzix. 66, 1828. Glmkit Btmanovaki, Beigjoivul Buss., Oct 1847 ; ident with Ohiysolite, Beck Verb. Mm. Qes. St Pet, 244, 1847.
Orthorhombic. /A 2' ; 0 A 1-1=128 28' ; a : J : c=l-2588 : 1 :
0 A 1-2=125 45'. 0 A 1=120 10
OAf.i=149 36
1 A 1, mac., =107 45
1 A 1, br.,=101 32 i-2 A t-2, ov. i-t,=130 2
inf iri A t-1, ov. i-i,=123 34
i'l A 1-2=137 21. A ft=ll© 12
Wew
l-T
H
H
-S
ui
ui
/
Pt
Observed Planes.
Cleavage : t-i rather distinct. Massive and compact, or granular ; usnally in imbedded grains.
H.=6— 7. G.=3-33--3*5. Lustre vitreous. Color green— commonly olive-green, sometimes brownish, grayish-red, grayiaa-green. Streak usually uncolored, rarely yellowish. Transparent — translucent Fraotjttre oonchoidal. Double refraction positive; obtuse lisectrix normal to i-l
Oomp VarlKff, e)*Si, with tnces st times of An, Oa, ]Sn. The smonnt of imries nidL when there are 9 j'e to 60 lilg (aoaL 5, 7X the ratio of j'e tc &g is 1 : 10; when 16 Ft
Cjnisilicate8.
toUUg (anal 22) nearly 1:6; when 22 te to 39 ftg (anal 26) iieariy. 1:3; whiia 2Si te to 32 Mg, as in kyalogidehte, the ratio is 1 : 2, and the special formula (f or 2 iSlg* §i-re*§l This spedes ia ordinarily divided into
1. PndeiA Of a pale yeUowiah-green color, and tranaparent, ao as to be fit for jewelry ; G.= t'lil, 8'S5 14 OooaaionaUj seen in maasea as large aa a turkey's egg/' bnt usually much smaller. It has long been brought firom the Levant for jewelry, b it the exact locality is not known. WeU dafioed OTstals of chrysolite an inch acrosa are very uncommon. The proportion of iron to mag* aasa may be either small or large, as in the following.
2, CntBum; Olivine of Werner. Dark yellowish-green to oUve- or bottle-glass-green; Q.s. t*33i, tt, Etna. Commonly disseminated in basalt and lavas, in grains, and also at times in larg oanei baring a rectangular outline showing that they are orystalSi although made up apparenUy of grans; these masses sometimes weighing 30 lbs. Also oonstitilting rois.
Glkkik is pale-green chrysoUte from taloose schist ; G.3:3'39— 3-43, Herm. Hyakmderite is a my/trruginons kind (anaL 27) ; the specimen analysed was partially decomposed, being irideseeat and aabmetallic in lustre.
inaljaes: 1, 2, Damour (Ann. d. IL, Y. viil 90); 3, Genth (Ann. Gh. Fharm., IzvL 20) ; 4, id. (Am. J. XL zzziii 199); 5, Manice (ib., zzzL 369); 6, 7, Stromeyer (Qel Ana. Qott., 1824 208; Pogg iv. 193); 8, Wahnstedt (Ak. U. sStookh., 1824, ii 369, and . J., xliv. 26); 9, flaoaa (Verb. G. Beicha., 1867, 71); 10, Ejerulf (J. pr. Ch., kv. 187); II, Beuter (Za G., xvL 2); 12, ICadeluDg (ib.); 18, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest, 117); 14, Bammelsberg (Min. OL, i38); 16, Wahnstedt (L c.) ; 16, Stromeyer (L c.) ; 17, Kalle (Bamm. Min. Ch., 438) ; 18, Damour (BqQ. G. Soc., IL ziz. 414); 19, Bammelsberg (L a); 20, Wahnstedt (la); 21, Deville (fit GoL Canaries); 23, Lappa (Pogg., zliiL 669); 28, Sohmid (Fogg., Ixzxiv. 601); 24, W. v. Bed (Twb. Hin. St Pet, 1847); 26, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., lY. adv. 187); 26 T. & Hunt (Am. J So, H zzix. 283) ; 27, Walchner (. J., zzzix. 66) :
L Pfimders, hnh.'rd*
IHeda
4. Webster, N.CL,ynA.
6. Tbetford, Yt Yogeiaberg
5. laerwieae
9. Norway, a rotk 10. Bifel, wineyw. Dun Mta, DmyU
10 Ii M It
A .lb
13. Etoa
14. Petschau
15. PaUaa meteorite IS. T mde&ric K. Vesuvius
IS. Lake Hers
Mt Somma
21. a Yerdea. Fogo L
21 Greenlana
tk Atacama meteoric
i&. Antndo, Chili 26. ITear Montreal 21. fiyofancterite
Si
S6'30 36*87
je
6*93
An
49-66, 60-14, 49-31, 49-16,
60*28:
60-49,
60-13,
48-22,
49-29,
47-88,
46-9U,
47-27,
47-74,
49*68
44-22,
36-70,
43-09,
43-16=
44*n6:
39-7n
39*68:
32-40,
With MUM ML
ti 6-30, tL 1-76=99-80 Damouc. tl 3-61. S 1-71=99*04 Damour.
M tr., m 0*32, Co <r.=100 Genth.
Ca 0-041 0-41, gangue 1*28, ign. 0*69
100-06 Genth 100*36 Manice.
20-19, ifl 0-37=99-51 Stromeyer.
$1 0-22, fi 0*32=99*68 Stromeyer.
Al 100-56 Wahnstedt
3k\ 010, 0-28 ign. 4*71=99-7 SHauan
& 0*18,r 0004ign.Ol2=100-72KjU
Co, iit tr, H 0*67=100-16 Beuter.
iii 0*49=10017 MadeluDg.
2tl 0-64, 0-20, fl l*04=100*:i2 Walt
M 0*28 Ca 2'35=99*85 Ramm.
M tr Oa lr.= 100*39 Wahnstedt =h9*79 Stromeyer. =99-39 Kalle. =99-06 Damour. =100 Bammelsberg.
M 0-18=100*24 Wahnstedt
0-06=99-91 Lappe. =99*10 Schmid. 100-72 Beck. 100 Domeyko, =99-30 Hunt
2tl 2-21, i 2*79, Cr r.=99-28 Walchneft
inaBfioa detected ozyd of tin in the olivine of the PaDas meteorite; Rummler a trace of arse* Qou acid A. Erdmann found a trace of fluorine in that of Blfdalen, and of Tunaberg. Waldv OCT olnsined in anaL 26 0*330 grma. of je (out of 1*040 . under analysis), from which he
Vi etc — B.B. whitens, but is infusible; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron. HyalosS- Mfie nd other varieties lioh in iron ftise to a black magnetic globule. Some varietiee givci re*
tr
258 OXYGEN OOMPOUNDe.
actioDS tor titanic add ana ma jganose. Decomposed bj muriatic and sulphui.o adds with japan tioD of gelatinous silica. Or, before ignition, '389; after, S'378.
Obs. — A common constituent of some eruptive rocks; and also occurring in or among meU morphic rocks, with talcose schist, hypersthcue rocks, and serpentine; or as a rock formation, also a constituent of many meteorites. The eruptive rods, basalt and baaaltic lara, consist ol chrysolite (the variety o/tvtne), along with labradorite or other feldspar, and augite. Tbougti usually in grains, it is sometimes in rectangular masses several inches thidc.
A chrysolite rock occurring at L. Uierz, consisting largely of chrysolite, has been called ZJunelyt (See p. U7, under Spikbl). The dunyie of F. v. Hochstetter (ZS. G. Glos., xvi. 841 ) is the same rode, aooonling to Sandberger. The latter has a grayish-green odor, and greasy and vitreous lustre, with G.=:3'295, and occurs with serpentine rock in Dun Mtn., near Nelson in New Zealand. Another similar rock from Moravia, called jncryte consists half of chrysolite, along with feldspar, diaHage, hornblende, and magnetite. Another from Norway (called OOvinfeU in (rman, or olivine rock) has very nearly the composition of pure chrysolite (anal 9); G.=8'24— 8*82, Kjemlf (I a); gnuralar in texture ; of olive to bottle-green color ; it contains some talc, tremolite, and bronzite.
Occurs in eruptive rocks at Vesuvius, Sicily, Heda, Sandwich Islands, and most volcanic islands or regions; at Ezpailly in Auvergne; at Unkel, on the Bhine, crystals several indie long; at Eapfenstoin in Lower Styria, in spheroidal masses ; at Saabach and Ihringen in Kaiser stull, Switz.; near Freiburg, Baden, in dolerite, a variety containing much iron (ftyoJonder* He) ; in Thetford and Norwich, Vermont, in boulders of coarsely cryst basalt, the crystals or masses several inches through ; in dolerite or basalt in Oanada, near Montreal, at Bougemont and Mounts Royal and MontarviBe (anaL 26).
In talcose schist, found near Kyschtimsk, N. of Miask, and near Syssersk in the Ural, in greenish imbedded nodules (<glinkii anal. 24); id. at Webster, in Jackson N. C. (a.=3-28X along with serpentine, pyrosclerite, and chromite; with chromite in Loudon Co., Va.; in Lancaster Oo., Pa, at Wood's mine, with serpentine and chromite (Genth); near Media Delaware Ox, Pa., with hornblende, magnetite, and chromite. In hypersthene rock at Blfdalen.
Among the meteorites contuning chrysolite, there are the Pallas from Siberia, others fixxn Ataoama, SteinbMih, etc
On cryst, Kokscharof, Bull. Ak. St. Pet, ix. 286. Gives 1-2 A 1-2, ov. 0,=71 30\ whence Oa 1-2=125' 46', i.2 A i.2, ov. 66', whence ov. i-i=180'' 6'.
Most of the crystals are fVagile, and therefore unfit for use as gems.
Named from yuotfc, gold, and Xiei. The hyalosiderite, from 'oaAo;, glass, and <rtirp(, iron.
The ChrysoUihua of PUny was probably our topaz ; and his iopcai our chrysoUte, But Pliny statement that " topazos " is the largest of all the predous stones, and that a statue 4 cubits high was made of it, shows that he confounded together diflferent stones, since solid chrysolite cfystais arc never as large as some topaz 6rystals, and two inches is an extraordinary magnitude. The hardness mentioned, that it yields to the action of the file and wean* with use, is rights and seems to prove that true chrysolite was included under the name of topazum. It came from an ialand m the Bed Sea, and was very highly valued. It is stated by Dicxlorus Siculua to have rtembled glass, but to have had a remarkable golden appearance, especially at night (King).
Alt — Alteration of chrysolite often takes place through the oxydation of the iron; the mineral becomes brovmish or reddish-brown and iridescent It also spits into thin lamiruc as tlie change goes on, sometimes so as to resemble a mica. A basalt thus changed was onoe pointed out to the author as a mica slate, although no further change had taken place than that here mentioned Chusite, LimbUite, and iSu/csrortf of Saussure (J. de Phys., 841, i794X all from Limburg in Brisgau, are chrysolite more or 'oss altered. The process may end in leaving the cavity of the crystal filled witii liroonite or rod oxyd of iroti.
Under the action of carbonated waters, the iron is often carried off stead of being peroacydized, and also some of the magnesia is removed at the same time ; and thus may come aerpe*- tfn, picrasmine which often retain the crystalline form of chrysolite. A further change nuij produce steatite and other magnesian species.
For analyses of altered chrysolite see Walmstedt, in Ak. H Stockh., 1824, and Bamm. Mxn. Ch., 441 ; Bhodius in Ann. Oh. Pharm., Iziil II G, aud Bamm. Min. Gh., 441; Lewinstein is Jahresb., 1860, 767; A. Madelung, Jahrb. G. Beichs., xiv. 1, Jahrb. Mul, 1864, 628; W. Jun a H. Ztg., xxiL 289.
200. FAYAUTB. O. O. Omekn, Pogg., IL 1839. Eisenperidot Biaeuglaa, Osrsi. Iron
Chrysolite. Anhydrous Silicate of Iron.
Massive, crystalline. Cleavage in t*vo directions at right angles to one
another
Dbibilicates. 250
a=6-5. G. =4—4-14 ; 4-138, Fayal ; 4*006, Ireland, Delesse. Lufltre metalloid, somewhat resinoxiB in the fractore. Color black, greenish, or brownish-black ; sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Fracture imperfectly coDchoidaL Attractable by the magnet
Oomp.— eSl=Slica 29*6, protozyd of iron 70*6=: 100. AnalTses: 1, Qmeltn (f 3gg., ii 180); I, FeUenberg (ib.); S, Bammelflbezg (Min. OIl, 486) ; 4, Thomson (ITin., I 461); 5, DelesM (BiiILaiILx.668):
Si Si te ftn ftg Oa On
I fml 80-24 3*64 68*27 3 54 0'88, Fe 8 2*33=98-78 amelin.
1 29-16 4-06 60-96 0*69 238 0-72 0-31, Ph l-66=99-81 JWL
4. SbiTOurach 29*60 68*73 1*78 =100-11 Thomson.
Pyr., etc — Fuses readily to a black magnetio globule. Gelatinizes with adds.
Obitf— From the Mourne Mts., Ireland, at Slavcarraoh, near Bryansford, in pegmatite ; forma Dodoles in Tolcanic rocks at Fayal, of the Axores. Obsidian or volcaiuc glass often approadiea (ayalite in composition.
Arti£-*Iron-ohrysoIite sometimes oocors in crystals as a ftimace slag, as noticed by Hansmann in 1812, and later by ICitscherlich and others. The vulkaniaches Eisenglaa of Klaproth (Beitr., ▼. 222 X which afforded the above composition, was a slag according to G. Rose. It is a common product of the paddling furnace.
261. Ibov-Mavganesb Ghbtboutb. {A, Erdfnann, Ak. H. Stockh., 1849 ; var. olivine, his Min., 278, 1863.) Near fayalite, but contains, besides protozyd of iron, some protozyd of manganese nd lime with also a little magnesia approaching thus hyaiosiderite.
One of three agreeing analyses afforded Erdmann (L c):
St Si fe An ftg Oa
29-16 1-66 66*87 8*47' 3-28 2-29=100*68.
It gives Uie formula, 6 Si 1 iin* Si+( Agf Oa)* Si, Rammelsberg. It occurs in a gneissoid rock called RdyMyU, oonsisting in part of augite and garnet, at Tunaberg in Sweden.
fmmactyrodiwct, which is a lirMrofirfnanganeae chrysolite, has been observed in dove-brows, oystals at an iron-furnace in Easton, Pa. Ad analysis afforded Dr. 0. T. Jackson (Am. J. Scl, U ziz. 358), Si 33*70, Ca 31*80, Fe 18-00, jku, Mn 14-90, Si 3*50=10l-u0. Taking the iron and mauganeee as protozyd, as so regarded by Dr. Jackson, the formula is (Ca, e, J&Ln)' Si
262. TBFHROITB. Tephroit BreUh,, Ohar., 278, 1823, 212, 829, 1882.
Orthorhombic. CrystaHine-massive. Cleavage in three directions rectangular in intersection, one perfect, a second a little less so, the third imperfect, or rather indistinct
IL=5*5— 6. G.=4— 4'12. Lustre somewhat adamantine. Color grayish flesh-red, reddish-brown, and rose-red, to ash-gray, smoky-gray. Streak pale gray. Darkens, on exposure, to brown and black. Translucent — subtranslucent. Optic-axial plane parallel to plane of perfect cleavage ; diveience for red rays, 159° V ; in oil, 19'.
Var— L Normal (anaL 1-6). 2. Afagriesian or pieroiephroUe (anal 6-9). G. of No. 6, a brown kind, 3-97 ; of Ko. 7, a red, 3*87. Resembles muc a deavable feldspar.
Oomp.— Ibi' Si=Silica 29*8, protozyd of manganese 70*2=100; or (iBin, iBig)' 8l Analyses: 1. Thomson (Mm 1, 614); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Izil 145); 3, H. Deville (DescL Min., 1 88); i G J Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. zzzvii. 66) ; 6, Igelstrom (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1865, 228); rt, 7, P Coifier uhi A. Hague (see Na 4) ; 8, Damour (Ann. d. M., YL il 339) ; 9, Igelstrom (L c):
2n lilg Oa ign.
2*70=99*16 Thomson.
— — — =100 46 Bammelsbeii
Si te
Mn
29*64 0*82
66*60
28*66 2-92
68*88
Oxygen Oompoundb.
8'. te ttn Zn iig Oa
fi Frankliii 29*95 1*96 3643 11*61 1860
9. Paisberg, bivwn 81 36 415 4407 17*71 ir.
— =99-97 Devilla.
0*87=99*93 Bruah.
1-71=1006 Damour.
Analyaia No. '4 waa of a apedmen reoeived from fireithaupt, aa the original tephroite; Koa % 7, flrom spedmena obtained by Bruah at Stirling Hill, in Sparta. The sino in anaL 3-7 waa undoubtedly from mixed zindte, thia mineral occurring aa a thin acale or lamina in the direction of the leave, and hence often covering deavage surfaoea (Brush). AjiaL 7 oorreaponda to (t Mo + i Mg) Si; anal 8, to (i Mn+i Ag) Si; and hi anal 9, Mn : Mg=5 : 4.
Pyr etc* — B, fhaea at 3*5 to a black scoria. Gelatinizea perfectly in muriatio acid withoot evolving chlorine. With the fluxes gives reactionB for manganese and iron. The magnesiao variety fuse at 4 (No. 6) to 6 (No. 7).
Oba. — Found at Stirling Hill in Sparta, N. J., with sindte, willemite, and Avnklinite. in clea? able masses; also at Paisberg, in Wermland, Sweden, along with rhodonite and other maiiganesiaa minerals ; at Sjogrufvan, with hausroannite.
The name iepluvUe is rtp6(, aahroolored, Breithaupt's original apedmen waa from tiie collection of H. Heyer at Dresden.
262A. Htdbotephboitr. L. J. Igelstrom haa described ((Ef. Ak. Stockh., 1865, 605) a hydrous tephroite firom Paisberg, whidi haa a pale reddish color, a oolorleas streak, and EL =4; gelatinizes with adds and yields water. He obtained in an analysis Si 28*46, Sn 0*49, Mn 53*44
lilg 11*89, Ca, f*e r., £[ 5'85=10018, and oorreaponding to (liln, ]ilg)' Si+| £L It may be an altered tephroite.
A black siUcate of manffoneae firom Klappemd. Daleoarlia, having a submetallio lustre and yellowish-brown streak, afforded Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 137) Si 25*0, Mn 55-8, 1 3*0=93-8 + 2 fi, agreeing with the tephroite, excepting the water. Klaproth obtained 60 p. a of An, Ho, whence the above ia deduced by Berzelius.
263. KNBBEIiITB. KnebeUt Dobereiner, . J., xzL 49, 1818.
Clystalline massive.
H.=6'5. G.=3'714, Dobereiner; 4*122, Erdinann. Lustre glisteninff. Color gi'ay, spotted dirty-white, red, brown, and green ; also amish-black to black. Opaque to translucent. Brittle ; fracture subconchoidal.
Oomp. — (I te-i An)' §i=Silica 29*6, protoxyd of iron 85*5, protoxyd of manganese 100. Analyses: 1, Dobereiner (. J., xxL 49); 2, A. Erdmann (Dannemora Jemmalmafil pc 54):
Si
1. Umenau 32*5
2. Dannemora 30*26
Pyr., etc. — According to Ddbereiner, unaltered B.B., but Erdmann's mineral ftised eaaily to a lustreless magnetic bead, and gave with the fluxes reactions for iron and manganese. Deoomposed readily by muriatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Oba. — The mineral analyzed by Ddbereiner waa firom an unknown locality, but G. Snckow (Kenng. Ueb. Miu., 1855, 93) states, on the authori of Knebcl, that it was found in granite near Ihnenau. The Dannemora mineral is grayish-black to black in largo masses, light gray on the thin edges, and ia stated to cleave parallel to a prism of about 116°.
Named after Major von KnebeL
264. IaBUOOPHANXTB. Leukophan Esmark, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840, 191; Tamnaii, Pog&t
xlviii. 504. Leuoophane. Leuoofiuiita.
Orthorhombic. I A I about 91° (90° to 93°, Greg; 91° 8', B. & M.) ; 0 A 1-i, calc..=145° 62'. Approximate angles, 0 A 2=117°-118** 30' 0 A 2-4=126 25'. A plane mru on 0=140° 80', on one plane Z=126
te
ftn
4g
32*
— =99-6 Ddbereiner.
0-25, £l l*59~100-87 Brdmano.
30', on other /=101® 30', Greg. Orystalfl tabular and nearly rectangular. CleaTae : basal perfect; imperfect in another direction, inclined 25 to the base ; and perhaps in a third, at right angles to 0, Usnally mas sire. H.=3'5— 4. G.= 2*974. Lnstre vitreous on a cleavage surface. Colo?
?ile dirty ffreen to wine-yellow ; thin fragments transparent and colorless, owder white, and strongly phosphorescent, whether heated or struck. Eiectrie when heated. Optically oiaxial ; bisectrix normal to the base, plane of axes the macrodiagonal ; Descl.
Oomp— O. ntio for It, S, 8i=:3 : 3 : 10; (Oa, Se)* 9i+} Si; or else with half tha exoeia of ailiaa haaia Part of the oxygen replaced by fluorine. Analysea: 1, Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockk, 1840); S, Rammelflberg (Pogg., xoyiiL 267):
Si
47'8S
47*08
Si
Ae
ll'ftl
ftn 1*01
Ca
fTa
11*20
0*80
617 =102-02 Erdmann. 6-57=100-43 Bamm.
0. ratio, leaving out of view the fluorine, for Ca, Be, Si, anaL 1, 3 : 3 : 10-6 ; fWim 2, 2:2-8:10-0.
Pyr tfto. — In the dosed tube whitens and phosphoresces with a purple light RB. In ths Ibroeps phoaphoresoes and Aises with intumescence at 3 to a dear colorless glass, which become opaque-white on flaming; imparts an intense yellow color to the flame. Fused with salt of phoaplionis in the open tube gives the reaction for fluorine.
Obs — Leaoophane occurs in syenite with albite, elaoolite, and yttrotantalite, on the small rocks idet lame near the mouth of ti Langesund in Norway, where it was found by Rsmarlc It resembles somewhat a light-green yariety of apatite.
Named from wAtfe, and aiVco, /appMr.
On oryat, see Greg PhU ICag., IV. ix. 610; Dana, Am. J. Sd., IL xxl 206; Dead. Min., L 144.
266. WbHLBRITB. Wfihlerit 8€hunr Fogg., lix. 327, 1843.
Orthorhombic J A 7=90° nearly, 0 A 1-=144'' 37' ; o : J : c=0-7162 : 1:1±
(?Aft=133 11
0 A -yL.t=:117 07 0 A l.J=14:l 80
irl A t-l=116 34
irl A 7=135 ±
irl A t-2, ov. wf,=126 62
irh A i-*, ov. i-t,=143 8
i-iAftjOv. (9,=140 64:
In tabular crystals and prisms. Cleavage : i-t distinct and easy. Also granular.
H,=6'5. G.=3'41. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color lightyellow, wine-, honey-, resin-yellow, brownish, grayish. Streak-powder yellowish-white. Transparent— subtranslucent. Fracture more or less conchoidal — splintery.
Oomp.— 0. ratb for (Ca, ftg, JTa), 2r, §1, (e, liln), Ch=9*78 : 5*08 : 16*89 : 0*77 : 8*67 ; frone Seerer's analysis (with which Hermann's agrees neariyX vhenoe Soheerer deduces a formula Baking it a odmnbate of iiroonia+6 parts of a silicate of soda and lime. It corresponds weU tf tefenDuU An) Cb], the kst member orfiimMte.
Oxtoen Oompoukds.
4nol7Be8: 1, Sdieerer (L a) ; 2, Hermfuin (BuIL Soc. Nat Koscow, xxxyilL 46T) :
14*47 16-W 212 1-55 2619 7'78 0*24, % 0'4 =98*14 Scheeree 11-68 "
1. Brevig
gi
30*62
15*W 212 22*72 je 1-28
Pvr eto.~B.B. in a strong heal Aiaes to a yellowish glass. With the fluxes gives the reatcion of maDgaDese, iron, and silioa. Dissolves easily when heated in strong muriatic acid, witb a separation of the silica and oolumbic acid.
Obs. — Oocnrs with in Broon-syenite, on scTeral islands of the Langesund flord, neai Brevig in Norway. Some crystals are nearly an indi long. On cryst, DescL, in Ann. Gh. Fhya., III. xL, and Ann. d M., Y. xvi 229 ; Dauber, Po;g., zclL 242. Desdoizeauz, in his later paper, makes t-i and i4 the vertical faces cthe prism with /A J=:90' 16', and he deaoribet the orya' Ids aa hemihedral in many planes.
266. WUiLBMITEI. SiUceous Oxyd of Zinc, icate of Zinc (f.N. Jersey), roftusemilfeZeftftii, J. Ac. Philad., Iv. 8, 1824. Willemite (fr. Moresnet) Levy, Jahrb. ITin. 1880, 71 ; Ann. d. H., lY. 618, 1843. Williamsite, Wilhehnite, Yillamite, aU. orniogr. Anhydrous Silicate of Zina Hebe-
' tin (fr. Moresnet) .BrvOft., Char., 130, 1832. Trooatite (fr. N. J.) Shep,, Min., Ist part, 154, 183 i.
Rhombohedral. E A 5=116 1', 0 A jff =142*' 17' ; a=0-67378. Observed planes: in crystals fr. N. Jersey, i-2, i, ; fr. Moresnet O, jT,
f Ai=148°r. J?Ar=150°5', l'Ai-2=15r 55', Ai-2=12r 69'; JAJ=128° 30'; Levy. Cleavace: i-2 easy in N. Jersey crystals ; O easy in those of ]£>r- esnet. Also massive and in disseminated grains. Sometimes fibroas.
H.=5*5. G=3-89— 4*18. Lustre vitreo-resinons, rather weak. Color whitish or greenish-yellow, when purest; apple-reen, flesh-red, grayish-white, yellowishbrown ; often dark-brown when impure. Streak unoolored. Transparent to opaque. Bnttle. Fracture conchoidal. Double refraction strong ; axis positive.
Yar. — The crystals of Moresnet and New Jersey diflbr in oocarring
forms as above described. The latter are often quite large, and pass under
the name of troaatUe; they are commonly impure from the presence of
manganese and iron. Gt. of crystals from New Jersey, 3*89—4, Yanuzem and Keatinir; 4nt%
Harm.; 4*154, Delesse; from Moresnet, 3*935, Thomson; 4*16—4*18, Levy; firom Stolben;, 4*18,
Monheim.
Oomp.— 2n' di= Silica 27*1, ozyd of zinc 72*9=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Vanuxem and Keating (L a); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xlyil 11); 4, Delesse (Ann. d M., IV. z. 213); 6, H. Wurti (Hep. Am. Assoa, iv. 147); 6, Thomson (Mln., 1 546); 7, Levy (Ann. d. M., IV. iv. 613); 8, Koiu heim (Verb, nat Ver. Bonn., 1848, 157); 9, Damour (DescL Min., 554):
Iftg ft
Si
9e
Stn
Mn
2n
6*50
— —
2. "
0*67
2*66
3. "
— .
ir.
9*22
60*07
4. "
27*40
0*87
2*90
6Ss3
27*91
6'85
6. Moresnet
26*97
1*48
0*78
0*76
68*40
8. Stolberg
0*36
72*91
27-8G
71*51
2*91
=100 Van. t K.
=99*66 Van. k K.
1*00=100 Herm.
=100 Delesse.
6a 1*60=100*18 WnrU
1-25, %1 ] 99*91 Thom. 0*30=96*50 Levy.
1 00* 1 6 Monheim.
=99-74 Damoor.
" With a trace of sine and Iron.
First analysed and described by Vanozem and Keating.
Pyr., etc — BJB. in the forceps glows and fuses with difficulty to a white enamel : the van iei from New Jersey flue from 8*5 to 4. The powdered mined on obanoal in jELF. giva c
mnsiLiOATSs. 2G3
ooB&% ftBow while hot and wlute on coolizig, which, moistened with sdution of ct>, and trettMl jc O.P ia oolorod bright green. With soda the ooating is more readily obtained. Docomposed bj muriatic add with separation of gelatlnoas silica.
Obb— From Yieille-Kontagne near Koresnet, between Li and Aix-Ia-Ghapello, in crystalB and DiseiT the crystals bnt a few millimeter in length ; also at Stolberg near Aix-la-Chapelle ; al Baibel in Quinthia ; at Kaosaina in Servia and in Greenland in compact quartz In New Jersey tt both Fraoklin and Stirling in sodi quantity as to constitute an important ore of zinc. It occon intimately mixed with incite and franklinite, and is found massive of a great yariety of ookn, fiom pale honey-yellow and light green to dark ash-gray and flesh-red; sometimes in cry tils {trootUe) six indiea long and an inch or more thick, imbedded in fhmklinite and also in Mite.
Htmedby Levy after William L, King of the Netherlands.
261. FHENAOITXI. Phenakit K. v. JSbrdenakidld, Ak. H. Stockh 160, 1823, Pogg., xxxL 6V
Rhombohedral ; often hemihedral. JS A 5=116° 36', O A 5=142° 38', Kokficharof ; a=0-661065. Observed planes : rhombonedrons, 5, -2, -1, "i ; scalenohedrons, 1*, -2*, f ' (bevelling terminal edge of JR) ; pyramids i:) i" ; prisms, /, i-2, ; hemihedral, F |-f , t jHti i 3-f , Koksch. MiiL fiufisl, ii. 308, iii. 81.
5 A 7=127° 21' jR A -2=160° 35' 2iO
R A i.2=121 42 -ff A -i=148 18
f 2 A 1-2=156 44 i A i=144 4
f 2 A 5=159 56 2 A 2=87 12
tS
CrTstals sometimes oblong, as in fig, 240 ; but often the prism nearly or quite wanting, and the form that of a low obtuse riiombohedron, with replaced edges and lateral angles. Cleavage : t-2 distinct, S imperfectly so. Twins : composition-face
H. =7*5—8. G.=2-96— 3. Lustre vitreous. Colorless; also, bright wine-yellow, inclining to red ; brown. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture uke that of quartz. Double refraction positive.
Ooiap.— Be'ft=Silioa 642, glndna 45*8:100. Analyses : 1, Hartwall (Pogg:, xxxi. 67), 2, xxxiv. 626):
1. Ural 8i 66-14 Be 44*47 Si and ftg (r. =99-61 HartwalL
2. Framont 64*40 45-57 Ca and Ag 0-09=100-06 Biachof.
Pyr., etc. — Alone remains unaltered ; with borax flies with extreme Rlowneas, unless pul verind, to a transparent glass. With soda affords a white enamel ; with more, intumesoes and becooMS infusible. Dull blue with oobalt solution.
Obs— Occurs in mica schiRt at the emerald aad chrysoberyl mine of Takovaja. 86 versts E. of XAtherinenburg, where the crjrstals are sometimes nearly 4 inches across, and one found weighs li lbs. ; also in small crystals on the east side of the Umen Mts., 6 yersts N. of Miask, along with toptt and green feldspar ; also in highly modified crystals with quarts, in limonite, near Framont inllsioe; at Mt. liercado, near Durango, Mexico, in limonite and magnetite, tiie crystals nuurooa, but not fresh, being below the true hardness ; and in a valley on the summit of La Cruz, oa the side of the rancho of ISniga, it forms, according to G. Weidner, a rock, containing horn- Uande sad actinolite.
Hamed from a deceiver, in allusion to its having been mistaken for quarts.
itti XBLIFHAXimL Mellnophan Sehearer, J. pr. CIl, It. 449, 1852. Meliphanc Darui, Am
J. SoL, IL xUt. 405, 1867.
Tetragonal or hexagonal. Massive, and consisting sometimes of platei
oxTosar oovpounds.
or lainellse, but not aa a refinlt of cleavage Btractnre. Cleavage hexagona! (?), in traces.
H.=5. G.=:8-0,Richter; 3-018, Eammelsberg. Lustre vitreous. Color sulphur, citron, or honey-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Britflc. Double refraction strong, uniaxial ; axis negative ; DescL
Oomp.— Formula perhaps as on pu 250. Analyaes; 1, imperfect, hj B. Biohter (L o.) ; S, Bim melsberg (Pogg., snriiL 297):
Si Si 8n 9e Be Oa Ag fra F
IVU 26-74 0-11 8*56 6-78, & 1-40, & 0*80=:99-80 Bamm.
fiammeUberg's analTsis, if the fluorine ia taken aa replacing part of the oxygen in the baaei and add, gives for the oxygen (tnduding the fluorine) ratio for ft, Si 8*7 : 3 : 8*3. Tho end nature of the compound la still doubtlU. Rammeiaberg deduces ttte same formula aa that for leucophanei taking as the common oxygen ratio 4:3:9. But Descloiaeaux'a optical examma* tlona make the two distinct epedes.
Pyr., etc — B.E in the forceps does not phosphoresce, Ibaes with intumesoence to a whita enamel; in other respects resembles leuoophane.
Obs. — From the ziroon-syenite of Norway, near FrederidcBTfim, with ehsdite, mica, fluoric and magnetio iron. An imperfect crystal in the cabinet of R. P. Oreg Esq., gave him for tba angle between two prismatic faces ; the edge between these two faces was replaced br a roug;h plane, apparently not equally inclined.
Earned from cAi, fumes and (atvt J appear, from the honey-yellow color. [Sdieerer misswrota the word meHncphanef which would come from niXtiot ashen, or Atrii, mtfletj The dropping of the of the genitive, as done above has dassical authority.
209. HSZ.VITB. Bin Fossil w. Aehnlichk. m. d. Graaat bat, aber nicht Granat su sayi soheint, Moha, Null Kab., L 92, 1804. Heivin TTem., 1816, Breith. in Hoffrn. Min., iv. h, US, 1817. Wem. Jietstes Min. Syst, 2, 29, 1817 ; Tetrahedral Garnet Mohs, Char. Syat Min., Tl, 1820, Edmb. Tetraedriacher Granat Grundr., 412, 1824.
Isometric : tetrahedral. Figs. 31, 32. Cleavage : octahedral, in traces.
H.=6— 6-5. G.=3*l— 3-3; 3-216, Breithaupt. Lustre vitreous, inchnins to resinous. Color honey-yellow, inclining to yellowish-brown, and siskin-green ; streak uncolored. Subtranslucent. fracture uneven.
Oompw— 0. ratio for fi, Si=l : 2 ; for libi+e, fte=l : 1 ; formula $'e)+i 'f Si+ iUa 8, Bamm.
Analyses : 1, 2, Gmelin (Pogg., ill 63) ; 3, Bammelsberg's correction of Gmelln's anaL 1 (10b Gh., 701); 4,
1. Schwarsenborg
2. " 8. " Norway
ft
Be
12-03'
An
Kn
86*50 400 With iome almnlos.
8*67
S ign. S'OS l-]6=:98-81 Gmoliii.
5-06 1*15=98*73 Gmelin. 6-71 =100*57 Bamm.
Pyrf etc.— Fuses at 8 in RF. with intumescence to a yellowish-brown opaque bead, beoomtng larker in BF. With the fluxes gives the manganese reaction. Decomposed by muiiatlo add, irith evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen, and separation of gelatinous sUica.
Obs.— Occurs in gneiss at Schwaraenberg iu Saxcry, associated With garnet, qnaIti flnodl and caldte; at Brelteubrunn, Saxony ; at HortekuUe near Mbdum, and also at Brevig in Norvi in drown-syenite.
Named by Werner, In allnsion to its yellow odor, from <Xtf, tta Mk
Ukibili0Ate8. S65
270. DANAZJTB. /. P. Cooke, Am. J. SoL, H xUi 13.
laometric In octahedrons, with planes of the dodecaliedron ; the dode cahedral faces striated parallel to the longer diagonal.
H.=6-6— 6. G.=8'427. Lustre vitreo-resinous. Color flesh-red to gnj. Streak similar, but lighter. Translucent Fracture subconchoidal, uneyesn. Brittle.
Ooa9ki&+i)'&+iZn8; in which ft=l*o, ttn, 2ii. AnalTsea: J. P. Cooke (L c.)t
ft 1*6 ftn 2ii te 8
1. Bockport (DSl'TS 37-40 6-28 17*51 13-83 6*48=il02-28.
A With alnmliuk
labtractmg from aniiL 1 oxygen equivalent to the sulphnr, the sum is 99*49; and from aoaL 2, 2*41 p. & oxygen, the sum is 99*88.
Pyr etc. — B.B. ftises readily on the edges to a blaok enamel With soda on charcoal giyei bU ooetmg of ozyd of adna Perfectly deoompoeed \xj muriatio add, with evolution of sulphnzetted hydrogen and separation of gelatinons ca.
Obs.— Oocors in the Bockport gnmite, Gape Ann, ICass., small grahis being disseminated thmu this rock; also near Gloucester, Mass.; in both localities associated wiu a lithia mica, b tha latter, with green fUdspar and fluorite.
Named after J. D. Dana.
271. QAB19BT. pt [rest Ruby Spinel and Sapphire] Theopkr, Garbunculus pt [rest id] PUm zxzyiL 26 ; Garchedonlus, Garamantlcns Carthaginian or Garamantic Carbnnde], Alabandictts [cut at Alabanda], Anthradtis, PUn,, ib., 25-27. Granatus Atberiua Magnua, 232, 1270. Carbunoolns Carchedoniu8= (Term. Granat, C. Alabandicus and TroeBenius= (Tena Almandin, Agric Foes., 272, Interpr., 43, 1646. Granat TToOL, Min., 120, 1747. Garnet GrenatlV.
Isometric. Observed planes: O (very rare), /, 1; trapezohedi*al, 2-2, tetrahexahedral, t-2, -U; trisoctahedral, f ; hexoctahedral, 3-}, i-|. Dodecahedron, fig. 3, and the trapezohedron 2-2, fig. 10, most common: also figs. 11, 13, 14, 21, 28; octanedral form very rare; figs. 241- 243 distorted dodecahedrons ; f. 244, distorted trapezohedron ; f. 246, combination of the dodecahedron and trapezohedron, out distorted, and having only four planea of the tbrmer.
Cleava : dodecahedral, sometimes quite distinct. Twins : compositionface octahedraL Also massive ; granular, coarse, or fine, and sometimes friable ; lamellar, lamellsB thick and bent. Also very compact, crypto- GryBtalline like saussorite.
tt.=6"5— 7'5. G.=3'15— 4"3. Lustre vitreous — resinous. Color red, browB, yellow, white, apple-green, black ; some red and green colors often brit Streak white* Transparent — subtransluoent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle, and sometimes friable when granular maasive ; Terr tough when compact cryptocrystalline.
Oonp., Var— Garnet is a of f eaquiozyd and protozyd bases, hsTing the gewrri
lU uffle is from the Latin granaiua, meaning Uhe a frain, and directly from potnogratuUe, ths of which fruit are small, numerous, and red, in allusion to the aspect of the crystals.
psn are three proininent groups, based on the nature of the predominating sesquiozyd.
I iumciAOABraf, m which the sesqukud is miuily olumtnaCilti).
iL laoHoiBSEX in which It is largely Mtgutoxyti of iron (Fe), usually w;th some alomhuu
HL Chboueoabxet, in which it is Urgely majuioxyd of thnmivm (Sr).
The proton;<l baseH preseDt either Bingly or two or more loKBthcr, ace June (Ca\ (Mtl> fntoxyi of iron
C-iloxyd of mckci, or v"' or a tracs of su dkaH. SabdiviBioiis of the above groups have bwa ed OD the prodominance of one or RDother of thsu 'graUajit ; and oa this gKHiod tLere m the following Tarietiea or subspeciea :
A. Gbobsulasitb, or Ume- J'Nminagamd.
B. PisoPB, or Magnaia-AltmunagaraeL
C. Alkahiiite. or Inm-AlummagarMl.
B. SPESaABitTB, or MangoMn-Alitininaganid.
£. Akdbaiiitk, or Linu-Inmgameli lucludiog 1, ordinary; 2, "'"c*""'*". or BeOtk; S, yttriferous, ur YVerganut.
F. BBEDBBBam or limt'Mapitnu-lTonganiiit.
G. OnriBOvrrB, or Lima-Chnmfgamet.
Excepting the Itut, these aubdiviBionH blend with one another more or lea completely throoab nrietieB oontiumng oombinatione of the protoxyd bases, and also of the aeaquioiTd bases. Tot following are their characters. Host of the varioiiB names OQiuiierated below under cch diritlan, making the tynoaymj, have stood for a time as names of opposed dlaUiiat spedes.
A. Linie-AbtminagariKl ; 0B03Sin.ABlTB. (Kanelatein [=Oinnamon Stone] fr. Oef loo [sp.. {dated near Zircon] Wen., 1S03, Ludwig's Wem., iL 3U9, IHOl ; Esaonite {ca.] S, Tr, PlerTss pr, IR17 ; Heseomte Handb- 433, ISai : Essonite [tst. of Qamet] BokL. 110, le21- Bomonuilit [fr. Kimilo] yoniaukiSId, Sohw. J., zzzL 38n. Orossularite [ft. Wilni R., Sib.] Wen, 1SU8-9, Hofm. Min., i. 419, Itill; Qranat iWi N, Nord. Bert. St Pet, 1T93{ Wilnit pt. [vnnit] Seiiergiii. Oretiat du cbaut. ou Qrossulaire, Bead., 331, 1821.) A sUicate moinl; of alamiiia audlinio; formula mostly (Ca'+Sl)* 40-1, alumina 22-7, Iime37-3=IOO. But some lime oneii replaced bj protoxyd of iron, and thus graduating toward the Almandite groap. Ooloc (a) white: (6) pale green; (e) amber- and honey-yellow ; (li) wine-yellow, brownish.yellow.einDasnon-browD ; rarety (e) emersid-gTeea Itom the preunoe of chromium. 0.=D-4— 8-Tfi.
The original gromlarite {vnluUa) iodnded the pale green fhim Siberia, and was so namttd ftam the botanical name for the gooseberry ; Q =3-t2— 311. Oinnaman-tloiM, or esmule, indaded s dnnamon-ooLored TUiety iKxa OeyloD, there called AyoetnA ; tmt under this nanM Oe yeDaw kinds are Dsoall; included. Suntnitt is an amber-oolorad kind from Al% FiadmonL Romanmiti
Unisilicates.
hk green, jeSowifib, and yellow-brown garnets are no inrariabljr grossolarite ; some belong to the group of Irongamet, or Andradite (p. 268).
JkailjBM : 1, Groft (G. Rose, Bos. Ural, u. 132) ; 2, T. Wacbtmeiscer (Ak. H. Stockh 1 823) ; S. T a Hunt (Bep. O Oan 1847, 441, and also 1864, 496) ; N. y. Ivanoff (Kokadh. Min. RusaL. iiL 79); 5, Wachtmeiater (I o.) ; 6, Karaten (Karat Aroh. Min iv. 388) ; 7, Klaproth (Beitr., It. 819, 7. !38); Arfvedaon (Ak. H. Stockb., 1822, 87) ; 9, a amelin (Jahresb., v. 224) ; 10. Klaproth (La); 11, Karatni (L a); 12, Nordenakiold (. J., zzxi 380); IH, Richter (Bet. Qea, Leipsie 18M, 99) ; 14, Fiaani' (G. R., Iv. 216) :
LUiaKdUte 2. TeOeotrk, idL 31 Otfofd, Gflo., whU$
iSludiaokaR &.Wflui "
I u . u
9. Oejlon,
Si &
86*86 24-19
89-60 21-20
88-60 23*71
Fe Je An ftg
3-00 3-16
u
a SL GoOiard, " IL AmuBUOKriU 13 TnTereeDa, dark nd 11 ESbtLfOctahed,
38*80
20*10
21*20 19*70
3*67
6*60 6*45 8*66
0*50
0*16 4*16
Oa
3716=98-10 Croft. 82-80=98*26 Waoht 34-83, tsi 0*47, & <r., ig-v 1-10=99-80 Hurt 32-94=100-75 IvanoC 34-86=100-99 Wacbt 31-75=99-58 Karsten. 33-6=98 Klaproth. 83-94=100-70 ArfVed. 30-67, ii 0-69, ign. 0*83=s 98-17 Gmelia 81-25=97-76 Klaproth. 31-36=99-12 Karaten. 24*76, ign. ft loaa 1 -98= 100 N. 82*70=99-88 Richter. 36*04) ign. 0*81=101*49 P.
InaaaL S, 0.=3-622-3*536; anal G.=3'427.
B. MagneriO'Abtminagarnd; Ptbofx. (Oarbimcnli Oarchedonii in Bo§monim agria Agric Foaa., 272, 1546. Bohemian Qfimet Bohmischer Qranat (aa a distinct ap.) Wem Bergm. J., 424, 1789; Klapr., L 16, il 21. Fyrop Wem., 1800, Ludw. Wem., i 48, 1803. KarAinkel Otrniy, EaairboQc pt FV,) A silicate of alumina, with varioua protoxyd bases, among which magnesia predooimatea much in atomic proportions, while in small proportion in other garnet, or absent Fomrala (Hg, Ca, te, ftn)'+i icl)' Si*. The original pyrope is the kind containing chrome. In (he auljsia of the Arendal magnesia-gamet, Mg : Ca : : 1 : 2 ; and the ratio of the BigMeia to the other protoxT-d bases is 1 : I. In Moberg's analysis of the chromiferous pyrope, wfcveh is considered the best, Jkg : Ca : + &n : Cr=8 : 0*75 : 1-33 : 0*57 ; and ftg : Ca + Je +Mn+Cr=l : 087. G.=8-7— 3-72, Breith.; 8-78, Mohs; 3-738 (anal 18), Genth.
Analyses: 15, Wachtmeiater (La); 16, Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat., y. 166, yiiL 447, ix. 344); 17, Moberg (J. pr. Oh., sdiiL 122); 18, F. A. Gtonth (Am. J. ScL, II zzxiiL 196); 19, ZiUiacofl lBamm.Min.Gh., 696):
Si 21 9e
IS. Arendal, hiaek 42*46 22-47
It. /ycpe 42*08 20-00 1-61
n. " 41*36 22*35
USanUFeN.Mex. 42*11 19-86
19. Mieamaki, FinL 41*56 19*84 6*33
te An Ag Oa
9*29 6-27 18-43 6-53=100*44 Wacht G.=3157. 9D9 llnO-32 10*20 1*99, Kobell 9*94 2-59 15-00 6-2, Cr 4*17=100-69 Moberg. 4.37 2200 4-25, Sr 0-35, ign. 1-58=99-28 Z.
the name pyrope ia fifom rvooitroV, firMke,
C Inf'AiMminagarnd; Almasditb. (Pfeciooa or Oriental Garnet Orientalischer Granat, Snaoiscfaer (fr. Siriam in Pegu) Granat Klapr Beitr., IL 22, 1798. Alamandm (Alabandioua P) KanL, Tab., 20. 69, 1800. Common Garnet pt Fahlungranat Benu Lohthr.) A silicate Qu&ly of atemina and protozyd of iron; formula iS'e'-fi Si"=8ilica 36*1, alumina 206, of iron 43-8=100; or An may replace aome of the e, and Fe part of the sHL ieepied and transparent, and then called preciicntf otik; also brownish-red, and translucent 9r nbtraoalooenti common garnet; black, and len referred to var. molanite. Part of common lidooga to the Andradite groups or ia irongamet The Alabandlo carbuncdea of Pliny were beeaoae and polialied at Alabanda. Hence the name almandine, now in use. EHiny Teasels oi the oapaotty of a pint, formed ftom carbondee, dares ao plerumque 'wiae semper Ailgoria horrid,'* devoid of Inatre and beauty of color, which probably were laigtontBiQn gamete of the latter kind. AulM: 20, Hiaiiiger (Sohw. J., xzL 268); 21, 22, bdr. 288); 38-26. Karaten
OXTGEZf OOMFOTTSTDS.
8c); 26-28, WachtBieiiter (L c.); 29, EUprotL {3eitr iL 22, t. 181; 30, W. Wacfatmoisiei Fahresb., zxy. 364) ; 81, Bahr (ib.) ; 82, Beflnard (Jahresb., 1849, 745) : 33, 84 Mallet (J. 0. && Dabl, Bamm. 5th 8appL, 126); 35, W. J. Taylor (Am. J. ScL, IL xiz. 20); 36, C. A. KnrlbtOB (lb.); 87, Ejernlf (J. pr. Gh., Ixt. 192); 38, S9, T. WachtmeiBter (I a); 40, Mobeig (J. pr. Ch, zliil 122); 41, Patser (Bamm. Min. Oh., 695):
ft £1 9e t*e An Ag Ca
100*80 Hifliofli
=101*17
1*07=101'79 Wacht 6-78=101*20 Wadbt
=95-68 Klapr.
2 68=98-34 Wldit 0*90=100-28 Bahr.
=102-19 Bern.
l*68s=99-75 MaIIt 1-38=100*17 Taylor. 1*88=99-84 KuribaniD. 0-8=98-23 XjemU: 1-60= 100-83 Wachtm. 4-98=99-86 Wachtmeiit 0-60=102*10 Uobeiy. 4*81=96-79 Putier.
In bljulL 26, (j.=4-286; anal 27, 8*90; anal. 33, 4-196; anaL 88, 4188; anal 89, 4048; anal 40, 3*86.
D. McmganesAlummagarnd; SPESSABTinL (Qranatrmigea BraimBtehien (fir. Spe88art)£bpr Beitr., iL 239, 1797=BraiinBtehiklBacl (near Gkmet) Ean(, Tab 20 69, 180a ICanga&Miai Garnet (fr. Haddam) Seybert Am. J. ScL, yi 155, 1823. Mangangranat Oerm, Broddbognoit Ben, Speasartine BewL, 62, 1832.) Color dark hyacioth-red (tr. SpeaaartX aometimea with i shade of violet, to browniah-red. 0.=8-7— 4*4 ; fr. Speaaart 3 6, Klapr. ; fr. Haddam 4128, Se/- bert; tt. Broddbo 4*575, d'Ohaaon; fir. Miaak 4*38, Liasenko.
Analyaes: 42, H. Seybert (Am. J. Sci-yi. 155, 1828); 43, Ramroelaberg ( J. pr. Ch., br 467); 44, d'Ohsaon (. J., JOB (Beitr., ii. 244) :
21. ZiUerthal, 6n.
6-00 27-i8
— — .
22. Hungary, jMVfi.
20*61
6-00 82-70
1*47
.—.
19*80
84*05
2D0
24. Ohlaplan
0*30
26. Greenland
89*86
0*46
26. BDgso, dM red
27. N. York
40*60
19*96
33*93
6*69
69
28. Korway
]8'04
1*74
29. Oriental
.—
30. Garpenbeig
89*42
20*27
7*61
8L Bren% Westm.
19*80
87*66
2*03
32. Albemreit bnk. 88. Wisklow.hlaek
21*00
86*77
5*04
—
84. Killiney, brown
37*80
85. Tonkers, N. Y., irp.
36. Delaware OoFtL,irp,
1*85
37. Orayitaa
1*29
2*61
38. Hallandaaoo, duU nd
20*10
89. " "
42*00
2*37
40. Abo, rdh,4m.
35*27
41. Brazil, mamve
6*73 26-76
w r
Si
Si
42. Haddam, Gt
18*06
14*98
43. "
86*16
44. Broddbo
39*00
15*44
45. Miaak
86*80
17*48
14*26
14*00
346); 45, Liaaenko (Kokach. Min. BomL, tiL 230); 46, KlaproCb
80*96
32-18 0-22
In anal 42, G.=4-128; anaL 43, 4*276; anaL 46, 4-38.
=99*78 Seybert.
liK) Bamm. fti 1*00=97-64 D'Ohanoo.
0*51=99-21 liaaenka =98*26 Qaproth.
E. lAmib'IrfmqoinyA; Axdeaditb. (Oommou Garnet, pt Allochroite (firom Drammen aiid Fehingen, Norway) cTfidrada, J. de Phya, IL 243, 1800, Scherer'a J., It. 82. Bhidc Garnet; MeUait (fir. Fraacati) Wem., 1800, Ladw. WenL, L 48, 64 1803. Aplome IT., Tr., !▼. 289, 1801. Kdopbonit iPAndrada; Simon, GehL !▼. 405, 1807. Grenat ff Coan 1804, Lueaa TabL, 265, 1806; Pech-Granat EanLj Tab., 32, 89, 1808. Topaiolite (fir. Ala) itommnn. J. de Phya., bdu 1806. Fyreneit (fr. Fyreneea) Wem, 1811*12, Hoffhi. MbL, IL 873, 1816. Kalkgraaat Ben., . Granat ▼. Longban Boffiof, Aih., ilL 829, 1810 ; BoUiofllte BerjL, N. Sjyit Mia., 218, 1819. Polyadelphite (fr. Frankl N. J.) Thom Min. i, 164, 1836. Mt Boat) Jjv John, J. G. Soo, Dublin, ▼. 1 19, 1863. Ytteigranat (fr. Korway) Jlsrywmiim, Siti. Gea. Bonn., July, 1864.) Colore Tarioaa, induding wine-, topa>-, asd grecaiiah*yeuoiw (topaaoKteX apple-gTBan; brain)* iah-rod, brownish-yellow; grayiah-green, dark green; brown; grayiui-blade, blaok. (.=3*64—4.
Named AndradUe hv the author after the Portuffueee mineraloglat, d'Andrada, wtio deacriM and named the first of the included subTarietiea, AJloohroite. Hie Inchided kinds wrj so wide m ex lor and other respeoti that no 'rue of tite names in naa wiB petra for Hm group.
T7Nibilicate8.
CbmkaBj tLere aro the following inbyarieties : 1. SBmde Zdme IfrmffomeL m which the pro* Uay are wholly kit almost wholly lime. Includes : (a) ubpazoliiej having the color and trans* parens of topes, and also sometimes green ; although resembling essonite, Damour has shown that it belongs here. (5) Ckflophoniie, a coarse granular kind, brownish-yellow to dark reddish* brom la color, resinous in lustre, and usually with iridescent hues ; named aSter the resin colophony (c) MAuuk (iiamed from /mAu;, hlack\ black, either dull or lustrous ; but all black garnet is not here iodiided. Pyreneite is grajrish-black melanite ; the original afforded Vauquelin P- c. of water, Kod was iridescent, incUciing incipient alteration, (d) Dark green garnet, not distinguishable from some aHochroite, except by chemical trials. Jetieiite is green garnet, light or dark, and yel* knrisbrfreen, from the moraine of the flndel glacier near Zermatt, Mt Boss ; named aiter JeOet, one of the describers of it
QiidaiU, a mineral from Nepaul, India, is said to be nothing but massive garnet ; but whether bebngmg to this group or not is not stated.
2. JhagoMesian ZdmIronffomeL (a) RoffiogUe. The original aUoehroUe was a manganesiav iraoganiet of brown or reddish-brown color, and of Ane-grained massive structure. The Roih tfikj from XfOngban, first analyzed by Kothofl is similar, with the color yellowish-brown to liver-brown. Other common kinds of manganesian irongamet are light and dk, dusky green and blad and often in crystals. Thomson's F&addphiie was a massive brownish-yellow kind, FTanklioL N. J. (anaL 66, 67). The same locality affords another in dark green crystals, oontaining stiu more manganese.
(6) Aplome has its dodecahedral faces striated parallel to the shorter diagonal, whence Haiky infOTed that the fundamental form was the cube; and as this form is simpler than the dodeoahedroD, he gave it a name derived from *awXdos simple. Oolor of the original aplome (of unknown locality) dark brown ; also found yellowish-green and brownish-green at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, and on the Lena in Siberia.
3. TUriferous lAmo'Irongaimei; TUergameL Contains several p. c. of yttria (anal 75); 6. =8*88, Bergemann ; RB. infusible.
Analyses : 47, Hisinger (Jahresb., ii. 101) ; 48, Seybert (Am. J. Soi , v. 118) ; 49, Karsten (L c.) ; 6ti, Biedberg (AJe. R Stockh., 1822, i. 63); 51, Bucholz (Scherer's K. J., iv. 172); 52-67, Wachtmeister (L c): 58, Thomson (Ann. tyc. N. Y., ill. 9, 1829); 59, Vauquelin (J. de Phys, I 94); M, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 168); 61, Karsten (I. c); 62, Damour (L'Institut, No. Dec 1&56); 63, Bbelmea (Ann. d. M., lY. vil 19) ; 64, W. Fisher (Am. J. Sd., II. ix. 84) ; 65, Bahr (J. pr. CIl, lUi 312); 66, Weber (Ramm 5th ., 193); 67, Baumann (ib.); 68, D. Forbes (Edinb. K. Ph. II. iiL); 69, 70, N. v. Ivanof (Koksch Min. RussL, iiL 79); 71, Tschermak (Jahresb., lieo, 766); 72, £. K. Oranqvist (Koksch Min. Bussl., iiL 32); 78, A. Stromeyer (Jahresb. Hanorer, xiiL 2h, 1864); 74, Rose (Karst Tab., 3H); 75, Bergemann (Sits. Qes. Bonn, July, 1854); 7d, Wright (J. G. Soa, Dublin, v. 1 19, Ann. d. M., V. iu. 707) ; 77, Damour a) ; 78, v. Merz (Nat Ge. Zurich, vi); 79, Karavaief (Koksch. Min. BussL, iil 34):
Si 9e te Un ttg Oa
47. Westmanland
37*55
31*85 -
— 470
48. Willaboro', ColopfL
49. Schwarzenberg, gn.
36*85
4*05
2585 -
— 0*95
— —
50. Sala
22-18 -
1*95
51. Thoringia, brown
84*00
2*00
27*84 -
— 315
51. Loogban, yw.
— 7-08
53. Altenau, Apiome
35*64
30*00 -
— 8-02
—
54. HeaselkuUa, bn.
28-58 -
— 1*62
19*42 -
— 3 30
56. Arendal, 6rA-M;
40*20
6*95
20-50 -
— 4*00
57. Teeavius, ftn.
39*93
10-95 8-35 1-40
58. Frwjkiln, N. J, 6n.
33-7*
— 16*70
TrvK black, MeL
34*0
2.'5*6 -
—
6*0
26-0* -
4*55
28-15 -
—
35*84
6*24
2H-12 -
mm
3. Bettrfeu "
86*45
29-48 -
— 0-28
FruiooDia, N. 5it
2816 -
5. Qtntafsbera; a.=:8*6 37-80
15-66 497 0-13
r.
U. ftfQddpkSe
2873 -
— 882
28*56 -
— 5*41
20-43 -
— 240
It.
26*74=100-84 Hisinger. 2900, fi 0-33=101 89 Seybi 32-32=99-52 Karsten. 31-80=10008 Bredberg. 30*75, Cu 4-25 Buchola. 26-91, ii 0*98=9917 Wacht 29*21, S 2*35 Wacht. 80*74= 100-59 Wacht 81*65=99-82 Wacht 29-48=101*13 Wacht 81*66=100-94 Wacht 25-88, fl 0-08=101-99 T. 33*0=98'9 Vauquelin. 3-2*5, Mn 0-4=100 4 Klapr. 81-80=99*75 Karsteu. 82*72, f i 104= 100 Damoir. 80 76, ign. 0-96 Ebchuen. 32*00=99 Fisher. 30*28=100-02 Bahr. 24 05=98-97 Weber. 26 74=101-40 Baumaniu 81-38, JfTa & loss 1-93=1001
Pttamdaad at prolMqrd.
S70 OXTQBN OOHPODNSe.
a X] Fe JS-a An 0.
6. SchlBchlmBk Uti. RG-!I Ir. Ull tr. — 30-9=lOO-i8 JvtaaL
7U. AchmatovHk 37-23 S'M 24-Bl (r. 049 H1-07 99'S3 JnaoL
7! prun 38 3 18 — S 30-=l01 TMihemuk.
12 Pickaranta, btiA.- 37-19 12-38 S1-4G 0'83 30-78=1031 Gnn<)TUt
78. Arkanaas 81-26 3180 O'lB 33-30, Tl3-lfl IilO Strom
74. Drammea, ABochr. 3700 6 00 18-60 8-2B 80-0090 76 Rose.
75 Norway, 6*, j/Urif. 3494 (r. 30-01 1-09 0-60 26-04, 8'G6=9914 Brajs
IB. Vt RoB Jdldite, gn. SB-OS S3-4I 28*6I 100-11 Vright
77. Zenoitt, "feitfev 38-03 IM 30-06 tr64 38-14=100 Dimoor.
7B. hglilffn. 36-U 0-66 30-63 0-36 82-38=100-06 Men.
T. BosgoloTsk, vuA.-6a. 36-37 0-S3 31- 0- 0-64 32-6nlO0-72 KraTit
la anal 62, Q.=3'966; anaL GS, Q.=3-S7I,' aoaL 66, a.=3-6SE; snaL 68, a.=3-H Ion tlM Brov!g;fiord with brericile; aiiaL SB, G.=3-7SB; aiud. 71, 0.=3-73, in serpmiUiie; aiuL 13 m made OQ B miueral errDOOonaly called chorlamite I anaL 16, 0.=3-8a, H.s:6-, anoL 77, 0.=3'8&
F. LtmMoffMiia Irmgarnet; Bbedbkboite. A rarlet Awn Bala, 8wdBii, is bere indoM. Formulate Oa'+i ftg*)' Si'-I-Fe' Si*=SiUca 37-2, peniZTd of iron 33-1, magneria li-4, Edm in 1 00. It correspoada under Irocgam; t nearly to aploms ntidcr Ahiminagamet. Aiialjtli \i] Bredberg {Ak. U. Stockh L 63, iS'Za) :
Si XI 9e fts Ca
SO. Sala 8S-7S 2-78 26-83 1344 21-79=90-67
G. Lim* Chromeganet; OtrTiBOTm. (Uwarowit Baa., PojtgT Mi'- 388, 1832 ) A miaa )f lime and aesquioird of cbroioiuio. Formula (i Oa' + i Sr)' Si*=(Ca')' gt'+Cr" Si*.
In the Ural variety, a fourth of the onxl of chromium ia replaced by alumina; that is, i!ih& l;;l nearly. Color emerald-green. H.=1-6. G. S-41 — 3'5 B.B. iofuaible ; with bom i nr chrome-gTeen aa. Nanwd after tho Kusaian minister, Uvarot AmUfaee : 61, Eomova (Verb. min. Gea. St. Pet, 1841, 66) ; 83, Erdmanu (Jahreab., xziii. 29], Bamm. Uin. Cbe91|; 83, Damour (L'lDititut, I86S, Na 1198); 84, T. S. G. Can 18G3, 497);
ti Ag Ca
S-44 MO 30-34, tL l-nl iaO-llE
1-64 31-63,
— 33-32=98-60 Damout.
4-97 0-81 33-20, B 0-30=99in.
Garnet usually contaltis no water, or only a trace of It, and thua dillbri) Aini tbe rdiltJ 'docrase The groaaularite (Vom Wilui aflbrdml G. Jfaguua only 0-13 p. cj the dmianiou-tKiDt nf Ala, 0'2A-0-4; the almandiDe ofSlatout, none (Fogg., zctL 847).
Ill jewelry, tbo lighter oscar garaeta are often called hyacinth. The yelloniall [a the JacHlc la bella; a yellowish crimson, the Guarnaedno; and another very aimiUr, VtrmeUU, or HyoiM- Gamil; the red, with a violet tinge, Rvbrno-dtrocca, aud also Grenat Syrian {tram Pegul, and probably the Amethyataonta of Pliny. Tliu deep and dear red, like Burpmdf wiH In shade, in the true predoai garaei, which ia either pyrope or alniandilc. The ancient name meaning a banUng coat, aJIudea to the iutemal flre-like color aud reflectioD, and vu Bpphed also lo some ruby. The Latiu name corbuncujw, from carbo, coat, baa the aame aigpiii-
Pyr., etc — varieties fuse easily to e light-brown or black glass ; F.=3 in almandin peasonite, grossularite, aud allochroite : 3*6 in pyrope; but ouvarovite, the chromegaruel ftoa liluded), ia almost intYisible, F.=6. Allochroiw and almaudiEe to a nugictions with the fluids vary with the bases. Almost all kinda react for Iroo; reacdoa in spessartite, and less marked in other varietiEa; a chromium reaoand in most pyrope. Some rarieties are partially decomposed by adda; aB are alter ignition decomposed by muriatic ucad, and generally with separatioD
Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbouales. Arendal garnet, haviug G. 4'068, waa reduced by heating to G.=4'046, and i— !l-204, Church; and a Ceylon easontte, haTing a.=S-8S<, hod Q.=381 Hpisnt fbaioo, Church, jatala are very cHomou in mlM KJtla gnslMi yanltic gnaiai and hentlend*
Si
Fe
Sr
ai
Bissersk
Orford,Can.
37'11
Sb-51
6-8B
'I
2S-46*
e-ao
Okisilioates. 271
I2d Jilorite wjiiflt ; thej oocar often, also, in granite, sycnitUi (aTStaUizjc Hmestone, sometbnM aerpestinci, and oocasionally in trap and volcanic tula and lava.
Garaet is aometiniea fonnd in the massive foru as a prominent constituent of a rock. A white nrietf (llme-aluminagamet) occurs, forming, with a little serpentine, a whitish garnet rock al Orfocd in CSanada, having G.=3'S2— 8*58. A similar gamO-felsUe exists in Bayreuth in BaTazia. At St fan9oia in Canada there is a yellowish-white and greenish-white garnet rock, coassting of the same garnet along with pyroxene, in the proportion, according to T. 8 Hunt, of 57*72 of the former to 40-71 of the latter, having'G.=3*88, and affording on analysis, Si 44*86, i[ Ur78, Pe 3-20, Mg 5-24, Ca 34-38, ign. IM 0=99-68 (Bep. Q. Can., 186H, 496). Ecloifte is a f&rul-inphotide, consisting of a massive reddish garnet and grass-green smaragdite or omphadte. TfaeM garnet rocks are all very tough as well as heavy rocks.
Many foreign locolitios of garnet have been mentioned in the preceding pages, under the head of empotition and varieties. The best dnnamonntUme comes from Ceylon, in gneiss ; Malejo in Wermiaad, in crystne limestone; on the Mussa-Alpin Piedmont, with dinochlore and diopside, frhere the crystals present the planes I, 2-2, i-2, 3-f , 0, 1 ; at Mittaghorn, in Switzerland, with the Btme minerals, reddish-brown in color, and having sometimes the planes i-2 and with / and 2-3 ; pale isabella-yellow at Auerbach, with the planes 2-2, TJ 8-|, i-2, i- ; a brownish variety (rcmattaovUe) at Kimito in Finland A honey -yellow garnet in octahedrons occura in Elba. Grossu- Urite of polo greenish color, comes from the banks of the Wilui in Siberia, in serpentine with idocnse, and from Cziklowa, in the Bannat ; in white or colorless crystals in Tellemark, in Norway, and the Schischimski'a Gora, in the Ural; also whitish in a resinopal pseudomorph after coral in Van Diemen*s Land. Emerald-green crystals are found at Dobschau in Hungary. Almandiie or precioas garnet comes in fine crystals from Ceylon, Pegu, Brazil, and Greenland. Common garnet is found in dodecahedrons 3 to 4 inches through at Fahlun in Sweden, Arendal and Kongsberg in Norway, and the Zillerthal. AUockro&e an apple-green and yellowish variety, of different shades, oocun at Zermatt in Valais, in geodes of crystals in chlorite schist ; brilliant black crystala {mdaniie) and also brown, at Vesuvius on Somma ; and in a volcanic tufa at Fras* cati near Borne ; peak Eapada and that of Ereslids near Bardges in the Hautes-Pyrenees (Pyren ik). Aplome ocean in yellowish and brownish-green crystals at Schwarzcnberg in Saxony, and 9D the borders of tho Lena in Siberia. Speasartite at Spessart near Aschaffenburg in Bavaria ; in the white feldspar of the granite of Elba, at St Marcel, Piedmont, in pegmatite at Y ilate near Chantelouboi, Haute-Yienne ; at Broddbo, near Fahlun, m Sweden ; in a porphyritic trap, near Ilefeld in the Haiz. Pyrope oocura in trap, tufii, and in the sands of the region, near Meronitii Trablitz, and Podsedlitz, in Bohemia, where alone the variety used as a gem is obtained ; also at Zohlits in Saxony, and the valley of Krems in Bohemia, in a serpentine rock. Ouvaroviie is found at Saranovskaja near Bissersk, in the vicinity of Kyschtlmsk, Urals, lining cavities or fissures in chromic iron ; at Haule, in Rupshu, on chromite.
Near Cantereta, the Hautes-Pyrenees, largo crystals of brown garnet have a nucleus, easily separable, of dull green crystallized idocrase ; the containing rock is a compact gray limestone.
In N. America, in MmnCf beautiful yellow crystals or dnnamon-stone (with idocrase) at Par-
sonafield, Fhippsburg, and Rumford ; manganesian garnet at Phippsburg, as well as the finest
yellow garnet in Maine ; in mica slate near the bridge at Windham, with staurotide ; in granite
Teins at Streaked Mountain, along with beryl; in large reddish-brown crystals at Buckfield, on
the estates of Mr. Waterman and Mr. Lowe ; handsome red garnets at Brunswick. In K ffamp
at Hanover, small dear crystals in syenitic gneiss ; blood-red dodecaliedrons at Franoouia, in geodes
in massive garnet, with caldte and magnetic iron ; at Haverhill, in chlorite, some 1 in. ; at War-
rni, beautiful cinnamon garnets with green pyroxene ; at tJnity, on the estate of J. Neal, with actin-
elite and magnetite, and at Lisbon, near Mink Pond, in mica slate with scaurolite ; at Graftou, i to
1 in. in diameter. In VermorUf at New Fane, large crystals in chlorite slate : also at Cabot and
Oavendish. In ifo., at Carlisle, geodes of transparent dnnamon-brown crystals similar to figure
14, with scapolite in limestone; at Boxborough, similar but less remarkable specimens ; also in
gneiss at Brookfield and Brimfield ; massive with epidote at Newbury, and in crystals at Bedford,
Chesterfield, with the Cummington kyanite, and at the beryl locality of Barre. In Conn.y trapezo-
bedrons, in., in mica slate, at Reading and Monroe ; at Haddam, ib. of manganesian garnet, often
1 in. through, with chrysoberyl; at Middletown feldspar quarry, with octahe£al faces (Shepard); at
Lfoi large blackish-brown crystals in limestone. In K, Yorkj in mica slate, in Dover, Duchess Co.,
small; at Roger's Bock, crystallized and massive, and colopbonite of yellow, brown, and red
nolan, abundant ; brown crystals at Crown Point, Essex Co. ; colophonite as a largo vein in
gaeiBi at Willsboro, Eesex Co , with wollastonite and green coccoHte, and also at Lewis, 10 m.
wnich of Keeseville; in Middletown, Delaware Co., large brown cryst. ; a dunamon variety, crys-
taOind and massive, at Amity; on the Croton aqueduct, near Toilers, in small rounded crystals,
nd a beautiful massive variety— the latter, when polished, forms a beautiful gem. In Ni Jentey,
ttFranUin, blade, brown, yellow, red, and green dodecahedral garnets ; also near the Franklin
horace. In isim., in Chester Co., at Pennsbury, fine dark brown cr}'Stals vith polished faces, in
roke; neiCr Knanertown, at Eeims' mine, in handsome lustrous crystals, at Chester, brown;
273 Oxtobn Oompoukds.
in Gonoord, on Green*8 Oreek, iMembling pjTope ; in LeipenrlUB, red; atlOnerBlHiO, flno-bcowv at Warren, black. In Detatoaref cinnamon-stone in trapeEohedrooB, at Dickson's quany, 7 m. from Wilmington. Also at Knife rapids on the Mississippi In CaUfomiOf green with ore, Hope Valley, El Dorado Co., on Rogers' claim ; also with copper ore in Los Angeles (A, ic Mt Meadows ; ouTarovite, in crjBtals on chromite, at New Idria; iu Alaska, in large trapeiohe* drons, near Stickeen river ; pyrope, near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
In Canada at Marmora, dark-red; at Grenyille, a donamon-stone ; an emerald-green dirome* garnet, containing 6 to 7 p. c. of ozyd of dirome, in Orford, Canada, in granolar masses and druMH of minute transparent dodeoahedral crystals, with millerite and caldte (anal. 82); and in the same yidnity large cinnamon-red and yellowish crystals of garnet along with pyroxene.
The dnnamon-stone from Oeylon (called hyadnth) and the predous garnet are used as genu when large, finely colored, and transparent The stone is cut quite thin, on account of the of color, with a pavilion cut below, and a broad table above bordered with small facets. Ad octagonal garnet measuring lines by 61 has sold for near $700. Pulverised garnet is sometimps employed as a subsUtate for emery.
Alt — Garnets containing protoxyd of iron often become rusty and disintegrated through the oxydation of the iron, and sometimes are altered, more or less complete, to linumtie, magnetiie, or hematUe, The action of waters containing traces of carbonic acid and carbonates and sQicates in solution, results in the same changes nearly as with pyroxene, produdng at differeut timbi s loss, or alteration, of bases, or by a fVirther change and the addition of water, ideaUle, serpentiMf ehloriie. The lime in the line garnets may be taken up by the carbonic add of the waters; and if magnesia is combined with the carbonic add (forming a bicarbonate), it may take the place of the lime, and thus give rise to a aerpenHne or steatiie pseudomorph, or to a cfUoriief if the iron partly remains. Alkaline carbonates seldom produce the changes, for alkaline pseudomorphs are rare. An excess of silica is to be expected in analyses, according to Bischo since part of the bases are often lost through incipient change. Quartz also occurs with the form of garnet
TroU6 Wachtmeister found in a crystallized, reddish-brown garnet, having G.= 3-861, fna Klemetaauiie in Norway, which was partly penetrated by a whitish mineral, §i 52*1 1, 18 03, Fe 23-64, Mu 1-74, Ca 5-77 101*19, in which there is a defldency of bases, or what ia equivalent an excess of silica, the oxygen ratio of baws and silica being 1 : 1*7, instead of 1 : 1 . Schill foond =101 '09, giving for the oxygen ratio of bases and silica 1 : 1*34. Sthamer obtained for a massiTe garnet of a dark grayish-green color, Miask, having a serpentine-like nudes, Si 4611, Si 12-09, Fe 1319, Ca 20*38, Mg 7'36=9908 giving for the oxygen ratio of bases and sUica 1: 1-3.
Pyropc occurs altered to talc at its several localities. A serpentine pseudomorph after game from Schwarsenberg in Saxony, afforded Kersten Si 34*24, &g 88*28, te 3-38, Ikn 0*41, $a 0-35, £[ with some bitumen lu-ri2, magnetic iron 17*60=99-78=82*28 serpentine and 17-50 magnetic iron.
Some garnets effervesce with adds, the presence of carbonate of lime, wliich they have received probably through the action of waters holding carbonic add or bioarbonatos in solution, as, for example, a black garnet from Arendal, Norway, which contains both caldte and epidote ; and crystals from Tvedestrand, which are wholly oJdte within, there being but a thin crust of garnet.
Artif. — Melanite garnets have been obtamed in a porous glass proceeding from the fusion of idocrase (Klaproth), and also of a melanite from Frascati (v. Kobell). Miller mentions the occorreuce of garnet in crystals as a furnace {product Daubree and Studer state that crystals of garnet may be made by fusing together the constituents. Mitscherlich has also obtain garnets artiacially (Ann. Gh. Phys., Ixil 219).
Tritomits of Weibye, a hydrous spedes, is probably related in oompositioo, as it is in form, to garnet and helvin ; it appears to give, although a sesquioxyd silicate, the garnet oxygen ratio 1 : 1. See description under Htdbous Sojoatms.
272. ZIROON. Av/cvpieir (=Iynonrinm)? 7%eophr. [Pliny knew of no stone of the name lom* curium, xxxvL 13.] Girysolithos ? pt, Plin, xxxvii. 42 ; MelidirysosT ib., 46; Orateritisr Ibi, 56. Not Ghrysolithos (Gemmarii hodie etiam Hyadnthum vooant) Cferm. Jacinth, Agrie., 295, Interpr., 464, 1646. Not Hyadnthus WalL, 121, 1747. Jargon (hi note acknowledgiaf ignorance of it) OrcnsL, 42, 1758. Jargon, Topazius pt (slams hyalinns, var./). WaXL, t40 1772. Grenat A prisma quadrilatdre, etc., Hyadnte (fV. Expailly) fhnas, Viv., 1S7, and Errata, 1772. Hyaante pt (var. 1 ; angles and figs, given) [rest Idocrasei Meiooite, Uannotomel
UA, Crict, in% U. 1183 ; IHuiuQt brut, on JartD de OeJMB, Cb U, 239, 1183. Zircon (ft 1783; Lempe Mag.,lT. 90, ITST. Zircon (a cate of ZIBOOKIA) jOopr, Scfaiift.:KBt.Fr. BeTL,iz.lTB9, Beitr.,L a03, Zirconite. Ostranit AnAUib.,ia80, Ohul83X CUjpttriita Sh9 Am. J. ScL, D. zlL !10, ISSI. SngeUurdlt S. v. froioiM, Kokich. Uia. BMdUL 150, 1BG8.
Tetranal. 0Al-i=W7° 32'; o=0-640373. Obeerved planes : O verj nn; name /,i4; octahedral 1, 2, 3, 1-t; zlrcoQoid, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5.
/Al=133'10' /A 3=151 5f /A 3=159 4&1 /Al-=112 25
MA1=118' 20' t-Al-t=122 38 i- A 3-3=148 16f wA4-4=155 8
lAl, pyr.,=123'' 19i' 1A1,W,=84 19} l-Al-, pyr.,=185 10 1 A 1-4=151 39 J
Faces of pyramids Boraetimee convex. Cleavage : /imperfect, 1 less difr tinct Also iQ uregnlar fomu and graiiiB.
Got. oT Tomik, TJnl.
H.=7-5. G.=4'05— 4"75. Lnstre adamantine. Oolorless, pale yellowpayish, yellowish-green, brownish-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak unwloRd. Transparent to sabtranslucent and opaque. Fracture conchoidal, liioL Doable refraotioD strong, posiUve.
ooktbM TiUowIA or iniokj droooi of OIoa fitere iMra long olM >>nioii
Oxygen Oomfot7Nd8.
In jewelry, in allnrion to the hd that while resembling the diamond in lustre, they were oomiian tirely wortlileea ; and thence came the name Mircon. The brownish, orange, a&d reddish
were called distinctively hyacinifis — a name applied also in jewelry} to some topaz and light colored garnet. Crystals like fig. 254 irr the engelhardik of Russia The crystals horn FrederidctTim, analyzed by Berlin (anal 5), were by mistake called ErdmamUt. Minute dark brown and greenish-brown crystals from the ciiryvt' beryl locaUty at Haddam, Ot, are the cafypioiite of Shepard, probtUj an altered variety, like ostranlte, malacone. etc. (see beyond Fig 257 represents, of actual form, a crystal from Warren Co., N. Y., which is chesnut-brown about some of the angles (as marked by dot ted lines), and the rest grayish- white ; others from the region stripes of color parallel to the edges of 3-3 ; the planes 3-3 and 3 are in part wanting.
For crystals firom Stockholm G.=4072— 4*222, Svanberg; fr Ilmen Mts 4 699, 4-610, id.; fr. Ceylon, 4*68 1, id.; 4-721, Owny: TrkhriaVkiiiw w V fr* Fredericksvam, 4'2, Berlin ; from Duncombe Co., N. C, 4-807,
jonnsDurg, a. i. Chandler; fr. Litchfield, Me., 4-7, Gibbs; fr.— ? 4-615-4-71, Heaae-
berjc; fr.Grenville, Canada, 4-625— 4-602, T. & Hunt; fr. Readfaig, Pa., 4-695. WetherilL
The crystals have but slight variations in angle. Xoksoharof deduced (Min. RussL, iS. M% I9S) for the Ural crystals 1 A 19' 34" and 19' 46"; which agree very closely irith his measurements (123" 20' 21") and those for the mineral by Kupffer (Preisschrilt, eta), wbo obtained 123'' 20' 8'\ For the engelhardite Kokscharof obtained 84 21'45 ". H. Dauber foand for crystals from Miask 123*" 20' 18" (Pogg., evil 275, 1859); from five from Pfitschthal, 13' 20' 46" ; from three crystals fr. Frederickavam, 123" 2<)' 38 " ; from a Ceylon crystal, 123* 19' 50". Oomp.— 2r §i=Silica 33, zirconia 67=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 126); 2,Vaa quelin (HaUy's Min., 1801); 3, Berzelius (Ak. H. Stockh 1824); Wackemagel (Bamm. Min. Ch., 890); 5, Beriin (Pogg., Izzxviii 162); 6, Henneberg (J. pr. Ch., zzxviil 508); 7, Vanuxem {J. Ac. Philad., iii. 59); 8, C. P. Chandler (Am. J. 8oL, II. xxiv. 131); 9, W. Gibbs (Pogg.,lxxi 559); It). WetheriU (Trans. Am. Phil Soa PhUad., x. 346, Am. J. Set, xv. 443) ; 11, T. S. Uont (Am. J. Scl, ILxii. 214):
Si
&
Pe
Ca
a
Ceylon
1*5
=98-5 Klaproth.
" Byaeinih
2*0
=98-5 Vauquelin.
6. Expailly
=100-64 Berzelius.
4. Fredericksvarn
84'56
tr. —
5. "
88*43
0*70
=l00l0BorUn.
6. ?
1-55 0-88
— 1 01 -09 Henneberg.
7. Buncombe Ca, N. C.
— =99-15 Yanuxem.
0*41=100-08 Chandler.
9. Litchfield, Me.
36*26
63*88
0*79
— , nndea 0-36=99-74 Gibbs
10. Beading, Pa.
11. Grenvilie, brown
67*8
— =101-0 Hunk
Klaproth discovered the earth zirconia in this species hi 1789 (Beitr., I 208).
PYT., etc. — Infusible ; the colorless varieties are unaltered, the red become colorless, while dark-oolored varieties are made white ; some varieties glow and increase in density by igidtioa. Not perceptibly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. In powder is deoomposed when Aised witb soda on the platinum wire, and if the product is dissolved in dilute muriatic acid it gives the orange color characteristic of zirconia when tested with turmeno paper. Not acted upon ]bv adds except in fine powder with concentrated sulphuric acid. Decomposed by ftision wio alkaline carbonates and bisulphates.
G. before heating of a Ceylon zircon, 4*183, after heathig to redness, 4-534, Damour; ut for some zircons no change, according to Church; trials, before and after, of the Henderson Co, 4-575, 4*640; uiother, ib., 4-665, 4-665; the ExpaUly, 4*863, 4*861; the Fredericksvim, 4489. 4-638. A phosphoric glow after heating, and the greatest density after this glow, CfaordL
Obs. — Occurs in crystalliuo rocks, especially granular limestone, ohloritic and other schists; gneiss, syenite ; also in granite ; sometimes in iron-ore beds.
Ziroonenik is a coarse syenitio rock, containing crystals of nrcon, with ohgodaae, sgirine, elflsolite, epidote. Crystals are common in most auriferous sands (p. 6). SometinMS found La vol' oanio rocks.
Found in alluvial sands hi Ceylon ; in the gold regions of the Ural, near Miaak, Bei0vsk, Kewjansk, etc. ; at Laurvig and Hakedal in Norway ; at Arendal in in the iron-mhiM. Mi Frederickavam, in zircon-syenite ; at Ohlapi in Transylvania; at BUin in Bohemia; Sebli
IB fluraoy; FAtsdithal in fhe Tyrol , at Ezpailly. near Le Pay in France ; in Anvergne, in vol* eutietitfii; at Teanyiofl} with ; in Scotland, at Scalpay, Isle of Hania; at StrontiaD fji Aigyleahire ; in the aoiiferona aanda of the Groghan Kinahela Mtn., Ireland ; in Greenland ; at Suti fioM in Antioquia, N. Grenada ; in the gold regiona of Australia.
Id N. America, in Dine at latchfield ; at Mt Mica in Paris ; Greenwood : Hebron. In Ver' ia atMiddlebury. In Conn,, at Norwich, with pillimanite, rare; at Haddam (calyptoHto) in ninute oystala. In y. Tork at HalPs mioe in Moriah, Uaez Co cinnamon-red, in a velc ofqnirti; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite, pyroxene, and sphene, in crptnlB aometimes 1 in. in length ; on Deer Hill, 1 m. S.E. of Oanterbury, in the same Co., crystals abandant of a deep brownish-red or black color, and occasionally in. in length ; in War* vide, at the southern base of Mount Eve, chocolate-brown crystals in limestone and scapolite ; Dear Amity, and also in Monroe and Oomwall, at several localities, of white, reddish-brown, doTebrown, and black colors ; at Diana in Lewis Oo., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long, sphene and scapolite, but rare : in St Lawrence Go, with apatite, at Robinson's in the town of Hammoud, near die Long's Mills, isonie of the crystals in. long and i in. wide, and occasionally containing a nucleus of carbonate of lime; also at Bossie (form /, 1, 8); at Johnsburg, in Warren Co. In Jeneyf at Franklin ; at Trenton in gneiss. In ., near Reading, in large oyscals in magnetic iron ore ; at Easton, in talcose slate. In N, Oar,, in Buncombe Co., on the road from the Saluda Gap to Asheville, upon the firat elevation aller passing Green river, crystals foDod loose in the soil, and imbedded in feldspar; in the sands of the gold washings of Mc- Dowell Goi (t 258). In Oaiifomia in the auriferous gravel of the north fork of the Ajnerican river, and elsewhere. In Canada, at GrenviQe ; St Jerome ; Mille Isles.
The name ffyoidnih was spied by the ancients to a bluish-violet stone, regarded as our sapphire, and was derived from a flower (lily) eo-called of this color. [In modern mineralogy a hyacinthalar is reddish-orange with a tinge of brown.] Intagli of zircon are common among ancient gems, and the &ot that the lyneurium Theophrastus was, as he says, used for engraved signets, while at the same time electric on friction, and often amber-colored, are the principal evidence that it was onr airoon.
Alt — Zircon is one of the least alterable of minerals, as it contains no protozyds, and only the most insoluble of perozyds. It however passes to a hydrous state, and is attended ultimately with a loss of silica and the addition of ozyd of iron and other impurities derived from infiltrating watersL AuerbachMief malaeon (jeratediU, tachyaphaliite, caiyptolUe cyriolik, are probably altered srcoQ.
The following tetragonal lircon-like minerala are probably altered zircon. They afford B.B. more or less water:
272A. Majjlooh. (Malakon Sckterer, Pogg., IziL 436, 1845.) I A 1=124*' 40' to 124° 57', and 88° 30'. H.=6*6. G.=3'9— 4047. Lustre vitreous to subvitreous. Color brown, powder reddish-brown or micolored. From Hitterde in Norway ; and Ohauteloube, Haute Yienne, occurring in thin plates over 3 to 4 nun. thick, and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Named
from ifaXxiiy 90ji,
272R Onnoun. (Malacone, Altered Zircon, J, P, Ooohe, Am. J. Sd., xliiL 228; W. J. KnowUtm, ib zliv. 224) Form as in f 268, with the pyramidal planee convex. H.=6'6*6; after ignition 7—7*5, Cooke. 268 G.=s*98— 404 Cooke; 3*86, 3*97, Knowlton. Lustre somewhat tdamantinfl. Color brownish-red; powder the same. From Rockpott, Masa., in granite with danalite and oryophyllite. Named firom if rof, bmL Fig. 268 ttom Cooke.
A mmeral foand with oolumbite at Bosendal, near Bjdrkboda, Ftnland, haa been referred to adelphollto of Nordenskiold (p. 626), but an analysis by A. E. Nordenskiold (anaL 7) shows that it is alte* sircon, near malacon or qyrtolite ((Efv. Ak. StoddL, 1S63, 462, Pogg., OZziL 616, 1864).
272C TACHTAPHAi/nn. (Tachyapbaltit Weibye, Pogg., IzzzviiL 160, 1963.) Crystals like those of zircon, with planes /, f-t, and two octahedrons, one of 1 and the other of 60 . H.=r 6*5. G. Lustre submetallic to vitreous. Color dark reddish-brown.
StRtk dirty yellow. Subtrenslucent From granite veins in gneiss near Erageroe in Norway, wi'b sphene. Named rd;(V(, quick, and oaArof, the mineral flying readily from the gangui <te Berlin puta a 7 after sharia in his analysis (Na 8).
272D. (, ((Enibddit Fbrchhammer, Pogg., . 630, 1886.) 1 A 1=123" 16. H.= i. G.=3'629. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color reddish-brown. Areudal in Nor tBd coaaoooXj on oyBtals of pyroxene. Named after (Brsted.
OZraSN OOMFOUNDS.
273E. AraBBAOHin. (Anerbaohit Hermimyik, J. pr. Oh., IzziiL 209, 1858.) 1 A lr=lS2' 43' iM SS"" 21', Kokflcharof: 80', Herm.; 87% Auerhach. H.=6*5. G.=4*06. Lustre greoiiy to vitreous, week. Color brownish-gray. From a sUioeous schist in the Cirdo of llariupol, District of AlezandroYsk, Russia. Named after Dr. Auerbach, by whom the ciTStals were flrat studied
272F. Braoitk {Forbes A DahXL Nyt Mag. Kat.. xiiL 1855). Occurs in imperfect crystals, - tetragonal, in orthodase, near Helle, Naresto, Alve, and Askero, Norway. H.=6-6'5; G.=5*1S— 5*35 ; Instre submetallic; color brown; streak yellowish-brown; thin splinters trans- Incent. Heated in glass tube decrepitates strongly and loses water. B B. in the platinum fo oeps infhsiblo, but Incomes yellow; with borax, a glass which is brownish-yellow while hot, but green and finally greenish-yellow on cooling. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton of silica. No analysis has yet been made, and the true relations of the species are doubtful
Analyses: 1, Scheerer (I a) ; 2, Bamour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. zxir.); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Ohem., liii. 32); J. P. Cooke (la); 5, 8, Knowlton (I a); 7, A. K Nordenskioki (L a); 8; Berlin (Pogg., Izzxriii 160); 9, Forchhammer (La); 10, Hermann (L a) :
9i 2r Pe S te
1. Malciamt Hitter&e 31*31 83*40
2. Chantelonbe 30-87 61*17
4. OarMite, Bockport 27*90 66*98
1*59 1*40
8*47
3-63 Ce 2*07
Oe 1*40
Ca 8-93
'ifhl2-82
l-U
0-34 0-11 3*03=98-99 Scheerer.
3*09, Mn 0*14=99-021)
400, iln 1-20=100 H.
2*19=99-59 Cooke.
4*56, Sn 0-47 =99 48 Kb.
,8n 0-41=98 97 K.
9 58, §n 0 61=99 29 5.
8-49, Si 1*85=992 R
5*58, Ca2*61 100F.
0*95=99*97 Herm.
5. " " 60-78
6. " 26- 18 64-60*
8. TachyaphaU., Norway 34 68 88'96
9. (Erstediie, Arendal 19*71 68*96 10. AuerbaehUe, Russia 4291 55*18
A With tame O. b With tome Tl 0>. c With traoe of mMganeM.
In Auerbachlte, the only anhydrous kind among the aboye, the oxygen ratio for the silica and sirconia is 1 : 1, instead of 1 : 1.
Artie — Formed in crystals by action of chlorid of silicon on zirconia (Daubr) ; by action ef fluorid of silicon on zirconia, or of fiuorid of droonium on quartz, beautiAil transparent octahedroai resulting (Derille and Oaron).
273. VJEiBUVIANITB. Hyacinthns dictns octodecahedricus Oappder, Prodr. Crist, 80, pL 8 (fig. 261 below), 1728. Hyacinte pt, Hyaointe da Yesuye, de Lide, (Jrist, 234, 1772, pL ir.; il 291, pi. iv. 1783. Hyaointe yolcaniqae Demegte Lettr., i. 418. Hyacinth-Kzystalle (ft*. WQulE.) PiaUas, N. Nord., Beytr., St Pet, r. 282, 1793; Wfloite pt Vulkanischer Schorl Widenmaui, Handb., 290, 1794. Hyacinthine DekmeOL, Sciagr., i, 268, 1792, T. T., il 328, 1796. YesuTian Wem.; in Elapr. Beitr., L 84, 1795, Ibu (fir. YesuT. and Siberia ii. 27, 38, 1797. Idocrase E, J. d. M., V. 260, 1799; Tr., IL 1801.
Gahnit (ft*, (kum) v. Ldbo, AHl, UL 276, 1810, anal by ICurray, Afh., il 173, 1807 ; Loboit Ben, Frugardit M Nbrdenskiold, Bidrag, L 80, 1820 ; Fnigardite. Egeran (fr. Eger, Bohemia) Wem., Min. Syst, 8, 34 1817. Tellemark) Ben,, Lothr., 1821. Xanthite ThoinfMS Ann. Lya N. Hist N. Y., iii, 44, 1828. (kumite (fir. (}dkam) Thins ib., 61, 1828. Hetero* merit (fr. Slatonst) HemL, Yerh. Min. Gtos. St Pet, 1845-46, 205. Jewreinowit K, NoirdatA Yerz. FinL Mm., 1852; Kokscharof Min. BossL, i 116, 1853.
Tetragonal. 0 A l-t= vertical, /, i-i, t-2, i-3, 1, 1, 2, 3 ; i-, H H tH-, 5-5, 1-1 ; in
(9 A 1=142' 461' A 2=123 21 O A 2-2=129 464 (?A4r4=11418 OAf 3=139 39 J
:161° 46' ; a=0-637199. Observed planes: 0;
2-, 3-; zirconoidsin the zone : 1, 2-2, 3,
<?A/=90°
/A 1-1=11815' iri A 3-3=144 51i
*4At-2=158''26'
1 A 1, ov. l-t,=129 21 lAl,ov.7,=74 27
l-iAHp7r.,=140 64
Uhibiligatsb.
Cleavi : 7" not very distinct, O atill leoB bo. Columnar Btructure rare, Btraiglit and divergent, or irregular. SometimeB ;ranular mafiaive. Prisma nsnailT terminadng in the basal plane O ; rarely m a pyramid or zirconoid ; lometimea the prism nearly wanting, and the form short pyramidal with truncated Bmnmit and edges.
Bedford, lla. VMuriuB.
H.=6*5. G-.=3'349— 3'45. Lnstre vitreoaa : often inclining to resinous. Color brown to green, and the latter frequently bright and clear ; oeeauonally aniphnr-yellow, and also pale blue ; sometimes green along the axis, and pistachio-green transversely. Streak white. Subtransparent — faintly Bobtranslucent. Fracture auoconchoidal — uneven. Double re fr notion feeble, axis negative.
Comp., Vaz. — ft*+ 1 S)* SS*, the taygsa ratio for the protoda, esqniozyds, and eilica bDg 3 ; I : S, Bucording to Rainmetaberg;, a detenninatioD of the state of ovation zX the iron. The nations trora the ratio 3:2:6 appear to be TarttUons about UiiB as die normal latin Id ill cases the oxygen ratio for B+B, Si is t : 1. The bases are nuinl? slumina for Uis sesquioxjd, and lime lor the proloxyd portion, as in the (bnnula 1 Si)' Si*. But mors or lee* aesquioxjd of iron replaces prt or the alumiiu, and magnesia part of the Ihue, while Un. E, ffa maT be present in traces.
TIm species is sometimes divided into (U R0n.T?uvnnan, containing little or no msgnesia; and |S) nagiaiaii, the magnoHia 4 to 13 p. a. of the minsraL Bu as the ooalTses show, there is no corTMunding line of division. Even the crystals Tesuvios rarj- in thu proportion of mag* hmu fram 0 to 7'U p. a
Var. I. Ordaary. The mtnenl from Qokum In Elnland, oalled GahniU, LtAoile, Odkumilt, and ihat from Frugard, Fmgardilt, hSTs been denominated magnetian. The last is in brom and gran cTTRtal with G. =3-349, v. Nord. JevniitofflU, whiob also Is fVom Frugard, in the pariah yuiatula, is bnt little raagnevan or not at all so: it occurs in pate-brown to colorless CTTStals ; G.:i4'a9. Bderonurite occurs in small oiUgreen prisms, having the planes I, i-i, i, 3, 3-B, in the diatrict of Slatonat, UruL Eraa is a suboolumnar brown variety, ftam Egat in Bohemia, and also at Eger in Norway.
liaaife is a yellowish-brown vesnvlaaite, (Vom near Amity, N. T., the crystals not differing ha those of the cranmon varie; it contains 3*80 p. a of protoxyd of numganeae. A manga. variety, from St. Maroal, Fiodmont (where ores of manganese occur), has a sulphur la
L Oipriae. Pale aky-blne or greenisb-blae ; owing Its oolor to a trace of copper, wlienoe the UM; (Kim TellemaA, Norway.
InljMS : 1. Itagnas (Fogg., zxL SO); 3, Earstti (Kant. Aroh Uin., iv. 3fil); R, Soheeii l,EanlBDac); 6, v. Kobell (Eastn. Arch. Nat, viL 399) ; T K bnten (la.); 9, t. Men (Sat. Qea. Zurich, -L Heft ; 10, t. Kobell (L c) ; II. Magnus (I '); 13, U Rloliardsui (Thomson Mln., i. 6a); IS, Nonten
78
Oxygen 0Ohpound8.
ftki51d (. J., zzzL 436); 16, Heikol (Arppe's FinL Min, Act Soc. EexuL, IV.) i Iuoi (Koksch. Min. BiuaL, L 116); 18, ICalmgren (Arppe, La); 19, Magnus (La); 20, YarroDtitpi (Pogg xlvi. 348); 21, Ivanof (Pogg., xlvi. 341); 22, 28, Hermaim (J. pr. Ch., adiy. 193); M, ?. Hauer (Jahrb. G.EeldiB, :Sd3, 166); 25, Hermann (L c.); 26, ThomaOD (Wk, I 148); 27-11 Rarimelsberg (Pogg 92) :
1. VesuyiuB, brawn
4. Piedmont, gn,
6. Ala "
ft
84*8&
Si
23*53
9e
7. Eger, BohouL, Eiferan 39-70 18*96
8. Saas Valley, brown 38-40 18-06
9. Zennatt, 3704 17-67
10. Moncoui 87-66 15-42
11. Gzikloway green , 88-62 20-06
12. Eger, Norvray, Wkl- 37-73 18-49
13. Christiansand 87-6e 17*69
14. Tellemark, cyprine 88*80 2i*-40
15. Frugard, FinL, IHg. 38-58 17*40
16. Lupikko 86-43 16 84
17. Jevreinoffik
87*41 20-00 4-60 36*22 2610 2-73
19. SlatouBt, Ural
u
u
green green
87*56
24. " BOeromeriie 86*59
26. Am\%y,N.YZanikUe 85*09
27. VesuYlus, yto-ftn. 87-75
29. Monzoni, ywh, ) 38*25
14*34
22*26 17*28 10*98 15*49
1*20
7*12 4*43 9*08
3*99
6*42 8*42 6*49
4*67 6*34
80. " brown
81. Dognaska
37-66 11-61 7*29
37*15 15-62 4*85
82. Haalan (Eger, Boh.) 39*62 18-81 8*04
83. Egg 1 37*20 13-80 8*42
34. Eger, Norway
85. Sanford, Me.
86. Wnui 37 Ala
J 87*88 14*48 7*46 045
37*64 16*64 6*07
38-40 10-51 7-16
87-16 18*44 6*47
An ttg
0-10 8-10
tr. 7-1 1
0*75 2-70
tr. 6-03
0*65 1-50
0-42 2*48
0*02 2*99
0-47 1*98
0-60 4-54
0-88 10-60
Ca la:
29*68 83*96
86*72
32*00
84*20
202 84*18
=99-77 Ma8;ikTU.
=99-16 Karsten.
1*67=100-16 Scheeref
2-78, H a 0-015=
99-90 Sdieenr.
ifiTa 2-1 =99-49 JL
k 0-9=99*32 E.
1*79, Na 0-76=10r%l
1-89=99-95 Sdieersr.
=98-77 Mamu
=98-46 Nord.
0-86, Sn 1*06=101-74 Heikel
, 4 1-16, Kal-7
=99*07 ItbdoC 4 1-01, Sa 0-47,
1*49 0-77
2-10 6-20
4*00
tr.
0*50 8*79
2-80 200
2*87
ib 0*01 =10l-t4 Malmgren.
86*79 =98-01 Mau.
85-56 =99-95 Vaneuti.
82-69 =99-89 Herm.
84.78 , 4, Sfa 2-0, C 1-46
=99*49 Henn.
84*81 0-66=99-27 y. Haoer.
36-48 , C 0*7 1 0) 0 1 H.
88-08 1*68=98-48 Thom.
87*35 =101-55 Bamm.
35*69 =97-90 Bamm.
36-70 k 4 0-47=97-88
Bamia
36-45 =98*24 Bamm.
35.02 1 1-82=98-75
84-48 ft 0-Sl, Ifl 1-61=
99-44 Bamm.
34-28 =98-89 Bamm.
85-86 , ¥12-40=99-67
Kamm
86 96 =99-72 Bamm.
37*41 - — i ft 0-93=98-27
Cn analysis 2, a.=3-42; anal 4, a.=8-d99; anaL 14, a.=3-228; anaL 16, a.=3-374; '22. a.=e*42; anaL 23, a.=3*36; anaL 25, a.=3-4; anaL 26. &— 8*221; a&aL 27, 0.=8S82; anal. 28. 8*428— 3*429; anaL 29, a.=3*344; anaL 30, a.=3-886; anaL 31, G.=8'S78; anal anaL 37, G.=3*407.
Analyaea 97-37 were made by Bammelsberg with special leferenoe to the state of ozydatioD ct (he inm. The oxygen ratios thus deduced by himare as foUows : (27) 1*8 : 1 : 2'1 ; (28) 1*5 : 1 : 2*6
W; (35) 1-8: 1 :2-3; (36) 1-9: 1: 2'8; (37) 1'6: 1: 2-8.
Idocnse often contains some water, amounting oocaaionallj to 3 p. a, the presence of which it nrofaablj doe to alteration, and hence it is not to be included as port of the protoxyd bases. Q kignns foimd (Pogg., xcri. 847) in crystals Slatoust, 2*44 "A ; Ala, 2*98 fi ; green, bom Yeeaviua, 0-29; in another, 2 03 ; brown, id., 1-79. Magnus also obtained a little carbonic dd : <rl5 p. & from the Slatoust idocrase, and 0'06 the brown of Vesuvius.
Pyr etc — RB. takes at 3 with intumescence to a greenish or brownish glass. Magnus states thai the density after fusion is 2'93— 2'945. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and a nriety from St. Marcel gives a strong manganese reaction. Cyprine gives a reaction ibi ooppei with nit of phosphorus. Partially decomposed by muriatic add, and completely when the mineral has been previously ignited.
Oba — Idocrase waa found among the ancient ejections of Vesuvius and the dolomitic Uocka of Somma. It has since been met with most abundantly in granular limestone ; also in mpentine, chlorite schist, gneiss, and related rocks. It is often associated with lime-garnet and pjroxeDe. U baa been observed imbedded in opaL
At Vesuvius it is hair-brown to olive-greeu, and occurs with garnet, mica, nephelite, glassy fiaUspar, etc; at Ala, in Piedmont, it is in transparent green or brown brilliant crystals, in chlonte schist, with cUopside, ripidolite, etc. Found also at Monzoni in the Fassa Valley ; at Egg, near Ghristiansand, Norway ; on tiie Wilui river, near L. Baikal (sometimes called wUuiie like the garnet of the same region); CSziklowa in Hungary; in the Urals and elsewhere at localities above mentioned.
In N. America, in Maine at Phippsburg and Bumford, just below the falls, in crystals and massive with jellow garnet, pyroxene, etc., in limestone ; at Parsonsfleld, with the same materials, abondai; at Poland and Sandford (fig. 263). lu Maas., near Worcester, in a quartz rock, with garnet, but exhausted. In Ni Tork, m. & of Amity, grayish and yellowish-brown crystals sometimes an inch in diameter, in granular limestone ; also at the village, and a mile east of the Tillage, of jellow, greenish-jellow, and yellowish-brown colors. In N. Jtraey yellowish-brown in cryis at Newton, with corundum and spinel. In OanacUit at Calumet Falls, in large brownishyeDow crystals in limestone with brown tourmaline; at Grenville in caldte, in wax-yeUow ctyatals.
For recent artides on crysL see v. Koksdiarof 's Min. BussL, L 92, ii 192 ; v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, xHx. 6, ]8(>4, both with new measurements and figures, and the latter a complete mono> graph. Mohs found 0 A 1=142" 53' : v. Kokscharof, for crystals the Urals and Piedmont, 143' 46' lu", and from Vesuvius, 142 46' 32 "; v. Zepharovich, for crystals from Findel Glacier at Zermatt, Pfitsch, and Yesuvius, 47' 26"; for brown var. Mussa, and cryst. fVom Bymfischweng at Zermatt, 142'* 46' 18' ; for green var. from Mussa, 46' 29", and this last he takes as the normal angle of the spedes. It gives 0*537 541.
Named Vemvian by Werner, the first known locality. Werner supposed the mmeral to be exdusively volcanic; but m this idea is not expressed, the name is no more objectionable than all others derived from the names of lenities. The earlier name, ByadiUhine is bad, as the mineral is not the hyadnth of either andent or modem time. Haiiy's later name, Idooraae (sukK jective, like many others of his) is ciui, /as, and vpucrif mixhire, in allusion to a resemblance between the crystalline forms and those of other species. Nothing in its signification, or in anytfanng else, makes it right to substitute this for Werner's name. In English, the word veswrian has the objection of being an elective in form and use ; but this is avoided by giving it the minccalogical termination above employed.
AKU-Alterations nearly as in garnet, with a far greater tendency to becoming hydrated. Gyvtals from Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glass, deavable easily from the part below, and eqnaUj so, parallel to aU the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a pealed crystal has as brilliant and even planes as before. Pseudomorphs indnde steatite, mica, disocfalore, diopside, and garnet
An egeran, analyzed by fidnns (Sohrift Dresd. Min. Ges., L 235X gave ca 4300, alumina
1410, leaquioxyd of iron 240, ib. of manganese 400, lime soda 5*33=99*48. It is probably
in an altered state, as Bammelsberg infers from the description of Ficinos. The carbonic add detected by Hermann in idocrase from Slatoust (anal 28) is evidence of
BiteatioD, and this add and alkaline or earthy carbonates or bicarbonates in solution, are agent
by vUdi diane is often produced. AxtilMitscherUch has obtamed idocrase by artificial methods (Ann. Oh. Phys., IviL 210)
Mk, from a fusion together of the constituents; also Daubr by the aotk of ohknid of
HQsta vapor on the required hsaes (a 1854 July, pw 136).
Oxtoks 001Ip017Nd8.
874. MBUXJTB. Mte IklameOk, T. T., iL 2*73, 1796; FL BtUmm (ito disooT. ii im, J. de 11 466, 1800, Hnmboldtflite libni. A On,, Prodr 375, 1822. Somenrmite BnAk Bd. J. Sd., L 185, 1624. ZurUte iZimimiiint; BreialAk Inst G6L, iiL 210, 1816. MeMto.
Si
£1
9e
Ats
Oa
1. iftimi Somma
81*96
4*28
fl. "
40*60
10*88
4*48
a JTdL, a di Bove
10*17
6*44
4b "
88*84
2*12
1. Ma89iv€ GehlenUe
12*80
4*64
37*64
Tetragonal ; 0 A l-f =147° 15' ; a=0-6432. Obeerved planee, 0, /, t-i,
1-i, i-2. 1-i A 1-i, over t,=66® 80', 14 A 1-i, ovet terminal edge, =134'' 48'. Fig. 265; also others with planes i-2 in place of i-i. Cleavage : 0 distinct, / in Jj distinct. I H.=5. G.=2-9— 3-104. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous on a surface of fracture. Color white or pale yellow, hon ej-y ellow, greenish-yellow, reddish-brown, 7 brown. Translucent, and in thin laminsa transparent; also opaque. Fracture conchoidal — uneven. refraction weak, axis negative.
Oomp.--(| S)* Si*. AnaljaeB : 1, ▼. EobeH (. J., Ixir. 293) ; 2-4, Damonr (Ann. Gh. PhjB., III. X 69) ; 5, ▼. Kobell (Kastn. Arch., iv. 818):
fi:
0-38, te 2*32=100*20 CobeD. 0*36=98-35 Damour; G. 2-9. 1*46—98*18 Damonr; G. 2-9&. 1-51 =99*36 Damour. 0*80, fl 2-00=99*75 Kobefl.
Kg. 3, yeUow crystals ; Na 4, brown do. The massive gehlenite of ▼. Kobell comes under Un fbnnuk of molilite. MelUite was first analyzed (but inoorreotly) by Oarpi in 1820 (Tasch. MiiL, ziy. 219).
Pyr., eto-— B.B. Aises at 3 to a yellowish or greenish glass. With the fluxes the reaction for iron. Decomposed by muriatic add with gelatinizatiou.
Obs* — BumboUUiMe occurs in cayemous blocks of Somma with greenish mica, the oystali often rather large and ooyered with a calcareous coating; less common in transparent lustrous crystals with nephelite, sarcolte, and pyroxene, lining cavities in the rock.
MeUlUe (fr. fnAi, honey), of yellow and brownish colors, is found at Oapo di Bove, near Rome, in lendtophyre with nephelite, phillipsite. gismondite, magnetite, and small black crystals of and hornblende; 0 A l-t=147° 9', y. Rath (ZS. 6., xyuL 544). Stnnervmte, which has shown to have the angles of tiiis spedes, is found at Yesayius in dull yellow crystals.
ZurUie occurs in opaque square or octagonal prisms in calcareous blocks of Somma with huiih boldtilite; color whitish or asparagus-green; H. about 6; Gh.=3'27; B.B. infusible; soluble in nitric add. It is impure humboldtilite (Scaochi, Jahrb. Min.. 1853, 261). Named after Sign. Zuria
Named from cAi, hasty, in allusion to the color.
ArtiL— Common as a fiimace slag, haying been observed in square prisms at Uussers HiU, Tipton, Dowlas, Wicks, eta, in England and Wales, near St Etienne in France, near CharleTd ia Belgium, KonigshQtte in Upper Silesia, Magdcsprung in the Ears, and Easton, Pa. The following are analyses: 1, 2, Percy (Bep. Brit Assoc, 1846, Am. J. boL, IL y. 127); 3, Karsten (fiiaenhnUi iii. 679) :
fin fig Ca ft OaS
e
Si
£1 U
Dudley
Oharleyd
Konigsberg
87*91
14-48 118 18-01 0-93 12-60 <r.
275. 8PHEN00LA8E. Sphonoklas v. Kob J. pr. Gh., xcL 348, 1864.
Massiye, with faint indications of a foliated struoture.
H.=5*5— 6. Q.=3*2. lAistre feeble. Color pale grayish-yallow. Subtranalaoent iplintery.
Ck)]fP. — According to an analysis by y. EobeU (L a):
3146-08 18-04 An 8*23 fig 6*25 Oki 26*50a99-il.
FnL BVO. — In the dosed tube yields no water. B3. fViBes easily (at 3) and quietly to a shining gnoush gass. Sightly attacked by moriatio and sulphuric adds ; but after heating, easily deoomposed with gdatinisation by muriatic acidi
Obs. — From Gjellebadc in Norway, with woDastonite and the so-called edelforsite, forming thin kyers d[ TSiying thickness in a bluish granular limestone.
Hamed from a wedg and Xaca, Ibreakf it breaking into wedge-ahaped pieces.
Epidote Group.
The species of the Epidote Group, enumerated with the formulas on p. S51, are characterized bj specific gravity above 3, and therefore high ; hardneag above 5 ; fusibility .B. below 4 ; anisometric crystallization, and therefore biaxial polarization ; the dominant prismatic anle 112° to 117° ; fibrous forms, when they occur, always brittle ; colors white, gray, brown, yellowishreen, and deep green to black, and sometimes reddish.
Tbe prismatic an in soisite and other orthorhombic species is /A /; but in epidote it is the o?er a horizontal edge between the planes 0 and 1; the orthodiagonal of epidote corresponding to the vertical axis oi soisite, as expbuned under the latter species.
T. a Hunt has observed (a K, 1863, Am. J. Sd, IL xzxvL 426, ziiil 205) that the high speciilc gravity and hardness of the Epidote group, as compared with the Scapolite, is to be ascribed to a more elevated or higher multiple equivalent, or, in other words, to a more condensed molecole. Bat the numerical value of &ie multiple, or of the relation between the species, has not yet been ascertained.
276. BFmOTB. Schorl vert du Dauphin de Liale, Grist, IL 401, 1783. Strahlstein pt WenL, 178S-1800. Thallite (tr. Danphiny) DeUmeOL, Sciagr., ii 401, 1792, T. T., ii. 819, 1796 ; A, J. d. IL, V. 270, 1799. Delphinite (ib.) Saussure, Yoy. Alpes, §1918, 1796 (=Oisanite pt) Akanticone (ft*. Arendal) cPAndrada, J. d. Phys., U 240, 1800, Scherer's J, iv. 1800;=Arendalite SarsL (and Lectures of Blumenbach, earlier), Tab 84, 74, 1800. Sicorza Wdllachian Min Kant, Tab 28, 72, 1800, Klapr., Beitr., iiu 282, 1802. Epidote Tr., iil 1801. Pistazit WeriL, 1803, Ludw. Min., Wem., IL 209, 1804. Withamite (ft. Glenco) Brewat, Ed. J. Sci., il 218, 1825. Puschkinit Wagner Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat, Moscow, 1841. Achmatit farm.t Yerh. Min. St Pet. 1846-46, 202. Sscherit (fir. St Gothard) Scheerer, Pogg., xov. 607, 1865. Beustit Bniik, K H. Ztg., xziv. 864 1866:
-=0-48436 : 1 : 0-30719. Observed planes: O; vertical, i-i, i4, i-2, i-4, 24; 6,-6-5; 7-7,-7-7; 4-8; 2-4,-2-4; -4-4; 5-6.-5-6; -6-6.
0am=90 33' 0Al-i=154 3 Oa-1h=164 16 (/Al-i=141 41 U A 14,0V. <?,=64 38
t.iA3-i=145M8' i-A6-i=157 29 i' A -1=104 48 i-iAl=10415 i-i A -8-3=128 ft
l-iA3-i=150°6'
t4 A 1=145
l-iA-2-t,ov.O=11013 lAl, front,=70i lAl,ov.i-l,=109 69i
/
282 Oxt0En Oompcuiids.
t-i A -1=116 18 t-i A 3-3=127 40 -1 A-1, front,=70&i
iri A l-i=115 24 i4 t-2=121 31 -1 A -l,ov.a,=109 3s
iri A 2-i=133 49 -1-i A l-i,ov.(9,=128 18 8-3 A 3-3, front,=6 12
U A -2-i=134 23 -1-i A H ov. i-i,=51 42 --3 A-3-3,front,=96 41
f-A-3-i=145 39 -l-iA-l=:125 13 i-2Al-t=10257
l.tA3-t=150 6
Crystals usually lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal, or parallel to 14 ; sometimes long acicular. Cleavase : iri perfect ; less so. Twins: composition-plane 1-t ; also i-i. Also fiorous, divergent, or parallel ; also granular, particles of various sizes, sometimes fine granular, and forming rock-masses.
H.=6— 7. G.=3-25— 3*5. Lustre vitreous, on i-i inclining to pearly or resinous. Color pistachio-green or yellowish-green to brownish-green, greenish-black, and black ; sometimes clear red and yellow ; also gray and grayish-white. Pleochroism often distinct, the crystals being usually least yellow in a direction through 1-i. Streak uncolored, grajash. Subtransparent — opaque: generally subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction strong : optic-axial plane i-l.
Var. — Epidote has ordinarily a peculiar yeUowiBh-green (pistachio) color, seldom found otbef minerals. But this color passes into dark and light shades — black on one side, and brown on the other. Most of the brown and nearly all the gray epidote belongs to the species ZoisUe; and the reddish-brown or reddish-blackf containing much ozyd of manganese, to the species Piedmontitef or Manganepidote ; while the black is mainly of the species AUanUe or Oerium-epidote.
Var. 1. Ordinary. Color green of some shade, as described, (a) In crystAls. (6) Fibrooa. (c) Granular massive, (d) Scorza is epidote sand, of the usual green color, from the banks of the Amngos, near Muska in Transylvania. The Arendal epidote {Arendahte) is mostly in dark green crystals; that of Dauphiny {ThaUHej Deiniie OiaanUe) in yellowish-green crytftiHi, sometimes transparent, and found near Bourg d'Oisans, in the Fiedmoutese Alps. PuaAkiiuk includes pleochroic crystals firom the auriferous sands of Katharinenburg, Urals ; G.= 8*066; color emerald'green, when viewed by transmitted light through 1-i, yellow transverse to this ; named after Puschkin, a Russian senator. AchnuUite is ordinary epidote, in crystals, from Achmatovsk, UraL Eacherite is a brownish-yellow, somewhat greenish epidote, from St (anal 28).
2. The so-called Bucklandiie from Achmatovsk, described Hermann (anaL 41, 42 is blade wiih a tinge of green, and differs from ordinary epidote in having the crystals nearly symmetrical, and not, like other epidote, lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonaL 6.=3'dl. Hermaiui's Boffraiionii from Achmatovsk, appears to be essentially the same mineral, it agreeing with it in angles, according to Hermann (BulL Soc. Nat. Moscow, . 24h, 1862X and having G.=3'4 while the original bagrationite of Kokscharof is a variety of allanite (q. v.). It differs from the bucklandite in containing a little cerium (auaL 43).
3. Withamiln, Carmine-red to straw-yellow: strongly pleochroic; the color as seen through in one dirctioD, deep crimson, in another transverse, straw-yellow ; ; G.=3'137 ; id small radiated groups, i-tA-l-irriie", -1-t A 20'. From trap, at Glencoe, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Named after Dr. Witham.
4. BeustHe. Grayish-white to ash-gray; 6. =2*859— 2*877, Breith. Breithanpt gives the angio rAi'=154'' 20, JfAP=I10'' 80', whichaie verynearOAl.,and-2-iAl-i. From near Ptedsoo in the Tyrol
Oomp.-0. ratio for ft, It, Si=:l: 2:3; (iOa'+f (Fe,Sl))'Si*; being Umeftmtdoie, the mineral having for its protozyd portion almost solely lime (Ca), but containing sesqniozyd of iron (¥e) in place of part of the alumina (il). The results of the larger part of uie analyses nearly to the above ratio, showing apparently that it is the ratio. Several appear to afford, according to Hermann, less fi and Si in proportion to the giving different ratios tween 1 :3:S and 1 : 1 : ; but with the sum of the oxygen of the protoxyds and sesquloxydB always equal to that of the silica. The exact condition of Uie iron, whether part is protcncyd or not, hM not in aO oases been ascertained, and, therefore, some of the results obtained are not fke doubt Bam melsberg observes that when this point is cleared up the ratio 1:2:8 will probably be fboii to be common to all
The Achmatovsk bucklandite '' (anal 41, 42) gives nearly the ratio 2:3:6; butiftheiroabf tl' suuioxyd, 1:21: 2*9. Rammelsberg says the crystals may oontain acme magnetita.
28b
Tbentio of Fe to 2l in &O0t ia approzunately 1 : 2, as In anal/aes 1 to 18, 20, 22-81, 53; 39; but other ntiofl ooour between 1 : 2 and 1:6; and label/ the amount cf Fe is so larg ai iDghreneariy the ratio 8:0. Batio 1 : 2i is afforded by analyais 19; l:3b7S2; 1:4 by 24-20 28-30; 1 :$ by 27 ; 1 : 6 by 23. In analjBia 40, the silica is much below the usual proportion, ad the 0. ratio for ft, It, ffi is nearly 3:4:6.
Aoaljses: I, Oeffken (Pogg xvi 488); 2, Kuhn (Ann. Oh. Pharm., liz. 873); 3, Rammelsberit (IdBoppL, 48); 4, id (Ifin. (£.,762); &, H, Hermann (J. pr. Gh.,lxxWii 29A); ni 378, xor. 601); 8, Bicbter (ib.); 9, T. Bath (Pogg., xa 8o7): 10, Kiihn Q. o.)\ 11, Herana (J. pr. Gh., xliil 36, 81); 12, Bammelaberg (Pogg., Ixzxiy. 463); 18, Baer (J. pr. Ch., zlvii. 461); 14, Stockar-Escfaer (see Scfaeerer); 16, Bcheeror (I a); 16, Hermann (J. pr. Cb Ixzviii. Sdfi); n, Scbeerer (L a) ; 18, 19, Bammelaberg (L c.) ; 20, 21, Kuhn (L c.) ; 22, Hermann (L c.) ; U r. Bath (ZS. a. xiT 428); 24, 26-30, Stockar-Eacber (Pogg., xoy. 601); 26, Scbeerer (L c.) : II, 32, Hermann (L c.) ; 3:1, Bammelaberg (Min. Ch. 764) ; 34-87, 39, Hermann (L c.) ; .S8, Oser> IGn. 8t Pet, 1842, 66); 40, Igelatrom (CEfr. Ak. Stookh., 18h7, 11); 41, Hermann (L a); 42, Bammelaberg (L fr); 43, Hermann (Bull Soc. Nat Moscow, . 248) :
u
1. Areodal
1 "
3. "
9,
10. B (fOisans, gn.
gn. gnh,4flL
17,
M
u
TraTeneUa, dark
yettow
20. Penig; Saxony
21. Geier, Erzgeb. 2t TraTene11a
23. YaL ICaigels, gy.
24. Gotaoen, hnK-gn,
26. Sostenhom, gnh-
27. Loie, gtJi4m, 23. St Gothard, EscheriiB
29. " hnh.-gn
30. KaTerdina, 6fi- XI. Ural, Sdiumnia, gn, 31 AcfamatoTsk, gn, 34. " K. Borowa
3& M tt-fiOIbdhls
Si
86*14
36'68
38*84
37*92
olive-gn. 37*60 87-78 37-36 37*61 38*64 40*67 (})38'06 88*43 38*89 38*28 87*47 37*62 86*87 88*88
te 1-86 " 6-20
21 Fe
22-24 14*29
21*72 16*72
20*78 17-24
20*86 16*86
2-86 1166
21*24 12-96
20*73 16*67
26-46 1088
19-21 16*66
21*61 16-61
18-67 18-37 6*66
21*18 16*86
21*26 15*97
22-02 16*67
20*78 16-49
20*87 IS-twf'e 1-90
20-64 0*49
21-76 12*626 8*69
20*61 9-23 2-21
2198 17*42
16*01 16*98 "
28-90 7*43
26*39 9-78
26*76 9-99
26*40 8-76
28*48 7*66
27-74 8*26
27*63 8*66
27*30 8-90
24-09 10*60
24*92 9-64
21-06 11-41
18-46 12*82
2008 14-22
18*13 Y4-20
18-64 14-16
18-86 16-34
1*44
0*29
0*43 2*96 4*97
u
u u u
3*69 2*66
0*40 6*1
22*16 21*19 21*93 22*32 21*98 30*00 23*54 23*90 22*64 23*58 22*87 23*90 22*46 22*38
1 00-08 Geffken.
=98-72 Kuhn.
2-00=101*62 Bamm. 2*93=9tf-32 Hermann. 2-86=100-32 Hermann. Scbeerer. 2*41=100*20 Bichter. 2-61, Ja 0-39, 0-23
=98-74 y. Bath.
=102*52 Kiihn.
1-68=99*36 Hermann.
100-22 Bamm.
JTa 0-41=99-47 Br.
40. Swed. 38*81 18*68 18*67 4-86
41. Acfamatofik, *'AieU'' 36*97 21-84 10-19 919
2*36=99-93 a-Escher. 2-u9s=99'91 Bchecrer. 2-08 Herman. 2*u6,HC10-Ol=HiO-13 . 2*8=99-92 Bamm. 2*82=98*65 Bamm. —=100*26 Kuhn. =10 1*24 Kuhn.
1 "20=99*64 Hermann. 0*68=100-43 Bath. 2-02=99-73 a-Escher. Scbeerer. 2-46=99-94 a-Esciier. 2*80=99-37 a-Escher. 2-()4=99-66 a-Eacher. 2-41=99*76 a-Eacher 2*88=100-16 a-Eacher. 1-24=99*40 Hermann. 3*60=100-11 Hermann
2 67=100 Bamm. 0-89 34-76 2*20, 0-91=98-86 Henn. 0-63 21*61 0-lft, An r.=99*26 Herm.
21-45 1-66=97-29 Hermann. 22-06 1-44, a, Li 2-78=98*60 H.
16*00 , Un 9-26, 1*67, Li
0*46=98*56 Oseraky 1-23, &a 0*5-2, Mn tr.
=99 68 Hermana 2646 0*94=100-25 Igelatrom. 21-14 0*68, 0 0*32=100-S3 Herm 22*75 2-00=100 Bamm. 1*98 17 37 1*60 La, 3*60
=97*26 Hcie/'ALto
AadanaiaticlalaftaritaignttloB; aome Tl with tha 61
884 Oxtoen
In anaL 6, G.=3*87; anal 6, 0.=3'49; anal 8 has the form of pyroxene; anaL 9, G.= 8*223, has the form of scapolite; anal 11, G-.S'SS; anal 13, G=8'46 material analyvid tflM its ignition; anal 16, G.=8*42; anal 28, a.=3'3ftl— 3*816, in the Grisona; 24, 3*878; 26, 0.= 3*326; 27, 3*359, Borderrhefnthal : 3*384, from Maggiathal; 29, 8*878, Eormazzatbal; 30, G.=3*43, ft*. Wercbnelvhisk; 89, 3*45, near Helsingfors; 40, 3*51 ; 42, 8*46.
Pyr., eto. — In the closed tube gives in most cases water. B.B. fliaea with intnmeaoence at 3-3*5 to a dark brown or black mass which is generally magnetic. Reacts for Iron and aometiiDei for manganese with the fluxes. Partially decomposed by muriatic acid, but when preTioualy ignited, gelatinizes with add. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates. G. of Arendal epidoto changes on ignition, from 3*409 to 2*984
ObB.~£pidote is common in many crystalline rocks, as syenite, gneiss, mica schist, hombieodie schist, serpentine, and especially those that contain the ferriferous mineral hornblende. It often accompanies beds of magnetite or hematite in such rocks. It is sometimes found in geodes in trap ; and also in sandstone adjoining trap dikes, where it has been formed by metamorphism through the heat of the trap at the time of its ejection. It also occurs at times in nodules in different quartz-roqlcs or altered sandstones. It is associated often with quartz, pyroxene, feldspar, oxinite, chlorite, eta, ih the Piedmontese Alps.
It sometimes forms with quarts an epidote rock, called epidotffie. Sudi a rock, from Omnd Matanne Biver, Canada, having a hardness of 7*0, and G.=8'04, gave T. S. Hunt, on analjtn 99*71, which corresponds to 61*88 epidote And 38*22 quarts. A similar rock exists at Ifelbouroe in Canada.
Beautifol crystalUsations come from Bourg d'Oisans, Ala and Traversella, in Piedmont ; Zc matt ui the Valais ; near Qutanen in the Haslithal ; at Eaverdiras and Baduz in the valley of Tayetsoh (the latter sometimes referred to aoisite, but optically epidote according to Desdolaeanz); Moneoni in the Fassa valley ; Zillerthal in the Tyrol, sometimes in rose-red and greenish crystals of small size, resembling tktUUe ; the San- Alpe in Carinthia ; and the other localities mentioned above.
In N. America, occurs in K. . at Franconia, aystallized and granular, with magnetite ; Warren, with quartz and pjrrite. In Mom. at Hadlyme and Chester, m crystals in gneiss ; at Athol, in syenitic gneiss, in fine crystals, 2 m. S. W. of the centre of the town ; Newbury, in limestone ; at Bome, in hornblende schist ; at Nahaut, poor. In trap. In IViode Isfand at Gumberlaod, in a kind of trap. In Oonn. at HadcUim, in large splendid crystals. In K Tork, 2. m. S.B. of Amity, in quartz ; 2 m & of Carmel, Putnam Co., with hornblende and garnet; 2 m. & of Coffee'i Monroe, Orange Co.; 6 m W. of Warwick, pale yellowish-green, with sphene and pyroxene; at Harlem, in gneiss, on the banks of East river, near 88th St In A[ Jersey, at Franklin, massive ; at Boseville in Byram township, Sussex Co., in good crystals. In Fenn. at £. Bradford. In Michigan in the Lake Superior region, at many of the mines ; at the Norwich mine, beautifoUv radiated with quartz and native copper. In OanadOf at St. Joseph, in a concretionary argillaceous rock of the Quebec group.
For recent papers on cyst. see Kokscharof Min. BussL, iiL 268, iv. 106 ; y. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. 480, xlv. 381; Dead. Min,i. 1862; Hessenberg, Hin. Not, lH.; v. Bth, Pogg., cxv. 472.
is one of Hatly's crystallographic names, derived the Greek briiti tiiereaar, and translated by him, *'qui i reu un accroissement," the base of the prism (rhomboidal prism) having one side longer than the other. In its introduction Haily set aside three older names. Thailite 9aAXo$, color of young twigs, alluding to the green odor) was rejected because it was based on a varying character, color; DhmUe and iirandafife, because derived from localities. But the name Epidote is now so involved in geotogical as weU as minoralogical literature that the law of priority cannot well do the justice demanded of it Werner's name PistacUe from nrricio, the jnetaehitMtnU (referring to the color) was not proposed as early as thallite or epidote.
Alt— Epidote is less liable to alteration than most of the silicates, partly because the Sro£ U contains is mostly, when not wholly, in the state of sesquioxyd. The analyses afford genefalir one or two per cent of water, which is probably foreign to tiie species ; and in a green mineraf from Isle Boyale, having the composition of epidote, J. D. Whitney found 6 per oent of water (Bep. GeoL L. Sup., 1851, 97).
Artlf.— Bpidote has not been foond among the crystallizationa of ftimaoe slags, or formed in the laboratory of the chemist It has been a frequent result of the action of heat and stew oo ferruginous sandstones accompanying the ejection of doleryte and other eruptive rocks; and this fact suggests the method by which it may be artificially formed.
276A. KCELBINGITB. (Kolbingit BreUf , B.H. Ztg., xxir. 898. Ainigmatit BneiiK, ib.) Hodo ilinia /A/sOe** 31', OAi-t=59<'. Deavage : /perfect; i-< imperfect ; i-t in traces.
H.=66— 6. G.=3'599, 8*609, 8*613. Lustre vitreous. Color greenish to velvet black Btn ak pistaco-green. Subtranshicent Fracture conohoidal to nneveiL
I7Hisiuoate8. 285
flwfi OoprfstB, aooordiDg to R. HQOer (L cX largely of the silicates of protosyd of iron and
0k— Oocars at Eangerdloarsuk, Greenland, with ngirite, eudialjtei etc.. and resembles hornbleiide. Unlike hornblende and the related species, the crystal is obllqne from an acute edge (as in epidote), and the angles of the prism are very different Arfiredsonite differs in haT" iag I odandine-green streak ; and legerite a mountain-green. It may be epidote.
Mfiiqataiiit has the form and angles of koelblngite ; but H.=6— 6*5 ; G.=3*833— 3*863 ; the iron in the oompooud is seequiozyd ; and the streak is reddish-brown, ifrobably altered kcalbingite.
277. PIBDMONnra. Bod Magnesia (fr. Piedmont) OtomL Hin 106, 1768. Mangandse rouge pd.) Napiofkit Mem. Ac Tnrin, vr 1790. Mangan ozyd violet silicifcre (id.) J£, Tr., tr.,180L Epidote manganesifdre (id.) JL Oordier, J. d. M., ziiL 136, 1803; TabL, 1809. PJeaoptiacher Brannstein Wnk, Hofim. Min., iv. a, 152, 1817. Manganepidot Germ. PienoDtit Eamff Mln., 76, 1863.
MoDodinic ; like epidote in form, and nearly so in angles, i-i A -l-i= 115° 20', -U A f i==98° 60', w A|-i=145 ZT. Cleavage U perfect, -l- le6S 80. Also massive.
H.=6'5. G.=8'404, Breithaupt. Lustre vitreons, especially briffht on i4 ; slightly pearly on other faces. Color reddish-brown and reddish-black ; in very thin splinters colnmbine-red. Streak reddish. Opaque to subtranslacent. Fragile.
Oomii.— 0. ntao for ft, S, 3i=l : 2 : 8; (iCa"+}(ttn, Fe, £l))* Si*; or epidote in which a kige part of the alumina is replaced by sesquiozyd of manganese. The protoxyds may also in* dude some protozyd of manganese as well as magnesia.
Anslyaea: 1, Sobrero (Arsb., 1840, 918); 2, Hartwatl (Ak. H. Stockh., 1828, 171); 8, Goffken (, xtL 483); 4, H. St a Deville (Ann. Oh. Phys., zUii. 13):
Si
£l Fe
Itn
Ag
Ca
1. St Marcel 37 86
16*30 8-23
13-42, Jiln 4-82, Sn, Cu 0*4=100-66 a
2 " 88 47
17-66 6-60
a. " 86-87
11-76 10-34
22*78=100 Qeffken.
4. " 37-3
15-9 4*8
The last three analyses correspond nearly with the epidote 0. ratio, 1:2:8. The mineral was tm analyzed by Kapione (L a), and next by Oordier (L a).
Pyr., 0tc — B.B. with Intumesoenoe at 3 to a black lustrons glass. GKyos strong reactions for manganese with the fluxes, and also for iron. Not decomposed by acids, but when preyiously ignited gelatinises with muriatic add. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Oba.~0ocurs at St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, in Piedmont, in brannite with quarts, gieenorite, Tiolan, and tremolite. Crystals rather long subrhomboidal prisms, very fragile, and UYing most of the surfaces dull
278. ALLANTTB. Orystallized Gktdolinite? (fr. Greenland) T. Attan Tr. B. Soc. Edinb., tL MS (read Not. ]808)=A]]amte Thamaan, ib., 871 (read Not. 1810); Phil Mag., xxxvL 278, 181t. Oerin (fr. Riddarhyttan) Hiainger, Afh., It. 827, 1815. Orthit (fr. Finbo) Ben., Afh., t. 32,1818. Prthit (fr. SanrfVet) Arm, Afh., t. 62, 1818. Buoklandit (fr. ArendalX Levy AxuL PhiL, IL TlL 134, 1824. TaotoUt (fr. L. Laach) BreiOu, . J., L 321, 1826. Uralorlile J&ni., J. pr. (Th., xnil 278, 1841. Bagrationit (fr. AchmatOTsk) JEbXvc., BussichesBerg. JnU84, 1847 ; Fogg., Ixxiil 182, 1848 [not Bagrationite JEbnn.,=Bpidote]. Zanthorthit (fr. Snkbaig) J. pr. Oh., zliii 112, 1848 Erdmannit (fr. Stoko) BerUa, ., IxzxTiiL 162,
Monodinic, iaomorphous with epidote. (7=89 V] Oh 14=122° 60i', jverlicaL ii i-2, i-4; clinodome, 14; hemidomeg, l-, 6-i, -l-t, -2-, -*S -W ; nemipyramida, 1, -1, 1-3, a-8, -8-8, 2-4, 6-6.
0 A l-t=154 0
-tAl-t=115 1
t-tA-l-t=116 86
t-tA-l=106 12
14, A 1=104° Hi' iri A 8-3=127 52 iA A -3-3=128 32 li A i-2=]21 69 -1-t A l-t=128 28
l- A 1-2=144" 64' l-t A 1=126 26 -1-i A -1=125 50 1 A 1=70 52 -1 A -1, front,=71 3! A 8-3 " =96 M
- a
31:
-2r
Jl
2t0
Is
3?=
Crystals either short, flat tabular, or lon .and slender, sometimes acicular. Twins like those of Cleavage : in traces. Also massive, and in angular or rounded grains.
H.=5'5— 6. G.=3*0— 4'2. Lustre submetallic, pitchy, or resinous— occasionally vitreous. Color pitch-brown to black, either brownish, ffreenish, grayish, or yellowish, streak gray, sometimes slightly greenish or brownish. Fracture uneven or subconchoidal. Brittle. Double refraction either distinct, or wanting.
Oomp., Var. — TLto species, whOe dosely in crystullisationf varies mudi in the results of analyses, and also in external appearance. The more prominent ways of variation are the following: (1) The crystals are sometimes broad tabolar, and sometimes very long acicular. (2) The crystals, when well-formed, often manifest no double refraction, as Desdoizeauz has observed. (3) The amount of water present varies from none to 1 7 p. c, and the hardness and specific grant correspondingly, the kinds containing the most water being lowest ; and, in some, G. not ezoeedhig 2*58. (4) There is also much diversity in pyrognostic and other chemical characters, as explained beyond.
The varieties that have been distinguished are as follows :
1. AUanile, In tabular crystals or plates, the crystals sometimes 8 to 10 in. long, 5 to 6 wide, and an inch or sothidc. Color black or brownish-blade. 0.=8*&O— 3*95 ; 3-63—3*54, Joton* field ; 3-79, fim SnArum, Norway : 3*63, ftom E. Bradford, Pa and 3*936, from Bethlehem, Fa., Brash ; 3*84, from Franklin, N. J., Hunt Named after T. Allan, the discoverer of the mineral, and found among specimens from East Greenland, brought to Scotland by G. Gieaeck OeriM is the same thing, named by Hisinger, having H.=6; G. =8*77— 3*8; lustre weak, greasy; and being subtranslucent in thin splinters.
BucklandtU is anhydrous allanito in small black crystals from a mine of magnetite near Arendal, Norway. Although not yet analyzed, it is referred here by v. Bath on the ground of the angie and physical characters (Pogg., cziii. 281). That of In Laach is also shown to have the augles of allanite by v. Bath (L c.) ; the angles are those cited above as the angles of the species. Tamiolik Breith,, is also the trachyte of L. Laad), and is probably the same spedes. Angles : -2 a t-S 70" 48' and 109* 12', *-iAl.t=114'' 80', 1-A 1=126" 30', -1-iA l-t=128- 37' and 61' 20'.
2. DralorlkUe is allanite in lai prismatic crystals from the Ilmen Mts., near IGask. H.=6; G.=3*41 —3*60, Herm. ; 3*647, Bainm. It is pitch-black, gives a gray powder, and is nearly an* hydrous.
8. BagraHonUe, Occurs, according to Kokscharof in blade crystals, whidi are nearly symmei ncal like the buclandite of Achmatovsk, and not lengthened, like uralordiite, in ttie diecAkw of the orthodiagoLaL Angles the same with those of uralorthite, after many measurementa bj Koksoharofl H.=6*6. G.8*84 Koksch. Streak daric brown. B.B. intumesoes and forma a black, shining, magneto pearL in powder not attadced by hot muriatic add or by boiling nitric acid. Not analyzed. ISamed after the discoveieri P. B. Bagratkui. Aom Aohnatofi Ural
Uki8Ilicate8.
Henmnn haa described and aD&lyzed what he calls bcufraUonitef from AchmatoTsk, wliich ha atites has the angles of the bucklandite of Achmatovsk and which, therefore, is true epidote (q T.V The analjBea by Hermann sustain this reference.
S. Ork indnded, in its original use, the slender or adcular pnsmatic crystals, often a foot long oofllaiaing some water. But theee graduate into massive forms, and some orthites are anhydrous, or as Marly so as much of the aUanite. The name is from ipd6i ttraighL The tendency to alteritioD and hydration may be due to the slendemess of the crystals, and the consequent great expo6ue to the action of moiatore and the atmosphere. H.=5— 6. G.=2'S0~3*76 ; 3*63-- 3*65 from FQfe-Qeld; .V546, from Hitteroe, Bamm.; 3*3*78, Scheerer ; 3*69— 3*71, from Swampscoti Uaos Balch ; 2*86— 2-93, from Naes mine, 10 m. K of Arendal, a hydrous variety containing 11 pL & of water. Lustre Titreoos to greasy
4. JasAorAtle of Hermann, is yellowish and contains mndi water, and is apparently an altered rariet; & =3*78— 2*9. Named from airtfdf, yelkno andortftite.
5. PjfrvrOiile of Beraelius is an impure orthite-like mineral, in long prisms of rather loose teztore, ooDtaining as its principal impurity some carbonaceous material (over 30 p. a), and show iflg this in its burning before the blowpipe. Named from avpffire, and orthite. From EararfVety DearFkhhm.
& Stdmnmief of Berlin, from Stoko, near Brevig, is near orthite in composition. It occurs in imbedded grains and plates, with G.=3l, lustre vitreous, color dark brown, and is translucent in thio splinters. Named after Prof. Brdmann. Contains 4 to 6 p. a of water.
AJLudte is a oeritmi-qptdote. But, besides a large percentage of cerium, it contains generally tbs related metala, lanthanum and didymlum, with also sometimes, a little yttrium, nud rarely tiacee of gincinum. The condition of ozydation of the iron has not been exactly determined in mott of the analyses, and consequently the results are discordant The best determinations, aooonfing to Bammelsberg, afford approximately, the garnet-ratio 1:1:2. instead of the epidote ntio 1: 2: 3, whence the formula UR"+i)*%- In this formula ft=Ca, Ce, La, t)\, Pe, with KxaetinMS Mg, V, lifn ; and S=iSJ, Pe. Analyses 9-1 1 gave this oxygen ratio to Genth.
Analyses: L ALLAHtn; 1, Stromeyer (Pogg., xxil 288); 2, Credner (Pogg., Ixxix. 414); 3, Raauneblterg (Pogg., Ixxz. 285); 4,Bergemann (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 485); 5, 2hau (Jahrb. Min., 1852, 653); 6, 7, Scheerer (Pogg., 11 407, 466, Ivi 479, IxL 636); 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxul278, diiL 35, 99); 9, 10, 1 1, P. Keyser (Am. J. ScL, IL xix. 20) ; 12, T S. Hunt (Proa N. H. Soc Boa.
IL OiriMe; 13, Hisinger (Afh. L Fys., iv. 327); 14, Scheerer (1. a); 15, P. T. Cieve ((Efr. Ak. Stockh xix. 425, 1862, J. pr. Oh., xcL 223); 16, v. Rath (Pogg., cxix. 273); 17, 18, D. M. Balch (Am. J. Sd, IL xxxiii 348).
IIL UratorthiU; 19, 20, Hermann (J. pr. Ch xliiu 102, 105); 21, Bammelsberg (Min. (3h., 746).
IT. OrOuie; 22, 23, Berzelius (Hisinger*8 Min. Schwed.); 24, 25, Berlm (Jahresb., xvii. 221), 27, 28, Scheerer (L c}; 29, 0. W. Blomstrand (CEtV. Ak. Stockh., 1854 296, J. pr. (Jh., Ixvi. 15e); 30, F. Stifft (Jahrb. Min., 1856, 395); 81, D. Forbes (Edinb. N. Ph. J., IL vi 112); 32, Btrecker ((Jhristiania Univ. Programme, 1854, Bd. N. Ph. J., IL vL 112); 33, Zittel (Ann. Oh. Phann.,QxiL Bby,
Y. XtuUhoHkiie ; 84, 35, Bahr and Beriin ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1845, 86).
YI. ErdmannUe; 36, BerUn (Pogg., IxxxviiL 162).
9e
u
M
Si XI
L AfioMto 33-02 16-23
33-41 10*90 20*88 20-73
15-95 15*35 13 78
te An Ce
15-10 0-40 21-60
20*90 -
If a u u to
14*3410*88 7*20 — 13-42
80*20 13-0618*25
UL Ovjsa 80*17 11*31 20*72
r.
16*60
5*80 7*80 9*76 8*84
10*10
2*70
6*90
0*56
Ca
ftg fl
11*08
3*0=99*40 &
0-22 1*80=99*27 0.
10*15
1*67 111=101*17 a.
1-40 2-95=99*02 B.
10*52
100*26 Z.
11*96
0*93 0*5 1=99-61 a
11*50
0-66 =99-87 a
102 3*40=99*27 H.
9*14
0*84 1*19, ffa 1*00, &
0*18=9815 K
7*12
0*14=99-37 E.
11*28
1-83=99-06 K,
11-76 1-70 1-30 Hunt
100*38 B
Oxtoeh Compottniw.
8-493G'S8 SS-SO S'U 8-08 I'll 0-W=Sna &
98 910 811 12-Ot 11S8 18-08 9-08 1-86 0S8=M-B 0
31 14'T8 1B-8S Sl-Vl I'll TBS 1-3S 1-19, ii avU
=9171 B 94 38M 80-71 1-31 7-87 1'4T 1-49, Si wJd
=S9*Ip
- 9-28 a-06 !-00=9SO H
- 10-30 1-OB l-BS=100OI
08 16-88 7-35 7-90 31-88 8-38 0-9fi 1-3J, CuO-lS=
S9-2SB 14-00 11-41 1-8S n-B9 8-80 4-87 a-70=97-i9 a
00 14-gO lS-44 8*40 19-44 8-44 7-84 0-86=98-71 &
H 8-13 9-06 -. 4'9g 89-81 048 0-61 4-S9,
0-61=91 9B
60 13'S8 13-48 4-66 3088 1-60 8-84, &,
98 14-£e 14-90 0'8G 81-48 1-91 1043 046, 043=10608 &
81 13-04 — lS-6( 30-60 1-46 B-4J 0-3B 8-88, & fr7=-
9810 a
T1 14-3] U-78 1-11 17-70 3-Sl 086 11 IB 0-60 2-al, t 016=
38 14-7414-30 1-Os 14-61 069 13-04 0-74
, J Si 0-14, ft 0-39=100 E
18 I4-M U-71 32-81 >'4a 9-68 1-20 2-67, fi0-a4.
ftO4l=;iDl-90&
03 S-So 30-6S 007 6-74 4-Sb 1-03 688 3'0S13-£4,* 0'
ftD-9U, Se 8-71=9911 P
8B 10-38 lP-81 12-78 9-11 1-8613-37 M.,
70 17-4416*36 0-34 3'9S 16-41 11-34 0-90 3-47, C 0-ia
' ' SftO-M, ft (1-61 101-71 Z.
98 16-64 4-31 0-39 30-01 069 678 :t- 16 17-66 (ioci C)
100-13 Eae 69 18*14 1601 1-65 Iwb S-Ii 3-28 4-94I1-46, C
B6 11-71 — — B-63 0-86 84-80 1-43 646 4'28=100Bw.
MU Igloruit; 8, Q.=3-79,&viii Enu,Tluiriii: 8, 0. ratio 1 : I : 3, firom Cba IhHii Weat , N. Y.; 6, a.=S-4BlT, Dsar DreadeD; 6, umt Jotonfjald; 7, =3*48—3-66, bom Wercbotuiie, Ural, tlA M-otOled bucklandite; 9, G.=3-1St, lack, no deavage, trom Oraoge Co., K. T.; 10, Q.=3-S3I, B.=i, tdfblMk, rdt'a funiBDB, Berka Co.. Pa.; 11, 0.=8-491, E.=G, bnh.-bk Bethkhem, Nortii- ; 12, Q'.=3-Bt, Franklin, N. J., !n mignetjc iron.
'3-8U, BaabueR; 14, BiddorbTttan ; IS, O. =4- 108 -4-103, a ratio 4 : 8 : 7; L ; 17, IS, 0.=3'a8— S'71, jet-black, maaslTe, fhm awunpacot, HaM. 11-3-647, ttom Mlaak, in the Ural; 21, Q.=3*647, Miask. , Fahlun; IS, finbo; 34, 26, a. S-S, Ttterby; 36, 0.=8-B3— 3-65, FfOefjeld; 3, Hittetoe; 39, WexiOi 3w.; So, Q.=3-44-3-47, pitch-bk. to bnli.-bk, in ajamto 81, 33, a.=3'S6 — 3-93, gnlL-bk., Naes miae, Norm;, Id gtanhe containing Bad oligodaM; 38, Naea mine, near Arandal; 34, 9.= S-78, jellow, Brikabeif; ok, Knllberg; 86, Stuko, In the LangeBnnd flord, new BTerte. 0.=3-]. fonnd, on examination, tbat the Hitteroe orthite contalaed Pa 8*16 and B-tO, d for the mineral the 0. ratio 1:1:2. ThaaeriiisorBaatiieaoontaiDed,Mcord- l-T4p.c,of wmter.
1 allbiflod BeneUaa (L &) 3l 10-43, Xl 8-69, to 606, Ad 189, Co 18*93, f 4-ST, ', carbon (bj loBa) 31'41.
ome Tvietiea giro wntor in the deed tube. B.B. ftuea ealjr and iwalliiif ark, blebb;, magneto glass. With ttie llaxea reacts for irou. Ucct TWJatUf luriatSc add, butt pravioualy ignited aranot decomposed bj- ada in alUtio and common felaspaHiii, granite, porphjiT-, wbili (ten in mines of magnetia iron. AUaaitt ooeiua In Qraenland, Is giaiuta ; il
Uni8Ili0Ate8. 289
OttSA, in Sootiand, in small dyBtals: at Jotun ¥]eld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at Snarnm, in albite, along with rutile and apatite ; at Plauenache Griind, near ; in granite near 3ahl in the Thuiingerwald. Oerine occurs at Bastnas in Sweden with hornblende and chalcopfrite. OrUUIe occurs in acioular orystals eometimes a foot long at Flnbo near Fahlun, and at Ytterfojr in Sweden; at Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated thraogfa gnelsa; also at Erageroe, Hitteroe, and Filie Fjeld in Norway ; at Miask in the Ural Un'orfhUe odienrs with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the Ural.
In ifosat., at the Bolton quarry ; at St Boyalston, in boulders ; in Athol, on the road to Westmaster, in gneiss; at Swampsoot, near Marblehead. In ., at Allen's vein, at the gneiss qfurriea, Haddam. In N. Tork near W. Point, in tabular oryst ; Moriah, Essex Co., with magnet* ita and apatite, some cryst 8-10 in. long, 6-8 broad, and 1-2 thick ; at Monroe, Orange Co. In y. at Franklin with feldspar and magnetite. In PentL at S. Mountain, near Bethlehem, Inkrgeorystals; at K Bradford in Chester Co. (called orthite, G.=3*6, anal 8); at Easton, Nortbunpton Co. ; near Sckhardt's Berk*s Co., abundant In Canada at St Paul's, C. W,; Bay St Paul, a E.; at Hollow lake, head-waters of the & Muskoka (a.=3*265— 3*288, ChipmaaV
On cryst, see Kokscharo( lOn. BussL, iiL 344, iv. 37 ; v. Bath, Pogg., cxiil 281, ZS. xvL S5A.
AIL — The hydrous varieties of allanite or orthite are properly altered forms of the species. They often contain oarbonio add. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and of cerium proceed at times from the alteration of allanite.
At Sllbohie, in Finland, there are crystals of allanite having an epidote nucleus, and crystals of epidote having a nudes of allanite, apparently indicating that a change had taken place from one to the other.
279. BEUBOMONTITB. Kmidl J. pr. Ch., zUiL 288, 1848.
Amorphous ; without any trace of crystallization. In grains. H.=7. G. =4*263. Lustre vitreous or slightly greasy. Color black or greenish-black.
Oomp* — Apparently related to allanite, but containing much yttrium, and Uttle aluminum or eeriom. Analysis: SjBmdt (La):
Si 21 Be ]e ltn Oe La t da liCg JTa & fiftlosa.
Obs— From ICauersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge. Named from a Latin rendering of Mauersberg.
279A. BoDmm BreUlL, Po®;., Izil 273, 1844 KenUn, ib., hdil 136, KenidL, J. pr. Ch., zliiL 219. Belated to muromontite in composition, and in containing more yttrium than cerium, but has a larger percentage of alumina and lime, and no glucina and is hydrous. Composition aooordxng to Kemdt (L a) :
Si 21 ]e*eXlnOeLa10aJra&fi
From Boden, near Marienberg, with muromontite.
279B. ybssohXLBOTxm Dtxma, An or(%ito4 mineral occurring near Breyig with meliphanite, oootaming, like muromontite, little alumina and some gludna, afforded llichaelson ana Nobel ((Efr. Ak. StoddL, 1862, 506):
Bi Si 9e 2r Be Oe La, iH t' ftg Oa la tL
2 2W 17*51 11*47 14-12 1*49 tr, 16-06 — — NobeL
. 2, Nobel obtained also 0-83 p. a of a precipitate by means of 8 a H.=4— 6; a.=8*44; IB tiita splinters transparent to translucent; lustre yitreous: amorphous. It differs moro Bootoe in containing but litUe yttria.
(HtQMS OOKFODHOB.
lH (ft. the BMi-AIpe bi OuinlMa) v. ZoIm, and ChrMUai JffiwrtfcjKH Beitr tv. 119, 1607. Zolaito (f. CarinthU) ISOG. Tat. oTEpidob , 1806, BenAardi, Moll't Efem UL 34, 1801. Illuderit XconA , Sjit. IiU Ipldote. ZoiidM, Bp. diatinot from EpUote, BtooIm, Ann. PhIL, IL i. Iti, CrTst., *94, 1823. DnioDlte SOlivan, Am. J. BcL, H TiiLSSi eneTa) B. da Eauuwn, Tor- Alpea, L g 11 J, BitMntein, Sdmiitr, ICag. Helmt, i 281, Bergm. J., 448, 11B8. Kephrite pt ITini. Ltb- T., iL SU. Jade Miuoe, Jiide de SauMiiM, K, Tr., Ir. ISOI. BauunriU Xix. HIS IflOfl. Tiir. or ZolKitn 7! & Am( Am. J. Sd, D. izt. 431,
/A 7=116" 40', 0 A 1-=131'' lk'\a:h: c=11493 : 1 :
7a fiai" 40', meaa. M3 7a -a=165 29
i-t At-S=151 87 t-tAt-fi=162 61 A 1-8=145 43 i-S A is, froiit,=5fi 46 i-i A i4, Bide,=lS3 14 1-i A 1-1, top,=109 20 1-i A 1-i, top,=80 3 a A 1-1=125 20, areas. H A i-t=120 14
JA j=144 57, Deacl.
TenneuM. Fijiure 272, observed form, the right J and i-i, and t-S wanting, and planeeon ], nearly obsolete ; 271, the* normal form as deduced from igthened in the direction of the vertical azie, and verti td or furrowed. Cleavage : i-i very perfect. Commonly in longitudinally furrowed. Also compact massive. f,=3"ll— 338. Lustre pearly on t-i; vitreous on earface r graj'ieh-white, gray, yellowiBh, brown, greeniah-gray, peHch-blossom-rod to roee-red. Streak nnctuored. Iransfucent. Double refraction feeble ; optic-axial plane vl ; normal i-i Descl.
TE. 1. Ordinarii. Colon gny to white and brown. /A J in Z. or Saaalpa oravia, 111° 6', A, WeiBbach, the ojital the rtiombteprinn J trith tM Bsal cleaTBgeat right angilee to / <VatiiU!t ForZ, of Baotia, Q. =3*118, 146, id. ; oT Monvio, 3336, id. ; of Falli 3-381, Id. ; of Titiriln, M. Gn- IM ii a rer; pure Eoiaite.
B. 0.=S'134; ftvgile; dichroinn ibmg, eapedal!/ to the direeUon tlw rectioD reddish, ttaosTerselj colorloM,
t; SiUBSDBm (In part). The original lanatiirite, bom the vicinity of (raUied compact aoUite, as shown % Hunt, botti by the apecUo icraTfQ 0.=S-26l, ft. the vicinity of Idke Qeoer*, de SanwiiTe; S-36& — .v3!iB, it; H.=e-S— 1 ; color pale blDlabgreen, gTMnlih-gny, to white or nail) n and PfUBni have dKribed a unnnrita wUdk oocon with awpAnttaM
Uni8Ili0Atb8.
ta the SgbwuiwBld (anal. 38). It was parilj altered, and had the low hardnaaa 8-5, with A.=:
riei
Oonp— A. Ume-epidotey with little or no iron, and thna differing from epidote. Foimula (Ca S9-9, alumina 22*8, lime 37*3=100. The amount of aesquioxTd of iron variea baa 0 to 6*33 p. a ; if much more is preaent, amounting to a aizth atomitadly of the protozyd bues, the compound appears to take the monodinic form of epidote, inatead of the orthorhombic ofaiiiita
SMsnri according to the analyses, haa the 0. ratio for &,S,Si=l : 2 : 3, inatead of 1 : 2 : 3, lod it eais as if this was another case in which an increase of silica aooompanies the increase of alkafiiothe bases. Both Hunt and Fikenscher's analyses give the 0. ratio 2 : for the sesquiozyds md dicL Hunt's, however, has an excess of protoxyds. In a second analysis by Hunt (see below), the ipeeunen contained mixed talc amounting to 10 or 12 p. a ; and if the magnesia in the first, and in Fikensdier's, is due in part to talc, l£ia would subtract from the silica; and but a small reduction in this way would make the ratio 1:2:3.
Azuijses: 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 179, r. 41); 8, Bammelsbeig (Fogg., a 138); 4, Buchols (OehL L 200) ; fi, Oeff ken (Epid. Anal Dissert Jena, 1824) ; 6, Bammelaberg (La); 7, Geff* 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xliii. 35); 9, Stromeyer (Untera., 378); 10, Bammelaberg (I fr); 11, Biditer (Haid. Ber., iii 114); 12, Bengert (Bamm. Min. Oh., 1020); 18, 14, Bammelaberg (LcL, 761); 19, Bernard (J. pr. Ch., v. 212); 16, KOhn (Ann. Oh. Fhium., lix. 373); 17, Bammels- a); 18, Brush (Am. J. Sd., II. xxvi 69); 19, Thomson (Mm., i 271); 20, Oenth (Am. J. Sii,ILxxiiiLl97); 21, 22, a Gmelin ( J. pr. Oh.. xlUL) ; 23, Berlin (Fogg., xlix.639); ti, FlBBDi (a &, Izil 100); 26, Boulanger (Ann. d. M., IIL Till 169); 26, T. 8 Hunt (Am. J. ScL, H zxfiL 346); 27, Kkenaeher (J. pr. Oh., Ixxxix. 456); 28, Hatlin and A. y. Pfafflus (Kenng. UebL, 1861, 76) :
1. Sanslpe H'inf'
4 Fiditdgebirge 5. "
6l
T. FUtic Tjitd
8.
9. Sterlings Tyrol, whiU
11. Paaseyrthal, Tyrtd
18 Tha. , ywA.-.
14. Ml Boea, gnK
15. Grossarlthal, Salxburg
16. Zwiesel, Bav.
17. Goshen, Uass.
19. Williamsburg Mass.
20. Polk Oo., Tenn., f/y- gnk,
13. Anodal,
IS. Orean amumtHU M-LQenuBTa,
Si
Si
9e
Oa
—
—
6*24
H-00
42*35
21*60
03
23*91
83*44
tr.
tr.
43*20
40*28
81-00 jS'i
el-95
30 28t*el-87
Sl-OOi'i
8*21
=98 Klaproth.
— =98-5 Klaproth. 2-09=99-84 BamoL 2*00=99*50 Bucholz.
, Mn 7-56=100-50 Geflfk.
2-08=99-53 Bamm.
— , Mn 1-78=101*92 Geffk.
1-69=100*05 Hermann.
0-95, Wn 0-17=100*18 Str.
2-04=98-82 Bamm.
1-22=101-39 Bichter.
2-87 =99' 18 Bengert.
3-67=99*56 Bamm.
3-18, 0-91=99-98 Bamm.
, fc 1-60=98-55 Besnard.
0*42=99-81 Kiihn. ' 2*25=99-83 Bamm. 2-22=100-89 Brush. 1-71=99-34 Thomson. 0-71, Bin 0*19, Cu 024= 99*20 Geuth. 0-26=99*22 TrippeL 0-64, ]ia 1*89, Mn 1-63- 99*13 Gmelia 1-32, Sin l-05 V 98-53 Berlin. 8-70=100-56 Pisanl
— f fc 1-6=100-6 Boulang. 0-35, 3-08=100*04 Hunt 0-71, Na 4-23=99-68 Fik. 3-88, ffa, ii 8-88 Hiitlin.
Soda and potadi. MadeMii*o' by Borlln.'
biaaL 8, 0.=8*853; anaL 6, a.=8 861 ; anaL 10, a.=3'352; anal 18, a.=3-251 ; 14, a.=8'841; 18, a.=3**i99; 20, a.=3-844, some specimens pinkish; 28, a.=3'34; G.=3'6i, H.=6-5; 26, a.=8*8— 3-4, H.=7, the mineral from the vaUey of the Bhoaa It Switterlnd, or the regicm of L. Geneya; 27, a.=8-227, same loci ; 28, G.=8*16.
oxrusat cuhpocitm.
f tha MiM miMnl tbt wma laljKi bj Uallet under the name Uxrttt (Am J L Id anal SS, 1-IS oT the allica waa aepsrated utDfaMdUoa. Hniit obtained la eo of aausanrite containliig tele (which was to diflmnUuued tliTOtigb II Itul I imposalbU) Si 48-10, Xl 26-34, Pe 3-30, Ca IV-60, 8-76, &a SU, Igk but 3 p. e. or tbe mafaie (tha amount in anal 28) belonged to tbe taltb)
JrMent vould be 1 1 p. o. B. Bella up and ftisei at 3 — S'5 to a white blebbj maaa. Not deconpoaed b; iTlonal; Ignited gelatiniiea with moriatio add.
spedes waa instituted bj Werner in Qnt united to epidote bj Hatij ind peudentljin 1 dOS, and separated ittia IVomBpidole on (VTataliogrihic gnuiDda bj . Deaclolieaux bai oonflnned Brooke'a CMiduaiou by opal ezamlJiaUoDi, umI hzthat the ciyMalliiation is orthometiic, instead of dinometria Thnlite ii refemd U DeadtHxeaoz, together with the lfm4pidote tnm moet of tbe looditiee DMutiosed rith the aualTiea. Tha angle i-1 A i4 in tfaolita is near 193°. Brooke remirki TpblBm of the spedea with eudsae.
a named after Baron Ton Zoia, ttota Werner reoelred bia flrat ipedmeoi; Tule, an ancient name otSonny.
aoiaiteiBUiatof theSaualpeinCariuthia. Other localitlea ar as mentioned. The ' FldlleltHrgo in Bairent, waa referred here by Bomhardi (L il, and both lulite oocura at Sonland in Telleioark, In Horwaj, with bluiah idocraaa I gaisct, epidote, and fluorite; also at the iron mine of Klodeberg near Aieadal; ill* in Piodmout, forming small veins with talo and actinoUte in graoito. tms with smaragdite theeuphotide of tbe Alpe. a rode whidi, as s reault ofglaeiei r distributed in booldera over the valley of tbe Rhone, and the oountrj about lain Duldera, aa aicertainedhyProf. Qujot, were derived from tbe chain of the 9ti*fnt, lley of tbe Sasa, and are distributed to a distance of ISO ql from this place or onto in terpentine, in the Schwarswald, but more or less altered (ansL iSy Hnai ilh the very high spedflc gravity aud oompoeition identified the mineral with rote- r mineral! that have passed under the name of aauaaurite, see 0niet, Ueiooile,
1 Stalea, found in Vernuml, at Willsboro, in columnar masses ; at lloatpelier, bhiishcaldte. in mii schist. In JTosa.. at Cheater, in mica schist ; at Goshen, CbeaterlkK b, Leyden, Williamsburg, Windaor. In Conn., at Milford. Tn Ann., In W. Bred oahen. Chester Co.j In Kennet township and E. Marlboro; at UniouTiDe, while ooruudum and euphyllite. In Tbin., at Dacktown oopper mines. le nor epidote hsa yet been found among ftamace or laboratory prodacta. A IL. p. 306; Doscl, Uin., i. 238. Tbe crystal figured above by tha author (lad it of Prof. Bruah) is i In. long, but was attached % one aide to a large imperfect Doe ita planes were Irregularly developed. The left 1-f and t-l were minute lad ded. Tbe angle /Ai-i by Desdoizeaui'a measurement, ta 131' 40', as given aborc: itsinedalsofor i-iAf-2=I62' 20', i-tA-l, top, 120° nearly; forWI At-S=10I° IS. 146° 34', aud Miller found IOt' 12', whence I*S° 3tf'.
lely isomorphous with epidote. If the figure 36G under epidote (dl SB) is planes vertical, it then represents very nearly the form of aoisite ; the angle of lhi> 11a' 24', and "I A -I 109° 36' ; and ootreapondingly, tbe prismatic angle at
L. JADEOTB. Hepbrite or Jade pt. Jadeite Damamr, a R., Ixl 360.
vith traces of a foliated oolomnv Btractnrg on a surface of
7. G.=3-33— 8-35, fr. China, Damonr; 3'32, fr. Tnnnan. h ; 3*32, fr. ornunentA in ancient Swiss lake-dwelliDes, Fellenre BDbvitreons, pearl; on aarfaces of olearage. Color apleearly emerald-sreen, blaish-een, leek-green, greeQish-wh:le,
white. Streuc nncolored. Tranglncent to sQbtnuulnceoL [inter;.
vtiofor B, Si=l : 3 : 6, the protosyds mtioly coda; (i (f a+lft)''t ; or, with half the ezcesa of aLlioa basio;=, if ft=Ca, Silim 68-4, alumina ii-2 ?-4=-l00. It bat the 0. ratio and oonatituenta of dipfre, whlla like Bointn I:
Ij1Ii8Ili0Atx8.
hf TiryUgb speoiflo gravity as remarked by T. S. Hunt, who refers the tides to the epidotf &, June, 1868), and girea the spedea the aame poaition in that group aa dipyre in the npolHe groups AulTaes: 1, Damoor (L a); 2, Oea. Bern, 1866, 112):
LOma 69-17 22*68 1*56
1 Swiu Ldce-habi 58 89 22*40 1*66
Mg
1*28
2-68 li*93 <r. =100*07 Damour.
In an imperfect analyaia of a specimen flrom the proyiooe of Yunnan, China, obtained bj R Pofflpelbr, Wm. Cook found (prir. oontrib.) Si 59*35, %1 ftg tr., Ca 0*77, ia 13*01, £ O'ls,d0'.'t0=97-6u. The analysis shows that Mr. Pumpelly rightly indentifiea thia atone, the Fdtgai of the Chinese, with jadeite (QeoL China, etc., 117, i 18, 1866, Smithson. Contrib., No. 202)
Fyr etc — B.B. flies readily to a transparent blebby glaas. Not attacked by acids ailei fiuuio, and thus differing from aaussurito.
Obi.— Jadeite is one of the kinda of pale green atones used m China for making ornaments, lod pasaing under the general name of jade or nephrite. Mr. Pumpelly remarks liiat the/ei ifl perhaps the moat prised of all stones among the Chinese. He also observes that the chakhihuiA of the ancient Mexicans, of which he had seen many specimens, is probably the same mineral Bat W. P. Bkke identiflea this name with the torquois xrom the violnitnr of Santa Fe (Am. J. 3cL, n. xiT. 227).
281. PARTSOHDIITB. Partschin fToui, Ber., ill 440, 1847, Ber. Ak. Wien, xil 480.
Monoclinic. /A 7=91° 52', 67=52° 16', 0 hUUT 44', A 14= U8°, 0 A 7=116° 5', 14 A 14, ov. t,=116°, 0 A i=126° 51'.
H.=6*5--7. G.=4'006, v. Haner. Lustre a little greasy, feeble. Color yellowish, reddish. Subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal.
CoBip* — 0. ratio fbrS, Si, 1:1:2, asin garnet, and near spessartine. Yon llauez obtained (L a, f ) 8i 35-63, 18-99, 1417, Mn 29-28, Oa 2-77, tL 0*88.
Oba.— In very small dull crystals and rounded Ihigmenta, in the auriferous sands of Ohlapian, IuuylTania.
281 Sdhwarzer Zeolith (fr. Ytterby) (Tsyar, 0rell*8 Ann., 1788. oris of Alumina, Ox. Iron, and a new earth) GadoUn Ak. H. Stockh., 1794; Ekeberg ib., 1797 (oaDdng the earth tttria). Qadolinit Klapr. (Ak. Berlin, 1800) Beitr., liL 62, 1802.
Orthorhombic. 7 A 7=116% 0 A l-i=114** 24'; a:h: c=2-2054 : 1 : 1*4003, Nordenskidld, or near zoisitdi if a be made i a. Observed planes :
17a.
S74.
Yttoffaj.
yertical, 7, i-i, i-S, i-i; brachjdomes, t, l-t, 24; macrodoirM, H; octahedral, 1, i, 1-2, 2-2, {-f , 2-1* Cleavage none.
OXTGEN OOliPOITKDB.
<?A2-i=109 67 26 <?A/=90
<?Al=lir 2' 2-iA2-i, top,=39 54 i-tAi-i, top,=110 62 1-tAl-J, top, =71 66
/Ai-5=160 40' /A 1=168 68 i-i A 1-5, ov. i-l,=122 40
H.=6-5— 7. G.=4-4-5 ; of Ttterby 4-097— 4226, but after heating 4*286— 4*456, H. Kose ; 4*35, from Hitteroe, Scheerer. Lustre vitreous. Color black, greenish-black ; in thin splinters nearly transparent, and ass-green to olive-green. Streak greenish-gray. Double refraction in Hitteroe crystals, sometimes distinct, with optical axes very diveent, in others often wanting. In the mass subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal.
Oomp., Var.— Oadolintte varies widely in its crystals, and pbjrsical and diemtoal chancten, even in specimens the same locality, and much more so in those of different. The aystali are nsually rough and irregular, and sometimes oblique in different directions. Hadj (Min 1822), PhiUips (Hin., 1823X Levy (Min. Heuland, iL 46), Kupffer, Scheerer (0a Korvegica, Zn\ and Waage (Forh. Selsk. Ghristiania, 1864, and Jahrb. Min, 1867, 696) have made it numodmie; and Brooke and MiUer (Min., 822, using the same cryst examined by Phillips), Scheerer (Jahrb. Mio 1861, 184), A. E. Kordenskiold ((Efr. Ak. Stockh., 1859, and Maskelyne and v. Lang (Phil ICag., rV. xxyiiL 146) have made it orthorhombic:
OaU
Oai-i
/A/
Fhmips, fr. Kararfvet
98*
B. ft JC, fr. Eararfvet
OaH
OaH IM
90*
119 80'
Levy.
96* 80' 149 49
Kordenskiold,
fr. Kararfv. ft
Broddba
90*
144 2' 124 34
Scheerer, fr. Hitteroe.
126' 46'
Scheerer, fr. Ttterby.
90*
144 30'
Waage, fr. Hitterae.
90* 86'
Lang, fr. Ttterby.
90'± 146 32'
Maskelyne and v. Lang state that the crystals from Ttterby are sometimes oblique in the direcUoe of one diagonal, and sometimes in that of the other; they adopt Kordenskidld's calculated results. Waage, who makes the form monodinio, enumerates the planes 0, /, i-i, t-i, 1, -1, i, -(, 1-2, Hi 1-i. His measurements were made witii the reflective goniometer, and agree well with his cal* cited results; which, in addition to the above, are, Oa/=89 81', Oa1=1U*' 29, Oa-1=: 112-21', OAi=136'7', 1A-1=136* 10', /A 1 168" 8', /A-l=158** 2'. Waage pointe out a relation in angles to epidote, observing that the prismatic angle, 116"*, which is nearly that of loisite, corresponds toi-iAl m epidote 82').
The Ytterby crystals examined by v. Lang were partly altered. Desdoiseanx found crystals from this locality part a mixture of double and singly refracting material, and part without any action on polarized light , Amid the diversity of results it is impossible to decide which is tfa correct form.
The variations in composition are also considerable. The Ttterby, Finbo, and Broddbo gadoBnite afford approximately the formula ft' Si; that of Hitteroe, ft' Si', the 0. ratio between the bases and silica being approximately 4 : 8, as in eudase. That analysed by Bahr and Bunsen has the 0. ratio 3 : 2.
Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius (AfhandL, iv. 148, 389); 3-6, Berlin (Dissert Gadol. UpsaL, 1844, and (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1846, 86); 7, BerKlins (L a); 8, Richardson (Thorn. lOn., i. 410)- 9, It Scheerer (De Foss. Allauft, etc., Berolini, 1840, and Pogg., IvL 479) ; 11, CL. Fhanb cxxxvii. 88):
Si
Se t
Ce
I. Fhibo
26*80
10*26
16*90
Oa
ign. 0-60=98*86 Benelini. ign. 0-60=98-93 BexsettiM.
Tjkibilioatks.
& Tteriij 4.
A. "
6. " Y. Xtfufvot
25*26
24*65
Oe t'e Ca 7-90 14-44 1-30,
2*1 8
ftg 0-64, Xl 0-48, & 0*19, JTa 0-18=
100-65 Berlin
98*45 £.iin fig, fin lr.=99-51 BerUn. fin, fig 1-11=100-97 Berlin. Mn 1*30, ti 5-20=99*53 Bener a 0*50=100-55 Bichardaon.
49*60 51*46
7-64* 15-03 0*46,
13-01 0-60,
3-40 Fe8*00 815,
4-60 Fe 14-55 ,
la
ioi 6*83=99-42 Scheerer. Fe 4-73, fig 0*15, iSTa 0*88, tt 1-93=
99*87 KOnig
Of Beriin'a analjaes, the two were of Uie glaagy gadolinite.
The oxygen ratio between the bases and silica in anal 1 is 1 : 1-02 ; in 2, 1 : 1 ; in 3, 1 : 0*94; b 4, 1 : 0-94 ; in 5, 1 : 0*85; in 6, 1 : 0'92 ; in 9, 10, 1 : 0*72. Oonnell obtained, for a specimen 1836; Jane); which, taking the iron as protoxyd, gives the oxygen ratio for K + Be, Si, 1:0-92.
Pyr., etc — The glassy yariety is unchanged in the dosed tnbe, but if heated B.B. the assay gives for a moment a bright light, as if it had taken fire, swells up, cracks open, and beoomes grajub-green in color without fusing. The splintery yariety swells into cauUflower-like ramifiottions and beoomes white, rarely glowing. With borax gives an iron reaction. Only slifchtly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. Decomposed by muriatic acid with gelatinization.
ObaA-Oadolinite occurs principally in the quarries of KararfVet, Broddbo, and Finbo, near Falilon in Sweden ; also at Ttterby, near Stockholm ; at each place indistinctly crystallized, and ia nnmded masses, which are often encircled with a yellow crust, and imbedded in coarse-gruned gnnite. At Kararfvet crystals hayo been obtained 4 in. long. It has also been met yrith at Disko in Greenland ; in trap near Galway, Ireland ; imbedded in granite in Ceylon ; at Breyig nd Hitteroe in the southern part of Norway, orystais sometimes 4 in. across and twins at this kst locality.
Hamed after the Russian chemist, ProC Gadolin.
283. MOSANDRITB. Erdmann JahresK, xzL 178, 1841.
40' to 141% /Ai-5=160° to 161%i-iAi-S=151° 20, Descl. Cleavage : a perfect. Crystals long prisms, usually flattened parallel to i-i, and lonrntudinally striated. Also massive and fibrous.
H.=4. 6.=2"93— 3'03. Lustre of cleavage-face between vitreous and pesAjj of other surfaces resinous. Color reddish-brown, but altering to greenish or yellowish-brown. Streak-powder pale yellow or gray- lA-brown. Thin splinters translucent, bright red by transmitted ught, Double refraction feeble ; optic-axial plane vertical, and normal to iri ; te bisectrix negative, and apparently at right angles to i-t, Descl.
Ooapr-Analysifl by Berlin (Pogg., 168, 1853):
ft
Oe,La,D
9e
Ca
&
fl
26*56
19*07
8-90=100-33
M3
Am is sonae Mn with the 9e. Beckoning the ft with the bases, as forming part of a sesqui- Ofd, M in sgboDid and keiihamte, the oxygen ratio of the protoxyds, sesqnioxydSf and silica, is 1:2:3, or of bases and silica 1 : 1 (precisely 16*57 : 16*86), affording the formula u lB. This, exdttding the water, is the formnla of epidote, to which the speoiei yWwkted.
etc— In the dosed tube gives water. B.B. fUses with intumescence at 3 to a brown IM With salt of phosphoma in a.F. gives a violet bead (titanic add) and with borax in 0.F
OXTOER oouroCBDe.
fn* bead (muguMM). Deoompoaed bj mnriatio idd, with Mpannot of nfia 1 nd Bolntiou, irtiich, on bBatiDg, tm off cbloriiw and beconwa jelgw. it Brerig, aTenite, with Isucophinita, euoolila, elsoUte, legiiite, bUdi mia unmiDaluret Dear BrerlK Norwa;. Beadiiy andocgoes aluratjon. laerrea that moatodrlttt mar regarded approxinutelr aa iaotDotphoat viit i Ai4=lGl° W, 16' (IUd L 633).
1807. Dvait <?fafg>, Oijlit. I SH. : ., HoAn. uin ii. m, 876, 1813. WehfUt v. Eob OruDdi., 313, 1833.
)io. /A 7=112° 38', 0 A 1.1=146" 24' j_£r : i : c=O-66608 : served planes ; O ; vertical, /, i-i, u%, i-a, ir, t-i, t->, t-I, i-) ' , i-t, 2i J pyramids, 1 ; in zone -i : 1, 3-S, 3-S, 4-i ; in zone
£? A 31=116° 39' lAl, brach.,=lir27'
A 21=138 29 i-lAt-l=143 8
O A 1=141 24 1-t A 1-5=112 49
0 A i-i=167 31 t-S A i-l, brach.,=106 15
0 A 2-i=138 29 /A i-i=160 34
1 A 1, mac.,=139 32 /A i-l=164 45
Lateral focee nsnally striated longitudinally. Cleavsge: parallel to the longer diagonal, indistinct. Also columnar or oonipact maeeive.
H.=5-5-6. G.=3-7— 4-2; 8-994, fr. Elba, Haidinger; 3-9796 ib., Stromeyer; 3-825-4-061, ib., Lelifivre; 3-711, ibler. Lnstre submetallic. C!olor iron-black, or dark jzrayieh- k black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque. Fractnit tie.
o, from Tobler'a anaL (Na T), for It, B, ft=S : 1 : B, whence A'+tS"
uloi/d orirOD 2D'4, prot id. 3\-6, lims 12'3 !0a; and, aa the apecimeiia mr*
[having the plane t-i, 1-i, /, 1), this msj be the normal oompoainon of the ip
J Ib of low Bpociflc gravity, and contains much manganeae.
MB show a defldeaC7 o( silica for a uniaillcate. Is Bammelsberg'a (Ha S) the
Si, 1 1-08 : e'76 ; le'90 : l-ii; orOvA+B, S=& : 3 : O'Tft. InaDiLl,
: 6 :04, and in No.B, 6 : B : 0.
rater oonatoDt ingredieiit, and, as it waa not expelled below iition, Rg*';
loaeJf-agTeeing ansljiiea give for ft+B, 3i, B the 0. ratio S : S : 1, and for Qt,
If Hbe baaio, the 0. ratio of based and silica ia G : 4, which iaexpreaaed in tlx
the TBTiation in ratio in the atialTaea of Elba mineral, and ita opacity, m fer that impnritiea ars preaent (aa atauroUta ezempUfiea, p. 388X aiid that tlieH nly hydrated ozyd of iron, of the speciea gOthite, whidi minenl looea ita watef Ui. AllowiDg Ibr thJa admixture, all Unite may oom under the general fop -ntPefii with the 0. ratio fbr knaen and ailica 7 : 6, m would equal 1. Tomeyer (Untera., UTS); S, same with r. Eobell's estimation of ths iron (Sdiw lammelaberg (Pogf., L 1G7, Mn, Uin. Oil., 140) ; 4, E, Vackemagel and FranlM
Stideler (J. pr. Ol, zdz. TO); 7, Tobler (Add. Clh. Pbarm., zcix. 1S3):
St XI f-e So Ob a
U-SS 0-61 E!-B4 I-SB — ISIS l-S7=99-07 Stromeyer.
S9-38 0-61 S3-00 Sl-OT 1-59 tS'7S 1 '37=10148, Str., Scofa.
-83 Sl-BB 32-40 IBS IfM l-60=I0n-3 Bamm.
SB-45 36-79 Sn-ao 0-94 lB-49 — =100-17 Wat&ran
19-61 31-09 33-71 1-SG 14-47 =99-43 Ftanka.
J3B-S4 in-M 34-13 — 1-01 13-TS -r43=IOO-S3 Stidetoi.
83-30 — S3-BI 34-03 — 6-TS 11-6S l'll=-47 Tablai
Werner placed fieTrite in his STStem next to epidoto.
Pyr., eto.— B3. ftisee quietly at 2 '5 to a bUu magnetic bead. With the fluxes reacts fir iron Some TBrietiee give also a reaction for manganese. Gtelatiniaes with muriatic acid.
ObaFirst found on the Bio la Marina, and at Gape Galamita, on Elba, by IL Lelidvre, in 1802. wlwre it oooors in large solitary crystals, and aggregated orystattizations in dolomite with pyrozcos, etc Also found at Possum in Norway; in Siberia; near Andreasberg in the Harz; at the oise of Temperino in Tuscany, granular, in limestone with actinolite ; near Predazzo, Tyrol, is IKnDite; at Sdmeeberg in Saxony ; at Skeen in Norway ; at Hebrun in Nassau ; at Kangerdluarsnk tnGnenland.
Beported as formerly found at Cumberland, R. I., in slender black or brownish-black crystals, trareisng quarts along with nsagnetite and hornblende ; also at Milk Bow quarry, Somerrillo,
On oysL, Desdoiseaux, Ann. d. M., Y. viiL 402, and his Mineralogie, 1862, whom the above ngies are taken ; his calculations were made from 1 A 1 and M A 1-t. The observed angle /A / was about 111% Also Hessanberg, Min. Not, Na IIL 1.
Named Iltfaile from the Latin name of the island (Elba) on which it was found ; lAevriie after its diaooTerer; Tenite (should have been Jenite) in commemoration of the battle of Jena, in 1806. The Germans, and later the French, have rightly rejected the name yeniUy on the ground that oommemorations of political hostility or triumph are opposed to the spirit of science. Desdoileaox adopts IloaUe,
A boulder from near Bytown, Canada, analysed by T. Su Hunt, gave (Logan's Rep., 1853, 1868) tolienite. It is black, aubmetallio and magnetic, witii two oblique deavages; H.=6*6; G.9 4*15—4*16; and in powder it gelatinises with adds. The composition is essentially that of fay tHk: and the substance, although stated to contain some black mica and red granular garnet, has been supposed to be a furnace siag.
ffflkfiife is probably Uevrite, as suggested by Zipser. It is massive granular. H.=6— 6*&. =100. B.B. rises with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in muriatic add. From Snirraskd, Hungary.
If >-f be taken as 7 in Uevrite, the form becomes very nearly tetragonal, affording /a /within OAl-CsUO** 24', 1-1 A 14=112" 49'.
986. AXmrra. Ssp de Schori (fr. Oisans) Schrmbet, 1781, de Lisle's Grist, il 368, 1788. Bdkoil violet, Schorl transparent lenticnUure (fr. Oisans), <fe Lisfe, ib., and J. de. Phys., zxvL 66, 1786. Thumerstein (fr. ) TTem., Bergm. J., 64, 261, 1788. Ghissghori Btumeni) Nat, 1791. Schori violet, TaioUte, DeUmeOL, Sdagr., L 287, 1792. Axinite BJ.±U v. 264. 1799, Tr., ilL 1801. Thnmite.
Triclinic. Ciystalfl UBiiallj broad, and ante-edged.
'278
Daapfainy.
Daaphiiy.
Cornwall,
Making m=(?, P=:% t*=/', a (brachyd.) : h (maorod.) : {=0-49266 : 1 : 0*45112. Observed planes, v. Bath :
OXYGEN OOHFOUNDe.
i( M U
it
=3-', istf'l
With also Interfacial angles :
P A 2=116 24 Paw (0=90 4 P A i=161 6 P A <j, adj.,=184 40i
P A =135"' 31' Pa=146 42 P A y, OT. #,=100 48 Paw, adj.,=119 31 ijA=152 3
V A 2=164 26 r A 85 rAa>=139 13 rA=115 38
Cleavage: i-l (fi) quite distinct; in other directions indistinct Also massive, lamellar, lamellae often curved ; sometimes granular. H.=6"5— 7. Q.=3-271, Haidinffer; aComish specimen. Lustrehihlj classy. CJolor clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-cray ; exhibits trichroism, ifferent colors, as cinnamon-brown, violet-blue, oYive-green, being seen in different directions. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Pyroelectric, with two axes, the analogue (L) and antilogue CS) poles being situated as indicated in figure 276 (G. Bose). Double retraction strong.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, fi, B, Si, 1 : 1-8 : OS : 8-6; whence for ft+S+B, Si. 3-S : 3-6, or J : 1; whence (ftV Si" + 2 fi 8i-hi Si"=(ft", fi, B) Si\ According to Roee, B)-h 2 Analyses : 1, Hisinger (Min. 170) ; 2, Wiegmann (. J., xxziL 462) ; 3-6, Rammel 1,363):
Si* B Fe Sn Oa ftg S
41*50 18-66 7-86 lO'OO 25*84 —-, ign. 0*80=98*56 HisiiSW.
45-00 2-O0 19 00 12*25 9*00 12-50 0*26 =100 Wiegmann.
1. Wermland
2. Treseburg 8. Dauphiny
6. Treseburg 6 Ural
Rammelaberg states that, in the last two analyses, 4*5 of the last entry in each is not too largt an estimate for the boric acid.
., etc. — B.B. fuses readily with intumescence, imparts a pale green color to the 0., and fuses at 2 to a dark green to blade glass ; with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (man* ganese), which in R.F. becomes yellow (iron). Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on the platinum loop colors the flame (boric acid). Not decomposed by adds, but when preyiously ignited, platinises with muriatic add.
Obs. — Axinite occors m implanted glassy dore-brown crystals,* at St Cristophe, near Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, with albite, prehnite, and quartz; ai Santa Maria, Switzerland; at the silver mines of Kongsberg, in smaller crystals ; with hornblende or magnetic iron in Normaric in Sweden ; in Cornwall, of a dark color, at the Botalladc mine, where it also occurs massiTe, form* ing a pectdiar kind of rode with garnet and tourmaline at Trewellard, at Gam Silrer near morran creek, and at Boecawen Oliffs in St. Burien ; in Devonshire, at Brent Tor, 4 m. north of Taviniock ; at Thum near EhrenfHedersdorf in Saxony. It occurs with gray cobalt near Ooqoim* bo, Chili, at the mine La Buitre ; at Phipsburg, Maine, with yellow garnet and idocrase ; at Walei Maine ; at Cold Spring, K. T.
For recent artides on cryst' Desd. Min., L 516; Hessenberg, Min. Not, Ka Y. p. 27, II 2S; Bath, Pogg cxxyiiL 20, 227. Figs. 2, 3, and the above list of planes and aogiea, are ftoo v. Rath. Fig. 1 is from Bose and Biess on the Pyroelectridty of Axinite, Schrift. Ak. Berlin, lis. S76
Axinite admits of a high polish, but is defldent in delicacy of color.
Unibilioatkb.
¥cQ named ftom an om in aUnslon to the form of the oryatalfl. The name yanoOU laof Mfiir dite; bat it meana vioUMon and violet ia not a charaoteristic color of the ndneraL Attr-CiTBtala Altered to chlorite occur on Dartmoor in Devonahire, England.
286. DANBURITR Danborite <8%epard; Am. J. ScL, xzanr. 137, 1889.
Tridinic Approximate angles, P A M=110*
nearly, P Ae=135°. Cleavage: distinct, parallel to M
ign.
0-50=100. O'60=99'20.
and70%MAT=54°,and
126°,PaI ;,- - " -'
and P, leas so parallel to T. Crystals imbedded, and often an inch broad. Also dissemmated massive, with- OQtrlar ibrm.
E=7. G.=2-96, Silliman, Jr. ; 2-957, 2-958, Brnah. Color pale yellow, whitish. Lustre vitreous, but usually rather weak. Translucent to subtranslucent. Very brittle.
Owap.-0 ratio for ft, B, 4=1 : 8 : 4; Ca Si+fi8l=(iCa"+*B) 48-9, boric acid 28*4, lime 22*7=100. Analjaoa: 1, 2, Smith lodBnuh (Am. J. ScL, XL zvL 365):
Si B SlFe Sn Ca %
1 48-2t) 27-15 1-02 2283 undeL
End was the fliat to detect the boric add, but as he admita (Ernies inneralogy simplified, p. hia analyaia was incorrect — the mineral not containing the 10 p. c. of alkalies announced by bim, as directly proyed by Smith and Brush. Sliepard atated (L c;) that the mineral had 8 p. c. of water without boric add ; and yet it ia oertam tluit the mineral waa the same that waa investi* gifted by Smith and Brush.
Pyr., attc. — Yields no water in the dosed tube B.B. fuses at 3*5 to a colorless glass, and imparts a green color to the O.F.; thia is heightened by moistening the assay th sulphuric acid before hewing. Not decomposed by muriatic add, but suffidently attacked for the solution to give the reaction of boric add with turmeric paper. When prcTionsly ignited gelatinlzoa with urariaticadd.
Obs— Occurs withorthodase and oligodaao in dolomite at Danbury, Connecticut It has some RtemUance to chondrodlce in oolor, lustroi and brittleness, but is distinctly cleaTablCi although the planes of deavage are often irregular; it may be readily reoogniied by its pyrognostic char* opera.
287. lOLITB. Spanischer Laznlith v. SMfUhdn Hoff Mag. Min., i. 169, 1801. lolith {ft. Spain) Wifn.; Kant (with desor.), Tab., 46 92, 1808. lolithe JK, TabL, 61, 221, 1809 Dichroif Oordier, J. d. M., iX7, 129, 1809, J. de Fhya., IzriiL 298, 1809. SteinheiUte ChdoUn, Mem. A& St Pet, tL 565. Peliom (fr. Bodenmais) Wem Hoffln. Min., iy. b, 117, 1817 GoidieritB Lucas, TabL, ii. 219, 1813; iZ; Tr., iiL 5, 1822. Hard SUilunit liudissaphir Wanersaphir in Qmu, Saphir d'ean in Fr., of Oeylon Jewdry.
60*
Orthorhombic. In stout prisms often hexagonal. I A 11 10' and 50', 0 A 1-1=150'' 49'. Observed planes: vertical,
0M=132 12', 0 A (=150 Tj I A i-=150% i-l A irH
9.V <Ll A!-=1Q0O fiO' niAoariLcyA- iLi
H and 0 indistinct. Crystals often transversely divided or foliated parallel with 0. Twins : composition-face I' Abo massive, compact.
H.:=7-5. G.=2-66-2-67; 2*5969, Greenland, Stromeyer; 2-65— 2-6648, Haddam, Thomson; Ostooth-
M 2*64,' S&dermanland 2*61, s'chute ; 2*605, Mursinka, Kokscharof. Lustre vitreous. various shades of blue, light or dark, smoky-bloe ;
Oxtoen C03Cpoi7Kdb.
pleochroic, being often deep blue along the vertical axis, and browuisb yellow or yellowish-gray perpendicular to it. Streak uncolo.ed. Tran&
Carent — translacent. Fracture subconchoidd. Double refraction feeble ; isectrix negative, normal to 0.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for bases and sOica 4 : 6 or 1 : 1. The state of azydation of the inm is itill
nnasoertained, and henoe there is uncertainty as to the proportion between the protoxyds and
sesquioxyds. The ratio usually deduced for ft, §i is 1 : 3 : 6. The formula 2 ti
, which corresponds to this ratio, if ikg : : 1, Silica 49*4, alumina 33*9, magnesia 8'S,
protoxyd of iron, 7-9=100.
Analyses: 1-8, Stromeyer (Unters., 329, 431); 4, 5, SchQts (Pogg., liv. 566); 6, Scheeru (Pogg., IxviiL 319) ; 7, Hermann (Koksch. Min. RussL, liL 267) : 8, Scromeyer (Untersuch 329, 431); 9, Bonsdorfr(. J., xxxiv. 869); 10, Schuts (Pogg liy. 666); 11, Thomson (Min I 278); 12, 0. T. Jackson (This Min., 1844, 406, a. Rep. N. Hamp 184):
Bodenmais
Greenland
Fahlun
Ostgothland
Siidermanland
6. Krageroe
7. Mursinka
8. Finland
10. "
11. Haddam,Ct
12. Unity, Me.
60-44 48*64
32*0
80*26
32*88
80*9
82*60
8*32
4-10 0-60 6-69 fin 0-70 6-00 0-03
11-68 1-61 7-92 0-28
101 6 — 0-69=99*46 Stromeyer.
11.45 1-20=99-81 Stromejer.
10*86 — 1*66, fin 0*68=99-87 Stromeyer.
8*2 1*6, under. 0-2=100-3 Schuts.
9-6 0*6 2*1, under. 06= 100-6 Schuts.
2*66, Li 0-64=100 Hermann.
11-80 1*69=99-66 Stromeyer.
20-46 1-76=100*06 Bonsdorff
11*2 1*9, under. 1*6=101*1 Sdiiits.
8*64 0*23 100-80 Thonwon.
10-14 0-60=99-49 Jackson.
P3rr., etc.— B.B. loses transparency and (Vises at 6—6*6. Only partially decomposed by addi Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Oba. — lolite occurs in granite, gneiss, homblendic, chlorifce and talcose schist, and aDied rocks, with quartK, orthodase or albite, tounnaline, hornblende, andaluaite, and sometimes beryL Alao rarely in yolcanic rocks.
At Bodenmais, Bavaria, it is met with in granite, in o-ystals, along with pyrrhotine, bleDda, chalcopyrite ; the varied Is the peUom of Werner, named fKun niUoi in allusiou to its Bmoky blue color. It occurs in quarts at Ujordlersoak in Oreeoland ; in granite at Gape de Gate, in Spain; at Krageroe in Norway ; Oryerfvi, in Finland {sleinhetUui) ; Tunaberg, in Sweden ; Finspaong in Ostgothland ; Brunhult in Sudermanland ; Fidilun (hard fahlunUe) ; Lake Laach, with sanidin ; at Oampiglia Maritima, Tuscany, in a trachytio rock, containing also mica, quarti, and sanidizL Ceylon affords a transparent yariety, in smali rolled masses of an intense blue color, the sappkirt tTeau of jewellers.
At Haddam, Conn., assodated with tourmaline in a granitio vein in gneiss ; sparingly at the duysoberyl locality, in an altered or fahlnnite condition; abundant in quarts with garnet and yellowish-green feldspar, near the Norwich and Worcester Bailway, between the Shetacket and Qumnebaug, where the gneiss has been quarried for the road. At Brimfleld, Haas., on (he road leading to Warren, near Sam Patrick's with adularia, in gneiss ; also good at Bichmond, N. m talcose rock, alouff with anthophyllite.
lolite is oocasionautty employed as an ornamental stone, and when cut exhibits different ookM in different directions.
Named lolUe foy, violet and stone; DiehroUe (torn its dlchroism ; OordierUe, after Oordier, the geologist, who first studied the crystal of the species ; SteinheHHe by Gadolin after Mr. SteinheiL Lucas and HaQy, who adopt oordierUey rejected the earUer names to& and dichraiie because the former is not always applicable, and the latter is equally applicable to yarious other atones. JSpi' doU pifroxenef and a multitude of other names, if judged by the same code, would be to hays no better daim to recognition.
Alt. — The alteration of ioUte takes place so readUy by ordinary ezposore, that the mineral is most eoounoniy luna m an altered state, or enclosed in the altered iolite. This diane mi be a aim* |ile hydration (fahlunUe, etc.) ; or a remoyal of part of the proto bases by carbonic add ; or the introduction of ozyd of iron; or of alkalies, forming phate and mioiL The first step in tha change consists in a diyislon of the prisms of iolite into plates parallel to the base, and a pearly foliation of the surfaces of these plates ; witii a change of odor to grayish-green and greenishgray, and sometimes brownish-gray. As the alteration igooeoda,the foiiatioQ oeooiaeB more con
Itnisxugatxb. 301
e; aftenraid it maj be lost The mineral in this altered oondition has man j names : ai m iolite, pmUe, eaiupUite /ahkmile bonadorjfUe eamarktie, chlorophyUUe, qigantolitey praseoliie, vpatkiUe. Finite, as far as it altered iolite, indudes properly tlie alkaline kinds. Fahlunite and thefoUoving, excepting the last, correspond to iolite+aq. In most cases if the water of the Altered ioUte be indudml with the bases, the oxjgon ratio between the bases and silica becc mes 1 : 1 ; it aeems, therefore, quite probable that the strong tendency of idite to take up water ia owiog to the first that its silica (whose amount of oxygen exceeds that of the bases by one-fourth) is not 9atimted with bases. Regarding the water of the altered mineral as basic, esmarkiie rofhUe, giganioUte, and praaeohte wiU have the formula (ft*, Hi) Si ; tokd fahiunite and bonsdorffite oootaining twice as mudi water as the would haye the formula (ft', fi) Si + If 1 : 3 : S : 0 be the oxygen ratio for ft, S, Si, K in iolite, 1:3:5:1 will be the ratio for esmarlife; etCL, and 1 : 3 : 5 : 2, for fahlunUe etc. Weisaiie tiente, hvranUe ar names of other minenh sappoaed to be altered iolite.
Ibr the distinguishing dmractere and analyses of the different kinds of altered iolite, see ; fAELXJSTTEf Aid OataspilitIi under UrDBOUS Siuoatbs.
Mica Group.
The minerals of the Mica group are alike in having (1) the prismatic angle 120° ; (2) eminently perfect basal cleavage, affording readily very thin, toD£h, laminsd ; (3) potash almost invariably amons the protoxyd bases and alamina among the sesqaioxyd ; (4) the crystallization either hexagonal or orthorhombic, and therefore the optic axis, or optic-axial plane, at angles to the cleavage surface.
Soda is sparingly present in some micas, and is characteristic of the hydrous spedes paragonite Idthia, rubidia) and csBsia occur in lepidolite. Fluorine is often present, probably re< piaeing oxygen. Titanium is found sparingly in several kinds, and is a prominent ingredient of one species, astrophyUite. It is usually regarded as in the state of titanic add replacing silica ; bat, for reasons elsewhere given, it is hera made basia
1. 0. ratio /or hates and nhea 1 : 1.
288. Phlogopite. (1) Contains magnesia, with little or no iron, and mudi alumina. (2) 0. ratio fiff ft between 2 : 1 and 6 : 3. (3) Optic-axial angle S"*— 20'. (4) Folia tough, and, if not altered, elastic.
M Biorrrs. (1) Contains magnesia and iron, with alumina. (2) 0. ratio for ft, S about 1 : 1 (rarely 1 : 1 or 1 : 2.) (3) Optically uniaxial, but often slightly biaxial through irregularity. (4) Folia tough and elastic.
290. Lefidomrlahb. (1) Contains much iron and Uttie magnesia, with much of the alumina npUused by sesquioxyd of iron. (2) 0. ratio for It, fi about 1 : 8. (3) Optically like biotite. (4) FoUa brittle, hardly at all elastic.
291. Anhitb; lepidomelane having the 0. ratio for ft, fi=l : 2.
292. AsntopHTLLrrB. (1) Contains much titanium, zirconium, etc., with little alumina. (2) 0. ruio for 6, fi between 2 : 1 and 5 : 3, nearly as in phiogopite. (3) Optic-axial angle exceeding M% (4) Folia brittle, bnt slightly elastic
2 0. radio/br hae$ and ailiea 1 : to 1 : 2.
293. MuBCOvm. (1) Contains potash almost alone amor protoxyds. with no magnesia, or (iRj7 i little; and alumina as the prindpal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for B, S 1 : 6 to 1 : 12, and for R+fi, §i mostly 1 : li. (3) Ctio-axial angle —76'. (4) Folia tough, elastic, except in Mne hydioas or altered kinds.
294. LvmoLiTBL (1) Contains lithia, mbidia, and oesia, with potash as the prindpal protoxyd, Kid with alnmina as the prindpal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for &+fi, Si mostly 1 : 1. (3) Optie- UMl diTorgenoe 78\
2H. Cbtophtujtb. (1) Same oonstitaents as lepidolite. (2) 0. ratio for ft+S, Si=I : 2. (8) Optiottial angle 60'~60 (4) Folia tough, elastic.
species of the Mica group graduate into the hydrous micas of the Margarudite group (p.
lod through these they also approach the foliated spedes of the Talc azid CSilorite groupSi <*gasny the latter.
micas were regarded as of one spedes until 1792, when lepidolite was made distinct. Tin Mfier synonymy thmfore may be oon?enienily given hero.
ROS OXTOSH ooKFonnw.
FUnj- pTobflUj IndaiM mlMnl nJok with the Lpit iptcmloHt (izztL 48) or ; ai Ihe abBTings or ictlM of £a ipteularii strown orer the "Olrou Meximne, " to n tgreeiiMe whiteneBa. wre ptdtMj thoae of a soft BilTeir mioa adiiat Hie BanmatirfKt th* (xnTi T3, Hamad from if/i'i, aand, Soi waa prabablj und frMD TeDowiih mice idiiat which abouaila by the nwd-alive in meiiy mica-echiat repons. AKrioolii apMka of the deeaptii i diaracter or thifl aUrerj wid golden duat, aa died below. TbU ailTery and gtdden Plica in icatM la the Catnlver and CofoU of mediwTal Kunipe. The followiiigla thei;iionTiDTf tbenbenl iDce the time of Pliaf;
Uica, AmmochrjaoB, oolore argeoto ila aimlle ait, ut pneroa et rarnm metalUcuiim impnilM decipere posait, Oerm. Glimmer, £atieii-Silber, Agno 2U, MT, Interpr., 4Sfl, 1&46. Bprailaria Upia addteriaua flexilia aezangulirum Capper, Prodr. CrjvL, 36, 17 S3. Ulea [Tale w( iocludedl, Vitnito HuacoTiticum, V. Rutheniticuai, Skimmer, T*R. alba iKattailTBtX Hara (Eatt- KuU), rubra, viridia - [Chlorite U. Sablberg], nigra, aquamoM, radiant, fluctoana, hemiapbeiic WalL, UiD., 1S9, 131, 1717. Ulua pL [real Talc, Chlorite], Terre de MoacoTie, etc., JV. IK Wall. 241, 1TS3. Mica, Glimmer, Vitnim Muaooriticum (in plain), Mici aquamota (in azalea) Omi, XiD., 88, nSS. IslDgUaa (in large platea), Otimrner or Hii:a (Iji amall aoUea) pb (rest Talq Chlorite) HOI, Foa&, 10, IS, ITTl. Glimmer [OUorite and Tale ezdadedj Be J., 31
new. The word mica tuw been taiA to oome frooi the mtm, a enimb or grain, aa it wa fbnnerl;
' in scales. It ia uauaT " - -
e OUmiiur) la Amt,
38B. PHZOOOFrrU. Uagneala-lCica pt Rhombic IGca BbonbenBUmmer pt Ptslagept (fr. JLntwerp, N. T.) BrtO Handb., 888, 1S41.
Orthorhombic. /a 7=120°, and habit hexagonal. PriBHiB ueDsU; oblong six-sided prisms, mors ot lees tapering, with irrM;alr sides ;
rarely, when small, with polished lateral planes. Cleavage basal, highly eminent. Not uiown in compact massive forms.
K 2-5-3. G. 2-78-2-85. Lastre pearly, often snbmetallic, on cleavage surface. Color yellowishbrown to brownish-red, with often something of a copper-like reflection ; also pale brownish-yellow, green, white, colorless. Transparent to tranelacent in thin folia. Antwerp. Thin laminea tongh and elastic
. Optical-axial divergence 3° — 20°, rarely leas than 5° ; in fig. 282, which represents the optical character of the mica of Natural Bridge, 15°.
Oomp.— HtwU7(-)Vft'-l-iV9)'3'*; the baaea tudade magneata and little or no itOD. VomStirj bi aU V+i B)* aa In anal by Hammelabei. Phlogoplte ia a tme Matuttia miem.
Analraee: 1, MeitMndorff (., IviiL lAT); 1-4, Oraw (Am. J. Bed., U. x. 383); K. Baa- A, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stookh., 1889, 116); 7, IMeaae (BuU. O. Fn, U. iz. Ill); 8, id. (Aon. d. U., T. x. S10); 9, C Brootela Iv. US):
Si XI ¥t Ug c% Sm & a F
L Jeffbraon Co., N. T. ()) 41-30 19*95 1-T1 38-79 — ft-10 0-18 I'M WnlHwiil I. Uwaida, H. T. 40-lfi 1136 — 18-10 — 0-3 lO-Gt —
uinsiLicATBB. 80a
i " 40-36 16-08 30-26 4*89 6*07 2-65=99-80 Orawe.
&8ali 42-46 12-86 7*11 1*06 25*39 6*03 3*17 0*62,MgO'36, CaO'lC
K Svanberg
Delessi
IndndM fr08 of Fe'o'. Beekoned m 1*67 Mn'o'.
Hie Sila mica of No. 6 has not been examined optically ; jet, as it agrees nearly in atoms proinrtioDS with phlogopite, it appears to belong here. It was dark green in color, and inelastic, and is called chlorite by Syanberg; the analysis is here cited from the original paper by Svanbei. Cnwe's analyses afford the 0. ratio 1*77 : 1 : 2*69=7 : 4 : II, and MeitKendor£rs nearly the same. The Bilioo-fluorids in the former are about /), and in the latter A,. G of No. 5, 2*81, Rammelsberg. Analysis 7, by Delesse, affords the 0. ratio 3:2:5; and 8, about 4i : 3 : 9. The nica is a brown or greenish kind from the rock called by Delesse, Minette, occurring at Ser- Tanoe m the Vosges ; the ratio may become that of biotite when the state of oxydation of the ino is ascertained ; (}.=2*842. Na 9 gies the ratio 12 : 6 : 22} ; it is from near L. Laach.
Pyr atc — In tiie dosed tube gires a little water. Some yarieties giye the reaction for fluorine in the open tube, while most give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes. B.B. whitens and foxes on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric add, leaving the silica in thin
Oba— Phlogopite is especially characteristic of serpentine, and crystalline limestone or dokmite.
Oocnn in limestone in the Vosges (anaL 7, 8). Includes probably the mica found in limestone Alt-Kemnit% near Hirsdiberg; that of Bairitti, Brazil, of a golden-yellow color, having the optical angle S"" 30' and parallel to the shorter diagonal (Grailich); and a brown mica from limeitone of Upper Hungary, affording Grailich the angle 5*'.
Oooors at the following localities in the U. States ; specimens firom which afforded the optica] angles annexed, all measured by B. SiUiman, Jr. (Am. J. ScL, IL x. 372), excepting one by Blake (ih,xil6):
1. Pope*s Milla, St Lawrence Co., N. Y., glassy transparent 7*— 30' B. 8
2. Edwards, N. T., rich reddish brown 107 "
3. St Lawrence Co.,? N. T., yellowish 10 f i. Vrooman's Lake, N. Y., in long crystals of a yeUow color 10 80—10 50 "
5. Edwards, N. Y., rich yellowish-brown oolor 11 "
6. Wanrick, Orange Go., N. Y., in Umestone, yellowish 11 ?
7. Fiallfl of the Grand Oalumet, Canada, yowish-green crystals many
inches long 18-13 13 8l Pi's Mills, St Lawrence Co., N. large orystalB, fine yellowish-
brown 13 30
9. Edwuda, N. Y. ; 2d specimen, yellowish-brown 13 30 "
10. Ghordi'a MBls, Bossie, N. Y., resembles the Pope's ICHls 18 80—14
11. Hear Skinner's Bridge, Bossie, N. Y., silTery-yeUow mica 14 11 Oaiiiale, Mass , rich yellowish-brown 14 It Bossie, N. Y., near Mrs. Story's, light yeUowish 15 li Pope's Kills, St Lawrence Co., brownish-yellow hexagonal crystal 15 U. Hatural Bridge, Jeffcfson Goi, N. Y., rich yellow ; associated with serpentine ; same as analyzed by Meitsendorff 15
IS. hja., ibu, ib another specimen 16 "
I6L Edwards, N. Y., white sUvery, curved crystals 15 80-16 30 17. Tidnity of Bossie, N. Y., rich ; probably the same as
Gouvemeur 16 7—16 15
Eaaex, N. Y., in limestone, deep ridi brown color 16 30
19. Upper Ottawa, Canada, reddish-yellow, transparent 17 30—18
tA. Horiali, Essex Ga, N. Ym very dark smoky red Est'dlO- 17
SooierTflle, N. Y., faint brownish 5—7
21 Burgess, Canada West, bronzy, almost metallic semi-transparent if £in ; opaque in plates a Ime thidc ; slightly ekstis only ; found with
apatite in sandstone Angle veiy omII '
About 14'
E8
Aboat 10
u
u
it
Aboat 13
28. Fntiklin, N. J., broozy-yellow
24 Burgees, Canada Went, whitish-yellow
26. Fine, St Lawrence Co., N. Y., yeiy dark ohre-brown
26. Amity, N. Y., opaque silvery white
27. Warwick, Pa., brownish olive-green
Phlogopite occurs also at Gouvemeur, N. Y., of a brownish oopper-red ; Sterling IGne, Mor ris Co., N, J., rich yellowish-brown, inclining to red, in limestone ; at Sudcasnnny mine, N. J, deep olive-brown, indiniug to yellow, in limestone; Newton, N. J., yellow, in limestone; Lockwood, Susser Co., N. J., deep olive-brown, like the mica of Fine, N. Y., in limestone; at St. Jerome, Canada, reddish-coppery. The crystals at Clarke's Hill, St Lawrence Co., are very larjn, sometimes nearly two feet long; fig. 281 represents one in the cabinet of W. W. Jefferis, which is 20 in. long, 4 in. thick at top, and in. at centre, and weighs 57i pounds. Senarmont foand one deep bottle-green mica of unknown locality having the angle 15
Named from fireike in allusion to the color.
Alt.— The plilogopites are quite liable to change, losing their elasticity, beoommg pwriyin lustre, with often brownish spots, as if the hydration of the oxyd of iron. In some cuct an alteration to steatite and serpentine has been observed. A serpentine pseudomorph after phlogopite from SomervUle, St Iwrence Co., N. Y., afforded Lewinstein (ZS. Ch. Phann., 1860, 16) Si 47-24, Al 2-82, Mg 88-28, Je 110, Na 0-67, fc 0 67, ft 14-87 100.
289. UOTITB. MagnesiarMka pt, Hexagonal ITica, Uniaxial Mica. Astrites mettnceDU (fr. Vesuv.) Breiih Handb., 382, 1841. Bubellan= Astrites trappicus, Brtiifu, ib. 879. Biotxt Haium., Handb., 671, 1847. RhombengUmmer (fr. Greenwood Pumaoe) KeimgoU, Pogg Ixxiii
Hexagonal. IiAliz=62'* 67', crystals fr. Vesuvius, Hessenberg; 4*911126. Habit often monoclinic. Observed planes : O; rhombohedrons, prism, i.2; pyramids, f 2, f2, f2, 1-2, f2, 2-2, f 2, f 2, 4-2 ; f-H the form fr. Greenwood Furnace, the rest fr. Vesuvian crystals.
A 4-2= 121 25' OAf 2=106 59 A 1-2=101 30i
(?Af2=98°41' A 2-2=95 49 A 4-2=92 55 A 1=113 47
Prisms commonly tabular. Cleavage : basal highly eminent. Often in disseminated scales, sometimes in massive aggregations of cleavable scales.
H.=:2-5— 3. G.=2'7— 3*1. Lustre splendent, and more or less pearly on a cleavage surface, and sometimes submetallic when black ; late surfaces vitreous when smooth and shining. Colors usually green to black, often deep black in thick crystals, and sometimes even in thin laminse, unless tlie laminie are very thin ; such thin lamin® green, blood-red, or brown by transmitted light; rarely white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque. Optically uniaxial. Sometimes biaxial with slight axial divergence, from exceptional irregularities, but the angle not exceeding and
OompM Var. — Biotite is a magnesia* iron mica, part of the alumina being replaced bj teequiozyd of iron, and protozyd of iron and magnesia existing among the protoxyd bases. Black is the prevailing color, but brown to white also occur. The results of analyses vaiy mndi, and for the reason already stated — the non-determination, in most cases, of the degree of ozjdatioii of the iron ; and the exact atomic. ratio for the spedes and its limits of yariation are therefore not pre> oiaely understood. The 0. ratio, which appears to be dominant, is 1 : 1 : 2, giving th6 fiwmnli which is the formula of garnet In some oases the ratio is ipareny nea
Si Si
Fe
40-00 1616
t-60
1 "
39-88 14-99
1
89-61 16-11
! : U : S) apBd 1 : S : 3 ; and through speoies containing much iron it paaiea to micaa of thi Sfnu unite and lepidomelane.
Theaaaljaes below aze arranged in two diviidons ; (A) having the 0. ratio approximately I : 1 : 1; (B) having other yarioua ratios.
AnaljBes: ▲. 1, y. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, adL 29); 2, 8, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Sci., II. XTL 45); F. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii 485) ; 6, Smith k Brush (1. c.) ; 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL,Ezm. 91); 7, V. Kobell (L c); 8, v. (J. pr. Oh., xxxvi. 309); 9, Bromeis (Pogg., Iv. Hi); 10, Chodnef (Pogg., IzL 381); 11, Chodnef, with oxyd of iron by Mitsoherlich (J. pr. Gh., him 1); 12, Kjerulf (J. pr. Ch., IxT. 187); 13, H. Rose (Gilb. Ann., Izxl 13); 14, 0. Bromeis (BiKhofs Lehrb. QeoL, iL 1418); 15, Bukeisen (Kenng. Ueb., 1856-67, 86); 16, Schoerer (ZS. &..2ir. 60); 17, Kiebel (ib.); 18, A. Strong (B. H. Ztg., xzui. 54); Iv, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 78); 30 aSoee (Pogg., i. 75); 21, y. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, xiL 29).
B. 32, 23, Scheerer and Rube (Za G., xiy. 56) ; 24, Yarrentrapp (Pogg., Ixl 381) ; 25, Delessa (Ada. Ch. Phys., UI, xxy. 14); 26, Syanberg (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1839, 172); 27, Kjerulf (L a); 2i),S?iQberg (L a, 177); 29, Haughton (Q. J. Q. Soc, xviii. 4U): 3(), H. Rose (No. 20 above), SI, T.Xob6ll (Na 21 aboveX with Ifitsoherliohs determination of tne iron.
A. 0. ratio a$>proosimatdy 1:1:3.
te Sn Ag Ca fTa S d F
21-64 10-83 3-00 0-60, tt 0-2-
99*76 K 23-69 1-12 9-11 1-80 0-96, a 0-44 -.
99*16 S. & B. 23-40 10-20 1-36 0*96 Ci 0-44=
98*95 S. & E
6. Putnam (b.39-62 17*36 6 40 23-85 l-ol 8-96 1*41 1*20,01 027
99-06 S. & B
9. Teauyius 39-76 15-99 8"29 24*49 0*87 8-78 0*75 gangue 0-1
=98-62 B.
15. Tyrol 88*43 15-71 14-49 tr. 17-28 1r, 11-42 2*76 =100-09 B.
100*57 S.
101*10 K.
=97-27 R
B. 0. nriJ9 appnximatay 1:2:8, 1 : li : 2i, de.
99*42 a
100*16 B
K ZSDffthal 89-86 16*07 18*21 16*60 0*42 [18*68, loss incL], Yarr.
Xadi Munonlawl water glTen off on and msL made on tba mineral after thna diylDf. % OBataftBlBg Fe and AL Aa pabUahed, protojqrd
OZTOSir OOUPODIRM.
Si SI vB
tB
Sn
Ag
Ca
t
ft
F
0*76
10*27
1*04
8*46
0*61 =99*01 9
16*06 25*89
10*82
0*81
4*62
103-&9K
28. Boaendahl 44*41 16-86
20*71
0*45
1*60
0-41=101*68 8
29. GflT.Wood 44*40 21*62 10*72
3*96
1*28
2*70
=98-84 E
40-00 12*67 1-97
16*39
16*70
tr.
6*61
2-10 ti 93 7n R
16*32
i-on
=98*60 K.
In anal 6, 0.— 2*80, the mica
talo-lik<
J. pale
Bm. hj
' transmitted
inelastic, waxy,
probably somewhat altered; 6, chlorite-like, with emery, etc.; 8, 0.=2*7; 16, 17, ftom Ei gebirge ; 18, from gabbro, opt. char, not given ; 22, 23, tronae-brown to black, in gineias ; 25, out of jprotogine of Alps ; 29, from granite, Ireland.
In the Vesuvian biotite, anaL 12, 0. ratio for ft, fi, §1=10*06 : 10*96 : 2317 ; anal 10, 9*97 12-SH: 21*24=1 : li: 2i; anaL 11 (10 as modified by MitscherlichX 9*26 : 9-93 : 2124. AnaL 16, as it stands, gives the ratio 1 : : 2}; 18, 1 : 1 : If ; 22 to 29, nearly 1 : 2 : 3, but some daAdeucy of protoxyds in '7, 28, making the ratio nearer 1 : 2f : 4. The last two, 30, 81, are the analyses by Rose and v. Kobell, Nos. 20, 21, with the Ie and Pe as recently determmied \fj A. Mitscherlich. Mitscherlichs results change the ratio from 1 : 1 : 2 to nearly 5:3: 10, or the ratio approximately of phlogopite ; and if his determination shonld be sustained, the Siberian mioi analyzed would appear to be phlogopite.
A chrome magnesia miea ( ChromgUmmer) of a green color, from Sehwansenstein, in Zillerthal, af forded Schaf haul (Ann. Gh. Pharm xlvi 326) over 5 p. a of oxyd of chromium, and theO. ratio 1-06, Mg 11*68, 5ra 1*17, fe 7*27, fl 2-86=98-88.
Pyr etc — Same as phlogopite, except that with the fluxes it gives strong reactions for iroo.
OlMk-— Biotite was first shown to be optically uniaxial by Biot, after whom it is named; and later, to be hexagonal in crystallization by Marignac (Bibl. Univ 1847, SuppL vL 300); Brookt and Killer (Min., 387); Kokscharof (Min. BussL, ii 291); and quite recently, and after careful measurements, by Hessenberg (Min. Not, No. viL 15, 1866). But still the crystals are oftac slightly biaxial, as first remarked by Silliman (Am. J. SoL, IL x. 372, 1850), and W. P. Blake (ib., xiL 6, 1851); and later by Dove (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1863X Senarmont (Ann. Gh. Phys.. ID. zxxiii. 391, xxxiv. 171), &railich (Lehrb. d. Kryst, 1856), and others. On the ground of tte biaxial character observed, Desdoizeaux, in his Min., i 88, 1862, made the species orthorfaombie. Blake examined specimens Greenwood Fumaoe ; a silvery-white var. fr. Easton. Pa. : a crimson from Topsham, Me. ; a fiery-red, by transmitted light, firom Moriah, Essex Oou, N. Y.; a dark bottle-green from Moor's Slide, Ottawa, Oanada ; and seven different varieties from Vesuviaa. But the divergence, which was in sill very small, was not Aeasared. One of the uniaxial micas examined by Biot is stated by him to have oome from Topsham, Me. Kokscharof found soine crystals Vesuvius true uniaxial.
The following are the results of measurements by Senarmont and Gkailioh (two or three of the micas perhaps phlogopites):
1. Arial plane paraUd to ihe longer diagonal
1. Greenwood Fumaoe
2. Pellegrino, Tyrol; hexagonal; in limeetone
3. Karosulik, Greenland; sea-green
4. Lake Bailoil ; dark brown
6. Adun-Tschilon, Siberia; reddish-brown, in dolomite (phlogopite T)
6. Ceylon; dear green, transparent
7. Philadelphia; dear dive-green Qihlogopite f)
0*-.l* QraiHflh.
—2 "
—2 "
—2
t. Axial piane pairaUel to (he shorter diagomU,
1. Vesuvius
2. Vesuvius
3. Vesuvius
4. Vesuvius 6. Vesuvius Ll Baikal
so-called meroxene
dull green to odorlest
brownish-green
bluish
greenish-blade in pumioe
deep brown, transparent
0*— I'Gnilkb. I
8. Fan, Tyrol ; resembling merazene 1 — S "
9. Ek8toii,FSA.; gieeo 3 —
Onflkdi the angle or sera, in mica fVom ZQlerthal ; Norway, dark green ; Kariat ink ollTe-green; Betsbanya greenish to colorless; Goshen, pistachio-green; Leonfelden, black; llagiir% dark red; Altenbeig, dark bluish; Horn, black; BesstercM, dark; Anaksirksarkllch, fiver-browii.
The VesnTian biotite found on Mt Somma (Merozene of Breith.) occurs in brilliant ctystals vith Bomeroos polished facets. Other foreign localities are named in connection with the anal* jses. The mica from Greenwood Furnace, Monroe, N. Y., analyzed by yon Kobell (anal. 1), o<?ciiis in large and yery regular rhombic prisms (sometimes 5 or 6 in. across) oblique an oak edge; and also in tetndhedral pyramids; the faces of the pyramids indine to the cleavage pbosat 113° to 114**; ▼. Kobell gives for the angle the pyramidal'' to 72 This is the same mioa with that analysed by Smith and Brush (anal. 2, as Profl Brush has assured himself by an examination of von Kobeli*s specimens at Munich.
AIL — BubeUtm is considered an altered biotite ; it occurs in small hexagonal forms, of a red color, in a kind of wacke. Steatite is also a result of the alteration of this species, as in granite at Briinn and Thierscheim. Among the above analyses, several indicate incipient change by thn water and chlorine present. Mica, altered to magnetite, has been observed in the Tyrol.
Xlw Eukampiiie of Kenngott (Uob., 1 853, 58, 1855, and described under the name Chhrit aknUches Mmenl in Ber. Ak. WIeu, xi 609, 1853) is a hydrous biotite, probably a result of alteration, from PkBsbnig, Hungary. It is between mica and chlorite in its characters. Clor nearly black, but in very thin folia brown to hyacinth-red or reddish-yellow; H.=2 — 2*5; G.— 2*73 Comporition, according to an analysis by v. Hauer (L c). §i 38*18, %l 21*60, fe 19*92, Mn 2*61, iig, bj 13-76, tL 3*98=100, giving the oxygen ratio for ft, S, Si, : 1 : 2 : i. The VoigMe of Scfamid may also be a hydrated biotite. See under Htdrous SiuoATBfl p. 893.
290. ZJSPIDOmULNB. Sduamomn Qel Ana. Gott, 946, 1840.
Hexagonal t In Binall six-sided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales. Cleavage basal, eminent, as in other micas.
H.=3. G.=3*0. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous, pearly. Color black, with occasionally a leek-green reflection. Streak grayish-green. Opaque, or translucent in very thin laminsd. Somewhat brittle, or but little drastic. Optically unaxial ; or biaxial with a very small axial angle.
. — An iron-potash mica. 0. ratio for bases and silica 1:1; for ft, S, mostly 1 : 3, but varying to 1 to more than 3 ; of doubtAil units, on account of the doubts as to Uie state of the iron in most of the analyses. 1 : 8 for the ratio of ft, fi gives (ilt*+f fi)'&'. Differs from biotite in the smaller ioportion of protozyds and little alumina and magnesia, but appears to agree with it in optic characters.
Andyses: 1, Soltmann L 664): 2, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 178, 1839); S-7, Haughton (J. G. Soo, zv. 129, xviiL 418, Pha Mag., IV. xviii 269); 8, Dling (GHeb. u. Heinti, ZS. Nat., 18H 339)-
Si Si 9e f*e ftn ftg Ca ]a & d
99*68 Svanb.
the original lepldomelane, anaL 1, affords the 0. ratio 1:3:4. The Irish variety (anaL 4, 6, 6, aflbfds a mean result, 1 : 8*3 : 4*1 ; No. 4 is from Ballyellin, and 6, 6, from Donegal Oo. The bMbns mioa affords 1 :4'6: 6*2; but if the water be made basic, 1 : 3*1 :4'3; and anal 8 comtponds to 1 : 8*2 : 3*8; both near 1:3:4. The mineral of the last has G.=396t and ii fosiUe.
Pyr eto— B.B. at a red heat becomes brown and ftises to a black magnetio globule. Basil; mnposed by mariatio add, depositing silica in soalea.
308 OXYGEN OOMFOUKDe.
ObB.— A scaly-massiTe mineral at Peraberg in Wermland, Sweden, oontaming imbedded priami of hornblende, the sales half a line or so ncrosa ; mialike at Abborforss in finland; in granite in Irelandi at BallyelUn in Carlow Co., Lelsster, at Balljgihen in Donegal Co., and at OmUm moallj in largish crystals or plates (i inch across and larger). The Donegal and Leinster Ca niici is optically uniaxial, according to Eteughton. The granite contains also a white mnscoTite (see anal 8-11, under Musooyitb); and in some cases the black and white form parts of the same crystal ; and, where so, the option-aiial divergence of the muscoyito was diminished, aocordiog to some trials, 20"*. Named from XcviV, scale, and /ifXaf, Mack.
Alt, — Haughton gives the following as cue oomposition of an altered form of the black mict of Donegal Co., Ireland (Nos. 5, above); it was trom Castlocaldwell : 81-60, 19*68, Fe chlorite.
Pterolitb of Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., zxiv. 386) appears to be an altered lepidomelano, of u pearly lustre, and a color between olive-green and liver-brown ; scaly massive in texture, hi tbe analysis by R. Muller he found part of the mineral soluble in heated muriatio acid and part not* and in analyses of the whole and tiie parts separately, the following results :
Si
Si
9e
te
Ag
Oa
]$ra
£
fi
1. The whole
6*65
0*66
5*47
2*81
7*86
2. Sol. part
4*99
25*98
1*31
3. InsoL part
60*14
—
The 0. ratio for the soluble part is 2 : 3 : 5; for the insoluble, 3 : 2 : 10. It occurs at Brerig, Norway, with astrophyUite, wnhlerite, csgirite, eta
A Brevig mica aflforded A. Dufrance (ZS. G., xiv. 100) §i 35*93, Xl 10 98, Fe 9*82, 26-9 mica, as shown by the amount of soda present
Babtonite is a mica in large plicated plates, of a greenish-brown color, greasy lustre, very small optical angle, easily Aisible into a black enamel, discovered by Dumont in a quartzite from Bastoigne, Duchy of Luxembourg (Dead. Mia, 498, 1862).
A brownish-black mica Renchthal, in the Schwarswald, with slight opticnazial angle and pearly metaUoidal lustre, afforded Nessler (Jahresb., 1863, 820) §i 38*34, £l 3380, Fe 1373, fe 7-40, Ag 0-36, 0-66, JS: 4-22, fi 1*36, F tr., ft 0-60=100 37.
291. Aknitb Dana. The lepidomelane of Gape Ann, described and analysed by J P. Cooke (Am. J. ScL, IL xliii. 2*22 ), differs, according to the analyses, in having the 0. ratio 1:2:3, instead of 1 : 8 : 4. In optical and otiier physical characters it is like lepidomelane. It occurs in plates and disseminated scales; H.=8; Q.=:'S-169 ; color black; streak dark green ; opaque, except in very thiu folia. Cooke obtained:
Si £l 9e Sin f'e &g ti £ la, ftb fi SiF*
AnaL B is deduced from A on the supposition that the mineral was mixed intimately (as a result of contemporaneous crystalliasation) with cryophyllite, an assodated species at the locality, and that the amount of lithia indicated the proportion of ciyophyllite. 0. ratio deduced for the latter for fi, Si, fi=6*2 : 12-1 : 19*9 : 1*6. It may be found that the biotites having the O. ratiA for It, fi=l : 2 should be here placed.
Occurs in the Cape Ann granite, with cryophyllite, orthodase, albite, and iJroon (cyrtoUteX
292. ABTROPHYLZJTB. AstrophylUt Scheerer, B. H. Ztg., xiii. 240, 1854
Orthorhombic ; habit monoclinic. /a/=120®. Usually in tabular prisniB ; often lengthened into strips with parallel sides in the direction of the shower diagonal. Observed form a nai*row tabular crystal, terminating in from in two planes of an octahedron, and below these one of a macrodome ; the front angle of the former 160°, and the edge between the planer inclined to O 125° ; 0 on the macrodome 130°. Cleavage : basal eminent Sometimes in stellate groups.
H.=3. G. =3*324, Pisani. Lustre submctallic. pearly. Color bronze yellow to gold-yellow. Powder resembling that of mosaic gold. Translu
cent ill thin leaves. Laminse only slightly elastic. Optic-axial divergence 118 — ; bisectrix normal to the cleavage-surface ; Descl.
Gomiv— Perhape (ft*,S)' Si', the titanium oxjd being included with the bases. The protozyds mofaide prol of iron and manganese, with potash, soda, eta ; the sesquioxyds those of iron and ihuDinam; the deutozjda that of titanium, and perhaps that of sirooniunL Analyses : 1, Pisani (C &, M. 846); 2, 3, 4, Scheerer, Keinecke, and Sieyeking (Pogg., ozzlL 113) :
1.33-33 7*09
1 3:!ll 8-24
3. 32-33 8-84
4.33-71 8*76
2r Si 9e Mn Ag Oa Li ]a & ign.
4-97 4-00 3-76 23-68 9-90 1-27 MS r. 2-61 582 1'86=99-11 P.
3-02 7*97 21-40 12-63 1-64 2*11 2*24 8-18 4-41=99-05 a
8-46 805 1806 12-68 2-72 1*86 4*02 2*94 4'58=:99'dl M.
8-47 8-51 25-21 1059 0*05 0-96 3-69 065 4-85=l00'44 S
Finni's analysis gives for the 0. ratio of ft, it, S, Si, Idf, 978 : 407 : 2*99 : 17*72 : 1'65=appnmmaielj (water excluded) 10 : 4 : 8 : 17 ; (m* for bases and silica 1:1; and Sieveking's analysis affords 9*28 : 4-17 : 3'42 : 17*97 : 4'3l=(water excluded) 1 : 1 for bases and silica
Pyr eto.— B.B. swells op and fuses easily to a black magnetic enamel. With soda or borax, s strong manganeae reaction. Decomposed by muriatic add with a separation of silica in saliva.
Obi.— Oerars at Breyig, Norway, in zircon-syenite, imbedded in lamellar feldspar, and assodifted with oatapleiite, and large prisms of black mica.
293. MUSOOVrrZL Common Mica; Potash Mica; Biaxial Mica; Oblique Mica. Glimmer, Zweiaxiger Glimmer, , Muscovite ZdAO, Min., 356, 1850. Phengit v. Kob., Taf., 62, 1853. Kacrite (fir. Maine) Tlwnu, Bee (Sen. Sou, 332, 1886. Fuchsite, ChromgUmmer pt, SchafhauO, Ajon. (Jh. Pharm., xliy. 40, 1842. Taloite (fir. Wlcklow) Thomsw, Bee. (Sen. Sd., ill 332, 1836 [not Taldce Jrtri0ait=maa8l7e scaly talc]. Adamaite Shep Hitdusodc's Bep. G. Yl, L 484,
Orthorhombic. IaI=i120 Habit raonoclinic. Observed planes: O; vertical, /, i-i, i-, i-S ; domes, 6-i, 4rt, 2-t, Jz, 1-t, f-i ; octahiedral (or hemioctahedral) 4, 3, 2, f 1, J, 4, i, f ; 6-5, H, H-
0 A 20' 0 A 2=98 38 0 A 1=102 50 0 A 1=106 53i
0 A i=12r 16' (9Al-t=125 2 0 A f i=114 29 0 A 6-i=92 54
0 A l-i=106* 53' 0 A 2-i=98 38 0 A 4-1=94 20 Oa6-S=92 31
Mlask, UnO. Binnen Valley.
CleaTgge : basal eminent ; occasionally also separating in fibres parallel to a diaconaL Twins : often observable by internal raarMngs, or by polarized lit ; composition parallel to / consisting of six individuals thus ttiiited ; sometimes a union of / to i-l. Folia otten aggregated in stellate, plomoae, or globular forms ; or in scales, and scaly massive.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=2-75— 31. Lustre more or less pearly. Color white, gry, brown, hair-brown, palegreen, and violet, yellow, dark olive-green
810 ozrasET ooufovnm.
rarely roee-red ; often different for transmitted and reflected light, and dif ferent also in vertical and tranBveree directions. Streak nncolored. Tranft
Enrent to translucent. Thin laminsd flexible and elastic, very tough >ouble refraction strong ; optic-axial angle 44®— 78®.
Coinp— 0. ratio for ft+S. Si 1 : H ; rarely 1 : li, and for ft, S either, approziiiuitely, 1 : 6; 1 : 9, or 1 : 12; &=pota8h (K) almost solely. These ratios may hereafter proye to be diflbreot after a correct determinatioii in each case of the degree of ozydation of the iron. Plnorina ii present, but not oyer 1 p. c. has in any case been detected.
Water is often present, especially where the latter ratio is 1 : 6 or I : 9 ; and it sometunei amounts to 5 p. a ; and the kinds containing 3 to 5 p. a of water have been referred to the tpe* des JIargarodite ; making tiie water basic in kinds, the 0. ratio for bases and silica beooiiMS 1 : 1, as in other unisilicates. The hydrous kinds so graduate into the anhydrous that the analyses are here brought all together, although the species maryarodiie is introduced on page 487. The ratio 1 : li may indicate that muscovite is a combination of 3 parts of a unisilicate and 2 of a bisillcate, as in the formula 3 (ft*, S)* Si* + 2 (It*, S) Si*. But if thu mineral is a true nnisilicate, ai its relation to biotite and phlogopite would indicate, but with an excess of silica, the formula may be fi)*Si*+HSi; or else with half the excess of silica basic. With the O. ratio 1 :6forftand8, the bases correspond to i-f f S; with 1 : 9, to ,H) £'-f Ai S; with 1 : 12, to f- ]t*-f H 8.
The analyses are here arranged in groups ; firvi according as the oxygen ratio between the bases (ft+S) and silica (Si) is 1 : 1, or 1 : H ; and mbordinaiely, into those in whidi the aijgm ratio between the protoxyds (ft) and sesquioxyds (fi) is either 1 : 6 approximately, or 1 : 9, or 1 : 12. It is to be remarked that incipient alteration of a mica, attended with the introduction of a little magnesia, Ume, or soda (Ag, Oa, or jfa), with a removal or not of some potash (1 migfat increaae the proportion of protoxyds and thus diane the latter ratio from 1 : 12 to I : d, or pn duoe the intermediate gradations.
Analyses : A. 1. a ratio o/ft, S, 1 : 6; 1, Delesse (Ann. d. M., lY. xvL 202); 2, Rammelsberg (PoggM Izxxi 38) ; 3, Schaf hauU ; 4-6, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL xtL 46 47, xr. 210); 7, 8, Haughton (PldL Mag., IV. ix. 272); 9, SuUiyan (J. a. Soa Dublin, iv. 166); 10-18, Haujtoo (1. c and Q. J. G. Soc., xyiii. 414, xx. 280).
2. a ratio o/ ft, S, 1 : 9; Kussin (Ramm., 4th Suppl, 76, and Min. Oh., 667); 16, G.. yil 16); 16 Schafhautl (Ann. Ch Pbarm., xUy. 40); 17, 18, Fuchs (Jahrb. Min., 1862, 795); 19, Apjohn (Q. J. ScL Dubb'n, i. 119); 20, E. Boricky (Ber. Ak. Wien, Uy. tSiy
S 0. raiioofk, 1:12; 21, 22, H. Bose (. J. xxix. 282, GQb. Ann., Ixxi 13, Pogg.,L76); 28, Syanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1889, 166); 24-26, H. Bose (I a); 27, J. D. Darraok (This Mir 1850, 357) ; 28, y. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wieu, xlyU
B. 29, y. Bath (Pogg., xcyiii. 286): 30, Kjerulf (Bamm. Min. Gh., 668); 31, y. n. 288) :
1. 0. ratio o/ B, fi, 1:6. (Mabgaboditi in part.)
Si Si Pe &g da ]a & a F
1. St Etienne
2.?
8. Zillerthal
4. Monroe Gt
6. Idtchfleld, Gt
7. Dublin Ga
8. Glendalough,
9. Glenmalure
11 Donegal, wkUe
12. "
2. O.raUoo/'k,
1 ! 9 approaamaie a to a BOWPi or liAjtuums in parce (in i i : lo
fil4l :9*1; in 16,
1:7*6).
14. Zaidoyaca
48*07 88*41 Ir. 10*10 -v Ibk fr.=sl0O Kttaia.
Si Xi 9e ttg Ca
1$. Umm T!jto1 44*71 36-29 4'li 0'H9 0*96
11 Han Midk 46*02 86*00 6*67 8*()8 0*18
10. Dobffowa 48*74 37*96 2*41 2-68
8-82 6-69 0*37 10-76
F
— =100 Both.
0*86, €r 8-95=100*2 Sotafh 1*04 8*89 3-31 1*16, fin 1*76=101*05 Fufihft 1*08 8*85 8-28 1-16, Hn 1-73=100 Fuchfl.
8-07 5-46 =100*26 Boricky.
L 0, ratio o/ Ifc, fi 1: 12 (in 16, 1: 12-4; in 21, 1: 12-5; 22, 1 : 9*6; 28, 1: 18*8; 24, 1: 11-9 2S, 1:12-4; 26, 1: 11*2).
SLUto U&oddbo.
24Rihliin SS-Kiuto 36.0diot8h 27. UnkmTiUe
47-60 87-20 3-20
46-10 81*60 8-66 . —
47-97 82-86 5*37
46-36 36-80 4-53
47-19 88-80 4*47 2*68*0-18
46'76 89*20 ir. 1*02 0-89
38. Bio Janeiio, bnk. 47-60 36*70 4-81 0-69 0*43
9-60 2-63 0-5S, An 0*81=101*47 BoM. 8*89 l-OO 1-06, An 1-26=9806 BoM. 8-31 8-32 0-72, An 1-50=99-64 St. 8*22 0-98 1 08=99*12 Rose. 9-22- 1-84 0-67=99-42 Bose. 8*35 4-07 0-28=100-87 Rose.
-66 4-90 =98-82 Darrack.
6*07 4-04 =98-74 Hauer
E Qijgen ratio of fi-hS to Si 1 : li, or nearly.
29. Hiradibeig
30. " SLPtegaa
49*04 29*01 618 28-76 50*10 28-06
6-66 0-76 017 0*60 11*19 4-66 =100-87 Bath.
5-87 0-62 2-14 828 0*83=99*72 Kjerul£
6-46 0-40 2 41 1'26 7-66 8*87 =9911 Bath.
InanaL 1, G.=2-817, grayiah-white, in graphic granite; 2, G.=2*881, silyer-white, with blaok tounnaline; 6, with topas and fluorite ; 6, G.=2*76, oolorlesa, pearly, with cyanite ; 8, G.=2*793, gray, silTeiy, trp.; 10, gray, silvery, trp.; 14, G.=2*817, white; 15, white, paend. after andaluaile; 16, 18, G.=3-123, in hexag. scale, from granite, opt char, not given; 19, G.=2*802, in ooarKly grouped masaea of interacting lamina; 20, G.=2*85; 28, G.=2-86; 29, G.=2*867, peea, send. after orthodase; 80, paeud. after orthodaae; 31, G.=2'838, silvery white, 11*11, Ca C mnoyed, pied. after acapolite.
The roae-colored micaa of Goahen, Maaa, afforded llallet (Am. J. Sd., IL rriii. ISO) & 9*08, JaO'99, Li 0-64.
A greenish-black mica, conatituting a micaceoua achiat or rook in Derby, Vt — the so-called AdcauUe of Shepardconaiata, according to G. J. Bniah (Am. J. Sd, IL xxxiv. 216), §i 47*76, % and Fe 36*29, Ca 0-24 Ag 186, alkaliea (by loea) 8-77, ign. 609, and has all the ordinary characters of common mica.
Thomson gives for the oompoaition of a mica reported to oome Orange Go., N. Y. (Miu., L on the analysis.
A schist, formerly called taieoM achisti from ZiUerthal in Tyrol, and named didymUe by Schafhiotl (Ann. Cbu Pharm., 1843, J. pr. Ch., Izxvi 136, not didrimOe as sometimes written) is near muacQTite in its composition. It is feeble pearly, and grayish-white in color; H.= 1-5—2; G.= 99-81 It has also been called amphSogtlie, Probably only a mica schist
A variety of mnscovite (1) composed of scale arranged in plumoae forma is called plumose mica ; nd aaother (2) having a diigonai deavage, cleaving sometimes into thread-like pieces, priamcUk
An emerald-green variety (8) ia tXie/uchriie or chrome-mica, containing sometimes nearly
FyTi, etc.— In the doaed tnbe givea ?rater, which with brazil-wood often react for fluorine, whitens and fuaea on the thin edgea (F.=6 7, v. Kobell) to a gray or yellow glaas. With Sum jpvea reactions for iron and sometimes manganeae, rarely chromium. Not decomposed by K) Dooomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonatea.
Obsr— Muscovite is the most common of the micas. It is one of the constituents of granite, gnoii, mica sdiiat, and other related rocks, and is occaaionally mt with in granular limestone, basalt, lava ; and occurs idso disseminated sparingly in many flragmental rocks. Coarse aggregation often form the matrix of topaz, tourmaline, and other mineral species in piBitic veins.
aria afford lamina of mica aometimea exceeding a vard in diameter ; and other remarkable "Visa loQalitiea are at Flnbo in Sweden, and Skatterud m Norway. See above for other locali- Hi IWAnfs or chrome mica occurs at Greiner m the ZiUerthal, at Passeyr in Tyrol, and on tLi ""fir as well aa at Sohwanenatein.
Oxtoen Oohpoun0B.
In y, ffamp,, at Aowortfai Orafton, and Alstead, in granite, the plates at times a yoii nana and perfectly transparent In J/atne, at Paris ; at Buckfleld, in fine crystals; at Unity, of a green color, on the estate of James Neal (Thomsons naoriie, wrongly referred to Brunswick). In Miut . tt Chesterfield, with tourmaline and bite ; at Barre and South Boyalston, in two localities, with beryl; at Mendou and Brimfleld ; at Chester, Hampden Co., faint greenish; at Groshen, rose* red (sometimti misnamed lepidolite) ; prismatic mica, at RusselL In at Monroe, of a dusky-brown color, having internal hexagonal bands of a darker shade ; at Trumboll, at the topaz vein in coarse radiated aggregations (called margarodiie) ; at Litchfield, with cyanite, colorless and pearl (margaroditeX G.=2*76; in brown hexagonal crystal at the Middletown feldspar quarry; ut Haddam,'pale brownish, with columbite, and also similar at another locality with giurneto. in N, York, 6 m. S.E. of Warwick, crystals and plates sometimes a foot in diameter, in a Tein of feldspar; a mile N.W. of Edenville, in six-sided and rhombic prisms; silvery, near £de&- ville ; in Si lAwrence Ca, 8 m. Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, in plates 7 in. sctobb; town of Edwards, in larg prisms, six-sided or rhombic ; Greenfield, near Saratoga, in reddub brown crystals with chrysoberyl; on Uie Croton aqueduct, near Yonkers, in rhombic prisms vilb a transverse deavag. In Penn., in fine hexagonal crystals of a dark brown color at Ponnsbary, near Pennsville, Chester Co ; at Unfonville, whitish ; Delaware Co at Middletown, smoky brown with hexagonal internal bends, which are due to magnetite (see p. 160) ; at Chesnut Hill, near tbe Wissahicoon, a green variety : at Leiperville, Delaware Co., faint greenish. In K, Jersey, in oystali at Newton and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Falls, a mUe and three-quarters from Baltimore ; the plates show by transmitted light a series of concentric hexagons, the sides of vhicb are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prism.
Marignac obtained Oa4=94" 60', and Oa2=98' 80' (fig. 286); (?Al=107' 6', fromaVesnvian crystal Koksoharof Oa1=1o6'' 63' 30", Yesuvian crystal; Zepharovich 107" 3' for tbi same angle, and 116 18' for Oa|-I (Ber. Ak. Wien, liv. 286).
The flowing table contains the optic-axial angle, as measured in the air, for yarious miiae votes:
1. Ammam; as measured by B. Rilliman in 1860 (L
New Tork Island, 4 m. from city, violet-gray Boyalston, Mass., dark brown, fine crystal
ib. ib. ib. ib. another
Pennsbury, Penn., smoky brown, striated Philadelphia, greenish-gray, banded
ib., near Fairmount, smoky brown, resembles No. 4 Oxford, Maine, light brown Monroe, Cona, brown with patches Boyalston, Mass., violet-brown, in thick plates Local 7 ; greenish-gray ; in crystals Falls road, m. ftom Baltimore, transparent brown Near EUicott's Mills, Md., ib. ib.
Jones Falls,** near Baltimore, blackish-green, symmetrioallj
banded Greenfield, Conn., greenish-yellow Haddam, Conn. (Quarry Hill), clear Grafton, New Hampshire, light brown, transparent Unionville, Penn., white, corundum locality Acworth, N. H., greenish-gmy, in granite. Grafton, N. H., another specimen, light brown, with quarts and
tourmaline Templeton, Masa., transient brown
Orange, Mass
lb. ib., beautiAil crystals
Willimantic Falls, Conn., brownish-green, transparent Pennsbury, Penn., brown crystals ; another locality Boyalston, Mass., dark brown ; 2d locality Grafton, N. H., light brown; 8d specimen Middletown, Conn., brownish, feldspar quarry Chester, Hampden Co., Mass., greenish-white Norwich, Mass., greenish-yellow; spodumene locality Pennsbury, Penn. (3d local.), brownish-green Mass., greenish-yellow, with spKxlumene Greenfield, N. Y., brownish ; chrysoberyl locality Haddam, Conn., brownish; in large plates
Apparent Ang
66* 20'— 66* 40'
68—69
60 30--61
60— 30
62 42—68
64 80—66 30
66 80—66 66 30—66 40
66 15—66 30
66 80—67
67— 6V 28
67 16—67 80
68 6—68 10
69 80—69 40 69 80-9 40 69 30—69 60 69 27—70
69 40—70 69—69 80 70—70 80 70—70 80
70—70 30 70—70 30 70 46-41
Uhibxlioatbs.
81t
Si Qaafoumt N. browniBh-white, in boulder
54. Templeioii, Masa. (3d spea), transparent brown
35. Leiperrille, Del Oo Pa faint greenish, plicated
36*. Jefferaoti Co., N. greenish; in a boulder
'i't, Hebron, Maine, light brown, transparent
sa Nonn< Mass., yellowish-green, transparent
3v. Haddam, Conn., lb. ; oolumbite locality
40 E. Chester, Wesichrater Co., N. Y., yellowish-green boulder
41. Puis, Maine, ib.
42. ib., ib. ib.
43. Bniiitwick, Maine, whitish-brown, sQvery 4i GoQTemenr, N. Y.?, rose oolor ; no lithia
U. Onnge, K. IL, gray, with flattened tourmaline, quartii and feldspar
46. FOonal, Maine, nearly colorless; lithia? mica
47. GoflhoD, Mass., yellowish-green, with indicolite iS.ib.ib. ib. ib.
49. Lbdoz, Mass roee*oobred, with albite
Apparent Angle
no"
70 16'
70 30—71 71—71 80
71 40—71 60
71 80—71 46
71 30—72
72 15—72 80
72 37—72 78—73 6
73—74
74 50—76
75 30—76 76—75 30
2. MuscoYites, measured by Senarmont, Grailioh, etc. 0) OpUcai oases mtuaiti m iktplaine of the longer diagonal
1. Fliiladelphia ; transparent ; dear olive-green
1 Siberia, in white quarto ; silvery, imper£ transparent
5. Arendal, greenish-brown
4. ZiUerthal, in albite; sQvery, imperf. transparent
6. Areodal, in a feldspathic lock ; transparent; pale 6w Log. ?; transparent; dear brown
7. Warwidc; yellowish-brown
8. Couseran ? ; silvery, greenish-gray, with concave surface of deavage
9. St Gothard, in quartzose gneiss; hexag.; silvery; dear gray Id Schwarzenbach, Austria, pile green
n. ICiask; transparent; dear olive-green
11 Katherineoburg; transparent; dear pale rose
a Xertschiusk
14. Bothenkopt Tyrol ; green
1. Gloria, near Bio Janeiro, Brazil; colorless
11 Sdiaitansk ; imperfectly transparent ; rose-colored
17. Brittany; transparent, rhombic octahedrons ; blonde
18. Kimito, Finland; rhombic octahedrons ; transparent; dear blonde Iv. Ilnland; crystals silvery; grayish-green
20. Aberdeen; transparent; blonde
21. Joeephs-Alpe, Austria; G.=2'718
21 OipeGozac, Brazil; pinchbeck-brown 23. Middletown, Ct; colorless; G.=:2 852
M. Eatherinenburg ; rhombic prisms in feldspar ; transparent ; nearly blonde
2€. Nallttk, Greenland
2- Presborg, Hungary
2i Eisaigiengoyt, Greenland; green
Id. Kakonda, Brazil; pindibeck-brown
Id Gun, Bohemia; blonde
SI. ICoaa Geraes, Brazil ; pale green
HorlberK Bavaria; "pindibeck-lirown
H. Cbeaterfteld, Mass. ; G.=2'827; greenish-yenow
Serra de Conceiao Brazil
Otlmeikirdien, Upper Austria; gray
S7. IGask, Ural; pmdibedc-brown
K. BQwia; gray or colorless ; G.= 2*808
Appar. Angla
67—68
'.Sen.
67—58
tt
Grailidi
68—60
Sen.
68—50
(t
58—59
4(
Sen.
It
62—63
Sen..
63—64
M
Grailich
u
(C
Sen.
67—68
tt
67—68
M
(1
Grailidk
u
u
69—70
Sen.
u
It
tt
u
M
U
72 30—73 80
If
ft
76—76
OZTOKR OOlCFOinnM.
Appar. Angle.
W
76 10—76 40
u
tt
76—77
Am.
8b&.
M
U
Sen.
u
u
a
u
u
72—73
K
89. Cflieflterfleld, Mass., rose
40 Goahen ?, Mass., rose-oolored
41 Presburg, Hungary 4. Alenvon; hezag.; traDsparent; grayish-blonde
(2) Optical aaes in the diamdral plane of the eharier diagonal
43. Saxony; hezag.; silvery, olear gray; transp., xnaded
44. Kmlin, Prussia; gray, in granite
45. Zinnwald and Schlaggenwald; in granite. Lepidolite?
46. Tyrol; in granite, gray
47. Siberia; colorless
48. Piedmont; rhombic; silTery reflection ; grayish-green by trp.
49. St Ferule, nearBriye; transparent; olive-green
60. Milan ; hezag. ; greenish-white ; silvery ; unctiious. not elastio
61. Possum, Norway ; hezag. ; clear olive-green
62. Scotland ; brown ; in large thick crystds
63. Tarascon (Ariege); rhombic; transparent; colorless
64. Ural, in graphic granite ; sUvery lustre ; color blonde 66. Uto; rhombs; lustre silvery ; yoUowish-Uonde
' Haughton found for the mica of Dublin Co., Ireland, 53 8' ; of Olenmalure 07" 1 1' ; of Ole&dalough valley, 70 4'; of Mt Leinster, 72 18'; of Lough Dan, 70".
On examining different micas pressed between two plates of glass; and subjecting them to changes of temperature, Senarmont found no perceptible change in the optical azea.
Grailich shows that, with slight exceptions, the angle increases with tibe specific gravity is ttw mioa of a given locality. Thus seven micas from Prosburg, Hungary, gave the following:
Muscovite was so named by the author in 1850, VUrum IBtacooiUcum or MuaoovjMi formerly a popular name of the mineraL FujckaUe was named after the chemist, Fucha.
Takde of Thomson (I c), from Wicklow, Ireland, is nothing but margarodite, according to Greg and Lettsom (Min., 203), who say that it invests crystals of andalusite. Thomson, as his deer tion implies, considered the andalusite prisms and investing mica all one mineral — the taldte; and in view of this, the analyses need not here be cited Thomson's nacrUe from " BninswidL, Me.,*' is the green mica of Unity, Me.
Alt. — Mica at times becomes hydrated, losing its elasticity and transparency, and often some portion of the potash ; and at the same time it may take up magnesia, lim, or soda The ooca rence of water, magnesia, lime, and soda in some micas, especially the nuugaroditea, has been attributed to incipient alteration. See analyses under A, 1, and A, 2.
These changes may be promoted by waters containing carbonates of these bases. B. Bhuc (Jahrb. Min., 1865, 269) gives the following analysis by Dr. Wolkenhaar of an altered mio (biotite?) the dioiTte of Schemnitz, which had lost nearly all its alumina and consisted C 20-06=: 100-44. The oarbonic acid would require the Ca 21-73, and Mg 2*06, with j'e 122, making 46 p. a of carbonates. Mica occurs altered to stealiUe and Mrpaime and Tscbenask mentions cases of alteration to amphibole and stUpnosiderite.
294. Yioletfkrblgen Zeolith (fir. Rosena) v. Bom, Grell's Ann., iL 196 1791. Lilalith (ib.) v. Bom, Bchuppenstem Oerm. LepidoUth Klapr Schrift SerL, zL 69, 1794, Bergm. J., IL 80, 1792, Beitr., L 21, 279, 1795, ii 191. Lepidolite Kww L 208, 1794. LithiongUmmer C. ChnOm, Gilb. Ann., Iziy. 371, 1820. Lithia Mica. Lithionit 9. KoL, Taf, 64, 1863. Babenglimmer, Siderischer Fels-Glimmer {ft. AltenbergX BreOk Char., 1823, 183 Handb., 404, 1841. Zinnwaldit JSToidL, Handb., 621, 1845.
Orthorhombic. /A /=120®. Forms like those of muBcovite. Qeav : basal, highly eminent. Also massive scaly-granular, coarse or fine. H.=2'6— 4. &.=2-84— 8. Lustre pearly. Color rose-red, violet-graj
Uhdilioatbs. 815
OT IDae, yellowish grayish-whitei white. Translucent. Opticaxisil angle 70-78%- Bometimea 45-60
Oomiw— 0. ratio for based and aOica moatlj 1 : 1; for 6, S, between 1 : 8 and 1 : 4. The protoxjdB (ft) include, beaidei potaah, lithio, rabidU, and onaia; and in the Zinnwald uiioa, challiiim has been detected. Fluorine ib preaent, and the ratio to oxygen mostly 1 : 1 2, as in the Bieiu BB analyzed by Bammelabeig ; other ratios obtained are: in the Ural, Ghuradorf, Uto, andBonnaniicaa, 1 : 20; hi the Altenberff (SteinX 1 : 60; in the Zmnwald, 1 : 14, 1 : 11, 1 : 12; i& the JoBchakoya, 1 : 8 ; in Tomer'a Altenberg, 1 : 25. But there is much uncertainty connected with all the detenninationB of the fluorine.
The Q. ratio for the bases and silica 1 : corresponds to a combination of 1 unisilicate to 2 of binlicatG, or the formuUi (6', fi)* S'+2 (ft', fi) Si' ; and also to simply a unisilicate with acres-
inelTses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., I, ii., t.); 2, Gmelin (L c); 8, Kraloyanski (Sehw. J., liv. 280); 4, Baimnelsberg (6th SnppL. 120); 5, Begnault (Ann. d. M., III. ziiL 151); 6, 7, Gmelin; 8, Toner (£dinb. J. Sci., liL, tl 61); 9, Klaproth ; 10, Lohmeyer (Pogg bd. x77); 11, Steiu (Bamm. Ml 8oppL, 119); 12, Bammelsberg (lb.); 13-16, Turner Q. c); 17, 18, Bosales (Pogg., lyiii 164); 19, Tomer (L a); 20, Stein (J. pr. Ch., zxyiil 295):
Si M 9e UnilgfraLiftaGl F
1 " 49-06 33-61 1-40 0'4l 8-69 418
=100 Ki
0-11 8-40=100 G. 3'60 =100 Kr.
lOonwall 61-70 26-76 1'29 024 1'16 1-27 10'29 7'12, Oa 0*40, P 016
100-38 B,
ft. " 62-40 26-80 ft 1-60 4-85 9*14 4-18=98-87 B.
11 " 46-62 2i-81e21-48*& 1-96 0-44 0-.19 1-27 9-09 7-47, P 013=100-66
auto 60-91 2817 ft 1-08 6-67 9*50 3-90=99-23 T.
1ft. Cornwall 60-82 21*33 9-08 4-05 9-86 4-66=99*70 T.
18. 46-62 21-06 4*12 und. und. 101 10*01, Ca 0*12, rest
und B.
*f-80FeOiBGluded.
Ib a recent analysia of the Boiena lepldolito, made ahioe the disooTery of the metala mbidimn HHloMiam, (Sooper obtahied (Pogg., czul 348):
Si 21 96 ftg Oa ftb Os Li IdF Ka7 K7 fi
The proportai of fluorine was determined by the loss. Beckoning the fluorine as oxygen, the Ontio for ft, fi, ia 1 : 4*26 : 8*43. 0. D. Allen (Am. J. Sci., IL xxziy. 369) found in the He nee lepidolite cnssinm 0*3, and rubidium 0-14; and later (p. 373) 0-3 of rubidium nearly.
Bafflmelsberg's analysis of the Zinnwald lepdolite (anal. 12) gaye hhn the 0. ratio 116: 3 : 6*2, neerljl:3:6; and that of the Bosena (anal 4) 1:4*4:9*13, or approzhnately 1:4:9, but which he propoeee 1 : : 7i, since the specimen he anaJysed contained free quarts in yisible and his silioa might consequently haye been too high [the ratio 1 : H between the bases would require 1:4: Bi], From Boaales's analysis of the Juschakoya (anal. 17), he Mwt the iitio 1:2*8: or approximately, as he obsenrea, 1:3:6.
. 11 is cited by Breithaupt for his rabmglimmar; G.=3*146-8'190; odor grseoiflh-blaok 10 dark green.
The ZinDwald mlw has been oslled tUMtMMOe.
816 OXYGSN OOMFOOfKDS.
Moro chsmical imreBtlgataons are required before the species lepidolite am be ooiTedly nib divided or compreheuded. Physically it is hardly distinct fVom muscoTite.
P3rr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water and reaction for fluorine. B.B. fuses with intiiine pnce at 2— 'i'6 to a white or grayish glass, sometimes magnetic, coloring the flame purpliah-red 9.1 the moment of fUsion (lithia). With the fluxes some varieties give reactions for iron and man* anese. Attacked but not completely decomposed by acids. AfVer ftision, gelatinises with mo- *latin acid
Oba.— Occurs in granite and gneiss, especially in graniti<*. veins, and is associated sometimes with cassiterite, red, green, or black tourmaline, amblygonile, etc. Found near Uto in Sweden; grayish-white at Zinnwald in Bohemia ; at Altenberg, Ghursdorf, and Penig in Saxony; Juscfaakova in Uie Ural ; lilac or reddish-violet at Bozena in Moravia ; near Ghanteloube, Dept Haute Yienoe France; at Oampo on Elba; brown at St Michaers Mount in Gomvrall; Argyll in ScoClacd; Tyrone in Ireland.
In the United States, a granular and a broad foliated variety at Paris, and also at Hebron, He with red tourmaline and amblygonite; granular near Midtown, Conn. The rose nuca of Goshen, Mass., is muscovite.
The optical axes lie in the plane of the longer diagonal in the following lepidolites; the anglfla of divergence observed are as follows :
Paris, Me. ; whitish-green ; with green tourmaline 74 — 11'* 30' Siniman. .
" rose-colored 74 Orailich.
Siberia 76 40 "
Bozena, Moravia 76
Penig, Saxony 76 30 "
A "lepidolite'* from Bonmon's ooUection gave Senarmont 55°; and a Zinnwald mica, silver) or greenish-blonde, 46°— 47°. Grailidi made the angle of mica from Zinnwald and Schlaggen* wald 61° 10'. Each of these varieties, giving oomparatively small angles, have the plane of the axes hrachydiagonai ; and the small angle may arise from an interlamination of a brachydiagonal kind with a macrodiagonaL
Named lepidolite from Xnr/,-, bcoU after the earlier German name Sckvppehsiei alluding to the scaly structure of the massive variety of Bozena.
'295 A. Snarumite Breiifh. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 364, 1866). A mica-Hke-'deavage in one direction, and another transverse imperfect. Occurs massive and in tufts columnar in structure, iritb H. =4—5*5, the least on deavare-eurface ; G.= 2*826; lustre on deavage-face pearly, elmwhere vitreous ; color mostly reddish-white, colorless, grayish-whita It is, according to Biditer (1. a silicate of alumina, lithia, soda and potash. Comes the shore of the Snarum-EI( near '*narum, in Norway.
296. ORTOPHTLUTB. /. P. Ooohe, Am. J. ScL, H xUii. 217, 1861.
Orthorhoinbic. /A /=120°. In six-sided prisms. Cleavage: basd highly eminent, as in the Mica group. Twins : composition-face irl. Also massive, an aggrate of scales.
H.—2— 2'5. G.=2'909. Lustre of cleavage-face bright pearly inclining to resinous. Color by transmitted light dull emerald-green, transverse to axis brownish-red. Streak gravidi, slightlv greenish. Thin folia touh and elastic. Optic-axial angle 55 to 60 ; plane of axes brachydiagoniu ; Cooke.
, Oomp-0. ratio for ft, fi, Si=3 :4: 14; fort-fS,Si, 1 : 2; ft*+f 8) in which &=protoxyd of iron, potash, and litlda, witli a trace of soda, rabidia, and oBsia. But if the micas are unisiUcate in type, the formuU may be (f ft*+ f fi)* Si"-l-3 Si; or elae with half the ezoess of silica baaia Analysis : Cooke (L c) :
Si Si 9e 61-49 16-77 1*97
P3rr., etc. — In the flame of a candle fUses easily ; and B.B., with some intomMoenoe to a gray Ish enamel (F.=l*6— 2X giving the flame a lithia reaction. In fine powder deoooipoeed by thi dilute mineral adds, the silica separating as a powder. The fluorine is not eiqielled even ml a nd heat.
Oba. — Octsurs the granite of Cape Aim, with danalite and lepidomelane (amuteX
Stn
te &g
&
798 0-76
18*1 6
4-()6 r. 8-42=99-94.
Scapolite Group.
A list of the epecice of the Scapolite roiip, witli their oxygen ratios
and formulas, and the ratios of the non-alKaline to the alkaline protoxyd
bases, is given on page 252. Although the oxygen ratios vaiy from
1 ; 1 : 2, 1:2:3, 1:3:4, to 1:2:4 and 1 : 2 : 64, the species are closely
slide in the square-prismatic forms of their crystals, in the small number
and the kinds of occurring planes, and in the angles. The variation in the
basal angle of the fundamental octahedron (1 : 1) for the species of the
group is less than 40', the extremes being 64° 13' (sarcolite) and 63° 40'
(raeioTiite). The species are white or ffrayish-white in color, except
when impure, and tlien rarely of dark color; the hardness 6— 6*5; G.=
2*5— 2*8 (2'932t in sarcolite). The alkali present, when any, is soda,
with only traces of potash.
Meionite was the flrat species of the Scapolite group distinctly recognized. It is, however, probtbls that scapolite was included with lamellar pyroxene under the name of Whiie SckSrU Spor (Scorlspat) bj Oronstedt, who mentions Pargas, in Finland, as one of its localities. Th Danes WtmeriU and Scapolite were both introduced by d'Andrada (of Portugal) in the same artide (Scborer's J., It. 35, 38, 1800), and applied to specimens from the same region in Norway Weroerite is the ftrai of the two in the article. Haiiy used the names Wemeriie and Scapolite (Bnpposiag the spedes distinct) in his Traite of 1801. But in his MinenUogical Course for 1801 or 1805 arbitrarily set aside the latter for Parawthine. Monteiro, a friend of d'Andrada, and "peaking in his behalf; protested in 1809 (J. de Phys., Ixviil 177) against the change, and after arguing that wemerite and scapolite were identical, both on chemical and crjrstallographic grounds, urged the adoption of the name Wsm&rite for the species. In the following pages the name Scapolite la retained for the gup, so that the minercds may all be called acapolites, as those of the feldspar group are called feldspars, and those of mica and chlorite groups, respectively mkaa and chlorites; and the name Wemerite is applied to the most prominent division of the old tfvxK This course meets satisfactorily the question of priority, and also the oouYenlence of the denee.
296. 8ARCOXJTB. Sarcolite Dr. Thompaon (of Naples), 1 807. [Not SarooUte du Ticentin (zz Gmdinite) Faujat, Vauq Ann, d. Mus., iz. 9, 1807, zi 42.] Analdme came MmL A Ow., IGa. YettiT., 1825.
; O A l-t=156 5' : a=0-4435. Obed planes as in the annexed ngure ; hemiliedral the planes 2-3, only the alternate occurring. O A 2 =:128 33', 2 A 2, pyr., 182 52, O A f 19' A2=ur 27'; /A 6=104° 52'; lAl (not oc- CHfring planes), ba8.,=64'* 13'. Crystals small.
H.=6. G.= 2-545, Brooke; 2-932, Earamels- W. Lustre vitreons. Color flesh-red to rose-red, 'Mifih-white. Transparent to subtransparent. Ex- "nely brittle.
a -Met S9-1, ahmdna 22-8, lime 33'4, soda 4-1 =100. Analyses : L Soacdii (Qnadri Crystallo gapbid, Kqilei, 66, 1842) ; 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., dx.. 670) :
OZTGIiair OOXFOUXTDB.
1. ft 42-11 Si 24*50 Ca 82*48 JTa 2-93:= 101*97 ScaocdiL
2. 40-51 21-54 32-36 8*80, & 1-20=98-91
oorreapcmdliig nearly to the oompositioii of idocrafle.
P3rr., ftiees to a white enameL With adds gelatizuEea.
Obs. — Of rare oocurrenoe at Mt Somma.
Named from vap, fi and AtOof, sUme in allusion to the oolor.
The crystallization was first correctly ascertained by Brooke (Ed. J. Sd., I 189, 1824). Had] had pronounced it cubic (Tr., iil 1822). Kokschaiof found 0 A 2=128° 38\ and 0 A 2-f 1 88' (Min. BusffL, ii 110). Bammelsberg gives (1. c) 0 A 2=128* 45\ and OA2-i=l38'' 27'. Thi above figure is from Hessenberg (Min. Not, No. L). The plane nsoally made 1 is here made 2, in order that lettering of the crystals may correspond with that of the Ofystala of other spedei of the Soapolite group.
297 MBXONXm, Hyadnte blanche de la Somma do LU Grist, ii 289, 290, PL It. I
1783. Meionite Ji; Tr., iL 1801.
Tetragonal: A 1-i 156' 18' ; a=0-439. ObBcrved planes : 0 ; vertical, /, i-*, t-3, i-2 ; pyramids, 1, l-i ; idrconoids, 1-3, 3-3 ; Bometimee hemihedral in the planes 3-3, the alternate being wanting. 0 A 1=148° 10', 1 A 1, pyr.,=136* 11', basal 63° 40'. Cleavage : iri and / rather perfect, but often interrupted.
H.=5-5-6. G.=2-6-2-74 ; 2-734-2-737, fr. Somma, v. Eath. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent ; often much cracked within.
J., zxY. 36, xxzT. 848): 2, Stromeyer (Unters., 378); 8, Wolff (De Cknop. Ekeberg., eta, Bamm., 2d Supid., 183) ; 4, y. Bath (De Oomp. Wem., Bogg., za 87) ; 6, Damour (Lin* titut, 1862, 21):
Si Si ftg Ca la &
1. Somma 40*8 30*6 1*0 22*1 2*4 , C and ign. 1=100 Gmelin.
An opaque meionite examined by Gmelin haying G.=2*66, lost 1*6 by ignition, and aflbrded earbonio add, it containing carbonate of lime.
Pyr., eto — BJB. ftises with intumescence at 8 to a white blebliy flash. DeoompoBed by add without gelatinizing (y. Bath). Gmelin states it to be Visible with dilBcalty on the edges, and both Gmelin and y. Eobell state that it gelatinizes with muriatic add. An examination of aspectmen reoeiyed Scaochi fully confirms yom Bath*s condnsiona.
Obs — Occurs in small crystals in geodes, usually in limestone blocks, on Monte Somina, neai Naples.
Bammelsberg obtained (Pogg., xdy. 484) for 1 A 1, basal, 63* 48' ; oyer summit: 116* IS' ; 1 A 1, pyr.,=136*' 12'; the former gives OA 1=148* 6', and lAl, pyr., 136*8'. Kokseharof found 1 A 1, pyr.,=186* 10'-136* llf (Min. BussL, iL 106); Scaochi, 136* 11' (L a); yom Bath, iSof emtels from L Laadi, 136* 68 (Pogg., czix. 262), giving a=0*442.
Named by HaOy from /it/wy, tei the pyramid being leas acute than in idooraae.
398. PABAMTBrm. Paranthine pt Gkapdlit, ScapoHt, pt Wernarit pt SkapoUt (fr Storgord in Pargas) K NvrdauilMd, Bdiw. J., zxzL 417, 1881; Id. (fr. Tunaberg) WOnMk His. Min. Geog. ueb. 98, 1826.
Tetranal. Forms like those of wernerite ; difference in angle, if midetermined. Observed planes: prismatic, /, i-i; octahedral, 1, 1-*, zirconoid, 3-3, Nord. Fig. 288, excepting the planes t-2 wanting (fonu obfienred at Ersby). Cleavage lateral. Also massive.
E=5-5. Q. =2-736, Parcas, Nordenskiold ; 2*849, Tunaberg, Walm- Btedt Lustre between pearly and vitreous ; outer surface sometimes a little waxy. Color white, grayish-white, ffray, pale grayish-green, seagreen, approaching celandine-green. TransTuoent.
Oomp-O. rmtlo for It, 9l=l : 8 : 4: (i OMi*+f Sl)> Si*=Stlica 43-0, alumina 36-9, lime JO-l=loa
Aoaljaes: 1-8, K. Hdrdanskidld (L a); 4, Walmstedt (L a); S, Wolff (Gomik Ekeberg. DIM. iferQiixu,]843):
& Stofgaid
4. Tooaben, erysL
i. Fsaa, Ksbyf wKorgnK
6 fujgaa gnh. erytL
% 21 9e Ag Oa JTa & a
41*25 43*83 45*46
0*68
19*37 17*22
2*29
1*81
1 -03= 99*26 Nord. l-60=97*52 NorcL 3-82=99*05 Nord. — =99'06Walmst 1-04=98*18 Wolfu l-29=98*53 Bath.
AjuL 1, 2, 4, oorrespond to the 0. ratio 1 : 3: 4 (more nearly 1 : 8-1 : 4*3); anal 3, to 1 : 2-6: 8*6; uaL 4, to 1 : 3 : 4*3 ; anal 5, to 1 : 3 : 4*6; each oorresponding very nearly to the 0. ratio for bMes and ailioa 1 : 1.
An Ersby apedmen afforded Hartwall and Hedberg (Jahreab., !▼. 155) Si 48*77, £l 31-05, Ci 15*94, a3-25, ign. 0*61=99*62; which gives the 0. ratio 1*1 : 8 : 6*3, or a considerable exoeaa of nliis, with some soda. It is probably the same mineral with that of anal 5, altered.
Pyr., etc — The Tunaberg crystals B.B. ftise easily with intumescence to a globule.
Obs.— Oocnra in greenish 4- and S-sidod prisms, some of them terminated, at Tunaberg In Sweden ; also at Ersby and Storgard in the parish of Pargas, Finland.
in analysis by Laugier of " Paranthine from Arendal afforded him (J. de Phys., IxyilL 36, 180, 1809) Si 45-0, Si 33*0, Fe, iLg 1-0, Ca 17*6, 1*5, ti 0*5, which agrees closely with the last oatfiiB by WoUH The name parantiiinet substituted for soapolite (and for Aroadai specimens) by Haay, was oonaeqnentljr connected in France, almost as soon as introduce with the above oommsitkm, and oontinued so to be for nearly 20 years afterward, Berzelius giving the formula Ca* S+3 Si Si (and also the name paranthine) in his N. Syst Min., 1819, 216. Although Lau
saalyaia of the Arendal scapolites is not confirmed by later analysts, the name paranihtU ttay well be retained for this aeotion of the Scapolite group.
3M. WBaMBRXTB. Wernerite (Cr, Norway) cPAndrada, J. de Phys., 11 244 1800, Scherer'i ir. S5, 1800. Soapolite (Cr. Norway) dPAndrada, ib., 246, and ib. 38, 1800. Rapidolith Ahild tm Ann. Ol, xznL 106, 1800. Wernerite, Soapolite A, Tr., lit iv. 1801. Skapolith, Antfdt Wernerite] 1803, Wem., iL 210, 1804w Paranthine [=8capcaite of inodal] K, Lnoaa TabL, 206, 1806; H. Oomp. T&bL, 46, 1809. Fusdt (f. Arendal) Sehw Mcfter, Yeneichn., 104 1801. (Thehnsfordite J,F,it8.L. Auia, Ootl, Ifin. G. Boston, 44, 1818 Vattanite (fir. Bolton) Brodht, Ann. PhU, IL Til 816, 1824. Qlankollth (fr. L. Baikal) v. Bokoloffa Beigwerks J. ; John. (Them. Unters., iL 82, 1810; Glaaoolite.
Tetrajronal:_OAl-i=:156** 14J'; a=0-4898. Observed planes
; zirconoid, 8-8. 8-J the eight planes being
vertical, /, i-2. i-8; pyramids, 1, 8; zirconoid, 8-S. 3-3 nd i% often hemihedral, right or left, half of t
8Su Oxtqbn Ooupouitdb.
eitlier wanting, or (aa in f. 39t, s top view) much Bmnller tlian tlis odiai half.
"" 0 A 1=148° 6'
/A 1=121 54 /A 1-2=161 84 /Ai-3=153 26 MAi-3=16] 34 i-At-2=15o 26 1 A 1, pyr.,=136 7 1 A 1, W, 63 48 1-t Al-t,pyr.,=146 63
Cleavage : -t and / ratbei
diBtinct, bnt interrupted. Alsc
maeaive, granular, or with 8
B. siadlankB. f&iit fibrouB appearance ; Bomc
titnee colamnar.
H. 6— 6. G.=:2-63— 2-8. Lnstre vitreous to
pearly externally, inclining to resinona ; cleavage
and crose-fractnre Borface vitreous. Color white,
HlrwBiualo, Finland, gray, bluisfa, gretiuish, and reddiah, uEually light ;
stre oncolored. TrauBparent — faintly aubtrane-
lucent. Fracture eubconclioidal. Brittla
Vr. — 1. Ordinari/. In crftlals, white to gra}', graTiih-gmeii, brotmish, and nrelj, Ihicn inpnii, aearly black. Eokscharof gives Tor tlra aogles those of meionite, nameW, I a 1, prr,= I8B' ii; biiST 83*', Wa l-i, pyr, l4G° 67f, baB., *l° 2&, t-i A U=nB" 43', /a 1 111" sr CUin. Russl., IL 83). Tbe prisms are Bometimes several inches thick.
iluiialiU (named after T. Nuttal) is white to smok v brown scapolita from Bolton, Uasa. Cbem Ista have TouDil wide Tariatiocs in composition, and bave shown that It is somemoa mndi allcnd Tbe cTTBtaU and maBBive variety oT ChelmsTord, ICaiu., ot gray, greenisb, and reddiah shadM of oolor, has been called Chelnu/online.
2. JUmive. Glaucolite is ot pale violet-blue, bluish, indigo-blue, to greeniib-gny eolort, ometimeB resembling cancrinlte, but having the clesvsge of scapollle. It ia from near R. SiiiU nka, be;ond L Baikal, Siberia, where it oocura in veinB in granite. The [dnk aoapolita of BoHn la similar. Named ttom yiamH, ffftenuhnray or tea-green.
Oomp.— O. ntioroT A, 9, 3: i; or for bases and silica 1 : li. FormnU l£l)*Si'-4-Si; or else with balf the eioess of silica (i) basio; ifOa: fra=4: l,SUioa48'l, tlumlns ta-b, lime ISl, soda B-0=100.
The above is the mean rMa; but the analTsea show vsriationa Htm It, as seen bdow, doc ii par< at least, to impnnties, alteration, or incorrect detenu inaCions.
Analyses: 1, 3, Q. v. BathfPogg., za 83, 388); 3, Thomson (Min., L 373); 4, WoUT (Inass DIsa. Berlin. 1B48, Ramm. . Cb., TI9): ti, (Am. J, Sd., R i; sas); -8,0. r.BaU (L&); S, Berg (Jtbtesb.,zxr. 366); 10 v. Bath (La); 11, &): A Si Pe Kg Cb fTe fi:
44-40 36-B3 B'79 101 SO'18 309 U-fit
4G-&7 U3-at 8-38 123 3081 348 0-63
4S-30 26 '48 IS'Sl 8-64
. 4a-T9 SS'ie 0-33 139 18-02 4-G3
47-67 28-711 B-36 — . 17*31 7-70
46'OE 36-81 8-Oii O'SO 17*30 6'4S
46'S8 3613 1-89 0-38 t7'3H 6-88 0-7 0*31=100 B
I. 47-34 34-69 318 16-84 3-E& O'BB l-7G=;-0g Bath.
48-83 38-80 032 0-G6 17-17 4'76 0-33 l-0-B8'14 Bwg.
47 49 27-67 J-M 0'4T 17*16 471 0-6S 0-48 100 Bath.
4811 36-38 1-48 0-34 16-6S 4-91 0-13 0*8=9S-46 WolC
1. Bolton, iOtipi.
4. " rA, mat B. " bbtidt, "
5. Arendal, " 1. Arendal, ytoi, ayst, 8. UalsJD, bliMti, fl 0. DtotbemB, violet,
10. L. Baikal, Olaveom It. Itftuiolcah, finL
1-34=98-74 BaO. 0-78-98-BI Sath 6-04 100-08 Thom. 0'74=99'86 WoUL
I-24=se-13 SBth.
Unibilioates. S21
Ml, G.=2'788, blaokiflh-green crystals, the interior in part opaque; 2, 2'748, and like the wedingin color; 3, 2*709; 0.=2-718; 5, O.=2-704; 6, G.=2-761; 7, G.=2-697; 8, G.ss ; 9, G.=2*34r, firom the parish of Drothems in E. Gothland; 10, G.=2-666; 11, G.=2'738y ookrhittkiBh-green and greenish-gray. Tbe oxygen ratios for It, fi; Si, oorresponding to the analyses aze:
1 : 2 : 3*6
1 : 1-8 : 8-7
1 : 1-7 : 40
2,
1-2:2 :41
1:1-7: 8-4
1*1: 2*0:40
1 :2 :4
1:1-8: 3-6
10,
1 : 2*1 : 40
1 : 2*2 : 4*8
ri : 2 : 40
Hie first two analyses by y. Bath of spedmens named nuttaUUe and attributed to Bolton, are eriiktly of altered crystals, as the presence of oyer 3 p. a of ozyd of iron indicates. The coloi itated, "blackish-greeo," is further evidence on this point Moreover it is a very unusual color It the locality, as nuttalUte is ordinarily white, grayish-white, and pale smoky brown, the darker ooloroocnrring sometimes in crystals that are partly whitisL Y. Bath states that the mineral wurery difiScultly fusible. Thomson's analysis (Na 3) was also made on an altered specimen, u it gftve 5 p. c. of water.
Hair, m an analysis of nuttallite published by Thomson (Min., 383) obtained Si 37-81, 26*10, Fe iijd, Oa 18 34,'& 7*30, iS 1-60=97*94. The potash and the low silica, as well as the iron, indicate an altered specimen, if the analysis may be so far trusted as to draw a condunion fVom it The color of the mineral (white, to yellowish, bluish, or greenish) and the associated minerals on the specimen (sphene and green pyroxene) show that Muir probably had true nuttallite for investigation.
Wurtz's analysis of the pink scapolite of Bolton gives more soda than the rest In a recent trial (priv. oontrib.) B. 8. Burton found about 3 p. a of alkalies, sustaining Wolff's results.
The bluish-gray massive variety flrom Malsjo has beeu analyzed also by Suckow (Verwitt. Min U8), but as be found no alkalies, his results are questionable, either on the ground of themed* 3Qor the analysis. He obtained Si 4817, % 28*27, 9e 2-38, Ca 19*04, tl 2*00=99*86. Suckow iDilyaed also a kaolin from Malsjo, a result of alteration of the scapolite (see p. 323).
Pyr., etc. — fi.B. fuses easily with intumescence to a white blebby glass. Imperfectly decomposed by muriatic add.
ObSf Occura in metamorphio rods, and most abundantly in granular limestone near its junctint with the associated granitic or allied rock ; sometimes in beds of magnetite accompanying Smestone. It is often assodated with light-colored pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, and also with ipatite, sphene, zircon; amphibole is a less common associate than pyroxene. The scapolite of Par* gtt, FiiiJand, is in limestone; that of Arendal in Norway, and Kalsjo in Wermland, occura with lugiietite in limestone.
Borne foreign localities of the mineral are above indicated. In the following those of nnerite and ekebergite are not yet distinguished. In Verinontf at Marlboro', massive. Id Maes at Bolton and Boxborough, in crystals, sometimes large ; at Ohclmaford ; Littleton; Chester; Carlisle; Westfleld, massive; at Paraonsfield and Raymond, near Dr. Swett's house, Qstala, with yellow gameL In ., at Monroe, white and nearly fibrous ; a stone quarry at I'Uigstadc, Stonington, massive. In N, Tork at Two Ponds in Orange Ck>., reddish-white ystals with pyroxene, sphene, and lircon, one crystal 10 in. long and 6 in diameter; at Fall Hill, OQioe, of white and bluish colore, massive, with lamellar pyroxene ; in Warwick of the same <SEnnt7, Q'ar Amity, milk-white crystals wi pyroxene, sphene, and graphite ; 6 ul S. of Warvid and 2 m. N. of Bdenville, near GreenwcxKl Furnace (planes 1, /, -2, w'X are other good ; m Essex Co., perfect crystals and massive nearly fibrous, white and greenish- white, iboDdaQt near Kirby's graphite mine, 4 m. N. £. of Alexandria, in Tioonderoga, associated with
; at Crown Point ; in Lewis Co., in fine crystals, whito, bluish, and dark gray, present-
play of light not unusual with this variety; edges of the crystals oflen rounded. In K
at Franklin and Kewton, and 3 m. W. of Attleboro', crystallized, in limestone. In Canada
&. Calmnet Id., massive lilac-colored ; at Hunteratown, in large crystals, with sphene ; at
"'▼ffle, with pyroxene. Fisuu has analyzed a scapolite from Brakke, Norway, whidi gives a composition between that
paiaathite and wemerite. He obtained (C. B., Iv. 450) :
ft bad been called Eunarkite.
of the minerals called BaraawrUt by Boulanger, stated to come Mt Gendvre, gave Jgi 0,=:t66, and the composition Si 44*6, Xl 80*4, iSlg 2*5, Ca 16*6, 7*5 (Ann. d. M., III. 159 It is stated to be greenish-white and compact, *and to occur assodated with a greenish*
21 t
S22
OXTGKEr OOMFOUNDB.
brown smaragdite. In low flpecUlc gnyitgr it in near soapoUte. But we may mupect that there li Bome mistake abont the spedflc gravity, in which case it maj be loiaite (see p. 290) lilce otiitt aattsaurite of the Alps. It agrees rather nearly with the latter in ocMnpce'ition.
Cdnaaniie, a grajsh-white or bluish white rock occuning with dolomite in Osnaan, Oobil, and referred to massive scapolite by some authors, is massive whitish pyroxene, a mineral common iu crystals in the dolomite of the region.
A so-called glaucoUte trois the L. Baikal region, analysed by Bergemaan (Pogg., ix. S61) nd Sivartovski (BulL Boa Nat Moscow, 184, 648) differs the true noolite in dilBciiltij Visible (as much so as orthodase; and also in composition, these analysts obtaining:
Si
9e
ftn
fig
Oa
t
60*58
a.
60*49
1*00
1*73=99-07 BergemsaiL I*78=99'51 Qivartovskl
It was massive, of a greenish-blue odor, with 0.=:2*72I, Beig 2*66, GUv. It has been supposed to be a feldspar.
Alt — As the altered acapolites that have been derived ekebergite or paranthite have not been distinguished firom those derived from wemerite the following observations are made to mdttde all:
In the alteration of the scspolites, one or more of the flowing diangea ooour, as illuatrstod is the following analyses of different kinds:
1. The hydration of the mineral
2. The loss of part or all of the protozyd bases, often eflboted largely throng the aotioa of aarbonated waters carrjring off the lime as carbonate.
3. The substitution of potash for the soda or lime, due to the aotkm of the oaibonates in sohi> tion in percolating waters.
4. The increase in the amount of soda, by the action of carbonate of soda or dilorid of sodium in solution.
5. The introduction of ozyd of iron, through salts of Hme (organic bkarbonate eta) x solution.
6. The substitution of magnesia for other protoxyd bases.
7. The loss of silica as as protozyd bases.
By the substitution of potash, the mineral passes either to the state of finite (anaL 8 to or to thai of a pola mica (anal 15, 16). By the acquisition of iron (anaL 17, 18) it passes in sooe cases to epidoie (anaL 19). By the introduction of magnesia, it may pass to HeaMe; or of nia|(De> sia and potash, to a magneaia mica (anal 20). By a loss of bases, the proportion of sflioa left increases (anal 6, 6, 21, 2*2, 23); and by a loss of silica also (which may become opal in in separation), the mineral passes to a kagUn-like compound, a common result of its alteration (soaL 24). Moreover, silica may remain, and the altered crystal become by additions a silioeouapeettdiK morph, as occurs at Pargas.
Analyses : L Bffdrtnu. 1, Weibye and Berlin (Pogg., Izzix. 302).
IL Chniaining earhonate oJtUme. 2-6, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., zxziv. 177); 7, Brewer (TbM Mia, 1850, 680) ; 7a, same, with the C removed.
IIL Poiasnc and often also carbonated. 8, v. Hath (Pogg., xa 288); 8a, same, with tbeO removed; 9, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1852-53, 168, 1863, 474); 10, Stadtmuller (Am. J.Soi., XL TiiL 394): 11, T. & Hunt (ib., 103) ; 12, Orossley (This Min., 1850, 680) ; 13, J. D. Whitney (Ao. J. Sd., IL xvi. 207); 14, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Oan., 1858, 186H); 16, Bisdiof (Gh. GeoL, iL 14S); 16-1 9, V. Rath (L c.) ; 20, Bischof Q. c.) ; 21, John (Baud. Min., IL 94 1832) ; 22, Beraellns (Afh. I Fys., iL 202) ; 23, Hartwall k Hedberg (Jahresb., iv. 165) ; 24, Suokow (Verwitt Min 138
):
Si 21
te
An
ftg Ca
fi
1. Arendal, Aiher. 38-00 24*10
—
4*82 0*78
2-80 22*64
6-96=100*09 E
n.
2. ffdianka, Skog. 43-35 30-62
0*96
—
—
— =100-15 a
8. Diana, gray 47*94 30*02
0*26
2*20
0-81=98-47 H.
4. Bolton, whita er. 66-04 23*92
—
0-20 9-28
8*66
=1D0-66H.
1*16
0*78 13-61
1*46
0-82=99-80 H
6. Gulajo, w. mass. 53*76 28-06
0*34
7*00
0-67=99-87 a
7. Franklin, fiA. (|)47-85 28*77
2-02 12*00
—
r.
1*80, 0 4-72-- 98-38 B
la. 49-71 80-21
—
2-12 12*20
1*89=98-34 &
m.
a. Balton, yeOmo 49*99 2300
1*64
— —
1*78 S-35
7*09
4*23, Oa C 7-863 9t-l9B
te 62*20 24-03
—
1*80 8-06
7*40
4*43=100-99 &
Uhi8Ili0Ate8.
32S
Si Si Pe lilg Ca JTa & 1[
IOl 1&.
la.
7. W.
u
Diana 45*79
49*82 49*96
WSmnIt 47*60 Arendal, iliea
brielmd 69-14
Uadt 29-62
JpidoU 37*92 Fugaa, Jfibs 46*76 6!ai6rvfMte 64*00
26*20
24*91
24*41
18*63'
31*20
26*15
=98*99 Hant 100-27 Stadtm. Oa C 3*94=99-46 H.
6a0 4'2i=ioo'2r a
Ca04*41,CaP8-i2lW
=99*65 Hunt
100Bi8ch.
CaC 1111=9911 B.
100*67 Rath.
Oa C 4*62=98*45 R.
=98-74 Bath.
=96*77 Bischof.
100 Joho.
TI 21 quota, Mdb-ml
23. Mteb7, Farg.
niai MilBioL Kaofim
61*60
26*36 82*27 44*66
9*33
6*00
Mn 1*60=99 Ben. 1*00=100*97 H. AH. =99*11 Suckow.
*Wltha1ltltoFt'0'. ProUbly too high.
The fdDowing are the charaftten of different altered aoapolitea, indnding those of which analjv MB ue sboye giren :
AiBKSiAflnn Weihye (Pogg., Izziz. 302, I860). AnaL 1. Uke scapolite in form; color greenish ; opaque. IVom Arendal, with black garnet and keilhauite.
dnoeAHOTin . (J. pr. Gh., zxxIt. 178, 1846) (AnaL 2). Haatheformof Kio. BasaL, ilL Colur yellowish to light oil-green ; lustre peasy ; translucent ; H.=6'5, G.= 2'i9. B3. fuses easQj with intumescence. From the Sludianka in Dauria. The analysis af- Torded 6*4 pu a of carbonic add, which is above removed : this corresponds to 1 1 p. a of Oa C.
AnaL 3. Laxge gray crystals, containing 9*23 p. & of Oa C; Q.=2*74. In the anaL as above ▼en, 4*06 of C is removed. Occurs at Diana, N. Y., with sphene in caldte.
Anal 4. White crystals with caldte ftom Bolton ; 0.=2*66. In the anal as above given, 2*r. p. c of C is removed. AnaL 6, reddish massive, Bolton; O.=2*70. AjlsL 8, massive, yel iowiah ; H.=:4-6 ; 6.=2-787. Contains 7*80 p. c. of Oa 0. From Bdton.
AnaL 6. Whitish massive, fromOulsJd; contains 3*41 Oa C; G.=2'69. In the anaL above, 1*5 p. CL of C removed.
Anal 7. Greenish or yellowish-green, deavable, and partly in crystals, from Franklin, N. J., hiTing H;=8*6, 0.=2'7S, with subresinous lustre; 6.B. very fusible. Contains 10*72 p.c. of Oa G.
Aoid. 9. Greenish-gray, waxy in lustre to pearly, subtranslucent, with H.=5*6, G.= 2*640- 2'€67 ; from Perth in Canada. Contains considerable magnesia as well as potash.
AnaL 10. In grayish crystals, from Diana, associated with sphene. (Not from Bolton, as annoanoed; the specimen shows by its character and the associated minerals that it is unquestionably from Diana.)
Aloibiii Hmi (Am. J. Sd., II. viil 103, 1849) (anaL 11—18) occurs in slender square prisms, aooatimee 2 or 3 in. long, imbedded in caldte. Yellowish to gray and usually dulL Brittlo. H. =3~s-6; some crystals more altered, 2*5. G.= -2*697—2*7 12, Hunt; 2*78, Crossley. From Vtinklia, Sussex Co., N. J. The varying results of analyses, and the presence of carbonate of fiflttf of magnesia, and the relations to known examples of altered scapolite, confirm the view doivad from the form and appearances, tiiat algerite is an altered scapolite, and related to
Wiuonn SwU (Logan's Bep. Can., 1863 and 1863, Am. J. Sd, IL xix. 428) (anaL U) is a mas- Bre mineral froni Bathurst, Canada, affording square prisms by cleavage, and having H. =3-5, O.zrS-i 66— -2*776, lustre vitreous, a little pearly on cleavage surfaces; color reddish-white, nMfrfed, and peach-blossom red. According to Chapman (Am. J. ScL IL xx. 269), its crystalliza- tM and other characters are essentially those of scapolite. It is associated with apatite, calcite, ad pjnoxane. The oblique basal deavage, mentioned by Hunt, is, as stated in the last edition tbUworic, p. 608, only a fracture. Hunt in Bep. G. C!an. 1863 makes it a variety of gieseckite. alao in northern N. York. See fUrther under Pinith p. 479.
G.N. Y., 1837, 162) has the form of scapolite, with H.=2; G.=2*53; lure a littie pearly ; color yellowish-white or greenish ; and is from a small vein in limestone at v. Y. It has not been analyzed, but is probably near algerite or wilsonite. Tha (pintte-like) Soapolit of Sdiumadier (Yerz., 98, 1801), from Arendal, is probably simi
324 OXTOEN OOMPOTTinM.
lar to the algerite and other pimUe pseudomorphs. It is described as ooooTTmff fai OTHals toe massive, of a white, greeDish, and otiier shades, and as B.B. fusing easily. His MkarUi/er Scofo /ti, from Arendal, appears to have been a steatitie pseiidomorph, it being B.R
Mica from Arendal Norway {Jiiearelle of Abildgaard). AnaL 15, 16. The mica oocon im bedded in quartz, and has, according to ▼. Rath (L c.), the form of 8-sided crystals of scapolite, 6 in. long. The crystals are covered with mica externally, and within consist throughont of aa aggregation of the same mica. The mica is greenish-white, translucent H.=2— ft. 0.= 2*833. Cbgen ratio (from y. Bath) 1 : 6*6 : 10*5 ; perhaps 1:6: 10, giving I : for the oxygen of bases and sUica. The change from scapoUte has consisted in the removal of lime, addition o' Ie, and substitution of potash for soda.
Jiicaftvm Pairgas anaL 20, is a magnesia mica.
The red scapolite of Arendal (anaL 17) has H.=C(; G. =2*852. Brownish or bride-red. Difficultly fusible. Oxygen ratio 1 : 2*4 : 7*5. In the change, I'e, magnesia, and potash have been introduced.
The Uack scapolite of Arendal (anaL 18) is altered by a large addition of magnesia and troa Color grajish-black ; streak grayian-white. Rather soft G. =2-837. Kodeavage. BJB. edges rounded with difficulty. 0. ratio 1 : 2*1 : 2*5 : K, unless part of the iron is sesquioxyd.
The epidote pseudonwrph of the same locality (anaL 19) gives the oxygen ntio of epidole 1:2:8. The crystals occur imbedded in nnaiite. FordUiammer has described other epidote pseudomorphs after scapolite fom Arendal, which are albite extemaUy and epidote within.
Gabbbonite of Schumacher (Yerzeichn., 1801) is referred here by Seemann, who observes that there are, in the Eicole des Mines at Paris, crystals of it of the form of scapolite (This Min., Wi, 1854). Schumacher describes it as bluish-gray, indining to leek-green; also grayish monntsiDgreen ; lustre feeble ; fhicture smooth like that of flint; G.=: 2*947 ; having some resemblanoe to gabbro. The bluish-gray variety from the Kenlig mine near Arendal, with black homUeade and caldte, and the other from Fredericksvam, Norway, in syenite.
The kaolin from Malsjo, anaL 24, is a reddish-yellow day-like mass, retaining something of the crystalline form of scapolite ; G.=2*l. Ilie composition corresponds to 1 of alumma to 2 of silioi For another kaolin see under Ekebehgitb (Passauite).
SteaUUc pseudomorphs occur at Newton, N. J., and Arendal in Norway. A stticumB scapditi of Pargas, of a gray color, in limestone, contains 92*71 p. a of silica. annonncedbj Tschennak as occurring pseudomorphous after scapolite.
Peeudo-Scapolite of N. Nordenskiold (Bidrag FinL Min., 66, 1820) Is wemerite altered to pyrozene. The crystals are large and contain crystals of pyroxene, which are most abundant toward the exterior; Simonsby, near Pargas.
300. BEEBEROrm. Scapolite (fir. Arendal) pt Wemerite (ft. Arendal) pt [Syn. imdet Wkrnsbitb.] Sodait (f!r. Hesselkulla) EkOerg, Afh., IL 153, 1807. Natrdite of Hesaelkiii:a Wolkuton, Ekebergite .Bert., Arsb., 1824, 168. Ekebergit, PorceUanspath (f. Passau) /. 2. Suha, Denkschr. Ak. Mundien, vii 65, 1818, Tasdi. Min., xviL 94, 1823. PoraeBanit v. KA Taf; 52, 1853. Passauit NamnMm Min., 805, 1855.
Tetragonal. Like wemerite in form and cleavage. Also compact, or finely columnar massive.
H.=5'5— 6. G.=2-74. Lnstre vitreous, somewhat pearly or greaBV. Color white, gray, greenish-white, bluish, reddish. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, fi, §i=l : 2 : 45; fonnula or else with half the excess of silica (or H §i) basic; if Ca : : 1, ca 61*7, alumina 26*3, lime 161, soda 5-9=lo0; if Oa : : 1, Silica 61-7, alumina 263, lime 14-2, soda 7-9=100.
Analyses: 1, Hermann ( J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 177); 2, Wolff (Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1843, Bamm Min. jCh., 719); 3, Hartwall (Berz. Jahresb., iv. 155); 4, Wolff (I c); 5, v. Rath (., za 82 288); 6, Wolff (1. c); 7, Damour (Llnstatut, 1862, 21); 8, v. Bath (t a); 9, Fuchs (L c); 10, v KobeU (J. pr. Ch., L 89); 11, Schafh&utI (Ann. Ch. Pharm., zlvL 340):
Si
£1 9e Ag
Ca JTa &
26-86 2-73 0-87 26-40 0-54
14-44 614 0*65 0'69s98-12 WoUt
i jwil; ffiOML
1Ini8Ili0Ate8.
a
a
Pe
&g
Ca
jfa
a
tL
l-46±=10OHartwaIl
0-77=99-90 Woltt
2-50=99-36 Rath.
0-41=99-74 Wolff
3-25=9-70 Damour.
9*86
1-20=98-49 Bath.
—
49-iO
1-20, 01 0-92=99*66 &
saa
I'M p. & of flarbonato of Uhm rmoTtd.
AnLl,a=3-80: 2, G.=2-786; 4. G.=2-628; 6,G.=2-668; 6, G.=2-712; 8, G.=2-6R8; 9,a =2-64
ThejMflMwfo (Poroellaiispath) has the O. ratio, in anaL 1, 1 : 2*4 : 4*8; hi 2, 1 : 2-4 : 4*9 ; in 3, 1:2-2:4-6. But a alight change in the haaee would make the last 1:2:4-6; and it is prohable fiiat the minenl ia an altered ekebergite. Fucha made the priama probably about 92*', and ao iko did Schaf hiutL But Deadoiaeaux has found that it has but one optical aziaa negative MM— and this decides it to be tetragonal in crjatalliaation. Its colors are white to yellowish, Uoish, and grayish-white. The crystals are coarse, and irregularly grouped or aingle.
Pyri ate. — In the closed tube yield a small amount of water. BJ3. whitens and Aiaea with mtmneaoence to a blebby glasa. Imperfectly deoomposed by muriatio add.
Oba.— Hessellkuik and Malo in Sweden; Arendal in Norway; Pargas in Finland, in fimertooe; Gouyemeur, St Lawrence Ca, K. Y., in limeatone, with apatite and sphene, in short thick oyttkals sometimes several inchea in diameter.
The paaaauite is Appenaell, near Passau, in Bavaria.
AU— The paasauite is the source, by its alteration, of a large bed of porcelain earth or kao* Ea. Fart of the kaolin haa the priamatic form of the possauite. Fucha found in one of his analy- BM §146-06, H 32-uO, Fe 0-90, Ca 0-74, fi 1800, undecompoaed mineral 2-96=99-66; in another §i 43-66, Si 35-98, Pe 1-00, Ca 083, U 18*50=99-91. Opal occurs in the kaolin aa one result of the alteration.
Paraloqite y. Norden (Bull. Soc. Nat Moscow, zzx. 221, 1867). Has the form and angles .>f icapoUie (Kokach. Min. BuaaL, liL 187X and is probably altered ekebergite. Colors white. Uoish, reddiidi-blue; G.= 2-665. The cryatala, after action of acids, are full of worm-like holoa, mig to the separation of the carbonate of lime present Analysis afforded fli 44*95, il 26*89 mntrig 1-01, Ca 14 44 [ftk 10*86], ign. 1*85=100. No potaah waa found. B.B. easily fusi- Ubl The 0. ratio for ft, fi Si is 1 : 3 : 6 ; Imt supposing a loss of part of the bases, it may have been originailT a true ekebeigite. From the Lapu Lazuli locality near Bucharei in Siberia, in the L. Baikal region.
301. Bt
iNXTB. Seaeehi Pogg., Erg&ni., ffi. 478, 1862.
TetragonaL Closely resembles meionite in its crystalB. Observed planes : Scacchi; 135*68', Kokscharof. Cleavage as in meionite. Crystals quite hmII Unknown massive.
E=5*5— 6. G.= 2*623, v. Rath. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent.
or, for bases and silioa,=l: If; formula, +tSl)'Si*+2i§i; or else with half the excess of silica basic; if Ca: : 1, Silica 55-2. 'Mia U-O, lime 9*9, soda 10-9= 100. The analyses agree about as well with the 0. ratio 1 : 2 :
Ntbi: y. Bath (Pogg., cix. 264) :
S64"70 X123 80 llg 0*22 Ca 8 77 STa 9-83 4 2-14, ign. 013=99 59. Pyr.,ata— B3. foses easily, but with loss intumescence than meionite. Not acted upon
Obi-Oocurs on Somma, like the meionite. but ia associated with feldspar instead of caldte aimed baa qrtaUr the axis of the prism being a little longer than in meionite
Oxtgen Oompoundb.
302. DIPTRB. Sohorl tlanchAtre de Mauln ( ) (diMor'd by la I'm, LeuooUte, DekmtOL, Sdagr., L 289, ii 401, 1792. Dipyre Tr., iii 1801. RriimftliBitiwi Wtm SteC Orykt, L 411, 1811. Coateranite CharperUier, Ann. Oh. Phys tttIt, S80, ISSflL Oor leranite. Prehnltoid Bhmsirand, CBfV. Ak. Stookh., 1864 397.
Tetragonal. Form and cleavage same as for wemerite and meionita Crystals small or large, single or grouped. Sometimes colmnnar.
H.=5— 5*5. G.=2-646. Lustre vitreous to somewhat pearly. Colorless, wliitish, yellowish, greenish, and sometimes reddish ; opaque white. Transparent to subtranslncent.
Dipyre oocora in rather ooane crystals, often large or stoat, and rarely odiimnar. in netamor phic rocks, while mariaUie is found onlpr in very small colorless or white crystals, in igneous rocki, and contains more alkali Prehnitoid is similar to dipyre.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for R, 9, Si= 1 : 2 : 6 ; formula Ca+i fra)'+} Si)* Sl*+6 if Ca : JTs =1:1, Silica 58-3, alumina 22*6, lime 9*1, soda lOU
Analyses: 1, Yauquelin (Haay*8 Tr., iiL 1801); 2, Delesse (a B., xvUL 994 1844): 3, Dtmoor (L'Institut, 16, 1862); 4, PSsani (Desd. Min i 227); 6, Blomstrand (CBfV. Ak. 8todd 1854):
4 2=100 Yanq.
9*4 0-7 =99-4 Delesse,
7*68 0*90 2-41 =99*70 Damoor. 8*66 0*78 4*66=101*08 Pisani.
Pyr., etc. — B.6. ftises with intumescence to a white blebby gss. Some specimens are phosphorescent when heated. Imperfectly decomposed by acids.
Obs. — From the region of the Hautes-Fyrenees, in granular limestone: at Poosao near Bi nres-de-Bigorre, with a white uiiiaTJal mica ; near libarens, about a mile and a half firoin IfanWoo, with mica or talc; at the baths of Aulus in the Dept. of Arige; in a blade schist on the rit bank of the Lea, near Lucenao, Ari ; in the yidnity of Loutrin, near Angoumer, in of granular limestone, with pyrite, sphene. The prehnitoid is ftom a locality between Kongsbeig and Solberg in Sweden, with coarsely crystallfked hornblende; its hardness is stated by Bkoistrand to be 7, and G.=2'50.
The name cUpyre, from in, iwiee and ir90, flirty alludes to the two effects of heat) fiuien Mndpko phoreacence. PrihniUnd refers to a resemblance to prehnile.
Alt. — Dipm undergoes yery easy alteration, much easier than wemeriie, and this it probab}/ owes to the large percentage of soda. At all the localities the mineral oocura to a large extent in a crumbling state. Some of it appeara to be changed to a kind of greenish leuditenbgite.
Ocnteeranite appears to be the same mineral in an altered form. It ocoun in the same region, and the dipyre may be seen passing into couseranite. Its square prisms are usually rough or rounded exteriorly, and -black or grayish-blade to deep black in color, but sometimes whitish and bladcish on the same specimen. It is often soft and fVagile. Chupentier*s mineral ombb the department of Ari (formerly Oouserans). Analyses : 1, Duroioy (Ann. d. IC, II. iv. 327); 2, Pisani (Deed. Min., i 234):
Si Si An &g
Oa
1. 9 60 24
2. " libarens 66*5 24*8
9*0
3. " Pousao 66*22 23*06
6*85
7*79
Si
£1
te
ttg
Ca
jfa
a
ft
62*87
24*02
1*40
8*96
=96-56 .
58*33
20*20
0*99
0*76
Pisani's analysis was made on large square prisms from Pousaa It has the compositioB of agalmatelite. th of the analyses indicate the alteration by the amount of potash present
Other localities are near Bagndres-de-Bigorre; at Sentenac near Seix, Arige, hi hard ]lls stone. An orthodase of the region has sometimes been mistaken for oouseranlte.
303. MAWTAT.TTB, v. Baih, Z& G., zriiL 685, 1866. jTSTot MariaMte of ByOa]
Tetragonal. Closely resembles meionite in its cryBtals. Form like (
388, except that 0 is present, and 3-3 are wanting. 1 A 1=138*' (K, nearly.
a=5-5— 6. G.=2-626; but, allowing for impurity, 2S30. Lustra vitreooB. Colorieas, or white. Tranepareut to translucent.
Oonp.— O. latfo fiir A, B. St=l il: S, like dipjm; bnt haTing the alkaliea and lime in the ntBlilinsteadoriil. W+f SD'Si'-t-S Si=&iUB8'S, atomiiu 22'8, lime CUt eoda 13-4=100. Or perhepe ratio 1 : 3 : Si, which girea aillca 631, aliumna W3, linw &S, nd ia-2, agreeing better with the uajriis. Analraiai T.Beth Q-c); Id ie theuia]; with 9e lemoTed u nad mignetite;
a Si Pe Mg fr fc
1. 6S-G0 lOO 4-U 0-3B I'SB S'SO l-0&=99-SS. la. 61'13 ll-Sa 0-31 4-63 9-ST 1-1S=100.
St-S
30L HBPHELITB. SediiMttlge weisse dnrohalehtlge StdtSriUoter mit oder ohne FyramUi aar Bpitie, eto. (fr. TeanTina (Somme)), J. J. Fhrter, Briefo aoB WUechlud, 1S6, IT73 BMeltM oTBtalliMtDe elbus orpitalllB priamaticiB t). Born, Uthaph., IL 73, lTie;=Soiiiiml MwmaOL, T. a 111, lT97;=lTephelliie Tr., liL 1801. Fseado-Hmmite, Paendo-nephe- CdlBoreXn AUWM, J. deFh7&,U.4SB, 1800; id., tbt. of Sonunlte, AfonuA., L a. VeUina, CaTolinite, Dirina, MouLA Omdii, Hin. Teaur., IS26.
Attsteii) BUeoUthfflr. Kof vt) Siapr Msg. Ft. Bed., lit 48, IBOB, Beitr., t. 176, 1810. Plene graaee 2, TaU, <fi, 118, IBOe. Fhoniia (tt. Norway) Deed. MiiL, L 389, 1BS3.
Hexagonal. 0 A 1=135° 55' ; a=0-839. Observed planes : O; prisms, /, i-2, ; pyramids, t, 1, 3, 4, 6 ; 2-2, 4-2. Usual forms six-sided and twelve-sided prisms witn plane or modined summits. Fig. 292, summit planes of a crystal.
O A 2=117° 18' /A 1=134 5
O A 1=147 9 /A 2=152 42
OaJ=154° 9' 1 A 1, pjr.,=139 17
O A 4=104 28 1 A 1, bas.,=88 11
/A i-2=150
Cleavage : / distinct, 0 imperfect. Also massive, compact ; also thin columnar.
H.=5-5— 6. G.=2'5— 2-65. Lustre vitreouB— ETeaBv; a little opalescent in some varieties. Colortesa, white, or yellowish ; eJso when massive, Teeuviua.
wk green, jn-eenish or blnish-gray, brownish and
brick-red. Transparent — opaque Fracture subconchoidal. Double refraction feeble ; axis native.
".—1. Olosy, or Sommlte. UBually in amall ciyBtali or graina, with vttreoua luBtre, jMjl on HL Bomma, In the iion of Veauriue; 0.=a6'i, tt. Teanvina, Scheerer; 3-637, ib f™"- BmirM ia oephelita ttom Teauviua, with Teeble lustre, contalDliig, scuording to Rammela- ™R )>-U p. a oT carbonate of Ume, which he attribntea to partial olterstiOD; and Oavoiiaik aflMaaoMloaalii It bM a illk; luatie owing to longitudinal rift within.
Oxygen Ooiifounbb.
KolEBchaiof found the angle 1 A 1 139'' 17'; whence /A 1=:134'' 6' 22", and a=0'BS89t( (Min. BuBBl, ii. 16o). Breithaupt made /a 1=134<' 5' ; Haidinger 184" 3'; Scaoohi IBS*" 67
2. Ektolitt. In large coarse ciTStals, or maasiTe, with a greasy Inatre. G.= 2*597, fr. Ukak; reith. ; 2*65, fr. Arkanaaa, Smith k Bruah.
/. Nepkdito.
Si
Si
Fe
Ca
&
1. Yesuvius
33*73
20*46
2. "
1*77
3. "
44*29
33*04
1*82
14*93
4. Odenwald
4.S-70
5*60
5. "
0*90
6. L5ban
48*60
82*33
W2
38*28
a
88*76
28*10
9*32
1*10
9. "
36*81
28*66
10*33
16*85
JZ ElaoHU.
lu. FrederickBv'n, gn.
45*31
82*63
0*45
0*38
5*46
I. BreTig, bn.
44*59
82*14
0*86
5*lU
i-i. HiaRk, white
44*30
33*25
16*02
6*83
13. " "
42*51
38-7H
42*33
34*89
15. Marienskaja
30*29
0*72
21*80
1*48
16. Magnet Cove, Ark. 44*46
80*97
2*09
5*91
17. Salem, Mass.
44*81
32*80
<r.
16*43
44*82
0*59
m
With Mn' O*-
silica 44-2, alumina 83*7, soda 16*9, potash 5*2=100.
Analyses: 1, AriVedson (Jahresb., iu 97); 2, 3, 4, Scheerer (Pogg., xItL 291, zlix. 359), 5. Omelin (Neph. im Bolerit, etc, Heidelberg, 1822) ; 6, Heidepriem (J. pr. Ch., 1. 600); 7, MontuselB k Covelli (Prod. Min. Yesuv., 375, and Pogg., zl 470); 8, 9, Bammelsbeig (Pogg.. ciz. 579, aod Min. Ch., 652); 10, 11, 12, Scheerer (Pogg., zlyi. 291, zUz. 859); 13, 14, Bromeis (Pogg., ]dTi9. 577); 15, P. y. PnsireTskj (Koksch. Hin. RussL, iii. 78); Smith t Brush (Am. J. Sd, XLxri 371); 17, J. P. KimbaU (Am. J. ScL, H. zxix. 65); 18, D. M. Balch (Proo. Essex Xnat, It. 5)-
tL
0*63=98-92 Aifved. 0*31=100*33 Schearer. 0-2 1 99-40 Scheerer. 1-39=100-74 Scheeir. 1-39=101-13 Gmelin. 0-82, ftg 0-11 100*39 Held.
=96-89 M. a
1-96, 01 <r., C 5-63=99-59 BnoB
0-60=100-72 Scheerer. 206= 100*69 Scheerer.
, Ag 0-07=100*60 Sdieenr
, lilg 0-77=98-13 Brown.
0*92, Mg 0-45=100-77 Brown.
, Mg 0 15=100*53 Pusir.
0*95=100*65 a B. 1-47=100-91 KimtmlL =99*71 Bakjh.
In the last analysis, the mineral, previous to analysis, had been dried at 150*" 0. ; when dried at 100 C, it afforded 1*3 1 p c. of water. Traces of muriatic aid, and also of sulphuric, weie delect* ed by Scheerer and Bromeis; and in one uepheline from Mt Somma they found U'32 of thefonaer and 0*10 of the latter. Other analyses: of £. fr. Norway, Scheerer, Pogg., cxix., 145; K. fr. Meiches in the Yogelsgeb., A. Knop, Jahrb. Um 1865, 686.
Pyr., etc — B.B. fuses quietly at 3*5 to a colorless glass. Oelatiniaas with adds.
Obs< — Nephelite occurs both in andenl and modem volcanic rods, and also metaoKMphie rocks allied to granite and gneiss, the former mostly hx glassy crystals or grains (scmimitey, the latter massive or in stout crystals (ekeoHte). A doleryte containing much disseminated nepheHne, Boca as occurs at Katssenbuckel, near Heidelberg, has been called nepheHnophyre and Mpheiindoleryie, A granite-like rock found near Miask, in which elamlite replaces quarts, has been named miMcyle, from its locality. A rock composed of orthodase, elisolite, and sodaUte, from Ditro in Trans-I- vania, is the dUroyie of Tschermak. The zircon-syenite of Norway contains much elaeolite.
Nephelite occurs in crystals in the older Uivas of Somma, with mica, idocrase, eta ; at Capo di Bove, near Rome (the locality of the paeudo-nadine) ; in the dinkstone of Kataenbuckd, near Heidelberg ; at Hamberg in Hessia ; Aussig in Bohemia ; Lobau in Saxoi. £3olite ia found tl Brevig Stavern, and Fredericksvilm, Norway, imbedded in sircon-yenite ; in the Ilmen Mts., Urals, along with white feldspar, brown hexagonal mica, siroon, pyrochlore, eta; at MarieDSkaja in the Tunkinsk Mts., Siberia, with graphite, caucrinite, siroon. The oystal measured by was of the variety aommitc or davy occurring at Somma in a geode in limestone with sodalite (Pogg. Erganz.. iii. 478, 1858)
ElttoUte occurs massive and crystallized at litditield. Me., with cancrinite ; m the Osark Mts., Arkansas, with brookite and schorlomite; in a boulder, with sodalite, at Salem, Mass.
Named ntpMine by Hauy (1801X from yfan, a cloudy in allusion to its becoming doudy when
immersed in strong add; etootite (by Klaproth), from /aaim, in allusion to its greasy lube, the
varie having made a distinct spedes earlier by Werner (1808), under the German name of
" >ia. The name aommiie derived from the Yesuvian locality, given In 1797 by Delamethensi,
priority. But Werner early adopted Haiiy's name, and later authors hare all takm thf
Uni8Ili0At£8.
A uberal from Norway, of a yeUowiahbrown oolor, colled phoniiiid ia yeiy much like elaolite oooidisg to Deadoiaeaux.
AIL— NepheKte or elsDolite ia liable to readj alteratioOf and uaually produoea a zeolite, aa (ham tomiifL The ChsatrkUt of Sbepard, aooording to Smith and Brush, is ihomsoniU (q. y,\ and ita situa* tkn in csTitiea in elieolite ahows that it is a product of alteration. The larse amount of soda in nephelite compared with the ailica fits it eapoiaUy for generating aeolites. Blum attributes bergmaiuute to the alteration of elaolite (Pogg., IzzzTiL 315, and cy. 138).
Gimckik ia ahown by Blum to be a pseudomorph after this apeciea. It differs mainly in con tiining several per cent of water. It occurs in six-sided greenish-gray prisms of greasy lustre, in Greenland, having 0 A lISS"* nearly ; and also at Diana, in Lewis Co., N. T., with the same fogie for the moat part, although the results of measurement vary between 131° and 139". The OTBtib of Diana are hexagonal in deavage r jet the planea of cleavage are often separated by iBpen of a waxy appearance, without luatre or deavage. Aocording to Desdoizeaux, the material of the oystals acta on polarized light like a gum or colloid, and is evidently a result of alteration. UtitMehiA, from the valley of fleims, in the Tyrol, ia considered by Blum a similar pseudomorph, ud Desdoiaeaux austains this oondusion. See firther Pintts, under Htdbous Sxlxoates.
Hsotite baa been observed altered alao to mica and opal. Davyne is regarded aa altered nephrite, due to the introduction of carbonic add, aa atated above ; and canorinUe ia aupposed ID liavB had the aame origin.
304A. OANOAINITK G. Boae, Pogg., xlviL 779, 1839.
Hezagonal, and in six and twelve-sided prisms, sometimea with basal edges replaced ; 0 A 154'r, /Ai=:ll5*' 63', iAi=164° 47'; also thin columnar and massive. U.=5— 6. a.= 2*42—2-6. Color white, gray, yellow, green, blue, reddish; streak unoolored. Lustre aubntreoos, or a little pearly or greasy. Transparent to translucent
Oovp.— Formula the same as for nopheline, with some ft C and n fii!, & of the silicate to that of the carbonate being mostly aa 8 : 1. Rose found no water. Analyses: 1, 2, G. Rose. (Fogg., zlviL77); 3, Puairevsky (Koksch. Min. BusaL, iii 76); 4, 6, J. D. Whitney (Fogg., Ixx. 431); 6, r. Strove (Fogg., xc. 616) ; 7, Fuairevsky (I c); 8, G. Tsohermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. :34); Gh. Fhya., IIL Ixvii.) :
& Ca Ka & C £[
— =100-27 G. Rose.
=:V9-70 G. Rose.
8-70, Fe,fln 019, g 99*60 F.
2-82, Mn, Fe 0-86=10u-31 Wh.
8-28, Mn, Pe 0-27 Whitney.
(C k tL) 8*51=100 Struve.
407 =99*86 Fusirevsky.
Tschermak.
101*07 Fisani.
6.= 2-448, yellow, fr. Litchfield, Ke., Whitney; 2*461, green, ib. ; 2*489, roae-red (anal 8), fir. BiD Mta., Pasirevaky ; 2*454, yellow (anal. 7), fr. Tunkmak Mta., id.; 2*42, fr. Ditro (anal tsehennak; 2*404, fr. Barkeng, sani (anal. P).
(ancriuite ia doaely like nepholite in crystalline form, and it is probably identical with it io fttoinic ratio, excepting the carbonate and water, which may be due, as stated, to alteration, loe is intermediate in composition, and differs only in that it has the carbonic acid combined vithlime alone.
Whitney found a trace of chlorine in his analyses. The red color of the Miask cancrinite is to disseminated gins of hematite, according to Kenngott, who also found calcite in micronopic grains, and auggcsts that this may bo the source of the carbonic add of cancrinite.
Pn, ETC.— In the dosed tube gies water. B.B. loses color, and fuses (F.=2) with mtu* >M8oeuoe to a white blebby glass, the very easy fusibility distinguishing it readily from nephelite. Eforaoes with muriatic add. and forms a jeUy on heating, but not before.
On.— Found at Miask in the Urals ; of dtron-yeUow oolor at the Marienskoy graphite mine is T!ukin8k lita., 400 versts west of Irkutsk, in a coarse granite, with zircon, calcite, and >HDetite ; at Barkevig; in the Inngesnnd-fiord, Norway, whitish and pale yellowish, with blue lodblite and " bergmannite ; " at Ditro in Transylvania, pale fleah-red, in the rock called dUfoyttt <M.fi8ting of orthoclase, elsolite, and sodalite (anal 8). In crystals and massive, with blue soda* ii St litdifleld, lie.
Hmeo Mta. 40*69
28*29
17*38
0*57
t " 40-26
28*34
17*66
0*82
3. " (f) 35*96
29*67
6*68
i litdifield, ydhio 37*42
27*70
8*91
20*98
0*67
6*95
1. " - ffreeniOi 37 2o
5*26
20*46
6*50
6. Tonkinak Mta. 38*83
-28*65
4*24
{Ok
1. " 37*72
27*76
8*11
21*60
5*61
8l Ditro 87*2
80*8
6*1
17*4
6*2
9. Barkevig 41*62
28*09
4*11
17*15
3*60
OXTSto cxnovuNDe,
306. BGDAUTE. SodaUte {ft. Onenluid) Thmtoft, B. Soo. Ed. Tr t. SSI, ntd Nor. lUG CUL Hag, xxxtL S03, 1810.
iBOmetric. In dodecahedrons, f. 3 ; also 4, 5, 10, 11, 14. Cleava: dodeoahedr&l, more or leas distmct. Twins: hexagonal prisms, terminating in 12 plaoea forming 6 prominent triangular ridges of 120°, radiating from the centre, and arising from a combination of dcecahedrons. Also massive.
H.=5-5-6. G.=2-136-2-26,Ve8nriuB; 2-401,fr. Scarrnpata, v.Eath; £289, Ural; 2-37, Greenland; 2-294— 2-314, Salem, Kimball. Lustra vitreoos, sometimes inclining to greasy. Color gray, greenish, yeCowifih, white ; sometimes bine, lavender-bine, light red. Subtransparent — trsoe- Incent. Streak nncolored. Fracture conchoidal— uneven.
Oomp.— (i S' Si'+i Ca-(S')' Si Boda 19-3, Bodium t-T, chlorine 1-fl=]aO. Tbetu Uut the blue color may be owing lo ferric add pi
Analfsos: I, Ekeberg (ThomsoD's Ann. PbiL, I 104); 3, ArfvedBOti (JaliKih, LSI); 1,S, S, v. xriiL SSL); 1, Hormum (Poggn ilnl 811); 9, 10, Whitoe; (Fogs', lix. H, J. P. KimlniAm. J Goi., II. zxiz. IS, D. IL Balch (Froo. Embz luat., salem. It. 4);
8i Si Fe Ck ffa CI
1 Gieeolatid 86-00 33-00 0-lS — SG-00 S-1G=99-0 Ekeberg.
3. " SB-53 37-4S 1-00 S-1 3S-G0 3-O0, ign. 2'l 98-;j0 T.
3. Teaarius 81-99 32-fi9 — GG-GG* a-30=]00-43 ArfVedBiak
4. 38-12 Sl-as — — iM-37 6-S9=iuo-8S Ranun., a.=S'1sa. G. 88-7fl WSJ 28-48 8-6fi=99-36 Bamln.
31-01 4-08 0-43 16-43 1-18,Nb 4-Gl, igii.|-lt IO|-71Bath.
k 3S-40 S3-04 0-31 24'41* 7-10=103-33 Hoftuaim.
rwoy 38-8S BO-8* 1-31 Sa-03 and', fe 0-Sl, Mg 0-44=98-87 Boca.
Me. 37-aO 33-SS* 33-H6 S'UT, E 0-GU=I01-60 Whitnej.
" 31-113 80-83 1-98 ibiS , rest andel., WhitDGf.
lU. 81-3S 3210 Ir. 3481 6-99=lul-3 Cimball.
87*64 Sa-lS 0-38 18-M 8-46, Na 4-18=99-&l Balch, a.=3-3D.
rilb lonu potuL. TniiMOfSB.UB.W.udUo. ' WIU tuuii O*.
u the closed tnbe the blue varietieB become white and opaque. S.B. fiiaM with ; 3-&— 4, to a colorless glass, Deoompoaed by muriatic and nitro scida, with Mp-
in mica glata, granite, syenite, trap, basalt, aod volcaidc rooka, and often aaudlite (or elalite; aod eudialyte. With sanidineit n which also occur augite, Utanite, and magnotit in cryalala. Fonad in Weal ra slate, along trith reldapsr, arfVedMoICo, and endialyte ; at Yesaviui, on Ucom e, traoslucGDt, dodeceJiedral crystals, with pfroxeDe, mica, and rarely in gtMn with cubic planes, in limeslooe along with idocrsBe and nepheline ; maaaiTe and nbedded in trap at the Eaiseretuhl in Briagau; aJao nearuke Iaiih; in SidlT, th nephelite and aoaldte; at Minsk, in the Urat, blue in the gianita-like rock vithulieoliW andfeldapiu-; Sedlowaloi, in the White Sea, witheadialyte; inoodi)- amoe near Srerig, Norw, or a laTender-bluo color, with elmlite, wuhlarilg
Litchflekl, Ma., masidve, lUstinot deavage aasodatad with ebaft ; a lavender-blue, in a Tela in ayeMIe, at SalM Uaia, violet to UBN
QTthoclaa biotite, and lircoo.
BefigemAnD obtained for a green!h mineral haying G.=2*502| oooarrimc with elieolite at BreT?g it giTM the formula of anorthite (oxygen ratio 1:3:6) with an addition of some chlorid of sodiam; but It may be only an impure sodalite.
Haoied in aUuaioa to its oontaining aoda.
Alt— Sodalite ocean altered to kaolin, like the feldapara, and also In conditiona of partial
Aa altered aodatite from Greenland afiToided Rammelflberg Si 43*20, Si 82*64, Ca 8*00, 1 1*42. kMa)-84,gyingforft, Si, iS, the oxygen ratio 1:4:6:2; but it ia not regarded by ihif choniat aa a dlakinct chemical componnd.
TroQe-Waohtmeiater found a Yeauvian sodalite to contam (Pogg., ii 14) Si 50*98, 27*64 30-M, d 1*26=100*84| which must have been either yery impure or altered.
306. LAFIS-UIZUXX Limtpot Theophr, Sapphiros Piin xzzrii. 89. Sapphirua Agric Fosa, 288, 1646. Qyaneus, Lapia Lasuli (Lapis Azul Arab unde nomen Asuri, aut Laxuli), it Buol htip 273, 1686. Lapis-Laauli, Laiurten, Jaapis colore ooeruleo cuprifer, WalLj Min., 97, 1747. Lapia-Laxuli, ou Pieire d'Azur, I, Trl. Wall, L 186, 1768. Zeolites Bloa (=:Blue Zeolite], Lapia Lazuli, OronsL, 100, 1768. Zeolithus caeruleus v. BortL, Lithoph., I 46, 1772. Luontein Germ. NatiTe Ultramarine. Outremer Dr,
Isometric. In dodecahedrons f. 3, 4. Cleavage : dodecahedral, imperfect. Commonly massive, compact.
H.=5— 5*5. G.=2'38— 246. Lustre vitreous. Color rich Berlin or azure-blue, violet-blue, red, green ; also colorless. Translucent — opaque. Fracture imeven.
Oompi— A silicate of soda, lime, and alumina, with a sulphid probably of iron and sodium. Aaaljaes : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L 189) ; 2, Gmelin (. J., ziv. 329) ; 3, Kohler (Ramm. Min. Ch., 710); i, Schultz (ib.); Yarrentrapp (Pogg., xlix. 616); 6, T. Hauer (Verb. Or, Keichs., 1860, 86); 7, F. Field (Q. J. Oh. Soo, iT. 831) ; 8, Schalta (L a) :
Si Si Fe Ca Ifa IS S
1. Orient 46-0 14*6 30 176 2*0 4*0, C 10-0=97-0 Klaproth.
1 49 11 4 16 8 tr. 2, litg 2=92 Gmelin.
7. Andes 66-9 20*0 0-1 101 8 2-9 Field.
Pyr., etCi-Heated in the closed tube gives off some moisture; the variety fVom Chili glows vith a bertie-green light, but the color of the mineral remains blue on cooling. Fuses easily (8) intumescence to a white glass. Decomposed by muriatic add, with separation of gelatinous aSea aad evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Obfl.~It is usually found in syenite or crystalline limestones, associated often with pyrite and BDci Id Kales.
Ocean of a deep blue color in Siberia, at Bucharei, in limestone, with pyrite, apatite, and glausoGte; near the river Talaja, and also the Bystrja, in the Lake Baikal region, in a crystalline lime- s' oootaiolng mica, in syenite ; alao on the Sudianka in the same region ; at Ditro in Transylyuua, in a bomblendio vein in syenite ; in Persia ; China; Thibet; at Bardiskschan in Tartary ; Qi the Andes of Oralle, near the sources of the (3azadero and Yias, tributaries of tho Eio Grande, io t gnnitio rock. On the banks of the Indus it is disseminated in grajrish limestone.
TLe richly colored varieties of lapis lazuli are highly esteemed for costly cases and ornamental ftmitnre; alao employed in the manufacture of mosaics ; and when powdered constitutes the rich ttd dumble paint called vUramarine. B. de Boot gives, in his work above referred to, the method joployed for making artificial ultramarine. An ultramarine, chemically prepared, equal to that "QQ native lapis lasuli in color and permanent, and now extensively used in the arte, contains to Yarrentrapp
OXTGEN OOlfFOUNlM.
307. HAUVNITU. Latialite (f. the Gampagna, ancient LatiL) Cfiitnondi in Kem. rtad u 1803, before the Acad, de lanoei at Rome, but unpublished. Haiijne BrwufNeergard Bdiw. J., hr. 417, 1807, J. d. AL, XXL 865, 1807. Auina ItaL Beraeline L. A. IMoer, Bibl Uniy zItl 52, 18S1, Regne Min. Paria, 1835 ; v. RaOu Za G., zviiL 646, 1866=Karialite i222o=Gi mondina ottaedrica Med, Spadeu
Isometric. In dodecahedrons, octahedrons, etc., f. 3 — 7 ; also with
planes 3, 3-3. Cleavage: dodecahedral distinct. Twins: composition-
293 face octahedral, as in f. 293,
parallel to all the planes 1 ; and I. 294. parallel to one plane, with races of the dodecahedron. Commonly in rounded grains often looking like crystals with a ftised surlace.
H.=6-5-6. G.=2-4-2-5; Lustre vitreous, to somewhat
freaky. Color bright blue, skylue, greenish-bine ; asparafns-reen. Streak slightly luiSi to colorless. Subtransparent to translucent. Fracture flat conchoidal to uneven.
Var— For the mineral fr. Marino, G.= 2*833, Gmelin; fir. Vesuvius, G.= 2*464, Bamm.; fr. MelA, G.= 2*466, Scacchi; fe. L. Laach, 2*481, y. Bath. The white yariety from near Albano ii Berzdtne of Necker, according to t. Bath (L c.), from whom figs. 293, 294, representing twins of it| are taken. Yom Bath remarks that the mineral analyzed by Gmelin (Obs. de Hauyna, etaX which has been referred to berzeUne, was a mixture.
Oompi ira+} Xl)*8i + alumina 27*4, lim 9*9, soda 16*5, sulphuric add 14*2=100. Analyses: 1, Gmelin (Obs. de H., Heidlb., 1814, J., xiv. 326, xy. 1); 2, Vairentrapp (Pogg., xUx. 516); 3-5, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., Ixx. 431) 6, Bammelsberg (Pogg., cix. 577j; 7, id. (Z& G., xii 273); 8, y. Bath (lb., xyl 84); 9, y. xyul 547) :
Ca
Albana
1. Marino
2. Kiederm'g
Si
85*01
33*90
28*87 27*41
27*75
9e 1*16
Mg
Mt Albano
Vesuyius 27*64
Melfl 34-88 29*84
L. Laach 33*11 27*85
Beneline 32*70 2817
0*31
tr. 1*05
12*55
7*50
10*60
5*54 11*70
JTa
9*12
19*28 14*24 11*79 10*39 11*13
16*55 [.S*45] 12-39 Gmelin.
6*2 12*60, Fe 0*1 7, a 0-58.
S 0*24=98-34 T 12*01=100-73 Whitney 12-13=101*58 Whitney
2-40 12*98=99-77 Whituey.
4-96 11*25=100*30 Bamm.
3-76 11-08, 01 <r.=9-77 B.
1*12 0*20 12-54, ao*33=108-0lB
4*64 0-48 12*15, CI 0*66, Ka 048
101-21 B
8, and loM.
The haaynite from medermendig, according to Whitney, corresponds in oompodtioQ to 2 faa&y nite+1 nosite.
Pyr., etc.— In the dosed tube retains its color. B.B. in the forceps ftises at 4*5 to a white glass. Fused with soda on charcoal affords a sulphid, which blackens sUyer. Decomposed b; muriatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs.— Occurs in the Vesuyian layas, on Somma ; at Melfl, on Mt Vultur, Naples, in a kind of Yaya called Hauynophyr a bhiok to brown rock containing the hailynite disseminated through it, of black, green, blue, red, and brown colors, and also white, and sometimes red inside and blue outside ; in the layas of the Gampagna, Bome, and also in the peperino of Marino and Larieoia near Albano, of sky-blue, bluish-green, and sometimes opaline also white {bendmi iu baaalt at Niedermendig and Mayea L. Leach, in a trachytic rock ; at Mt Dor in Puy de Dome : at 8t Micliiers, Aaorea.
ITuned after the crystallogplier and mineralogiat Ha&j.
The Tariatioiia in the analjaea as to water present show a to hydration and t) oter diangea in the mineral.
iTEnsm Omdm (. J., znri. 74, 1822); Skolopsitb v. KobeU (GL Anzeig., xxviii. 038, 1S49X Rammelsberg has shown (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1862, 1864) that ittnerite and skolopsite tn probaUj altered hauynite or nosite. Ittnerite oontains 10tol2p.o.of water, and scolopeite Tviesin the water none to 10 p. a Ittnerite occurs in tranalncent dodecahedrons or granulai massiTe, with H.=5'5; G.=2*37 — 2*40; color dark bluish or ash-gray to smoky gray; lustre reeiiunfl, and comes from Kaiserstuhl near Freiberg, in Brisgau, Sasbach, and Endingen.
Soolopsite occurs granular massive; H.=5; G.=2'68, color grajriah- white, to pale reddish* gnj, aad is from Kaisentahl, and occurs in the same rode with ittnerite (Fischer, Ber. Gea. Freibarg, 1862).
Aijaljaea: 1, Gmelin (L c); 2, J. D. Whitney (Fogg., Izx. 442); 3, Rammelsberg (Ber. Ak. Bniin, 1864, 171); 4, t. KobeU (L a); 6, BammeUberg c, iL 1862, 246); 6, id. (iU, 1864 172):
L Murik t " t 4 SetUtpiiU I. "
ft
80-60*
17*86
Fe
02
&g
19*29
Ca
0*76 3-42
2-28 16-84
2*67 16-10
1-80 12-21
12*04
&
1*20 2*18
10-7 [9-83]
2-86 0-73=98-86 Omelin. 1-26=1(>0 Whitney.
4*39
With H &
[10 26] 3*66
k With a little It* Ot.
0-62=98*93 Ramm. 056= 100-97 KobeU. 1-36=100-05 Ramm 1-27=100 Ramm.
SooiopgiU was named from foAoi a BpUmiar from its spUntery fracture.
i08. N08ITB. In rifna (K Laach) lapiUos elegantiores et sapphires reperire est) FrfiherM Orig, PalatiDarum, iL 86, 1612. SpineUan Nose, Noggerath's Min. Stud. Gtob. Niedderrhein, 109, J de Phya., Izix. 160, 1809. SpineUan, Nosian, KJapr, Breitr., yL 871, 1816. Hauyne pt Konan, Koein, aom$ author.
Isometric, like haiiynlto. In dodecahedrons. Often granular massive. H.=5*5. G.=2*25— 2'4. Color grayish, bluish, brownish ; sometimes niack. Translucent to nearly opaque.
-0, alumina 31*0, soda 24*9=100. A Uttle chlorid of sodium is also present ; ratio of chlorid tc sulphate about 1 : 10.
AnalTses: 1. 2. Bergmann (Bull Scl, 1823, iii. 406); 3, Varrentrapp (Pogg adix. 615); 4, 5, J. D. Whitner (Pogg.. Ixx. 431); 6-9, ▼. Rath (ZS. G., xvi. 86):
Hn 1*00=99-11 Bergm. Sn 99-59 Bergm. =99-22 Varrentrapp. =100-34 Whitney =100*99 Whitney. i 0-34=100*48 Rath, G.=
=100-64 Rath, G.= 2*209 100 Rath, G.= 2-386. =100 Rath, G.= 2 -399.
Baproth, hi his analysia (Beitr., rl 8761 obtained Si 43*0, £l 29*6, 9e 30, Ca 1*6, 190, 9
itc.>-B3. like hauynite. Gelatinizes in adds, yielding no sulphuretted hydrogen.
Ob.— From near Andemach on the Rhine, at Uce Xiaach, in loose blocks consisting larpli K a feldspar, with mica, magnetite, and occasionally xircon, occupying cavities in the mi M ia mall or erystals ; also found at Bieden aod YoDcersfeld in a leocite rook.
Handaftar W. Kom of Braniwkdc.
Si SI
Pe
Oa ifTa & 01 8
88*50 29-26
1*14 16*66 816,
87*00 27-60
8*14 12*24 11*66,
85-99 32*67
4. " ft. "
36*52 29-64 ) 86*63 29-42 t
dk Inu 36*72 2908 '
0*76
7. -
hfL-gy.
36*69 28*46
fRA.
36*46 29*61
2*37 20*60 2-02 0'70 7*34:
9.
36*87 26*60
0*28
406 20*76 0-87 1*08 1000:
Sm
Oxtosk Oomfoujids.
309. LEUOITB. Weisse Granaten, Weisse gnnat-fonnige ScL6il-Gi78tall6D (ft*. YotaTios) J. J. Furber Briefe ans Wfilschland, 166, 176, etc., 1778. Baaaltes alias polyedrua gnnati formiB, eta, v. Bom Lithoph., iL 78, 1776. Schorl blanc J. JH. of Ferber. Grenatii Uana caldn (fir. YesuYias, where called Oochio di Pemioe, Borne, etc.) de Sausaure J. de Phji, ▼il 21, 1776. (Eil de Perdriz, Grenats blanc altdrds par ooe yapeur adde qui ajant diaaoat k fer a lisa lea greats dans un tat de blaikcheur, Sof/e lOiu, L 817, 1777 ; de LidU, la. 330, 1783. Weiaae Granaten ffojfhkf Beigm. J., 464 474, 1789. White Garnet Leudl WenL, Bergm. J., 1 489, 1791, Hdpflier*8 Mag. N. Helyet, ir. 241. Lendte J. d. IL, r. 260, 1799. Amphigdne J£| Tr., ii. 180L
Isometric. TTsnal form the trapezohedron (f. 295\ Cleavage: dodecahedral, very imperfect. Surfaces oi crystal! eyen, but seldom shining. Often disseminated in grains; rarely massive granular.
H.=5-5— 6. G.=2-44— 2-56. Lustre vitreoua. Color white, ash-gray or smoke-gray. Streak unoolored. Translucent— opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 8 ; & Sl+ Si Si*=SOica 66*0, alamina 28*6, potaah 21*6=100. Analjraas 1-4, Klaproth (Beitr., !L 89)| 6, ArfVedson (AfhandL 1 Fya., tL 189); 6, Ardejef (Pogg b 107); 7-9, Bammelsberg (Pogg., zc?iiL 142); 10, 11, Biaobof (Lehrb., ii.); 12, Rammelaber| (Min. Oh., 999) ; 13-1 6, Bischof (L c) ; 16, Bammelsberg (Pogg.. xovilL 160) ; 17-20, Biscfaof (L &); 21. A. Knop (Jahrb. liin., 1866, 686):
5t
Si Ca JTa & £[
63*760 24-626
21*360
=99*726 Kliqiroth.
2. "
63*60
24*25
— .
=97-84 Klaproth.
8. Pompeii
-
19*60
=97-50 Klaproth.
4. Albano
64*
23*
.—
22*
— =99 Klaproth.
6. Yesuvius
66*10
23*10
—
—
21*16
— , Fe 0-96=101-30 AriVedflOB.
6. "
66*06
23*03
tr.
1*02
7. "
66*10
28*22
0*67
20*69
— —100-48 Bammelsberg.
8. "
66*26
23*26
0*82
0*48
=100*40 Bammelsberg.
9. "
(i) 66*48
23*14
0*50
0*62=100*42 Bammelsberg.
10. "
67*84
0*20
6*04
12*46
0-69, Fe 0-14=100*11 BiadioC
11. "
66*49
22*99
0*04
3*77
12. "
67*24
22*96
0*98
18*61
——100-66 Bammelsberg.
13. "
65*81
8*88
=99*27 Bischof. G.=2*ftl9.
14. LLaadi
64*36
24*23
16. "
56*22
28*07
0*28
6*40
=99-66 Bischof.
I
23*16
0*26
0*74, 010-03=100*09 Bamm. Q.=t'4U,
22*44
17*12
1*41=100 Biadiot
18. "
68*10
22*76
1*78
17 36Biadiofl
19. "
66*46
1*98
17*43 Bischof.
66*32
2*16
21. Yogelaberg
(f ) 66*61
22*92
2*96
1366,
Fe 2-83=100*14 Knop.
Potash, regarded long as an alkali exdasively of the yegetablo kingdom, was first fmid among minerals in this spedes bj Klaproth, whose earliest analysis was made in 1796.
Bammelsberg does not find the large proportion of soda announced for some kinds bj BisdioC According to Derille, the leudte of the modem Ycsuyian lavas contain more soda than that of the andect of Somma, the ratio of soda to potash m that of the lava of 1865 being 1 : 2*09 ; is the 1847, 1 : 1-67 ; and in the Somma, 1 : 8*21. Specimen for anaL 7 is tnm lava of 1811, odorless, transparent, G.=2-480; for 8, id. in grams; for 9, 10, pure crystals from the YeeuTiaa eruption of Ap. 22, 1846; for 11, id. of Feb. 10, 1847; for 12, id. of January, 1867; for 18, dak of eruption not stated ; for 14, 16, small crystals, externally somewhat altered ; 16, larger fimiH yellow crystals, of feeble lustre and little hardness; 17, ttie same; 18-20, of diiforsnt parti or same cryatals, 18 the exterior, 20 the interior, and 19 an intermediate portion.
By spectral examination, Bichter has detected lithia in the Yeauyian leudta.
Uki8Ilioate8.
83S
Pyr B.B. inAisiUe : with cobalt eolation gives blue color (alumina). Decomposed bj Butetic add without gelatinisation.
Oba— Leocite is conflned to Tolcanio rocks, and to those of certain parts of Europe. At VffDTins and some other parts of Italy it is thickly disseminated through the lava in grains, and the name Imdiopkyr and alBO ampMgenyte has been given to such lavas. It is a consUtuent in the Bephelin-doieryte of Merches in the Yogehiberg (anal. 21); abundant in trachyte between Lake laaeh and Andemach, on the Rhine. Vesuvius presents the finest and largest ciTStallizations. Near Rome, at Borghetta to the north, and Albano and Frasoati to the south, some of the older Una appear to be almoat entirely composed of it
The Isudtic lava of the neighborhood of Borne has been used for the last two thousand years, atkaitt in the formation of mill-stones. Mill-stones of this rode have been discovered in the aantians at PompeiL
Kaiaad by Werner from Xtw4s whiter in allusion to its color.
BMoft name, Ampkigme, is of later date, and is firom a/ii. and ycvMu, to make, in allusion to the siistenoe of cleavage in two directions (which is not a fact), and to his inference therefrom of two "primitive forms" (wliich is only a notion of his) ; and it has therefore the best of claims for Rfjectioii.
Alt— Eddspar, nephellfee, and kadhi occur with the form of leudte, as a result of its altera* tioD. The glassy feldspar pseudomorphs were first announced by Scacchi, and since by Blum. The folktwiiig axe analyses of altered leudte: 1, 2, Bammelsbeig (lOn. Oh., 647); 8, 0. Stamm (AmL Ch. Fhann., zdx. 287); i, 5, Bammelsberg (Min. Oh., 647); 6, Beiigemann (J. pr. 01i 418):
Si Si Oa ifTa & ign.
9-03=100 Bammelsberg. 9-26=100-68 Bammelsberg. 8-9S, ftg 0-67, Fe 1-36=10116 Stamm. Iklg 0-27=99-98 Bammelsberg
100*14 Bammelsberg.
-66-00 i Bammelsberg, Mg 1-22, 1-98=99-82 Bergemann.
The mineral of 1 and 2 Is white and kaolin-like; 3, occurs in trachyte; 6, are Somma crys* tab, and A, under each, part of same decomposable by muriatic add ; B, part undecoropoAable ; 6, oyatal, having H.=6-6, G.=2'6616.
Na 3 has nearly the composition of aoaldte, and was published as of that spedes. But Bose (Pogg., diL 621) and others make it an altered leudte, with the composition of analdte. 1 and S are nearly the same in constitution with 3, as Bammelsberg states. 4, 6, correspond, according to Bammelabeig, to a mixture of nephelite (A part) with glassy feldspar (B part) ; aud yet has the composition of a potaah-dodMeueile. 6 has the composition and reactions nearly of oHgocUxM (oxygen ratio, 1 : 3*1 : 9*4): it lost by ignition 1*22 p. a ; 6*97 p. c were soluble in muriatic add,
1
22*64
10*13
ITesovins
(1) 6T-87
1*28
11-09,
4A -
0*66
4-10,
4a
mdK. 39-91
0*30
6-84:
6*32
10-93=
5A. -
dfleom. 24-00
0*71
2*86:
6a
mdeo. 34-78
tr.
8-64:
€. Oberwiesenthal 60*46
13-63,
Feldspar Group.
The feldspars are characterized by specific gravity below 2*85 ; hardness Cto7; fusibility 3 to 5 ; oblique or clinohe(&al crystallization; prismatic angle near 120 ; two easy cleavages, one basal, the other brachydiagonal, inclined together either 90®, or very near 90° ; cleavage a prominent feature of many massive kinds, and distinct in the grains of granular varieties, pngthem angular forms ; close isomorphism, and a general resemblance in Bjetems of occurring crystalline forms ; twinning parallel to the clinosection and and sometimes 2-1 (or the corresponding triclinio ) ; tensition firom granular varieties to compact, homstone-Tike kinds, ced felsiteSy which sometimes occur as rocks ; onen opalescent, or having a
83fl OXYGEN COMPOTTKDB.
play of colors as seen in a direction a little oblique to i-i ; often aTenturine. from the dissemination of microscopic crystals of foreign BnbstanoeB parallel for the most part to the planes 0 and /.
The protoxyd bases are lime, soda, potash, and in one species baryta ; tne sesquioxyd only alumina ; the oxygen ratio of the protoxyds and sesquioxyds is constant, 1:3; while that of the silica and bases varies from 1 : 1 tc 3 : 1, the amount of silica increasing with the increase of alkali, and becoming fip*eatest when aUalies are the only protoxyds.
The included species are as follows :
0. ratio ft 8, Si
AVOBTHin
lime feldspar
1:3:4
LABRADOmn
Ume-eoda feldspar
M
1:3:6
Htaloprahi
Baryta-potash feldspar
Monodixdo
1:3:8
Boda-lime feldspar
1:3:8
Ougoclasi
Ii U Ii
M
1:3:9
ALsm
Soda feldspar
1:8:1S
Orthoclasi
Potash feldspar
1:3:12
The species appear in the analyses beyond to shade into one another by gjadnal transitaoDs; but whether this is the actual fact, or whether the seeming trantions (when not (Vom bad anal- ▼ses) are dae to mixtnros of different kinds through oontemporaneous crystallization, is not pot* itiyely ascertained. The latter is the most reasonable view. It has been shown by Bretthanpt and others that orthodase and albite (or \h%poUuih and soda feldspars) occor together in infinitesimal interlaminations of the two species, and that the soda-potasn Tariety called pertUfe (p. 356) is one of those thus constituted. This structure is apparent under a magnifyiDg power, and alao when specimens are examined by means of polarized light Moreover, Uiese and other feldspars ▼ery commonly occur side by side or intercrystallized when not interlaminated; as oligodase an orthodase in the granite of Orange Summit, N. Hampshire, and Danbnry, Oonn. ; in obsidian in Mexico ; in trachytes of other regions. 8uch facts show that the idea of indefinite shadings between the spedes is probably a false one, since the two keep themselyes distinct, and, in the perthite and similar cases, even to microscopic perfection. They also make manifest that oontemporaneous crystallization is a true cause in many cases.
Intermediate varieties may also come through alteration under the agency of infiltrating waters. Water filtrated through powdered feldspar of any kind soon becomes alkaline by taking up part of the bases. Moreover there is a strong tendency to alteration, and tiie final production of kaolin, a change involving the loss of aU the protoxyd bases, and also much of the silica, the oxj* gen ratio of the silica and alumina beiog thus reduced to 1 : 1, from 3 : 1 in orthodase or albite, and from 2 : i in labradorite.
The species andesite Is still a doubtful one.
The play of colors, eepedaUy remarkable in much labradorite, and occurring also in some adularia, albite, and oligodase, indicates, according to Reusch (Pogg., cxvL 892, exviiL SM, cxx. 95), the existence of a cleavage structure of extreme delicacy transverse to the median or brachydiagonal section. In adularia the plane of this deavage is perpendicular to this section (or that of the dinodiagonal); in labradorite it is in general more or less Indtnedaod differently in different spedmens. The play of color, Reusoh observes, appears therefore to be that of thin plates; yet the linings of what he regards as a deavage system appear to be of indis' tinguishable minuteness ; and although the existence of thin plates can hardly be established by means of the microscope, it is proved by their effects in the play of colors, nebiUous images within, and the phenomena of inflexion or diffhiction which result their regular gfronping. There ajv pears to be no connection between the indinatiou of the plane in labradorite andtiie colors observed. The play of colors is best seen on a plate polished parallel to the brachydiagonal section when, as Desdoizeaux states, it is turned to the right or left on an axis slightly oblique to the face, which extends toward the obtuse angle between the edges 0/i-f and /'/i-l, and makes an angle of about 70° with the edge 0/t-l; and the maximum effect is produced in two positions aitnated 15" to 50° from one another, which are unequally indined to the face t-i.
The play of colors is independent of the disseminated microscopic crjrstals of aabatanoes which occasion the aventurine effect
The feldspars are intimately related to the isometric spedes of the Lencite group. has the oxygen ratio 1 : 8 ; 8, one of the feldspar ratios ; so that Saometris leodte, monodinie hyalophane, and tridinio andeaite (if this spedes is sustained), form a trimorphona gnmpi Bui
Unibilioatsb.
sn
U
-sj*
it
/
T
D
T
D
1/
vtule the farm of lendte appears at first sight to be yery unlike that of the true feldspars, then a tcbully approximate isomorphism. For the monodinio aud tridinic forms are strictly oblique or dioohedrised dodecahedrons.
If a be so placed that an octahedral axis, that is, the line between the apices two of the trihedral solid ages, is vertical, it is then a six-sided prism with trihedral summits. If now this axis be inclined 8" 6' in one of the diametral planes of the six-sided prism, It will have the inclination of the axiftof orthodase; and this 8" H is the greatest amount of divergence from the dodecahedral angles that occurs in the spedes. The phmes I, U iadioe to one another at angles near 120**, and correspond to the 6 Ttninl planes of the dodecahedron (as above placed). The basal plauOlsalaododecahedric, forOA/=l22'' ltt',and 0 a t-l (dodecaheirie):=90*. The four planes I are also dodecahedrio, as shown by their position and indinatlons. Thus all the twelve faces of the dodesafasdrdn occur in the above figure; they are lettered D.
Agiin. the pluiea -i and 1-i, whidi replace the edges between the dodeoahedric planes I, ui and 1, 1, with angles near 160, correspond to pJioes of the trapeiohedron 2-8 (that truncating the dodecahedron, t Ux and consequently the figure contains six trapeiohedric planes ; are lettered T.
Again, the planes 2-i are cubic; for they make with the dodeoahedric plane 0 the angle 186* 8', varying but 8' from the isometrio asgla. t'i is another cubic fiice; it is inclined to ij a dodeoahedric plaoB ISiMft'. There are present, therefore, all nx faces of the cube ; they are lettered Bt
Fiaally the plane-t, at the top of the figure (and the only remaining one), lettered O, is octahedric, as shown by its intersections with the cubic, dodeoahedric, and trapezohedric faces ; and also bj Hb inclination to the cubic face 2-t=124*' 51', and to the dodeoahedric face 7=145' 47', these fades m isometric forms being 18' and 144' 44'.
It foDowB then that the above figure contains the dodecdhedrie pUmes /, 0, 1, 1, with their opposites, or the whole koelve; the trapexoftedrie i-i, irt, l-i, with their opposites, or eix; the odahedriCf f-i, with its opposite, or two; and the cubic 2-i, 2-t 2-i; or all ix; and no others. The ao of the oblique cube are 2-i A 24, over 0, 6', 2-i A 2-t=96' 48'. Moreover, the normal apex of the dinohedrised dodecahedron is that part of the crystal occupied by the octahedric piane f-t; in other words, f-i is normally the baaal plane, and not 0 ; and Uie true inclination of the vertical axis is 6' (the angle f-t' a i-t being 98 6').
Accordingly the two deavages in orthodase, parallel to 0 and t-i, are both dodecahedria KoreoTor, l£e directions of twmning are either dodecahedrio (parallel to i-t, which is the most conmoii, and or cubic (parallel to 2-i I
These reiatlous hold true also for the tridinic feldspars, the only peculiari in which is that the prindpal section has slight lateral obliquity, so that the two deavage planes (dodecahedrio) bcfine to one another 93" 16' to 94* 15' instead of 90\ a. Rose, in an artide on albite (Pogg.. .457), alludes to the remarkable fact that the planes 2-1 (see p. 849), eiUier side of 0, make with one another in this spedes very nearly a right angle (90" 85', Neumann, aud 90* 4', Desdoittanz). The fact is not so surprising wheo it is observed that the planes 2-i are cubic faces. They Qomqwnd to 2-1 in orthodase.
3ia ANORTBTTB. DsTDI ANTFE. Matrix of (brundum (fr. the Oamatio, India) Btmrtky Phil Tnna., 1802. Indianite Bonrtk, (3at, 60, 1817 ; Phillips, Min., 44, 1823. Anorthit (fr. Yesuv.) 0. Bote, Qilb. Ann., IxziiL 197, 1823. Oristianite (ChristianiteX Biotina (fr. Yesuv.), Mont On., Huk Yesuv., 1825. Tankit (fr. Norway) BreiOk, Schweigg. J., Iv. 246, 1829. Thlorsauit (lloelaad) Oenth, Ann. COl Pharm., IxvL 18, 1848 ; Thlorsauit bad orlhogr.
latiobite (fir. Labrador) Brooke, Ann. Phil, v. 388, 1823 ; OhUdren, ib., viii. 38, I824=Diplolt 0. Gmelin'a Ohem. Unters. Dipl, Tubingen, 1825. Amphodelit (fr. Finland) K Nor* 'Mi, Pogg xxvL 488, 1882 v. Jossa, Breith. Handb., 531, 1847.
Tridinic a : b (brach.) : o (macro,)= 0-86668 : 1 : 1-57548.
See a paper by the author, Am. J. Sd., II. xUv. 406. The following comparisons will be bet> >ppredated if the reader has before him a dodecahedral crystal (as of garnet), or a model of the "vii BO placed that a trihedral solid angle shall be at top, and one of faces of the trihedral noi&it ahaQ be indined to tiie left The vertical edge to the left will then correspond to the left \ line of the figure of orthodase, that is, to the edge I/L
OZTOm OOUFOVXTDB.
/A 7 '=120° 81'
0 A vt, ov. 2-t',=85 50
(9 am, ov. 2-,=94 10
C? A /'=114 6i
C? A 7=110 40
0 A 2-'=183 14
O A 2-?= 137° 22' (9 A 1=122 8 O A l'=125 43 (? A i-l, ov, l-i,=87 6 il A 7=121 66
A7'=lir 33J' 7' A 32 a=88 48i /3=64 7=86 46}
H
-1'
24*
-2n
a
-4-2'
/
2-t
H
—
Tt
64*
f4
4-r
r
4-2'
2'
M
i-2'
H
1'
H'
Obsenred Planes.
Cleavage : i-i perfect, the latter least so. Tvrins similar to those of albite. Also massive. Structure srranular, or coarse lamellar.
H.=6-7. G.=2-66-2-78; 2-70-2-76, Iceland, Urals, Corsica; 2-762, massive, Eose ; 2*763, amphodelite ; 2*668, indianite, Silliman. Lustre of clcava planes inclining to pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Color white, grayish, reddish. Streal uncolored. Transparent — translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Optic-axial angle large ; one bisectrix positive and nearly normal to i-t, the otner negative and sensibly oblique to i-i.
Var.— 1. AnorihUe was described (torn the glassy crystals of Somma; and jAritHanUt and kkftine are the same mineral ThioraauUeis the same flrom Iceland.
2. IndianUe is a white, grajrishi or reddish granular anorthite India, first deflocibed ia 1802 bj Count Bouraon.
3. is a reddish-graj or dingy peach-blossom-red Tariety, pertly In rather large cryS' lalfl, from Finland and Sweden; the angle between the two deavage sorfooes (or 0 A -0 la 94* 2o', and 0 on edge //r=ll6% LqffoUle of Breithaupt (or, as he says, of ron Jossa, who sent it te him) comes from the same region, and is the same variety ; some of tha cqrstals are 2 inches kng
UKIBILIOATEe.
LaMi from Labrador, is pale rose-red and closely resembles amphoielite. It bas thret desngei, affording, aooorddng to Brooke, the mutual indinatioaB 98* 30', 98* 30', aud 91*, or, acoordhig to Miller, 101* 46', 93* 30' 0 A iX and 109* 0 A /'). Named after Bey. a J. Iatrob&
Walnfltodfs ''ScapoUte from Tunaberg" is anorthite, aooording to O. Rose (Kryst. Oh. Min.,
Oomp.-a ratio 1:3*4; (i It'+f Si)* Si'=8iHca 43'1, alumina 36-9, Ume 200= 100.
ADilyiei: 1, CheneTix (Pha Trans., 1802, 338); 2, G. Rose (aUb. Ann., IzxiiL 173).; 8, 4 Abich(., li 619); 6, Beinwardt (Pogg., L 361); tf, Forchhammer (Jahresb., zx. zxiii. 284); I G. Fr., IL viL 83); 8, Waltershausen (Yulk. Oest, 22); 9, Erdmann (CEfy. Ak. 1848); 10, Noidenskioid (Jahresb., xiL 174); 11, Svauberg (Jahresb., xx. 238); 12, 13, Lragier (Mem. Mos. d'Hist Nat, tIL 841); 14, a J. Brush (Am. J. Scl, IL viu. 391, with flome&ns priv. oontrtb.); 16, 16, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xlyi 387); 17, 18, G. Gmelin (Pogg., iiL IMI, A Strong (Jahrb. Min., 1864, 269, B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 64); 22, Deville (Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL zL 286); 28, B. H. Soott (PhlL Mag., lY. xv. 618); 24, Potyka (Pogg., CTiii. 110); 26, Hiogfatoa (PhiL Mag., IT. xix. 13); 26, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 636); 27, Bammelsberg (>im.(3h.,690):
Si Si 9e Ag Ca fTa i £[
1. Chnatie 3L MtSonma 3. " 4 9. Jara
& ' Heda 9. Amikik
10. Amfhai FSnL
11. " Tonabetg
IT. XoMde 18.
Id. Neorode 30. Hanborg, crytL 21. fiuusfvs 31 St Eustache 23. Bogoslovsk, Ural 2}. KoDchekoYskoi, 25. Ouiiagford, IreL Hytrhaaser Mta.
42*6
46*80
41*78
83*28
38* 36*0 84-7S
2*08
3*20
0-8S
1*80
tr.
tr.
14*94 8*28 16*52 17*7 16*85
0*22
2*6
6*68
0*40
1*45
1*0
0-31, 0*39,
1-86, 0-60= 1-00= 10=
1-66= 1-50= 2-04, 2-04= 318= 0-87= 6-03=
1*57 2-83 1 03 0-38
Chenovix.
100-63 a Bose.
100-04 Abich.
100*34 Abich.
=98-1 Beinwardt
101-89 Porohh. a.=2-70.
. augite 0-69 D. G.=2 75.
Sn 0-78*=99'96 Waltersh.
1-35 under. 0*57=100-19
Erdmann
te 1-70 Noidenskioid.
100*28 Sranberg.
=98-55 Laugier.
97*7 Laugier.
=100-84 Brush.
=99*69 Hermann.
=99-54 Hermann.
Mn 3-16=102-16 Gmelm.
=98-78 Gmelin.
10()-49 Streng. G.=2-76.
100-4 Deville.
100-81 Soott G.=2-72.
101*01 Potyka. G.=x2 78 99-25 Haughton. 100-01 Streng. 101-19 Bammelsberg.
With OaO and Nia WlthMn*0'.
AaaL 28, granular, In dioryte; 24, with hornblende forming a rock; 26, in dioiyte, G.=2-77 ; ijfroBi meteorite of Jnvenas.
obtained in an analysis of his TMoraauiUy which is regarded as the same mineral as that
feldspar (anaL 19), from a serpentine rock, gives the 0. ratio 1 : : 4, and is hydrous,
un had probably lost part of its alumina. For an analysis of tiie same by v. Bath, see Pogg., w. 553.
Ieto— BwB. fuses at 6 to a colorless glass. Anorthite from Mt Somma, and indianite from "Iwatic, decomposed by muriatic acid, with separation of gelatinous silica.
'otMyocors in some granites ; oocasionally Id connection with gabbro and serpentine rocks ; 10 aooM cues along with corundum ; in many volcanic rocks.
inorUiite (cftruftontfe and hioUne) occurs at Mount Vesuvius in isolated blocks among the old
rivines of Monte Somina, associated with sanidin, augite, mica, and idocrase; on the tZi entrance to the bay of Naples ; in the Faroe islands, and on Java; os iWiiDd, on the plain of Thiorsi, Heda, and elsewhere (G.=2-69— 2*76); near Bogoalovsk in thf
840 Oztoen Oohfot7Nd6.
Ural (G.=2*72— . 73, anaL 23, 24) ; at Carl'mgford in Ireland ; in the metecnic atcae of Jufenar (anal 27).
Amphodelite oocurs in Lojo, Finland, in a limestone quarry, and at Tnnaberg. BwedoL ; kpciUti at Lojo and Orris&rfVi ; Knseite is probably the same partly altered (Breith J. pr. C3l, xlm 23o), containing a few p. c. ol' water. LaitvbUe ia from Amitok island, on the coast of Uibndoc Indiamte is the gangue of conmdnm in the Camatic, with garnet, cjauite, and homUende ; tfai specimen analyzed by G. J. Brush was originally from the hands of Count Bouinon, and cazDe ttom the Indian locality.
Anorihiie was named in 1823 by Bose from d¥0(>$Ss oblique the ciTStallixation being tridmic. Bournons name, Indianitef derived from the locality in India, was first published in his Gatalogoe of the Royal Mineralogical Collection, in the year 1817. The species had been described him aa early as 1802 (La), and his description is remarkably complete for the time, it indnding, beside physical characters, a ehemical analysis by Obenevix (anal 1 above) agreeing nearly in esseotiil points with the later by Roee, and quite as well as his, with the true or normal compoeitioa of the mineraL Bourcon supposed that the grains might be rhombohedral in crystallizatioD ; but Brooke, in Phillips' Mineralogy (8d ed.X published in 1823, the year of Rose's pubiicatioD, announced that there were two deavages, inclined to one another 84" 45' and 15', diiTeiing nM widely the same angle (0 a t-i) as ascertained by Justice seems to reqniie tbat Boumon's name should be restored to the species. Beudant, in the first edition of his mineralogy, published in 1824, describes indianite in and called it line-feldspar, raentionmg anorthlte only in his index.
ChristianUe was named by Montlcelli and Covelli after the prince Christian FriedridE of mark, who explored Yesuvius with them ; Amphoddiie ttom dovtie and four, the crystals being often twinned parallel to i4 ; LairobUet after C F. Latrobe, the diaooverbr of the variety.
For recent observations on cryst, see Desd. Min., L 294 ; Hessenb. Min. Not, Na L 6; Websky. ZS. G., xvi. 530 ; Kokscharof; Bull. Ac. St Pet, vii. 326. The angles given are from Kokacbarof, whose measurements agree dosely with those of Marignaa
Alt— XtTveOe K. Nordenskiold, Komonen, Verb. Min. Ges. St Pet, 1843, 112. Cousidned altered lepolite, which is from the same mine in Orrarvi, Finland. Occurs in large aystals, H.q;=3*5; G.=2'796 —2*83; color black externally. The name is sometimes written Imdaaffik.
Sundvikite A. E. Kordenskiold, Beskrifri. Fml. Min., 113, 1855, and Jahrb. Min., 1858. FeU spar-like in form ; G.=2*70 ; from Kordsundvik, Finland. It is regarded as altered anortiiit&
Rwite and polyargite are pinite-like pseudomorphs ; see Pinite.
The following are analyses of these minerals: 1, Komonen (La); 2, Hermann (J. pr. OL, xlvi 893, xlviiL 254); 8, Bonsdorff & Ursin (RanuD. Min. Oh., 593):
Si
&
¥e te
4g
a n
1. Linseite 47-50
2. " 42-22 .Sundvikite 44-82
35*29
6-98 2-00
— 2-58 6*81 6-78
6-62 1 00 Komonen.
3*00 7*00— 100*13 Hermann.
3*38, Mn 1*21=9921 EftU
The presence of little lime and of much water is a peculiarity of each of these minerals.
310A. OroLOPiTEwn Walierahausen, Vulk. Gest, 292, 1853. Qydote occurs in wfaitstnnaparent* glassy crystals, with H.=6. Aooording to v. Waltershausen, in crrstalliatioD it istndinic, like anorthite and labradorite. Analysis afforded him (L a) Si 41*45, £l 29-83, 9e 2-20, Ca 20-3, Mg 0-66, 2*32, & 1-72, fi 1-91=100*92. It coats geodes in thedoleiyte of the Qydopeaii islands near Catania.
31 OB. BABSOwm O. Ro96i Pogg., zlviiL 567, 1839. Massive of a granular taztore with t uearly perfect deavage in one direction.
H.=5-5— 6. G.= 2*74— 2-752. Lustre more or less pearly. Color snow-iHute Bobtraaalii* cent Fracture granular or splinter. Optically biaxial (Dead.).
Mean of three analyses by Varrentrapp (Pogg., xlviii. 568): St 48*71, Si 33*90, tLg 1*54, Oi 15*29=99*44. The analysis corresponds to the oxygen ratio 1:8*18:5*24. B.B alone, fiuee only on the edges to a vesicular glass. Gelatinizes rily on heating with muriatic add. Tb< mineral is probably identical with anorthite. Optical charaoten separate it from scralite. Ocean in boulders in the auriferous sand of Barsovskoi, aa the gangue of the blue corundum, as indiaoite is the gtngne of the corundum of the Camatia
810a Btiowhitb Thomson, Min., L 372, 1836. Bytownite is a greenish-wfaite, ftUqrliki mineral, occurring in bouldera at Bytown, Canada, having G. =2*801, Thomson, 8*733. Hunt has been referred to anorthite, although tlie analyses give the oxygen ratio nearly 1 : 3 : fi, as ii oarnowite. The following ara analyses with others of related substaooea: 1, Thonasoii (L c); i T. a Hunt (Am. J. Sd., IL xiL 213, Phil. Mag., FT. L 322); 3, Tennant (Bee. Gen. 6ci si T. & Hunt (Logan's Rep., 1863, 479); 6, T. Thomson (ICn., L 384, 1836):
€N1Bili0Atb8.
Si
XI Fe
Ca
tL
(|)47-6'r
29-65 3*57
9*06
1*98=99-88 Thoma jd.
1
47*40
80-45 te 0*80
2-00, ]t 0-38-98-96 Hniit
26-16 te 4-70
—
2-00=97-85 Tennant.
4. Yamaaka
31-10 1-86
1-0S i. 0-58=99-42 Hont
(.Himterstown 4910
26-80 0-80
tr.
und.
1-30=98-96 Hunt
fi.Anoiuto
33-92 te 4*32
4*16=97-96 Thomson.
like ipedmeD for anal 2 was a greenishwhite feldspathSc rock from a boulder near Ottawa, baTiqg6.=2'7S — *'a portion of tiie specimen upon which Dr. Thomson based the species bytaivf itc' That of 8 was tnm the same regionnt is not called ljtownite hy Tennant That of 4 was a fddMr from the intrusive dioryte of x alaska mountain, having the deavage surface finely Bdiated; and associated with hornblende and a little sphene; 0.=2-766 — 2*768. That of 6 is a pale sereen feldspar from boulder; G.= 2*6962*708.
Thomson's kimmiie, anai 6 (L cX is an impure anorthite-like feldspar, related to the above, ae> cording to T. S. Hunt (priv. oontrib.); excluding the 4*16 p. a of water, the Si would be 47 p. c. of the remainder. Thomson states that it is infVisible. He also says that his bjtownite is infhsible which Brash finds is not a fact
311. T.AHBADORmEL Labradorstein (under Ildspat) Wenk. Ueb. Gronst, 149, 1780,
Bergm. J., 876, 1789. Pierre de Labrador /, Oat, 82, 1780; de Lisle, Orist, il 497, 1783.
Labrador feldspar. Labrador G. Gilb. Ann., iTxiii. 178, 1823; BreUh. Ohar., 1823. Lime
Feldspar.
Ifomite ThaaL, Ed. N. FhiL J., ziiL 1832. SUidte ., FhO. Mag., IILz 190, 1843.
pt Badauit BreUk B. H. Ztg., zx7. 87.
Triclinic. Observed planes : 0 ; i-J ; 1, /; 2-i ; 1', /'.
/A /'=121 37' 0 A /'=113° 84'
0 A a, ov. 2-i',=93 20 0 A 2-t=98 58 0 A w, ov. 2-i,=86 40 0 A 1=125 28 0 A 7=110 60 Oh l'=122 42
t-t.
ir% A 7=117 30' irt A 7'=120 63 left, A2-t=90 20 /a 7, in twin, =126
Angles from Marignac. Bensch gives, as a mean of many measurements, 0 Ail=86° 20', 0 A 7'=114° 4', t5 A 7'=120° 43'. Twins : (1) composition-face ii ; oftien lamellar from repeated composition of this kind ; (2) with the orthodiagonal as the axis of revolution. Cleavage : O easy ; i-l lees 80 ; 7 traces. Also massive granular, and grains cleavable ; sometimes crmtocrystalline or homstone-like.
H.=6. G.=2'67— 2*76. Lustre of 0 pearly, passing into vitreous; daewhere vitreous or subresinous. Color gray, brown, or greenish ; sometimes colorless and glassy; rarely porcelain-white; usually a change of colore in cleavable varieties. Streak uncolored. Translucent — subtrans lucent.
OoBVarO. ratio 1:3:6; fli+il8i; Ca+ia, S&a 53*9, akuDUia 80*8, Ume 12-8, soda 4'5=:100.
Vac 1. Oaooaftfe. (a) WeU crystallized to % maasiye.
of colon either wantlog, as in some colorless crystals ; or pale ; or deep ; blue and green predominant colors ; but yellow, fire-red, and pearl-gray also ocair. By cutting erj thin uoes pnaDel to M from the original labradorite) they are seen under tho microscope to contain, smB great numbers of minute scales, like tiie aventurine oliffodase, whidi are prolMibly fbthite or hematite. The chatoyant colors may be heightened in theur effect by these scales, but we not doe to them (p. 836).
1 Qwwpod mauivey or eryptooryslaUine ; Labradoriie'liUUe, The oolor sometimes gray to "<>rniah-red; but sometimes porcelain-white. Some of the so-called sauaaurUe is here included.
ATariy from the gabbro of Baste in the Radan valley, Han, is called BadauUe by Breithaupi BreitlttQpt nAn to anal 20; H.=6; G.=:2'766— 2*840; oobr white to gray; interdeayagf
OZTOEN OOKPOtJNDS.
angle OSf**. He alBo refers here, with a query, a feldspar from Binoni in Ibe Tyrol; 6. of i speciuien not fresh 2'811. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., fL 260, ]816); 2, & t. Waltershansen (Ynlk. Oest, U, ISU):
8, 4, Lehunt (Ed. N. Pha J., 1882, July, 86) ; 5, Hauarhton (Q. J. 8cL Dublin, r. 94) ; 8, Thomaoc (Phil. Mag., III. 1843, 190); 7, 285); 8, ,
9, Damour (Bull a Soo, TiL 88); 10, 11, Kersten (Pogg., IziiL 123); 12, Waage (forh. Tid Christiania, 1861, 177); 13, Blomstrand {(Efv, Ak. Stockholm, 296, 1854 J. pr.Ch.,]zTL 168); 14 15, a. V. Rath (Pogg., xcv. 638); 16, Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1864, 267); 17, y. Rath (Pogg., kt 665); 18. C. F. Chandler (Inaug. Diss., Gott, 1866); 19, Delesse (Ann. d. IL, IT. ziL 261, 268). 20, Rammelsberg (Z& G., zL 101, Min. COi*, 697); 21-23, Streng (B. H. Ztg., zx. 266, zziiL 6S) 24, Segeth (J. pr. Gh., zz. 268) ; 26, Delesse (L c.); 26, Abich (Ann. Cfa. Phys., he 882); 27, 28. Waltershansen (L a); 29-38, T. a Hunt (Phil. Mag., IV. I 322, iz. 854, and Bepu G. Oan., 18dl, and 1863, 479); 34, Deville (Et GL, 1848); 35, A. SchUeper (Am. J. Sd., IL zL 121); 36. 7. Hauer (Yerh. G. Beichs 1867, 12, 14 58, 59, 60):
Labrador
it
Gampsie Glasgow Scavig, Irel Antrim, Silieik Dalame Faroe
Berufiord, Icel Egersund, Korw.
it
u
Hitteroe Sweden Neurode, SiL
SatuB. Zobten, " Tyrol
Baste, Harz, Bad, Dfeld " Harzburg, cryaL
BadattUe Kiew, Russia Greece Etna
" crypt
Drummond, Can.
Morin. "
Chiteau Richer,
Montarville,
Guadeloupe, W. L
Maui, Pacific
Illowa
Reesk
Deva
Cziffar
Pereu, Vits.
66*76 63*76 64*67 62*17 61*39 62*56 62*28 50*60 50*66 65'49 63*20 64*70 66*80 63'] 0 64*26 66*63 63*74
Si ¥e Mg
26*60 27*89 28*40 26*82 29*22 29*85 29*42 26*96 28*32 29*74 26*82 27*78 29*61 27*27 29*62 26*83 27*31 26*46 25*82 26*31 29*80 27*37 25*72
1*25 0*99 0*87 teO-20
1*72 1*90 1*48 0*94 tr, J*e2-68 0*15 1*03 3*41 0*36 1*35
4*51
0*07
0*16 0-P3 0*30 0*16 0*74 r. 0*15
0*27 0*72 0*70
r.
tr.
ir.
tr.
Ca
9*68
11*02
9*14
11*69
11*70
9*44
11*20
11*61
10*57
15*14
14*95
12*96
8*28
9*49
11*26
9*68
9*01
6*65
9*62
9*78
7*76
5*05 0-49 =99-19 Lehunt
8-97 0-30 =99-96 Lehunt
0-60, te 40= 100-2U Th
4*64 1-79 1*75=98-60 Svanberg.
3-40 =99*80 Damour.
4-01 0-60 =99*60 Kersten.
8*90 0-60 =99*66 Kersten.
6*63 110 0-71=100-96 Waage.
6-00 1*84 =99-96 Blomstraud
4*62 0*64 0-62=101*18 Rath. 4-81 1-66 2-20=99*24 Rath. 2-96 1*87 1-02=100*38 Streng. 4*68 0-61 1-21 101-24 Rath. 4-61 0*62 0-68=99*67 Chandler. 0-95=100 Delesse. 2-48=99-79 Ramm.
0-36 0*61=99*83 Segeth.
8*40 2-51 =100-68 Delesse.
0-64 0*96=100-48 Wahersh.
0-83 =100-36 Waltenh
0*23 0-40=99-36 Hunt 0-40=96-0 Hunt 0*65=100*49 Hunt
0-86 0*46=99-59 Hunt
0-71 0-60=99-00 Hunt
0*47 =99-21 Sdifieper
1-81 1-21 100*62 Hauer.
1-61 1-07=99-91 Hauer.
1 -02 1-36=100-48 Hauer.
1*02 2*26=98*84 Hauer.
2-01 0*56=99-09 Hauer.
3-14 2*09 2*53 4*10 3*62
lb anal 2, G.=2*646; anal 6, doleryte, of meteoric origm; anal 6, G.=2*666; 8, G.= 9, G.=2*709. trap, ywh.; 10, G.=2*71, brown, massive; 11, G.=2-72, with blue opalescence; 12, G.=*2-72; 13, G.=2-68. between Lund and Christianstadt ; 14, G.=2-716, hyper* sthene rock, bh.-gy. ; 16, G.=2-7o7J gabbro, bh.-gy. ; 16, 0. ratio 1 : 2i : 4i or H: : 6. gabbro, 17, G.=2*998, color porcelain-white: 18, snow-wkdte, gnh.-w., little lustre, . with oralite; 19t in roelaph3rre,'' between Botzen ana (tollman, pale gyh.-gn. ; 20 G. =2-817, gabbro; 21, G.=2-6 in porphyryte , 22, fhim gabbro ; 23, ib., massive ; 26, G. =2*883, in porphyry,** Southern Moiea- 27, G.=2*618; 28, G.=2-633; 29, G.=2*697, lavenderblue deavable feldapar, torn a bould
0.=2-684--2-€96 opalesoent, cleayable ; 31, a.=2*67, bh.-white, in trap rock; S%, G.- 28, pale bh.- or giih.-g7 lostre of deavage surfaoea yitreoua, elaewhere waxj ; S3, G.=2'73— 2i, ftom haaali ; 34| in trachTtio doleryto, central peak ; 35, glaaaj cotorlesa crystals ; 36-4C fr.Hangaiy, intraoh; 36, G.s2*636; 88, a.=2*69a; 39, a=2*678: 40, G.=2'637. Anal. 16-39 giTe the O. ratio 1:3:7, intermediate between labradorite and andesito.
Pyr etc — BJB. Aisee at 3 to a colorless glass. Decomposed with difficult by mnriatic acid, genenQj leaving a portion of undeoomposed mineral.
Obii— Libradorite is a constituent of some rocks. (]) The deavable mineral, along with knUeDde, composes a granite*like variety of diabagef or a rock resembling dioryte, but hsYiog labradorite aa the feldspar. (2) If the hombleudic constituent is a dark lamellar variety of dther hornblende or pyroxene, or the species hypersthene, the rock is OBdled hyperyie (or hyperftbeajtojL (3) If the homblendio mineral is a light lamellar pyroxene (diallage), the rode is called gtbbto, (4) If the hornblende and labradorite constitute a homogeneous fine-grained compact mass, the rock is called ampkiboiifie or cUabaae; and (6) if the diabase contains distinct crystals of poiphjry, it is a diabaae porphyry the green porphyry or oriental verd-antique of Greece (anal/ 25) being of this nature. (6) crypto-crystiJline, or felsite varie of labradorite, occurring oocuiooally in connection with some of these rocks, has been called incorrectly wxasguirile and jods or ntjiiriU. The above are labradoric metamorphic rocks.
There are also the flowing labradoric vninuwe rocks. (7) JMeryie consisting of labradorite and pyroxene, with generally some magnetite — a rock which, on the one hand, may be ored crystalline or granitoid, and on the other, dark-colored compact massive, either porphyrite or not, sometimes crypto-crystalline, and also a cellular lava; it indudes much of the so-called ira greaukme and amygdaloid, (8) Baaattj similar to doleryte in structure, colors, and varieties, bat containing; in addition to labradorite and pyroxene, chrysolite in disseminated grains. Doletytic and basaltic lavas are the most common of volcanic rocks, (v) Labradorite also occurs in other Unda of lava, and is sometimes found in them in glassy crystals, as in those of Etna and Vesuvius. The labradoric metamorphic rocks aro most common among the formations of the Azoic or pre- Slarlan ersL Such ore part of those of British America, northern New York, Pennsylvania, Arkansas ; those of Greenland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and probably of the Yosges. Being a feldspar containing comparatively litUe silica, it occurs mainly in rocks which indude little or no quartz (freeailica). Many foreign localities aro mentioned above.
On the coast of Labrador, labradorite is associated with hornblende, hypersthene, and magnet* ito. It is met with in place at MUle Isles, Ohateau Richer, Bawdon, Moriu, Aberorombie, and elaewhere, in Oanada East; and in boulders at Drummond and elsewhere, Canada West It oocnn abundantly at Essex Co., N. Y. ; large boulders are met with in the towns of Moriah, Newoomb, ITIntyre, Westport, and Lewis, N. Y. ; also occasionally in Orange, Lewis, St. Law- Rooe, Warren, Scoharie, and Ghreen Cos. In Pennsylvania, at Mineral Hill, Chester Go.j and of polite New Hope, Bucks Co. ; in the Witchita Mts., Arkansas. Silkite and mamUe aro from Antrim, Ireland.
labradorite was first brought from the Isle of Paul, on the coast of Labrador, by Mr. Wolf< a Moravian missionary, about the year 1770, and was called by the early mineralogists Labrador etooe and also diatoyant, opaline, or Labrador feldspar. Klaproths analysis above (No. 1) was the first one made (in 1815).
Labradorite receives a fine polish, and owing to the chatoyant reflections, the specimens are often highly beautiful. It is sometimes used in jewelry.
Alt— Labradorite, like anorthite, appears to undergo alteration with considerable facility, it losing lime through infiltrating carbonated or alkaline waters, and receiving water. In some caaea, alao it has received considerable iron. The following analyses appear to be of specimens of this altered labradorite. The results are remarkable for either the small proportion of Htm V kiBe proportion of inm, or the same of potash or of water each of which may be regarded as aahi&ation of alteration. Analyses: 1-i, Delesse (I, Ann. d. M., lY. xii 200; 2, ib., xvi S42; 3, Ann. Gh. Pbys., IIL xL 271; 4, Ann. d. M., IV. xvL 824); 5, Metzger (Jahrb. Min., 1850) 683); 6, T. Bath (Za Q., ix. 246); 7, Delesse (Ann. d. M, IV. 612); 8, T. S. Hunt (Bep. G. Can. 1663,479):
Ji\
9e
Ag
Oa
fra
fl
I. Bel&hy, Yo0ges
27*89
1*24
6*89
2*28, iSn 0-30=99-86 Delesst
IP. Jean, "
6*37
2*40=99-91 Delesse.
1 Votg&e
49*32
1*96
4*45
3-15, Hn 0*60=99-86 De&BSM
i Oden
24*24
1*48
805=99-83 Delesse.
64*44
25*50
6*33
2*11
3*65=99*20 Metzger
& Qnabondten
63*92
21*61
1*26
9*41
2-76=100*18 Bath.
7. Oberttem
63*89
0*97
1*28
3-00=100 Delesse.
26*40
0*86
8*62
under
0-80 Hunt
OXTOBN OOMFOUime.
No. 1 18 from a porphyriiic rook, G.=2*719; 2, dioiyte; 8, the voegUe (rtm a porpbjiy 0.= 2-771, color whitiBh, sometimes slightly greenish or bluish, lostre greasy or pearij, tnm the euphotide of Odem in Elsace ; 6, from an altered diabase-porphjrj 6, from a gabbro. tn remarkable for its high specific gravity, 9.= 2-840 ; 7, a porphyritic amygdaloid, a oolorieM and translucent variety, with 0.=2*642; 8, from a basalt (or chrysolitic dolerytel, with a sinaP admixture of augite.** Labradorite also occurs changed to oaldte (Tschermak).
Artil— Hausmann (Beitr. Eisenhochofenschlacken, 31) has referred to labradorite crystals diitributed through the mass of the slog of a ftimace at VedEeshagen, which were an inch long, but not well formed; had two cleavages at right angles to one another, with H.=6, G.=2%H5; wis fusible B.B but insoluble in muriatic add; and afforded Si 66% s&l 10*4, Ca 21*0, te 1*9, Ms 0-1 =99-6.
Globtdea of (he Variolyie of iHirofictf. These concretionaly globules are often half an indi or more in diameter, grayish-ffreen in odor, compact in texture, with G.=2*928. A specimen fran a locality south of Mt Qenevre, near Briangon, afforded Belesse (Ann. d. IL, lY. xviL 116):
Si
£1
9e
€r
Sn
Ag
Ca
t%
a
ign.
0-Sl
r.
3*41
l-93=99'86
CanuOUe, A feldspar, described by Beudant, occurring at the localities of corundum sad indianite in the Camatio, India, is pronounced by Breithaupt and von Euobell to be labradorite.
312. ANDS8XTB. Andesin AUeh, Jahresb xzL 167, 1841. Psendoalbit. Sacdisrit
Ohcker, J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 494, 1846.
Triclinic. Approximate angles from Esterrel crystals (Deed.): Am,
loft, 87°-88°, (?A/=lir-112°, 0 A/'=:115/At-i=119-120%/'Ai-i=: 120°, (? A 2-i=101°-102°. Twins: (1) composition-face i-i; (2) double twins, made up of two twins of the kind in one of them reversed, so that there are 4 planes /in front, and at each end there are the planes 0 and 2-t ; (3) doable twins, like the last, but one of the parts turned around, so that there are recintering angles between two faces 0 and two t-i, and four planes / in front. Cleavage more uneven than in albite. Also granular massive.
H.=5— 6. G. =2-61— 2-74; from the Andes, 2-61— 2-74; of Bacchante, 2-66— 2-69 ; from the Vosges, 2-66— 2-68 ; 2*668, Canada, Hunt. Color white, gray, greenish, yeUowisli, flesh-red. Lustre subvitreous, inclining to pearly.
Oomp. — 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 8, but varjring to 1 : 3 : 7. Perhaps only a mixture of labradorite with soda-feldspar. Formula (Ca, ]a)'+ f i&l)* Si*+ 3 Si ; or with half the excess of sUica basic
Analyses: 1, Abich (Pogg.h. 623); 2, 8, Rammelsbeig (6th SnppL, 48); 4, Jaoobson (Bafflm. Min. Ch., 607); 0, DeviUe (Ann. Oh. Phys., UL xL 288); 6-9, Deiesse (Mem. Soc. d*Em. ds Doubs, Ann. d. M., V. iil 374); 10, Varrentnpp (Po., liL 473); 1 1, Schmidt (Pogg., Ixi 386); 11 Waltershausen (Vulk. QesL, 24); 13, Laspeyres (ZST a, xviii. 829); 14, 15, v. Rath (ZS. 249); 16-19, T. a Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 186.S, 478); 20, Franke (Kamm. Min. Ch., 609); 21, 22 T. & Hunt (L a); 23, 24, v. Hauer (Yerh. G. Relchs., 1867, 18, 81); 26, 26, Sommaruga (Jahit G. Beichs., xvi 897, 1866); 27, A. Strong (Jahib. Min. 1867, 637):
Si
Si
Fe
fig
Ca
JTa
a
fi
1. Marmato
69*60
1*68
6*77
6*63
1r.
0*14
100*86 Bamm.
8, "
tr.
8*18
2*86
0-60=101-36 Bamm.
4. "
7*98
— =104-61 Jaoobaon.
6. "
6. Yosges, whiU
5*64
7*20
2*06
l-27=99-66 DeleaM.
7. " red
0*99
0*39
0*98=100 Beleesa.
8. Chagey
0*74
6-S9
2-28=100 Deleese.
9. La Bresse
26*26
1*60
0*91=99-29 Deteflse.
*0. Silesia
26*23
6*64
.1. Sofcharite
0*66
7*42
2-ai, ]i 0-39= 100 SolUBldl
Uni6Ili0Atbb.
9%
&
9e
ftg
Ca
fra
t
12. lodaad, eryoL
0*64
6*29
13. Niedennendtg
67*29
26*78
(r.
li. St Tatentmo
28*48
— —
— — .
0*84
26*65
8*66
[6-28]
26*89
0*60
7*78
tr.
5*00
18. "
26*40
0*40
1*00
1*16
68*38
28*86
1*18
0*10
7*83
6*06
27*10
—
31 Lichnte
68*16
26*09
0*50
S&K-Sebea
67*20
26*12
r.
6*96
24Guffi
60*10
17*62
25. Koauhon, hL
67*70
20*79
1*71
tr.
28. 6fe
68*21
7*30
0*78
tr.
1*04
9*23
0*47
Ub
-— =100-75 WaltorshauaeD — =99*20 Laspeyrea. 0-24=100*51 Rath. 0*30=100 Rath.
=99-82 Hunt
0-45 =100- 15 Hunt 0-20=99*66 Hunt 100-57 Hunt 108=10011 Franke. 0*20=99*75 Hunt 0*45=99-89 Hunt. 1*68=100*11 Hauer. 2*11=98-78 Hauer. 3-84=101-83 Sonunaruga. 2-76=100*35 Sommaruga. 0-68, Ba, 6r 100*49 Sir.
Ftrobablj mdm mixed qnarta.
lyrol, G.=2*696 ; 15, G.=2'676; 16, G.= 2*688; 18, lavender-blue, Bubtransp., deayable, curved urfacea; 19, gnh. base of preceding, granular; 21, in a boulder; 22, G.=2*687; 23, G.=2-585; 26, G.=2-863; 26, G.=2-607; 27, in dioiyte, G.=2-69. Other analjaea: v. Rath, Za G., ix.
Of these analyses all but Na 5, by Deville, afford rather dosely the oxygen ratio 1:8:8. o. 6 gives 0*80 : 3 : 8*91. Nos. 24 to 26 have part of the alumina replaced by iron, and probably in conaequence of alteration, as the black color, little soda, and much potash would indicate.
Pyr., etc — Andesice fiises in thin splinters before the blowpipe. Saccharite melts only on thin edges ; with borax forms a dear glass. Imperfectly soluble in adds.
Oba.— Occurs in the Andes, at Marmato, as an ingredient of the syenite-like rock called cmde in ihe porphyry of I'Esterel, Dept of Yar, France ; in the syenite of Alsace in the Yosges; white at Servanoe, rod at Ooravillers; in the porphyry near Ohagey, Haute Sa6ne; at Hnfnpfiorfl. Iceland, in honey-yellow transparent crystiUs (anal 12); at Baumgarten in Silesia (anaL 10); iu the Tyrol, south of Tonale, in Mt Adamello, in a granite-like rock called tonaJlyie consisting of this feldspar, according to v. Rath, with much quarbs, some orthodase, biotite, and hornblende.
Saediariie is granular massive, with traces of deavage in one direction, occurring iu veins io terpentine at tiie ohrysoprase mines near Frankenstein, in Silesia.
ia Nortii America, found at (ChAteau Richer, Canada (anal. 16-20), forming with hypersthene and nmeoite a wide-spread rock ; color desh-red.
Alt— The following are analyses of altered andesite in addition to 24 to 26 above : 1, Rammelsbefg (IGo. Oh., 608); 2-4, Deville (Bull GeoL Fr., XL vi 410); 5, Frauds (Pogg., lit 471X Ko. 2 is of the mass of a oiyatal, 2A of the interior, 2B of the exterior portion :
ft Si 9e
1
t Hnngafj
Popayan
67*01 62*42 58*11
28*05 26*69
1*20 0*70
U% Ca JTa £: S
0-11 8*18 5*27 2-86 1 01 36 Ramm.
0-68 7-96 4*95 ir, luO Deville.
0*39 7-53 6*47 012 1*43=100 Deville.
0*51 16-02 5-10 014 2*05=100 Deville
1-62 5*36 6-17 044 126=100 Deville, G.= 2 -62.
9*38 6-19 0-80 =101*31, Francis; G.=2-6i.
)t) : 3 : 6*9 ; 4, 0-8 : 3 : 7*2 ; 6, 1 : 8 : 7*2. The mineral of the Esterrel Mts., near Frjus in southon ftaoce ooours in a rode called porphyry. Deville's analyses leave no doubt as to the altera- The analysis by v. Rath (No. 14, above) also gives nearly the ratio 1:3:7; and the Mil, 1:3: 74. Na 4, from Marmato, contains 1*4 p. c. of carbonate of lime.
DeriDe takes the , as a result of his analyses, that all andesite is altered cliQOckue the oi7KB ratio of whidi is 1 : 3 : 9; and the same result was earlier suggested by G. Rcse and KidMt DeviUe's analyses of the Blarmato andesite gave him nearly the oligodase ratio
Aadeaifee diangea also to kaoUn, That of La Bresse, studied by Delesso, is in part in thL XMtioQ, nft and cnunbling ; and in part less changed and of a reddish color.
OXYOEN OCiMPOUNDS.
313. H7ALOPHANB. Hjalophan v. WaUerBhataen, Pogg xdr. 134| 185ft, a 541
Monoclinic, like orthoclase, and angles nearly the same. ObeerTeJ planes : 0 ; vertical planes, 7, i-l, i-i ; nemidomes, l-, f-i ; clinodome, 2-t calc.)=64 16' /A 7=118° 41', /Ai-i=120<' 36', OAl-i=130°55i'| 7Al-i=lll*' 55'. Cleavage: 0 perfect, i-i somewhat less so. In smaL crystals, single, or in groups of two or three.
£[.=6— 6-5. Q. =2*80, transparent ; 2*905, translucent. Lustre vitreous, or like that of adularia. Color white, or colorless ; also flesh-red. Trans parent to translucent.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, U, &i=l : 8 : 8; formula (i (fia, 'tf-- Sl)"Si*+3 Si, or Uke andesiti and leudte, except that the protozTda are mainly baryta and potadi.
AnalTses : 1, Uhrlanb (Poggt c. 548); 2, aame, the impurity, sulphuric add and partof baryta as sulphate, being remoTed; 8, Stockar-Escher (Kenng. Uebers. 186ft-67, 107); 4, Petenen (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 102) ; Igelstrom ((Efv. Ak. Stodch. 1867, J. pr Ob., d. 434):
1. Binnen
u
Si
46*66 62*67 61*84
19*14 21*50 21*12
0*04
0*87 06 0*66
Ba
15*05 14*82
fra
0*49
8*28 9*25
7*82
0*68 =100 Uhrlaub
0*68 =99*88 StE.
0*48 100 Petersen
100 Istr'm
AnaL 2 gi?e8 the 0. ratio 1 : 2*6 : 7, and 8, 1 : 2*8 : 7'8; and 4 agrees well with Na 3. Ka 6 contains less baryta and more lime.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with difficulty to a blebby glass. Unacted upon by adds.
Obs, — Occurs in a granular dolomite, along with white barite, greenish tourmaline, mica, realgar, dufirenoysite, and sphaleritCi near Imfeld, in the valley of Binnen in the Yalaia, in crystals i or three lines long, and rarely larger ; also at the manganese mine of Jakobsberg in Sweden, io limestone with a mangniforous epidote (p. 288), looking much like common fleshred ortboclae. A massive variety accompanies it, containing according to Igelstrom (L c>) Si 50*90, SH :tl*u9, & 18*80, Ba 3'5u, alkalies, Mg and Mn, 11*21 undetermined.
314. Natron-spodumen Ben Arab., 160, 1824=SodA-flpoduinen6. Oligoklai £reUh.f Pogg., viiL 79, 1826. Hafnefjordit, Kalkoligoklas, IbrehhamrMrf Skand. Nat samm i Stodcholm, July, 1842. Aventurine Feldspar =Sunstone pi
Triclinic. Observed planes (see, for position, the table under anorthite or albite} : O ; 2-t, i-t, 2- ; i-s ; i- ; -2, /, 2, 1 ; 2-t, ft, 1-t ; -2', /', 2', 1' ;
I A /'=120° 42' 0 A 1=123 51'
0 A t-t, ov. 2-t',=93 50 0 A l'=121 15 0 A i-t, ov. 2-t,=86 10 0 A l-t=127 6 0 A 7=110 56 0 A 2-t, ov. l-t,=97 23
0 A 7=114 40 i-t A 7=120 24
O A 2-t'=136 23 t-i A 7=118 54
0 A 2-t=132 40 7 A t-S'=160 30
7a 1-8=147 30
Cleavage: Oj t-t, perfect, the latter least so Twins : similar to those of albite. Also massive.
H.=6-7. Q.=2-56-2-72; mostly 2-65 -2-69. Lustre vitreo-pearly or waxy, to vitreous. Color usually whitish, with a ft.:*.4 4.: r :1 grayish-white, redcUsh-white, greenish, reddish
Unibili0Atb8.
sometimee aventiuine. TranBparent, subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal to uneTen.
Oomm Vr.P-0. ratio 1:3:9; (i(]$ra, Ca)*+f Xl)' Si'+H Si; or else with half the ezoesa of alibi baaic;=, taking ft aa soda alone, Silica 62*1, alumina 237, soda 14*2=100. Part of the loda is replaced bj Ume. Ysr. 1. Oeatvabk; in cryBtala or massive.
1 Obmpael massive ; oligocUuc'fMilA ; includes part, at least, of the so-called compact feldspar or Mie, tboe oonsistiDg of the feldspar in a compact, either fine granular or flint-like state, containing free alica diaaeminated through the mass. In those here included, the feldspar is a soda-feldspar, and it is often di£Cult to distinguish them horn oXbiierfeMi, See under Albitb for analyses.
& Avmbirmt oiigodaaef or wnstone. Color grayish-white to reddish-ffray, usually the latter: with internal yellowish or reddish fire-like reflections proceeding from disseminated crystals of jirobibly either hematite or gothite.
Ifach oligodase has a faint greenish tinge and pearly lustre, in which it somewhat resembles spodomene, whence the name aoda-podumene. Only the oligodase of lavas or trachytio rocks has Q. below 2*6. ffa/nfiordik (anaL 36) contains the protoxyds of an andesite or and mi not belong here. L MfotuiUme pt. A whitish opalescence.
Analyses: 1, 2, Berzeliua (Jahresb., iv. 147, xix. 802); 3, L. Svanberg ((Efv. Ak. Stockhohn, ill 111); 4, B. Hagen (Pogg., zUv. 329); 0, Bosales (Pogg., W. 109); 6, Francis (Pogg., lil 470); T, Bodema&n (Pogg., Iv. 110); 8, Jevreinof (B. H. Ztg., 1858, No. 12); 9, Chodnei' (Pogg., Izi. 890); 10, Jevreinof (I c.); 11, Soheerer (Pogg., Ixiv. 163); 12, 18, Kersten (J. pr. Ch, zzzviL 178, Jahrb. Min. 1846, 663); 14, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 830); 16, Delesse (Ann d. M., IT. xix. 149); 16. Kemdt (J. pr. Ql, zliii. 218); 17, Wolff (J. pr. Ch..zxziv. 234); 18, Rammels- IvL 617); 19, v. Rath (ZS. G., iz. 226); 20, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., lU. zxiv.); 21, Seneca (G. Beschr. Baden, 1861-62); 22, Delesse (BulL G, Soc., II. vil 310); 23, Laurent (Ann. Ch. Phys., lix. 108); Damour (Ramm. 6th Suppl, 178); 2&-*27, Haughton (Rep. Br. AM06, 1863, 66): 28-811, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xv. 211, xvi. 44); 31, G. T. Jackson (Am. J. Sct II. xliL 82-36, Deville (0. R., xix. 46, £t. Geol Teneriffe, 1848); 36, Porchhammer (Skand. Nat S. Stockholm, 1842); 37, Fouqu (Ramm. Min. Ch., 614); v. Hauer (Verb. G. Beichs., 1867, 60); 89, 40, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 687):
Si
9e
%
Ca
fi
1. Danvika-Zoll .
28*96
0*60
2*06
8*11
— =100-16 Berzelius.
1 Ytterby, "
3*18
=99-88 Berzelius. .
3. aala,
69*66
0*86
1*76
1*02, und. 0-82=98-86 a
i. Aiendal,
63*61
2*44
9*37
2*19
=101*37 Hagen.
&. " ywk.
62*70
23-80f'e 0*62
4*60
8*00
1*06
=100*79 Rosales.
6. Ajatzkf'a, Ural 61*06
19*68
3*91
=99*52 Francis.
7. achaitanak,
64*26
22*24
1*14
1*06
—99-76 Bodemann.
S. Emerald mine,
0*40
=98*55 Jevreinof.
9. Kimito, FinL, red
63*80
21*31
1*98
=99-60 Chodnef.
10. Iltkaranta
26*40
0*39
6*38
0*66
100- 1 6 Jevreinof.
11. Tvedestr'd, SunsL 61*80
8*60
— =100 Soheerer.
12. Hear Freiberg
0*61
0*24
2*83
=99-69 Karsten.
18. Marienbad, Boh.
28*60
2*22
=99-32 Kersten.
14. Zmin,
63*16
—
0-79=100*00 Hauer.
1&. Yisembach
22*27
ir.
6*66
1*21
1-70=98*68 Delesse.
l&Boden
0*86
2*02
9*43
— An 0-40= 100 K.
11. nensbnrg 8iL
64*80
=97*77 Wolff.
18. Warmbrann, "
[63 94]
r.
Ir.
— =luO Ramm.
19. Albnla, Grisons
21*16
0*78
6*94
4*38
=100-29 Rath.
20. Meide-GIaoe
63*26
23*92
r.
0*32
6*88
2L OoggiaQ
8*86
8*39
2*29
— =101*12 Seneca.
SI (oenast, Belg:
1*20
1*44
2*81
1*22=99-69 Delesse.
U.Aiiege
8*90
—
=99-40 Laurent
Kfibir
62*30
2*2-00
0*44
.—
=98*74 Damour.
U Oarvary Wood, I.
24*40
0*40
0*04
6*46
=99*68 Haughton.
22*96
1*94
Jln 0*32=98*82 H
27. Kuder, "
7*04
— =100-40 Haughton.
UnionvOle, Pa. 64-27
r.
0*81
10*94
1*36
1*08=100-26 &&B.
28. Danbory, Ot
) 63-76 ) 64-26
22*66
<r.
u-.
9*72
0*66
0*26=99-94 a & B.
10. Haddam,
tr.
9*99
0*60
Q-29=99-09 S. &
81. Better. MaM.
62*00
24*40
1*00=90-67 Jackson.
Si
£1
fe
Mg
Ca
]Sra
fi
32. Tenerifb
es-GT
2*06
8*45
— =100De?iEi.
M. "
0*66
1*10
9*46
—
62*64
22*49
om
7*84
4*54
8fi. "
2*81
7*74
8*44
=98-04 Devilk
61*22
23*32
2*40
8*82
<r.
A— —98-68 Fordib.
87. L. Laach
63*5
1*8
0*8
8*9
8*4
=100 Fouqa4.
38. Bchemnitz
—
6*20
4*09
0-99=99-01 Hauer.
89. h&user Mts.
24*22
1*66
fr.
3*94
7*65
0*95
0-79, .=100*15a
40. " "
1*64
7*08
1*37
2*59, Ba, Sr, Li, 100-08 Streog
A brownish feldspar IVom Borodin, Finland, aflbrded & r. Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest, 26) § thodase. G.=2'583. No. 9 may be mainly aJBbii/e Judging from the amount of soda.
In anal 8, G.=2-69; 8,G.=2656; 9, a=2*68; 1I,G.=2*656; 12, G.=2*65; 18,G.=263l 16, G.=-i-66— 2*68, in mica schist; 17, G.=2*66l; 19, G.=2-72, ign,= l-05; 24,G.=2-662; 28 G.=2-6l ; 81, G.=2-686, H.=7-6, granular with emery; 33, G.=2-694; 34, G.=2-58— 2-59, ii trachyte; 86, G.=2-592, in trachyte; 37, G.=2'56, in lava; 88, G.=2'635; 39, 40, in dioryta, G.=2-63— 2-64 ; Nos. 1 to 81, in metamorphic rocks, granite, gneiss, porphyry, syenite, and dioiyte; 82-87 in lavas or volcanic rocks.
Some of the analyses vary flrom the oxygen ratio 1:8:9 toward 1:3:12, and Scheerer in the Handw. Chem. of Liebig, Poggendorf, etc., makes intermediate varieties, shading into both albita and orthodase, one called by him oUgodaM-aXbUt the other oUgoclaae-arihocUue—aee under oriko' close and aibite. But as explained elsewhere, these probably arise mixture.
Other analyses: Arom Ttterby, Haughton, Q. G. J., xviiL 412; from Dockweiler, in the Eifel, A. Streng, B. H. Ztg., xxiii. 53 ; from granite of the Ockerthal and of Meineckeburg, Fuchs, ib.
Pyr., eto. — B.B. fuses at 8*5 to a clear or enamel-like glass. Not materially acted upon by adds.
Obs. — Occurs m porphyry, granite, syenite, serpentine, and also in different eruptive rocks. It is sometimes assodated with orthodase in granite, or other granite-like rock. Among its localities are Dauviks-Zoll near Stockholm ; Kimito in Finland, forming with quartz and mica the granite containing columbite ; Pargas in Finland ; Arige and Arendal, with caldte, epidote, etc, crystals sometimes 2 or 8 in. long ; Schaitansk, Ural, greenish, in a gange of quartz and mica and yellowish-white feldspar ; in gneiss of the Schwarzwald of Goggenau, north-east of Baden in syenite of the Vosges ; in a micaceous dioryte (called kersantyie) at Vlsembiiph in the Vosfles in protogine of the MjBr-de-Glaoe,\ in the Alps ; in euphotide at Lavaldens, Department of Isere at Albula in the Grisons ; in a dark green porphyry at Quenast in Belgium ; in mica schist at the Emerald Mine of the Urals, and at Boden near Marienberg ; in the amphibolyte of Marienbad, Bohemia; in a green porphyry (oligodase-porphyry of Rose), near Elbingerode in the Harz ; in diabase of the Uarz ; the Fichtelgebirge ; Chalanches in Allemont and Bourg d'Oisans ; as sujuUme at Tvedestrand in the Christiana-flord, Norway ; at Hltteroe, Lake Baik£ ; at the North Gape, near Hanunerfest ; in Donigal, Ireland, in granite, with orthodase, eta ; in Iceland, colorless, at EafneQord {fufiordiie). The oiigodase-porphyry is called oUgtfthyre by Coquand; near St Raphael in the Dept of Yar, in France, a rock of this kind has a butifril turquois-blue color, is very hard, and encloses crystals of oligodase ; G.=2-61. In lavas and trachyte (oUffocUue'trar' chyie) at Teneriffe, and in the Euganean Mts. near Padua ; in the domyte (trachyte) of Puy de Dome ; in doleryte at h. Laach ; in pumice at Arequipa in Peru ; in obsidian, with sanidin, at Zimapau in Mexico.
In the United States, at Union ville, Pa., with euphyllite and corundum, G.=2*61 ; alao at Danbury, Ct, with orthodase and danburite ; Haddam, Ct, often transparent, with iolite and black tourmaline; Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., Pa., called moonstone; at Oraxige summit, N. Hamp., slightly greenish, and pearly; at the emery mine Chester, Mass., granular, with H.=7*5, G.=2*586: at Dixon's quany, Del
Named in 1826 by Breithaupt tfXt/oc HtUe and irXco, to cleave, Berselius had previously (in 1824) recognized it as a new mineral from specimens tnm Danviks-Zdl; and he afterward named it natron-spodumene (soda-spodumene).
Alt— Occurs altered to kaolin and natrolite. The change to kaolin takes place more easily tbao m orthodase, as shown by the longer resistance of the latter when both occur in the same rock (Laspeyres, za G., xvi 387).
316. ALBITE. Fltspat hvit pt WatL, 65, 1747. Feldtpath pi.. Schorl blanc pt, de Crist, iL 409, PL v., 1 15, 16, 1783. KnunmblMteriger Feldspath Bedenberg, Afh., L 118, 1806 hlhit Oahn A Ben Afh!, iv. 180, 1815. Tetartin Breiih, Char., 1828. Soda Feldspar. Tab. inltrod, a§ apedee, aoavelandite (fir. Chesterfield) JBnokei Ann. PbiL, IL t. 881, 1829
Ttnibilicates. 318
MUiii AetO., Char 1B!3; Peridtne. HfpMklsrit [tt. Arendtl) Bralk Bdiw. J., ilt 31 1830. FeriBMriM {tr. Perth, Oth.)Tlumi PhiL Mag., III. ndi. ise, 1S13. OUflt Bnilk., B. H Ztg., XZT. 88=01tgciklu-Albil&Anr, Fogg., lizzie. 17. nine, Fetroulez, or BslleOIntft pt, iAomI A4mole (tV. BaU) OudL, Tr., il 136, 1831.
Triclinie,
/A 7'=120° 47'
Oa*-i, OT. 2-i',=93 36 (9 A 150 3
OAi-i, ov. 2-,=86 24 t-tAl'=113 41
0 T=lli 42 i-i A 1=120 11
A 7=110 50 i-i A 7=117 53
Oa 2-t'=136 60 i-i A 7=119 40 0 A 2-1=133 14
(?A2-i, oT.l-i,=9r'54' A 1=149" 35' i-% A i-('=149 38 7' A 1'= 123 6 7a 1=125 3 2-iA2-t'=90 4 7 A 2=138 34
0 1
M
a
2-1'
H
ObwtTd Pltnei. Add
Bootonni Bavc.
Deavage ; 0, t-t perfect, the first most bo ; 1-t sometimes distinct. Twint ; I. CoTDpneition-face ii, axial of reolatioa nonnal to i-l, the most common.
Oxtokh Ooiopouiids.
'I
A'
''
f. 301 . 2. C.-face and revolution the same, but (f. 307) the two halves b) mutual penetration crossing along a medial vertical line, so that the right quarter in front is continued in the left Quarter behind, and the left in front in the right behind, the upper and under planes 0 meeting in a renterin angle, and the 2-1 on either side in a salient angle — making an intersecting twin, having the aspect of a double twin of four crystals m which the two diagonally opposite are alike in position. 3. C.-face the same, bnt axis of revolution jHi/rally to i-J, and vertical, producing the form in f. 304, the planes O and 1 above (or below) being: very nearly in the same zone (the plane angle of i-t, which the edges of / and 0 make, beiM 26', and that which the edges of / and 1 make being 55', di£ring onlv 31') ; also exemplified m the double twin, f. 308, the two halves of whicL are twins like f. 307 ; may be right or left-handed, according to which half is revolved; also in other similar double twins (fr. Middletown, Ct.), in
which the two halves are like f. 305. 4. C.-face parallel to and revolution on a horizontal axis normal to the shorter diagonal of Oj as in f. 309 ; the twin right or lefthanded, according as the part revolved is the upper or lower. 5. The last kind (4), combined with the first (1), making double twins. Also massive, either lamellar or granular; the laminsB sometimes divergent; granular varieties occasionally quite fine to impalpable.
H.=6-7. G.=2-59-2-65 ; 2*612, Finbo, Eggertz ; 2-619, Broddbo. Lustre pearly upon a cleavage face ; vitreous in other directions. Color white ; also occasionally bluish, gray, reddish, greenish, and green ; sometimes having a bluish opalescence or play of colors on O. Streak uncolored Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var.— 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 12; Sl)*Si' + 6Si,orwithbalf theexcessof snicabtsic -=Silica 68*6, alominA ]9'6, soda 118= 100. A email part of the soda is replaced usuaUy, if noi always, by potash, and also by lime. But these differences are not externally apparent
Yar. 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals or deayable massira The angles vary somewhat, espedaD for plane /' ; /a/ 1*22° 16', G. Rose; 121" 46', Marignoc and Descloizeaux, aa mean of many measurements of St Gothard crystals ; 0 A 1 1 Rose ; 1 14° 52', M. and B. (6) Aventwine similar to aventurino oligodase and orthoclase. (c) Moonstone ; similar to moonstone under digodaso and orthoclase. Periskriie is a whitish adiUaria-like albite, slightly iridescent, bsFing G.= 2 '626 ; named from veptcrepd pigeon the colors resembling somewhat those of the neck of a pigeon. (d) PericHne is in large, opaque, white crystals, rtiort : nd broad, of the forms in fig. 309. G.r=2-64I ; /A/'=120'' 37', Breith. ; from the chloritic schists of the Alps.
(e) F|/Fpo$c/0n'fe is blackish-green, Arendal ; H.=6'5; G.=2'63— 2*66; it contains, accord* mg to Rammelsberg, 6 p. a of pyroxene. Hermann figures (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. crystal haying the planes and nearly the form of f. 302. Named from 'vr tcnifer, cAiffi, hard, with reference to the inferior hardness.
(/) Lamellar ; eleavelandiie ; a white kind found at Chesterfield, Mass., and named after Dr. P Cleaveland, the mineralogist
2. Compact; albitic /elsite ; smooth on surface of fracture, whitish, grayish, or reddish-gray is color, and very tough. H. 6*6— 7*6; G.=: 2*6— 2*66. See also under Ouooclase.
Analyses ; 1, G. Rose (Gilb. Ann., Ixxiil 173) ; 2, Tengstrdm (Ann. PhiL, 1824) ; 8, StronyeT 'Untersuch., 300); 4, Laurent (Ann. Ch. Phys., Ix.); 6, Thaulow (Pogg., xliL 671); 6, Brooks Ixi. 892); 7, Abich (B. H. Ztg., L): 8, Erdmann (Jahresb., xxl 192); 9, Abich (Posg., a 626); 10, C. G. Gmelin (Pogg., vil 79): 11, Kersten (Jahrb. Min. 1846, 648); 12, Diday (Ciysi from melaphyre of Agay, Ann. d. Bf., V. 11 184, 193); 13, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixxix. 8o6); 14. Lohmeyer (Pogg., bd. 390); 15, Desclabissac (Za G., x. 207); 16, Bcheidtauer (Pogg.. Ixi. 39S) 17, Riohter (Pogg., Ixxxix. 17); 18, Rube (Za G., xiv. 49); 19, Redtenbadier (Pogg., lii.48) SO
Unibiligatbi8.
II, Brain and Weld (Am. J. ScU IL vili 890) ; 22, T. a Hunt (PhiL Mag., iV'. l 222, Am. J. 8cL a. xU. 212); S3, F. A. Oenth (Am. J. SoL, U. xx¥uL 249); 24, E. H. Twining (Am. J. 8qL, II 367); Sfi, 2e Bojt & Booth (Proc. Am. PliiL Soo., IL 19u):
Si £1
1. Arendal IFSnknd 1 ChMterfleld
4.
5. SL GoUiard, erysC & 8l Gothard, wAtIs t Uiask, en/9L
8. firerig
A8-46 70*68 [68-46] 69*11 67*94 67*62
14 Sdireibenhau, w. 68*76
IS. Soanmi 66-11
18. Drehfeld, w. 66-99
19. PNmqrhrania 6720 2a noioDTme, Pa. 66-65
23. Oalayeima Go. 68-39 24 Moriah, N. T., gnh, 67-01
25. WilmisftOD, Pa. 67*72
26. "" 65*46
19*61
19*80
19*24
18*71
16*59
18*11
19*90
18*40
20*79
21*89
19*65
20*54
20*74
0*70 0*11
lilg
r.
0*61
0*27
l-Ol
0*8
2*30
0*84 0*39 0-21
0*81
r. 0*74
0*66 [11-27] 0*66 11-12 11*24
1*8
0*66
0*2S 0*81 0*60 <r.
0*80 0*95
9*99 11*01 10*90
3-72 9-24 1*56 10-18 0*90 1210 1*44 9*91 2*05 9-36 1-79 8*78 2-62 7*00 0*47 10-97 0*39 11-47 0*78 10*65 0-71 9-98
— =100 G. Boae. — =10008 Tengstrom.
=99-88 Stromejer.
— =100 Laurent
=100 10 Thaulow.
6-77=100*55 Brooks. 0*65, in Abich. 0*65, An 100-70 Eidmann. 2*53=99*83 Abich. 2-41, ign. 0-36=100*26 Gmelin. 1-18=99-77 Klersten. 2*2=98-9 Diday. 0*61=98-8 Rammelsberg. 1 -21 100*7 9 Lohmejer. =100 Desdabisaaa 0-57=99*10 Scfaeidtauer.
, fin 0-20, ti 0-25=99-65 &
0-74=100*10 Rube.
1-57 10007 Bedtenbacher.
— =99-42 Broah.
fl 0-48=100*27 Weld.
0-58, ign. 0*6=99*80 Hunt r., ign. 021=100*10 Genth. 0-25, ign. 0*24=99-73 Twining. 0*16=100*19 B. A B. 1-80=99*97 B. & B.
A Am Irbpofjr, or mainly m.
2-68; 14,Q.=2*624; 18, G.=2-61 ; 20, G.=2-619; 24, G.= 2*633 Braah.
The kfposelerite (anaL 13) afforded Hennann (L c.) 8i 66*43, &] 21-70, 9e 0*76, liln 0-39, Ce, La 2-00, Ca 4*83, lUCg 3-39, & 2*65, 5*79=99*80, giving the abnonnal and improbable O. ratio 1:2:6, whidi Bammelaberg'a later analysis appears to show to be incorrect, or the composition of an altered form of it Its inferior hardness would indicate alteration.
The aUnte from PennsylTania, analyzed by Bedtenbacher (anal 19), ia called by Scheerer ; it gives the 0. ratio 1*1 : 8 : 1 1*7. He applies the same name to the 8narum feldspar analyzed by Bichtor, which he says has the external form of scapolite, and G.=2-S9; oxygen ratio 1 : 3 : 11*3. It ia the okUe, That of Snarum, analysed by Scheidtauer, was in snow-wMte crjptilB. and gave 1*2 : 3 : 11 8; it holds an exoesa of protoxyds, owing to the lime present wfaieh may be a result of alteration.
FMsite or compact feldapar haa usually some free silica diaaeminated through it The follow ing are analynea of some kinds, either aBrite-fdaUe or cUgoclaaffeiaiU, The presence of lime is in
bTor of the latter. Adinolt ia probably albitic ; it is reddish, from Sala, Svreden. Amausite Gtr*
has been considered as cligodase in base ; the name waa given to a granuUte (Weiasstein)
Kamiest in Moravia. The analysis hero cited of the Nortii Carolina mineral, by Genth, ia
ifttti!n].J.Sd., ILxxviiL249:
=99-3 Berthier.
0-32=99-20 Schnedermann. 1*71, fin far., ign. l-20=99'45 G 0*08, 0*26 Svanberg. 0-35, d 0*21 Svanberg.
Si
fe
U
Ca
JTa
L Sals, ilimols
r.
1*06
i H. Oarolma, amy
1*83
9*90
77*93
0*22
74*96
1*60
0*60
Avmnto
11*87
0*91
1*30
5*20
8ae under Obtboolasb for other felsitea.
Pyr., eta— B.B. fVisea at 4 to a colorless or white glass, imparting an intense yellow to thf
iM. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs— Attnte ia a oonstituaQt of several rocks. With hornblende it oonstitutea diiofyk or
S59
Aiailk, K H. ZXg zzr. ss, ISee. Felalt roa Hulda <d, ., GISsMoldu <i,iti,39, CotUitut,lb. WeiMlgit AmrA, Jahrb. Hin., 1863, 896. Idaur-FBldspathK JftniiuJt, Ban. Hit Uoaoow, zxi. £38, 18ST.
HaOBllmla, Petrodloz, Lapto Conieni, pt, Omul, ICn., OT, 1188. Pelaihh LMllte (fr WeMmaniJuid) Ctaiia, Ajin. PhE, 1818.
Monoclinic. C7=63° 53',/A 7=118° 48', (? A 1-1=153° 28' ; a : J : J'844; 1 : 1-5183. Obflerved planes : O ; vertical, t4, t-t ; clinodoraes,
1, 8, -1, -2 ; 3.J, 4-i, -4-1 ; }-8.
Oa-.=146°47' 0 A 1-1=129 41 0A4-i=116 88 OA2-t=99 38 0 A -2-1=139 0Ai-i=118 7 0Ai=150 69 0 A 1=124 42
O A -1=146° 30' O A 2=98 4 0Ai-t=T7 31 0At-i=161 36 O A 2-i=135 3 0 A i-i=90 O A 7=67 44 i-l A t-=90
A i-8=160° 35' t-iA4-*=142 25 A -4-1=130 60 .t A 3-8=146 40 /A2-t=134 19 /A l-i=110 40 1 A 1=126 14 -1 A -1 142 40
Cleavage : O perfect ; t-l leea distinct ; i-i faint ; also imperfect in direction of one of the faces /. Twins : 1. Compoeition.face i-i, axia
Oxtobn 00Hf0Und8.
of revolution normal to i-l, the forms not showing the composition externally, except sometimes by sutures. 2. O.-face i-t, axis of revolution vertical, producing, with the form in f. 310, the twins f. 314, 315, which are right- or left-handed, according as one or the other of the parts is the one revolved ; with the form in f. 311, the planes 1-i and 0 nearly coincide in the twin. 3. C.-face 24, as in f. 321, in which the prism is made up of two adjoining planes 0 and two i4, and is nearly square, because 0 A t4=90'', and 0 A 24=135'* 3' ; 7 A 7=169"* 28' ; al&o the same in a twin of 4 crystals, f. 317, each side of the prism then an same in a twin of 3 crystals, one of the four being absent, and that side of the prism made up of the planes i-i, iA, ; again the twin of 4 crystals takes, by cross-interpenetration of each, the form in f. 322, consisting apparently of 8 crystals, or four twins of the kind in f. 321 ; 7 A 7=169 28', as above. 4. C.-face (9, f. 316.
Often massive, granular ; sometimes lamellar. Also compact orvnto-crystalline, and sometimes flint-like or jasper-like.
H.=6-6-5. G.=2-44— 2-62, mostly 2-5— 2'6. Lustre vitreous; od cleavage-surface sometimes pearly. Color white, gray, flesh-red, common ;
fjreenisli-white, bright green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to transucent. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Optic-axial plane sometimes in the orthodiagonal section and sometimes in the clinodiagonal ; acute bisectrix always negative, normal to the orthodiagonal ; inclined at 18® C, in adularia, according to Angstrom, 4® 6' to the clinodiagonal, and 112° 1' to edge 7/7; and according to Descloizeaux, at 22° C. these angles are 5° 18' and 110° 49' for the red rays ; angle of divergence in adularia of St. Gothard 112° to 123° ; in transparent from Wehr in the Eifel, only 18° to 21°, with other optical peculiarities.
Comp., Var.— O. ratio 1 : 3 : 12; (iK*+f %l)'§i'4-6§i; or else with half the excess of sOici basic; =S:lica 64*6, alumina 18*5, potash 16*9=100; with soda sometiiiies replacing part of the potash. The orthocUse of Carlsbad contains rubidium.
The varieties depend mainly on structure, variations in angles, the presence of soda, and the presence of impurities.
Tlie amount of soda detected by analyses varies greatly, the ratio to the potash being from 1 : 100 to 1 : Bui recent chemical investigations have shown, what Breithaupt indicate from ocular examination in 1861, tliat some of the sodiferous varieties owe the soda to a crystalline combination of the orthoclase with albite. The perihiie (see beyond) has thus been found to oqdslut of thin alternate layers of these two feldspars. How far this explanation extends to other sodiferous kinds remains to be ascertained.
The variations in angles are large, and they ocair sometimes even in specimens of the same locality. In crystals of the kind called chesterUie, which are to all appearance regular and undiitorted, the angle /' (right prismatic plane) A /(left id.) varies firom to 127, according to the author's measurements ; and other angles make the form tridinie, 0 I and 0 A F somctimcfl differing 5°, one being llO"" and the other while twins compounded parallel to the dino diagonal section, whidi are common, prove, by the absence of any reentering angle on the bsae that the form is not Iriclinic (although so made by Breithaupt, who refers the species (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 1 ) to albite). The crystaUization is normally monodinic, and the variations are simply trreg>* ularities. There are also \&Tge optical variations in orthoclase, on which see DescL Min., L r.29.
The variations in amount of soda and in angles have led Breithaupt to make several species out of the species orthoclase. But until it is proved that crystals of certain specific angles have uniformly the same specific chemical composition, and further, that kinds having the same specific chemical composition wherever occurring, always, when crystalliaed, present the same angles, such species cannot properly be recognized as distinct The varieties that have been named are the following:
Var. 1 . Ordinary. In crystals, or deavable massive, (a) Adularia, Transparent, deavable, usually with pearly opalescent reflections, and sometimes with a play of colors like labradoriie, though paler in shadi MboruUme (Heoatolite Detomei., T. T., ii. 201, ft*. *umTt ffte moon) bekjogs is
UKIBILICATS8. 36r
part hoe, tiie rest being albite and oligodase. VakneieuMtet from the BflTer mine of Valenciaua Mesoo, is adnliiria. Breithanpt flnda for ordinary orthodase (whi< be oalla pegnuUolUe) 6.= (B. H. Ztg., zxT. 38). Kokscharof obtained (Min. BubsL, t. 116) from cryatals
=U2' 12' 20"— 14' 10" ; O A 1-1=129° Si'. For oystala flrom Zillerthal, /A /=118° 46f -50 (DOD, 118" 47' 21"); Oa/, acute,=6t' 47' :d0"-60' (mean, 47' 88"); OaJ, obtuse,= lU' 10' 20'-13' (mean, 112' 12' 67"); 0 A 1-1=129*' 43' 10"-60' (mean, 129* 42' 88 '). He gifei as the calculated results for adukuria, /a 7=118* 47' and 61° IM' ; 0 A 7=67° 47' 20 ' and
amtkme, or oiocniitrinefBldapar (HeUolito JkHametiL, T. T., u. 2U0). In part orthodase ; rest a&iite or oligodaso (q. t.).
(c) SeenmUe. A deavable feldspar, fetid in odor ?rhen struc. The original was found by Hajdea near tiie York and Lancaster road, 21 m. ttom Baltimore, in granular limestone, and wa whitish or bluish in oolor. Named from a eorpae.
{d) AvuuonsionB. Bright 'verdigris-green, and deavable.
(c) Eryihriie. Flesh-red, from amjlaloid, near Kilpotrick. ICade out by Thomson to contain 3 pL c of magnesia. Named from iaviftts, red.
if) Samidm of Nose or glassy fddBpar including much of the loe-spar, part of which is anorthite. Occurs in transparent glassy crystals, mostly tabular (whence the name from aai'tf, a board) in Ian, pumice, trachyte, phonolite, eta Proportion of soda to potash varies from 1 : 20 to 2 : I. A. Mitacherlidi finds in some kinds 0*79 — 2*33 p. c. of baryta. Hhyacoliie is the same; the name was applied to glassy crystals from ICt Somma (Eisspath WsnL\ Bose has since observed (Erjrst (%. Min 88) that the specimen he analyzed (Fogg., xzviii 143) probably contained some mixed nepheiite, and that the mineral is orthodase. Named fm pw(, stream (lava stream), and Ai0of, none,
{g) CkeaLerUU. In white crystals, smooth, but feebly lustrous, implanted on dolomite in (Thestar Co Penn., and having the variations in its angles above stated. It contains but little soda. Twins occur with composition parallel to 0, and also parallel to both 0 and i-i, the latter apparent by the meeting of strie along the middlo of an 0, and the former by the same on an -i CiystBls vary a line in breadth to in. G. 2*63 1 SiUiman. Emi's analysis (This Min., 3d e<&, i960, 678) is erroneous, and therefore not dtod here.
(4) Microdin. Usually in deavable masses, whitish, grayish, or reddish, and opalescent The oriiKinal was from the sircon-syenite of Fredoridcsvam and Laurvig and Brevig, Norway. Breithaupimsde the angle between tlie two deavage planes 90° 22' 23', instead of W ; and bcDfie derived the name, uiptf<, UtQA, and iHto lindine. The analysis (No. 66) gives for the ratio of Na to &; 8 : 2. But Breithaupt haa since referred to microdin the feldspar of Arendal, which afforded him the same angle, but yet contains but a trace of soda (Na He also refers here a fcUspar from Eangerdluarsuk, Greenland (anal. 64), which is near the first-mentioned in composition, and gave the angles OAi.t=90° 22', 0 A 7=112'' 9', Oa7'=UH'* lu', O l-i= 129 34', i4 A 7=119'' 13' 7a 7=119'' 4', 7a ui 48' ; also the feldspar of the micaceous rock (called Miascyte) of Miask (Urals l, which has Na : 1:1, with an excess of silica, according to an unsatisfactory analysis ; also a Bodenmais feldspar of gray and greenish colors, with G. =2*676— 2*594, but he suggests that Kerndt's analysis (No. 66) was probably made on a mixture of microdin and digodase, the two occurring together; while Potyka found that the green variety (anaL 26) contained little soda. Potyka also states that the actual form was tridinic, and that (lie deavage face had the usual striss of tridinic feldspars; but Kevingott observes (Ueb., "t) that he did not find the strim on a Bodenmais specimen, and H. Fischer none on the feldspar of tbe Broon-syonite. Other loa reported by him are: Lewis Co., N. Y., with black pyroxene; Bareno in Italy ; Lomnitz and Fischbach in esia, of red color ; Sksholtzenberg and Kunersdorf, ia; Olbem-faau in SHeaUi, grayish-white, G.= 2*693 ; Sforzelln in Predazzo, white, G.= 2*596 ;
>Jute of the Flauea-Grund, near Dresden — ao extension of its distribution whidi must make
it easy to test the value of its distinctive characters. Notwithstanding the measurements of Breithaupt, microdin is probably monodinic. Desdoi-
'Maz, after optical Investigations (Min., i 341 refers it to orthodase. It is to be observed thai
angles were obtained from kinds having litUe soda as well as others having much. More-
orer, bzodase, in which the amount of soda is still larger, is monodinia (0 XABoctoML In grayish-white or yellowish crystals, a little pearly or greasy in lustre, often
, feebly shining lengthened usually in the direction of the dinodiagonaL 0 A 7=112'' 30',
0 A /'=ii2- 60', 7 a 7=120" -20', 0Ai4 (deavage angle)=90*', Breith. G.=*i*tt-2*62, Plattner.
analyses find much more soda than potash, the ratio being about 3:1, but how far this is
to mixture with albite has not been ascertained. From Hmnmond, St Lawrence Ca, N. Y.
Atnied from transversSf and tXi I leave, under the idea that the crystals are peculiar Id
Uring cleavage parallel to the orthodiagonal section. 0) Breithaupt has added still other names. His FaradoxUe, from tin mines near Marienberg; ctc.
Qbr flsshied. Oontains potash as the alkali, with Uttle or no soda, (k) His OoUaite is the
Oxtokn Oohfoundb.
grajiBh- white orthodaae in twins granite in Carlsbad, Bohemia drde of EHMgen ; b) h4 trials it has G.= 2 -609 1—2*6098, H.=6— 6i, and /aT about 120%- and bj BoBsaler't aDslysii (B. H. Ztg., xzY. 39) it contains 8 p. c. of soda to 6 of potash. But Bedner and Bulk havo found (amil. 14, 1 5) that it is an ordinary potash-feldspar with over 14 p. d of potash, and has G.=2'55 —2*57:. His Muldan is from Mulda near Freiberg; it is stated to hare / At-i=117', Tam -.\\e% Oa/=116*'— 116K, 0/T=llV; G.=2-64-2-6. MoU's analysis (Na it is common orthodase, although irregular in its angles.
(m) Laturfeldapar (Lasurfeldspath), a feldspar having H,=:6, and G.=2'697, and the deavage of orthodase, found near Lake Baikal with lapis lazuli
(n) PerUUte A flesh-red aventurine feldspar, consisting of interlaminated albite and ortho dase, as shown beyond. From Perth, Canada East
{o) Murchiaontle (b similar flesh-red feldspar to perthite, with gold-yellow reflections in one direction, like sunstone ; and stated to have also an unusual deavage direction besides the two observed. From Dawlish and Exeter, England. Named after its discoverer, Murdiison the geologist.
WeisngUe, of Jenzsch, is in small whitish or reddish-white twin crystals, and is from the ctvi* ties of amygdaloid at Weissig near Dresden; G.= 2*538— 2*546. L Lea has named (Proa Ac Philad., May, 1866) a greenish orthodase from Lenni, Delaware Co., Pil, ''almost without deavage," lermiUie ; other spedmens of the same locality, pearly and distinctly deavahle, ddmnahk ; and a dull bluish-green subtransparent kind, of an aventurine character, containing minute parti* des bright and hexagonal (hematite?) from Blue Hill, 2 m. N. of Media, Pa., eassimte. These are announced only as varieties of orthodase; but their distinctive characters are not such as to entitle them to special names. There is no place in the soisnce of Mineralogy for names so given.
2. Compact Ortboolass or OsTHOOLASB-FiunTE. This crypto-crystalline variety is common nnd occurs of various colors, from white and brown to deep red.
There are two kinds (a) the jasper4ikey with a subvitreous lustre ; and {b) the cerakrid or wuMkey with a waxy lustre. Some red kinds look closely like red jasper, but are easily distinguiahed by the fusibility. The orthodase difl'ers from the albite fetoite in containing saudi more potash than sodi. Leeiiie, named after J. F. Lee, is a deep, flesh-red variety, of waxy lustre, from Gryphyttan, Sweden.
The Swedish name HaUe/litUa means foUae /UnL
A. Proportion o/aoda much leu Iha Ihai of potash; from and less to
Analyses: 1, VaL Rose (Seheerers J., viiL 244); 3, Diirre (Ramin. Min. Ch 623); A, a B Hayes (Pogg, oxiiu 468); 4, Abich (Pogg., li. 528, B. H. Ztg., Jahrg., 19); 5, Schwalbe (Kenng Jeb., 1861, 1 3); 6. 7, Abich (L c.); 8, Plattner (Pogg., xlvi 299); 9, Brongniart k Mahiguti (Ann. d. M., IV il 466); 10, Kroner (Pogg., IxvlL 421); 11, Kersten (J. pr. Chi, xxxviLl72); 12, MoL (Ramm. Min. Ch., 624); 18, Jenzsch (Pogg., zcv. 3U4); 14, 15, RednerandBulk (ZaG. XTiii.394); 16, A. Strong (Jahrb. Mm. 1867, 541); 17, v. Hauer (Kenng. Ueb., 1856-7, 106); 18, 19, Deksse (BuU. G. Soa, n. X. 568); 20, C. Bischof (Bischof; Lehrb. GeoL, IL 2171. 2187); 21, H. Eisae (Geol. Beschr. Baden, 1861); 22, Jevrehiof (Pogg., xlvii. 196); 28, SchulU (Ramm. Min. Ch., 62); 24, Jenzsch (Jahrb. Min. 1855, 8()0); 25, J. Potyka (Pogg., oviii 363); 26-30, Richter (Za xiv. 49, 53); 31, Haughton (Rep. Brit Assoc., 1863, 55, Q. J. G.. xx. 269); 82, Id. (Phil. Mag., IV. xxxii. 221); .S3-.H5, C. W. C. Fuchs (Jahrl Min. 1862, 787, 788); 36, 37, Lesdi (t. Dechen, G. Besclir. Siebengeb., Verb. pr. Rheinl. Jahrg., 9, 289); 38-39, Lewinstein (J. pr. Ch., Ixriiu 9S); 40, 1003); 41, F. A. (nth (Keller ft Tied., iii 48t>); 42, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. Sd., IL xvi 42) ; 48, 44, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. Sci., II xv. 440, xxviii. 16); 46, 4, Boye ft Booth (Proa Am. Phil See. Philad., U. 53, Jahrb. Min., 1845) ; 47. T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 474); 48 Smith ft Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL xvi 44) ; 49, G. F. Barker ib. xxvL 70).
B. Proportion of soda to potash between : 1 and 2 : 1.
50, 51, G. Gmelin (Pogg., IxxxL 818); 52, 53, Scheerer (Pogg., civil 426); 54, 55, Utendorfef (Breith. B. H. Ztg., 1858, No 6, xril 1 1) ; 56, Kemdt (B. H. Ztg., xvii. 11) ; 57, Rube (Za G., xiv. 53); 58, T. a Hunt (PhiL Mag., lY. I K22, Am. J. Sd., IL zii 212); 59, a W. a Fadis (JahHn Min., 186-2, 789); 60, Heffler ft Joy (Ramm. Min. Ch., 626); 61, G. Bischof (Lehrb. GoL, L c); 62, Abich (1. c.); 63, G. Rose (Pogg., xxviii 148); 64, 65, Lewinstein (L a); 66, Schnabel (Ramm. BCin. Ch., 626); 67, 68, G. Bischof (L c.); 69, v. Rath (Za G., xiL 44); 70-73, T. a Hunt (Rep G. Can., 1863, 476).
C Proportion of soda to potash over 2 : 1.
74, 75, Smith ft Brush (Am. JScl, IL xyL 43); 76, PUttner (Pogg., Ixvii 419); 77, F. Sand burger (Gteol, Beschr. Baden, Carlsmhe, 1861, 48); 78, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., Ill xzr):
A. Proportion of soda much less than that of potash; from and less to
Si Si Fe % Ca $a & ign.
12-00 =98*25 SoM.
12-80 =100*44 Hef
I. Lomniti iKlesia 66*75
1760 1-75 1*25
8-60 0-85 0-19 0*56 20l
1. vdh, 65-10
20-12 2-42
( 8t Qolhard, dv.
7. Sifaerui, AmoM,
8. HezioQ, Vaiene, i. GejloD, Mocmskme 0. Mirienborgv rel%.
11. FonteDstoUen, Sax.
11 Mnlda, Sax A/L-w.
13. Bideberg, Sax wiL
14. CSarisbad, tuna 16. Kyfrhanaer Mts.
. 17. Bnal
18. Ghnmoani, wk,
19. VoBges, rd
20. Scbemniti
21. Baden, rdfu
22. Aiendal, MiarocUn
34. Weisaigiie 25. Bodennuua, .
. 2$. Hunmalfahrt, 10.
27. OkBhatte, red
28. Kppendori
29. Churprinz, rdh.
30. Emanual Erbst, rdh, 3L Donegal IreL 32. Greenland 33 Ockerthal, 10., 34. JECehberg, yn 36. Meinedceb., rdh.
36. 8atterbach, Samdin
37. Scharfenberg.
38. Perlenhardt,
39. Draohenfelfli
-L Davidson Co., N. 0. 7
43. L Superior, rdh, a. red
46. TodcerB Qil, Del, uf.
46. Wilmington, Dei, g.
47. Argenteoil, Oan., 10. 41 DanbiuT, Ct, 10.
If If
Si
65*72 65*82
66*82 66*43 65*52 65*75 66*23 62*75 64*00
65*82 68*12 65*00 66*92 65*87 66*24
Si
17*97 18*50
19*43 18*28 19*06
Fe Ag da JTa
. — 1-34 l-Ol
0*21 0-70 1*55
0*10 0-34 1-25
0-80 0-09 0*10 2*81
0*49
0*14
0*27
2-87 (r.
0-50 0*77 0*53 0*31
19*64
19*78 i'el-51 18-75 1r.
18*01 18*64 18*50
1*87
20*62 J'el'OO 17-97 e2*9l 17-16 1-67
2*83
tr.
18*26 0*57
18*80
tr.
1*61
0*18
► tr.
0*15
Oil
tr.
U-35 0*93 tr.
0*20
0*42
tr.
0*15 0*72 0*52
a-61
0'8o
0*33 1*24 0*45 1*20
3*66 2*08 2*88 0*79
8*12
tr.
1*05 tr, 8*87 0*78 2*85 8*42
&
14*02 18*05
16*67 14*66 12*24 12*66 lU-58 15*43
14*06
14*90
8*99
7*83
7*95
10*55
11*79
14*85
11*94
9*81
12*44
ign.
Imparity, or mottiy ao.
& Proportion of soda to potaah betwoen : 1 and 2 : 1. M. FrederickBT Mior. 6518
(L Lanrvig,
Ni Miask,
Bodeamaia,
67. Hartha, Erzg., rdh,
(9. Badaathal, trp (f) 6605
CO. KoetenbUtt, Sm. 65-86
Gl. ladua, 67-09
ti
66*03
65*68
66*9
68*16
66*44
[114]
0*52,
1*64: 0-85:
0*54,
0-86,
017= 0-46=
0-89= 019=
0-09: (1*30
0-44=
0*65 0*70
0*40
=100 Abich. fiaO-17=:101-38& $ln 0-19, Ca r,=:99-7l
Ab =99-29 Plattner. =1011 B. (SeM. =99*86 Kroner. :=9'.*56 Kersten. =100 MolL Li 0-7 1=1 00-88 J. la 0-48=100 Bedneft =99 87 Bulk. 100*74 Streng. =98-98 Hauer. =98*99 Delesse. =99*86 Delesse. A Ca 0-82=100-7( Bischof =99 77 Risae. =99*82 Jevreinof 100*32 Schults. Li 0-56=99*94 J. :99 87 Potyka. :9U-87 Bichter. :99-57 Bichter. :99-87 Bichter. :100-(>4 Bichter. :09-75 Bichter. : 101-08 Haughton Haughton. :100-:4Fuch8. :99-93 Fucha. :99'74 Fuchs. ilOuLaach. 100 Laach. :99*47 Lewinstein. 100 '40 Lewiuatein. 99-92 Bammelaberg 100-69 Genth. IOO*:ri a &B. 99*68 Whitney. 1 00* 14 Whitney. 99*72 B. & B. 99*89 B. k B. 100-14 Hunt 99-12 S. &B. =99-39 Barker.
19-99 0*63 0-48 7-08
19-46 0*44 0-27 6*14
19-17 0-31 0"20 6*83
19-53 0-62 0-22 7*11
17*8 0-5 0-6 6-5
20*50 4*72
17-27 l'eO'45 2*28 0*39 5*18
18-44 1-28 0*34 0*85 4*28
18-85 1-00 0-24 0*67 5*56
20-52 tr, tr. 0*72 541
19-41 0*48 0 87 0*65 4*06
18 88 1*26 0-08 0*85 4*5(
7*03 6*55 6*96 8*8 6*62 6*37 6*96 7*58
0*38=100-77 Gmelin. 0-12=98*88 Gmelin. 0-21=99*71 Scheerer. 0*1 1 10010 Scheerer.
=lo0-6 Utendorflfer
— Utendorflfer.
, An 0-15 Kemdt.
=99-36 Bube.
0-40=99-03 Hunt. 0*19=99 85 Fucha.
=100 H. A J.
3S8
Oxygen Compounds.
62. Epomeo, Ischia, San,
65. Pappelsberg, G6. Langenberg,
68. Rofienau,
69. Lowenberg
70. Chambly, Cazi.,<Sbn.
71. Broome Mtn., "
72. Shefford Mtn., " "
73. Mt. Bojal,
Si Si Fe ftg Ca fTa t
If
u (I fl
(4
66*80
66*16
18*38
<r.
0*19
0*16
0*64
tr.
0-R4
4*98
6*0
6*92
8*44
7*53
ign.
=99-86 Rose.
=99-70 Lewinataui.
— =10002 Lewinttoin — =99-97 Sdmabel
=99-49 Bischoi:
0-4=100-8 y. Rath. 0*55=100-12 Hunt 0-511= 100-79 Hunt 0-50=99*99 Hunt 0-93=99-07 Hunt
C. Proportion of soda to potash oyer 2 : 1.
74. Lozoclaae 65*40 19-48 1*26
75. " 66-31 18-23 0*67
76. " 68-50 20*29 0*67
77. Lochwald, to. 66*87 19-95 tr,
78. Dranafeld, gUuay 64*86 21*46 tr.
0*40
2*26 8*22
tr.
7*81 8*76 9*64 10*52
2*76 0-76=99-34 a A B.
4 35 0-20=98-96 8. ft B.
808 , Si,P,fl 100 P
3-42 — =99*77 Sandberger.
2-62 =98-99 Deleaae.
In anaL 5, G.= 2*5685, oolorlesa, trl; 6, G.=2*566; 10, G.=2-44?, gangaeof tinstoDe; 13, G.=2'548; 16, G.=2-56, in diorite; 23, G.=2-575; 24, in amygdaloid, altered laumontite; 26- 30, the Erzgebirge; 83, G =2*592, 0. ratio 1 : 2*9 : 11*9, in granite with oKgodaae and G. 2*68; 50, G.=2-68; 64, G.=2-684-2 598, from Greenland, green; 65, G.= 2 587-2-590, Breith.; 58, 2*57— 2*58; 59, G.= 2*595, 0. ratio 1 : 8*4 : 12*5, Harz, in gramte4ike gangne from the Gabbro, with oligoclase ; 60, in phouolite, Bohemia ; 61, lava between Leeco and Forio; 63, 64, G.= 2*576, from volcanic sand of Rockeskill ; 66, 67, trachyte conglomerate of Langenberg ill the Siebengebiige ; 68, trachyte conglomerate of " Kleinen Roeenau " in the Siebengebirge ; 69, from doleryte in the Siebengebirge, G.= 2-567 ; 70, from porphyritic trachyte; 71, frm granitoid trachyte ; 73, compact white trachyte ; 77, in a fine-grained granite.
Phillips, in an imperfect analysis murchitfonite (Phil. Mag. ft Ann., L 448), obtained 68-6, 16*6, IC 14*8. The mineral came from Dawlish, and is evidently orthoclase.
The perthite afforded Gerhard (ZS. G., ziv. 151) the same composition as obtained by Hunt, viz.: Si 65-83, aJtl 18*45, ¥e 1*72, Ca tr,, Sa 606, fc 8*64, ign. 0-32=99*92. But he found, ftirther, that it was divisible into thin reddish and whitish layers, which were respectively orthocUM and albite. These layers afforded him (La):
§1 £1 {?e Oa ifTa &
1. Red layers, Orffiockue 65*36 18*27 1*90 tr.
2. White layers, JIO 67*23 18*52 1*47 tr.
Na
8*60
12-16=99-94 3-34=99-06
Thus proving that the supposed sodaorthodase Is really an intercrystallization of two homosomorphous species ; and suggesting that other similar anomalies among the feldspars may have an analogous origin. The 0. ratio in No. 1 is 0-94 : 3 : 12*49; in No. '2, : 3 : 12-09.
An orthoclase, monodinic in crystals and deavage, fr. the nophelin-doleryte of Vogelsgebirge. afforded A. Knop (Jahrb. Min. 1865, 687) Si 59-69, 2104, Pe 227, Mn (r., ftg tr., Ca 0*95; ]a 6-55, fi: 8*61, Ba 2-27, Sr 036, li 101-74. The mineral is remarkable for tlie smaO amount of silica, large of alumina, and the presence of baryta. The peculiar constitution may be a result of partial alteration, or of orystallinic mixture ; which is true is not asoertained. It if intermediate between orthoclase and hyalophane.
The foUowing are analyses of different felsiten, additional to those under ALBiri on page 361
2. Dannemora, HeUfL 81-24 9-78 0*64 8. Saxony, gyK-red 68*0 190 4*5
4. Nantes, gnh.'gy. 76-2 15*0
5. Brittany, gnh.'. 75*4 15'5 120
7. Harz 78-29 16-61
8. Jungfrug 7616 18*46 1*90 9 8axa-knut,Sweden 79-55 11-81 042
Ag Ca fTa
1*1
2*4
1*4
0*1
0*10
0-78 3-84 1*2
0*40 0*46 2*62
2*38
8*68
ft
8*88
8*10
3*4
8*8
8*19
8*61
ti
1*5
Thomson.
Bertbier. Duroober.
T7Ni8Ilicate8. 35£
OOmt analTsefl oflbUitoB: a "W. a Fadifl, Jahrb. lOn., 1862 803.
Pyri, eta— &B. Aikb at 5 ; yarieties containing much soda are more ftiaible. Lozodaae Aiset at 4. Kot acted upon by addk
Obib— OrthocUse is an essential constituent of many rocks.
L Oreatular eryHaOine, QramiU and gneiaa which consist of orthodase, quartc, and mica km aAislf the same with less orthodase and more mica. Syenite and eyeniiic gneiss like the preceding, but containing hornblende in place of mica. Oranulytet a mixture of granular orthodue and more or lees qoarta. AUntie granite a granite containing albite as well as orthodase. A amilar rock contains oligodase in place of albite. FyrooDenyte a rock consisting of orthodase and pjrozene. ifioacyfe, a granular slaty rock consisting of orthodase and eheolite, from Miask in the UraL These rods contain the orthodase in deavable grains, and sometimes also in distinct disseminated erystals; when the latter is the case the rock is said to porphyrilie. The finest and largest crystals of orthodase occur in granitic or feldspathic veins.
1 Compad eryptocryekUHne. or keUtt already described. It sometimes oontains quarts in disaemyiated grains ; and Durocher has observed cases in which a fdsite graduated into a granite or granulyte. As the rock was originally a dayey rock (derived from the wear (not the decomposition) of the minerals of granitic rods) it is natural that there shonld be the tran- Dtiott here mentioned. The feldspar in some of the analyses below may be partly of oligodase or albita. The kiiUiUa of Sweden is for the most part here induded.
As the granular orthodase rods, granite, gneiss, and the like, graduate into others con* taming hornblende, such as syenite, syenitio gneiss, eta, so the compact orthodase-felsites may graduate into othere that are homblendic though not visibly so ; — and these last will indicate their bornblendic composition, not merely by their composition as asoertained by chemical analysis, but also by their high specific gravity. The spherules of variolyie of a white, grayish, or greenish-white color, are mostly a compact feldspar or felsite of some kind.
Porpfffry in part, consisting of a felsite base with disseminated opaque crystals of orthodase ; bnt this fdsite base is seldom pure orthoclaso. In the green antique porphyry, it is an intimate mixture of orthodase and hornblende. [The feldspar is oligodase or albite in some poiphyry.]
Pktmoiytt (or clinkstone), a compact grayish rock, often containing crystals of glassy feldspar, and having a seolite in the base along with orthodase. [In some phonolite the feldspar is oligoclake. j
ethyie, a gyish igneous rock of rough fVacture, mtermediate between phonolite and a granular crystalline rock, it owing its roughuess of surface laigely to the grains of glassy feldspar which mainly constitute it
ArgUfte and talcoae skid generally contain more or less of orthodase in a cryptocry stalline or un* lUatinguialiable state. Often, however, as analyses show, the alkalies are mostly wanting ; and viwD 80 the amount of feldspar is small ; and it may be wholly absent.
3. Amorphaua, Obsidian or volcanic glass is sometimes an impure orthodase in a glassy state ; and in other cases it is a mixture of orthodase or labradorite and augita with chrysolite and much iron, the materials varying with the lavas of a volcano ; for any lava will become glassy, and thus make obsidian, by rapid cooling. G.=3'25— 3*8.
Fdckttonie has the lustre of pitch rather than glass ; pearlaUmt has a pearly lustre, and is sometimes in spherules {8phendUe\ or consists of spheroidiU concretions. G.= 2*3—2*4. The spherolea of pjTomeride, porphyry, eta, are quite similar, though usually having an excess of silica from mixed quart& Pitchstone and pearlstone are sometimes in composition albite or oligodase rather than orthodase, that is, contain soda, or soda and lime, instead of potash. See analyses below. Fuchs has suggested that those rocks derive their glassy portion from solidified vatoflasft and not the fusion of a feldspar.
KrtiUu Forchhammer, or Baulite, appeara to be a siliceous feldspathic mineral related to these VRnedons. It forms the basis of the trachyte, obsidian, and pitchstone of Iceland. According to Ton Walterhaosen, it occura also in triclinic crystals; and he deduces the oxygen ratio 1:3: 34=:(&+&) Si". BB. fuses only in thin splinter; in adds insolubla H.=6. G.=2-656, ftni, 2-672, Walt*
The following are analyses of pumice, obsidian, spherulite, krablite, eta: 1, Berthier (Ann iK, IIL V. 543); 2, VanqueUn (Gehl. N. aUg. J., v. 280); 8, 4, Erdmann (J. f. techn. Ch., xv <2); 6, Thomson; 6, Trommsdorf (N. J. d. Pharm., iii 301); 7, Erdmann (I a); 8, FtoinusXSchw J-, nix. 136); 9. Eidmann (I a); 10, Klaproth (Beitr., il 62, lit 262) ; II, Berthier (Ann. d. M.. 1); 12, 13. B. SUliman, Jr. (Dana's O. Bep., 200); 14, Waltorehausen (Yulk. Qest, 211); 15 Mease (BulL G. Fr., IL ix. 175); 16 Forchhammer (Skand. Nat Samm. L Stockh.); 17, Gentt (Ana. Ch. Pharm IxvL 271):
Si Si 9e Ca Ag ]a &
1 Mask) 78 10 a 1 — — k Mn 1*6=98 6 Vauq.
ICanj localities hare been enamerated above. Fine crystals are fonnd at Oarlsbad atd CHxigvt in Bohemia (twins, t 314, 816); Katheiinenbnrg in Siberia; Arendal in Norwaj; Baveno ii Piedmont; Lomnitz in SUlesia ; Land's End and St Agpies in Cornwall ; Albaachka near Murnnak and near Schaitansk in ihe Urals ; the Monme mounjAs, Ireland, with beryl and topas ; il Rnbieslaw in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, etc. ; in great alfflndance in the trachyte of the Drecit* fela on the Rhine; also in the lavas which devastated the island of Ischia, near Naples, in 1302; at Vesuvius, where it may be obtained in profusion in the valley called Fossa Grande.
In the U. States, ortiioclase in crystals occurs iu JTatn on the island Mt Desert, fine green; at the tourmaline locality, Paris. In K, Ifamp, at the Acworth beryl locality. In Mass at South Royalston and Barre, often large crystals ; at Three Rivers, in Palmer. In Conn, at the gneiu quarries of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown, crystals a foot long, and 6 or 8 in. chick ; near Bradleysville, in the western part of Litchfield, crystals 2--S in. long, abundant Id N. York in St Lawrence Co., at Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow ; the crystals are white or bluish-wfaite, aud sometimes an inch across ; also 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierremont, where crystals a foot through are said to have been found; and near DeLong's mills in the town of Hammond, with apatite and zircon, where tte hxodase is obtained ; in Lewis Co., orthodase occurs both crystallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Bridge, with scapollte and spbene; in Orange Co., crystals near West Point ; more abundant and interesting forms are found at Bocky Hill, in Warwick, with tourmidine and zircon ; and at Amity and Edenville ; in Saratoga Co., at the Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white translucent crystals, usually coated with sQvery mica. In Penn, in crystals at Leiperville, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., and W. Bradford, at Poor Hooae quarry, Chester Co. (chesterlite) ; sunstone in Kennett Township. In K. Car at WashmgtOD Mine, Davidson Co., in white and yellowish crystals (anal. 41).
Massive orthodase is abundant at the above-mentioned localities, besides many others. Green at Mt Desert, Me., near S. W. Harbor ; at Rockport Mass. An aventurine variety, with bright coppery reflections in spots, at Leiperville, Pennsylvania. Adularia, at the Falls of the Tantic near Norwich, Conn., at Brimfleld, Mass., with iolite, and at Parsonfield, Me. ; and sunstone at Lyuic, Conn. (Some of these may be'oligodase.) Kaolin, at Andover, Mass., and abundantly in New Milford, Kent, and Cornwall, Conn., and in the counties of Essex and Warren, New Toik ; also in New Garden, Chester Co., Pa., abundant Necronite, at Roger's Rock, Essex Co., and it Thomson's quarry, near 196th street, New York.
For recent observations on cryst, see Descl Min., i. ; Hessenborg's Min. Notizen, Nos. L, VU rV., V. ; Websky, Z& G., xv. 677 ; Kokscharof, Min. RussL, v. 115 ; F. ScharfT., Abb. d. Seock Ges., vi.
Alt. — Feldspar may be altered through infiltrating waters carrying more or less carbonic add in solution (Forchhammer, Foumet, Bischof); also through the action of waters rendered add by the decomposition of sulphida (Mitscherlich) ; also by ordinary waters holding traces of alkaline and other ingredients in solution (Bischof).
The presence of a sulphid of iron, or a mineral containing protoxyd of iron, as some mica, garnet, etc., is often the first occasion of the change. The decomposition of the mineral with the attendant oxydation of the iron distributes ferruginous waters through the rode (or sulfate of iron from the altered sulphid), and tiius, by a disaggregating or decomposing action, prepared the way for other agendes.
Si £1 Fe Ca ig ]a &
.3. Obsidian TeVkhtauni'SO
4. PUchgUme, Meis. 76*60
6. " Arran
6. " bk. Dresden
7. PearlstoM Hun.
g U 14
9. Spkeruliie, "
10. Pumice Lipari
11. . " " 12! Piw$ Hair, ) Hawaii, vcic gUua )
14. Sideramelane
15. Splier, in pyrom,
16. Krabliie, Iceland
it
77*20 39*74 49*25 88*09 74*83 80*23
12-40 2*03 11*60 1*20 12-74 J'e 8-80 17*00 Fe 2*76 12-05 1-76
16*o0
1*75 0*60
0*58
1*96 1*36 1*50
3*34
2*50
2*74 9*61 0*28 1*98
2*40
- 6*40, ln 1'81=:99*80 Erdm. 2-77 fi 4-78= 103-95 Erdm.
6*22
8*58 4*27 8*00
, ign. 8*0=98-71 Th, , Li 3-O0=98"25 Tr. tl 8-0=98-20 Erdm. fi 1*76=100*01 F. 100-28 Erdmann. =99-75 Klaproth. 6 50, fi 3*00=98-50 Berth.
te 80*26=99*61 &
21-62 , te 22-29, fi 0*33=997 &
2*51 1-12=100 Waltersh.
2-58 fi 0*84=100 DetosMi 5-56 ir. =100*43, F. G. =2*889- 2*26 100*44 Genth.
Other analyses of obildian, DevUle (Bua G.Soa Fr., IL viil 42t); of pomioe, Sb. ; alio i J pr. Ch., liv. 16).
S61
Aeu the infUtreting waters contain traoe carbonic acid, the feldspar acted tti flist loses .t w if a toe feldspar, by a comtion of Slime with this acid; next, .ts alkal.ei. are earned SH:. carbtes if the supply afl continues, or otherw.se as s.Ucates in sohat.o The chance thus going on endapHkng, kaolin or some other hydrous silicate. The carbonate "r potash, or the silicafl* bases, set free, may go to the formation of o her minerals -tteprodSciion of pseudomorphic or metamorphic changea-and tlie supplying fresh and marine witf-rs with their saline inirredientB. ,,
fod, is generally a simple hydrous silicate of alumina (see Kaolinite), ?'P'ff„JV'?i°"?'!,? ?HP*''H=Silica 46-, alumina 89-8, water 13-9. Orthoclase m changing to it loSes 1 K + J Part of tl.c silica set free may go off with more or less of the potash, or may form opal, quartz, Ss sinter The alumina Sso is often in part removed. The same explanation is readily aBDlieJ (0 the change in albite or other feldspars.
When the changlis not carried on to the exclusion of the protoxyd bases, certain leohtes may rtiresSyTs Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration which spea Zhea as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nepho ine or elmolite is a S?more Zmon sou of reolites. Anal. 52, by Scheerer, is of orthoclase "velop,ng the seolite tergmannite, and SS, of the same enclosed in bergmannite, this leohte having apparently beeu fomied out of other portions of the orthoclase. .,. . i.
mj replace the lirae or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina is eioludtd; and when augite or hornblende is present, it may give origin to cUlonte.
The action of sulphurous acid from volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete desUrtion Df the feldspar and other minerals present, giving rise to deposits or incrustations ol silica, in some of ite various forms, and also halloysite, kaolin, etc. t „
clase or albite ; and tin ore and calcito oilen replace these feldspars by some process of solution and substitution. Labradorite more rarely forms kaohn. , ...a c,.
OrL-lase is also described as occurring altered to albite. Ts has been mentioned as an example of paraniarphum, the two species being dimorphous. But as these feldspars ocoir together in tbe sarock, and must have been formed under very similar bTrdly suppose that either is liable to a change Uke that of a dimorphous compound to the form
'']L!Artificial feldspar has been observed in crystals in furnace scoria at Masfeld,. gerhausen, near Laimbach, and near Stolberg. Analyses : 1, 2, Heine ; 3, Ab.ch ; 4, Rammels- l*rjc:
I. Sangerhausen
4. Laimbach
Si
65*95 63*96
£1
19*20 18*50
Fe
Mg
, 6u 0*27 Heine.
, Cu 0-13 Ilem
16*26, Cu 0-80 Abich. Raram.
The oxygen ratio afforded ia 1 : 3 : 12. But the last is an iron-oiihoclase, the alumina beinK replaced by sesquioxyd of iron.
Ebsbtitb. (Wasserfreier Scolezit [fr. Pargas] K Nordensk . X, xxxL 417, 1821 Anhydrous Scolecite: Scolexerose 5eud, Tr, ii. 55, 1832. V. of Labmdor Sy t. d Kryst,
mmon jroniometer). uoserveu pmuooi v, Tciviv.M -i -'i — -
dome, aeavage: 0 perfect; iri less perfect. H. 6; lustre vitreous, f f deaTaire ; color white or grayish-white. N. Nordenskiold obtained in an analysis (L c.) 5m 64 13 h 25r53 Ca 16-46. fl l-07=99-87. which affords the 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 6, or that of labradorite, to which'sJecies it hL been referred by Frankenheim and Rammelsberg. A labradonie without ilfciii and with the angles of orthoclase is so much of an anomaly as to be at least ot very iraproljable existence. It may weU be alUred orthoclase and thereby pseudomorphoiis. Nordenskiold while making the form numoclinic in the text, states that he obtained the angle 90 22 bemeen the two cleavages with a reflective goniometer, and suggeste that the form may possibly be tri dinic. Still tS other angles are so closely those of orthoclase that this view appears quite imwobable. as he also must regard it, since he does not adopt it in the teat. It was caUed anhydroru foUecik by H Nordenakiold, because the 0. ratio was that of sooledte minus the water.
86S
OXYGEN OOMFOUNDll.
m. SUBSILIOATES.
Arrangbicent Of The Spbgib&
A. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 4 : 8.
1. Gbondroditb Oboup.
819. GHONDBODm Ag'Si'
Mg.e.Ke.PhJP
IL TOUBM ALINE GROUP. Bhombohedha. Oontainiiig boris add m a base.
820 Toubxauni
B. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 3 : 2.
1. Qmiaining no tUamc add,
L GEHLENITE GROUP. Tetragonal; isomorphons with the aoapolite group.
821. Gehlbkitb (i&*+ifi)§i
IL ANDALUSITE GROUP. Anisometria Gontainiog only seaqniozTda.
822. AUTDALUBITB iHSt
828. FiBBOLira 3i
824 KTANin Si Si
326. TOPAB with F repL one-fifth the 0
UL EUCLASB GROUP IConodinia Gontaining other baaea beaidea Beaqniozyda.
326. EuOLAffli 817. Datolri
T. GUARINITE 6rOUP. Tetragonal
828. GuABDrm (Ca+ ¥1) ft, or (iCa'+ 1 Ti 9i
IT. TITANITB GROUP. Aniaometrio.
O. ratio of bases and eiliea S : 1. I SUDBOLITB OBOITP. ConUtnbg no titanic cid.
IL SCHOBLOIUTE aBOUF. OcnUining tltMiia add m a bMe.
A/fndix.—9ai. OiFnaam, Xl, ttg.
In tlie AiKblnalte groopt the spMlM udaluiiM and topaa an approdmat iTi-lAi-im the latter ia mads the flindainentalpriaiii, theD/A/=BS° 11'. t lUiuilc. Biidaae,datoUtcsaDcl theapedMoftheTitaDitegnHipHeaboiat of /bsiiif aervnllj, 116°, 115* 8', and 111* 81'; and O a dinodonw:
319. OHONDRODmB. ChondmUt OlkalA of Ifagnaila and In BUNlhlOS, 1817. OoDdrodlteS UadiiTeita, Flntnilicate of Uigne ( Ia% Am. J. Sd , T. S8II, IBSS. Brudte (ft. K. J. and N. T.) OiUm, QaaTel RntUU ia Am J. SoL, T. 346, IBJS. Hnmite AMni., Cbt, 63, 1S11.
OrthorhoDibic. Often hemihedral in octahedral planes, monoclinic in character. lAl=9i° 26' and 83° 34'. types, as in the following fignree.
HmdU: Tjpa I. Hsmlto: lypa IL
Hamlte! lpelD.
TjpeL, o : J : c=l-4678 : 1 : 1-0805 ; H., 1-6727 : 1 : 1-08 1 : 1'0805. Observed planes in Yesnvian crystals as in figs. H in typfi II- ; the two unlettered planes on . 32 Qotber plane in the same series (f. 825) l-jf. Obsenred pi dite as in flg. 337, with also 0, i-t 2-i, ft, f}, i-|. Ftg lemibedral, 827 Tt-handed hemihedral. Ai4;*es in wt of homie :
Oxygen 0Ohfound6.
82t
0 A a4=102 48' A 3-1=103 47 O A 1-S=121 .44 1-i A 1-t, bas., Ill 28 0 A f 2=112 24
il A i4, front,=71 82
m. 0 A 11=125 14J A 2-1=109 27 0 A 4=97 23 OAfi=119 4T (? A 4-1=100 48 (?AtV=140 15
Chondrodite.
1. 0 A l-t=124 16' 0 A 1=116 84
II. O A 1-1=122 27 A 2=103 8 0 A f t=135 52i A 4-2=98 13 0 A 2-1=108 58 1-i A 1-i, ov. t-i,=115 6
<?Af2=119 17
O A 8-2=94 35
0 A 1=111 15 1-i A l-i=109 31 1-i A 1=134 23
f a|-2,ov./,=126
Observed angles with the common goniometer in chondrodite of N. Jersey (Dana) : 1-i A l-i=112'' (for mean of humite types 112° 2' ) ; 1-i f 136°; l.iAf2=157°, f Af 2, ov./,=127°,/A 7, adj.,=85% 4-i on above it 168°; of Pargas (Nordenskidld) 1-i A l-i=114° 37' (in type above 115° 6'), A f t=136° 1', 0 A 2-i=109° 8'.
Twins : composition-face -f-i in tvpe I. ; |-i and f-t in U. ; i-t in III. ; the last sometimes producing stellate forms of six crjrstals, eacn hemihedral. Cleavage indistinct. Usually in imbedded grains or masses of a somewhat granular texture.
H.=6— 6*5. G.=3*118— 3*24. Lustre vitreous — resinous. Color white, yellow, pale yellow or brown ; sometimes red, apple-green, black, gray. Streak white, or slightly yellowish, or grayish. Transparent— subtraneln* cent. Fracture su&onchoidal — uneven.
Var. — 1. Ordinaiy dkofidrodtfe. In imbedded crystalflf masfles, or grains, eabtranalnceDt oi opaque, more or leas resinous in lustre, and surfaces hardly polished ; 3ie cryatals sometimes 2 riches or more broad. Colors the abore, excepting white. G.=8*118, from N. Jersey, Thomsoa; 8-24, ft, Eden, N. Y., id. ; 8*199, fir. Finland, Uaidinger.
2. HumitA, In small implanted, transparent to trsnslncent, polished glassy crystals, from Ve> suvius ; (a) type L ; (6) type IL ; (c) type III., the most common. Coloriess to citron-yellow, honey* yellow, and brownish. G.= 3*234, white, type L; 3*177, yellow, ype IL ; 199, brown, ype IIL; 3*186, yellowish, type IIL ; Scao
Oomp. — §i', with part of the oxygen replaced by fluorine ; in chondrodite ; in ho* mite, type L, iS in type IL, in type III, Ramm.
Analyses : 1, Dr. W. Langstaff (Aul J. Set, vi 172, analysis made in 181 1); 2, Seybert (Am. J Sd., V. 836); 8, Bammelsberg (Pogg., liiL 130, and 1st SuppL, 88); 4, W. Fisher (Am. J. Soi. n. ix. 85); 5, Thomson (Ann. Lya N. York, iii 54); 6-10, Bammelsberg (Fogg., liiL 130, Ixxzri 413):
1. Kew Jers
2. "
4. " red
5.
6. Pargas, ye/2of0
8. iTumifa iype I.
10. " "in.
A t'e Ag F
82- 6- 51' 8-55, fi and loss 2=99*55 Langstaft
88-06 8*65 55*46 7-60=99*77 Ramm.
83-35 5-50 58-05 7-60=99*50 W. Fisher.
86 00 Fe 8*97 64 64 8-77, fi 1-62=99*98 TbomaoB.
8810 2*85 56-61 8*69=100-75 Bamm.
84-80 2-40 60-08 847=100*75 Bamm.
86-67 1*67 66*88 2*01=97-78 Bamm.
., to.— B.B. inftiaible; some varieties Uacken atil then burn white. Fued with
Subsiuoateb.
36e
DDOiphoras in the open tube glveB a reaction for fluorine. With the fluxes a reaction for iron. utbtimseii with adds. Heated with sulphuric add gives off fluorid of silicon.
Obt.— Ghoodrodite occurs mostly in granular limestoue. It is found near Abo, in the ]WonBh of Puvu in Finland, and at Aker and Gulsjd in Sweden ; at Taberg in Wermland; at Boden in Saiony; on Loch Ness in Scotland; at Achmatovsk in the Ural, along with perofskito; aud in die miiiGs of Schischimsk with red apatite. Humite occurs at Somma, iu ejected masses of a if granitic rock, along with forsterite, biotite, pyroxene, magnetite, etc.
Abandiat in the counties of Sussex, N. J., and Orange, N. Y., where it is associated with spinel, ind occasioiially with pyroxene and corundum. In Jir. Jersey at Bryam, orange aud straw* colored choodrodite, and also a yarietj nearly black, occurs with spinel ; at Sparta, a fine localitjrof kooej-yellow chondrodite; a mile to the north of Sparta the best locality of this mineral in N. J. ; at Vemoo, Lockwood, and Franklin. In y. York in Orange Co., in Warwick, Monroe, CorowiH, near Greenwood Furnace, and at Two Ponds, and elsewhere ; near £denviUe in fine spectmeos on the land of Mr. Houston; also sparingly in Rossie, on the bank of Laidlaw kke. Ib Mau at Chelmsford, with scapolite. In Penn., near Chaddsford, in Harvy's quarry, of jellov and orange colors, abundant In Canada in limestone at St. Crosby, St. Jerome, St idek, Grenyille, etCi, abundant
Tbe Dame chondrodite is from alluding to the granular structure. BrucUe was giro by CoL Gibbs after Dr. Bruce, editor of the American Mineralogical Journal ; MaclurttUe by Sefbert, alter Wm. Maolure. The mineral was first discovered in New Jersey by Dr. Bruce. FboriDe was first detected in it in 181 1, by Dr. Langstaff of New York, whose analysis (No. 1) gives Teiy nearly the correct constitution of the species. Cleaveland, in the first edition of his mineral* Qgy (issued in 1816), at p. 185, in a brief mention of the undescribed species, speaks of it as a jtuak calling ii fluate of trunetfiOj he evidently having had an imperfect report of Dr. Langstaff examinaiion, the resulta of which had not then been published. Dr. Torrey obtained similar results to those of Dr. Langstaff iu 1818. See on these pointe Am. J. 8d., vL 17 1, 1823. D'Ohs* son analyzed the mineral in 1817 without finding the fluorine, he obtaining (Ic) Si 38*00, Mg MDO, Fe 5*10, 'jki r50, ti[ 0'86 Mn tr a result very wide from the true composition. Humite was shown to be identical with chondrodite iu oomposition by Rammelsberg.
On cryst see Scaochi, Fogg., 1851, Erganz., iii.161, who identified and described the three types
of humite ; also Uessenbeig, Min. Not, il 15 ; Nordenskiold on chondrodite of Fargas, Fogg.
sc?i. 1 18. The author adopts a modified view of Scaochrs types, first brought out in Am. J. bd,
II xi?. 176.
Alt— Chondrodite altered to serpentine has been observed at Sparta, N. J., with spinel and mick
i2a TOURM AliTNB. Early syn, ofpredaua T, Turamali, Turmalin (fV. CeylonX (%i//ofi nam Gormaitii, Curiosie Speoulationes, etc, von einem Liebhaber, der Immer Gem Speculirt, Chemnitz, 1707. Pierre de Ceylan; on petit aiman; Jf Lemary la fit voir, etc.. Hist Ac. Sd., Paris, 1717, p. 8. Aschentreoker UolL; Aschenzieher Germ,; Ash-drawer Engl, [alluding to electri* cal property]. Zeolithns vitreus electricus. Tourmalin, Rinmannj Ak. H. Stockh., 1766; V. Bom, Lithoph., L 47, 1772. Borax electricus LintL, Syst, 96, 1768. Tourmaline Garnet BUl FoM., 148, 1771. Tourmaline Kirw., Min., t 271, 1794.
Earf tyn. of opaqitd T. Schurl pt ./mTj 1595; Schirlpt BrSckmanfi, 1727 [see p. 206]. Skii3rl pc, Gomeus crystellisatus pt, Wall., 139, 1747. Basaltes cryst pt, Skori-Crystall pt, Otnut, 70, 1758. Sohdrl, Stangenschorl, Cferm. ; Shorl, Shirl, Cockle, Engl, Borax Basaltes UsuL, Syst, 95, 1768. Basaltes crystallisatus v. Btyrn, lithoph.. i 84, 1772, il 95, 1775. Shori Cno., Milk, i 265, 1794.
SyKfrom union of T. and 3. in one gpedea. Tourmaline ou Basalte transparent Schorl, Lide, Crist, 266, with fig. cryst (anrl proofs of ident of T. ft S.\ 1772. Schorl transparent rhomboidal dit Tourmalme et Peridot=Schorl, de Lisle, Crist, il 344, with figs., 1783. Schori, var. (1) Schwarzer S., (8) Elektrisoher S.=Tunnalin), Went,, Cronst, 1780; Bergm. J., L 374, 1789; Jameaon, Min., 1816. Tourmaline JET., Tr., iii 1801.
For. tnerod. aM 8p. BubelUte (fir. Siberia) Kirw,, Ifin., I 288, 1794=:Daourite DdamefK, T. T., il 303, 1797=Siberite VHermina, J. de TEcole Polytechn., L 439=Tounnaline apyre JZ, t?. 180l=Apyrit Eauink, Handb., 642, 1818. IndicoUte and Aphrizite {tr, Norway) dAndrada J de Phys., 11 243, 1800, Sdierer's J., iv. 19, 1800. Taltalite Domeyko, Bifa 189, 1860=Cobrf ugTO estrellado de Taltal (Aucama).
For. uUrod as Subwp, Aduoit (fr. Elba) Herm., J. pr. Ch., . 232, 1845.
36G
Oztoen Oohp017Kd6.
Rhombohedral. jBa=103% <?A .5=134° 3'; a=0-89526. Observed
UDionvillei Pa.
Hunteratown, C E. 838. AnalQgae Pole.
Canada.
389. Antilogue Pole.
Goayernenri N. Y.
J.*) ; prisms, i, i-2, 1-4% -f- Usually hemmedraf, being often unlike at the opposite extremities, or hemimorphic, and the prisms often triangular. Cleavage : and i-2, difficult. Sometimes massive compact ; no lumnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent.
8Ttb8Iligate8.
0 A J=165° 31'
Oa=152 40 0 A 1=129 21 0 A 2=115 49 A 1=111 9 0 A JjL=99 58
J A 1=154° 59' I A 1=133 8 t.2 A 1=113 26 i-2 A 30 i-2 A f =155 14 i-2 A f =142 26
i-2 A f =130° 55 i-2AU=136 41 i-2Ar=L47 51 i-2 Ai-|=160 54 i-2Ai-|=166 6 t-2A7=150.
H.=7— 7*5. G.=2-94— 3'3. Lustre vitreous. Color black, black, bluish-black, most common ; blue, green, red, and sometimes of rich shades ; rarely white or colorless ; some specimens red internally and green externally ; and others red at one extremity, and green, blue, or black at the other. Dichroic ; some, yellowish-brown axially, asparagus-green transrersely ; dark brownish-violet axially, greenish-blue transversely ; purple axially, bluish transversely ; etc. Streak uncolored. Transparent — opaque ; greater transparency across the prism than in the line of the axis, t raoture Bubconchoidal — uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric.
Var — I. Ordinary, In crystals, (a) i?u5//t/e ; the red sometimes traDsparent ; the Siberian is mostly violet-red, the BrazUian rose-red ; that of Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass., pale rose-red and opaque ; that of Paris, Me., fine ruby-red and transparent. (6) Indfcoliie ; the blue, either pale or bluish-black; named from the indigo-blue color, (c) BrazUian Sapphire {in jewelry); Brlin-blue and transparent ; {d) Brazilian Emerald Chrysolite {or Peridot) of BrazU; green and transparent (c) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow. (/) Achroite; colorless tourmaline, from Elba. ig) Aphriziie; black tourmaline, from Krageroe, Norway, {h) Columnar snd black ; coarse columnar. Reaembles somewhat hornblende, but has a more resinous fracture, and is without distinct cleavage or unykhing like a fibrous appearance in the texture.
Kupfler found the angle in the green tourmaline of St Gothard 133' 8' ; in the black of Siberia, 133* 13 ; in the red of Siberia, 2' ; giving 134° 6', 134" 3', and 133° 5.' for 0 Af Bruoke found for the angle Oa| in a white crystal, 7' ; green, 134° 2' 24" ; clear brown, isy 56 ; red, 133" 48'; black, 133° 47' 12". The varieties in composition and the subdivisions sujjprested thereby are given below. Comp. — 0. ratio for bases (the boric acid hero included) and silica 4 : 8 (Rarnm.) ; whence (ft*, R, The 0. ratio for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, and boric acid (ft, fi, B) varies greatly: ?roup L (see beyond) affording mostly 4 : 12 : 4; II., 4 : 16 : 6; III., 4 : 21 : 4 : 24 : 7, etc.; IV., 4 : 40 : 12, 4 : 36 : 11, eta ; v., 4 : 48 : 13, 4 : 56 : 12, etc. The special formula for group L vroiild consequentlv be (R')* 8i-|- 3 R" SiH- Si" or (j R' + jt -h B)" Si" ; for analysis 23 in group V. and these (excluding analysis 26) are the extreme variations.
A. Mitscherlich, by a new method of analysis (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxvi. 1), obtained the iron as protoxyd in several trials, finding 16-06 and 16*30 in thatof Bovoy Traoey (No. IH, beyond); 6'69 and 5 t.t; in that of St Gothard (No. 9); 17-14 and 1729 in that of Sonnenberg (No. lo); 754, 7*65, and 7 57 in that of Sarapulsk near Mursinsk (No. 17); and 6*74 in that of Brazil (No. 21). But Sr:heerfcr takes the ground that Mitscherlich's method of analysis is less satisfactory than others, and the subject is still in doubt. Mitscherlich's determinations, introduced into Ramnielsberg's aualrses as done by himself, afforded, in the 14 cases which he investigated, the following fbr tte oxygen of ft+fi-hB, that of the Si being 3: L, Iron-magnesia tourmaline — 3*90 (No. 7); lyiXo. 8); 4-09 (Na 9); 4*07 (fr Havredal); 4-15 (fr. Ramfosse); 4-11 (No. 10, Haddani); 4-12 (No. 11, Haddam); 4*21 (No. 12, Unity, Me.); II., Iron (burma/t/w— 4m9 (No. 13); 4*32 (No. Ui; 4-u9 (No. 15); 4*23 (fr. Saar); 4*12 (fr. Langenbielau) ; 3-99 (No. 16). The results leave title question as to the normal ratio for the species being 4 : 3. Analyses; I-2R, Ramraelsberg (Pogg., Ixxx 409, IxxxL 1) arranged as follows: I. iourmalint, G.=8— 3u7. mean 8 05. II. Ironr-magnesia iourmaline, G.=3 05— 8"2, mean 8*11. IIL Iron tourmaline, G.=3*13— 3-25.
I v. Jron-'manganese4iihia tourmaline, G. 2-94 — 3*11, mean 8*083. V. Lithia tourmaline, G.=3 — 31, mean 3-041.
Anal. 27-29, Gmelin (. J., 299, xxxviu. 614, Pogg., Ix. 172); 80, Ulex (J. pr. Ch., xcn B7); 31, C. W. 0. Fucha (Jalirb. Min. 1862, 800); 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, Gmelin (L c.): 33, 86, 89, 40 Eermaan (J. pr. Oh., . 232) :
86
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1-31 =97-58 Gmelin 1-58=97 -56 60161111 — , C 1 66=100 H — =100 Uermano.
Pisani hnA examined a specimen of true taltalite (Am. J. Sci., II. xliii. 407), and shown that it ii tounnaiine with oxyd of copper and other impurities. Domeyko made it a silicate of copper (L C-, and Forbes, PhiL Mag IV. xxv. Ill) Ulex's specimen (anal. 30) was procured from a cnro of copper ores landed at Hamburg, and identified as taltalite by its characters.
Pyr., etc. — L, fuse rather easily to a white blebby glass or slag ; II.. fuse with a stroneheutto a biebby slag or enamel, either white, greenish, or brownish ; III., fuse with difficulty, or, in some, oaiy on the edges, to a brownish, brownish-red, gray, or black slag ; IV., fuse on the edges, and o/tcn with great dithculty, to a yellowish, grayish, bluish, or whitish slag or enamel, and some an? intusible ; V., infusible, but becoming white or paler, sometimes, aa the Paris (Me.) rubelhte, affording a fine enamel on the edges (Ramm.). With the fluxes many varieties give reactions for iron and maDanosc Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor-spar gives a strong reaction ibr boric acid. By hoat alone tourmaline loses weight from the evolution of fluorid of silicon and perhaps also fluorid of boron; and only after previous ignition is the mineral completely decomposed by tiuohyrlric acid. Not decomposed by acids (Ramm.). After fusion perfectly decomposed bv sniphuric acid (v. Kobell).
Obs. — Tourmaline is usually found in granite, gneiss, syenite, mica, chloritic or talcose schist, dolomite granular limcMtone, and sometimes in sandstone near dykes of igneous rocks. The variety in granular limestone or dolomite is commonly brown.
Foreign localities are mentioned above. Small brilliant black crystals in decomposed felaspar, at onnenbeg in the Uarz, are called aphriziU. Rubeilite and green tourmaline occur near Laihennenburg in Siberia J pink crystals are found at Elba. Pale yellowish-brown crystals in talc at Wifldisch Kappell in Carinthia; green at Airolo, Switzerland; white specimens (uchroite) come from >t. Gothard, fciberia, and Elba. A specimen, formerly in the Grand Duke's collection at Florence, measuring 1 1 inches square, contains 4 erect green tourmalines and 1 prostrate, 2, 4, and inches long, and f to 1 inch thick.
In Great Britain, fine black crystals have been obtjiined near Bovey Tracoy in Devon ; also found in Cornwall at difierent localities ; green near Dartmoor in Devon ; black near Aberdeen it and elsewhere ; dark brown at Dalkeyin Co. Dublin, Ireland; green near Dun lanaghy. Co. Donegal ; greeu and red at Ox mountain, near Sligo.
In the U. States, in Maine at Paris and Hebron, magnificent red and green tourmalines with iepidolite, eia, some crystals over an inch in diameter, transparent, ruby-rod within, sur* rouDded by green, or red at one extremity and green at the other; also blue and pink varieties; at Albany, green and black ; at Streaked Mtn., black. In Mass., at Chesterfield, red, green, and bhe. m a granite vein with albite, uranite, and microlite, the crystals small and curved, nearly opaque, and fragile, the green crystals often with distinct prisms of red color inside, espechdly when in smoky quartz ; at Goshen, similar, the blue in greater perfection ; at Norwich, New Baintree, and Carlisle, good black crystals. lu. Harnp., Alstead, Grafton, Sullivan, Acworth, and Saddleback Mt ; at Orford, large brownish-black crystals abundant iu steatite in Vermont, at Brattleboro, black. In Conn., at Monroe, perfect dark brown crystals in mica-slate near Lane's mine, BOmetimes two inches in length and breadth ; at Haddam, interesting black crystals in mica slute with anthophyllite, also in granite with iolite, and also at the gneiss quarries, on the east I de of the river. In N. Tark, near Gouverueur, light and dark brown crystals, often highly modinith apatite and scapolite in granular limestone (f. 8;)8, 3H1)); at Canton; in simple prisms Ui tbu same rock near Port Henry, Essex Co.; at Schroon, with chondrodite and scapolite; tt Crown Point, one mile south of village, fine brown crystals ; at the chrysoberyl locality noar Siirauiga, N. Y., black; at Alexandria, Jefferson Co.; at Kingsbridge, brown, yellowish ox rdUh-brown crystals in dolomite ; near Edenville, gray or bluish-gray and green in three- Kifd prisms occur ; short black crystals in the same vicinity, and at Rocky Hill, sometimes 6 Jittes in diameter ; a mile southwest of Amity, yellow and cinnamon-colored crystals with spinel ii uilcite ; also near the same village a clove-brown variety with hornblende and rutile in granu- Wiiniestone. in N. Jersey, at Franklin, Hamburg, and Newton, black and brown crystals in lmetone, with spinel In Penn,, at Newlin, Chester Co. ; at London Grove and near Uuionville, a light yellow or brownish-yellow (f 458), in limestone, and early white; at Parksbarg, Chester Co ; in Delaware Co., at Aston; at Chester, fine black ; Middletown, black ; Marple, of a green color in talc ; opposite New Hope, Buck's Co. ; in New Garden township, Chester Co., in lime- Rone, brown to yellow and sometimes transparent ; near New Hope on the Delaware, large black crystals, in which the prismatic faces are sometimes almost obsolete. In S. Car., m Cheo VM valley. In Georgia, Habersham Co. In CcUifomia, black crystals. 6-8 in. in diameter, is
Oxygen
Mdfipar ToinSf in the mountaim between San Diego and the Colondo desert, boideriug Um vated Yalley of San Felipe.
In CkmadOf superb greeniah-jeUoir aystalSf 1 inch through, in limestone at 6. OUnniet U.. amber-colored at Fitzroy, G. W. ; transparent-brown (f. 3S6) at Huntentown. C with idocnar and garnet ; black at Bathurst and Elmslej, C. W., and St Jerome, C K.
The name turmalin from Turannali in Cingalese, was introdnoed into Holland in 1 703, with lot of gems from Gejlon. The property of attracting the ashes of burnt peat, after frictiou, led lo its being very soon named in Holland Atekenirecker or ashroMoer. In 1717, Lemiry, ia Ids Memoir in the Hist de l*Acad. dea 8d., France, referred the attraction to magnetism; a&d ii 1756 to 1762, appeared the several liemoirs of iBpinus (published in the Mem. Acad. Beriin, toL xii., and at St Petersburg) on the ti/edncal properties of tourmaline. The name towmaUme wm slow of introduction into mineralogical treatises. The first specimens ftom Ceylon were cut gems, so that the common characteristics of tourmaline and schorl were not apparent linnvus, in bis Syst Nat, 1768, sngfests the relation between them, but de Lisle was the first to describe Qtj- Ion crystals, and bring the two minerals into one spedeA. On the name Bcharl see pages <04 to 206. Long after the union of tourmaline and schorl, the species oonthiued to bear the latter of these names; and even in 1816, Jameson, in his System of Mineralogy, retains schorl as the name of the spedes, with common achori and tourmaline or precious edharl as two subspecies.
Alt — Tourmaline occurs altered to mica, chlorite, cookeite, steatite. The mica is lepidolite, s species which is related in composition to some tourmaline, and is a frequent associate of the rsd snd gn varieties. It appears to take place through the addition of alkalies. Some rubellites snd green tourmalines at Chesterfield are hollow, evidently from decomposition and removal of tbs interior ; and in the cavities are occasionally observed crystals of yellow uranite (Tesdiemacher).
Zeuzite, Thomson (Ann. Pha, iv. 299, 1 814) was found in 1 8 U in adcnlar interwovA ctystsls si Huel Unity, Cornwall ; color brown, slightly greenish in some lights ; G. =3*061 ; H..=4'25 ; prisms stated to be flat rectangular. Thomsons analysis afforded Si 33'4S, H 1'85, 26*01, Ca i-i ti 5-28=99*07. B.B. becomes scoriaceous at the edges. Loses over 6 p. c. when heated in s glass tube. Greg supposes tiiat tiiis loss may have ln of borie add instead of water, and that thu mineral is a ferriferous tourmaline (. Mag., IV. z. 118).
321. OBBXiBNITB. Gehlenit FucKs, Sdiw. J., zv. 377, 1816. Stylobat BrtOu, Leonh.
Tasdienb., z. 600. 1816, HofltaL Min., iv. h, 109, 1817.
Tetragonal; near meionite in form (p. 818), Oa1-i=168® 12'; 0'400. Observed planes : O ; vertical, W, i-3 ; octahedral, 1, f , 2, |-t, Descl. O A 1=150° 30', O A 2=131° 28', OAf =147° 7', O A -1=136° 58' (135°— 136° obs.). Crystals usually short square prisms, sometimes tabular. Cleavage : 0 imperfect ; i-i in traces. ,
H.=5'5— 6. G.=2'9— 3'067. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color different shades of grayish-green to liver-brown ; none bright. Faintly subtranslucent — opaoue. Fracture uneven — splintery. Streak white— grayish-white. Double refraction feeble ; axis negative.
Oomp—O. ratio for &S,Si=l : 1 : f, or 3 :8betraen bases and silica, as in andalmite. Famola (ift+i8)§i=, if Si to Fe=6:l, Silica 29-9, alumma 216, sesqvioxyd of iron 6*6, lime42'0=10UL Analyses : 1, (., zv. 377); 2, Thomson (Min., L 281); t Kobell (Kastn. Arch., iv. 813); 4, Damonr (Ann. Gh. PhyslIL x 66); 6, 6, KOhn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lis. 371); 7, Bam* melsborg (8d SnppL, 47) :
ft
S-HO =99*60 Fudis. 4*64 —100*46 Tbomsoo. 2*0=99-6 KdheU. 1-58, 0-33=99'64 Damonr. 8-62=99-14 Ktihn. 5*A6=99*28 Kubn. 37-90, ft and loas 1*28, ftn 0*19 Bamm.
Rammelaberg has deared np in iwrt the discrepancies in the analyses hf disooreriag that 0M mineral contains both eeequioigd and proiooeyd of iron. The oi7gn nsio ftoon his Haaiiss it 8-4:8: 4*1, for which he substitutes 3:3: 4=1 : 1 :
Si
¥t te
ftg
Ca
Ptasa
24*80
6*56
u
29*13
26*05
37*88
M
31'0
21*4
4*4
U
81*60
19*80
2*20
tt
80*47
17*79
7*30
36*97
tt
1*41
U
322 1*78
Pyr tto.— B B. thin splinters ftise with difficulty (F.=6'7, t. Kobell) to a graj glass. With bonx slowly to a ass colored by iroo. Gelatinises witii muriatic acid, yielding a solution oooUinJLj botii protoxyd and sesqniord of iron.
Oba.- hlenite is found only at Mount Monzoni, in the Fassa yalley, in isolated or aggregated cfTstals, inTMted by caldte.
Named by Fuchs after bis colleague, Gelilen.
occurs altered to steatite. A partially altered specimen afforded G. Bischof Si 31*62, Si 23-79, 9'43, &g 2*84, Ca 81*13, ign. 1*28=100*09, with some mixed carbonate of lime.
Aitil— Not unfireqnent among scoria, in thin square tables, or S-sided prisms, with define paraDel to the lateral planes of a square prism. Has been observed at Dawes' furnace, 01117 in EnglMnd, and at Uolzhausen in Hossla. Analyses : 1, Percy (Rep. Brit Assoc, itK .Vm. J. Scf., n. T. 128) ; 2, Bunsen :
1. Dav8\ Oldbury
2. Holzhaiisen
Si % j*e liln ftg Ca ]!Sra & Ca S Ca S
322. AJXDAIsUBVni, Spath adamantin dhin rouge violet (flr. Fores) Bourn J. de Phys xzxiT. 458, 1789. Feldspath du Fores OuyUm, Ann. Ch., l 190, 1789. Andalousite (fr. Spain and Forez) Dektmeih J. de Phys., 386, 1798. Andalusite. Feldspath apyre iT., Tr., iv. 1601. IGcaphilit, MlcaflUt (fr. Lahmortrinkel), Bnmner, Moll*8 Ann. B. H., Ui. 294 1804, Efem., L 51, 1805; Micaphyllit, bad nrOiogr, Stanzait (fr. Bayaria at Stanzen near Bodenmais, and Hcnogau) Flurl Gebirgs-Fonn. CJhurpfalzbaierischen Staaten, 5, 1806. Hartspat Wem, Hade hyaline Cordier,
Sex niger cum cruce Candida: Darlnn ein weiss Kreutz, Otaner Foss., 45, 1565 Lapis crndfer (fr. Onnpostella) quem Hispani Tocat crudatum, MercaU, Metallotheca Vuticana, 237, 1617. Pierres de liades (fr. id.) Bob'un, N. ides sur la Format d. Foss., I08, 1751 (with fig). Spanish Shirl, Gross-Stone, HiU Foss., 152, 1771. Pierre de Croix, Made basaltique. Schorl eu prisme— dont les angles obcus sont de 95% de LiaUy Crist, 1772, iL 440, 1788. Crucite DelO' mdk, T. T., ii 292, 1797. OhiastoUth Karsi, Tab., 28, 73, 1800. (}hiastolite. Made K, Tr, UL 1801. Hohlspath Wem,, 1803, Ludwig's Werrk, 210, 1804. Chiast ident with Andal. Bernhardi, MoU's Efenu, UL 32, 1807, Beud., Tr., 863, 1824.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=90° 48', Oa l-i=144° 32' ; a:b: c=0-71241 : 1 : 1-01405. Observed planes: O;
in
/
Tertlcal, 7J t-t, i-t, i-2, i-2 ; domes, 1-t, 1-i ; octahedral, 1, 2-5. OaI =90°, 0 A 14=144° 55', i-S A i-i =127° 30', 1-t A 14=109° 4', 14 A 14=109° 50'. Cleavage: / perfect in crystals from Brazil ; i-i W perfect ; t-J in traces. Masave, imperfectly columnar, sometimes radiated, and granular.
; in some opaque kinds 3-6. G.=3-05 — 3-35, mostly 31— 3-2. Lustre vitreous; often weak. Color wliitish, rose-red, fleslired, violet, pearl-gray, reddish-brown, olive-green. Streak uncolored Transparent to opaque, usually substranslucent. Fracture uneven, sub eonchoidal. Double refraction strong; optic-axial plane i-i; angle verj large ove* 80° ; bisectrix negative, normal to O.
— 1. Ordinary. H.=7'6 on the basal face, If not elaewhere. For 8p.gr, see below. 1 CMoMUe {macle}, StoutcrrstalshayingtheaxiaandangleBof a different color from the rest owing to a regnlar arrangement of :gh the interior, and henoe exhibiting a colored
Westford ICaaa.
Oxygen Oompoukds.
crofls, or a tesselated appearance in a transTerse section. H.=3— 1*5, Tazying modi with tfii degree of imporitj. The lollowing figures show sections of some ciystala. Fig. 842, bj G. I. Jackson in J. 8oc. N. Hist, Bost, I 55; figs, a and b are from opposite extremities of this crTSials; so also e and d; e and/; h appears to be a twin crystaL
Fig. 843 shows the suooessiTe parts of a single crystal, as dissected bj B. Horsford of Sprios field, Kass. ; 344, one of the four white portions ; and 345, the central black portion. The fonni
of the white and black portions varj much. Bemhardi showed in 180*7 (L c.) that the cpitrjl column sometimes widened from Ihe middle toward each end.
The name made is from the Latin macula a spot and, as Eobien obsenres, it alludes to the ube of the made " in heraldry, in which the word signifies a voided Umetigef or a rhomb with opes centre (L c., 1751, in de Lisle. Grist). Ohiastolito is ehi, the Greek name for the letter X.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for S, Si=3 : 2; £lSi=Silioa 36*8, alumina 63*22=100, with little, if any, sesquiozyd of iron replacing the alumina. Analyses: 1, Buchols (Moll's Efem., ir. 190); t, ThomRon (Min., I 2H2); 3, Bunsen (Fogg., zlviL 186); 4. A. Erdmann (Jahresb xxir. 311); &. Both (ZS. G., Yii. 15) ; 6-8, Hubert (Jahrb. G. Beichs., L 350, 808) ; 9, Kersten (J. pr. Oh., 162); 10-12, Pfluten&£. E. Schmid (Fogg., zovii. 113); 18,S7anberg (Jahresb., -rin 279); 14, 16, Jeremejef (Yerh. Min. Ges. St Fet, 1863, 140, 146) ; 16, Soc. Fens., t. 1857); 17, Damour (Ann. d. M., Y. iy. 63) ; 18, Bunsen (L c) ; 19, Jackson (J. N. Hist Boston, i 55); 30, Benou(£xpL Sd. de rAlgerie, 1848, 58); 21, Jerofejef (Yerh. Min. Ges. St Fet, 1863, 147):
Si Si 9e Hn Ag Ca ifTa K ft
1. Heraogau 86*6 60*6
4*0
—
-101*0 Baohob.
1*00
2*08=99 86 Thomson.
3. " Lisens 40*17 58*62
—
0*28
=99-58 Bunsen.
4. " " 39-99 58-60
0*72 0*83
[5. " " Peud. 86-74 59-65
2*80
0*49
=99*68 Both.
6. Langtauf Y. 39*24 59 49
0*26 0*61
=100*12 Hubert
7. " " Peud. 36*66 60*00
1*83
=99*92 Hubert
'8. Erumbach, FewL 37*63 59-14
0*86
0*50 201
=100*14 Hubert
1*49
0-46 0*48
=99-95 Kersten.
10. Katharinenbnrg 85*74 56 98
5*71
0*20 0*15
n. Kobschutz R6'84 55 82
3*22
114 1*09
11 Pfingsten.
12. Braunsdorf 37*57 59*88
0*17 0*61
=99*66 Pfingsten.
13. Fahlun, Sw. 87*66 59*87
1*87
0*38 0*58
=100*35 STanberg
14. Mankora, ChiasL 36*33 62*20
tr.
1*50
0*26=100*18 Jerom.
15. Schaitansk, Andal 86-78 61*70
0*20
ir, 0*90
ir.
0*80
0*56=100*89 Jerem.
1*86
— —
=100*53 Arppa
ir.
18. Lancaster, C'<ul39'09 58*56
0*68
0*21
—
—
=98 6 Benoo.
31. Buskialat Finl., 38*42 50*96
3*20
—
tr. 412
ir.
0*60
a.4,0.=3-lM; SfCTudtopBeudomorphaoi after uidIuidto,G.=3-401; e,C
— houa cjuiite, fonoing Uie exterior of 6, (J.=B — ' "
from the Eonlp in atrria, 0.:=II-61S ; 9, Q.=3 . 16,Q.=3Uj n,G.=S-180; Q.=31, /A/=l , PTr,*tc. — RB. inAuiUo. Witboobalt wduiiongiTesft blueoolor IfotdeoompiMei DctxapoMd on fkuion wiUi ouiaUa allnliea aod UMline oarboiuitea.
Obi.— Uott OMiimoD In ugUUoeoiu actiat, or other achista imperfeotlj atalllu piein, min Khiat, tad related rodn; rarely tn connection with serpeotloe. Fouud ii AadihuBt (flrat too. diacQveredX and thenoe the Dame of the apedee; In the Tjiol, I kj. a laip ajat with cyanite; in 3zon7, at Braiinadorr, Bobachutz, Uuozig Peni| il Oaldenateio ; Beyariik at LahmerwiDkel, Babensteiii, Hogenau, Tilleitburg, etc. tt FelJiiig, near Eieou, in serpentina ; FrjDoe, Dept. of Var, near HTdretj Barjei ii toeai inland; Boaiia, at ScWtanak In the Oral; HakoTa, etix, In Nertaobinek. 1 ([ Eilliiiaj B7, in mioa adiist; near Balahullah in Argyteahirer Cumberland, Em Bmii, proFiDoe of Uioaa Geraes, io flne erjataia and aa ndled pebtdea.
In N. America, in Maine at Ut. Abrataam, Bangor, Searamon Oamdau, 8. Berwick. . u While UtiL Holcb ; Boor's Head, near Bje; at Charieaton. Varmonl, near BelU Man., at Weatford, abondaoC id crTst, aomeUiDea ro8oloredi Laooaater, both ariel Iicg. diiutohte. OoKn at Lilcblleld and Washing:tan, good cryst Pmu , In Delawan Ldperrille. large ; at Uarple, Upper Providtinoe, and Spriogfleld, good ; a ing lbs , and a eroup of ajataiM, !r IWini the gangue of about 60 Iba. QUi/., Chanh'JiM* rivera, Ban Joaquin Tal at croeaing or road to Ft lliUer. In Oaaada, at L 01, in raddiah trL crjiL, in oiica adiist, both tbt. In If. ScuUa, at Oape Oanaeau
Alt — Andalaiite occurs altered to kaolin j sometinies to micoj aJao to CTBiiite (t i) ; cTTitala being foond couaisting of or mica, aa a result of the alteration.
A poitiallj altered andaluaite from the Tatchaltui Mto., Nertachinsk, aSbrded Jerem Si *3-6, il 43% Po 1-01, ftg (r., Ca 096, Sa (r., 6 O'S, Ign. o-87=!l00-3i; G. 2 I cTTitala were diatiactlj altered to a depth 3 linea, andthia part waa EB. lUaibla. Ii Itie tnriMea not amooth.
Aitlt— Formed in oratala by the acting of a currentof gaaeoua fluorid of ailioou o iluauoa, the angle I A lot the crystal Sl°, aod oomposition Si 29'a, '&1 7D'2=9S'T=£l )ij the actioa of fluorid of aluminum on silica (Deville t CaronV
UTtuHdreilA., Haodb, il 3S8, ISll; Tolksteinmark n-oiBi'eAen, Uag. Orjkt Sact baa, aa obBerres, the cooiposiCioa of cy suite or andalusite. It is aofl, han aa* til about 2, jellowisb or reddiah-whito to wfaitiah color, with colorless streak. ( lU; a aometrtiat gieaaj feel 1, Kerstea ( J., livl 16J; i, Kuaaia (Eomm. llin.<
Si Si An Ag 1. 3ie% 60-liO 0-63 082=99-57. i. 38 01 9372 =99-73.
Briithanpt aaja that Itoonteina B p. a of water; but neither of the analyaes made au
133. FIBHOLTTB. Fkaerkieael (fr. Bohemia) Uadaettr, Uajer's Samml pbya. Aul lln, Bergm. J., it flS, 1792. FibroUte (ft. the Camatln) Bquraoo, Phil. Trani., 1801, TabL,iL!lfl,18l3. BuohoUit (fr. Tyrol) ftvuidM. Sohw. J., kt, )BoneH, Am. J. Sd., lilL 113, 1824. Worthite ZTui, Fogg., xxi Xeaolit JVordMuiL, Aot. Boo. Sa Feno., L 372, Pogg., In. 6*3, 1U3. Bamllt Brdmai Stocth, 1842, 19. Monitilite (tr. Uonroa, H. T.) Sillimm, Am. J. Sd., IL viiL 885, 1
HoDoclinic. /A 1=96" to 98° in the smoothest crjatalB; uauall; the faces /striated, and passing into i-i. Cleavage: i-t very perf lianL CryataU commonly long and slender. Also fibrous or ct iQve, aometimee radiating.
1L=6— 7. G.=3-2— 3-3. Lustre vitreous, approaching subadar Color hair-brown, grayish-brown, grayish-white, grayish-green, pal Fa. Streak nncolored. Transparent to translucent. Double re very strong; optic-axial plane i-i; angle about 44° for tho red my tnx positive, normal to 0; Deed.
Jf
It
OXTOEtr OOMPOUKDS.
▼ar. — 1. iSWtmande. In long, slender orystals, passing into fibrous, with the fibres supsrablfl 0.=r3*238, fir. Norwich, Ct, Dana; 8*282, fr. id., Brush; 3*239, fir. Torktown, Norton.
8. /i&roiife. Fibrous or fine columnar, firm and compact, sometimes radiated; grayish-white tc pale brown, and pale olive-green or greemsh-gray. and monrolUe are here induded ; thf latter is radiated columnar, and of the greenish color mentioned. G.=3*24, flbroUte, Boumon; 819— 3'21, id., Damour; 8*239, bucholate, ft. Chester, Pa., Erdmann; 3*04— 3*1, monrolite, B. Silliman; 3*075, id., Brush.
Bamliie from Bamle, Norway, resembles the monrollte, being columnar subplumoee, silky ; O. =2*984, and color senish- white or bluish-green. The analysis of Brdmann (see below) gsTe a large excess of silica ; but L. obsenres that there are minute prisms of quarts among the fibres of bamlite.
Xenoliie also resembles fibrolite dosely, excepting in the high specific gravity, 8*68, which sug gests an identity rather with cyanite. But the prisms are stated to have the angle which is the angle of andalusite ; and Desdoiieaux says that it is optically like fibrolite, and not like cyanite. From PetershoS; Finland, and near Sl Petenburg.
Worihite is hydrous, and appeara to be a somewhat altered form. H.=7'26 ; color white ; translucenL Optically like the aboye. From near St JPeteraburg.
Oomp. — %1 Si, as for andalusite=Silica 36*8, alumma 63*2=100, as in Damour*s analysis of fibrolite, and Connell's, Staafs, and Silliman's of sillunanite. Damour obtained in his analysia of sillimanite 39 p. a of silica, and othen still more, showing apparently that the minend is not always pure.
Analyses of fibrolite, eta : 1, CheneTix (J. d. Mines, zir. 86) ; 8, B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Sd., U. Tul 388); 3, 4, Damour (C. R., Izi. 319); 5, de Pharm., xoL 237); 6, Thomson (Ann. Lya N. York, Ul and Min., L 236) ; 7, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1842, 19) ; 8, 9, B. Silliman, Jr. (L c); 10, Bowen (Am. J. ScL, viii 118); 11, Hayes (Alger's Min., 601); 12, Oonnell (Jameson's J., zxzL 232) ; 13, Staaf (Jahresb., zzv. 348) ; 14, Silliman, Jr. (L a) ; 16, Damour (Ann. d. M., Y. xyL 219); 16, Norton (This ITm., 2d ed., 878, 1844); 17, 18, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Sd., n. xtL 49) ; 19, Komonen (L a) ; 20, Hess (Pogg., xxL 78):
Si
7k\
9e
ftg
ft
1. CSarnatic, Mrolite
68*26
=97-00 (3heneyix.
86*31
62*41
0*70
~99-4a Silliman.*
3. Brioude, "
87*18
61*17
1*06=100-11 Damour.
4. Morbihan,
61*03
0*71 .
i'20=100*(4 Damour.
6. Tyrd, BuchokUe
2*60
, & 1-5=100 Brandei.
6. Chester, Pa.
46*40
62*92
<r.
=99*32 Thomson.
68*88
0*74
0*40-100*07 Erdmann SP.
86*96
64*43
0*62
-100*91 Silliman.
9. Brandy wine Qpflbrxma
36*16
63*62
-99*68 Silliman.
10. Chester, Ct, SiUimaniie
42*66
64*11
2*00
Bowen.
1 1. " "
42*h0
64*90
1*10
, Ca Hayes.
36*75
68*94
0*90
13. " "
37*86
2*17
0*40
0 43=98*98 Staaf:
14. " "
37*66
—
-100-06 Silliman.
89*06
1 iin 0-28=10*28 Damour.
16. Fairfield, N. T. "
37*70
62*76
2*29
=102*74 Norton.!
17. Manroliie
2*08
1*03-99-83 Smith A Brusli
18. "
61*90
0*85—99*78 Smith & Brush.
47*44
=99 98 Komonen.
20. Wotihiie
40*68
63*60
1*00
468=99*71 Hess.
An analysis of bamlite afforded Brdmann (L a) Si 66*90, 40*78, 9e 1*04, Ca 1-04 F r.i 99*71.
P3rr., etc. — Same as given under andalusite.
Obs. — Oceura in gneiss, mica schist, and related metamorphic rods.
Obseryed near Moldau and Schuttenhofen in Bohemia (fouerkuiaei); at Fassa in the rrd {huehofzUe) ; in the Camatic with corundum {fibrolite) ; at Bodenmais in Bavaria ; near Eger ia Bohemia ; Maischendarf in Moravia ; in France, in the vicinity of Issoiro in boulders, and also in
One c' Buamon*s own specimens, received by OoL Gibbs (from whom the original part of the Talc Cabinet was obtained) from Count Boumon hlmselfl
f Pro! Norton states that in his analysis the excess of alumina was probably owing to tht presence of slumiuate of potassa, which remabied with the alumina after separating the oxyd of iron by canstio potassa ; subtracting this excess, the analysis corresponds to those by SiUinian.
Bubshjcatibb*
Ihe CBntoD of PauUuigneti and in the Tidnity of Ghavagnao and Ourouse with cjonite and oorunp dum, and between St Eble and Creapignac
In the United Slates, in MasaachuaeUs, at Worcester. In CunnecUcutf at the falls of the Tantic near Norwich, with siroon, monazite, and corundum; and at Cheater, near Sajrbrook {siUimanite); n( HumphreTjiyille. In N. York, at Torktown, Westchester Go., 10 m. N.E. of Sing Slug; neat the road leadbg from Pine's Bridge to Torktown P. Office, in distinct crystals, with monazite tremolite, and magnetite, the crystals often running through the magnetite ; in Monroe, Orange Go. {mtmrolUe), with mica, garnet, magnetite, etc In Fenn. at Chester on the Delaware, near Queensbury forge; in Delaware Co., in Birmingham, Middletown, Concord, Aston, Darby. In Lelawart, at Brandywiuo Springs
FibroUte was much used for stone implements in western Europe in the 346
"Stone (AnaL 8,4.)
The crystallization of sillimanite, flbrollte, bucholzite, and also of bamlite andxenoUte, was first shown to be orthorhombic by Desdoizeaux, on optical grounds. The terminal planes in the crystal figured by the writer (annexed figure) were rough, and, as stated in the last edition, of too doubtful import to be relied on for their angles or their indications as to the symmetry of thecrystals. Afforded 0 a/ =106*; OAfi=lS8''S0',mA/,back,:£l20'80'.
The species approximates closely to andalusite, but appears to differ in its cleavage, that parallel to t-i being very perfect, with none parallel to /; and in its posiUve bisectrix and much smaller option-axial angle.
Named fibroHU from the fibrous massive variety ; ImiMtiiii after the ciimist Buoholz ; aiUimanUie after Profl flilliman.
824. OTANTTB. Talo bleu Bogey Deacr. Gab. de TEcole des lOnes, 154, 1784. Sappari SMMfurtf JUSyJ.do Phys., xxxiv. 13, 1789. Beril featUet Soffe, J. de Phys., xxxL 89, 1789. Qyanit (fr. Greiner) WenL, Hoffln., Bergm. J., 877, 893, 1789; Wem., lb., 164, 1790; Kyaniteu Disthene K, Tr., iiL 101. Bhstizit (fr. Pfitschthal, or ancient Rhsetia) Wem,, Hoffm. Mln.. il b, 318, 1816, Iv. b, 128, 1817.
Triclinic. In flattened prisms, having the planes i-t, t-l, /, i-2, as in the annexed transverse section (fig. 347) ; 0 rai'ely observed. Crystals oblong, usually very long and blade-like.
~'d
pV.
r
f
O A M=93° 15' 0 A M=100 50 0 A /'=96 42 0 A 7=98 58 /A i-i=122 21 A 1-1=106 16
/A /'=97 4' t-J A 7=140 35 irl A 7=145 41 i4 A 7 '=131 23 i-tAi-2=159 15
7At-2=166 26
Cleavage : irl perfect ; i-i less so ; O imperfect. Twins: composition-face i-, the two planes O and i-i making angles with one another; either rigrAhanded or fohanded, analogous to right- and lefthanded twins of orthoclase (f. 314, 315, p. 353) ; also a kind having the twc crystals crossing at 60°. Also coarsely bladed columnar to subfibrous.
H.=5— 7-25, the least on the lateral planes. G.=3-45— 3*7; 3o59; white cyanite ; 3*675, blue transparent ; 3-661, 'Tyrol, Erdmann. Lustre vit-' reous — pearly. Color blue, white, blue along the centre of the blades or crystals with white margins ; also gray, green, black. Streak imcolored. Translucent— transparent. Optic-axial plane inclined 30° to edge i-i/i-i and 60° 15' to edge i-i/O; bisectrix negative, very nearly normal to i-t.
Var.— The white cyanite ia sometimes called Rhoeimle, Oomp.— ilicl 9i=Silica 36-8, alumina 63-2=100.
Analyses: 1-3, Arfredaon ( Ak. 1821, L 148, and . J., xzziT. 208); 4, Bosalos iPOgg., IviiL 160); 5, Marignac (Ann. CLPhys., x1t.49); 6, 7, A.Srdmann (Jatzesb., xxiv. 811);
OZTOSN OOMFOmiDB.
Boraas, Norway St Gothard
36*4
" later an.
36*6t
86*60
Roraas
Tyrol
Greiner, Tyrol Saualpe, Car. Herjoki FinL Wermland
40*02
linooln Ck>., N. 0.
60*40
8, JacobsonCPogg., lzTiiL416); 9, Kohler (Ramm. Min. Ch., 667) ; 10, Mdeen (ArppeUnderaOkik 141); 1], IgelBtrom (J. pr. Ch., Iziv. 61); 12, Smith k Bruah (Am. J. Sci, R zirL 371):
& & Fe
=101-6 "
1-19=100-97 Boaales.
0-84=100*60 liarignaa G.=8*6.
0-62, Ou 0 19, 0-61=100 68 Erdmann. G.=3-6287.
0*71=100-16 ErdmaniL G.=8-661.
1-08=100 98 Jaoobeou. G.=3-678.
1-04, Ca 0-42=100 98 Kohler.
0-46, Oa 2-21, tl 2-66=10-2-78 Mod. Mixed with qoarte.
2-04=100-52 Xgelstrom. G.=3-48.
1 -60=99-60 Smith k Bmah.
Tyx etc. — Same as for andalusite.
Oba.— Ooours principally in gneiss and mica slate. Found in transparent crystals at Si Goth ard in Switzerland ; at Greiner and Pfitsch {rhcBtixite, or white variety) in the Tyrol ; also In Styria; Carinthia; Bohemia; Norway; Finland; at Pontivy, France ; Villa Rica, South America; in Scotland, at Botriphinie in Banffshire, at Banchory in Aberdeenshire, and near Glen Tilt ; in the Shetlands at Hiiswickness Point; in Ireland, at Donegal and Mayo.
In N. Hamp at Jatfrey, on the Monadnock Mtn In ifcuv., at Chesterfield, with garnet in mica schist; at Worthington and Blanford in good specimens; at Westfleld and Lancaster. In Comn at Litd] field and 'Washington in large roUed masses, with corundum and massive apatite; at Ozibrd, near HumphreysYille, in mica schist In Vermoni at Thetford and Salisbury; at Bellows Falls in short disseminated crystals. In Pmn,, in fine specimens near Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill road near the Darby bridge ; near the Schuylkill, on the Ridge road, back of Robin Hood tavern; at East and West Branford, Chester Oa; at Darby and Haverfoi Delaware Co. In Maryland eighteen miles north of Baltimore, at Scott's mill ; in Delaware near Wilmington. In Yirginia at Willis's Mt, Buckingham Co , and two miles north of Chancellorville, Spotsyl* vania Co. In N. Ca/molina on the road to Cooper's gap in Lincoln Co., near Crowder's MUl, with lazuUte. A black variety, associated with rutile, occurs in North Carolina.
Cyanite, when blUe and transparent, and in sufficiently large pieces, is employed as a gem, and somewhat resembles sapphire.
Named flrom wmt. Uue, The name mippare arose from a mistake by Saussure, Jr., in reading a label of this mineral on which it was called sapphire ; a copy of this label is given in J. de Pbys., xzziv. 213 ; the specimen thus labelled was from Botriphinie in Scotland, and was sent by the Duke of Gordon to Siauasure the father.' Disthene is from iU, twice or of two kinds, and atfcwc, 9trong alluding to the unequal hardness and electric properties in two different directions.
Yon Kobell has shown (Ber. AJe. Miinchen, 1867) that the right and left-handed twins may be easily distinguished by means of polarized light ; they give, wiUi the stauroeoope, a cross some* what oblique in position ; but the principal optical section does not revolve with the revolution of the crystal ; while the colors change in different order with the revolution, according as the twin is right-handed or left-handed.
AIL — Cyanite occurs altered to talc and steatite.
326. TOPAZ. Not Tr<((io(, Topazius, Or., Plm., or Agrie, [sChrysolite pt]. Ghiysolithos pt PUtky zxzviL 42. Topasius vulgaris =Chry8oiithus veterum de Boat, GemoL, 1636. Chryso Uthus de Lad, De Gemm. et Lap., 1647. Topasius vera Saxonia (fir. Sohneokenstein) Henekt Act Aa N. Cur., iv. 316. Topas WaU., 117, 1747. Topas pt. [rest Beryl, etc.] OronsL, 48, 1768. Chrysolithus (fir. Saxony) Idnn,, Syst. 1768. Topaze du Breail, T. do Saze, de LMe, Crist. 1772, 1783, with figs. Si, l, Ca, e, Hergnu. Opusa, 1780. Si, Si, and Fluorine Klapr., MeuL read before Ac. Wiss. Berlin, 1801, Beitr., iv. 160, 18o7 ; Vauq. J. d. M., zvl 469, 1804 (with ref. to anal by Klapr.). Pyrophysah'te (fr. Finbo) Hit. A Jhn,, Afh., L 111, 1806, GtohL J., iil 124, 1807=Physalith TTem., Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 114, 1817.
Ptonitb. Weisser Stangenachorl Cferm, ; TTern., IJeb. Oronst, 169, 1780. Schorl blanc en prismes strips (ft, Altenberg) Sage, Min., i. 204, 11*11; de Liale, Crist, il 420, 1783. Schorlartigei Beril [var. of Beryl] TTem., Bergm. J., I 374, 388, 1769. Stengenstein [speoies] JTarsl, Mas Lesk., 1789 ; Tab., 10, 68, 1800. Schori bUnohdtre IkkmtOUt Qouigt , L 289 ; LeucoUte pt idL
8T7
T. U. Stfi, lt97. SdioiUtt Orell's Ann., L 89S, 1788. Sboriite Enoan, Wil, L 28S, 1794. Ffooite A, Tr., UL 1801. Si + Si + F Bueholg, . J., L 386, 1 803. Fyciiite=Topaa6 ftnatalnmlneuse K, TkbL, 1809.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=124° 17', 0 A 1-5=138° 3' ; o : 5 : c=0-90243 : 1 :
1*8920. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, i4, -f i-i,i-i, i-t ; domes,
(?Ai=
0M=
(?AfJ
OaI-J
=148° 68' =118 69
=138 48 =145 55 =150 35
0 A f t=147° 33'
O A 2-t=136 21
0 A 4-i=117 40
7a i-|=169 27
/At-S=161 16
/a*-J=150 6 *-S A *-8, ov. t-t,=93 11 i4A-S=136 35i -iAi-S=141 46
I A f, inac.,=149° 31' lAl, " =1410
1 A 1, ov. 0,=88 49i
2 A 2-i=127 26i
2-i A 2-, ov. (?,=92 42 2 A 2, mac.,=130 22i- irl A t-,ov. i-t,=115 31i t4 A i-i, ov. t-i,=129 2i
CrystalB nsnally hemihedral, the extremities being unlike. Cleavage : basal, highly perfect. Also firm columnar ; also granular, coarse or fine.
S48
ssa
a
Sdhneckenstein.
TrumboU, Gt
H.=8. G.=3'4— 3'65. Lustre vitreous. Color straw-yellow, wineyellow, white, grayish, greenish, bluish, reddish ; pale. Streak uncolored. Transparent— subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Pyroelectric. Optic-axial plane i-i ; divergence very variable, sometimes dinermg much in different parts of the same crystal ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0.
▼ar— 1. Ordinairy, Usnally Id ciyiitals; oommon fonn prismatic The basal deayage is an easily* observed character. Crystals from La Pas, Mexico, gave Hessenberg /a 7=124*' 26'.
PhfioUie or pffrophv8€UU is a coarse Dearly opaque variety, in yellowish-white large crystals from Finbo; it intumesces when heated, and hence its name from viAm to blow, and irvp,flre,
8. PycnUe. Structure columnar, but very compact Has been considered a distinct species on the ground of composition (see anal) and crystallisation (made monoclinic by Forchhammer). But Rose has made out that the cleavage is the same, and the form probably the same ; and Deadoiteanz has shown that the optical characters are those or topai. Finally, Bammelsberg's recent analysis ves the same composition. Named from Ihick.
Oomp. — Si, with one-half of the oxygen of the silica replaced by fluorine ; or, spodally, Si |i8iO*-fiSlF=Sllicon 16'17, aluminum 29*58, oxygen 8467, fluorine 20*68=100; or, Silicr
Oxyoen Oohfoukdb.
16*2, silicic flaorid 28*1, alamina 65t=100. The fonnula agrees with Stfideler's results, wk: shows (J. pr. I lUf zdz. 66) that the fluoride present amounts to about 20*68 p. a (see betowi
Analyses: 1-3, Beraelius (Schweig J., zvi. 423, AfhandL, it. 236); 4, 6, Forchhammer (J. pr Gh., rdz. 196, zxz. 400); G-10, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch 7); 11, BuChohs (. J., I
Si
F
1. Auerhach, Saxony
67*46
14-99 Berselius.
2. Brazil, yellow
68*38
Berzelius.
34*86
57*74
16-02 Berzelius.
4. Finbo, "
35*66
56*16
17*79 Forchhammer.
6. Trumbull, Ct
36*39
55*96
17*85 Forchhammer.
6. flohneckensteio
56'54
18-6*2 Ramm.
T. Schlackenwald
(t) 83*37
56*76
18*54 Ramm. 6.-3*620.
8. Adun-Tschilou
38*56
18*30 Bamm. 0.=3-568.
(J) 33-78
57*39
10. Trumbull
16*12 Bamm. Q.=8*514.
11. Altenberg PyeaUe
16-5 Bucholz.
12. " "
17-09 Berselius.
13. " "
1 8*4 8 Forchhammer.
14. " "
33*28
16*12 Bamm. a.— 3*614.
Ka 10 gare 0-66 ign. Derille (0. UL 782) obtained for topu :
Si XI 81
L Saxony
54*3
17*8=100-4.
a. Bra&l
25*1
53*8
6*8
15*7 100 4.
Klaproth, in 1795 (Beitr., i. 10), found that* pycnite lost 26 p a in a porcelain oven; and Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch., xxix 194 xxx. 400) obtained for the loss, at the fusing-point of iron, of the topaz of Trumbull, Gt, 23-636 p. a ; of Brazil, 2303 ; of Finbo, 24 80 H St Claire Deville states (G. R., xxxviiL 817) that topaz loses its fluoride as fluorid of silicon ; 28 p. c. of this fluorid, in his TialA, passed oiC In recent experiments made under Rammelaberg's direction, the Finbo mineral lost in a porcelain oven 2*2*98 p. c.; Schneckenstein 20 7H; Schladcenwald 17*73—16-23; Trumbull 16*27—19*55; Brazil 15*40—14-29; Altenberg pycnite 19 98. The topaz was not fused in the heating, yet somewhat blistered at, surface. The Brazil topaz afforded Siammelsberg after the heating in which 1 5*4 p. c were lost, Si 30*22, £i 7 1 34, F 1 66= 1 03*1 2 ; and after that in whi'h the loss was p. a. Si 3010, %1 70*38, F 2 47 102*95, showing that the part lost was not strictly fluorid of silicon, but may hare included some fluorid of aluminum. Q Stadeler (1. a) has shown that part of the fluorine escapes as fluohydric acid, and makes 89-9 p. o. of the Iosa to be fluorine. This gives for the Trumbull topaz (anaL 5), 2116 F; the Brazil 20*71 F; the Finbo 22-29, from Forchhammer's results, and 20 66 from Rammelsberg's ; for the Saxon, 18*64 from Rainmelsberg's trials, and '2(*68 from Deville's; the mean of the whole 20-68.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. inftisibla Some raricties take a wine-yellow or pink tinge when heated Fused in the open tube with salt of phosphorus gives the reaction for fluorine. With cobalt solution the piverized mineral gives a fine blue on heating. Only partially attacked by sulphuric acid G. before ignition 8*589, after, 8 633, Ghurch.
Obs. — Topaz occurs in gneiss or granite, with tourmaline, mica, and beryl, occasionally with apatite, fluor spar, and tin ore ; also in talcose rock, as in BrazU, with eudase, etc., or in mica slate. With quartz, tourmaline, and lithomaige, it forms the topaz rode of Werner {iopcaoaeme of Hauy). Spedmens of quartz crystal flrom Brazil, penetrated by topaz, are not uncommon.
Minute crystals of three or four different kinds, and two or three kinds of liquids, have been detected by Sir David Brewster in crystals of topaz. (Edlub. Trans., x., and Am. J. Set, xiL 2 14 ; and later, £dinb. new PhiL J., II. xvL 130, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., iv. 548, v. 95.) See under Ob-
9Ani0 Compoum)&
Fine topazes come flrom the Urals, near ELatharinenburg, and Miask ; in Nertschinsk, beyond L. Baikal, in the Adun-Tschilon Mts., etc., one crystal from near the river Urulga, now in the imperial cabinet at St. Petersburg, being llf in. long, in. broad, weighing 22 lbs. av., and mag- Aifloent also in its perfect transparency and wine-yellow color. Found also in Eampchatka, of fellow, green, and blue colors ; Villa Rica in BrazU, of deep ydlow color, either in veins or nests ic lithomarge, or in loose crystals or pebbles; sky-blue crystals in Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire. Jameson mentions one whid. weighed 19 oz. ; at the tin mines of Sdiladcenwald, Zinnwald, and Khrenfriedersdor and smaller crystals at Schneckenstein and Altenberg ; the Moume mountains, small limpid crystals with beryl, albite, and mica, in drusy cavities in granite* Physalite occurs is
Suilicates.
ajflCals of great slie, at Fosaiim, Norway ; Finbo, Sweden, in a granite quarry, and at Broddbo in a boulder ; one crystal from this last locality, at Stodcholm, weighed eigh pounds.
Topaa occurs also in the Mercado l£tn in Durango, Mexico, along with tin ore and ma/uet!te ; at La Paz, province of Gnanaznata Fyentte is from tin mine of Altenberg in Saxony ; alsn those of Schlackenwald, Zinnwald in Bohemia, and Kongsbeig in Norway.
In the United States, in Conti., at TnunbuU, with fluor and diaapore ; at Middletown rare ; at Willimantic, with colnmbite. In N. Oar at Growder's Mountam. In Uiah near 39*" 40 N. and 113"* W., W. of S. of Salt Lake, in Thomases Mta on Oapt Simson's return trail At Trumbull the crystals are abundant, but are seldom transparent, except those of small size ; these are naually white, or with a tinge of green or yellow. The large coarse crystals are sometimes six or seven inches in diameter.
A variety of topaz from Brazil, idien heated, assumes a pink or red hne, resembling the Balas ruby. The finest crystals are brought from liinas Novas in BraziL From their pecuUor limpidity, topaz pebbles are sometimes denominated (fouUes tPeau, The coarse varieties of topaz may be employed as a substitute for emery.
On the cryst. of tripaz, see Kokscharof; Min. BuaaL, il 198 844, iiL 196, S78 ; Hesaenberg, Min Not, No. vii. 38.
The name topaz is riri(, an island in the Bed Sea. as stated by Fliny. But the topaa of Pliuy was not the true topaz, as it yielded to the file." Topas was included by Fliny and earlier writers, as well at by many later, under the name ihrvaoUk.
AIL — Topaz is found altered both to steatite, and kaolin or lithomaige.
326. BUOZSB. ffa&f; JkkamOL, J. de Phys., xlL .06, 1792 (without credit to Haily); T. T., iL 2H 1''97 (with credit to Ha&y) ; Baiuy, J. d. Mines, v. 358, 1799, Tr., iL 1801. Euklaa Genru
Monoclinic. 44'= 0 A i-i, /A 0', 0 A 14=146° 45' ; a:b: r=l-02943 : 1 : 1-5446=1 : 0-97135 : 1-50043. Observed planes : t-3(), i-18, 1-32; i-|; clinodomes, HW, fK?X H34;
t4 A i-2=107 40 i-i A t-=90
iA A H=127 5 U A -2-i=130 17 a A -1=112 60 ♦4 A -1-2=101 63 t4 A 14=123 16i U A 1-2=104 5
A H=106 49i -1-2 A -1-2=156 14 1-2 A 1-2=151 43 -1 A -1, front,=184 2-f A 2-1=13016 J/LY (m) A Jf-l=123 22
S64
3Ua.
$ to
14 A 14, top,=113° 29'
fi A H top,=143 42
O A 44=161" 61'
Cleavage : very perfect and brilliant ; 0, i-i much lesB distinct. Found only in crjstalii.
H.=7-6. Q.=3-098, Haid. 3-097, blue, from Brazil, Dead. ; 3-096-
880 Oxtoxv Oomf017Kd6.
8*103, fr. UralA, Koksch. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly on the eleaiiag6> face. Colorless, pale mountain-green, passing into blue and white. Streak un colored. Transparent ; occasionally subtransparent. Fracture conchoidaL Very brittle. Double refraction strong; optic-axial plane i-l; bisectrix acute, positive.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for Ae, SiL Si, fi'=2 : 3 : 4 : L from Damonr*8 analyais, who first found watei to be a oonfititaent; whenoe (i 1ft* +iAe'+|3&)Si= Silica 4M, alnmiDa 86*8, gludna 174, water 6*2=100. Fluorine replaoea a little of the oxygon. Analyses : 1, Benelius (. J., xxriL 73); % Mallet (PhiL Mag., TV. t. 127); 3, Damour (a B., zL 942):
Si
Fe
te Ae
Ca Sn
£[ F
1. 43-22
80*66
— 21-78
2. 4418
— 21-48
— =99-14 Mallett
8. (!) 41-63
—
1-03 16-97
014 0-84
6-04 0-38— 100-60 Damour
Pyt., etc. — In the closed tube, when strongly ignited, B3. gives off water (Damour). B3. m the forceps cracks and whitens, throws out points, and ftises at 6*6 to a white enamel. Beoomea electric by friction, and, when once ezdted, retains this properQr for sereral hours. Not acted on by acids.
Obs.— Occurs in Braiil, in the mining district of Villa Rica, with topaz in diloritio schist ; in the auriferous sands of the Orenbuig d&triot, southern Ural, near the river Sanarka, with topas, corundum, cyanite, etc One Ural crystal measures 8 in. by f in.
The crystallization of this species is elaborately detailed by Schabus in the Transactions of the Boyal Aoidemy of Vienna, toL yI., and by Kokscharof in Pogg., dii. 848, and his Bussian Miu eralogy.
Euclase receiTos a high polish, but is useless as an ornamental stone on account of its britUeness.
Named by Hauy from rii Mnly, and to break, HaQy states that his name, Euclase. was published by Daubenton in an early issue of his Tableau meth. de Minraux ; but the particular edition of the Tableau (of which several were issued) the author has not been able to learn. De> lametherie, after publishing, in 1792, the name and description, without crediting either to HaQj, in his Theorie de la Terre, in 1797, gives Hauy ftill credit
First brought to Europe from & America by Dombey, in 1765.
327. DATOLZTB. Datolith (fr. Arendal) Emark (undesor.) ; KanUn A Klar, Oehlen*s J., vl 1806, Klapr. Beitr., iv. 854 1807; £arl, Tab., 62, 1808. DatboUt TTem., 1806. DathoUis Brongn., Min., ii. 397, 1807. (Jhaux borates silioeuse K, TabL, 17, 18o9. Esmarkit Hautm. Haudb., 862, 1813. Datotite Aikin Min., 1816; Jameson, it 257, 1816. Borate of lime; Borosilicate of lime. Humboldtite Levy Ann. Phil., IL v. 130, 1828. Botriolit HoMsm v. Moll's Efem., iv. 393, 1808. Botryolith KanL Tab., 62, 1808. Chaux
borate siliceuso var. ooncretionnmammelonn JZ, TabL, 17, 146, 1809. Faser-datolith L&onh
. BaUdb., 590, 1821. Botryolite.
if onoclinic. C=89° 54'= 0 (below) A 14, /A 7=115° 3', O A 14=162' 27';' a : J : c=0-49695 : 1 : 1-5712. Observed planes: O (a); vertical, /
44 (m) ; heinidomes, 2-t (7), -1-t (t*), -4-t (v), -2-t -3-i (/), -4-t (9), 2.i (A), -4-4 -+i (i), S-i (y). '
OA-l.i=153 85 0 A 1=141 49 OA4-i=121 58
0 A 1=149 88 0 A -4=118 4 7=90 6
8Vb8Ilioatbb.
O A 84=147 41 O A 44=128 19 /A 2=139 32 /A -4=157 1 f-tAl=lll
Ai.5=128 9 t-i A 24=90 5 i4 A 44=90 4 /A /, front,=115 3
t-iAi.i,ov.t'=76'18' 44 A 44. ov. <),=76 38 2A2,adj.,= 131 38
-2-iA-4=145 34
-2-tAi-i=134 53
24 A 24, ov. (9,=115 21 J A f adj.,=141 14
Cleavage : 0 distinct Also botryoidal and globular, having a colamiiat stmctnre ; also divergent and radiating ; also massive, granular to compact.
86t
H.=5 — 5*6. G.=2-8— 3 ; 2*989, Arendal, Haidinr. Lustre vitreous, rarely subresinous on a surface of fracture ; color white ; sometimes grayish, pale green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green or honey-yellow. Streak white. Translucent ; rarely opaque white. Fracture uneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. Plane of optical axis iA ; angle of divergence very obtuse ; bisectrix nearly nornlal to iri.
▼ar.— 1. In aystak, glass in upeot Ufnal IbnnB as in HgQies. CrTStala frogs Bergen n, examined Xsf Heeaenberg (liin. Not, Na iy.), aimflar to fig. 366, bnt wanting 0, --i. -6-8, and haying, i\. Those of Andreaaberg have the planea (these three
OZTOEN OOXFOmiDS.
quite email); -1, -8-i -4- H d-<; H H -i -8, d, M,9-S-i,-|.3.i, l-i. (SohrMir Ftogg zcTiiL 84 and Dauber, ib dii. 116). Those of Toggiana, as in fig. 860; with also 4*1,
rhombic prism / (d) Tery large, 44 (P) narrow linear, the dinodomes 2- 4-t narrow, and tlie (k> tahedral planes -4 (smallX i (hirgeX
The plane i-t is usually miade 0, and 0, i-t, and 4-i, /; but in that case the form is not so simple presented as in the above figures. The angles of the vertical prisms I, ui are very nearly identical with those of the dinodomes 2-i, i-t. The small letters added to the crystallographic symbols in the list of observed planes above, are the lettering of Brooke ft MiUer (Min., 408) and of Dauber. The plane of fig. 358, makes parallel intersections with and 4-i; but not with 2 and 2-t. OAt= 140" -l42Ki A about by measurement.
2. Compad fnaeaive. White opaque, breaking with the surface of porcelain or Wedgewood ware. G.= 2*911, Hayes; 2*983, Chandler. From the Superior region (anal
8. Botryoidai; BotryolUe. Badiated columnar, having a botryoidal surface, and containing mors water than the crystals. The original locality of both &e crystallized and botryoidal was Arendal, Norway.
3=8ilica 37-5, boric acid 21*9, lime 860, Vater For botryolite, the ratio 2:3:4:2.
Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Fogg., xll 157); 2, Du Menil (. liL 364); 3, 4, Bammela- (Pogg-t 1''6); Bechi (Am. J. ScL, II. ziv. 65) ; 6, Tschermak (Kenng. Uebers., I860, 57): 7, (Am. J. ScL, IIL xv. 435); 8, a F. Ohaodler (ib., zzzviil 13); 9, A. A. Hayes (J. K. H. a, Boston, viiL 62); 10, Bammelsberg (L c):
Si
I. DatoHief Andreasbeiig 37*36
38*48 37*65 87*50 37*64 37*41 (I) 3812
4. " Arendal
5. Mt Capordano
6. Toggiana 1. L Royale, IkUoliie
8. L. Superior, while
10. Arendal, BotryoUU
B Ca ]9[
21*26 35*67 6*71=100 Stromeyer.
21*34 35-69 4*60=10014 Du MeniL
20*3 1 35*64 6*57 1 00 Rammelsberg.
21*24 85*41 5-70=100 Bammelsberg.
21-2] 34*9 6-7=100 Tschermak.
21*88] 34-68 6*80, 3Stn r.=100 Whitney.
'21*40] 3511 6*73, Xl, Pe 0*36=100
19*84 36*22 8*63=9927 Bammelsberg.
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube gives off much water. B.B. flies at 2 with intumescence to a dear glass, coloring the flame bright groen. Gklatiniaes with muriatic add.
Obs. — Datolite is found in trappean rods; also in gneiss, dioryte, and serpentine: in me* tallic vems ; sometimes also in beds of iron ore. Found in Scotland, in trap, at Kilpatrick HiUt, Glen Farg in Perthshire, and in Salisbury Graigs ; in a bed of maguetite at Arendal in Norway, and in Uto in Sweden ; at Andreasberg, in veins of sUver ores, in argillaceous schist, with apo> phyllite, eta ; at Niederkirchen and Sonthofen in Ba?aria (the humbokUite) ; in granite at Baveno near Lago MiRggiore, one crystal firom which place measured x 3f x inches ; at the Seisser Alp, Tjnrol, and also at Theiss, near Claussen; at Mt Gatini, Tuscany, in gabbro; at Toggiana in Modena, in serpentine ; in dioryte, on the Rosskop near Freibuiig, in Brisgau.
Datolite occurs crystalliaed and massive at the Bocky Hill quarry, Hartford, Conn., in the north-east part of Soothington, near Mr. Hamlen's, in amygdaloid, both in crystals, fibrous, and massive; also in Berlin, near Keusington; in the north-west part of Meriden and at Middlefield FaUs, Conn; in better specimens at Roaring Brook, 14 miles from Kew Haven, where the erystala (£ 365-366) are sometimes half an inch long, and nearly pelludd ; the author obtained from a transparent crystal of thia locality /A /slU" 12', giving by calculation for i-2 a -2 76* 28'; the plane § is not quite even, and is often unpolished; in K. Jersey, at Bergen Hill, in splendid crystals ; in trappean rocks, both crystals and the opaque white compact varie (anaL 8), in the Lake Superior region, at the Minnesota, Quincy, Marquette, Ash-bed, and other mines ; at the Superior mine near Ontonagon, and on Isle Boyak.
Named ({anoiai, to dividOf alludiog to the granular structure of a massive variety. Werner .xiUoduced an h after the first t without reason, and most subsequent authors have followed him ji thia; but not Karsten, nor Leonhard who pronounced it wrong, nor Haidlnger, Aiki:i, Jam son, and others.
Levy gave the name humbaldtUe to crystals whidi he bond to be manodinief datdite having been made orthorhombio hf HaQy. Wollaston proved their idratity with datdite.
Alt. — Haytorite is ditohte altered to chalcedony.
8Ub8Iu0Ate8.
ti4i
828. OXTABZNXTB. CMteardi, Z& z. 14, 185&
Tetragonal. 0 A 38' ; a=0-3712. Obeervea planes as in the figure. 0 A 24= w A 1-2=153* 26', iri A i-3=161° 27'. In thin tables ; fig. 362 a top view ; planes iri sometimes wanting; 14 and 2-i observed in only one of the two zones. Cleavage parallel to i-t, rather imperfect.
H.=6. Q.= 3*487. Lnstre of cleavage-face somewhat adamantine. Color salphur-yellow, honey-jellow, pale or dark. Streak nncolored, or whitish-gray. Transparent to translucent.
Oomp.— (Ca+¥i) Si, lame ai for titanite. Analjaifl bj Guisoardi (La): Si 33-64, 33*92, (h
28*01, 9e, Sa ir. The oompoand is consequently dknorphaus,
Pyr., etc — The same as in titanite.
Om. — Found in small caTities in a grayish trachyte, on Monte Somma, along with glassy fUd spar and nephelite. The mass of the tradiyte is rich in glassy feldspar, hornblende, and melanite. In one case in the common rock of Somma, consisting of feldspar and nephelite, and here along with sphene.
As titanic add itself is trimorphous, it is not strange that a oompoand containing it should be dimorphous.
329. TnANITB. Kouv. substance minerale (fr. Chamouni) Pidetf J. de Phys., xzzL 368, 1787;=PSctite ZkUmeffu, T. iL 282, 1797. Titanit {te. Passau) Klapr Beitr., L 245, 1796; =Titaue silioeoHadcaire IkmbenUm Tabl, 1799, ff., Tr., ir. 1801 ;=Braun Manakeni Wem Min. yst, 1808, Leonh. Tasch., iiL 311, 1809. Schorl rayonnante en gonttire [or channelled Actin- oUte, the cryst being twins with a reSnt angle] Sau88ure Voy. Alpes, W, 103, 1796;=Sphene K, Tr., ill 1801 ;=6elb ICenakers Wem., 1808, 1. a
Smline {tt. Marone, Danphiny) FL de , J. de Phys., 11. 443, 1800. Splnthdre Tr., It. 1801.
ligurite (fr. Stars, Apennines (liguria)) Vivian Mem. Aca Sd. Genova, iiL, J. de Phys., IzxviL 236, 1818. Oreenovite (fV. St Maroel) ZV-i lU. zvii. 629, 1840. Lederite fiAp., Anu J. ScL, xxxJT. 367, 1840. Aspidelite Wribffe.
l-i, 24 hemioctahedral, i, f , 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -4 ; 1-2, 2-2, -4-2 ; -3-3 ; H ;
H;H-3.4,6-i,fV,H.
) A l.i()=159 A 4-i()=123 59 A irr)=114 30 A 1()=154 19 A 44 A -1(/)=139 26 A -2()=109 37 IC;) A 1()=:149 43
A -2(<), ov. /,=108 89' A/(r)=152 46 A 66
A 12 A -1(/)=133 62 A 62 A -4=106 2 A 16 A 36
OXYGEN (XMFOimDB.
A 21' A 7
iP) A i.3(£>)=167 41
4-l() A 4-i(?), ov. 0, A iP)=146 45 A iYP)=140 48 A i.KJ)=90
,=6r 68'
Semeline.
Spinthera.
Oreonorite.
Ledarite.
Oleavage: /Bometimes nearly perfect ; i4 and -1 less so; rareljf fin greenovite) 2 easy, -2 less so; sometimes hemimorphic (f. 872). Twins : composition-face i-t, and twinned either (a) by revolution on an axis normal to iri or (h) on a vertical axis ; the former very common, and osnally producing thin tables with a reentering anle along one side; sometimes elongated, as in f. 378 ; occasionally in double twins, or fours, as would be represented by two f. 873 united back to back. Sometimes massive, compact ; rarely lamellar.
EL.=5— 5*5. Q.=3*4— Lustre adamantine — resinous. Color brown, gray, yellow, green, and black. Streak white, slightly reddish in greenovite. Transparent— opaque. Brittle. Optic-axial plane i4; bisectrix positive, very closely normal to 1-i (a?) ; double refraction strong ; axial divergence 53°-56° for the red rays, 46-45° for the blue ; Descl.
Oomp., Var.— (Ca+fi) Si, which ii equivalent to S Si (atnoe B it behig a 8 : 8 iiUoate, like andalusite, but one in which titanium forms part of the base. Tar. 1. Ordinary, (a) TUamie; to black, the original being thus ootored also oiqne of
8Ub8Ilioatb8.
S85
flubtrtnahioeiit (5) Sphtne (named ff4, a wedge) ; of Ugit ahadea, aa yellow, grecolali, etOL, and often tranaluoent ; the original waa yellow. lAgmiM waa an apple-green aphene; SpMh&rn (or SemeUne) a greeniah; named tpknAf
Piotita
Schwanenatein.
ftom Ha hifftrei and aemlMM from semen Uni JUm-Beed alluding to a oonmian form, brown, opaque or anbtranaluoent, of the form in f. 369.
2. Momgamesian ; CfreenovUe, Bed or roae-eolored, owing to the preaence of a little manganeae.
3. In Uie orystala there ia a neat diveraltj of form, arising an elongation or not into a priam, and from the occurrence of the elongation in the direction of different diameters of the Amdamental form, (a) Long priamatio in the direction of the priam I, f. 367 of spinthera, from Dauphiny; short priamatic, in the same direction, f 369, lederite, from northern New' York ; (e) oblong prismatic in the direction of the edge 2/2, very oommon, f. 863-366 : (d) in the direction of the edge -1 / -1, C 368 (from Kaumann) : e In the direction of the prism 4-t, f. 371, pictile, and f. 373 twin from Schwarzenatein ; (/) not elongated, of which 1 86 is one example among many widely different Besides these there are (g) hemimorphie forma, as in fl 372, the planes of the iposite extremities of the crystal oeing unlike.
Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L 245); 2, 3. Bosalea and Brooks (Pogg., Ixil 258); 4, Fuchs, (Ann. Gh. Pharm., xlvi. 319); 6, H. Rose (Pogg.. Ixil 263); 6, Marignac (Ann. Gh. Phys., IIL sir. 47); 7, Delesse (Ann. d. Mines, lY. yl 325); 8, T. & Hunt (Am. J. Sd., II. xv, 442); Arppe (AnaL Finake Min., 34) :
Ca
83 =101 Klaproth.
26*00, te 3*93=102*12 Brooka.
22-25, te 606=99 43 Bosalea.
24-18=99 91 Fuchs ; G =8*44.
26 61, te 0*96=101*44 Rose; a.=8*68ft.
27*66, 0*76, Sn 0-76=100 Marignaa
24 3, An 8*6=100*3 Deleaae.
28*31, ign. 0*40=100*54 Hunt; a.=3*5.
Pyr., otow— B.B. some varietlea change color, becoming yellow, and friar at 3 with intuffiesoenoe, to a yellow, brown, or blade glass. With borax they afford a dear yellowishgreen glass. Imperfectly soluble in heated muriatic add ; and if the solution be concentrated along with tin, it becomea of a fine Tiolet color. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead; Tarietiea containing much iron require to be treated with the flux on oharcoal with metal* lie tin. Completely decomposed by aulphuric and fluohydric adds.
Oba. — Titanite occurs in imbedded crystals, in granite, gneiss, mica achiat, ayenite, dilorita ichiat. and granular limestone ; also in beds of iron ore, and yolcanic rocka, and often aaaodated with pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite, icapolite, aircon, etc. Found in complicated o&mount
Si
ti
1. Paaaan, 6fk
2. "
30*63
8. Arendal,6fk
4. Schwarzenatein, yw.
32*62
43*21
5. Zillerthal, ywh. gn.
6. Piedmont, Greenovtta
82*26
88*67
42*0
a GfeuTille, Lederile
81*88
9. Frugard, FinL, bn.
81*08
oryBtala of a pale green color and tnuiBparenti in the Oriaona, Switzerland, assodated witL Celdspar and chlorite ; in mica slate at St Gothard ; also at Mont Blanc, and where, in the Alps ; on orjBtaiS of caldte at Chalanches and Maromme, in Dauphiny (the Bpinthere H.) ; in small reddish crystals in the protogine of Pormenaa and Chamouni {jfidite Saus.) ; in large, broad, yellowish or reddish-green crystals, with colorless apatite, in a talooee schist at Ala, Piedmont {ligurite) ; in pale yellowish-green transparent or translucent crystals, laoeolate in form, lining fifisures in titaiiic iron at Arendal, in Norway {tupideliie Weibye) ; at AchmatoTsk, Urals ; at St. Marcel, in Piedmont, with manganestan epidote and romeine Qreenovik Duf., anaL 6, 7) ; at Val Maggia, Piedmout; at Schwarzenstein, Tyrol; at Felberal in Izgau; at Frugard, in Finland, of a brownish-black color (anal 9). Small crystals occur in syenite at Strontian in Argyleshire, aear Criffel in Galloway; at Gmig Cailleach in Perthshire; in Inverness; near Tavistock: near Tremadoc, in North Wales, with brookite ; at Crow Hill, near Kewiy, Ireland.
Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laadi {semeline of F. de Bellevue), and at Andemach on the Rhine.
Occurs in Canada at GrenviUe, Klmsley, Burgess, and Grand Calumet Island, in amber-colored crystals ; in the trachytes of Yamaska,* Shefiford, and Brome Mts. In Maine, in fine crystals atSanford, also at Thurston. In JfoM., good crystals in gneiss, in the east part of Lee; at Bolton with pyroxene and scapolite in limestone ; at Pelham. In Conn., at TrumbnU. In JUT. York, at Bogera Bock on Lake George, abundant in small brown crystals, along with graphite and pyroxene ; at Gouvemeur, in black CTystals in granular limestone with scapolite : in Diana near Natural Bridge. Lewis Co., in dark brown crystal, among which is the variety lederUe (f. 869), in which cleavage is distinct parallel to /; the orystids are sometimes nearly three inches square ; at Bossle, Si. Lawrence Co., in pale red and brown crystals with apatite, pargaaite, and feldspar; in Macomb near Pleasant Lake ; in Orange Co., in large crystals abundant in limestone, near Duck-cedar pond, in the town of Monroe ; near Edenville, in light brown crystals, sometimes nearly two inches across, in limestone ; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayish-brown crystals, with zircon, hornblende, and iron ore; also in small crystals a mile soutii of Amity; in Westchester Co, near PeekskiU, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende; also near West Farms, in small reddish-brown prisms. In K. Jersey, at Franklin, of a honey-yellow color. In Fenn,, Bucks Co., three miles west of Attleboro*, associated with tabular spar and graphite.
The crystallization was first clearly made out by G. Rose in 1821. For recent observationa see R. & M. Min. ; DescL Min. ; Hessenberg Min. Not., Nos. i. to vii ; v. Rath., Pogg., cxv. 466. Breithaupt stales that much sphene is triclinic (Handb., 11 744, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 107). 87o above is ideal, being intended to exhibit the relative positions of the planes on the fundamental prism, and the letters used on the planes by authors, as well as the symbols. Fig. 368 is from Naumann, drawn after his view of the fundamental form ; and fig. 373 (from Hessenberg) is .similar in this respect, but a side view.
Alt. — Sphene occurs of littie hardness, dull in lustre, and hydrated from alteration. Crystals of this kmd, found in a decomposing feldspar, with zircon at Green River, Henderson Co., N. C, have been named by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Scl, xxiL 96, 1866) Xanihiiane, Color pale yellowishwhite ; H.=3'5 ; and stated to contain 12*5 p. c. of water. Also occurs altered to steatite.
Axtif.— Formed in crystals by heating together 3 Si, 4 Ifi, and chlorid of calcium, the composition of them($) Si 30*6, Ti 41*7, Ca 27-8=100; and the manganesian (greenovite) by adding thlorid of manganese (Haotefeuille).
330. GaOTHiTEDafia. (Titanite P. (7ro( Jahrb. Min., 1866, 44.) P. Groth has shown that the titanite-like miuoral, from tho syenite of Plauen Grund near Dresden, differs in composition and cleavage from ordinary sphene. The form is monodinic in habit, being somewhat like 1 868 and 367 ; but there is distinct cleavage parallel to one 2, and littie distinct panQlel to tiie other. The anees are 2 A 2=136'; 2 on I-t=165'* 19 to 156' 20'; l-t on -i about 162". H.=6-5. G.= 3*52 — 3*60. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color dove to blackish-brown ; in thin splinters reddishbrown and translucent The altered mineral is isabella-yellow to pale yellowish-brown.
31*84=102*80. It gives the 0. ratio forS, 8, fi. Si, 8*95 : 3 23 : 12*16 : 16*15, or for bases (Ti
silica, 24*84: 16-16=3 :. 2. The genera, formula is therefore (ft*, fi) Si Theanaiysis corresponds very nearly to 8 ii, 6 Ti, 1 fi, 9 (Ca An), It ia therefore a titanite in whiob one-half of the bases consists of 3 Ca'+ 1 (Fe, Al). If not a result of alteration, and the diar acter of the deavage is a constant one, it should rank as a distinct spedes.
Castbllitb. Castellit BnUh,, B. H. Ztg., xxv 11-h, 1866. Monodinic. In very small and ez ceedL'igly thin 8-sided tables, having for the angles of the rhombic prism 118° and 6i. Cleavage prismatic? H.=5*5 — 6. O.=3'150. Lustre vitreous, somewhat adamantine. Color wine-yel low to waz-yellow; streak colorless. Firagile.
According to PlaCtner It sota B.6. like titanite, giving evidence of the presenoe of titanic ad
Subsilicateb.
lime, and iQloa, but with leis of the and more of the last tiian fn sphene. Oooon fn tU phottolite of Holenklnk ICto., near Proboschti and in that of SollodiB— a rode oontaining also sanioin, hornblende, angite, ilmenlte and apatite.
331. KBHaHAXIITB. KeOhauit A. Erdmofim, Ak. H. Stookh 866, 1844. Yttrotitaiili
Schterer, Fogg., IxiiL 469, 1844.
Monoclinic, and near sphene in angles. Ai-t=122% /a/=114* (calc. from /A t-i) (fig. 374) ; /A 147% <9a2=143 30', /A2=158 30', -2 A -1 149, i4 A 2-i= 125, from mear Bnrements with the common goniometer by D. Forbes; A 7=114 26', and 0 A -1=140® 42', from calculations by Hansteen ; faces of the crystals rather rough. Twins very common : plane of composition i4 (fig. 375). Cleavage quite distinct, parallel to 2.
H.=6-5. GF.=3-519 to 3-72, D. Forbes; 3-69. Scheerer ; 3-716— 3-733, Sammelsber. Lustre vitreous to resinous. Brownish-black; in splinters broymifih-red and translucent; also dull brown and pale grayishbrown. Streak-powder grayish-brown to pale dirty yellow.
Oomp. — (ft*, ft', fi) Si, having, like sphene, titanium among the basic metala; but oontaining the esqnio alumina, and traces of glndna, and, besides lime, the protoxyds, yttria, protozjd of iron, eitGu
Analyses: 1, 2, Erdmann (L a); 3, D. Forbes (Edinb. N. PhiL J., II., L 62, and ill); 4, 6, Bammelsberg (Pogg cvL 296):
Mnmoe
Si ¥i Si 9e Sn €e Be Ca
30*00 2901 6-09 6*85 0*67 0'32 18-92
29-48 2667 5*45 6*76 tr. 20*29
tr, — — 17*15
9*62 1 00*98 Erdmann. 9*74=99*88 Erdmann. 4-78=99-41 D. Forbes. 8-16, Mg & 0-60, ign. 0'64=98'88 Ramm. 12*08, lig <r., ign. 3-69 100*60 Ramm.
BammelBberg's analyses afford for the oxygen ratio between silica and the other ingredients, anaL 15*72 : 22-94=2 : 3, and anal 5, 15*20 : 22*71=2 : 8; conforming to the other analyses In the ftindamental ratio of the species.
Pyr., etc — B.B. ftises with intumescence easily to a black shining glass. Yields an iron-colored glass with borax, which in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus gires an iron color and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flame a violet bead. Reaction of manganese with soda. Decomposed by muriatic add.
Obs. — Occurs near Arendal, Norway; at Bu5e, Arkeroe, Alye, and Karrestde, in a feld- Spathic rock, both in crystals and massive. Orystals weighing IbsJ, and masses of 16 to 20 lbs., are mentioned by Forbes. A dull brown massive kind from Alve gave G.=6'72; and a pale grayish-brown 8-603 ; a specimen from near Narrestoe, G.=3'519. The Alve keilhauite has two deavages inclined to one another 138° (Forbes ft Dahl, Nyt ICag. f Nat, xiiL). Also from Snarum, Norway.
Named after Prod Keilhau of Norway.
832. TSOBBFFSZMrrB. ? Mineral de Goromandel Beud Tr., IL 662, 1832. Tsckewkinit
Q, BoBe, Reis. Ural, iL 18S9.
Maasiye, amorphoas.
H.=5— 6-5. G.=4:-508— 4-549, Q. Rose ; 4-5296, H. Rose ; after heating, in powder, 4-615 ; after fusion, 4*717. Lustre vitreous. Color velvet-bla< Streak dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque.
OXTOKH OOHPOUHDb.
7 (&', Ul, B) Tor tbe Unl tscheffkiiiUe, u in keilliuuto. Aums: I IxU. S9li; 2, 8oc NsL UoMon, .67}; 8, Bildant (r., L C) ;
1, A. Damour (Bull. G. lix. GbO, 1861):
Si fi tb iJ ft Ho t Uk Ci &,Sa &
I. Unl(;)31-M 30'IT 11-11 0'G3 Um 0-33 3-30 0-19 =101-88 B.
1. " 30B8 le-iiJ 30-91 3-60 917 0-7B 8-*fi 33-80 8-3S — 0-*3=10i) Hero.
S. Africa 19-0 8-0 PlS-O Sl-a — 36-0 — 8-0 Il-O=l01-1 Baud.
4. " 30-d8 7-98 0-3B 8838 0-37 4-40 1-80=1(-S0 D.
Uetnianti showed that tbe minenl ooDtained thorn, and that Boae had indnded It in tola titaoit addandozjdorceriam; hi 0. ratio fbr ft (induding Uie thoria), 11, Si ia 1044; 6*38: 10-92= 15 : 9: 16, and hoDoe for It + It, fit, 3 ; 2, wheuoe the aboTe formula. Roee'a analyiii corraspondi to the aame general fonnula.
a. The Orainiiaiidel mineral, refenvd hen by Damour, alTorda, aoeording to him, the O. ntio foi ft + B + H,Si=!!: 1; and fbr ft,S, tt=S: 1:3; whenoe the fonnula ft'+i H+1 kS)* Si'- The aluimna ia lefl out or oooaidentioii aa an Impniity. But inoludiiur it, the 0. ratio for tnsei and silica ia 30-65 to IU-14, Hnitaiuing atill better the ratio 1 : 1. Damour baa made a new zamlaatioQ of tbe mineral, aod directly aaoertained the abxnce of thoriam (letter to tbe author of April M, 1867); be (Urther obaeires that a little IH and are probably praatot with the Ce. Deactoiieaux atatea that tbe mineral la not homoeneouB, It oooiiatinfc of a brown material not aetJDg OQ polarised ligb and wnall colorleaa grama whidi are patron donblf refracting. The mineral boa H.5-6— 8; fl.=4-6; lustre Tiireoua, Inclining to resinous; ooloT biowniah-blade anbCraniiDceDt.
Fyz., tAo. — B.B, iowa, then Intumeioes strongly, beoomea brown, and Ibaea to a blad glass (lives with the fluxes reactions for iron, maogaiiese, and titanic add. Gdatiiiiies miulac add. The Coronumdel mlaeral in a doiied cutie yields a little water. B.B. [Umb with iutumeaoence to a black aooria, feebly mafetic With Kalt of pbosphorua it gireB in B.F. a pale brown glas opaline which becomes milky in the O.F. With borax it affords a hyadnth-brown glasa, transparent in the B.F. and pele brown and opaque in the O.F. ACtaoked readily by nitric eapectally if healed, deposiUng gelatinouB sUica mixed with titaoie add and black graina of titanic iron.
Oba. — From the Ibaen Mountains in the Urals ; only a few specimens have been found. The Ittolieffldnite in collection is mostly tiralorlhile, wbidi it much reaemblss. Alao from the ooaat of Coromandel, whenoe it was Ions sinoe brought by Leachenault.
Named aft Uie Russian geneiu, Tacherkin.
333. STADBOUTB. Hems de ortiz Jlobitm, N. id sur la fonnat d. Foes., 109, 1761 (with figs.). Baaaltea cryalaUiaatna pL Oonil. (tbe apedmen a croaa of two brown Glided crystals, worn as anamulet at baptiams in Basel, andcalied enicifgr, mi Batltr 7biffitan\ MIn., 70, 1768. Scbori andlbrme pt, Kerrea de croix, it LMe, Criit., 1772, 1783 (with .). iJtBDrolite JMonuA., Sdagr., L 398, 1793. Orenatite (fr. St. Gotbard], Sautnm, Yoy. Alpao, g 1900, 1706. Qrsnatite. StauroUth SanL, Tab., 33, 1800. Btaurotide K, Tr., lil 1801.
Orthorhombic /A /=129'' 20', O A l-i=124° 46' ; a:b: t : 2-11233. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, H ; dome, 1-5.
376 377 (?Al-t=124°M'
" H ) /Aw=115 17
O A |-,oomp.-faoe,t=134 31
k /A 7, meaa., 128 30-129 30
Cleavage: H distinct, bnt interrupted ; / in traces Twins cruciform: 1, oomposition-fece f- (f. 377); 2, composition-face f-|
ki
8£
878). Iakingf and the planes land, on the grotmg that twiiiniiijg afinallv takes place parallel to the fundamental or diagonal planes of cirstalB, then ? above is tf, and the true 7 A /=109® 14', whence a' : 6 : c'= 1*4406 : 1 : 1-4082 c).] dystals often with rough surfaces. Massive forms unobserved.
H.=7— 7*5. G.=3-4— 3'8. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color dark reddish-brown to brownish-black, and yellowish-brown. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent— nearly or uite opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Opdo-axial plane w ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0.
(ir3ft=}d+} alamina 61*7, protozjd of iron 15-8, magnesui
3-5, water W=100. Ezduding the water, the formula may be (Fe",)Si'+|&*Si. equivalent
to a 2 : 1 siHcate containinff a Uttle (% J*e)*Si (chiyaolite) ; that
!a the same 2 : 1 ailicate with a litUe genlenite.
The early anatyata made the iron all aeequiozyd. Ifitacherlioh has pronounced it (J. pr. Gh., IzzxtL 1 ) aU protozjd in the staorolite of St Gothard, Airolo, and Brittany. Bammelaberg found a Tariety of ration in hia analyaea of the mineral other localities, the ailica varying 27 to over 60 per cent But G. Loohartier has aaoertained that ataurolite contains, uniformly, acme water, separable only at a high heat; and that the variations are due to impwritiea, the powdei under the microscope being distincUy a mixture of two or more minerala, and the action of liuo hydric add on some ciystua making them cellular, or even spongy and fragile. After purifying the ataurolite, the proportion of silica was nearly constant and the spedflc gravity was 3*70—3*76 (See below.)
Yar. 1. Ordmary' -StaurolUs (anaL 27) ; found at Canton, Ga., in slender crystals, i iii long and a line or less thick, having a yellowish-brown to cinnamon-brown color; G.= 3*792. The crystals have the planes 0, t-L 3. JfanoiMM-jStotiro Ihrdmarkiie (anaL 28) ; iVom dolomite in Nordmark, Sweden, of diocolate-brown color, with H.=6*6, G.=M-54, and presenting the usual crystalline form. Its easy fusibility is reason for here giving this varied the distinctive name Kardmarkite.
Analyses : 1. Klaproth (Beitr., v. 80) ; 2, Lohmeyer (Pogg., IziL 410) : 8, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Fhys III. xiv. 49) ; 4-7, Jacobson (Pogg., bdL 419) ; 8, 9, 1 2, Bammelsberg (ib., cziiL 599) ; 1 0, 1 1, Wislioeuua (J. pr. Ch., xciiL 260); 13, 14 Jacobson (Pogg., Izviil 414); 16, Bammelsberg (L a); 16, Yauquelin ( J. d. iL, viii 864); 17, 18, Jacobson (L a); 19, 20, Bammelsberg (I c.); 21, 22, Jacobson (L a) ; 23-26, Bammelsbeig (L a) ; 27, Genth (Am. J. Sci, IL zzziiL 198) ; 28, Paykull ((Efr. Ak. H. Stockh., 1866) :
Si 9e Sn j*e ftg ign.
1. St Gothard, red
27-00 62*26 18*60
=98-00 Klaproth.
27-02 49-96 20-07
=97*33 Lohmeyer.
3. "
28*47 63*34 17-41
0*72
=100-25 Marignaa
4. "
30-81 46*80 18*08
, Ca 0-13-97-48 Jacob
6. "
80-91 48-68 16*87 ft 1*19
=99*48 Jacobson.
6. "
29-72 64-72 1669
101*98 Jacobson.
7. "
20-18
1*28
.100 Jacobson.
29-60 48*68 426 ft 0*96 11*60
0*76=98-72 Bamm.
9 "
86-06 44*18 6-21
11*48
2*86
0*95=99-73 Bamm.
lOi "
27-96 64*26 4-68
—99-60 Wislicenui.
11. "
27-90 64-42 4*90
=100*16 Wislicenoa.
12. ICassacbBsetta, M.
28-86 49-19 3-20 A
[1-28 13-82
0-43=98*62 Bamm.
13. Airolo Hack
83*46 47-23 1661
99-18 Jacobson.
32-99 47-92 16*66
=99*22 Jacobson.
16. "
43-26 40-46 2*40
0-46-99-67 Bamm.
16. Brittany
88-00 44-00 1800
, Ca 3-84=94*84 Vauq.
17. "
89*19 44-87 16-09
=99*64 Jacobson.
40-35 44-22 16*77
0*10
=100*44 Jacobson.
19. "
60-76 34*86 2*86
tr. 10*46
1*80
0-88=101*10 Bamm.
SO. Pitkaranti
61-32 34*30 ft 0*42 11-01
0-59-99*96 Bamm.
21. Polevakoi, VnX
88*68 47*43 16*06
2*44
=103-61 Jacobson.
22. "
88*38 45*97 14*60
2*47
=101 37 Jacobson.
23. (3o*denstain, 5a
l*27=97*(6Bamm.
Ozto£N Oomfouitdb.
24. Panocmia, hn,
26. Litchfield, Gt, tfk
26. Lisbon, K. H.
27. Oanton, Oa.
ft Si Fe
86*36 48*67 2'27
86-92 42*92 186
49-10 87*70
28-82 49*21 9*61
tr. 13*06 0-70 12-80
tr, 10*69
28. Kordmark, Sweden B606 86*18 18*73 It 11*61
Hg ign.
2-19 0*27=101-80 Ramm. 2*98 l*00=:98*8a Bamm. 1*64 0-68=:9)*81 Bamm. 8-22 1 47, 2n 7*18, li 0*84, Gu, Ag
100-36 Oentt 2*61=99-08 PaykulL
Lechartier obtained (BnlL Soc. Ch., XL ilL 376) the following results after purification :
1, 2. 8t. Gothard.
8, 4. Brittany.
6. Qnimper.
28*21 28*48
28-16 28*98
Ign.
1-60 1-60
1*66 1*48
Sp. Or.
8*76 3*74
8-76 3*70
Before purification the silica obtained by him was tot 2, 36*30; 3, 46*21—64*16; 4, 49-39; 5, 41-36 p. a Kos. 3, 4, 6, 6 were large opaque crystals. He obseires that all stanrolite contains titanic add, and that some magnesia is present.
Pyr etc — B.B. infusible, excepting the manganesian rariety (anal. 28 which ftises easily to a black magnetic glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and sometimes for manganese. Imperfectly decomposed by sulphuric add.
ObB.~Usually found in mica schist, aigillaceous schist and gneiss ; often assodaled with garnet, cyanite, and tourmaline.
Occurs with cyanite in paragoniie schist, at Mt Caniplone, Switeerland, in polished, brown, translucent crystals ; at the Groiner mountain, Tyrol, in simple crystals associated with cyanite, and sometimes appearing as a continuation of its crystals, parallel with them ; near Lake Como ; in the Tyrol ; at Goldenetein in Moravia, brown and translucent; in large twin crystals in Brittany ; at TomdufT and near Killiney in Ireland; at Oporto, St Jago de Oompostella, and at other localities mentioned above.
Abundant throughout the mica slate of New England. In Maine, at Windham, near the bridge, the mica slate is filled with laige crystals ; also at Mt. Abraham, Hartwell, and Winthrop. In If. Bamp.f brown and large cryst. at Franoonia ; at Lisbon, abundant in mica slate ; on the shores of Mink Pond, loose in the soil ; at Grantiiam, 2 m. from Meriden, of a gray color. In Vemumtf at Cabot In Jfiiw., at Ohesterfield, in fine crystals. In Cbitti., at Bolton, Vernon, Litchfield, Stafford, and Tolland. In New York, small crystals at the Foes ore 879 bed in Dover, Duchess Go. ; also three and a half miles from New
York dty, on the Hudson. In Fenn reddish-brown cryst abundant on the Wissahicoon, 8 m. from Philadelphia. In OeorgiOf at the lead mine, Canton, in quartsose mica schist, the gangue of the lead ore.
Dr. 0. T. Jackson has described a variety of staurolite in tesselated crystals like diiastolite, Chairlestown, N. H., as represented in the accompanying figure. He states that the staurolite mades pass by insensible shades into andalusite mades, where the mica slate passes into argillaoeous slate.
Named from a croee, Hafiy's change of <atiro2tte to ttawrotide was neither neoessaxy nor reasonable. Alt. — Occurs altered to steatite.
334. SOBORLOBOTB. Shepard, Am. J. Sd., IL iL 261, 1846. Fenotitanite WkiJtneiy, J. Nat Hist, Boston, tL 46 1849. ? Iwaarit Kukrga 1861, K Vers. FInL IGn. 1862.
Massive, withont cleavage.
H.=7-7-5. G.=3'862, Shepard; 8807, Whitney ; 3-788, in coareo powder, Kammelsberg ; 3*745, fr. Eaiserstuhl, Clans. Color black, sometimes tarnished bine, and with pavonine tints ; streak grayish-black. Lnsire vitreons. Fractnre conchoidal.
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft+fi+ft (bases\ and silica=2 : 1 aearfy, and for fi, ft, S=4 : 4 : 8; whence (iS Oa'-f A fi tiy Si', and approaching dosely the Ooromandel tacheffkinite. but
Ub8Ilicate8. S91
eontifaing no oeriom, and Beeqnioijd of iron in place of alumina. Whxtaoy dednoed Ca* Si-t- Fe 5i+0a '¥i'=SQica 24-9, oiyd of iron, 21*9, lime 8o-7, titanic add 22-5= 100. In Bammelsberg't Moond aualjBifl, the ailica was detennined onlj by the loss, and in two of the other analyses then was titanic add remaining with the silksiL
AnatTses: 1, 2, Whitney Q. &); 3, 4, Bammelsbeig (Pogg., IzzriL Izzzr and Min. Gh; 88e, former analysis rsTiaed); 6, Crottdey (This Min 8d edit, 692) ; 6, dans (Ann. Gh. Pluunou, oczix. 213):
Si li Fe Ag Ca
1. Aikansas ' 26-66 22*10 21*68 29T8=99*12 Whitney.
a. 27-89* 20-43 2t-90 80-06=100-27 Whitn.
3. " 26-09 17*86 25'36> 1-66 3112=101-48 Bamm.
4. [26-24] 21-34 20-11 186 29-88, 167=100 Bamm.
6. 26-86* 21-66 22-00 126 80-72, lln 101 89 Crossley.
6. Eaiseratnhl 29*65 21*18 18-08 1-22 2513, JTa 4*22=99-38 Glaus.
With MOM tttaoto add.
The mineral was first correctly deaoribed and analysed by Whitney. Shepard made it a hydrous filicate of sesqniozyd of iron, yttria, and perhaps thoria.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fumes quietly at 8 to a Uadc glass. Beactions for iron with the fluxes. Fused with salt of phosphorus on charcoal, with tin, in the inner flame, gives a Tioiet bead. Gelatinizes with muriatic add, the solution becoming violet when boiled with metallic tin.
Obs. — In small masses with elsBolite and brookite in the Ozaric Mta., Magnet Core, Arkansas. The dodecahedral crystals reported by Shepard are blade gameta, which occur with it Found also in the Kaiserstuhl. in the vicinity of Oherschaffhausen, in phonolite.
Named from a resemblance to sdiorl (black tourmaline)
Itaabitk As described by Kordenskiold (Beskr. FiuL Min., 1855, 10 IX it has the diaractera of achorlomite, and like it is found with elsolite. It occurs, he states, both massive and iu garnet-like crystals, is lustrous blade and opaque, with, the lustre adamantine; has and G. =3-67— 8-69. The mineral is stated to consist of 6 Si, 8 In, 2 Pe, 6 Ca, which corresponds to the O. ratio for bases and silica 8 : 2, instead of 2 : 1, the sdiorlomite ratia B.B. fuses to a blade glass. From Ivaara, Finland.
335. 8APPHIRZNIL Sapphirin (flr. Greenland) Oieaeckef Stromeyer's Unters., i. 391. Sapphirine. Sapphirin pt [rest blue Spind] HaunrUj Handb 427, 1847.
Orthorhombic f In disseminated grains, or aggregations of grains. H.=7— 8. G,=8-42— 3-48 ; 3-473, Damour. Lustre vitreous. Color pale blue or green. Translucent Optically biaxial ; and dichroic.
Oomp. — 0. ratio for S, 8i=l : 4 : 1 ; for bases and 8ilica=5 : 1 ; constituents, 3&g+4Sl + lSi=ailica 14-5, alununa 66*2, magnesia 19*8=100. The biaxial pdarication shows that it is not impure corundum or spinel Perhaps (i Ag'+i SA)* Bi*-6'Ai, or a stauroiite with corundum as an accessory. Possibly a 5 : 1 subsilioate. Analyaes: 1 Stromeyer (Unters., i 891) ; 2, 3, Damour (BulL G. 8oa, IL vi. 317, 1849):
3-92, Sn 0*53, ign. 0-49=99-78 Stromeyer 209 =99-34 Bamour. 1-90=99-44 Bamour.
Pwr., sto. — B.B. alone and with borax invisible, unaltered.
Ons.— A rwioHfttftd with mica and anthophyllite at FSakenaes in Greenland.
Hie name alludes to the sapphire oolor.
Si
Ag
Ca
1. 14-61
2. 14-88
3. 1484
Appendlk To Anhydrous Silicates,
136. WJJsTmB. Arsenik-Wismuth WeriL, BreWu, Letst Min. Syst, 23, 62, HofAn. Min., TV a, 65, 1817. WismutUende, Enlytin, Breith Pogg., ix. 275, 1827 ; Handbi, 303. Wismutischei Btanda-Brs BreUh JJfb S% 1880, Char., 289, 1832. Kieeelwismnth Xenim, Pogg., xxvii. 81, 1 88?. SOicate of vtfa.
899 OXTOEN CXniFOTTKBS.
iBometric: tetrahedral. Usnally in miDnte crystals, and edges ofter rounded, fi. 84, 85. Observed planes : 1, 2-2. Cleavage : dodeeahe dral, very imperfect. Twins : plane of composition parallel to a dodeca hedral face. Crystals often in groups. Sometimes globular, and columnar, lamellar, or granular.
H.=4*5. G.=5"912— 6'006. Lustre resinous or adamantine. Color dark hair-brown, yellowish-gray, grayish-white, and straw-yellow. Streak yellowish-ay or uncolored. Subtransparent — opaque. Fracture uneven. Kather brittle.
Oomp— Probably Bi* Si*, with some phosphate and flnorid of iron, Frankenheim. AnaljsiB by Kereten (Fogg., zzriL 81):
Pyr., eto. — In a matraaa decrepitatea and ailbrda a traoe of water. B.B. ftisea to a darJc-yeDow masSi and gives oat inodorona ftimea. Foaea and IVotha on diarooal, staining it yellowish-brown, Bometimea with a tinge of green. Fnaea readily with aoda to a button, at Arat greeniah-yellow and then reddiah-yellow, and finally affords metallic biamuth. With salt of phoaphorua it ftiaea to a yellow globnie, with a ailica akeletonj which becomes oolorleaa on cooling.
Oba.Found with native biamuth near Schneeberg, Saxony, in quarti, and at Brftnnsdorfl near Freiberg.
Named from tUkwn mail diuodotdf orfitaiUe,
887. ATELESTITB. BreUlL, Ohar., 800, 1832.
Oooura in small monodlnic crystals, at Schneeberg, with eulytite ; tiiey have a -yeDow color, adamantine lustre, H. about 6, and are transparent to tranaluoent Desoloiaeaux obserrea that some of the crystals having the form of a rhombic octahedron, polarise light strong.
Contains bismuth, but exact compoaition not aaoertained.
338. HYPOCHLORITE. Sogenannter Griineiaenerde von Schneebeiig, Hypochlorit, iSieAtUer, Sohw
J., IxvL 41, 1832, Diaaert. de Ferro ochr., eta, /aiMB, 1832.
Minute crystalline ; alao earthy. H. 6. G. 2-9 — 3 '04 . Lustre vitreous, feeble. Color green. Btreak light green. Brittle; fracture even to flat ooncddaL COMF.— Analyaia by Schuler (L o.) :
Perhaps a mixture of a sOicate of bismuth and iron, and a phosphate of alumina.
B3. grows dark, but infusible ; a yellow deposit on the coaL Insoluble in acids.
In minute crystals and graina, or maaaive and earthy, with native bismuth and cobalt ores, at bchneeberg, Johanngeorgenatadt, and Br&unsdorf; in Saxony. Also reported from UUerarenth. Voigtland, in a bed of limonite.
Kamed from hwdXupos, on account of its green chlorlte-like color.
838A. ISOFYBB. JWnar, Ed. Kew Fha Jn UL S63, 182T.
In compact masses, with deavage.
H.=6— 6*6. G.=:2*9— 3. Lustra vitreona. Streak light greeniah-gray. Color grajlah Of velvet-black, occasionally spotted red, like heliotrope. Gaque — subtransluoent Fractare flat conchoidaL Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnetic needle.
C0MP.--0.ratlofor9,Si, 1 : 8: 6,asinlabradonta. Analyds Iqr Tomer (L a) :
Si 47*09 £118-91 Fe 20*07 Ca 16*48 Cu 1'94=98'44.
Part of the iron is supposed to be protoxyd, Judging from the color of the mineral B.B. Aises easily to a magnetic bead, and colors the flame green. A siUca skeleton wMiatlt of phosphorus. With the adds decomposed with diffloolty and imperfiBctiy.
HTDBOU8 BnJOATEB. 398
Aam St. jQft Mir Poimiioe In a <iiiarteO0e gnnite wnn tourmaline aid Jd ore 2 ptooea two fadMM In diameter. Alao in breoda on the Oalton HUl, Edinbori with Umonlto.
B. Htdrous Silicates.
Arrangement of the Species.
1. Thb Gsetsral SscrnoN of Hydboitb Siuoates. Includes all Hydroufl Silicates, excepting the Zeolites and the Margarophyllites.
1. Bisilicates.
2. Unisilicates. 8. Snbsilictes.
n. Zbouix SscnoN. Feldspar-like in constitnits and oxyn ratio;
the bases being alumina, and the alkalies and alkaline earths (K, ]!a. Oa,
a, 8r), to. the almost total exclusion of magnesia and iron ; and the oxygen ratio ltween the protoxyd and sesquioxyd bases being 1 : 3.
m. ALLBOABOPHYLLrrE Segtion. Micaceous or thin foliated when crystallized ; and plane angle of base of prism 120.
, On aoooant of the uncertainties with respect to the relations of the water in hydrous silicateSi the basis for a true dasriflcation of them is to a large extent wanting. the dominanoo among anhjdrckiis silicates of the grand subdivisions of Bisilicates, Unisilicates, and Subsilicates, the same groups might be reasonably looked for among the hydrous. But the formulas of very many of tlM spedes may be written according to either of these ypes, by mincing more, or less, or none, of the v/iter basic; and consequently all attempts to define the limits of the groups must be at present ui9tttisfact0Ty. Grystallographlc and other relations to anhydroos species give help but not always sure guidance.
The foIk/#ing examples elucidate some of the reasons for referring species to the section of BisiUcatefi father than that of Unisilicates, or the reverse :
LaunwrJile (No. 842, beyond) has a dose approximation in crystaUine form to pyroxene, and this suits a relation to the BisQicates ; moreover, its formula is wholly pyroxene-like, if the water is not basic. It is to be noted that part of the water escapes on heating to C There is the same relation in form between pectolile and pyroxene, as long since shown by Phmkenheim; and the same formula also, if the water, here a more stable constituent, u basic. (HceniUe is very near hornblende, or another anhydrous bisQicate, in its crystaUiaation; and it Is also like it in formula, if ha the water is basic. In each of these cases dystallography appears to whether any of the water, and how much, Is basia Again, dkiUue has the anodes nearly, and the bisilicate ratio, of beryl, if the water be not basia
Prehftiie has an affinity in its crystallisation to chrysolite ; and, if the water is aU basic the oxygen ntio for the bases and silica is 1 : 1, or that of a Unisilicate, as in chiysoHte. Calamine is approximately isomorphous with prehnite, and, moreover, both are pyroelectric ; and the oxygea ratio is 1 : 1, if the water is not basic. IWUuniU a result of the alteration of iolite, is equivalent to iolite plus water. Iolite is a silicate, there being a deficiency of base for a true unisilicate; but the added water Just fills up the defidency, so that, if the water is basic, the species is i strictly a Unisilicate, the 0. ratio for ft, 8, Si, being 1:8:5: 1, or for the bases ft+tt+£[ kcl silica, 5 : 6=1 : 1. There seems to be no reason for questioning this basic relation of the water ; it Is probable that the defidency of base may lead to the easy absorption of water so characteristic of Iolite. In other alterations of iolite still more water is taken up, so that the 0. ratio is 1 : 3 : 6 : 2; the compound is apparently the same, but with twice the proportion of water, only one-half of i; fax thia case being basia The same remarks are applicable to maritfodite and other hydrooi nicaa in their relations to mnsoovite and the anhydrous micas.
894 Oxygen Oomfouiids.
ApophyUUe ciTStallises in tetragonal forma — forma that are common among anhfdrons Uniani cates, and are unknown among Bisilicatea. The apedea la therefore arranged beyond aa a Uniailicate, but aa a repreaentatiye of the Scapolito group of anhydroua ailicatoa. TritomUetaid Tharik are iaomebric apedea, and related to helyite and garnet; ana thej are Uniailicatea, like garnet, if the water be noi baaic.
From theae examplea it ia apparent that the facte give only probable conduaiona. It ia to La hoped that chemiatry will aoon ftimiah prindplea that are encumbered with leaa of doubt
The group of ZeotiUa indudea apeciea that are feldapar-like in having among Uiem the ozyges aUoB for the protoxyda, alumina, and ailioa 1 : 3 : 4, 1 : 8 : 6, 1 : 3 : 8, 1 : 3 : 9, 1 : 3 : 12, with the only difference that water ia preaent in addition. They are therefore aometimea spoken of aa repreaentetiyea among hydroua ailicatea of the anhydroua feldapara. But thia inference, though apparently auatained by the oxygen ratioa, ia far from right It aaaumea that the water ia not baaia If it be baaic, then the apedea may be ordinary Biailicatea or Uniailicatoa, quite remote from the feldspara. Looking to the crjatalliaation, it ia found that there in fact, nothing whatever to auatein the relation to the feldspara. The apedea of the Feldapar group are almoat identical in angles and phyaical charactera ; while the ceolitea are exceedingly diverse in both reapecta, and none have the feldapar form or anglea. Nearly all the ayatema of cry atallication are repreaented among them, and with a very wide range in anglea. The feldapara have the priamatic angle near 120" : while the zeolitea that approach Uie feldapara moat nearly — that ia, the StObUt group, in which toe oxygen ratio is 1 : 3 : 12, and the cryatallization ia in part oblique — have the priamatic ange near in one apedea, and from ISC' to 186" in othera. The hexagonal apedea, chabazito, levynite, and gmelinite, uaually made a subgroup among the seolitea, have widely different rhombohedral anglea.
While, then, Uiere ia aeeming unity in the group of zeolitea, there ia actually the widest diversity ; and, wheu fViUy underatood, they wHl probably have their plaoea among the TJniailicatea and Biailicatea of the firat aection. Analdte, wUch ia induded among the aeolitea, is related in form to the feldapara, and in both form and formula (the water being exduded) to tixe anhydroua ailicate, leudte.
The MargarophyUitea appear to constitute a atrictly natural group, although under a very varioua chemical constitution. They are foliated in atructure like the micaa, and, like them, have the plane angle of the baae of the priam 120", the cryatallization being either hexagonal or pria* matic, with the anglea of baae 1 20' and 60"*. They include talc and pyrophyllite, margarodite and other hydroua micaa, chlorite, margarite, etc.; with ulao kaolinito and aerpentine, which have the aame cryatallization; and to theae are added aome apedea not yet known in the crystallized steto, which appear to be chemically allied to the margarophyUites. The true margarophylhtea are below 6 in hardneas ; greaay to the feel, at least when &iely powdered; and not apany in appearance when maaaive, unleas through pseudomorphism, in which case this sparry onaractaf is that of the original mineral altered to make thenu
L General Section Of Htdeotjs Silicates,
Abranqbmekt Of The Spscis&
The oxygen ratios of the spedes are given after the tables of formulas; the Ist column, tht a ratio for JEl, S, Si, fi; 2d column for ft+fi (or basesX Si, tL After the ]& in the latter column, a fraction is added, giving the proportion of the water that is required to be added to the bases to make the ratio that of the formula. InpeMUe for example, all the water ia to be added to the bases; this making the ratio of bases to silioa 6+ 1 : 12=1 : 2.
L Bisilicates.
I PEOTOLITB OB PYBOZENOID GBOUP. Konodinic and isomorphons with the AmphI bde group (p. 20T
UO. XovALTm CaSi-fi
HTineOUS SIUOATU.
89A
S41. Okjuiitm 942. Gtboliti
343. LACMOKTmi
343A. Lbonhabditi
11 DIOFTASE (OB BEBTLLOID) GROUP. HexagonaL
344. Cataplbhtb
846. Ghrtbocolla
847. Aupiti
348. Gokabitb
m. PICBOSMINE GBOUP. 849. FlOBOBiaHl
360. Spadaitb
CuSi+2fi
6ieie,KiH,+|€a)+aq /?a)+aq
61 + 1 y&) + aq
aq
361— 856, PTRALLOUTB, FIOBOPHTLL TbAYXRBIUITKp PlTKi-RAHDITB, TBAKOHI ZITE, MONBADm; 367, Kboliti, 9 Ag, JSc], 9 Si, £[; 358, PaugobSEITB, 6 Ag, 6 sll, 24 Si, 18 £[; 369, Xtlotilb, Idg, te, 9e, Si; 360, Ahthosidbbitb 9e, Si, %
PectoUte Zonaltito 4 Okenite 1
Laumontito 18 8 4
ri fiSi a
6 12 1
4 a
ftS Si £[
6 12
a
2(
Oatapleiito
Dioptaae
Pforosmine
Spadaito
ft fi Si a ft& Si a
12 6 2-121
1 2 1 12 1
1 2 2 12 2
1 2 i 1 2 i
5 12 4 5 12 4 (i)
n. UNISILICATES,
L OAIiAMINS (OB OHBTSOLTTHOID) GBOUP. Ortharhomblo. Approximately iflooKX phoaa with chryaolite.
2ii*Si+£
(%, J'e)*Si+ifi Fe), +iaq
863. Prbhkiti
864. OBLORABIBOLm
iL THOBITE (OB WSLVTtOlD) GBOUP. laometrla 865. TmroxiTB Si, Ce, La,
866b Tboiutb
¥hSi+]id (Cd,La,lH)*Sl+fi
in. PYBOSMALITB GBOUP. HexagonaL
869. PrBOBKAuni (i 3Iii,FeGl))*Si
Oxtoer* Oohfouivds.
IT. APOFHYIUTE GBOUP. Tetragona], with perfect btaal deaTige.
S7a Apophtilrx (a,Ca,&}*§i+ttSi
T. GI8M0NDITE GBOUP. Tetragonal aod hemlhedra], or orthorhombio; lateral deaTage short and small crystals.
371. EDnrGTomn ?(ffi+t£a)*Si+ffi
872. OlBMOiTDin (fCa+i&)+Sl,2iSi,iia
Vl Cabphoute Gboup.
873. OABPHOLm (S],8n,Fe)*Si*+8&
& fi Si ft ftfi Si $
Calamine 1
Vmarslte 1
Prehnite a
Thorite 1
t
Pyrosmalite
TEdingtooite
Gismondite
Garpholite
ft fiSi a
1 8 ij 4J
1 1
fifi Si A
8 8 10)
1 1
m. SUBSILICATES.
Sl'Si*+3oa
si Allopbane+l Glbbaite Allophane+6 Gibbsite
The 0. ratio for S, Si, fiinAnophaoeis 3 :2: 6; fai Golljrite 6: 2 :8; inSohrotterite 4: 1: 6. The species Eadase (p. 879) and Datolite (p. 880) are tme hjdroos Sabsilioates. The reason foi placing them with the anhjdrons species is stated on page 204.
L BISILICATEa
839. PBOTOUTB. Pektolith Xobell, Kastner's Arch., zUL 886, 1828, ziT. 341. PhotoliUi BmffL, Char., 181, 1882. WoUastonite, Stelllte, Tkommmt llin., L 180, 813. BathoUte mrnit eoiUdon. OsmeUth BnUh Pogg., iz. 188, 1827.
Monoclinic, iBomorphons with wollastonita Observed planes : 0 ; vertical irij i-\y i, w ; hemidomeg, 1-t, --S-t ; hemioctahedral, -2. Angles tneasurea by Gr :
U A l-i=96 28' U A i-i 66' i4j back, A 37 A w =102 30
i4 A i-}=lS9 80 A -2 =182 64
- J A Cleavage : i-i (orthod.) perfcK5t. Twins : eomposition-face t-t. In close aggrations of acicnlai crvstals. Fibrous massive, radiated to stellate.
H.=6. G.=2-68— 2-78. Lnstre of the surface of fracture silky or subvitreous. Color whitish or grayidi. Bubtranslacent to opaque. Tough. Foi
Htdboub Biuoiatxb.
B-gen mineral optic-axial plane parallel to orthodiagonal, and very nearly normal to i-t ; ante bisectrix poBitive, parallel to ortnodia&onal, and obtnse bisectrix nearly normal to deavage-plane or w ; axial ane in oil, through cleavage plates, 143"— 145°; Descl.
Var. — Almost alwtjB cotamnar or fibroin, and diTeigent, the fibree often 2 or 3 inches long; and aometimeii, as in ATrahire, Scotland, a Tard. Beaemblee in aspect fibrous rarieties of natrolite, okenite, thomsonite, iremolite, and woUastonite. OamtiUe ftom Niederkirchen, near Wolfstein, Bayaria, is oolnmnar and =2*799— 2*833, Breith.; color grayish-white yellow-
Oomp.—O. ratio for ft, §1,=6 : 12 : 1 ; whence, if the water is basic, =aillca 54-2, lime 83-8, soda 9'8, water 2-7=100. Analyses: I. t. Kobell (Kastner's Arch. Nat, ziiL 385); 2, 3, J. D. Whitney (Joar. Soc. N. H. Bost., 1849, p. 86, and Am. J. Sci IL Til 484); 4, J. & Kendall (ib.); 6, G. J. Dickinson (ib); 6, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. Sci., IL xziz. 205); 7, A. J. Scott (Ed N.PhiL J.,liiL 277); 8, lY. iz. 248); 9, Thomson (l£in.,L 131); 10, Walker (Heddle, La); 11, Kennedy (ib.); 12-18, Hoddle (La); 17, Adams (MiUon, eta, Ann. d. Ch., 1848, 166); 18, t. Kobell Ber. Ak. ICuncben 1866, L 296, J. pr. CIl, zcriL 493); 19, Igel*
ft
Fe
Kg
Oa
JTa
ti
1. ICBaldo
2. LBoyale
—
ir.
2-72=99-69 Whitney.
—
2-72=100 Whitney.
4. Bergen Hill
ir.
55*00
1*10
2-75=101-10 Dickinson.
—
[2-37]= 100 Whitney.
7. TUisker, Skye
32*85
z
Scott
9. Kilsyth, WoOomL
1-20*
SlS'i
9*60
2-00=99-42 Thomson.
10. OMtorphine HiU
30*79
5-48=98-86 Walker.
11. ObuitleBock, WdL
51*5
5*0=98-0 Kennedy.
58*06
3-13=100*40 Heddle
13. Batho,;S5fvii
—
8-04=98 99 Heddle.
3S-76
9*26
2-80=98-84 Heddla
15. Knodcdolian Hill
—
3-60=99-63 Heddle.
IS. Oirran
3-26=101 42 Heddle.
17. Bavaria, O&meUie
52*91
2*79
4-01-99-63 Adam.
18. " "
52*63
—
0-37*
<r.
2-94, Ikn 1-75= 100-44 K.
19. Wennland
[8-48]
3-70=100 Igelstrom.
With MOM
k Ite iron iRTOtoxyd.
Beraelius obtained a flnorine reactUm with the Monioni mineraL The analysis by Adam (Ka 17) makes the armeiite Identical with peotoUte. Biegel obtained a rery different result ( Jahrb. t pr. Ptuirm., xiiL 1) ; but tr. KobeU has confirmed Adam's result, and shown that Biegel must have had in hand another mineraL
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fhaes at 2 to a white enameL CJelatiniies with muriatic acid. Often gives ont light when broken in the dark.
Obs. — Occurs mostly in trap and related rocks, in cavities or seams ; occasionally in metamorphio rocks. Found in Scotland at Batho Quarry, and Castle Bock, near Edinburgh ; at Kilq Cotorphine Hill, Loch End, Ginran, and Knockdolian Hill, in Ayrshire; and at Talisker, etc., I. Skye. Also at Mt Bald anH Mt. Mouzoni in the Tyrol, where first obtained ; at au ir n mine in Wennland, associated with chlorite an* I calcite.
Occurs also at Bergen HID, K. J., in Isige and beantiftil radiations ;oompact at Isle Boyale, Superior.
Desdoizeaux obtained from Bergen crystals, fW A l-t=95* 30' and 30'. WoUastonite gives
340. XOHALTTTK Xonaltit lUnmneUberfh Z& 0., xviiL 83, 1866.
ICsssive. Very hard. a.=2-71 white; 218, gray Oolor white to bluiab-gn. 'loutfli Rraotore splintery.
S9& OXT6EN OOHFOinffDB.
0. ratio for Ce Si, fi=4 : 6 : 1 ; whence 4 Ca Si+lftrrSflioi 40*80, lime 46-47, watar 8-1S: 100. Analyaea- 1, S, BanunelBberg (I. c):
Si
fig
Oa
fi[
49*68
1-31 1-79
43*66
2. &fftiy
2*28
4*07=100*71 Bammelsberg.
Yieldb iRater. Infusible [?]. Deoofflposed by mnriatic add (Ramm.). Oocora at Tetela da Xonalta, Kexioo, in oonontnc layers, with apophyllite and buatamite.
341. OKHNITE. Okenit v. KobeU Eaatner'a An zir. 338, 1828. Omnd; Ed. PhiL J., zyL 198, 1834. Bordlte Adam, Dufr. Kin., It. 697, 1869.
Orthorhombic ? /A /=122° 19', Breith. Composed of a congeries of minute acicular crystals ; commonly fibrous-; also compact.
H.=4-5— 6. G.=2-28— 2-37 ; 2-362 of dysclasite, Connel; 2*28 of okenite, v. Kobell. Lustre stfbpearly. Color white, with a shade of yellow or blue; often yellow by reflected light, and blue by transmitted. Frequently opalescent. Subtransparent — subtranslucent. Very tough.
YwjcBordUe, from Bord6e, one of the Faroe idanda, ia only a yeiy fine fibrous milk-white okenite, firm in texture and very tough, and having H.=8*6, G.=2*83.
Oomp.—O. ratio for ft, Si, 1 : 4 : 2 ; whence, if half of the water is basic, 2:4: 1 ; and the formula (i fi+i Ca) Si+i ]=Silica 66*6, lime 26*4, water 170=100. It has the prismatic angle nearly of amphibole, to which it is related in composition. Analyses : 1, 2, ▼. Kobell (L a) ; 8, Connel (1. a); 4, Wurth (Fogg., It. 113); 6, t. Haner (Jahrb. G. Beicha., 1864, 190); 6, Schmid (Fogg., czxvL 143); 7, c.):
Si Oa £[
1. Greenland 66*64 26*69 17*00, Si and Fe 0*63, & lr.=99-76 KobolL
8. Faroe 6769 26*83 14-71, fin 0*22, Fe 0*82, & 0*23, j!fa 0*44=100*44 CkmneL
6. Stromoe 6786 26*09 13*97, Mg 1*58, ifa 0*23=9972 Schmid G.=2'824.
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass yields water. B.B. alone beoomes opaque and white, and ftises to a glass. Eflervesces with soda, and Aises to a subtransparent glaas, which is milk-white on cooling; with borax forms a transparent colorless glass. Gelatiniaes readily in muriatic acid.
Obs* — Occurs in trap or related eruptLve rocks. Found at the Faroe Idands ; in Iceland; on the island of Diako Greenland.
342. aTROLITE. Gurolite Andarmm, PhiL Mag., lY. L 101, 1861. Gyrolite.
In concretions, lamellar-radiate in structure.
H.=3— 4. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color white. Translucent, becoming opaque.
Oornp— + l§i+fi. Analyses: 1, Anderson (L a); 2, How (Am. J. Sd., IL zxziL 13):
Si Si ftg Ca & A
Pyr., etc.— In a dosed tube yields water, intumesoes, and separates into thin scales. B.B. aweUs !ip and Aises with difficulty to an opaque enamel
Oba.— From the Isle of Skye, with stilbite, laumontite, etc. ; also N. Sootia, 26 m. aW. of 0. Blomidon, betweeu Margaretville and Fort George, on apophyllite. Reported also from Farde ano Greenland.
HTDBOVB BIUOAm.
843. X.AUMOM1XTO. ZeoUthe efflonsoeiite IT Tr ir. 1801. Uumonita JK, TaU. Gonp.. 1808. LoDODit Wem KanL Tab 1808. Sohneiderita Maughtiu, im. 3. ScL, IL v. 64
Monoclinic. 40', /A 7=86" 16', O A 14=161" 9' ; a:b:o= U'516 : 1 : 0*8727. Observed planes aa in die annexed figures. Prism /, witli the very oblique terminal plane 2-, the meet common form. Clearago : i-t and / petiect; i-i imperfect.
O A 7=104° 20' <?Avi=101 20
0 A U, adj.,=122 59 A -1=148 22
O A 1=138 8 a A -1=118 16 ♦4 a 1=120 14 -1 A -1, front, =138 28
1 A 1, front,=119 32 44 A 24=125 41
7a -1=135 58 7a 1=117 87 7a 24=118 80 7At-t=133 8 7a *4=136 52
88S
u
Huelgoet
Twins : composition-face i-i. Also columnar, radiating or divergent.
H.=3*5— 4. G.=2'25— 2*36. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of cleavage. Color white, passing into yellow or gray, sometimes red. Streak uncoiored. Transparent — translucent ; becoming opaque and usually pulverulent on exposure. Fracture scarcely observable, uneven. Not very brittle* Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane i4 ; divergence 62° 24' for the red rays ; bisectrix negative, making an angle of 20° to 25° with a normal to t-t ; Descl.
Var.— Laumontite of Haelgoet has G.=:2'29; of Sarnthal, Tyrol, 2-28 (Oericke); of Plaaeii- Cher Grand (Gericke) and Uelaingfors (Arppe) 2*31 ; of the red, from L Skje, 2*252 (J. W. Mallet). OcyMrdtMite ooours in pearly monoclinic crTstals, of a flesh-red color, having G.=2*47, and-
Ooinp.~-0. ratio for ft, fl, Si, 11=1 : 3 : 8 : 4; and for ft+fl, Si, fl=l : 2 : 1 ; whence the formula (i Oa'+f Si*+9 ]=8Uica 50*9, alumina 21*9, lime 11*9, water 15*8=100. Both in formula and crystallization it is related to pyroxene.
Analyses: 1, 2, Dufroy (Ann. d. Mines, lU. TiiL 508); 3, Connel (Ed. N. Phil J., 1829, 282); 4, 5, Babo and Delffs (Fogg., lix. 889); 6, Malaguti and Durocher (Ann. d. Mines, IV. ix. 8*25); 7, Sjogren (Pogg., IxzYilL 415); 8, Soott (Ed. N. PhiL J., 1852, lili. 284) ; 9, 10, Gericke (Ann. Oh. Pharm., junx. 110); 11, Arppe (Am. Finsk. Min., 22); 12, J. W. Mallett (Am. J. &&, a xnL 179); 13, How (ib, xxvu 30):
1. Phipeborg, Me.
2. Cormayeur 8. Skye
4. ?
6. ?
6. Huelgoet
Si Si Oa £[
60-38 21*48 11*14 16*15=9910 Duflreuoy.
51-17 21-23 12-43 15*17 Oo8s)= 100 Delfb.
62*47 22-56 9*41 15*56=100 M ft D.
63 05 22 94 9*67 14-64= 100-80 Scott
iOO
OXTOSET OOHPOinfrDt.
9. Sorntbal
11. Helsingfors, red
12. Skjre, red
13. Port George, N. S.
Si Si Ca £
51-43 21*64 12-07 16 26=100*44 How.
An impure Swiss laumontite haa been aiudyzod by Fellenberg (Mitth. Berne, 64, 1865).
The .fdelforslte of Retsiua, or the Red ZeolUe o/jBdelJore is leferred here bj N. J. Berlin, whc considers it impure mixed silica (quartzX and related to the red zeolite of Upaala analysed by A similar mineral from Fahlun yielded Hisinger Si Si 16*6, Fe 1*8, Ca 8*0, 11*6=97*0; whUe he obtained for the iEdelfors seoUte &i 53*76, Si 18*47, Pe 4*02, Ca 10*90, 11*23=98'8, which is near the composition of laumontite. Bischof has analysed a pseudomorph of laumontite ir orthodase (see Obthoglasb).
Pyr., 6to — In a vacuum, Huelgoet laumontite crystals, according to Kalaguti t Durocher, lose in weight 2 -26 p. c, and, over sulphuric add, 3-85 p. a: and regain the same in water or moist air. Heated up to 100° O, they lose 317 p. a ; to 200 6*08 p. a ; to 300% 7*28; and the remainder of the water only at a red heat. B.B. swells up and fuses at 2 7 — 3 to a white enamel Gelatinises with muriatic add.
Obs.— Laumontite occurs in the cavities of trap or amygdaloid; also in porphyry and syenite, and occasionally in veins traversing day slate with oeddte. It was first observed in 1 785, in the lead mines of Huelgoet in Brittany, by Gillet Laumont, after whom it is named.
Its prindpal localities are at the Faroe Islands; Disko in Greenland; in Bohemia, at Eule in di slate; St Gothard in Switserland; the Fassathal, in large masses exhibiting a radiated structure: Samthal, near Botsen, Tyrol; Plauensdier Grund, near Dresden; Hartfield Moss in Benfwshire, accompanying analdte; the amygdaloidal rocks in the Kilpatrick hills, near Glasgow ; and in several trap rocks of the Hebrides, and the north of Ireland.
Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, affords fine specimens of this spedes. It is there associated with apophyUite, thomsonite, and other species of this family ; also at Port George, N. in veins some* times 3 in. thick, and at Margaretville, colored green by copper; also at Digby Nock and Long Point Also found in good specimens at Phipsburg, Maine; also sparingly at BradleysvUle, Litchfield Co., Conn., near a paper-mill, in narrow seams in gneiss ; and at Soutlibuxj, Conn., a little east of the village, on the land of Mr. Stiles. Abundant in many places in the copper veins of Lake Superior in trap, and on I. Boyale ; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac. Found also at Bergen Hill, N. J., in greenstone, wiUi datolite, apophyllite, eta ; sparingly at Phillipstown, N. Y., in feldspar with stilbite, and at Columbia bridge, near Philadelphia.
AltMost varieties beoome opaque and crumble at the toudi afldr exposure to the ordinary atmoBphere, losing 1 to 2 p. c. of water. Spedmens in cabinets can be best preserved alteration by keeping them in moist air.
Schneideriie (L a) is laumontite from the serpentine of Monte Catini, Italy, which has uudc -gone alteration through the action of magnesian solutions. It is described by Meneghini as lam nateradiate in structure, with H.=3. jg. 381 represents a crystal Mt Catini (one receive d by BtoL G J. Brush Pro£ Beohi); it gave the author tlie approximate angles /A $"— 86" 30, i-i A 2-1=126', -2-i A f.|=14b" 15, /A-1=135% -1 A-1, 2-tA6-i= 44". The planes had little lustre, and that strongly pearly. Beohi obtained in an analysis (L c.) :
It fUses B.B. with intumescence, and gelatinises in cold adds. Occurs with sloanite in bbro rosso of Tuscany. Named after Sign. Schneider, director of the mine of Mount Catini
Caporcianite Savi (Mem. cost fls. Toscana, U. 53). Has been referred to laumondte. '. described by Meneghini as resembling heulandite and near it in its angles, affording (see p. 444) 2-t A -2-t= 181", 2- A /=150", with deavage parallel to i4 very easy, and also paralle tc 2-t; easy parallel to -2-i; faces 2h minutely striated ; also in twins; also imperfectly radiated foliaceous. H.=2'5; G.= 2*470; color flesh-red ; lustre pearly.
COMP.-a*gi'+8SlSi*-i-9H, Ranmi., and near laumontite Silica 53*0, alumina 22-7, lint 12-4, water 11*9=100. Analyses: 1, Anderson (Ed. PhiL J., 1842, 21); 2, Bedii (Am. J. Sd. IL ziv. 62) :
tL
Si
Si
Fe
Ca
ttg
fra
&
52*8
21*7
0*1
11*8
0*4
—
9*68
1*11
0*25
1*11
HTDBOUtt B1LI0ATE8. 401
£.B. Aises to a white enamel without intumeeoeDce. DissolTes easily in adds, and fonns a jelly even in the cold. Oocara in geodea with caldte in the gabbro rosa of Monte de Caporciano at rimpruneta, and other plaoee in Tosoany. It ia sometimes aooompauied by native oopper.
S4SA. LBONHABDITB lix. 33e, 1843). Near lamnontite, and probably that spedea
Monodinic /A /SS" 30', and 96" 30 ; 0 A /=114*. deavage parallel with / very perfect, basal imperfect. Also columnar and granular.
H.r=3~S*5. 0.=2*a5. Lustre of deavage-fiioe pearly, elsewhere vitreoua. White, sometimes yellowish, seldom brownish. Subtransluoent Usually whitens on exposure like laumontite.
Analyses: 1, DeUb (Pogg., lix. 336, 339); 2, Babo (ib.); 3, G. 0. Barnes (Am. J. Sd., II. XT. 440):
Si 21 Oa £
1. Schemnits 66-128 32*980 9-251 11*641 100 Delflh.
2. '' 66*00 24-86 10-50 12*30= 102*16 Baba
3. Oopper FaOfl 65-96 21*04 10*49 11*93=99*42 Barnes.
These results afford the following 0. ratios for ft, 8, Si, A: (1) 1 : 4 : 11 : 4; (2) 1 : 4 : 10 : .S ; (3, 4) 1 : : 10 : 3. DoU&' analysis was made after drying the mineral at 100* G. ; dried at the ordinary temperature it gave 13*647—13*807 water, which corresponds to the aboTA formula. B.B. exfoliates, faiths, and easQy melts to an enamel DlBsoWes in adds.
From a trachytic rock at Bdiemnits in Hungary; at Pfitscb in an earthy chlorite, and near Predazso in the Fleims Valley, Tyrol, in a melaphyre. Also at Oopper Falls, Lake 8superior region, a variety which alters but little on exposure.
Lewiustein has analysed two altered spechnens from the copper mines of Lake Superior (Z& Oh. u. Pharm. 1860, IIX one (A) containing 76 p. a of the mineral, the other (B) 81*61 p. a, the test impuri; A, of a brownish-red color, and B, greenish, afforded, impurity excluded:
Si Si Fe Ag Ca ]Sra & tL
A gires nearly the 0. ratio 1:2:12:8; and B, 1 : 5 : 13 : 4-3.
344. OATAPLEZICT. Katapleiit Weibye A Sjdgren, Pogg., Ixxix. 299, 186a
Hexagonal. In thin tabular hexagonal prisms, with the basal edges re* placed by the planes 1,2, 4; Oa1=142° 4/, Oa2=122°40', (>a4=107 47\ Cleavage : lateral (/) perfect ; 2, distinct. Also massive.
H. near 6. G.=2*8. Lustre nearly dull, weak vitreous on surface of fracture. Color light yellowish-brown. Streak isabella-yellow. Opaque.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, 4p=1 : 2 : 6 : 2; for ft+8| Si, £[=1 : 2 : whence the for Bttla (i 6,*+ 1 2r) Si*+ H fi. Analyses by l'ogre (I c) :
Si
&
Si
KTa
Oa
9e
tL
10*83
8*61
8-66=101-02.
46*52
4*66
9-05=101-51.
Pyr., 0to— In the deed tube yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps flies at 3 to a whiti enamel ; with borax a dear colorless glaas. Basily soluble in muriatic acid without gelatinizing : ihe dilute add solution colora turmeric paper orange-yellow (reaction for alroonia).
Oba. — From the island Lamoe near Breyig, Norway, along with ziroon, leuoophanite, moan drite, and tritomite.
On the crystaUiaation see H. Dauber, Pogg., zdL 289.
346. DIOPTA8B. Achirit R F, J, BtrmMm, 1788, K. Act Petrop., xiiu 389, 1802. Erne nadine Ddamdh T. T., iL 230, 1797. Kupfer-Schmaragd Wem 1800, Ludwig, i. 63, 238, 1803 Dioptase ff Tr., id. 1801. Bmerald-Copper Jammon, Smaragdo-Chaldt Mohs., Gundr., 1824
OZTOEN OOHFODimS.
KbombohedraL B A
24' ; (9 A i?=148 38' ; a=0-5281 Observed planes : rhombohedral, I {ItL 2, -2; heini-scalenohedral on three alternate edges, as in the iignre, with also ; also 1 ; prismatic, t-2, i-f j 'Ij the last three heinihedral.
0 A 21' i-2 A 1-2=120 2 A 2=95 54 2Ai-2=132 8 2'Ai-2=151
iAi-2=16544' i4 A 1-2=169 6 V A i-2=14fi 36 -2 A 57 i-2 A 48
vitreous. Color emerald-sreen.
Cleavage: JR perfect. Twins: composition-mee R, Also massive.
IL=5. G.=3-278-3-348. Lustre Streak green. Transparent — subtran&-
48*89
38*93
lucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Double refraction Btrong, positive.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for Cn, Si, d=l : 2 : 1; OnSi+]=SiUcB 88*2, ozjrd of copper 60*4, wateff 11-4=100. Analjaes : 1, 2, Hess (Pogg., zvi. 860) ; 3, 4, Damoar (Aim. Oh. Pbys IIL z. 486);
Si Cu d
12-29, te 2-00=99-78 Hess. 11-52, 2-36, Ca 3-38, ftg 0-23=99*43 Hess. 11*40, Fe 0-42, Oa 0 0*85=98-74 Danibur. 11*27=99*71 Damoar.
Pyr*, etc. — Like chrysocolla, but gelatinizes with muriatic add.
Obs. — Dioptase occurs posed in weU defined crystals *and amorphous on quarts, oooopying seams in a compact limestone west of the hill of Altyn-Tiibeh in the Kirghese Steppes. Also reported as found in the Duchy of Nassau, between Oberlahnstein and Braubach.
Breithaupt found for the angle R/\R 125 55'; and Kokscharof after careiVil measurement, adopts this Yalue (Bull Ac. St Pet., ix. 240).
jNamed by Hauy diaptaee from and twroi$u, to mc because the cleavage directions /rere distinguishable on looking through the crystal.
Named Achiriia after Achir Mahmed, a Bucharian merchant, living at the fortress of Semipalatna on the Irtish, who had procured it in the region where it occumd, and who ftimished the specimens that were taken in 1785 by Mr. Bogdanof to St Bptersbuig. Although named by Hermann, his description was not given to the St Petersftrg Academy before 1800, and the volume containing it was not published until 1802, a year after the appearance of Haiiy's work.
346. OHRYBOOOZiXiA* OhryBoooDa pt Ther DioK Pirn. OhiysocoBa pt, OsBrulenm pt, Oerm. Berggran, Agrie Foss., 1546. (Xeruleum montanum pt Wall, BGn., 280, 1747; 0. montanum, Yiride montanum pt, Ororut, Min., 172, 1758. Mountain Blue and Mountain Green pt Bleu de Montague, Vert de Montague, Bleu do Ouivre, Vert de Guivre, JFV-. Kup* fergrun Wem., Bergm. J., 382, 1789; Kami., Tab., 46, 18U0, 63, 1808. Cuivre carbonate vei pulverulent, K, Tr., 1801 ; TabL, 1809. Kieselkupfer Klapr Beitr., iv. 86, 1807. Vert do Cuivre, ChrysoooUe, Brochani, Min., ii 208, 1808. Kiesehnaladiit IToum., Handb., 1813. Kieselkupfer Leonh Handb., 1821. a hydroslliceux K Guivre hydrate silidfdre, Hydrophane cot' vreux, Dr. SomerviUite (fir. N. J.) Dufr, Min., iii. 147, 1847. Dillenburgite. Kupferpechers pi Hoffln. Min.,iiL b, 103, 1816; HepatinerB BreWk, Char., 224, 1883; Pechkupfer BausfiK, Handb., 372, 1847. IJanoa OuUtm Minen, Demidovit K Kartien BuD. Soa Nat Hoscoa nix. 128, 1856. AgperoUte £Kww ib., tttit. 68 1866.
BTDBOdS BILI0ATE8.
CryptocryBtalline ; often opal-like or enamel-like in texture ; earthy, Inemfiting or filling seams. Sometimes botryoidal.
H,=2— 4. G.=2— 2'238. Lnstre vitreous, shining, earthy. Color mountain-green, bluish-green, passing into sky-blue and turquois-blue ; brown to black when impure. Streak, when pure, white. Translucent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Rather sectile ; translucent varieties brittle.
Ctoinpiompoflition Taries mudi through impurities, as with other amorphoas substances, resulting from the alteration. As the sQica has been derived fVom tiie decomposition of other silicates, it is natural that an excess should appear in many analyses.
True chiysocoUa appears to correspond to the 0. ratio for Ou, Si, IS, 1 : 2 : 2=Cu §i+2 fi =Silicft 84*2, ozyd of copper 46*8, water the water being double that of dioptase. But Fome analyses afford 1:2: 8=Cu §{+3 ti (anal. 18X aad 1:2: 4=0ufii+] (anaL 11).
Impure chrysocoUa may contain, besides firee silica, black oxyd of copper, oxyd of iron (or limoniteX and oxjd of manganese ; and conseently rary in color from bluish-green to brown and black, the last especially when oxyd of manganese or of copper is present Other kinds are impure with oarbonatB or sulphate of oopper ; and others with oxyds of lead, antimony, arsenic, eta
Analyses: I, t. Kobell (Pogg., xviii. 254) : 2-4 Berthier (Pogg.. xxTiii. 41 1) ; 5, Bowen (Am. J. 8ci, Tiii. 18) ; 6. B ck (Am. J. Sci.. xxxvi. Ill) ; 7, Sc)*eerer (Pon?.. Ixv 289) ; 8. C. T. Jackson (This Minn.. 530, 1850);9, Joy (Ann.Lye. N. Y., viii. 120); 10 Rnnimd Inrg (f. pr Ph., Iv. 48. Poe-, Ixxxv. .300): II, Nordenikiol I (Ramm. Min. Oh.. .552) ; 12. J L. Siuir (Gillii's's Exp-d., ii. 92); IS. F. Field (PhiL Bfag., IV. xzii. 361); 14, K ttredgc (Pog.., Ixxxv. 300); 15, (Min., 145, 1845) :
L BogosloTBk
2. "
3. Ganaveilles, Pyr.
4. Somerville, N. J. 6. "
6. Franklin, N. J.
7. Arendal, Norway
8. Oopper Harbor
It
Lake Superior Nischne Tagilsk ChUi
Goquimbo Chili
ti
36*54
2A*0
86*4
40'00
35*14
32*00
29*5
20*68
24*52
Lot! iDdllMted.
I -00, gangne 2-10=99-84 KobelL 80, 1-1=100 Berthier. 2-5, " 2-6, 0 3-7=lii0 Berthier. — . 1-0=100 Berthier — Bowen. 1-40=100 Beck.
— J Fe, £1, Oa, ti 1*09=99-66 Scheerr. 8-90, %1 4-8=99*55 a T. Jadcson. 7-76*=99*00 Joy.
l-68\ Ca l-7ft, Kg 1-06=100 Bamm. 0*40=100-84 Nordenskiold. 1-97, a&l 2-88=100*28 Smith. 2-80, £14-97=100 Field. 4-94, Ca 1-49, &g 0-78=100 Kittredge. 1-2=99-6 Domeyka
The mineral from Somerrille, N. J., as described by Berthier (Ann. Oh. Phys., IL 395), is of three varieties: (1) a thin, green, transparent incrustration ; (2) a bluish-green earthy mineral, very tender and light, becoming transparent, like hydrophane, in water ; and (8) a pale greenish-blue maasive material, hard enough to scratch glass, and to be polished for jewelry ; and he that the chrysocoUa is nearly pure in the first, but is mixed with opal-silica in much of the second kind, and with opal-silica and ordinary silica in the last Berthiers analysis (No. 4 above) was made on a specimen of the second kind, and according to him probably contained 8 p. a of opal-silica in a state of mixture. Berthier, allowing for 8 p. a of free silica in this analysis, sng gests that the composition may be Ou 3i-h4 £[, while Bowen's earlier analysis (5) gives Ou Si- 2 & Berthier's mineral has been named (without suflBdent reason) SinngrviUite, and the analysis has generally been taken as expressing directly his view of the composition. Berthier gives an analysis also of the hard chrysocoUa of SomerviUe {third kind) to show that there is in these ores free siUca. He obtaiued (L a) SUica 28*9, oxyd of copper 6*1, water 6*7, oxyd of iron 0-4, saicasoiuble in the alkaiiee 57-9=100.
llie specimen for Na 13 had a fine turquois-blue color, and was from TambiUos near Goquimbo.
occurs at TagUsl Urals, in mammillated crusts of a sky-blue color, and afforded N.
Hermann has given (L a) the name AaperoUie to an amorphous mineral from TagUsk, Russia. It occurs in reniform masses of the sise of the fist, of a bluishireen color, colloidal fracture, smooth and lustrous. Brittle. H.=2'5 ; Q.=2'306. Analysis afforded him §i 81*94, Ou tL 27-25=100. 0. ratio for ft, Si, £[=1 : 2 : 8. He considers it one of a series of sUicates ol oopper, consisting of dioptase, chrysocolla, asperoUte, and a mineral described by NordensUdld, containing respectively 1, 2, 8, and 4 eq. & Named aaperoUk on account of its great brittlenest
Oxygen Oomfoukds.
The following are analyses of other impure yarieUes ; 1, Ullmann ( tab. Uebers., 276) ; 2. Elaproth (Beitr., iv. 84); 8, Thomson (Hi&., i 1886); 4, y. Kobell (J. p. Oh., xzxiz. 209); 6, Damoar (Ann, d. M., IIL zil) ; 6, BammelsberK (Min. Ch., 552) ; 7, Berthier (Ann. d. IC, UL 688) ; 8, Domejko (Min 1860, 139) ; 9, F. Field (PhiL Mag., lY. zziL 361) ; 10, 11, a)
Si
Cn
fi
9e
LDiUenburg 1 Tuijinsk, gnen 8. ?
64*46
6*26
4. Tnijinsk, Imnon
13-Uo 12*12
69-00= 60*86=
17-46,
7. Chili
7*1
1*6,
8. biaek
15*62
0-28,
18*3
2-9=
11. " "
1-26,
C 8=100 Ulhnann.
C 7=100 Elaproth.
C 14-98=100 Thomson.
101-47 Damoar.
Ca, Mg 0-40=98-37 Rammelsberg.
S 10*1. gangue 18-5=99 Berthier.
fin 89*80=99-20 Domeyka
Un 40-28=99-64 FlekL
99-6 Domejka
Oa 0 40, llg 0*88=100 Domejka
Nos. 1 to 3 contain some carbonate of copper ; and 1 has been named DtBenburgiie. Nob. 4 to 6 are KvpferpecherM (or BepaUneni a brown variety containing much limouite as impurity; Na 7 oontains 26 p. & of sulphate of copper ; Kos. 8, 9 contain ojcyd of manganese, and are black in color ; Nos. 10, II include black ozyd of copper. Kos. 7 to 11 are all from the Tlcinity of Ooqnimbo. The cupreous variety abounds especially at the Higuera mines; and 10 is from the Oortadero mine ; 1 1 from the Brilladnr.
The chrysoooDa of Bochlitz, in the Biesengebirge, afforded Herter ft Forth ( Jahrb. G. Reichs., x. 0*83, £l 5-569*85, 9e lo-O? — 2'08, 9-23 — 8*61, and 32 p. a ofantimonic and arsenic acids.
Delesse finds some recent stalactitio formations of a bluish-white color, occurring in the gRlleriea of a copper mine in Tuscany (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 693X to consist of Silica 21*08, alumina 17*83, oxyd of copper 28*37, water 82-72=100.
Pyr etc.— In the closed tube blackens and 3ields water. B.B. decrepitates, colors the flame emerald-green, but is mfusible. With the fluxes gives the reactions for copper. With soda and charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed by acids witiiout gelatinisation.
Obs. — Accompanies other copper ores, occurring especially in the upper part of veins.
BIschof observes (Lehrb., IL 1885) that silicate of copper may be formed through the action of an alkaline-, lime-, or magnesia-silicate on sulphate or nitrate of copper in solution. Ho also shows that this silicate is decomposed by carbonated waters, producing carbonate of copper. The alkaline silicates are furnished by the decomposing granite, and the sulphate of copper by altered pyritous copper. But L. Semann communicates to tibe author that he has seen spedmena of chrysocolla from Chili, which have in the interior the fibrous structure and composition of pure malachite, showing that the whole was once malachite. The chrysocoUa analyzed by Scheerer (anaL 7) occurs with feldspar, and is supposed to have resulted from the action of sulphate of copper on the feldspar. Some spedmens of the chjysocoUa are translucent and brittle on one part, and earthy, like decomposed feldspar, on the opposite.
Found in most copper mines in Cornwall ; at libethen in Hungary; at Falkenstein and Schwati n the Tyrol; in Siberia; the Bannat; Thuringia; Schneeberg, Seixony; Kupferberg, Bavaria; South Australia; Chili, etc
In Somerville and Sdwylers mines, Kew Jersey, at Morgantown, Pa., and at Wolcottville Conn., chry£ocoIla occurs associated with red copper ore, native copper, and green malachite ; in Pennsylvania, near Morgantown, Berks Co.; at Perkiomen; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co. ; also with similar associated minerals, and with brown iron ore, in Nova Scotia, at the Basin of Mines : also in Wisconsin and Michigan, mixed with carbonate of copper.
Chrysocoila is from ypv k, goii and kSXXo, gkte and was the name of a material used in soldering gold. The name is often applied now to borax, which is so employed. But much of the ancient chrysocoUa was a green stone containing copper as the coloring ingredient, and the best, as Diesuorides says, was that which was KaraKdputf npaatavirn or of a fine leek-green or prase color; and the island of Cyprus, which was named from its copper mines, was a prominent locality. Pliny says the minend was named after the real chrywooUa, because it looked like it It may have included carbonate of copper, as was true to some extent of the chrysocoUa and moufUaingreen of the 16th, nth, and 18th centuries. The caentltum morUanum of Walleriua indaded both chiyao and an earthy variety of the carbonate.
441. jUJPITB. FimeUt Schmidi, Pogg., IxL 888, 1844. AUpit Ohck, 1846.
Ma88iye; earthy.
Htdb0U8 8Ili0Ate8. 405
H.=2*5. 0.=1*44— 1*46, Schmidt. Color apple-green. Not iinctnotiB AdhereB to the tongue.
Oomp.— O. ratio for fi, Si, fi, 1:8: nearly; whence ((+}(&i, Ag))Si, if the water hi basic; aooording to Schmidt (L aX Si 64*63, £l 0-80, iffi 82-66, te 118, Hg 8'89, Ca 0'16 fi 6-29 100.
From Sileaia.
Named flrom the Greeic dXiv4(, noi greaay,
348. OONNARITS. Konarit BnUK, K H. Ztg zriiL 1, 1869.
Monoclinic ? In small grains and crystals, with perfect brachydiagonal cleavage, and supposed to Be like vivianite in crystallization.
H.=2-5— 8. (J.=2-49— 3-619. Color yellowish, pistachio- and siskin, green, olivegreen. Streak siskin-green. In thin lamellce translucent Fragile.
:8: li, nearly; water be baaia Analyaia by Winkler (B. H. Ztg., zzir. 836) :
43*6 4*6 0-8 86 8 Oi{ IM 8-7 0-8 lr.= 100.
Oba.— Decors at the Hamis George mine at Bottis, in Saxon Yoigtland, with rottisita Named ftom tUirpmpot, evergreen,
349. PXOROSBffZNB. Pikroemin BaAdL, MhL Mohs., iil 16V, 1826.
Orthorhombic. Cleavable massive. Also columnar or fibrous. Cleavage : in traces parallel to a prism of 117 49' ; perfect parallel to i-i, less so parallel to t-i.
H.=2'5— 8. G.=2'66, cleavable massive ; 2*596, columnar. Lustre of cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Color greenish-white ; also dark CTeen, gray. Streak white. Subtranslucent — opaque. Odor bitter argillaceous when moistened. Double refraction strong ; optical axes in the columnar variety in a longitudinal plane ; bisectrix negative, normal to the sides of the columns.
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft, Si, £[=l : 8 : i; ttg&+ifi=8ilica 661, magnesia 36*7, water 8-2=: lOa Analysis Magnus (Pogg., tL 63) :
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube some ammonia given off with the water ; the assay blackens and has a burnt smeU. B.B. on oharooal whitens without Aising. With borax slowly dissolves to a transparent glass ; affords a glass with little soda, and an infUslble slag if the soda be increased. A pale and indistinct red wi& cobalt solution.
OImu — Associated with magnetic iron ore at the iron mine of Engelsberg, near Pressnits in "Bobemia. The fibrous variety resembles asbestos.
Named from iri*, &titfer, and 'uv/i , odor,
Haidinger instituted the species on the physical characters and cleavage of the massive and fibrous mineral, without a knowledge of the chemical composition ; and he suggests that much of common asbestos may belong to It
The taloose or chloritic schist of Greiner in Tyrol, and the limestone of the vidnlty of Waldheim, Saxony, are reported as other localities. Desdoizeaux obtained the above optical characters frois Ihe Pressnits mineral, and also another from Zermatt
360. SPADAim. K KMO, GeL Ana, Mfinohen, zvii. 046, 1843, J. pr. Gh., zn. 467.
Maaaive, amorphous.
1U6 Oztgsk Oompoundb.
H.=2'5. Ltifitre a little pearly or greasy. TranslaceDt. Coloi reddidii approaclilng flesh-red. Fracture imperfect conchoidal and splintery.
Oomp.— O. ratio for It, Si, d=6 : 12 : 4; whenoe, if a foniih of the water is baikx (+| AnaljsiBbyr.KobeU:
Pyr., etc. — In the deed tube yields much water and beoomea gray. B.B. melts to a glusy enamel. DissoWes in conoentrated muriatic add, the silica easily gelatinizinff.
Obs. — From Capo di Boto, near Bome, filling the spaces among crystals of woUastooite, in leu* dtic lara.
Named after Sign. Medid Spada.
QuiNom.— The gumdU of Berthier is in light carmine-red partides disseminated through a limestone deposiL
C&mp. — Silica 64, magnesia 19, protozyd of iron 8, water 17=98. From near the village of Quincy, France. Strong conoentrated adds dissolve the magneida and iron, and leave the siliCB in a gelatinous state. The odor is attributed to oigauio matter.
These are names of pyroxene in different stages of alteration, between true pyroxene and either serpentine or steatite. For analyses and descriptions, see under that spedes (pw 221).
367. NBOUTB. Nedit SchMnr, Pogg., IxxL 286, 1847.
In silky fibres stellately grouped ; also massive.
H.=l--2. G.=2'77, after drying. Color green. Lustre silky or earthy.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for It, fl Si, d about 8 : 1 : 6 : H; whenoe the formula JirgSi+ifi[ + iS] Perhaps (k\ S, 1') Si . As the mineral is formed through the agency of infiltrating waters through rocks containing magnesia, it is not safe to assume that there are no impurities present Analyses: 1-3, Scheerer (Fogg., Ixxxiv. 373); Bichter (ib.):
Si Si le An Kg Ca tL
Obs.— Occurs in the iron mines of Arendal,- and in cavities in basalt near EisenadL Also compact massive and earthy in fissures at Rochlits in the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, of a pistachio-green color, or brownish ; 0.= 2*626 to 2*837. Herter k Perth (Jahrb. Q. Beichs, x. 19) observe that is variety oontams oxyd of oxyd of iron, lime, alumina, and copper, as im purities.
Named ftom vlot, new and Aitfc, sUme,
358. PALiaOBSEITE. Paligorskit T. v. SsaJMrnkof, Verb. lOn. St Pet, 1862, 102. Fibrous. Soft, but tough, and hence with great difficulty pulveriied. G.=2*217. Odor whita
Oomp. — O. ratio for ft, Si, fi, after exduding p. o. of what is called hygrosoopio water, 1:2-6:8:3.
Analysis by Ssaftschenlcof (L &): Si 62*18, Si 18*32, ftg 81 9, Oa 0*69, fi 12*04, hygrosc. watef 8 46=99-78. B.B. invisible. Not acted on by the adds.
From the Permian mining district of the Ural, '*in der Paligorisohen Distans** of the second mine on the river Popovka. Probably an altered asbestus.
H69. Xtlotili OiodottTy Synopsis, 97, 1847 (BsrvAob, of Stendng, and J7o/w6sffX approaches the above in ooostittttion, but is probably only an altered asbestus. It occurs delicately fibrous ; glimmering in lustre ; wood-brown, light or dark, and also green in color; with G. =2-4— 8*46 foi
Htdb0U8 Biu0Ate8. 407
the frown, and 3*56 for the greenish, Kenngott Thanlow obtained (Pogg., xiL 635) Si 55*68, Si ODii 9e 19*44 ftg 15*50 Ca 0-10, ti 10 27=79-93. Von Hauer finds (Sits. Wien. Akad., xL 886)'
Si
9e
te
Ca
Ibt
2*27
21*57
45*53
11*08
ir.
22*01
47*96
<r.
Of thfiNwater in the analjaeo, 9*20, 7-9a and 8*13 p. a passed off at 100"* 0.; and, excluding ttii mean of these determinations, reduoee the mean of the above results to Si 50*43, Fe 18*97, Fe 8-28, ftg 11-82, Ca ti 14 63=99*98.
Kenngott considers its probably altered ohrjsotile.
JyUie of Hermann is also probably only a hydrous asbestos. It has a brown odor and asbestiform structure. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Ch zzxiy. 180, 1845 Si 44-06, 9e 37*84, Oa 6*58, Mg 5*42, On 1*36, ti 4*70=99-96. H.=3. a.=2-936.
360. ANTROSIDBRITB. BauariL, QeL Ana. , 281, 1841.
In tufts of a fibrous stmctore, and sometimes collected into feathery flowers. Besembles cacoxene.
H.=6'5. G.=:8. Lnstre silk;r, a little chatoyant on a fresh fracture. CJolor ochre-yeUow and yellowish-brown, somewhat grayish, rarely white. Powder brown to colorless. Opaque or slightly suotranslucent. Gives sparks with a steel. Tough.
Ctomp.— Si* + 2 d=9ilica 60*3, sesquioxyd of iron 35-7, water 100. Analysis by Schnedermann (L a, and Pogg., Ill 292) of the yellow variety (mean of two results): Si 60*08, Fe 34-99, ti 3*59=98-66. If the water is basic, the 0. ratio is 1 : 2.
Pyr., eta— B.B. becomes reddish-brown, then blade, and fuses with difficulty to a blade magnetic slag. Decomposed by muriatic add.
Ofaa. — From Antonio Pereira in the province Minas Geraes, Brazil, where it is intimately associated with magnetic iron. Named ttota Mas flower, and viini iron.
n. UNISILICATES.
361. OATiAMTWB. Oadmia pt PUn xxxiv. 2; Agric Foes., 255, 1546. Lapis calamlnaris, Oerm. Galmei pt Affrie Interpr., 1 546. GhUlmnja pt, Lapis calaminaris pt, CSadmia offldn. pt, WbflL, Min., 247, 1747 ; Zinoum naturale caldforme pt, Galmeja, Lapis calaminaris pt, Cronst, 197, 1758. Calamine pt Fr, 2W. Wall, L 447, 1753. Zincum spatosum dneroum compactum electricum, lb. flavesoens drusicum (fr. Garinthia), v. jSom, lithoph., L 132, 1772. OalamiDe pt, Mine de Zioc vitriforme (with figs.) de Lisle, Crist, 829, 1772, ill 81, 178.S ; Kieselerde, Zinkozyd (fr. DerbyshireX Klapr Crell's Ann., i 891, 1788. Gahnei pt KairsL, Tab., 24, 1791. Zinc ozyd6 pt J9; Tr., ir. 1801. Electric Calamine, Silicate of Zinc, SmiOison Phil Trans., 1803. Zinc Calamine Brongn lOn., IL 1 86, 1807. Zinkglaserz KarsL, Tab., 70, 100, 1808. Zinkkieselerz, Kieselzinkers, Kieselsinkspath, Kieselgalmey, Otrm, Siliceous Oxyd of Zina Zinc oxyd silidfre K Calamine Beud Mm., ii, 190, 1832. Smithsonite RAM., Min., 1862 [not Smithson* tte JBeud.\ Hemimorphit Kemq Min., 67, 1853. Wagit Radoszhowki, Q, B., liil 107, 1862.
Orthorhombic ; hemimorphic-hemihedral. /a/=104° 13', (? A 1-1= 31' ; a:h\ c=0-6124 : 1 : 1-2850. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, H 84; octahedral, i, f 1 ; 3.J, 2-5, 4-4, fS, f 4, 2-6, f T, fT; 2-2, 3, i-f.
M8
Oztgxn Oompoundb.
0A2-I: 0 A 3-i:
OaH=
t?Al-J: OAU: 0A3-i:
129° U' :166 86
:164 31
:124 58
O A 1=143° IV a A 2-5=129 7 i-S A i-5, ov. i4,=114 50
/Ai-?=187 54 i-S A 17 U A i4=156 49
Twins. Cleavage : ly perfect ; 0, in traces. Also stalactitic, mammillated, botryoidal, and fibrons forms; also massive and granular.
H.=4-5— 5, the latter when crystallized. G.=3-16— 8*9, 8-43 — 3-49, from Altenbg. Lustre vitreous, O subpearly, sometimes adamantine. Color white; sometimes with a delicate bluish or greenish shade ; also yellowish to brown. Streak white. Transparent —translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane i-l ; divergence 81° — 82i° for the red rays ;
])isectrix positive, normsil to 0.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. IfeaBured angleB: 4', Schranf; giving /A/=103''52'; lAui=UV 12\ flchrauf; t-SA=147* 25', Hesaonberg; 0 A l-l=148* 81, Dauber, 148° 89', .; 0 A 84=118" 89', Dauber, 118* 40' .; 0Al-i=164* 31, Daub, 154*" 27', . (6) Mammillary or stalactitia (c) Massive; often cellular. TToie ia a ooncretionary light'blue to green calamine Nyni JBgwrt in Hie Ural; O-.=2*707.
2. Carbanaied. SuUiran baa deacribed (Dublin Q. J. Sd 1862, ii. 150) a yarietyof calamine from the Dolores mine in the province of Santander, Spain, occurring in concentric pisolitio maBaes, frequently containing a semitranslucent, opal-like nucleus. This mineral, produced iVom the hydrous carbonate by Uie action of sHicated waters, contains 12 to 2() per oent of carbonate of sine ; G.=2'88 — '69. SuUiran's paper is one of much interest.
3. Argittaceoua. Another calamine from Spain, analyzed by Schoniohen (B. H. Ztg., xziL 163X contains 20 to 26 p. c. of alumina, with 81*5 p. c. of silica, 21 to 28*6 p. a of oxyd of zinc, and 18 to 20 of water; and is apparently calamine mixed with day. It occurs massive ; color at first white, changing in the air to violet, brown, and finally black; transparent on the edges ; feel soapy.
Comp.~0. ratio for &,Sfi=l : 1 : i; 2nSi + H=Silica 26i, oxyd of zinc 67-5, water 7*5 Perhaps in some, or all cases, one-third more water, or 2n* Silica 24*4, oxyd of zinc ♦'.5 -9, water 9*7=100.
Analyses: 1, Smithson (Nicholson's Joum., vi. 78); 2, 8, Monheim (J. pr. Ch., xlix. 319); Berzelius (Ak. H. iStockh., 1819, 141); 6, Berthier (J. d. M., zxviil 841); 6, Thomson (Phil Mag., 1840); 7, 8, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xxxiii. 98); 9, E. Schmidt (J. pr. Gh., IL 267); 10, 0, Sohnabel (Pogg., cv. 144); 11, Radoszkovski (La):
Si
2n
fi
97*7 Smithson.
Fe 0-68, C 0-35=100-97 IfonheiflL Fe 0*22, C 0*81 =99-27 Monheim 100 Berzelius. =100 Berthier. =100*8 Thomson, 2-70= 100 Hermano. =100 Hermann. Fe n-7,C 1*02 =99-68 Schmidt Fe 108, P r.=99-41 Sohnabel Ca l*55,*0u, te lr.=99'16 Badosi.
The wagUe gives the 0. ratio 1:1:},
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube decrepitates, whitens, and gives off water. B.B. almost Infusi ble (F.=6) ; moistened with cobalt solution gives a green color when heated. On charooal with soda gives a coating which is yellow while hot, and white on cooling. Moistened with cobalt i6Lu tion, and heated in O.F., this coating assumes a bright green color. Qolatinizes wi adds even wlien previously ignited. Dooompoeed by acetic add with gdatinization. Sdnble in a vtroof solution of caustic potash.
1. Betebanya
4-4=
7-58,
3. Altenberg
4. Limburg
5. Brisgau
6. Leadhills; Q.
=8164
24-85 26*23
64*6
7-49, 7-40= 10-0 10-8
a=3-871
25*38
9-07,
G.=3*435
8-38:
9. Moresnet
10. Santander; G.=3*42
8-34,
11. Ural, Wagik
66*90
4-70,
Btdboub Silioatbb. 409
ObB. — Oalamlne and smithfloiiite are usually found associated In veins or beds In stratifled calcareous rocks aooompanying ores of blende, iron, and lead, as at Aiz la Chapelle ; Raibel and Bleiberg, in Oarinthia, in the upper Triassio ; Moresnet in Belgium, Fribourg in Brisgau, Iserlohn, Tamowitz, Olkucz, Miedzanagora, Retzbanya, Scbemnltz. At Houghten Gill, in Cumberland, ix acicular crjstalB and mamniillary crusts, skj-blue and fine green ; at Alston Moor, white ; at the Rutland mine, near Mattock, in Derbyshire, in brilliant crystals, and grayish-white, and yellow, and mammiliated : at Castleton, in crystals ; on the Mendip HiUs, mostly brownish-yellow, and ui part stalactitic ; in Flintshire, eta, Wales ; Leadhills, Scotland. Laige crystals have been found at Nertschinsk.
In the United States oomirs with smithsonite in Jefferson county, Missouri In PennsylTaoia, at the Perkiomen and PhenixYille lead mines ; in a lower Silurian rock two miles from Bethle* hem, at Friedensyille, in Sauoon valley, abundant and extensively worked ; on the Susquehanna, opposite Selinsgrove. Abundant in Virginia at Austin's mines in Wythe Co. A pale yellow, fusible zinciferous day occurs in considerable abundance with calamine at the Ueberroth mine, FriedensviUe. Analysis of this by John M. Blake gave Si 41*86, M 8*04, Fe 9-65, 2n 32*24, Mg 1'02, fi tr.f 7*76. Other specimens examined by W. T. Boepper gave a variable amount of zinc showing that the substance is not homogeneous (priv. contrib.).
On cryst. soe Q-. Rose, Pogg., lix. ; Dauber, Pogg., xcil 246 (whose measurements are above adopted) ; Hessenberg, Senk. Nat Ges. Frankfurt a M., ii 260 ; Sohrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxxviil 789; DescLMin., 1. 117.
The name Calamine (with Oaimei of the Germans) is commonly supposed to be a corruption of Oadmia. Agrioola says it is firom ealamua a reed, in allusion to the slender forms (stalactitio) oommon in the auimia foijiacum.
The cad/nia of Pliny and of other andent authors induded both the native silicate and carbon* ate, and the oxyd from the chimneys of fUniaces (cadmia fomacum). The two native ores con* tinued to be coufounded under tiie name lapis ealaminarie caiamine or gabnei until investigated chemically by Smithson in 1808. Earlier analyses had made out diemical differences, and some authors, before 1790, had rightly suggested a division of the spedes : Bergmann having found 28 p. c. carbonic add in a Holywell specimen (J. de Phys., xvi 17, 1780); and Pelletier, in a kind {torn Fribourg in Brisgau, which had been called ZeolUe of Briegau because it gelatinized with adds, 52 p a silica, with 36 oxyd of zinc and 12 water (J. de Phys., xx. 420, 1782) ; anu Klaproth, in another, similarly gelatinizing, 66 oxyd of zinc and 83 silica. But Smithson was the first to make knowuthe true composition, and dear away all doubts.
De Lisle noticed the crystalline forms of the two spedes, describing one kind as prismatic with dihedral summits, and the other as scalenohedral like dogtooth spar, yet did not fully appredato the importance of the observation ; while Ha-iy, 14 years later, in his TraiU, describes only the crystals of the aUiccUef and takes the ground liat the 9inG carbonaiee was only an impure calcareous zinc oxyde."
In 1 807 Brongniart called the silicate calamine, leaving for the other ore the chemical name sine carbomUee, In 1832, Beudant followed Brongniart in the former name, and designated tlie latter Smithsonite after Smithson, who had analyzed in 1803 the carbonate as well as silicate. Thus the two spedes were at last, not only distinguished, but mineralogically named.
Unfortunately, Brooke k Killer, in 1852, reversed BeudanVs use of lese names, with no good reason ; and in 185:{, Kenngott, on account of theoonfusion of names, as he says, introdaced for the silicate the new name Ben'vmorpk'Ue, and so added to the confusion. These innovations should have no favor.
361 A. MOBESNSTiTB Risse (Verb, nat Yer. Bonn, 1865, Ber. 98). A mineral fVom Altenberg, near Aachen, occurring with calamine. Two varieties are found, one dark to leek-green and opaque : the other light emerald-green, transparent The latter is the purest ; it has H.=2*5, conchoidaJ fhusture. streak white. It afforded on analysis fit 30*31, Si 13*68, fe 0*27, 1*14, 2n 43*41, Ag (r., Oa <r., 1 1*37=100*18. B.B. on charooal gives with oobalt solution a pale green mass. Difficultly soluble in adds.
302. VZZiIARSrnEI. Dufrmwy, a B., 1842, Ann. d. 11, lY. L 887, 1842. Serpentin aui d.
ICalenkerthal FhOenberg, J. pr. Oh., d. 88, 1867.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=120° 8', Descl. Observed planes: 0, l-f, 1; crystals all compound, consisting of three intersecting individuals ; composition-face i-L 0 A 1-1=140** 36', O A 1=136*" 32'. (Crystallization per haps pseudomorphic.) Mostly in rounded grains. Also massive.
H.=4-5. G.=2-978, from Traversella; 2-99, fr.MaienkerthaL ColoJ
no OZTOEN OOMPOUNDS.
yellowish-green to olive-green; also dark en to blackish. Streak nn col . Translucent ; transparent in thin plates Double refractioo strong ; optic-axial plane, t-t ; bisectrix normal to 0, positive ; Descl.
Oomp.0. ratio for ft, Si, fi=l : 1 : i ; (H Ag+A 8l+i fi=SiUca 38*9, magnesia 47 A protoxyd o iron 7*8, water 6*8=100. Appears to be a hydrous forsterite or boltonite in oompositlou, and to resemble much the latter. G. Rose pointed out the approximation in angle to chryEolite, and regarded it as an altered variety. Its occurrence in turns of three intersecting crystals, as made kiiown by Desdoixeauz (Min., 96, 1862X is an important characteristic not thus far observed iu forsterite, or any other species of the chrysolite group. The crystals have the planes shining, but not quite even. Analyses: 1, 2, Dufrenoy c., and Dufr. Min., 2d. ed., 1?. 343); 3, Fellenberg (L a) :
Si j*e ftn Ag Oa & ti
AnaL I is of the original villarsite; 2, of grains from the granite of Fores and Monran, France.
Pyr eto — B.B. infusible. With borax a green enamel. Attacked by concentrated adds.
Obfl. — At Traversella it is associated with mica, quartz, and dodecahedral magnetite. Much boltonite is hydrous, and in composition belongs here. Grains in the interior of the serpentine pseudomorphs of Snarum have sometimes a similar composition. The mineral from Pirlo in MalenkerthBl, of the Grisons, constitutes the base of a serpentine-like rock, which is slightly crystalline in texture, somewhat slaty, feeble lustre, and between blackish-gray and dark green in ooior. Supposing the alumina present as a mixed silicate, the formula is &at of the Traversella mineral The rock looks like a mixture of several minerals.
363. PRBHNim. Chrysolite Sae, Mm., L 232, 1777. Chrysolite du Cap (a kind of Schorl) da LiaU iL 276, 1788. Zeolithe verdtre v. Bom, Cat de Baab, L 203, 1790. Ptehnit Wern Bergm. J., 1790, L 110; anaL by Klapr Sobrift Ges. nat Berlin, viii 217, 1788. Koupholits (fr. Bardges), Picoi la Peyraitae, DdameOu, T. T., it 647, 1797. .£delite (Edelite) WalmalMUt Jahresb., v. 217, 1826. Jacksonite Whitney, J. Nat H. Soa Boston, v. 487, 1847.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=99° 56', 0 A l-i=146° lli' ; a:b: c=0-66963 : 1 : 1-19035. Observed planes: 0; vertical, /, i-i, i-i; domes, |-t, f-, 45', 0 A 6=100° 47' 0 A 6.i=106° 30', /A i.i=130** 2'. Cleavage : basal,
distinct. Tabular crystals often united by O, making broken forms, often barrel-shaped. Reniform, globular, and stalactitic with a crystalline surface. Structure impertectly columnar or lamellar, strongly coherent ; also compact granular or impalpable.
H.=6— 6-5. G.=2-8— 2-953. Lustre vitreous ; 0 weak pearly. Color light green, oil-green, passing into white and gray ; often fading on exposure. Subtransparent — translucent ; streak uncolored. Fracture uneven. Somewhat bri tie. Pyroelectric, with polarity central, the analogue poles at the centre of the base and the antilogue at the extremities of the brachydiagond, Eiess & Rose. Double refraction strong; optic-axial plane usually t-i; bisectrix positive, noi-mal to 0 ; axial angle 122°— 130°, for crystals from Datiphiny and Pyrenees, but in others much less ; diveince very slightly diminished by heating ; DescL
Var. — Usual in firm and hard incrnsting masses, eztemallj globular or mammillary, the aarboi made up ofm of grouped erjfitals more or less imperfect, but sometimes smooth.
/
J
HTDBOUB SnJOATU.
Si
Ca
fi
1. Tyrol
23*25
26*00
4-00,
3. Tyrol, Fasaa
26*50
4*62,
3 Mt Blanc, OmpA.
4-45,
—
4-18,
6. fidelfors, EddUe
4-4H,
S. Glasgow, green
43*60
6-40=
4-60,
8. Bonrg d'Oisaiis
4*61
9. Badautbal, Han
4-13,
10. Niederkiroben,
j 42*50 (44*00
6*00,
12. Chili
25-U
6-3=
1. Tyrol
0*92
14. TJpsala
44*11
OmpkoUk is in cavemouB maasM, made of amall, thin, fragile laminn or azalea; the aiiginal was from the peak of EreaUds, near Barea, in the Pyrenees ; also reported from tbe Col dv Bonhomme, at the foot of ICt Blana Named from ffe(, tender,
mdUe (or JSdeUto) ia nothing hut prehnite iBdeUbrs, Sweden.
Jackaoiuie (or anhydrmu prt&Ue) of Whitney ia ordinary prehnite, from Keweenaw Pt and laU Boyale.
Cryatala farmington, Ct, have for the option-axial phme i-i; and the divergence for the red nya in the outer parta of a plate of a crystal, — 50* ; in an interior wedge-shaped part of the ame plate, 17, DescL The dispersion is very strong hi these crystals, while in those of Dauphiny it is hiffdly perceptible.
Comp.— O. ratio for fi, fi, Si, : 8 : 6 : 1, whence, if the water is hasic for bases and ilka, 1 : 1 ; and formula (i ]( Ca+} Si)* gt*=Silica 43-6, alumina 24-9, lime 27*1, water 100. Analyses: 1, 2, (3ellen (. J., iii 171); 3-5, Walmstedt (Jahrosb., t. 217); 6, 7, Thorn* on k Lehunt (Min., L 275); 8, Begnault (Ann. d. M., IIL ziy. 154); 9, Amelung (Bamm. 2d BuppL, 1 18, Fogg., IxFiiL 312); 10, 1 1, Leonhard (Pogg., liv. 579); 12, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., lY. iac 3); 13, P. Kutaing (B. H. Ztg., zx. 267); 14, a W. Paykull ((Efr. Ak. Stock., 1866, 85):
&1 9e Ca fi
Sn 0-25=98-60 Ctehlen.
Sin 0-25=98-75 Gehlen.
Sin U-19, te 1*25=100 Walmatedt
Pe 0*74=99-71 WahnstedL
Sin 0-15=100*20 Wahbstedt
=97*33 Thomson.
An 0*42, i, 1-03 Lshimt
r 100-46 Begnault
1-03=102*40 Amelung.
ti 0-02=100-63 Leonhard.
ii 0-01=100-84 Leonhard.
100*1 Domeyka i
=100-10 KUtsing.
No. 10 ia a pseudomorph after analdte, and II after leonhardite. The/ac&sontfe, or anhydirtnu prtknUe, of Whitney (L a), contains, acoordiog to Jackson and Brush, 4*7, 4*15 (J.), and 4*85 (B.) p. c. of water. The spedmen analysed by Whitney may possibly ha?e been calcined, as in some localities on Lake Superior it is customary to burn the copper oro to free it from adhering rode
P3rr etc. — In the dosed tube yields water. B.B. rises at 2 with intumescence to a blebby enamel-like glass. Decomposed by muriatic add without gelatinizing. Ooupholiief which often contains dust or Tcgetable matter, bladcens and emits a burnt odor.
Oba. — Occurs in granite, gneiss, syenite, dioryte, and trappean rocks, especially the last
At St Christophe and TArmenUdres, near Bourg d'Oisans in Isdre, aaaociated with axinite and epidote; at Botschinges, Faaaa valley, and near (>unpitello, Tyrol; in Salzburg; Ala in Piedmont; fche Sau-Alp in Garinthia; Joachlmsthal in Bohemia; in Naasau, at Oberscheld and Uckersdorf; oear Freiburg in Brisgau on the Bosskopf ; in the Harz, near Andreasberg, with datolite ; Arondal, Norway; JSdelfors in Sweden {edelile); Upsala, Sweden, in rift in homblendic granite, the decomposition of the hornblende having aflbrded the lime, and of the mica, the alumina (Paykull); jU Friskie Hall and Campsie in Dumbartonshire, and at Hartfidd Moss ; in Benfrewshire, in veins traversing trap aaaodated with analdte and thomsonite ; also at Corstorphine HiU, tiie Castle and Salisbury (Trag, near Edinburgh ; Mounie Mts., Ireland.
In the United States, ilneiy crystallized at Farmington, Woodbury, and Middletown, Conn., and West Springfield, Mass., and Patterson and Bergen HiU, N. J. ; in amall quantities in gneiss, at Bellows Falls, Vt; in syenite, at Charleatown, Mass; Milk Bow quarry, often in minute tabular cryatala, with diabazite; also at Palmer (Three Bivers) and Turner's Fidls, Mass., on the ticut, in trap, and at Perry, above Loring's Maine: at Weatport, Essex Co., N. Y. {cfUUoniie Emmons), on a quartzose rock ; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac; in large veins in the Lake Superior copper region, often occurring as the veinstone of cative copper sometimes induding strings or leaves of copper ; and at times in radiated nodules disseminated through the copper.
Handsome polished slabs of tUs mineral have been cut maases China.
The formula ft*+i Slj* Si* ia analogous to that of duysolite in the ratio 1 : 1, and the pedes appear to be homosomorphons, 2-i a 2-1 hi chry8olite=99* 7'.
Alt — mhnite occurs altered to green earth and feldspar.
Named by Werner in 1790 after C6L Prohu, who first found the mineral at tbs Cape of Goot
<1S Oztobn
Hope. Sage Imd called it {1111) ehrjfMUie, and Bom de lide had refened it (1783 to tht group of mWl
363 A. UiGiTB Boddle (Ed. N. PhlL n. tv. 162, 1856). In radiated ahea dnatera of platea, in nesU in the amygdaloid of Uig, lale of Skye, along with analdte and fkroelite. H. 6. =2*284; lustre pearly; color white, slightly yellowish. Gompoaitlon, according to Hoddle (loc. dtX Si 45-98, Si 21*98, Ca 16*16, &a 4*7, Idl 11*25. The 0. ratio for ft,fi, Sicorrespouding is near 1:2:4. BJB, ftises readily and quietly to an opaque enamel, whidi is not frothy ; gives a strong soda reaction.
It appears to he near prehnite in atructure, and needs ftirther investigation.
364, OHXOBASTROUm. C. T. Jackaon; J. D. WhUney, J. Kat Hist Best, ▼. 488L
Massive. Finely radiated or stellate in structure. H.=5'5— 6. G.=3"180. Lustre pearly. Color light bluish-green Slightly chatoyant on the rounded sides.
Oomp.-. ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 1; (Ca* 87*6, alumina 24*6, sesquiozyd of iron lime 1 87, soda 6'2, water 100. Analyses hy Whit oey (Bep. G. Lake Sup., 1861, 11 97) :
Si
Si
FcUttiet'e
Ca
]!ra &
a
1. 86 99
26*49
6*48
8*70 0*40
7*22=100*18.
2. 87*41
24*26
4*88
6*77=100*26.
Bammelsherg observes that it has some relation in oomposition to a hydrous epidote. It also approaches caipholite.
jPyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water and becomes white. B.B. Aises easUy with intoniescence to a grayish blebby glass. Forms a transparent glass readily with borax, tinged with iron Soluble in muriatic add, the silica separating as a flocky precipitate (Whitney).
Obs. — Occurs on the shores of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, in small rounded pebbles, whidi baye come from the trap, and aro waterworn ; it receives a flue polish.
Named from xw(, green larpor, jtor, XiBnttioiM.
366. TRTTOBCITB. Tritomit WeQiyt A Berlin Pogg Ittjt. 299, 1850.
Isometric ; tetrahedral, f. 81. Cleavage indistinct.
H.=5-5. G.=3-9--4-66 ; 3'908, Forbes; 4-16-4-66, W. & B. ; 4-26, Moller. Lustre submetallic, vitreous. Color dull brown. Streak dirty yellowish-gray. Subtranslucent.
Comp.— (ft*, tt, fi)*Si'+4fi r Analyses : 1, approximate, K. J. Berlin (I &) ; 2, D. Forbes (Ed. N. PhiL J., II. ill 1866):
Si W 21 Ce La ftn ftg Ca ]$ra ]fi[
WlthMn 0,Cii0,8ii0*. bWlthSaO*.
F. P. Moller has obtained a veiy diiferant oomposition in, apparently, a careftil analysis, in which the state of of the bases was ascertained (Ann. Ol Pharm., oxx. 241 ) :
Si Sn ta2rr Ce Si 9e Sin Ce La,lH 1" Mg Ca Ba dr JTa & fi
From Berlin and Forbes, the formula S" St*+4£[ has been deduced, lioller obtains the 0. ratio (br 13, St, 4 : 1 : 4 : 2. But if the Sn, Ta, It are added to the bases instead of the silica, the oxygen ratio for all the bases to the silica and water is very nearly 2 : 1 :
Forbes questions whether the crystals observed are not thorite.
Pyr., etCi. — Yields water and gires a weak fluorine reaction; with borax a rediiah-yoEow
Bydb0T7B Silioates. 413
flan, which is colorless on oooHng. With muriatic add hi powder jieldi chloihie, and gelal inixeflw
Obs. — From the Island Lamo, near Breyigi Norway, with lenoophanite and mosandrito m a ooarsi syenite.
Named firom rpt(, QvnJold and to alluding to the trihedral cayitiea which the OTBtala tease in the gangue.
366. THORITB. ThoritB0f.,Ak.H.8tockh., 1829. Orangit .StofyeTnonn, Pogg Ixzzii. 661, 1861
Isometric and tetrahedral. In dodecahedral crystals, with octahedral planes tetrahedrally developed, the larger set dall and even, the smaller bright and rounded, and with the three edges about the latter replaced. Also massive and compact.
H.=4'5— 5. G.=4-3— 6*4 ; of purest, 5— 5*4. Lustre of surface of fresh fracture vitreous to resinous. Color orange-yellow, brownish-yellow ; also black, inclining to brown. Streak light orange to dark brown. Transparent in thin splinters to nearly opaque, fracture conchoidal. Easily frangible. Optically uniaxial.
Var. — The brownish-black and black variety, from L57o, Norwaj, was the mineral from which BeraeliuB obtained the metal thorium, and which received the name ihorUi, The yellowish variety ia the orangiii (bo called from the color), from Langesund fiord, which Bergemann, when he ao named it, supposed to contain a new mete called by him donariwn. The latter has since been found with an exterior of the former. The mineral occurs as pseudomorphs after orthodase and siroon, and crystals of the latter kind have afforded IZschau (Am. J. Sci., II. zzvi. 369) the angles lAlias", the corresponding angles of sdrcon being 132" 10'andl23'' 19'. Zschau regards the mineral thorite as tetragonal, and isomorphous with zircon, not considering his crystals as peeudomorphoua.
The mineral varies much in specific gravity, ofafi{ affording 5*397, Bergemann ; 5*84, Krantz ; 5*19, Damonr; 4*868— 6-206, Chydenius; and fhoriie 4-680, Berz.; 4*686, Bergemann; 4*344— 4*397, Ohydenius.
Oomp<— Essentially 17*0, thoria 76*2, water 6*8=100; for the black I)!" hSi+2&=8ilica 16*4, thoria 73*8, water 9*8=100. Analyses : 1, Berzelius Q. c.) . 2, Damonr (Ann. d. M., Y. L 687) ; 8, Bergemann (L c); Ohydenius (Pogg cxiz. 48) :
Si ¥h §n £1 le th lElg C:a JiTa &
P3rr*i etc. — In the closed tube yields water ; the orange variety becomes dull-brown, and, on cooling, orange again. B.B. on charcoal inftisible, the edges only being slightly glazed ; with borax a yellowish pearl, becoming colorless on cooling ; with salt of phosphorus a colorless glass, which becomes miUcy and greenish on cooling ; with borax an orange glass when hot, which becomes grayish on cooling. A little nitre being added, the orange color remains after cooling. With muriatic add easily forms a jelly before, but not after, calcination. The black thonte becomes pale brownish-red when heated ; and on charcoal forms a yellowish-brown slag.
Obi. — Found in syenite by Esmark at Ldvo, near Brevig, in Norway; also at Langesund fiord, near Brevig (orangite, anaL 2-4). Masses of orangite weighing several ounces have been obtained. The blade thorite appears to be partially altered.
367. OBRim. Ferrum calciforme terra quadam incognita intime miztum, Tungsten von Bastnas, OrtmsUdl Ak. H. Stockholm., 1761, Min 183, 1768. Cerit Bib, dt Ben., Oerium en ny Metal, eta, 1804, Gehlen's J., ii. 897, 1804, Af h., L 58, 1806. Odiroit Gehlen's J. iL 308, 1804. Gererit JT/opr., Beitr., iv. 140, 1807 ; KamL Tab., 74, 1808. Oerium oxydd Bfliceux TabL, 1809. Cerin-Stein Wem HofEkn. Min., iv. a, 286, 1817. Kieselcerit Omn. Silicate of Oerium. Lanthanooerit Hermomfi J. pr. Ch., hczzlL 406, 186L
Hexagonal f Isometric t In short six-ided prisms, Haid. Oommonlj massive; granular.
H.=5'5. G.=4'912, Haidiner. Lustre dull fidamaDtine oi resiDons. Color between clove-brown and cherry-red, passing into gray. Streak grayish- white. Slightly subtranslncent. Brittle ; fracture splintery.
Oomp.0. ratio for &Si, ]fi[=l : 1 : i; (Ce, La, tA)* Si+fi=8i1ica 20*4, ceria 78*6, watei 6 1 -=100. AnalTsea : 1, HiaiDger (Afh., ill 287); 2, Hermann (J. pr. Chem., zzx. 193, and Ixxxii 401); 8, Kjorulf (Ann. Ch. Pharm., zzzrii 12); Rammelaberg (Fogg., criL 632, and Hin. Cb 64t); 6, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Izzxil 406) :
Si Ce La IH Ca d
1. BastnaslSOO 1*80 68*59 1*26 9*60=99-24 Hiainger.
I
From analyaia 3, 8*27 of molybdenite, and 0*18 bismuth glance, are removed aa impurities. Analyses 1 and 2 giro near 10 p. a of water, with much lanthanum and didjmium, and little oorium, aooording to Hermann ; he accordingly applies to this kind the distinctive name lanihanooeriie, and to the rest that of eerHe.
Klaproth, who published the first analysis (Beitr., It. 140), and gave the mineral the name ochnnte, obtained Si 84*6, Ce 64*6, 9e 8*6, Ca 1*26, t[ 60=98*76; with his silica he tndnded all the material not decomposed in his method of analysis. Hermann has supposed the substance analyzed a distinct spedea.
Fyr., eto. — In a matrass yields water. B.B. inftisiblo alone; with borax in the outer flame forms a yellow globule, which becomes almost colorless on cooling; in the inner flame a weak iron reaction. With soda not dissolved, but (Uses to a dark yellow slaggy maas. Gelatinises with muriatic add.
Oba. — Occurs at Bastnaa, near Riddarhyttan, in Westmannland, Sweden, forming a bed in gneiss, and asBodated with mica, hornblende, copper pyrites, cerlne. eta It bears considerable resemblance to the red granular yariety of corundum, but is readily distinguished by its hardness.
IBbinger and Berzelius, in 1803-4, detected in this mineral a new metal which they named xrium, after the planet OereSy then recently announced ; and the mineral they called eerie, Klaproth made the same discoTcry about the same time, and gaye the name ochroUe to the mineral, Mid ochroite earth to the new earth (alluding to ita color, w y, brownish-yellow). In his Beitrage, 1807, Klaproth accepted the names of Hiainger and Beneliua, yet added a syllable (lest *ihey should appear to come from tf?ax), making them eereriwn and cereriie—B. change not accepted. In 1889 Mosander proyed that die ozyd of cerium contained the new metal lanthanum and in 1842 another new metal, didymium,
368. fiRDMANNrm. BerUn, Fogg., IzzxWiL 16?.
In imbedded grains and folia ; with no traces of crystallization. 0.=3'1. Lustre vitrons. Color dark brown. In tnin splinters. Tians- Incent.
— AnalysiB by Blomstrand, of half a gramme (L a) :
Si £l Oz.Ce&La e' An Ca ttandloas
Oba. — From the island Stokd in the Langesund fiord, near Brevig. . Named after Erdmanu.
369. FTROSBCALXTB. Firodmalit Havmu, Moll'a Efem., iy. 390, 1808. Wesentiicher Beitandtheil Saksaurea Eiaenoxyd, id, lb. (fir. blowpipe trials of , its discoverer). Fyrosoudil KiiraL, Tab., 108, 1808; Handb., 1068, 1818. Fer muriate 1812, Lucas TkbLt iL 418, 1818.
llexagonal. 0 A IrsUS** 30' ; a=0'6807. Observed planes : (?, /, 1, 2 0 13', /A In orisms or tables. Cleavage : basal, perfect; /imperfect. A1b> massive. refraction strong, uniaxial Axis negative.
Htbboub Silioateb.
41R
H.=4— 4-6. G.=8-8-2 ; 3-081, Hisinger ; 3-168-3 174, Lang. Liwtare of (? pearly ; of other planes, less so. Color blackish-green to pale liver-brown, passing into gray and pistachio-green ; usually brown externally, and light greenish-yellow internally. Streak paler than color* Fracture uneven, rather epllnteiy. Somewhat brittle.
Oomik — 0. ratio for ft, Si, '&=2 : 8 : 1 ; and ratio of chlorine to oxygen about I : 42. Making the water and ohlorid of iron basic the ratio for B + Si=l : 1, and the formula (i lt + 7*0, water 7 0=100. Analyaea : 1, Hisinger (Afb., iv. 817); 2, same, making the iron and manganese protozyd, and part of the iron a chlorid, and reckoning the loss as water (Bamm. Min.
"/I
Si
Fe
Sin
ftn
Ca
a
86*86
80*72
20*61
0*74
[6-29]
3*77
3*00
Hisinger. , £l 0*24 Lang.
In an earlier trial, Hisinger obtained Si 86*40, Pe 32-60, Sin 23-10, £l 0-60, the rest undeter* mined.
., eto — In the dosed tube yields water, which reacts add. B.B. ftises at 2— 2*6 to a blade magnetic glass. WiUi the fluires gives reactions for iron and manganese. A bead of salt of phoaphorua, previously saturated with ozyd of copper, when fUsed with the pulverized mineral imparts a beautifiol asure color to the. flame (chlorine). Decomposed by muriatic add, with separation of silica.
Obs. — Pyrosmalite occurs at Nya Kopparberg in Westmannland, and at Bjelkegruvan, one ot the iron mines of Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it is associated with calc spar, pyroxene, apophyllite, and magnetic iron. A hexagonal prism, in the museum at Stockholm, is nearly an in diameter and one and a quarter indies long, and weighs five and a half ounces.
Named from wvp, fin and 'wft odar in allusion to the odor when heated.
370. APOPBrrLXilTB. Zeolith yon Hellesta C RinTnan, Ak. H. Stodch., 82, 1784. Zeolithus lamellaris minor MiiUer, De Zeolithis Suedds, 82, 1791. Idithyophthahnite (fr. Uto) cCAndrada, Scherer's J., iv. 32, 1800, J. de Phys., 11 242, 180. Bfesofype point (fr. Iceland) JET, Tr., liL 1801. Apophyllite ff Notes pour servir auGours de Min. de Van XIII. (18o5X Lucas TabL, L 266, 1806. Fischaugenstein TTem., 1808. Ichthyophlhalmit, Albin, Tfra., Letztes Mio. Syst, 1817. Tesselite (fr. Faroe) Brewster, Sd. PhiL J., L 6, 1819. Oxhaverite (fr. Iceknd) Bmnier, Ed. J. Sd., tIL 116, 1827. Xylochlor (fr. Sidly) v. WalL, Yulk. Qest, 1853. Lenoocydite Herachdi, Dead. Min., 1 126 1862.
Tetragonal. <?Al-i=128*' 38'; a=:l'251&. Observed planes: (?, i-i, f.2, t-3, 1, i, i, ft, f i, 0 A 30', 0 A JH=147° 58", 1 A 1, pyr.,= 104 2', bas., 121°, i-tAi=16r 34',i-tA f-2=163°26.' Crystals sometimes nearly cylindrical or barrel-shape. Cleavage : 0 highly perfect; /less so. Also massive and lamellar.
H.=4-5-6. G.= 2-3 --2-4; 2-335, Haidinger, a variety from Iceland ; 2*359, Thomson. Lustre of 0 pearly ; of flie other faces vitreous. Color white, or grayish ; occasional it with a greenish, yeUowish, or rose-red tint, flesh-red. Streak uncolorecL
16
Oxygen Oomfoundb.
TraiiBparent; rarely opaque. Brittle. Double refraction feeble; eithei positive or negative ; sometimes a tesselated structure made apparent by polarized light.
Var.— 1. Ordinairy, Usnallj in oryetalB, which are remarkable for their pearly basal deavage Form somellroea nearly cabio.
Hauj's Ifeaoiype epoinUe was m Iceland variety; Fuchs and Gehlen in 1816 asoerte-ned iti identity with apophyllite. In tabular crystals from the Seisaer-Alp Danber found I A 1 1 2 1 7' ; hi red Andieaaberg 120° 29' 18" ; incrystala from Poonah 119* 43'.
1. The name Oschaverite was applied to a pale green crystal found in petrified wood at the Oxhaver Springs, near Husavidc in loeland. AUnn of Werner (named flrom album whUe) is in small nearly cubic crystals, opaque white in color, from Aussig, Bohemia, partly decomposed. JTyoeft/orfl, from SicUy, is olive-green, and has G.= 2*2904 ; it owes its color to the presence of a litUe iron.
2. TesaelUe, from Faroe, is a cubical variety, exhibiting a tesselated structure in polarised light
3. LeueocycliUf when plates parallel to the base are examined by means of polarized light, shows a black cross with rings that are alternately white and violet black, with compensation positive (whence the name, from AcvKdf, tfftife, and nicXot, circle instead of the ordinary colored rings— a peculiarity observed in crystals from the Seisser-Alp Andreasberg (part of those of this locality), Skye, Faroe, Iceland, Uto, and Poonah in India. Some crystals from Uto and Gziklowa, similarly examined, exhibit a black cross on a deep violet ground, with compensation negative. These different optical phenomena may be presented by contiguous plates of the same crystal ; DescL
Oomp. — A silicate of h'me and potash containing some fluorine. 0. ratio for Jt, §1, iGC mostly 1 : 3*75 : 2 ; for the analysis by Berzelius, 1:4: 2 ; and for Oa, &, 8 : 1. Batio usually taken at 1:4:2; which corresponds to ft + 2 3i+ 2 ld[ ; and if 1 & be basic, the formula may be ft' §i 4- Si, or more spedally (ilt+i (i da))' Si+lSC SiSiUca 66*6, lime 280, potash 4-8, water 16*7=100. This makes it a Unisilicate, like other tetragonal silicates, with an opal*like (uncrystallizable 7) silicate as accessory. The ratio of the fluorine to the oxygen has not been ascertained.
Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius (Afh., vl 181); 3, Hammelsberg (2d SuppL, 16); 4, H. Ztg., XX. 267) ; 5, Rammelsberg (Mm. Ch., 606) ; 6, G. T. Jackson (This Min., I860, 249) ; 7, E. K Beakirt (Am. J. Sd, IL xvL 84); 8, J. L. Smith (This Min., 304, 1864); 9, W. Beck (Verb. Mia. St Pet, 1862, 92); 10, Haughton (PhU. Mag., 17. xxxiL 228):
Si Ca & F
1*64=99-86 Berzelius. 1 12= 100-06 Berzelius. 1*18 Bamm.
?=97*68 Stolting: 0*46 Bamm. 0*91=99-47 Jackson. 1*71 101 Beakirt. 0*96=99*19 Smith. 0-84=10017 W. Beck. 0-97, M 0-24 Mg 0-08, a0'6d=99'84 H.
Jylochlore afforded v. Waltershausen, as a mean of two analyses (L Si 62*07, Ca 20*67, t% a*40, &g 0-83, 0*56, & 377, Si 1-64, & and C 17-14=99*87. The red color of the Andreasberg crystals is attributed by Suckow to fluorid of cobalt
Z3n., etc. — In the dosed tube exfoliates, whitens, and yields water, which reacts add. In the open tube, when fused with salt of phosphorus, gives a fluorine reaction. KB. exfoliatesi colors the flame violet (potashX and fuses to a white vesicular enamel. F. r6 (v. Kobell). Decomposed by muriatic add, with separation of slimy silica.
Obs. — Occurs commonly in amygdaloid and related rocks, with various zeolites ; also occasionally in cavities in granite, gneiss, eta Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Poonah and Ahmednuggar in Hindostan, afford fine specunens of apophyllite in amygdaloid. At Andreasberg, in silver veins, traversing gray-wacke slate ; at Orawicza, Onklowa, and Scaszka in Transylvania, associated with wollastonite ; in Fifesliire, with magnetic iron ; at Uto in Sweden ; at Puy de la Piquetts h: Auvergne, in a tertiary limestone, near intruded basaltic rods ; at Finbo, Uto, and UallestSi Sweden; iu the Tyrol, near Frombach; near Nertsdiinsk, Siberia; in Australia; the Valen* dan Mines, Mexico.
In America it has been found at Peter's Point and Partridge Island, in the Basin of Mines, Nova Scotia, both massive and crystallized, presenting white, reddish, and greenish colors, and dated witli laumoutite. thomaooite. and other ndnerals of trap rooks ; s&o at Ohute*s cove Oapt
1. uto
6*27
16*20
2. Faroe, TBsadUe
8. Andreasberg
61*88
26*86
wuL
6. Badauthal, G.=l-961
16*78
6. Michigan, G.=2-306
26*60
6*07
7. Kova Scotia
62*60
8. L. Superior, G.=2-37
26*30
9. Pyterlax, FinL (f ]
10. Bombay
61*60
26*08
16*20
Htdbovb Bili0Atb8. 417
./
d*Or, lale Haute, Swan's Greek, and Oape Blomidim. large orytals occur at Bergen HOI, N. J., aaaodated with analdte, pectolite, stilbite, datolite, etc some of them 3 inches across. It is also found at Qin Goye, near Perrj, Maine, with prehnite and analdte in amygdaloid ; at the GUfT mine, Lake Superior region (C 399).
Apophyllite was so named bj Hauj in allusion to its tendency to exfoliate under the blowpipe, from iM6 and dAAov, a leaf. Its whitish pearly aspect, resembling the eye of a fish after boilings gave rise to the name IdUhyopMhalmik from /x&ec, fis\ and d9aAi$(, eye.
The name ichJOvyoMhaknite (or ichihyophthal'me\ giyeo in 1800 by d'Andrada, has priority. But d'Audrada's description (L a) is bad in all respects, answering mudi better for pearly feldspar or adularia, even the spedflo gravi (2*491) being for out of the way; it affords some evidonoe that he may have drawn it another mineral It was therefore hardly a violation of the strictest rule of priority that Haiiy, who had studied carefully the crystallization of the mineral before it was known to d'Andrada, should have named it anew. Neiuier justice to d'Andrada, nor the good of sdenoe, requires that the name apophyUik should now yield plaoe to the earlier one. The ear lieat analyses were made in 1806 by V. Rose (Gtohlen's J., y.X andFourcroy ftVauquelin (Ann. du Mua., y.).
AlU — Occurs altered to peotolifee near Tiezno on Monte Baldo, along with unchanged crystals.
ArtiL— Giystals have been obtained by Wdhler from heated waters, and he infer that a temperature of F. was neceasaiy to the result He stated that when heated in water to this temperature under a pressure of 10 to 12 atmospheres, it forms a solution which crystallizes on oooUng. Pearly radiated crystals were formed by Becquerel through the aution of a solution of silicate of potash on plates of sulphate of lime (gypsum). Daubr has detected crystals of apophyllite in the Boman works at the hot apringa of Plombidres ; they were ooyered in part with mcruaUng and stalactitio hyalite.
371. BDINaTONTTB. EaiUL, Brewsters Bd. J. Sd., UL 8ie, 1826. Antiedrit BreilOL, Ghar
164 1832.
Tetragonal ; heraihedral. 0 A l-i= 145° 69' ;
0=0*67473. Observed planes as in the annexed fignre, together with another dome in the zone J, having the summit angle 144°. 0 A 136° 20|', /A 1=133° 39V, /Ai=115°26, 1 A 1, over snmmit,=92° 41', i A i, ib., =129° 8'. Cleavage: /perfect. Also massive.
H.=4-4-5. GK=2-71, Haid. ; 2694, Heddle. Lustre vitreous. White, grayish-white, pink. Streak uncolored. Translucent — opaque. Brittle.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for &, S, Si, ti— 1:4:7:4; whence, if half the water is basics for beaeSi silica and water 7 : 7: 2=1: 1: f ; and the formula (f (|fi+iBa)*+f £l)*Si'+lf &. A new determination of the composition is needed. Analysis: F. Heddle (PhiJL Mag., IV. ix. 179):
§136-98 £[ 22*63 Ba 26*84 Ca Ir. iSTalr. 12-46=98 91.
Tomer obtained, in an imperfect and incorrect analysis (Brewst Ed. J. Sd, iiL 818X Si 85*09, Si 27 '69, Ca 12-68, ti 18*82, loss 11*22 supposed to be some alkali.
., etc. — Yields water, and becomes white and opaque. B.B. at a high heat (Vises to a colorless mass. Affords a jelly with muriatic add.
Oba. — Edingtonite oocors in the Kilpatrick Hills, near Glasgow, Scotland, associated with barmotome, another barjrta mineral, and also analdte, caldte, eta One specimen obtained by Mr. Heddle weighed 2i oa.
GhUioliU of Thomson (Min., L 328), from Port Glasgow, on the Clyde, Scotland, is described as occurring in white crystals that "seem to be regular octahedrons; at least 4-Bided pyramids, the faces of which appear to be equilateral triangles, are visible ; other crystals ajypear to be cnbia" H.=3'fi; G.=2-18; lustre vitreous. Thomson obtained (L a) Si 87-01, 16*81, Fe Oo, Ca 28*98, & 21-25=99'0a Heddle states (PhiL Mag., lY. ix. 181) that it is ).robably odingtonito mixed with harmotome, mentioning that Thomson's mineral came from the same locality with the edingtonite, and from the same dealer that frimished him with the edingtonite for liis analysis.
Sy
418 Oxygen Ookfouitdb.
37a. aiSMONDITB. Zeagonifee CHsnumeU, OBserr. Min. di Roma, 1816, Tasch. Miz xL 164 1817. Gismondm Lecmh., ib., 168. Gismondine. Abrazite Breislak InstiL GeoL, iiL 198. Aridta
Orthorhombic. /A 41', 0 A 1-1=134* 35' ; a : J : (?=l-0664 : 1 : 1-0146. 1-t A 1-i, top, =89° 10', / A l-i=124° 42', v. Lang. Forms refiemblin square octanedrons, but made up of the planes / and 1-t ; often clustered into mammillated forms with a drusy surface. Cleavage: /, rather perfect.
H. =4'5. G. =2*265. Colorless or white, bluish-white, grajish, reddish. Lustre splendent. Transparent to translucent. Optically biaxial ; optioaxi plane parallel to axis a, and angle very large, v. Lang ; but usually only confused appearances in polarized light, Descl.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for fi, Si, fi= l:3::. Formula perhaps that of ekebergite ptua the water. Analyaifl by Mangnac (Aon. Oh. Phye., IIL ziv. 41):
Si 86-38 £127-23 Ca 1312 & 2'86 fi 21*10=10018.
., etc. — At 100* 0. yields one-third of its water, and becomes opaque. B.B. whitens, intumesces much, and melts to a milky glass Easily dissolves in adds and gelatinizes.
Ob8 — Occurs in the leudtophyr, a leucitic lava, of the region of Mt Albano, south-east of Borne, at Capo di Boye, and elsewhere, associated with pyroxene, magnetite, mellilite, phiUipsito, wollastonite, etc ; also, according to Keungott, on the Gomer glacier, near Zermatt, in cavities in a coarse, granular, reddish-brown garnet-rock, with epidote, caldte, chlorite, and genthite; also In the Yal di Noto, £ttdly. according to Scaochi, in white mammillary ooncretions, fibrous within.
The name ZeajfimUe is nom to cook and ayopoi barren, and was the first name of the spedes. Leonhard substituted the describer's name, which it has since held.
Yon Kobell and Marignac have analyzed crystals the locality at Capo di Bove with a result very diflerent from the above ; and it is supposed that the crystals taken for the analyses were a mixture of gismondite and phillipsite. The crystals were, however, received from the Italian mineralogist Medici-bpada. Credner examined a part of the same lot of crystals, and has described and ruled them in tlie Jahrb. Min. 1847, p. 669 ; and the figures have the twin forms (crudlbrm to' octohedral) and stri of phillipsite. He describes others' that are rounded octahedral, with rough edges without the stri— the true gismondite, according to most authors — but adds that even-faced octahedrons graduate imperceptibly into the rough, and that all appear to be one spedes. He consequently makes all the crystals orthorhombic, and dosely related to phillipsite. But V. Lang has shown that the crystals are not twins, and have the above angles (PhiL Mag., IV. xx?iu. 605).
Von Kobell (in the Gel. Anz. Milnchen, 1889) described the crystals as tetragonal mentioned the twins, and published the following analysis. He also places the spedes very near phUlipsite, and in his Geschichte der Min. (p. 487) he even queries the identity of the two. Marignac also made the crystals tetragonal octahedrons, with the angles of basal edges 30', and of pyramidal 118* 31 . Analyses: 1, v. Kobell (I c and J. pr. Ch., zviiL 105); 2, Marignac (Ann. CIl, Phys., IIL ziy. 41, 1846):
Si
£1
Ca
ti
tL
26*60
n-OOslOO-OA KobelL
16 06-100-86 Marignac.
The 0. ratio for the first Is near 1 : 4: : 6 ; for the second 1 : 3: 6: Sf These analyses are sometimes placed under the name teagonite, as if a third mineral existed at Capo di Bove listiLct from the phillipsite and gismondite. But v. Kobell holds that his results give the true composi* tion of gismondite. L. Gmelin, more than 40 years ago, made a diemical examination that led him to refer gismondite to phillipsite. Marignac regained the mineral uudyzed by him (anal. 2) as true phillipsite.
Oertain pale bluish octahedral crystals from Vesuvius, aSbrding, according to Phillipe, tin terminal angle 122* 68', have been called aeaffoniief which Hausmann refers to ciroon (Handlx, U. 797).
Stdb0U8 8Iugate8.
873. OARPHOXJTB. Karpholith WenL, Letstefl IGn.Efyst, 10, 43, 1817.
Orthorhombic. In radiated and stellated tufts, and groups of acicular ervstals. Khombic prisms of 111® 27', and 68® 33', Kenngott, with lateral edges truncated. '
H.=6— 5-5. G.=2-935,Breithaupt; 2-9365, Stromeyer. Lustre silky, glistening. Color pure straw-yellow to wax-yellow. Opaque. Very brittle.
Oomp.-0. ratio for S, Si : 1 : i, if the baBes are all aesquiozTd, as made by ▼. Hauer; giving the formiila Mn, 9e)* Sl'-|-3 £L Analjaes : 1, Stromeyer (Untersach., 410) ; 2, Steinmann (. J., xxv. 418) ; 3, ▼. Hauer :
Si
SEn
9e
te
Ca
a
Hp
86'] 6 37*68
19'] 6
10'19
1-47 =98-79 Stromeyer.
=99*96 Steinmann.
P 1-74= 100-28 Hauer.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water, which reacts acid and attadcs tlie glass B.B. swells Up and (Uses at 3*6 to a brown glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for manganese and iron. Not decomposed by muriatic acid. Decomposed on fusion with allcaline carbonates.
Oba. — Occurs in minute divergent tufts, disposed on granite, along with fluor and quartz, in the tin mines of Schladcenwald. It was named by Werner in allusion to its color, from xipfof, straw.
Yon Kobell suggests that the mineral is altered maroeline (Geschichte Min., 677).
m. SUBSmCATES.
374. AIiLOPHANXL Allophan Siromeffer, GeL Ana. Qotu, 1261, 1816. Blemannlt BreUK, HoflbL Mm., iv. 182, 1817. Elhuyarit Sack . J., Ixv. 110, 1882 (announced, not named), Jahrb. Min., 28, 1834 (mentioned, not described).
Amorphous. In incnistations, usually thin, with a maiiimillary surface, ana hyalite-like ; sometimes stalactitic. Occasionally almost pulverulent.
H.=3. G.=1'85— 1*89. Lustre vitreous to subresinous; bright and waxy internally. Color pale sky-blue, sometimes greenish to deep green, brown, yellow, or colorless. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture impeiiectly conchoidal and shining, to earthy. Very brittle.
3 : 2 : 6 (or 6): XI Si + £l Si+6 & 2, Walchner (. J., zliz. 154); 3, Guillemin (Ann. 1 63) ; 6, Berthior (Ann. d. M., IlL ix. 498) ; 6-9, 10, Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Sd., 11. viL 417); 11, C. T.
Ocymp. — 0. ratio for Si, Si, moBtly= Analyses : 1, Stromeyer (IJnters., 308) ; Ch. Phys., zlii 260); 4, Bunsen (Pogg., A. B. Northcoto (Phil Mag., IV. ziil 388) Jackson (lb., xix. 119) :
Si
1. Grfifenthal
2. Gtersbach
3. Finny, France
4. Friesdorf, Eihuy. 6. Beauvais 6. N. Cliarlton, ywh.
M
tl
subopaque
fvbi/'Ted Richmond, Mass. Tennessee
24*11 20*60
32'20 88*76 29*20 87*30 32*88
Ca
0-73 41*30,6u,C8*06,gyp8.0-62,Pefi*0-27=99-88S
85 76, Cu 2-83= 1 00-96 Walchner.
- 35-74, 0 95=99*83 Guillemin.
40"23, Fe 2*74, Ca C 2-39, Mg 0 2*06 Bun.
44 -20, day 4*7 1 00 Berthier.
1*92 42-91, te 0-31, C 2*73=99'71 Northcote.
1*86 39-19, 01 1, C 2-44=99*98 Northcote.
1-50 40-92, tr, C 149= 100 Northcote.
1 -34 40-31, Fe 6 59, 0 1-82=99 99 Northcote.
36-24, &g 2*83=99-49 Silliman.
0*5 37-7, lig C. T. Jackson.
190 Oxtoek Compounds.
Tlie coloring matter of the blue variety is due to traces of chrjaocona, the green to malachite and that of i£d yellowiah and brown to iron. Ailophane occurs at lUohmond, llaaa., mixed intimately with part of the gibbsite of that locality (Silliman).
., etc — Yields much water in the closed tube. B.B. cmmblea, but is inAisible. Giref a blue color with cobalt solution. Gelatinizos with muriatic add.
Oba. — Ailophane is regarded as a result of the decomposition of some aluminous sHicati (feldspar, etc.); and it often occurs incrusting fissures or cavities in mines, especiaUj those of copper and limonite, and even in beds of ooaL It lines cavities in a kind of marl at &r&fenthal, near Saalfeld in Thuringia, where it was first observed, in 1809, by Biemann, and hence has been called riemannite. Found also at Schneeberg in Saxony; at Gersbaoh in tiie Sdiwarswald; Petrow iu Koravia, in a bed of limonite ; Chotina in Bohemia, at a oopper mine in alum slate ; at Friesdorf, near Boun, in lienite (the elhuyariief of a brownish or honey-yellow color, witii G.= I'rt); Vise m Belgium, in uie carboniferous limestone; at the Chessy copper mine, near Lyons. France; in the chalk of Beauvais, France, presenting a honey-yellow color ; at New Charlton, near Woolwich, in Kent, England, in old chaUc-pits, of amber-yellow, ruby-red. and nearly opaque white colors. In the United States it occurs in a mine of limonite, with gibbsite, at Bichmond, Mass., forming a hyaline oruat, scaly or compact in structure, and brittle ; at the Bristol Oopper Mine, Ct ; at Morgantown, Berks Co., Pa. ; at the FriedensvUle zinc mines, Pa. ; in the copper mine of Polk Co., Tenn.
Named from 2AAo<, otheTf and aicn, 1o appear in allusion to its change of appearance under the blowpipe.
A yellowiah-white earthy mineral from Komwestheim, between Stuttgart and Ludwidsbuig, with G.=1'794 and 2*098, consists of ailophane and aluminite in combination, and has been called Kiueirijdumi'niU (Siliceoua aJuminUe) by Groningen and OppeL In one their anabrees they obtahied (Jahresb. 1852, 892, from Wartemb. Nat Jahreshefte, 1861, 189) Si 1308, S M 42*69, ign. 89*32 =100-01.
A. Caroiathixi F. L Sommaehein (ZS. G. Qes., v. 223, and J. pr. Ch Ix. 268, 1853). Amorphous, ith a mammillary surface, and approaching ailophane in the ratio of Si to £1, but ooqtains less water. H.=2'5; G.=l*515; color honey- to wine-yellow; subtransluoent
Analysis by Sonnenschein gave :
Si 2962 Si 47-26 fi 16-10 C 1*33 H 0-74 0 6-96=100.
Heated it affords water, which is neutral in its reactions ; at a higher temperature decrepitates, the color darkens, and a black shining maas is obtained. B.B. ites without flame, owing to the organic ingredients present
From the ooal-bed of the Kdnigin-Lonisa Mine, at Zabrce, in Upper Silesia.
3?6. OOLLTRITB. Das man dort Salpeter nannte (fr. Schemnits) Lempe's ICag X. 99, 1793. Naturliche Alaunerde (fr. Schemn*>x) v. Fiehid Min., 170, 1794; Klapr., Beiti., i. 257, 1795. KoUyrit KanL, Tab., 30, 78, 1800
A claj-like minei*al, white, with a glimmering lustre, greasy feel, and adliering to the tongue. G.=2— 2*15. H.=l— 2.
OompSl* Si+9 ]fi[ ; or 1 of AlIophane+1 of Gibbrite=[Sl Si+6 fi]+[Sl =:Silioa 14'14| alumina 48*02, water 37-84 Analyses: 1, KUiproth (Beitr., L 267); 2, JBerthier (Ann. d. IL, it 476); 8, Kersten (. J., Ixt 24); 4, J. H. and G. Gladstone (FhiL ICag., lY. xxiU. 461, 1862):
Si Si fi
1. Schemnits 14-0 46-0 42-0=101 Elaproth.
2. Ezquerra 15-0 44*6 40-5=100 Berthier.
3. Saxony 28*3 428 34*7=100*8 Kersten.
4. Hove 14-49 47-44 36'89, Oa 0*89, C 0'79=100 Gladstone.
In other specimens Gladstone (1. o.) obtained 8 to 3 p. o. of silica, indicating a Tarying proportion of hydrate of alumina
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. inftisible. Gives a blue color when heated with cobalt solu* (ion. Gelatinises with nitric acid. Does not fall to pieces in water, or increase in weight.
Ob8.~From Esquerra in the Pyrenees; near Schemnits, Hungazy; near Wessenfels, Saxony; at Hove, near Brighton, England, in fissures in the upper chalk, of a pure white color and veiy soft.
The name eoQiffrimi (ceAAtpii) was applied by the Greeks to the '*Samian earth;** Karsten adopted it beoaose the description of this earth by Diosoorides answers well for the above minsfal
Si
Si
ftg
Oa
as'40
0*44
Ir.
28*63
HTDBOUB 8IU0ATE8, Z190LITB BECnOH. 421
S76A. DiLLNin Haid. (Pogff Izxviii 677, 1849) is a related sabstanoe. Ebrthy, wi Jb U.=:l*8 -S; a.=2*674— i'835. AnalTses: Hntaelmami and Karaliai (Pogg Izxriil 676):
21*18, t'e, ttn, aUc. Ir.r=100'87 Hataelmana 2006=r99-22 Karaflat
Hm anayiee oorrespond to the fonnula Si* Si*+9 —Silioa 24*39, alumina 64*28, t[ 2l'3a The diUnite Ib the gangae of the diaspora of Schemnitz, at a place called Dilln. Dr. J. L. Smith obtained a veiy different result for a similar material ftom the same Schemnits locality, as given under Pholbbitb (q. t.); and it is probable that dillnite is a mixture of diaspore and kaoUnite or pholerite.
376. BOHRdmiRITB. Opalin-AIlophan SehrOUer Baumg. Ztg., ir. 146, 1887. Sohrdtterit
OtoekeTf Grundr., 686, 1839. Opal Allophane.
ReBembles allophane ; Bometimes like gum in appearance.
H.=3— 8'6. G.=1'95— 2"05. Color pale emerald- to leek-green, greenish-white, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Translucent to nearly transparent.
Oomp.— O. ratio for fi, Si, : 1: 6; Sl'Si'+80d; or 8 of allophane and 6 of gibbsite. Analjrses : 1, 2, Schrotter (J. pr. Oh., sd. 880) ; 3, J. W. Mallet (Am. J. 8eL, H. zxyL 79) :
Si Si 9e a Oa Cn ]fi[
P3rr., etCiP— B.B. acts like allophane, but bums white. Decomposed bj adds.
Oba. — From DoUinger mountain, near Freienstein, in Stjrria, in nests between daj-alate and granular limestone; in Cornwall: at the Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mtn., Cherokee Co Alabama, as an incrustation over half an inch thiok and partly stalactitic, resembling gum arabic when broken, having H.=3*6, and G.= 1*974.
87lA. SoABBBome Verrum (PhiL Mag., II. y. 178, 1829) is a white clajey substance, allied to sdirotterite in composition. It is without lustre, highly adhesive to moist surfaces, and may be polished by the nail; H.=2'0 ; G.= 1*486? Composition, according to an imperfect analysis by Vernon (1. a), Si 10*60, £l 42*60, 9e 0*26, 'A 46*76. In a second, equally imperfect, he obtained Si 7-90, 42*76, tL 48*66, 9o 0-80=100. Does not fiOl to pieces in water, but inoreases in weight It fins the veinings of a sandstone, which is much marked with oxyd of iron, or of its eptaria, on the ooast of Soarborough, Yorkshire, England.
n. ZEOLITE SECTION.
Abrangement Of The Specib&
I. MBSOTYPE OBOUP. Anisometrie; angle /A /near 90" ; deavage parallel to i. OrysiainiatloDS often adonlar, or long fibrous and radiating ; thomsonite somethnes in short nearly reo
tangiilar forms, with flat summits, and sometimes foliated, but with a less pearly and mon
lasay surfhoe than in stilbite. "
ft fiSl tiSASL tL 877. TROlOOnn 1 8 4 2i lit
fr& NAnoun 18 6 1 l li i i) lra,Xl,8Si,2ft
iSi OZTOSN COMPOUNDB.
& fi Si fi BS Si
879. Soounm 18 6 8 1 H Ca,Xl,8Si,8d
380. Ellagui 18 6 3 1 H (fCa+|$'e),£],3Sl,8A
881. Mnoun 18 6 8 I H f (f) (fCa+|ffaXSl,8Sl,8&
IL LBYYNITE GBOUP. HezagonaL J?A/?=106* nearly.
882. Idmnrm 18 6 4 1 li 1 (i)
m. ANALCITE GROUP. Isometrio or else orthorhombio with /A 7=1 20*. 0. ratio fix Jt, fi, Si=l:8:8, or 1:8:9. Never flbrooa or aoiciilar.
18 8 2
1 2 i
.Jra,£l,4Si,2d
18 8 2
1 S i
886. Favjaseti
18 9 9
1 2i2i
(iCa+iJra),Xl,4j8i,9fl
IV. 0HA6AZITE GROUP. Hexagonal, or else orthorhombio with /a 7=120*. 0. ratio fot ft, Si= 1 : 8 : 8) or 1 : 8 : 9. Never fibrous or adoolar. Not pearly foliated.
386. CHABAan 18 8 6 1 2 H (|Ca+i(]Sra,&}),Sl,4Si,6l
387. Ghxunitb 18 8 6 1 2 li (iCa+f (a,&)),S;48i,6a
388. HiuOHSLm 18 8 5 1 S. U
y. PHTTiTiTPSITE GROUP. Orthorhombio; 7a 7 near 90\ Often in craciform twins; nevei fibrous or edcular. Not pearly foliated.
889. PmLLlPSin 18 8 6 1 2 H (f Ca+ift),£l,4Si,6fi
VL HARKOTOME GROUP. Orthorhombio; 7a 7=124"*—] 26\ Often in cruciform twins; never fibrous or adcnlar. Lustre vitreons.
890. HABMOIom 1 8 10 6 i 2i U (i) BaS],5Si,6fi
Vn. HYPOSTILBITE GROUP. Like the mesotypes in adcnlar and fibrous crystalliaations end absence of pearly deavage. 0. ratio for Si=l : 3 : 9.
VIIL 8TILBITE GROUP. Orthorhombio or monodinic with ui easy pearly diagonal or basa' deayage. 0. ratio for ft fi, Si=l :8 : 12.
898. EpmiLBin I 8 12 6 1 8 li
394. HBULAMmn 1 8 12 5 1 3 H 0a,£],6Si,5fi
395. Bhewbtkbitb 1 8 12 6 1 3 lid) (f Sr+iBaXS],6Si, 896. MOBDENirB 1 3 18 6 1 H (f Ca+ia),£l,9Si.6a
Appendix,'91, SLOAHm. 898. SAflPAOmn.
HTDBOUB SnJOATBS, ZEOLITS BtXTnOiS.
ire
/
In the preoeding table the oonstitoents of the species are stated without the arrangement of them into formulas. The resemblance to the Feldspar group in oxygen ratio seems, at Aral thought) to imply resemblanoe at least in scheme of composition. But it has been observed (p. 394) that instead of unity oi* crystalline form and physical characters, as in the Feldspar group, there is the utmost diversity. A relation between the proportion of silica and alkali holds through the feldspars ; but none exists, or could be rightly looked for, among the varied groups here brought together under the name of zeolites. The water present lias produced the wide cUvergence from the feldspars ; and it is therefore probable that this water is in part, at least, basia This being so, they may pertain to the two divisions of Unisilicates and Bisilicates. In the following table they are arranged under these heads, and formulas added to correspond with this reference of them.
The species of the Mesotype and Levynlte groups are made Unisilicates, because they have not silica enough for the bisilicate type. Thomsonite has the 0. ratio for the bases and silicas 1+ 3 : 4=1 : 1, or that of a true Unisilicate; and natrolite, if the water be basic, is also unisilicate. Further, the close isomorphism of the several species of the Mesotype group renders it probable that they are similar chemically, and therefore fdl unisilicate.
The species of the remaining groups have silica enough for Bisilicates, and are so arranged in the following table. Yet those of the groups 3 to 6 have water enough for Unisilicates, if this water be mainly basic. Thus chabasite and gmelinite have a unisilicate ratio, if two-thirds of the water is basic ; and herschclite and phillipsite, if fourfifths. But the facility with which part of tlie water in these species escapes is evidence that a considerable part of it, at least, is not basic. Chabazite loses over 7 p. c. of water, or more than a third, by simple exposure to dry air. For other similar facta, see under the species beyond. It is, therefore, not at all probable that enough water is basic to make the species unisilicate. In the preceding table, the fraction written after the column of indicates the proportion of water wliich is made basic in the formulas which here follow :
1. Ukisilioate.
1. Thomsonite (i(|Ca+ia)'+f £l)*§i'+3ffi
NatroUte a+iSa)+iXl)" Si
Sooledte
Sllagite 2. Levyniie
Si I I U (f ea+iNa,)+*/?Al),+lJaH Si 1 04 |(i (I H, + i Na,) + i /?A1), + iea)+i/?Al),+iaq 1 04 1 (id H, NaO)+iAl),4-
+ iiffAl), + iaq + i/?Al),+
2. Bxsilioate.
t. Analdte Eudnophite Faigasite
4. CSiabazite Omeltnite Herschelite
6. Phinipsite
5. Uarmotome
(ifi+f (Oa, ]§ra))"+f
Ca+f fl (i *a+i fe)+f Xl) fli+ Bf fl
(iftCa+i fl
Si e |.e, I (i Na, + f /?Al)+i aq + |Al)+na.|
SiO I e, I Na,)+* iAl)+ U aq Si e I e, KHi a+f Naa)+f tf Al) + li aq Si e I e, I Na,iK.)-h|/?2y)-hliaq
Ai)-i-iifl
Si e I e. I (ittH,+f (ea, Na,))-hf /?A1)+
Ua(
K Stilbita
SI e I e, I (i H,+ J ea)+i/9Al)+ 1 aq
Gxtobn Oompoundb.
EpiBfflblte iH Benlandite
Brewsterite
I. Kordenite Jra))f (f The tenn leolite was flrat used by Oronfltedt in 1766 (TransacUons of the Swedish Academy, vol zTiii.), for certain minerals that fUsed with much iDtumescenoe ; the word being derived 1o hoil and >i9of, ttone. Before the dose of the centuiyfiye subdirisious had been recognized by Womer and the mineralogists of his school: (1) Mehheoliih (mealy zeolite); (2) Faariger teolith or laerzeolUh (flbrons zeolite) ; these two corresponding to the more modem mesotype (or uatrolite. scoledte, mesolite, and thomsonite); (3) Sirahliger z&Mh or Stirahaeolith (radiated zeolite), now stilbite ; (4) BHattriger uoUik or Bi&Ueneolilh (foliated zeolite), now heulandite and apophyllite ; (5) WurfeixoUih (cubic zeolite), now chabazite and analdte. Moreover, Kreuutein, later allied harmotome, and FrehnUe were reguiled as distinct species ; and so also Lapis LaanUi which had been ranked with the zeolites by Wallerius.
In IdOl HaQy gave the name of Mesotype, or Zeolite proper, to the varieties included under the first two of the above subdivisions, together with apophyllite ; and took a second backward step which he never retraced, in uniting those of the third and fourth in one species under the name of SHUnte, At the same time he rightly removed Analcme fhMu the old Oubie zeolUe,
in 1803 natroUte was separated ftom mesotype by Klaproth, and hence his name should stand for the spedes so designated. In 1813 ScolecUSf and in 1816 MesdHis, were separated by and Gtohlen ; and in 1820 Thomsonik by Brooke. HaQy*s nante mesotype is at present restricted, or should be, to a generic use to include the group, of zeolites, vi&, natrolite, scolecite, meeoUte. and the related species.
977. TH0M80NITB. Mesotype pt Tr., 1801. Thomsonite (fir. Scotland) Brooks, Ann. PhiL, zvi 193, 180. Comptonite (fr. Somma) Bmoskr, Ed. PhiL J., iv. 131, 1821. Mesoto Berz Ed. Pha J., viL 6, 1822. Triploklas Brsiih., Ohar., 1882. CbalUite T. Thomson, Wxl, I 324, 1836. Sooulerite R. D, Thcmuon, PhiL Mag., IIL zviL 408, 1840. Ozarkite (fir. Arkansas) Shep Am. J. ScL, IL ii 261, 1846. Karphostilbit v. WalL, Vulk. Qest, 272, 1858. Earoe- Ute (=Mesole) Eeddls, PhiL Mag., TV. ziii. 60, 1857, xv. 28, 185&
1*0117. Observed planes, ae in the annexed figure, with also a very
low inacrodome, nearly coincident with O, having the summit anele 177° 85, ITaumann. 0 A 2-t=125°, t-i A 7 =134° 40. Cleavage: i4 easily obtained; i-i less so: 0 in traces. Twins : cruciform, having the vertical axis in common, and t-i of one part coincident witli (4 of the other ; one of the pair of prismatic planes in each broader than the other. Also columnar, structure radiated; in radiated spherical concretions; also amorphous and compact.
H.=6— 5-6. G.=2-3— 2-4; 2-36— 2-88, fr. Seeberg, Zip ; 2*357, fr. Hauenstein, Bamm. Vitreous, more or less pearly. Snow-wnite ; impure varieties brown. Streak uncolored. Transparent— translucent. uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane parallel to 0 ; bisectrix positive, norma] to iri ; divergence 82° — 82° for red rays, from Dumbarton ; DescL
HTDR0U8 BILIOATES, ZEOLITE SEaTIOn.
Var — >i. Ordinary, (a) In regular crystala, naaallj more or less rectangular in outlizv. (5) m alendtor prisma, often vehicular to radiated, (e) Radiated fibrous, (d) Spherical ooncretionSi eonsisting of radiated fibres or slender crystala. (e) Massiye, granular to Impalpable, and wbito to reddish-brown.
2. MuMiU {Ihrdelile of Heddle)! the original Faroei occurs in spherical concretions, con* Bisting of lamellar radiated individuals, pearij in eleavage. The component crystals gave Heddle, for a vertical prism, 127* 20', which is within 8' of the corresponding angle in thonison- Ite ; and Desdoiseau regaitls the two as optically identicaL It occurs with mesolito and apophjUite, and probably owes its slight excess of. silica to mixture with the former of these minerals. or else with free silica. ICesole was long since referred ta thomsonite by Haidinger.
ScouterUe E. D. Thomson, from Port Rush, Antriin, is mesole in structure. It has, Dr. Thomson obeenrea, " the same composition as thomsoiiite, with only (according to an analysis by R. D. ThomBon) rather less alumina, and p. c. of soda. The analysis has not been published.
8. CtuUiUte Thomson, is a compact variety, of a reddish-brown odor, from the Donegore Uta Antrim. Thomson described it in his Mineralogy (i* 324) as haviug 6 =2*262, and as containing 9 p. a of sesquioxyd of iron (most improbable with so low sp. gr.). In the PhQ. Mag. for 1840 (xviL 408), he describes apparently the same brown **uncrvstailized** mineral as havrog G.=2*29, with " the same constitution as the KUpatrick thomsomte, according to an analysis by R. J), thomson "~an analysis not published. He gives the locality, Ballimony, Antrim. Yon Hauer analysed the chalilite, and found considerable with only a trace of iron. Greg Jb Lett* riom observe (Min., 160) that the acaulerik, graduates into the compact chalilite. In view of the facts, it can hardly be doubted that it is Impure thomsonite.
OaarkUe is a massive thomsonite, as shown by Smith and Brush, either granular or compact and of a white color, with G.=2*24.
Oomp.—0. ratio for ft,S,Si,£L=l : 3:4: 2; corresponding to 2 Si, iifcl,(fOa+iH2ifi= tiilica 3'9, alumina 31*8, lime 12-9, soda 4*8, water 18*8=100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb.. iL 96); 2, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Oh., lix. 849); 3, Retains (Jahresb., iv. 154); 4, Zippe (YerK Ges. Mufl. Bohnu, v. 39. 1836); 6, 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xlvi 288); 7, Melly (Bib. Univ., K. a, XV. 193); 8, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Gh., lix. 848); 9, 10, Smith & Brush (Am J. ScL, II. xvi. 60); II, 12, Waltershausen (Yulk. Gest, 272, 277):
A.
&iJpatrioik 2. Dumbarton 8. Faroe
4. Seeberg, CompL
7. Elbogen
8. Hauensteln
10. "
ft
88*30 88*77 37*00 89*63
Si
80*84
81*07
31*26
29*42
29*50
13*40,
11*50
12*81
12*24:
18-30:
13*80,
13*80:
18*28,
11*39:
13*97
4*58
4*62
8*11
6*58
3-85 0*54
6*25
8*91
8*72 .
4*09 6*30
0*88
=100-17 Berzelius. 100*20 Rammelsberg.
9e 0-5=101-84 Retzias
r 100-24 Zippe. 100-49 Rammelsberg Ramm. G.=2*37. =9916MeUy. =99*48 Ramm. G.=2*867.
9e 155=99 48 a ft B.
=99*70 Smith k Brush.
Mgo-13, Fe W.
102-38 Waltershausen.
The following are analyses of Meaole: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb., iii. 147); 2, S, Hishiger (ib., y. 917, XX. 214); Thomson (Ed. N. Phil. J., xvil 186); 5-7, Heddle (L o.): 8, v. pi; Gh., xoviii 185); 9, How (Bd. K. PhiL J., IL viil 207, 1858); 10, O. a Marsh (priv. oontrib.):
Si M Cti tfa tL
=100*86 Berzelius.
100*15 Hisinger.
=98*99 Hisinger.
=99*52 Thomson.
100*33 Heddle.
=100-18 Heddle.
=100-02 Heddle.
100-00 KobelL a.=8-l7
100*59 How.
& 0-44=99-87 Marsh.
0. ratio, according to Berzelius, 1 : 3 : 6 : 1 : 8 : : corresponds better with %%% and this varies but little ttom the oompoaition of thomsonite.
1. Faroe
42*60
11*43
6*63
12*70
2. Annaklef
42*17
27*00
11-79:
8. "
8*07
4. Bombay
42*70
27*60
7*61
14*71:
6. Storr
41*32
28*44
6*77
13-26:
6. Portree
4*38
13*20:
6*33
12*40:
8. Iceland
81*66
12*11:
9. B.ofFundy
29*60
11*71
6*29
12-73:
0. a Blomidon
41*64
80*68
4*95
18*11,
i26 OXTQEN GOMPonms.
Dr Thomson fonnd for his Oudtiae (L cX Si 6*50, %1 26*20, Fe 9 28, Ca 10*28, JTa 82, d 16-HH=r 101-70. Yon Haner obtained (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 1858) Si 88*56 M 27*71, Fe tr iig 6*86, Ca 12-01, It 14-32.
The Hauenatein mineral (formerly called meaoUte of Hauenstein) oocars mixed with natrolite. and this accounts for the results of Freissmuths analysis (Sdiw. J., zxr. 425), which diflTex widely from Rammelsberg's later results (anal. 8).
., etc.— The Mittelgebirge mineral changes but slightly in moist or dry air, according to Damour ; after two hours at 280"* 0. it loses 6*1 p. a, and yeiy slowly regains the water lost ic the open air, the loss being reduced to 1*5 p. a after forty hours. At a heat the loss is 13*3 p. c., and the mineral becomes fused to a white enamel. BJB. Aisea with intumescence at 2 to a white enamel Gelatinizes with muriatio add.
Obs. — Found in cavities in lava and other igneous rocks; and also in some metamorphic rocks, with elseolite.
Thomsonite occurs near Eilpatrick, and at Eilmalcohn and Port Glasgow, Scotland, in amygdaloid; in the lavas of Somma (compUmiie) ; in basalt at the Pflasterkaute in Saxe Weimar: at Seeberg and ebewhere in Bohemia, in the cavities of clinkstone ; in the Qjciopean islands, Sicily, witn analcite and phillipsite; in Faroe; in phonolite at Hauenstein; in Hungary, near Schemnitz; the Tyrol, at Theiss; at Monzoni, Fassa ; in straw-yeDow needles {earphostiUnie) at the Bern* fiord, Iceland, G.= 2*362.
Long, slender, prismatic crystallizations, of a grayish-white color, are obtained at Peter's Point, J9'ova Scotia, where it is associated with apophyllite, mesotype, laumontite, and other trap minerals ; fibrous radiated and amorphous {ogarkiie) at Magnet Gove, ia the (kark Mts., Arkansas, in cavities in elaeolite (from the alteration of whicii it has apparently resulted), with slender prisma of apatite.
Meaole is the cave of Nalsoe, island of Faroe; Disco L, Greenland; Annaklei Sweden a hw miles west of C. Blomidon, Bay of Fundy, near the small village of Ft George.
On twin crystals, see R Guthe, 14th Jahresb. Ges. Hannover, Jahrb. Hin. 1865, 479.
PlOBOTHOMSOKiTK Meneghifu ds Bechi (Am. J. Sd, IL ziv. 63, 1852). like thomsonite in Ibnn, and near it in composition. The soda is replaced by magnesia, and possibly as a result of Iteration. Occurs in radiated masses, laminat in strnoture, and leaving with equal ease parallel to two sides of a rectangular prism; H.=5; G.=2*278; lustre pearly; white; transparent in small fVagments; very fragile.
CoiiP.-(Oa, J!a5i+4i£[, BechL Analysis: Si 40*36, £l 81*25, Iig6*26, Ca 10*99, Ka,&0-29,& 10-79=9994. B.R fUses to a white enamel, with intumesoenoe. Dissolves in ookl acids and gelatinizes. Ocoors with caporcianite in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. The name, from ntKp6tf bitter, and thomsonite, alludes to the magnesia present
378. NATROUm. ZeoUt pt, Zeolites crystallisatus, pnsmaticus, capillaris (fir. Gu8tafsberg\ OronsLf Min., 102, 1758; Z. albus flbrosus, napillaris, eta (fr. Iceland and Gustafsb.), v. Bmi, Lithoph., 46, 1772; de Lisle, Oiiat, 1772, 1783. Mehl-ZeoUtb, Fasriger-Z WenL, Ueb. Gronst, 243, 1780; Faserzeolith, NadehEeolith, Wem. Mealy Zeolite, Hbrous Zeolite, Needle ZeoUte. ZeoUte, Mesotype, pt, ff Tr., iiL 1801. Katrolith (fr. Hogau) Klapr N. Schrifl Nat Ges. Fr. Berlin, iv. 243, 1803, Beitr., ▼. 44, 1810. Hogauit Sdb Schrifl, ib., 395. Natrolite K, Ooors de Min., 1804, Lucas TabL, i. 388, 1806. Natron-Mesotype. Soda-Mesotype.
Krokalith (Crocalite) (f. Felvatza) JEstner, Min., iL, pt 2, 559, 1797. Bergmannit (tr, Friederksvam) Sckumaeher, Vers. dan. Foss., 46, 1801. Spreustein Wem 1811, Hoffbo. Min., IL bi 803, 1812. RadioUth Esmark, Hunefeld, . J., li. 361, 1828. Brevicit (fir. Brevig) Jt. Strom, Jahresb., ziv. 1834. Lehuntite Thomson, Min., L 338, 1836. Eisen-Natrolith C, Berg mann, Pogg., Izzxiv. 491, 1851 ; Iron-Natrolite. Savite Memeghim, Am,Z. Sci., IL xiv. 64, 1852. Galaktit Haid., Kenng. Ber. Ak. Wien, ziL 290, 1854 zvL 157, 1855. Faigite Heddle, Phil Mag., lY. zui. 50, 1857. Palao-Natrolith , Pogg., cviU. 416, 1859.
Orthorhombic. /A 0 A l-t=144*' 23' ; aihi c=0-35825 : 1 : 1*0176. Observed planes: prismatic, /, t-t; octahedral, 1, 1- (a?), 3-1 between 1 and H). /Aih[=134 30', 1 A 1, ov. aj,=143 20', 142° 40', 1 A 1=116° 40', x A a?=146° 28', 1 A 3.S=153° 80'. Crjstali Qsuallj slender, often acicolar ; frequently interlacing, divergent, or stellate. Also fibrous, radiating, massive, granular, or compact.
HTDBOira BILIOATBd, ZBOLTTB BSCnOlT. 427
H.=!5— 5-5. G.=ai7— 2-25; 2-249, Beien Hill,
Brueli. LoBtre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly, especially in Hbrous varieties. Color white, or oolorlefls ; also grayish, yellowish, reddish to red. Streak oncolored. Transparent — translucent. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane i-i ; bisectrix positive, parallel to edge ///; axial divergence 94° — 96", red rays, for Auveiue crystala ; 95° 12' for brevioite ; Descl.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, 9, fli, B=l : S ; S ; 3 ; correspcmilmK to S Si,
£],fTa,3S=SiIioa 4T-3, alamluB 37-0, soda 16-3, water S-alOO.
Var. — 1. Ordinarg. Commoalj eiUier (a) id groups of slender colorleu prisms, often tcioular. with /a/=BI°, Haid., 91 80', Q. Kose, and 1 A 1 143' an', Haid, IW 40', G. E., 143° 33', PhiUip* i or (6) in flbcons divergent or ndiated maaasB, ritreoas in lustre, or but slightly pearl; (these radiated fonn* often reRem- Ue (hoee of tlionuonite and pectolite} ; often also (e) aoUd amygdules, umially rtdUted flbroiie, and somewhat silky in loetre vithin; and (d) rmretj' compact mutlTe.
Oalaeiile is ordinary natrolite, occarnDg in Dolorless adculsr cry Btnlliiations in soulhem Scotland, instituted as a Bpeoiea on an erroneous analysis. Fitrgils is a red natrolite Trom Olen Farg (an S4), ooutaining, Like galsctite. ebout 4 p. c of lime.
Bermanniie apreuilnn, trraBKtte, radio/ilt, palao-TUitrolile) it naXroliUs kom the rcon-ayeoite of aoutheni Norway, near Brevig, on the Ingesundflord, oocumng fibrous, mawlve, end in long prismatio crysialliEatioQS, and fVom white to red in color, /a Q. Rose; 90° 64', Kenugott; and 1 A i ua' 55', Q. Rose, 14a° 26', Kenngott; and 1 a 1, aide, =Ui° 49', Kenng. The reddish verietieB are Impure fm mixture with lUsseminated diaspore, as shown by 3cheerer, and henoe the variations from natrolite in composition. The radiolite is in radiated rossses, and compact fibrous nodules, of a graylah color, Bckoflord, having Q.=2 -276— a-aa6. Theie minersis result fVom the alteration of elteolite, cancrinite, and oligoclase, according to and Snmaiui t P'oauL The planes 3-3 occur on brevicite (O. Rose). Orocalile, Ttam the Uiul, ia a rod leolite, identical with the bergmannite of lAutvig ; occurs in small amygdulea, and is fibrous or compact.
SavUe, according to 9ell's cryBtallographio and other (N. Oimento, is nothing but nalrolile, occurring in slender colorless prisms of tbe same angles. Sella found / a Bl , /A j=iln° ay, i A t, macr., 14-'i° In'. Tt comes (hnn a serpentine rock at Mt Oaporci- SiOO, Italf, and specimens are ordinarily not pu.-e from serpentine. Mencghini states that H.= 3'S and a.::-46. See for composition below.
3. Imijutiroliie (Eisennatrolith Bergn.) ie a dark green opaque variety, either crystalline or amorphous, in whidi a fourth of the umina ia replaced by sesquioxyd of irou (anal 30j; it hn.i H. 5; Q,='l-353. Occurs vrith the Brevig breyidte.
Analyses: I, IQaproth IBeitr., v. 44) ; 2, Fuchs (Sciiw. J., viiL SSS, xriii. 8) ; 3, Riegel (. Pharm., liii.}; 4. 6, Fucha (1. o. ) ; Thomson (Min., L SIT); 7, t. Ch., xiil 7j; 3, C. 0. Omelin iPogg-.. Iixxi. 811); 9, 10, Bcheerer liv. 3TS|; 11, Sieveking, 12, Scheerer (Fogg., CTlii, 433); l:<, Soheerer (PogJti lir. 276); 14, Soaden (Po., iniiL 113); 15, 16, Kdrtetl). Bom's Min. Syst., 1892.06); 17, Uichaelson ((Efv. Ak. Stockholm, 1862, 005); IS, Hhtsiweti (Eenng. Uebers., 1858, 72); 19, Vatonne (Ann. d. IL, T. xiL 684); 20, t. Haner (Ber. Ak. Wien, liL 390); il-37, Heddle (PhiL Mag., IV. xL 272); 28, Brash (Am. J. Sd., IL nxi. sue); 29, CX A. Joy (Ann. Ljo. N. T., yilL 122); 30, a BeTgemaui (Lo.); 31, R. D. Thomson (Thomson's Un., i. 338); 32-34, 0. a Maish (priv. oontrib.):
4, Auvergne, cryiL
' TjTol, Jtbroai Antrim, crysL Greenland, matfivt Laumg, JAuMtte Baymimnile, rad
Brerig, Btirfpu., wMto
St
Si
9t
Oa
t
fi
ai-is
16'S0
9-00=09-60 Elaproth.
l-SB
8-88=99-16 Fuchs.
2S-3U
ia-70
47'Tb
25 8S
9Bl 9B-lflFucha.
48'es
2t-!<:i
OTll
4I-Ds
36'42
10-44=101-33 Tbomiton.
4fl'M
36-8T
0*36
B-6B
a6-68
(r.
9-7T 9B-B8 Bcheerer.
6".
10-48=100-7 Soheerer.
4T'1S
26'I3
U-63
le-HO
8u-oa
0'S3
iS'Sa
9-98=9981 Soheerer.
Oxtoen Oomf017Nd6.
IZ. BaHoiae
18. Ytjua Iri
19. Algeria
20. Biahopt, Oalaaik
M U
rdh.
23. Glenfarg,
24. " " fvd
25. Gampsie H.,
26. Kilpatrick,
27. DumbartOD, 29. Bergen Hill 29. New York 80. Jtm-KalrolUe
n\, LOimtUe 62. Two Islands, N. 8. 88. a BlomidoD, N. a 34. Bergen Hill
ft
46*50
46*96
26*05 27*43
26-80 — 26-84 —
27*86
7*48
2*31
10*32
15*20 9*68
14*28 14*82
t fi
1*54
0*40
0*45
24*00 27*19
1-62 13-20
0-24 14-89
0-27 U-28
0-49 13-09
9-42=ri00-8iaiieerer.
9*68, Ug 0'21=99*81 a
9*47=100-00 Korte.
9-29= 100-33 Korte. 10 24=100-65 Ifichaelson 10-30, Mg 0*40, hygr. fl
0-90=99 97 Hlasiweta 11-00=99-78 Vatonne. 10*66, £[ (100")
99-87 Haner.
9-66=99-78 Heddle.
9-56=99-72 Heddle.
9-24=100*12 Heddle. 10-24=100-81 Heddle. 10-39=101-06 Heddle.
9-72, ttg0-40=UK)'66H.
9*60=99*96 Heddle.
9-84=100-12 Brush. 10-99=99-35 Joy.
9*37, te 2-40, Hn 0*66
=99-33 Bergemann. 13*60=99-65 Thomsoa
9-79=100-46 Marsh.
10-11=99-89 ICarsh. 9-71=99*74 Marsh.
With a little potaik
Bcheerer has shown (Pogg., OTiil 416) that the beigmannite and breyioite, when of a red or reddish color, contain 4 to 7 p. a of diaspore (a kind containing some iron). The specimen for anaL 12 contained 6f p. a; and, allowing for this, the analysis becomes ft 47*47, 26*88, Pe 0-60, Oa 0*88, jSTa 14*42, ti 9*61=99*81. This fact ezplalna the discrepancies in other analyses
/S4:vtfe'afforded Bechi (L a) ft 4917, £l 19*66, llg 13-60, iSiTa 10-52, & 1*23, fi 6-67=100*67. Sella suggests that the magnesia may come from the associated serpentine.
Pyr., etc* — The Auyergue natrolite undergoes, according to Damour, no loss in dried air. , At 240" G. it loses nearly all its water and becomes milky and opaque ; and if afterward exposed to Ute free air, it regains all It had lost excepting its transparent and firm texture ; if again heated, it loses its water at about 90" C In the closed tube whitens and becomes opaque. B.B. fuses quietly at 2 to a colorless glass. Fusible in the flame of an ordinary stetfine or wax candle. Gtolatiniaea with adds.
Oba-Occurs in cayities in trap, basalt, and other igneous rods ; and sometimea in seams in granite, gneiss, and syenita It is found in the grantatein of Ausslg and Teplits in Bohemia ; in fine crystals at Pny de Marman and Puy de la Piquette in Auyergne ; at Alpstein, near Sontra in Hesse ; Monte Baldo, Tyrol ; Fassatbal, Tyrol ; Eapnik in Hungary ; Dellys in Algeria ; Hdgau in Wfirtemberg (the Faserseolith W.\ in yellowish radiated masses ; etc. In red amygdules (crooalite) in amygdaloid of Ireland, Scotland, and the Tyrol; the amygdaloid of Blshoptown (galactiteX adoular crystals, seyeral inches long ; at Glen Farg in Fifeshire ; in Dumbartonshire ; In Benfrewahire ; at Glenarm in the county of Antrim ; at Port Bush ; and at Magee Island, near Lame, Ireland.
In North America, natrolite occurs in the trap of Noya Scotia, at Rates* mountain, Cape d*Or, Swan's Creek, Cape Blomidon, Two Islands ; at Bergen Hill, N. J. ; sparingly at Chestar, Ct ; at Copper Falls, Lake Superior, in crystals, sometimes on native copper ; also on New York Island.
Named Jieaoiype by Hauy, from /itoos, middle and Hwf, iypCt because the form of the crystal- In his yiew a square prism—waa intermediate between the forms of stilbite and analdte. Nw* irolUet of SSaproth, is from nalfxm aoda; it alludes to the presence of soda, whence also the name todaHneaotype in contrast with sooledto or limetMeoiype. Schumacher's name bergmannUe, after Bergnumn, dates tnm the same year (1801) with Hafiy's meaatifpe,
Alt-Oocurs altered to prehnite. Iron-natrolite is probably an altered yariefy.
879. SOOLBOini. Skoledt Oehlm A IMt, . J., tUL 861 1813. Mesotype pt. Fibrous Zeolite pL lima-Meiotiypo. PoonahUte Bnoke, WSL Hag & 110 1881. Pnnalilil 0€n9k
HTDBOUB BnJOATXB, ZSOLITB BEOnOH. 48U
Monoclinic. C=89° 6', /A /=91° 36', O A 14=161° ISi* ; 0-3485 : 1 : 1-0382. Observed planes : O priamatic, /, i\, 14 (only aa compoBition-face), i-2 ; hemidome, l- ; heinioctfthedral, 1, -1, 3. 1 A 1=144° 40', -1 A -1=144° 20', /A 1 116" 37', /A -1=143" 38', i-i A 1=107° 40', i-tA-l=107' 56'. Crystals long or short prisma, or acicular, rarely well terminated, and always compound. Twins : composition-face iri (orthod.) ; strisa on i-t meeting along a vertical line in an angle of 24° to 26°, the lines converging downward on the implanted cryetak. Cleavi : /nearly perfect. Also in nodules or massive ; fihroua and radiated.
H.=5— 5-5. Q.=2-16— 2-4. Lustre vitreons, or silky when iibrous. Tranaparent to anbtranslncent. Pyroelectric, the free end of tlie crystals the antilogne pole. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane normal to i-i ; divergence 53° 41', for the red raya ; biaectrix negative, parallel to iA, ; plane of the axia of the red rays and their bisectrix inclined about 17° 8' to *-t, and 93" 3' to 1-i.
Tsr.— (k In adcnlar ivTsbJi. i. TOttom, radiated, c Ubuitb. /a 21', ThilllpB and Detd.; 91° 88, 0. Bom. /Mslia" 4',DmcL; llT 10, PhilUps. 1 a 1 144' 40', Boee and Detcl. ; 1U° IS', Bdea. JbonoUite of Brooke, tnim Poonab, Hmdoetan, hu the angle I/\J=S1° 49, Kenogott
Oomp.-~0. ratb B, S, Si, B=l : 3: fl: S; corrMpondine to 3 Si, Xl, Ca, 3H=3Jllca4fi'a, alumina 3(;-3, lime 14-3, water 1S'7 100. Analfsea: 1-3, Fu(£ilOehlen (Sdiw. J„ xviiL 13)) 4, lL,ziLS); fi, Biege] iJ. pr. Obem., iL 31T); B, Olbbs (Fogg., IxtL BBS); 1, QQliob l,Pofs„ ex. 37S); 8, Oomejko (Ann. d. IL, IT. iz. 3); 9, Boott (Ed. FbiL J., liiu 277); 10 J. W. 11, P. ooQtrib.); 12, Onwlln (Pogg., xlix.
0i XI Ca fTa B
1. Iceland 4893 3599 1044 18-90=99-36 Kucha t Seblan.
S. Faroe, eryiL 46'IS G'88 13-86 0-48 13'e3 lDI)'0S Facha k Gehlen.
3. StalTa, fibitnu 40-76 14-83 14S0 0-S 13'64=98'80 Fucha & Oehten.
4. Auvergne 48-0 16-5 IE'3 9-0 =9S'S OuUleinliL
5. Niederliircben 48-16 33'BO U'SO 0-30 lS'G0rr99-96 HiegeL
6. Iceland 48-7! 2690 la'71 13'6T=1I)[I Qibba.
7. " 46-76 !6-8i 13-B8 13-94=100-6 QQUch.
8. Ohili in-3 se-9 18-4 14-0=1006 DomerlKX
9. Mi Scotland 4S-21 37-00 18'4fi 13-18=100-11 Scott
10, K. Indiea 16-87 25-32 13-80 0-46 13-46, & 0 13 100'03 Taylor.
11. QbaotS 46-80 25-68 13-97 0-17 14-?8, It n-aO=100-07 Collier. Q.=2-ia 13. FOonahiae 45-13 3044 10*30 0-66 13-39, It -.=9S-61 Gmelin.
Pyr., ato. — Aucordhig to Damour, loeland columnar maMea lost nothing in dried air; nothing DDtil the heat allied exceeded 100° 0.; at 800° it bad loat B p. a., whii it regained in moist air; at a dull red beat the lois waa 13 p. a, and it waa no longer hygrasoapic; at a bright red it ioat 13'9 p. cl, and became aTter intumetcciiae a vhlte enameL B.B. sometimes carls op like worm (whence the name muiif, a warm, vhidl give* acoledlt, end not teoiaHe or scrAetiU); other varieties intumeeoe but slightly, and all lUae at 3 — 2'3 to a white biebby enamel Qelatinizes witb acida like nstrolite.
Ob>.— Occors in the Berufloid, Iceland, where the crystal* often ezoeMl two inches in length, and are occasionally a quarter of an inch tbidc It baa also been met with in smygdaloid at StaBb ; in tbe Isle or AIull; in Skye, at Talisker; near Eiaeoach in Bazony; near the Vietsoh OUcier, Valais; near Poom in tbe Syhadree monnlains, Hindoetan; in Qieenland; at Fargas, ; in Auvergne ; tbe ralley of Cachayual, in ChilL
B. Hermann slates (J. pr. Gh., IzxiL 16) Chat he took a white amorphona ploatlo masa trma a ereTice io tbe columtiar basalt of Stolpen, Saxony, and pnt it away in a box ; and that after a long time, on openlog the box, be (bund there, not the amorphooa mass, bat a group of whita adoulaaratoU, whidi had aU the aspect of aoolecile.
Oxtoen
380. Ellachtb a, NMmsMSid (BeakriftL, etc., 166, 1866). Regarded by Rammebei as i ferriferous natrolite. Occors in yeUow, brownish, or reddiah-yellow crystalnne masaea ; cryatala cleavable in two directions with the intersections near 90" ; opaque to subtranslucent ; pearly on a cleavage surface. Igelstram obtained (Bamm. ICin. Oh., 860) Si 47*13, s&l 26*20, Fe 6*67, Oa H-72, I2-8l=rl01'03, which, taking the iron as protozyd, as the ezoeea anggesta, girea the C ratio 1 : 3't : 6*6 : 3, or 1 : 3 : 6 : 3, and the general constitution, therefore, of natroUte. B.B forms a white enamel
381. MESOUTB. FucktA , . J., yiiL 363,XTifi. IB, 1816. Mesotype pt Fibrous Zeolite pt Mehl-Zeolith pt Lime-and-Soda Ifesotype. Antrimolite Tftom., liin., I 326, 1886. Harringtonite Hum,, Bd. N. PhiL J., zm 186 1834
Triclinic ? Descl. ; but nearly isomorphous with scolecite, and similar in acicular crystallizations. /A 'TSS"" to 88° 15', and 91° 41' to 92° ; terminal anffles of pyramid 142°— 143°, and 146°— 146° 10', the latter between faces of the two united halves. Cleavage : / and /' perfect. Crystals always twins ; plane of composition one or both vertical diagonal planes. In more or lees divergent groups or tufts, often very delicate ; lateral planes commonly verticaUy striated. Also massive ; nodules or masses usually silky fibrous or columnar ; oft;en bristled with capillary crystals ; sometimes consisting of interlaced fibres; rarely stalactitic, radiated fibrous within; occasionally cryptocrystalline, porcelain-like.
H.=5. G.=2-2— 3'4; 2*39, Iceland. Lustre of crystals vitreous; of fibrous massive more or less silky. Color white or colorless, grajash, yellowish. Fragile. Transpai'ent — translucent; opaque, when amorphous. Brittle, but tough when cryptocrystalline. Optical characters differeut from those of scolecite, and compatible only witn a triclinic form, Descl.
Var.— Besides (a) the ordinary adcular and capillary crystallizations, diverfircnt tufts (leas delicate commonly than those of natrolite, bat sometimes downy), and fibrous nodules or masses, mesolite occurs (6) in fibrous stalactites, with tiie fibres radiating from the centre — the yariety called Antrimolite by Thomson, from Antrim, Ireland, having U. =3*5—4, G.= 2*096 ; also (c) amorphous, chalk-white, like an almond in lustre, opaque and tough, with H.=5— 6*5, and Q.=2'2I, the variety named Harringtonite by Thomson, also flrom Antrim; G. =2*174, Haughton. According to Kenngott, the prismatic fibres of the antrimolite have /A 7=92'' 13', and two vertical edges are bevelled by a prism of 150" 3(>'.
Oomp.-— 0. ratio for B, fi, fli, 6=1 : 3 : 6 : 3; corresponding to (|Oa+iaXSfi= Silica 45*6, alumina 26*0, lime 9*5, soda b% water 13*7=100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb., ill. 147); 2-6, Fuchs ft Gehlen (. J., xvUL 1); 6, Reigel (J. pr. Gh., xl. 317); 7, Thomson (Phil Mag., 1840); 8, Breidenstein (RamnL 5th SuppL, 168); 9, v. Waltershausen (Yulk QevL, 267); 10, Thomson (Min., i. 326); 10-15, Heddle (PhiL Mag., lY. xiiu 60, 148); 16, 17, H. How (Am. J. Sci, II. zxvi 32); 18, 19, Thomson (L a); 20, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, 1854); 21, Haughton (PhU Mag., IV. zzxiL 225) ; 22, 28, 0. G. Marsh (priv. oontrib.) :
Si
Si Ca ffa A
1. Faroe
26*50
9*87
5*40
12-30:
2. " eryst.
9*35
12*25:
8. Iceiand, fUfftnu
46*78
25*66
10*06
12*31:
4. "
25*85
12*41:
6. Tyrol
46*04
27*00
9*A1
6*20
12-86:
6. Kiederkirchen
46*65
27*40
4*91
12*00:
7. Giant's Gauseway
48*88
7*64
12-32,
8. Iceland
45*78
27*58
9*00
5*03
12*38,
9. Beruflord, Iceland
46*41
26*24
9*68
4*46
13*76,
48*47
30*26
7*50
15*32,
45*98
10*78
4*54
18*00:
12. Talisker, Syke
26*62
9*08
5*39
12*88:
13. Storr, "
46*72
8*90
12*92:
14. Kihnore,
46*26
26*48
10*00
4*98
13-04:
15. Kaalsee, Faroe
46*80
26*46
9*08
5*14
12*28:
=.100*20 Fuchs k Gehlen.
=99*60 Fuchs ii QrehlexL
=100*18 Fuchs ft (3helen.
=100-21 Fuchs ft Gehlen.
ftg 2*46=101*86 Tliomson.
ti 0-31=100*08 Breidenstein.
]fi: 0-41, ftg 0*01=100*97 Waltersh
K 410, 0*19, a 0-10=100 84 T
=100*45 Heddle.
=100*68 Heddle.
100-64 Heddle.
=100*76 Heddle
Htdboxtb Bujoateb, Zkoutb Sxotiok.
4&1
KoTtt Sootift
(I
It.
2U 23. Sundy Core, K. a
Bombij C. BlomidoQ, K. S.
Si Si
46-7 1 26-68
44-96 26*86
44*84 28*48
46*71 26*68
46'60 27*90
45-89 27*66
46*39 28*09
9*65
11*01
4-88 12*25=99*90 How.
6*68 1 10o04 How.
8-80 13-1 1=100-68 Haner.
6-09 1 2*79, £: 0-48 100*93 Marsh.
6-28 12*71, & 0-49=99*61 Marsh.
Pyx., eto— Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. becomes opaque, swells up into ▼ermicolar forms, but not in so marked a manner as sooledte, Aising easily to a blebby enameL Gelatinizes with muriatic add (FuchsJ.
Obs. -Occurs in amygdaloid and related rocks. The fibrous kinds, especially the coarser, are usually a little less smoothly or neatly fibrous than those of natrolite On Skye, in delicate intei lacing crystals called eoUofUme, and in feathery tufts, and in solid mAses consisting of radiating crystals ; in duwny tufts and other forms at Kaalsoe on Faroe ; also with chabazite in Eigg ; near Edinburgh and Kinross, and at Hartfleld Moss, in Scotland ; in Antrim, at the Giant's Causeway, in acicular crystallisations; also at Ballintoy in Antrim, stalactitic (antrimolite), investing yellow caldte, or chabazite ; in Antrim, in veins of amorphous mesolite (harringtouite), at Portrush and at the Skerries ; and at Magee Island, and Agnew's HUl, 5 m. W. of Lame ; also at other localities, as stated above.
In the North Mountain of King's County, and Gates* Mountain, of Annapolis Co., N. Sootia, with faroolite in masses, sometimes large (one reported as large as a man's head), usually within fine fibrous, radiated, and somewhat plumose ; also at Cape Blomidon.
382. ZBVTNiril. Levyne Breioster, £;d. J. Sd., u 332, 1826. Mesolln Bera., Ed, Phil. J..
TiL 6, 1822.
Khombohedral. 5 A 5=106° 3'; 0 A 5=136'' 1'; a=0-83583. Obeerved planes, as in the annexed figure, with also -3; -2 A -2, term, edge, =79° 29', -2a2-=125° 14', O A 3=109 3', O A 2=117 23'. Cleavage : -2, indistinct. Twins : composition-face O, as in chabazite. Crystals often striated ; often in druses. Double refraction strong ; axis negative.
H.=4:— 4-5. G. =2-09— 2-16. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, white, grayish, greenish, reddish, yellowish. Transparent to translucent.
Var. — Levynite occurs in crystals, usually tabular, and presenting the plane 0, a plane not know in crystals of chabazite. It diSldrs from chabazite alro in cleavage The original crystals were from Dalsnjrpen, Faroe. Mesolin is a white granular material from Faroe, which may be chabazite ; it fills small caritiea in amygdaloid.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for A, fi, Si, £[=1 : 3 : 6 : 4 from Damour*s analyses ; corresponding to 3 Si 3&1, (Oa, Na, 4 Berzelius*s analyses, which are suspected to have been made on a mixture of chabazite and levynite (see Qreg k Lettsom, 179), give the ratio of chabazite, 1:8:8:6 Analyses : 1, 2, Berzolius (Jahresb., iiL 146, v. 216) ; 3, Gounel (PhiL Mag., v. 60) ; 4, 6, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. ix. 333):
fll Si Oa & a
47*60 21-40 7-!0 4'80 18*19=99 79 Berzelius.
1. Faroe, Levynite 2 " Meaoiin
3. Skye, LevynUe
4. Iceland,
ti
Tyr etc—Iceland crystals, according to Damour, lose 4 p. a in dried air, and regain all gni:. soon in the free air. When heated, begin to lose water at 70* 0.; at 226* the loss is 12 to 13 p. a ; remain hygroscopic up to 860*. The loss is completed at a white heat, when the min* eral Is a white blebby glass. B.B. inturoesoes and fiises to a white blebby glass, nearly opaque. Gtolatlniies with muriatic and nitric adds.
isi
OKTOXN OQMFOnHBB.
OImu — Lines oayities In amygdaloid, and is, with a rare ezoeptioD, the "ok knani of Ita dnuea eren though these druses be within a quarter of an inch of others containing chaboaite aasoct ated with half a dozen other seoiites" (Heddle); it sliows thus its dlstinctiyenesa from chabazite
Found at Glenarm and at Island Magee, Antrim ; near Dungiven, Magilligau, and elsewhere in Londonderry; Hartfleld Moss, near Glasgow; at Dalsnypen, Esroe, and on the Island Waagda; at Godhavn, Disco Island, Greenluid ; at Onundarflord, Dyrefiord, and elsewhere in Iceland.
Named after the mineralogist and oystallographer, A. Lvy
383. ANAIiOITE. Zeolite dure (f. Etna) Dolomieu F. de St Fond Min. des Yolcsns, 1784. Wiirfekeolith pt [rest Ghabazite] EmmerUng Mm., 205, 1798 ; Lena, L 241, 1794. . t 9, described.] Zeolite cubique, Z. leucicique, Ddamelh T. T., it 807, 308, 1797. Analdme Tr., liL 1801. Analoite GaUitam DioL Min., 12, 1801. Kubizit ITem., 1803, Ludwig*s Min., IL 210, 1804. Analzlm Wem Letzt Ifin. Syst, 6. Kaboit BnUh Ghar., 158, 188S (Anakim, p. 127). 0
Isometric. In trapezohedrons, f. 10, also f. 9, and another form similai, excepting a very low pyramid, m, m, in place of each O. Cleavage: cubic, in traces. Also massive granular.
H.=5— 5-5. G.=2-22— 2-29; 2-278, Thomson. Lustre vitreous. Colorless ; white ; occasionally grayish, greenish, yellowish, or reddish-white. Streak white. Transparent — nearly opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Oomp.). ratio for ft,fiSi,fi=l : 3 : 8 : 2, corresponding to 64-4, alumina 23-3, soda 14*1, water 8*2=100. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Qilb. Ann., Ixzii. 181); 2, Heniy (Pogg., zItL 264); 3, Lesohner (Breith. Min., 1847, 4, Oonnel (Ed. J. Sd, 1829, 262); 5, Thomson (MhL, L 488); 6, Aydejef (Pogg., It. 107); 7, 8, Riegel (J. pr. Ch., zL 817); 9, Weltlien (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xciz. 287); lo, Bammelsberg (Pogg., cr. 317, Min. Ch., 804); 11, Waltershansen ( GJest, 266); 12, 13, Bammelsbeig (I a):
8*27=99*91 Rose.
900=101'68 Heniy.
9*76, Fe 1*60=98*88 Leschner.
8*22=99*28 Oonnel
7*90=101*16 Thomson.
8-00, Fe 01 100-54 RiegeL
8*33=100*59 Rammelsberg.
8*50, Mg 0-06=99 91 Waltersh.
1 00 Rammelsberg.
8*11, Fe 0-12=100 Bammelsberg.
Tyr etc. — Yields water in the dosed tube. B.B. Aises at 2*5 to a colorless gss. Gelatinizes with muriatic add.
Breithaupt has found (B. H. Ztg., xzir. 337) the sp. gr. of the opaque analdte from Lake Supe> rior =2*09, and for the nearly transparent =*2'1— 2*11. But a microscope shows, as Brush haa obserred, that the crystals are ML of air charities.
Oba.— The Cdopean Islsnds, near Catania, afford peUudd crystals (£ 9); also the lyrol; Scotland, in the Kilpatrick Hills; Bowling, pseudomorphs after laumontite; (>lenFarg; near Edinburgh ; at Kilmalcolm ; the Campsie HiUa, etc. ; at Antrim, in Ireland ; the FazSe lalands; Iceland; the Vinoentine, with prehnite, diabazite, apophyUite, Htc.; Weasels, near A.us8ig. Bohemia; at Arendal, in Norway, in beds of iron ore; at Andreaaberg, in the Han ki silver mines.
Nova Scotia affords fine specimens at Martial's Cove, five Islanda, Cape d*Or, Swan's Creek, 4nd Cape Blomidon i crystals like t 9, 10, occur at Bergen Hill, New Jersey r in gneiss, near Yonkers, Westchester Ca, N. Y. (f. 10) ; at Peny, Maine, with iphyllite. hi grMosione ; abundant in fine crystals, with prehnite, datolite, and caldte in the Lake Superior region; in the
A
£1
Oa
fra
1. Fassathal
66*12
22*99
2. Blagodat, OubaUe
57*34
22*58
61*00
11*75
—
4. Kilpatrick
55*07
22*23
13*17
6. Giant's Causeway
14*65
6. Breyig
ir.
r.
7. Niederkirchen
67*60
5*68
8. "
6*45
9. Kaiserstuhl
54*02
22*54
2*91
10*14
0*71
10. Wessela
22*22
1*45
11. PycL rds, G.=2*286 63*72
24*03
1*23
7*92
4*46
55*22
12*19
1*52
13. "
54*34
23*61
0*21
0*66
HTDBOUB SILI0ATE8, ZEOLITB BECTIOlf. 433
gugiie of the oopper, at Mln and north-western mines, and at Michipiooton Island (form 3-2)| and also at other mines not now worked.
The name AfuUeiime is from , weak, and alludes to its weak electric power when heated or rubbed. The correct derivative is anahite as here adopted for the species.
AUL-PieranakifM of Meneghini and Bechi (Am. J. Sd., 11. zir. 62) is probably analoite altered by the magnesian process. It ooonrs in geodea in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany, and also in the Bteatltic paste of a metalliferous dyke; forms fl 9, 10, with distinct cubic dearage. H.=6. G. =2'257. Color flesh*Ted to oolophonite-red. Lustre vitreous. OompoaiHonf acooMing to mean of mula Mg' 9i*4- 8 il!*+ 0 BechL Associated with oaidte, oapordanite, and piorothomsonite.
A somewhat similar compound, a peeudomorph after analcite, has been obeerred by Guthe (Jahrb. Min., 18H3, 690) io the day-iron ore of Buingen. An analysis by Stromeyer (I a) af-
The Cbiihaiiie of Thomson (Min., i. 39, 1896) occurs in ftesh-red vitreous crystals in amygdaknd at the KUpatrick Hills. H.=3*6. G.=2*166. Opaque or subtranalucent Fragile. Azialyaltered analdte.
Analdte altered to a mizture of caldte and hydrous sflioate of alumina has been obserred by Tschermak. Also occurs altered to prehnite.
384. BUDNOPUITJU. Bunqphit Wdbytf Pogg., iTTJr, 803, 1860.
Orthorhorabic. /a/=120% /Al-t=130% 1-tAl-t, over (9. 9'. Form a six-sided prism (/, i-i) with the dome 1-i. Cleavage : u perfect ; i-i and i-t, less so. Commonly massive, cleavable.
H.=5*5. G.=2'27. Lustre weak, a little pearly on the cleavage-faces. Color white, grayish, brownish. Streak wnite. Translucent ; in thin laminse transparent. Optically biaxial ; double refraction strong ; Desd.
Oomp— O. ratio for ft, Si, fi=l : 8 : 8 : 2, or the same as for analdte. Analyses by von Bordt and Berlin (L c) i
Si %1 fTa fi
1. 64-08 26-69 14*06 8*29=102 87 Boick. i. 66-06 28-12 14*06 816=100*40 Berlin.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses to a colorless gss. Gelatinises muriatic add. Obs. — Occurs in a coarse syenite on the island Lamoe, near Brevig, Norway, with catapleiitSi, Imioophanite, mosandrite, eta Named firom Myofin, obeeuirUy in allnsion to the doudiness of the mineral
385. FAUJASrm. Ann. d. IL, lY. L 396, 1842.
Isometric. In octahedrons. Twins : composition-face the octahedral.
H.=5. G.= 1*923. Lustre vitreous; sometimes adamantine. Color* less — white; brown externally. Fragile; fracture vitreous and uneven. No action on polarized light.
tyomp.— 0. ratio for 8, Si, fi=l : 3 : 9 :9; corresponding to Si, Si, (iOa+iaX dfi:* Silioa 46*6, alumina 17*4, lime 4-7, soda 6"2, water 27-2=100. Analyses : 1, Damour (L &) ; 2, id. (lb., zir. 67) :
Si
Oa
fra
A
1. Kaiserstohl
6*00
22-49=97-96.
2 "
27*02=99-83.
Pyr., ctOiAooording to Damour, loses 16 p. a of water when exposed for one month to di|
Im
Oxtoeit Oomivunds.
Ir, tmt ragalnialmiMtillof It inordiiMixtlrlnSihonn. Betted at 50° -SSVC-fbr one hoof Iom* IS'l p. c.[ atflO'-ea*, 10-4 P.C.; at 70°-15°. 196 p. c, whidi is almost entirely regwioedbj exp ore to air for a few weeln. B.E fbae* with intumeKence to a white blebby eoameL Deoootpoaed by murtatio add wltbont gelatmintioi].
Ob*.— Octnira witb aagite in the aiDjgdaloid oT Eolientuhl, Baden. Hie adamantine Ini'tr* omellmea existing ia attributed to a thin bitnminoua ookttng. Named by Damour after de Saint Fond.
3S6. OHABAZrra. ZeoUthns albiu onUona lelandiae Bora, Uthoph L 46, I7T2. Zeolita en cnbea Ihujaa, Volo. VIt, 126, 1778 ; Liilt, Crist, iL 40, IT8S. Ohftbarie (ft. Obenrtein) Bote tArUic, J. d'HIlt. N., it 181,. nSO. WOrfslzeolith pt (rent analcite) Wem., Emmerling Ulo., L 205, 1793. Ohabaaie (rhombobedral form raoogniied) J7., Tr., liL ISOl. Chabaaio SartL, Tab., 30, 1808. Sdiabaait WertL, Bofm. Enbdzit Wtitt, HoDtai. Uin., Ir. b, 41, 1818. Uag. N. Vt Berlin, tIL ISI, 18le.
Fbakolit BraO.; Ihrnncn, Jtiab. ItltL, 6G3, 661, 1836. Hajaenlte Cieaveland, Mln, 4TS, 1B32. Acadialite Alfftr A Jaektm (without pubIiaatJon)=" No ChabMle " K Eofiaaim, Am. J. Bd., xzx. sea, 183S;=AiM£<dite Tkorman, PhU. Uag., zxiL 193, 1S4S; Bayea, Am. J. Sd., IL L 112, 1846.
Rhoinbohedtta. IisR=:WW, 0 A=129'' 15' ; fl=l-06. Obaemsd planee : prismatic, t-2 ; rhombohedral, -4, -2 ; pyramidal, |-2 (() ; ecaleso liedrnl, {p, bevelling terminftl edge of a, or replacing edge betweeo S and ; (0, ftWays striated parallel to edge X (S 396).
Haydenlle
B A -4=137" 23' 5A-i, OT. -2,=8S 31 ff A -2, vert., 119 43 R A -2, acroBB, 126 26i -iA-4, term.,=125 13 <Ai, tenn.,=145 54:
-2 A -2, term.,=72'' 68' -iAV=155 18 Xin 7=103 28 J"in;=ir4 5 Xm f, OT. -J,=130 86 Ym ''=155 53
Twins : composition-faco O, very conamon, and tibiially in compound twins, as in f. 397, 398 ; 2, c-faca S, rare. Cleavage rliombohedral, rather distinct. H.=4— 5. G.=2-08— 219. Lnstre vitreous. Color Proe- white, flesh-red; streak oncolored. Transparent —
translucent. Fracture uneven, Brittk-. Double refraction wetk ; in polarized light, images rather confused ; axis in some crystals (Bohemia) negative, in othere (from Andreaebei positive ; Bescl.
Htdbotjs Silicates, Zeolttb Section.
Vmr, — 1. Orduusry. Tho most oommon fonn is the fundamental rhombohedron, in ivhich ihn aaglfl b 80 near tliat the orystalB were at first mistaken for cubes. R A i?=94" 46\ FhiUips, Haid. : 94* 86', fr. Kamalcolm, Tamnau ; W 68', fr. Rubendorfel, Id. ; 96" 2', fr. Fassa, id. ; 94" 24', fr Oberstein, Breith. AcadiaUie from Nova QooiA {Aeadia of the French of last century), is only a rnd dish ohabaate ; sometimes nearly colorless. In some specimens the coloring matter is arranged In a tesselated manner, or in layers, with the angles almost colorless.
8. FhacoUte is a colorless variety occurring in twins of mostly a hexagonal form (f 897), and often much modified so as to be lenticular in shape (whence the name, from a bean) ; the original was Leipa in Bohemia; B A i?=:U4° 24', fr Oberstein, Breith.
3. Baydenite is a yellowish viiriety in small crystals of the form in fig. 396, from Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, Md. ; the crystals are often twinned parallel to R.
Chabadte crystals discovered by Ulrich in the Okerthal, Han, in cavities in the granite, have G.=*i'189, and their edges scratch glass (v. Rath, PofiK., czxil 404).
Oomp— For most chabasite 0. ratio for fi, Si, H=l : 8 : 8 : 6 ; corresponding to 4 Bi, Al, (|0a + some, 1:3:9: 6, the same in constituents except 4i SL For the phacolite, according to Rammelsberg, 1:3:7:6.
Analyses: 1-3, Hofmann (Pogg., xxv. 496); 4, Berselius (Afh., vi 190); 6, Bammelsberg (Handw., l 149); 6, Thomson (Min., i. 334); 7, Gonnetl(£dinb. J., 1829, 262); 8, Durocher (Ann. d. M., in. xix. 686); 9, Genth (Ann. Oh. Pharm., Ixvi 274, 1848); 10, Engelhardt (Ann. Oh. PharxiL, Izv. 872); It, Rammelsberg (2d SuppL, p. 34); 12, 13, A, A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci., n. L 122); 14, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IxiL 149); 16, Anderson (Ed. N. PhiL J;, 1843, 23); 16 Schroder (Jahrb. Min., 1860, 796) :
19-66, 9e 0-86=:99'79 Hoflnann. 20*70=99*91 Hofmann. 2 11 0=99*96 Hofhmnn. 19-90=99'&2 Berselius. [20-47] =100 Rammelsberg. 21 72=99-93 Thomson. 20-83=99-60 Oonuell 21-30=99*63 Durocher. 22-29, Fe 0-16=1006 Oenth. 19-66, iig 0-26 Engelhardt
1 9 1 9 1 00 Rammelsberg. 18-30=99-64 Hayes.
20 62=99*tt9 Hayes. 1-29 [19-16]=100 Rammelsberg.
17-98, ttg 0*14, Fe 0*43=99-96 Andersoa 22-09, Ba 0*48, Sr 0-82=100*40 Schroder
The baryta and strontia of the Oberstein crystals were first detected by spectral analysis; and by the same method the absence of these earUis from the Iceland was ascertained.
Delesse obtained in an analysis of haydenite, made on too small an amount of material to be correct (Rev. Sci., xxv. 107 §149-6, £l, Fe 23-6, Oa 2-70, Mg <r., H 2-60, tL 21-0=99*2. Silliman's analysis (This Min., 2d ed.) is wholly erroneous.
Pyr., etc. — According to Damour, crystals from Djrrefiord, Iceland, and Rubendorfel, Bohemia, lost 7*2 p. a after 6 mos. in dried air ; after some months in the free air again bad regained this, and also an excess of 0*16 p. c Heated for 1 h. to 0., the loss was 2-76 p. c; to 180°, 14
g. c ; to 230% 17 p. a ; to 300% 19 p. a ; this loss was reduced to zero in 8 days ; at a dull red eat, the loss was 21 p. c, and the mineral was no longer hygroscopic; at a bright red, it lost 22-4 p. c., intumesced, and was partially fused.
Phacolite of Scotland [Ireland?] lost 7 p. a after 7 mos. in dried air; and 4 months after, in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, it had an excess of 12*6 p. c, which it lost very nearly again inordinary air. Heated to 100° 0., the loss was 3-7 p. a; to 210% 16*7 p. c. ; to 29ii*'- 860®, 18 p. c.; and after 48 hours' exposure to the fi-ee air, the amount lost was restored. At a dull red heat, the loss was 22-2 p. c. ; at a bright red, 2-2*8 p. c, and the material was fused to a blebby enamel
B.B intumesoes and Aises to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Decomposed by muriatic add. with separation of slimy silica.
Obs.--0habasite occurs mostly in trap, basalt, or amygdaloid, and occasionally in gneiss, syenite, mica schist, homblendic schist
Occurs at the Faroe Islands, Greeidand, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite ; at ussig in Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone (the graustem of Werner) ; at Oberstein, with barmotome; at Annerode, near GKessen; at the GKanVs Causeway, Kilmalcolm (some an inch across) ; Benfrewshire Isle of Skye, eta ; Poonah in Hindostan, eta In Kova Scotia, wine-yellow or flesh-
Si
Si
Oa
fra
a
1. Parsboro, N. a
1*09
2. Fassathal
48*18
1*64
4. Gustafsberg
60*66
6. Aussig
48*86
9*73
6. Kilmalcolm
48*76
10*47
8*47
8. Faroe
20*86
9. Annerode
10*63
10. Giessen
19*47
11. Parsboro
7*84
0*98
12. Acadialiie
17*88
4*24
3*03
14. Leipa, FhacoUte 46*38
21*87
16. "
19*48
1& Oberstein
OXTOEN OOMFOVNBe.
red (fhe last the aeadialit associated with heulandite, analoite, and caldte, at Fire Ldanda, Swan Greek, Digbj Neck, Mink Coye, WUUams Brook. PhacdUie occurs at Leipa in Bohemia ; also at Balesel and Wannow, in Bohemia ; in Antrim, Ireland, at Giant's Canaeway.
Both massive and incmsted at the Pangatuck stone-quairj, Stonington, OomL, with scapoUte sphene, and apatite : also yellowish-red in North Killingworth, on the Essex turnpike ; at Had* lyme, Conn., on gneiss ; in syenite at Gharlestown, Mass. ; also at Chester, Mass in amygdaloid ; at Bergen Hill, N. J., in small crystals ; in the same rock at Piermont N. T. ; in flsaurs in horn* blendic gneiss at Jonciss Falls, near Baltimore {haydenite), with heulandite. Phaooliti. has been reported from New York Island.
At Husayic, Iceland, fossil clam sheila (Venns) occur in a recent deposit, lined within with small rhombohedrons of chabazite. Daubr states that crystals occur at the warm springs of Lnxeuil, Dept. of Haute Sa6ne, France, as well as at those of Plombires, under conditions which indicate that they were formed through the agency of the warm waters ; the temperature at Luxeuil US'* F., and at Flombidres 163° F.
The name CkabatUe is from an ancient name of a stone.
Alt. — The haydenite is often covered with chlorite, and sometimes chlorite takes the place of the crystal
Altered crystals {torn the Yogelsgebirge, that had lost part of their protosyd bases, ha?e beei analysed by Suckow (Verwitt, etc., 148) :
A
Si Oa ffa
&
a
Interior
48*40
19*13 1-88 1-47
=100-02.
Exterior
19-16 6-78 1*50
21*00
8-20=99-40.
Bemoviug Oa C firom the latter, the 0. ratios are, for the first, 0*76 : 8 : 8*6 : 6*8 ; fbr the second, 0*37 : 3 : 8*4 : 6*2 (Ramm. Min. Ch., 818>
Doraniie of Thomson may be altered chabasite, if the analysis is not an incorrect one of the unal tored mineral It is described as occurring in aggregated cnrstals, apparently cubic, yellowish* white, and translucent, with G.=2*16 ; and as consisting of SI 48*0, Si 22*0, te 2 75, Mg IS-i), Oa 6*0, £[ 7'70=99'46. Found in basalt, 2 ol W. of Oarrickfergua, Oa Antrim.
387. GBSSXalNZTB. Sarodite Vauq, Ann. d. Mus., ix. 249, 1807, xi. 42. Hydrolithe Lenum, Gat Min. de Dr 18, 1811. Gmelinite .Bfoolw, Ed. J. ScL, 11 262, 1826. Ledererite C. T. Jackaon, Am. J. Sol, xxr. 78, 1834.
Observed planes : prismatic, i, t-2 ; rnombohedral, jff, -1 ; and also the plane 1-2 trancating the edge between Ji and -1. JS A -1, pyr., 142° 23', i2A-l, ba8.,=79** 54', J? A 1-2= -1 A 1-2=161* 16'. - tals usoally hexagonal in aspect ; sometimes -Ismailer than H, and habit rhombohedral ; i often horizontally striated. Cleavage : i perfect. Observed only in crystals, and never as twins.
H.=4-5. G.=2'04-2-17; 2099~2-169, fr. C. Blomidon. Lustre vit reous. Colorless, yellowish-white, greenish-white, reddish-white, flesh-red. Transparent to translucent. Brittle. Double refraction weak ; axis positive for crystals from Cyprus, negative for those of Andreasberff, the Vicentine, and Olenarm ; no evidence of compound structure by polarized light; Descl.
Var— The angle i? A -1, or. i,=:BO' 8', Brewster, SO* 64', a. Roee, 80* 6', Dnften., 79* 44' Breith., 80" 8', fi. & M., 79* 44', firom Andreaaberg, Dead. Plana 1*2 olMenred only on Andreas
0. Blomidon, etc.
0. Blomidon.
HTDBOUB BILIOATBB, ZBOIXTS ttECTlGB,
Si
H
Oa
Ka
1. GHenarm
0*89
2. "
7*09
21*48
6 "
0*80
47'19
0*91
1. "
61*32
[Si
W]
berg orystalfl. The ioreoUie of Vanqaelin is a flesh-red gmeUnite from Monteoobio-Mciore in &e yioentiii, supposed hy YauqueliD, when he used the name, to be identical with the Yesavian ttToolite.
Ledererite is ordinary gmelinite from Nora Sootia impure with some tree sQica. Marsh hat shown that it does not diflbr in the amount of water ; and Deedoiseaux that it has the same angles, finding i? a -1, ot. s=80*, and 0 a B=Wi''. Marsh found G.=2*108 (anal 6X and 2*099 (anal. 7); most of the crystals obtained by him were implanted on quarts.
Oomp. — O. ratio for ft, Si, tL=l : 3 : 8 : 6, as in cfaabasite, G. Rose ; oorrespooding to 401, 3&1, i Ca+I ia, AnalTses : 1, Connell (Edinb. New Pha J, 1838) ; 2, 3, Bammelsberg (Pogg xlix 211); 4, Damour (Bull Soa G., HL ztl 676); 6, A. A. HajesCAm. J.Sd,zzy. 78); 6A, 7, 0. a Marsh (Am. J. ScL, IL zHt. 362):
21-66, 9e 0*11=98*76 20*4 1=100-46 Rammelsberg. 29*41=100 Bammelsberg. 22-00=99-47 Damour. 8-h8, Pe 0*14, P 3*48=98-67 Hayes. 17 98=99-74 Marsh. 20-63=99 74 Marsh. 20 36=100 Marsh.
Anslyses 6, 7, gi?e an excess of sQica, and Marsh attributes it to free quarts, visible particles of which were dotted by him in the crystals ; 6A is the same analysis with 6 after separation of this excess, amounting to about 12 p. & Both 6 and 7 are of crystals from Gape Blomidon, but from different looalitiea.
Pyr., eta — According to Damour. the Cyprus gmelinite loses 6 p. c. in dried air; at 100* C. loss 13 p. c, and the amount is regained rapidly in free air ; at 230" 0. loss 20 p. c. ; at a bright red heat 21-6 p. c, and the grains become soldered together. The Irish crystals lose 7-26 p. a io dried air, which in six months increases to 9-8 p. c ; the loss is reduced to 1-6 p. a after a few days of exposure. In the dosed tube crumbles, giving off much water. B.B. ftises easily (F.= 2*6—3) to a white enamel Decomposed by muriatic add with gelatinisation.
Obs.— Occura in amygdalddal rocks at Monteochio Maggiore, and at Oastel, in the Vicentioe ; at A.ndreasberg, in argillaceous schist, with analdte and heiUandite ; in Transylvania ; at Glenarm and Portrush in itriro, Ireland ; the island of Magee, some crystals i in. across ; near Lame, flesh-colored ; at Talisker in Skye, in large colorless crystals ; on the L of Cyprus, near Pyrgo, of a pale reddish color, and G.=:2*u7 ; at Cape Blomidon in Nova Scotia (ledererite), on the north coast, at a point nearly opposite Cape Sharp, in geodes, with anakate and quartz, often implanted on the latter mineral.
GmelmUe is usually considered rhombohedral, and the crystals as twins, secondary to a rhombohedron of 18'. Tamnau makes i? A /2 as in chabaaite, and the pyramidal (aces the form f '. The hexagonal deavage observed by Bose separates it widely from diabazite.
Named CfmeUniie after Profl Oh. Gmelin of Tiibiugen; HydbroliU from the water present; LtdtrerUe after Baron Lederer, Austrian Consul at New York. The name hydrolite luia the priority, but is objectionable because the mineral is not so eminently hydrous as to make it deserving of the appellation.
388. HBRSOSmZiXTZI. £svy, Ann. PhiL, x. 861, 1825. Gmelinite pt many otiOorv. Her-
sdielite JLon, PhiL Mag., IT. xxviiL 606.
Twins: composition-face /, the crystals hexagonal tables, with replaced basal edges, oat consisting of six sectors from composition. The tables often aggregated, as in prehnite ; and also into spherules. Surfaces of planes hardly smooth ; 0 often rounded or rough.
H.=5*5. G.=2'06. Lustre weak vitreous. Colorless or white. Translucent; transparent in thin plates. Fracture conchoidal. Optically biaxial, as observed in each sector of the tables, v. Lang; double refraction weak ; axial divergence small ; bisectrix negative.
Oztoen Oompoundb.
2. "
47*46
46-46
Oomp— 0. ratio for S, Si, i=l -.3:8:5; corresponding to 4Si, Si, (f JTa+i &), 6 A Near gmelinite in the general form of the crystals and in composition, but the crystals are orth<> rhombic and not simple, and it contains as its protozyd bases potash and soda in place of Urns and soda. Analyses: 1, 2, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. ziy. 99); 3, y. Waltershansen (Vulk. GesL, 261):
ft & Oa ]$ra a
17*84=99*28 Damoor. 17'65=:99-06 Damour. 17-86, &g 0-42, Fe l-14=:97-99 Walt
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube whitens and yields water. B.B. Aises easily to a white enamel. Easily decomposed by acids, yielding semi-gelatinous silica (Damour).
Obs. — Accompanies phillipsite in a lava at Aci Oastello, near Ad Beale, Sicily; also at Qyclopt, Catania; in basalt near Richmond, in Yictoria, Australia, the crystals in mode of twinning aud is optical properties like the Sicilian.
389. FHIIiTiTPSmL Xevy, Ann. PhiL, IL z. 862, 1825. Lime-Harmotome. Kalk-Harmo* tome GerrrL SUdi-Harmotom, Normalin, BreUh . J., L 827, 1827, Vih 82, 1830, Ghar., 126, 1832. Ghristianite DegdL, Ann. d. M., lY. xii 373, 1847.
Orthorhoinbic. I A 12' and 88° 48'; 1 A 1=121° 20', 120° W and 88° 40', Marignac; 120° 42', 119° 18', and 90°, Brooke and Miller. Faces 1 and i-i striated parallel to the edge between them. Simple crystals unknown. Twins : (1) composition-face /, producing penetration forme like either part of f. 401 ; (2) cruciform crystals, consisting of two crossing
40t
C. diBore.
crystals, each a twinned prism (f. 401) ; (8) cruciform, consisting of three crossing twinned prisms at right angles to one another. The prisms of f. 401 sometimes short, as in f. 402. Crystals either isolated, or grouped in or spheres that are radiated within and bristled with angles at surface. H.=4-4-5. G.=2-2; 2-201, Iceland, Damour, and SicSy, v. Waltei-s- hansen. Lustre vitreous. Color white sometimes radish. StreaJc ud colored. Translucent — opaque.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, fi fii, A=l : 8 : 8 : 5; coReapondiiig to 4 A, Si, 0+i SOIca 47*9, alamina 20*5, lime 7-4, potash 68, water 17*9=100.
Analyses: 1, 2, Gmelin (Leonh. ZS. Min., 1826); 3, KOblei (Pogg., xxxvil); 6, Conns (Edinb. PhiL J., . 1843, 375); 6, 7, Damour (Ann. d. IL, IV. ix. 336); 8, Tenth (Ann. Ch. Pliann., Ixyi. 272); 9, 10 Waltershauaen (Vulk. Gest, 263):
9e 0'99=:100'88 Gmelin.
Po 0-18=100*62 Gmelin.
=99*49 Kohler.
100*22 Kohler.
=1*K)-21 ConneL G.=2'17.
100*73 Damour.
100-00 Damour.
Fe 0-24, Ba (r.=100*36 G.
Pe 2*64% ftg 1-60=100-34 W.
Fe 0-71, ftg 1-42=98-91 W.
Oa
fra
t.
a
1. ICarburg
48*61
21*76
—
17-23,
2. "
48*02
22*61
6*56
16*75,
21*78
16-82:
4. Gassel
7*22
3*89
17-65:
6. G. GausewBj
47*35
16*96:
6. Iceland
48*41
22*04
8*49
15*60:
7*74
14-66:
8. Karburg
21*11
6*97
0*63
16-62,
9. Aci Gastello, Sic.
48*53
19*88
6*18
14-76,
10. Palagonia, Sia
48*37
14-54,
liarlgnac published as an analysis of the phiUipsite of C. di Bove results differing widely from the aboTe. See page 418, under GiSkondits.
Pyr., etc. — Aooording to Damour, the Kaiserstuhl crystals (mixed with a little faiaslte) lose 8 p. a after a month in dried air, and regain all again in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated to 60 0. for an hour, the mineral loses 1 2-3 p. a, and recovers nearly all in 24 hours* exposure to ordinary air. but becomes a powder and opaque (the faig'asite remaining transparent). Heated to C, the loss is 16 p. and only 0*8 p c. after exposure again to the air for 4 days. At 250*" C, the loss is 18*5 p. a. part of which is due to the faiasite; it is reduced to 9 p. c. in the free air. B.B. crumbles and fuses at .S to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with muriatic add Obs. — In translucent crystals in amygdaloid, at the Giant*8 Causeway, Ireland; in small color- Jess crystals, and in spheroidal groups, in leudtophyr, at Capo di Bove, near Rome ; in crystals and radiating masses at Aci Castello and elsewhere in Sidly; among the lavas of Somma; at Stempel, near Marburg; Habichtswalde, near Cassel; Annerode, near Giessen; near Eisenach, in Saxe Weimar ; Petersberg, m Siebengebirge ; Laubach, in Hesse Darmstadt; in Kaiserstuhl, with faujasite : at Hartlingen, Duchy of Nassau ; in Silesia ; Bohemia ; on the west coast of Iceland, the shores of Dyreflord. Very small transparent crystals, of recent formation, in tile masonry at the hot baths of Plombidres, France, observed by Daubree, are stated by Senarmont to have the angles, and by Desdoizeaux tiie optical characters, of phiUipsite.
Named after the Bnglish mineralogist, J. Phillips. The name chriaUoMU was given by Desdoizeaux (alter Christian YIIL of Denmark) to the Marburg harmotome and crystals Iceland; and in his Man. Min., 1862, he places aU of phiUipsite under his name christianite.
On cryst see DescL, L a, and Min L 399; v. Bath, ZS. G., xviiu 680, from whom the above figures are taken.
390. HARMOTOBCB. Spatum calcarium cryst dodecaedrum album, opacnm, et lamdlifl quatuor creeds, etc (ft. ZeUerfeld), v. Bom, Lithoph., it 81, Tab. L, f. 1 ; Figura hyadnthica, etc : crystaUi non sunt calcarea, sed sillcen, Bern, Opusc, ii 7, 1780. Hyadnte blanche Demeaie, Lett 417, var. 5, 1779. Hyadnte blanche crudforme de Li Crist, il 299, pL iv. t 1 19 (good), 1788. KreuzkristaUe ffeyer, v. Trebra*8 Erfahrungen, etc., 89 ; CreU's Ann., L 212, 1789. Kreutzstein Wem, Ka/rsden Lerope's Mag, ii. 68, 59, 1786. AndreasbergoUte Ddameiharie, Sdagr., i. 267, 179-i. AndreoUte Ddamdli,, T. T., ii 285, 1797. Stauroltte £trtran, i 282, 1794. Erdnite Napimt, Elem. Mm., 239, 1797. Harmotome Ha&y, Tr., ill 1801. Pierre crudforme Broehani L 811, 1808. Morvenite Thom Min., I 351, 1886. Baryt-Harnuh tome.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=1 24* 47'. Observed planes: /, 1, 4 ; 1, 4, and lometimes hemihedraL
Oa4=98 22.
1 A 1, ov. /,=119 8
1 A t, adj.,=12r 6' / A /, adj.,=110 26
OZTOB OOKFOinnM.
Cleavsge ; /, 0, easy. Simple cryBtaU unknown. Twins : 1.* CompoaltiMi face /, f. 403, 401 ; f, 403 elongated, aod f. 401 Shortened in the direction
Aodreuberg. of the vertical axis ; both penetration-twin, the two anterior quadrtints twinned parallel to /, and then these parts prolonged backward in -the direction of the shorter diagonal, ming a cryatal composed of two interBectine crystals, but apparently composed of 4 parts ; eacJi part having one narrow plane 1 between two planes 1, and one broad /, becanee the form 1 is hemibedral, Ihe planes occurring only on one of the two basal edges of either half of the prism. 2. Composition the same, hat twins double twins, as in f. 405 ; also in f. 406. which is like f. 405 in a different position, except in the enlargement of planes 1 and the consequent absence of the terminal planes /.the large lateral planes corresponding to 4 Cs and each reentering pair to 4 rs. UnKnown masBive. H.=4"5. G.=2'44 — 2'45. Lustre vitreous. Color white; passing into gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak wliite. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven, imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. Donble refraction weak. Optic-axial plane i-\ (having the direction of the lines in base in f. 404) ; acute bisectrix positive. Dispersion inappreciable.
Tar. — The variety monwiile, from Strontian, Sootlaud, oco brUliut orystals Uke fig. 403. Q.=3'447, Dsmour.
Oomp.— 0. ratio Tor lt,S,Si,fi=l ; 3 : 10 ; 6 (or o BUictt 4fl'S, alumiua in-9, baryta 387, water 13-=100.
Analyses: 1, Eoblfr (Pogg, anvil. ABl); Raomielibergi eS4]; i, B, Kohler (1 c); S, Eammeleberg (Pc., ex. 624] I8S2, 33); 8, Danour (Aon. ± IL, IT. Lz. 33il, and a E, 1L,1T. Iz-MG):
a XI fia Oa &
L Andreasberg 46Si lesa !n'32 026 l-Oi
2. Andrewberg 48-74 17-88 1922
" 4S'4B ie-3fi 20-'i8 tr. £07
4. Oberaleln 46 65 16-ft4 1812 1-10 110
e. Strontlan 48-10 16'4l 20SI 0-83 OBO
6. " 47-Sa lfl-84 ao-!8 1-09 IDO
1. " 47-01 ie-24 20'8B 0-10 0-84 0-88
B. " 47-74 1688 21-06 0-80 0-78
47-60 1639 20-S6 074 0 81
47-S8 18-71 20-4B
un in tniiBprent and tavnalnocnt
[UTwpaDdliig to B Si, Si, Sa, S ft=
(Bandw., L 200) ; id. (Fogg., cz. : 7, OoDDel (Ed. N. FbiL J., July, zziL 74S); 9, 10, Damoor (Ann. d
13-00=99-99 Bammelaberg.
lfi-U=:99'T7 Kfihter.
16-ll=it9-eBK5hlor.
I3-4G 100'IS Bamin.
14-9-2, Pb 0-24=10011 OoDuL
13 19, Pe 0-51=99-76 Damoor. 14-16, Pe 0-83=101-21 DaiMKir. IfriS, Ps 0-BS=9S-47 Damonr..
iitoa.
UYDBOUB 6ILI0ATE8, ZEOUTB SEOnOH
Ml
and 190*, 18*6 pi a, and after i4 h. expoaiune to the onlinarf ab, what ia loel la rev'ored At a dull red heat the loaa ia 14*65 p. a, and the mineral ia diaaggregateil ; the total loaa at a kight led heat ia 14*70 p. c. B.B. whitena, then cnimblea and Aiaea without intomeacence at 3 6 to a white tranalooent glaaa. Some Tarietiea phoaphoreaoe when heated. Deoompoaed by moriatii add without gelatinising.
Oba. — Hannotome ocoura in vnygdaloid, phonohtei trachyte; alao on gneiss, and in some metalliferous Teina.
Ooonra at Strontian, in Sootlaik, in fine cryatals, some an inch through ; in a metalliferoua ▼eln at Andreasberg in the Hars; at Budelatadt in Sileaia; Sohiffenberg, near Giessen; at Schima and Hauenstein in Bohemia ; near Eschwege in Heaae ; at Oberstein in Birkenfeld, implanted on agate in siliceous geodes ; at Kongsberg in Norway ; with analdte in the amygdaloid of Dumbartonshire.
Named from jwii and to cuif alluding to the fad that the octahedron (made by the planea I ) dividea pandlel to the plane that pasaea through the terminal edges.
On oiyst. aee Levy'a Henland ; Desdoizeauz, Ann. d. H., IV. ix. &39, and Min., i 412, The prismatic angle 124" 47' gives for the priam i-2 the angle 87° 26' and 92*" 34', which is near the angle in phUlipaite ; so while phiUipsite has the 0. ratio for bases and silioa of a bisilicate and the angle /a /of pyroxene, harmotome has the 0 ratio nearly and angle /A / of hornblende. Dunour and show morvenite to be harmotome (Ann. d. M., IV. iz 839).
The name AndreoUte of Delametherie (derived from the locality at Andreasberg) has the priority, and also EreinUe of Napione ; but Hauy substituted harmotanm, of no better signification, and all ubaequent mineralogiata have followed him.
391. Uvfosteluitij.
Beudani (fr. Fturoe), Min, iL 119, 1882. Desmin, Puflerit, Bukmaen, Ber. Ak. Wien, zziv. 286, 1867.
In small concretions, compactly fine fibrous within ; also in large I'adiatefibrons or columnar masses.
H.='3*5— 4. G.=2'l— 2'25. Lustre vitreous, strongly so to feebly shining. Color white, sometimes greenish-white. Transparent to translucent.
Oomp., Var.— 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, £[=1 : 3 : 9 : 6, corresponding to Si, Si, Ca+} iSTa), 6£[=, if ft=Oa, Silica 60-3, alumina 19*2, lime 10*4, water 20-1=100. The ordinary hypostilbite oontaina aome soda, with : Ca=2 : 7, nearly; while the variety pfkrUe is wlUiout alkalies.
G. of hypostilbite, 2-14. Beudant ; 2*18, Haughton ; 2*26.2, Mallet ; of puflerite, 2, Bukeisen ; 2*21, Damour. In pufierite the fibres have two unequal cleavages, at right angles with one another, with lustre strongly vitreous. Double refraction is strong ; axial divergence small ; bLsectriz pandlel to the sides of the fibres and negative; axial plane parallel to the plane of more difficult (deavage; DesoL
Analyaes: 1, Beudant (Min., it 120); 2, Dumnfi (ib.); 8, Mallet (Am. J ScL, n. xxil 179); 4, Haughton (PhiL Mag, IV. xiiL 610): 8, id. (ib., xxxii. 224); 6, Bukeisen (Ber. Ak. Wien, niv. 286):
Si 21
1. Fai6e 62*43 18*32
2. Dalanypen 62*26 18-16
3. Bkye 68*96 20*13
4. 62*40 11*98 6. Bombay 62*80 17 12 6. FyfierUa 62*84 16*30
18*70=99*96 Beudant. 18*76=99-60 DumniL 12-42=100*28 Mallet. 17-88=99-97 Haughton. 18*62=98-76 Haughton. 17'16=9809 Bukeiaen.
Thomson found (Min., L 346) a " red stilbite Dumbarton to oontaSn Si 6260, £l 17*32, Oa 11-62, £[ 18*46=99*79. Aa he calls the mineral rtd MtiOnte Dumbarton, a noted locality of red stilbite familiar to him, and stilbite is easUy distinguished by its pearly deavage, it ii far safer to give credit to hia mineralogical opinion than to hia analysis. Until hypostilbite is announced on good authority from Dumbarton, the analyais may, therefore, be taken only as a coinoidenoe by error.
Pvr etc— According to Beudant, intumesces a little, and ftises with difficulty on the edges; Itaaced by adds without gelatinizing. According to Mallet, gelatiniiea readily with adds.
Puflerite, according to Bukeisea intumesces much, and friiea eaaOj to a anow-white
Oxtoen Oomfoukdb.
Obs.— Hypoetilblte occurs on the island of Faroe with fitilbite and epistilbitei forming fibrcut nodules or ooncretioDS in amygdaloid; on the island of Skje, in a similar manner; in the Nei budda valley, and near Bombay in India, in the same rock, constituting large, Abroua, transparent masses, radiated like natrolite or thomsonite.
Puflerite occurs at Pufler-loch in the Sebser Alps, Tyrol, in charities in melapbyrei with analcite and ohabazite, and often implanted on these minerals in small concretions.
Named 'wi, belMo and siUbite in allusion to its containing less silica than stilbite. It bat been considered altered stilbite.
392. 8TILBITZ2. Zeollt pt Oivnst,, Ak. H. Stockh 1766; Zeolites ci7st.,crystalli ad centrum tendentes (fr. Gustafeberg, et&X OroMt.f 102, 1*768. Z. fade Selenitica lamellaris, Blattricher Zeolit pt, Wall, Min., I 313, 1772. 8trahliger Zeolith Wem. Ueb. Cronst, 242, 1780. Strahl'Zeolith (yar. of Z.) WertL, 1800, Ludwig i 49, 1803. Radiated Zeolite. Zeolite nacree, StUbite, Delameth T T., iL 305, 1797. Stilbite (Heulandite ind.) B., J. d IL, iil 66, 1798, Tr., ilL 1801, 1822 ;=8trail-Zeolith EofirL, Min., iL 287, 1812. Desmine [=StabUe with HeuL excL] BreiVL, Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 40, Brooke Ed. . J., vL 112, 1822. Bphsrostilbite BeucL, Tr., il 120, 1832. Syhedrite upward Am. J. 8d., IL zL 110, 1865.
Orthorhombic. /A 16' (whence i-2 Ai-2=130° 12', analogue of /A /in heulandite) ; 1 A 1, front,=119*' 16', side, 114° 0', m A i-fc=90°.
Brooke and Miller make 0 A irl or i S=90°, i-l A 1=123°, irl A 1=120° 22'. Cleavage : i4 perfect, i-l less so. Fonns as in f. 407 ; more common with the prism flattened parallel to ii or the cleavage-face, and pointed at the extremities; sometimes with the vertical edges replaced by the S'sm /. Twins: cruciform, composition-tace 1-i, rare, mmon in sheaf-like aggregations ; divergent or radiated ; sometimes globular ana thin lamellar-columnar.
H.=3-5-4. G.=2094- 2-205; 2-161, Haidinger. Lustre of i-l pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Color white ; occasionally yellow, brown, or red, to brick-red. Streak uncolored. Transparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane i-i ; divergence 50°— 55° ; bisectrix negative, perpendicular to O : Descl.
. — 1 . Ordinary, Either (a) in crystals, flattened and pearly parallel to the plane of cleavage, or shoaf-llke or divergent groups ; or (d) in radiated stars or hemispheres, with tlie radiating individuals showing a pearly cleavage surface. SpharotftHlite Beud. is in spheres, radiated within, with a pearly fracture, rather soft externally, bat harder at centre, und having G.=2'31. Heddla hows Uiat it is stilbite impure from mixture with mesolite ; the original was Faroe
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1:3:12:6; corresponding to 6 Si, 1, Oa, 6 £[=bilica 57*4, alumina 1(>'5, lime water 17*2=100. Analyses: 1, Fuchsft Gehlen (. j;., viii. 25S); 2, Hisinger (ib., xxiil 6:); H, Retzius (Jahresb., iv. 163); 4, Moss (Pogg., Iv. 114); 6, Riegel (J. pr. Gh, xL 317); 6, Hermann (Bull 8oc. Nat Moscou, 1848, 318); 7, Munster (Pogg., Ixv. 297); 8, 9, Sjogren ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1848, 111); 10, Waltershausen (Yulk. Gest, 264); 11, Kerl (B. H. Ztg , 1853, No.2); 12, R. Weber (ib.); 13, Beudant (Min., ii. 119, 120); 14, Heddle (Greg k L. Min., 164); 16, li\ Haughton (Phil Mag., IV. xiil 610, xxxiL 224) :
tt
a
1. Iceland
2. "
3. Faroe
4. "
6. Niederkiidien
6. IhnenMtfl.; a.sa-19
1 Ohriatiana; a.=s2'203
Si
67*18
68*88
6tf*31
16*1
16*66
16*26
da
7*68
9*2
fTa &
2*17 1*11 1*03
With MOM mi
19-80=100-03F.&O. 16*4=99*70 Hisinger. 18-86=100*77 Betzius. 17-79=100-68 Moss. 14*60, 9e 0-26=98 63 Biegel 17-76, Fe, Mn 1-0=100 17-06, Pe 0-6 Munster.
HTDBOUB 8IU0ATE8, ZEOLITB SBCnOir.
St
£1
Oa
JTa
&
9. Barbro, Norway
—
10. IcelAiid; G.=:2184
] 1. Andreasberg
1*2. Beniflord. loeland
8*83
1*80
14. Skye
16. Bombaj-
68*20
16. Nerbudda
6*88
0*89
16*60, % .=101-40 Sjogren. 16-63, %, kn 0-59=99-93 & 16-68, 1kg 0*13=99-09 Walterab 17-6. Fe 1 3=991 KerL 17-71 100-80 Weber. 17-84=1<>007 Beudant 17-05=99-38 Heddle. 1800=101-28 HaughtozL 17-48 HaughtoD.
A white silky incnistatioD on chert, from the hot spring of Olette, eastem Pyrenees, afforded J. Bonis Si 67 6, M 16*1, 6a 8*6, 17*6=99*9; and Desdoizeaiix obtenres that it oocurs alsc in rieavablo rectangular prisma like those of stilbite.
Syhedhie of SUepard (I from trap in the Sjpiiedfee Mountains, Bombay, has a greenish color, with 0.=2'821 ; and afforded W. a Tyler (1. 16*06, 2*71, Mg 2*46, 6a 6*45, ti 16*4ii, the rest, 56*92, undetermined, but supposed to be all silica. Alkalies wanting. It may bo an impure stilbite, colored by a chlorite-like mineral.
Pyr., etc.— According to Damour, loses 1*3 p. c. at 100 C. ; 13 p. c. between 100° and 150° 0. ; regaining all lost but 3*1 p. c. after 6 days' exposure to the ordinary air; at 170° C. the loss is 16*2 p. c , which is reduced to 92 p. a after 16 days* exposure. B.B. exfoliates, swells up, curres into fan-like or vermicular forms, and fuses to a white enamel F. =2—2*5. Decomposed by muriatic acid, without gelatinizing The aphaBrotttUbiie gelatinizes, but Heddle says this is owing to a mixture of meaoMe with the stilbite.
Obs. — Stilbite occurs mostly in cavities in amygdaloid. It is also found in some metalliferous veins, and in granite and gneiss.
Abundant on the Faroe Islands, in Iceland, and on the Isle of Skye, in amygdaloid; ahio found on the Isle of Arran, Scotland ; in Dumbartonshire, at Long Craig, and at Kilpatrick, Sootland, in red crystals ; at Kincardine, Kilmalcolm, Campsie, Scotland ; at the Giant's Causeway, in the Moume Mts., eta, Ireland; at Androasberg in the Harz, and Kongsberg and Arendal In Norway, with iron ore ; in the Yendayah Mts., Hindostan, in large translucent crystals having a reddish tinge ; also in the Nerbudda valley and in the Bombay Presidency ; a brown varied on granite, at £be copper mines of Gustafsberg, near Fahlun in Sweden ; at Andreasberg, Kongsberg, eta
SphofrosUMIe occure in minute spheres over faroelite in Skye ; at Stofr (anal 13, 14) ; and at QuirHng, in spheres as large as a pea.
In North America, sparingly in small crystals at Chester and the Charlestovm syenite quarries, Kass. ; at the gneiss quarry, ThacheraviUe, Conn., in crystals lining cavities in coarse granite ; at Hadlyme, in radiated forms on gneiss, associated with epidote, garnet, and apatite ; at Phillipstown, N. Y., in crystals or fan-like groups ; opposite West Point, in a vein of decomposing bluish feldspar, intersecting gneiss, in honey-yellow crystals ; in the greenstone of Piormont, in minute crystals ; in scopiform crystals of a dull yellow color, near PeskiU, N. T. ; and at Bergen Hill, New Jersey, in small but bright crystals ; also at the Miohipiooton Islands, Lake Superior ; at Partridge Island, Nova Scotia, forming a perpendicular vein from 8 to 4 inches thick, and from 80 to 60 feet long, intersecting amygdaloid, its colore white and flesh-red; also at Isle Haute, Digby Neck, Gulliver's Hole, Black Bock, Cape Blomidon, Hall*s Harbor, Long Point.
The name atUbiU is (rra/9i|, lustre; and deamine from <<r/iii, a bundle. The species stilbite, .IS adopted by Haiiy, included Strahlzeolith Wem. (radiated zeolite, or the abovoX and Blatterzeo* lith Wem, (foliated leoUte, or the species heulandite beyond). The former was the typical part of the species, and is the flrat mentioned in the description ; and the latter (made the variety siilbite ananwrpftique) he added to the spedes, as he observes, with much hesitation. In 1817, Breithaupt separated the two zeolites, and called the former deamine and the latter euaeolite, thus throwing aside entirely, contrary to rule and propriety, Haiiy's name alUbiiet which should have been accepted by him in place of desmine, it being the typical part of his species. In 1822 Brooke (apparently unaware of what Breithaupt had done) used aiilbUe for the flrat, and named the other fuBuiandUe, In this he has been followed by the French and English mineralogists ' while the Germans have unfortunately followed Breithaupt
Alt — Stilbite has been observed changed to quarts.
Bplstilbit G. Bnae, Pogg., vl 188, 1826. Honophan
, Char., 27%
Orthorhombic. I A 7=135 10', 0 A l-i=144 58' ; a : 5 : o=l'4t22 : 1 : S'4242. Observed planes, as in tl 408, with 2-S replacing edge /A liu
M4
Oxtoen Ookfoi7Nd8.
9', I't A U=UV 47'. Cleavage: very
perfect ; indistinct in other directions. Yace /mostly
uneven* Generally in twins; composition-face J.
I Also granular.
H.=4— 4-5. G.=2-249— 2'868. Lustre of cleavageface pearly ; of / vitreous. Color white, bluish- oi yellowish-white, reddish. Transparent — translucent Fracture uneven. Double refraction weak ; plane of optical axes parallel to i-i, and bisectrix normal to t-t.
Oomp.— 0.ratiororft,fi,Si,d=l:3: 12:6; oorrespondiiig to 6 Si, Oa-hi a), 5 Bilica 69-0, alumina 16*9, lime 7*3, soda 2*0, water 14*8=100. AnalTsea: 1, 2, G. Boae (I a); 8, Dr. Limprioht (Walterah. Yulk. Geat, 248); 4, 6, Waltonhanaen $b.); 6, Kurlbanm (Am J Bd., IL zxiii 421); 7, 8, How (ib., xxri 88):
gi 2a Cfo iffi ti
7*66 1-78 Rose.
8-32 1*62 12-61 GoB8)=100 Bose.
6*92 2-36 14 98=101*44 Umpricht
8-20 2-46 13-90=10101 Waltonhaasen.
8-14 1-2*36 14*81=10]'62 Waltorahauaeo.
7-81 ]Sfa2-06 14*21, Fe 012, & 019=100-28 Kurlbanm.
7 00 0-99 16-42, Fe 1-68, & 0-99=99*89 How.
7-87 2-10 14-98=100 How.
P3rr-, etc. — B.B. intumescea and forma a yeaicular enamel Soluble in oonoenttated muriati.' aMd without gelatiniasing.
Ob8.~0ccur8 with ecoledte at the Beniflord in Iceland; in FarSe; at Poonah in India; ir amall fleah-oolored crjataJa at Skye; in small reddish crystals, nearly or quite opaque, with atilbite, at Margaretville, K. Sootia, 7 m. E. of Port George (anal 7 ; loc. for anal 8 not preciaolj known). Reported as oocnirring with stilbite, apophyllite, etc, at Bergen Hill, N. J.
Parastilbiie, Von Waltenshausen thus names (I a, p. 261) a specimen firom Birgarflord, which afforded on analysis Si 61-87, 17-83, da 7-32, ila 2uO, & 1-78 19 20=100, for which he deduces the 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 12 : 3, and writes the formula ft Si + iitl Si'+i It resembles epist**bite, but gives (Pogg., xdx. 170) 89' for the angle /A L
3*14. HEUIjANDITB. Blilttriger Zeolith Meyer Bescfaaft Ghes. N. Fr. Berlin, iy. 1779. ffoffm., Bergm. 480, 1789. Blatter-ZeoUth (var. of Z.) Wenu, 1800, Ludw. Mln., 49, 1803. Stilbite pt, Stilbite anamorphique, JZ, Tr., ill 18<)1. EuzeoUth Bnith. Hoffin. Min., iv., b, 40, 1818. Heulandite Brooke, Bd. Phil J., yl 112, 1822. Incohiite HUcheock Bep. G. Mass., 1883, 437, 1836, 662, 1841. Beaomontite Levy, 0. 1839.
1*065 : 1 : 2*4785. Observed planes as in the annexed figures.
0 A -2-i=114 a / 7=111 58
24 A -2-1=129 40 -1 A -1=146 66
1. Berufiord
60*28
8. "
hh, 68*99
4. "
ywK AO-08
6. "
68-'74
7. N. Scotia
68-67
16*84
8. "
68*36
Cleavage : clinodiaiFonal (iri) eminent Also globular fo ; granular. , , . . H.=3-5-4. G.=2-2, Hwdinger ; 2-195, Faroe Islands, Thomson ; 2175,
Iceland. Lustre of strong pearly ;
of other faces vitreous. Color various shades of white, passing into red, gray,
Jones's Falls.
HTDBOUB 8ILIOATE8, ZEOLTTB BEOTlOll.
Us
imd brown. Streak white. Transparent — snbtranslacent. Fraetnre Bubeoncboidal, uneven. Brittle. Doable refraction weak ; optic-axial plane normal to i-l ; bisectrix positive, parallel to the horizontal diagonal of the base; Descl.
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1 : 8 : 18 : S, corresponding to 6 Si, Si, da, 6 d=Saica 59*1, alnmina 16*9, lima 9*2, water U-gslOO. Analyaee : 1 Meyer (la); 2, Thomaou (Min., L 347); 8, 4, Bammelsberg ndw., i 802, Fogg., 03C. 526); 6, Damonr (Ann. d. IL, lY. x 207); 6, Walterahaoaen Qeat, 262) ; 7, Uaiighton (PhiL Mag., lY. ziiL 609) :
Si
21 Oa JTa & ft
—
17 6=99-6 Meyer.
Faroe
— .-
16'40=sl00'12 Thomson.
Iceland
—
16*0=99-0 Bammelsbeig.
u
16-48 Bammelsberg.
M
69*64
16*33
1'16
14-88=99-64 Damour.
M
1-6S
14 38, 9e 0-12, lilg ('29=100-04 W.
Nerbadda
17-48, &g 0'82=tf8*46 Hanghton.
The red color of the Faasa crystals is due, according to Kenngott, to minnte crystalline grains of another mineral
., etc. — According to Damour, the Faroe mineral loses part of its water in dry air, which it retakes in ordinary air ; the loss of the mineral is 2-1 p. a at lOii C, and 8*7 p. c. between 100' and 160 G. ; and this is restored again after 24 hours in the air. At 190° the loss is 12*8 p. a ; and by the end of two months all is regained but 2*1 p. o. B.B. same as with stilbite.
Obs — Heulandlte occurs principally in amygdaloidal rocks. Also in gneiss, and occasionally in metalliferous Teins.
The finest specimens of this species come from Beruflord, and elsewhere, Iceland ; the Farou Islands ; the Vendayah Mountdns, Hindostan. It also occurs in the Eilpatrick Hills, near Qlas- Bow ; on the I. of Skye ; in the Fassa Valley, Tyrol ; Andreaaberg, Harz ; near Semil and Bodisfort, Bohemia ; Foremba, Poland ; Marschendorij Morayia ; Neudorfel, near Zwickau, Saxony ; Siberia, at Nertschinsk, etc. ; in the amygdaloid of Abyssinia. Bed varieties occur at Gampsie in Sterlingshire, with red stilbite : also in Fassa Valley, Tyrol ; and brown in ore beds at Arendal
At Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, it occurs in amygdaloid, presenting white and flesh-red colors, and associated with laumontite, apophyllite, thomaonitd, etc. ; also at Gape Blomidon, in crystals an inch and a half in length ; at Martial's CJoTO, Isle Haute, Partridge Island, Swan's Creek, Two Islands, Hall's Harbor, Long Point
in the United States, with stilbite and chabacite on gneiss, at Hadlyme, (X., and (Theater, Mass. ; with these minerals and datolite, apophyUite, etc, in amygdaloid at Bergen Hill, New Jersey ; sparingly at Kipp's Bay, New York Island, on gneiss, along with stilbite : at McKinney's quarry, Rittenhouse Lane, near Philadelphia, sparingly; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac ; in minute crystds, seldom over half a line long, with haydenite, at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, on* a ayenitio schist (Levy's boaumanUk, which is crystallographically and optically identic with heuUmdite).
Named after the English minerslogist, H. Heuland.
GnunTK How (Ed. N. Phil J., II. z. 84, 1869) is near henUndlte in composition, but is massive, with a subreiinous or waxy lustre, H.=3'6, white or yellowish-white color, and it fuses B.B. with out intumescence. How obtained, as a mean of two analyses, Si 67*67, i&l 12*66, Fe 1*14, Mg 1*87, Oa 9*82, i. 0-37, £[ 16*69=9*12. Forms the thin outer crust of amygdules in trap of the Bay of Fundy, near Black Book. A pure species could hardly be expected from a massiv oiaterial in audi a condition.
396. BRBW8TSBITB. Brooke, Bd. Fha J., vL 112, 1822. Diagonit BreUh Char., 118, 188Z
+-i A 44=172®, Brooke. From measuromenta by Mallet, 7a 186® 13 7aw=157® 17'-23', 7Ai4=112® 12'-17', (?A4-J=175® 49' -65 fl A fl=171® 40'-43'. Cleavage : U highly perfect.
H.=4-5-6. 6.=-482 Thomson; 2*45, Damour; 2-458, Mallei. Lii
Oxtoen Oompoi7Nd8.
lU
Si
£1
Pe
Ba
Sr
Ca
1. Strontiaii
n-49
0*29
2. "
63'()4
—
ft-06
3. "
tre of irl pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Coloi white, in clining to yellow and gray. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane normal to i-l ; bisectrix parallel to orthodiagonal; plane of axes of the red rays inclined 21°-23 to and 70°-72° 4' to 0.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, S, Si, : 8 : 12 : 6, oorreBponding to 6 Si, Si, (f dr+i BaX 6 ]S=SiUca 68*6, alumina 16-8, baryta 7*6, atroDtia 10*2, watet 18-4=100. Analysea: 1, CoDnel (Ed. N.PhiL zix. 86); 2, Thomaon (Min., i. 848); 3, J. W. MaUet (PhiL Hag., lY. zriiL 218) :
1 2-68= 1 00-46 GoDneL 14-73=100-17 ThomaoD. 13-22=99-86 Mallet
A yr., etc. — According to brewaterite loa water in unheated dried air, experiencing a lose of weight of 1-66 p. a in the course of a month. At 100"* Ci, after 2 hours, the losa is 0-2 p. a, but at 0. 7*7 p. e., when the mineral while still hot is electric the crystals mutually attracting; they hare become opaque and pearly; by 48 hours' exposure to ordinary air, the loss Is reduced to 2-7 p. c. At lOO"* C, the loss is 8*2 p. & ; this is reduced to aero after 48 hours* exposure ; and at 270°, the loss is 10*1 p. c, which is itniuoed to 1*2 p. a after 8 days' exposure. At a dull red heat the loss is 12*8 p. a, and at a bright red, 18*3 p. c. B.B. swells up and fUses at 3 to a white enamel Decomposed by acids without gelatinising.
Obs. — First obserred at Strontian in Argyleshire, with calcite. Occurs also at the Giant's CSauseway, ooating the cavities of amygdaloid ; in the lead mines of St Turpet ; near Freiburg in the Brisgau ; at the Col du Bonhonmie, S. W. of Mont Blanc, on a quarts rock ; near Bardges, in the Pyrenees, in a calcareous schist; and it has been reported from the department of the Isto in France.
Named after Sir David Brewster.
396. MOBDBNITB. How, J. Oh. Soa, H it 100.
In small hemispherical, reniform, or cylindrical concretions. Structure fibrous.
H.=5. G.=2*08. Lustre highly silky. Color white, yellowish, or pinkish. Translucent on the edges. Rather brittle.
Oomp.-. ratio, It, fi, fli, iL=l : 3 : 18 : 6 ; corresponding to 9 Si, £l, ()(!fo+ia), 6d=ft 66-92, & 12-66, Oa 469, Na 2*54, £[ 13-29= 100. Analysis : How (1. a) :
Si £1 Oa JTa fi
(t) 68-40 12-77 3-46 2-86 1302=100.
The soda indudea 0*09 to 0-23 of potash. The silica varied ftom 67*38 to 69*27.
Pyr., 6to — Yields water. B.B. fuses without intumescence. Not perfectly decomposed by adds.
Obs. — Occurs near Korden, King's Co., Kova Scotia, hi trap, with apophyllte, barita, and a mehnite-like mineral ; also at Ftoter Point, eight miles west with gyroUte.
Appendix To Zeolite Section.
897. SLOANITB MeneghM A BecM; AnL J. BdL, XL zir. 64.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=106®. Cleavage : / very distinct In radiateil maseeBy with often a fracture tranBverse to the radiatioiL
nYDBOUB 8ILI0ATE8, KABGABOPHYLLTTE SEOTIoN. 441
H.=4-5. G.= 2-441. Lustre pearly. White. Opaque.
0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, 19; from analy8iB=l : 5 : 7 : l=Silica 42*7, alami.a 34*9, lime 11*4, water 11-0=100. Analysis: Bechi (Am J. Sd., II. zIt. 64):
Si
&
Ca
Ag
fra
&
rr
42*19
0*25
0*80
12*60=100-76.
Pnt, na — Yields water. B.B. Aises without iatttmesoenoe to a white enamel Dissolves ir the adds even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbro rosso of Tuscany.
398. Saspaohits Deadaizeaux (Min., i 420). A MeoUUe mbieral from Saspach in Eaiserstuhl, =99-96. Occurs in tufts of flbree and concretions; G.= 1*466; H.=4— 6; white or colorless ; lustre silky to vitreous. Easily soluble in muriatic add. Occurs in doleryte in cavities, and if often overlaid by fanjasite and apophyllite.
Iii. Margarophtllite Seotion.
The Margarophyllites, whose general characteristics are mentioned on page 398, have the crystallization of the micas, and the name alludes lo the pearly folia. Massive varieties are, however, much the most common with a large part of the species, and they often have the compactness of clay or wax. Talc, pyrophyllite, serpentine, are examples of species presenting both extremes of structure ; while pinite occurs, as thus far known, only in the compact condition.
The proportion of silica varies widely, the oxygen ratio between it and the bases having the limits 3 : 1 and : 1, corresponding to tersilicates at one extreme and the lower of subsilicates at the other. But, reckoning the waten or part of it, among the bases, the species may nil be arranged under the heads of Bisilicates, Unisilicates, and Subsilicates ; and, although there must be much that is hypothetical in such an an*angement, tne method is adopted beyond.
This method of arrangement is in fact no more arUtrary than the common one of makiofi no account of the water. Talc has the oxygen ratio for the silica, bases, : 1 ; but, at the same time, it contains water, and holds it even when highly heated, thereby indicating that part, at least, of the water is basic; and with basic water tho ratio may be 2 : I, or that of a true Bisil* icate. Hie arrangement of talc at tho head of the Bisilicates appears, therefore, not to be alto* gether. arbitrary. FyrophyUite is a true alumina talc, it having the same oxygen ratio as talc, and like structure, lustre, greasy feel, and even range of color ; and it has its place, therefore, next to talc among the Bisilicates. Serpentine has not silica enough for a Bisilioate ; but, with half of its water basic it is a Unisilicate. Kaolinite is identical with serpentine in oxygen ratio, as pyrophyllite is witii talc, and is similarly a Unisilicate. Pinite has the same ratio, excepting half less of water, and is strictly an alumina-alkali serpentine; and palagonite is another of like ratio and characters. These species, moreover, are all related to tiie margarodltes or hydroui micas.
In the foUowing table the species are distributed under the three heads above mentioned. The catalogue of the species and their formulas in the first two of these subdivisions is followed by a table containing the oxygen ratio for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, silica, and water, and also, in another column, those for the bases, silica, and water ; and under IS in the latter, a fraction is added in parentheses, which indicates what proportion of the wa'er (when any) is made bac io tbaformnlM.
Oxtgen Oompouuda.
Abrangkmbnt 07 The Bpeoiu
I. Bisilioates.
L TALO GB0X7P. Foliated when erTrtaOifled.
(99. Talo a B
(ifi[+)&
IL SEPIOLITB GB0T7P. Ckmtain megneaiiim or alnmiiram. Known only muslTe.
402. SBnoun
403. Apbboditi AgSi+f fi
404. Odcoutb
406. Sxegtiti
406. KONTMOBILLONEn
IIL CHLOBOPAL GBOUP. Contain iron in the Beeqaiozyd state.
407. Shlpnouklanv (It', (Pe, Si)) Si'+3 A
'
+ liaq
410. GSLADONm
It S Si fi Its Si ]i
It s Si a
Its Si fi
Talo A 1 H i I H i
CSmolite
18 1
18
B 1 2i i 1 2i itt)
Smectite
1 4 4?
1 4
Pyrophyllite I H i 1 2i i(
MonimoriUonite 1 2i
PihUte 1 8 20 2 1 (i)
Stilpnomelane
1 2 1
BepioUte 1 8 1 1 8 1 (i)
Ghloropal
1 2 i
1 2 i
Aphrodite 1 2 f 1 2 f
Glanoonite
1 8 9 St
I H V
n. UNISniOATES.
IV. SEBPENTDm GROUP. Oontafai magneainin.
412. Bastith
415. Htdbopbiii 416L GlUl'Ull'l 417. Sipomn
Htdboub Silicat1C8, Makgakophtllite 8Bcti0H.
V. KAOLmnXE GBOUP. Contain alnminam.
&16. PHOunm 419. KAOUNxn
421. Samoitb
y L FINITE GBOUP. Contain aluminum, and generally alkali metala.
422. Pivm
423. CATASpnm
(K.,Mg)+f /?Al),+ii
VIL liABGABODITB GBOUP. Struotora micaoeona. Oontain aluminum, and genenUj alkali metals.
426. 7ahluniti A
B
427. Gbofpiti
428. Yoigtitb
429. MABGABODm
430. DAMOUBira
431. PaBAOONITB 43. EUPHTLUn
433. CBllaohsbitb
+ J/JAl),+iaq SiieKi (H„ K.) + i /?(A1. Fe)), SiieKi (H„ K.) + i y?(Al, Fe)).
(K„ Na.) + 1 Al), + f aq
ym. HISINGEBITE GBOUP. Oonaiat largely of iron, or iron and manganese.
436. Ekicavnitb
437. NsoToom 4S8. Stubsutb
440. Joixm
(ifl"+J(*e, iIn))Si"+ A H,+f (Fe, + Jaq
(ifi+|(li£n, fig, Pe))gi+3 fi
(i"+iakl?8i"+4tt
Mg)+ J/JA1),+Jaq
derpontine
Deweylite
Hydrojfthite
Genthite
Phderlte
Kaolinite
It S ft a
3 4 2
Its Si fi
8 4 Finite
2 4 Biharite
2 8 Falagonite
2 8 8 (i) lUilunite, A.
3 3 2 B 3 4 Yoigtite
8 4 Groppite
It S ft ]i
1 8 12 8
n
2 a
6
1(
fi
OXTOEN OOHFOUIfSe.
ft
ft Si ]i
Hn&i A
B 9 a fi
6S8i a
ICargazodtto
6 9 2
7 9
Damourite
9 12 2
10 12 2 (i)
8
2 s id)
9 12 2
10 12 2 (i)
Neotodte
Euphyllite
8 9 2
9 9 2
Gillingite
1 1 1
(Ellacherite
4 6 1
ft 6
a
s a
1 1 1
Cookeite
in. SUBSILICATES.
The species here arranged as fiabsQioates seem to blend indefinitely with the tJniailicatefl The common chlorites have atomicaily three-fourths, two-thirds, or less, of silica than bases, and are manifestly subsilicate in ratio. But they graduate into the pyrosderites, which are true Unisilicates, if the water is not partly basic, and thus pass into the margarodites above. Tet the pyrosderites have so mudi resemblance to the chlorites that they seem to belong to the same natural group.
Under the uncertainty with regard to the amount of basic water, the spedes are enumerated in the following table with their oxygen ratios, and with the constituents unarranged into formulas.
It is, however, interesting to observe that the spedes of pyrosderites and chlorites may aU have the formula of a two-thirds silicate if all or pert of the water be made basic ; and if the ratio 3 : 2 be the right one for this first section of the Subsilicates, the Subsilicates will then have the ratio 3 : 2 for the first or Chlorite group, 2 : 1 for the second or Ohloritoid, and 3 : 1 for the Seybertite group. In a second table below, the formulas are written on this scheme
L OHLOBTTE QBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and siUca, water exduded, 1 : 1 to 3 : 2.
ft fi Si £[
l£L
445. PTROBOLXBin
4 2 6 3
m
2aAg'+iSl),8Sl,3fi
3 2 5 2i
2(|(%6a)" + §3kl),8Si.3fl
2 8 6 2i
m
4 2 4i 3
m
8(|l4g"+iAl),9Si,12fi
6 3 6 4
Hi)
1 4i 3 6
u
(fagH-t3tl),flUifl
452. Proghloritb
H
463. ORXNGiaan
456. Metaohldbitb
8 8 4 8
n. CULOBITOID GBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and sihca, 2 : 1, or nearly.
467. Cobunoopbiuts
lilt
18 2 1
16 4 1
t
m
7(+0a+fakl),6fli,3A
460. Thubingiti
2 3 8 2
TIL 8RTBERTITE QBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and sOioa, 3 : 1 (to 4 : 1 7). 46L SRSBaTIXB 6 9 6 i 3 1 2(|(3ilgda)*+iSlXSi,i S
Htikrot78 8Ili0Ate8, Maboabophtllttb Sbotiqn.
Formtilaa of the SnbBilicates based on the ratios 3 : 2, 2 : 1, 3 : 1.
OHLOBITE GROUP. 0. ratio for bases and sQioa 8 : 1
Proohlorttb (♦ (Mg, Si) fli+H fi
Cbonstkdtitb (i (te, ftn)'+i 9e) Si+ li iSC
Chonicbiis
Mg, 6a)+ A/? Ai), e least
(if (H„ Mg) + A /J Al), e 1041 SiH-aq (J (fl., Mg) + i /? (iW, Fe)), e Si + aq
(♦ Otfg. Fe) + f /? Al), e le*! 8i + 1 aq
CHLORITOID QBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and siUca 2 : 1.
oobumdophiuzi Ghlobitoid
BlASaABITB THUBEHOm
(i*e+fXl)*a+8fi
Oa)+f il)* fli 6a)+f /J Al) 0, [ej Si
SEYBERTTTB GROUP. 0. ratio for bases and silica 8 : 1.
(f Pfe ea)+|( Al). 04 1041 Si + i aq
Appendix To Hydrous Silicates.
4(}4. Chbomb Oohxb
Si, €r, Fe, fl Si, £], €r, 1kg, £[ Si, &, Si, Pe, £[
Si, Xi, iSri, :e[
469. GHAVOIBITa
470. Alyiu
470A. PlOBOTLUTTF
Si,9e,d
Si,ltD,d
Si, Si, 9e, £*e, A
Si,fig,Oa,P,fi
I. Bisilicates.
399. TALC. Maypts >i9os TTieophr, Magnetis, Oerm, Talk, Glimmer, Afffie Foss., 264| Interpr., 466, 1646. , Creta Briansonia, 0. Hispanica, C Sartoria, Telg8tea=:Lapi8 OUarli WaH, Min 133, 134, 1747. Tfcum, Tftlgsten, Speoksten, Steatites, OransL, Min., 89, li, 1768. Talo Soapstone, Steatite, Potstona Craie de Brianon, etc. /V-. Pyrallolite pt Norderuik . J., xzzL 889, 1820. Rensselaerito Emmona, Rep. G. of N. T., 1837, 152.
Orthorhombic. /A /=120°. Occurs rarely in hexagonal prisms and I'lates. Clea'age : basal, eminent. Foliated massive; somethnos in globu-
Oxtokn Oompoukdb.
lar and stellated groups ; also granular massive, coarse or fine ; also com pact or cryptocrystalline.
H.=l— 1"5. G.=2'565— 2'8. Lustre pearly. Color apple-green to white, or silvery-white; also greenish-gray and dark green; sometimes bright green perpendicular to cleavage surface, and brown and less translucent at right angles to this direction ; brownish to blackish-green and reddish when impure. Streak usually white; of dark green varieties, lighter than the color. Subtransparent — subtranslucent. Sectile in a hiffh degree. Thin laminse flexible, but not elastic. Feel greasy. Opticaxial plane ir ; bisectrix negative, normal to the base ; Descl.
Var.— 1. IbUaiedf Tale, ConstBta of folia, oauallj easily separated, having a greaaj feel, and presenting ordinarily light green, greenish-white, and white colors. G-.=2'55— 2'78.
2, Masrive SteaiUe or Soapsione (Speckstein Germ.), (a) Coarse granular, gray, grajish-green, and brownish-gray in colors; H.= l — 2*6. FoMone or Lapia oQaria (Topfttein) is ordhiary soapstone, more or less impore. (h) Fine granular or cryptocrystalline, and soft enough to be used as chalk ; as the I¥eneh duUk {Ciuie de which is milk-white, with a pearly lustre, (c) Bensselaeriiet cryptodystalline, or wax-like in composition, but often having the form and deavage of sahlite or pyroxene, and evidently pseudomorphous ; colors whitish, yellowish, grayish, green* ish-white to very dark, and sometimes pearl-white; H.=3— 4; G.= 2*874, Bedc; 'TST, fr. GrenviUe, 2*644 fr. Charleston Lake, in Canada, Hunt; usually translucent in pieces a fourth of an inch thick. Some agalmatolite is here included, {d) hiduraied laic An impure slaty talc, harder than ordinary tela Takose slate is a dark, slaty, aigUlaceous rock, having a somewhat greasy feel, which it owes to the presence of more or less talc.
PyraUolUe is partly pseudomorphous steatite, after pyroxene, like rensselaerite. It varies exceedingly in composition, as shown by Arppe and others, and as recognized by A. K Nordenskiuld in his FiiUand Mineralogy, the silica ranging from 49 to 76 p. a It indudes pyroxene, therefore, in various stages of steatitic alteration. Three analyses are given beyond (Nos. 37-39), and others on p. 221, under pyroxene. AnaL 40 is of the same material from Finland, referred by Sdiecrer to Ida pUkarandiU, The true pitkarandite is similar, but afforded 12*71 p. a of e, and 9*17 Ca (see anal, p. 221).
Comp.— 0. ratio for lilg, Si=1 : 2i, with a varying amount of water in both talc and steatite, from a fraction of a per cent to 7 p. a In some, the ratio for Ag, Si, : : corresponding to the formula, the water being basic, (f Ag-hi =Silica 62*8, magnesia 33-6, water 3*7 100. In' the larger part about 1 : 2i : Ag-h.i ti) Si-f- Ii=aiica 62*0, magnesia 38*1, water 4*9=100. The formula is commonly written lifg* di*+2 fi. The water is driven off only at a high temperature, and in some analyses that have been made it has, on this account, not been detected.
Anal. 33-6, by Lychnell, Kersten, Genth, and Senfl, afford nearly the formula ftg* di*. It may be that free siUca (quartz) is sometimes present and that thence comes an occasional excess of this ingredient
Analyses: 1, Marignac (BibL Univ., 1844); 2, Klaproth (Beitr.. v. 60); 3, J. Schneider (J. pr. Ch., xliil 316); 4, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xlvL 231); 6, 6, v. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, xii. 29); 7, Beck (Min. N. Y., 297); 8, Delesse (Rev. Scientif.. etc.); 9, Wackenroder (J. pr. Ch., xxiL 8); 10, Delesse (L a); 11, T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1857, 454, and 1863, 470); 12-22, Scheerer and Richter (Fogg., Izxxiv. 321); 28->25, T. a Hunt (L c., 469, 470); 26, Brandos (Jahresb., iv. 156); 27, Scheerer (L a); 28, T. S. Hunt (L a); 29, Scheerer (I a); 3<), Tengstrdm (Jahresb., iv. 156) 31-33. Lychnell (Fogg., xxxviiL 147); 34, Eersten (J. pr. Gh xxxvii. 164); 35, Genth (Am. J Sci., II. xxxiii. 2o0); 86, Senft (ZS. G., xiv. 167); 37, Kordenskiold (. J., xxxL 389); 38, 39 Arppe (Finsk. Min., 43, 44, Act Soc Sci. Fenn., 1857); 40, Scheerer (Fogg., xdiL iu8):
1. Chamoon!, IbL Idlo
2. St Gothard,
3. China, AgainaL
4. Slatoust, Tak
5. Katharinenb.,
6. Greiner, "
7. Canton, K. T., Emu. S. Zilterthal, Ibk
62*58 69*21 62'80 68*00
2*25
0-58 2*27
2*26
0-60 110
1*00 1-60
36*40 0-04=100 Marignac.
30*60 i. 2-75=9800 daproth.
81-92 0-78, Mn 0*23=99*02 Schneidab
34*42 1-00=99*89 Hermann.
32-90 2-86, Ca 1*00=99*90 Beok.
83*60 3-40=100 Delesse.
Si
te
ttg
fic
9. China, AgohnoL
—
3*48:
10. B. Island, Tak
31*68
883:
11. Potton, Can., SkaJtUe
0*40
4*60
29*15
4*40,
12. Tyrol, TaU
62*38
1*42
31*19
4-78,
18. Gloggnifcz, i/
62M7
0*47
4*78:
14. Wunsiedel, AeudL
62*36
—
81*32
4*78:
16. " "
62-U7
4-83:
16. Fenestrellea,
62*29
4*83:
17. China, Agalmal
62*80
1*62
4-89:
18. Piedmont
61*96
4*92:
19. 8t Gothard,
60*85
1*71
20. Wunsiedel, SteaHie
62*03
—
4*96:
21. Parma, "
62*18
Ir.
4*97:
22. Roraos, 2bfe
61*98
30*41
23. Elziyir, Can., ecUUe
3*61
6-66:
24. Canton, N. Y., ..
61*10
5*60:
26. Grenville, "
61*60
6*60:
26. Baireuth, SteaiUe
60*12
30*16
6*63:
27. Zoblitz, "
2*11
29*94
5*87,
28. Charleston K, iSmw.
61*90
—
1*45
80*42
29. Pressnltz, Tlife
6-66,
80. Abo, SkaiUe
—
28*26
6*65,
81. Mt 66*70
—
80*23
82. Scotland,
64*58
—
6*86
27*70
83. Sala, "
2*27
84*80
84. Yoigtsberff, "
—
0*81
0-20,
36. Webster, N. C, /UL tafe
64*44
0*48
0*34,
86. Kittelsthal, SieaUU
66*94
1-60=
37. Finland, JPyraO.
8*88
0*89
3*68,
67*49
1*26
80*05
7-80,
89. " "
2*18
7-3-i,
27*18
4-62,
=99*15 Wackenroder.
=98*96 Belesse.
Si <r.=97*95 Hunt
]i 0*20=99*92 Soheerer.
=99*98 Bcheerer.
=99*79 Scbeerer.
=100-11 Scheerer.
100*04 Soheerer.
=100*19 Scheerer.
=99*87 Scheerer.
=99-68 Scheerer.
=100*31 Biohter.
100-14 Bichter.
=99*06 Scheerer.
Hunt
100*06 Hunt
=99-79 Hunt
=98-92 Brandes.
]i 0-30, Fe 0-46=99*77 Sdieerai
lo0'31 Hunt
Ca 0-61=99 64 Scheerer.
Fe 100-23 Tengstrom.
=99*70 Lychnell
tL (& <f.) 11 76=99 72 Kersten.
Ni 0 28=100*07 Genth.
ba 5-68, ISu 0*99, bit. loss 6*38 N
Mn 0-69, Oa 100*80 Arppe
Ca 8*74=100*64 Arppe.
9e 0-67=99-83 Scheerer.
After Mparmttng aboat 2-6 p. c. of cirboiwtos of Ume sad magiMsiA.
InanalS, G.=2 768; 9, G.=2*747; 12, G.=2 69; 18, G.=2*78; 18, G.=2*79; 22, G.=278, 88, G.=2*795 ; 36, G.=2'682. For other analyses see Scheerer, Pogg., Izzxiy. 840-360.
Stromeyer found 0*4 Si in the talc of Boraas, and 0*43 Si in that of Sell
The steatite from Gopfersgriin, in which Klaproth found but 69*6 per cent of silica, along with Mg 30*5, 1'e 2*3, tL 6*6 (Beitr., iL 177), is what has been caJHeAhydrasteatUe, An impure, leek-greea indurated talc, from Bristol, Ct, afforded H. H. Lummis (Am. J. ikL, II. xxzL 368) §1 64 00, 4*75, Ag 27*47, tL 4*0=98'52. The Fenestretlos (Piedmont) pseudomorph had the cleavage of horn* blende; of those of Wunsiedel (from (Gopfersgriin), No. 15 was a pseudomorph after quartz, and 14 after dolomite.
., eta — In the closed tube B.B., when intensely ignited, most yarietios yield water. In the platinum forceps whitens, exfoliates, and fVLses with difficulty on the thin edges to a white enamel Moistened with cobalt solution, assumes on ignition a pale red color. Not decomposed by acids. Bensselaerite is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric add.
Obs. — Talc or steatite is a very conmion mineral, and in the latter form constitutes extensive beds in some regions. It is often associated with serpentine, talcose or chloritic schist, and dolomite, and frequently contains crystals of dolomite, brounnerite, asbestus, actinolite, tourmaline, magnetite.
Steatite is the material of many psendomorphs, among which the most common are those after pyroxene, hornblende, mica, scapolite, and spinel The magsian minerals are those which commonly afford steatite by alteration; while those like scapolite and nephelite, which contain soda and no magnesia, most frequently change to pinite-Uke psendomorphs. There are also steatitic psendomorphs after quarts, dolomite, topaz, chlastdite, stauroUte, cyanite, garnet, idocrase, chrysolite, gehlenita
Hunt has shown that talc (or steatite) is a rare mineral in Azoic or prassilurian crystalline rocks The occurrence of rensellaerite in these rods in northern New York is no exception, any mon than pyraUolite in those of Finland, these products of subsequent alteration or metamoi phisnk
Apple-green talc occurs in the Greiner mountain in Saltsburg ; in the Yalais, and other placet abore mentioned; also in Cornwall, near Lizard Point, with serpentine; in Scotland, with sea
454 Oxygen Oohfottnds.
Esntine, at Portsoy and elsewhere; on Unst, one of the SheUand islands; at Qnikj Head. Duog w, Ireland; eto.
In N. America, foliated talo oocors in Jfotne, at Dexter. In Vermont, at Bridge water, handle mc ;reen talc, with dolomite ; at Athens or Grafton, Westfleld, Marlboro Kewfane. In Kew Samphire, at Fhmoestown, Pelham, Orford, Keene, and Richmond. In Mtua at Middlefleld, Windsor, Blonford, Audover, and Chester. In R, Island, at Smithfleld, delicate green, and white in a crystalline limestona In jV. Tork near Amity ; on Staten Island, near the quarantine, common and indurated; four miles distant, in detached masses made up of foUa, snow-white. In N. Jeraey, at Lockwood, Newton, and Sparta. In Penn at Texas, Nottingham, IJniouyille ; in South Mountain, ten miles south of Carlisle ; at Chestnut Hill, on the Schuylkill, tied and also soapstone, the latter quarried extensively. In Jfaryland, at Oooptown, of green, blue, and rose colors. In N. Oar at Webster, Jackson Co., a rare supposed by GeuUi to be altered chrysolite. In Canada at Potton, with steatite, in metamorphio Silurian; in tibe township of Elziyir, an impure grayiah var. m Azoic rocks.
The so-called ren89e!aerite occurs in northern New York, in the towns of Antwerp (with the form of pyroxene), Fowler, Dekalb, Edwards (at the iron mine, a white yariety, from which ink* stands have been made), Bussel, GouTemeur, Canton pn. small crystals), Hermon (in large masses, crystalline massive) ; and in Canada, at Grenville, Charleston Lake, near Brockville, Bawdon, and Ramsay. It is often associated with crystalline limestone, and graduates at times imperceptibly into serpentine ; its rook-masses are irregular, and are seldom continuous for more than three or four hundred yards.
Slabs of steatite are extensively employed as fire stones in furnaces and stoves. It may be turned in a lathe, or formed into tubes by boring. The fine-grained varieties (including the rensselaerite) are sometimes carved into ornaments, eta When ground, it is used for diminishing friction. It is also employed In the manufacture of some kinds of porcelain. Venetian talo is used for removing oil stains from woollen doth, eta
A white steatite of a silvery-pearly lustre was tibe MagniHa of Theophrastus~a stone, according to thip author, of silvery lustre, occurring in large masses, and easily cut or wrought The word is the origin of the modem magnena, Agrioola, in his Interpretatio Berum Metallicarum " appended to his works (1646X gives as a German synonym of liagnetis, Takk; and he adds, as other synonyms, SUbervmaa and Kakenaiiber and also GHmmerf tiie German now for mtco, evidenUy confoundjug the two minerals. He mentions its resistance to fire, and speaks of it as lapis scisaiUs,
Other later writers derive the word kUc the Arabic talk; and Aldrovandus (1648) states tliat it is of Moorish introduction, adding, " Hoc nomen apud Mauritanos stellar significare dicitur," Stella Star of the Earth — faMBing one old name of the mineral, given it because like a star and with silvery lustre it shines." (sssius (" De MbieraUbus," 16H6) writes the word in Latin, TalehuSj but most other writers of that century, Talcum.
The word steaUUs occurs in Pliny as the name of a stone resembling fSeit ; but no further desorip* tion is given that can with certain identify it
Rensselaerite was named after Stephen Tan Rensselaer, of Albany, N. Y.
400A. Talooid Nawnamn (Min., 6th edit, 256, 1869) is a snow-white, broadly-foliated talc of PressnitB, described by Scheerer as nmOraier kUadaaxurw nydiro4aic (Pogg., Ixzziv. 386) ; G.=2'4k8. analyses by Scheerer and Richter :
A
£1
d
4*13=99'38 Scheerer.
2. "
67*96
4-14=99-46 Richter.
The oxygen ratio nearly 8 : 10 : 1. It may be only common talo with disseminated qniutSi For another analysis of Pressnits talc, see No. 29, above. The Kittelsthal (Thuringite) steatiti (Spedcstein, anaL 86, p. 468) is similar, except in the less water.
400. PTROPEnrZiUTB. PyrophyUit HmtL Pogg., zv. 692, 1829. Fyrauxit BrtiXt. , Handb.,
897, 1841. AgalmatoUte or Pagodite pt
Orthorhombic. Not observed in distinct cryBtaU. Cleavage: basal eminent. Foliated, radiated lamellar ; also granular, to compact or cryptoerystalline ; the latter sometimes slaty.
JEi.=l-2 G.=2-75— 2-92. Lustre of folia pearl, like that of talc; of massive kinds dull or glistening. Color white, apple-green, grayish and
HYDBOTTB 6ILIOATE8, HASOABOPHTLLITB SECnON.
brownisli-green, yellowish to ochre-yellow, grayish-white. Snbstransparent to opaque. Laminss flexible, not elastic. Teel greasy. Optic-axial angle large (about 108°) ; bisectrix negative, normal to the cleavage-plane.
Var.— (1) Foliated, and often radiated, olosely resembling talc in color, feel, lustre, and struo tore; 2*785, Berlin. (2) Compact massive, white, grayish, and greenish, somewhat resen> hling compact steatite, or French chalk; G.=2*81— 2*92, Brush; H.=:l*5— 3. This compact rariety, as Brush has shown, includes part of what has gone under the name of agalmatolite, from China ; it is used for slate-pencils, and is sometimes caJled pencil'SUme,
Comp. — 0. ratio for Si, H, mostly, 1:2:, as for much talc, if three-fourths of the water be basic giving the formula (j( tl'-hi 3i' + i £[=Silica 660, alumina 29-8, water 6-2= 100. The formula usually written 3tlSi-h2 Si*-h4 A.
Anal. 1 and 2 give nearly the formula Si §i"-ht):=ca 69*9, alumina 34*2, water 5-9=100; and if the specimens were not impure, they Indicate that two species are here combined. The species pyfvphylUte was eetabliahed on the first of these two analyses.
Analyses: 1, Hermann (Pogg., zr. 692); 2, Igelstrom (B. Ztg., zzv. SOS); 3, Rammelflberg (Pogg., Izviii 618); 6, ogre ((Efv. Ak. Stockh 1848, 110); &-8, Wahnstedt (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1848, HI); 9, Brush (Am. J. 8cL, U. zzvL 68); 10, a T. Tyson, 11, 0. D. Allen (Am. J. 8ci., II. zzziT. 219); 12, 18, Genth (Am. J. Sd., IL xviiL 410); 14, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., IL xliiL 68)
6*62=100*67 Hermann. 7-46= 101-97 Igelstrom. 6-59=99-48 Bammelsberg. 6-82, An 0*50=101 &|jdgren. 7-08, Mn 0-09=100-35 Sjogren. 6-16=100-12 Walmstedt 6*20=99 93 Walmstedt 5-1 1 100-06 Wahnstedt 5-48, Sa, t 0-25=lu0-87 Brush. 5-40= 100*87 Tyson. 10t)-49 Allen. 6*26=100-39 Genth. 6-22=101-03 Genth. 4*98, Mn <r., ]f7a,& 1-18=99-49 a
P3nr.i etc. — Yields water. B.B. whitens, and fuses with difficulty on the edges. The radiated varieties exfoliate in fan-like forma, swelling up to many times the original volume of the assay. Heated with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color (lUumina). Partially decomposed by sulnhuric acid, and completely on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Obs. — Compact pyrophyllito is the material or base of some schistose rocks. The foliated variety is often the gangue of cyanite.
Pyrophyllito occurs in the Urals, between Pysclmiinsk and Beresof ; at Westan% Sweden ; the Horrsjoberg in Elfdalen, with cyanite; near Ottrez in Luxembourg; in BraziL Also in white stellate aggregations in Cottonstone Mtn., Mecklenburg Ck>., N. G. ; in Chesterfield Dist. & 0., with lasulite and cyanite ; in Lincoln Co., Ga., on Graves Mtn. ; in Arkansas, at the Kellogg lead mine, near Little Bock. The compact kind, resembling a slaty soapstone in aspect and fee is found in large beds at Deep Biver, N. C., greenish to yellowish-white in color, with G.=2'9I ; similar at Carbonton, Moore Go., N. G., having G.=2*82.
The compact pyrophyllite of Deep Biver, N. C, is extensively used for making slate pencils.
Thomson, in an analysis of his nacriie (Rec. Gkn. Sci., iii. 332) from "Brunswick " (should haw been UhUy), Maine, obtained the composition of a pyrophyUite. But the mineral is actually a green mica ; the high silica, as he says was due to mixed quartz.
Si
£1
9e
Ag
Oa
1. Siberia
1*80
4*00
2. Uorrsjnberg, Sw.
0*44
tr.
3. Spaa
0*39
4 Westana, Sw.
0*82
6. (Jhina, PoffodUe
0*09
0*15
66*88
0*06
0*28
ir.
0*23
65*95
28*97
.—.
10. Deep River, N.G,
. 66*93
11. Carbonton, "
27*91
12. Chesterfield, & 0/oL
0*96
0*55
18. " "
28*62
14. Arkansas
66*02
401. PmUTB. PihUt SOrSm, Svanberg Ak. H. Stockh., 1839, 156. CumatoUte C, U. 8h mrd private publication. May 24, 1867. (ymatolite tdL, Correspondence, Dea 24, 1867.
Micaceous. Sometimea constituting long prisms, but only as a pseudo morph. Surface of plates sometimes wavy.
H.=1'5. G.=2*72, pihlite, Svanberg ; 2*74, cymatolite, Sliepard. Lustre pearly, or satin-like. Color white, almost sUvery ; also yellowish. LanmiiB
Oxtoen Ookfounds.
brittle, but separating into thin scales, which are flexible, somewhat elastic and transparent. Feel soft.
(ft'fSQdi' SvanbefK analyBis, if the water be basic; fVom Burton's, if half of the water be basic, It is dosely related to pjrophjrmte, but is imlikf that species in its appearance and its alkalies. AnaljBes: 1, Svanbeig (L c.) ; 2, 3, B. S. Burton
(priv.oontrib.):
Si 21 Pe ttg Oa JTa Li i: a
M. '' 61-20 27*27 undetermined 8*78 Burton.
Prof. Shepard, in an imperfect examination (priy. oontrib.), obtained Si 59*4, H 88*91, with Mn i-SO, fl 1*40=97*21.
Pyr., etc.— Ill a closed tube yields water at a high temperature (Brush). B3. (Vises at 6, of only on the thinnest edges ; infusible (Svanbeig). Scaroelj attacked bj adds.
Obs.~From Brattstad, near Sale, Sweden, in mnite. Ako (cmatolite) iom tlie Indioolite locality, Goshen, Mass., and from Norwich; at boui places covering crystals of spodumene, sometimes at the latter to a depth of three-fourUis of an hich; and also as continuations of spodumene crystals, the foliation, according to Shepard, at right ang to the spodumene; appears to be a result of the alteration of the spodumene.
Named after the Swedish mining director, PihL OymalolUe is from H/ia, wave.
402. SBPIOZiITB. Meerschaum Oerm Wem. BergoL J., 377, 1788. L*£cume de Mer Ik'. Keifekill Kirw,, L 144, 1794. Magnesite pt BrtmgfL, Min., 1807 ; Kagnesite id, 1824. Sepio- Uth OUhA., Bjil, 190, 1847.
Compact, with a smooth feel, and fine earthy texture, or clay-like.
H.=2~2'5. Impressible by the nail. In dry masses floats on water. Color grayish-white, white, or with a faint yellowish or reddish tinge. Opaque.
Oomp.— O ratio for lt,Si,d=l : 3 : 1, corresponding to Mg*&*+2fi; or, if half the water is basic, 1:2: i=(f 60*8, magnesia 27*1, water 121=100. Analyses: 1, Lychnell (Ak. H. Stockhohn, 1826, 176); 3, Schulta (Bamm. MhL Ch., 1000); 2, 4-8, Scheerer k Bichter (Fogg., Ixzxiv. 861) ; 9, Damour (Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL yiL 316) :
fli ttg A
60*87 27*80 11*29, 9e and Xl 0*09=100*05 IychneH
60-01 26*78 12-62=99-41 Sohults.
61-17 28-43 9-83, te 0-06, C 0*67=100*16 Scheerer.
61*30 28-39 9*74, te 0*08, C 0-66=100-07 Scheerer.
60*45 28-19 9-67. te 0*09, C 1*74, £l 011=100-15 Scheerer.
Asia Minor
4. Turkey
6. Qreeoe
7. Asia Minor
9. Morocco
19 to 20 per cent of water were found hy Berthier in meersdiaum from Madrid and Ooulom
miers (Ann. d. M., vlL 318); and by yon Kobell in that of Greece (J. pr. Oh., xxriiL 482); at follows :
Si 21 ttg tL
68*8 1-2 23-8
64*0 1*4 24-0
48-0 tr.
1. Spain
2. doulommiers 8. Greece
20-0=98*8 Berthier.
20*0=99*4 "
19*6, 9e 12-40=100*06 SlobelL
D6bereiner also found two atoms of water (instead of 1) in the meerschaum of Asia Minur. Klaproth (Beitr., il 1 72) found in the same 6 per cent of carbonic add, which proceeded from Dtermixed carbonate of magnesia.
A related minersl, found hi the serpentine of Zobliti, a little translucent, white or yeOowlah, with H.=2*335, afforded Delesse Si 68 6, £l 0-9, with Pe 28*6, fi 16-4=99*4.
Pyr.i, etc*- <In the closed tube yields first hygroaoopio and at a tempafiton
U7Db0U8 8Ilioate8, Masoabophtllite Section.
▼68 mndi water and a burnt tmeO. B.B. some varieties blacken, then bum whitOi an! Aim with difficulty on the thin edges. With cobalt solution a pink color on ignition. Decomposed bj muriatic add with gelatinisation.
Obsw— Occurs in Asia Minor, in masses In stratified earthy or alluvial deposits at the plains ol Sskihi-sher, where, according to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, it has proceeded from tiie decomposition of carbonate of magnesia, which is imbedded in serpentine in the surrounding mountains. He observes that more or less carbonate of magnesia is often found in the meerschaum (Am. J. ScL, II. vii. 286) ; also found in Greece ; at HrubschitB in Moravia ; in Morocco ; at Vallecas in Spain, in extensive beds, affording a light but valuable building stone. The mineral Morocco, caUed in French Piam da tawm da Maroc is used in place of soap at the Moorish baths in dif* ferent places in Algeria.
The word meenchaum is German for seafnxOL and alludes to its lightness and color. Sepioltte Glocker, is cyiU/fith the bone of which is light and porous ; and being also a production of the sea, " deinde apumam mannam significabat*' says Glocker.
Brongniart, in the first edition of his Mineralogy (1807 X included under MagnwUe (I) the carbonate, which he calls MiidhMB magnente (see under Magmxsite) ; (2) the hydrous silicate or meersdiaum ; and (3) the siliceous carbonate from Baudissero in Piedmont ; he putting Mitchell's magnesite,'* the carbonate, finL Karsten, in his Tabellen,** published the next year, 8epar> ated from meerschaum the carbonate, and adopted for it the name magneaiief and in this he has been followed by aU German and most other mineralogists. The application of the name magnd' tiie to the hydrous sflicate, done in the later writings of Brongniart and by subsequent French mineralogists, is hence in violation of the law of priori.
403. APHRODITB. Aphrodit BerUn, Ak. H. Stookh., 178, 1840.
Soft and earthy like Bepiolite. G.=2"21. Color milk-white. Opaque.
Oomp.'0. ratio fbr ft. Si, : 2 : f ; %Sl+f A. BerUn obtained (I a) Silica 51-5ft magnesia 83*72, protoxyd of manganese 1*62, protoxyd of iron 0*69, alumina 0-20, water 13*82.
— From Longban, Sweden.
Named <iptff , foam.
Delesse has analjxed another species, containing Silica 69*6, magneda 28 6, alumina with trace of sesquiozyd of iron 0*9, water 16-4=nearly MgSi+. ()ccurs in serpentine, of a white or yellowish color, with a waxy lustre, and somewhat translucent G.=2'386.
Hampshmie is a name applied by Hermann to the steatite of certain steatitic psendomorphs described and analysed by Dewey (Am. J. Set, iv. 274, v. 249, vL 8:U, 1822, 1823), who obtained gi 60*60, 0*16, Ag 28-83, fe 2*59, Mn 110, fi 16*00. It gives the oxygen ratio for fli, 1:2:1. But the constituents of psendomorphs are seldom pure species, and without thorough investiptiou afford no sufiQdent ground for instituting a new spedes. They have mostly the form of quarts.
404. dMOUTE. Ki/icaXfa Theephr. Gimolia FUn, . 67. Colit Klapr., Beitr., i 291, 1796. Pelikanit OuchaJuiff; BulL St Pet, xvl p. 129, J. pr. Ch., Ixxiv. 264. Hnnterite ffaughbm, PhiL Mag., IV. zviL 18, 1869, xxilL 60.
Terra Lemnia ZHaBooTf PUn, eta Sphragid Zarst, Tab., 28, 83, 1808. Ehrenbergit Npffger- aOk Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, ix. 878, 1862.
Amorphous, clay-like, or chalky.
Very soft. G.=2'18— 2*30. Lustre of streak greasy. Color white, grayisn-white, reddish. Opaque. Harsh. Adheres to the tongue.
OompiO. ratio for Si, Si, fi=l :S: 1; correspongto Sl*Si*+3d; or,if half of thewatei Is basic, (f Ji+ifi*)9i'+]QL Analyses: 1, Klaproth (L c.); 2, Bimoff (Ann. J. M. Buss., 1841, 386); 3, V. Haner (Jahrb. geoL Beichs., 1864, 67); 4, Ouchakoff (L c); 6, Hanghtcm (L o.):
I. Argentiera S. Ekaterinovska 8. Kear Bilhi A. Kiew, PaietmiU 9.MwUerit$
Si 21
63*00 23*00
63*62 23*66
62*30 24*28
06*66 22*84
66*93 20-97
9e ti
1*26 12-00=99-26 Elaproth.
12-00=99-07 nirooff.
12-34, Oa 0-83=99-70 Hauer. a.=2*376.
0-44 9-31, Mg 0-66, t. 0-30, 017=99'28 Oachakoft
11-61, lilg 0-46, Oa 0*SO=99-26 Haughton.
458 Oxyobk Oompounds.
Klaproth, in a later analysis (Beitr , yI 28X obtained Si 54*0, £l 26* j, ¥t 1'5, & 6*6, fi 11 The huntorite, according to the analysis, contains a little excess of silica, probab dne to fre quartz, ad the material was gritty under the pestle.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. becomes gray and finally bums white ; infusible. With cobalt solution a blue color.
Obs.~From the island of Argentlera of the Greeks) ; Berg Hradischt, near Bilin, Bohemia; also Arom Ekaterinovska, district of AlandiroTsk, Bussia; Qovemmentof Kiev, Russia; Nagpur, Gentral India with orthodaae in granite.
404A. SpHRAGiorrB. {Ari/tpta yn Dioaeor. Ztpayis xftvin. Terra Lcmnia P/i9k, zxztL * gid Karst, Tab., 28, 88, 1808.) Belated in composition to dmolite, bnt contains some alkali Color yellowish-gray, brownish, or yellowish-white. Sometimes mottled with mst-like spots; harsh to the touch, adheres feebly to the tongue and forms a paste with water.
Klaproth obtained for its composition (Beitr., ly. 383) :
Si
9e ftg
Oa
iSfa ]Q[
U-60
60O 0*26
3-60 8-60
From Stalimeno, the ancient Lemnoe, It was also called Terra iigUkUa. It was dug for medicinal purposes once a year, cut into spindle-shaped pieces, and stamped mihaaealf and hence the name sigUlata in Latin, and sphragia in Qroek. There was also a Rvinica Lemnia or Lemniam Beddlej used by painters, which is confounded by Fliny with the true terra lemnia.
404B. Ehbenberqit MggeraJfh (Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, iz. 3*78, 1867). Near the preceding in oompositioiif and, like that, containing alkalL It is almost gelatinous in the fresh state, and becomes fingile, pulverulent, and opaque on drying; color rose-red. Analyses: 1, Schnabel (Lo.); % a. Bischof (I c.) :
Si
£1
9e An Mg
Ca fra,& ]Q[
1. 66-77
1-66 0-86 1-80
2-76 8-78 1711=:100 Schnabel
2. 64-64
4*56 4-61 0-41
3-96 8-11 7-77=100 Bischof:
JBhrenbergiie occurs in debts in trachyte at ttio quarries of Steindien and Wolkenbuig, Siebsngebirga
4000. Anauzite Breiih, (J. pr. Oh., xy. 326, 1838). Greenish-white, pearly, granular; with deavage in one direction. Translucent EL=2— 2-6. G.=2'26. Plattner obtained (L a) Si 56*7, 1 1*5, with much Xl, a little Mg and te.
From Bilin, Bohemia.
404D. PoBTTTS MsMgMM ik Bechi (Am. J. Sci., IL ziy. 63). Orthorhombia In radiated masses; cleavage yery distinct parallel to a rhombic prism of 120". EL=6. G.=2*4. Lustre vitreous. Oolor white. Opaue.
, — If the protoxyds are not an essential part of the compound, the mmeral corresponds to the formula % Si*+2 & Analysis by Bedii (Am. J. ScL, IL ziv. 63) :
Si £1 Ag Ca fra & £[
68-12 27-50 4-87 176 0*16 010 7-92=100*43.
Yields water. B.B. intumesoes much and affords a milk-white enamel Dissolves in acida even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbro rosso in Tuscany. Named after ICr. Porte of Tuscany.
406. BMBOnTB. Fullers Earth pt ; Terra or Oreta FnUonum pt ; Walkthon, Walkerde pt, Germ. ; Terre & Foulon pt Smeotit BreiOk, Handb., 344 1841. Malthadt Breiih X pr. Oh., z. 510, 1887.
Massive. Clay-like.
Very soft. G.=1'9— 2'1. Lustre dull ; of streak shining. Color white,
fray, and various shades of green to mountain-green and olive-green, or rownish. Streak colorless. Unctuous. Does not adhere to the tongue Softens in water.
HTDBOUB 8ILI0ATE8, IfABOABOTHTLLTTB SECnOH. 459
Var.— JWIcr'tf Barth indndefl maaxy kinds of nnctuoas dayB, graj to darkgreen in color, and is o&ly in part Breithaupt's smectite. Ma Ji of it is kaoliuite. is described as occurring in thin laminn or scales, and sometimes massive, with the color white or ghtly yellowish, and thin plates translucent ; the original is fom basalt, at Stetndorfel, in Lausitz ; aiid Beraun in Bohemia is given as another locality. 8mecUie is a mountain-green, oil-green, and grayishgreen day, from Cilley in Lower Styria.
Oomp. — 0. ratio for fi, Si, i : 4 : 4 in anal 1 ; whence, if a fourth of the water is basia
The chemical spedes diaracteristic of these minerals is probably the same— a silicate of alumina related to dmolite, but containing three or four times as much water.
Analyses: 1, Jordan (Pogg Izzvii. 691); 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. S38); 8, o):
Si 21 9e Mg Ca £[
1. Omej, SfnedUe 51'21 12*26 2*07 4*89 218 27*89=r 1 00*44 Joidan.
8. Steindorfd, JToiA. 60*17 10*66 3*16 — 0*26 33*83=100-06 Meiasner.
Pyr,, etc. — B.B. the malthadte is invisible ; but the smectite and the Beigate fuller's earth, owing to the impurities present, fuse rather easily. Decomposed by muriatio add. Oba* — All the kinds have a soapy feel
Rhodautb Thomson (Min., L 364 1 836) is a rose-red mineral, " seeming to consist of a congeries of small rectangular prisms with square baseft." Earthy; feel soapy; H.=2'0; G.=2'0. Easily scratched and polished with the naiL B.B. not altered.
Composition, according to Bichardson (L c.>, Si 66*9, 3Sd 8*8. Fe 1 1*4, Mn (r., Mg 0 6, Ca 1 *1, tL 22*0 =99'3. From Dodules in amygdaloid, in Antrim, northern Ireland. " It appeared to have been partially acted upon by the rain and weather." Portlock states that the mineral contains less iron than Thomson's analysis gives, and also that it readily fuses.
406. MONTMORILXiONrrE. Salveiat, Ann. Oh. Fhys., IJl. xxL 376, 1847. Confolensite ,, Min., Ul 683, 1866. Delanovit Kenng. Jahrb. G. Beidis., iv. 6BS, 1863. Delanouite Min., UL 683, 1 866. Stolpenit (=Bole of Stolpen) Kenng Min., 41, 1863. Saponite Nicklea, Ann. Ch. Pliys , UL Ivi. 46, 1869=Pierre a savon (Germ, Bergseife) de Plombidres. Steargillite Msaiet, DescL Min., i 206, 1862. Erinite Thamaon, Min., L 841, 1836.
Massive, clay-like.
Very soft and tender. Lustre feeble. Color white or grayish to rosered, and bluish ; also pistachio-green. Softens in water, and for the most part does not adhere to the tongue. Unctuous.
Var.— (1) is rose-red; Montmorillon, Prance. Oon/olensUe is paler roseted ; fr. Confolens, Dept of Oharente, at St. Jean-de-061e, near Thiviers. Delanouite ia similar in Color, and is fr. Miilac, near Nontron, France ; stated by Kenngott to adhere to the tongue.
(2) SMpeniie is a day from the basalt of Stolpen. SieargiUUe is white, yellow, and pistaduO'
nn, subtranslucent insoluble in adds ; and is easily cut into cakes loolang like soap or wax ; ear Yirolet on the Bochelle railroad, and at the tunnel of Poitiers. Saponite of Nicklds is a soap-like day from the granite from which issues one of the hot springs of Plombldres, France, called Soap Spring.
Erinite is a yellowish-ti i dayey minersl from tbj Giant's Causeway ; Q.=2*04; opaque; a little resinous in lustre ; unctuous; B.B. infusible but whitens. Named from Erin (Ireland.
Oomp.— Like smectite, but containing more alumina. 0. ratio for fi, §1, £[=1 ; 2: 2; whence (f sfl hi i*+6d. Analyses: 1, 2, BalveUt and Damour (1. a); 3, Berthior cTr. d. Ess. V. Be, L 68); 4. y. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 683) 6, 6, Salvetat (Ann. Gh. Phys., in 120) ; 7, Bammelsbeig (Pogg., zlviL 180) ; 8, MeDlet (L ; 9, Niddte (I a) ; 10, Berthier ; 11, Thomson (1. c) :
3l £1 9e Ag Ca ffa,& A
8. Oonfolens, Oortf. 49*6 18*0 2*1 8*1 28*0 Berthier.
A. Millao Dtttan. 60*66 19*16 ftn4*40 0*68 2406=98-78 Hauer.
lD4s99*46 Salvetat
460 OZTOEN OOHFOTJimB.
Si Si 9e fig fra,&
7. olpmito 46*92 22*] 4 8*90 26-86=97-82 Ramm.
%, SieirgmUA 46'SO 28*30 j'e 1-21 fin 1*48 1*70 27*00=99*99 Meillet
9. 4O-61 18*46 li 0a53*68 0-41 87niO=100 Nickls.
10. " " 46-8 23*4 2-1 26*6=98*9 Berthier
Salvetat observes that carbonate of soda separateB a little gelatinoQa Bilica> and sulphurio aci4 Bome quarts-Bilica— a fact of great interest in connection with the earthy bjdrous aluminous silicates generally.
Pyr., eto — B.B. inftisible, excepting the stolpenite, which affords a yellowish enamel, probably owing to the 4 p. a of lime in the state of silicate present as impurity. IContmorillonite loses 6 p. c. of water at C. and delanouite 14 p. a The acqpwiiie lost, according to NickUs, 22 p. a of water in dry air at 16 C ; 34*6 p. a at lOO"" C ; and 87 p. c. at redness. The loss over sul* phuric acid was 29 p. o.
Sevtriie according to the analysis of Pelletier (p. 477X would be identical nearly with the mi eral from Oonfolens.
406A. Rcammiojfiikin of John, a greenishwhite day-like mineral from Kosemutz, in Silesiai If near montmorillonite, except in the less amount of water. Zellner obtained :
A IWiomarge teinmark) from Strimbuly, Transylyanlai afibrded Hingenau (JshrK Min., 1866 690) :
It is, probably. Judging from the magnesia and alkalies present, atdj a mixture.
407. STUiPNOMBUUTB. Glochar, ZS. t Ifin., Jan., 1828, Handb., 672, 183L Chalcodits
SJup Bep. Am. Assoc., vL 232, 1861.
Foliated plates, Bometimes hexagonal, aometimefl radiated. Also fibrous, or as a velvety coating even or tufted. Cleavage easy in one direction.
H.=3— 4, when in solid plates. G.=3— 8-l, Glocker; 2'769, Breith. : 2*76, chalcodite, Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface between pearly and vitreous, sometimes submetallic or brass-like. Color black, greenish-black, yellowish-bronze, and greenish-bronze.
Var.— (1) Ordinary, in plates or massive.
(2) ChaloodUe, in velvety coatings jof brass-like or BubmetalUc lustre, consisting of minute soles, which are flexible.
Oomp.0. ratio for ft +1 Si, ]6[=3 : 6 : 2 nearly, from anaL 1 to 3 ; whence (ft*, fi) §i*+2 tL Brush's analysis, in which the state of oxydation of the iron was determined, gives 13*39 : 24*16 : 8*18, or nearly the same.
Analyses: 1, Rammelsbeig (Pogg., xliiL 127); 2, Siegert (BamuL, 6th SnppL, 280, ICin. Gh., 880); 3, L. J. Igelstrom (J. pr. Gh., Ixxri. 396); 4, Qt. J. Brush (Am. J. Sci H xxv. 198):
Si Si 9e te tg Ca t tL
Brush ascertained the identity of chaloodite with stilpnomelane ; Mallet analysed it (Am. J. ScL, IL xxiv. 118X but, as he states, he had too little of the mineral for reliable results.
Pyrt, eto— iTields much water. B3. fuses oasQy to a black, shining magnetio globule. With the fluxes gives the reactions for iron. Chaloodite is completely decomposed by muriatic add.
Obs--tilpnomelane occurs at Obergrund and elsewhere in Silesia, with caldte and quarU lometimes intermixed witii pyrite and msgnetite. Also in Moravia, near Brokersdorf ; near Stem* ocrg, in a bed of Umomite in a day slate, probably of the Devonian age, and often associated with dklarito, magnetite and caldte ; at Fredenc ndne near Weilburg, Nassau, in a bed of iron ore ; al
BYUBOVS BILIOATEB, MABaABOiHTLUTE BECTION.
Pen Mine, Nordmark, Sweden, radiated foliated with aotinoUte, InTeins sometimes 4 inches tKxik Chaloodite oooiin at the Sterling Iron mine, in Antwerp, Jefferson Ox, N. T., coating hematite and OBcite, and sometimes oonstitnting psendomorphs, haying the form of hollow rectangular ta )let the yellow variety resembles m odor mosaic gold.
Named SUlpnomeiane ttam ariXndf, ahuUngj and /<cXaf, black; and ChakodUe, from bram orbronae.
106. OBLGROPAXm, Bernhardt A Bramdes . J., ., 29, 1822. IJnghwarit QlochfT Grundr., 1839, 537. Nontronite Berfttsr, Ann. Ch. ., zzzri 22, 1827. Pinguite Breiih . J., ly 308, 1829. Pettbol FreieaUben, Mag. Oiykt Sachsen, y. 136. Graminivs &imtz, Ges. Nat Heil-kunde, Bonn, Ifiaroh, 1867, 0. Bergemann, Jahrb. Min., 1857, 395.
Compact massive, with an opal-like appearance ; earthy.
H.=2-5— 4"5. G.=1'727, 1'870, earthy varieties, the second a conchol dal specimen ; 2*105, Thomson, a Ceylon chloropal. Color greenish-yellow and pistachio-green. Opaque— subtranslucent. Fragile. Fracture conchoidal and splintery to earthy. Feebly adhering to the tongue, and meagre to the touch.
Var. — Chloropal has the aboye-mentioned characters, and was named the Hnngarian mineral occurring at Unghwar, whence Glooker's name Unghwarite. It is described as breaking mto panilielopipeds, haying opposite magnetic polarity at oppoaite angles.
NowtronUe is pale straw-jellow or canary-jelliDW, and greenish, with an unctuous feel ; flattens and grows lumpy under the pestle, and is poliahed by friction ; flrom Nontron, Dept. of Dordogne France.
Pinguite is siskin and oil-green, extremely soft, like new-made soap, with a slightly resinous Instre, not adhering to the tongue ; the original from Wolkenstein in Saxony.
Fdtibol has a layer-brown color, a slitly greasy lustre, shining streak, conchoidal fhicture, and G.=2'249, Breith., and is fm Halsbriicke near Freiberg.
Gtuminite has a grass-green color (whence the name), and oocurs at Menzenberg, in the Siebengebirge, in thin fibrous seams, or as a feather of delicate lamellsd; H.=l ; G.=1'87, after drying at 212"" F. ; lustre and feel somewhat greasy, as in pinguite.
Oomp.— A hydrated silicate of iron, with probably the general formula Fe §i'+4| d=Silioa 42'7, seaquioxyd of iron 880, water l-3=lOO; Fe) & The water and silica both vary much. The Hungarian chloropal oocurs mixed with opal, and graduates into it, and this accounts for the high silica of some of its analyses.
Analyses: 1, 2, Bernhardi k Brandos Q. c.); H, 4, Hiller (Jahmsb., 1857, 671); 5, Thorn* son (Min., I 464); A, y. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 161, 1864); 7, Berthier (Ann. Oh. Phys., zxxy. 92); 8, Dufoy (Ann. d. M., III. ill 39a); 9, Jacquelin (Ann. Clh. Phys., xlyl 101); 10, Biewend (J. pr. Gh., xl 162); 11, 12, Mehner (J. pr. Oh., xlix. 882); 13, H. MuUer, 14, £. Uri. ooechea (this Mia., 1854 337); 16, Kersten (. J., IxyL 9); 16, Bergemann (I o.); 17, Kerf ten iSchw. J., Ixri. 81):
1. Unghwar, compact
2. '' mriiy
3. Steinberg, eomp, 4b " oarOn 6. Geylon 6. UnghwarUe
Si
9e
16*3
28*0
26*04
(I
7. Nontron, NowtrtMUe
8. Yillefrance,
9. Montmort) Andreasberg,
gnK " bk.
Tirschenrenth, Noffdr, 47*1 " " 47-69
67-76 f*e20*8G
40'60
30*19
37*80
42*49 29*60 1*80 25*46 6-87
1*80
1*09
7'16
Mg
1*6
]Q[
IT. FhUM
46*40 23*60 3*01
18=100 Bernhardi ft Brandos. 20*0 1=99*76 Bernhardi k Brandes. 8*8=99-8 Hiller. 261=99*9 Hiller. 18-00=100-24 Thomson.
— 19*78, Ca 1-77=100 Hauer. 2-1 18-7, day 1-2=98-6 Berthier. 2-37 23-00=100*20 DufWnoy.
18*68, Oft 0*19, Cu 0 9=100*8 Z
— 21*66 Biewend.
— 21-82, f'e 2-26, Oa 1-11-100*48 Meha ir, 20-38=102*91 Mehner.
Ur. 10-00=100 Miiller. 0-13 9-79=100 Uriooechea.
— 24*60=97-41 Kersteu.
With MOM Dotaah.
162 Oxygen Oompoundb.
Kobell found, after expelling the water (J. pr. Oheoi zHt. 96) :
This chemist regards the chloropel as a mtztnre of 9e Si*+2 iS and opal; and he nvtAea thr same formula for nontrooite and pingaite.
P3rr., etc.— Yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns black and becomes magnetic; With ths fluxes gives reactions for iron. Ghloropal is partially decomposed by muriatic acid; pinguite ii completely decomposed, th separation of pulverulent silica, while nontronite gelatinizes with muriatic acid.
Obs.— Localities are mentioned above. The locality of ehhropal at Meenser Steinberg (anaL 3 is near Oottlngen ; pinguUe occurs also at Sternberg in Moravia.
Ghloropal also occurs (Church, Chem, News, 1866. ii. 71) in a diana-stone quarry, near the olc tin miue known as Gardase, not far ftom St Austell, in Cornwall, associirted with fluor ; it is the variety which has been named gramimte,
409. QliAUOONITE. Glaukonit KeferMn, geol largest, t. 610, 1828, OVoclber, Handb, 832, 1881. GrQnerde pt Germ. Green Earth pt Terre verte pt Ghlorophanerit Jenzach Jahrb. Min., 798, 1866.
AmorpbouB, and resembling earthy chlorite. Either in cavities in rocks, or loosely granular massive.
H.=2. G.=2'2— 2*4. Lustre dull, or glistening. Color olive-green, blackish-green, yellowish-green, grayish-green. Opaque.
Oomp., Var. — Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potash ; but the material is mostly, if not always, a mixture, and oonsequentiy varies much in composition. In most of the analyses the state of ozydation of the iron was not determined. Haushofer, who examined this point, nves as the most common oxygen ratio for K, fi, Si, 1, 1:8:9:3, and writes the formula R 5i + ¥i §i'+3 fi=i:(if ft=i e+i fi; and 9e+i SUica 49*3, alumina 3-6, sesquioxyd of iron 22-7, protoxyd of iron 6*3, potash 8*3, water 9*6. The ratio is that of a hornblende, and especially acmite, excepting the water and the presence of potash in place of soda, this ratio between the bases and silica being 1 : 2. Differs Arom oeladonite in being decomposed by muriatic acid.
The kinds of glauconite are :
1. Green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks; to which the chhropkaneriU of G. Jensoh may perhaps be added.
2. Green grains of sand beds or rocks, as of the green sand of the chalk formation, rarely found in limestones; called glauoonite (in allusion to the green color). H.=2*, G.=2*29— 2*85; color olive-green to yellowish-green.
Analyses: 1, Delesse (Bib. Univ. Gen. 1848, June, 106); 2, 8, Waltershausen (Ynlk. Gest, 801); 4, G Jenzsch (L a); 6. a L. Dana (Hitchcock's G. B. Mass., 98, 1841); 6-8, Rogers (G. Bep K. J., 201-204); 9, F&her (Am. J. ScL, IL ix. 83); 10, Berthier (Ann. d. K, xiil); 11, D. E von Dechcn (Yerlu nat Yer. Bonn, 1855, 176); 12, W. van der Marck (ib., 1855, 263); 13-15 MaUet (Am. J. Sd, H. xxiiL 181); 16-18, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1863, 486-488); 19, 2U Berthier; 21-27, Haushofer (J. pr. (Sl, zcvil 853); 28, id. (ib., ciL 38); 29, H. Wurtse (Am. J BcL, 11. X. 326):
I. /hmi empUoe rocks.
Si £1 9e j*e ftg Oa fTa & ti
4. CMarophanenie 59*4 tmdeL 12*8 undetermined 5*7 Jencach.
2 OkwcanUe, fivm eedmenktry heda; or, rarely, from Umeelone drata.
b Gay Head, Mass. 56*70 13*32 20 10 1*18 1*62 =99*92 Dana.
HTDBOUB 8IU0ATES, lIABOJiBOPaTLUTB BECnOS.
J 63
Si
9e
j'e lilg Ca
JTa
&
]Q[
fi. Poke Hill, 1 9. & £. of PhiL in N. / 6326
3*86
24-16 1*10 1-73
1*60
7*60=99-86 Rogera. 10-12=10112 Fisher.
10. Qencany
-61'!
2-2*1 4*3
6*0
10*0 Berthier.
:i. Essen, Westph.
10*09
18*76 3-37
6*25=100 Dechen.
:9. Verl, Westph.
21-78 6*21
—
[4*76]= 100 Marck.
13. Coal Bluff; Ala.
20-18 1*70 1-04
8*17=100-04 Mallett
68-91*
19-24 0-87 0-71
Mallet
i6. GBinesyille, Ala. R 68*74
4*71
—
3*26
9*79=99-96, 9e ir. Mall.
)6. New Jersey
22-60 2*16 111
8-96=100 Hunt
17. Orleans IcL, Can.
19*8
8-6 3-7
8-6=100 Hunt
i8. Red Bird, Miss.
46*68
11*46
20-61 1*27 2-49 0*98
9*66=100 Hunt
19. Havre
l-20=98-7 Berthier.
24 Glaris
23-0 4*9
3*0
8-6=98-3 Berthier.
21. Kressenberg
22*2
8*0
9*5=99-2 Uaushofer.
22. Boding
6*9
Haushofer.
23. "
(1) 49*
7*1
2l)-07
—
6*76
12*75=9') -87 Haushofer.
24. Benedictbeuem
8*0 1-4 2-4
14'7=99-6 Hanshofr.
26. Ortenbnrg
48*99
6*4
4-8 tr, 0*78
—
8-98= 100-98 Haushofex.
26. Sorg
21*8
81 4*2 tr.
3*1
Haushofer.
27. Bayreuth
7-06 23 6
8*26
6*76
101=98*86 Haushofer.
28. Havre, Franoe
8-80 2108
914, Mg, 6a, C 111=
99 86 Haushofer. 11-60=99-93 WurJa.
29. SlirewsbV, N. J.
(1) 48*03
11-86 p. 0. of 81 o'IbmL la oarb. Mda. S89 p. e. oTBl 0*1imo1. in carb. aodA.
AnaL 3, G.=2-166; 18, G.=2'297| 16, G.=2*349; 16, 17, fr. Lower Silurian rocks of the Quebec Group; 18, fr. Lower Magnesian Limestone, Lower Silunau; 21-25, 28, 29, Cretaceous; 26, Jurassic*, 27, Triassic (Muschelkalk). In 29, 4*81 out of the 11*60 called hTgroscopic.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. Fuses easily to a dark magootiu glass. Some varieties are entirely decomposed by muriatic acid, while others are not appreciably attacked.
A green caldte from Central India contains a skeleton of glauconlte—separable by luids — oonstitutiug about 14 p. a of the whole, which afforded 3. Haugton, on analysis (Phil Mag., lY. zviL 6), Si 54*59, 2-2*84 Mg Ca 094, A and loss 11*99. He names the rock, which is a mixture of caldte and glaucouite, ffidopUe. An analysis by Haushofer of a glauconitio limestone (muschelkalk) from Wurzbnrg is given in J. pr. Ch., xciz. 237.
The glauconito grains are most abuu£mt in the " green sand " of the chalk formation, sometimes constituting 75 to 90 p. c. of the whole. They are often casts of the shells of Bhissopods. The material has also been found in Silurian rocks, and beds of other geological periods, and even in the shells of recent Rbizopods, ond in fragments of coral obtaiued hi deep sea soundings (Am. J. ScL, II. zzii. 281). The glauconite of the Silurian, analyzed by Hunt, contains less iron and more alumina than that of the chalk formation.
The following are analyses of material usually called green earth." It occurs often in the form of pseudomorphs ; that of Fassa having the form of pyroxene; of Framout, Uning pyroxene crystals and filling cavities among them, as if a result of their alteration. 1, 2, Bammeleberg (Min. Oh., 489); 3, Delesse (Ann. d. M., IV. iv. 361) :
1. Fassa, jMetid
8. IVamoat
Si 21 9e ftg
46*87 11-18 24-63 0*28
39-48 10-81 8*94 16*66 1*70
48-60 16-61 8-88 11-83 6-66
Oa fa & ti
1*60 6*62 9*82 Rammelsberg.
— 4-41 4-24, Ca C 15*26 Bammelsberg.
0*69 3-14 7-16, An 0-80=99*26 Delesse.
410. OBXiADONITB. Terre verte de Yerone de Lialt, Orist, ii. 602, 1783. Griinerde ., Bergm. J., 619, 1788. GkeenBarth pt ; Green Earth of Verona. Seladonit Gioek QpL, 19% 1847. Oeladonite Dr,
Earthy or in minuto scale, forming nodules or filling cavities in erup five rocKs. Yery soft. Color deep olive-green, celandine-green, apple-green Feel more or less greasy.
164 Oxygen Oompousdb.
Oomp. — AnaljBis by Klaproth (Beitr !▼. 289) :
Mt Baldo Si 58 Fe 28 Kg 2 & 10 fi 6=9d.
Pyr efc — Aooording to Klaproth, and also lator, yon Kobell not acted on by m&fmi-c tM
Obs. — From cavities in amygoid at Mt Baldo near Verona.
Named in allusion to the ordinary color of the mineral, cekukmeen, equivalent in ifiench tc sea-green (written Seladon in German), for which term the English substituted celandtn&freak* Celadon is the name of one of the characters in a French romance by dUrfe, entitled) Astr published in 1610. He was a weak verdant lover of insipid tenderness, and thence the applioai tion to the above variety of green. DTTrfe borrowed the name from Ovid ; it comes originally from blaming.
n. UNISILICATES.
411. SBRPBMTINB. "Ornyc pt Dioacor,, v. 161. Ophites pt VUnw PUn. OphitOb 8e pentaria, Agric Fobs., 804, 809, 1646. Manner Serpentlnmn, M. Zeblidum, Serpenstein Ger* manlce, Lapis Serpentinns, J5L de Boat 1636, pp. 602, 504 Telgsten pt, OUaris pt. Manner Seipentinum, 11 Zdblizense, Lapis Oolubrinus, WaU 136, 1747. Serpentine I¥. 2W. WalL 1763. Serpentin, Zoblitser S., Cronat 76, 1758.
Orthorhombic ? In distinct crystals, but only as psendomorphs. Semetimes foliated, folia rarely separable ; also delicately fibrous, tlie fibres often easily separable, and either flexible or brittle. Usually massive, fine granular to impalpable or cryptocrystalline ; also slaty.
H.=2-5— 4, rarely 5-6. G.=2-5— 2-65 ; some fibrous varieties 2-2— 2*3 ; retinalite, 2'36— 2*55. Lustre subresinous to greasy, pearly, earthy ; rosiniike,* or wax-like ; usually feeble. C!olor leek-green, blackish-green ; oil and siskin-green ; brownish-red, brownish-yellow ; none bright ; sometimes nearly white. On exposure, often becoming yellowish-gray. Streak white, slightly shining. Translucent — opaque. Feel smooth, sometimes greasy. Fracture conchoidal or splintery. Polarization in crystals, none, or only irregular colors, as in amorphous or cryptocrystalline substances ; usually apparent in laminated and fibrous varieties, with the bisectrix negative and nonnal to the plane of lamination or to that of the fibrous structure.
Var. — Many nnmistained species hare been made out of serpentine, differing in stnoturo (massive, slaty, foliated, fibrous), or, as supposed, in chemical composition; and these now, in part, stand as Tarieties, along with some otherB based on variations in texture, hardness, etc.
A. MA90XVB. (I) Ordinary masaive. (a) Precious or Noble Serpentine (Edier Serpentin Oerm.) Is of a rich oil-green color, of pale or dark shades, and translucent even when in thick pieces ; and (5) Common SerpeiUinef when of dark shades of color, and subtransluoent The former has a hardness of 2*5— 3 ; the latter often of 4 or beyond, owing to impiuities.
2. Hesinoua, KeUnalUe Thomson (Min., i. 201, 18S6) is massive serpentine, having honcj'jel* low to light oil-green colors, and waxy or resin-like lustre and aspect H.=3'5 ; G.=2-47— 2*5*2, GrenviUe, Hunt, 2*36 — 2*38, Oalumet Id., Hunt It much resembles deweylite. It affords, on analysis, 3 p. c. more of water than ordinary serpentine ; and it is probable that the mineral is a mixture of serpentine and deweylite. Named from remain and from specimens obtained at GrenviUe, 0. W. Vorhauaefite Kei.ngott (Min. Forsch., 1856-67, 71) is the same, though brown to in oolor. IL=3'6 ; G.=2*46. From the Flelms valley, Tyrol
PorceUanoha ; BorceUophite, The meerschaum " of Taberg ft Sala is a soft earthy serpen
Jameson has aeladon-een Werner) in his Treatise on the External Charactuni of M*DM ala 1806 ; and oelandme-green in his Bye torn of Mineralogy I 466, 1816.
HTDB0U8 SILICATES, SSOnOlT.
46S
ttne, reBembling meenchaum in external appearanoe (Berlin, Ak. H. 1840). This yariety is BometimeB very soft when first taken out A yariety resembling compact lithomarge occun al Middletown, Delaware Ca, Pa. (anai 87). It has a smooth, poroelaiu-like fhusture; H.=3'6 . G.=2'48.
4. BotoenUe Dana (Min., 265, 160, Nephrite Aniwi, Am. J. Sd., ▼. 846, 1822) is massiTe ot very fine granular texture, and mudi resembles nephrite, and was long so called. It is apple* green or greenish-white in color ; G.= 2*694 — 2*787, Bowen ; and it has Uie unusual hardness 5*5 — 6, whidi is some evidence that this Tarietjr may be a good species, although proved hj Smith ft Brush to be identical with serpentine in composition. From &nithfleld, R I.
B. Laubllab.
6. AfUigoriie Schweizer (Pogg., xliz. 695, 1840) is thin lamellar in structure, easily separating into translucent or subtransparent folia; H.=2*5 ; G.=2'622; color brownish-green by reflected Ught, and leek-groen by transmitted ; feel smooth, but not greasy. Polarizes light, according to Haidinger. Named from the locality, Antigorio yaUey, Piedmont
6. WUliamsita Shepard (Am. J. ScL, n. yi 249, 1848) is a lamellar impure seipentine, of applegreen color, with H.=4*5 and G.=2*59 — firom Texas, Pa. Does not doubly refract, De2L Graduates into a massive granular variety.
C. Thin Fouated.
T. MarmolUe Nuttall (Am. J. ScL, iv. 19, 1822, but shown to be a variety of serpentine by Yanuxem, J. Acad. Sd Philad., iiL 133, 1823) is thin foliated; the lamina brittle but easily separable, yet graduating into a varie in which they are not separable (which variety has sometimes been called in the United States keroliie), G.=2*41 ; lustre pearly; colors greenish-white, bluishwhite, to pale asparagus-green. From Hoboken, N. J. Folia from Hoboken without polarization, acoordiug to Websky ; feebly polarizing, according to Desdoizeaux.
8. TherrnophyllUe A. Nordenskiold (Beskrifn. Fin. Min., 160, 1855, Hermann, J. pr. Gh., IxxiiL 21 H). Occurs in small scaly crystals aggregated into masses, with an amorphous steatite-like base. B.B. crystals exfoliate like vermiculite or pyrophjUite. H.=:2*5; G.=2'61, Nord. ; 2'6t>, Herm. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly ; color light brown to silver-white and yellowish-brown. Optically biaxial ; the axial angle 20' ; bisectrix negative, normal to plane of* cleavage, Miller. From Uopansuo, Finland.
D. Fibrou&
9. ChrysOile v. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., ii. 297, 1834, xxx. 467, 1843; Schillemder Asbest; Amianthus pt) is deUcacely fibrous, the fibres usually flexible and easily separating; lustre silky, or silky metallic; color greeniflh*white. green, olive-green, yellow, and brownish; G.=2'219. Often constitutes seams in serpentine. It includes most of the silky amianthus of serpentine rocks. The original chrysotile was from Reichenstein.
10. Picrolite Hausmann (Moll's Efem., iv. 401, lb08) is columnar, but fibres or columns not easily flexible, and often not easily separable, or affording only a long splintery fracture ; color dark green to mouniain-green, greenish, gray, and brown. The original was from Taberg, Sweden.
MUaxiie Breithaupt (Char., 113, 326, 1832) is picrolite, consisting of separable but brittle colunms, of a gpenish-white color, and weak pearly lustre ; H.=2— 2*5 ; G.=2'52. From Scbwarzenberg. Passes into a laminated variety.
BaltiTnorite Thomson (PhiL Mag., xxii. 191, 1843) is picrolite from Bare Hills, Md., of a grayish* green color; silky lustre, opaque, or subtranslucent, with H.=2'5— 3.
E. CB76TALLIZED SsBPENTiNE. The observed crystals are all pseudomorphs. The most com mon have the form of chrysolite, and the annexed figure represents one of this kind. Kose has observed some crystals which were still partly chrysolite. Delesse states that the serpentine of Odem graduates into feldspar, and appears to have been derived from the alteration of that mineral Other kinds are pseudomorphs after pyroxene, amphibole, spinel, chondrodite, garnet, phlogopite, sphene, and chromic iron. Even the foliated and fibrous kinds may be partly psendomorphous. If marmoUte or ihermophyUiie is truly crystallized serpentine, as seems the crystallization of the species is actually micaceous like that of chlorite and talc.
F. SxHPENTiNiE R00K& Serpentine often constitutes rock-masses. It frequently occurs mixed wltti more or less of dolomite, magnesite, or caldte, making a rock of clouded green, sometimes veined with white or pale green, called verdtnUque, or ophioUte, Ophiolite is styled by Hunt (1) doiomitic, (2) magneaitic or (3) calciHc according as the serpentine is mixed with dolomite, magnesite, or calcite. Serpentine rock is sometimes mottled with red, or lus something of the aspect of a red porphyry ; the reddish portions containing an unusual amount of oxyd
oif iron. Any serpentine rock cut into slabs and polished, is called aerpmiine marUe,
Oxtobn Oompox7Nd6.
Oomp— 0. ratio for Ag, fli, ; 4 : 2, oorresponding to 3 Si, E Ag, 2 44*14, mar BMia 42*97, water 1 2*89. Formala, as commonly written, 2 >ig Si + lilg Bnt as chrysolite u oepedally liable to the change to serpentine, and chrysolite is a unisHieaU, and the change consists in a loss of some.lilg, and the addition of water, it is probable that part of the water takes the place of the lot Mg, so that the mineral is essentially a hydrated chrysolite of the formala (f Mg+ i fi)* Si + i IL The relation in 0. ratio to kaolinite and pinite corresponds with this riew of the formula.
Analyses: A. Massive SerpenUne. 1, Hartwall (Jahresb., ix. 204); 2, Scheerer (Pogg IrriiL S28); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Gh., zxzii 499); 4, Genth (Am. J. ScL, II. xzziil 01); 6, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., zxxYiL 167); 6, Hisinger (AfhandL, iv. 341); 7, LychneU (Ak. H. Stockh., 18i6. 176); 8, Jordan, 9, Marchand (J. pr. Ch., zzzii 499); 10, Mosander (Ak. H. Stockh., 18:25, 227); 11, LychneU (I- a); 12, 18, 14, Schweizer (J. pr. Gh., zxziL 378); 16, Hanghton (PhiL Mag., lY. z. 263); 16, Lydmell (L a); 17, G. W. Hultmark (J. pr. CSl, Izxiz. 878); 18, A. K Soa ., tL, and Yerh. Min. St. Pet, 1862, 149); 19, 20, Hanghton (L c.): 21, T. Merz (Nat Ges. Zurich, 1861) ; 22, Yannxem (J. Aa Set PhOad., iii. 183) ; 2.S, LychneU (L c.) ; 24-27, T. a Hunt (p. Q. Oan., 1861, 1867, 1863); 28, 29, a T. Jadcson (Proc Bot Soc. N. Hist, 1856); 30, Sharpies (Am. J. ScL, IL xUl 272); 31-SS, T. a Hunt (L c); 34, K A. Manice (priy. contrib.); 86, (EUacher (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 1867, 358); 36, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. Sci IL zy. 212); 87, B. a Burton (priy. contrib.).
B. Lamellar SerpenUne, 88, Brush (Am. J. Sd., IL zziy. 128); 39, Stockar-Escher (Kemig. Uebers., '66-'67, 72); 40, H. y. Gilm (Ber. AlcWien, zziy. 287); 41, lyanof (Jahresb, zzy. 344); 42, 43, Schweizer (I.e.); 44, y. Merz (L c.); 46, 46, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL zy. 212); 47, Hermann (J. pr. Gh., Uil 31) ; 48, Delesse (Ann. d. M., lY. ziy. 78).
G. Tkin'/bUaUd SerpenHne, 49, Garrett (this Min., 1860, 692); 60, LychneU (1. a); 61, Shepard (Min., L 292, 1836); 62, 63, Yanuzem (J. Acad. Sd. PhUad., iii 138); 64, Hermann (J. pr. Oh. zlyl 230); 66, Arppe (Anal flnska Min., 27); 6ft, Hermann (J. pr. Gh., IzziiL 213); 67, Northoote (Phil Mag , lY. zyi 263, J. pr. Gh., Izzyi. 263).
D. Fibrous or columnar varieties. 68, Stromeyer (Untera., 366) ; 69, list (Ann. Gh. Pharm., Izziy. 241); 60, LychneU (I c.); ol, Rammelsberg (3d Suppl, 107); 62, Brewer (this Min., 1860, <\92); 6.3, y. Kobeil (J. pr. Gh., U, 297); 64, Brush (this Mhu, 1864, !283); 66, Reakirt (Am. J. isn., II. zyiil 410 1 ; 66, Delesse (I c.); b7, Hultmark (J. pr. Gh., Izziz. 378); 68, Schafitsdi (Boe, Reise Ural, I 246); 9, GUm (Ber. Ak. Wien, xziy. 287); 70, Scbweizer (I c); 71, Kiihn (Ann. Gh Pharm., liz. .69); 72, Plattner (Prob. Loth., 2d edit, 211); 73, Kuhn (I c.); 74 Dele8S<> (The Anal, 24); 76, T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Gan., 1866 205); 76. Hunt (ib., 1863, 472); 77, Thomson (PhU. Mag., zzu. 193); 78, E. Schmidt (J. pr. Gh., zly. 14)
A. Massive Serpentine,
gi
Si
j*e
Ag
1 Snarum, Pieud.- Chrys.
41*66
2*48
41*48
S L, Auachkul "
85*08
4 Webster, N. G.
48*87
88*62
5 Schwarzenberg, PBeud.OaFwi
6 Fahlun, preeioui &
40*37
41*96
a " "
40*32
—
10. Wermland
11. 'ogrube
41*58
it.
42*41
12. Zermatt, y.-gn.
41*12
—
14. WaUis Alps, hkh.-ffn.
44*22
4*90
86*41
15. Zermatt, jwie on.
16. Sala
18. Lnpikko, Finland
19. Galway
tr.
40*04
20. Syria
36*28
21. Zermatt, Findel Gl, wK, giffk-nn, 42*13
—
22. Kewbnryport, jrwMnis '
—
23. Massachusetts
24. Orford, Gan., o/uw-pn.
40*80
[39*07]
tL
12-02=- 100 Hartwall 12-61=99-62 Scheerer. 13-76= 1 00 Hermann. 9*66, litn <r., ifi 0*27, Oa 0*03, chromic iron 0*67=100*88 Genth. 12-87, Mn 0-6, 0*42, Oa, bit ir
=99*73 Kersten. 12-45, Ca 0*60=97*81 Hisinger. 11-68, C, bit 3-42=100-28 Lychn 13*64=98*96 Jordan. 18*86, biu 0*3=99*94 Marchand. 12-38, C 0-89=99*97 Mosander. 11*29, C, bit 3-42 LychneU 1 8-67 100-95 Schweizer. 14-73=100*88 Schweiaer. 13-11=100 Schweizer. 12*64=99*84 Hanghton. 12-33, C 1*03 LychneU 12-91, C 0-48 Hultmark 12*79, & 0-48=99*69 Arppe. 13*86, C 2-00=98-90 Hangh*i 1416=99-09 Haughton. 13-60=100*86 y. Men. 14-38=97-88 YanuzenL 11*42=09-96 LychneU 18-36, Sri 0*26. r.slOO HvBI
HTDB0U8 8IU0ATE8, MABOABOPHTLLITB BBCmON.
t5. Orfiird, Can., Wl-qil
26. Haoif Oan., gfiK-w,
27. Syracuse, N. Y.
28. Boxbury
29. LTimfleld
80. K Ooahen, Pa., pneUnu
82. " " 33. Galnmet Id., 34 MontTiUe,
35. Ifonaoni, VMiOMeHk
80L Smithfield, BowenUe 37. Ifiddletown, F&rcelL
40. Ealaer Valley, yral
41. TaloTBk, Ural
42. Canton Wallifl, leekifrL 48. Zermatt, M.-
44. " pak ywK'ifn,
46. "
47. "
48. Villa Bote, yy%.-
49. Hoboken, Marmelik
51. filanford,
52. Hoboken,
53. Bare HOIb,
54. Finland
u u
& Si j'e
5*18 8-12
—Pel -80
0*80
42*60
87*5
41*20
42*52
42-29 44-08
86-28 13'14, iO-16, 5r 0*26r:100-19H
40-00 18*00rrl00 Hunt.
82-61 12*77=99*80 Hunt
85-50 13-00, Oa C 0 60= 100 Jaokaon.
41-0 15-0, Oa 0 4-0=99 Jackaon.
40-48 13 45=99-20 Sharpies.
48-02 15*09=99-25 Hunt.
41-65 1500=99-55 Hunt
48*52 15*40=100*92 Hunt
4216 14-22=100*86 Manice.
0-96=99*59 (Ellacher
42*29 12*96, Oa 0-63=99-88 & ft B.
40-87 18*70, Oa 0-37=100*49 Burton.
B. SUUy SerpeiOmii,
41*58 40*88 42*42 40*80 48*78 42*60 (?) 44*50
2*60 0*65 1*10 2*24
36*80 12-67, fri. Or 100*87 Brush.
36*26 12*87=98*86 &-E8chor.
88*05 12*91=99-74 Gilm.
4()-50 12*02, An 0 20,0a 0*42=97'16Iv
37-14 12-43=100 Schweiaer.
28-21 14 6<)=99'70 Schweizer.
42*56 18-70=100*8 ▼. Men.
41*11 12-70, iTi 0-50=9915 S. 4 R
39*71 12*75, Ki 0 90=100 Hermann.
87*61 12 06=99-77 Delesae.
42*32 40*00
(i) 41-20 43*12
(I) 4148
0-66 1-28
Fel*64
9eO*90
" 1-16
1-71 l-*20 4-91 9e 1-99 5*49 1-59
42*23 13-80= 100*29 Garrett
41*25 18-80, C, bit l*87=99-7 L.
41*40 15S7, Oa 0-98=100*70 Sbepard
42* 16-46=99*35 Vanuxem.
40* 16 1 1 Vanuxem.
42-4 15*8 Hermann.
39-58 10-84, & 3*19, jfiTa 0*46=99*18 K
37 42 10*88, ifa 2*84=99*70 Nortfaoota
58. Wermland, PienUk
59. Beidienstein, "
60. Taberg,
61. Texas, Fa.,
63. Beichenstein, Ckrywtik
64. N. Haven, Ot, "
65. 2f ontvflle, N. J.,
66. Vosges,
69. Pregratten, Tyrol
70. Zillerthal
71. SchwarBonberg, Mdaanto ?8. Beichenstein,
76. Petite Nation, Oan.
7C. Bolton, Canada
71 Bare HiDa, AiMifiiortfi
78 Zoblits, .ij6e0tef
D. FKbrma or CMumnar
41*66
44*61
40*98
44*06
42*62
43*78
42*81
41*69
44*48
42*1
48*66
43*70
40*96
48*70
87-16 14*72,Sln 2*26=99*84 Stromejer
39*76 12*57=99-56 Idst
88*44 12*86, C 1-73=98*68 LychneU.
41 'OS 12*47 =99*34 Bammelsberg.
34*00 12*82, tfi 0-69=99*83 Brewer.
40*00 18-80=99-78 Kobell
89-24 13-49=99*81 Brush.
42*67 14-26=100-19 Beakirt
42-61 13*70= 100 Delesae.
42*81 18*72, liln, C /r.=99*74 Hulta
37*72 21-63=100 Schaffgotach.
88*71 12 64=100-04 Gilm.
40*38 12*82=98-47 Schweiaer.
41*00 12*96=99*63 Kuhn.
12-67=99-41 Plattner.
400 12 86=99*77 Kiihn.
41*9 13-06=100 Delesae.
41-67 f3*48= 100*16 Hunt
40*68 12*45=100-34 Hunt
84*74 12*60=99*80 Thomscii.
29-96 l2-27,fra 1-98=1 9dimMl
M6 Oxygen
In anaL 3, a.rr2*67 j 12, G.=2-546-2-563 ; 18, G.=2-647 : 24 G =2-597 ; 26 a=2 646 40 G.=2-593; 41, G.=2-66; 44, H.=3-6; 4a, G.=2-644; 64, G.=2-49; 76, G.=2-6'7. No. 84 accompanies the clirysotile of No. 65.
On composition of derperUine rocka and of the carbonate mixed with eerpentine in ?erd antique maibie, see Jadaon in Proc. K. H. 8. Boat, 1856, and Am. J. ScL, IL xxiil 128 ; T, 8 Hunt, Am. J. Sd., TL zxyi 234 and Logan's Bcp., 1863, p. 609 ; also HawghUm PhiL Mag., IV. z 253, where he gives the composition of the red base of a serpentine porphyry," so called because of its aspect; C. Schmidt Ann. Ch. Pharm., fm. 190, on the rock near the Tuscan boric acid fumaroles.
An impure aerpenHM from Aker, Sudennannland, transparent and yellowish, afforded Lyoh* 99*76. Berzelius referred it to pyrosderite.
Yon Bauer analysed a mineral flrom near Baltimore, which he calls halUmoriie, that afforded found in the mtUuBUi of Schwarzenberg (priy. contrib.) only 0'78 p. c. of oStl, wlUi 45*03 Si, and 2*98 te.
Nuttall gave the following incorrect analysis of the marmoliteof Hoboken in connection with his first description of the mineral (Am. / Sci., iy. 21, 1822): Si 86*0, fig 46*0, da 2*0, te and (it 0-6, fl 16-0.
Stromeyer found of oacyd of nickel 0*32 to 0*45 p. a in the serpentine of Boraas ; 0*30 in that of Sundal; and 0*22 in that of Saxony.* Lynchnell obtained 2*24 p. a from one serpentine. Hunt has detected it in the serpentine of the Green Mountains generally, that of Bozbnry, Vt, of New Haven, Ct, of Hoboken, K J., of Cornwall, Eng., of Banffshire. SootL, of the Yosges, Fr. : but none in the ophiolites of the Azoic (Laurentian) rocks of Canada, or the serpentine ox Easton, Pa., or of the wax-yellow variety of Montville, K J., or an olive-green from Phillipsto-n, N. Y., or a yellowish-green from Newburyport, Mass., having G.= 2*551. See also anaL 4, 45-47, 62.
P3rr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B.6. fuses on the edges with diflScuIty. F.=o. Gives usually an iron reaction. Decomposed by muriatic and sulphuric acids. Chrysotile leaves te silica in fine fibres.
Obs. — Serpentine often constitutes mountain masses. It is a metamorphio rock, it resulting from the alteration of other rocks, and mostly of those of sedimentary origin ; and is of various periods in origin, from the Azoic age upward.
Crystals of serpentine (pseudomorphous) occur in the Fossa valley, TyroX ; near Miask at Lake Auschkul, Baraovka, Katharinenburg, and elsewhere ; in Norway, at Snarum ; etc. Fine precious serpentines come from Fahlun and Gulsjo in Sweden, the Isle of Man, the neighborhood of Portsoy m Aberdeenshine, in Cornwall, Corsica, Siberia, Saxony, eta The names of many localities are given above.
In N. America, in Maint at Deer Isle, precious serpentine of a light green color In Vermont at New Fane, Cavendish, Jay, Boxbury, Troy, Westfield. In Mass, fine at Newburyport ; at Blanford with schiller spar, and the marmohte variety ; also at Westfield, Middlefield, Lynnfield, Newburyport, and elsewhere. In R. Island at Newport : the bowenite at Smithfleld. In Conn. near New Haven and Milford, at the verd-antique quarries. In K York at Phillipstown in the Highlands ; at Port Henry, Essex Co. ; at Antwerp, Jefferson Co., in crystals ; at Syracuse, east of Major BurueVs, interesting varieties ; in' Gouvemeur, St Lawrence Co., in crystals, and also in Kossie, two miles north of Somerville ; at Johnsburg iu Warren Co ; Davenport's Neck, Westchester Co., affording fine cabinet specimens ; in Cornwall, Monroe, and Warwick, Orange Co., sometimes in large crystals at Warwick ; and from Richmond to New Brighton, Richmond Co. In N. Jersey at Hoboken, with brucite, roagnesite, etc., and the marmolite variety ; also at Fidnkfort and Bryan ; at Montville, Morris Co., silky fibrous (cluysotile) and retinalite, with common serpentine. In Fenn massive, fibrous, and foliated, of various colors, purple, brown, green, and gruy at Texas, Lancaster Co. ; also at Nottingham and West Gosheu, Chester Co. ; at Westchester, Chester Co., the wUtiamsite; at Mineral Hill. Newtown, Marple, and Middletown, Delaware Co. , a variety looking like meerschaum or lithomarge at Middletown ; at Easton, pseudomorphous after pyroxene and amphibolo. hLMaryland at Bare Hills ; at Cooptown, Harford Co., with diallage ; also in the north part of CecU Co. In Canada at Orford, Ham, Bolton, etc. In BrunsiMcj at Crow's Nest in Portland.
Serpentine admits of a high polish, and may be turned in a lathe, and is sometimes employed M a material for ornaments, vases, boxes, eta At Zoblitzin Saxony, Bayreuth, and in Franoonia, leverul hundred persons are employed in this manufacture. Yerd-antique marble is clouded with green of various shades, and is a beautiful material for table and ornamental indoOr work. £z* posed to the weather it wears uneven, oing to its unequal hardness, and soon loses its polished surface.
The names Serpentine, Ophite, Lapi8 colubrinuB, allude to the greet serpent-like cloudings of the serpentine marble. HetincUite is from crii;, resin ; PicroUU, ru 5tier, in allusion (o th
HTDBOOrS BILIOATEB, MABOABOPHYLLTTB SECTION. 469
tfiagneBia (or Bittererde) present ; TheirmophiyUiU from filp/n?, heaif and vAAoy, leaf, on of the exfoliation when heated; OhrysoUie, from golden, and riXot, Jibrous ; Mdaxiie, fron> iicrun, silk; Marmolife, tnm /lapitatftt I va allusion to its pearljand somewhat metallic ustre (Nuttall).
Artii-Formed by A. Gages in a transparent amorphous mass, by placing a solution of goat Jious silicate of magnesia in a dilute solution of potasL It is deposited after some months* standing. (Bep. Brit Aasoa, 1863, 20S.)
412 BASTm, or SoHiLLEB Spar. (Talkart v, TVebra, Erfahr. Inn. Gebirge, 97, 1786. Schil* .erspath (tr. Baste) Eeyer CreU's Ann., 1786, L 385, ii. 147. Schillerstein Wem 1800, Ludw 50, 1803. Diallage pL K, Tr., 1801. ICetalloidal diallage ni Bastit ffcUtL, Handb., 523, 1846.) Bastite is an impure foliated serpentine, occurring imbedded in serpentine rock, and is supposed to be a result of the alteration of a foliated mineral of the Pyroxene group, as long since announced G. Rose. That of Baste, the original locality, was derived, according to Strong, from the enstatite (protobastite) of the region (see Exstatitb, p. 208). It has H.=3'6— 4 ; G.=2'5— 2'76 ; lustre metallic pearly, bronze-like (to which the German name gchiiler alludes to vitreous, and color leek-green to olive- and pistachio-green, and pinchbeck-brown. Besides the direction of perfect deavage, there are two inclined to one another about 87" (Naumann), which is the deavage of enstatite and hypersthene. According to Desdoizeaux, it is probably orthorhombic, and has a negative biseotnx, which is normal to the plane of deavage, and gives for the axial divergence 60 to 70''. A kind from Todtmoos in the Schwarzwald is thin foliated oleavable, and has a dark green color, but is metallic pearly on the deavage-face ; H.=S*4; G.=2*65; and shows under the microscope in polarized light that it is not homogeneous.
Analyses : 1, 2, ELohler (Pogg., xu 192) ; 3, W. Hetzer (G. K Weiss, Pogg., cxix. 446) :
Si &
Sr
&n Ikg Ca
fc,a fi
1. Baste, oryiL 48'90 1-60
10-78 0-55 26-00 2*70
0*47 12*4i=10069.
2. massive 42*86 217
— —
12-07 100-25.
3. Todtmoos 48*77 6*10
7*14 30-92 1*17
8-61=100-40.
WlthionMOr'o"-
1-67 OO'pIu 112 0
rv.
In the closed tube it affords ammoniacal water. B.B. becomes brown and is slightly rounded on the thin edges. With borax reactions of iron. Imperfectly decomposed by muriatic add, completely so by sulphuric. A mineral resembling sdiiUer spar occurs in serpentine in Middlotowu, delaware Go., Pa.
(Pbastin BreiOu, Ghar., 29, 18(), 182H, 116, 1832) resembles somewhat schiller spar, and, aooording to Breithaupt, is altered bronzite. It is foliated, but the deavage is not very easy ; H.=l — l; G.= 2*826; lustre pearly ; color yellowish-gray; feel greasy, talc-lika It is from Kupferberg in the Fichtelgebirge, and occurs distributed through serpentine. It has not been aniUyzed.
413. DEWSTUTZL Emmons, Man. Min. and GooL, 1826. Gymnite Thomson, PhiL Mag.,
AinorphouB, and having some resemblance to gum arabic, or a brownish or yellow resin.
H.=2-3*5. G.=2*246, Middlefield, Sliepard ; 219-2-31, Bare Hills, Tyson; 2-216, ib., Thomson ; 1-936— 2-155, Tyrol, (Ellach6r. Lustre
fjreasy. Color whitish, yellowish, wine-vellow, greenish, reddish. Trans scent. Brittle, and often much cracked.
Oomp.'G. ratio for ft, Si, : 3 : 8. Formula Ag+i iSO Si + f 40*2, magnesia 36*7, water 241=100.
Analyses: 1, Shepard (Am. J. Sci., xriii 31, 1880, analysis imperfect); 2, Brush (this Min., tf% 1864), 3 Thomson (Pha Mag., 1843, 191); 4, (EUacher (ZS. G.. UL 222); 6, y. KobeC (M'linoh. gel koz., 1651, xxxiii. 1); 6, Widtermann (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iy. 626, 1868); 1 uaoflhofer (J. pr. Ch., xdx. 240):
Si Ag "A 9e
1. ICddlefleld 40 40 20 =100 Shepard.
1 Texas, Pa. 48*16 86-96 20-26 — w M Brpih.
470 OXYGEN OOMPOUNDfi.
Si tg ti ¥9
4 Tyrol, YaL 40-40 86-85 22-60 0*38, apatite 0*78=100 (EUacliar.
7. Paaaau 45*6 34*6 2()'0 — Haushofer.
After Mparatlon of 4*78 Co 0 0 O*, O-tt 0*.
G; of anaL 6=2-136; of anal 7, 2*107.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. becomes opaque and ftisea 00 tbc edges. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Oba. — Occurs with serpentine at the localities above mentioned.
Named after Prof. Chester Dewey. The gymnite of Thomson, named from naked, in allusion to the locality at Bare HUls, Md., is the same spedes.
Thomson found in another mineral from the United States, labelled Dewlite (G.=2*0964X & 60-70, Mg 23-65, ti 20*60, £l 8-65, le 1-70 (Am. J. Sd., 178); and in another aUied min
Artii — Formed by A. Gages the method mentioned under SrapniTDni (p. 465).
414. OEROUTB. KeroUth BrtWiai Char., 145, 264 1823. OeroUth Gloek, 1881. Kerolito.
Massive, reniform, compact or lamellar.
H.=2— 2*6. G.=2*3— 2'4. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color greenish or yellowish-white, yellow, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent — translucent. Feel greasy. Fracture conchoidal. Does not adhere to the tongue.
Oonip— 0. ratio for tt. Si, ]Q[=rl : 2 : ; formula, if two-thirds of the water is basio (i H + Mg) Bi+i aq ; making it thus a unisilicate like deweylite, which species oerolite doaely resembles in physical characters. It differs in composition firom aphrodite, however, only in containing half more water. Analyses : 1, 2, Kiihn (Ann. Gh. Phann., lix. 368) :
Si ftg ]Q[
1. Silesia 4734 29*84 21 04=98*22 Kiihn.
Maak obtained (. J., Iv. 1829) for the same minersl fli 37-95, £ 12-18, Ag 18*02, fi 31-OC =99-15. But Kuhn states that he and his laboratory pupils found no alumina and that Maak*B analysis must be incorrect. Kiihn dried his mineral at G. before the analysis, and hence the less water.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. blackens, but does not fuse.
Obs. — From Frankenstein in Silesia, associated with serpentine, and also, acoording to KOhn, brucite. Breithaupt unites deweylite to oerolite.
Melling obtamed for a mineral from Zoblitz, similar to the above, Si 47-18, fig 86 18, ]6[ 11*50, £1 2'57, 100-25 (Ramm., 1st SuppL, 79). Hermann obtained for an apple-green variety Lake Itkul (Bull Soa Nat Mosc, zxrviU. 481 ft 47*06, Ti 2*80, Ag 31*81, & 18-38=100. G.=2-27.
The name Cerolite is from toast and \iOju
41 & HTDROPHITB. Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 1889, Pogg., 11 625. Jenkinaite SAiport
Am. J. Sd., n. ziil 392, 1862. Eisengymnit
Massive ; sometimes in fibrous crusts.
H.=2-5— 3-5. G.=2-65, hydrophite; 2-4:— 2*6, jenkinsite. Lustre feeble, subvitreous. Color mountain-green to blackish-green. Streak Tranalupent to onaaue.
I er. Translucent to opaque
Oomp. — Same as for deweylite, except a replaoement of part of the magnesia by probuyd iron. Analyses : 1, L. Svanberg (L c); 2, 3, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. Sd., XL zvi 869) :
Si
te
lirn
fe
36*19 38*97
0*68
22*73 20*60
4*36
22*87 22*76
Htdbotj8 Bjuoateb, Masgabophyllitb Bectiok. 471
16-08, V 0116=100-765 Sranberg. 18-36=99-89 8. ft B. 13*48=99*28 & ft R
Smith ft BniBb find in jenkinaite the oxygen ratio for the protoxyda, tilioa, and water, 8 : 4 : 2, and thej mention the neameaa to both hjdrophite and serpentine. Webaky regards hjdropbttc as impure melaxUe (ZS. G. Gee., x. 284).
Pyr., etc. — In the deed tube givea off water. B.B. blackens, and Aises at about 3 to a blaok magnetio globule. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Deoompoaed by adds.
Qbs.— Hydrophite occurs at Taberg In Smaland ; and jenkinaite at 0*Neil*s mine in Orange Co., N. T., as a fibrous incrustation on magnetite.
Named BydrophUe in allusion to the water present; and JeiMmU after J. Jenkins of Monroe.
41 6A. DMSMxra BreOhaupit Char., 104, 1832. Massiye, reniform, or in crusts on serpentine, of a resinous lustre and green color. Feel greasy ; odor, when moistened, argillaceous. OamposiUon, aoootding to Fidnus (Min. Ges. ni Dresden, fi. 216) :
Si 21 ]le ftn Hg Oa JTa A,C
Formula (Ag, te)* Si*4-6 iQt ?, but probably a mixture. B.B. blackens and cracks. From Waldheim In Saxony. The name is from Mm, alluding to its occurrence as aft Incrustation.
416. GENTHmi. Nidcel-Gymnite Genih, KelL A . Monatsb., ill 487, 1861. Genthitt
DanOi Am. J. Sd., IL xliy. 266, 1867.
AmorphouB, with a delicately hemispherical or Btalactitic surface, incrustr ing.
H.=3— 4; sometimes (as at Michipicoten) so soft as to be polished un4er the nail, and fall to pieces in water. . 6. =2*409. Lustre resinous. Color pale apple-green, or yellowish. Streak greenish-white. Opaque to translucent.
0. ratio for ft, Si, d=:2 : 8 : 8, or the same as for deweylite ; formula (ifiri, iig)+i fi)* ft +1 being a nickel-gymnite. Analyses : 1, Genth (La); 2, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1863,607):
Si JTi te Ag Oa d
After drying at a temperature above lOO"" 0., Hunt obtained (L a) ft 35*80, 32*20, tL 12*20.
Vyx etc.— In the dosed tube blackeus and gives off water. B.B. invisible. With borax in O.F. gives a violet bead, becoming gray in B.F. (nidcel). Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatiniEing. /
Obs. — From Texas, Lancaster Ca, Pa., in tliin crusts on chromic iron ; and firom Webster, Jackson Co., N. C, with chromic iron in serpentine, an an amorphous, reniforn apple-green incrustation ; on Michipicoten Id., Lake Superior, of a greenish-yellow to apple-green color. Also reported near Malaga Spam, with chromite and those schist; and by Wiser, from Saasthal in the Upper Valais.
Bdttmte Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xvilL 1, 1859) may be essentially the above. It occurs with phospliate of nickel at Rottis in Yoigtland, in amorphous masses and reuiform incrustations, applegreen or emerald-green, of little lustre, translucent to subtranslucdnt, but opaque when earthy, with H.=2—2*26, and G. =2*358 -2*370. Winkler deduces the formula ]i Si-f fi; and publishes as the result of his analysis (L c) Si 8*16, M 4*68, Fe 0*81, 85*87, & 11*17, with Co a-67, Cu 0*40, r 2*70, As 0*80. But his summation of these numbers is 100*79, or 4*64 more than they foot up ; and there is here au unexplained error. mineral, as Brush has obwrvet is probably nickel-gjmnite.
Oxtoen Ooicpoukdb.
41 7. 8APONITB. Terra poroeUAnea partioalis impalpabflibus moUlB, pt, Biiansoner Krita pi Smeotia Engdak WsSkleTa a hwit (LaDdnend i CornwallX OronsL, 75, 1768. Seifenstein (ft Oomwall) Klapr., Sdhiift nat Ges. Berlin, yil 168, 1787, Beitr., it 180, y. 22. Steatite ol ComwaU Kirw lin., L 162, 1794 Boapatone pt Pierre i Savon ff, Saponit Svanberg Ak H. Btockh 1840, 163. Piotme Swuihtrg, Fogg., Ut. 267, 1841, ItiL 166. Tfaalito Owen, J. Aa PhilacL, n. il 179, 1862.
Massive. In nodules, or filling cavities.
Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on drying. G.=: 2*266. Lustre greasy. Color white, yellowish, grayish-green, bluish, reddish. Does not adhere to the tongue.
Omp. — A hydrooa silioate of magneaia and alumina: but analyaea give, naturally, no uniform f esults for such an amorphoua material Suppoaing tne alumina preaent aa kaoUwiki the reat according to most of the analysea, ia a ailicate aUied to aph/rodUe aa if the mineral were a mixture of the twa Analysea : 1, Klaproth (L c) ; 2, Svanberg G- c.) ; 3, Haughton (PhiL Mag., lY. x. 263); 4, 6, 6, Smith & Bruah (Aju. J. Set, II xvL 868) ; 7, 8, Beakirt and Keyaei (Am. J. Sci., IL xvii. 180) :
Si
£1
9e
ftg
Ca
&
Cornwall
18-00=98*76 Elaptoth.
ti
—
" 42-28
—
18-92 Haughton.
- —
10*60=100-16 Svanbeig.
Thalite
0*46
20-66=98-84 Smith A BrualL
u
15 66=99-22 Smith k Bruah.
u
19-96 Beakirt
&
26-60*
0-16 012
undeL Kejser.
a
lime.
The oxygen ratio for ft, S, Si, fi, in I, ia about 2:1 : 6 : 3; in 2, : 1 : : 2; in 3, 3f :
Pyr., etc. — B.B. givea out water and blackens ; thin splinters fuse with difficulty on the edgea Decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Lizard's I'oint, Cornwall, in veins in serpentine: in the geodes of datolite at Bearing Brook, near New Haven, Ct ; in the trap of the north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon I omt and Fond du Lac, in amygdaloid (thalUe of Owen); at Svftrdid in Dalame (piokni and saponUe).
Saponite is from aapo soap; and piotine from viSrtn.faL
Another similar mineral, associated with chalilite of Thomson in amygdaloid at Antrim, Ireland, yflbrded von Hauer (Kenngott'a Min. Not, No. 11) Si 44-11, 10*90, i'e 1*05, Mg IS'Ol, Oa 6*74, liln and £: tr ign. 24-07=90*88 ; oxygen ratio nearly : 8 : 13| : 12 ; or for ft + 11 and Si, 1 : 1-8. It has H.=2, and ia fragile; lustre waxy; color isabeUa-yellow, or brownish. Softeni or slacks in water. Soluble in muriatic acid, affording pulverulent aUioa.
418. PHOLBRITB. Pholerite CkuUemm, Ann. d. M., xL 489, 1826. Phderite pt of mcmfi authors. Pholerite, Pelitische Felaittuffe von Chemnitz, A. Xnop Jahrb. Min., 1869, 640.
Orthorhombic. In rhombic and hexagonal scales, like those of kaolinite. Occurs clay-like and compact massive, consisting of an aggregation of scales.
H.= 1—2-5. G.=2-35 — 2-57. Lustre of scales pearly. Color white, grayish-white, greenish-white, yellowish, reddish-brown, violet. Doubly nracting, Knop.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for S,Si,d=8 : 3 : 2; Sl*Si*+4d=8nica39*8, alumina 46-0, water 16*7=3 100. Analyses : 1, 2, Guillemin (L a) ; 8, A. Knop (Jahrb. Mhi., 1869, 640) ; 4, J. L Bmltfa (Am J. Sd., U. xi. 68); 6, Mallet (Shop. Min 1867, SuppL to Append., p. ir.):
S Si Pa Ag Oa £ a
I. Ffaia 42'9S 42-OT 1S'00=100 GuUlemln.
8. " 11-SB 43-3S 15'(Ni=100Guillemiii.
8. ChcmDlts 39-34 46'M U-T$=100 Knop.
4. SchemoitE 43'4fi 4-Sl ir. 12'S2=B8'1S Smith.
C. Jataonvme, All. 43-18 41'30 0'82 1-09 14-i=99-SU Mallot
jT- — TieldB water. B.B. invisible. GivesBbliieaolorwithoabaltBolatlOD. Insoluble in addi
Ob Tlie ptuderite of Ouillemia wbb fWno nodulei or irun ore in the coal mines of Fins, Dept al AUier, France. The ChemnitE miueral is fWim Nloderrttbenateln (and also at Zeisigwald, etc where it oonstitutee a rock called bjNaumann ptiUiacKe ftiaittte in the Lower Cool formation; It IB Taiious in color, but is shown to conaiat of cristallin oolorleaa, doubly rn-actinR scale& The Schammti is the gangue of diaspore, and it may be kaolioile impmv with diaspora. The Jack- BonTiUe in a kaolin, and may be kaolinite ; the analysis aQ-orded 4-8S of free silica, and 0-90 of andecompoaed material which above ie excluded.
Xba analyses of kaotitiOe luive been referred to pbolerite under tbe idea that GuUlemiii's anal* sis was incorrect But the snelyaia by Enop appears to show that there ia a speciea vritli tha pbolerite composition, but not differing troxa kaoliAite io its pbyaioal or orystallograpliic characters.
Named from i'k, a icaiA.
41fi renUo&fe Glocker (OniDdr., 1839 ; Terra miraculoea Sazoniffi C. AicAtT, 1T32; Sax- Omsdie Wundererde d/ ofd Gerin. oulAoTf ; EUenstelnmark A-eifA., Cilar., 141, 1B23, 301, 1832). A. Enop holds (Jahrb. llin., 1SS9, G4ii) that the teratolite ia an impure lithomarge-like pholerite, dosely related Co the mineral ihim Chemnita. It ia described as having H.=2 — 2, and 6. 3-4i> — 2-5{ color Teried with lavender and other shades of blue, and spots of red. and rarely peace< ' Rray. It is from an amygdaloidal rock overlaid by coal strata at Planitz near Zwickau in 3agony, It contains much oiyd or iron; but, according to Knop, probably ia a mixture of pholerite with some &e qiuurts, pulverized ftldapar, hydrate of irou, carbonate of lime, and magnesia. The following ia the analysis of Sohuler (Freiealeb. OrykL Sachs., Heft 6):
Si Xl Pe Hn £ a
1. FlaniU 41-6S 32-SB 1li-98 1-68 2-EB SIM 03 11-20 Schuler.
419. EAOUNTTE. lalkerde tou sobuppigeb Thellen (ii. Sonne Adit, Ealabrucke, near FrM> berg) Wtn Ueb, 218, 178iu Erdiger Talk Eofmaan, Bergm. J., 160, 1789; ., Tab., 33, 1800. T Talc gninulem K, Tr., iiL 1801. Nacrite pt. inwiffn, Min., L 605, 1807. Schuppigai TboD Kam, Tab., SI, 1808. Nakrit Brtith., Char., 94, 318, 18S2, Pbolerite pt maav OMOtori. Kaolinite S. W. Joknaon, Am. J. Sci., II. ililL S51, 1867.
HeduUa SaxI, Oerm. Steinmarck, pt, Agric, Interpr., 46S, 1G1S= IJthomarge pt, Cunat Breith Handb., iL 8S9, 1841 Steinmark von Itochlitz Elapr., vL 283, 1816. Terra Sanii% Collyrium, Aster, P/la xnt. 83. Uarga poroallana, Lsucargilla, pt, Wail., 22, 1747. Terra >>oroallauea OrontL, TS, 1708. PomelaiD day. Kaolin. Poriellanerde, Porcellanthon, Oem. Aigiles it poroeloioe JV. Tone i Toulon pt fy.= Fuller's Earth.
Orthorhorabic /a /=120°, 1q rhombic, rhomboidal, or hexagonal ecalee or plates ; Bometimee in fan-ehaped aggra* tioDB; uBually conetitnting a clay-like mass, either ti
compact, friable, or mealy; base of crystals lined (f. 413), ai-ising from the edges of superimposed plates. Cleavage : basal, perfect. Twins : the hexagonal plates made up of six sectors.
H.=l-2-5. G.=2-4-2-63. Lustre of plates, pearly ; of mass, pearly to dull earthy. Color white, grayish-white, yellowiali, sometimea brownish, bluish, or reddish. Scales transparent to translucent. Scales flexible, inelastic ; usually unctuous and plastic. Optically biaxial ; axial plane normal to the base, and to a side of the hexagon ; axes quite divergent ; bisectrix negative ; Deed
i74:
Oztoen Compoundb.
Var. — I. AfgVUform, Soil, claj-like; ordinary kaoHnlte; under the microBCope, if not witti out, she wing that it is made up largely of pearly scales. The oonstitaent of most, if not all, pun kaolin. G.— 2627, fr. Freiberg, Breith.; 2-H, fr. Schneckenstcin, Clarke.
i. Farinifm-m. Mealy, hardly coherent consisting of pearly angular scales, anal 8-6, 9.
Indurated; Liihofnarge {Sieinmark Germ.). Finn and compact; H.=2— 2*5. When puiverized, often shows a scaly texture (anal 17-24). G.=2'6, fV. Oainsdorf, solid var., anal 23. TVMVtte of Thomson is a lithomarge from Scotland, used sometimes for slate pencils ; K ; G.=. 2*43— 2*56 ; color milk-white.
4. Ftrruginous ; Cca-nai Breith. A firm lithomarge of a reddish-white or flesh-red color ; tht color owing to the presence of some osyd of iron replacing the alumina; H.=2— 3 ; G.= 2*543. Streak colorless; smooth to the touch (anal 15, 16). Also brownish-red (anal 21).
Oomp.— 0. ratio for IL Si, fi=3 : 4 : 2 ; whence, if half the water be basic, (i fi'+f Si}' §i'; (as usually written, £lSi* + 2 )=Silica 46*8, alumina 39*8, water 13*9=100. . Analyses: 1, W. S. aarke (Ann. Gh. Pharm., Izzz. 122); 2, Pisani (C. R., liil 1072); 3, R. Miiller (B. H. Ztg., xziv. 386); 4, Genth (Am. J. Sd, IL zxviil 251); 5, 6, Johnson, Burton (Am. J. Sd, U. xliil 354, 858); 7, A. Knop (Jahresb., 789, 1859); 8, B. Richter (Fogg., zc. 820); 9, Stolba (J. pr. Ch., xdv. 116); 10, Smith (Am. J. Sd., II. xl 58); 11, Boussingault (Ann. d. M., III. 7. 554); 12, T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can. 1863, 495); 13, Klaproth (Beitr., vi. 275); 14, Baur (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxil 693); 15, Klaproth (Beitr., tI v85); 16, Nascholz (Ber. Isis Dresden. 1866, 138) ; 17, Rammelsberg (Min. Gh., 576) ; 18-21, y. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., yil 129, 362): 22, 28, Fikensdier (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxix. 461); 24, Ranmielsberg (I o.); 25, 26, R D. Thomson auo Richardson (Thom. MiL, I 244) :
Lo
n.
Schnedcensteiu Loddve, Fr. Freiberg, Saz. Tamaqua, Pa. Summit Hill, Pa. Richmond, Ya. Zeisigwald, Sax. Altenberg, Sax. Schlan, Bohem. Naxos N. Grenada Chandire Falls Aue, Kiwiin Zetdits, Rochlits, CaamaX
(I)
4t
(t
Rumpelsberg, LUhom, Rene, Bohem., Saszka, whUe
hnlL-red, Cainsdor w, friable
Schlackenwald, Tweed, TutsUe
a
ti
Si £1 9e %
46-76 39-59 0*94
47*0 39-4
46-74 89-48
46*90 89-60 --
45*98 39*81
49-91 85-28
46-63 89-89
47*93 36-78
44-41 41-20
46*0 40*2
46*06 38*87
46*00 39*00
48*61 88*90
45-26 36-50
4509 3813
47*38 4028
4818 39-60
45*19 37*92
44-37 39*70
44-54 38-00
45*82 39-42
46*20 39-72
43-46 41*48
44-80 40*40
48 80 40-10
0*60
1*21
0*68 0*61
1*79 0*19
1*44
- tr.
(r.
0*50 0-75
0-94 0-55 0*64
Ca d
18*42=
14-4=
14-06=
13-80,
14-02=
12-88,
[14-86] 18-70= 15-29= 13*14= 14-8= 1400= 14*50= 1247 1400= 14*29, 12-36= 15*7 Ir 15 01 15-58= 15-90= 14*26= 13*80= 13-49= 18*50= 14-21=
After eparattDgozyd of Iron 0*18, Oa O O'tS, by marUtio acid
=100-71 Clark.
100*8 Pisani
100*28 Muller.
fTa 0*17=100 47>(ntlL
=99-76 Johnson.
undet 2-95=100 Burtoik
100 Knop.
99*82 Richter.
100 Stolba.
=99-96 Smith.
100 Boussingault
=99*66 Hunt.
=99-75 Klaproth.
=99-98 Bauer.
=98-50 Klaproth.
alk. 0-2l=99-67 Nasdiold.
100*36 Ramm.
=98 44 Hauer.
=9905 Hauer.
1K)*55 Hauer.
=99*S0 Hauer.
=99*50 Fikenscher.
=99*72 Fikenscher.
=100 Ramm.
=99*45 Thomson.
Richardson.
Contain! tonub free lUea.
P3rr., etc. — Same as for pholerite.
The mineral from Chaudiere Falls exfoliates in white cauliflower-h1ce shapes (Hunt).
Obs. — Ordinary kaolin is a result of the decomposition of aluminous minerals, espedally the feldspars of granitic and gnoissoid rocks and porphyries. In some regions where theft rocks have decomposed oo a large scale, the resulting day remains in vast beds of kaolin, usually more or ess mixed with free quartz, and sometimes with oxyd of iron some of the other miLeralf present. Pure kaoUnite iu scales often oocurs in connection with iron ores of the Coal formatioa It sometimes forms ertenaive beds in the Tertiary formation, as near Richmond, Va. Also met with accompanjring diaspore and emery or corundum.
Occurs in the coal formation at Cache- Aprs in Belgium ; also in the same at Schlan- in Bohumia, ind at Ruhe ; in argillaceous schist at Lodve, Dept of Hrault, France ; at Uie Einigkeit mint U Brand, near Freiberg, and elsewhere in Saxony; as kaoUn at Diendorf (Bodeunais) in Bavaria'
HTDBOUB 8ILI0ATE8, ICABOABOPnYLJ.ITE SECTION. 475
at Zeisigwald near Ohemnita ; as the gangoe of topaz at Sdmedconstein ; with emery and mar garite at Naxoa; aa the gangfae of diaapore at Sdiemaits; as the material of paeudomorphs aflef proBopite at Altenberg (anal 8), showing well the hexagonal scales (Johnson ft Blake); with fluor at Zinnwald, a white powdery substance consisting of hezag. scales ; at Rochlitz {camcU) in a porphyritio rook ; in seams in an argillaceous rock on the Tweed (tuesite) the Latin name of which place is Tuens, At Yrieiz, near LimogOBi is the best locality of kaolin in Europe (a discovery of 1765); it affords material for the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. The dark-colored clay of Stourbridge, England, is made up in large part of transparent laminte (J. & B.).
In the U. States, kaolin occurs at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del ; at yarious localities in the limonite region of Vermont (at Brandon, eta), Ifassachusetts, Pennsylyania ; Jacksonville, Ala.; Edgefield, S. C. ; near Augusta, Ga. ; and Johnson ft Blake observed transparent hexagonal scales abundantly in a blue fire-day from Mt Savage, Md. ; in the white day of Brandon, Yt., Beekman, N. Y., Perth Amboy, N. J., Beading, and a locality in Chester Co., Pa., Long Island, and in white and colored days of various other places. Near Richmond, Ya., the mealy constitutes a bed of considerable extent in the Tertiary formation ; at Tamaqua and Summit Hill in Carbon Co., Pa., it occurs in the Coal formation ; in a sandstone of the Quebec group, just below the Chaudire Falls, filling seams or flasores, often i in. thick, having an unctuous feel, and consisting of minute soft scales.
The characters of this spedes have been well defined, and its relation to kaolin explained, in an artide by Johnson ft Blake (L a), by whom tiie name kaolinite was proposed They show that Forchammer's formula for kaolin is the true formula, and also that of kaolinite ; and that the two are one in spedes chemically and physicidly. They point out that much hthomarge should be included, and that the hexagonal scales, which the massive mineral presents under the microsco|)e, may be detected in all kaolin, and also in some dark -colored fire-days, although much mixed with impurities. They also show that the plastidty of the kaolinite depends on the fineness of the material, and that kinds not plastic in water may be rendered so by fine trituration. They suggest that the distinction of kaolinite and pholerite may disappear on further chemical investigation.
The earliest recognition of the mineral distinctively is by Werner in 1780 (L a), who placed it under talc. It afterward took the name of earthy kUc, as used by Hoffhiann in' 1789 (1. c). The acute Karsten pronounced it a scaly day (achuppige \ and arranged it accordingly in 1808 (1. c.) ; but no author of the next twenty years fully adopted his view. In 18U7 Brongniart made the spedes nacriie (L cX for a JunbUf anhydrous, pearly poiash-mtca analyzed by Yauqueiin (affording 50, 26, 9e 6, Ca 1*5, ii 17*5), aud referred to it doubtingly the earthy talc, in a note, without any of it. Hausmann, m 181 H (Handb., 500), says that the schvppige Talc of Audreasbergin the Harz (which he says is wrongly called buUermUchsiiher) may perhaps be schuppige Hydrargillite (hydrate of alumina) or Then, but an analysis was needed to dedde it Hoffmann, in 1815 (Handb., il b, 268X makes it his first variety of talc but queries its nature, and dtes an analysis by John of a hydrate of alumina.
In 1832 (I. c.) Breithaupt gave the Saxon mineral the name nacrite (nakrit), without any apparent reference in the place to Brongniart's or Yauquelin's previous use of this name. But he at the same time questions whether it may not be identical with pholerUe (which had been described m 18-i5). Since then the spedes has been united to pholerite, under the idea that pholerite was incorrectly analyzed by Quillemiu (which may still be true) ; and Breithaupt, in 1841 (iiandb., 391 ), adopts this view, putting pholerite of GuUlemin under nacrite ; and, moreover, he attributes his name wicrite to Yauqueiin. This was the state of the question when the description of kaolinite by Johnson and Blake appeared.
Breithaupt, in 1882, stated that the scales were hexagonal; and again in his account of the nakrit " of Brand near Freiberg. A. Knop, in 1 859 (Jahrb. Min. 1 859, 594), describes with detail the crystallisation of the Schneckenstein mineral ; he makes it rhombic, with the planes /, 0, i*i, and gives the angle /a /=118 Desdoizeaux, in his Mineralogy (1862), shows that optically the scales from Brand, near Freiberg, are orthorhombic, and makes the angles 120° and 60° ; and Johnson ft Blake gpve the same angles as a mean of their measurements of various kaolinitea.
The name Kaolin is a corruption of the Chinese KatUing, meaning high-ridge the name of a hill near Jauchau Fu, where the material is obtained ; and the petuntze (peh-tuii-tsz) of the Chinese, with which the kaolin is mixed in China for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartzose feldipathic rock, consisting largely of quartz (S. W. Williams). The word porcelain was first given to the china-ware by the Portuguese, fVom its resemblance to the nacre of the sea-shells Poicdkma (CypneasX they supposing it to be made from egg-shells, fish-glue, and fish scales (S. W. Williams).
420. HAUiOTSrra. Halloysite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxxii 332, 1826. Calapektit Guromit, Breith Char., 99, 1832. Glagerit Breiih., Handb 357, 1841. Smectite Salvetat, Ann Cb Phys., IIL xxxi 102, 1851. Steinmark or Lithomarge pt, Pseudo-Steatite pt., GUisaeool lit, 8h., Min., 1857, Appi to SuppL, p. m.
Oxtoen Oohpoundb.
7 Lensinit Ghem. , t. 193, 1816. ? Severite Beud Tr 1824, in .ndez; and U. 1832. ? NertechinBldte i&tt9ttfnatX: Bolept
Massive. Clay-like or earthy.
II.=1— 2. G.=1'8— 2*4. Lustre somewhat pearly, or waxy, to dull Color white, grayish, greenish, yellowish, bluish, reddish. Translucent to opaque, sometimes becoming translucent or even transparent in water, with an increase of one-fifth in weight. Fracture coucmoidal. Hardly plastic.
Var. — 1. Ordinary* Earthj or waxj in lustre, and opaque massive. CfaktpectiUe is the halloy* site of Anglar. Paeudosieaiite of Thomson A Binnej is on impure yarloty (anal. 8, dark green m color, with H.=2'26, G.=:2'469. GlagerUef from Bergnersreuth in Bavaria (anaL 10, 11 ), is proved to be halloysite by Pikenscher ; it is white to yellowish-white : G.=2'36 — 2-882 ; H.=2— 2*6.
2. Sfnecliie of Salvetat is greenish, and in certain states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous ; it is from Cond6, near Houdan, France Breithaupt's Gummiie (Char., 99, 1832) is a gum-like halloysite,*' not adhering to the tongue, from Anglar, though in his Handbuch, where the same locality is mentioned, he quotes Berthier's analysis of coUyriie from the Pyrenees. Glosaecollite is milk-white and earthy, but becomes translucent on the edges and a little opaline in water. It forms a seam 1 in. thick in a siliceous Silurian rock in Bising Fawn, Dade Co., Georgia.
3. LenzinUe is earthy, compact, white, translucent, and somewhat opaline, from Kail in the Eifel ; and brownish, from rills in pegmatite at La Vilate, near Chanteloube, in France. Leonhard considered it (Ilandb., 1826) a decomposed semiopal. It is described as not gelatinizing in adds. Named after the German mineralogist Lenz. Nertschinskiie of Bazouroovski, a whitish or bluish earth from Nertschinsk, has been referred to lenzinite. Severiief or lenzinite of St. Sever, was first noticed in 1818, and analysed in that year by Pelletier (J. de Phys., IxzxvL 261, 1818). It has sometimes the semitransparency of opal, a soft feel, adheres strongly to the tongue, and makes no paste with water ; it is from the upper arenaceous stratum in the gypsiferous Tertiary at St. iCever In France. It Is not clear whether it belongs here or to kaolinite.
4. Bole in part, may belong here ; that is, those colored, unctuous clays containing more ot )ess oxyd of iron, which also have about 24 p. c. of water; the iron gives it a brownish, yellowish, or reddish color;- but more investigation is needed before it is known that they are not mere Uiiztures. Oropion of Glocker (Syn., l88, 1847) is a dark brown to black bole ; it is the Brgseife of Werner (Ueb. Cronst, 189, 1780), having a greasy feel and streak, and H.=l — 2 ; the color is attributed to bituminous matters present It is from Olkutsch in Poland. Where it belongs is doubtful. The analysis below by Bucholz is of a similar kind from Thuringia ; but its identity with Werner's Polish Bergaeife is not certain.
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft, Si, fi=3 : 4 : 3; (ifiN-f Xl) Si+3fl or (3tl§iV3fi:)= Silica 43-8, alumina 37*7, water 190=100. Analyses: 1, lA, 2, Berthicr (Ann. Ch. Phys., I c., Aun. d. M., in. ix. 600); 3, Dufrnoy (ib., iil 393); Oswald (J. pr. Ch., xiL 173); 6, .Monheiro (Verb, uat Ver. Bonn, v. 41, Bamm.. 4th Suppl, 221); 6, Sauvage (Ann. de M., lY.x. 77); 7, Salvetat (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. xxxL 102); 8, 9, Thomson and Bmney (Ed. N. Phil. J., xvi 65); 10, 11, Pikenscher (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiz. 459); 12, v. Hauer. (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 826, 1853} ; 13, Pisani (C B., liL 310) ; 1 4, John (1. c.) ; 1 5, Salvetat (L c.) ; 16, 17, Lowig (" Leouh. Orykt.,*' but not found in it by tlie author); 18, Wackenroder (Kastn. Archiv., zL 466); 19, Zellner (Jahrb. Km., 18H5, 467) 20, Bucholz (Gehlen*s N. J., ui. 597):
1. Anglar 39*6 84*0
lA. " dried at 100* a 44*94 89*06
46*7 36-9 40*66 3.'{'66
9e &g Ca ]&: a
2. Housscha H. La Voulte
4. Micdiowitz, Silesia
5. Altenberg
6. Ecogne
7. Cond SmecUk
8. Blackburn
lit. OiagerUi, compad 11. " earthy 12 St. Sever, Severile 13. Gecrgia, Gloaaec
40*25 30*00 40-31 88-28 42 80 48 0 82-6eI'20 6*62
41*89 2*i-06 42*78 22*58 42*86 36*14 3712 41*27 44*42 36-00 40*4 87-8
0*03
2*42 2*54
0*6
2-5=100Berthier.
16*00=100 Berthier.
160=99*15 Berthier.
24-88=9915Dufrenoy.
24*25, Mg0-26=99-55O.
28'6l,2rl-23=98-46M.
24=100 Sauvage.
21-7,§igeLl*6=10l*62S
20*22 Mn/r.= 99*36 T.
18*68 An 99*60 B.
20*64=99'6 Fikensoh.
21*16=99-65 Fikensoh
18*40=99 47 Hauer.
HTDBOUB 8ILI0ATE8. ICABOABOPHTLLTrB 8E0TION.
47
14. Bifel, Lmziniie 1& Ohanteloube,
16. EttiDghauaeiif Bole
17. 0. do Prudellea,
19 Striogaa, 20. Thuringia, Oropion,
Si Si
8T-6 87-5 86*36 36-00
f e Ag Ca t.
1-96 0-18
42*00
20*12 44-0 265
2414 1003 0-43
25-03 8*o9 0*60 20*9 12*2
8-53 2*01
U-5
25-0=100 John. 21*50, Si gel 2*0, qnartt l*64=luul8 SalTetat 24*03 24-02=99*14 Lowig. 24-9=09 9 Wackenrodei 24-00=99-97 Zellner. 20*5=99*5 Bucholz.
Pelletier obtained for tho severiie c.) Si 50, £l 22, 26=98. Shepard made the glosMeoUiti erroneously a hydrated ulioa containing 17 p. c. of water.
Pyr., etc— Yields water. B.B. Inhuible. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Deoomposed by adds.
GlossecoUite is deoomposed by hot sulphurio add, Pisani.
Obs. — Occurs often in yeins or beds of ore, as a secondary product; also in granite and other rods, being derived from the decomposition of some aluminous minerals. The HaUoysUe of Hou Boha is derived from graphic granite.
AFPBMDS to GLA.T8.
The following are other earthy hydrous aluminous silicates, all of doubtful diaracter :
420A. SiNOPiTB Haram., Handb., 1 847 ; Zivfonn ? Theophr, ; Bubrica YUruv. ; Sinopis PUny , SInopische Erde Klapr Beitr., iv. 345 ; Bol de Sinopis Bead, A dayey earth of a brick-red color dotted with white, adhering to the tongue. The material analyzed by Elaproth was from Ana* tolia, Asia Minor. The sinopic earth of the andents was brought from Cappadocia, and used as a red point and may have been a red ochre. Theophrastus speaks of two other kinds of sinopic earth, one whitish, the other between the red and white in color, and called puro kind because it was used without mixing; besides also an artificial kind make by burning a clay— the clay becoming red owing to the hydrated ozyd of iron present, which was freed from its water by the heat
420B. MELiinTB Glocker (Syn., 186, 1847 ; pt. TTem., Hoffm. Min., ii. b, 210; ArgUe ocreuse jaune pt. ff.; Yellow ochre pt) is a yellow dayey material, looking like yellow ochre, more or less lamellar in structure, shining in streak, adhering to the tongue, and soiling the fingers ; Q-. 2*24. The kind analyzed, and to which the name especially belongs, is that from Am berg in Bavaria. Other reported localities are Miinden and Schoningen in Hanover; Wehruu, Prussia; Robschiitz, Saxony; Yierzon (whence sometimes called Vierzonite Dept of Cher, and Pourrain, Dept of Yonne, France.
420G. OcHRAX BreUh., Char., 100, 1882. A kind of "bole'* of a yellow color from Orawitza, a little greasy in feel, with H.=l— 2, and 0.=2*4— 2*5; streak pale yellow to colorless.
PuKTuriE Thorn. (Min., L 328) is a brick-red day from Antrim, Ireland, having Q.= 2*342, and H.=2'75, and not adhering to the tongue.
Analyses : 1, Klaproth (L c); 2, Thomson (L a); 3, Eersten (. J., Ixvi. 31); 4, Klihn (. J., li 466) :
Si
Si
9e Ca
Nad
1. Sinopiie
82*0
26*6
21*0 —
1*5
2. Melinite
33*23
14*21
87-76 Ag 1-38
—
13*24=99*82 Kuhn.
3. Ptinihiie
80*88
20*76
26*16 2-60
1 9'6'0= 1 00 Thomson.
4. Ochran
31*3
niaira ana m
48*0
1*2
n CTaiiAv 1
21*0=96-5 Kersten.
unknown locality ( Jahrb. G. Beidis., 1858, 48) Si 46-50, Si, Pe 40*82 (m one trial 9e 14-92), & 0-39, fi 11-50=100.
420D. Oiuynzira BreiULj Handb., 366, 1841. Massive and in nodnleg, and resembling haUoybut heavier. H.=2— 2; (sh. =2*701; lustre waxy; color greenish- white; unotuooa. It if
478 OXTQEN Compounds.
supposed to be a hydrous aluminous silicate containing oagrd of dna In the plass tabe jielib mu water. fi.B. yields, aooording to Plattner, with soda and borax on charcoal, a slag whiofc IS jellow while hot and white on cooling. . The osjd of zinc is probably present as a mixture iz the day. From Orawitsa, Transylvania with calamine.
420E. Hyerlbra FbrMammer (Jabresb., xxiiL 266, 1848). A white or reddish day resnUing from the action of sulphuric and carbonic adds on the ferriferous clays of Krisuvig, Iceland
420F. EmTBKiLiTS (Kelfekilith Fiacher Mem. Soc. Kat Mosoou, L 60, 1811). A pearl-gray to grayish-white lithomarge, from the Crimea, having a greasy feel, and somewhat adhering to the tongue, with a.=2'40, John. John obtained 0. c.) Si 46*00, U-OO, 9e 12*26, Ca 2*26, Ka d 1*60, ti 22*00, manganese, chrome (f), magnesia, and loss 8*00. Becomes hard enough to scratch glass by caldnation. It is evidently merely a dayey mixture.
Kekil Tartaronm (of the Tartars) was, according to Cronstedt (Mln., 79, 1768X a yellowishwhite lithomarge from Tartary, used there as a substitute for soap. It lias been referred tt sepiolite by some.
420G. MKLOPsm BreU/L (Handb., iL 360, 1841). Melopsite is translucent, white, yellowish, gcrayiah, or greenish, has a small conchoidal fracture, adheres a little to the tongue, and resembles in texture the flesh of an apple (whence the name firom /iAer, appUf and oi/if, meat etc) According to Plattner, it consists of siUca, alumina, a little magnesia and oxyd of iron, with ammonia, water, and some bitumen. It affords in a glass tube "less water than glagerite.''
420H. AOHTARAQDITB Ruastan before 1847 (Glocker's Syn., 806, 1847. Achtarandit had crihof.). Massive ; earthy. Soiling the fingers like chalk. Also in tetrahedral crystals, or combination of a dodecahedron and tetrahedron, but evidently pseudomorphous. Color grayish-white to greenish-gray ; lustre none ; fracture earthy. On the Achtaragda, a tributary to the Wilui river, at a locality of idocrase, and containing crystals of idocrase imbedded in it ; also 7 m. distant near Wilui on Mt. Uegemat, with grossuJarite. Contains silica, alumina, oxyd of Iron, lime, magnesia, and water. Supposed by Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., 1863, 370} to be pseudomorphoui after helvite.
421. 8AMOITII. JkmOf Ifin., 288, 1860; and GeoL Bep. ExpL Expi, 824, 1849.
Stalactitic, with a lamellar Btructure.
H.=4— 4*5. Q.=l-7— 1'9. Lustre resmoiiB in the fracture. Color white, grayish, or yellowish. Translucent to subtranslucent, not adhering to the tongue nor plastic, being too hard.
Oonoip.— Analyses : B. Silliman (L c) :
Si
]a
A
CaC
0-oe
0-01=99-04. G.=1*69~1'818.
*2.
(r.
1*21=100-16. G.=l*894.
AnaL 1 gives the 0. ratio 3:8:6, and formula Sl'5i'+10 fi. No. 2 corresponds nearly to Si* 8i*+10!&[ + f ttSi]. The mode of origin of the mmeral renders quite probable the presence of some opal-silica.
Pyr., etc — B.B. inftudble. In nitric or muriatic add gelatinises, leaving a portion of silica in flakes.
Obs. — Forms stalactites and stalagmites; the former low conical; the latter flattened hem!* spherical in shape, with* a width of 3 indies or so, smooth at snrface. They consist within of a series of thin plates closely adhering. Wben fresh they were soft enough to be cut with a knife, but hardened on exposure. They occur in a lava cavern on the south side of the extinct volcRuic island of Upolu, of the Navigator or Samoa group; the cavern was a passage some hundreds of yards long, entered about a mUe and a half from the sea by a perpendicular descent of 26 feet, and extending toward and beneath the sea, and also up the mountain to an unascertained distance Its sides and bottom were in places covered with the samoite, whioh had been formed from the peroolutiug waters. The overlying rock wns about 16 feet thidc
Sample of Silliimm, Jr. (Dana*8 SxpL Bzpi QeoL Bep., V82X is a kind of feldspar incorreiy aaftlyBod; probably labradorite.
HTDS0178 8ILIOATE8, MAB0ABOPHTLLTrE SEOTTON. 479
422 PIMXni.
AinorphouB ; granular to cryptociyBtalline ; OBiially the latter. Also in orystalsy and Bometimes with cleavage, bat only becaase psendomorphs, the form and cleavage being those of the minerals from which derived. Rarelj a snbmicaceoos cleavage, which may belong to the species.
H.=2-5--3-5. G.=:2-6— 2-85. Lnstre feeble, waxy. Color grayishwhite, grayish-green, pea-green, dull green, brownisli, reddish. Translucent — opaque. Acts like a gum on polarized light ; Descl.
Oomp., Var. — Finite Ib essentially a hydzoaa aUcalino silicate. Being a result of alteration, and amorphous, the mineral varies much in composition, and numerous species have been made of the mineral in its yarious conditions. If aystals of staurolite may 20 p. c. in the proportion of silica, much more should a massive mineral which has been made by the motamorphism of other minerals. Variations would naturally exist the presence of some of the unaltered original mineral, or of some of its ingredients in an uucombined state ; and in the case of rook masses, mixture with free quarts, partially altered or unaltered feldspar, or other substancea
The varieties of pinite here admitted agree closely in physical characters, and in the amount of potash and water present, and tiicir variations are such as are reasonably attributed to tie above causes.
The 0. ratio for the bases, sQtca, and water, deduced from the mean of the analyses, is 8 : 4 : 1, whence the formula (i+f (ft',8))*ii*=. if ft=ti: and ft* : S=l : 8, Silica 46*0, alumina 85*1, potash 120, water 6*9=100 ; or, if ft=rifig+| & and ]ft* : S=l : 6, =Silica 46*9, alumina 82-7, magnesia 2*5, potash 12*0, water inO ; or, if Ag : : 7 and ft' : fi=l : 6, =Sillca 46*2, alumina 83-0, magnesia 3*3, potash 10*6, water 6*9=100. The mineral is related chemically, as it is also physically, to serpentine (which has the 0. ratio 3:4:2); and it is an alkali-alumina seipentine, as pyrophyllite is an alumina talc.
The different kinds are either pseudomorphous ofystals after (1) iolite ; (2) nephelite ; (3) scapelite; (4) some kind of feldspar; (5) spodumene : or (6) other aluminous mineral ; or (7) disseminated masses resembling indurated talc, steatite, iithomarge, or kaolinite, also a result of alteration ; or (8) the prominent or sole constituent of a metamorphic rock, which is sometimes pinite schist (analogous to, and often much resembling, taleose schisif and still more dosely related to pyrophyUHe schist). As argillaceous shale often consists of pulverized feldspar, its conversion into
EUute schist would be wholly similar to the pseudomorphism of a feldspar crystal into pinite. It not possible to arrange all the varieties under the above heads. The following are the names that have been introduced, and the diaractera of the substances to which they are applied :
Yar. 1 . PiKTTB. Speokstein [fr. the Pini mine at Aue, near Schneeberg] Hoffmann Bergm. J., 1 56, 1789; Kieselerde + Thonerde, etc., JT/apr , ib., 227, 1790. Pinit Karsten, Tab., 28, 73, 1800.) The original pinite is in 6- to 9-sided prisms ; color brown. Occura in granite, and is supposed to be pseudomorphous after iolite. Also found at St Pardoux in Auvergne, at the Puy de Dome in deoomposing feldspar porphyry; at MuUenthal, near Elbingerode, tiie prisms 12-sided, lustreless, with H.=2-8. AnaL 1-7.
2. Gnsicxm (fr. GreenLind, AUan Ann. PhiL, iL 1813). In 6-sided prisms, probably pseudomorphous after nephelite. H.=3*6. G.= 2*7 82*85. Color grayish-green, olive- green, to brownish. Brought by Gieseck Akulliardsuk and Kangerdluareuk, Greenland, where it occura in compact feldspar Also of similar character from a pyroxene rock at Diana, N. Y., the prisms often large, and with the basal edges replaced by a plane indined about 135° to the base. AnaL 8-11.
{b) Lythrodes Karsten (Mag. Ges. Fr. Berlhi, iv. 78, 1810; John, Ch. Unt, L 171 ; Splittriger Wemerit Bdusm. 620, I81M) has a little less silica and more alumina than the above (anaL 12), but is otherwise essentially the same ; it is imperfeotiy lamellar, scaly in fracture, greasy in lustre ; yellow, flesh red, brownish-red, or spotted with greenish and yellowish ; G.=2'dl ; and is the drown-syenite of Fredericksv&m and Laurvig. It is regarded as altered nephelite. Of like composition and origin is the (c) lAeieneriie Marignac (BibL Univ., M. 293, 1 848), a porphyritie feldspathic rock of MU Yiesena, in Fleimsthal (anal. 13-15) ; it occurring in d-sided prisms without cleavage ; H G. 14, v. Hauer; Breith.; lustre somewhat greasy ; color greenish-gray ; and without double reaction.
{d) DffsynirHnte Shepard (Proc. Am. Asso&, 311, 1851, Am. J. Sd., II. xiL 209) is essentially the same with the gieseckite from Diana and elsewhere, Lewis Co., N. Y. ; it constitutes masses or a rock, sometimes slaty in structure, and somewhat resembles serpentine, though more waxy In aspect (anaL 18, 19); H.=3— 3*6; G.=2'7rt— 2*81 ; colora often mottied, usually greenish, sometimes reddish or spotted with red. Associated with phlogopite, etc.
Parophiie T. 8. Hunt (Bep. G. Oan 1862, 1863) it smiilar to dysyntribite, but Wis pun*
OXTOKN coif POUNDS.
the analyses vary oonsiderablj (anal. 20-23), it being, as regarded by Hunt, a rodr, and not a simple mineral- the name alludes to a resemblance to serpentine; H.=2'5— 3, and it cuts like massive talc; G =2-7—2*784; 2*90, fr. Pownal; colors greenish, yellowish, reddjsb, grayish. It constitutes a schistose rock at St Nicholas and Famine B., Can., being an altered shale of the Lower Silurian (Quebec group) ; also occurs in Stanstead, Can., on the K shore of Ll Mem* phremagog, with chloritic schist; and at Pownal, Yennont as a bluish-gray schist, that had been 'nnsidered a taloose or roagnesian schist
(/) A green mineral from the Grindelwald glacier (anal. 24X haTing H.=8*6— 4, and G.=2*S&, a somewhat waxy lustre, resembling a compact green talc and described by Fellenberg (Ber. K Ges. Berne, 1 866) is very similar to parophite.
{g) PinHoidf described by A. Knop (Jahrb. Min. 1859, 558) as a rode, is like dysyntriblte in characters, and a schist called "pinitoid eckiift approaches porophite. Pinitoid (anaL 26) has H.=2'5 ; G.=2-788 ; color leek-, oil-, and grayish-green. Occurs in tiie region between Freiberg and Chemnitz, Saxony, pseudomorphous after feldspar, in a half-deoomposed granitic porphyry, constituting about 20 p. c. of the rook.
3. WiLSONiTB T. S, Bunt (Bep. G. Can., 1868, 1863) is a pinite pseudomorph, with the form and deavago of acapoliie; H.=:8*6; G.= 2-76— 2*78; lustre somewhat pearly; color rose-red; fragments tracsluoent ; anaL 1 6, 17. It ia from Bathurst, Can., where it was tnt found by Dr. Wilson ; also St Lawrence Co., N. Y. Jhreniieip. 323), from Antwerp, St Lawrence Co., may be the same.
4. PoLTABGiTB and BosiTX of Syanberg (Ak. H. Stodch., 1840) are dose to the preoedmg in composition. Boaile (anaL 28) is a gpranuliff red mineral, occurring in granular limestone at Aker in Sodermanlond ; R=2'6 ; G.=2'72. G. Rose and others make it aUered awrthUe. FolyairgiU (anaL 26, 27) occurs in reddish lamellar masses at Tunaberg, Sweden ; H.=£4 ; G.=2'76S ; named from TAucA, and epoxide. Tlie name PyrrhoiUU has been giren to a reddish lamellar mineral from Tunaberg, whidi is very similar to polyargite (Dead. Min L 802, 1862) ; it has H.= 3—4; and deavage surfaces inclined together about 87 ; and is apparently anorthite less altered than in rosite and polyargite. It is opti(]ly biaxial. The pinitoid of Sasbachwald, Duchy of Baden (anaL 95), is aUered oUgocUue, according to Sandberger ; H.=2*6.
6. KiLUNiTE Thomson (Min., L 330, 1836X from Eilliney Bay, Ireland, has been stated to have the form and deavage of spodumene, a mineral that oocurs in the vioinity. It has H.=4 ; G.= 2*56—2-66. Thomson ; 2-678— 2*688, Galbraith ; lustre weak vitreous ; color greenish-gray, brownish, or yellowish ; anaL 29-33.
6. Other pinite has passed under the name of lithomarge (Steinmark GermJ). That of Zoige (anaL 36) is green, and has G. =3*086, Ramm. The Schemnitz mineral (anaL 37) oocurs with d& niteand kaolinite as the gangue of diaspore, and is gray or greenish-gray in color, with H.=2*6 —3, G.=2*735. AnaL 47 is of a lithomarge from Schlackenwald. That of Ems (anaL 48) ia green to white, and kaoiin-like in consistence, and occurs in debts in the Spirifer sandstone.
The compact talc of Klammberg, Tyrol, is probably pinite or agalmatolite in constitution.
7. AOALHATOLITB (AgalmatoUthus, Bildstein (fr. China), Klapr. Beitr., iL 184, 1797. Pagodite Napione J. de Phys., xlvL 220, 1798). Like ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous compact texture, lustre, and other physical characters, but contains more silica, so as to afibrd the formula of a bisilicate, or nearly, and it may he a distinct species. Yet, as above observed, the excess of silica is possibly from free quartz or feldspar as impurity. The Chinese has K=2 — 2*5 ; G.=: 2*785— 2*816, Klapr. Colors same as for pinite, usually grayish, grayish-green, brownish, yellow* ish. AnaL 381.
A similar mineral in composition comes from Nagyag in Transylvania, and Ochsenkopf near Schwarzenberg in Saxony (anaL 44). AgalmaiolUe was named from ayuA/ia, an ima and pagodUe from pagoda the Chinese carving the soft stone into miniature pagoda's, images, etc. Part of the so-called agalmatolite of China is true pinite in composition, another part is compact pyrophyllite (p. 455X and still another steatite (p. 458). (Brush, Am J. ScL, II. xxvL 64.)
Oncosin v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., iL 296, 1834) is related in composition (anaL 46), and has H.=2; G.=2-8; color apple-green to gyish or brownish; translucent; it occurs in roundish masses imbedded in dolomite with mica, at Passecken near Tarns weg, in Salzburg, (c) Oosite (Oosit MdrXf ib., iiL 216, 1834), another related compound (anaL 43 is white to reddish or brownish-red, and occurs in G- and 1 *2-8ided prisms ; it is from the Oos vaUey, duchy of Baden, occurring in what ia called pinite-porphyry.
(d) GongyliU (Gongylit Thoreld Act Soc. ScL Fenn., iiL 816, A. Nord.. Beskrifn. FinL Min., 146, 1855) is yellowish or yellowish-brown, and has deavage in two directions ; with H.=4— 5 ; G. ; anal. 42. From a schist called talcose schist at Kimsamo in Finland.
0. ratio for &, Si, fi, for agalmaioliky about 1 : 9 : 18 : 3 ; for onoohh, 1 : 6 : 10 : 1; fot &eU6, 1 : 10 : 24 : 6 ; for gongyltie, 1 : 8 : 8 : If
The following may be impure pinite :
8. GiganiolUe Nord. (Act Soa Sd. Fenn., L 2, 877, 1840). From gneissoid granite of Tammeli Finland, in large 6- and 12-sided prisms, with basal cleavage; H.=2*6 ; G.=2*862— 2*878 : luatTC omewhat waxy ; color greenish to dark steel-gray, sometimes approaching submetallio in liiftn
H7Dbou8 8Ili0Ats8, Maboasophtllite Beotiok.
owmg to the alteratioD of the original ioUte and the preaenoe of nncombined ozyd of iron, {h) IberUe Svanberg ((Efr. Ale Stock£, L 219, 1844), from Montalvan, near Toledo, Spain, is the same mineral in characters ; H.=2*6 ; G.=2'89. Both are a result of the alteration of iolite, and are between pinite and/oftcmte (p. 484) in oomposition.
Analyses: 1, 2, Bammelsberg (8d SuppL, 94, Min. Ch., 835); 3-5, Pharm. Oh., Ill xiL 15u); 6, Bammelsberg (Min. Oh., 836) ; 7, A. Streng (B. H. Ztg., zz. 266); 8, Stromeyer (QeL Anz. Gott, ul 1998, 1819); 9, Pfair(. J., zlv. 108, 1825); 10, T. Hauer (Jahrb. a Reicha., 1854 76); 11, G. J. Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL xzvi 64); 12, John (Ohem. Unt, L 171); 13, Marignac 0- c); 14 t. Hauer (L a, 1863, 147); 15, (Ellacher (Z& Ferdinandeums, 1844, 2); 16, T. & Hunt (Bep. G. Caa, 1863, 483) ; 17, B. w. Boot (Am. J. Sol, II. zly. 47) ; 18, 19, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Soi., IL xtL 60); 20-23, T. & Hunt (Bep G. Oan 1852, 96, 1868, 484); 24, FeUenberg (Ber. Nat Ges. Berne, 1866); 25, A. JLnop [. Min., 1869, 558); 26, 28, A. Syanbefg (Fogg., liy. 269, Ak. H. Stookh 1840) ; 27, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848) ; 29, 30, Lehunft k Bljrtiie (Thomson's Min., L 830); 81, Mallet (Bamm. 6th SuppL, 148) ; 82, 88, J. A. Galbraitfa (J. G. Soo. Dublin, tL 165); 84, Au Streng (L a); 85, Seidel (Beschr. Baden, Oarlsruhe. 65, 1861); 86, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Ixil 162); 87, Earaflat (Fogg., Ixsylii 675); 38, Yauquelin (Ann. de Oh zliz. 88); 39. 40, Klaproth (Beitr., r. 19, 21); 41, John (Ohem. Unt, L 128); 42, Thoreki (Act Soc. ScL Fenn., iiL 815); 43, Nessler (Beschr. Baden, Carlsruhe, 32, 1861, Jahresb., 1861); 44, John (Ann. PhU., iy. 214); 46, y. Kobell (J. pr. Gh., IL 296); 4% John (Ohem. Unt, La); 47, Krieg (Bamm. Min. Oh., 676); 48, Herget (Jahresb., 1868, 822):
7*80=99-42 Bamut.
6-46=100 Marignac
5'39= 100 Marignaa
6'03=100 Marignac.
4-27, ]iInOMl a
902 (with e)=99-72 &
4-89, An 116=96'71 a
6*82=98*64 Hauer. [B.
6-97, OaC 0-32 =100-28
6-01=99-73 John.
1 00- 1 9 Marignaa [4-76]=lol08 Hauor.
4*70=99-01 (Ellachor.
5-43=99*55 Hunt
b-0y=i*9*48 Boot
5*38, liln 0-30=99-94 Smith k Brush.
5-30=98*88 S. k B.
7*14=99-81 Hunt
b*4U=99'5.S Hunt
5-3H= 98-99 Hunt
6*50 Hunt
4-19=101*40 Knop.
5-29, lln 0-80=99*22 a
4-62, Sin 0*19=99*56 8.
6-53, An 0*19=99*4S E 10-00=100-48 Lehunt 10*00, ttn 1-26=99-80 B.
8-67, Li 0*46=99*92 M.
7*58=98-54 Galbraith.
5*48=99*97 Bamm.
5'1( Karaliat
5 =100 Yauquelin.
4*00=99-50 Klaprotli
Klaproth.
5-00=100 John.
5*77, An 0*32=99*49 T
Si Si Pe
te Ag Oft jSTa
1. Aue, PifiUe
46-83 27*66 8*71
1*02 0-49 0-40
6*62
2. Penig, "
47-00 28-36 7*86
2*48 0-79 1*07
10*74
8. Sazonj, "
46-10 32*46 4*27
2*26 0-46
9*00
4. Ohamouny, "
44-70 81-64 6-57
2-86 0-96
6. St Pardouz, "
47*60 81 80 3-92
0 92 1-78
9*06
1*30 0-61
7. JSlbingerode,
8. Greenland, Oieaeck,
47*&1 31*17
1*85 1-66 1-24 0-16
46-<)8 38-88 3*36
l-iO
9. "
48*0 32-5 40
10. " " (f
11. Diana, (f
) 46*88 26-93 —
6-30 7-87
8*21
12. Norway, LyUhirodeB
44*62 87-86 1*00
tr. 2-75 8-uO
13. Fleima, Liebener. 36 61
1-76 1-40 0-92
14. " "
44*46 88-75 226 ir, 1*58 2*79
6*45
16. " "
45*18 86*60 2 63
1-66 0*42
16. Bathurst, WUstmUe (i) 41-0 81-19
4-19 0-96 0*89
9*:s0
17. & Lawrence Oo.,"
47-46 30-61
3*63 0-53 2*43
8*78
18. Jefferson Oa, Dys,
44*80 34-90 8*01
0-42 0*66 3*60
19. " " "
46-70 31-01 8*69
0-50 tr. iir.
11*68
20. St UTicholas, Par. 4846 27-56
5-08 202 2-05 2*35
5*16
21. " "
4810 28-70
4-0 1-41 2*10 1-53
22. St Francis,
60*50 33*40
tr. 1*00 <r. 0*63
8*10
28. Stanstead,
60-30 82-60
(r. 1-20 undH.
24. Grindelwald Gl.
46-81 35*15
1*43 0*65 0-99 0*49
26. Ohemnitz, PinUoid
47*77 32*65
8-94 0-49 1*50
26. Tunaberg, Ptdyarg.
44*13 85-12 0-96
1-43 6-56
6*78
27. " "
45*12 85-64 0-14
0-26 5*88 0-67
28. Aker, Bosite
44-90 34*60 0 69
2-45 8*59 tr.
29. Killinej, KiUiniU
49-08 80*60
2-27 1-08 0 68
30. " "
47*93 31-04
2-88 0-46 0-72
52-89 83*24
8-27 1-46
4*94
32. " "
60-46 80*13
3*68 1 09 0*95
4*81
38. Dalkey, "
50-11 29*37
2*23 1*03 0*34 060
6*71
34. Anerberg, Pmik
60*95 30*62
2*48 0-85 0-35 0*12
9*74
35. Sasbachwald,
60*43 28*89
8-48 8-68
5*12
36. Zoige, LHhomarge
4Sr*75 29-88 6*61
1-47 0*48
87. Schemnitz
49*60 27-45
1*08 0-72 6*66 10*20
38. China, ywh, Agahtu
66 29 1
89. " green,
64-60 34*00 0-75
40. Nagyag, "
65*0 83-0 0-5
7*0
41. Ghina, red
65*60 81-00 1-26
2*00
42. Finland, ChmgyHk {i]
1 56-Ss 21*80 4*80
5*90 0-77 0*46
4*46
48S
Oxtoen 00Hpound8.
43. Uaden, Odnte
44. Ochsenkopf
45. Tamsweg, Oneosin
46. Saxony
47. Schlackenwald, LUh,
48. Ema, Nassau, green
Si 9e te iig Cm ift i tL
Ss-Oo 80-00 1-00 1-76
62-62 30-88 0*80 3 82
61-50 32'60 1-68 800
62*40 81*94 1-28 1-44 1*73
68-16 U8-66 0-17 0-21
4*94 00-27 Noaifel
6*00 6-13, Mn 012=99*83 ;
6 41 6-00=99*16 Krieff.
[4*7u] 8-21=100 HergeL
lu a so-called inmVoitf dUM of the TaOey of Baibl, apple-green in colon Tschennak There is a large excess of silica, which may be due to ftee silica if the rock is not rather a pyrvphyUUe achiai.
A pinite-like mineral from the phyllite of Petit-OoBur in the Tarentaise, Savoy, afforded A. 100 24. The composition is the same witti that of the containing schist
G-melin obtained (Kastn. Arch., L 226) for the Auyergne pinite, Si 66*96, 26*48, eta ; but the later analyses (Noe. 6, 6, aboTe) show that his results are erroneous. The Neustadt red pinite is an anhydrous mineral; it gave Ficinus (. J., xzvL 280) Si 64*6, £l 23-6, 7*8, So 30;0, Pe 12*6, ft 12*4=100.
The following are analyses of (figanioUte and iberite: 1, Waditmeister (Pogg., zlv. 668); 2, Marignac (J. Pharm. Ch., IIL xiL 160, Ramm. Min. Ch.. 836); 8, Komonen (Nord. Beskrifh. IlnL Min., 161); 4, Norlin ((Efr. Ak. Stodch., 1844 219):
1. Tamela, Giganl
4. Montalvaa, IherUe
46*27 42*69 45*6
26*10 26*62 26*7 30*74
9e
13*8 17*18
Mn
0*96 1*33
Mg
3*80 2*68 2*4 0*80
Ca
JTa
1*20 0*86
0*40 0-04
ft
20 6*00, F M, Wachtm.
6*44 5-89=100*71 Mar.
6*8 6*2=101*3 Komon.
4*67 5-67= 101-63 Noriin.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube gives off water, which IVequently reacts alkaline. B B. some varieties ftise easily with intumescence, while others fUse quietly and with more diificultj. Appreciably attacked by strong muriatic acid.
Obs. — Gieseckite has been attributed by many authors to the alteration of nephelite (ela&olite). Pisani (C. R., IxiL l-S-i4) has found the latter mineral, from Brevig, Norway, pu-tly altered to a brick-red material which is true gieseckite in nature and composition. On the same spedmen is found true translucent elseolite, affording only 1*H p. c. of water on calcination, and entirely soluble in dilute adds; by the side of this, red spots where alteration has oonunenced; and beyond, the mineral changed to a brick-red uniform material, mostly opaque, with some translucent spots of unaltered elAolite. This red material afforded 6*9 p. a of water, and dissolved only partially in dilute nitric add, leaving an abundant red deposit On separating the insoluble portion by treatment with cold dilute nitric add, this afforded, on analysis, Si 46*95, £l 34*66, 9e 1-86, ftg 0*58, Ca 0-t'i8, a, Li 0-71, ft 8*71, 6*58=99-72, thus showing tbat besides taking up water, the soda of the elieolite had been replaced almost wholly by potash.
423 A. NturcUiA Thomson (Min I 364 1886) is greenish-yellow, imperfectly foliated in texture, consisting of thin fibres of some breadth but rather obscure, but the least appearance of crystallization.'* H.=4*26. G.=2'476. B.B. whitens, but does not frise. Ooojpoeition, accord- Lower Canada. It has been doubtful what mineral Dr. Thomson had in hand in making his description. But according to T. S. Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1863, 485), neuroKte is a quartzose variety of woodlike agalmatolite. His analysis afforded (L a) :
Si
£1 82*60
tr.
Ag 1*20
fTa, ft
It occurs at Stanstead, forming a belt 150 feet wide; in some places granular and nearly pare m others schistose and oontaining quarts. A thin layer has a banded structure, ligneous in ap* pearance, with a shiny satin lustre. It ii translucent, of a wax or amber-yellow color; feel onctaoos.
4-i3B. A mineral near pinite m composition has been described by Desdoiseaux (Bi G. Soa, II Kxii. 25). It occurs in rounded grains, of a waxy structure and greenish color, distributed in tht anldrite of Modane. Thin plates without double refraction, aorarding to H*s-8'
HTDKOnB 8ILIOATE8, ICABOABOPHYLLTTE 8£CnOK. 488
Cl.=2'68, Helda water in dosed tabe. B3. ftues with intumeaoonoe to a white enamel Scaroely attacked by muriatic add. Fiaani obtained (Bull. O. Soa, L a):
Si 48-20 Si 19-70 J'eS-Sd fig 12*80 Ca 1*64 S; JTa, Li (by loaa) 7-22 fi 7*06=100. 423. OATA8PILITB. Eataapilit TgMrdm, (Efr. Ak. Stodch 1867, 14.
PseadomorphoiiB after iolite, and presenting its forms. H.=2'5. Lustre pearly. Color ash-gray. Snbtranslncent.
OompNear pinita. 0. ratio for B, Si, d=8: 6 : 8: 1; (i&*+f Sl)'Si'-f|& Analy Bia : Igelatrom (L a):
$140*06 Si, with aome 9e, 28*96 Ag8-20 Oa7*48 JraG-26 & 6*90 ign. 8*21
O. J. Bmah found in a pale greenish pagodite from China (priv. contrib.) Si 41*60, Si, with UtUa Fe, 81*30, Mg 12*26, 0*60, £[ 6*42, H 7*50=99*67, approachmg the above, but affording the O. ratio 8:6:9: 3=1 : 2 : 3 : 1. Igelatrdm obtained but 1 p. a of water in one trial, and in hia formula makea the oataapilite anhydroua.
Pyri. etc. — Foaea on charcoal rather easily to an enamd-Uke bead. Deoomposed by muriatic acid, with a separation of flocoulent ailica.
Oba. — From a gray chlorite rock at Longban, in Wermland, Sweden, distributed through it in dmaea aa large as peaa. Named from in alluaion to thia mode of occurrence.
424. BTHARTTIL Agalmatdith (fr. Retzbanya) JETotdL, Ber. Ifln. d. k. k. Hofk., THen, 184&
Biharit K F. I'den, Ber. Ak. Wien, zUy. 132, 186L
Massive ; fine granular or microcrystalline.
H.=2'5. G.=2'737, yellow var. Lustre greasy, inclined to pearly. Color yellowish to green, brownish, dull wine-yellow. oil-gi*een, leek-green. Translucent to hardly subtransluoent. Feel a little greasy. Optically doubly refracting.
Oomi>.-. ratio for It, fi, Si, fi=2 : 1 : 8 : nearly; whence (f (Aft Ca)'+iSl)*Si*+li tL Analysia: Soltte (L aX removing 4*68 Ca C:
&
Si
Fe
4;
jr.
&
d
18-4T
fr.
tr.
4-46=97 -li
Pyr., etc* — In the tube yields water. B.B. inftiaible (the green yar.) or fhaing on the thiuneat edges (yellow). Oba. — Occurs imbedded in a fine granular limeatone in the Biharbeig, near Betibanya.
426. PAIaAQOMITB. Palagonit Sartorius v. WaUenhauaen Subm. Yulk. Ausbr. Yal di Noto, eta, , 1846; Yulk. Oest, 1868. Bansen, Ann. Gh. Pharm., IxL 266, 1847, Fogg., l-rrriii, 219, 1851. Melanhydrit A SranU Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, xvL 104 1869.
Amorphous. In grains and fragments aggregated into a tufa-like rock, or as a constituent oi tufa or volcanic conglomerate.
H.=4— 5. G=2'4— 2'7 ; 1'82, melanhydrite. Lustre vitreous or greasy, or like pitchstone. Color amber-yellow, yellowish-brown, colophonitebro¥m, garnet-red, blackish, black. Streak yellowish, brownish-yeilow.
Oomp.— 0. ratio fbr It, fi, Si, d=l : 2 : 4 : n; and for baaea and ailica 8 : 4, aa in pinit& kai IJBita. and serpentine, to which species the mineral is therefore related. Formula Pe, M) +i Si*+f aq. Has been regarded by Bunaen a combination of unisilicatea Ir Si*+n aa and biailicatea {6r) Si'+naq, who writes for the jpalagonite ofloeland the formula ft* &'-4- IP Si* 4-aaq; and for that of the Gklapagoa, 2&'Si*+IPSi'+na<|.
Im
Oxtoen Oompouitds.
AxmljBeB bj t. Waltershausen (L a) ; means of results alter gangae exdoded:
L 1. Erisayik IL 2. Heda
4. Yal di Noto ilL 6. Galapagos
TV. 7. Sudafen
8. YaldlNoto V. 9. -
Vl 10. "
Si
40*76 43*86 38*69 86*07 86*94 41*46 41*26 40*86
£l
14*69
8*42
11*14
13*08
11*66
10*91
8*60
6*02
Fe
17*99 16*71
10*71
Ag
4*64 6*13 6*28
Oa
6*96
0*62
0*70 0*92
&
1*80 0*94 0*78 0*40
tL
18nM) 16*26 16*70
Waltershansen calcnlatos for chrysoliie, and sometimes carbonate of lime, present as impii.*ity and gives the following for the correct composition under the above types, L to YL, to wnioh Lf assigns the names and fonnnlas annexed. The compounds are mainly bypothetioal:
L Paloffonik
in. "
IV. Korite y. BybUie YL Notiit VIL TrinaeriU
Si
40*62 40*86
12*76 10*22
9e
21*66 83*96
fig 6*86 6*63 4*96 2*61 11*64 4*67
Ca
6*71 7*28 6*68 3*26
1*92 0*62 0*70 4-(i6 4*19
&
0*90 1*12 0*99
tL
12-16=ft5i4-2Bi+6a. 17*67= " +9fl.
23*26=ft5i+2SSi+12fl. 12-84=&5i+Si4-3a. 1816=&,5iH-Sgi-f6fi. + 3BSi-h9£L
The TrinacrUt is brown, and deayablo or micaceous, and is mixed with his Sideroailicite, a hydrous silicate of sesquioxyd of iron and alumina. The following are Bunsens results— gangue excluded (loa dt, and Banun. Min. Gh., 866):
£l 9e
1. Iceland
2. "
u
U
9. Galapagos 10. " U. "
13. Limburg, yw.j huh.
14. Honnei Mdanhydr.
89*01 89*82 41*28 40*80
11*88
8*69
11*16
11*76
14*79 16*29 14*60 20*00 16*72 10*00 11*66 14*96
fig 4*64 6*49 7*29 6*89 6*27 8*04 6*28
9*14 8*76 8*82 6*67 7*96 6*37
4*96
l-07Mn2 61
tL
17*80
18*60
17*36
13-60, 0-U
18*66
26*24
20*68
20*71 Wadr.
Pyr., etcv— YieldB water. B3. fuses easily to a black magnetic gss. Decomposed by muriatic add with gelatinization.
Oba. — Tufas are formed through the action of waters, and often that of heated waters or steam accompanying an eruption of layas, on the granulated volcanic rock, or volcanic sand ; and in the process the protoxyd of iron of the pyroxene of the rock becomes more or lees completely changed to sesquioxyd, and water is taken up, and so the palagonite is produced. As the volcanic rock is made up generally of pyroxene and a feldspar always in very variable proportions, uniformity in such results of alteration is not possible.
Bunsen observes that palagonite is the basis of the basaltic tufts of Germany, France, Asores, Canaries, Cape Verdes, Tortugas, and probably also of those of the Faciflo Islands. MtUMhydrile (anal 14, by Wackemagel, L c., andBamm. Min. Oh.) is vdvet-black to brownish-black, and occurs In irregular nodules in a decomposed wacke at Schmelaerthal near Honnef, on the China.
HamedpalaganUe tnm Palagonia, one of its localities in Sidly.
FMilnnit (fr. Fahlun) Btsinger, Min.*Geogr. Sverige, 22, 1808. IH dadt (ft. ib.) J, F. L. Earnnwnn, MoU's Efem., iv. 896 1808. Hydrous ioUte (ti, Abo) v. Bviw
U
HTDB0U8 8ILI0ATB8, KA2EOABOPHTLIJTB BBCmOK. 485
Ak. H. StookK, ISe, 1827. Anralit (ib.) v. Bonad, Hydrous lolite, Bonsdorfflte, 7'Apmt., Ida., I 278, 328, 1836. Baumit (from Bamno Finl.) v. Bonadorfi Weissit (fir. Fahlun) WaM mister, Ak. H. Stodch., 1827. Eflmarkit A.3 Ak. H. Stockh., 188, 1840. Praaeolite (fr. Biikke) Erdmannf lb. Ohlorophyllite (fr. Unity, Ue.) O. T, Jaekaan, Bep. Gh. N. Hamp. 162, 1841, Am. J. ScL, zll 857, 1841. Peplolit (fr. Bamsberg, Swed.) Oarluon, (EfV. Ak. Stockh.. 241, 1867. I'yrargimt (fr. Helaixigfora) N. NorcL, Jahreab., zil.1832, 174. PolyohroUltb WeAye, Jahrb. Miz 1846, 289. AapaaloUt SGhmnr, Pogg., IxTiiL 828, 1846.
In six- to twelve-fiided priBms, bat derived from peendomorphiBm after iolite. Cleavage : basal sometimes perfect
H.=3*5— 5. G.=2'6— 2-8. Lustre of surface of basal cleavage pearly to waxy, glimmering. Color grayish-ereen, to greenish-brown, olive- or oil-green ; sometimes blackish-green to black ; streak colorless.
.— This speoios ia a reault of aUeratkm; and oansidorable variatkni in tiie reaulta of analyaea should be expected. The oryatalline form ia Uiat of tlie original iolite, while the basal dearage when diBiind ia that of the new spedea fahlunite.
1. mcUuOe and fahkmte were from the same locahty, Eahlun, Sweden. The mineral haa the above dharactera. BojMdorjfita and otiraitlfo are Bonadorff*8 H\/dirou wUU fitxn Abo Finland, and identical with foblunite. The name tridaaite alludes to fAras doawign and is therefore bad, at ther are not deayages of the spedea, but in part of the original iolite. FaManiU dates firom Uie same year.
EtmarkUe is (khlunlte. Color grayish-green to whitish, with a greasy lustre. G.=:2'709; B.=3-6. is similar from Br&kke, near Brevig, in granite. R=H*6; G.=*2-764. (e) BaumUe, tfom Baamo in Finland, ia of like nature and origin, according to A. B. Nordenskiold (Beskrifti. FinL Min.), although analysis gives a aomowhat different ooustatution. (d) CfUorophyUUe from Unity, Maine, ia like fahlunite in composition, eta ; H. on baae of prism8=l'6— 3 ; G.=2*705. Named green and iXAoy, iec, (e) PtplolUe from Bamsoeig, Sweden, haa the oompoaition easentially and form of esmarkite; G.=2'68-'2'76.
2. FyrargiUUe is near fahlunite, and probably essentially the same, though containing more water and leaa of protozyd based. Form the same, but deavage not distinct ; color bladciah, bluiah, liver-brown, or in part dull-red; H.=3*6; Q.=2'6: luatre weak resinous. It is from granite near Helsingfbrs, Finland. Bischof has shown that it is only altered iolite.
8. FotychroUUe has been referred here. It occurs in six-sided prisms of 1 20', without distinct deava. R=3— 8*5 ; lustre greasy; color blue and green of different shades, and also brown and -red. Occurs in gneiss at Krageroe, Norway.
4. AspasiolUe occurs in prisms like those of fahlunite, but with the deavage less distinct ; H.= 3— 3'5; Q.=2*764; color green to greenish-gray, douded with brown or red. It ia from Krageroe, Norway, with iolite in quarta.
Huronite Thomson (Min., i. 384, 1836). Considered an altered mineral near frihlunite, by T. S. Hunt Occurs in spherical masses in homblendic boulders in the vidnity of Lake Huron. Structure partly in imperfect folia, and pfirtly granular. H.=3— 3*6; G.=2'86; lustre waxy to pearly: color light yellowish-green ; subtranslucent Weiaaiie Wachtmeister, is like fahlunite in moat of ita charactera, but differa in composition, and may belong elsewhere. Occurs of bluish and green colors at Fahlun, in masses as large as hazel-nuta, in chtorite.
ratio for K, S, ii, ]S= 1 : 3 : 6 : 1 ; whence the formula (It, ft)* + 1 (£1, 9e)) Si* the water being basic, and entering, as alreadv suggested, to make up the deficiency of bases in th€ nnisilicate. In aome kiuda, the aame with the addition of tL The 0. ratio of iolite, the original of the spedes, is 1 : 3 : 6.
Analyses: I, Hisinger (Afh., iv. 210); 2, 3, Trolle Wachtmeister (Ak. R Stodch., 1827, vl3); 4, BonsdorffCAk. H. Stockh., 1827); 6, Malmgren (Arppe's Finsk. Min., 1861, 686, Verb. Mia Bt Pet, 1662. 162); 6, Erdmann (Jahresb. 1841, 174); 7, 0 T. Jackson (Bcp. G. N. H., 1844. 184); 8, Bammelabefg (Min. Gh., 833); 9, Erdmann (L a); 10, J. Staudinger (Bonsdorff, L a) 11, Oarlaaon, Amark and Sieurin (L a) ; 12, Nordenskiold (L c.) ; 18, Scheeror (Pogg., IxviiL 328) 14, Waditmeister (Ak. H. Stockh., 1827):
1. Fahlun, TrieL 46*79 2673 5*01 8n U'43 2*97 18*60=96-48 Hisingn
Oxtoen Oomfoxjkdb.
6. Brevig, Esmofk,
7. Unity, Chhropk,
9. Brakke, iVoo.
SI tB
46-97 82*08 3*83
45*20 27-60 8-24
46-81 26*17 9e 10-99
40-94 28-79 7*40
tr.
10. Panmo, RaumiU 48*00 18-00
11. Bamsbeig, P9/. 46*96 30-51
12. Helsingfora, Ptprarg, 43*93 28*93 18. Krageroe, Adpaa. 50-40 32*88 14. Fabhm, WeiasiU 69*69 21-70
M
6*77 5*30 2*34
18*73
2-90*
6*49, Oa, tb, Ou,
Tl 0*46=98*65 Brdmann
8-60, P <r.=98'S2 J.
1 00-66 Bamm.
7*88, Ca, tt, Ou, b, (k
0*60=99-06 A. Erdmana
6*00=99.76 Staadinger.
8*30=100-02 Carlsaon.
1-06 15-47,a 1-85=99-43 N.
6*73=99 86 Scibeerer.
4-10 8 20, $a 0*68, Za 030
=100*72 Wachtmeister.
With aooM Mb O.
In polychroilite Dahl found (L a) Si 52, Si 37, 9e 3, Ag 7, Oa 1, fi 1 ; andScheeror obtained about 6 p. OL of water. The hunmite afforded Thomson (L c.) Si 45-80, Si 38*92, te 4*32, Oa SHH, Mg 1*72, d 4*16=97*96 ; it ia stated to be infusible and not attacked bj adds.
An ash-gray mineral firom Fotton, Canada East, as analyzed by Tennant, is near weissite in oomposition. Tennant obtained (Bea Gen. Sd, ill 339) Si 5506, Si 22*60, te 12*60, An tr I'lg 5-70), Ca 1-40, 2*25=99*60; and gives H.=l-76, a.=2'8263. T. S. Hunt says it is probably only a rock, and not a mineral species, as he judges firom a specimen he has seen so labeled (private communication).
Gigantolite and Iherite much resemble fahlunite, and like it are results of the alteration of iolitei occurring in large six to twelve-sided crystals. But they contain pota and are therefore related in composition to pinite, of which they seem to be impure varieties. See under Pram.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water. B3. fuses to a white blebby glass. Not acted upon by acida. PyrargOlite is diificultly fiisible, but is completely decomposed by muriatic add.
427. aBOPPTTB. Stfonberg, (Efr. Ak. Stodch., iiL 14, 1846.
Crystalline, with one distinct deavage affording a broad cleavage sur&oe and two others less distinct
H.=2*5. G.=2*78. Thin splinters translucent Color rose-red to brownSsh-ied. Streak paler. Fracture splintery.
0. ratio for ft, S, Si, fi=2 : 8 : 6 : 2, whence, if half the water be basic, {i($.\ &") + 9e))'Si*+ Analysis by Svanberg:
Si Si 9e Ag Oa JTa & d
Pte. — In a matrasa yields water. B.B. whitens, and on thin edges showa only indpient ftiaioiL Bvanberg's formula is the same as for ottrelite. From a limestone at Gropptorp in Sweden.
428. VOXOTITB. E, ML Setmid, Pogg., xcviL 108, 1866. Bastolyte Shep Min 1867, Append.,
p. vi., and Am. J. Sd., IL xxiv. 128.
In small crystals and scales, mica-like in stmctnre and aspect. H.=2— 8. G.=2*91. Lustre pearly. Color leek-green, often yellowish or brownisli from alteration. Thin scales translucent.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for &,S, 81,=1 : 1 : 2 : 1; (i&*+iS)'Si*+8fi,orthe8amea8thatofbi tite with the addition of water. Analjses: 1, Schmid (L c.) ; 2, Pisani (0. B., liv. 686, Am. J. ScL, zzxir. 208):
Si
Si
9e
te
Ca
JTa
&
1. Ehrenberg
18
7*54
2*04
9-87=99-07 Sdimid.
2. BMtolyte
28*44
6*24
9-22=100 16 Pisani
Pyr., etc. — In a glass tabs yields waer, sometimes ezfbUatea, and becomes brown and metallic
flTDBOUB 8ILI0ATEB, MABOABOPHTLLITE 8E0TIOK 1*57
in lustra. fi.BL ftises easier to a Uack glass, with the reaction of iron. Attacked by nmriatu add, giyiag a yellow solutioo, and the iiuBoluble part becomes after some days colorless.
Obfl<— Voigtite constitutes the mica in a kind of graphic granite at Ehrenberg near nmenao Bastolyte is in ash-gray, reddish, and bluish laminsi, looking like an altered mica, at Monroe, N. T. mixed with pyrite, and probably formed through the action of the decomposing pyrite on mica.
Named after Mr. Yoigt, director oi the mines of Saxe- Weimar.
EtAampiite of Kenngott (p. 307) is a similar hydrous biotite with less water.
Another from Rio Janeiro dosely related to the above, has been described by Kenngott in hit Uebersicht for 1856-67, p. 80. It Is in dull green short prismatio crystals, in granite. Composiign. 10*83.
429. MAROARODITB. Margarodit &uO, Ann. Gh. Pharm., zItL 825, 1843.
like mnscovite or common mica in crystallization, and in optical and other physical characters, except nsually a more pearly lustre, and the color more commonly whitish or silvery.
Oomp.— 0. ratio mostly 1:6:9:2; whence the formula &*)+f Si)* Si*, the water being basioi Sometimes 0. ratio 1 : 9 : 12 : 2, whenoe, (i (if, 1+f Sir i'; this division belongs with damourite, if the two are distinguishable. This species appears to be often, if not always, a result of the hydration of mnscovite, there being aU shades of gradation between it and that species. Musconte has the 0. ratio for bases and silica of 4 : 5, or nearly; and the deficiency of base for a unisilicate here indicated appears to be the source of its tendency to take np water, the water passing in to supply it.
For analyses and localities see under Mnsooym (p 809).
A hydrous mica accompanying oyanite, at Litchfield, Ct, afforded Smith ft Brush (Am J. Sd., 98*60. It is a iodorpoUuh mica intermediate between maiKarodite and paragonite; 0. ratio l:7i:I0:2; G.=2*76.
43a DAMOUBITB. Meaae, Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL xr. 248, 184.
An aggregate of fine scales, mica-like in strnctore. H.=2— 3. 0-.= 2*792. Lustre pearly. Color yellow or yellowish-white. Optic-axial divergence 10 to 12 degrees, Descl.
Oomp. — A hydrous potash-mica, like margarodite, to which it is dosely related. 0. ratio for fi,S,Si.fi, 1 :9 :1S:2. Analyses : 1, Delesse (La); 2, Igelstrom (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 308) :
Si Si 9e £: A
1. PontiTy 45*22 37'86 tr, 11*20 A-26=:99-52 Delesse.
2. Horrsjoberg 48*41 35*17 4*62 10*90 4 50, tig 1'40=:100 Igelstrom.
It is the gangue of cyanite at Pontivy in Brittany ; and the same at Homberg, Wermland. Kamed after the French chemist Damour.
480 A. SEBXCins List (Ann. Ch. Pharm., IzzzL 257). A scaly mineral firom a silky schist, occurs ring at Nerothal near Wiesbaden. H.=l ; 0.=2'897 ; greenish or yellowish-white. It afforded lo0*14. Supposed to be near damourite. Named from its silky lustre.
431. PARAOONTTB. PSragonit SchtMuU, Ann. Oh. Pharm., ±M. 334 1843. Pregraitil
L. LUbenert Eenng. TJeb. IStfl, 53, 1862.
Massive, sometimes consisting distinctly of fine scales ; the rock slaty or ichistose. Cleavage of scales in one direction eminent, mica-like. H.=2-5— 3. G.=2-779, paragonite, Schafhautl; 2-895, pregrattita
i88 OXYGEN OOlIFOimDfl.
CEllacher. LuBtre strong pearly. Color yellowiah, ffrayish, grayish-wliite greenish, light apple-green. Translucent ; single scfues transparent.
Oornp— A hydrous sodamiiM, 0. ratio for ft, S, Si, £l=l : 9 : 12 : 2, or 1 : 1 for bases and siUca, if the water be made basia Formula ]a*)+f Sl)*Si*; the pregrattite has a Uttto more of protoxyd bases, the 0. ratio bemg 1 : 7*3 :0 : : 22 : 27 :6, or nearly.
Analyses : 1, Bchafhftntl (La); 2, Banmielsberg (ZSi ziy. 761); 8, (EUacher (Eenng. Uebw. L a):
Si Si 9e Ag Oa ia & fi
Pyr.— B.B. the paragonite is stated to be infusible. The pregrattite exfoliates somewhat like ?ennioalite (a property of some dinochlore and other spedea), and becomes mi1white on the edges.
Obs. — Paragonite constitntes the mass of the rock at IConte Campione, in the region of BL Gothard, containing cyanite and staurotide, called paragonitic or talcoae sdiist. The rode also oontains garnet and black tourmaline. Named from npayui / tnialeacL The pregrattite is from Pregratten in the Pustenhal, Tyrol
A BroTig mica afforded Defrance 6 p. & of soda, but with much less silica than abore. See under LEPiDOioLAm, p. 307, where relations to other Brevig mica are stated, that tend to show that it is an altered mica.
432. BXTPHTZiZilTB. SiUimant Jr., Am. J. ScL, IL vUi. 881, 1849.
Structure as in mica, but laminsQ not as easily separable.
H.=3-5-4-5. G.=2-963-3-008, SilHman ; 2-83, Smith & Brush, ustre of cleavage surface bright pearly, inclining to adamantine. Coloi white to colorless ; sides faint grayish sea-green or whitish. Transparent to translucent; at times opaque or nearly so. LaminsQ rather brittle. Biaxial ; angle between the optical axes SiUiman.
Oomp.->0. ratio for Jt,S, Si, : 8 :9. 2; whence (ift*+|S)*Si'+f d=, if Ca: &: iSra= 8 :4: 11, Silica 41-6, alumba 42*3, lime 1*6, potash soda 6 9, water 6*6=100. Ajiaysea: Smith & Brush (Am. J. Scl, IL zt. 2o9) :
ti
Smith & Brush. 6*08=99*52 Smith & Brush. 6-91 =99*29 Smith ft Brush. 6*28=99*21 Smith & Brush.
The spedmen for analysis 2 by Smith ft Brush was from the original one described by SiUiman. Their results show that the earlier analysis of Crooke (Am. J. Set., II. yiiL 381 ) and those of Emi ft Garrett (this Min., 3d edit, 362, 1850) are erroneous. Rmi's and Orooke's specimens were from the same that afforded the material for analysis 2 of Smith ft Brush.
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass yields water. B.B. exfoliates, emits a strong light, and in the forceps Aises on the edges. Gives traces of fluorine.
Oba.— Occurs associated with tourmaline and corundum at UnionTiUe, Delaware Oo., Pa. The impression of the crystals of tourmaline on the lateral surface of the euphyllite leaves a yery smooth, hard-looking surface. Also in the same vicinity in aggregated laminso, or scales, oc compact masses.
Dr. Smith refers here, with a query, a mica found by him with the emery of Asia Minor, whiek iffinded him the following results (Am. J. Sd., IL xL 62, xv. 210) :
ft Si 9e Ag Ca ti
A
te
ttg
Ca
JTa
K
43-tK)
0*62
1*01
3*94
42*40
1*60
1*00
3*94
" 40*21
41*60
0*78
1*88
3*26
" 40-96
0*70
Ml
4*26
8*26
HYDROUS 8ILI0ATE8, KABGABOPHYLLITE BECnON. 48*J
Tb afford the mean omen ratio, ezdoding the water, 1 : 10 : 12. May be damonrUA, A imilar whitiah mica, firom Newlin, Pa., afforded S. B. Sharpies Si 48, 40, alk. 7 to 8 p. a
433. CBLIiAOHBRITB. Margarita from Ffltaohthal (EOacher, Kenng. Uebers. 1860, 49, 1862
(Ellacheiite IkmOf Am. J. Sd II. zUt. 256 1867.
in crjBtalline Bcales or laminsB ; stmctnre micaceous.
G.=2'884— 2'994, Lustre strong pearly. Color grayish-white to white. In thin plates transparent. Elastic. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial angle in the air 79 21 for the red ray, 78 45 for the blue, or the same as in mnscovite ; Descl.
Comp.— O. ratio for ft, S, Si, fi, 1 :4 : 6: 1 ; whence the formula, if fi be basic, (k(&\ iSlfSr. Remarkable for the presence of baryta. Analyses: 1, (Ellacher (L a) ; 2, Bammehi-
for the presence of baryta. Analyses : 1, (Ellacher (La); 2, Be 163):
Si Si 9e J'e An Cu ilg Ca Ba gr JTa & £[
Oba. — Decors near Kemmatin Pfltschthal, along with the chlorite analyzed by Hetzer (p. 502;. The locality is about 12 miles in a direct line from that of margarite (p. 506).
' 434. OOOKBITB. (?. ,;: J9htf Am. J. 8cL, IL zll 246, 1866.
In minute scales, and in slender six-sided prisms, sometimes vermicularly bent Often as a coating.
H.=2'5. G.=2'70. jLustre pearly on plane of cleavage. Color white to yellowish-green. In thin scales transparent. Flexible, inelastic.
hydrous lithia mica in composition. Analysis : P. Collier (1. a) :
Si Si ti & £[ SiP
Three determmattons of the silica obtained 35*04, 84-05, 35*71 p. c. The alumina contained a little oxyd of iron.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. exfoliates like vermiculite, and colors the flame intense carmine-red. In the dosed tube yields water, which is at first neutral, then becomes acid by decomposing the fluorid of silicon evolved, while a ring of silica is deposited. Tube slightly etched Fusible on thin edges, and gives blue color with cobalt solution. With phosphorus salt gives skeleton of silica. Partially decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Oba. — Occurs with tourmaline and lepidoUte at Hebron and Paris, Me., often as a pearly ooaiing on crystals of rubeUite, of which it appears to be a product of alteration.
436. HISINaZIRITB. Hisingerit (fr. Riddarhyttan) Berz Pogg., xiii 505. 1828. Degerdii Bblmberg, Bidr. FmL Nat, L 4, Uin. Ges. St Pet, 1850, 1861, N. Kordenskiokl, Vers. FinL Mm., 18527 SkotioUt Arppe, Finsk. Min., 13, 1857.
Amorphous, compact, without cleavage.
H.=3. G.=3'045. Lustre greasy, inclininff to vitreous. Color black to brownish-black. Streak yellowish-brown. Fracture concholdal.
Var.— (1) Hiaingeriie. (2) DegeroUe, G.=2*54, Hohnberg; E.=2*5; color blackish-green to black. (3) ScoUolUt; G.=rS-09; H.=r3 ; color dark green to thick (and named from amrtos, dark) oontaina much magnesia, and less water than hisingerite.
OompO. ratio for B+fi, §i, : 3 : 3 j formula, making one-third of the water base (ft*, S)'§i*+4aq, or specially, In the latter formula V indndes somt
Oxtoen Oomfounds.
Pe, Hgt Ca, and occasloniaij fin. Ezduding ft, the peroentage oompositioD is Silica 30-9, quiozyd of iron 42 '6| water 21*5=100. Cleve'B analTsis makea the sooHoliie of Longban eaaei tially hisingerite- and that of Oryirvi may be an impure variety (anal. 16).
Analyses: I, Hnidiner (Pogg., xiii. 2-11, Cleye, Oeberg, LindstrOm, Kordenskiold, Thoreld (CEfv. Ak. Stockh , 1866, 169); 12, Kammdftberg (Pogg.. Ixxv. 398); 13, 14, Thoreld (Min. Ges. St. Pet, 1850, 51, CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 169) ; 15, Arppe (I. c.) :
Si £1 |Pe te &n 1kg (k £[
20-70= 10 1*39 Haidinger. 2 1 '70, under. 0*95 1 01 '33 Olfftm, 20*78=100*46 Oeberg. 22-04=100-19 Qeyt). 20*32=100-93 Lindatrom. 18-46= 101-23 Clevo. 22*83=99-94 Nordenakiold. 21*09=99-90 Nordenakiold. 2109= 100*86 Lindstrom. 21-56=99-58 CloFe. 15-80=99-84 deve. 11*54=100 Bammelaberg. 13*70,3PerO*26,und. 150 Thor. 19-54 under 1-40 Thoreld. 15*12=96-74 Arppe.
The part of the water driven off at 0. was m anal 2, 11*20 ; 11*66 ; 5, 13*11 ; 6, 9*83 ; 7, 12-19; 8, 9-87; 9, 18-56; 10, 10*61; II, 6*30; 14, 11-60; 16, 7*49.
Pyr., etc — Yields much water. B B. Aises with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. In muriatic add easily decomposed without gelatioisiiig.
Obs. — Found at the various localities mentioned above. At Kiddarhyttan it occurs in renifonn masses associated with pyrite in a copper mine, and is a result of alteration ; at Begero near Helsingfors, Finland, in a silver mine.
Named after the Swedish chemist Hisinger.
ICsLANOLiTB Wwt (this Min., 679, 1850). Approadies hisingerite. It is black, opaque with streak dark olive-green; H.=2; G.=2 69. Surface of the mineral often striated, or with an im* perfectly columnar aspect. H. Wurti obtained, exdudiug 12*77 p. a of carbonate of lime :
MUk-Bow quarry, near Charlestown, Mass., incmsting the sides of a fissure.
1. Biddarhyttaa
2. "
85*02 1-20 89-46
2*20
0*80 tr.
3. "
86-08 1*38 40-28
2*23
0-86 0-86
4. Solberg; Norway
36-33 32-14
87-65 1*17 80*57
21 1-41
6. Jordoeen
34-90 36-00
2*67
7. Longban
35*71 27*70
7*52 3*02
1-68 1-48
8. Waldemarsvik
33-66 39*90
2*80
9. Orijarvi
86-92 81-87
10. Tunaberg
37-14 1*39 30-24
3*02 0*17
11. Longban, ScoHolite 86*73 34-97
3*09 tr.
12. Riddarhyxtan, Hia.
34-78
0*46 2*66
13. Degero IkgerCiie
36-60 0-80 41-66
2*50 2*90
14. " "
34*45 0*75 88*63
1*08
2*33 2-70
15. Oryarvi, Sooiiolile
40-97 0-60 26*04
16-63 0-38
436. BKMANNTTB. Ekmannit L, J. Igelatrom, (Efv. Ak. Stodch., 1866, B. H. Ztg., xxvL 21,
Foliated, chlorite-like. Also foliated columnar and asbestiform, radiated ; also granular massive, consisting of minute scales.
Hardness and lustre as in chlorite. Color grass-green, leek-green, grayish-white : also black.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft+&, Si, : 6 : 3, with the bases mBMy prtUoxyda (Pe, ftn); only sne-third to one-sixth being sesquiozyds (Ie, and regarded as impurity by Igelstrom. Fo miJa (f (e, ]kn)+id)' Si+i in which two-thirds of the water is made basio. Analyses .- 1-6, Igelstrom (L c.) :
2. /b-coJL, gyK-w, 8. FoL-ftuus,, leek-gn, 4b Gran,-maM graaa-gfk 6. Aabeati/., green jntL-maaa green
Si
£]
9e
te An
lilg
Oa
£[
<r.
35*78 11-45
2*99
—
10*61 100.
1*07
24*27 21-66
tr.
tr.
9-91=98-02.
25*51 7*18
7*64
10*74=100.
5*86
6*32
2*73
9-71=99*88b
R6-07* 14*74
11*60=100.
3*63
— —
31-09 9-29
10*71=99in.
with perhapft Bome alnmlaa.
Pyr eto.— On heating jields water, becomea black, submetallic, and after ignition strong mimetic. B.B. taaesf to a blaok alag. Solable in muriatio add, with a deposition of silica.
Oba. — From a mine of magnetite at Grythyttan, in Sweden, filling cavities in ore, pene* trating it extensively, and constituting nodular masses and beds. AnaL 4 is of the green interioi of a nodule which was black externally. Some of it contains carbonate of lime, and some affords when heated a bituminous odor.
Named after G. Ekmann, proprietor of the mine.
AIL — Becomes black on exposure, through oxydation.
437. NBOTOOrm. Neotokit M Nordenskiold, Yen. FinL Min., 1852. Wittingit tdL, ib Yattenhaltigt Manganoxld-siakat J: F, Bahr, (Efr. Ak., 1850, 240. Stratopeit L, J. IgMrdm, lb., 1851, 143 (with mention of **Neotokit" and Wittingit").
Ainorphoas.
H.=3— 4. G.=2*64— 2'8. Lusti-e dull, sometimes feebly submetallic. Color black to dark brown and liver-brown. Streak dark brown to black. Opaque.
Var. — The amorphous mineral substances here induded are results of the alteration of rhodonite, in which the manganese passes from the state of protoxyd to that of sesquioxyd, and other changes take place through tiie presence of any ingredients In the altering infiltrating waters. A uniformity of composition is not therefore to be expected, and much doubt must exist as to the reality of the species which any chemical analyses may seem to indicate. The most recent analyses (anal. 2 to 5 below) have a correspondence in oxygen ratio which appears to show that there is among them at least one true hydrous silicate of manganese, and that it is related in composition to hisingerite. The 0. ratio for A+S| Si, d, in analysis 2 is 1*2*69 : 19*1 1 : 14*32 ; pond quite nearly to 2 : 8 : 2|, and to the general hisingerite formula, (It', fi)* di'+3 aq, in whidi two-fihs of the water is made basic.
NeotodU (anal. 4, 5) is here included by A. E. Nordenskidld along with stratopeite, and good authority appears thus to be given for setting a fide the older analysis of it by Igelstrom (anal 6). In stratopeite (7.=2*64, according to Igelstrom; in neotoeUs and wittifnffitet G.= according to N. Nordenskiold.
Bahr's and Syanberg's analyses, 9-1 2, give a different composition, as the manganese is made sesquioxyd; but new determinations are require d before these, or the analyses of wittingite. can be taken as representing distinct chemical compcmuds. Bahr writes for analyses 9, 10, 11, Sin* Si*+3 £[; and for anaL 12, obtains the 0. ratio for It+fi, Si, £[, 13*9 : 17*6 : 8*5. The witUngite analyzed by Arppe (anaL 7) contained 7*21 p. a of carbonic add, corresponding to 18*82 p. a of carbonate of manganese.
Analyses: 1, IgelstriSm (L c.); 2-5, Oleve and A. £. Nordenskiold ((Ef7. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 169, J. pr. Ch., & 121); 6, Igelstrom (Nord. Verz. Min., 1852, Beskrifn. FinL Min., 138, 1863); Arppe (Finsk. Min., 21); 8, Nordenskiold (J. pr. Ch., a 122); 9-12, Bahr (L a):
Si £1 9e
te Sin An lEfg Ca
£[
1. Paisbirg, StratopeOe
3548 10*27
32-41 8*04
18-75=99*90 Igelsttdm
35-88 8-20
29*37 8-66
16-11, ib 218 C.
3605 1-86
38*49 5-27 0*47
16*72, ib 3*31 N.
4. Oestrikland, NhotoeUe
85-79 10*90
13-93 20-51 2-44 0*52
15*77=99-86 Nord.
84*38 1-57 18*58
2*88 22*67 2*60
17-37=99*95 Oleve.
6. Ingoa "
35*69 0*40 25*08
24-12 2-90 0-55
10*37=99*11 Igelstr.
7. Witting!, WitUtiffUe
35-01 3iu
48*20
11-03, 07-21 =99*95 A
B. Bredvik,
39-72 2*06
8476 1*21 0-69
21*98=100*42 Nord.
9. Klapperud
86*20 1*11 0-70
4791 4*43 0-61
9*43—100-39 Bahr.
86*11 0*90 11*31
42-00 0-57 0-70
[9*431=101-39 Svanb.
34-72 1-09 10*45
4*2*64 0*36 0-56
9*76=99*98 Bahr.
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water. Beactions with borax for manganese and iron. Difficultly AisiUe to irfbsible.
0bs.0-:nirs with rhodonite at Paisberg in Filipstad, Sweden {gtratopeUe); (Oestrikland (neato- HU) in Sweden; at Ingoa Finland; at Witting! (wUtvngite) in Storkyro, Finland; at Bred fik (t6.) in West ; at Klapperud in Dalecarlia, Finland.
Named from Moroirof, This name antedates
492 OXTOXN ooHFOinsms.
438. STUBELITB. Stabelit BniOL, B. H. Ztg zziy. 322 186ft.
Beniform and botryoidal maflsiye.
H.=4— 5. G.=2*223-2'263. Lastre yitreoDfl, brffliant. Color yelTet to pltdij UacLc. (atradk dark brown. Fracture ooncholda], distinct Brittle. Aoaljrsia hy Stiibel (L a"*
Si Si 9e Hn Cu Ag £[ Q
Ob&— OocuTB at the island of liparL Named from Dr. Alpbooae 8t&beL
439. OnxmOITB. Srart Stenart (fr. GilUnge) Hifwger, Afb., liL 804, 1810. GiUiiigil Hisinger, Min. Geogr. Sdiwed. (Wabler'a 102, 1826. Thraulit (fr. Bodenmaia) v. Kdb Foggn xiv. 67, 1828. Tiaulit
Amorphous — compact.
H.=3. G.=3'045, Hieinger, fr. Gillinge. Lustre shining to dull ; surface of fracture earthy. Color black or blackish.
Oomp Var-— 0. ratio for &+fi,Si,fi=, nearly, 1:1:1; whence (1) In anal 8, of gillingiU, It' : S=2 : 5 ; in 4, 7 : 9*6, or nearly 3 : 4. (2) For anal 7, of thrwdUe y. Kobell adopts the same 0. ratio, 1:1:1, observing that the mineral analysed contained some mixed pyrrhotite Analyses: 1, Hisinger (Afh iiL 304); 2, Bammelsberg (PogK.| Ixxy. 398); 3, 4, Hogiund and Tamm ((£f7. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 169, J. pr. Oh., a 128); 5, Hermaxm (J. pr. Oh., zlyL 238) ; 6, Hisinger (Fogg., ziii. 505) ; 7. y. KobeU 0. c.) :
Si Si 9e £*e An Ag Ca £[
1. Gillinge 27-50 6-60 51*60 nO-7T 11 -7 5 =97 02 His.
5. Oryfiiri, Hiting. 29*51 10*74 87*49 7*78 1300=98*52 Henn.
6. Bodenmaia, ThraxOUe 31*77 — 49*87 — — — 20-00=]01*64 His.
7. " " 31*28 43-42 5*70 19*12=99-52 Kobell
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water. B.B. ftises at 6 to a blade, slaggy, opaque, magnetic ioboleu Decomposed by muriatic acid.
Obs. — From Gillinge-Grube, in Sddermanland, Sweden, whence the name. ThraulUe (named from lavAd(, firagiie) occurs at Bodenmaia, three leagues from Zwiesel, in Bavaria, with yiyianite, ete.
440. JOZiLTTB. JoDyt v. ZbMZ, Ber. Ak. Munohen, 1865, 168.
Compact, amorphous.
H.=3. G.=2'61. Lustre weak greasy. Color dark brown ; in thin splinters transparent, with green to brownish-red color ; the coarse powder is light leek-green, the fine, light grayish-green ; in some positions the powder appears ochre-yellow. Fracture subconchoidal and splintery. In tlun splinters shows double refraction.
Oomp.-0. ratio for fi, S, Si, £[=1 : 2 : 8 : 2; &"-hi Si? gi*-h4 fi, if j'e : &g=8 : 8,= & 35*5, £l 27-0, 17-0, Ifg 63, £[ 14*2=100. Analysis: y. KobeU (L c.):
Pyx., etc.— In the dosed tube yields water. B.B. swells up and Aises with dilBcul on this eJges to a black mass, which is not magnetic or only slightly so; with the fluxes gives the leac t ons for iron. Decomposed readily by muriatic add, leaying gelatinous silica.
Htdb0178 8Ili0Ate8, Icaboabophtlltte Seotion. 493
Obi. — Ooeara at Bodenmais in Bavaria, with pyrite vivianite, iolite eta BesemUes a hisii gcrite in which the iron is replaced by alumina. It is distinguished from this mineral, as well as ftom gillingite, by the green color of its powder, and by yielding a residue before tfa Uowpipe which is but slightly magnetia Named after the physicist, Gr. JoUy.
L. Snmann observes, in a letter to the author, that this species is very similar to fahlunite.
441. Efiohlcsitb Ramm. (Pogg:, IzziiL 437, 1849). Fibrous or oolunmar, between schiller spar and chlorite in its characters. u.=2— 2 5; G.=2'76; color dull leek-green; streak white to greenish ; lustre greasy ; in thin columns translucent and of a bottle-green color.
OOMP.— 0. ratio for B, S, : 8 : 9 : 4, whence, for bases, silica, and water, if half of Ihe water be basic, 9:9:2. Analysis (L a) :
Si 40-88 £110*96 9e 8-72 $"0 8*96 % 2000 da 0*68 fi 10-18=100 88.
B B. flies only in thin fibres with dUBculty. With the fluxes reaction of silica and iron. Forms veins in a rock resembling serpenthie at Harsburg. Named in illusion to its being near chlorite in characters.
442. PoLTHTDBm BnUh, (Handb., ti 3H 1841). From St Cristoph, at Breitenbmnn, in Saxony. Amorphous; H.=2— 8; G.=: 2-095— 2*142; lustre dull; color liverbrown; streak liditer, grayish. According to Flattner, contains Si, Pe, te, with some id, liln, and 29*20 pu a m water. In muriatic add decomposed.
443. LiLUTS Iieu88 (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxv. 650, 1857). From Przibnun in Bohemia, with pyrite, and arising, apparently, through the agency of decomposing pyrite. H.=2 ; G. =3*043. Juthy, like cconite; blackish-green. Ajkalysis aflTorded Si 32*48, Fe, "0 54*95, fi 10*20, Oa 0 1*96, Fe 8 0-63=100-22.
444. GHLOBm-Lm MnnnAi ttom the keuper of Altenburg, Eaiuhofer (J. pr. Ch., xcix. Color dark leek-green. Stated to be B3. invisible. Analysis gave Si 29*51, £l 1 1*64, Fe 18*26, te 25*26, Oa 0*52, £[ 14-81=99*90. a ratio of bases and : 1, and of B, S=i : 2.
446. PTROSOLBBrm. Fyroeklerit v. KdMi, J. pr. Gh., il 63, ] 834.
Orthorhombic, or monodinic ; Dead. Cleavage : basal eminent or mi* caceona ; in a transverse direction at right angles to the former, in traces.
H.=3. G.=:2'74, V. Eobell. Lustre of cleavage surface weak pearly. Color apple- to emerald-green. Translucent.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for B, S, Si, £[=4: 2:6:3; whence (i &*+i Si)' 3i*+ 3 d=SUica 88*9, alumina 14*8, magnesia 34*6, water 11*7=100. By making part of the water basic in this spedet and the three following, the 0. ratio for bases and silica may be 3 : 2, and the formulas as written on p. 451.
Analysis : v. Kobell (L c.) :
Si Si Cr te fi
The 0. ratio from the analysis is 13-48: 6*75 : 19*74: 9*78, whence 20*18: 19*74 for the bases and
P3rr., etc.— Yields water. B.B. fuses at 3*8—4 to a grayish glass. With the fluxes reacts for chromium and iron. Decomposed by muriatic acid with gelatin&tion.
Oba. — Fyrosderite appears to difTer from kammererite in crystallization as well as oomposS* tion. It may indnde Uuirgite (p. 496. 7, 8) and the IhUxihhrUe of Traversella (p. 500).
Occura with chonicrite, constituting seams in serpentine, near Porto Ferrijo, Elba.
Named from rdp, fire, and nXnoot hard (rafractory).
445A. Ybbmiouliti r. A WM (Am. J. Sci., viL 56, 1824). Hexagonal, being optically oniazia], DesoL Oooon in small foliated scales, distributed through a steatitio base, and hence 8caly-ma live. H.=l— 2; Gh.=8*756, Grosslej; Instre somewhat odor grayish, somewhat iHQftvnialL
494 OXTGEN OOMFOTJimB.
KsajtiB: Orosaley (thb MiiL, 8d ed, 291, 1860) :
Si 36*74 Si 16-42 te 10*02 llg 27-44 fi 10'30=99'92.
which is that of pjrrosderite. General formula (A\ fi)* Si'+2 aq, as above. Thomson obtaiiie4 Si 49-<8, & 7*28, Fe 16*12, Hg 16*96, fi 10*28; but he eyidently took the specimen in mass, while Orossley separated witii great care the base the soalj mineral which is the true vermiculite. When heated exfoliates prodigiously, the scales opening out into long, worm-Uks threads, made up of the separate fdia. Exfoliation commences at 600'' to 600" F., and takes place with so much force as often to break the test tube in which the mineral may be confined. BJ9L Aiees at 3*6 to a grayish-black glass.
Occurs at Milbury, near Worcester, Mass. Kamed hy Webb, as he says, from the Latin vermiaUor, Ihrtod warm.
446. OHONIORTTB. Ohonikrit v. Kob J. pr. Gh., iL 61, 1884. Metaxoit Arppe Finsk. ICin., Act 8oL tL 680, 1861, Holmberg Verb. Min. St Pet, 1862, 146.
Massive, crystalline granular, or compact ; sometimes globular, radiated.
H.=2-5— 3. Q.=2-91,v. Kob. ; 2-58— 2-61, jjppe. Lustre weak silky, to glimmering or dull. Color white, sometimes witn yellowish or grayigli spots ; pale greenish-blue.
Oomp., Var.— 0. ratio fur ft, Si, 6=3 : 2 : 6 : 2. It is a lime pyrosderlte. ChmnkHM occurs only massive, white, with G.=:2*91, and has the lime to the magneida as 1 : 2. IMaoMti is greenish-blue to nearly white, amorphous or crystalline granular, with G.= 2*68— 2*61, and lime to magnesia about 1:1. It contains more silica, the oxygen ratio for bases, silica, and water being 6:6:3. Analyses: 1, y. KobeU (L c) ; 2-4 Asp and Hallsten (Finsk. Ifin., L a):
Si
£1
9e
Sn
ttg
Oa 6
2. Metaac0ii orysL 4. amorpK
38*69 37*90
9*68 9*78
10*17
T7 6*78
1*46 22*60
11*24
12*60 9*00=98-8.7 KobelL undeL 12*97 Asp. 18-79 12*76=100*24 Asp. 16-08 12*88 Hallsten.
Clumieriie gives the 0. ratio for ft, S, Si, d=12'8 : 8 : 19*0 : 8 ; or for bases, sOica, and water, 20-8 : 19 : 8.
anal 3, gives 10*3 : 7*17 : 20*21 : 11 '84= for bases, sOica, and water, 17-5 : 20-2 : 11-3.
Pyr., etc. — Yield much water. Ghonicrite ftises with intumescence at 8*6—4 to a grayishwhite glass, and is decomposed by muriatic add, the silica separating in powder. Metazoite acts much Uie same.
Oba.— Ghonicrite forms, with pyrosderlte, seams in serpentine, on Elba: and metaxoite is found near Lupikko in Finland, some versts south of Pitkaranta, with serpentine.
Chanicrite is flrom Junont and (rtf(, iuti its flisibility distinguishing it firom some allied spedes. MekuooUe, from its nearness to metaonfe.
447. JBFFBRZ8XTB. Yermioulite? a J. Brush, Am. J. Sd., IL xxzi. 369, 1861 ; Jefferisitc
icL, ib., zlL 248, 1866.
Orthorhombic t In broad crystals or crystalline plates. Cleavage: basal eminent, affording easily very thin folia, like mica. Surface of plates often triangularly marked, by the crossing oi lines at angles of 60° and 120°.
H.=1'5. G.=2'30. Lustre pearly on cleavage surface. Color dark yellowish-brown and brownish-yellow ; light yellow by transmitted light Tinsparent only in very thin folia. Flexible, almost brittle. Optically biaxial, Descl.
ratio for fi Si, d=2 : 8 : 6 : the analysis, 8): whence (t ft*+) fi)* ft' I d. Differs from pyroederite in the larger proportion of sesquioxyas. Analysis: Brush (L &)
Si 21 9e te (k fTa & S
BTDR0U8 8ILI0ATES, MAROABOPHTLLTTB SSCnOX.
Hm exMt a ratio tB S-SO i 11'3e; ISIS: ii-is, glvioK for bases and eUEcn \9-bSs 1S'T9.
Pyr otc — When hted to 800° C. exfoliates very remarkable (like vennlculito) ; B.B. b fetoepa.after ezfbliatlon becomes pearly- trhite and opaque, and ultimately to a dark giaj nuBi. With tlio flaxes reactions Tor silioa aad Iroa. Deoompoaed by muriatic acid.
Ola. — Occurs in veins in serpentine at Westchester, Pa. Platea often soTeral inches across Named after W. W. Jelferia of Westchealer, Pa.
A njlated mineral similarly exfoliatiDft occurs ooarsO'jaDular massive, according to R. Pumpelly, in Japan, in tbe miiuctuins of tbe peninsula of Eadznsa, S.E. of Yedo.
A mineral from the Vosges, referred to pjroacleriteby DeleBse (Ann. d. Uin., IV. n. 156, ISBl), approaches more nearly the Jefferiaiie in its oxygen ratio, altbongh containing less oiyd of irou as a substitute for alumina. It has the following characters; deavage as in pyroaclerite, perfect iu one direction, and less BO in a tranavarse; structure a little lamelUr; soil; lustre greasy or waxy ; color grayish, bluish, and emerald.roeii. Composition, according to Dolesse, Hi 38-3B, Si 2&-bi, Sr (r, fe O-bV, Mn Ir.. Ag [816], Ca 0-61, S llSl. 0. ratio for S, fi. Si, &=3 : 3 : e : Sj. the magnoBla was not directly determined, the results are douhtniL It occura in nodulea in aerpentine at St. Philippe DCM SsiDl Marie-tnx'lUneB,
44S. PENNINTTZL Ohiorita pt Hydrotalc (=WaBBerglimroer of Morin) Wwfar, Uin., Pennine J. RvM E, Sekmtaer, Fogg., L 6i3, 1810. £ammererite yordeiak., Act. Soc. Sd. Fan., L 488, IS4I, and AraberaL IS13, 1S3. ahodocbrom Bedir. Boee, Beise n. d. Ural, il 1641, and Fogg., Ux. 1813. Tabetgit pt Schterer, Fogg., IxxL 41S, 1847. Ohromoblorit EBrm J. pr. Ob., m 11, 18G1. Bhodophymte OtnO., Froa Ao. Sd. FbDad., ISBS, 118, ISl. Penninlt*
Khombohedral. fiA.ff=65' 36', (?A=108° 55'; 0=3-4951. Observed plsnee : 0,i; rbombohedral, f , iVi I ('')i i ("O- occurring often as uvramidB, f. 416. OaA=128° 5r; £'A*=121° 47'; 162= 8'; OA (r)=95'' 40' (95° 16' ots.) ; 0 A i (m)=94° 3' (obe. 94''0'); -ff Ay,intwm,=152°10'. Cleavage : basal, bighly perfect, CrBtak often tabular, and in created groups. Also massive, conaiBtiog of an aggregation of eealee ; also compact cryptocryBtalline.
H.=2— 2-5 ; 3, at times, on edges. G.=2-6-2-85; 2-673, Ala. Lustre of cleavage snrface pearly ; of lateral plates vitreons, and sometimes brilliant. Color green, appleirreen, eraee-green, grayish-green, ohve-green; also reddish, violet,
rose-red, pink, grayiBh-red ; occasionally yellowisli and silver-white; violet crystals, and sometimes the green, hyacinth-red by transmitted light along tiie vertical axis. Transparent to snbtranslucent Lamina flexible, not elastic. Double refraction feeble ; axis either native or positive, and sometimes positive and native in different laminsB of the same plate or crystal.
Tar.— 1, PumMtt. As first named, It Indnded a green cirBtalUied chlorite fVom the Pennlw Alps.
BifdrMe of Keeker is pennlntte flrom tbe BinBen valley, in the Talals. Axis of doable roftao Hod posltiTe, Desd. Host of the penninite fVom Zermataod that ofBinneD and tbe lrol, ban
OmmererUe, Urals.
Oxygen Oobcpound6.
a negative optical axis ; some crjstalB of Zermatt, and those of Ala, a positive , and ohm plilM fom Zermtt consist of positive and negative laminae united ; Desd.
2. Tabergiie from Taberg, Wermland {Bhbe (ale of Werneri and called also mSearchkfU is a bluish-green or green chlorite. Aocordixig to Desdoizeauz's optical observations, it is in part imoxiol, with the axis positive like true pmniniie. But in other cases uniaxial and biaxial plates are combined, and negative and positive also ; and the axial divergence of the biaidal plates varies from to indicating a mixture of penninite and another chloritOi either pyTOflderite or ripidolite.
Crystals of Texas have the double refraction positive though feeble (Desd., Ooolce) ; tbej are often mixed with ripidolite, and scnnetimes a aystal is traversed by a band of ripidolite, whose opdc-axial angle is to 70'' (Desd.).
3. KammereriU, The original spedmen was a reddish-violet micaceous mineral lb Ttkul hi Bissersk, in Perm, Russia, partly in 6-sided prisms. It was named after Kfimmerer of Russia. EhodophyUite of Genth, and ehromrddorite of Herm. (anaL 12X are the same, from Texas, Pa.; G.=r 2*6 17 2*62. Rhodochrome is a compact or scaly-gnnular variety, originally L. Itkul, Siberia, having a splintery fracture, with G. =2-66— 2*67. Odor deep green; but violet, rose- or peach* blossom-red in thin splinters, whence the name.
4. Loganile of Hunt (=Fi9eudophiUe of Kenngott) is near penninite in oompoaition. A notice df loganite, Calumet Palls. Canada, is given under /fered EdnMande (p. 242 as it has tiie form, angles, and deavage of that spedes ; and also of an allied material under AUered Pyroxene (p. 221). It has G.= 2*60— 2*64; color dove-brown to chocolate-brown; lustre dull
PmudopkUe of Eenngott (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvL 1855) has the compositioo of loganite, but is oompact massive, without deavag& and resembles senMntine (whence the name, from falscj and ophite or serpentine); H.= 2 5; G.=2*75— 2*77; lustre weak; color grayish-green, olive-green, pistachio-green; feed unctuous. It forms the gangue of enstatite (Ag i) Aloysthal, Moravia. In the occurrence of a massive form, penninite is thus like talc pyrophyl* Ute, and other related spedes.
Desdoizeaux found (Min., 436) i?Ai?=65' 28' hi penninite, and 0 Ai?=103o 45'; and the latter in the T6xas k&mmererite. The above angles, and figs. 414, 415, are from Cookers paper on the latter (Am. J. Sd., IL xliv. 201), and fl 416 is from Kokscharof (Yerh. IGn. Ges. St PeL, 1851).
Oomp,— 0. ratio for bases and silica 4 : 3, corresponding to 8 (Mg", 9 Si, 12 fi, but varying from 4 : 8 to 5 : 4. Exact deductions from the analyses cannot be made until the state ol oxydation of the iron in all cases is ascertained ; and, further, until it is also proved that there may not be a crystalline mixture such as is mentioned above under tabergite. The mineral often contains microscopic grains of magnetite, and these are supposed by Kenngott to oooaaion some of the discrepandes in he analyses.
Analyses: (I) Penninite. 1, Schweiaer (Pogg., L 526); 2, 3, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phys., UL x. 428); 4, Merz (Kenngott's TJebers., 1858, 62); 5, KacDonnell (Proa B. Acad. Dublin, 5, 307); 6. Marignac (1. a); 7, Rammelsberg (4th SuppL, H7\ (2) Kammereritef dc 8, Hartwall (Jahresb., xxlii 266); 9, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., Uli. 1); 10, T. H. Garrett (Am. J. Sd., II. xv. 332); 11 Gonth (Proa Ac. Sd. Philad., 1852, 121); 12, Hermann (L c); 18, 14, Smith & Brush (Abl J. ScL, IL xvL 47); 15, 16, Pearse (Am. J. Sd.', H. xxxviL 222); 17, Hermann (L c). (8) MoBeim 18, V. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvL 1855); 19, T. a Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1868, 491):
Si
' 1. Zermatt, PmntnOe 38*07
83*86 33*26 34*88
C. "
6. Binnen,
7. Snarum
8. Ural, Kant,
9. L. Itkul, " 10. Texas, Pa.,"
(I ((
It It u It
37*00 30*58 87*66 83*26 "r'-y'n 31 -86 "red 81-31
17. Shodonrome
iU
34*64
Si
9*69
14*20 15*94 11*82 12*84
16*42 13*80
Sr Pe
i'e 11-36
0*20 5-93 0-15 6-73
to 7-20
8*83
0*24 612
3*60 6*85 0*90 2*98 5*50
tel'50
t*e2*50
1*43
1*60
te 2*31
te2*46
te2'58 1*92
fi
32*34 12*58=99*08 Schweiier.
34-57 12-74=100 Marigaac
85*18 12*18=99 51 Hers.
33-71 12*52=100 Marignac.
8402 18-68=100*87 Rammelsberg;
81*50 1300, Ca 1*5=99*70 HartwalL
33*45 12*05=100*38 Hermann.
24-97 13-58, Oa 411, Ki 0*67 =98*99 Oar
35-24 12-75, Ifi 0-26=10012 Hermann.
86-02 18*20, Ca 082, JTi 0*46=99-08 P.
85*47 12*03=99*94 Hermann.
84-04 12-68=98*14 Hauer.
85 60 16-00=100 Hunt.
H7DB0U8 SILI0ATB8, ICABOASOPHTLLriE BSCnOIT. 497
In uaL G.=2-68; 18, G.=2*383; 20, a.=:2'855.
Ibbayiie afforded Svanberg (k. H. Stockholm, 166, 1839): A 36*76, £l 13-03, 6*84, An 1*64, 'kg 29-27, It 2*07, Mg F I'l, A ll'76=100*tf8. a W. C. Fuchs obtained for ita compoaitioii U'33, Na 1*26, F 0*97=100*49 ; giving the 0. ratio for B, fi, Si, £[=7 : 3 : 9 : 6, while the analysia of Sranberg gives 6:3:9:6; both of which are near that pyrodderite, G.:±2'813. Dea doiseaox refers a part of tabergite to ripidolite see below).
Pyr etc. — In the dosed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat and is diffioultlv Aisibla With the fluxes all varieties give reactions for iron, and many varietiea react for chromium. Partially decomposed by muriatio and completely by sulphuric add.
OlMk — Occurs with serpentine in the region of Zermatt, Yalals, near Mt Boss, especially In the moraines of the Undden glider ; crystals ftom Zermatt are sometimes 2 in. long and in. thick ; also at the foot of the Simplon ; at Ala, Piedmont, with cUnochlore ; at Schwaraenstein in the frol; at Taberg in Wermland ; at Snarum, greenish and foliated, called ateaUte of Snarum,
Kimmererite is found at the localities aliiady mentioned: also near Miask in the Urals; at in TJnst, Shetland Isles. Abundant at Texas, Lancaster Com Pa., along with dinociUore, some crystals being imbedded in dinochlore, or the reverse.
The union of k&mmererite and penninite is made by Desdoiieauz, and is sustained by his optioBl examinations, as well as by chemical composition.
449. DSLBS3ITE. Chlorite femigineose JMmn Ann. d. IL, IV. xiL 196, 1847, and xvL 620;
1849. Delasaite Namk, IGn., 1860. Bisenohlorit.
Massive, with a short fibrous or scaly feathery texture, often radiated.
H.=2'6. Q.=2-89. Oolor olive-green to bladcish-green. Powder gray or green.
Analyses : Delesse (L o):
Si
ttg
Oa
L Mielen bivl
16*47 17-64
4*07
0*46
11*66=99-30.
8. Oberstein 29*08
12*23
12*99=100
3. Zwickau 20*46
18*26 8-17
16*32
] 2*57=99*83.
AnaL 1 affords the 0. ratio for B, S, Si, : 12*6 : 16*6 : 10*27 ; and anaL 3, 11-87 : 10-96
16-70 : 11-18. The former gives for the 0. ratio of bases and silica 1 : 1-29, and the latter 1 : 1*46 ; Che mean of which is about 8 : 4.
In a matrass yields water and becomes brown. B.B. Aises with difiBculty on the edges. Easily soluble in adds, affording a deposit of silica.
Occurs coating or filling the cavities of amygdaloid, or amygdaloidal porphyry, at Oberstein, Zwickau, La GrSve near Ifielen.
Named after Delesse, of Paris. ,
45a Chlorite pt early author (for Syn., see p. 601). Hexagonal Ohlohte pt BipidoUth (fr. Admiatovsk, Schwarsenstein) v. Zob., J. pr. Ch., xvi 1839. ?Tabergitpt Clinochlore (fir. Westdiester) W, P. Blake, Am. J. Sd, IL xii. 339, 1861. SOinochlor Germ, Eotschubeit (fr. a Ural) KoluGharof, Bull Aa St Pet, v. 369, 1861.
Monoclinic. (7=62 61'=(9 A U, /A 7=125 37', O A 44=108 U' ; tf : J : c=l-47756 : 1 : 1-73195. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, i-i, i-i, irt ; clinodomes, 34, 44 ; hemidomes, f-', l-i, |-t, 4-i, ; hemioctahedral, f , f , 1, -2, -6 ; |-i, 2-i, -6-4, Kokscharof.
O A /=113° 5r O A I, adj.,=118*' 82' -4=150° 10'
O A 1, adj.,=102 7 0 A (-4=116 45 44 A 4-i, ov, i4,=143 88
O A -4-i=125 7 J4=90 ir\ A i-4=147 li
O A l-i,back,=108 65 1 A 1=121 28 1-4 A i-4=114 3
O A fi=93 18 /A 1=143 57 Oh i-4=104 23
Cleavage: 0 eminent; crystals often tabular, also oblong; frequently rkombohedral in aspect, as in f. 424, the plane angles of tne base 60 or
120°. Twins : compoeition-face f, mftking stellate groups, as f. 4S0, 421, very common ; 0 A f =89° 43' to 90°, imd these twins therefore having em ejl ur no reentering angles on the face of cleavage. Ciystals often grouped in rosettes. Massive coarse scale grannlar to fine granular and earthy.
n.=2-2-5. G.=2-65-2-78; 2-774, fr. Achmatovsk, Q. Rose; 2-672, ib., Marienac ; 2-603, ib., Hermann ; 2-673, ft. Ala, Marignac ; 2-714, fr. TexHs, Blake; 2'71, tr. Willimantic, Burton. Lustre of cleavage-face omewhat pearly. Color deep grass-green to olive-green ; also rose-red. Often strongly aichroic, being sometimes brownish or hyacinth-red transverse to the vertical axis, by transmitted light, when green in the direction of the axis ; at other times green in both directions. Streak greenish -white to uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Flexible and somewhat, elastic. Optic-axial divergence 10° to 86° ; bisectrix acute positive, inclined 12° to 16° to the normal to 0 ; plane in a direction either parallel (f. 429), ur at right angles (f. 423} to two sides of the hexagonal base, the Hues in f. 422, 423, and Uie lining in f. 420, 421 (of the twins), showing the two directions.
Tar.— I. Onfinory; green ripidolite, paesiog Into HuiBh-green mnd bluish (Ubergfto) ; (a)
Mod; 3. ZbbeAuhnite ; rose-red. 3. fSfbjiaCiH;, much like TenuiculiM. DeedoiaMUi
ibuad the opUoBzial angle in Che miaertU ftwa Tozw IS'-SO' crTHtal turing k hexagoail na-
eleus of kmmmererite) ; othen from Peaatylvuila 10°— SCj IVom AchmatOTsk and Arend Nor-
— r,*i°-4!"; fr. Zermatt, *B' ; ft. ZiU8ithal,48°~60°; fr. Pflmder,*8°-64°; fr.StGothard,
" CavaUire, Dept of Var,,a8', 7 2°; fr. PfltBeh,Trrol, 16"~88" ; ft. AU, 15°-4a°; fr.
X lS''-!4°; fr. Tb6rff (tBbergite), bluiah to green, lii"-!3'. InaPenDBnnlsiAat*
IB* iiao' to too" a; 68" at ISO" a; 11° at 1S0° a; 1H* IBO* a; TS° at lOS* 0
SnJOATES, HABOABOPHTLLITS SEOTIOIT. 109
Ooofce (bu&d thB angle tbr pUtei ft-. Texas 87'— M*, with the Indinitioti cf the Useotriz 13}' U I6i*.
Oomp—O. ratio for ft, B, 01,9=5:3:6:4; ooirespoDdingtoGIifg, Sl,sSi,4fi=3ilica32-S, alDmloa IS'U, magnetia 8St), water 13-9=100. Analysea: I, £, W. J. Onw (Am. J. Sci, IL lilL 332); 3, T. Aqs. Hunohen, Ap. 10, ISGi); 1, Tairentrapp (Pogg zlviil LSfi); 0-7, T. KobeU (J. pr. Oh., xtL 410); S, Briiel xlriiL); 9, Delesae (Ann. Oh. Fhri IlL U MB); 10, 11, Hariansc (Ann. Oh. Fb;>., ITL i. 480); IS, Hermann (J. pr. Oh- i' '" " ' Bortom (priv. coatHb.):
424— Nataial tin.
We*diet*T, Pa.
St
&
Fe
tm
ftK
a
1.
n-47
s-ss
—
33-M
1300=100-39 Oraw.
32-Tl
11-60=100-73 Onw.
8. Banria*
BJ'ifl
Ib-3T
0-B6
4-S7
31-2S
ia-6.S=89-78 KobelL
i "
S97
13-10, InaoL l-<t3=99-T3 Kobe
8. Kllerthal
la'43=99-ll BriieL
9. Fj'reaeea
12-1=100 Deleeae.
la Ala
33-lB
I3'G'2=9S-60 Uarignac.
11. aiatmut
13-64=100-26 Uarignac
It. " wMd
IS, Wniimantiii Ot
lS-80
13 7J,Ca 1-30=99-76 Burton.
f fomd 4-66 {"e Id the ndneral nm AehmatOTah. In ana] 9, Q.=2-616; iO,a.= l-<7a; ll,a.=l-m; 12,Q.=S-603. Paarae found the green dilorite Of Texaa to contain (Am
500 OXTGRN OOMPOUKBfi.
1 00*66 ; and on the ground of the low silica makes it a new species, and names it grastUef fiom xpavrif, graaa. The mineral was probably the tme ripidoUte of Tezaa, perhaps impure.
Pyr etc — Yields water. B3. in platinum foroeps whitens and fVuies with difficult on the edges to a grayish-black glass. With borax, a dear glass colored by iron, and sometimes shromiunL In sAphuric add wholly decomposed. The variety from WQlimantio Ct, exfoliates ii worm-like forms, like vennioulite.
Obs — Occurs in connection with diloritic and taloose rocks or schist, and serpentiDe. Found at AehmatOTSk and other foreign localities mentioned aboye ; red {hoitchubeUe) in tiie district of Ufaleisk, Southern Ural; at a£i, Piedmont, with prochlorite; at Zermatt, with blown garnet; at Markt Leugast in Bavaria; Marienberg, Saxony.
In the U. States, in large crystals and plates at Westchester, in serpentine, and Unionville, Pa. (f. 424); at Texas, with ohromite and intimately associated, and sometimes compounded, with red and green penninite.
On cryst see Kokscharo Ifin. BussL, iL 7 (abstract in Am. J. Sd., IL xix. 176); Desdolseaux, Min., L 412; Hessenberg, ICn. Not., Ka viL 28; J. P. Oooke, Am. J. Sd., IL xUt. 2U3, from whom figs. 420-423 are taken.
Named riptdoUie from pivir, a fan, in alluaion to a common mode of grouping of the crystals ; and cUnochloref from the incUned monodinic form of crystallisation ascertained by Blake's optical inrestigation. It has since been found, and first through examinations by Koksdiarof| that the chlorite of AdunatOTsk, and also that of Sdiwarzenstein and Ala, the three upon whidi von Kobell based his description of ripidolite, are also monoeUnic, and identical with dinochlore. Ripidolite has nevertheless been, to some extent, set aside for dmoehlon, because of the oonAiaion in the dence ooonected with that name (see p. 602); but the latter name very objectionable, since there is now a second monodinic chlorite known (p. 504). The former name is a register of von Kobell's important chemical discovery that the old chlorite induded two distinct spedes (p. 6o2X and ought to be retained.
Talq-Chlobitb or Teatxbsrlla occurs in large hexagonal pistes regulariv grouped, and presents, according to Desdoiaeaux, the optical diaracters of dioochlore. plates are twins, consisting of six triangular sections ; at centre tliey are translucent and blackish-green, and have a negative bisectrix, and exteriorly dear green and transparent, with a positive bisectrix, nac regards it as between talo and chlorite. He obtained (Ann. Ch. Phys., HL xiv. 60, 1846)
Si
tB
%
d
11*76
8-49=99-70.
11*10
28*41
7*79=99-67.
7-66=100*18.
Corresponds nearly with the 0. ratio 8 : 1:4:3, and therefore the general formula (&', fi)' Si'+aq, or that of pyroaclerite. But it is possibly ripidolite impure from mixture with talc, which view would account for the high percentage of silica. Occurs at Traversella, Piedmont, with magnetite and ripidolite.
At Traversella there is still another soft and of a silvery-white lustre, having a single optical axis, or two very slightly divergent ; the hexagonal plates are opaque at centre and transparent toward the borders. It affords mudi water id a matrass, and fiises with difficulty on the edges to a white enameL
461. LBUOHTBNBBROmi. Leuditenbergit Komonen, Yerh. Mln. St Pet., 1842, 64. Ohlorite blanche de Kaul Deleaae, Ann. Ch. Phys., IIL ix. 396, 1843.
Hexagonal. In hexagonal plates or crystals. Cleavage ; basal eminent.
H.=2'5. G.=2-61— 2-71 ; 2-61— 2*64, v. Lenchtenberg ; 2-64— 2-65, Eokscharof. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly. Colorless, white yellowish-wliite, ffreenish-white ; often opaque externally (from alteration) and oobrlesB within. Translucent in thin lamins when unaltered. Thiu laininflB flexible, very slightly elastic. Optically unaxial ; Haid., Descl.
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft, S, Si, £[=4i : 8 : 6 : 3i ; ftg*-!-! £l) Si+1) fisSiUGa 30-4, alumina 20-9, magnesia 36*6, water 12*2=100. It is a prochlorite with the protoxyd base almost wholly magnesia. Analyses: 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xL 18) ; 2, v. Leuchtenbeig (BulL Aa St Pet., ix. 18i$); 8, DdesseLa):
ETDBOUB SILIOATSS, HAltOABOPBTUJTS BEXJnOV. 501
Si 31 Pe fts fi
I. Sbitoat 3S-3S lB-00 4-31 3239 l]'SO=:Sg-Sl HemtaiuL
1 " 30-16 19-74t' 1-sa 34-S8 Oil ia-14=9a-E6 Leuttenberg.
3. Uaultes 891 IBS O-S 36-7 U'l 100 DeleMe.
Ton Lenctitenber bbbItsIi nude on imaltored material, great aiii tci mkiMCOFdc, from impnrltiM. It gina the 0 ratio ft, B, Si, H=18-B3: U5:le-24: 11-8?; and HrmaDti's, 13-93: 10-69: 1136: 11-11. The "white chloHte" of Maulfen appeantoLc identical with lenchtenbeilta.
Fyr., tAo. — In the dosed jields water. B.B. exfoUatei and niaea with difficult on the thin edgeti, beoomlng white aod opaque.
Oba. — Found in Uie Schladiimak HtB., iiekr Slatotu VT '"IIB OTBtala, and partly quite tmall, imbedded in steatite. The orTVtala are moatlf Maine and altered ezternallf, and oontain in Uiis outer pert from 9-30 to 1D*7G p, o water. The mineral oontalna minute gtmieta and tome other OTatala aa Impnritiee.
Named after Dnke S. v. Leuditenbarg,
462. PROOHZiORITE. Uica pt, Telgaten pLT, Idria eolubrinaa lamellotiu (fr. Salberg), Wi Min., 130, 1747. Talgiten pfc, Speduten pt, OrofuL, IQn S9, 17Sa Ohlorlt pt {tr. St. OoLhard, Tolfa, Alteabet) Win., Sevgai. J., L 376 and S91, IT89. BUUriger Ohlorit (tr. St, Gotbard) Wtm IBOO, Ludwig Uin, i. 118, 1803. Chlorite n. SobtU, J. pr. Ch., ztL 1839. Hezogooal Chlorite. Kjndolite 0. Bott, and Oiit JTia., ion tdil. Lophoit, Ogfeoit, Brtitk., Haodb., L 881, 383, 1841. Helminthe Q. 0. Volga-, . Urn., 149, 1864. Qrengeaite {tr. Dalanie) BMngtr, Sackow'i Bra. n. Oeateinleger schwed. Qeb., GO, 1881=Strhlige Oriineisenerde T. Dalaroa. Frocblorile Dgna, Am. J. SoL, II. xliv. 3S8, 1861.
Hexagonal t Cleavage; basal, eminent. Crjetala oftm implanted b; their sides, and in divergent groups, fan-shaped, or Also in large folia. Massive grannlar.
H.=l— 2. G. 2-78— 2-96, Tinslucent to upaqne ; transparent only in very thin folia. Lustre of cleavage sur&ce feebly pearly. Color green, grass-green, oUv&reen, blackish-green ; acroBs the axis by transmitti light sometimes red. Streak nncolored or greenish. Lamiiue flexible, not etastic. Double refraction very weak ; one optical
negative axis (Dauphiny) ; or two very slightly diverging, apparently nor mu to plane of cleavage.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for It, S, Si, 6=13 ; 8 : 14 : ; for base* and lilloa 3 : !; (HMg, tfs)*-\- if Ag : fe=l : 1, Silica 36-S, alumina I9-T, proton;d of iron IT'S, magncaia 15-8, water 10-7 10o. Aualjaes: 1, Varrentrapp; 2, HammelBbe™ iMIn. Ch., BSB); 3, 4, t. KobeU (J. pr. Ck. xri.); S, Tsohermak (Ber. Ale wien, liiL !6); 8, T.Kobel](L c); 7, 8, Uarignac ; Ann. Oh. Fh;a.,. m. xiT, B9) ; 8, Hermann; 10, J. L Smith (Am. J, ScL, II, zLBGJ; II, Oenth (Am. J. Sd.,11. sxrULIfiO); 12, Era. a. OestiiilagerKhwed.Oeb.,lBSI, 60); 1. BidmanB (Eidmann'* Urobok, 1863, 87S) :
Si Si f-e An Ag ' fi
26-36 1S-S6
:j6-|3 12 26
33-11:
Se-Gl Si -81
37-33 20-68
Ib'23
Sa-83 l3-O0=98'iB KobelL
0-47 24-89 12-00 Kobea
E. 36-3 19'B' 16-1 — S4-4 I2'4, Oa 1-0 99-0 Tscbermak.
. & Raurla 2'0fl lB-41 36-87 0-3 14-69 10-4G,gangiie 2'24=99-40 KobeU
1. DaupUtlT 36-88 1I-G3 19'76 18-B4 11-33=99-33 Uarignao.
8. n 8t Chiiatophe 2714 19-19 24-76 — 188 1160=99-37 Harignaa
9, HIaak 36-60 33-31 PeS-OO — 80-96 13-48, under. 2-)!6=9B-40 Hera 10; Oomuah-dagli 37-30 18-SS 3831 — 17*64 1081=97-38 Onith.
Si
tB
ttn
8teel6'i M., K. C
Dannemota
27*89
14*81 14*30
2*18
12*78 14'81
502 Oxtoen Compounds.
10-69, 1'e 4-60=100 GentiL 12'66=96'79 HiBlnger. & 0 1=100*84 Eidmanm
Analyses 3, 4, are of the lophoUe of Breithaupt; Ba 0=106" 14'— 106' 26'; Q.=2-78— 2-89 Analyses 1 and 6 are of his ogcoUe,
The ?idminihe of Yolger occurs in slender yermiform crystallizations like fig. 426 (whence the name), transrersely foliated, penetrating quarts and feldspar. The figure is from a New Hampshire specimen described by 0. P. Hubbard, and may be one of the other species of chlorite.
A dirk green mineral from the Pfitschthal, accompanying (Ellacher's margarite, afforded Hetsei (Ramm. Min. Ch., 846, ZS. Nat Yer. Halle, y. 3ol) Si 28*04 aikl 23*19, Fe 26*7, ftg 16-68, Ca 143, fi: 2-30, F 0*96=97-32. It is stated to be invisible.
Pyr., etc — Same as for ripidolite.
Obs.— Like other chlorites in modes of occurrence. Sometimes in implanted crystals, as at St Gothard, enveloping often adularia, etc.; at Greiner in the Serthal, Tyrol; Bauria in Salaburg; Trayersella in Piedmont; at Mtn. Sept Lacs in Danphiny (anal 7); in Styria; Bohemia. Also masaiye in Cornwall, in tin yeins (where it is called peach) ; at Arendal in Norway ; Salberg and Dannemora, Sweden; Dognacska, Hungary; also as pseudomorphs, at Bergmannsgrun, Saxony, after garnet and at Greiner. Tl, after hornblende.
Grmgesiie (torn Grangesberg in Dalecarlia, Sweden (anaL 12), occurs partly in hexagonal crystallications, more or less radiately gppouped, and probably results, Erdmann observes (Lorobok Min 1858, 374), from the alteration of pyroxene. Erdmann spells the name Cfrangesite. Specific aayity 3*1; color dark green. Beported also Fischbachthal, as altered augite, in melaphyre.
Named ttom green.
Werner's species chlorite was shown to indude more thai one species by yon Kobell In 1838, and the name cUdoriU was thereupon given by him to the St Gothard and other chlorites haying 'z& to 27 p. a sihca, and ripidohte to that of Schwarzenstein and Achmatoysk haying 30 to 38 p. c. of silica.
In 1839, G. Bose reversed the names of y. Kobell (see paper on chlorite by Yarrentrapp, Fogg., xlviii. 1 9'S, 1 839) on the ground that y. Kobell's ripidolite was not so characteristically fan-shaped in aggregation as the other specie& But the change was unfortunate, as both species are now known to differ but little in this respect, and it has resulted in much confusion in the science. Moreoyer, it violated an older claim of priority; for Werner's Udiiriger QhlorU (or CJdoritea lamd' louva), the first crystallized chlorite recognized by him (in 1800 or earlier, Ludwig's Min., 1118, 1803), was the hexagonal chlorite of St Gothard, and this should therefore, in the division, have retained the name chiorUe.
As the term chlorite has become the designation of a family of minerals, it seems necessary that it should hayo some modified form for this species, and hence the application of prochlorUe, iTfhi, lefore and chtoriie in allusion to its being the earliest crystallized kind recognized.
The following are chlorite-like minerals of donbtfU nature :
453. A Chlobite-likb mineral from Webster, N. C, in crystals, micaceous ia structure, of a dark bluish to brownish-green color, afforded Genth (Am. J. Sci., IL xxxiiL 200) :
§i
2bl
Sr
tB
til
fig
Ca
&
A
4*16
4-88*
0*16
43*10
0*06
3-29=100*3&
The ratio between the oxygen of the bases and silica is about 3:2. It is remarkable for the small amount of water and iron, and the large proportion of magnesia ; a constitution which may haye an explanation in its being a mixture of talc and chlorite. It is associated with a talc which Genth found to be nearly anhydrous (p. 458).
4 54. A?HE0SIDB1UTE SandbergcT (Ueb. OeoL Nassau, 97, 1 847). A soft ferrugmous chlorite, of a dark olive-green color, scaly masttiye in structure ; the scales minute, transparent, and hexagonal, and baying G.=2'8 and U.= l ; from Weilburg, Duchy of Nassau, at the Gtolegenheit mine. A similar mineral, but more magnesias has been found in gneiss at Guistberg in Wermland ; in hematite at Booscheuer near Muttershausen, Duchy of Nassau, haying G.= 2*991 ; atBalduinsteia on the Lahr; and in mica schist ¥rith hematite at seyeral places in Upper Styria, consisting of miaosooplc scales of a dear green color. Analyses: 1, Sandberger (loc. dt); 2, J. Igelstrois J. pr. Ch., Ixxxiv. 480); 3, Erlenmeyer (Jahresb., 1860, 778); 4, y. Hauer:
Htdboub 8Ilioate8, Maboabophtlltte Section. 508
te
As
fi
14*3
7-74=100*74 Saiidberger. Jgelstrom. 1005= 99-90 Erlenmoyr. 1006=99-32 Haner.
Si 9e
1. WeOimrg S6-45 21-2S
2. Guifltberg 250 20*6
3. Bonacheuer 26*72 20-69 4*01
4. Styria 2608 20*27
AnaL 1 oorreeponda nearly to te* Si+Sl Sl+2 H. Tho others haTe part of the in ?Bplaoed by magneaiat and approach ordinary prochlorite.
466. Mftaohlgbitb JM (Z& G., iy. 684, 1862). Foliated oolnmnar, like cUorite, vitreons to pearly in lustre, dull leek-green H.=2-6. Composition aooording to K. List (L o.) :
Si Si j*e Ag Oa & fra £[
28-77 16'48 40-36 3-10 0*74 1*37 008 13-76=99*60.
Whence the oxygen ratio for ft S, Si, fi, is very nearly : 8 : 6 : 6, which gives for the ozy* gen of the bases and silica the ratio : 6=3 : 2, as in aphrosiderlte.
B.B. fuses on the edges to a dark enameL Gelatinises in the oold with muriatio acid. Forms small ydus in a green rock at Biichenberg near Elbingerode, in the Ears.
Baltdioritk. "Baltimorite," so called from Baltimore, afforded ▼. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., instituted the species, found for it the composition essentially of serpentine (see p. 4C7). It is a good example of the indefinite mixtures that exist among the serpentine and allied mineral, and of the uncertainty as to the value of a species that is based on only one or two analyses of the specimens of a region, and especially on specimens received from ordinary ooUectors.
Pbasxlitb T, Thomson (PhiL Mag., III. xvii. 416, 1840). A leek-green fibrous mineral, soft as Tenetian talc, from Kilpatrick Hills, the fibres loosely cohering, with G.= 2*811. Stated to con* sist of silica, magnesia, sesquioxyd of iron and alumina, with probably soda, and 18 p. a of water. Analysis not given. Probably a chlorite of some kind.
466A. DuMASrrB Ddesse (Dufr. Min., iii. 790, 1847, iil 286, 1869). A chlorite lining cavities or fissures in certain melaphyres in the Yosges; color green; soft, and somewhat resembling ripidolite.
466. ORON8TBDTITB. Gronstedtit Steinmann . J., zxzil 69, 1821. Chloroaelan
BnUK, Char., 33, 184, 18*23.
RhombohedraL Occurs in hexagonal prisms, tapering toward the saminit, or adhering laterally, and vertically striated ; also in fibrous diverging groups, cylindroidal and reniform ; also amorphous. Cleavage : basa highly perfect.
H.=3'5. G.=3*348. Lustre brilliantly vitreous. Color coal-black to brownish-black. Streak dark olive-green. Opaque. Not brittle. Thin laminad elastic
Damour*s aualysis. Analyses: 1, Steinmann (1. c.); lA, same, as corrected by v. Kobell, afU-/ a determination of the degree of oxydation of the iron (. J., bdL 196); 2, second anal, o ' Steinmann, altered to correspond with the 9e in Damour's anal (Am. J. Scl, II. xxxL 369) ; f Damour (Ann. Oh. Phys., m. Iviii 99):
Si 9e te &n % fi
1. Przibram 22*462 68*862 6078 2*886 10*700=99-968 Steinmann.
. Pyr., etc. — B.B. froths and ''uses on the edges, yielding in R.F. a magnetic gray or black lobnle. With borax gives reactions for iron and manganese. Qelatinises in concentrated muriaUc add.
Obs.— Accompanies limouite and caldte in vems oontai'iing silver ores at Prsibram in Boheoaia Occurs also at Wheal Maudlin in Oomwall, in diverging groups.
Named after the Swedish mineralogist and chemist, A. Fr. CronstedL
504 Oxt&Es Oompoundb.
456A. S1DBBO0OHIBOLITB WemMnk (Pogg., L 887, 1824). Probablj cronstedtite. Bhomboh dnd, affording the planes O, 1 ; orystala minnte and often hemispherically grouped; deavage, Lanal, perfect; alflo maBsiye. H.=2*6; G.=8 — 8*i. Luitre splendent; color pare velvet-black when cTjrstaUked. dark greenish-gray ; streak leek-green, greenish-gray ; opaque.
Fbrmula : te* Si+ H H, Wemekink, from an analysis of only three grains of the mineral (L ol)
16-8 Si 4-1 j*e Fe 76'6 A U3-2.
B.B. easily ftisible, according to Wemekink (invisible, Berselius) ; gelatinizes in muriatic add It occurs in cavities in pyrrhoate and sideritdi at Oongonas do Oampo BraziL
467. N. (hr.\ Aul J. Sd., IL zii 21 1, 1861 ; (fr. Ohester, Mass.) td, ib., zL 112, 1866. Olinoohlore (fr. COiester) J, F, Cbofts Am. J. Sd., IL . 206
Monoclinic, Descl. Form double hexagonal pyramidB. Cleavage eminent, as in dinochlore. Twins common uke those of clinochlore 498, f. 421).
H. 2*5. G. 2'90. fr. Chester, Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface some what pearly. Color olive-green, leek-green, grayish-green. Transparent tu nearly opaque. LaminsB flexible, somewhat elastic. Optically biaxial ; angle between the axes varies from a very small angle to 73®, mostly 80° to 73f* ; bisectrix positive, oblique to plane of cleavage ; double refraction strong.
Var.—Desdoiseaoz found the optic-axial ansle in a plate Ghester, ICass. (letter to the anther of Jan. 1866), 66 with an increase of in the angle on heating to 200'' G., a character which, he observes, distinguishes this mineral and ripidolite from penninite. Cooke found (L a) for the same, from different plates, the angles 82% iS"*, The plane of the axes pei pendicular to two sides of the hexagon.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, S, Si, tr, Pisani, 1 : 1 : 1 : f , and between bases and silica 2:1; whence (i &*+i l)' §i'+5 tL Analyses: 1, Pisani (Am. J. 8n XL xll 894); 2, J. L. Soiith, "on material not absolutely pure" (ib., xlii. 92):
Si tB Ag fi
1. Chester, Mass. 240 26*9 14*8 22-7 11'9, fin. Oa, Li fr.=99*8 PisanL
Dr. C. T. Jackson found in the Cftiester chlorite (Proa N. H. Soa, Boston, x. 321) §i 22*50, fi 23 60 Fe 41*50, Mg 1*80, £[ 11*00=100*90. It contained, he obsenres, some mixed magnetite. But it is further evident that nearly all the magnesia was left unseparated from the iron.
Obs. — Occurs with corundum or emery; its low percentage of silica accords with this association. The species was instituted on a chlorite found with the corundum of Asheville, N. C, whence the name, from corundum, and friend. The above description is from spedmenfl occurring abundantly, and sometimes in laige and small crystalSi at tiie emery mine of Cheeter, Mass., which Sliepard has referred to oorundophilite ; its. identity with the Asheville minraal is not yet ascertained. Shepard describes the latter (1. a) as occurring in monoclinic crystals, with /A/=120 ', 0 A /=97° 80', 0 A i-t=88'' to sometimes in stellate groups; thin laminiB flexible ; and he obtained in a very unsatisfactory chemical examination of 0*146 grain, Si 34*76,
468. OHLORTTOID. Chloritspath Jlwiler, Pogg., xxv. 329, 1832. Chloritoid 0. Roae BeiSi Ural, L 26*2, 1837. Baiytophyllit Glock Orundr., 670, 1889. Masonite C, T, Jackton, Bep. G. of B. Island, 88, 1840. Bismondine Ann. Ch. Phys., III. Ix. 386, 1843.
Monoclinic, or triclinic. I A I' about 100°; 0 (or cleavage surface) on lateral planes 93—95°, Descl. Cleavage : basal perfect ; parallel to a lateral plane imperfect. Usually coarsely foliated massive; folia often curved or bent, and brittle ; also in thin scales or small plates disseminated through tlie containing rock.
H.=5'5— 6. G.=S*5— 8'6 Color dark gray, greenish-gray, greenishblaf'k, grayish-black, often grass-green in very thin plates ; strongly
Hybbous Biligate8, Haboabophtllitb Beotion.
dichroic. Streak nncolored, or grayish, or very slightly greenish. Lustre of surface of cleavage somewhat pearly. Brittle. Double refraction feeble : bisectrix oblique to the base ; axial divergence small.
Var. — I. The oricxud eMoritoid (or chloritspath) from Kosscrfbrod, near Katharinenburg in the Ural, 18 in large ourring lamina or plates, grayish to blaokish-green in color, often, spotted with yellow from mixture with limonite; G.=3'66, Fiedler, 8'667, Breith.
2. The SisnumdUfie or St ICaroel mineral is Uaok; hot, aooording to Desdoizeauz, grass-green when in very thin lamina parallel to 0, pale green and black in two different directions at right angles to this ; it has /a /ssabout 100% 0 A /=:93'' ; bisectrix negative ; Delesse.
8. ifowatte, from Natic, B. I., is in very broad plates of a dark grayish-green oolor, but bluishgreen in very thin lamina parallel to 0, and grayish-green at right angles to this ; Q.=3*52l Kenngott; OaJ plane of deavage, =95% Dead It is evidently impure, and this must have been especially true of the material analysed by Jackson (anaL 12).
The Canada mineral is in small plates, one-fourth in. wide and half this thick, disseminated through a schist (like phyllite), and also in nodules of radiated structure, half an inch through: 0.=3'6I3, Hunt That of Gumuch-Dagh resembles sismondine, is dark green in thick folia ana grass-green in veiy thin: G.=8*52, Smith.
Oomp.— O. ratio for B,S,Si,£[=l : 8 : 2 : 1, for most analyses; whence the formula lilg)*+f alumina 40*5, protoxyd of iron water 7*1. The Pregratteo mineral contains one-tiiird less water (91).
Analyses: 1, Bonsdorff (G. Rose, Reis. Ural, L 262); 2, v. Eobell (J. pr. Oh., Iviii. 40) ; 3, Her* mann (ib., liii 18); 4, 6, 0. L Erdmann (lb, iv. 127, vi. 89); 6, Gerathewohl (ib., xxxiv. 464): 7, V. KobeU (GeL Ana. Munchen, Apr., 1864); 8, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., III. ix. 885); 9, Kobell (J.pr. Oh., Iviii 89); 10, J. Ll Smith (Am. J. 8cL, IL xL 64); 11, J. D. Whitney (Proa N. H. Socl, Boston, 1840, 100) f 12, C. T. Jackson (Rep. G. B. I., 88, 1840); 13, T. & Hunt (Am. J. Sd., n i. 442):
Si
1. Koasoibrod, (Mfr,
86'67
i "
M
40*26
a
U
30*72
4 "
M
24*96
48*83
6. "
tt
7. Fregratten
8a iSVffiuMulifis
9. "
26*76
10. Asialfinor
11. a. Island, Jfaaanm
It
13. Leeds, Canada
9e t
17*28
Fe
Mg
8*97
17*30
8*76
—
—
6*20
88*72
0*24
26*92
6-96, lilu 0-80=101-64 Bonds 6*84=100*98 EobelL 6*88=99-97 Hermann. — =99-99 Erdmann. — =100 Erdmann. — =99-86 GerathewohL 6-60=100*40 Kobell 7*tt, ti tr.=98*7 Delessa 7*80, under 0 6=98*76 K. 7-08=98*66 Smith. 6*00=99*28 Whitney. 6-o0=V49*87 Jacksoa 6-10, Mn 0*98=101*01 Hunt
Erdmann, who made the earliest analysis, and also Gerathewohl (who made his examination on the same specimen, and under Erdmann's direction), obtained no water, and Hermann observes that the specimen had probably been calcined, as it is the custom to bum the emery rode at the lofolity in the Urals.
A green chlorite-like mineral, in fine scales, occurring in a quarts geode in the Spirifer sand* stone in the vioinity of Ems, in Nassau, afforded Herget (Jahresb., 1863, 820) :
CKvlng the 0. ratio for B,S, Si, fi=8 : 14 : U : 7, and oorresponding to (iFe'+ h Sl)*Si'-f 4£L If a little of the iron is sesquioxyd, the composition may be the same as for chloritoid.
Pyr., etc.— In a matrass yields water. B.B. nearly inAisible ; beoomes dsjrker and magnetia Completely deoomposed by sulphuric add. The masonite Aises with difficulty to a dark green snameL
OlMk— -The Kossoibrod chloritoid is associated with mica and cyanite ; the St Marcel oocors is a dark green chlorite schist, with garnets, magnetite, and pyrites ; the Rhode Island, in an argO* laoeous schist; the Chester, Mass, in taloose schist, with emery, diaspora, eta; the Canada, at Brome, in micaceous schis and at Leeds in argillaoeous schist CUoritoid occurs ilso at PXv* gratten, in lyrol; at -Dagh, Asia Minor, with emery; in Saasthal, Yakda.
Oxygen Compounds.
Named Ohiaritoid from the resemblance to chlorite. The name Chloriitpaiht or 11 Engiah iTda rile Spary has the precedence in time. But it is objectionable in form and signiflcatioo, and hmM rightly been superseded bj chloritoid.
458A. Phtlutb (Ann. Lye. N. Y., Ui. 47, 1828. Ottrelite Detci dt Dcmowr, Ann. d IT. il 357, 1842. Newportite ThUen, Shepard's Min., L 161, 1857). PhylUte (and ottreUie) closely resembles chloritoid, as obsonred by Hunt (Am. J. Sd., II. xzzL), and also by Desdoiaeauz (Min., i. 466). The analyses hitherto made, however, show a wide discrepancy. Yet it should be noted on this point that we haye only one of each variety, and the mineral ia so involved in the containing slate rock that it is very difficult to obtain it pure.
Occurs in small, oblong, shining scales or plates, more or less hexagonal, in argillaoeous schist. According to Desdoizeauz, ottrelite is probably monodinic and the optical axes are very divergent H=6— 5*6 ; G. of ottrelite 4*4. Color blackish-gray, greenish-gray, blade ; streak giayiah, greenish.
Analyses : 1, Thomson 0- <l) ; 2, Damour (L &, 367):
Si £1 9e je ttn & fi
1. Sterling, PhyViU 88*40 23-68
2. Ottrez, OtbreliU 43*84 24*63
16*72 818 5*66=:08-63 Damour.
Yields water in the closed tube. DiiBcultly Aisible to a magnetic globulei Reactions for iron with the fluxes.
Phyllite occurs in the schist of Sterlmg, Goshen, Ohesterfleld, Pkinfleld, etc, in ICassaofausetta, and Newport, R. L. and the rock in consequence of it is called by Hitchcock (Rep. G. Mass., 4to 594, 1841) " Spangled Mica Slate," the phyllite being the mica of the schist The scales are .>om {-i in. long, and half to one-third uiis broad. Ottrelite is from a similar rock near Ottrez, on the borders of Luxembourg, and from Ardennes. Phyllite has also been reported from Tus* cany. Desdoizeaux remarks on the dose resemblance of the ottrelite of Ardennes to the Newport phyllite, and Hunt on the same to the Canada chloritoid.
469. BffAROARITR Perlgmer (fr. Stersing) Mobs, Ohar., 1820, Grundr., 882, 1824. Margarite TyroleBe min. dealers, Corunaellite (fr. P&), Clingmanlte (fr. N. C), SiUiinan Jr Am. J. Sd, n. viil 380, 888, 1849. EmeryUte (fr. Asia Minor) Smithy lb., viil 878, 1849, xL 59, 1851.
Orthorhombic ; hemihedral, with a monoclinic aspect, like muscovite.
134®, 0 A i-?=90®. Lateral planes horizontally striated. Cleavage : basal, eminent. Twins : common, composition-face I, and forming, by the crossing oi 3 crystals, groups of 6 sectors. Usually in intersecting or aggregated laminss ; sometimes massive, with a scaly structure.
H.=3*6— 4*5. G.=2*99, Hermann. Lustre of base pearly, laterally vitreous. Color grayish, reddish-white, yellowish. Translucent, subtranslucent. Laminee rather brittle. Optic-axial angle very obtuse, 109® 32', 117® 30', 126® 24', 128® 48', for the red ray in different plates; plane of axes parallel to the longer diagonal ; dispersion feeble.
Oomp.~0. ratio for ft, S, Si, : 6 : 4 : 1 ; whence, if the water be basio for bases and filir:a=2 : 1 ; 80*1, alumina 51*2, Hmel 1*6, soda 26, water 4*6
Analyses : 1-9, J. L Smith (Am. J. ScL, IL xi 59, and xv. 208); 10-18, W. J. Craw (lb., viil 579); 14, B.Silliman, Jr. (this Min., 1850,862); 15, W. J. Oraw (ibid.) ; Irt, 0. 17, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., liU. 1); 18, 19, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Sd, IL xv. 209); 20, Fattir ;Za Nat Ver Halle, v. 801) ; 21, J. Ll Smith (Am. J. Sd., U. xliL 90) :
Si
Si
9e
Ae Oa ff a, i
fl
I. Gumuch-Dagh
0-50 13-56 1-50
8-41 Smith.
2*81
mdet 9*53 wideL
4*61 Smith.
48*80
8-62, Mn ir. SoalflL
30*22
1*33
U-57 2-31
512 Smith.
u
Htdboto 8Ilioatk8, Xaboabophtlutk Beotion.
Si '
9e
Ag
da
iBland of Nazos
80*02
49*62
1*65
10*82
K U
48*63
undet 11*92
undeL 5-08 Smith.
a
U U
10*80
4-52 Smith.
Siberia
1*78
It
" 504 Smith.
Yillage Green, Pk.
82*31
49*24
10*rt6
2*21 6'27 Craw.
ii ii
81*06
51*20
—
0*28
2-97 6*27 Oraw.
u u
81*26
51*60
— .
1-22 4*27 Craw.
It u
80*18
10*87
2-77 4*52 Oraw.
Btmoombe Go , N. 01
1*24
6-15 8-99, H F 2*08, SOlimaii, Jr
UnioiiTille, P&
29*99
50*57
0*62
2*47 514 Craw
u u
r.
11*86
undeL 0-50 Hartshorne.
Stoning
82*46
49*18
1*84
8*21
72
1-76* 4*98=10()*80 Hermann.
28*417
50*24
1*65
0*70
11*50
1 '%1 5*00=99*2 i Smith ft Bnifih.
51*66
12*25
p-Ol*'] 4-76=100 Smith k Broah.
1*61
10*79
0*18 8-20=99*75 Faltin.
OheiKter, Mass.
82*21
0*32
10*02
1*91 4*61, Li 0-32, Md
100-96 Smith
Pyr etc. — Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. whitens and ftises on the edges.
Cbrunddliie and ekngmcmiUe were based on an incorrect determination of the silica in thi analyst
DiphanUe of Nordenskiold (Bull Ac St Pet, ▼. 17) is only niargarite. It occurs in hexagons, prisms with perfect basal deavage. H =5—5-5. G. =3*04— 3 97. Color white to bluish. Analj-
Obs— -Margarite occurs in chlorite from the Greiner mount, near Sterzing in the Tyrol, where first found (f. 426) ; at different localities of emery in Asia Minor and the Grecian Archipelago, as disooyered by Dr. Smith ; wiUi corundum at Village Green, Delaware Co., Pa. ; at Unionyille, Chester Co., Pa (corundellite) ; at the corundum locality in i3unoombe Co., Korth Carolina (dingmanite); with the corundum of Katharinenburg, Urals. It occurs massive in PenuRylvania. Diphanite is from the emerald mines of the Ural, with chrysoberyl and phenaclte.
Named Margariie from pearl The name is attributed to Fuchs, but he nowhere published it Von Leonhard (Handb., 1826, 766) gives it as *'the current name among the l?yroleBe dealers in minerals "
This species, aooording to Dr. Krantz (Am. J. ScL, II. xliy. 256), is the originod margarite. The tfpecimen from Sterzing analyzed by Smith k Brush was one received so labelled ftom Dr. Krantr of Bonn.
Ephesitb L. Smiihf Am. J. ScL, H zL 59, 1851. Lamellar, and resembles white cyanite Cleavage difficult Scratches glass easily. G.=8-15— 8*20. Color pearly-white. Analysis by Smith (1. c.) :
Si £1 Ca t9 fra,Uttle& ti
The oxygen ratio deduced for the protozyds, sesquiozyds, silica, and water, is 1 : 15 : 9 : 2. From the emery locality of Gumuch-Dagh, near Ephesus, on specimens of magnetite. Probably related to margarite, near which it is placed by Dr. Smith.
460. THDRZNOXTB. Thuringit
Char., 95, 1882. Owenite OeiUh, Am. J. Sd, IL zvL
Massive ; an aggregation of minnte scales ; compact. Cleavage of scales distinct in one direction.
H.=2-5. Q.=3-186, fr. Saalfeld, Smith; 8-161-3-157, id., Breith ; 3*197, owenite, Genth: 3'191. id., Smith. Lnstre of scales pearly; of mass glistening or . Color olive-green to pistachio-green. Streak paler. Fracture sabconchoidal. Yery tongh. Feel of powder greasy.
Oomp.—0. ratio for t,fi,Si,&=2: 8: 8: 2; whmioe if half the watorls bado U(]&)'4
Oxygen Oomfoukbb.
Analysea: 1, Bammelsberg (IGn. Gh., 861); 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, II. xviii. 8*16); P. Eeyser (ib., 411); 6, 6, J. L. Smith (L a):
JTa & fi
0*]4 11-44= 99-86 Smith.
— 10-67=99-21 Keyiser.
0-41 0-08 10*69, Oa 0*36=99-97 Eejavt
0-46 tr. 10*45, lln 0*09=100-48 Smith
0-32 10-90=99-74 Smith.
8i SI 9e 1*6 Ag
22-06 16*40 17-66 80*78 0*89
Oweniie
6. Arkansas 23*70 16*64 1218 33-14 186
Pyr., to. — Xn the closed tube yields water. B3. ftises at 8 to an iron-black magnetic glob die. With the flaxes reacts for iron. Gelatiniies with lunatic acid.
Obs — Thuringite Is ftom Beiofamannsdorf (anaL 1, 2) and Sohmiedeberg (anal near SaaUttd, in Thuringia; Hot Springs, Arkansas (anaL 6); owenite from the metamorphic rocks on tbt PotomaOi near Harpers Feiry.
OtoenUe was naiiM after we geologist Dr. D. D. Owen.
461. SBTBBRTrrB. Bionsite (fr. Amity) J, , Am. J. SoL, zyi. 186, 1829. GUntonit* (fr. Amity) MoUher, 1828, but unpublished; Mather's Bep. G. of N. Y., 467, 1843. Seybertiie (fr. Amity) denton Ann. d. IC, III il 498, 1832, Am. J. Sd., xnv, 171, 1833. Clintonit tm [=of the trade], Ohiysophan (fr. Amity) BreUh Ohar., 92, 1882. Hobnite (fr. Amity) Bea Gen. ScL, iiL 336, 1886. Zanthophyllit G. Bate, Pogg., L 664, 1840, Beis. Ural, iL 120, 514, 627. Brandisit ZAOeneTf In Haid. Ber., L 4, 1846. Disterrit BnUh., in ▼. KobeD, J. pr. Ch., aOL 164 1847.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=120. In tabular crystala, aometimes hexagonal ; also foliated maseive ; sometimes lamellar radiate. Cleavage : basal perfect. Stmctare thin foliated, or micaceons parallel to the base.
H.=4— 5. G.=3— 3*1. Lustre pearly submetallic. Color reddishbrown, yellowish, copper-red. Streak uncolored, or slightly yellowish or grayish. Folia brittle. Double refraction strong; axial divergence 15 to 30 for white light ; sometimes apparently uniaxial, or united at the ordinary temperature ; bisectrix negative, normal to the base ; axial plane parallel to irt ; Descl.
Var. — 1. The Amity (called also dmioniief Ao/mt and chrysophan) is in reddish-brown to oopper-ied brittle foliated masses; the surfaces of the folia often marked with equilateral triangles like some mica and chlorite; option-axial divergence veiy small, or none at the ordinaij temperature. 0.= 8*148, Brush.
2. JTafUhopJUitef fr. the Schiachimskian Mts- near Slatoust, is in , or in implanted globular forms, in. through, which consist of tabular crystals about a centre of talcose schist, whick is idso the endorsing rock. Optically uniaxial ; axis negative, or two axes very slightly dlTcrgenti and hardly separating with increase of temperature ;
3. BrcauUnte (called also disterrite Fasaa, lrrol, is in hexagonal prisms of a yellowish* neen or leek-green color to reddish-gray; H.=6 of base; of sides, 6—6*6: G.= 8*042— 3*051, t. Kobell; 8013—8*062, y. Haner; 3*01—3*06, Liebener; optloxial diTergenoe lb" to 30 Some of it psendomorphous, after fassaite.
Oomp.— O. ratio for It, fi, i, ttom Brush's analysis, : 9 : 6 : whence for ft + Sl=r 3 : 1, and formula (f &'+}i)*ft+il From v. Kobell's (anid. 9), 0. ratio for It+fi : Si the same, or 3: 1, with S=l : 1. From Meiteendorff's, 0. ratio for &,fi, Si, ]d=:12: 20:9: 2i; and for lt+ fli=8| : 1. The state of oxidation of the iron was not examined except in the analysis by Brush.
Analyses: 1, (Tlemson (La); 2, Richardson (Bea Gfen. Sd May, 1836); 8, 4, G. J. Brush (thig Min., 1864 506); 5, Flattner (Breith. Handb., iL 385); 6-8, Meitaendorf (Pogg lyiiL 165); 9, ▼ Kobe]] (1 a)
ft £1 j*e Hg Ca fi
I. Amity, 8eyh. 17*0 37*6 50 24*8 10*7 Olemsoo.
HYllBOUa BIU0ATB8, MABaASOPHYUJTB SBOTION. 609
Si 21 t9 Hg Ca, fTa ti
L Amity, Sgffik 2013 38-683Pe3'i8 21*66 13*35 105, [a, & 1 '43], 0*68 rlOO'iSB
Pyr.i etc— Yields water. BJBL infViBible alone, but whitens. In powder acted on by concen trated acida.
SeyberMa occurs in limestone with serpentine, assodated with hornblende, spinel, pyrox ene, graphite, eta; xaaUhophyllUe in taloose schist; brandisUe in white limestone, either dissem inated or in grouped crystals, in geodes, among crystals of fassaite and black spinel
The soybertite was discovered in 1828 by Messrs. Fitch, ICather, and Horton, and named eUn toniie by them on the spot, after De Witt Olinton, as stated by Mather in his Rep. Geol N. Y., 1843. But the name was not published at the time by either of the discoverers ; and Finch, the next year, 1829 (La), announced the mineral under the name of hronatUe. Clemson's name aey bartUe, after H. Seybert (1882, L o.)i has therefore priority of publication, and must be aooeptod aa the name of the spedM.
Appended To Hydrous Silicates,
462. WOXiOHONSKOZTB. KSmmerert Jahrb. Min IL 420, 1881.
Amorphous. Dull — Shining. Color bluish-green, passing into gramgreen. Streak bluish-green and shining. Feel resinous, polished by the nail. Fracture subconchoidal. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very fragile, H.=2-25. G.=2-2-2-3o
Oomp.— 0. ratio for bases, silica, and water (anal 2, 4) 2 : 3 : 8, as in deweylite and genthite. Analyses : 1, Berthier (Mem., iL 283) ; 2, Kersten (Pogg., zlviL 489) ; 8, Simoff (Aim. Jour. Minea de Bussie, 1842, 866); Ivanof (Koksch. Min. BussL, I 146):
Si £1 Cr 9e Sin % A
1. Ocbansk 27*2 84*0 7*2 72 28'2=98*8 Berthier.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water. B.B. blackens, but is invisible. With the fluxes ffiyes reactions for chromium and iron. Oeiatinissos with hot concentrated muriatic add, in which hall' the chromium is dissolved, the rest remaining in union with silica.
Obs. — From Okhansk in Siberia.
Named after M. Wolchonsky, of Russia.
463. SELWTNtra, Ulrieh (Laboratory, L 287, 1867). Massive. H.=3-6. G.=2*68. Bmeraldgreen. Subtranslucent Fracture uneven and splintery. Somewhat brittle. Ooraposition, accordiEg to an analysis by Mr. Cosmo Newbery :
Corresponds to the 0. ratio for B, S, Si, fi, 1 : 10 : 16f : 3 ; or for bases and silica about 2:3; but probably a mixture. Perhaps containing some talc as impurity, with which it is iraTcrsed in thin seams. BB. becomes white and fUses on the edges to a gnyisli- white blebby glass. Only partially soluble in strong acids.
Found near Heathcote, Victoria (Australia) in the Upper Silurian. Named after A. C Selwya dirvHor of the geological surrey of Victoria.
510 OXYGEN OOMPliOKDB.
464. Chrome Ochre. A 6I4JB7 material, ooQtainixig aome ozjd of dirome. Oocnn earthy of a bright grecD shade of color. inalysea: 1, Drappiei; 2, Dufloa (. J., Izii. 261); 3, ZeUner (laiSi 1834, 687):
Si £1 €r 9e fi
1. Creuaati Fr. 640 23*0 10*6 — , Oa and ttg 2-5=100 Dmppiea.
2. HaUe 57*0 22*6 5*6 8*6 ll*0=:99-6 Dufloa.
8. SUeaia 68*50 8000 200 800 6-26=99*76 ZeUner.
The formula (Si, <5r, ¥$i)* Si* oorresponda nearly to the composition, the.water excepted.
Chrome ochre occurs at the localities above mentioned ; also on Unat in Zetland, Mortenberg in Sweden, and elsewhere.
The chrmne oehre of Halle, analyzed by Wolff (J. pr. Ol, zzzIt. 202), approaches selwynite Ib composition, bnt contains much more water. It afforded Si 46*1 1, Si 30*63, & 4*28, ¥e 8-16| fi l*i*o3, 0*46, ii 8*44=100*49; Q.=2*7, giving rather closely the formula of kaolin, and may be an impure kaolinite.
466. MILOSCHITB. Illloacbin Esrdsr, Pogg., zlviL 486, 1889. Serbian BmWL, J. pr. Oh.* xr.
327, 1888.
Compact H.=:l*6— 2. G.s=2*131, Breith. Color indigo-blue to celandine-green.
Coup.— Approaches (Si, &) ft + 8 d, it being a chrom/yeroua aUophane with half the water of allophane. Analyses : 1, Kersten (Pogg zlvlL 486); 2, Bechi (Am. J. SoL, XL ziv. 62) :
2. Tuscany 28*86 41*33 811 0*56 Bechi
In a matrass yields water. B.B. invisible. Partly diaaolved in muriatic add.
From Rudniak iu Servia, associated with quarts and brown iron ore; Yolterra, Tuscany.
Named after Prince Miloschl
48S. PIMELITK ariiner Chiysopraserde (fr. Kosemiits) Klapr Sdirift, Ges. N. Berlin, viiL 17,
1788, Beitr., it 134, 1797. PimeUt KarsU, Tab., 28, 72, 1800.
Massive or earthy. H.=2*6. G.=2*28— 2*8; 2*71— 2*76, Baer. Lustre weak, greasy. Colot apply-green Streak greenish-white. Translucent to subtranslucent Feel greasy. Does not adhere to the tongue.
CoMi*.— Analyses: 1, Elaproth (Beitr., IL 134); 2, W. Baer (J. pr. Ch., Iv. 49):
ft Si Fe ffi Ag Ca tL
'1. Chryaoprase earth 36*00 600 4*68 16*63 126- 0*42 88*12 Elaproth. 2.EardFimdUe 35*80 23*043Pe2*69 2*78 14*66 3103=100 Baer.
PimeUte gives water in the closed tube, is infusible BJ3., and with the fluzea react for nldceL Decomposed by acids.
From Silesia and elsewhere. Named from wiftsXii, fatneae. For Glocker's alipUe see p. 404
467. CHLOROPRfilTK MacaOoch, Western Isles, L 604, 1825.
Granular massive, imbedded, or as a coating in geodes, fissures, or amygdaloidal cavitiea. Cleavage in two directions.
H.= l-6— 2. G.=2*0*2, Macculloch; 1-809. Forchfaammer. Lustre subresinons, rather duU Color dark green, olive-men, changing to dark brown or black on exposure.
Formula perhaps le Bi+6 It ?=Silica 38*3, protoxyd of iron 26*7, water 40*0=100.
Analysis by Forchhammor (J. pr. Chom., xzz. 399, 184H): From Faroe, §i 82-85, 21*66, ftg 8*44, tl 42*16=100, the iron being corrected (Rammelsberg) for the true atomic weight B3w fuses to a black glasa
A chlorite-like mineral from the Western Isles of Scotland, at Scuir More in the island of Rum, and from Fifeshire, occurring in amygdaloid ; also from Qualboe and Suderoe, Islands. Reported also as incrusting chalcedony in Antrim, and in small botryoidal groups in amygdaloid at Down HilL But the chemical identity of the orighial chlorophaaite of Macculloch from Scuii More with that of Faroe or the other looaUttea has not yet been asoertained. Named
Htdb0U8 8Iligatb8, Mababophyllitb Section. 511
#i>!i dlPSTEIinTB. Sohwan-BrannsteiDen yon Klapperud Klapr Beitr ir. 187=Op8imo Aod, Tr 187, 1832. Yftttenhaltigt Manganozidsilikat Bahr, CEfr. Ak. Stockh., 1850. 242 Elipsteiiiite v. Kob J.pr. GUl, zovil 180.
Amorphous. CompaoL
H.=5— 5*5. G.=3*5. Lustre dull to submetaUia Oolor dark liverbrown to black. Streak reddish-brown or yellowish-browD. Opaque.
Goifp.— O. ratio for ft+S, Si, 1, doubtfUL ; perhaps for klipsteinite 9:6:8, whenoe (&', S)* St* + tL* '(l\ Perhaps only a mixture.
Analyses: 1, Jllaproth (L a) ; 2, Bahr (La); 3, ▼. Kobell (L o.):
1. Klapperud, . 25
3. DiUenborg, JT/
Ptb., Bra — Yields much water. Fuses to a slag which is black in the ozydation flame. Oies reactions for manganese and iron. Easily decomposed by muriatic add, the klipsteinite and Bahr's mineral eyolying chlorine.
Osa — From Klapperud in Daleoarlia with rhodonite ; also from the Bomberg mine at Herbom, near Dillenbuig.
Beudant's name oprimoM has the priority, but is intolerable. It is from the Greek /lec doing cmylMng late. Klipsteinite was given after Profl ▼. Klipstein of Qiessea
469. CHAM0I8ITE. Mine de fer ozyd en grains agutin Ousymard, J. d. M., zzxy. 29, 1814; Chamoisite BerthieTf Ann. d. M., ▼. 393, 1820. Minerai de fer en gnuns Berthier Ann. Gh. Phys., r. 258, 18:27. Berthierine Bead., Tr., 128, 1832. Bayalite ffuot, Min., 290, 1841.
Si
9e
Sn &n
&g
Ca A
23*69
25*00
0*61 1*70
9*14
32*17 25-00
0*39
13 =98 Klaproth.
0-50 9*51=10005 Bahr. 9*00=98-87 Kobflll.
ChamoisiU occurs compact or oolitic, with H. about 8; G.=8~3'4; color greenish-gray to black ; streak lighter ; opaque ; feebly attracted by a magnet. Berthierine is similar in structure, haH.=2'5; color bluish-gray, blacSdsh, or greenish-black; streak dark greenish-gray; aoti strongly attracted by the magnet '
Analyses: 1, Berthier (L a); 2, id. (Ann. Ch. Phys., zzxy. 268, 1827):
1. CfhamoisUe 14-8 7*8 60*6 17*4=100 Berthier.
2. BerOUerine 12*4 7*8 74*7 5*1=100 Berthier.
Chamoisite (Vises easily, and also gelatinises Berthierine flies with diflSculty to a black maguetic globule, and gelatinizes. The latter is mized with 50 p. a or more of aiderite and caloite ; Berthier found 40*8 of the former in the material he examined.
Chamoisite forms thick beds of rather limited extent in a limestone containing ammonites, at Chamoiaon, near St Maurice, in the Yalais ; and a similar substance is reported from Mettenbers in the Bernese Oberland, and Banwald in Uie Yosges. Berthierine constitutes a valuable bed oi iron ore at Hayango Dept of Moselle, and also occurs in the ores of Champagne, Bourgogne, Lorraine.
470. ALYITE. 2>. IMm dt T. DahB, Nyi Mag., ziiL
Tetragonal Or/tals like those of sircofi.
H.=.5-5. f.=3'6ol— 3*46. Lustre greasy. Color reddish-brown, becoming grsyish-brown by alteration. Suotranslucent to opaque.
COMF.- very small portion, somewhat altered, afforded (L c ):
Ptb., bto.— Yields water. B.B. infusible ; with the flnzes reacts for iron tat not for titacina Insoluble in adds. Ob&— From Helle and Naresto Norway, with feldspar and mica.
470A. nCBOFLUITE. Jfrpe, Aot Boa Verm., tL ; Teifa. ICd. St Pet, 1852, 14flL
Amorphous. Lnstre greasy to duIL Oolor white, indming to yellow and blue. H.s2*6 0.=2'74.
CoMP.— Probably a miztore of fluorite with a magnesian Bflicate. Analyses : 1, Galindo (f. & 2, Arppe (I a) :
Si te ftn ttg Ca fi F
Ptv., bto. — B.B. ftises easily with intomeaoence. Completely soluble in acids ; evdlTes fluoric of silioon with sulphuric acid.
Qbs.— Occurs at Lupikko in Finland, some yersts south of Pitkannta, witL dialoopyrite a&4 blende.
2. Tantalate8, Columbates.
L FTBOOHLOBE GB0X7P. Isometria
471. Ptboghlou ?lt*Cb
n. TANTALITB GBOUP. Orthorhomfala
478. TAXTAim (Tae.),|e,KFe,Mn)
474. CoLUKBm (t'e, ttn) (Cb, fa) ((Ta, Cb) ei),|et|(Fe, Mq)
476. Tafiolhi tefh* TaaOiJOiolFet
476. HiBLifm ta,Sn,}e,t,t',Oa,fi
477. YTTB0TAirrALiT8 (1r,e,0a,tJ)'*ta'
478. Samabskitb Cb 2r, ¥h, e, t', Ce
479. EuzsNiTB Cb, ta, ¥i, tr, "t", Oe, £[
480. JEBOBYsm fa,Cb,¥i,2r,¥h,S*e,6e,tia,'t',fi[
481. POLTOBASB Cb,1,2r,$*e,t',de
rrL FEBGUSOXITE GBOUP. ltragonaL
483. Febodsohitb r 2r)* Cb* Ob.
484. ADSLPHOLm
471. PTROOHIiORB. Fyrodhkir (fe. FriederioksTirn) Wohl$r, POgg., tiL 41T, 182C
Hydrochlor, Ffnocfalor, fferm., J.pr. Gh., 1. 186, 187, I860.
Isometric. Observed planes : 1, 7j 2-2, 8-3, 0, In octahedrons ; t S;
Taittalates, Oolt7Hbate8. 51 S
8, 30+8, 8 with planes 2-2. Cleavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct, especially in the smaller crystals.
a=5-5-5. G.=4-2— 4-35; 4-32, from Miask, Eose; 4*203, ib.. Her mann; 4'203 — 4*221, from Friederichsvarn, Hayes. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color brown, dark reddish or blackish-brown. Streak light brown, yellowish-brown. Subtranslucent— opaque. Fracture conchoida].
Var. — The name hydrocldor was given by Hennann to kinds containing water (anaL 6, 7), and fiMOtMoT to those containing fluorine (anaL 1, 2, 3) ; both bad and unneoossary names.
Oomp.A oolumbttte of Ume, cerium, and other bases, but exact constitution not ascertained; ft* Cb? Analyses: 1, Wohler (Fogg., zlviiL 88); 2, 3, Hermann (J. pr. COl, zzxL 94, L 188, 192); 4, id. (Bull Soa Nat Moscou, zxzyiii. 366) ; 6, Wohler (L c); 6, Ohydenius (Pogg cziz. 48); 7, Wohler (L c.); 8, 9, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci, zlvL 164):
Cb ¥iJ*eftntCeLailgdaJra&F£[
... 102-08 W
101-71 H.
99*06 H.
0-67 =95-87 C.
0-61=97-26 W
Sn l-20=97-10 H.
9. " 69-00 18-38 0*70' 1673 663 0-80=10119 H.
Wltboat the osen Id. and with some Li. Later made to oooelst of 14*68 ooltunblo acid and 4616 liypoooliimble Add. 'WIththoria. protox of oraoiara. ' Fe*0' ' Ce*0*.
Pyr., eto.— Pyrochlore the Miask gives but traces of water in the dosed tube. B.B. invisible, but turns yellow and colors the fliune reddish-yeUow. When ignited it glows momentarily as if taking fire, the same phenomenon as observed with gadolinite. With borax and salt of phosphorus in both flames gives a light green bead, becoming ooloriess on cooling. A saturated bead of borax gives a greenish-gray enamel in B.F., while that with salt of phosphorus is reddishgray. Decomposed by concentrated sulphuric add with evolution of. fluorine (G. Rose). Pyrochlore from Norway gives water in the dosed and B.B. fuses with difficulty to a dark brown slaggy mass. With borax in B.F. gives a dark red bead, whidi by flaming turns to a grayishblue to pure blue enamel Dissolved with effisrvescence in salt of phosphorus, giving in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming grass-green on cooling (uranium). In B.F. the bead is maao dark red to violet (titanic add). Fused with soda gives a green color (manganese). All varieties are decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of potash. Most specimens are suffidently decomposed by muriatic acid to give a blue color when the concentrated solution is boiled with metallic tin ; this color disappears after a time, and almost immediately if diluted with water.
Obs. — Occurs imbedded in syenite at Friederichsvarn and Laurvig, Norway, with zircon, polymignite, and xenotime ; at Brevig, with thorite ; and near Miask in the Urals.
Named from jW% and because B.B. it becomes yeUowish-green.
472. BSXOROUTB. Microlite O. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sd., xxvii 861, 1885, xxxil 838,
116. Pyrochlore ffayeSf ib., xliil 88, xIvL 168, 888.
Isometric. Forms octahedral. Observed planes: 1, /, 2-2 (or 8-3). Figs. 2, 8, 20 -f- 8. Known only in small crystals.
B.c=5-5. G.=6-485— 6-562, the last from a large crystal, Shepard ; 6'406, Hayes. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color pflle clear yellow to brown. Streak pale yellowish or brownish. Translucent to opaque,
su
Oxtozh Ooxfodsim.
tnvsaUgBHon luggMted bj Bnul odd TcjdBcM the colambici thia oc
MittallraAniDliats of Itme. TmnUow r. coDtrib.) ft pptiohlore, in which tanteUe le hi Bpedfic grsTitj lad luger peremtigt of the metallic add.
AnalfMa: 1, Shepard (L xzxlL 8S8); I HafM (Ib xItL 1S8):
Su e, Stn tb Ca W, t. U fi
1. Omttatfield 160 Ii'S4 7-0 liMKn Bhepaid.
S. " te-eo 0-70 S-l l-eo lO-SI, 9e 0-99=99-97 Hajes.
P71., ate— B.B. iiinidU& In lalt of phoaphoruB difflcoltlj soluble, girlng in O.f. a bead yellow while hot, and colorteu on cooling. In R.P. after long blowing yields a pale blulah-gii bead. Not studied by mnriatio add, but deoomposed on flisLon with biaulphaUi of potaah, aoL the Holution of the ttiaed mMi reniaina nnctied when boiled with metallio tin.
Oba. — Oocun at OheHeiileld, Ifaaa., In the albite rein, along with red and green toonoalin oolumbite, end a little eaadterite.
Named ftom tiuf*i< tnatt, alluding to the stie of the CTTstala.
473. TAMTAZXTB. Tnntalit Elubirg, Ak. H. Btodkh., zxilL BO, 1 B03. TantaUte pt laUr rnOon Fem-tantalite Thorn., Sec Gen. Sc, ir. 416, I836;=Colnmbate of Iron; 8iderotantal HimuaL, Handb., iL 960, l841;=Tunmela-TantalitM Abnfenrtw Act Soo. 3c Fenn., I. lit A. £1 X'ordenabo/d, BoakrlAi. £1. Min., 1S66. Kimito-Tantalit .MjrdLiMolilhX £ JMl, Poggd.632, I8&T. ibo-Tantalit;Broddbo-TantaUti=Kuiterotaota] J7iuin., Lc ndefon. dt Bandb ISU, U8;=Harttantaleis£mU., Ohar., 330, I83S, Haudb 371, 1B47.
Orthorbombic. Observed planee as in the fignre. /A /=101° 3S', O A l-t=l22'' 3i' ; a-.h: c=l-5967 : 1 : 1-2247.
4 A J, ov. W,= -
112° 81' i A j; ov. 7,=91 M 1-1 A 1-2, adj.,=141 48 a A t4=118 33 ftAfJ, top,=113 48 |-t A f, top,=54 4 f,-t A top,=167 88
O A fi=146° 54'
(3Aft=117 2
fA J-i=143 6i t-t A 4=123 46 w A f|=135 4
iAi, ad].,=126
Twins : compoeition-face i-l, common. Also masBiva
H.=6— fl"5. G.=7— 8. LoBtre nearly pire metallic, Bomewhat adamantiae. Color iron-tnKck. Streak reddish-brown to black. Opaque. Brittle.
Oomp., Tar.— (("e. fin) fa, with aomettnies Btannie add (Sn) repladug part of the tantalio, A tanUbte either (1) of iron (anaL 1-11, 13-lG, 19, 20), ironand (B) a itanno-taotaUto of these two bases, part of tho tantalic add being rephiced ozjd of tic
enaL 16-18, 31-33). Number 1 ts the FarolanUiHt of Thomson ; 1 and 2, the Siderokmlatae lA BUimann ; 3, the Ountemtoifa/itt and Izioiite. The kinds shade into one anotlicr. The last has the lo.ti9St apedAc grarlty, G-.=7 — T-3. The mineral TUies In the state o( oijdatioD of the bases, owing, h Boee has viown, to alteration of the protozyds to sesquioij'ds ; with tbe Incteace of the Utter the strealc loses its black color. It varies also hi O. ratio Tor bases and add between I : 4 and 1 : b. The hitter corresponds to Tantaiio add SS-OB, protozyd lA iron 13-90, .-.t rk. n, In B1-1 and ig.g, "Beta finds prolonged washing of the powdered ninera)
lenskldU FJshiMb., zii. 190); !, Jaoobaon (Pogg., liiiL 817); S, 86); G, 6, Arppe (Act Soc Sd. Fenn. tI.; Verb. Hln. Sl Pet. IBS IfiOj nniT.Iand.,lS6G, J.pr. Ob.,zdz.43); S, Damour (Ann.d. lI.,ir.iilL3S7); , xcrii. id anal of a spedmen altered by eipomre); 11, (Biandler :, 13, BerieUns {Sdiw. xtL SfiSMI, xzxL HTl); 14, SMmanD (J. pr. Oh., Mdenaki (Pcg, d. 30); 16, WoniiMO (Pogg, IxiiL 817); 17, 18, Weboi A Nocdenskidid (Fogg., cvii. S14); 10, BkHutnnd (L c>; 31-U, B — "—
my.
fk
So
te
libi
Oa
Cft
Timniela
88*44
ir
fr.
=98-SlNordenskidld;G 264
It
0-07=101-93 JaoobBon; G.=:7M97.
M
84-7Q
0*60
1*78
Brooks.
M
83*90 83*88
0-rt6
0*74
0*11
-.oA.on * (T — 7'il4_
%
A %9 W 1
V A &
lOOAippe: G.=7-36.
U
0-S8
=99*53 Arppe.
U
Mg 0-08=99-68 Blomstrand.
Cbanteloabe
82*98
Si 0-42
=99*28 Damoor ; G.=7-65.
u
83*66
1*02
ir.
=100-69 JenzBch; G.=7-703.
u
2*36
tr.
" 6-72
=100-68 JeiUBSch; G.=704.
" 1-32
—98*67 Chandler; G.=7-53.
Kimito
0*8
=98-4 Bora.
u
Si 0-72
0-6rt=102-47 Bcra ; G.=7-36.
u
=99-70 Henn.
a
0 96 Ou 014
0*1 100-36 Nord.; G.=7-86.
M
6*81
0-50=98-7.S Womum; G.=7-166.
n.
w
4*82
=99-50 Weber.
M
0 41=100-19 Weber; G.=7-277.
SHorkbodft
=100-62 Nord.
M
Blomstrand
Broddbo
68*22
9e 9-68 Stn 7-16 W 619
1*19=100-69 Berz.
" 11-07,
" 6 60
" 6-12
1*50=100 04 Bers.
Fmbo
16*76
" 7-67
2*40=101-79 Berz.
TkiUaUc and eokmbie adds were formerly supposed to contain either 3 or 2 of oxygen, and a knpotanlalic and a hypoeolumbic were recognised. The recent results of ICarignac, confirmed by those of Blomstrand, have led to the conclusion that there is but one add, and that this one contains 5 of oxygen, as represented in the symbol above used.
Klaproith obtained from the Kimito tantalite (Beitr., t. 5) ta 88, te 10, An 2=100 ; VauquoliD (Hauy TabL, 308) Ya 88, Pe 12, Mn 8=108; and Wollaston (Phil Trans., 1809) ta 85. Je 10, Mn 4=99.
Pyr., etc — RB. unaltered With borax slowly dissolved, yielding an iron glass, which, at a certain point of saturation, gives, when treated in R.F. and subsequently flamed, a grayish-white bead if completely saturated becomes- of itself doudy on cooling. With 8alt of phosphorus die* solves slowly, giving an iron glass, which in R.F., if free from tungstio add, is pale yellow on cooling ; treated with thi on charcoal it becomes green. If tungstic add is present the bead is dark red, and is unchanged in cdor when treated wil tin on charcoal With soda and nitre gives a greeu- Iflh-blue manganese reaction. On charcoal, with soda and sufficient borax to dissolve the oxyd of iron, gives in B.F. metallic tin. Decomposed on fosion with bisulphate of potash in the platinum BpoOD, and gives on treatment with dilute muriatio add a yellow solution and a heavy white powder, vdiidi, on addition of metallic dnc, assumes a smalt-blue color ; on dilution with water the blue cokir soon disappears (v. Kobell).
OIni. — Tantalite if cooiined mostly to alfaite or oligodase granite, and is usually associated with beryl Near &saari, tantalite is associated with rose quarts and gigantolite, in albltio granite. At Katlala it is associated with lepidolite, blade toumudine, and colorless beryl
Occun in Fhiland, in Tammela, at Harkiaaari near Torro, associated with gigantolite and rose quarts; in Kimito at Skogbole, in Somero at Kaidasno, and in Kuortane at Katiala, with lepidolite, tourmaline, and beryl ; in Sweden, in Fahlun, at Broddbo and Finbo ; in France, at Ghanteloube near Limoges, in pegmatite. LeioliUf from Ejimito, was bstituted on a supposed (not real) diflTer ence of crystalline form. IldefimaUe is from Bdefonso, Spain, and has G.=7-416, H.=6— 7.
Named TbnialUe by Ekebeig, from the mjrtfaic Tantalus, in playAil allueioD to the diiBculties (tantalizing) he encountered in his attempts to make a solution of the Finland mineral in adds. The name was afterward extended to the American mineral eolumhUef and to the same other localities ; while the name columbite, the metal columbiam having been discovered a little prior to tantalum, received a similar extension, so as to indude all tantulte. The subsequent discovery that tantalum and columbium were distinct metals, and that the two compounds differed also in tlie atomic proportions of the constituents, finally established tiiem as independent spedes.
474. OOLUMBITB. Ore of Columbium (fr. Conn.) Haiekett, Flifl Tr., 1802. Columbite Jmm& son, Min., li. 582, 1805. Cdumbate of Iron. Columbeiseu Oertn. Baierine (fr. Bavaria) JBrad, Tlr., iL 665, 1882. TorreUte Thorn., Bc. (3en. Sd, iv. 408, 1836. Ntobite Maid Handb., 54a
Oxygen Compounds.
1845. Greexumdite BreUh. B. H. Ztg., xrii. 61, 1858. Dianite v. KoIk, Ber Ak. MuDchec liar. 10, 1860.
Grthorhombic. I A 7=101° 26' ; Oa l-t=134° 53' ;a:h: c=l-0038 : 1 : 1"2225. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, i-i, i-i, /, i, i-2, t- ; domes, H H H ; H 2-t ; octahedral, i, 1 ; fa, 2-2 ; 1-|, 2-1 ; 2-5 ; 1-8, 2-J, -S ; 2-6, 4r-T2, Of these planes, zone 1-i : t-l contains 1-t, 1-8, 1-|, 1, 2-2 ; 2-8, 4-12 ; zone f-i : ii contains |-i, |-2, 1-|, 2-8.
K
4S8
UddletowB, Oonn.
OAft
Oai=
(9A2-J t-t A t-i A 1-J t-l A t-S:
=161" 30' =146 13 =140 36 =121 20
=138 26 =119 25
=104 30 =167 46
w
*-i A
. t-t A
1-1 A
t-l A
1-8 A i-8 A i-2 A *-8 A i-i A
Bodeiunaii.
7=140° 43' 7=129 17 1-8=167 50 1-8=127 55 2-1=148 40 1-8, adj., =151 i-8,ov.i-i,=136 40 i-2,ov.t-i,=135 30 1-8=121 34 2-8=150 35
Twins : composition-face 2-1. Cleavage : i-i and i-i, the former most distinct. Occurs also rarely massive.
H.=6. G.=5-4— 6-6. Lustre submetallic; a little shining. Color iron-black, brownish-black, grayish-black ; often iridescent. Streak dark red to black. Opaque. Iracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
, Oomp., Var.— Golambate and tantalate of iron and manganese, of the general formula (te, ftn) (Cb, T&\ with at least twice as much atomically of columbia as of tantalic add, and with the specific grayitj increasing as the proportion of tantalic acid increases (Blomstrand, ) 866 ; Marig- IRftH). The following are some of the ratios from Marignac*s determinations: (I) From
Greenland, % 3*3 p. c.; Cb : Ta=:36 : 1. (2) Acworth, N. H., La VOate, near Limoge?, and the dianite of Bodeumais, fa 16*8 — 13*4; Cb : Ta=7 or 8 : 1. (8) Another fr. Bodenmais, fu 27*1 ; Cb : ta8 : 1. (4) A third Bodenmaia, ta 36*4; Cb : ta=about 2 : 1. (6) From Haddam, ta and another 31*6; Cb: Ya=2 6 : 1. (6) In another from Haddam he found only IG p. 0. of tantalic add, but queries the result Blomstrand obtained for a Haddun specimen (anal
Tastalate8, Ooluicbatxb.
9) Cb : : 1, with a.=:6-151 ; for one fr. Bodenmaifl (anal 16), Ob : Ta=4 : 1, with
1-76; another fr. B. (anal 17X Gb : ta=2-5 : 1, with 0.=6-26: for one ft. Greenland, no ta nrith G.= 5*395. Hia results all give for the 0. ratio of bases and adds 1:6. No. 8, above, gives the formula S (fe, fin) Gb+(e, Mn) ta; and No. 4, 2 (fo, Mn) Cb+(o
Mn) ta; while 1 gives 35 {te, ftn) Gb+lJ'e, Mn) Ta. te fib corresponds to oolumbio add 78*83 protoxyd of iron 2 ri7 1 00.
The following are the G-. of the spedmens emplojed for the analyses below:
anal 19, 5-49—6-73; 20, 5*461 ; 21, 5*447. Oreeniand, anaL 2*2, 28, 5*875; 24 6*40—5*42. Chan' teUntbCy anal 27, 5*60— 6*727. Other G. are as follows:
a fr. Northfleld, Siass., 6*6, Shepard; fr. Monte Video, & A., 6*660, Maskelyne fr. Haddam, 6-967 Schrauf; fr. Middletown, 6-590 and 5-645, id. ; fr. Greenland, 5896, id. j fr. Bodenmais, 6116, id
The Bodeiunais spedmens, having the highest G., give a blade powder; and others, of less, dark reddish-brown, but as a result of partial alteration. Rose.
The anes of the crystals vary considerably. The angles above gven are those calculated bj Schrauf after a study of the crystalfl of various localities, adopting for the basis ui a 1-S=104* 30' (obs. on Greenland crystals), and -i A i4=112'' 10' (1 12° 20', obs. on Gr. cryst). The authoi
Oa 1-3=136'' 36'; Oa2-I=119° 40'; 1-5 A 1-S, acy.,=150'' 17'. The angles /a/=100' 40', 0 A f.t=160° 34', correspond to the dimensions a:b: 1-0584 : 1 : 1*2069. Schrauf 's measurements gave him for ui A /=140'' 30'. fr. Greenland and Bodenmais ; t-i a i-t= 108% fr. B.
The crystals from Bavaria, ]&Oask, Oonnectioat, Chesterfield, Mass., and Monte Video, have the general form shown in t 429, 430, though sometimes with the basal plane wanting ; while those of Greenland have the habit generally of f 481 (fr. Schrauf 's paper). Occasionally the octahedral planes are very much elongated, producing crystals wiUi long pyramidal summits, as a kind from Acworth, N. H. (Shep., Am. J. Sd., zvil 358, 1880).
Analyses: 1, WoUaston (PhiL Trans., 1809, 246); 2, Schlieper (Pogg., bdii 317); 3, H. Rose (ib.); 4, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xliv. 207); 5, 0. F. Chandler (Inaug. Dissert); 6, Oeston (Pogg., zcix 617); 7, T. a Hunt (Am. J. Set, II. xiv. 340); 8, Blomstrand (Mem. Univ. Lund., 1865, J. pr. Oh., zcix. 44); 9-11, H. Rose (L c.); 12. Avdejef (Pogg., bdii. 317); 18, Jacobson (ib.); 14 Chandler (L c); 15, Warren (Pogg., Izzzv. 438); 16, 17, Blomstrand (L o); 18, H. Miiller (J. pr. Ch., Iviii 183, Izziz, 27); 19, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., zzzviiL 121); 20, Bromeis (Pogg., Ixxi. 157); 21-'i3, Oosten (L a); 24, Hermann (Bull Soa Nat Moscou, zzziz. 67, 1866); 26, Muller (1. c.); 26, Blomstrand (L a); 27, Damour (O R., zzviiL 28, A. Nordenskiold (Beskrifo. Finl Min., 1 855, 40) :
Cb ta Sn W liln Cu da
=100 Wollaston. ttg 0*22=101*28 Schlieper
Mg 0-49=99*06 Hennann.
99*24 Ohandler.
99-86 Oesten.
99*92 Hunt
Zr 0*34, Mg 0*42, fl 0*16-.
100-19 B 98*80 Rose. 99**29 Rose. 99-67 Rose. =100 93 Avdejet 100*89 Jaoobson. =96*91 Ohandler. Ag Warren. 2r 0-28, Mg 0*40, £[ 0*35
100*11 B 0-14, ft 0'40=99*55 Bl r99-07 Muller. 12-0, 1'J 0-50=100 Hem 0O*56=ltiO-17Bromeia. tJ 0*54=100 Oesten. =98-22 Oesten. =99*83 Oesten.
1. Oonnecticnt
2. Middletown
78*83
0*29
16*66
4*71
0-46,
16*37
0*06
4. "
0*26
5*63
—y
0*60
18*23
048=
6. "
79*80
15*00
4*50
7. Haddam
80*60
tr.
— .-
15*67
0*60
a "
61*58 28*55 0*84
18*54
81*07
0*46
tr,=
10. "
81*34
0*19
18*89
ir,=
0*12
0*12
1 -2. "
80*64
0*10
16*33
4*66
—
0-21
li". "
0*10
4*77
1*51
14. "
0*47"
' 0*89
— -
0-22=
15. "
78*51
15*77
—
0*30,
56*43 22*79
0*68
17. "
48-87 80-58
0*91
2*96
IS. Tirschenreuth 78-6
0*17
15*1
6*2
19. Hmen Mta.
80*47
6*09 2*44
20. "
78*60
12*76
4*48Mg3*01
0-75,
21. "
— .-
[7*55]
0*54,
2*2. Greenland
0*39
0-64=
2S. "
4*95
0-39=
OXYGEN OOMPOnKDe.
Cb ti
24. Greenland 62*76 26*64* 26. " Eyigtok 78*74
26. " 77-97
Sn W
27. Ghanteloube 78-74
28. Bjorkflkar, Fin]. 82'6
0M6
0'13
16-41 4*60 16-40 6*12 17*38 3*28
Cu Ca
ir.
U-60 7-17 -
13-2 6-6
Ilmenio add of HennMiti.
., tg 0-60=99*91 Hennaa:. -=100*42 Miiller p & 0*18, Hlg 0-28, th O-lSr
-=100*41 DuDOor. -=102*2 Nordenakieid.
WollasUn's analysis was made on four grains of the original speoimen in the British sent out CJonnecticut by Wtnthrop to Sir Hans Sloane.
Pyr etc. — Llke tantalito. You Kobell states that when deoompoeed by fusion with canst: potash, and treated with muriatio and sulphuric adds, it gires, on the addition of shic a blue oolor much more lasting than with tantalite; and the yariety dianite, when similarly treated, gives on boiling with tin-foil, and dilution with its volume of water, a sapphire-blue fluid, while, wit; tantalite and ordinary oolumbite, the metallic acid remains undissolved. The variety from Had dam, Ct, is partially decomposed when le powdered mineral is evaporated to dryness with col oontrated sulphuric add, its oolor is changed to white, Ught gray, or vellow, and when boiled with muriatic add and metallic sine it gives a beautiAil blue. l£e remarkably pure and unaltere: columbiio from Arksut-flord in Greenland is also partially decomposed by sulphuric add, and thi product gives the reaction test with sine, as above.
Obs. — Occurs at Babenstein, Bavaria, near ZwieseL not flir from Bodenmais, in granite, with iolite and magnetite; at Tirschenreuth, Bavaria; at Tammela, in Finland; at Ghanteloube, near Limoges, in pegnaatite with tantaUte; near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts., with samarakite; at Hermanskar, near Bjorskir, in Finland; in Greenland, in cryolite, at Evigtok, in brilliant crystals disseminated through or among the wolfram of Auvergne, and detected by acting with aqua-regU which dissolves the wolfram and leaves untouched tiic columbite (Phipson, Chem. News, 186", 160); at Monte Video, a A.
In the Uuited States, at Huddam, 2 m. from the village, in a granite vein, some of the crystab several pounds in weight; also at the chrysoberyl locality, but not now accessible; also at tbs iolite locality, Haddam; near Middletown, in the " feldspar " or china-stone quarry,** with albite, abundant in fine crystals some very large; figure 429 represents one f in. long; another, described by Professor Johnston (Am. J. Sd, xxz. 387 X weighed, before it was broken, 14 pounds; and the part figured about 6 in. in length and breadth, weighed 6 lbs. 12 oz.; it exhibits the facH i'iy i-{, i-2, /, i-5, -t, and another imperfect plane, which appears to bo 1-S. At Ghestertield, Mass., some fine crystals, associated with blue and green tourmalines and beryl, in a vein of albitic granite; Acworth, N. H.; also Beverly, Mass.; Northfleld, Mass., with beryl; Plymontli, N. H., with beryl; Greenfield, N. Y., with chrysoberyL
The Connecticut crystals are usually rather fragile from partial change; while those of Greeoland are very firm and hard.
The occurrence of columbite in America was first made known by Mr. Hatchett*s examinatioL uf a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Sodety, whicii was labelled as found at Neatneague. Dr. 8. L Mitohill stated (Med. Repos., vol viil) thai it was taken at a spring at New London, Oonn. No locality has since been detected at that place. But the rediscovery of it at Haddam, first published by Dr. Torrey (Am. J. Sd, \y. 62), and since near Middletown, about 7 m. distant, has led to the belief that the original locality was at one of these places, which are about 30 m. W. of New London.
For recent papers on cryst see Deed, Ann. d. M., Y. viiL 896 ; Schrauf; Ber. Ak. Wien, zliv. 446, 1861 ; Maskelyne, PhiL Mag., lY. zxv. 41. The crystallographic identity of the American mineral with the Bavarian was first shown by Dr. J. Torrey (Ann. Lya K. T., i. 89, 1824).
The metal of columbite was named columbium by Hatchett in 1 802, from CJolumbia, a name of America, whence his specimen was received, and thus came the name cohimbUe given by Jameson and Thomson (see further under tantalite). Bose, after investigating the metal and its compounds, naiiied it anew, calling it niobium, and this gave rise to the name ruobik. BaUrUe is from the German name of Bavaria. 'IbrreUie Thomson, named after Dr. J. Torrey, is the ordinary Middle* town columbite: and Grmnlandiie Breith., is that Greenland; both names originated partlv *in erroneous views of the crystals of the minerals. XHaniie is the Bodenmais columbite, in whidi V KoboU supposed he had discovered the add of a new metal, which he called dianivm.
No good reason has been given for substituting niobiufn for ookmibium ; and yet most English chemists, as well as European, have thus far foUowed Bose in rejecting the name given by thf English discoverer. The rule of priority demands recognition.
476. TAPXOLITB. Tapiolit A. R I/brdauJam, CEfv. Ak. Stodchu, 443, 1863. Ttolalite (ft
Sukula) Arppe Act Soc Sd. Fnn., vi. 690, 1861.
TAaTAIATBB, 00LIIIIBA.TS8. Sll
Tetragonal. 0 A l-t'sstHT" 7'; a=0-6464. 1 A 1 in eame pyramid 133" 1', over base 84" 52' ; 1=137" 34' ; 1 A 1-4=151' 30'. ClcaTage indiBtiact.
H.=6. Q.=7-35— 7-87, Nord. ; 7-17— 7-86, Arppe. Lustre Btronjj damantine, approaching metallic. Color pore black.
Oomp.— f's*1k*=TuUlio add BS-l, protoxyd iron l6-S=loa Aailfsea : I, Aippe (L e.) 9, Nrndaneki e.) :
I. Saknl* 0-Bl 1GT7=99-7T Arppct a. " (|)es-0 1-OT 15-7S=sa'91 KurdauiUold. rr. of W wjHiSb.
r., ato. — B.B. bebavea like UntaHte, Imt gTW do reaction for maoganeae. OMt— Occura near the Kulmala brm, in the rUIaga of Soknla, In the pariali of Tommd Vl land, In white gtegnatTte gnnlte, with beryl, tourmaline and arnenopTrlte. Bamed from an andent Tinnlih divinity.
470. VaOJMTTWL elmlt A. £ SoriUaMSId, Fogg., mL SBe, 1800.
Cryatallization indistinct. MaeaiTo, without apparent cleavage, H.=5. &.=5'82. Lustre metallic. Color pare black. Streak grayish' Uack. Fracture granular.
CtOBp. — A Btanno-tantalata of iron, uranium, and yttria. Analjaia: Nordenaldold (L o.) ;
fa flQ,W Oa C f-e liln Ce Hlg fia fi[
U'li s-se 0-10 i-a7 a-oa s a i-ot gis oss 4-3a 3-2e=99-3T.
Pyr., ato. — In the cloaed tube deCTepttatea and yielda water. B.B. inhiBible, but tuma brown In O.F. With salt of phoephorua easily diaaolred to a bluiah-green glaaa. With borax diaaolvei 0 a clear glass, which remaina unchanged on Saming. With aoda on charcoal givea metallk angles I Nordenakiold).
Oba— From the KararfVet mine, near Fshlun, Sweden, sloiig with garnet, pytophTiaLtc gado- Unite, aaptialtam, in a pegmate granite.
477. TTTROTANTAIXTR Tttrotantal EMbtrg, Ak. E. Stockh., zsUL BO, 1802. Tontalt oxide Tttrifto A, Tr., IBSa. Tttrollmenit Hmm,, 3. pr. Ob., xxxTfiL 119, 1S46.
Ortliorhombic. /A 7=123° 10' ; (? A 2-1=103° 26' ; a : J : c=2-0934 ; 1 : 1"8482. Obaerved planes : O ; vertical, i-t, i-a, i-s, tl; domes, 1-i, 2-t. (9 A l-t=131'' 26',t-tAl-t=138''
84', mA/=118'' 25', t-iAi-S=137° 16', i-t A i-a= 105° 9', t-1 A t-a, ov. t-t,=94° 32', A t-2, adj.,= 149° 42', *-t A 43'. Crystals often tabular parallel to i-i. Alsomasaive; amorphous.
H.=5— 5"5. G.5'4— 5'9. Luatre aubmetallic to vitreous and greaay. Color black, brown, browniah-yellow, straw-yellow. Streak gray to colorless. Opaque to snbtranslucent. Fractnrc amall oondioidat to granular.
Ttterby. Var.— 1. The hack yttratantaUte, of Ttterby, li iron-Uac sabroetoUio In lustre, and baa Q,=G*390, Ben. ; G'SI, Perels; after igtdtion 8'40, Pereta; TDB, No denakiold. Often in cTTitala.
3. TheyeOTWof Ttterbyisamorphonaor iQdisllnctl;ci7Btalltzed,andhBiO.=S'88a, Ekeberg, B-46S, Chandler; alter ignition, 6-40, Fereb; hUb, Chandler. E. The ytOm from Kaiaifro* haa a.=A-S4a, Obydeniua. TUa Tarie oootaina uraniaD.
Hennann callB the mineral of anaL 5, 6, 7, yUroianidUie, and that of his own analysis yUrt ilnia niie, giving 0.=4*88. Oomp. — Tantalate of yttria and lime, or yttria, lime, and iron, with some protozydof uraniam ;
(V,e, :Ca: Je : 6=6 : 2: 1 : l,Tantalic add 62-6, yttria 22-6, lime 5-2, pro*, ozyd of iron 3% prot uranimn 6*3=100. Analyses : 1-4 Berzelins (AfhandL, iv. 268, 272, . J., zvi. 451); 5, Peretz (Fogg., Ixxil 166); 5 A same, with 4*86 1, the mean loss by ignition (Ramro. Min. Gh 400) ; 6, Chandler (Inaug. Dissert) ; 7, Polyka (Inaug. Dissert) ; 8 Nordenskiold (Pogg., czL 280); 9, J. J. Ohydenius (ib., 284); 10-12, Hennann (Bull. Soc. Nat llosc., xzxyilL 368) :
ta W Sn
tj t
te fig Ca Cu £[
Ytterby, yeUow 6012 104
6-62 29-78 Fe 1-16 060 =99 22 Bon.
u
" 69-60 1'25
" 3-23 29-90
2-72 8-29 =99-89 Bora.
u
hiaek 6700 826
" 0-60 20-26 "
8-60 6-25 =96-76 Berz.
u
bnlL-bL 61-82 2*69
" 1 11 38-62
0-66 3-26 =97-86 Bere.
Uaek 68-66 0*60
"3-94 21-26
6-29 1-40 7-66 0*40 =100 08 Pw.
6A, "
" 66-80 0-67
8-76 20-22
6-96 1-3R 7-18 0-40 4-86=100-07 Per.
l(
yeUaw 67 -27 1-86 O'lO
6-10 18-64
4-62 0-76 4-78 0*69 6-00-100 Ohandl.
" 66-60 0-49 010
7-00 26-62
0 77 0-19 3-60 0-43 4-11=99 67 Pot.
black 66*66 887
0*82 19-66
8-90 4-27 ir. 6-68=100-66 N.
Kararfet, brown 6 6*44 2jk 0*42
1-19 80-48
327 2-27 0-27 4-83=99-12 CJhyd
ta Cb*' ti th TJ
t (Ce,La,fH) ]e ftn Ag Ca
61-33 1-60 6-64 19-74 tr.
806 100 2-08 1-66=101-01 H.
67-81 6-00 1-87
18-30 2-27
13-61 0-83 0-60 =100-69 H.
31-29 23-80 8-00 2-88 3 01
21-03 2-48
11-07 0-26 0-80 =99-67 H.
Hennaiin*! ilmenio add. Nlobooa add of HennaDn.
Blomstrand has found 16 p. c. of columbia add in the yellow yttrotantalite ; he regards Hei mann's ilmenic acid as haying no existence. Marignac confirms this statement, and has shown ilmenic acid (G. 3-8) to be oolumbic add mixed with titanic add, while his " niobic " add (G.=6) contained tantalic add In anaL I, 2, 4-64 p. c. of were foand, and in 3, 6-43.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube yields water, the black varieties turn yellow. On intense ignition both varieties become white and give off traces of fluorine. B.B. invisible. With salt of phosphorus dissolves with at first a separation of a white skeleton of tantalic acid, which with a btrong heat is also dissolved ; the black variety from Ytterby gives a glass faintly tinted rose-red from the presence of tungstic add ; the dark and yellow varieties give a faint green bead on cooling, due to the presence of uranium. The mineral ft-om Finbo and Eararfvet gives an iron glass. With soda reacts for manganese. With soda and borax on charcoal gves traces of metallic tin (Berzelius). Not deoompo by adds. Decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash, and when the product is boiled with muriatic add metallic zinc gives a pale blue color to the solution which soon fades.
Obs. — Occurs in Sweden at Ytterby, near Yaxhohn, m red feldspar ; at the Kararfvet mine, and at Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun, imbedded in quartz and idbite, associated with garnet mica, and pyrophysalite.
On cryst. see A. E. Nordenskiold, CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1860, 28, dted hi Pogg., cxi 280, and J. pr. Ch., Ixxxi. 198.
The name yUroiarUalUe alludes to the composition. YUixnlmeniie was given to a variety by Hermann upon the disoovezy in it of his supposed new metal Umenium.
478. SAMARSKXTB. Uranotantal H. Rose, Pogg., xlviii. 666, 1839. Bamarskit H, Rose Pogg., Ixzi. 167, 1847. Uranoniobit if. Bosef Pogg., Ixxi 166, 1847. Yttroihnenit Hemk, xlii. 129, 1847, J. pr. Ch., xUv. 216, 1848.
Orthorhombic. Angle of prism t-2, 135*" to 136° (whence /A 7=1 W 40' to 101° 40', near that of columbite). Usually in flattened grains.
H.=6-5-6. G.=5-614:-5-75 ; 5-45-6-69, lorth Carolina. Lustre of Burface of firacture shining and submetallic. Color velvet- black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture subconchoidal.
Oomp.-— Analyses : 1, 3, 8, Peretc, nnder the direction of Rose (Pogg., IxzL 167); 4, OhandiM (Inaug. Dissert); 6, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., L 178) ; 6, T. a (Am. J. ScL, IL xiy. 341) :
TANTALATBa, OOLUUBATBB. 621
Gb W te Mg Ca,ttn
2. 66-00 16-70 16-90 11 04 0*76 102=101 '41 Perete.
Later Finkener and Stephana hare obtahied the Miaak mineral (H. Hose in Yerh. Min 81 Pet, 1863, 13):
Cb W e 2r Sn ¥h An Cu Ce % Oa fi
Giving for the 0. ratio between the 6b [+W] and the other higriKlienta 9*49 : 9*65=1 : 1,
whenoe the general formula (ft* fi, &if Cb*.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube decrepitates, glows like gadolintte, cracks open, and turns black, and is of diminished density. B.B. files on the edges to a black glass. With borax in O.F. gives a jeUowish-green to red bead, in B.F. a yellow to greentsh*black, which on flaming becomes opaque and yeUowish-brown. With sale of phosphorus in bot|;i flames an emerald* green bead. With soda yields a numganese reaction. Decomposed on fusion with bisulphate of potash, yielding a yellow mass which on treatment with dilute muriatic acid separates white tantalic acid, and on boiling with metallic zinc gives a fine blue color. Samarskite in powder is also sufficiently decomposed on boiling with concentrated sulphuric add to give the blue reduce . tion test when the add fluid is treated with metallic zinc or tin.
Obs. — Uranotantalite occurs in reddish-brown feldspar, with crystallized asschynite, in th Omen mountains, near Miask in the Ural The largest pieces met with were of the size of hazel-nuts.
If the occurring prism of Samarskite is instead of f-2 (as in mengite), then /A /becomes 100" 67' to 102'' 20\
Named after the Russian, v. Bamarski.
479. BXTZBNini. Bnzenit SOuerer, Pogg., L 149, 1840, Ixzil 666.
Orthorhoinbic. Form a rectangular prism (i-i, i-i) with lateral edges replaced by /, and a pyramid at summit, also with a macrodome m-l, /A 7=126% i-i A m-i=154° 30', i-l A pyramid=107*', Dahl ; /A 7=120° ?, t-i A m-t=153°, i-t A m-t=124°, i-i A pyr.=136°, Greg; prism of 141% macrodome of 59° 15, Breith. Cleavage none. Commonly massive. " H.=6-6. G.=4:-60, Joleter, Scheerer; 4-73— 4-76, Tvedenstrand, id. ; 4-94— 4-99, ib., Breith.; 4-89 -4'99, Alve, Forbes; 4-96, Chydenius Lustre brilliant, metallic-Yitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color brownishblack; in thin splinters a reddish-brown transmcence lighter than the streak. Streak-powder yeUowish to reddish-brown. Fracture sibconchoidal.
Oomp. — A columbo-tantalate, containing titanic acid, jttrtuin, and uranium. 0. ratio for ft, TL Cb+Ta= mean of anaL 3, 4) 8 : 6 : 7 ; and if the titanic is basic, the ratio for the bases ana Cb-f ta is 2 : 1, which would giye the formula (ft* ¥i)*(Ub, ta). If ll is acid, the ratio is 8 : 13. Heimann makes it isomorphous and simiUr in formula with asdhjnite. Analyses : 1, 2, Scheerei a. a); 3, Forbes A Dahl (Ed. N. FhiL J., XL L 62); 4, Streoker (J. pr. Ch., Ixiv. 384); 5, Ohy lienias (full Soa Oh., tL 434, 1866) :
Cb,ta li £1 t te Oe La t % Oa d
5. Arenda] 64*28 .th6'28 84*58 2*60=97*74 Ghydenina
6S3
Oxtgen Oompoukdb.
The J6iter eiaeDite oontaiui the most titanic acid; jet Scheerer does not donbt Ihe idtttilg of the two TDinerals.
C?b7doniue has shown that the mineral contains thoria and only traoec of ozyd of cerium Mariguac (Bib. Univ., xxy. 2, 1866) found of metallic add, consisting of about 82'6 p. & of Cb and 29*7 of tiUnic, the ratio of the two being stated at 268 : 243.
Pyr., etc — B3. infusible. Dissolves in borax and salt of phosphorus, giving a yellow bead whQe hot; with sale of phosphorus shows a yellowish-green (uranium reaction) on cooling, if suf* fldently saturated (Scheerer). When decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and subsequently treated with water, and this solution neutraliaed with muriatio add, it gives a predpltate, which, boiled concentrated muriatic add and tin-foil gives a dear sapphire-blue fluid, which change to an olive-green, and Anally bleaches. If tibe residue of the Aision after leaching is treated with muriatic add and boiled with tin-foil, it yields on dilution a pale rose-red color (v. Kohell). The mineral is sufficiently attacked, on evaporation with sulphuric add, to pve a whitish residue, which, treated with metallic zinc or tin, affords the diaracteristio blue reduction test
Obs — Occurs at Jolster in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and sometunes in scaly mica, the largest crystals 2 in. long and i in. wide, but usually much smaller; also near Tvedenstrand; at Alve, island of Tromoen, near Arendal; at Moretjar, near Naskilen.
Named by Scheerer from a sktrnger in allusion to the rarity of its occurrence.
48a JBSUUXJNITJJ. JEschynit , Jahresb., is. 19S, 1828.
Orthorhombic. /A 0 A 14=145 18 Kokscharof ; a:h:e : 1 : 1'0279. Observed planes : O (not common) ; vertical, i-2, /,
i-i ; brachydome, 2-t ; octahedral, 1-2. CrystalB usually long prismatic and striated. Cleavage : irt in traces, or none ; none observable according to Kokscharof.
iri A 1-2=128** 6' i.2Ai-i=116 67 /AM=13413i 2-i A 2-i, top,=73 10
2-1 A 1-1=143** 25' 1-SAl-S, adj.,=136 66i 1-2 A 1-2=146 60 2-i A 1-2=128 16
H.=5~6. G.=4-9-6-14; 6-118, Miask, Kokscharof. Lustre snbmetallic — resinous, nearly dull. Color nearly black, inclining to brownish-yellow when translucent. Streak gray, or yellowish-brown, almost black. Subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture small subconchoidal.
Oompir— Doubtful The mineral described by Beivelius and analysed by Hartwall differs much in the pyrognoetic and other characters given that from the same locality investigated by Hermann, and the identity of the two is not yet certain. Scheerer found no zirconia. Analyses : 1, Hartwall (Pogg-, xvii. 483, Jahresb., ix. 196); 2-4, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., zzxL 89, zxxvii 116, L 170, Ixviii 97); 6, id. (Bull doc. Nat Moscon, zzzviii 472, J. pr. Ch., zcix. 288); S, id. (Bull Soa Nat Kotcou, rrxix. i5, 1866):
ta,Cb li Zr 8n Ih €e Ce La t Ca 19[
8S-89 11-94? 17-52 17-66 2*48 4*76 9-35 240 1-56=101*05 Herm.
85-05 10-56? 17-58 4*82 16'59 ll'lS 4'62 1-66=100-61 Herm.
Made S9D0 iloMnlo add (or, later, 12-28 ilmenlo* and 10*72 llmeooiu add) pine 8-80 nlobnM edd. b Made SOIS Umenle add pins t-48 nloboot add. Ce O, La O, Dl O.
Hermann's analyses afford for the 0, ratio of bases, ¥i, Cb+Ta 7*9 : 6 0 : 8*2, as deduced bf him, or 13*9 : 8*2 for bases + ti, and Cb + Ta. His ihnenic add is made tantalio and Columbia
Pyr etc In the open tube yields water and traces of fluorine. BJB. in the forceps swell
up tnd changes its color from black to a rusty brown. In borax dissolves easily in O.F., civic)
TABTALATE8, OOLUHBATiBS.
a yellow bead while hot, and on cooliDg becomes oolorlesa ; in B.F. with tin gies a blood-rco bead. More dilficaltly soluble in salt of pbosphoras; with a small amount of the assay gives a colorless bead, while with a larger quantity there separates a white substance which clouds the bead ; in R.F., with tin on charcoal, yields an amethystine glass (Berzelius). Decomposed on fosicm with potash; yields reactions trimilar to those mentioned under euzeuite (▼. Kobell). It ii also sufiBciently decomposed by snlphnrio add to show the reduction test with zina
Obs< — From Miask in the dmen Mts., in feldspar with mica and drown; also with eudase in the gold sands of Kaufmann's Bakakin,** in the Orenburg District, Southern UraL
Named firom tftvyvf, UMme, by Berselius, in allusion to the inability of chemical science, at the Ume of its discov, to separate the two unlike substances, titanic acid and ziroonia.
On crystb see Brooke, PluL Mag., z. 188 ; Rose, Beis. UraL, ii 70 ; Deedoiseaux, Ann. d. ]£ lY il 49; Kokscharof; Min. BmL, ill 384, iv. 63, 100. Bose made i-2 A {-2=127*' 19', and !M A 2-1=78* 44', which he says are approximations only, the files being rough. Fig. 483 is by
Bote.
481. POLTORABB. Polykras Scheenr, IzS. 480, 1844.
Orthorhombic. /A O A l-i=184** 15'; a:h: <;=l-02655 : 1 : 1*0913. Obeerved planes as in the figure.
0 A 2-t=118 0' O A 1=125 41i O A 1-8=139 59 1-8 A 1-8, mac, =96 40 1-8 A 1-8, brach.,=162
1 A 1, mac.,=112 32' 1 A 1, brach.,=106 24
i-8 A i-8, ov. i-t,=140
i4 A i-8=160
2-iAi-t=152
Crystals thin linear. Cleavage none.
H.=5-5. G.=5-09— 5-12. Lnstre briffht. Color black; in splinters brownish. Streak grayish-brown. Fracture conchoidal.
Oomp. — According to Scheerer, contains oolumbic acid, ozyd of uranium, titanic add, zirconia, oxvd of iron, yttria, and protoxyd of cerium, with a little alumina, and traces of lime and magnesia.
Fjr etc— In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives traces of water. B.B. in the forceps glows, and turns to a light grayish-brown color, but is inftuiible. Soluble in borax, giving in O.F. a dear yellow bead, which in RF. with tin turns brown. In salt of gives a clear ydlow glass, which on cooling is greenish ; in R.F. the color beoomes darker. With soda no reaction for manganese, and on charooal no metallic partides. Decomposed by evaporation with concentrated sulphuric acid; the product, treated with muriatic add, gives on boihng with metallic sine or tin a deep azure-blue solution, which does not fade. The dilute aolution gives a deep orange lo turmeric paper (ziroonia).
Ob8.r~From Hitteroe, Norway, in granite with gadolinite and orthite ; crystals i to Ii in. long; also near Dresden.
Named from Tiiany, and rpiiaic, miahire.
N. B. Moller makes the so-called polycrase of Brevig certainly, and that of Hitteroe probably, identical with polymignlte (J. pr. Oh., Iziz. 318). Scheerer mentions a prism of 32' (B. R SUg., zvil 22), and Bieithaupt one of 69" and 12 1%
482. POLTBSZONITB. BeneUue, Ak. H. StodEh., 388, 1824.
Orthorhombic. /A 44 0 A 1-1=144 8' ; a : i : e?=0-7252 : 1 : 1-0308. Obeerved planes : O; 1-1, 2-t, 4-1, ii; 2-2.
O A 1-1=144*' 53' 2.J A 2-2, mac.,=136 28'
0 A 2-1=125 15 2-2 A 2-2, brach.,=99 14
O A 2-2=121 49 2-2 A 2-2, bafi.,=116 22
i4 A 4-t=160 26 14 A 1-i, ov. (?,=109 46 i-i A 22=111 46 A 1-1=126 7
624 Oxtgen
Cleuvage : 14 and 0 in traces. Crystals generally slender and thuiy and striated longitudinally.
n.=6-6. G.=4-7t— 4-86. Lustre snbmetallic bnt brilliant. Coloi black. ' Streak dark brown. Opaque. Fracture perfect conchoidal, presenting, like the surface, a brilliancy almost metallic.
Oomp. — Aooording to an analysis by Benelius (Ak. H. Stockb., iL 389, 1824), imperfect bojanse of the difficult separation qf the titanic add and ziroonia :
with a trace of potash, magnesia silica, and ozjd of tin. The blowpipe reactions Indicate the probable presence also of oolwmbic or lantaUc acid as an essentiiil constituent (
etc. — B.B. invisible, and unchanged in color. With borax dissolves readUj, giving an iron bead; with more of the assay becomes brownish-yellow on flaming, and opaque on cooSng; with tiu in B.F. turns reddish-yellow. With salt of phosphorus not easily acted upon, gives a reddish tinge in R.F., which is unchanged by tin. With soda shows traces of manganese (Ber zelius). The powdered Fredericksvam mineral, heated with concentrated sulphuric add, gives a whitish residue, which, treated with muriatic add and tin-foil gives a beautifU azure-blue color, indicating, as under polycrase, the presence of some other metallic add in addition to titanic whidi of itself gives only a violet color. The dilute add solution gives with turmeric paper the orange color characteristic of sirconia.
Obs.— Occurs at Frederidcsv&m in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and airoon-flyenite. Ita crystals sometimes exceed an indi in length. Beported by Shepard as occurring at Beverly, Mass.
483. FBRaUBONim. Baidinger, Bd. PhiL Trans x. 274 1826.
436. Tetragonal, hemihedral. O A l-i=124° 20 ;
1*464. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 0 A 1=115 46', 1 A 1=100° 54', and 128° 28', l-f A 8-1=91° 59', ir A 8-1=169° 17'. Cleavage : 1, in distinct traces
H.=5-5-6" G.=5-838, Allan; 5-800, Turner. Lustre externally dull, on the fracture brilliantly vitreous and submetallic. Color brownish-black ; in thin scales pale liver-brown. Streak pale brown. Subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture imperfect conchoidal.
Oomp., Var.— Varies much in compositioD, according to the anal> yses, like other columbium minerals, and probably as a result of alteration. The description above given is from (1) the Oreenkmd fergusonite
2. A mineral from Ytkrby according to Kordenakidld, is very similar in its hemihedral crystal* lization and form, but contains 6 p. c. of water (anal S. 4) ; as is sometimes hydrous, thLs peculiarity may be one of the effects of alteration. It has an imperfect basal cleavage ; a vit* reous to greasy lustre ; a dark brown color ; H.=4'6 ; 0.=4'89 ; and is feebly subtranslucent.
3. Tyriie Forbes (Ed. N. PhiL J., i. 67, 1865, and PhiL Mag., lY. ziil 91) occurs in square pyramidal crystals like those of fergusonite, and sometimes 2 inches long, with occasionally, according to Kenngott, planes corresponding to 0, 1, 3, and hemihedral ; but with the &cea too uneven for exact measurement It has cue cleavage distinct, and traces of two others ; color brownish-black; H.rr6'5; 0.=5'1 3—5*66, Forbes; 5-555, Kenngott It contains water, but approaches fergusonite in composition (anaL 6, 6). It is from Hampemyr and Helle, near AjrendaL Norway, and the crystals oden stand on plates of black mica.
4. A mineral from the Norwegian locality of tyrite, and supposed to be that species (the specimen having been sent as such from Krantz to H. Rose), has been analyzed with still differed results by J. Potyka (Pogg., evil 690X he finding in it 7 p. a of potash (anaL 7). It was so Irregular mass imbed led in reddish feldspar, had no cleavage, a submetallic lustre, a black color, red£sh-brown at the edges in thin splinters, a reddish-brown streak, and H.=:4 G-.=*124.
This last mineral, tyrite, the Ytterby mineral, and fergusonite, may be four diatinet ipedfli kmt it does not appear probable.
Tantalates) Oolttmbatss. 525
6. BragUe of fatten and Dull], fWxn HeUe, Narosto, Ahre, and Askerd, Norway, has beon re lbiTl to fergoflonite bj J. A. Midhaelson (J. pr. C9i., zc. 108). F. k D. describe the miDral tetragonal, with ; G.=5*IS— 536: color brown; streak yellowish-brown ; lustre suboietafiic; thin splinters translucent; and as losing water when heated: but infusible B.B., becoming yellow; and as affording, with salt of phosphorus, a skeleton of silioa ; characters which suggest a relation to hydrous or aUered siroou, where it is placed on pi 276. Michaelson's inln> end is grayish-brown, has H.'6, G.=5-40, and contains no silica (anal 8).
Analyses : 1, Hartwall (Ak. H. Stockh, lK7, 1828); 2, Weber (Pogg-, cvii. 190); 3, Nordena* told (J. pr. Ch., Irrri. 200); 4, Berselius (Afh. L Fys.. etc., iy. 281). Tyriie: 6, 6, D. Forbe (L c); 7, Potyka (Pogg., oviL 590); 8, Midiaelson (L c):
Ob W Sn 2r Si t Ce La tl j*e Ca
2. " 48'84 0'86 6*93 38-61 8-06 0-35 1*88 =9946 W,
8. Ttterby 4683 2-85 3980 1'12 0*70 315 6-44= 100-39 N.
4. 48-86 2-44 36'31 1-01 0-47 807 6-7 1=97 87 B
5. Hampemyr, fyr. 44-90 fr. 6'66 29-72 6 86 808 6-26 081 4-52=100-25 P.
0-41, Ou 0-35=100-20 Pot
lilg 0-89, Pb 009, Mich.
Weber's analysis gives for the 0. ratio of protozyds, airoonia and tin-oxyd, and oolumbic add, 4*6 : 1 : 6; and, if the zirconia is basics for bases and add nearly 1 : ft)*Cb'. The Ttterby mineral also affords very doeely the ratio 1:1; tyrite about 9:11; Potykas mineral 9 : 9|, or very nearly 1:1. Whence all, the water disregarded, may perhaps come under the above general formula.
Blomstrand finds 6 p. o tantalic acid in the Ytterbyinineral.
Pyr., etc.— Fergusonite Arom Greenland gives in the dosed tube a little water. B.B. infusible ; on charcoal its color becomes pale yellow. With borax dissolves with difficulty, giving a yellow bead while hot, the insoluble portion being white ; the saturated bead is yeUowish-red. and is made opaque by flaming. Slowly dissolved by salt of phosphorus, leaving a white insoluble residue ; in O.F. the bead u yellow, while in B.F. it is colorless, or, if saturated, slightly redcUsli, becoming opaque on cooling; treated with tin the bead remains uncolored, while the insoluble residue is made flesh-red. Decomposed by soda without dissolving, leaving a reddish slag ; mth soda on charcoal affords of metallic tin (Berzolius). When evaporated with sulphuric add yields a white residue, which, treated with muriatic add and metallic sine, gives a bluish-green color Tyrite decrepitates and yields much water in the dosed tube (Forbes).
Oba. — Fergasonite was discovered by Qiesdck, near Gape Farewell in Greenland, disseminated in quartz, and named after Robert Ferguson of Raith. Also found at Ytterby, Sweden, as mentioned above.
IVrite is associated with enzenite at Hampemyr on the island of Tromoe, and Helle on the main* lana; at KsBskuI, about ten mUes east of Arandal.
484. ADSIiPHOUTB. Adelfblit N. N&rdenOiM, Beskrifh. FinL Hin., 1866, Jahrb. ITin.,
813, 1568; A. R Pogg QZziL 616, 1864.
TetragonaL Angles undetermined.
H.=3'6— 4-6. G.=3'8. Lustre greasy. Color brownish-yellow to brown and black. Streak white or yellowish-white. Snbtoranslucent
A columbate of iron and manganese, containing 41*8 p. a of metallio adds, and 9*7 p. a of water. From Laurinmliki in Tammela, Finland, with columbitei
48ft. BtZINOITB. Qmenite Brooke FbiL Mag., z. 187, 1831. Mengit G, Boae, Beia. Und, h
83, 1642.
Orthorhombic. /A /=100 28', 0 A 42'; a : 6 : c=l-0468 : 1 2 1-2071.
6S6
48f
OXTOBar OOMPOUVDB.
/A M=140 U i-t A i-=lll 50
i-Ai-, adj.,=186*90* l- A l-, mac.,=161 26 l- A l-, bracli.,=101 IC
Occurs in short prismA, often terminated by four sided pyramids. Ko distinct cleavage.
H. 5— 5*5. G.=5*48. Lustre submetallic splendent, of surface of fracture subvitreons. Oolor iron-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Fracture un-
even.
Oomp.— Oontns, acoording to G. Bose (L aX sirooiiiai ozjd of iron, and titanic add.
P3rr., eta — B.B inAiaible, but beoomefl magnetic. With salt of pboaphorua, in the outer flame, giYea a greenish-yellow dear glass ; in the inner a yellowish-red, whidi is made deep red by adding tin. With soda a manganese reaction.
Obs.— Oocors in granite veins in the Umen mountains. The crystals are imbedded in albite, and the largest are bnt two or three lines long.
Brockets name IhnmUe being preoccupied, Kose changed It to MmgUe, after If enge, the discoverer of the mineral The mengite of Brooke is monazite.
486. RUTHBRFOBDXTII. Shtpord, Am. Assoc, W. 813, 1851, Am. J. Sd., XL xil 209.
Monoclinic, with Za /=98°, according to Shepard. In crystals and grains, without cleavage.
H.=6-5, Hunt. G.=:5-58— 569, Shenard ; 5-56, Hunt. Lustre of fracture shining vitreo-resinous, and color blackish-brown. Opaque, but thin fragments translucent and smoky orange-brown by transmitted light. Streak and powder yellowish-brown, near fawn-color. Fracture concnoidal. Brittle.
Oomp. — Acoording to Shepard, contains titanic add, ozyd of cerium, and possibly oxyd of uranium and yttria. According to some unfinished trials by T. S. Hunt (Am. J. ScL, II. zit. Z44), it contains probably 68*6 p. a or more of titanic add, with 10 p. c. of lime, with other ingredients undetermined.
Obsv— Occurs at the gold mhies of Rutherford Oo., North Carolina, along with rutile brookite drcoD, and monaaite.
u
8. Phosphates, Aesenates, Antimonates, Nitrates.
A Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates.
In the anhydrous Phosphates and Arsenates the hardness is from 3 to 6 ; colors various, comprising, besides white or colorless, shades of green, yellow, blue, brown, violet, black, several of them bright; crystalline forms of each of the systems, except the isometric The nydrous species have a still wider range of crystallization and colors, including the isometric system in the former, and reddish shades among the latter; while the limits of hardness are lower, being between 1 and 5 ; a much larger proportion of the species are dinohedral. In composition, the oxygen ratio for bases and acid which is far the most common, is 3 : 5 ; next to this
ANHTlBOUS PHOSFHATEB AKD AB6EI7ATEB. 537
6:5; the ratios 2 : 3, 4 : 5, 3 : 2 are rare ; while 1 : 1 is unknown, except problematically in two or three Bpecies of doubtfal composition.
The pjrognostic roactionB for phosphates B.B. fire the following: If the add is oombined with a base which of itself imparts no color to the flame, it will give a characteristic bluishrgreeo color, and this may be made more intense by moistening with sulphuric acid before ignition. If the phosphate is solable in nitric acid, the dOnte solution will give with acetate of lead a white precipitate, which after washing jidds B.B. on charcoal in B.F. a crystalline polyhedral bead of phosphate of lead. Further, according to Bunsen, if a phosphate, or a substance contaioii bat a small amount of phosphoric acid, be heated in a wide closed glass tube, with three parts of dry soda and a small fragment of sodium, it is on fusion converted into a phosphid, which aftet cooling yields phosphuretted hydrogen when mdstened with water. Most phosphates in tbs state of powder are reduced to phosphids by simple ftision with sodium.
Arsenates are easily reoognized by the aUlaceons odor given when treated on diarooal, espeolsl when ftised wiUi soda.
L Anhydrous.
ABRANaEMBNT OF THB SPBdEa
I XBNOnMB QROUP. 0. ratio for bases and add 3 : 6, Crystallisation tetragonal
490. XraronxB fP (POje.
491. CHTPTOLTra Oe'j (P0)|Ot i6et
ir. APATITE GBOXTP. Oxygen ratio for bases and add 8 : 5, but with the addition of a finorid or chlorid, which, if induded with the bases, makes the ratio 10 : 15=2 : & Crystallization hexagonaL Formula A on the ratio 3 : 6, and B that of 2 : 8.
492. APATm A 8CaP +
B
49.r Ptbomobphitb a 3lb1+PbCl |Pb, + lPb0l,
B P.e4 0i.|e.,|Pb..
494. IfDnETHs A 3b"ls+Pba (Ase),|e, |Pbs+iPbGL
UL WAGIJERITB GBOXTP. 0. ratio for bases and acid 8 : 5, but with the addition, in wagnerite, of a fluorid, which, if included with the bases, makes the ratio 4 : 5. Crystallisation dinorhombio with /A /=91'*— 96%
495. WAGwnnni A itgP+MgF (Pe),|e, |Mg,+MgF.
B (+iMgF/l (PP) 14 |Mg,
IT. TRIPLITE GROUP. 0. ratio as in the Wsgnerlte groap. CfTstalllzation orthorbonitaia with /A /=97'-.10l*.
498. TuPHTun (to, X, li)!P (Pe),|0, KFa, Mn, U).
Oxtoen Oomfoundb.
499. Tbipute a B 600. HOPBXTB
(Pe),|e,KFe,Mn).+SFi (PF) 104 KFe,),
y. BERZELIITB GBOUP. 0. ratio for baBes and add 2 : 8.
601. BsBsauxn (Caftg,ttn)"lB* Aa
VX OABMINITE GBOUP. Ckmtaina aeaqoiozyda. Oxystals orthorhoznUa
602. Cabhdhtb £a,9elb
Vn. AlfBLYGONITB GROUP. Oontaina alomina, 1ithla and fluorine. dTBtaUiiatta tri dino; /A/=73'— 74*.
603. AiaLTGONin P, Si, Ii,P VXTL HEBDEBITE GBOUP.
604. Hiffipimna
P,Xl,Oa.P
IX. MONIMOUTE GBOUP. Antimonatea. dystallization tetragonaL
606. Mondcolite 606. Romsitb
(Ph, fe, Mn, Ca)* Sb 5b, £[g On
Appendix,50B, 609. Absikatbb or NionL.
490. ZBNOTZBSS. Fhoaphorsyrad Ytteijord Benk, Ak. H. Siodkh., iL ZU, 1824. Phoapbei aaure Yttererde Oenn. Phosphate of Yttria. Xenotime Beud.f Tr., IL 662, 1882. Ytterapath Glocker, Handb., 959, 1831. Oaatelnaodite Damour L'lnalitut, 78, 1863. Wiserin Keningoii, Jahrb. Mm. 1864 464.
Tetragonal. 0 A 45' ; a=0-6201. Observed planes as in the annexed fignre. 1 A 1. pyram.,=:124 26'; ba8al,=82° 30'; /A l=13r l6'. Cleavage: /, perfect.
H.=4-5. Q.=4-46-4-56 ; 4-657, Berz. ; 4-64, Georgia, Smith. Lustre resinous. Color vellowishbrown, reddish-brown, hair-brown, flesh-red, grayishwhite, pale yellow ; streak pale brown, yellowish, or reddish. Opaque. Fracture uneven and splintery.
Oomp.'1=PhoBphoric add 87*86, jttria 62*14=100.
AnalTsea: 1, Beraeliua (L c.); 2, B. Zadiau (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 618); 3, J. L. Smith (Aol J 6d., IL ZTiil 878); Damonr (Bull Q. Fr., IL ziiL 642); 6, Wartha (Pogg., czzriii 166):
1. mtterda
88*49 — 62*68 — aubphosph. iron 8*98=100 BeneUna.
ANUYDBOnS PHOSPHATES AND AB6ENATB8.
52&
8. deorgOi 6. Wiaerine
ai'6i 60'iO 1 fi, 2r 7*40=100*64 Damour.
3508 — 48*33 , Bpecolar iron, with (race ti, 6*69=100 WartI
InolodM a little La O, DI O. InolndM iom TT* 0*.
mthir.oiUT,
eto.— B.B. ixiiUsible. When moistened with sulphurio add colon the flame bluiah-greea DifBoultly flolable in salt of phoaphonu. Inaoluble in adda.
Oba. — From a granite vein at Hitterde, with polycrase, and orthite, where the cryatala are sometimes symmetricaUy oompoonded with crystals of siroon, aa In the annexed figare (E. Zschau, Am. J. BcLj II. XX. 273 whidi ia siroon abore and xenotiroe below, the two apedea being doaely isomorphoua ; at 7tterby, Sweden ; the Fibir Berge, aW. from Sl (othard; Binnenthal In Upper Valais, Switzerland {wimine). In the United States, in the gdd washings of Olarksville, Georgia (t 438), associated with ziroon, rutile, and cyanite; in McDoweU Co., N. 0. ; in grayish-white and pale yellow crystals in the diamond sands of Bahia, Brasil {oaate nandite).
Beudant named the spedes xenoUme (apparently stranger to, and rifi honor but in the next line gives the derivation vain et ri/i4, honneur," aa if the word were IwioiuiM and adds afterward that his name is intended to recall the fact that Uie mineral was erroneously supposed by Berzelius (in 1816) to contain a new metal (the metal which he named thorium, before the later thorium was discovered). There is a sneer at the great Swedish chemist in the name, which should have occasioned its immediate rejection. Fortunately the word was misspelt from the first; and in its accepted form may be regarded as referring to the fact that the crystals are small, rare not showy, and were long unnoticed.
491. GRYFTOLTTS. KryptoUth WShler, GeL Anz. Gott, 1846, 19, Fogg., IxviL 424. Fhos-
phooerite H. WaUa Qu. J. Gh. Soc., iL 131, 1849.
Ii. acicular pnfims and minnte grains ; those of cryptolite perhaps hexagonal, Wohler ; those of phosphocerite tetragonal octahedrons and sqaaro prisms, Watts and Chapman.
G.=4-6, cryptolite ; 4*78, phosphocerite. Color wine-yellow ; of phosphocerite, pale -yellow or colorless. Transparent — translucent.
— Ce* P (like monaateX the cerium replaced in part by didymium. The analysis of cryptolite aflbrds better Oe" r*. Analyses: Wohler and Watts (L a):
P Ce, in te
1. Cryptolite 27-87 73-70 1-51 =102-68 Wohler.
2. Phosphocerite 29-66 6788 Fe 2*95=100 Watts.
The excero in anaL 1 is supposed to be due to oxydatlon of the protozyd of cerium in the course of tiie analysis.
Pyr., etc. — Cryptolite is not altered by moderate heating. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric add. Phosphocerite, according to Chapman, vitrifies partially on the edges, tinging the flame at the same time slightly green. Affords the reaction of phosphoric acid and also of cerium, pro- , however, with borax and salt of phosphorua a glass which is pale violet-blue when cold, either due to the presence of didymium or a minute portion of cobalt ore
Obs.— Cryptolite occurs in the green and red apatite of Areodal, Norway, and is discovered on putting the apatite in dilute nitric add; constitutes 2 or 8 p. c. of the mass ; it was found espe* dally Ui the red apatite, or in reddish points of the green, and assodated with particles of magw netic iron, hornblende, and another cerium ore of a hyacinth-red color, supposed to be monazite. This mineral was looked for In the yellowish apatites of Soaram without success. Occurs also with apatite in the Tyrol (?); and in the apatite of the Sliidianka in Siberia. Phosphocerite aooording to Watts and Chapman, may be the grayish-yellow powder in the cobalt ore of Tunaberg. The crystaUme forms most common in the powder are an octahedron and a square or rectangular prism, terminating in a four-sided pyramid parallel with the lateral platies, resembling fig. t4A under siroon Tenth has observed a mineral, probably cryptolite, in the Hurdstown apatite.
Named firom KpnrdSf
U
OXYGEN OOHPOVMDe.
492. APATITE. OryttaBmdfircm Spain. Ghiyaolite ordinaire de Liak (with fig.X Grist, 1711 ii. 271, 178S;=dpargelgrune SteinkiTrstalle <iu8 Spenien nfihem Apatit WenL, Bergm. 74, l790;=Spargel8tein Warn.; Asparagus Stone; Pierre d'Asperge jFV.; Asparagolithe JftW gaatrdf nn. Ch., zzzil 196, 1800. Chanz phoephate Vaiuq Ann. Ch xzri 123, 179a Phosphate of lame.
CrysL fir. Saxony. Aqoamarin (celandine-green, fr. SchnedEenstein) Bnmnieh, his CronsL, 1770 Amethiste basaltine (mostly olet; flr. Ifines d'etain de Saxe) Sage, Min. L, 281, 1777 ; de Litk, Crist, iL 254, 1783;=Apatit WenL, Gerhard's Grundr., 281, 1786, Bergn. J., 676, 1788, 37 ltas. Phosphorsarer-Ealk JTfapr., ib., 294, 1788. Saofaslscher Berjll, Agostit (with aiaouncem. of supposed new earth, Agusterde), Troinmadorf, Tronmisd. J. d. Pharm., 1800.
OrysL fir, Norway, teic Moroxit (fr. Arendal) Abildffaaird, Moll's Jahrb. B. H., iL 432, 1798. Franoolite (fr. Devonshire) Brooke; T. H, Henry, PhiL Mag., III. xxxtL 1860. Lasur- Apatit iiT. Kordenek., Bull Kat Mosuou, xsz. 224, 1867.
Mcusive. La Pierre Phosphorique (fr. Lagrosan, Estremadura) DovtZo, p. 60, Madrid Phosphate calcaire /, J. de Phys., zxzii. 241, 1788; FelUsUer, Ann. Ph., vii 1790i=Phoephorits ftno., Mm., L 129, 1794; id. jEdrf/., Tab., 62, 1808. Eupjrohroite (fr. N. T.) Emmons, Bep. G. N. Y., 1838. Osteolith Bromms, Ann. Gh. Pharm., bczix. 1851= Bone-phosphate.
Apatite (incL the Saxon and the Spanisli and massive Phosphorite, ezd. Moroxite) Karai. Tab., 86, 1800 ; id. (incL the same and also Moroxlte) ff Tr., ii 1801.
Hexagonal ; often hemihedral. 0 A l—lSO*" 41' 38", Kokscharof ; 0*734603. Observed planes : O ; prismatic, /, i-2, i-f , ; pyramidal, 1, 2 : 1-2, 2-2, 4-2 ; 3-|, H ; H- Figs. 440, 441, 442 ; f. 441, hemihedral in the planes, 3-f , 4-J ; f. 442, actual form of a crystal of which f. 441 ii the normal form ; (?=8-f ,
0 A 1=157 r
O A 2=120 31 0 A 3=111 27 0 A 1=128 10 O A 4=108 6 O A 3-1=114 1 0 A 2-1=123 11 O A 1-2=143 42
0 A 2-2 124 I A 2-2=135 35 /A 4-1=157 19 /A 34=149 40
1 A 1, pyr.,=142 16 1 A ly W,=80 86|
St Gothard.
/A 1-2=150'
at Gothard.
Cleavage : O, imperfect /, more so. Also
! globular and reniform, with a fibrous or imperectly columnar structure; also massive, structure granular.
H.=5, sometimes 4*6 when massive. G.= 2'92— 3'25. Lustre vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color usually sea green, bluish-green; oftn violet-blue; sometimes white ; occasionally yellow, gray 9 red flesh red, and brown ; none bright. Transparont—
AKHTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AUTD ASfiENATBB. 681
opaque. A blaiBh opalescence sometimes in the direction of the vortical axis, especiallv in white varieties. Cross fracture conchoidal and uneven. Brittle.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, CrystaUiied, or deayable and granular maasiye. (a) The aaparaia ilonf (originaUy from Murcia, Spain) and moroxUe (from Arendal) are ordinary apatite- The forme was yellowish-green, as tbie name implies; the latter was in greenish-blue aud bluish crystals and the names have been used for apatite of the same shades from other plaoes.
G.=3-2ll, fr. Ehrenfriedersdort; in Saxony, G.Rose; emerald mine on the Tokoyaia River Urals, 3*212, Kolcsch.; of Pargas (anal. U) 8*19, Arppe; of Tammela, bluish-green (anaL 16). 8*18, Arppe; of Miask, yellow (anaL 17X 3'23i, v. Rath; ib., 8*216, Alexejef; of Murda, Spain, 8-236, Rose; of Arendal, Norway, 3*194, Rose; of Snarum, 3*174, Rose; of Ghreinor, Tyrol, 8-176, Rose; of St Gkithard, 3-197, Rose.
The above measurements are by Kokseharo!| on crystals from the emerald mine on the Tokovaia, a fluor-apatite (anaL 21), According to him, apatite from Achmatovsk, and that of Ik Laach, affords 0 A 1=139° 64' and 1 A 1=142'' 26'; that from Blagodat, Ud" 44' and 142" 18'; that from Murcia, 47' and 142' 20'; that of St 19'; that of Ehrenfriedersdorf the same as that from the Tokovaia emerald mine.
(6) LaaurapaiUe is a sky-blue variety; it occurs in crystals with lapis-lazuli at Buoharei in Siberia, (c) Froneolik from Wheal Franco, near Tavistodc, Devooshire, occurs in small crystallme Btalactitic masses, grayish-green to brown, aud in minute curving crystals.
2. wFt&rott5, ooncreiionary gtalaetUie. The name PhoajphorUe was used by Kirwan for all apatite, but in his mind it especially included the fibrous concretionary and partly scaly mineral from Estremaduni) Spain, and elsewhere. It has H.=4-6; 0.=2*92— 8, Forbes, but 2-98—8*12 after ignition. Eupyrohroite (from Grown Point, K. Y.) belongs here ; it is concentric in structure, consisting of convex subfibrous layers, more or less easUy separable; H.=4i; (}.=8'068; ash-gray aud bluish-gray in oolor, and gives a green phosphorescence when heated (whence the name, from rS weU wioj fire and x'pH color.
3. Earthy apictUe; (ktooUte, Mostly altered apatite (see beyond). Coprolites are mainly impure phosphate of Ume.
4. IhtorapaUie, 6. -apaUie, Apatite also varies as to the proportion of fluorine'to ine, one of these elements sometimes replacing nearly or wholly the other.
Pieudoapatite of fireithaupt is pseudomorphous apatite Kurprinz, near Freiberg and Bdilackenwald in Bohemia.
Oomp— Phosphate of lime, with chlorid or fluorid of lime, or both; or(,% Ca+ F))'''P*=, for -apoMe, Phosphoric add 40*92, lime 48-43 (=8U*o6 P, Oa), chlorine -81, calcium 3-84 (=10-66 CI, Ca); and for fiuor-apiuiie, P 42-26, Ca 6000 (=9226 P, Ca\ P 3-77, Oa (=7-74 F, Oa) ; and the analyses should give for the former P 40*92, Oa 68*81. 01 6*81 ; for the latter P 42*26, Oa 65-66, F 8*77 (Rammelsberg). In most kinds both fluorine and chlorine are present The amount of fluorine has not been determined with accuracy; in the larger part of the analyses it has been deduced from the loss ; and where this is the case, the amount of fluorine is not given in the table of analyses beyond. G. Rose first detected the fluonne and chlorine, and published the following aa the composition of different specimens (Pogg., ix. 186):
I. Snarum, 2. Murcia 3. Arendal, 4. Ghretner, 6. St Norway. Spain. Norway TyroL TyroL
Phosphate of lime 91-13
Ghlorid of oaldum 4*28
<r.
Fluoridof caldam 4*69
7*69
a=8l74
G.= 2-236
a. =3194
a.-=8176
G. =3-197
Other analyses: 0. Weber (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 3o6>: 7, 8, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IxviiL 606, Ixxxv. 297); 9, G. Roso (Pogg., boxiv. 308); 10, Joy (Inaug. Dissert, 45); 11-13. Volcker (J. pr. Ch., Ixzv. 384); 14, 15, Arppe (An. Finska Miu., 4): 16, Henry (Pha Mag., III. xxxvi. 1850); 17, v. Rath (Pogg, xcvi 331;; 18, v. Alexejeff (Verb. Min. St Pet, 69, 186*2, Eokscharof's Min. RussL hr.); 19, Jackson (Am. J. Sd:, IL xL 402); 20, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. ScL, II. xviL 209); 21, Daubeny (Ann. Ch. Pham., Iv. 116): 22, Garao ft Penuelas (Bull Soa G., xvil 167); 23, Mayei (Ann. Gh. Pharm., cL 281); 24, Jackson (Am. J. Sd., II. xii. 73); 25, Petersen (Jahrb. liin. 1867 101); 26, Foster (ib., 1866, 716); 27, 28, P. v. Pusiievski (Verb. Min. St Pet., 1862, 59, and Kokscfaarof Min. RussL, iv.):
OrrOEN OOMFOITNDB.
Schwarzonstein
9 Faldigl, TttoI
IL. Krageroe, 4i;Aiito
13. red
14. Pargas, blue
15. Tammela, blh.'gfk
16. Wheal Franoo
17. Kiaak, yeOaw
19. Hurdfltown, erytt
21. Estremadura, PhotpK
28. Amberg, " 24. EupyravmUe 26. Diez, Nassau,
it
41-54 1-79 —
— 0-27
43-01 0 09
0-92*
8-09*
tr,
43-63 0*90 0*10
46*76 f'2-00
36*78 Fo-61 0*19
Ca Gl F fi
68*46 55*31 66*87 64*59 64*74 66*40 66*17 66*08 63*87 54*08 58*66
2*66 0*07 0*06 Ir.
r.
tr.
tr. 1*02
26. Staffel,
M
S4-48 6*42 0-16 46*79
27. TokoYaia, Ural 41*99 66-95 0-01
28. Sludkuika Mvrox, 41*98 56*91 Oil
" With mm Mg 0 and Fe O.
Weber.
— — Bamm.
— — Rose.
— -Joy.
— 0-42, 'Si 0-38, alk. O-lT, IdboL 0'8S 1
— 0-83, 0-30, inaoL 1*10 Yolok. , P, Fe, Xl 0*99 Arppe.
— — Arppe.
— — Heniy.
— 0 16 r. Rath
— — AlezejefEl — — — Jackson.
Whitney.
Si 1 70 Danbeny.
316 — Si, £l 3-10, 0*79 G. k P. 2-09 — 4, iSfa 0-73 Mayer. 0*60 0-50, 0 1*22 Jackson. 4*25, insoL 1*06=100*77 Pet 0*42, & 0-68=101*17 Fo8ir. 4-20 — PusireYskL 4*02 — Pusirevski WUh wme ihimlim.
The earliest examination of apatite was that of Proast, in 1788 (1. on the phosphorite of Estremadura, which led him to oall it a calwreoua phmnphate: and that of Klaproui, in the same yreard. c), on the Saxon apatite, in which he found P 45, Ca 55. Pelletier in 1790 (L c.) made a complete, although not entirely accurate, analysis of the phosphorite, detecting even the fluorine and chlorine, obtaining P 84, Oa 69, fluoric add 2*5, muriatic acid 0-6, Fe 1. Si 2, C 100. The asparagus stone of Spain was not analyzed until 1798, by Yauquelin (1. a); he found only phosphoric add and lime, respectively 45*72 and 64*28 p. o. His results proved its. identity with the Saxon mineral, and this time they were united, along with phosphorite, under Werner's name of apatUe, first given in 1 786 to the Saxon mineral
Forbes found in the eupyrchroite (Pha Idag., lY. xxix 840) P 44*12. Phosphorite of different localities has aflbrded a trace of iodine, and that from Amberg gave H. Reinadi in addition a trace of bromine. Apatite from Krageroe, according to Volcker (anal 11), contains uo fluorine. That of Jumilla afforded de Luna 1*76 p. a of cerium, lanthanum, and didymium.
Near Coquimbo, Chili, at the mines of TambUlos, occur dear turquois-blue crystals, containing, according to F. Field (Chem. Gas., Ko. 400, I860, p. 224), P .37*69, Oa 36*64, Ou 20*93 GaQ 2*38, fi 2-32=99 -lU, the copper being present as phosphate.
Lechartier has shown (0. R., Ixv. 172) that an arsenic add apatite may be made by Aision together of arsenate of lime and chlorid of oaldum ; and that from the same at a lower temperature an arsenic add wagnerite is obtained in crystals.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the forceps fuses with dii&culty on the edges (F.=4*6— 6), coloring the flame reddish-yellow; moistened with sulphuric add and heated colors tiie flame pale bluish-green (phosphoric add); some varieties react for chlorine with salt of phosphorus, when the bead has been previously saturated with oxyd of copper, while others give fluorine when ftised this alt iu an open glass tube. Gives a phosphid with the sodium test.
Dissolves in muriatic and nitric add, yielding with sulphuric add a copious predpitate of sulphate of lime ; the dUute nitric add solution gives with acetate of lead a white predpitete, which B.B. on charcoal fVises, giviug a globule witib crystalline faoete on cooling. Some varieties of apatite phosphoresce on heating.
Obs. — Apatite occurs m rocks of various kinds and ages, but is most common in metamorphie crystalline rocks, especially in granular limestone, granitic and many metalliferous veins, particularly those of tin, in gneiss, syenite, homblendic gneiss, mica schist, beds of iron ore ; occasion* ally iu serpentine, and in igneous or volcanic rocks ; sometimes in ordinary stratifled limestone beds of sandstone or shale of the Silurian, Garbouiferous, Jurassic, Oreteoeous, or Tertiary fomia* tlons. It has been observed as the petrifying material of wood.
Among its localities are Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, Schwanenstein and in the TtfoI*, region of St Oothard in Switzerland ; Mussa-Alp in Piedmont, white or colorless, and of likt form aad color on the Mittaghom in Upper Yalais ; Babenstehi and Amberg in Bavaria ; Zinc
Akhtdbous Phosphates And Ab8Enatb8.
wald and Schkcikenwald in Bohemia; in Biland, in Cornwall, with tin ores; in Oumberland, a. CSarrock Fella, in oelandine-green oryataU in gObertite ; in DeTonahire, cream-oolored at Bovey Traoej, and at Wheal Franco {JraneoUte); In Ireland, in a baaaltto dike near Kilroot in Antrim, alao in Down, Dublin, and Killiney HilL The greenish-blue arietj, called martKcUe, oocurs at Areodal, Snarum, and Krageroe in Norway, at the latter place in honiblendic gneiss, in pan Besh-red, and looking much like feldspar; with magnetic iron of a greenish-jellow oolor at Mt. Blagodat in the Ural ; with black tourmaline on the Schaitanka in Katharinenburg ; on the Qi:.- diana (UuurapaUte) at the emerald mine of the Takovala, 85 yersts N. E. of Katharinenburg on the Kirilba, 70 rests S. W. of ICiask, oontaining no chlorine (PusirevskyX with G.=a-r26; is Pargas, Finland. The aaparagua sUme or spairgelstein of Jumilla, in Murcia (not C de Gata), Spain, .'s pale yellowish-green m color ; and a variety Arom ZiUerthal is wine-yeUow. The phottphorUe, or massive radiated variety, is obtamed abundantly near the junodon of granite and argillite, in Estrema* dura, Spain ; at Schlackenwald in Bohemia ; at Eragerue, whence it has been largely exported to England; at Amberg, in Jurassic limestone, nodular and stalactitaa
In Jlaine on Long Island. Blue-hill Bay, in veins 10 in. wide, intersecting granite. In K Edmp crystals, often large, are abundant, 4 m. & of the N. village meeting-house, Westmoreland, in a vein of feldspar and quarto, in mioa slate, along with molybdenite ; fine crystals at Piermont, in white limestone, on the land of Mr. Thomas Oross. In Moua,, crystals occasionally 6 in long, at Norwich (N. £. partX in gray quarts; at Bolton abundant, the forms seldom interesting; sparingly at Chesterfield, Ohester, Sturbridge, Hinsdale, and Williamsburgh. In New York hge crystals of apatite are found in St. Lawrence Go., in granular limestone, with scapoUte, sphene, etc ; one crys* tal from Bobinson*s farm, in Hammond, was nearly a foot in length, and weighed 18 lbs. ; in crystals 1 m. S. fi. of Qoverneur and 2 m. N. ; in Bosie, with sphene and pyroxene, 2 ra. N. of the village of Oxbow ; also on the bank of Yrooman Lake, Jefferson Oo., in white limestone, green prisms in. long; Sanford mine. Bast Moriah, Essex Co., in magnetio iron ore, which is often thickly studded with six-sided prisms ; also at Long Pond, Essex Co. ; near EdenviUe, Orange Co., in prisms 12 in. long, bright asparagus-green, in white limestone ; in the same region, blue, grayish-green, and grayish-white crystals ; 2 m. Sw of Amity, emerald- and bluish-green crystals ; at Long Pond, Essex Co., with met and idocrase ; at Greenfield, Saratoga Co., St. Anthony's Nose, and Corlaer*s Hook, less mtereeting; fibrous mammiUated (eupyrckruite) at Crown Point, Essex Co about a mile south of HammondsviUe, in large quantities, quarried for agrlculturai purposes. In New Jersey on the Morris Canal, near Suckasunny, of a brown color, in massive pyrrbotite ; with the magnetite of Bryam mine ; Mt Pleasant mine near Mt Teabo. in a low hill near the junction of Bockaway R and Burnt Meadow Or., f m. from the canal, in masses sometimes 6 in. through ; at Hurdstown, Sussex Co., where a shaft has been sunk and the apatite mined ; masses tooust out weigh oooasionaUj 200 lbs., and some cleavage prisms have the planes H in. wide. In Panii., at Leipernlle, Delaware Ca ; in Ohester Co.. at New Gkuden; in Bucks Ca, at Southampton. In Maryland near Baltimore. In Ikiawanf at Dixon's quarry, Wilmington, of a rich blue oolor.
In Canada, in North Elmsley, and passing into South Burgess, in an extensive bed 10 ft broad, S ft. of which are pure sea-green apatite, and outside of this mixed with limestone, and sometimes occurring in prisms a foot long and 4 in. through, with pyroxene and phlogopite— a JluorHipaUk containing only 0-5 chlorine (Hunt) ; similar in ; at the foot of Calumet Fails, in blue crystals ; also near Blatsdell's mill on the Gtineau ; in crystals in doleryte ; at St. Boch, on the Achigan, dear rose-red, amethjrstine, and colorless crystals, with augite.
ipatite was named by Werner ivaraoi, to deceive, older mineralogists having referred it to aquamarine, chrysolite amethyst, fiuor, schorl, etc
For recent articles on oryst, Kokscharof Miu. BussL, ii. 39, 189, iii. 86; v. Bath, Pogg., cviii. 85.S ; Pfaff; Pogg., cxL 276 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not, Nos. and iv.
Alt— 492A. OsTBOUTB is massive impure altered apatite, as stated bj A. H. Church (Oh News, xvi 150, 1867), after analyses of specimens various localities. The ordinary compact, variety looks like lithographic stone of white to gray color. It also occurs earthy. H.= 1 — 2 G.=2*8 — 3-1, fir. Hanati, Bromeis; 3*86, fir. Hanau, Church; lustre feeble or wanting. Excepting impurities, it has the composition of apatite, although most analyses, excepting those of Church, have not detected the fluorme or chlorine.
Analyses: 1-8, Bromeis, Ruts, and Ewald (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxix 1); 4, 5der (ib., Itttjx. 221, cL 'J88); 6, Durr6 (Pogg, cv. 156):
2'28=z 99-51 Bromeis. 3 46=101-28 Biits. 8 6.=98*80 Ewald. ] Schroder. 2-97, 01 r.=98'69 D.
No. I was of the oompaot port; 8, of the earthy ; 3, of the intermediate. Klaproth found is
Oa
Si
£1
Pe
Ag
jfa
&
1. Hanau 36*88
0*62
t. 37-41
2*76
1. " 37-16
tr.
2*31
0*43
2*66
4. Bedwita? 42*00
0-0'i
2*21
ft. Schonwald 34-64
Oxtgen Compoukdh.
an earthy apatite from Siegeth, Hungaiy (Beitr., It. 373), 2*6 p. o. of finorio add. A kind fhmi t bod in the Tertiary fonnation of the Fichtelgebirge, white and earthy, with G>.=2*82, gare Schmidt (6. H. Ztg., xz. 3H0) 76 p. c. (h* P. Church found the white, hard osteolite of Eichen, Hanau, to afford much fluorine, and more lime than would saturate the phoaphoric and carbonic adda; whence he deduces from his analysis Oa* r 87*26, Ca 0 6-70, Oa F 4*92, £[ 2*31100-21, making it true apatite.
Found in fissures or csTities in doleryte or related rocks, as if a secondary product; also in beds among stratified rods.
Occurs at Ostheim, near Hanau (G.r=2'89 — 3*08), and near Schdnwald hi Bohemia (G.=2-828j in doleryte; at Bedwlta? in the Fichtelgebirge (G.=2*89, 2*82). It is named from 4arco, bone and A;9of, bones oonsisting largely of the same phosphate.
492B. Phosphatto Nodulbb. Oopbolxtbs. Phosphatic nodules occur in many fossiliferous rocks, which are probably in all oases of organic origin. They sometimes present a spiral or othei interior structure derived the animal organization that afforded them, and in sudi cases their coprolitio origin is unquestionable. In other cases there is no structure to aid in deciding whether tfaey are true ooprolites or not The foUowii are analyses of some ooprolites :
Burdie-
Fife-
Burdie-
Burdie-
Oberlau-
house.
shire.
house.
tits.
genan.
Phosphate of lime
9*68
63*60
86*08
60*89
Carbonate of Ume
24*26
10*78
32*22
Carbonate of magnesia
18*67
2*76
Sesquiozyd of iron
6*40
tr.
2*08
Alumina
6*42
Silica
UlS
ir.
0*34
0*29
0*14
Organic material
3*96
7*88
Water
6*83
3*83
Lime of organio part
1*44
Chlorid of sodium
Nos. 1 and 2, by Gregory and Walker; 8 and 4, by Connell; 6, by Quadrat ; 6, Bochledar.
See other analyses by B. Hofihiann, J. pr. Ch., za 469.
FhoaphaUc nodules, from the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada, contain sometimes fragments of shells of Lingula and Orbicula, which shells, unlike most others, consist largely of phosphates. They are found in the Chai formatioii at Allumette Id. (G. =2*875), Hawkesbury, B. Ouelk (G.=8'15), and elsewhere. Th hare afforded T. & Hunt (Logan's Bep. Can., 1861-62, 1868 and Am. J. Sd., IL xriL 236, 1864) the flowing results :
Phosphate lime
Carb. lime, with some fiuorid
Carb. magnesia
Sesquioz. iron and little £1 )
Magnesia )
Volatile
Allumette L
Hawkesbury.
ROuelle.
86*38
44*70
40*84
60
6*60
6*14
4*76
[7-02J
8*60
12*62
26*44
97*56
96*37
They are blackish externally, and yellowish-brown to blackish-brown or bluish-brown withhL A phoBjatic nodule, in brown coal beds near Both, afforded Hassencamp (Jahrb. Min. 1866, i'li) Phosph. lime 45-67, ph. maoxL 2-04, ph. iron 27*71, magnesia 1*84, lime 4*20, alumina 0*68, organic acid 383, water 7-50, C and loss 7*68=100. H.=:2-6; G.=:2'818. Color externally pitdi-black ; within, honey-yellow.
492a iSto/e of Stein (Jahrb. Min, 1866, 716) occurs incmsting the phosphorite of Staffel, ia cwiryoidal, reniform, or stalactitic masses, fibrous and radiating. H4 G.=:3*1284. Ookit leek to dark green, greenish-yeUow. Analysis afforded Fbrater (L a) r 39*06, 0 319, M 0-026. Fo 0-037, Ca 64*67, F 3*05, 1-40=101*423. Stein regards it as a result of the aoUon of carbon titled waters on phosphorita.
Anhtdb0U8 Phosphates Ajscd Ab8Enate8. 68A
iS2D. GuAMa Onaiio Ui bone-phospbate of lime, or OBtedite, mixed with the hjib jus pho plukte, brashite, and generaUj with some carbonate of lime, and often a little magnesia, alnmina, iron, silica, gypsum, and other impurities. It often contains 9 or 10 p. a of water. It is often granular or oolitic ; also compact through oonsolidatiQn produoed by infiltrating waters, in which case it is frequently lamellar in structure, and also occasionally stalagmitic and stalactitic. Its odors are usually grayish-white, yellowish and dark brown, and sometimes reddish, and the lustre of a surface of fracture earthy to resinous. Shepard's J. Sd, II zxil 97) is nothing but the hard guano from Monk's Island, Oaribbean sea, the mass of which he named FrO' iMMitfe, under the wrong idea of its having undergone the action of heat : and Phipson*s StmUtre' rUa (J. Ch. Soa, xy. 277, 1862) is the same thing from Sombrero as shown by A. A. Julien (Aul J. Sci II. xxxtL 428). The waters which hare filtrated through the guano at Sombrero have altered the coral rock adjoining, turning it more or less completely into phosphate of lime of a yeUowi&h or brownish color; and phosphatic stalagmites and stalactites resinous in fracture are common.
Shepards massive Olaubapatiie, yellowish-brown to. chocolate-brown in color, and in fibrous stalactites, fivm Monk's Island (L c.), is also in all probability merely the guano rock above described. He says the mineral contains 16-1 p. c of sulphate of soda, with 74*0 of phosphate of lime, an# 10-3 of water; but such a compound is hardly a possibility, and the fact of its existence needs confirmation. The name, from glauber and apatite, alludes to the composition. The mineral includes also "tabular crystals," which may possibly be bnuhiie although the composition is against itk
492Eb EpiPHOBPBORTni BreUh, fB. H. Ztg., xxv. 194). Occurs renifoim, of scaly-granular stnuv tore, indining to fibrous, vitreous lustre, leek- to celancUne-green color, with H.=:4'6— 5, 0.=3*I2R Aooording to Bicbter it fuses with much diflicnlty, and affords indications of phosphoric add, lima protoxyd of iron, alumina, and a very little sUica ; not tested for fluorine or chlorine, because or too litUe material Occurs with garnets and graphite in a crystalline rode, but locality unknown.
482F. Talo-apatiti ffermann (J. pr. Gh., xxxL 101). An apatite from chlorite slate in the Bchischimskian mountains, near Slatoust, containing a large percentage of magnesia in place of part of the lime, and low in specific gravity. It occurs in 6-8ided prisms, grouped or single : H.=6 ; 0.= 2*7— 2*76 ; lustre dull to earthy; color milk-white, yellosh externally; feebly translucent
Composition, according to Hermann (L cX exduding 9*50 of insoluble material as impurities : P 43*11, Ca XM, Mg 8-S5, 9e 1*10, CI 0*9i 9 2*32, fluorine undetermined; whence the formula 8 Oa' P+ lilg*r, with chlorid and flnorid. ierzelius suggests that the magnesia may have come from the gangne. According to Yolger it is an altered impure apatite, borne magnesia is present in many apatites (Bisdiot).
492G. HTDBOAPATin Damowr (Ann. d. M., Y. x. 66). In mammUlary concretions, looking a ittle like dialcedony. H.=5'5. (}.=:8*10. milk-white. Subtransparent Composiuon thatofaAvdrMtfcNnh'te; 8Ca'r+CaF+£L Analysis by a):
Heated in a tube it decrepitates and gives out ammonlacal water.
Ftoond near St Girons in the Pyrenees, in the fissures of a brownish, ferruginous, aigiUaoeona diist, a rock which not fSur distant aflbrds wavellite.
493. P7ROMORX*HXTB. Gron Blyspat, Mmera plumbi viridis pt, TTolL, Min., 296, 174& Mine de Flomb verte i. 7H Wall, i. 636, 1863. Grunbleieni Braunbleierz, ScfuUiMet Dresden Mag., iL 70, 1761, ii 467, 1766 (with obs. on identity). Griin Bleyerz, Phosphobsaubshaltiq (fr. Zsdiopau), Klapr Orell's Ann., L 884, 1784. Green Lead Ore, Brown Lead Ore; Phosphate of Lead. Phosphorsanres Blei, Phosphorblei, Buntbleiers, Oemk Plomb phosphate Fr, Pdydirom, Pyromorphit, Mamank, Handb., 1089, 1090, 1813. Traubenblei td, ib., 1098. Polyspharit BreUh Char., 64, 1838. Kussierite Ikmhttnuer Bamiel, Ann. Ch. Phys., Ixii. 217, 1836. Miesit BreOlL, Handb!, 286, 1841. Cherokine 3h Bep. Canton Mine, 1866, Min., 407, 1867, Am. J. Sd., IL xxiv. 88, 1867.
Hexagonal. O A 38' ; a=0-7362. Obeerved planes : (9, /, 1-8. 1,2,4,2-2.
O A 4=106 28' O A 2-2=124° 11' 1 A 1, pyr.,=142' 12'
O A 2=120 28 7 A v2=160 /A 2-2= 186 46
M6
Oxtoen Oohfoitnds.
Cleavage : 1 and 1 in trees. / commonly striated horizontally. Often
f [lobular, reniform, and botryoidal or verruciform, with usually a enbcoumnar structure ; also fibrous, and.anular.
H.=3"5— 4. G.srB'S— 7*1, mostly when without lime; 5— 6*5, when containing lime. Lustre resinous. Color green, yellow, and brown, of different shades ; sometimes wax-yellow and nne orange-yellow ; alfiu grayish-white to milk-white. Streak white, sometimes yellowish. Su1> transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Var. — I. Ordinary, (a) In erffskUs, J. Schabns found the angles 1 A 1, in green dyBtalstiom and 80*" IL'; and in brown from Bleistadt, 142* 14' and 8(>° 40' (Pogg a HOoy. (h) In acktUar and nios8-4iie aggregations, (c) Concretionary groups or masses of crystalfl, having the surface angular, (d) FUfirous. (e) Granular massive. (J) EarOiy; incrusting.
% Piolyephtariie. Containing lime ; color brown of different shades Tellowish-gray, pale yellow tc nearly white ; streak white ; Gr.=5'89— 6*44. Rarely in separate crystals ; usually in groups globular, mammillary, yerruciform. Miesiie (torn Mies in Bohemia, is a brown Yariety. NuseieriU is similar and impure, from Nussidre, near Beaujeu, France ; color yellow, greenish, or grayish ; G.=5 0415. Olierokine is milk-white or pinkish-white in color, and occurs in slightly acuminated prisms, and also botryoidal and massive; Q.=:4*8 (?); from the Canton mine, Cherokee Oo Georgia. 3. Chromeroue; color brilliant red and orange. 4. Areeniferoue ; color green to white: G.=6*6— 6'6. 5. JPaeudomorphoua ; (a) after galenite: (5) ceruasite.
Botn the green and brown colors occur among the pure phosphates of lead, as well as those containing lime.
l*bP+Pb 01, or (fa f b + A Pb a)"P, with Ihne often replacing part of the lead, fluorid of calcium part of the chlorid of lead, and arsenic add sometimes part of the phosphoric add, Phosphoric acid 15*7, ozyd of lead 741, dblorine 2*6, lead 7'6=Phosphate of lead 89*8, chlorid of lead 10*2=100. Analyses : 1-3, Kersten (. J., bd. 1, Pogg., zzvi: 489); 4, 5, Lerdi (Ann. Ch. Pharm., zlv. 828) ; H, 7, Sandberger (J. pr. Ch., xlviL 462) ; 8, Strove (Koksch. Biin. Bussl, iii. 42); 9, Wohler (Pogg.. iv. 161); 10, 11, Kersten (I. c-); 12, G. 18, Wohler (1. a); 14, Strove (1. c.); 15, 16, Seidel (Jahrb. Min. 1864, 222):
1.
PbCl CaF Ca'IP
V66 0-22 0*85=100 Kersten. G.=6'988.
9-92 014 0-77=100 Kersten. G.=7-009.
1009 =100 Kersten. G.=7-050.
10-28 0 07 0-86, e'P 0-77=99-31 Lerch. G.=6-84a.
9-57 0-20 1'58, te*r 0-50=100-27 Lerch.
11-33 — =100*40 Sandberger.
10-47 -_=99'63 Sandberger.
994 — Pe, Sr 0 59, V lr.=99-7 1 Strove. G.=6'91S
9-91 — =100 Wohler.
Hies, lirown erysL 89 27
Bleistadt, " 8917
Poullaouen, eryei 8991
Bleistadt, broum eryei. 87*38
" 88-42
Ems, yellow crypt 89*07
Kntusberg, gre 89*16
8. Beresovsk, ywK'gn. 8918
9. Leadhills, orangered 9009
X WWi mueh photpJiote of kme IPlyaiuBrit),
10. Freiberg, brown
11. Mies, "
77-02 10-84 1*09 81*65 10*64 0*25 56-40 7-65
11 -05= 100 Kersten. G.=b-092.
7-46=100 Kersten. G.=6*444.
22-20, Si 7-20, is, 6 50=99-95
8. QnUaining arsenit acid. Is Pb Fba
13. Zschopau, white [15*17] 2-30
14. Altai, yellow 12*90 2*61
15. Badenweiler, waoBettow 16*11 0*66 16 dark orange 16'SS 0*69
72*44 10*09=100 Wohler.
73*40 1018=99*04 Strove. G.=5-537.
77-46 , Ca 2-40, CI 2*64=99-27 SeideL
77-45 Oa 2*45, 01 nfMlet SeideL
Himt found the cherokine (a spedmen received from Shepard) to consist of lead and photfhoHi add, with less than 1 p. c of other material (Am. J. ScL, IL xriv. 275).
Spedmens of pyromorphite Huelgoet are often mixed with plumbognmiiiite and ahimina up to 16 p. c. (Damour, Ann. d. M., III. xviL 191, 1840).
ASHTDROUB FHOePBATXa AND ABSENATE8. 637
Pyr ato.— In the looted tube girea a wblte rabUniAta {(ddorid of U id). B.B. In t forsepi nues rasQf (F.IB), coloring the fliuneblnUh-green: on charcoal fiisas without reducttim to a globula, ou cooling luumas a cngtalUne pDljhedral Tonn, while the oml is coaled white bom cUorid, aud, nearer the aBsay, ydlow from tnyd of lead. With soda ou charcoal jielda metallic load; some Tarietlea cona arsenlOi and ve the odor of garlic in ILF. on chirooal With Mlt of phoBphoniB, preTioualy laCurated with osfd of copper, givea an uure-bliie colot U the flame when treated In O.F. [chlorine). Solable in nitric add.
Obi. — Tomorphite ooouni principally in velna, and nocompanlae ochor ores of lead.
Oocnn at Poullaoaen and Huelgoet in BriCtanj: at Zschopau and other places in 3a3on;; Prsibram, lOes, and Blaistadt, bi Bobemlai ar Sonneawirbel near Freibe; Claostbal In the Hani in fine OTBtatB at Nassau; Beiesof in Siberia; OomwaU gnen and brownX Dtod (graj Derbjshire (green and yellow), Cumberland (golden-jellow), m Bnaod ; Leadhilla ired and grange fbnnenf ), in aooUand; Wicklow (dove-Wwn and TeUowiah-greeD) and elaewhere, Iro> land.
fTomorphite baa been found in good spedmeus at the Perkioman lead mine near Philadelphia nd verj Ane at Phenixville ; also in Maine, at Lubeo and Lenoi ; In New York, a mile aouut of Sag Sing; sparingly at Southampton, Itauacliusetts, and Biistol, Conn. ; io good isjatalliiatioDt of bright green and gray colore, iii Daiidaon Co., S. 0.
Named IVtim Tk, , fPti, ferrTi, alluding to the crTstallJne form the globule aasumes on cooling. Thia apedea paaaea into the following
Alt-Oocurs altered to galenlte <Pb8), oenuite calamine (Za'Sl+'B.), oaldte, aad Hmoolte ; to galenlle, probaUj thiough the action of aulpharetled hydrogen.
494. MIMin'n'lL Ulnera Tiridla pt., anenlco mlneraUaatitm, WaO lOik, 396, ITiS. Flomb Tert areecioa] (Dr. Andalusia) Proust 3. de ., xu. 391, 11ST. Idem lb. Boaien, with anaL) Iburcroy, Uem. Ac. BcL Puis, 17S9. Anenikaliachea Bleyen Lems HItL, ii. iH, 17M. OrUnUeiera pk, BnntUeien pk, FlockAiMn, Traubenblei pt, ArBeoMnrea BleL Otrm. Arsenate of Lead, Orcen Lead Ore pt Flomb aneniat Fr. tromorphlte pt. Mo!u. Ulmetse Beud., Tr., IL 694, 1833; Ulmetene Ifia., 18.1B; Mimetesit BntOL, Eandb., iB9, 1841 ; Uimetit Baid., Handb., 184fi, Olocker, Syn., IBil. Hedyphane BrtUlk, achw.J.,liL II, 1S30. Kanqiyllt AC4„ Handb., a 391, 1841.
Hexagonal. 0 A 1=139° 68'; a=0-7278. Observed "'
(ilaneB as in pyromorphite. O A 2=120" 46', 0 A 2-2 =124" 30', 1 A 1, pyr.,=142'' 29', baB.,=80'' 4' (mean of meaBarementabySchaboB), Cleavage: 1, imperfect.
H. 3-6. G. 7-0 -7-25, mimetite; 6-4-fi-6, hedyphane. Lnstre reeinone. Colur pale yellow, paaaiue into brown ; orange-yellow ; white or color lese. streak white or nearly so. Snbtraneparent — translucent.
Tar. — 1. Ormmy. (a) In eryitalt. SdMboa found I A I In cryBtala from Johaimgeorgenalxdt US" 87', 18° 44', ur aS', 79° S6', 142° 29', 89° 4', 142° 13', 80° 43'; Trota Ennd, 143° 4a', 79° ; Ihun Phenizville, Pa., 143° IB', S0° 80' (Pogg., c. 297 k {ii Oa iUary or fllamentous, eapedally marked in a larlety 8t. -aoaa-Beurray, France ; somewhat like aabeatua, and Btraw-yellow in odor. (e) CrmerttUmory.
3. OaieifBroat. ffedyphane, wliiob belongs bere, la colorless snd trsnalnoent. in crjMala and maaaive; lustre between adunantiDe and greasy; II.:=3'S— 4; a.=a'4— GE, £eraCen; turn LoDgban In Wermland, Sweden.
8. Omlaming nwA plutpkorie aad. Cbmpptils, ftom Dryglll in Onmberiand, hat =7*318, and is in barrel-shaped crystals (whence the name, Inat HnAuf, euntd), yellowish k brown and browniah-ied.
Oomp.-atb'Xa + PbCl, or (Aifb+APb01)*P'=ABnateor led 9069, chlorid of lead R-M ; but with phoapborio nanally npladng part of tiie arsenic add. and aometimes, alao, lima part of the ozyd of lead. Analjaea: l.BergemanD (Pogg., lxix.401); 3, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., fL T, Strure (Terii. IQn. Gm. St. Fetertb., 18B7); B, J., IxiL 1) :
iS38
Oxygen Compounds.
1. Zaoaiecas, yeUow cr,
2. Phenixyille, yioh.
3. Johanngeorgenstadt, " 4 Horhausen
6 Gomwall
6. Cumberland, CampylUe
7. Siberia a=6'663
8. LoDgbaiii ffedvphand
Wf
900t
12*98 15-51
9-92=99*99 BergemKOM 9-38=99-73 Smith. 9 60=99-84 Wohler.
10-40=98-26 DolDoy; 906=98-10 Dufrnoy. 9-45=100-15 Bamm. 9-83=100 Strove.
10-29=98-88 Kenten.
Michaelson found for the Longban hedyphane P 3*19, 28-5l,b 67-46, Oa 10*50, 01 3-06— 1*93, oorrespondlng to Pb 01 11*70 (J. pr. Ck, za 108). Batio of r to As in campylite, anaL 6, 1 : 8i (0-60 Oa above removed) ; in anaL 7, 1 : 6 ; in hedyphane 1:2; and of Oa to in thi last 4 : 3.
Domejko obtained for an impure, earthy, yellow mlmetite, from Mina Grande, near Arqueroa 9*05. Xl, Fe 1*1, day 2, H 1*12=99*00. Domeyko does not dte this analysis in the last edition of his mineralogy ( I860). It is assooiated with a vanadate of lead and oopper.
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube like pyromorphite. B.B. fuses at I, and on charcoal gives in B.P. an arsenical odor, and is easily reduced to metallic lead, coating the coal at first with chknid of lead, and later with arsenous add and ozyd of lead. Gives &.e chlorine reaction as under pyromorphite. Soluble in nitric add.
Obs. — Occurs at Wheal Unity, near Bedrath in Oomwall, and at several other of the Oomish nunes; also at Beeralston in Devonshire; Boughten Gill, Drygill, etc., in Oumberland* formerly at Leadhills and Wanloch Head in Bootland. At St Prix in the Department of the Saone, ic France, in capillary crystals ; at Johanngeorgenstadt, in fine yellow crystals ; at Ner1chin8l[; Siberia, in remform masses, brownish-red ; also aCZinnwald, and Badenweiler. The crystals Preobragansk Bergwerk, Siberia, were black externally, having a coating of pyrdusite, but yellow within. At the Brookdale mine, Phenixville, Pa., crystals of pyromorphite capped with mimetite
Named from fnfinrint imitator, it dosely resembling pyromorphite. Beudant's word mimekse is inadmissible, because wrongly formed. Shepard's modification of it, mimeiene, he has rejected for mimdik in his last edition. Mimeiite is the correct form in view of the derivatioiL Mohs united this spedes with pyromorphite.
Artif.— Formed by fusing together arsenate and chlorid of lead, and dissolving out afterwarJ the exoess of dilorid (Leohartier, 0. B., Ixv. 172).
496. WAaNBRTTE. Wagnerit, Phosphorsaurer Talk, iVe . J, xzziil 269, 1821. Magnesia phosphate fV*. Pleuroklas BretOu, Ohar., 60, 193, 1823.
t.2
U H
11
/
Monoclinic. 0=11° 53' /a/=96' 25', O A 14=144° 25', B. & M. ; a : J : c— 0-78654 : 1 : 1045.
O A i-l=160° 19' OM-i=185 18
0 A t-t=108 7
14 A 14, top, =108 60 t-t A l-t=116 36
1 A 1, front,=112 6
Obeerred Flaneo.
-1 A -1, 1-2 A 1-2,
iAi,
1-J A 1-J, -1-i A -l-," *-2At-2, "
(C
=127 82 =142 48 =138 54 =106 4 =119 0 =181 4
i-i A -i, side, =122 25
Most of the prism&tic planes deeply striated, deavage : I, and the UkUi diagonal, imperfect ; 0 in traoea.
Ahhtdbous Ph06Phate8 And Ab8Enates.
53S
H.=:5~5*5. G.=3'068, transparent cirstal; 2*985, nntransparent, Rammelsberg. Lnstre vitreous. Streak white. Color yellow, or different shades ; often grayish. Translucent. Fracture uneven ana splintery across the prism.
Oomp.— or add 43*8, magDesia 371, flaoriae 11-7, magnesiiim 7*4=100. AnalyBes : 1, Fachs (L a, reviBed by BammelsbOTg) ; 2-4, Bammela* (Fogg., IxiY. 261, 400) Min. Oh 849) :
f
%
i*e
Oa
F
1. 41-78
2. 40-61 8. 41*89 4. 40*23
46*66 88*49
4*69
8*88
6-17, ln 0-46=99-61 FnohiL 9-86—108*21 Ramm. imd, £l 0*65 Bamm. imdL, 0-96 Bamm.
P3rr., eto.B.B. in the forceps ftises at 4 to a greeniah-gray glaaa ; moiatened with sulphuric add colors the flame Uuiah-green. With borax reacts for iron. On lluiion witii soda eflnresoes, bat is not completely dissolyed ; gives a faint mansanese reaction. Fused with salt of pbosphoruB hi an open giass tube reacts for fluorine. Soluble in nitric and muriatic adds. With soihuric add evolves fumes of fluohydric add.
Oba — rare spedee occurs in the valley of HoUgraben, near Werfen, in Salzburg, Austria, in irregular Teins of quarts, traversing day date.
Named alter the Oberbeiigth Waonbr.
Alt. — In a specimen of apparently altered wagnerite Bammelsberg found Si 98-81, P 1-87, Ag
496. MONAZTTB. Monadt BnUh Sdiw. J., It. 301, 1829. tfonadte had orlhogr, Mengite Brooke, PhiL Mag., H z. 139, 1831. Edwardslte Sh., Am. J. Sd., zzzil 162, 1837. Eremite Slup ib., 341, 1837. Konadtoid J. pr. Oh., xL 21, 1847. Urdi. Ibfim db JMU, Nyt. Kag. f. Nat, nil 1866.
0'94:715 : 1 : 1*0265. Observed planes: rare; vertical, i-i, i-% /, t-2, i-i ; clinodomes, 14, 24 ; hemidomes, l-t, -1 ; hemioctahedral, 1, -1, i, 1-2, 2-2, 38, -2-i.
Norwich, Ot
0 A l-t= 130 6' O A -l.t=148 6 OAi=103 46 O A -1=133 89 O A 1=121 6
Watertown,Ot
O A -2.2=121** 18' O A 24=119 10
0 A 14=90
1 A 1, front, =106 36 -lA-1, " =119 22
Watertown, Ot
-2-i A -2-i, front, U A -l-t=140 40 U A 1-1=126 8 U A 14=100 18 i4 A 84=98 6
540 Oxtoen Oomfounm.
U A -H top,=98 12' 14 A 1=118° 13' 1 A 7=138° 68*
U A 1=148 18 iri A -2-i=120 10 24=150 50
i-ii A i-i, front,=55 42 -2-i A 24=152 56 i4 A 14=131 52
ii A 7=136 40 -1 A 7=146 17 a A *.i=152 9 A -1=131 58
Cr f stals usually flattened parallel to i4. Cleavage : 0 very perfect, and brilliant. Twins: composition-£EM 0,
H.=5-5-5. G.=4-9-6-26: 5-203, N. 0., Genth; 5-11, Ural, Kokscharof ; 6'19— 5*26, urdite, Foroes. Lustre inclining to resinous. Color hrownish-hyacinth-red, clove-brown, or yellowish-brown. Subtransparent — subtranslucent. Bather brittle.
OompCe, La, iM, ¥hi)' P. The later aoalysia of Hermanii (1864) giTea the 0. ratio for Oe ta, In to ¥h to P=9 : 6 : 26. Analyses: 1, Keraten (., zItIL 886); 2, Hermami (J. pr. Oh zzzW. 90); 3, id. (ib., zdiL 112); 4, Damour (Ann. Gh. ., m. li 446):
P 1th Sn Oe La An (Ja
4. R. Chico 28*6 46*7 24*1 — InaoL 1*6=100 Damonr.
Thoria was detected In monazita both hy Beraeliua and Wdhler, though not by Hermann. Tin waa detected, with the blowpipe, by Roae in the Amerioan monaiita.
Shepard found in hia edwardsite (L a) 7*77 p. a siroonia, 4*44 sti, 8*88 Si, with 66*68 Oe, La, and 26*66 P ; but rejecia hia results in the last edition of hia Mineralogy, referring both edwardaita aod eremite to monaaite.
Var. — The cryatal affording the author the abore anglea (f. 447) waa a line one with polished feces, well calculated for accurate meaaurementa.* Hermann givea tne angle /A 7=92'' 80 ; &eit* haupt, 36'.
Descloizeauz obtained for crystala from the anriferoua aanda of R Chico, in Antioquia (Ann. Ch. Phya.. HI IL 445), /A 7=98" 20', 30', 76° 16', A-.U-=127", Oa-1h= 129° 30', -1 A -1 107° (nearly), -1 A 1h=143° 40'. Kokaoharof haa measured crystals flron Mt Umen and the river 8anarka, and found I A 7=98° 22', C7=76° 14', 0 a 2-i=119° 10', O A 1-4 =188° 9', 1 A 1 119° 28', -1 A-l=106° 44', OA l-i=143° 2', Oa-1.=129° 69'; the feces were not yexy even, and hia results, he statea, were therefore not very exact
Pyr., etc. — B.B inAiaible, turns gray, and when moisteoed with sulphuric add colors the flame bluish-green. With borax girea a bead yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; a saturated bead becomea enamel-white on flaming. DiflQcultly soluble in muriatic add.
Oba. — Monazite waa brought by Fiedler from the Ural It occurs near Slatoust in the Ilmen Mtn., in granite, along with fieah-red feldspar; also near the river Sanarka, in the Ural; near Noterd in Norway {write\ in crystala sometimea 1 in. across ; at Schreiberhau. with gado- Imite (G.=4*9). In the United Statea it is found in small crystala from j'); to f in. long, with the aillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the same mineral at Cheater, Gt A few minute crystala {eremiie of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitic granite, containing also a few minute siroona and tourmalinea, in the northeastern part of Watertown, Ct Good crystals are obtained with the aillimanite of Yorktown, Weatcheater Oa, N. Y.; near Crowder'a Mountain, N. G. ; and in gold washings on Todds birandi, iCecklenbui Go., N. G., witii garnet, zircon, and diamond Found also in the gold waahinga of Bio Ghico, in Antioquia.
Named from fuuaun to be eoUtary in alluaion to ita rare occurrence.
Monasiloid Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xl. 21). Thia mineral is monaaite In cryatallization and external charactera. H.=6. G.= 6*281. Hermann atatea that the brown color ia diatinot Hermann obtained in hia analyaia :
B3. infriaible. With the fluxes like monadta.
487. TuBNiBiTS Levy, Ann. FhiL, xvilL 241, 1828. Tumerite ia iaomorphoua with monaiMs
Am. J. Sd., xxxiii, 70 188S. Fig. 8 in that artide is uroon, and net monaidtei
AITHTDBOITB PHOSPHATSB AMD ABSmTATES.
ltd like It In clMnge and oolor, and may be the OTatals ; the original, fVom If t Sore! in Dauphinr {measured bj Levy, Maiignac, Philllpa, and Desctwieaux); later, foia iknta Brigritta, near Buaraa in the TaTSteoh raCe;, A1p (meaaared by vom Balh). The acoomponying profile flgara Ig rom KaCh (Pogg aax. Hi), but raveraed In poaltioti ao as Co make it irlth the abore ; moreover, the plane of perfect deavage ia made the banal, ae in monadts, inat*d of i-i, that ao made by v. Ralh. Some of the anglea are aa (bUowa : thoRB nnaaoredited, t. Rath'a caloolaied teaulta, &om l-i a 1 111* 2S', 1-iA t 14:i° 44', t-i A l-i isr BS'; tboM with Dx. afflied, Deadolaeaux'adittoiomt-i AI-J=lUi>,>-f A i-i=12B' 91', l-i A l-i=36' SO'; Uioae wich It, L, afdied, meoaurementa by, lespeatlrely, Marignac, Riillipa, Levy ;
apedea. It la known only i
/A 1=93' 60'
A/=1W65'
Al=191'iat'
" iaS4BDx.
" 119 8 a
Oa-U'=14S 15
" 137 22 L,
MAl
i?AM=ioa4a
" 136 43 U.
" 130 30 Dx.
0 A -1=193 0
i'iAi-a=154° SB'
" 126 as kL
OAisiii IS
l-( A 1=148 44
A3-i=160M
2T
" 148 30 ttL, P.
160 49 Dx.
" 140 40 Di.
-MA-l=lSfl
Iso 55 P, Il
W=127 Ib
" 14& 44 Dx.
160 68 H.
149 88 P.
" 126 31 M.
i-iAU= 09 344 100 0 Dx.
" 181 Go M.
-i A 3-3=163 35
" 181 Sb P.
103 n Dx.
" 99 40L.
AS.l=14S4ai
158 63 P.
100 Is H.
" 146 57 Dx.
lG2 65 IL
unu=wa
" 146 10 P.
vt A 2-2= 143 6
Ma-I 13I41
" I4S 53 U.
141 Is M.
131 66 Dx.
I-i A l-i. top,=86 4
Tumerite ia deacribed aa having U. abore 4 ; Inatre adamantme ; color ysDow or brown ; atreak white or grayieb ; tranapareot to tranaluoent. Children, after aome imperfect trial, made ou( Itiat it oontBined alnmina, lime, magnesia, a little iron, witti no tibmia add, and very little atllctL At M;. Sorel it occura with quarts, albite, orthodaae, oricbtonlte, and odahedrlte ; and in the TBTSlscb valley, with quart! oryatal and odtahedrite in talooae achlat.
498 'iJaPHTUTB. Triphylln Aeb, J. pr. Ch., liL 9S, 1834, t. 319, 183t. Tetnphjlb Bert., Anb zr. 1885. Perowakyn If. Ifordmtkield.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=98''; 33', Tsehennak; a:b:o= 1'211 : 1 : 1-1504. Observed planes : O; vertical, i-i, 7, i-a ; domes, J-, 1-t, }-i ; 1-t, |-i,
7a 7,ov.i-i,=82'' (9Al-i=133° 83'
7a-=131 (?Aj-i=
/Ai-fl=163 30 OA*-i= /Al-t=135 8 OAf-i=U0 5i t-a At-2=183 l-iAl-i,ov. 0,=874
Faces of crystals nsiiaU; uneven. Cleavage : O nearly perfect in unaltered crystals. Massive.
H.=5. G.=3-54--3-6; 3-545— S-&61, Bodenraais, Oesten, Subreein-
Oxtoek Oomfotjnbb.
oas. Color greenish-gr ; also blniBh ; often brownkh-black externaUy Streak grayiSi-white. TranBlucent in thin fragments.
Oomp. — (16, ftn, tAfP FaohB. Oesten's analysiB, whioh was made on the pure minera nrhoUj unaltered, sustains Fuchs's fonnukL 0. ratio for f*e+liin, lii+i6a+Ag=3 : h
Analyses: 1, Fuchs ( J. pr. Gh., iiL 98, v. 31 d); 2, 3, BammelBberg (Pogg., Izxzr. 489); Baer (Arcb. Pharm., II. WiL 374); 5, G. 0. Wittstein (Viert pr. Pharm i. 606); 6. Qerlach (ZS nat. Ver. Halle, Ix 149); 7, Oesten (Pogg cyil 438); 8, imperfect anal bj Berzelius and N Nord<;Dski61d (Jaliresb., zv. 211):
f
te
Ibl
(k
fTa
&
ft
d
41*47
48*67
4*70
3*40
0*63
2. "
39*35
41*42
9*48
— .
7*08
1*07
0*36
1*28—99*98 Ranmn.
39*97
9*80
——
—
7*28
1*46
0*68
0*26
=100-05 Bamm.
4. "
86*36
44*62
5*76
0*78
1*00
6*09
1*19
=100-59 Baer.
11*40
0*87
0*07 fe 3*81
40*82
86*64
9*06
1*97
6*84
2*51
0*86
=9816 Geii
44*19
88*21
6*63
7*69
0*74
0*04
0*40
& Finland
42*6
1*7
8*2
=103*2 Ben.
The excess in the analysis of the Finland mineral (tetraphyline) is supposed to be owing to ao incorrect determination of the lithia.
P3rr-i etct — In the closed tube sometimes deorepitateSi turns to a dark color, and gives off traces of water. B.B. fUses at 1*5, coloring the flame beautlM lithia-red m streaks, with a pale bluish-green on the exterior of the cone of flame. The coloration of the flame is best seen when the pulyerized mineral moistened with sulphuric acid is treated on a loop of platinum wire. With borax gives an iron bead; with soda a reaction for manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid.
Obs. — Triphylite occurs at Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria; and f. 451 is from a large somewhat distorted Bavarian crystal in the cabinet of R. P. Greg, Jr., having the appearance of being altered; also at Keityo, in Finland (perowskine or tetraphyline) ; Norwich, Mass.
On cryst, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvu. 282 ; R. P. Greg, this Kin., 406, 1854; Dana, lb.
Named from rou, three-foH and family in allusion to its containing three phosphates.
Alt. — Triphylite and triplite, like other minerals containing protoxyd of manganese, imdergo easy alteration by oxydation and hydration ; and the former also by losing its alkalies. The sea* quioxyd of iron in Wittstein's analysis (anal. 6) is thus accounted for. The following have come from the alteration of one or the other of these minerals.
A. Hetebosttb. Heteposite AUuaud in an Art. by VauqueUn, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxx. 1826. Heterosite, Heterozite, AUuemd, Ann. Sd. Nat, viii. 846, 1826.
Qeavable massive and lamellar; cleavage stated to be in three directions, unequal, afibrding an oblique prism of 100*'-101 U.=5*6— 6 ; G.=3-52, or 3*89 after further alteration, Daftnoy ; lustre resinous, or like that of apatite; oolor greenish- and bluish-gray, becoming violet and submetullic on exposure. Soluble in adds, with a slight residue of silica. B.B. fuses to a deep brovrn submetallic enamel Found in pegmatyte near Limoges, Dept of Haute Yienne, France, and espe* cially at the quarries of Hureauz. Named heterosUe Ircoci other or difinnt, but misspelt Vauquelin.
B. PSEUDOTRIPLETB Blum, Oiykt, 2 Aufl., 637, with anaL by Del£b. Resembles triplite; but occurs incrusting triphylite at Rabenstein, Bavuia, to the alteration of which its formation is using.
C. Alldauditk Damour Ann, d. IL, IV. ziiL 341, 1848 [not Alluaudlte Bemhardi], In nodules, or massive, with three rectangular cleavages as in triplite, two rather easy, the other less so. H.=4— 5 ; G.=3*468, Damour. Color brown, Lrownish-red at the edges by transmitted light; powder brownish-yeUow. B.B. fuses easUy to a black magnetic globule. Dissolves in muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine. Supposed to be altered triplite, and oomes (torn Ghanteloube, near Limoges.
D Altered TriphyliU fivm Ihrwichf Mass, The Norwich mineral is found only in crystals, some an indi long and wide, associated with spodumene in quarta. The crystals vary much in their angles ; the faces are smooth but hardly polished. The flowing angles were obtained by the author 8 crystals (the right-hand ui & here accented):
n.
Vu.
v2 A i-i'
128*
lSr-132*
127M804*
126*
134'
128*
180*
1214*122
Iim
Oaia
ASKYDBOm PHOePHATEB A2iVD AB8ENATK8. 543
L Il
Iv. V.
Vol
Ho*
110M12*
tor f-S') A /
169* 162
0 A obtuse edge of /
86*
98*
100*
90*
/A/
Many of the cryiitalB have a moDodinio form, while othen are orthorhombio; but '.he latter it uie normal form ; the' obliquity having resulted from some movement in the eudosin rode after che crystalB were made. They doeely resemble in form the crystals from Bavaria. Cleavage not distiuct Color blade; streak brownish-red; opaque; brittle; H.=6'6; G.=2'876, Craw. In composition, quite near allnaudite, as observed by Mallet Brush found the interior of a crystal true triphyliie with odor grayish-green; R=:5, and G. =8*684 (Am. J. 6d., II. zzziv. 402).
Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy (Ann. Ch. Phys., xlL 842); 2, Ixxxv. 439); 8, Fucba (J. pr. Ch iiL 98, V. 819); 4, Delfb (I a); Domour (I a); 6, 7, W. J. Craw (Am. J. Sd IL zi. 99); 8, J. W. Mallet (lb., viil 88):
9e fin
te
An
Oa
Li ]9[ Si
1. Limoges, EOeroaiie
4H7
34*89 17*68
—
— 4*40 0*22=98'86 Dufrdnoy.
82-18 31-46 80*01
6-86 =100 Bamm.
8. Babenstein, Feiidotr,
36*70 48*17 8*94
6 30 1-40-99-61 Fuchs.
36*71 61 00 8-07
452 ins. 0 70=100 DL
41-26 26-62 1*06
—.
2 66 0*60. 6*47 =99-78 D.
6. Norwich,
41*86 27-36 24*70
10001 Craw.
44*64 26*02 23*30
1-61 2*20 2-07 , Hg ir., iusoL 0*80
=100*14 Craw.
ffeteroaUe by Bammelsberg's analysis, gives the O. ratio for bases, add, and water 18*67 : 18*13 : 6*64, and was made on a brownish-violet specimen having G.=3-41 ; by Dufrnoy's, 8 : 6 : 1. IKudoiriplUe corresponds nearly to 9 : 10 : 2. AUuaudile gives approximately, supposing the manganese to be protozyd, as stated in the analysis, for the 0. ratio for B, fi, P, 5:6: 18:2: and the Norwich mineral 1 : 9 : 16 : 1. It is useless to write formulas for these compounds until the state of ozydation of the iron and manganese has been more precisely ascer* tained; and even then they are of Utile value, as the mineral in the altered state is probably a mere mixture.
Mklanohlos Fucha (J. pr. Ch., xviL 171) is altered triphylite according to Sssmann (this Min., 4th ed., 618) It is a phosphate of iron from Babenstein, contaiLing, in 100 parts, 88*9 sesquioxyd and 8*87 protoxyd of iron, besides protoxyd of manganese, and 9 to 10 p. c. of water; it occurs on triphylite. The name alludes to its blackish-green color.
499. TRXPUm. Phosphate natif de fer mehmg de manganese (fr. Limoges) Vauq J. de jn. 296, 1802, Ann. Ch., xlL 242, 1802. Bisenpedieim pt Wem 1808. Mangandse phosphate Lueofj Tabl, i. 169, 1806. Phosphormangan Karsi TabL, 72, 1808. Manganese phoephat4 ferrifftre, E., TabL, 1809. Triplit HanarrL Handb., 1079, 1813. Eisenapatit /Icc J. pr. Oh., xviiL 499, 1839. Zwiselit BreUK, Handb., iL 299, 1841. Phosphate of Iron and Manganese. Zwiesdit GM;, Syn., 244 1847.
Orthorhoiiibic. Imperfectly cryBtalline. Cleavage: unequal in three directions perpendicular to each other, one much the moet distinct.
H.=4— 5-5. G.=3-44— 3-8; 3-617, fr. Peilau, Berg. Lustre resinous, Inclining to adamantine. Color brown or blackish-brown to almost black. Streak yellowish-graj or brown. Subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture small oonchoidal.
Ckymp.— ft'P+RF, v. Kobell, with ft in anal 8 s=ie+f An, and B=:l Oa + 2Mg+39B wfaidi givea for the percentage composition, Phosphorio add 82*7, proton. iron 16*6, proton. man* lese 32% iron 6*4, magnesium 1*8, caldum 1'5, fluorine 8*8=100. Analyses: 1, Berielius r. J., xxvtL 70); 2, Bergemann (J. pr. Oh., Ixxix. 414); 3, v. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., zdL 390); (J. pr Oh., xviii i99j; 6, Bammelsberg (4th SnppL, 247):
1 Limoges
2. Peilau
8. Sehlackenwald
0XY6SN ooHFomnw.
32*8
]ffa 9e 9l F fi
it
te Mn Ag
26*98 3000 3-05 220 &lr. 810 =104-18 EobdL
[36-rtO] 36-44 20-34 t'e4-76 0*68 8'18 =100 Fucht.
Fhotpbftte of limL With tome 14 O.
Yon Kobell's analysis beoomes, on combining the fluorine with Fe, Ga, Mg, 83*86, te 1986.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily at ) -6 to a black magnetio globule ; moistened with sulphuric add colors the flame bluish-green. With borax in O.F. gives an amethystine colored glass (man* ganeee); in B F. a strong reaction for iron. With soda reacts for manganese. Wi& sulphuric acid evolves fluohydric acid.- Soluble in muriatic acid.
Obs,— Found by Alluaud at Limoges in Frsnce, in a vein of quarta in granite, aooompanied by apatite; occurs also at Peilau in Silesia.
ZwieseUiej a clove-brown variety, was found by Fuchs near Babenstein, 1 league from Zwiesel, in Bavaria, in quarts (G.=3*97 Fuchs). in his Minerslogy suggests its relation to trijdite. It is stated to have a rather perfect basal deavage; a braohydiagonal little distinct; and a pris> matic parallel to a prism of 129° very imperfect
Alt. — Often occurs coated with ozyd of manganese as a result of its alteration.
600. Bopbitb.
Brewster Trans. R Soa Edinb., z. 107, 1825. Prismatoidischer ZinkphyUit BniiKf Ohar., 88, 1832.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=101'*, 0 A l-t=133 19', Levy ; a : J : (j=10607 1 : 1*2131. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 2-t, 34, and i-L
0 A 14=138° 60' 14 A 14, ov. 0,=97 40 0 A 2-1=119 47
2 A 2, brach.,=87° 3' 2 A 2, macr.,=106 86 2 A 2, ba8.,=140
Cleavage : i-i biglily perfect. Plane 0 striated. Also in reniform masses, and amorphous.
H.=2-5--3. G.=2-76-2-85. Lustre vitreous; i4 somewhat pearly. Color grayish-white; reddish-brown when compact. Streak white. Ti-ansparent — translucent.
Pyr., eta — Dissolves without effervescence in mnriatio or nitric add, and is slowly affected by sulphuric acid. B.R gives out water and then melts with difBculty to a clear colorless globule, tinging the flame green. The globule obtained with borax remains clear on cooling. With soda it affords a scoria which is yellow when hot, and gives out copious fHimes of sine and some of cadmium. The (sed min* erul forms a fine blue glass with a solution of cobalt Hopeite is supposed, therefore, to be a hydrous compound of phosphoric acid and ozyd of zinc, with a small portion of cadmium. N. tordenskiuld, Jahresb., v. 198, 1825. Obs.— Found in the calamine mines of Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle. Named in honor of Prof. Hope of Edinburgh. The angle of H H hopeite is near i-2 A i-2 in fischerite.
601. BBRZBUITB. Berzeliit Kiihn, Ann. Ch. Fharm., xxziv. 211, 1840. Usgnesian Pba macolite Datia Urn,, 239, 1844 Ohaux arseniate anhydre Dt, Benelit Eaid Handlx, 49ft, 1846. Kiihnite R ± 2L, Min., 481, 1863.
Massive, with cleavage in one direction.
H.=5— 6. G.=2-52. Lustre waxy. Color dirty-white or honey-yel low. Brittle.
Anhtdbovs Ph06Fhatb8 And Ab6Enate8.
54r.
ttg, ftn)" Xb\ (X ratio for ft, : li- Analyses : Kiilm (L cl) :
Xn
. Ca
Ag
An
ign.
1. 58-51
0-30=99*84 Ktihn.
2. 66-46
2-96, insoL 0*23=: 100*47 Kfihn.
Another partial analysis gare Oa 21-81, ftn 17 '07.
Pyr., etc — B.B. in&sible, but turns gray. With soda on oharooal gives an arsenical odir, with soda on platinum foil ftues with efferresoenoe, and gives a manganese reaction. Soluble la nitric add.
Obs.— Occurs st Longban in Sweden, with iron ore and granular dolomite.
602. OARMINITJU. Oanninspath Sandberger, Fogg., Ixzz. 391, 1869. Oannine Spar. Car
minite Dana, Min., 410, 1854
Orthorhombic. In dusters of fine needles. Also in spheroidal forms with a columnar structure. Gleayage parallel to the faces of a rhombic prism.
H.=2'5. G.=4"105. Lustre vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Coloi carmine to tile-red ; powder reddish-yellow. Translucent Brittle.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for b, 9e, : 9 : 17 ; or for bases and acid 2 : 3, or, less nearly, 8 : 6. Sandberger and MuUer adopt the latter, and write the formula b' As+6 Pe As. Analysis by R. Muller (Pogg., ciil 346):
Is 4911 Fe 80*29 24'66=108'96.
P3nr., etc — B.B. on charcoal ftises easily to s steel-gray globule, giving out arseoioal vapors ; with soda a globule of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube no change in nitric add.
Obs.— From Horhausen in Prussia, 12-16 m. K.EL of the town of Neuwied on the Rhine, with beudantite and quarts in a mine of limonite.
603. ABCBLTOONXTZL Ambygonit Brtiih Hoffm. Min., iv. b, 169, 1817, Handb., 483.
Triclinic. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, Dana.
7 A 20' O A t-t=105 OaL back,=87 40 <?a/=111 80! O A edge 7/7=78 80 ! A 2-1=105 20
7Ai.i=165 80
r A iri=97 50
7a 2-t=107 30 A 2-*, ov. 7,=142 80 irt A 1-i, adj.,=181 60
Oleavage : O perfect ; i-l nearly perfect, anle between Aese cleavages 104]- ; also 7 imperfect Usuly massive, deavable ; sometimes columnar.
H.=6. G.=3— 311; 3046, Hebron, Brush. Lustra pearly on face of perfect cleavage (O) ; vitreous on i-f, less
Krfect cleavage-face; on cross-fracture a little greasy. >lor pale mountain or sea-green, white, grayish, brownishwhite. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Optical axes very divergent ; plane of axes nearly at right angles to irt bisectrix of the acute angle negative, and paraUel to tibe ee 0/ir. Lesci.
Ctomp.— Perhaps Jra)'+f P, with cnMiinth ot the oxygen replaced by fluorine laaHjwsM 1, Beneliua (Gilb. Ann., 1x9. 821); 2, Bammelaberg (Pogg., bdv. 2A5, Min Oh., 859
Hebron, Me.
M6
0Z70Bir OOMFOUMM.
f
Si
U
1. Ohnndorf 66*69
3ft-69
9*11
2. Arnfldorf; G.=8'll (})47'68
iTa &
8-29 0*48 8*11 =102-97
In three triaU tiie alumina was found to be 86*26, 86*62, and 36*89 p. a Rammelsberg dedncot lie formida (Sl*P'+fi*r')+(Al*F'+BF), K standing for Uthinm and sodium ; Rose writes (2 &'
P3nr., etcw— In the closed tnbe yields water, which at a high heat is acid and oorrodea the glass. B.B. ftises easily (at 2) with intomesoenoe, and becomes opaque white on cooling. Colors the flame yoUowish-red with traces of green ; the Hebron Tarie gives an intense lithia-red ; moi tened with sulphuric add gives a bluish-green to the flame With cobalt solution assumes a deep blue color (alumina). Wi3i borax and Mlt of phosphorus forms a transparent colorless iass. In fine powder dissolves easily in sulphuric add, more slowly in muriatia
Obs. — Occurs at Chursdorf and Amsdorf, near Penig in Saxony, where it is associated with tourmalhie and garnet in granite ; also 'at Arendal, Norway. In the U. States, in Maine, at Hebron, imbedded in a coarse granite in masses, sometimes weU crystalliced, with lepidcte, albite, quartz, red, green, and black tourmaline, apatite and rarely cassiterite ; also at Mt. Mica in Paris, 8 m. ftom Hebron, with tourmaline. The Hebron cistidB have rather rotigh faces, admitting only of apprtudmative measurement, and are occasionally 1 in. thick and 2 in. long (Am. J. Sd II. xxxiv. %43}, The angles above are from measurements by the author of Hebron crystals. Desdoiaeaux obtained from the deavages of the Hebron mineral 0 (p) A t-i (fii)=:106*' ; 0 (p) A /(0=88* 30', /(O A (m)=136' (0. B., iTii 367, Pogg., cxxiiL 188).
The name is from d/iixef, bhmi, and ytfrv, angle.
604. HBBDBBmi. Herderite JSTotd, FhiL Mag., ir. 1, 1828. Allogonit BniffL, UBx, 23,
1880, Char 78, 1882.
/A 7=115 53', 0 A l-i=U5 61'; a : J : c=0-6783 : 1 : 1*5971. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 8, 4, and 6-t.
OAl=14n9' 0 A 3=112 86 0 A fi=147 80
1 A 1, mac.,=141** 17' 1 A 1, brach.,=116 8 0 A 7=90
Cleavage : /interrupted. Surfaces /and 1 very smooth, and delicately lined parallel to their edge of intersection.
H.=5. G.= 2-985. Lustre vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color various shades of
yellowish- and ereenish-white. Translucent Fracture small conchoidaL
Very brittle. Index of refraction 1*47.
Oomp. — ProbaUj, according to trial hj Tomer and Flattner, an anhydrouB phosphate of alumina and Ume with fluorine.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. ftiaea with .difficulty to a white enamel; beoomea bine with cobalt adntioBi Diaadyea when flnelj powdered in mnnatic add.
Oba— Very rare at the tin mines of Bhrenfriedandorf m Sazooy. Beaombloi the aqangoa rariefy of apatite.
Named after Bazon von Herder, director of the 8anm mfaiea
606. MONIMOZXrB. KonimoUt ZwJ. (EfV. Ak. Stodih., 1865 HI.
TetragonaL In octahedrons. Also massive and incrnsting.
Avhtdbous Antdconatieb. 641
H.4'5— 5. G.=5'94. Lustre submetallic, greasy. Oolor yellow Powder dtron-yellow. Fracture granular.
te An, da, ttg)* 8b, but mainly antimonAte of lead. AoalyBis : (L a)
r., %ta — B.R on charcoal gives a malleable lead-colored globule, whidi In O.F. gives a white coating of antimony, and nearer the assay the yellow of ozyd of lead. Insoluble in strong adds, or wi& carbonated or canstio alkalies, even on fusion. Beduced by hydrogen gas at a rod heat ; becomes soluble in adds. Obs.— Occurs with tephrotte at the manganese mine of Pdsberg, in Wermland, Sweden.
606. ROBCBXTB. Bomeine Jkmumr, Ann. d. K, TIL xx. 247, 1841 ; Y. liL 179, 1863
Tetragonal. In octahedrons, near the regular octahedron in form ; 1 A 1, basal, 110 50'— 111 20'; over the summit, 68 10'— 69 10'. Occurs in groups of minute crystals. Cleavage none.
H. above 6 -6. G. in grains, 4*714 ; in powder, 4'676. Color hyacinth or honey-yellow.
Oomp.— ft", SbC, SbO* DaDKnir= Antimony 62-24 oxygen 16-32, Hme 21*44=100. Analysis by Damonr (L a, 1863) :
0 16-82 Sb 62-18 FO 1'81 An 1*21 Ca 16*29 5i soL 0-96 insoL 1-90=99*67.
In his eariier analysis (1841) Damonr obtained Sb 79-31, te 1-20, liln 2-16, Oa 16*67, Si sol 0-64=99-98.
Pyr., ato. — B.B. ftises to a Uaoldsh slag. With borax aflRirds a colorless glass in the inner flame, a violet in the outer manganeseV -Mda on charcoal giTss white antimonial and globnles of metallic antmiony ; ftised on platinum foQ with soda gives a blnish-green manganate. Insoluble in adds.
OlHk— Bomeite was found by B. de Lom at St Marcel in Piedmont in small nests or yeins in the gangue which accompanies manganese consisting hi part of feldspar, epidote, quarts, limonite, and greenoTike.
Named ly Bamour {noi by Dufrdnoy) after the oystallographer Bom de Tlsle.
S07. AMBnOZJTB. Antimonite de Mercnre Domeffko, Ann. d. IL, lY. tL 183, 1844. Ginabrio subido Domekat Min 168, 1846. Ammiolito DanOf Min., 634, 1860. Antimoniato de oobre con dnabrio terroeo Jhrnaykct, Min., 129 1860.
Earthy powder. Color deep red, scarlet.
OoBi— BesuHs Tarlable : bat regarded as anthnonate of copper mized with dnnabar and with other impurities. Analyses by Domeyko (Min., 129, 1860) of the material obtained hi the earliest part of a process of leyigation :
Bb
Oa
Hg
S
9b
quits fi and loss.
24*8 8*8
8*3
8-1 16-9
8*1
1*1
BiTOt has found hi a sunilar substance from Ghfli (Ann. d. M., Y. tL 666), Sb 86-6, Gn 12*2, Hjg 22-2, Te 148, Fb, S tr quartz 2-6, 0 and loss 12*6, and observes that his result hidicatei the presence of teUurid of meranzy and antlmonio acid along with antimonate of copper.
rjTy etc — Biferyesoes witii nitric add, without loss of color ; but loss of color by aotion of muriatic add, and an abundant deposit of wlute antimonic add. Heated in a m itrass, a sublimate of merouiy.
Obs.— Found in many of the Chilian mines, fflfing cafitiei In the quartnse or argillo-fermgli
S48 Oxtgkn Oomfoi7Nd0.
Dona gansae of the nmoarial tetrabedrite and in the pores of the imperfeot nompaot tetrahedriti itself; and has proceeded the decomposition of this meicurial ore.
Named fVom /iiov, verimUon.
F. Field has analjied a red earth suhstanoe ftom TambiUos, near Ooqnimbo, Chill, and made it a oompoond of antimonlte of merooiy and sidphantimonite of Tieronry ; but there is muob uncertainty oyer his res .Its. He obtained (Q. J. Ch. Soa, ziL 27,
Sb
Hg
Fe
fi
quarts
U-21
34*42
4*46
ss-sosge-To.
29*78=96*88.
He takes the loss as partly oxygen, and makes SbO'/SbS*, HgO, HgSastheconstita . The material is probably a mixture o cinnabar, eta
Appendix.
608. ABSBirAn or Kickk. (lckelers, JH* Is, a Bergemainn J. pr. Oh., Izzr. 839, 18581 Orystalline masslTe or amorphous. H.=4. G. =4*888. Oolor dark grass-green to brownish io spots where amorphous ; streak lighter.
Formula given by Bergemann (L c.) As=Arsenio add 88*0, ozyd of nidcel His analysis afforded :
Unaltered in the closed tube. B.B. on charcoal affords arsenical fumes ; with borax in B.F. gives a gray bead (nickel) ; with soda on charcoal gives off arsenical fUmes and yields a magnetic mass. From Johanngeorgenstad along with the allowing, nickel oxyd, and native biamutiL
609. Absbvatb qp Kiokbl (Kicikelers, 2s, 0. Btrgemaum, J. pjr Ofau, Ixxy. 289, Amorphous. H.=4. O. =4*982. Oolor sulphnrtyeUow. Formula jSTi'As, Bergemann,=Ar8enio add 60*6, JSiTi 49-6= 100. Analysis by Bergemann (L a) :
Like the preoedmg in pyrognostic charaotera. Ooonrs at Johanngeorgenstadt, with the vf ceding
n. HTDROnS PHOSPHATES, ABSENATES, ANTDiONATES.
t
ABBAKGEMEKT OF TH£ SPEGIBa
A. Phospbatib axd AuDrATBB or Bins or thi Pboioxtd bsatb,
L STRUYITB GROUP. Oontain ammonia. O. ratio for bases and add 8 : 6.
15. 9TER00BITR (i Jra+iNH0+iH)*P+8£[
116. STBuyns (f ftg+iKH0)*+12fi (Pe),|e,KiAni+f ),+12aq
IL HAIDnGEBrrE GBOUP. Oontain lone. 0. ratio 8 : 6. Qrthorhombio with a peai diagonal deayagSk
W HAnmranm (f 0a+ift)*2s-|-8fi
H7Dbot7B Phobphatbb Abd Ab8Snateb.
m FHABIUOOLITB GBOUP. Oonldii Ume ormigneiia. 0.ntto8:S. MftwwHnin, witt
pearly dinodiagonal deavaga. .
518. BBUBBini 819. MsTABRUsenn
(Ca+ifl)*P+*fi
(tCa+iflyP+afi
(Oa,Ce)'1+4£[
Jkg'lfl+sa
(Pe),|e.K€a +i H,),+8 aq
e).|e.K}€a+i H.).+6 aq (Pe),|e,K€a,6e),+4aq
(M e),|e.K} Id+i H.), + 12 aq
IV. yiYIANlTB GBOUP. Oontain iron, roanganese niokel, oobalt or liiaa 0. ratio 8 8 MoQodinio with a pearly olinodiagonal deayage.
631. Husiaitliti
j*e*£8+naq
JiTi'Sa+Slt + 8£[
(liln,*e,fl)*1?+2fi
(Pe),|e.|Fe,+8aq (Aae),|e,|€lo,+8aq (As e).|eKi, 60, + 8 aq (As e),|e.KZii, 60. i), +8 aq
(P e),|e.|(Mii, Fe, H,),+2 aq
y. OHOKDBABSENITB GBOUP. Oontain manganese. 0. ratio 1:1? No cfoavage ob serred.
682. CHOHDBiBSiHm fin*£s+2iS
VL OLIVENITB GBOUP. Oontain On, 2n as the protozyd bases. General formula ft* [9; £s)+fi aq, with sometimes Cn fi, or 2n aooessoiy. Orthorhombic, witlmt pearij oleavage; /A I neai 90*.
633. Tbiohaloetb
684.?THB01IBOLm
637. Adamct
639. BATLDOnn
Cu (la, P) + 6u fi ((As, H, 6,
2n' ls+2n fi (As, H, Ot
(Oil, tbf Is + On £[+£[ (As Pb)+6a H, e.+sq
(hi* Xs+ Ou fi + 6 d (As H. O, + 6 aq
yn. LIBOOONITB GBOUP. Oontain On. General fonnnla ft* (P, £s)+fi aq, with mostly 2 Cu S or 8 On fi aooessoiy. Konodinio witiioot a very distinct basal olesTage.
641. TAonna 0a'1+0ufi+2£[
643. PAaoDOMAZJLomra 0u*P+3Ca£[ 6QHiei
M8A.BBLITI Cu'P+2Chifi[+fi[
643B. DiBTDBin fri'1+20a£[ (Pe)|e.|6u + 26QHteh
OXTOEN OOllFOUNDS.
544. Buiri
646. OOBHWAIUn
0u*ls+2Cu£[+3&
|6ut+26aHtOt+8a4
YIIL OHALOOPHTLLITB OBOUP. Ou. A perfect baaal oleftTage.
646. lYBOiin 0a*£8+2Cu£[+7S
547. Oldtoglasri (hi*Sfl+8 0a£[
Ma OHALOOPHTLLm a + 5Cllfi + 7£[
&(hi*£8+80a£[+9fi
(Aae),|e |6ii+26iiHtea+lMi
|eai+56iiH.0i+7aq
B. PH0SPHAT18 AXD ASfSMafAtm OF BaSHB WHOLLY, OB DT FABI QT TBI SSBQUIOrYD BTATB
(1) Ozjgen ratio for (B*, fix (t £3)= 3 : 5, with water and aometimeit other aooenotj ooa-
titoenta. Flumbogummite ia of uncertain relationa.
550. OALLUHin
SlP+6£[
SiP+%£[
562. Babbavbui
(Pe).|e,|(Al,ftj).+4aq
9ela-h4a
|Fe,+4aq
554. WAYXLLm
SlP+iftltt*+5fi[
666. TBOLuon
(pe),|e p3M+/'iUH.e,
(pe).|e |Pb.+i8i9MH,e,
(9e,0a')1+ifi&*+4£[
(Pe).|e. K€t,/?Fe), + }fiH,e,+4a
568, PBABMAOOfiiDiBini 9e£8+iI'efi*+4S
|/9Fei+/9FeHaet+4aq
(2) a ratio for (ft* fi), : 6. (i6a+iSiyP+8a
Ki€tai+iAl),+aq
JMieUe coMb/errite (657X andftormooMiflartls (668X baTa the 0. ratio 4 : and if pan of the alumina or iron ia not preaent aa an aooeaaory hydrate, thej ahonld be included In thia group. WiweUiU (664) ia alao near it
660.
661.? ARAOOUn
IP, S],Ca,&n,i'e,]t
(4) 0. ratio fiur (ft* fiX (IP, : 6.
662. Auoilri
663. TUBQUOn 564. PXOANm
}66. TAVUritMJIUTB 667. OHIHITEDni
869. OAOOXBMin
*l*1P+8fi
XPlP+6ft
5PP+6tt
Xl*1P+8&
(Sl,Ca*)*1P+8&
(9e,0a'y*2fl'i-8fi
(?)P1P+12fi
HTDBOUB FHOePHATU AHD AB8SKATX8.
6Y2 TOBBmnn
ft7i. ACTDXCni
S*1+0ott+7tt S"P+Ctt+7ft
674. Amfhitbauzi 67fi. fipEjam
676. Bouokct
(6) a ratio for (ft*, : 2.
(Sl,0a7P*+7a
0Pe,Oa7P*+16ft
01 PhOSPEATIB OS ABSBfATIB OOMBIHID WZEH SULFBAXm
681. Prmoin
683. LOTDAOKHRini
664. SrANBnaxn 686. naixm
is, B, Oil, ifi, s 1,S,Si,Ca,fra,A:
1, S, f*e, &D, fi[
D. AmMDffA'
686. BiNDBBmrn Sb, fi
In the preoeding formulas the yalue of Q maj be learned ftom the corresponding formala ia the other oolunm. In mai of the phosphates of copper the member Ou fi is made an aocss oiy, as done bj Bammelsbeig and others.
616. 8TBROOBXTB. Steroorite JSSrajMUA, Q. J. Oh. Soo, 1849.
of Fhosphoms.
Salt. NatiyeSalt
In crjBtalline massea and nodules. G. =1*6151. Lustre vitreonfi. Color white, stained yellowish-brown. Transparent. Fragile. Not efflorescent. Easily soluble in hot and cold water.
Oomp—JTa NHK) P+9 fi=Phosphoric acid 3406, ammonia 12*40, soda 14*92, water 38-63= 100. Analjais bj T. J. Herapath (L a):
34-326
Am. 7*680
JTa 16-762
£[ 42*248=100.
Iflxed with about 9 p. c of imparities, consisting of organic matters along with chlorid of sodium, carbonate of Ume, carbonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, sand, eta
Pyr.. eto. — B.B. intumesces, blackens, and giTos off water and ammonia, colors the flame mo mentarily a flint green, and ftises to a transparent colorless glass, sdlnUe in boiling water.
Obs.— Found in guano at the island of lohaboe on the west coast of Africa, and named from die Latin ffemif , dung.
This species is identical with the SM of PhotpkmvMi used as a flux in blowpipe analysis.
610. CrrKUVlTU. Stmyit UUx (Efr. Ak. Stockh., 1846, iii. 32, Ann. Oh. Fharm., IzvL 41
Onanite £ F. JbeAemoc, PhiL Mag., IIL miii. 646, 1846.
Oxtqvs 00Mf0Ubd6.
Orthorhombic. Hemihedral, two opposite sides having t.alike planet /A/=10r 42', Oa1-i[=182 32'; a : 6 : 1-0900: 1 : 1-2283. Ob
served planes as in the annexed figure.
0 A l.t=138 25' (9Ai-t=151 25 O A
i-2 A i-5, ov. t-t,=63'* 8' 1-1 A 1-i, ov. (9,=96 60 A ov. i-t,=57 10
Cleavage: O, perfect. Twins: composition-face i-t.
H.=2. G.=l-65-l-7. Color slightly yellowish to brown ; white. Lnstre vitreous. Translucent ; sometimes opaque. Brittle. Tasteless, being but slightly soluble.
Oomp.— add 29*0, magneaii 16*8, ammonia water 44-1 s=10a Ulez obtained (Jahrb. Min. 1851, fil):
13*46
I'la
Am.£[ 68*76
Pyr., oto. — In the dosed tube givea off water and ammonia and becomes opaque. B.B. oolora the flame green, and Aises easily to an enamel, which, heated with cobalt solution, assumes a beautiful purple color. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— -found in guano from Saldanba Bay, coast of AfHca, imbedded in patdies of crystals ; also under an old diurch in Hamburg, where quantities of cattle dung existed in the soil aboye a bed of peat which contained the crystals. This salt forms when a tribasic phosphate and a salt of ammonia are dissolved together, and a salt of magnesia is added to the mixture.
The dimensions of the crystals are nearly those of barnes If 14 be taken as f-i
Named after the Bussian statesman y. Struve.
617. HAIDDfaBRITB. Turner Edinb. J. Sd, ill 803, 1826.
Orthorhombic. . I A 7=100 (80 over i-t), 0 A l-i=148 W;a:l:c =0*595 : 1 : l'19li5. Observed planes : vertical, /, i-t, i-t ; domes, 2-i,
J-t, 1-i; octahedral, 4-5, |-J. 1-i A J-i, top, =146'' 53', age : i-i highly perfect. Mostly in minute crystals aggregated into Dotryoidal forms and drusy crusts.
H.=l-5-2-5. G.=2-848. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color white. Transparent — translucent. Seotile ; thin laminse slightly flexible.
Oomp.— (fOa +!£[)' Is +3 d=r Arsenic add 68*1, lime 28*3, water 13-6=100. Turner (L a) obtained, arsenate of Ume 86*681, and water 14*319. Dissolves easily in nitric acid. Pyr. — B.B. like pharmaoolite.
Oba. — Supposed to be from Baden or Joachimsthal, according to B. P. Greg, Jr., whose oabi* let contained the only specimen that has been obserred ; probably the latter plaoe acoording ts rogl (Kin. Joad 186). It is assooiated with pharmacoUte. famed after W. Haidinger.
618. BRUSHXTB. 0. SL Moan Proa Acad. OaL, ill 167, 1864, Am. J. SoL, XL zxxiz. 186.
Monodinic. 45', /A 26'; a.lx c=0-5396 : 1 : 2-614
Htsboub Phobp&Ateb Akd As8Esatsb.
/Aa=108''47', lAt4=101'' 40', lAllSe" 46' (156=20' by approximate ineaBarement), -1 A -1 (unobserved planes) 164° 23', angle between edge I/I taid UneB of croes clean d on orthodiagonal section or plane -i) 117°— 117°, and between same edge /// and edge l/l on l-i) 95°— 95i° ; whence 0 A l-i=about 147° 30', Dana. Cleavage ; clinodiagonal, perfect and pearly ; O (parallel to cQ perfect, crystals often breaking transversely along this plane. Crystals small and slender. Also concretionary massive, consisting of lamellar individuals, and having pearly cleavages.
H.=:2— 3-5. G.=2-208. Lustre of U pearly, elsewhere Tltreons, and in part splendent; when massive, earUiy,or more or lees resinous. Colorleaa to pale yellowish. Transparent— translucent.
Oomp.— (}0a-t-lfi)*P4-4fi, or, of the general ronnolB, ft'P+aq. Analyua: 1, 2, Moom 0.); 3, Julieu (iL, zL 219):
1. AreiL 4160 3i'6S
2. 4133 9S-73
S. Sombrero 3B-ae> 31-11
2S-83=100'4SHooi. 28-40=100-16 Hoore. 3fi-96, ail, Pe 0-83, 5 (B, hyp
vl-43:=I00-36JiiUen.
eiyitalliiie with biUUaut beta oa cooliiig. mBsotre* readil7 in dilute uitrio and muriatic
Obi. — Occurs on the rock gaano of Ath land (nd Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea, in groupi nd cniite conslstiDg of delicsta aod moetlj transparent aryntalB. Named aiter O. J, Brash.
The apeciea may be regarded aa laomorphouB with vit'Onile; ia:b : of bnisbite equalling 10703 : L : I'SOT, which Ta very near the ratio in ririanite Riven on page SB7, The two agree In formula, except that ooe baa i& aad the other Sfi. It ia iaomorpboua also with pharmacollte ir the prism 26') be regarded as oorreipoDdlDg to W2 of the latter, the ouglfl of which Ei Ul° 8'
ftl9. VBTABRU8BITB. A. A. JUAm, Am. J. Sd., 11 xL STI, 1860. Zeugite Jukm, lb., P.3T3. OmitUto JU lb., p. S71.
UoDOclinic, with pearly clinodiagonal cleavage, as in bmshite. Occurring planes, the clinodiagonal i4, with the two orthodiagonal and -l-, giving the section in the annexed Ggure. Crystals usually having i-i broad and even, but not shining, and the other planes deeply furrowed ana rounding into one another, as in fig. 462 ; sometimes tmn and flattened parallel to f-i. Angle i-iA— 1-i varying, 38°— 46°, mostly 88"— 42"; and 38° in the best ciTstjJs (Dana). Cleavage : clinoditnal perfect.
H. 2-5—3. G. 2-288, 2-356, 2-362. Lnstre feeble, except on the cleavage-face, which ia pearly, somewhat resinons in iraoture. Color pale yellow, buff, to nearly white ; streak uncolored. Translucent to transparent. Brittle,
S54
OXTGKir OOHFOUKDS.
Ctomp.— (f Ca+i)'1+8fi=Fhophoric acid 41*90, lime 86*42, water 20*68=100; or bnuhite, excepting one leaa of water. AnaljBeB : 1, Jnlien (L c.) :
Oa iSg &\,9e fi
82*98 0-62 0*79 21*83
S O'Ofi, hygroBQL 1*50=100*89 JaUen.
Ca
t[
Ag 9e,;b B C
P
Naa
3-69 066 0*19 0*24
ftr.
18=99*64 Jnlien.
48*87
3*98
O-ive 102 0*18 1-74
tr.
? =99-59 Jnlien.
45*77
9*46
The water inloied some organio matter.
Pwr., etc.— Same as for brushite.
Om— From Sombrero, coating cavities in gnano and the coral rock altered bj filtranona fWui tibe overlying guatio. Crystals sometimes 1 inch long and indi broad.
This compound, as JuUen stetes, has been recognised as an artificial salt by Baewsky and fienelins
Alt.— The crystals of metabrushite firom Sombrero are often hollow the removal of the interior, and otherwise altered. Jnlien describes the following varieties:
1. H.=3'25. Q.=2*971. The crust of the hollow Ofyatala thin, and surfaces within and without often coated by minute rhombs of calcite; the tatgUe of Julien. 2. Crust rather thither, without a glittering surface of (lcite rhombs. 8. G.= 2*988— 3*030 ; in blades fiometimes an inch long ; the crust thick, the crystals being nearly or quite solid.
4. OmUhUe of Julien, Sombrero (1< a, p. 877), appears also to be altered metabrushite, ite crystals presenting the same forms and habit, but usually quite small and very thin parallel to the orthodlagonal; also sometimes thin parallel to the dinodiagonal, and acute rhombic in section; angle w A -l-t=about ; H.=2*5. The analysis given was made on only one-tenth of a gram, and the resulte are hence unavoidably doubtAiL
Analyses of 1, 3, afforded Julien (the water including some organio matter) :
P
Yar. 1. Zntffite 46*55 Var. 3. " 43-24
Yar. 4. OmmUe 4014
In 1, 0. ratio for 1, Ca (impurities excluded) : 1*66; oinithite corresponds nearly to the formula Ca'r + 2 aq.
There occur also hemispherical stellated grow of white crystals, as altered omitlute, whioh Mr. Julien has not analyzed, but supposed to be the same compound minus the water. One crystal of the so-called omithite examined by the author had on ite edges and surface micrcacopie tufts of adcular crystals.
EpiglavbiU and crystalliaed OtampaiUeoi Shepard (Am. J. Sd., IT. xxil 96, 1856). One or the other of these may be metabrushite or brushite. Glaubapatite has already been remarked upon on page 585. It may be added that there is further proof thai no such guano compound exista (combination of sulphate of soda and phosphate of lime) in that A. A. Julien has found no eridenoe of it in his investigations. His resulte suggest that Shepard's soda may have come from common salt present, and his sulphuric add fhn sulphate of lime.
EpiglauhUt is described as occurring in " small aggregates or interlaced masses of minute aemitransparent crystals of a shining vitreous lustre, which are always implanted on drusea of glaubapatite, with H.=about 2*5," aud as being " a largely hydrate phosphate, chiefly of lime, and mav auo contain magnfssia and soda." It is not impossible that the mineral is metabrushite, although some characters are inconsistent with such a conclusion. If so, the name epiglwahiU (meaning occurring implanted on glaubapatite) ia inapplicable, and should be rejected.
620. FHAHMAOOIilTB. Arseniksanrer Ealk (von Wittichen) Sdb, Scherer's J., iv. 537, 1800. PharmakoUt Kanim Tab., 75, 1800. Arsenikbluthe Wem pt. Arseniate of lime. Ghauz arseniate Fr, Picropharmacolit SUhmitfytr, GUb. Ann., bd. 185, 1819. Arsenioito L, Ifin., IL 598, 1882.
Monoclinic. 7=111 6', ir2 A i-2-=141*' 8', iA A £-2=109 26', U A 1 A 1=117 24', 1/1,=83® 14'. Cleavage: eminent. One of the faceB 1 often obliterated by the extension of the other. Surfaces i-i and i-2 usnally striated pardlel to their mutual intersection., Karelj in crystals ; commonly in delicate silky fibres or acicn
HTDBOnS FH08PHATS8 AKD AB8SNATBS. 56R
lar oryBta-lizations, in stellated groaps. Also botryoidal and stalactitio and sometimes massive.
H.=2— 2"5. G.=2'64— 2'78. Lnstre vitreous ; on i-l inclining to pearly. Color white or grayish ; frequently tinged red by arsenate of cobalt. StreaJs white. Translucent— opaque. Fracture uneven. Thin lamince flexible.
Oomp.— (f Ca+i £i+6 fi=Aneiiic add 61-1, lime 24-0, water 24-0=100. Analyses: 1, Khproth (Beitr., iii 277); 2, John (Gh. Unters., iL 221); 3, Bammolsberg (Pogg., Ldi. 160):
Is
Oa
&
1. Wittichen
2. Andreasberg
61-68 '
24-46=100 Eliroth.
23*86=96-82 John.
28-40, Co, 9e 1-43:100 Bamm.
The cobalt in the last is attributed to a miztore with cobalt bloom. Turner obtained for a specimen of unknown locally (Brewst J., iii 306) Arsenate of lime 79-01, water 2n-99=100. lAie name arsenieUe is applied by Beudant to the mineral analysed by John on the ground of the analysis alone.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water and becomes opaque. B.B. in O.F. fiises with intumescence to a white enamel, and colors the flame light blue (arsenic). On charcoal in BJ*. giTes arsenical fumes, and fuses to a semi-transparent globule, sometimes tinged blue from traces of cobelL The ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in adds.
Obs. — Found with arsenical ores of cobalt and silver. Has been found at Wittichen, Baden, in crystals ; at 8t Marie auz Mines in the Vosges, in botryoidal or globular groups ; at Audreasberg in the Han, and at Bieehelsdorf and Bieber in Hessia; at Gliicksbruun in Thurlngia; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
This species was named, in allusion to its containhig arsenic, from 9a/iay, poison.
Viewing the form as aboye it is remotely homcsomorphous with cobalt bloom and yivianite.
520 A. PierojuMTnaeolUe of Stromeyer, firom Biechelsdorf (L c), contams Arsenic add 46*97, time 24-65. magnesia 3*2*2, ozyd of cobalt 1*00, water 2'98=99'82, affording the formula (Ca, 3kg)* As* +12 Ramm ; but it is probably impure pharmaoolite. The prefix piero, vicfiok, Mtfer, alludes to the msgnesia present
621. OHUROHITB. A new British mineral containhig cerium A, R, Church, Ch. News, ziL 121, 1866. Ohurchite a G.WiUianu, ib. 183. Hydrated Cerous Phosphate Ohuirch, J. Cb. Soc IL ill 269, 1866.
MoDoclinic ? In fan-like aggregations of minute crystals. Cleavage perfect in one direction (the clinodiagonal ?) ; also radiated columnar.
HL=3. G.=3"141 Lustre vitreous; pearly on cleayage plane; color pale smoke-gray, tinged with flesh-red. Streak white. Transparent to translucent, i racture conchoidaL Doubly refracting.
OoB— 0. ratio for ft,1, £[=8 : 6 : 4; ((Ce-hiCa)* 1+4fi=I1iosphorio add 27*78, oeri* 32*73, Ume 6*47, water 14*07 =10a Analysis Churdh (J. Oh. Soo, H. ill 262):
Ce Oa fi
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in tube yields add water, becoming opaque. In outer flame becomes reddish, and difficultly soluble. With botmz in outer flame gives a bead which is orange-yellow and opaline while hot, and colorless or slightly amethystine when cold.
Obs.— -Occurs at OomwaU, in a copper lode, as a coating -r of an inch thick on quarts and argillaceous schist a G. Williams (L c.) has proTed churohite to oontahi dinm. Ohuruh obtained a trace of fluorina CleayagB takes place parallel to a rhombic plaoe, whidi Madcelync saUs the basal plane.
Named after ProC A. H Ohoioh, of Oireiioester, Bag
556 OXTOBN OQMPOmiDB.
622. HGBBNBSZTB. HdroMit Baid Verh. O. Beiohs., 41, 1800 Ber. Ak. TfioD, zl 18
Monoclinic Cleavage eminent in one direction, like talc Also colum nar ; stellar-foliated.
ll.=0-5— 1. G.=2"4t4. Cleavage pearly. Color snow-white. Folia transparent, flexible.
Oomp.llg'JU+S d=Ar86iiic add 46*6, magnesia 24*3, water 28*1=100, analogoaa toviTiaH' ite. Analysis : v. Hauer Q. &):
la 4633 Ag 84-54 tl 28-07=:98'84.
Pyr., etc. — In a glass tube gives much water. B.B. Aises easily, and on charcoal aflbrds the odor of arsenia Insoluble in water and easily soluble in adds.
Obs. — First distingujihed by Kenngoit in minerals from the Bannat (yidnify either of Criklowa or Orawitza) in the Imperial Mineral Cabinet at Vienna. Occurs in a coarsely granular oaldte, containing also some garnets.
Named afler Dr. Homes.
623. RCSSSLBBTrB. R Bfcim Jahresb. Wott Ges. Hanau, 82, 1861.
In thin crystalline plates, with columnar or fibrous structure. Cleavage apparent in one direction. Also in vermiform efflorescences.
H.=2— 3. G.= ? Lustre vitreous to dull. Colorless or white. Transparent to translucent. Becomes opaque and dull on exposure.
Oompi— (f ]'£s-l- 12 Arsenic add 88*66, magnesia 13*80, water 46*65. Analydi by BeUTslLa):
Pyr., to.— B3. fuses to a white enamel, and in a dosed tube gives water. On diarcoal gives arsenical fhroes. Soluble in muriatic add.
Obs. — Occurs in the Kupferschiefer, at Bieber, with phannaoolite and erythrite.
Named after Dr. 0. Bossier of Hanau.
A mineral in monodinic crystals occurs tX JoachimatlMil and Kremnitz, which, according to V'lchermak (Anzeig. Ak. Wien, 1867, 218), haf! the composition (f ilg+i fi)* As-f 8 fi, and which s probably roesalerite.
624. VIVIANITB. Bloa Jfinoid, Natorligit Bnrlinerblfttt, Calx ITartis phlogisio juncta, eta, OronsL, 182, 1768. Cnruleum Berolinense nati/um BortL, lithoph., L 136, 1772. Ocre martiale bleue, Bleu de Prusse natif; de Utle liL 296, 1788. Natorliche Berlinerblau, Phosphorsanrer Eisen, Klapr Crell's Ann., i. 390. 1784. senblau, Blaueisenerdo, Oerm, Vivianit (f. CorawaU) Warn., Leztes Ifiu. Syst, 7817, 4i- Breith., lIoflEkn. Min, W, b, 146, 1817. Phosphate of Iron, Blue Iron Earth. Far phoiipht Ver asure, Hr. Eisenmmer MehB Min., 212, 1824 Eisen-PhylUt BreUh,, Oh&r., 26. 1823. Glaokosiderit Gloeker, Handb., 867, 1831. KuUidte TAomf., Min., L 452, 1 S36. JSmiMer, Ann. d. M., IIL sdL 808, 1837.
Monoclinic, C-li"" 25', /A 12', O A 14=145 83', a:h:o=: 1002 : 1 : 1*3843. Observed planes: O; vertical, i-, /, 4, t-8; dinojlnmes, i*l, 14; nemidomes, -t, 1-t, 2-t, -1-t; hemioctahedral, 1,-, -1.
w A lH'--rl26 47' 1 A 1, front,=119 10' iA A l-i=90 0'
ui A -U=144 20 1 A 1-1=149 85 uZ A -8=154 14 ui A 7=146 86 1 A vi=120 25 i A i, front,=140 53
M A 6-3=167 7 14 A 14, top,=lll 6 (? A m=108 85
Htbbottb Phosphates And Ax8Enates.
Surface t4 smooth, otheis striated. Cleavage : i4 Iiighly perfect : i-i and i-i in traces. Often reniiorm and globnlar. Structure divergent, fibrous, or earthy; also incrusting.
H.=l-6— 2. G.=2'68— 2-68. Lustre, il pearly or metallic pearly; other faces vitreous. Color white or colorless, or nearly so, when unaltered; often blue to green, deepening on exposure ; usually green when seen perpendicularly to the cleavage -face, and blue transverselv ; the two colors mingled, producing the ordinary dirty blue color. Streak colorless to bluish-white, soon changing to indigo-blue ; color of the dry powder often Uver-Drown. Transparent — translucent: becoming opacjue on exposure. Fracture not observable. Thin laminae flexible. Sectile.
Oomp.— e"1+8lfi[=rPho8phorio add 28*3, protoxyd of iron 48'0, water 28*7=100, wheu colorless, being isomorphous with erythrite; but changes readily, owing to oxydation of the iron ; analysis afforded Rammelsberg 6 r +8 + Fe* P*+8 Ift).
Analyses: 1, Yogel (GUb. Ann lix. 174); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Ixi7. 411); 3, Stromeyei (Unters., 274); 4, 5, Rammelsberg (Pogg., lziv.411); 6, Brandos (. zxzi. 77); 7, Thomson (ifin., L 462) ; 8, W. Fisher (Am. J. Scl, IL iz. 84); 9, Kammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., IxzzvL 844):
Bodenmais
8. St Agnes, OomwaU
4. K. Jersey, Mullieiie
6. Hillentmp . MuUicUe
8. Delaware
Allentown, N. J.
26*4 41-0 3r0=98-4 YogeL
29*01 11-60 35-66 ufuL Bammelsberg.
31-18 41-28 27-48=99-89 Stromeyer.
28-40 1206 33-91 undL i>.„„.t.>,, n -o.kq
30 32 48-78 26*00, Si 0-7, Si 0-02=99-82 Brandei.
26*06 46*31 27*14=99'61 Thomson.
27*17 44*10 27-96, SUica 0*l0=99-2 Ksher.
Other analyses, probably of this species more or less impure or altered, haye afforded: 10. Bcirthier (Ann. d. M., xii 808); 11, Seigeth (J. pr. Oh., zz. 266); 12, Elaproth (Beitr., ir, 120); 18 Berthier (L a); 14 16, Strove (BulL phyB.-math. Ac. St Peterab., ziy. 171, 1866); 16, a A. - baum (Am. J. Sci, IL zziiL 422):
32-4, Si 0-6, Sin Bertfaier. 26-26=100 Segeth. .20*0=99*6 Elaproth. 16*6=99-8 Berthier. 27*60=99-66 Strove. a.=2'72. 26*10, HLg 7-37=10012 Strove. 26*60, % 0-08=101-36 Kurlbaum.
The anglarite corresponds to the formula te*P+A] it ia probably massive vivianite. A vivianite flrom New Zealand afforded K Pattison (PhiL Mag., IIL zzv. 496):
Phoa. uron 62*8, water 28*4, organic matter 2*8, sOica 6*2=99*2.
Pyr., ato. — In the dosed tube yields neutral water, whltena, and ezfoliatea. B.B. fuses ai 1*6, coloring the flame bluiah-green, to grayish*blaok magnetic (obule. 1 the fluxes reacts *or iron. Soluble in muriatic acid.
Oba.— Occurs associated with pyrrhotite and pyrite in oopper and tin veina; aometimea lo narrow veins wf Ji gold, traversing gray-wacke ; both friable and cfystalliaed in beds of day, and aometimea aaaocAted with llmonite, or bog iron ore; often in cavitiea of foasila or buried bone
At St Agnea in Oorowall transparent indigo crystals have been found, 1 in. in diameter and 2 long. €0 pyirhottte ; at Wheal ]Umoath| and near St Just; in Oevonahire, near Tttvistock ; at BodeO''
P
9e
te
10. Alleyraa, Bue iroii Earth
S3-1
43*0
24*96
47*6
13. Anglar, Anglarito
27*3
29*17
21*34
16. Bargnia, earthy, hhu
19*79
83*11
16. Allentown, N. J.,
18*46
maiB, and the gold mines of YdrSspatak In TranlTUiia, in orystals ; on the promontory of Kertsck hi the Black See, in laige indistinct ciTstals in the interior of sheUs. The earthy yarie, soin> times oalled U/ue imm eaiih or noMot PrvMiicm lHnke (Fer amnri), occurs in Greenland, Syria, Oarin* thia, Cornwall, etc. The friable yaneties in bog iron ore in several peat swamps in the Sbetlano Isles, at Ballagh in the Isle of Man, accompanying sometimes the horns of the elk and deer, and near an old slAughter-house in EdinburgL At Cransac, France, in crystals formed after the burning of a coal mine.
In N. America, it occurs in K Tark at Harlem, in crystals accompanying stUbite and feldspar in fissures in gneiss. In 010 Jervey, at Imleytown, in dur k blue crystals ; at Allentown, Go, in considerable abundance, both crystaUijEeo, in nodules, and earthy, imbedded in bog iron ore. and associated with days; at Mullica Hill, Gloucester Ca {MtUUcUe), in cylindrical masses, consisting of divergent fibres or adcular crystals ; at Franklin, occasionally; it often fills the interior of belemnites and other fossils in the Ferruginous sand formation. Also in Delaware (see anaL 8 aboye), 4 m. W. of Gantwells Bridge, and near Middletown, in Green sand, in fine large ciystali which are colorless when first obtained, evidently, as fisher observed, containing only protozyd of iron; near CSape Henlopen, in Sussex Oa In Marylcmd in the north part of Somerset and Worcester Cos. In Vtrytfiia with bog ore in Stafford Co., and 8 or 10 m. from Falmouth, with gold and galenite. In (kmada, with Umonite at Yandreuil, abundant
Named by Werner after J. G. Vivian, an English mineralogist who discovered the specimens in Cornwall. Werner was not aware of their identity witb. Sie Blaueieenerde when he gave the name.
Alt — Becomes altered, as above stated, through the oxydation of the iron, which the analyses given iUustrate. Tseherm obtained (Ber. Ak. Wien, zlix. 342) for an altered vivianlte in crystals from a cabinet in 'Vienna) P 30*6, Pe 65*0, iSfa 1*6, d 101. G.=2'96 ; lustre metallicpearly ; color on face of cleavage pindibeck-brown, elsewhere blackish-brown; streak ochre-yellow.
BaraunUe Breithaupt (Handb., 166, 1841, B. H. Ztg., 1868, 402) is of similar origin and char scter. It occurs in small foliated and columnar aggregations, with one perfect metallic-pearly cleavage, having H.=2; G.=2*878; color hyadnth-red to reddish-brown; streak dirty yellow. Plattner found it to be a hydrous phosphate of sesquioscrd of iron. From St Benigna, near Beraun, in Bohemia; and reported aJso firom Wheal Jane, near Truro England, by Greg, associated with pure and altered vivianita ,
626. SnaPLBSXTB. Symplerit BreO/L, J. pr. Ch., z. 601, 1887.
Monoclinic. In form reBembling erythrite. Cleavage perfect parallel with the clinodiagonal face. In minute prismatic crystaiB; also aggregated.
H.=2'5, nearly. G.= 2*957. Lnstre of cleavage-face pearly ; elsewhere vitreous. Color pale indigo, inclined to celandine-green; Bometimea between leek- and mountain-green. Streak bluish-white. Subtransparent to translucent.
Oomp. — Supposed to be an arsenate of the protozyd of iron.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube yields much water; at a high temperature some arsenous add sublimeB, imparting an add reaction to the water, and giving a blade magnetic residue. B3. in the forceps infusible, but colore the outer flame light blue (arsenic), and becomes blade and magnetic. On charcoal giVes a strong arsenical odor. With the fluxes reacts for iron, and gives also traces of manganese and sulphuric add (Plattner).
According to Breithaupt, when heated in a glass tnbe it turns brown, and loses 26 p. a of water. Plattner found 24| p. a
Obs.— Occun at Lobenstein in Voigtland, with spathic iron.
626. BRTTHRXm. Eobold-Biathe Brvchmann, ICagnalia, 161, eta, ITST. Eobolt Blomma Flos Cobalti [the cryst], Eoboltbeslag [impure earthy], Cobalt! mioen colore rubro. eta WoU; Min., 234, 1747. Eoboltblute, Kobcltbeschlsft Ocfara Cobalti rubra, Otmsfed 212, 17M. Kobaltbliithe Oerm, Cobalt Bloom, Bed Cobalt, Cobalt Odire. Cobaltum addo arseiioo mineralisatum Bergnuum, Soiagr., 184, 1782, Opusa, IL 448, 1780 (first anaL). Arseniate of Cobalt Cobalt arseniate /h Btythrine Jiui, Kin., iL 698, 1882. BhodoiM mui, L S1S
HTDBOUB FH06PRATB8 AlVD ASSSNATBB.
kO'9747 : 1 : 1*3818. Observed planee as in the annexed figure, togethei with 8-f and f between iri and 14.
MAl-i=124 51 l'Al=U9 12
i-f' Al-f:
i4Ai4:
:137 6
:180 10
♦4 A 12'
ir\ A 1=120 48 1 A 1=118 24
'Surfaces i4 and 14 vertically striated. Cleavage: ir\ highly perfect, i-i and 1-t indistinct. Also in globular and reniform apes, having a drusy surface and a columnar structure ; sometimes stellate. Also pulverulent and earthy, incrusting.
H.=l-5— 2-5; the lowest on ir\. G.=2-948. Lustre of ir\ pearly ; otJier faces adamantine, Inclining to vitreous ; also dull and earthy. CSolor crimson and peach-red, sometimes pearl or greenish-gray; red tints mcline to blue, perpendicular to cleavage-face. Streak a little paler than the color , the dry powder deep lavender-blue. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture not observable. Thin laminss flexible m one direction. Sectile.
1. Oiytitallifled and foliated. 2. Earthj. The latter ia the earViy eobaU bloom (Eobalt* beachlag (Term., Rhodoiae Euofy
OoBip-Co' Aa+S ]&=Araeiiio add 88*48, ojjd of oobalt 87 66, water 24*02 ; Co often partlT replaced hj j'e, Oa, or JSTL Analyaea : 1, Baohols (Gehlen'a J., U. iz. 308) ; 2, Laugier (Mem. d. ICua. d*hi8t, iz. 238); 3, 4, 6, Keraten (Pogg., Iz. 261); 8, lindaker (Yogra Joaoh.):
1. Biecfaeladoif 8. Allemont 8. Sohneebeig 4. " 6. "
8. Joachlmithal
la
40*0
88*30
36*48
Co
20*6
36*62
29*19
23*76
JTi te Oa
6*6
11*26 8-61
- 22=98 Buebols.
24*6=99-7 Laugier.
24*10= 100-06 Keraten.
24*08=99*81 Keraten.
8*00 23*90=99*19 Keraten.
0-42 23-62, 9 0*86=99-74 Lindaker.
Pyr., to.— In the deed tnbe yielda water at a gentle heat and toma bluish ; at a higher heat giyea off araenona add, which oondenaea in dTStala on the cool glasa, and the residue has a dark gray or black color. B.B. in the foroepa Aiaea at 2 to a gray bead, and colors the flame Ught blue (araenie). B.B. on diarooal giTaa an araenical odor, and Aises to a dark gray arsenid, with boraz gives the deep bine color oharacteriatic of cobalt Soluble in muriatic add, giving a roae-red aoiution.
The mriky oobaU bloom of a peach-bloaaom color (kobaHbeadilag), ia shown by Keraten to bt cobalt bloom, with aome free araenoua add. He obtained:
2a
Xa'
Co
to
ti
2*10
11-90=100-70.
2. Annaberg
20*00
18*30
—
12*18=98*68,
with a trace of nkdcel, lime, and anlphnrio add (Pogg., Iz. 262).
Oba. — Ocean at Schneeberg in Sazony, in micaoeona azalea, atellularly aggregated; in brilliant apedmena, oonaisting of mbiute agBrregated cryatala, at Saalfold in Thuringia; alao at Blecheladorf bi Hesaia; WdAch and Wittidien in Baden; Kodum in Norway. The earthy peadi-bloaaom yarietlea have been observed at Allemont in Danphiny; in Cornwall, at the Botallack mine, 8t Just, eta; near Alston in Gnmberland; near Killamey in Ireland. A per iMlly green Tariety oooon at Flatten in Bohemia, and aometimea red and green tinges haTa boeB obaerred on the aame ciyatalii
XiyUirlte, when abondanti la Tataabia for the BMimflMtore of smalt Vaned fhn Ir
56Q
OXYGEN COafPOUNDB.
626A. R06ELXTS. The roseUie of Ldry (Ann. FbO., IL 1IB 489, 1824 and Ed. J. Sd., ii. 177) is probably a rtxiety of oobalt bloom ; and Keraten sugSgieBts that it may be identical with the Tarietj in the third of his analyses aboYe, which contains Um an element detected by Children in roselite. The form heit gven is Leyy. Haidinger makes it a twin with composition parallel to i-i,
Orthorhombia /A 7=132* 48'. OaM=168M'. Gleayage distinct and brilliant, parallel to ii. It is deep rose-red, with the lustre yitreoos, and H.=8.
Its only known locality is at Sdmeebei in Saxony, where it has been fonnd in small quantities on quartz. Named after G. Boee, of Berlin.
62 6B. LAYENDULAir (Brelthaupt, J. pr. Ch., z. 605, 1837). Amorphous, with a greasy lustre, dining to yitreous. H.=2'5~3. G.=3*014, Breithaupt Oolor lavender-blue. Streak pale blue. Transluoenl Fracture conchoidaL
Contains, according to Plattner, arsenic and the ozyds of cobalt, nickel, and copper, with water. J. Llndaker ( Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 655) found ozyd of copper as a prominent ingredient with the others mentioned Fuses easily before the blowpipe, coloring the flame deep blue, and yielding a globule which becomes crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields an arsenical odor, with the fluxes gives the reaction of cobalt Occurs at Annaberg in Saxony, with oobalt and other ores, and is a result of their alteration.
627. ANNABBRaim. Ochra Niocoli, Kiccolum calcifonne, OnmeL, Kin., 218, 1758. Kkskelocker. inckelbliithe. Nickel Ochre; Nickel Green; Arseniate of Nickel Nickol Arseoiat. Annabergite B dk 603, 1852.
Monoclinic. In capillary crystals ; also massive and disseminated. Soft. Color fine apple-green. Streak greenish- white. Fracture nneveoi or earthy.
Oomp.— Is +8 fi[= Arsenic add 88-6, oxyd of nickel 37*2, water 24*2c=100. Analyses : 1, Berthier (Ann. Ch. Phys., ziiL 62); 2, Stromeyer (. J., xxy. 220); 8-6, Kersteo (Pogg 251):
1. Allemont
2. Biechelsdorf
3. Schneeberg
Is iSri Co £[
36-8 36*2 2*6 26*5=100 Berthier.
36*97 37*36 — 24*82, 9e IIS, S 0*28=100 Strom. ; some Oo wiA JTL
P3rr,, to.— In the dosed tiibe gives off water and darkens in color. B.E ftises easily, and ol chaicou gives an arsenical odor and yields a metallic button, whidi with borax glass gives at first a cobalt-blue glass, and later the violet to reddish-brown color charaderistio of niolcd ; in B.F. it becomes gray reduced nidceL Soluble in adds.
This spedes is probably isomorphous with erythrite.
Obs.~-Oocurs on smaltite at Allemont in Dauphiny, and is supposed to result from the decomposition of this ore; also at Kamsdorf, near Saalfeld; at Annaberg; at Biechelsdorf, and other mines of nickel ores. It has been occasionally observed associated with copper nickel in the cobalt mine at Chatham, Conneotioat.
628. Bibaak AnenicUe of and OobaU. Under this name D.Forbes describes (Phil. Mag., IT. XXV. 1 03) a mineral occurring in the desert of Atacama in veins in a decomposed dioryte. A few yards below the surface it passes into chloanthite, from which mineral it appears have been derived. H.=2*6. 0.= 3*086. Structure flbro-crystalline. Lustre dull to silky or resinous Color grayish-white Analysis afforded Is 44*05, li 19*71, Co 9J24 26*98=99*98 ; from whi<± Forbes deduces the formula (i, Co)*ls+8 S, whidi requires As 43*89, Oo, li 28*63, fi 27 4C =100, making it allied to pharmacolite. B.B. in the dosed tube yields water, beooming daricer: on charcoal fuses imperfectly, evolves arsenic iVimes, leaving metallic globules of an arsenid J. nickel and cobalt. With fluxes gives reactions for nickel and cobalt
By regarding a portion of the water basic, the mineral beoomes a tribasic anenate and tbei caches annabergite. Kenngott names it IhrbeaUe (Ueb., 1862-66 46, 1868).
Htdbous Phosphates And As8Bnate8. 561
i29. OABRBRXTB. Waaserhaltige Niokelozjd-iCagQeBia J, R lerh&r, B. H. Ztg, zziL 80
1863. Oabrerite Bona.
Monoclinic. Like erythrite in habit. Cleavage : clinodiagonal perfect Also fibrooB, concentric. Eeniform and granular.
H.=2. Q-.=2'96. Lustre pearly on face of (.leavage; silky when fibrous. Color apple-green. Translucent to transparent.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for It, 1b, £[=8 : 6 : 8. &'1b + in which & oomsponda to Oo, fig in the ratio 5:1:4. AnalysiB : Eerber (L having only a Bmall quantity at hia dispoflal:
£b 42-37 JTiSO'Ol Co 406 ilg 9*29 £[ 25*80= 101 '63.
Pyr., ata— In the dosed tube yields water and heoomes gnyish-jeDow. B3. in R.F. infti Ible : <Hi cfaarooal gives arsenical lliniea
Oba<— -From the Sierra Osbrera, Spain, in a gangue of brown spar, whidi is connected with the mountain Umestone and argiUaoeons schist Besults the iteration of arsenids of nidcel and cobalt.
630. KOmOTTB. Zhikarseniat OUo KStUg, J. pr. Ch., zlviiL 188, 1849 ; Naumann, ib 266.
Eottigite Dana, l£in., 487, 1860.
Monoclinic, and isomorphous with erythrite, Naumann. Massive, or in crusts, with crystalline surface and fibrous structure. Cleavage: diniv diagonal perfect.
b[.=2*5— 3. G.=8*l. Lustre of surface of fracture silky. Color light carmine- and peach-blossom-red, of different shades. Strealc reddish- white. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Oomp.— <2n, Co, Jri)*£8H-8 tL, or analogous to erythrite. Analysis by Edttig (L c.) : Is [3717] 2n 30*52 Oo 6*91 JTl 200 Oa ftr. S 23-40=100.
Pyr., etc.— In the dosed tube nves mudi water, and at a higher temperature a faint crystalline sublimate of arsenous add. B.B. fUses easily, coloring the flame blue ; on charcoal in R.F. gives copious tunes of arsenic and coats the coal with oxyd of sine; with soda the coating is much more marlced, aJd is yellow while hot and white on cooling; this moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. assiunes a green color. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives a oobalt-blue glass.
Obs. — Oocura with smaltlte at the cobalt mine Daniel, near Schneeberg. The color is owing partly to the arsenate of cobalt in the mineral'
631, HURBAXTLITB. AUuaud, Vauquelin, Ann. Gh. Phys., zxz. 802, 1826; AUuOud, Ann. d. Sd. Nat, viii. 349, 1826. Jhfrhioy, Ann. Oh. Phys., zll 338, 1829; Deadmsuboux and Dammm, ibid., TIL lUi. 293.
Monoclinic /A /(planes unob8.)=99'* 21'; i-2 A ; 0 A 7=90" 17', OMri 83', O A 14=138° 22', O A 3-t=122° 53', A f =174° 2'. In small crystals, isolated or grouped, the groups sometimes mammillary, or fascicled as in stilbite. Cleavage not observed. Also to a limited extent massive, compact, scaly, or imperfectly fibrous.
H.=5. G.=3-185, yellow, and 3*198, reddish, Damour. Lustre vitreous, somewhat greasy, bright. Color brownish-orange, rose-violet, and pale rose, nearlv colorless. Streak similar. Transparent — translucent. Optically biaxial ; axes very divergent, the plane orthodiagonrtl ; bisectrix positive.
M
562 OXXOES OOUFGUimB.
Var. —The (a) brown! ih-orange or yeUowish, (5) the rose-Tiolet, and (c) 'the pale rose, are thro f arietiea, differing somewhat m their crystalline planes. The onuge is the most oonmion. The eiTstals approach in habit those of croooisite, lough of very different angles.
Comi>.— O. ratio for ft. P, : 2 : 1 ; whence (Mn, le)*r'-f 5 with An : : 1, or better (An, J'e, A)* r+2 H=Pho8phorio add 89*1, protozyd of manganese protozyd of iron 8-8, water 12*4=100. Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy (L a); 2, 3, Damour (L a):
18-00=99-96 Dufrnoy. 12*35, qnartB 0-36=99*91 Damonr. 12*00 " 0-60=99-49 Bamour. 11*60 " 0*80=100-2 Damonr.
. — In the closed tnbe gives water. B.B. ftises to a reddish-jreUow crystalline pearl, brown in the outer flame, then becomes black, and the flame is colored green. Beaotions of manganese and iron. Easily soluble in adds.
Obs. — Found in cayities of triphyllne or its altered form beteroeite, in granite, at LimogeSi coifr mune of Hurauz, France.
The crystals were first examined by Dufrnoy (L a), and afterward more completely by (Lo.).
P
fin
te
limoges
u
u
u
88*20
6*76
It
reddish
632. OHONDRABSBNXTB. Eondroarsenit IffMr&m, (Bfr. Ak. Stookh., xziL 3, 1866.
In Bmall grains.
H.=3. Color yellow to reddish-yellow. Translucent. Brittle. Praotnre conchoidal.
Oomp.— An arsenate of manganese. 0. ratio for A, £s, fis2 : 2 : 1 j whence An*Xa+2i ft Analysis : Igelfltr5m (L c.) :
Xs An ttg Ca tL
88-60 61-69 2-05 4-86 7*00, C 99-00 Igelstiom.
Pyr., ttlo. — B.B. In tnbe decrepitates, bladcens, and gives neutral water. On charoool maHy fusible to a blade bead, not magnetic ; in the inner flame gives arsenical fUmes. With borax gives manganese reaction. Basily and completely soluble in dilute muriatic and nitric adds. Obs.— Occurs in the Paisberg mines, Wermland, in veins of barite intersecting hausmannita Named from its similarity in occurrence, odor, and transparency to diiondrodite, while differiDg from it in an arsenate.
633. TRIOBALOITB. Trichaldt ffenrk, J. pr. Ch., IzziiL 212, 18ML
In raUated groups, columnar ; also in dendritic forms. H.=2*6. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green.
OoDip — Ou' Xa+6 tL Analysis by Hermann (L a) :
la P Cxk "B,
88-78 0*67 44-19 1641=100.
Pyr., etc — Heated decrepitates, yields much water, and becomes dark brown. B3. on (ar ooal (bses in the outer flame to a pearl, and in the Inner yields a bead of oopper. Dissolvea easily in cold muriatic add.
Obs. — From the Turjinsk oopper mine, or Beresovsk, on tetrahedrite. Resemblea lyioUle.
634. TSnOMBOUTB. ThrombdUth BnU/k, J. pr. Oh zr. 821, 18S8L
Amorphous.
Htdbous Phosphates Aixd Absenates.
H.=3— 4. G.=3*38— 8'40. Lnstre vitreous. Color emerald-, leek*, or dark green. Streak emerald-green. Opaque. Fracture conchoidax.
CtomiiL — Aooordiog to an imperfect analjBis by Plattner (L a) it oontains :
P 41-0 On 89-3 £[ 16*8, besides a small amonnt of silica and alamina.
PyTi, eto.— In the dosed tnbe gives much water and turns Uack. BJB. ftises easily and tni odors the flame blue, like chlorid of copper, and later gives a dark emerald-green. On charcoal Aises to a black globule, which, after long blowing, yields globules of copper. With the fluxes reacts for oopper. With boric add and iron gives a flisible phosphid (Plattnerji
Obs— Found with malachite m a flne-grained limestone at Retabanya, Hungaiy.
636. ZJBBTBBNnnEI. Oliyeners pt Phoaphorkupferera pt Phosphate of Copper pt Ouivre phosphate pt Octaedrisdies Phosphorkupfer XeofiL, Leonh. u. Selb's Min. Stud., 1812. Blattricher Pseudomalachite pt fTacimk, Handb., 1086, 1818. libethanit Char., 267, 1823. AphMse BmdL, iL 869, 1832. Pseudo-libethenit Bamm lOn. Ch., 344 1860.
4eT
(G
Orthorhombic. /A 20', O A l-i=143° 60'; a:h : o=0'7Sll : 1 : 1*0416. Observed planes aa in the annexed figure, with also the prismatic planes i-2. 1-t A H top,=109 52', 1 A 1, ov. 1-I,=118° 12', adj.,= 120 56', ov. /,=90 46'j /A 1=135° 23'. Cleavage : diagonal, i-i, i-i, very indistinct. Also globular or reniform, and compact.
H.=4. G.=3'6— 3*8. Lustre resinous. Color olivegreen, generally dark. Streak oUve-green. Translucent to subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal — uneven. Brittle.
Oomp.— or Ou*P+Cud (Ramm.)=:Phoaphoric add 29*7, ozyd of oopper 68*6, water 3-8=100. Analyses; 1, Kuhn (Ann. Oh. Pharm., IL 154); 2, Bergemann (Pogg., cit. 190); 3, Hermann (J. pr. Gh., zzxrii 176) ; 4, Chydenius (Acta Boc. Sc. Foul, y, 340) ; 6, F. Field (Ohem. Qta June, 1869); 6, H. liiiller (Qu. J. Ch. Soa, zL 202); 7, Berthier (Ann. d. M., viiL S34); 8, Bhodius (Ann. Ch. Pharm., Izil 371) :
1. LTbethen, erysL
2. "
3. N. Tagilsk
4. " 6.
6. Congo, Africa 28-89
7. Lihethen 28-7
8. Ehl 28*9
28*61 29*48 29*31
Cu a
66-94 4*06==100*43 Kfihn.
66*29 4-04, As 2*80=99*09 Bergemann.
66*89 6*60=100 Hermann.
66*42 3*74=99*47 Field
66-98 r4*18]=100 MiiUer.
63*9 7*4=100 Berthier.
68-1 7-3=99*8 Bhodius.
a. ofanaL 8=3*6~3'8; 8, 4*27.
The analysis by Berthie/ is identical with Bhodius's analysis of ehlite=0n*P + 2d, and the mineral is called Jseudo-HheihmUe by Bammelsberg, who writes the formula Beudant cites the same analysis in connection with his name Aph' se.
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube yields water and turns black. B.B. fuses at 2 and colors the flame emerald-green. On charcoal with soda gives metallic copper, sometimes also an arsenical odor. Fused with metallic lead on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper, witii the formation of phosphate of lead, which treated in R.F. gives a crystalline pohe(&al bead on cooling. With ihe fluxes reacts for oopper. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in cavities in quarts, associated with chalcopyrlte, at Lihethen, near Neusohl, i& Hungaiy ; at Rheinbreitenbach and Ehl on the Rhine ; at Kischne Tagilsk in the Ural ; in Bolivia, fiL A., with malachite ; at the Mercedes mine, near (oquimbo, (chili, with tagiUte and limonite ' also in small quantities near Qunnis Lake in Oomwall, and near Redruth ; in the UraL
Oxtoicn
636. OZJTBNITB. Aneniksanres Knpferen (fr. OomwaJl) Klapr tichrft Ges. Sut Tt, Beil, Tii. 160, 1786; Oliyenen (fr. Wenk, Bergm. J., 382, 396, 1789. Olirs Oopper On Kirwan, iL 161, 1796. OUye-green Copper Ore Jiaahleigh,Bnt Miz L pL 11, C 2, 1797, iL pL 6, 1802. CuiTre aneoiat en ootadre aigus Boutil, Phil Tr., 177, 1801. PharmakochalEJt pt BaumL, m. 1642, 1818; OUvBiikapfer, id, 1046; FhannaoQlalt td, 1026, 1847. Ofiveiiite pt Jameson, Sjat, il 886, 1820; LtinJUt Orykt, 283, 1821.
Orthorhombic. /A 80', O A l-t=144 W; a:b: o=0-78 : 1 :
1'0446. Observed planes as in the figure. 1-t A 1-t, top, 50' (110 47', DescU, ii A 14=124 35', in A 186 15'. Oleavaee: / ana 1-t in traces. Sometimes acicular. Also globolar and reniform, indistinctly fibrous, fibres straight and diveint, rarely promiscaoos; also conred lamellar and granular.
H.=3. G.=4'l— 4-4. Lustre adamantine— vitreous ; of some fibrous varieties pearly. Color various shades of olive-green, passing into leek-, siskin-, pistachio-, and blackish-green ; also liver- and wood-brown ; sometimes strawyellow and grayish-white. Streak olive-green — brown. Subtransparent — opaque. Fracture, when observable, conchoidal — uneven. Brittle. Optically like libetJienite, Descl.
Var.— 1. Ordinary. (a> OrytlaUited; O. =4*378, Cornwall, Damour; 4*186, lb., Hermann.
(b) J'\brou8 ; finely and divergeDtly flbroua, of green, yellow, brown, and gray, to white colors, with the surface aometimea velvety or adcolar; 6. =3*913, Hermann; found investing the common variety or passing into it ; called woodF-oopper or woad-wraeniaie {Hobskupfsrtrz),
(c) Earthy ; or masaiye : jometimeB soft enough to soil the fingers. or du'(A8, r)+Cu the arsenic being to the phosphoric add aa
6 : 1, AJsenic aoid 36*7, phoaphoric add 8*7, oxydof oopper 67*4, water 3*2=100, and iaomorphous with libethenite. Analyses: 1, t. Kobell (Pogg., rviii 249); 2, 8, Richardaon (Thom. Min i. (S14) ; 4, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., xxxiil 291); 6, Damour (Ann. Oh. Phys., III. xiii. 404); % Thomson (Min., i. 616); 7, Hermann (L c.):
2b P On A
3*60=100 KobeH 3*9=100 Richardson. 3*66=100 Richardson. 4*1 100 Hermann. 3-72=98*88 Damour. 4*41=100 Thomson. 8*88, te 8-64=100 Hermann.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube gives water. B.B. fUses at 2, coloring the flame bluish-green, and on cooling the ftised mass appears crystalliue. B.B. on charcoal Aises with deflagration, gives off arsenical flies, and yields a metallio arsenid, whidi with soda yields a globe of copper. With the fluxes reacts for oopper. Soluble in nitric add.
Oba. — The crystallized yarieties occur disposed on. or coating, cavities of quarts in ComwaU, at Wheal Gorland, Ting Tang, Wheal Unity, and other mines near St Day; also near Redruth; near Tavistock, in Devonshire; also in ixiferior spedmens at Alston Moor, in Oumberland; at Camsdorf and Saalfeld in Thuringia ; the Tyrol; the Bannat; Siberia; Chili; and other places.
The name olivenite alludes to the olive-green color.
None of the mineral phosphates or arsenates were distinctively recognized In andent miner* alogy. The spedes containing copper, if observed, were left to pass under the general names of chryaoooila and maiachika. In 1747, Wallerius has, besides Koppair-Lagn/r or aaurite, the twc spedes Copper Green (malachite) and Copper Blue (chrysoooUa and azurite in part), but without well-defined limits Cronstedt, in 1768, describes the Mountain Blue as sometimes impure (terra oalcarea mixta), and hence effervescing with aqua-fortis. Fontana, in 1778, announced the green earbonaie aller au analysis; and Borgmann in his Sdagraphia, 1782, recojrniaes only carbonate oopper, and calls wrongly the green mica of Werner 1780, and later iorbermte) a diorid. In
1. Cornwall, orysl
36*71
8*36
66*43
2. "
39*9
M
89*80
—
66*66
4. "
tl
8S*6U
6*96
6. "
It
8*43
6. "
—
7. "
u
40*60
1*00
H7Dbous Phosphates And Ab8Snate8. 5'6!
1780 Saproth analysed an anenaU and Werner aoon after gave H the name of OUvenen ; and ia Wener's system of 178 (Beigm. J., 382, 1789 Aanrite, ICalaohite, Copper green of compact texture not effervescing with acida (chrysoooUaX Oliveners, together wil a so-called EiaaiachuasiQ Kupfergrun (mostly earthy green carbonate), were the only species. Karsten's Tabellen of 1800 oontaius no addition to the list But in 1801 Boumon announced, ft'om an analysis by Oheuevix, a second arsenate afterward called Liroconite; Yauquelin a third, afterward named Chahf phyUUe; Klaproth a fourth, the Strahliges OUvcnen or dinodaae, Klaproth also published at Sie same time an analysis of the first jioaphaie now called Piaeudomalachite; besides one of the cjchlorid AtadamUCf whidi mineral had been brought from Ohili as copper sand between 1780 and 1790, and was pronounced an ozyd by Yauquelin, and a chlorid by Karsten in his TabeUen of 1800.
637. ABAMXTB. Adamine 0. FHedd 0. R, IziL 692, 1868.
Ortliorhombic- /A 88', O A l-t=148 40': a:h: c=0-73547 : 1 : 1-0271 ; isoraorphoos with olivenite. /A i-8=161* 4Si\ I A i-ft=161 25', 1-i A 1-1=10720', /A 1=135° 46', 1 A 1, over l-t, =120° 4'. Clcavage : l-i very distinct.
H.=3*5. G.=4"338. Lofltre vitreous, strong. Color honey-yellow, violet, the latter often external only. Streak white. Transparent. Plane of optical axes parallel to the base, and normal to i-i ; angle in oil for a plate of violet variety, normal to the obtuse bisectrix, 115° 50' for the red rays: Doscl.
Oomp--0. ratio for ft Xs, d=4 : 6 : 1 ; 2n*£s + 2n Arsenic add 40*2, ozyd of zinc 56*7, water 8*1=100. But the analysis gives li fi instead of 1 & Anasia: Friedel (L c.):
It is a dno olivenite.
Pyr., etc— Heated in a closed tube decrepitates feebly, and yields a little water, becoming white and poroelanous. On charcoal fuses, producing a coating of ozyd of dnc, and a feeble odor of arsenic. In a closed tube with soda and charcoal gives a ring of arsenia With boraz in 0. F. pearl-yellow while hot, colorless on cooling. Easily soluble in dilute muriatic add.
Oba. — From Ohafiaroillo, Chili, with limonite and native silver. Named after Mr. Adam of ParisL
638. OONZOHAIiOITB. Konichaldt BreUK, & Fritaschek Vagg bczviL 189, 1849.
Beniform and massive, resembling malachite.
H.=4:*5. G. =4'123. pistachio-een, inclining to emerald-green ; streak the same. Snbtranslncent. Brittle. Fracture splintery.
Oomp. - (Cu, da)'(S8, 1)+Ca d+i- Bomo vanadio add repladng (7) part of the phosphoric Uie copper and lime in equal proportions, the arsenic to the other adds aa 2 : 1. Closely allied to olivenite and volborthite. Analysis by Fritasche Q. c.) :
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube decrepitatea, gives water, and black. In the forceps fuses, ind colors the flame at first emerald-green, but after a time blue adjacent to the assay. On charcoal Aises with deflagration to a red slag-like mass, which gives an alkaline reaction to test paper, and with soda gives a globule of copper. On chaicoal, with salt of phosphorus and metallic lead, yields a glaas whidi is dark yellow while hot and dome-green on cooling (vana dium).
ObB.>-From Hlniosa de Cordova, in Andalusia, Spain. Named flrom Itme and
639. BATLDONXTB. JL H. Check, J. Ch. Soo, n. ilL 265, 1866.
In minnte mammillary concretions, with a snrface. Strnotnrc often somewhat reticulated.
OZTGICN OOMFOUHBBr
H.=4*5. G.=5*35. Lustre strong resinous. Oolor grass-men Ic blackish-green* Streak siskin- to apple-green. Subtranslucent. fracture snbconchoidal, uneven.
Oomp.-- 0. ratio Jbr ti, 1b, &=4 : 6 : 2 nearly; whence (fh On)* 1b-\-2 with th : Cus 1:8; or(]b, da)*A8+Cii£[+ Church, =Anienic aoid ozyd of oopper 32*8, oxyd of laod 80*7, water 4*0=100. AnaljaU: Ohorch (L a):
1m On tb
81-76 80*88 80*18
4*68, Fe, Oa, and loss 2*66=100 Ghnich.
Pyr., eto.— B3. gives off water and beoomes black, which latter reaction Ghurch regard u indicating that part of the oopper eziata in the mineral as hydrate. On charooal Aises to a black bead, defliagratea, giving off arsenical fiimea, and leaves a white metallic bead of lead and oopper. With boiBx in outer flame gives a blue bead. Difficultly soluble in nitric acid.
Oba-Oocnrs m OomwaU. Named after Dr. John Bajldon.
640, SnOHROITZI. Eoohrolt BnUh Char., 172, 266, 1828.
Orthorhombic. 7a/=92 8', (9 A 14=148 40'; a:h : c=0'6088 : 1 : 1*038. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. l-I A l-i=117° 20', irl A 20', 13'. Cleavage : / and 1-t. Faces 1-i vertically striated.
H.=3-6— 4. G.=3-389. Lnstre vitreons. Color bright emerald- or leek-green. Transparent — translucent. Fractnre small conchoidal — uneven. Bathef brittle.
la-1 "&, or Cu' Sls+Cu fi+6 fi (Bainm.)= Arsenic acid 34*1, ozyd of oopper 4*7*2, water 18*7=100. Analyses: 1, Turner (Edinb. PhiL J., iv. 801); 2, 8, EUhn (Ann. Cb Fharm., 11 128); Wdhler (ib., 286):
Xs On a
18-80=99-67 Turner. 19*31=100-70 Kuhn. 19-31, Oa 1-12=99*84 KQhn. 18-39=99*70 Wohler.
Pyr., etc. — In the deed tube gives more water, but has otherwise the same reaotioos as olivenite.
Obs.— Occurs in quartzose mica slate at libethen in Hungary, in crystals of considerablo siae having much resemblance to dioptase.
Xamed cxpoa, hMuHfid color.
If the prism 2-i were made the Aindamental vertical prism in euchrolte, then /a /would eqna lOr 18', and I -i A 1-i, toptsS?** 52', nearly as in wolfhun and hopeite. The deavage is not in accordance with this view.
Alt.— Tschermak suggests that olivenite may be endiroite altered by the loss of water, he finding crystals of olivenite projecting ftom the holes of cavernous euchroite (Ber. Ak. Wien, U. 129).
641. TAOnOTB. Tagfflth (fr. N. TagOsk) Bamumn, J. pr. Gh xzrvlL 184 1846; (fr. Ullem-
ruth) BreWu, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 809.
Monoclinic, but like liroconite in habit of crystalB, Breith. Cleavage : brachydiagonal, distinct. Also in reniform or spheroidal concretions. Btructnre flbrous ; also earthy.
H.=3>-4 G.=aboat 8*5, Hermann; 4*076, Breith. Lustre vitreous
1. libethen
2. "
34*42
46*97
3.
48*09
HTDBOtrS PHOBFHATBS AND ABSENATB8. 567
Color verdigris- to emerald-green. Streak verdigria-greeiL Sabtranalucent Brittle.
Oomp.— O. ratio fori; P, fi=4 : 5:3; whence da*P + 3fi; or, Cn'P + Cafi + Sfi (BaiDm.)=r Phosphoric acid 27*7, <ajd of copper 61*8, water 10'5= 100. AxialTBes : 1, HermanB (L a); 3k Field (Oh. Gai., June 16, 1869):
P Cu ft
1. Ural 26*44 61*29 10-77, 9e 1-50=100 Hennaim.
2. " 26-91 62*58 10-71=100 HermanxL 8. Ooquimbo 27*42 61-70 10*26=99-87 field.
Pyr., etc — No blowpipe characters are giTen by HermanxL
Obs.— Oooara at Nisdme Tagilric on limonite; at the Arme Hilfe mine, Ullersreath, in mints orystals and renifonn groups or masses, on limonite, with quarts; in 8. America, at the Mercedes mine, Ooquimbo, fibrous, on limonite.
Hermanns tagUUe was in renifonn concretions, with H.=3, G.=3-5, and color emerald- to mountain-green ; and had the composition mentioned. The other character in the above description (excepting the anal, by Field) are Breithanpt in an account of the Ullenreuth ore, which he refera to tagilite, but which has not been analjud, and may or majr not be that species.
642. LIROOONITB. Octahedral Arseniate of Oopper (fr. Oomwall) Bowm PhiL Trans., 1801 174, fiashleigh*s Brit Min., il, pL 2, 6, 11, 1802. Linseners TTem., 1803, Ludwig's Mln., iL 216, 1804; Karden Tab., 64, 1808. Lhisenkupfer Eamm Handle, 1061, 1813. Lirokon malachitpt. Moha, Grundr., 180, 1822. Ohaloophadt Glocker, Handb., 869, 1831.
Monoclinic, Breith., Descl. /A 21', Deecl. ; *'ro
72° 22', B. & M. ; 7r 69' Breith. 14 A 11=61° 81', Deflcl.; 60° 40', B. & M. (7=88° 33'. Observed
K lanes as in the annexed fignre. Cleavage lateral, nt obtained with difSculty. Rarely granular. H.=2-2-5. G.=2-882, Boumon; 2-926, Haid.; 2*985, Hermann ; 2"964, Damour. Lustre vitreous, U inclining to resinous. Color and streak sky-blue — verdigris-ereen. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal, uneven. Imperfectly sectile.
li Si) £[, if the alundna and a fourth of the copper may be m the state of hydrate.
U
tn
P
1. Oomwall
20*79
2. "
3. "
22*22
i. "
Hermann (J. pr. Ch., zzziiL 296) ; 3, Damour (Ann. Gb. Fhya., IIL xilL 404):
xi Cu a
9*68 3718 26*49=98*06 Damour.
10*09 37*40 26*44=98*47 Damour.
Pyr., alo — In the cloeed tube gives much water and turns dLive-green. B.B. cracks open, but does not decrepitate; fuses less readily than olivenite to a dark gray slag ; on charcoal cracks open, deflagrates, and gives reactions like olivenite. Soluble in nitric add.
Oba— Orystals occasionally an inch In diameter; usually quite small With various ores of eopper, pyrite, and quarts, at Wheal Gorland, Wheal Muttrell, and Wheal Unity, in Cornwall; also in minute crystals at Heirengmnd in Hungary; and in Voigtiand.
The -2 (which maybe tfOcen as /) has the front angle IIT 17', if cakmlated from /A J 22', and this is near the angle /A /of pseudomalachite. Moreover, the formulas of the are similar, aa shown above.
Hamed kttpJt pak, and povdw.
0Z7Gen Oomfoitnds.
643. PSBUDOBSAXJIOHITZL Phosphoisaiires Enpfer pt. Kwd., Kk., K. Schiift Berl. Ges. Nat, Fr. iiL 804, 1801. Phosphorkupfer ii.. Tab., 64. 97. 1808. Phosphorkapferezs Wem. CuiTTO phosphate J7., ., 98, 1800. Phosphate of Oopper. Pseadomalachit Eamm Handb., 1036, 181& Phoephoroohalcit (?2odk0r. Handb., 847, 1881. Tpol6imeMid.,Tr., ii. 570, 1882. Imnnit Bemhardi. KupferdiBspore KHhn, J. Ch. Pharm., li. 126, 1844. Dihydiit J7fm., J. pr. Ch., zzzyiL 178, 1848.
Orthorhombic, hemihedral (monoclinic P). / A 7=109° 28', 0 A 146° 18i' ; a : J : : 1 : 0*6667. Obseired planes as in the annexed
We. irl A 1-8=141 4' and 56', 1 A l=lir 49', OAi4=166° 34', MA 1-8=168° 46'. Cleavage: f-i imperfect. Also reniform or massive ; indistinctly fibroas, and having a dmsy surface.
H.=4*5— 5. G.=4— 4*4. Lustre adamantine, in* dining to vitreous. Color dark emerald-, verdigris-, or blackish-green, often darker at the surface. Streak green, a little paler than the color. Translucent — subtranslucent. Fracture small conchoidal — uneven. Brittle.
Var., Comp. — The analyses ybij much, and have been regarded hy Hermann and others as a- dkaiting that two or three species are here included ; but the flforences may be only a oonao* quenbe of mixture. The supposed species distinguished are as flows j
A. EhliUi (and Prasin) of Breithaupt Formula Cu*l+S d, or Cu"P+8 Ou ti-ti {Ruam\: . Phosphoric add 23*9, ozyd of copper 67*0, water V'l=:100. Occurs crystaliized ; also reniform and botryoidal, with a radiating fibrous structure ; also maBsiye*. 6. —4*4. Includes analyses 1 — 7, and perhaps others.
The name Prasin is used by Breithaupt for pseudomalachite in general ; he dtes Berthier analysis (Ko. 8) of a libethen ore, and one by Lunn (p. 66v) of a Bheinbreitenbach spedmen, and mentions other localities in Bavaria, Voigtland, and Siberia. For his ehliie he gives Bergemann's analysis of an Ehl specimen (No. 6) which does not differ efisentially from fierthier's. According to a recent analysis of the Ehl mineral by Bergemaun (Na 6), it contains 7 p. a of vanadic add replacing part of the phospboria
B. Dihydrite. Formula Cu* P+ 2 ]fi, or Cu' P-H 2 Cu fi (fiamm), Phosphoric add 24-7, ozyd of oopper 69*0, water 6*3=100. Indudes the analyses having 6 to 6*5 p. c of water.
C. FeudomaiaeJidie, Formula Ou* P+S fi, or Cu" P+3 Cu d (Bamm),= Phosphoric add SM, oad of copper 70*9, water 8*0=100. Indudes analyses 16-19.
Nordenskiold unites ZHhydrite and EhUie.
Analyses : 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., zzzvii) ; 2, Kuhn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., ttxiv. 218) ; S, Berthief (Ann. 0. M., viil); 4, Nordenskiold (1. c.); 5, Bergemann ohw. J., liv. 305}; 6, Bergemann (Jahrb. Min. 1858, 195)'; 7, Heddle (PbH Mag., FV. z. 39); 8, 9, Hermann (L a); 10-18, No denskiold (1. a); 14 Arfvedson (Jahresb., iv. 143) ; 15, Kiihn (L a, Iv. 124); 16, 17, Euhn (L a) 18, Bhodius (Pogg., bdl 369); 19, Ghuich (Oh. News, z. 217); 20, Bergemann (Pogg ei
P 6u fi
100 Hermann.
Fe 2-11, C lr.=100 Nordeniik
s99*98 Bergemann.
V 7*84=99*22 Bergemann.
quarts 0*48=99*85 Heddtou
riOO Hermana
mo Hermann.
maladiite 4*84 Nord.
" 5*24 Nord.
" 5*76 Nord.
" 6*62 Nofd.
1. Libethen
0.=4-4
67*25
8-20=
66*86
10*00=
3. "
24*7
4. Ehl
G.=:4*198
22*51
9*03,
5. "
65*99
9-06=
6. "
64*09
8-90,
1. Cornwall
0.=4'26
68*18
8-51,
8. N. Tagilflk
&.=4-25
Dihydrik
a.=4*4
68*21
6-49=
10. "
fibrous
G.=4*181
28*00
65*22
7-50,
11. "
mam.
a.=4-07
64*63
6*84,
u
22*72
682,
11.
a.=4-24
6*59,
Htdbous Phosfhaisb Asd Assbsatea. 56B
t4. Bhdnbreiteiibaoh 84-70 68*90 0*97=96*87 Axfredioii.
15. mxaiMietg, Kupf&rdiaspare 2418 60*61
17. Bhdnbxeitenbach 21*62 68*74 8*64=08*00 Kiihn.
18. LilKithen 20*4 70*8 8*4=00 -6 Bhodins.
2a Livi 19*89 69*97 8*21, 28 1*78=99-85 BeigvinazA.
Key. F. obtained for an on from BheinbreitenbaohrEd. Phil. J., t. 211, 1821) 21*687, Cu 62*847, & 16*464=99*988, giTing the formula Cti*PV5 But no later analyil Ims found as much water. Bendant cites this analysiB under hia ffpoUme,
Pyr., eta — Like libethenite; aome Taziettes decrepitate remarkably and yield a black pnmdu la the deed tabe.
Obe- -OocorB In yelna trayening date at Vimebeig, near Bheinbreitenbadi, and at Ehl, searLiBi, on the BMne, along with other copper area ; at Hirecdtbey in Voigaimd ; Llbethen in Hnngaiy ; NiBchne Tagilskln Siberia. FoaDd in Cornwall, consisting of minute globolar concretions. Also met with m the mine. Pa. ; in Cabarras Co., N. C.
The phoephates of oopper were indnded in the oliyenen and malachite of the minendogistn of last oentuzy.
PMudamalaeMts of Hausmann is the earliest of the names of this spedes, and is as diort and as good as the later PUoipharoehaleUe of Glooker. LunmtemB sabstitateid by Bemhardi, and has been used in some recent works. But Lunn*s one analysis was not made until 1821, and gives a different oompodtion from that since obtained. It will certainly be soon enough to use his name in mineralogy when a mineral haying the oompodtion he aided at, and thus befitting it, has been identified.
644. BRXNITB. at'dL, Ann. FhiL, IL iy. 154 1828.
In inammillated crystalline groups, concentric in Btmctnre and iibrons, and rough from the terminations of very minute crystals ; the concentric layers compact, and often easily separable. Traces of cleavage in one direction.
H.=4'5— 6. G.=4*043, Lustre almost dull, slightly resinous. Color fine emerald-green, slightly inclining to grass-green. Streak green, paler than the color. Subtranslucent — nearly opaque. Brittle.
Oomp.— Cn* ls+8 or Cu*2B-f 2 Cn£[ (Bamm.),= Arsenic add 84*7, ixijd of oopper 69 ft water 1 00. Analysis (approzimatiye) by Turner (L a) :
Is 83-78 Cu 69-44 A 601 2l 1*77=100.
Pyr., etc — In the deed tube decredtstes and yields water. B.B. on diarcod emits arsenic Amies and giving an arsenid, whidi in O.F. yields a globule of copper. Soluble in nitric add.
Oba — Ststed by Hddmger to come ftom the Gonn of Limerick, Ireland; but shown by Church to be a Cornish spedes.
646. OORNWALLXra. Comwallit Abh. d. . Ges. , 1 846w
Amorphous.
H.=4*5. G.=4'160. Color emerald-green to dark verdigrig-green. Fracture conchoidal.
Oomp.— *X8+6£[, orCu'ls-f According to Lerch, whoobtabed, a mean of two snalyses (1. o.* Batnm. Mhi. Oh., 877) :
Pyr*! eto*— In the matrass yields water. B.B. on diarooal glyeii arsenical Aunea, and a bed of copper enyelcped in a brittle crust
OXYOEK OOMPOUNDe.
Oba— From Cornwall, oocorring in small botryoidal or diBseminated incdTidoaa on oltvwite tSeBembles maliichite, bnt difBdrs Som it in not effeireacing with acida.
646. TTROZJTB. Kupfbrsdiaum Wem Hoffin. llin., iil i80, 1816, LetEt IGn. Oysi 19, 5Q|,
1817. Kopaphrite Shep Ifio, I 204, 1835. Tircdit ffauL Handb 609, 1846.
Orthorhombic Observed planes : 0, m, I. Cleavage : O, perfect. ITsuallv reniform, massive ; structure radiate foUaceous, surface drusy.
H.=l— 2. G. =8-02— 8-098. Lustre: pearly; other faces vitreoua. Color pale apple-green and verdiCTis-green, inclining to sky-blue, Streak a little paler. Translucent — suotranslucent. Fracture not observable. Very sectile. Thin laminflB flexible.
Oomiw— Cn*2a+0£[, or Cn*2B+2Ctifi[+7fi nEtamm.X=Ar8enio auld 29*2, ozyd of cop 60*3, water 20*6=100, with carbonate of lime aa Impurity. Analyaia: t. Kobell (Fogg., zriiL S68):
Falkenstein, Tyred Xa 25*01 On 48*88 fi 17*46 CaC 18-66=:100.
Pyr., etc.— In the doaed trbe decrepitates and yields much water. B.B. in the foroeps taken tt) a steel-gray globule. On charcoal gives off arsenical times, and fuses quietly without deflagration to a slaggy mass, which in B.F. yields globules of copper. Soluble in nitric add with effer> ▼eacence. Soluble in ammonia, yielding a blue solution and a white residue of carbonate of lime.
Oba. — Usually occurs in the cavities of calamine, caldte, or quarts, accompanied by other ores of copper, appearing in amall aggregated and diverging fibrous groups of a pale green color, and poeaesaing a delicate silky lustre. Has been observed in the iSiimat ; at Posing and Libethen in Hungary; Nertschinsk in Siberia; Falkenstein and Schwatz in the Tyrol ; Saalfeld in Thuringia; Rlecelsdorf in Heasia ; Schneeberg in the Krzgebirge ; in zechstein-ddomite near Bieber.
647. OIiINOOLASITB. Strahliges Olivenerz KarsL, Klapr., N. Schrin;. BerL Ges Fr., iil 208, 1801. Cupreous Arsenate of Iron BawrfUf PhiL Trans., 1801 (with anal by Gheneviz). Strah* lemon Karaten Tab., 64, 97, l8o8. Cuivre arseniate f<§rrifdre K, Tabl, 91, 1809. Strahleokupfer ffausm., Handb., 1050, 1813. Strahlene Wsm. Elinoklaa BreiOkf Uib., 1880. SideroduOdt OkKiker, Orundr., 840, 1831. Aphandse Bead,, Tr., il 602, 1832. Aphanesito Slup., MhL, 1835. AUchit Bemhardit Glocker's Grundr., 579, 1839.
Monoclinic. 30' I A A front, =56°, side, 124 Observed planes as in the annexed figures. (?A-|-i=99° 30', <?Al-i=123° 48'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect* Also massive, hemispherical, or reniform ; stractore radiated fibrous.
H. 2-5 - 3. G. 4-19 - 4-86. Lustre: O pearly; elsewhere vitreous to resinous. Color internally dark verdigris -green ; extemaUy
bladdsh-blue green. Streak bluishgreen. Subtranslucent. Not very brittle.
OompiT—Cu' 1b +8 It, or Cu*Xb+8Cu£[ (Bamm.),=: Arsenic add 30*2, osyd of copper 62*1 water 7*1 100. Analyses : 1, Bammelaberg (2d Suppl, 78); % Damoiir (Ajin. Gh. Pbya.* Ill tlU'
1m
Cu fi Fe
60-00 7-64 0*89, Ca 0-50, 911*12=100 62*80 7*57 0*49=99*44 Damonr.
Htdboub Phosphates Aixd Ab6Enate8. 571
Pyr., tttow— Sftine as for oliTenite.
Obfli — Oooars in Oomwdl, with other ores of copper, at Ting Tang mine, Wheal Dnity, and Wheal Oorland, and at Bedford United Mines, near Taristook. The crystals nsuallj present a ▼eiy dark blue color and brilliant lustre, but are rarely recognizable, being aggregated in direrg ing groups. or disposed in extremely minute individuals, in cayites of quarts; whence the name aphanesUet from 'afahfit, unmanifisL Also found in the £i:agebirge.
Named ClinocUuite in allusion to the basal cleaTage being oblique to the sides of the prism.
648. OHALOOPBTLXilTB. Ouiyre arseniat lameUiforme i7., Tr., 1 801 ; Vauguelin J. d. If X. 662, 1801. BIftttriges Oliveners, Kupforglimmer, Kdrai Hoff*3 Hag L 643, 1801 ; Lndwig*s Werner, 180, 1803. Oopper Mica .rameaofi, Mia, 1820. Kupferphyllit Breith Char., 42, 1882. Ghalkophyllit BnUh Handb., 149, 1847. Tamarite B. A M., Mh 1862.
Rhombohedral. R A 48', O A 5=108° 44' ; a=2-5536. Observed planes: B, 2, 0, -i, L iAi=88''46', A 124° 9'. Usually in six-sided tabular crys-
tals ; plane O sometimes trianolarly striated. Cleavage : O highly perfect. foliated massive, and in druses.
]Bt.=:2. G.=2-4-2-66; 2435, Cornwall, Hermann ; 2*659, ib., Damour. Lustre : of O pearly ; of other faces vitreous or Bubadamantine. Color emerald- or grass-green to verdiris-green. Streak somewhat paler than the color. Transparent — translucent. Fracture scarcely observable.
Oomp<— 0u'X8+l2 % or Cu'Ss-fS Cu fi+7 fi, from Chene?ix'8any8i8,=Ar8enioadd 21*3, oxyd of copper 68*7, water 20-0= 10<). From Hermann's analyais, Cn' A8+28 d=Ar8euio acid 18*0, oxyd of oopper 49*6, water 32*4=100. Analyaee: 1, Cheneviz (Phil Trans., 1801) ; 2, Her mann (J. pr. Oh., xxxiiL 294); 8, Damour (Aul Oh., Phys., IIL ziii 404):
Is On ti
1. Cornwall 21 68 21=100 Cheneviz.
Pyr., eto. — In the dosed tube decrepitates, yields much water, and gives a residue of ohvegreen scales. In other respects lilce oUyenite. Soluble in nitric add, and in ammonia.
Obs. — The copper mines of Tingtang, Wheal Gorland, and Wheal Unity, near Redruth, are its prindpal localities hi ComwaU. Oocurs also crystallised in iron ore at Bayda hi Saxony ; in minute crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary ; Moldawa m the Bannat
Taking i i? as the fundamental rhombohedron, then i? A 46', and a=l*7768.
Alt. — Found altered to dirysooolla.
649. BBRUNITB. BerHnit 0. W. BUmBkwnd Pliv. oontrib., dated Lund, Dea 9, 1867.
Compact masfiive, without a trace of cleavage.
H.=6. G.=2*64. Lustre vitreous. ColorlesB to grayisli or pale rosered. Streak Translucent. Fracture uneven.
Ctomp— Si + i d, BlomstrandfsPhoiphorie acid 66'9, alumbia 40*6, water 8*6 100. Aaalysia : a W. Blomstrand (1. a) :
Pyr., eta— BJB. whitens without turing. A deep blue color with cobalt Hardb attadEed Adds. Basily decomposed on ftision with alkalies, and the resulting mass sdlnble in water witii tfVolntioD of much heat
B72
OlMk— Rewmblee qoaiii. Pom the iron mine of WestanA in fiend, Sweden, whMe it ooccn qMringly in quarts, ftom wfaieh it ia ordinarily aeparated bj a thin layer of iBSOlite. Named after ProC H. H. Berlin, of the UniTeraitj of Land.
BSa OAIXAXmni. T (Ulaina Flin xzzriL 83. Tnrquois pt CUlaia Dainmr, a R, Hz
986 1864. OaDainite Ikma.
MasBive. Texture wax-like.
H.=3-5— 4. G.=2'50— 2*52. Color apple-green to emerald green spotted or lined with whitish and bluish. Translucent
Oomp.— 21 f-6 £[=Fhotphorio add 42*89, alumina 80*70, water 26*86=100. Analytla : A
p
Si
An
Ca
ti
Band
r.
2-Osl00*39.
Tjr eto< — When heated yields water, and beoomea opaqnei chocolate-brown, and friable B.B. invisible.
Oba.— From a Celtic graye, near Manr HVoek hi Lookmariaqner, in rounded pieces from tht slae of a flax-seed to that of a pigeon's egg, and found in the oolleotions of the Polymathic Sodetj of Morbihan, in western France.
Damour makes this mhieral the eaOoia of Flioy, and especial in view of its green odor. Bui the calais waa blue, and the green stone really rdated to it waa probably the caUaina (see p 681). Yet, as this identity is not established, the name caUaiMk is better than Flmy'a name unmodified.
661. XiAZnUTB. Himmelblau Fossil Ton Steiermark [Styria] Wtdmmam Bergm. J., 840, Ap. 17tf] ; Smalteblaue F. Ton Yorau, Schrift. Ges. N. Berlin, iz. 362, 1791; Katurliche Smatt; Berlinerblau, Bisenblau [YiTianite]; Beiigblau [sOhrysooolla] ; Un&chter LaaursteiD [=rFalM Lapis-LaEuli], SHUt Ehiricht Kat Wien, 49, 1798 ; Iiaaulit=Kiese1erde + Thonerde 4- Bisenerde, £2qpr., Schrift Ges. K. BerL, z. 90, 1792, Beitr., L 197, 1796. Dlditer blauer Feldspath (fr. Erieglach, Styria) KUqfr Beitr., i. 14, 1795; Laaulith JOipr., Beitr., It. 279, 1807. Blue lr, Blue Feldspar. Wahrsohehilich n. Foss. aus d. Salsbnrgischen, Siderit v. Jfofl; Jahrb. B. H., It. 71, 1799 (with bad anaL by Hehn); MoUlt ffaberle, Handb., 1804;=Lasulith Mohs, Null Kab., l 427, 1804. Blauapath Wem. Yoraulite DeUsmeOL, Ifin., 1812. Aiurite Jamuon Mtn., L 341, 1816. Phosphorstture Thonerde, etc., /Uc . J., zziT. 373, 1818. Klaprothite BmdL IV., 464, 1824; Elaprothine id, iL 676, 1882. '
aih: c=0'86904 : 1 : 1*0260. Observed planes as in the annexed figures.
0 A 24=120 42i 1=140 20 2 A 2, front,=100 20
1 A 1, front,=116 80 O A 1=129 10 -2 A -2, " =99 40 O A 2h=121 15 7=90 28 2-t A f =141 38
Twins: composition-face i-t; also (?, as in £ 481. Cleavage: lateral, indistinct Also massive.
H.=5-6. G.=8-057, Fuchs; 8-067-8-121, Prufer; 3-122, Smith & Brush. Lustre vitreous. Color azure-blue; commonly a fine deep blue viewed along one axis, and a pale greenish-blue along another. Streak white. Subtranslucent--opa(]ua fracture uneven. jBrittle. Plane of optical axes cUnodiagonal ; bisectrix negative and inclined 50 39' to a normal to the ecfee -2 / -2, and to a normal to 2-t ; angle large, foi the red ray in oil 16' ; besd.
Htdboub Ph08Phatbb And Ab8Enate8.
Oomp.— 0. imtio for It, Xl, P, fisl :8:5:1; whence il 1? + Ag ft ; or Sl1?+(Mg, ITfiia,=: Phosphoric add 46*8, alumina 84'0, magneaia 13% water 6 0=1 00.
Analysea : 1, Fuchs (Schweig. J., . 373) ; 2, B. Braudea (ib., xxz. 385) ; 3-S, Banunelabeii Togg., Ixiv. 2ft0); 9, Id, Smith A Bmah (Am. J. SoL, II. xvi. 370); 11, Igelstrom (J. pr. Ol! ]zi7. 252, fir. (Efy. Ak. 1854); 12, 0. W. Blomatrand (priy. contrib Deo. 9, 1867):
£1 te
1. Bfidelgraben
2. Krieglach
Grata. G.=8-ll
u
6. Krieglaoh. O.=2*02
9. North Carolina
10. "
11. Wermland
12. Westana
48*84 46*99 40*95
84*50 38*09 36*22 3U05 27*48 31*22 82*86
2*64
8*05
7*82
Mg
13*56
10-67'
12*85
Ca ft
0*42 1*44 1*42 1*65 4*82
ir. 0*84
6*06, Si 2-1 =87-68 Fucha. 0-50, Si Brondea. 5*62=100 Rammelsberg: 1 00 Rammelaberg. 5-61 1 00 Bammelsberg. 6*92=100 Bammelflberg. lUO Rammelaberg. 6*40=100 Rammeldberg. 5*68, Si 1*07=99*70 Smith & Br. 5-60, Si 1-07=100*96 Smith & Br 5-30, Ha (r.=99*81 Igelatrom. 5*92, Mn 0-18, Ou 0*1=100*86 BL
Bammelsberg found acme ailioa, aa impurity, in his analyaea, which ia excluded in the reaulta aboTC given.
Pyr, etc. — In the doaed tube whitena and yielda water. B.B. with cobalt solution the blot color of the mineral ia restored. In the forceps whitens, cracks open, swells up, and withoot fusion falls to pieces, coloring the .flame bluish-green. The green color ia made more intense bj moistening the assay with sulphuric add. With the fluzea givea an iron glass ; with soda on charcoal an infusible mass. Unacted upon by adds, retaining perfectly its blue color.
Obs. — Occura both maasire and cryatalliaed in narrow yeins, traTerslng clay slate, in the torrent beds of Schladming and B&delgraben, near Werfen in Sahsburg, with spathic iron ; in Grata, near Yorau ; in Kriegladi, in Styria ; at Hochthaligrat, at the Gomer glider, Bympflaoh* wang, Upper Valaia, in Switierluid, H.=about 4; alao in Teina or pooketa in quartiite in Horn'
574 oxraKN ooiifoi7nd6.
Jdbig WennUmd, mawlTe and , lometinies in S-dded oiTsteb 6 inohee kmg and 2 inches diameter; in the iron mine of Weatana, in Scania, Sweden, maaaive, of a dark adore odor, also at Tguoo in Minaa Geraea, BraziL Abundant at Orowder*a Mt, Lincoln Go., N. 0. ; and ia fine sky-blue crystals, often 1 — inch long and broad, on GkaTea Mt, Linooln Ck Ga., 60 m above Augusta, with ojanite, mtile pyiophyllite, eta
The name lazulite ia derived from an Arabic word, and, meaning heaven and alluded to ths oolor of the mineral
On oyst, Prufer, UTat AbhandL Wien, L 169; Dana, Aul J. Sd., IL xxrii 88
662. BARRANDXTB. Barrandit v. ZepharooiOi, Ber. Ak. WIen, ItL 1867.
In Spheroidal concretions, indistinctly radiated fibrous, with the surfiBtcc crystalline angular ; concentric in structure.
H.=4'5. G.= 2*576. Lustre between vitreous and greasy. Color palebluish, reddish, greenish or yellowish-gray. Streak yellowish to bluishwhite. Translucent to opaque.
Oomp— O. ratio for S, P,£[=8 : 6 : with fi=t 9e+f Si; whence (f9e+f Phosphoric add 40*63, alumina 12*61, aeaqnioxyd of iron 26*16, water 20*60=100. Analjrsia: £.
89-68 12*94 26-68 21-00=100.
Pyr., etc. — Ylelda water with an add reaction. B.B. aplits open and beoomea darker in color ; moistened with sulphuric add colors the flame bluish-green. Sdnble in hot muriatic add.
Obik — Occurs at Cerhovic, N.N. W. of Przibram, in Bohemia, in delta in a Lower Silurian aandatone, with cacoxene and stUpnosiderite; the translucent globules to li mm. in diameter, and having within some resemblance to opal: the opaque ▼ariety without Inatre; aometimei a grain of limonite at centre, and partidea of the same as impurity.
Alt.— Stated to give origin by alteration to dufrenite, similar globnleB and fibrous crusts at ths tocality having the composition of the latter mineral
663. SOORODTTB. Cupreous Arseniate of Iron. Gupro-martial Arsenate BounL, PhiL Trans., 1801, 191. Martial Arseniate of Copper. Ciiivre arseniate ferrifdre Tabl, 91, 1809. Skoro* dit BreUfL, Hoffin. Handb., iv. 2, 182, 1817. Scorodite and Noctdse BeuoL, iL 605, 607, 1832; Desd., Ann. Ch. Phya, HL x. 403. Arseniksmter, Eisen-sinter, ibniiaiin, BuIL Soa Imp. Nat Moacou, L 264, 1846. Kobalt-acorodit Lippmtmnf t. Hombeig ZooL Min. Yer. Begenab., zi
Orthorhombic. / A 2' O A 14=132° 20' ; a : J : c=10977 : 1 : 1*1511. Observed planes as in the annexed fignre, with also /, 2-i, 2-2.
Ai-2=150 5 iAi;pyr.,=134 38,12718
1 A 1, pyr.,=11484 and 108 5 A i, ba8.,= 72 2
Cleavage : ui imperfect, H and i4 in traces.
H.=3'5— 4. G.=3*l— 3*3. Lustre vitreous— sabadamantine and subresinous. Color pale leek-green or liver-brown. Streak white. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven.
Oomp— le Xa+4 fi= Araenio add 49*8, aeaquiozyd of iron S4-Y, water 16-5=100. Analyaef I, Berseliua (Ak. H. StoOkh., 850, 1824, Jahresb., t. 206); 2, Bouaaingault (Ann. Ch. Phya., zU 837); 3—8, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phja., IIL x. 412):
Htdb0U8 Phobphatsb Akd Ab6Enate8.
8. Tf aulry, gn. ery 4. Cornwall, Hue efy$L 6. Saxony, hkMk 6. BraiU,00d0M
1m
60-7S
61*06
60*96
9e
84*86
84*3
31*89
32*74
83*20
16*9
16*64
16*68
16*70
0*67, Cu 101*86 Benelioa.
, lb 0*4=101*2 Boussinsaiilt
=98*48 Damour. a.=8' 1.
—=99*48 Damour.
=100*74 Damonr.
=98*86 Damour. G.=8'18.
An Atm-ftnier (EiaeBsinter, ArBenik-winter), from Kertacfainak, analyzed.bj Hermaai, fa aa amorphooa acorodifte. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Ch., zzxiii 96) Aa 48*06, Fe 36-41, £[ 16*64s
Pyr., eto.— In the deed tube jielda neutral water and tuma yellow. B3. ftiaea eaaily, color* ing the flame blue. B.B. on charcoal givea araenloal fUmea, and with aoda a black magnetic acoria. With the fluzea react for iron. Scduble in muriatic add.
Oba. — Fonnd of brown color in the granitic mountaina of Sdiwarsenberg in Saxony, aasodated witii araenopyrite: at Loh'ng, near Hutteuberg in Oarinthia with leucopyrite; at Chantdoabe, near limogea ; at Nertachinak, Siberia, in fine cryatala ; alao aa an amorphous cruat or trim-Mntef on beryl, topaz, and quarts; leek-green, in the Gomiah minee, coating cavities of ferruginona quarts ; at the Minaa Goraes, In BraSdl ; in Popayan ; at the gold mines of Victoria in Australia, ia quarts with arsenopyrite and gold.
Ocoura in minute crystala and druses of leek-green and greeniah-white colore, near EdenTiUa, H. T., with araenopyrite, iron-shiver, eta, in white limestone ; in Oabarras Co., N. C, on O. Lnderiok*s farm, in aggregations of greenish-white, brownish- and leek-green cryatala ; coating cavities of quarts and umonite with copper ores and pyrite.
The cobalt-scorodite of Idppmann (L a) occura in bluish crystala with quarts and hypodilorita at Schneeborg ; it has not been analjved.
Named from 9KMf garlic alluding to the odor before the Uowpipa
Alt. — Scorodite occura altered to limonite.
664i WAVBXiLrnEI. Wavellite BtMringicn Davy'a Mem. in PhiL Tr., 162, 1805. HydrargOlite Daoyt ib., 166, 16*2. Devonite Thomnn, Strahliger Hydrargillit columnar var. of Diaa* poie) Hauam Handb., 448, 1813. Laaionit Fueha Sdiw. J., xriiL 288, 1816, xxiv. 121. Striegiaan Brmik Sdiw. J., bdi. 879, 1831. Thonerdephoaphat smi. Alumme phosphate Bubphoaphate of Alumina.
1 : 1*4943. Obeerved planes as in the annexed fignre, with
also 1, 2-11, and i-f .
1 A 7=129 47'
1 A 1, mac.,=146 28
1 A 1, brach.,=110 20
1 A 1, ba8.,=79 84
2-2 A 2-2, mac.,=:117'' 28' 2-2 A 2-2, brach.,=118 38 2-2 A 2-2, ba8.,=93 7
a A i|=123 57
Cleavage: 7 rather perfect; also brachy diagonal. Usually in hemispherical or globular concretions, having a radiated structure.
H.=3-25-4. G. 2-337, Barnstaple, Haidinger; 2-316, Irish variety, Richardson. Lustre vitreous, incuning to pearly and resin ous. Color white, passing into yellow, green, gray, brown, and black. Streak white. Translucent. Index of redaction 1*52.
Oo.— O. ratio for £1, P, £[=9 : 10 : 12; whence Xl*f'+12fi, or perhapa S]+i%lfi'+ 6fi=Phoepboricacld 34*4, alumina 87 '3, water 28'8=100; or the aame with 4i£[='Fhoaphoric and 36*1, alumina 38*], water 26*8=100.
Analjaea: 1, 2. Fuoha (. J., zxiv. 121); 3, Bercelina (. J., zzrii 63); 4-7, Erdmann (Sahw. J., Izix. 164) ; 8, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., zzxiii 288) ; 9, Sonnenaohein (J. pr. Oh., liiL 344) 10, Tenth (Am. J. Sd, XL zziiL 428)*
OXTOOr OOKFODIIDS.
P
Si
Pa
£[
1. Devonahire
85*12
28*00
a. "
37*16
.— .
8. "
1-25*
4. Striegis, hkie
36*60
'6. een, ydUw
6w dnwfi
T. black
35*39
1*6
8. Zbirow
26*34
9. Alleudorff
28*82
la Chester Ca, Pa.
With perozyd d
F
— =100-82 Fuofaa.
206, Ca 0-50=99*89 Beneliin. 99*06 Krdmann. <r. =99*46 Erdmann. tr.f Si 7*30=99*97 Erdmann. tr Si 6-65=100 Erdmann. 1*69=98-91 Hermann. tr C% 0-86, 01 2-70=98 80 Soon tr limonite 0*22=99*86 Oenth.
Hermann obtained mach less fluorine than Berzeliua, and gives a different formula. But Ber bUus remarks that this ingredient ma7 easily fall short
The cement of a conomerate near Loughhill, Go. of Limerick, Ireland, consisting of emerald green, with some white, crystals, approaches wavellite in composition, affording A. Gages (J. G Soc. Dubl., vilL 73) 80*88, 36*16, Fe 1-81, 0*33, fi 23*56, Tir& 3*61, apatite 1*58, quartr 1*00=98*94. A wayellite containing ozyd of lead ocoors at Boeidres in stalactites, as detected by Berthier.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube gives off much water, the last portions of which react add and oolor Brazil-wood paper yellow (fluorine), and also etch the tube. B.B. in the forceps swells up and splits fuentiy into fine adcular partidos, which are infUsible, but color the flame pale green ; moistened with sulphuric add the green becomes more intense. Gives a blue with cobalt tkm. Some varieties react for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Heated with sulphuric add gives off fUmes of fluohydrio add, which etdi glass. Soluble in muriatic add, and also in caustic potash.
Oba. — Wavellite was first discovered in a tender day slate near Barnstaple, in Devonshire, by Dr. Wavel. It has since been found at Glonmel and Oork, Ireland ; in the Sbaint Isles of Scotland; at Zbirow in Bohemia; Zigecov in Bohemia; at Frankenberg and Langenstriegis, Saxony; Diensberg near Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt ; on brown iron ore in Sie Jura limestone at Amberg in Bavaria (the iaaionUe of Fuchs); in a manganese mine at Weinbach near Weilburg in Nassau (Genth) ; at YiUa Bica, Minas Geraes, Brazil
In the United States reported as found near Saxton's River, Bellows Fallt, N. H. ; also at the
slate quarries of York Oo., Pa., near tiie Susquehanna; at Washington mine, Davidson Co., N. Gl,
with actinolite, pyriie, and native silver; at Steamboat, Chester Go., Pa., in a bed of limonite,
abundant in stalactitic forms, part looking like gibbsite, part drusy with rhombic crystals, and
.often coated with a pearly scaly mineral yet undetermined.
Named after Dr. Wavel, the discoverer. The species was considered a variety of diaspore by D'Aubuisson, Boumon, Hausmann, and some other early mineralogists, and placed next to diaspore by Werner in 1817 ; while Jameson arranged it in 1816 among the seolites.
Calculating the angle /A 7=126*' 25', the prism i-2 has the angle, over H=90*' 34\ very near the angle /A /of liuulite.
654A. Kafmicttb Kenng tJeb., 1855, and 1856-67. Probably wavellite. Occurs in fibrous radiated rounded concretions, the fibres rhombic prisms pyramidally terminated, with vitreous lustre ; H.=3*5— 4; G.=2-356 (Stadeler). SUidder obtained (Ann. Gh. Pharm., cix. 306) P 35*49, %1 39*59, with water 24*92 the loss)= 100, and remarks on the dose approximation to wavellite. From Kapnik in Hungary.
554B. Planebitb. Under this name Hermann has described (Bull Soa Nat Mosa, . 240 1862) a mineral from the copper mines of Gumesdiefsk, in the UraL It occurs in thin, snborystalline, botryoidal layers in the cavities of a quarts rock. H.=5; G.=2*65. Color on fsh surface verdigris-green, passing to olive-green on exposure to the air. Lustre duU. Translucent on the edges. Analysis afforded :
From which Hermann deduces the fcmnula ($l'P*+9 lQ[) (Cu, te) fi. He regards the hydrate4 oxyds of iron and copper as unessential, and as occurring in many other aluminous phosphates as turquois, peganite, aud flscherite.
B.B. in tube decrepitates, yielding much neutral water. Easily soluble in borax, giving ooppr reaction. Only slightly attacked by adds, but easily decomposed by boiling with caiistio soda Named after Planer, director of the mines Possibly impure wavellite
HTDB0U8 l*UOBFHATE8 AJBID ABSEGTATES. 677
666. TROLLEXTB. TioUeit 0, W, Bkmskand, Friy. cootrib., dated Dee. 9, 1897.
Compact, with indistmct cleavage.
H. a little below 6. G.=8-10. Lustre more or less vitreous. Coloi pale green. Fracture even, to conchoidal.
Oomp<— £lP+iSl£[*=Phoephorio add 47*8, aliimiiia 46% water 6*0=100. AnalyBia: 0. W BlomatrandCLc.):
P £1 Pe Ca fi
46-72 43-26 2*75 0*97 6-23=:09-9S.
11 eto.-— B3. eame as for berlinite. Scarcelj attacked bj acids.
ODe.--Ooii8titate8 small detached masses and veins in other phosphates, at the iron mine of Weetana in Scania, Sweden. Named after the chemist H. G. TroUe Wachtmeister.
660. PZiXTBSBOQXTMBSrrB. Flomb rouge en stalactitestantot en giobulea, de Liak, Demeste Letttes Min., iL 899, 1779 ; Crist, iiL 899, 1783. Sel adde-phoaphoriqne-martial G. Xan* numit J. de Fhya., xxviiL 886, 1786. Plomb-gomme de Laumoni. Aluminiate de Plomb aveo eaa de oombinaisou BertL, hi his Noqy. Mm., 288, 1819. Bleigommi, Blei-aluminat, etc., Bers., . J., zxvil 66, 1819 (trl fir. Kout. Mm). Native Aluminiate of Lead Smithson, Ann. PhiL, xiv. 81, 1819 (doing Bers., and also a letter bj de Laumont in which S. Tennant (who died in 1816) is said to have first analyzed plombgomme and made it a combination of ozjd of lead, alumma, and water). Plomb hydro-alomineux IT Tr., ilL 410, 1822. Gummispath .let., Char., 66, 1832. Plomgomme Bead,, Tr., il 1832. Plumbo-gummite 5., Min., il 113, 1835i Plumbo-resimte Dana, Min., 280, 1837. Gummibleispath, Bleihydroaluminat, Oerm. Hitcheoddte Shap Bep. Canton Mine, Ga., 1866, MhL, 401, 1867.
Beniform, globular, botryoidal, with sometimes a concentric structure , in thin crusts; compact massive.
H.=4-5. G.=4-6-4 ; 6-421, Breith. ; 4-88, fr. Nuissire, Dufr6noy ; 4*014, hitchcockite, Genth. Lustre resinous or gum-like. Color yellowish-gray, reddish-brown, greenish; also yellowish-white; sometimes frayish-white, bluish. Streak uncolored. Translucent; subtransparent. fragile.
Oomii,~Analyses : 1, Bersolius (. J., zzvil 65); 2, Dufrnoj (Ann. Ch. ., liz. 440), 8-, Damour (Ann. d. M, UI. zyil 191); 6, Genth (Am. J. Sd., XL xziiL 424) :
P S 51 a 3Pe Ca 8i
1. Huelgoet 0-20 3700 4014 18-80 1-80* 0-60=98-54 Beraelius.
2. Nuissi 34-28 37-61 16-13 2 11. Jb"P 7-79=97-77 DufWnoj.
4. " 1206 0-25 1105 6216 618 " 8'24=99-92 Damour.
6. " 16-18 0-40 2-88 70-85 124 " 918=99-73 Damour.
6. SHeheoekiie 18-74 25-54 29*04 20*86 0 90 144 — , 0 198, CI 004, insoL 0'48=:99-02G.
With tome Mn'o'.
Benselius made the mineral a hydrous aluminate of lead, b3cl*+6d. Damour concluded from his results that in BerzeUus's investigation the phosphoric aad was precipitated with the alumina and ozyd of lead, and so lost sight of. He observes that his own analyses, though so widely different, agree in affording 1 : 1 for the O. ratio of water and alumina, and I'ogvds the alumina aa present in the state of a hydrate. He writes for the formula of aniid. 8, Pb'r+S Si fi[*. Dufrnoy inclines to adopt Damour's view (Min., ill. 294, 1856).
In Genth's analysis of hitchcockite, the O. ratio for the water and alumina is 3 : 2 ; for the whole
Afi earthy mhieral from Bosidres afforded Berthier (Ann. d. M., HI. ziz. 669) P (with <r. of Ai) 26*6, lil 23-0, lU'O, Ou 8-0, fi and organic matters 88 0=99*6.
578 Oxygen Oomfouivbs.
Pyr to. — In the dosed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. in the forceps eweOs tike a iciolite colors the flame asDre-Une, but is imperfecUj fused. On charcoal giTes in additiou a faint white coating of chlorid of lead (Plattner). With soda gives metallic lead. With cobalt solution gives a blue color. With the sodium test yields a phosphid: Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in day slate at Huelgoet in Brittany, associated with galeoite, blende, pyrite, and pyromorphite ; also in a lead mine at Nuissidre, near Beaigeu ; at Roughten Gill, Cumberland at Mine la Motte, Missouri ; at Canton mine, Ga., with galenite, eta {hitchoockUe),
Named the Lutiu plumbum leadf and gummi, gum. The identity of de Lisle's mineral (which was camelian-hke in color) with plombgomme, tiiough questioned by de Laumont in his early paper, is admitted in his letter dted in Ann. PhiL, xiy. 31, 1819.
Tlie mineral looks usually like drops or coatings of gum, also at times somewhat like dialcedony or allophane. It differs from globular pyromorphite or blende in not being fibrous within. The hitchoockiie occurs in botryoickl crusts and thin coatings, white, bluish, yellowish, or greenish, allophane-like, sometimes concentric in structure; Sheird gives H.=2'76— 8, and says tiiatll loses 29 p. 0. on ignition.
657. OALOIOFEBBITE. Oalcoferrit J. R. JahrU Kin. 1858, 287.
Monodinic? Foliated massive. Oleayage : very perfect, or foliated, in one direction ; traces in another at right angles to the perfect one ; also In another oblique to the same. In nodules.
H.=2-5. G.=2'523— 2*589, Beissig. Lustre of deavage-faoe pearly. Odor sulpbur-ydlow, greenish-yellow to siskin-green, yellowish, white. Streak sulphur-yellow. Tlun land trandnoent Brittle. mm
Analysis by Beissig (L aX giving nearly 4F, SS, 6ft, 19£[; 2 ft'P+2fiP+S+16fi[:
B.B. ftises easily to a shining blade magnetic globule. Easily decomposed by muriatic add. In nodules in a bed of day at Battenberg in enish Bavaria. The exterior of the nodules is yellowish- or reddish-brown impure caldoferrite.
668. PHARBCAOOSIDBRrrB. ? Fer minralis par I'adde arsenique JPrmtai Ann. Ohem., L 195, 1790; Arscnicated Iron Ore Kvrwan iL 189, 1796. Olivenerz, Arseniksaures Eisen in Wurfehi kryst (ft. Carharrack) Klapr, Schrift Ges. nat Fr. Berl, 1, 161, 1786, Beitr., liL 194 1802 ; Wiirfelerz, var of Olivenera, Lenz, it 18, 151, 1794 Wixrfelen Karsten, Tab., 66, 1808. Cube Ore. Fharmakosiderit JJotMm., Handb., 1065. 1813.
Isometric ; tetrahedral. Observed planes : 1, 2, /; f. 1, 29, etc. Crystals modified cubes and tetrahedrons. Cleavage: cubic; imperfect O sometimes striated parallel to its edge of intersection with plane 1 (f. 29); planes often curved. Ilarelv granular.
H.=2*5. G.=2"9--S. Lustre adamantine to greasy, not very distinct Color olive-green, passing into yellowish-brown, bordering sometimes upon hyacinth-rea and olackiSi-brown ; also passing into ass-green, emeraldgreen, and honey-yellow. Streak green — brown, yellow, pale. Subtransparent — subtranslucent. Rather sectile. Pyroelectric.
Oomp— 0. ratio for S, 2s, d=4 : 5 : 5; whence 3 feSs+le 1+12, with one-eleventh of the As replaced b7r= Arsenic acid 89*8, phosphoric add 2*5, sesquiozjd of iron 40-6, water 171=100. Analysis : BerzeUus (Ak. H. Stoddu, 354, 1824) :
Is 9e Cu 1ft
40*20 2-53 89-20 065 18-61, gangae 6=102-95.
FrTi, ato.— Same as for soorodite.
OMk—Fonnerlj obtained at the mines of Wheel Goriand, Wheal Unity, and Oarharrack, in Cornwall, coating cavities in quarts, with ores of copper ; now found in qoarta at Burdle GUI io Cumberland, in smaU brilliant crystals; in minute tetnuiedral crystals at Wheal Jane; also in A.U8tralia; at St. Leonard in France; and at Schneeberg and Sohwarsenberg in Saxony.
Named from <piAaitn , poison (in allusion to the arsomo present), and vCiif iron, Wktfikn of the Germans means cuie-ore.
HTDBOUB PHOBPHATES AND AB8XNATB8. 67ft
Proiist annomiood the ezisteiioe of an arsenate of iron, from greeniah-white ooneredoDaij spectmena tonaad in Spain; but from his meagre deacripUon ita identify with thia apeoiea oannol hn made certain. Alt.— Has been observed altered to pailomeUme, limonite (Pe'lft*), red iron ore (9e).
669. OZRROLITB. Kirrolith a Wi Shmarand . oontrib., dated Dea 9, 1867.
Compact, withont a trace of cleavage. H.=5— 6. G.=8-08. Color pale yellow.
Oomp— 0. ratio for It, S, P, fi=8 : 3 : 6 : 1. Formula Sl*1+2Ca*l+3£[, Blomstranda Phosphoric add 41*7, alumina 80*1, lime 32*9, water 5*3=100. Analjsia : Blomstrand (L &) :
21 t9 iin Pb iig CtL tL
altar removal of 4*60 not diaaolved in the add solution, of whidi 8-17 was silica.
Pyr., eio.— B.B. ftises Texy easily to a white enamel With soda a manganese reaotioiL Deooo posed on digestion in floe powder in muriatic add.
Obs.~0( at the iron mine of Westana, in Scania) Sweden.
Named from paie yellow,
66a OfnTiPRBMlTB. Levff, Brando's J., xyL 374, 1888.
1 : 1*4798. Observed planes as in the annexed figures, with also f-|.
imperfect
H.=4-6— 5. G.=318— 3-24; 3-184, Kenngott. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color yellowish-white and pale yellowish-brown, also brownish-black. Streak white, yellowish. Translucent. Fracture uneven.
Oomp— 0. ratio for & fi jf d=4 : 3:7:7; or less nearly 4 ; 8 : : 7, Rammelsberg, who writes the formula 2 ft* P+Sl*r+15 d=Fho8phoric add 28*9, alnmina 14*0, protozyd of Iron 29*3, protoxyd of manganese 9-6, water 18*8=100. Perhaps (f ft'+f fi. But a new analysis is needed. Analysis : Bammelaberg (Pogg., Izixt. 486) :
Pyr., etc — In the closed tabe gives off neutral water. B.B. swells up into ramiScations, and fuses on the edges to a blade mass, coloring the flame pale green. Heated on charcoal turns Made and becomes magnetia With soda gives a reaction for manganeae. With borax and salf of phosphorus reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble in muriatio add.
Oba. — Occurs in crystals and crystaUioe coats, on spathic iron, pyrite, or quartz, and soroetimet with apatite near Taristock, and at the George and Charlotte mine, and also at Wheal Oebor, is
080 QZTGBlf OOHPOCTKDH.
: on slate at Oriimii mine in OorawalL Ofystala 1 in. long have been ojMnrod. I1m| look a little like siderite, but are more loatroas and of greater hardneaa.
In U. States, at Hebron, Me., in minute hair-brown {Mismatic cfTstalSy withambljgonite (t 482 by Cooke, and an octahedral form, Am. J. Sd., IL xzxVi 258).
If the dome 2-1 be made the Amdamental vertical prism, then /A /=104* 14', 1-t A 1-t, top, t3 1-1 A l-l. ib.,=87'' 14' ; the deavage macrodiagonal ; a:hi c=l'3614 : 1 : 1-2858.
Kamed after Mr. Ghildren.
ft61. ATTAOOLrrK AttakoUth 0. W. Bhrnstrand, Priv. oontrfb., dated Dea 9, 186t.
Maadve, indistinctly crystalline. H.=6. a =8*09. Color pale red.
COMP.—O. ratio for ft, S, P, after separating 8*60 Si as free Bilioa=6 : 16 : 20 : 6. Tli< uncertainty as to whether the silica is free or combined renders the oomposition and formu* donbtfriL Analyaia: C. W. Blomstrand (L a):
21 Pe lifn % Oa fra £[
Ptr., no. — B.B. fuses easily, and, when more heated, with intumesoenoe, to a browniah-yeQo glass. With soda a strong manganese reaction. Yery incompletely decomposed by acids. Obs. — From the iron mine of We8tan% in Scania, Sweden. Kamed arrmtsif, mUimon, alluding to the color.
b6X AUaBUTB. AngeUth a W. Bhnuinmdt Priv. oontrib., dated Dea 9, 1867.
Massive. Cleavage : distinct in three directions, and generally easily obtained.
G.=2'77. Lustre of cleavage surface strongly pearly. Colorless, but generally pale red.
Oomp.— Si* 1+8 ]ft=Fho6phoric add 86*8, alumina 61*8, water 13*4=100. Analysis: a W. Blomstrand (L a) :
p
9e
lln
Ca
a
48*80
1304=90'60.
The mineral is often intimately mixed with silica, and not easily separated from it ., etc. — Yields much water in the glass tube. B.B. inftisible. Scarcely aiSbcted by adds. Obs.— Occurs imbedded in other phosphates at the iron mine of Weatana, in Scania, Sweden. Named aiyn huin,
603. TURQUOia fOallais, ?Callaina, P/i., zxzyil 56, 33. Flmsegi Pen. Turques, Tur* quois pt, of the 16th century and later (Turques, Fabyan's Ohronide). Tiirkis pt. Cferm , Tur> dies TtdL Turquoise Tiuquoise J, R TbvemierYoj. en Turquie, en Persie, eta, Paris, 167& TmcbinB Boooonif Museo di Fisica, eta, 278, 1697. Orientalischer TQrkis Demetriua Affophi K. Nord, Beytr., y. 261, PaUoBj ib., 266. Turquois orientale, Oalaite, Agaphite, Johnite, 0. Fischer Mm. Soa Imp. N. Kosoou, i. 1806 ; also his Onomasticon Min. Kus. Imp. Moscou, 1811, and Essai sur la Turquoise, Moscou, 1816, of which Abatr. hi Ana FhiL, ziy. 406, 1819 , Johnj Hem. Soa Imp. N. Moscou, 1. 1806, . J., iiL 93, 1807 (with analjraes and aaaertioa that it is no Odonloliie). Hydrargillite pt Edurnn., Handb., 444, 1813. Turquoise de yieilk roche (in distinction ttom Odontolite, or T. de nouvelle rodie, called also Ocddental Tiirqaaii> Kallait, Kalait, Cferm.
Beniform, stalactitic or incmsting. Cleavage none.
H.=6. G. 2*83; 2*621, Hermann. Lnstre somewhat waxT. feeble. Color sky-blue, blnish-green to apple-green. Streak white or green ish. Feeble subtrarslucent— opaque. Fracture small conchoidal.
Htdboub Phobphatbb And Ab8Enatb8. 58)
CkMnpb— O. ratio fr. axuL 1 and 8, for Si, 1, fi=6 : 5 : 6 ; whence Sl'P+6 =Fho8ptoric acU alumina 46*9, water 100. Analyses : 1, John (Ann. d. K, U. iii. 231) ; 2, Zellner (Isis, 1834, 637); 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., zzxiii. 282); 4, Church (Gh. News, z. 290):
XI fi On
B, Blue Oriemdl 2784 47*45 18*18 2*02 1*10, Sin 0*50, Ca*P 8-41=100 H.
The green oriental turquois afforded Hermann only 6*64 p. a of phosphoric add, and is evidently a medianical mixture, containing but little turquois. Specie gravity of the last 2*621. John in his early analysis did not detect the phosphorio add ; he obtained £l 73*0. Ou 4*6, Fe 4*0, £[ (or loss) 18=99*6.
Pvr eto. — In the dosed tube decrepitates, yields water, and turns brown or black. B.B. in the forceps becomes brown and assumes a glassy appearanoe, but does not ftise ; colors the flame green ; moistened with muriatic add the color is at first blue (chlorid of oopper). With the sodium test gives phosphuretted hydrogen. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads in O.F. which are yeUowish-green while hot and pure green on cooling. With salt of phosphorus and tin on charcoal gives an opaque red bead (oopper). Soluble in muriatic add.
Obs.— Occurs inr day slate, in a mountainous district in Persia, not far Nichabour. Ac cording to Agaphi, the only naturalist who has visited the locality, turquois occurs ouly in veins, which traverse the mountain in all directions. Fischer, in 1 816, named the different varieties Oalaite, Agaphite (or oonchoidal T,\ and Johnite (or quartay T.). Pieces of the size of a hazel* nut are considered very large. An impure variety is found In SQesia, and at Oelsnitz in Saxony; near the well of Nasaiph between Suez and Sinai. W. P. Blake refers here a hard, yellowishto bluish-green stone (which he identifies with the ehakMkmU of the Mexteana) the mountain Los Gerillas, 20 m. &E. of Santa F6; H.= 6; Q.= 2*426—2*651 (Am. J. ScL, IL xxv. 227). A pale green turquois occurs in the Golumbus district, Nevada.
Turquois receives a good polish, and is higUy esteemed as a gem. The Persian king is said to retain for his own use all the larger and finely tinted spedmens.
The Oattaia of Pliny is generally regarded as turquois, and probably rightly so. But all he says of it is, " Callais sapphirum imitatur, candidior et litoroso man similis," resembling sapphire (that Is, lapi94auH) in color, but paler, and like the sea toward the shore; indicating a greenish-blue tint and degree of opacity corresponding well enough with much turquois.
The OaUaina also of PUny (to which he devotes a long chapter) is referred to this spedes, and with even better reason. It wss a stone of a pale green color, and was obtained, according to him, amid inaccessible rods in the countries that lie at the back of India, near Mt Caucasus, eta He also states that it was remarkable for its size, and was ftill of holes and foreign substances, which it is difficult to reconcile with the true turquois. But he speaks in the next sentence of a kind from Garmania (a district of Persia) as of better quality and dearer, and this may have been real turquois. He says that no stones were more easily imitated, which is very true of turquois. He also remarks that the beauty of the Oallaina is greatly heightened by a setting of gold, the oontraat peculiarly befitting it.
Pliny also speaks of another stone called OaUaiea (xxxviL 66X and says of it : Oallaicam vocsnt e turbido oaUaino; ferunt pluris cojunctis semper inveniri ; it is so called because it is a turbid oaMna, and they are found together. He also remarks that the stone called " Augdit (xxxvii. 54) multis non alia videtur quam callaina," by many is thought to be noticing but callaina. (See Airther CALLAunn, p. 672),
The Persian mnaragduB, or emerald, alluded to by Pliny (xxxviL 18, doing from Democritua) as " without transparency, agreeable and uniform in color, satisfying the vision without allowing it to penetrate may have been turquois ; yet, as with most of pfiny's descriptions (owing to his mixing different things of similar aspect), when all the other characters given are weighed they leave doubt
It is probable that the turquois— oriental and ooddental— was as commonly used in Persia as a gem in ancient times as now. The name turquoia is French in form, and means Turkia?i, s Tirkiih the gem having come into Europe through Turkey.
Most of the turquois (not artificial) used in jewelry in former centuries, as well as the present, and that described in the early works on minerals, was (called also odontoUUt from ivtf toaih\ which is fossil-bone, or tooth, colored by a phosphate of iron. Its organic origin becomes maniAst under a microscope. Moreover, true tuquds, when decomposed by muriatic add, gives a fine blue motor with ammoniii. which is not true of the odontoMte.
689 Oxtoen 00Kf0Ukd8.
604. PBaANim. Peganit BreiOL, . J., Iz. 308, 1830.
Orthorhombic. In rhombic prisms, with the acute lateral edge truncated ; angle of Uie prism about 127 and 53. Cleavage : basal, and brachydiagonal, impenect.
H.=8— 3-5. G.=2*492— 2-501. Lustre greasy to vitreous. Color deep reen, greenish-gray, greenish-white. Streak white.
Oomp— Sl*P+6 £[, Hermanxi,=Fhoephorio add 81 -l, alnmina 46% water 28*7 =-100. Analysif by Hermann (J. pr. Oh zzxiiL 287) :
180*40 2144*49 £[32*82 Ou, 9e, gangne 2*20=100 Homumn.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube yidds water, and asanmes a violet or rose color. B3. craoki open, beoomes violet, but does nol fiise. Gives but a faint copper reaction, but in other respect* like turquois. The powdered mineral gives a fine blue with oobalt solution.
Obs 0ocur8 in crusts, consisting of small prismatio crystals, at Striegis, near Freiberg, Saxony.
Erdmann analyzed a Striegis mineral (StriegiMin of Breithaupt) with a very difirent result, as seen from the analyses under Wavkllxte, to which spedes the specimens eyidently pertain. PegamHe has till recently been plaoed under wavdlite.
Kamed from an htir% in alludon to the color.
666. nSOHBRITB. SchiBekurwtki, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., zzziiL 285, 1844.
Orthorhombic, Kokscharof. /A /=118° 32'; a:h: c=x : 1 : 1*189. lA irl, bevelling plane, 48', i-5 A i-S=99 52*' and 80 74', irl A iA =:139° 56'. Mostly in small six-sided prisms. Also crystalline, massive.
H.=5. G.=2*46. Lustre vitreous. Color grass-green to olive-green, and verdigris-green. Translucent.
Oomp.~3!!l' P+8 ]ft= Alumina 41*8, phosphoric add 28*9, water 29*8=100. Analysis: Hermann (1. c.) :
Pyr., vto. — B3. beoomes white, and douded; yidds much water, but no fluorine. Soluble m sulphuric add.
Obs. — From Kischne Tagilsk, where it occurs in in a ferruginous sandstone and day slate.
665A. Yarisotti BreiffL (J. pr. Gh., x. 506, 1837). Contains the same ingredients as the aboTe but is not yet accurately analysed. Beniform ; apple-green ; with white shining streak, weal greasy lustre, and translucent Yields water in a matrass. B.B. in the forceps invisible, but becomes white ; in the outer flame, colors the flame deep blulsli-green ; with borax and salt of phosphorus forms a pale yellowish-green glass; with soda ftises with effervescence, but imperfectly ; with cobalt solution becomes blue. Occurs in quartz and siliceous slate at ICeesbach in Bexon VoigUand. Named ftom Yarisda (Yoigtknd).
666. TAVISTOOKXTB. Hydrated Caldum-aluminic Phosphate (T) A. JZ CWvA, X Oh. 8oo
XL ill 263, 1865. Taristockite Dana,
In microscopic acicular crystals, sometimes aggregated in irregular stellate groups, constituting a white pearly powder. Lustre pearly. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Fragile.
Ooa&p.— 0. ratio for It+fi, f,fi=6 : 6 : 8; whence (iCa'+iSl)*f +8tt=Fhoephoric acM 80*41, alumina 22*06, lime 36*97, water 11-66=100. Analyses: Ohurdi (L a>;
HTDB0U8 PH0BPHATE6 AKD AB8XNATE8. 80-86 22*40 36*27 13-00=101*08 OhmdL
PyTi, ato*— B.B. incandesoes and becomes opaque. With nitrate of cobalt glrea a blue color. OolorleBS bead with borax. DiiBoaltlj soluble in aoids.
Obs. — Occori at TaTittock, Devonshire, in cavities with quartz cry.-tab, with pyrite, ehalcopy* rite, and childrenite.
667. OHEMBVZZTTB. Ohenevizite Adani, F. Pfom a R, IzSL 690, 1866.
. Massive — compact.
IL=4'5. G.=3'93 1 Lustre vitreous. Color dark green Streak vellowish-green.
Oompw--0. ratio for ft+S, £8j=6 : 6 : 3 nearij, with 0. ratio of f e, Cu=7i : Fdrmnla 0xi*As-\-'6tL; or perhaps PeAa-hSOufi; As : P=9 : 1. Analyses: 1, Chenevix (L a); 2, a):
Is
P
Fe
Chi
Ca
£[
1. Gomwall
27*6
—~m
12, sand 3=98*5 Ohenevix.
31*70
0*34
Pisani refers here the analysis by Chenevix. 10*3 p. a of sand are removed from anal 2.
eta — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water ; becomes brown after calcma* tion. B.B on charcoal fVises easily, giving out arsenical tunes, and leaving a black magnetic ooria with grains of copper. Easily soluble in the adds.
Obs. — From GomwaU, involved in a quarts rock in small compact masses, from which gangue it is difficult to separate it entirely.
608. DUFRBNTTS. Strahlstein (var.) Jordan Uxsl, eta, Beisebem., 243, 1803. Gruneisenstein (strahlichter) UUmanfi Syst. Tab. Uebers., 162, 319, 1814. Chalkosiderit UUrmnn lb., 828. Fasriche Griin-Bisenerde W, Dufrenite TabL, 20, 1833. Green Iron Ore. Kranrit BrtHK, Handb., 162, 1841.
Delvauxene JhimoiUt L'Institut, 121, 1839, Ddvaua Bull. Ac. Brux., 147, 1838. Delvauxii fiadi Handb., 612, 1845.
Orthorhombic. I about 123**. Cleavage : brachydiagonal. Also massive, in nodules ; radiated fibrous, with a drusy surface.
H.=3-6— 4. G.=3-2— 3-4 ; 3-227, Dufr. Lustre silky, weak. Color dull leek-green, olive, or blackish-reen ; alters on exposure to yellow and brown. Streak siskin-green. Subtranslucent.
Oomp., Var.— 9e*P+8d=Phosphoric acid 27-6, sesquioxyd of iron 62-0, water 10*6=100 Pe, Si)* P+3d, PisanL Schnabers analysis makes part of the iron protozyd.
Analyses: 1, Yauqnelin (Ann. Oh. Pharm., xxx. 202); 2, Karsten (Arch. f. Bergb. n. H&tt, xv. 348); 8, Schnabel (Bamm. Min. Oh., 329); 4, Pisani (0. R, liil 1020); 6, Kurlbaum (Am. J. SoL, tl. zxiil 423); 6, 7, Dumont (Llnstitut, No. 276); 8, Delvaux (BuU. Acad. Bmx., 1838, 147); a 10, Diesterweg (B. H. Ztg., xxii 267):
P
9e
Sn
fe
ft
1. Haute Vlenne
27*86
9*29=100 Vauquelin.
2. Siegen, darkgrMn
i—
—.
8-66=99 73 Karsten.
— .
4. Morbehan,
28*63
6. ABentown, N. J.
—
10-49, Si 0-72= 100-96 Eu*ib
49-76=100 Dumont
7. "
48*81=100 Dumont
—
41 13=99*77 Delvaux.
9. Siegen, dark qn&n
.— .
62*02
0*26
1 0 90= lo 1-8 Diesterweg
la fwi
—
s-u
— —
18-98=100-66 Diesterweg
584 Oxygen 00Mfoukd8.
Ohnrdi (Oh. News, z. 157) abowB tiiat dnfrenite oontains 10-56 p. c of water, oorrospoodiDg U the above formula; it loses no water at 100 0. He observes also that the mineral is usually so mixed with hematite that it is difBcolt to separate it for analysis.
Oharch also demonstrates (L 146) that the ddvauxUe of Liege Is only a wd dnfrenite. It lost in his trial 20'33 p. a over sulphuric add, and nearly 6 p. a more on heating to 100° C. ; the total percentage of water having been found to be 37*23, whence the essential water is only 10-11 p. c., as in dufrenite. He detected a trace of lime. The color of delvauxite given is yellowishbrown to brownish-black or reddish, or that of altered dnfrenite; and G.=1'85. An aUertd dufrenite gave Diesterweg (L a) P 6*26, 9e 80*03, fi 14-08=100*34.
., etc* — Same as for vivianite, but less water is given out in the dosed tube. B3. fttses easily to a slag.
Obs.— Occurs near Anglar, Dept of Haute Y ienne, and at ffirschberg in Westphalia (the localities of the specimens, according to Duftnoy, originally named dtirmite); at Bocheforten-Teire, Morbihan, France; Eisenfeld near Siegen. Also at Allentown, N. J., as a fibrous leek-green coating, sometimes half an inch thick, in the Green Sand formation ; it changes to brown in altering to Umonite.
The tUvauxene is from Bemeau, near Vis, in Belgium.
Named after the French mineraloguit Dufrnoy.
Globostti. This name is given Breithaupt*(B. H. Ztg., zzir. 821, 1865) to a mineral*ooeu ring at the Arme Hilfe mine near mrschberg, in small lobular concretions. H.=6— 5*5. G,— 2*825— 2'827. Lustre greasy to adamantine. Color wax-yeDow to yellowish-gray. Streak white. Brittle. Analysis on a small quantity of the mineral afforded Fritische (L a) P 28*89, Xb It., §i by stronger heat gives the fluorine reaction, depositing a ring of silica, and leaving a red residue not magnetic, but giving with fluxes the reaction for iron. Slowly soluble in muriatic acid. It occurs as above vth massive and pulverulent limonite; also in the cobalt mine of Sdineeberg in Saxony, with quarts and hypochlorite.
609. Eakoxen J, iSfemmonn, Yortr. Bohm. Ges., Prag, 1825. Oacoawne
Occurs in radiated tufts of a yellow or brownish-yellow color. H.=3— 4. G.=3-38. Becomes brown on exposure.
Oomp.— Supposed to be an iron-wavellite. 0. ratio, fr. anaL 3, 4, for U, P, 6 : 12, whence Pe*P+l2tLj from Richardson's analysis. Analysis 5 corresponds to Fe*P*-h20& Analyses: 1, Steinmann (Leonh. Orykt, 750): 2, Holger (Baumg. ZS., viiL 129); 3, Bichardson (Thomson's Min., I 476); 4, 6, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reks. 1854, 87):
P
9e
Si Oa
Si
,F
1. Zbirow
36*82
10*01 0*15
25-95=99-19 Steinmann.
2. "
86*83
20*6
43*1
M
80*2, iig 0-9-97 9 Riohaidson.
4. fibrous yw.
19*68
47*64
—
32-78=100 Hauer.
6. globular
26*71
32-83=100 Hauer.
The alumina of the earlier analyses was from impurities.
Pyr., Ota — Yields water, with trace of fluorine. Fuses on the edges to a black shining sJag and colors the outer flame bluish-green. Reactions for iron. Soluble in muriatic add.
Obs. — Occurs at the Hrbeck mine, near Zbirow in Bohemia, along with earthy limonite Stated by Zepharovich to be sometimes derived from the alteration of barfundUe.
670. ARSBNIOSmBRITB. Arsenioeiderite Ann. d. M., lY. iL 848, 1842. Arsen
kroldt, Axsenocrodtes, Ocher, Syn., 228, 1847.
In fibroas concretions of a yellowish-brown and somewhat golden color, resembling cacoxenite ; the fibres large and easily separable oetween the fingers.
H.=l— 2. G.=3-520, Dufr.; 8-88, Ramm. Lustre silk. Powda f ellowish-brown, rather deeper in color than that of yellow ochre. Whec mhbed in a mortar the powder adheres to the pestle.
HTDBOUS PHOeFHATSS AND AB8ENATE8. 68fl
Oonpb— Is*, Oft*, ft*, or 0' 8+4 9e* Is+lS fisAnenlc add 87-9, sesqniozjd of iron 42*1, lime tl*l, water 8-9=100. Analjaes: 1, Dufrnoj (Ahil cL IL, XV. U. 343, 182); 2, 8, Rammelsberg (2d SuppL, 20, Pogg., Izylii 608) :
la
1. 34-26
U [39-16] L [37-36]
9e
Sn
Ca
&
&
41*31
1*29 ir. ir.
12*18 12*08
8-t6, Si 404=98-84 DufVnoy. ! 00 Bammelflberg. 8-68, Si 3-57 100 Ramra.
According to Poamett arBexiioaiderite ia easentially caooxene Trith the phosphoric add replaced by araenic add, and having the correapondiog formnla ¥e* Aa*+18 ft; but this exceeds the proportioD of water by nearly one-half) and does not take into account the lime.
., etc* — Like aoorodite.
Oba. — Occurs in a manganese bed at Bomanddhe, Department of Saone-et-Loire, France.
Named from orMntc and aUnptf, iron. Changed to ansnocroeUe {ft, ffptfi), fibre) by Glodcsr because of a previous use of araenosiderite (see p. 76).
671. BVANSZTB. D. IMes, PhiL Mag., lY. xxriiL 841, 1864.
Massive ; reniform or botryoidal.
H.=3*5— 4. G.=1'939. Lustre vitreous or resinous ; intemallj waxy. Colorless, or milk-white ; sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. Streak white. Translucent, subtranslucent. fracture subconchoidal.
domp.— 0. ratio for S, P, d=9 : 6 : 18, whence Si* +16 fi, add alumina 39*7, water 419= lOo. Analysis: Porbes (L a):
19*06 39*31 89*95, faiaoL 1*41=99*72 Porbes.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in tube yields neutral water, decrepitates, leaving milk-white powder. Inftisible. Moistened with sulphuric add colors the flame green. On charcoal with cobalt solution givefl intense blue. With fluxes trace of iron. Soluble in sulphuric nitric, and mural adds, fluorine not detected.
Oba— Occurs at Zaetcznik, Hungary, as reniform or globular concretions on brown hematite.
Brought in 1856 from Hungary, by Brooke Evans, of Birmingham, England, after whom it waa named. It was labelled aUophane.
672. TORBBRNITB. Mica viricUa oryst (fr. Job.) v. Bom, Lithoph., I 42, 1772. GrOner Glimmer (fr. Saxony) Womt Ueb. Cronst, 217, 1780; Torberit . (earliest name); JTofVt, Ueb. Wem. Yerbess., 43, 1798 [later spelt TorbemU, as in Ludwigs Wem., i 808, 18o3) ; Chalkolith [put near Chlorite] WenUf Bergm. J., 376, 1789 ; Urankalk durch Kupfer gefiirbt, Uranitea spathosus pt, Z2dpr., Schrift Gea. N. BerL, ix. 273, 1789; Bcitr., ii. 217, 1797. Urangllmmer Wonut 1800, Ludwig, i 66, 1808. Urane oxyd iT, Tr., 1801. Uranite Atkin, Min., 1814. Uran-Mlca Jameson, Syst, 1820. UranphyUit Breiih,, Char., 1820. Phosphate of Uranium containiDg Phos. Copper R PhiUipSf Ann. Phil., II. v. 67, 1828. Phosphate of Uranium and Copper An., Jahreab., 1823. Knpfer-Uranit Oerm. CopperwUranite. Torberite RAK 617, 1862. Onprouranit BrtWi B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 802, 1866.
Tetragonal. OAl-i=184*' 8'; a=l-08069. Observed planes: prism, i-t; octahedral, 4, f, 12, %i. Forms square tables, witn often replaced edges ; rarely suboctahedraL 486
O A 1=124 27 2 A 2, ba8al,=142 8
J, basal, 0 A 4=115 58 2-J A 2-i, basal,=128 15 OorawaH.
Cleavage : basal highly perfect, micaceous. Unknown massive or earthy
O A 1=136 49 2 A 2, pyr.,=96 8
q A 1=188 50 A , basal,=88 21*
i A 2-i, - -
]P
On
2. "
10*67
3. "
i. "
5. "
586 OZTOEN OOMPCtUNDS.
n.=i— 2-5. G.=3-4— 8-6. Lustre of 0 pearly, of other faces Bubada mantine. Color emerald- and grass-green, and sometimes leek-, apple-, and siskin-green. Streak somewhat paler than the color. Transparent — snbtranslucent. Fracture not observable. Sectile. LaminsB brittle and not flexible. Optically uniaxial ; double refraction native.
Oomp.— :6:78; whenoel+Cal-hYlft, Dttna. Analyoee: 1, B. FhilUpe (L a) ; 2, Bensefins a) ; 3, Werther (X pr. Oh zliiL 384); FSBAoi (a &, Hi. 817); 6, Church (Ch. Newi, zii 183) :
16-39, Si 0-49, earthy substance 0*41 Werther
16-00, sand 0-40=97*67 PisanL
1416, Is 1-96, Oa 0-62=100-24 Church.
Pyr etow— In the dosed tube yields water. In the forceps Aises at 2*6 to .a blackish mass, and odors the flame green. With salt of phosphorus gives a green bead, which with tin on charcoal becomes on cooling opaque red (copper). With soda on charcoal gives globule of copper. Affords a phosphid with the sodium test SoluUe in nitric add.
Obs — Gunnis Lake formerly afforded splendid crystallisations of this spedes, and also Tincroit and Wheal Buller, near Kedruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall. Found also at Johanngeorgenstadt, and Eibenstock and Schneeberg, in Saxony; in Bohemia, at Joachimsthal and Zinnwald; in Belgium, at Yielsalm. A variety from Providence in Cornwall is in 8-8ided tables with a low pyramid, and has a leek-green color, with a.=3-329— 8*372 (Breith., B. H. Ztg., xziv. S03).
The angle 0 a 2 is given bv Mohs, Haidinger, and Naumann =108"* 29'; by Hessenberg (ICin. Not, vL 41) 108" 38': Kokscharof (Min. BussL, v. 36) 108'' 66'; the mean of his measurements of Cornwall and Sdilackenwald crystals being 63' 23" and 5' 21". Simihur figures are given by Greg & Lettsom, MiiL, 384. The angles of B. & M. do not agree with any of the measurements.
First named iorberiie (iorberniie) by Werner, after the chemist Torber Beigmann TLat Torbemu% as written by Bergmann himself]. Then, this naming after persons haviag been denounced as an Innovation (see Karsten's Werner's Yerbess., 43, 1793), Werner substituted Chalcokie (fr. yaAciis copper signifying, as he says, *'ein Kupfer haltonder Stein*') in allusion to Bergmann's deters* mination in 1780 that the mineral was muriate of copper. When, finally, it was shown by Klap* roth to be an ore of uranium instead of copper, Werner, with Karsten and others, threw aside ehiOlcoiUe, because false in signification, and used DrangUmmer (uran-mica). Chalcolite has since crept back again, but is no more appropriate now than it was sixty years ago. The name tor* henk was written as it should be, Uniemite by some mineralogiste of last century.
Both this spedes and the autunite have gone under the common name of uran&e; the Ibnner also as Oopper'taranUe, the latter lAmeuraniie.
573. AUTUNITU. Yar. of Uranglimmer, Urankalk, or Chalcdite, of axUhora price to 1810. Sel 4 base de diaux, du Tozide d'urane joue le r61e d'aclde, Ben, K. Byst Min., 295, 1819. Uranit BenL, Jahresb., iv. 46, 1823. EJJk-Uranit Otna. Lime-Uranite. Autunite Rdb 2L, 619, 1862. Calcouranit BreiiK, B. H. Ztg., zxiv. 302, 1866.
Orthorhombic ; bat form Yerj nearly square, and crystals reeembling closely those of torbemite. Cleavage: basal eminent, as in torbemite. 6', (? A 2-1=109° ir, 2-tA2-i=95° 52' 2- A 1 (plane on edge 2-i/2-J)=138*' 80', Descl. Planes 2-t, 2- J correspond to 2 of torbemite.
&.=2— 2*5. G.=3'06— 3*19. Lustre of O pearly; elsewhere snbadamantine. Color citron- to sulphur-yellow. Streak yellowish. Translucent. Optically biaxial, DescL
Oomp.~0. ratio for ft. 1, d=l : 6 : 6 : 8; whence S*P-i-0ad+7£[, Dana,=:Phoflpbork add 16'7, ozyd of uranium 62*7, lime 6*1, water 16-6=10a Analyses: 1, c.); 2 Piiani (Q B., Ul 817) :
flTDBOUS PH0BPHATE8 AKD AB8SNATE8. 587
Pyriito."8ftme as for torbernite, bat no reaction for copper.
Obi. — Antunite ia found uBuallj with other orea of uranium, aaaodated with ailrer, thi, an j Iron ores. Occam in the Siebengebiiigei in the homatone of a trachytio range ; at Johanngeoiigenatodt and Eibenstock ; at Lake Onega Wolf Island, Russia ; near Limoges, and at St STmphorien near Aatun ; formerly at South Basset, *Wheal Edwards, and near St Day, England. Occurs sparingly at the Middletown (Ct.) feldspar quarry, associated with oolumbite and albite, in minute tabular crystals and thin scale, of light green and lemon-yellow colors ; also in minute crystals at Chesterfield, Mass., on the quartz or albite, and sometimes in the red centres of tour* malines, and at Acworth, N. H., straw-yellow and light green ; also in a gneiss quarry on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, about i m. above the suspension bridge.
Beacloiseaux makes autonite to differ torbernite (Ann. d. M., v. xiv. 1867) in being optically biaxial, and therefore orthorhombic ; and the planes 2 of the latter thus become 2-t and 2-i, as they incline unequally to the base. The angles are still very dosely the same, the pyramidal 95 62', being in torbernite 96"* 6', Kokscharof; 95'' 62', Uessenberg; 46', Haidinger. Thb spedee are at least dosely isomorphous.
BerzeliuB calls the uranite of Cornwall and that of Autun, respecyely, chalcolite and uranite in his article announcing the composition, in Jahresb., iv. 146, 147, 1823 ; and the special application of uranite to this spedes dates from that time. Yet, in order to avoid confusion from the double use of the name, it is better to adopt for the spedes the name of ott/ from one of ita noted localities.
FBnzBOHEira BreWLj B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 302, 1865. Jl mineral mach resembling uranite in its four-sided quadratic (or nearly so) tables, with a perfect basal deavage ; with H.=2— 2*5 ; G.= 8*5047; vitreous to pearly in lustre; reddidi-brown to hyadnth-red in color and streak ; translucent ; affording Pntasclie (L c.) reactions for ozyd of nraniuro, protozyd of manganese, vanadio d, phosphoric add, and water. The red color is attributed to the manganese, and it ia consid* ered a mangan-uranite containing some vanadic add. It occurs with crystals of autunite and torbernite at Neuhammer, uear NeudedE in Bohemia, in a hematite mine ; at Johanngeorgen- Btadt, of fine red color, with torbernite. Red crystals in groups, supposed to be this mineral, have been observed on specimens of uranite from Autun, and from Steinig, near Elsterberg, in Saxon Yoigtland. May it be an altered uranite 7
674. AMPHITHALITE. Amflthalit Jgelstrim, (Efv. Ak. Stodd 1B66, 98, B. H. Ztg., xxv. 309.
Massive. H.=r6. Cokxr milk-white.. Subtranslucent
0. ratio for ft, S, P, : 10*26 : 7*5 : 6. Analysis : Igelstrom (I a) :
30-06 48-60 1*66 6*76 12*47=93-84 Igelstrom.
B.B. invisible. Insoluble in adds. Occurs in the quartsite of Horrsjoberg, Wermland, with lajBulite, rutHe, and cyanite. Named teem beavumedi since it usually occurs surrounded by other beautiful minerals, though unattractive itself
a
- 674A. ffydroui Phogphato Akmma and 1mm Damoor (Llhstitnt 1863, 78). Compact, of a pale or dark brick-red color. Scratches glass feebly. O. =3*194. Supposed by Damour to be a hydrophosphate of alumina and lime. B.B. in a tube gives considerable water ; and in a platinum crudble at a red heat loses 12*70 p. & of water. Found in ruled pebbles with the diamond sand oTBahia.
574R Owpmom Phoaphate of AJIimmna, Domeyko (Mln., 2d ed. 4i25) describes a mineral from San Lorenzo de la Ugna, Chili, oocorring in a decomposed feldithic rock, giving on analysis r 17-7, Si 7*6, ifcl 46*8, On 6*3, te 3*3, fi[ 18*8=100. Its color is a pale torquois-blue ; structure oompaot, homogeneous, and so soft as to be scratched by the nail
676, BPHJbUUTJbl. Sphnrit v. Ze/fianvich Ber. Ak. Wien, IvL 1867.
In globular concretions with a drusy faceted surface, without a distinct fibrous or concentric structure. Cleavage distinct in one direction.
H.=4. 6. =2*586. Lustre greasy-yitreous, glimmering. Color light gray more or less reddish or bluish, the red color from mixture with hematite. Translucent.
688 Oxtoen Oomfooiidb.
Oomp.— 0. ratio fi Si, 1, tt=3 : 9 : 8: Sl*1P*+16 ]ft=Ph08phoric add 26-1, alamiim 41 4 water 26*6=100. Analyflea: A, Boridcj (L a); B, same with &, Oa| itg, and aome f (km thaae baaea) excluded:
p
%
Ca
tL
Si
28-68
0-87=99-86.
— .
26
— =ioa
B.
Pyr., etc— Tlelda water. B.B. ia iolbalble, and coloia the flame blniah-green. With ooball eolation a fine blue.
Oba — Oocnra lining cayitiea or aeama in hematite at Zigecor, Bohemia, in Lower Sthiriaa ichiata, along with warellite. Alt. — Becomea opaque white, , and earthy hj alteration.
670. BORZOKETB. Delanzene (fr. Leoben) v, Hauar, Jahrb. G. Beicha. 1864, 68 ; (fr. Nena-
ooTio) Bcriehff Nat za Lotoa, March, 1867. Borkidte Dokul
Beniform masaiye. Compact, without cleavage. H.=8-5. G.=2-696— 2-707. Lustre weak waxy. Color reddish-brown Streak the same as color. Opaque.
Oomp.-0. ratio for ft+fi, P, fi=8 : 2 : 8, with ft : fi=l : 7; ft=Ca, fi=9e; (9e, tCfP -1-16 £L Analyaea: 1, y. Haner (L c); 2, Boridcj (L a):
1?
Fe
ftg
Ca
1ft
1. Leoben
(!) 20 49
19-06=100 Haner.
2. Nenacorio
19*96=100 Boricky.
r., eta — Ylelda water. B3. fhaea easOj to a black maaa. Solable in muriatic add. ObaFrom Leoben in Styria, and in a Lower Sihirian aohiat at KenaooTic in Bohemia.
Phosphates Or Arsenates, Combined With Sulphates.
680. DZAOOGHTTB. Biadodhit BreUk J. pr. Oh., z. 608, 1837. Fhosphoroiaeneinter
Reniform or stalactitic ; structure curved lamellar.
H.=8. G.=2'086. Lustre resinous, indininff to vitreous. Color yellow or yellowish-brown. Streak uncolored. Fragile; fracture conchoidal.
Oomp-e*1P*+2 9eS*+82 sFhosphorio add 14*3, aolphorio add 16*2, aeaquiozyd of Iron 40-4 water 29*lslO0. AnaJlysiB by Flattner (RanmL lat BappL, 46) :
114-811 S 16*146 Pe 39-690 ft 80*344=100.
Near iron after (pittidteX with phoaphoric add in plaoe of araenio add.
Pyr., eta — Tielda much water in the doaed tube, and awella up, beooming lustreleaa and opaque yellow; when ignited girea off aulphnrio add. B.B. in the forcepa awella up and falla tc powder, but careAilly ignited msea eaaily to a grayiah-black alag, and colon the flame bluiahgreen. On diarooal affbrda a ateel-gray magnetic flbule. With aoda afford metallic partide and giyca a anlphld which Uaokena aUver. With borax and aalt of phoaphorua react fbr iroa Soluble in muriatic add.
Oba. — From alum-alate near Grfifenthal and Saalfeld hi Thuringia.
Named MASxot, a aueoMaor on the auppoaition that it ia an iron winter, in wMdi phosphoric add haa repriced the araenio add.
Htdbous Phosphates And Absenatb8. 634
681. PimOXTB. ESsenpecheni Kanten [not WshlI Tab 66, 98, 1808. Fer osii reainiie ifiiiiy, Tabl, 98, 1809. PitUsit Hauank, Handb., 285, 1813. EiBensinter Wem., Hoffio. iiin iU. b, 802, 1816; !▼. b, 141, 1817; fr. Froieslebea G. Arb., v. 74, 261. Aroeneisensinter Gemu Pitohy Iron Ore. Dianenate of Iron. Slderetine Brad, Tr., iu 609, 1832 [not PimsiU Bead., p. 484]. Pitticit Saium Handb., 1022. 1847.
£etuform and massive.
H.=2— 3. G.=2'2— 2*5. Lustre vitreous, sometimes greasy. Color yellowish and reddish-brown, blood-red and white. Streak yellow — wliite. Translucent — opaque.
— AnalTsea afford yaiying resuUs. 0. ratio for S, S, 2a, £[, from Stromeyer's analysia, approximately 6:3:6: 15, whence 9e AB-hFe S-hl5 Arsenic acid 25*6, sulphuric acid oxyd of iron .35*6, water 29*9 =luO; from the Schwarzenberg ()re (No. 6) 12 : 9,: 10 : 24 ; whence Rammelsberg deduces ¥e* A8*-|-Fe §"+24 £[; perhaps 2 Fe As+3 (Fe d") S+21 £[; or 2 Fe As+Fe S*+2l ]S+Fe Arsenic acid 26-0, sulphuric add 18*6, ozyd of iron 36*1, water 24*3 =100. 1, Stromeyer (Qilb. Ann., IxL 181); 2, Laugier (Ann. Ch., zzz. 325); 3, Kersten (Sohw. J., liiL 176); 5, Bammelsbcrg (Fogg., bdi. 139); 6, id. (5th SuppL, 102):
S
Fe
Sa
fi
L Freiberg
26*06
0*64
29-26=99*09 Stromeyer.
2, "
r.
80=99 Laugier.
3. "
40*45
28*50=99-20 Kersten.
54*66
15*47=100 EUmmelsbeig.
6. "
28*45
12-69=100 Rammelsberg.
6. Schwarsenberg
84*85
24*64=100 Rammelsberg.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water, and at a high heat gives off sulphurous acid. In the forceps and on charcoal like scorodite. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical fumes and a sulphid which blackens silver.
Obs.— Occurs in old mines near Freiberg and Schoeeberg in Saxony, and elsewhere. An on on Hopkins's farm near Edenville, N. Y., is referred by Beck to this species.
For an iron-sinter without the sulphate, see under Sooboditb.
68fl. BBX7DANTITB. Levy, Ann. PhiL, XL xL 194, 1826.
Bhombohedral. JS A jS=91 18' (mean), Dauber. Occurring planes : Oj 5, 10, By -1, -2, -4, -5 ; crystals modified acute rhombohedrons. Cleavage : basal, easy. Basal plane (O) flat, dull ; H bright, curved.
H. 3"5 —4*5. G. =4— 4*8. Lustre vitreous. Subadamantine, resinous. Color dark to clear olivereen, yellowish-green, blacky brown. Streak greenish-gray to yellow, usually opaque, rarely transparent.
Var. — 1. A mineral eontaining phosphoric add, with Uttle or no arsenic; the mineral Arom dork and Dembach. 2. Oontaining arsenic add, with little phosphoric add ; mineral from Hor> hausen.
i? A 22; in crystals from Oork 18', Dauber; from Dembach, 91 9', Dauber; Horhausen, 30', Levy; 91"* 48', Dauber. The Cork crystals are black, brown, or green and opaque; G. =4*295, green, Ramm.; those of Dembach, olive-green to yellowiah-green, sometimes transparent, with H.=3'6, G.=4*0018, Sandbeiiger. The Horhausen mineral was the original beudantite.
Oomp. — Results varying mudu Analjrses: 1, Sandberger (Pogg., a 611); 2, Raxamelsbrrg ;ib 581); 3, 4, Percy (PhiL Mag., IL xxxviL 161); 5, Sandberger (L c):
9 S 9e Ph Cu ti
L Dembach 18-22 Ir. 4*61 44-11 26-92 tr. 11*44 Sandberger. 1 Ctork, green 8*97 0*84 18*76 40*69 24*05 2-45 9*77 Rammelsbsfy.
590 Oztgjen
P
la
S
9e
ti
3. Hurfaauaen 4 " i. "
24*47
' 8*49=98-87 Peroj.
8-49=101-61 Pen. [12-29]=100 Sandbeiger.
Pyr etc — Heated yielda water. B.B., alone, the Oork crTstala are in/liable, but jield at diarooal fumes of aulphuroaa add and afford a yellow alag, and with soda a kernel of lead ; the Dembadi fuse easier on oharnoal with intomesoence to a bule of lead, uaxod with a bla hepatic shig; the Horhaasen also Aise easily, affording a gray slaggy globule, and after long blowing the odor of arsenia
ObB--Occur8 at the Glendore Iron mine near Cork, with quarts and Umonite; at Dembadi, near Montabaur, in Nassaa ; at Horhaasen, in Kassau, on Umonite.
683. IJNDAOKBRITB. lindadEorit J. F. Vof Jabrbu G. Be&duL, iv. 662, 1863.
Orthorbombic. In oblong rbombohedral tables, grouped in roaettea, and in reniform masses.
H.=2— 2'5. Lustre vitreous. Color verdigris- to apple-green. Streak paler to white.
Oomp.— 20u'£s+ Jri'3+7 £[, Undacker, iHio obtained (L ft) :
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on diarooal gives alliaceous fumes, and Aises to a blade bead. With borax and salt of phosphorus a oopper reaction. Soluble after long heating in muriatic add, the aolatioo giving a yellowish-brown predpitate with sulphuretted hydrogen.
684. SVANBBaaXTB. Svanbergit Igelstram OSfV. Ak. Stoekh., 1864, 166.
Rbombohedral. i? A jK= 90*36' ; if A 4 i? (occurring planes) =154*' 30' Dauber; IiAli=S7i'' to 88"*, Breith., with other of 95 16' and 82° 26'.
H.=5. G.=3-30 ; 2571, Breith. ; 829, Blomstrand. Lustre vitreous to adamantine. Color honey-yellow to yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, and rose-red. Streak reddish or colorless. Snbtransparent.
Oomp. — Analyses: 1, Igelstrdm (L ol, and J. pr. Ch., Ixiy. 262); 2, 0. W. Blomstrand (priT. contrib., Dec. 8, 1867):
S Si l*e ftn ib Oa JTa 1ft Cn
1. Wermland 17-80 17-32 87-84 1-40 6-00 12-84 6-80 tr. Igelatr.
Blomstrand's analysis gives the 0. ratio for % fi, 3, P, fi=8 : 9 : 6i : 6 : 6; taking it at 8:9:6:6:6, it afToids the formula (i Ca"+i Si)* P+2 Si 5+6 fi=Phoephoric add 160, sulphuric acid 18*0, alumina 84*9, lime 18*9, water 12-2=100. Taking the ratio at 8 : 9 : 6 : 6 : it oonesponds to the formula 3 (iCa*+i Si)* P+6 Si 9 + &
Igelstrom's analysis affords approximately 3:9:6:6:8, and the same formula aa the las excepting 6 £[ in plaoe of 16 1ft. But it differs widely in the protoxyds, it containing much sods (determined by the loss ?), and comparatively little lime.
Pyr., etc.— In a tube add water. B.B. on coal fuses only on the thinneat edgea ; with soda in reducing flame a red hepatic mass, which becomes green with water and yields sulphuretted hydrogen with dilute add. With borax, an iron-colored glass. With cobalt solution a line Una But little acted upon by adda.
Oba.— From Homjoberg in Wermland, occurring with lasulite, cyanite, pyrophyllite, damoorite, hematite, eta It is near beudantite in orystalliaation.
686. FiGiiiTrB Bernhafdi, Wortetb. d. Nat gesdi., iy. 674 Weimar, 1827. G ookoi'B IOil, 666 1881 ; KewgoU, Min. Not, Na xi , and Ueb. 1864, 441, 1869, 32.
NrrBA.TS8.
61
Mo&odiiiic with (me perfect deavage and a aeoond inclined 129* to the other, both parallel ti Ihe orthodiagonaL
H.=6— 5'5. G.=8'4— 3*53. Loatre waxy or pearly, weak. Oolor black. Subtranslucent.
AnalTsia by Fidnus (I a) : P 12-82, 5 4*07, te 68-86, Hn 6*82, Oa 017, Si 0*17, tL 16-87. B.E fuaea to a aemimetallic slag, which is magnetia In adds hardly attacked.
Found at Bodenmais, with garnet ioUte eta AIbo reported aa occurring at the Gotteagab mine near Bodenmaia, incfyatala.
HYDEOUS ANTIMONATEa
680. BINDBSIBCITE. Blei-Niere (fr. Kertsdiinak) Kani,, Tab., 60, 77, 78, 1800 (doing ana. by Bindheim, Schrift. Oes. Hat Fr. Berlin, x. 874, 1792). Antimonate of Lead. Antimonbldapath, Antimonaanres Bleioxyd, Oerm. SUbiogalenlt Olock 8ya, 257, 1847. Bleinerite Nicolt Ifin., 383, 1849.
AmorphouB, reniform, or spheroidal ; also earthy or incrustmg. Structnre Bometimes curved lamellar.
H.=4. G.=4:-60— 4*76, Siberia, Hermann ; 6-06, white, Cornwall, Heddle; 4*707, brown, ib., Heddle. Lustre resinous, dull, or earthy. Color white, gray, brownish, yellowish. Streak white to grayish or yellowish. Opaque to translucent.
w — b*Sb+4£l[, Siberian mineral, Hermaun; *5b+2|£l[, Horhauaen, Bamm.; Bb*+10 fi, Cornwall, Heddle, anaL 4, 6; true nature not fully underatood.
Analyaea: I, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., ?. 179); 2, 0. Stamm (Pogg., c 618); 8-5, Heddle (FhiL Hag., lY. xiL 126, Greg & Letta. Min., 873) ; 6, Percy (ib.):
9e Ca la
Sb
Ph
ti
1. Kertachinak
61*36
2. Horhauaen
11'60
0. brawn
46*70
43*94
6. "
4tr78
3-36 r.
1*44 1-34
=100 Hermann.
r., Cu 0*84=99-69 Stamm. — =100-76 Heddle. — =101*10 Heddle. Ir.= 99-88 Heddle. — =100 Percy.
PfafT early found hi the Nertachinak mfaieral (. J., zzviL 1) 3b 43-96, la 1642, 88-10,
fe 0*24, Ou 8-24, Si 2-34, S 0*62, Fe, Mii, eta, 3 32=103*28. Bindheim (L a) made it to contain a 25, tb 35, 9e 14, ti 10, Si, Si 9, Ag 115=95*15.
Pyr., etc. — In the doaed tube givea off water. KB. on diarcoal reduced to a metallic globule of antimony and lead, coating the charcoal white at aome diatance the asaay, and yeUow nearer to it
Oba.— A result of the decompoaition of other antimonial orea.
From Nertachinak in Siberia; Horhauaen; near Bndellion in Gomwall, with jameaonite, ttom which it 18 derived.
BkmerUe ia German for LeatMdnty'tie/ and SUbiogaiemie implies the preaenoe of galena ti olphid of lead ; hence the aubatitnte above after the earliest amyst of the apedea.
S90. HiTBS
091. Soda Nran M2. KiTsocALOira 593. NiTBOMAainsm
B. Nitrates.
Haft
Cal+fl
Ke,|e pTa
(iire,).|e,|ea+aq
811 18U.
OrthoAombic I.\ /=11S o-V, O A 1-1=130' 8' ; aihi c=l-lS61 : 4' at B. and M. Generallj in thin exists, tufta, and delicate acicolar cnrstallizatiooau
H.=2. G.=l-37. Loie TitreoiSw Streak and color white. Snbtransparent. Brittle. Taste saline and eooling.
9=5itne aad 53-4,
of]
" It.
to tike Efsnte of jibil 0i Ia Li'isa is a occjiiaed m Wfe qcjssxues for the Ifisre iat its foratooQ orj aa- aad loog period? vtsbooK nfn ; the
she liicns of fejisposhic rocks sb the nd. Tbe oxTdiLca of the aisrcr a£ cie air s pn
bj orpoie suaafefs; faeoce the stre is genenLT ai;:CKd ieeofcpoetd
scbfCftscea. A nhre cnist fhxa the Ticsirr of CoQStantt> A!:;?na. a2jr.>id K S iS-OO,
JLki'jsoa Cd. ISLetsotxr. a is food sesoeed thnxufi tbe loose earth
of a iarz eavcL Aisc a ocher eswvras m the MsssbsKrccvIjej. Tbae of
ficpes a the foiitjs of tbe OiBbefiai tablei aSrrd it
'iv' C a&d C : asi becweea these tefcperacsRS tbe rbccbcbedral ii cafil
oc aooe ioreics Above atbe Dcraai oo the prisBASK hoe to CL of teopafsSBBC iPogj am. 3a4i.
Ssofe Ktmee BstiTeJtAtnrs. ABS.lUvi.5 :S2I. 5ii afSodau Scda Sxtre. Sitre cchsqaa. Satntt&peer XamJL, 14 ISC Sitmtia
Ehomt.iedraL B ' R—V.- 33'; a=>S276. Clearage: rhombohedraL perfect. In efloresceaces ; ali-> aiasive, granular.
Color white : also reddish-brown STaj. and lemon-yellow. Transparoit. Bather sectile. Fracture indistinctlv conehoidaL Taste co*I:n. Crrstak strongi J docolj redacting.
Oaa9hr-:aS=5hne aoi 3l soda HvKbsSeCtor otsCeasd ftooi tbe Chifias
. cic — IkcCJbrnies ob fftaiwl ks rscuf aee t2ua aisriL csbittc s ysBov Qgkit aM Ortors i2* fase asecje jeGw. Iisoi-fes is three fK of vafev at F vL:! sTTXk ui lancscB. aonheni OiiZ tb trr pMipa Jor V at s of a'tCTe ;he fissL is severed vis: I ccs of tL: sals ssviecal Vk a occi— 'rii sLw rlk-ibcr ailv aai rpr*.i -s of rur sl-f the iass
of sea. itxao L c; J. H. Ka:fiA Aa. X Scu Sli, isiA.
A. A. ilayos obtained flrommaaaeB ooUecied by Mr. Blakei mtrate of aoda 64*98, eu/jfce of loda 8-00, common salt 2869, iodids 0 68, shells and marl 2*60=99 90.
In 1837, 150,900 quintals of this salt refined were shipped from Yquiqne; In 1866, J,jOO,000 quintals. It is used for the manu&cture of nitric add und nitre.
0 A }-2 in soda nitre equals nearly 0 A f in apatite.
92. MTTROOAIiOITB. KjOksalpeter Eom Handb., 1818. Nitrate of lime. CUoac nitm. Nitrocaldte Shep Min., a 84, 1836. Oalcinitre ffutft, Min., U. 480, 1841.
In efflorescent silken tufts and maflees. Oolor white or gray. Taste sharp and bitter.
Oomp.— Oa:f+]9[=intrio aeid 69*4, lime 80*7, water 9*9=100.
Pyr., etc.— On burning coola it slowly ftises with a slight detonation, and dries. ' deHquesoent before, but not after, being desiccated by heat
Obs. — It occurs in silky efflorescences, hi many limestone caTems, as those of Kentucky. The salt forms in covered spots of earth, where tiie soil is oalcareons, and is extonsiyely ustfd in the manufacture of saltpetre. According to Hausmann, a large part of tde so-caflea nitr in nature is this salt
693. NITROMAaNBSITB. Kitrate of Magnesia BemL, Tr., iL 384, 1832. Kitromagneaite 3h., Min., ii. 8C, 1836. Magnesinitre Euot Mh U. 481, 1841. Magndne nitrate Magnesiasalpeter.
In efflorescences. White. Taste bitter.
Oomp.— The salt contains, when pure and anhydrous, nitro add magnesia 27'f.
OlNU--From limestone oayes, along with nitrocaldte.
The existence of this spedes as a natural product has not yet been dearly made oat
4. Borates.
Boric acid occurs in but few minerals ; viz., DatoJite, Danbnrite. Axinite, and Tourmaline, with the following. It is a remarkable fact tuat in all of them, as far as kuown, the crystallization is either hemihedral or oblique. Boracite and Bhodizite are hemihedral isometric; Tourmaline hemihedral rhombohedral ; Datolite is monoclinic ; while Danburite and Axinite are triclinic. In Tourmaline and Axinite boric acid acts the part of a base.
ABBAKGBMEIfT OF THB SPIBCXCES.
1. 0. ratio for bases and add 1 : 1.
694. SASBOLm fi*B
696. SEAnaLTm (f B,|e.|(JH,+tMg),+iaq
2. 0. ratio for bases and add 1 : 4.
697. BoEiom liVB+iMgGI
695. BBomim
Oztosv Oomfousds.
3. 0.ntiotebMM and add 1:6 or 1:12; pnC or all cf Um water iirolaolTbMlOk aic tina. raiionaUT. 1 : 8.
699. Bobax
600. Bbobilct
601. Howxin
n02. XJuzm
+i[(i6a*+*B)'8i']
FaB'-Kdfi
(B e),|e,Ki H. +i 6a)+H aq (Be).|e,KiH,+i€a)+laq
(B e)|0.Kl H,+iKa,+| €a)+Si ac (Be),|e,KiH,+iKa.+i6a)+aq
694. SASSOLITB. Sale aedatiyo natorale U. F. Hoef&r ]femori% Flrenie, 1778; Maaeaqnit Menu Sea ItaL, Tiii 467. NatiTe SedatiTe Salt Addmn boracia, vigo Sal aedatlTum, Bergm Sdagr 1782. KatiTe Borado Add Kmo 1796. Saaadln KanL, Tab., 40, 76, 1800. Add boradqne Fr Boric Acid.
Twine : composition-face 0. Cleavage : basal yeiy perfect. Usnally in small scales, apparently six-sided tables, and also in stalactitic forms, composed of small scales.
H.=l. G.=1'48. Lnstre pearly. Color white, except when tinged yellow by ; sometimes gray. Feel smooth and nnctnons. Taste acidulous, ana slightly saline and bitter.
Oomp-d*B=BoTic add 66-4 water 43-6=100. The nature atalactitio aalt, aooordhig to KlaproUi (Beitr., iiL 97X oontaina, mediaiiksaUy missed, anlphato of magneaSa and iron, sulpfaato of Ume, aiUca, carbonate of lime, and alumina.
Pyr., elc — In the dosed tube giyea water. B.B. on platinum wire ftisea to a dear glaaa and tinges the flame jeUowiah-green. Some apedmena react for aulphur or ammonia in the deed tube. Soluble in water and alcohol. Disaolyea in 2*97 parta of water at 100° CL, and 10*7 parts at 60" C.
Oba. — This long known compound, the Soi mdativum BmbergU, was first detected in nature by Hoefer in the watera of the Tuscan lagoons of Konto Botondo and OutolnuoTO, and afterward m the solid state at Sasso bj lAasoaguL The hot yapora of the lagoons consist largely of boric add. To odlect it the yapors are made to pass through water, whidi abeorba the boric add; the waters are then evaporated by means of the steam from the springs. They yieM seren to eight thousand pounds troy per day. Theae lagoons spread orer a surface of about 3o miles ; and in the distance, douds of vapor are seen rising in large volumes among the mountains. The crude oorax contains 20 Ui a or more of imporitiea, among whidi Wittstein and Payen found 18*7 pi c of sulphates (the moat abundant, sulph. ammonia 8*6 p. c, aulph. magnesia 2*6 p. c.).
Exiata also in other natural watera, as at Wiesbaden ; Aachen ; Krankenheil near Fdli ; deal Lake, in Lake Go, Oalifomia ; and it haa been detected in the waters of the ocean.
Occurs also abundant in the crater of Yuloano, one of the Lipari idea, forming a layer oa aolpbur, and about the ramardea, where it waa diaoovered by Dr. HoUand in 1613.
Kenngott states that artifldal crystala are manocUmc: with /A /=118'' 4', /a M=120* 60* and twinned paralld to iA (Ber. Ak. Wien, ziL 26).
696. 8ZAXBBLTITE. Saibet £ F. Fekn, Ber. Ak. Wien, zliv. 148, June, 186)
In small nodules bristled with acicular crystals. H. 3 — 4. 6. 3. Color white outside, yellow within. Streak white Translucent Optically biaxial.
B0Batb8.
59&
Ooanp-O. ratio for Ag, fi fislS : 18 : 4; formula 3 *B*-f 4fi, Stromir; oi, if part oi this water be basics iig+ia)*B+i& Analjiea: 1, 2, Stromejer (Ber. Ak. Wlen, xlyiL 347); 3, Sommamga (ib xlvltL 648):
B
1. Keedkt 86-66 9. KsmeU 84-60
a. Jbedlm 87-38
Ag ]9[ 01 Fe Si
49-44 1.-87 0-20 3-20 :=99*81 Strom.
68*26 6-77 0*61 1-78* 0-81— 100 Sommamga.
*Sfte*0*,8Ha
JLnaL 1 and 8 afford aftw
separating impuritiea, the iron aa Fe fi*:
B 88-86 ttg 64-66 fi 7-00 88-86 64-67 6-96
Pyr., ator— Yieida water. B.B. splita open, gbwa, and ftiaea to a pale, hornlike, browniah-graj maaa, coloring the flame jellowiah-red.
Oba. — Oooora in kernel imbedded in a gray grannlar limestone at Werksthal in sontheasten Hnngaiy.
Named after Snbelyi, who collected the ttmestone oontalnfaig It
69tf HTDROBORACnTB. O. Begif Pogg., xzzL 49, 1834. Qydroos Borate of Lime and
EeBembles fibrous and foliated OTpaum.
H.=2. G.=1'9— 2. Color wmte, with spots of red from iron. Thin plates translucent.
Oonp.— Ca' B+ Ag*B+18 Oa+i ftg)"B+9 ]9[; or, making the water baaic (f d+i (Ca, liCg))*B;=:Borio acid 47*8, lime 14-8, magnesia 10*2, water 27-7=100. Analyses by Heaa (P0gg.,zzzL49):
1. 49-92 13-80 10-43 26-8=100.
2. 49-22 13-74 10*71 2633=sl00.
Pyr., ato— B3. ftiaea to a dear glass, tinging the flame slightly green, and not becoming opaque. In a matrasa aflbrds water. Somewhat soluble in water, and yielding a slightly alkaline reaction. DissolTOS eaai in muriatic and nitric adda.
Oba. — Hydroboracite was first obeeryed by Hess, in a collection of Oancasian minerals. The specimen waa ftill of holes filled with day, containing different salta. It may be mistaken for gypsum, but is readily distinguished by its flisibility.
697. BOBAOXTB. Eubisohe Qnars-Kryatalle (fir. LBneburg) Laaku, GreU's Ann., ii. 833, 1767 Loneburger 8edatiT-8path TVM-, KL phys.-di. Abh., iiL 167, 1789. Borazit Wenu, Bergm. J., 1789, 393, 1790, 284. Borate of Magneaia. Magnesia borate Pr. Parasit 0. Vofger, Pogg., xdiL 77, 1864. UaaslTe Boradte of Sta8flirt=8taaAirat 0. Bote, Pogg., zoviL 632, 1866.
Isometric ; tetrahedraL Fiirs. 1, 29 30, and the annexed. Observed planes
2-S, 5, on alternate angles only. Cleavage : octaheoral, in traces. Cubic faces some- .
times striated parallel to al- 1—
temate pairs of edges, as in ' pyrite.
H.=7, in crystals: 4*6, massire. G.= 2*974, Maidinger ; 2*9184, massire, Karsten. Lnstre ritreons, in-
Oztoen Oompottfds.
dining to adamantine. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, and greer Streak white. Snbtranspareut — translucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven Pyroelectric, and polar along the four octahedral axes.
Var. — 1. Ordinairy. In crystalB. 2. Masawe, with sometimeB a Babtwlmniiar strncturo ; Stata furtite of Bose. It resemblea a fine-grained white marble or gnmolar limestone. PanuUe Yolger is the plnmoae interior of some crystals of boracita
Oomp— Ag'fiViMgCIzrBoric acid 62*6, magnesia 26'8, chlorid of magnesium 10-6=100 Analyses: A. of crystals: 1, Stromeyer (Gilbert*8 Ann zlviii. 215); 2, ArfVedson (Ak. H Stockh., 1822, 92); 8, Bammelsberg (Pogg zliz. 445) ; Weber (Pogg., Ixxz. 282); 6, % Potyka (Pogg., evil 438); 7, 8, 8iewert and Geist (J. pr. Oh., IxxviL 338).
B. Of Massiye Boraoite or StassAirtite: 1, Earsten (Pogg., Izz. 557, 1847); 2, 0. F. Chandlot (Inaug. Diss.); 3, Siewert ft Brenkham (Z& Nat Ver. Halle, xi. 366); H. Lndwig (Arch. Pharm., II. zo 129); 5, Heints (J. pr. Oh., Ixzyl 248); 6, Potyka (Pogg., crii. 4S8) ; 7, Kromayei (Arch. Pharm., IL zcyiii. 139) :
a.
A.
B. 1. MauHvt
u u
clouded
B
[67] '69-7] 69-77] '64-48J (I) [61-82] (I) 161-80]
(I)
a.
(I
tt
U tt
[69-49] [6918]
Mg
80*28
25*24
So-83 23*80 25*74 24*93
Fe Hga d
10*41 11*42 11*82
j*e0*89
0*82
te 0-40
— -—=r 1 00 Strom.
——=100 Ramm. 3-52=100 Weber. 0-65=101-19 PotvkA. 0-94=100-89 Polyka.
=100 Siewert.
=10u Oeist.
100 Karsten.
=1CK) Chandler.
100-20 Sad.
6-00=100 Ludwig.
1-95=100 Potyka.
6-20=100 Kromayet.
An ironboracUe (Biaenstassfhrtit) Stassfurt is described by Hnyssen (Jahrb. Min. I865t IIS91L having half the tig replaced hj fe. westrumo, idio was the first to detect m boraate the boric add (8edatiy8als=Sedatiye salt of
ignition: subsequent analysts failed to detect the chlorine.
Pyr., etc.— The massive variety gives water in the closed tube. BJB. both varieties fuse at 2 with intumescence to a white crystalline pearl, coloring the flame green ; heated after moistening with cobalt solution assumes a deep pink color. M&ed with ozyd of copper and heated on charcoal colors the flame deep azure-blue (chlorid of copper). Soluble in muriatic acid.
Soluble in powder in dilute muriatic nitric, or sulphuric adds, and the massive kind most readily so. Altera very slowly on exposure, owing to the chlorid of' magnesium present, which takes up water.
It is the frequent presence of this deliquescent chlorid in the massive mineral, thus originating, that led to the view that there was a hydrous boradte (stassfurtite). See on this point Bischof 's Steinsalawerke bel Stassflirt. p. 86, and Steinbeck in Pogg., . 68. PtiraaUe of Yolger is a result of the same kind of alteration in the interior of crystals of boradte which gives the somewhat plumose character it has, and the water. Weber's analysis above was probably made on such an altered crystal.
ObB.->0b8erved in beds of anhydrite, gypsum, or salt In crystals at Kalkberg and Schfldstein in Liineburg, Hanover; at Segeberg, near EJel, in Holstein; at LuneviUe, La BCeurthe, France; massive, or as part of the rock of the Salt Mine at Stassfurt, Prussia.
Boradte was first shown to be pyroelectric by Hauy in 1791.
698. RBODIZITB. Bhodirit O. Jiote Pogg., zzda 258, 1884, xxxix. 321. Bhodidt ffMtm
iBometric and tetrahedral, like boracite. Planes 1 smooth and shining f often uneven.
H.=8. 6. '3—3 42. Lustre vitreous, inclined to adamantine. Coloi white. Translucer Pyroelectric.
Bobatb8.
Tyr to-B.B. in the platfamm forceps ftiees with difficoltf on the edges to a white opaqnt olasa, tinging the flame at first green, then green below and red aboye, and finally red throughout With borax and salt of phosphonui flies to a transparent glass. Supposed to be ttme-boradte.
ObB.~Foand by G. Rose in minute crystals on red tourmalines near Sarapulsk and Soha* task in the vicinity of Katbarinenburg and named firom in allusion to Its tinging flame red. The largest crystals seen were two lines In diameter.
699. BORAX. Thikal of /nduk Chrysooolla (ez nitro confecta), Borras, Agrie 1646. Borai WalL, Min., 1748. Borate of Soda. Borazsaures Natron , Sonde borate
MonocUnic. C=73° 25', /A 7=87% 0 A 2.i=132° 49' ; a:b: 0*4906 : 1 : 0*9095. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 4-i. A 40' and O A i4 A 7=133° 30'. Cleavage : U perfect : 7 less so ; i-) in traces. Plane of composition i-t; O Ai 0 =146° 60'.
H.=2— 2*S. G.=l*716. Lustre vitreous — resinous ; sometimes earthy. Color white ; sometimes grayish, bluish or greenish. Streak white. Translucent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Eather brittle. Taste sweetish-alkaline, feeble.
Oomp.— Sfa 6*4-10 d; or (i add 36*6, soda 16-2, water 47*2.
Pyr., eta — B.B. puib up, and aftenwd Aises to a transparent globule, called glass of borax. Faaed with nuor spar and bisulphate of potash it colors the flame around the assay a dear green. Soluble in water, jielding a faintly alkaline solution. Boiling water dissolves double its weight of this salt
Cm.~Borax was originally brought from a salt lake in Thibet The borax is dug in masses from the edges and shafiow parts of the lake, and in the course of a short time the holes luis made are again filled. This crude borax was forraerly sent to Europe under the name of tlncal, and there purified. It is announced by Dr. J. A. Yeatch as existing hi the waters of the sea along the GalifoiTiia coast, and in those of many of the mineral springs of California (J. FrankL Inst, I860). OxTStals, 2 or 3 inches across, occur in the mud of Borax Lake, near Olear Lake, Oal., 65 m. Kw. of Suisun Bay and 36 m. from the Padfla It has also been found at Viquintiaoa and Escape in Peru ; at Halberstadt in Transylyaniu ; in Ceylon. It occurs in solution in the mineral springs of Chambly, St Ours, eta, Canada Bast (Hunt, Logan's Q. Bep., 1858).
The waters of Borax Lake, California, contain, according to G. £ Moore, 585*08 grains of crystallized borax to the gallon (Am. J. Sd., xlL 257).
Borax is now extensiTely made from the boric add of the Tuscan lagoons, by the reaction of this add on carbonate of soda. This salt is employed in several metallurgical operations as a flux, is sometimeB used injthe manufacture of glass and gems, and extensively in the process of soldering.
Named borax from the Arabic huraq which induded also the nitre (carbonate of soda) of andent writers, the natron of the Egyptians.
ProC Bedii has analysed a borate occurring as an hntfustation at the Tuscan lagoons, whldi aflbrded B 43*66, 1*25, fi 87*19=:100, giving the formula B*+6 A (Am. J. Sd., IL xviL
6oa
:i3[*i: II
Hayeshie7.SSec Am.J.Sd.,n.xviL129, 185i. BedilUte i?Mick Hydroui
Borate of lii
In craBtB, as a deposit from springs.
Oomp.-0. ratio for Oa, B, d=l : 6 : 4; (i Ca+iB) B+liB=Borio add 52'S, Hm SO'9 frame; 26*9=100. Analysis: Bechi (L a):
B 51'18
Ca 20-85
fi 26*25
31, 2), Hg 1*75=99-98.
598 Oztoen Ooxfoitnds.
Pyr., floor— Yields water. BA. ftuee euSLy, ooloriiig fhe flame reddiahTelknr; moisteMi
irith sulphuric add the flame is colored green. .
Obs— Found by Bechi as an inoruBtation at the baths of the boric add lagooos of Toscanj
AiHL — A. hot-water solution of ulexite, after concentration imd cooling, Ridded Lecanu (J Pharm., IIL zziv. 22) scales of a salt haTing the above ratio, as detenidned hj htm. Knin obtained, under similar drounistances, the compound Ca*B'+6 ti, or btL after drying otei sulphuric add, and A tL after heating to 120° GL
The ffayesine of D. Forbes (FhlL 2feg IV. xzy. 118), from the waters of the hot spring Bafios del Toro in the OordiUeraB of Coquimbo, may be of the aboTO species. It occurs in tiM Waters in the form of snow*white silky or feathery flakes, and also as a flaky sediment at the bottom.
Forbes suggests that the mineral is formed by the action of hot yaporSi Tolcanic in source oo the lime of the waters through which they pass.
601. HOWXJTEL Siliooborocaldte K Bow, FhiL Mag., lY. . 1868. HowUte DimtL
In small rounded imbedded nodnlee. Texture compact, without dearage ; also chalk-like or earthy.
H.=:3'5; often less. 6.=2'55. LuBtre BubvitreouB, glimmering. Color white. Subtranslueent, or translucent in thin Splinters. Frfusture nearly even and smooth.
Oomp. — A hydrous borate of lime, similar to JMihOOe combined with one-sixth of a silicate, analogous to dambwrille. 0. ratio for B, B, Si, firi : U : 4 : 5; corresponding to [(iOa+ifi) 5+|H]+i[(iOB'+iB)'Si']=Boric add 43-0, silica 16*8, lime 29*4, water 11*8=100. How deduces the O. ratio 4 : 16 : 4 : 6 ; but as the boric add was not directly determined, its prefer> euce to the preceding is not certain. How writes the formula 2CaSl+2 (Oa B'++fi'B. Analyses: 1--3, How; 4) the mean after ezduding the lime as gypsum :
1. Oonpo/d
4. Mean, gypsum ezoL
Obs. — Occurs in Nova Scotia, in nodules, of the siae mostly of filberts, or i in. to in., and rarely 1 to 2 in. through, imbedded in anhydrite or sypsum, at Brookyille, about 3 m. S. of Windsor, and associated with ulexite. The harder kind (anal 1, 2) occurs in anhydrite and the softer (anal 3) in gypsum.
602. UliBZITB. fioronatrocaldt UUx Ann. Gh. Pharm., Ixz. 49, 1849. Natron-Kalk-Bont Ulexite IkuM, Min., 696, 1860. Natronborooalcite. TinkaMt (fir. Africa) JTIsMuty, Pdlyt Gentr., 1384 1869.
In rounded masses, loose in texture, consisting of fine fibres, which are acicular or capillary crystals.
H.=l. G.=1'66, N. Scotia, How. Lustre silky within. Color white. Tasteless.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for JTa, Ca, fi, ]9[=1 : 2 : 18 : 18, + f ]9[=Borie add 45*6, lime 12*8, soda 6-8, water 86-3= lOa How deduces for the N. Scotia mineral the ratio 1 : 2 : 15 : 15=Boric add 44*0, lime 14*1, soda 7-8, water 34*1 100. Ajialyses: 1, XTlex (L a); 2, A. Dick (PbiL Mag IT. tL 50); 8, Bammelsbeig (Pogg., zc?iL 301); 4. Helbig (Dingier*! PoL J., czlTiL 819); 5-8, Kraut (Arch. Pharm., IL odl 25, Jahresb., 1862, 759, Ann. CIl Pharm., czxxix. 252); 9, Lunge (ib., cxzzriiL 51); 10, Eletsinsld (Polyt Oentr.. 1869, 1384 Bamm. Min. Oh., 988); 11, Phipson (0. B., ia407); 12, SalTetat (ib., 586); 18) H. How (Am. J 6 IL zxir. 230); 14,id.(ib., xxzii. 9):
B Ca ]a & fi Nad
L IqniqiM [49-5] 15 9 8'8 — 26*8 =100 Ulex.
Bobatbb. Cm
B Oft iTa £: d Kaa
8. IqniqM [43-70] 18*18 6-6T 0*88 86*67 — =100 Bamm.
S. Afrioa 46*74 13-46 7*08 33*78 =10o Kraut
O. of anal 10=1*912.
In analjaia 3, 8*17 ddorid of sodium, 0*41 aulphate of aoda, and 0*89 sulphate of lime are exohided.
Pyr., ato-TieldB water. B3. ftiaea at 1 with intnmeecence to a dear blebbj glaaa, coloring the flame deep yellow. Koistened with sulphuric add the color of the flame is momentarily diangei to deep green. Not soluble in cold water, and but little so in hot; the solution alkaline in its reactions.
Obs. — Occurs in the dry plains of Iquique, Southern Pern ; in the provinoe of Tarapaca* (where it is called tma\ in rounded masses, from a hazelnut to a potato in size, which consist of interwoven fibres of the ulexite, with pickeringlte, glauberite, halite, gypsum, and other impurities; on the West Africa coast; In KoTa Scotia, at Windsor, BrookyflE, and Newport (H. HowX flUmg narrow cavities, or constituting distinct nodules or mammilla ted masses imbedded in white gypsum, and associated at Windsor with glauber salt, the lustre internally silky and the color Teiy white; in Nevada, in the salt marsh of the Columbus Mining District, forming layers 2-6 in. thick alternating with layers of salt, and in balls 3-4 in. through in the salt
Named after Ulex, who gave the first correct analysis of the mineraL
Alt — Occurs altered to gypsum.
Eayesine Dana (Hydrous Borate of Lhne A. A. Sayu, Am. J. ScL, xlvL 377, xlviL 216, 1844 Bbrocaldto ; Hydroborooaldte SmunL, Handb., 1429, 1847) from southern Peru, is the above. Ic oomes from the same locality, and has the same appearance ; and all analyses of the Peruvian minenil since that by Hayes have found soda to be an essential constituent Hayes obtained B 46-1 1, 6a 18 89, A 36*00=100, with the formula CaB'+6 ; and he attributed die soda found Ulex to the mixed glauberite.
603. ORTPTOMOBPHrm. K Bow, Am. J. Sd., H. xxxii. 9, 1861.
In Icemels apparently nncrystaUine, bat under a high magnifying power ahown to consist of thin tables or plates, rhombic in outline, and about 80° inaujgle.
Without lustre. Color white.
Oomp— 0. ratio for JTa, Ca,'fi, A, aooordbg to How, from ao imperfeot analysis, 1 : 3 : 27 : 19 sBorio add 88*5, lime 15*6, soda 5*6, water 20*1=100, and no saUs&ctory formula. 1 : 3 : 24 18 would give the more probable composition (i(&a, Ca)-f + fi=Bofic add 65'6| Ume 16*7 oda 6*8, water 21*5=100. Analysis : How (L a):
B
Ca
tL
ttg
s
A.
53*98
14*21
0*62
8*98=100.
B.
19*78
B is the result after removing the magnesia and part of the soda hi the state of sulphates as fanparlUes. Pyr., eto. — Same as under ulexite. Obftr-Occors in white lustreless kemela of the siie of a pea or bean lying between ciystslt ol
The provinoe of Tarapaoa is between 19* and & lat, and 3000 to 8500 feet above tfa
OZTOE3!r OOMPOTTFDS.
glanber salt Th tabular dsaraoter of the material ia anppoaed to be eridenoe of di8tinctla& fhua ttlezite, which is capiUaiy in ita fonDa. Breadth of tables abont -0048 of an inch, Bobbi
Named from Kttvwrji, concealed, and in allusion to the invisibility of tiie stnicturv xoept under a microscope. Foand at Windsor, Nora Sootia.
604. IsABSyUBJBLXJTB. BetM, Am. J. SoL, IL zrii. ISO.
Very light, white, and tasteleBB. Appearing nnder the microscope to be made up of minate oblique rectangular tables ; M A T=110°, Amici.
OompN 0 fi + 4 ft ; or, more probably, making the water parj basics ft K 0 -I- 1 fi) B + lifi. Analyaia by B. Bechi (L a):
B 68*566 NH012-t34 fi 18-3SA
Dissolves in hot water, and is transformed into a new salt represented by the formnk N H*Q B+8fi, + Obs. — Ocoan at the Tosoan lagoons.
006. XiAOONITB. Borate de Far OmaUui d'ffalkfy, 1833. Lagonits Ao Wjl, L SM 184L
Sidflrdborine Biiot, I 278, 1841. Lagimit Etmig.
An earthy mineral of an ochreoos yellow color.
Oomp.— FeB'-f add 49*6, sesqaioxyd of iron 37'8, water 12*7=100. Analyiii Ph>£ Bechi (Am. J. Sd IL x?ii 129):
Oooors as an inomstaUon at the Tosoan lagoons. First mentioned Bendant
60e. WABWIOXITB. SJupard, Am. J. Set., zzxit. 313, 1838, zzxtL 86 1839. Rimeladiti
T. & Ani; ib IL IL to, 1846 zL 862.
Monoclinic? /A /=93°— ETsual in rhombic priBins with obtuse edges truncated, and the acute bevelled, summits generally rounded ; snrtaces of larger crystals not polished. Cleavage : macrodiagonal perfect, affording surface with vertical striae and traces of oblique cross cleavage.
B[.=3--4. G.=319— 8-43 ; 3*351, small crystals, and 3-423, large id.. Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface snbmetallic-pearly to subvitreous ; often nearly dull. Color dark nair-brovm to dull black, sometimes a copper-red tinge on cleavage surface. Streak bluish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp* — Essentially a boiotitanate of magnesia and iron, with 15 to SO p. a of boris Smith and (Am. J. Soi., XL xyL 293). T. a Hunt foimd in small lostrous miallerad crystals (Am. J. fid., n. zL 862):
¥l81'6 ftg48-5 te%'l ign.8'0
with a loss of 14*99 p Oi, wbidi Sonth and Brash show to be boris acid.
PT., eta — Yields water. B.B. infusible but becomes lighter in water ; moistened with solphnric add gives a pale green color to the flame. With salt of phosphonia in O.F. a dear bead, jeUow while hot and colorless on cooling; in B.P. on diarooal wiu tin a Tiolet oolor (titanic add). With aoda a alight manganese reaction. Decomposed hj solphnric add; the product, treated with alcohol and ignited, gives a green flame and boiled with mnriatio add and metallio tin gives on evaporation a violet-colored eolation.
Oba. — Occurs in granular limestone m. 8.W. of Edenvflle, N. Y., with spinel, diondrodits serpentine eta Ciystals nsnaUy small and slBttder; sonetinieB over 2 in. long mad broad 13ie latter are the muitkuMk of Hunt
TinrOflTATBS, M0LTBDAIE8, YANADATSa.
01
B. Tungstate8, Molybdates, Vanadates.
Abbakgbment Of Tee 8Pb0Iss.
fUVOSIATES AND MOLYBDATES.
610. WOTXBAMTra A
(iFe+f
W0,|e,|(iFe+iMD)
B
Hte +
D
1,3:1,6:1
AnW
W,e.|e.|(tFe+iMn)
W.ejeeKJFe+fMn)
CaW
616. &Soubts
nvt
w e.iOiiPb
Co So
JL YAKADATEa
619. Dbohbnitb
620. DBSOLOIZira
621. YAHADDim
a
Cu.V,fi
DDi SDnmft. Laoifl nlirar ex auo oo]
oflafciir candidum nlumbum
Agrie Fobs., 256, 1546. Yolfram, araenico mineraliaatum, Spuma Lupi (fir. tin yeins Wall, MixL, 268, 1*747. IfagoeBia [=Maiiganeae] parva oom portione mattis et joys mixta, WoUram (fr. AltenbergX Ororut, Min., 107, 1768. Wolfram=Tnxo8no Acm, Xron, and Mang.. Slkuyar Ohem. Zer Wolfhuna., 1786. Tangstate of Iron and Manganese. Scheelin femi- gM &, Tr., W. 1801. Wolframit BnU/i Char., 227, 1832.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=101 Rose (101*" 45', Kerndt; 101°, Descloi zeaux); /A i-i=140'' 32' ; i-l A i-izsllT" 20' ; 1-J A 1-J, over the Bummit. 12' ; i-t A 1-2=157*' 38'. Crystals often monoclinic in habit, half of the planes 1, and 2-S, being absent or much smaller than the other half. Cleavage : l-i perfect, imperfect. Twins : planes of composition irij f-t, and rarely Also irregalar lamellar; coarse divergent colmnnar ; massive grannlar, the particles strongly coherent.
H.=5— 5-5. G.=7'l— 7"55. Lustre submetallic. Color dark grayish or brownish-black. Streak dark reddish-brown to black. Opaque. Some times weak magnetic.
▼ar.— The most important TarietieB depend on the of the mm and mangMMt— Those rich in manganese have a.=7*19— 7*54, but geneniUj below 7*26, and the streak is mostly blaoli. Those rich in iron have G.=7-2-7-64t and a dark raddish-brown streak, and ther arc some times feebly attractable by the macrvet.
0 1
H H
M
/
i-S
n
MiW
Observed Planes.
Oomp.— (t'e, An) W; mostly either 2 j*e W+3 ftn W, or 4 1*0 W; bnt slso ratios 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 6 : I, and 1 : 4.
Analyses: 1, G. J. Popplein (Mining Mag., XL L 859); 2, 0. 8. Rodman (priv. oontrib.); 8, Ber nouilli (Fogg., czL 603); 4, 6, Schaffgotsoh (Fogg., lit 476); Ebelmen (Ann. Cb. Fhys., IIL via 606); 7, Eussm (Bamm. 3d SuppL, 127); 8, BemouiUi (I c); 9, Weidinger (Za Pharm., 1866 71); 10, R Schneider (J. pr. Ch., zlix. 822); 11-16, Eemdt (J. pr. Ch., xliL 81); 17, BemooiUi (Lc.); 18, 19, Schaffgotsch (La); 20, Kemdt (L a); 21-24, Bemouilli (L a); 25, B. Petaold (Fogg., xdU. 474); 26, Ebelmen (L c); 27, Rammelsbwg (2d SuppL, 175): 28-80, Kemdt (L a); 81-38, B. Sohneider 0. 0.) ; 84, F. A. Tenth (Am. J. Sd., U. zxviil 263) ; 36, BeixeUns (Sohw. J.,
zvi.476):
L Aiiido/J'eWtoAnW-l:
Oa
1. St Francis B., MOt
6-67 6-69 19*38
1*18=: 100*60 Foppln. ——99-81 Bodman.
2. Madison Ckx, "
74-66 4-96 20-25
8. Zinnwald
76-20 6-60 17-94
JZ BaHo o/teVfio W-8 :
7*191 75-33 9*56 16*12
ft. "
7-191 75-66 9-49 14-86
—100 Sehaffgotsch.
6. "
0*48=100 05 Ebelmen.
7.
76-92 9*38 14*04
8. "
76*15 9*72 18*99
r., Cb 1-10—99*96 BemonlUI.
9
76*62 8*73 12*17
2-27, Ti 1 -89, ft 11-31=100*99 W
10. "
7601 9-81 18-90
1*19=100*91 B. SdmeUer.
7*293 76-34 961 14*21
=100' 3 Kemdt.
7-231— 7*22 75-62 9*66 14*86
—100*0? Kemdl
13. Monroe Ot
=99*26 Kemdt
14. "
=100-00 Kemdt
16. Sehlackenwald
7-483—7-636 75*68 9*66 14*30
=99-64 Kemdt
i6* Altenberg
=99-98 Kemdt
/iZ JesMao/ Je W <oftn W=2 : 1 1
nearly.
76*99 16-29 8*46
IV. Baii9qfte W ib An W=S : 1, 4 :
1, er 6 : 1.
18. Khrenfriedersdorf
76*10 19-16 4-74
=100 8c aiQsocacli.
19. Ghanteloup
7*437 76-00 18-83 5*67
Ti7V08Tatb8, Holtbdatbb, Vanadates.
SO. Cnuuileloi
22. "
23. Zinnwald
24. "
26. Stolberg 26b limogee
27. Uanegerode
14B— 7-61
W {"e An Oa
u
Monte Video Kertschiiisk Hmiz, Glasebedi Pfkffenberg ' Meiseberg 84. Flowe IL, N. a 36. Gamberltfid
7*148
7-6— 7*813
76*88 76*68 76*76 76*98 76*13 (f) 76*20 76*02 76*64 76*04 76*26 76*79 74*67
19*32 18*77 19*19 20*17 19*26 19*21 19*61 20*27 17*69
6*76 6*10 4*90 4*48 3*64 4*80 4*76 4*81
=:99-99 Eerndt 0*22=99-68 BernonUlL
)h 0-31 =99 89 Beiuouim lb 0*62 10008 BemoniU'
=99*27 Bammelsberg.
=99-96 Kerudt
1 Mg ir.= 100-92 Sch.
"016=100-91 Sch.
0*82, Sn 101-26 Genth.
. St 8-10=100 BeneUot.
VaaqueUn giTes for the compodtion of a wolfram from the Department of Haute Vienne, W 73-61 14*46, ikn 11*95=100 (Ann. Oh. Pb78.,zxz. 261); and Eichardaon found for one frooc Bohemia, W 73-60, Je 11*20, ftn 16*76=100-65 (Thom. Min., L 487). The former analjaia corresponds nearly to the ratio 6 : 4 for the two tungstates ; and the latter to 8 : 4 nearly.
Uoppe-Seller (Ann. Oh. Phann., cxL 247) found indinm in two specimens of wolihim ; oni oontamed 0--228 p. a
The metal tungsten was first recognised in tills mineral hy the brothers J. Joseph and F d*Elhii7ar, in 1786 (Ch. AnaL of Wolfiram, etc, translated from the Spanish hy Oh. Oullen, London 1766, a work of a German translation bj Gren was published at Halle. in 1786). The; obtained from the Zinnwald mineral Tungstio add 65*0, oxjd of manganese 22-0, of iron 100*6.
Pyr., to.— B.B. Aises easily (F.=2*6— 3) to a gbule, whidh has a crystalline surface and it magnetla With salt of phosphorus gires a dear reddish-jellow glass whUe hot which is pale on coding ; B.F. becomes dark red ; on charcoal with tin, if not too saturated, the beud assimies on cooling a green color, which continued treatment in B.F. changes to reddish-jellow. With soda and nitre on platinum foil fuses to a bluish-green manganate. Deoooiposed by aqua regia with separation of tungstio acid as a yellow powder, which, when treated B.B., reacts as under tungstite (p. 186). Wolfram is suffidently decomposed by concentrated sulphuric add, or even muriatic add, to give a colorless solution, which, treated with metallic ziuo becomes intensdy blue, but soon bleaches on dilution.
Oba. — Wolfram is often assodated with tin ores ; also in quarts, with native bismuth, tungstate of lime, pyrite, galenite, blende, eta It occurs at Cornwall, much to the detriment of the tin ores. Found in fine crystals at Schlackenwald, Schneeberg, Geyer, Freiberg, Altenberg, £!hrenftieder8dorf| Zinnwald, and Nertschinsk, and other plsoes mentioned above ; at Ohanteloup, near Limoges, in France ; near Bedruth and elsewhere m Cornwall ; in Cimiberland (the ratio 2 : 8 at LodifeUa, that of 4 : 1 at Gkxiolphin's Ball) ; on the Island of Bona, one of the Hebrides ; in the auriferous sand of Wicklow livors, Ireland, with tin. Also in 8i Americs, at Oruro in Bolivia. The crystals of Zinnwald are remarkable as hemitropes.
In the U. States it occurs at Lane's mine, Monroe, Conn., in quarts assodated with native bismuth and the other minerals above mentioned, often pseudomorphous after tungstate of lime ; in small quantities at Trumbull, Oonn., at the topas vein ; massive and in crystals on Camdage farm, near Blue Hill Bay, Me. ; at the Flowe mine, Mecklenburg Co., N. C, with scheelite, crystals with planes /, t-i; {-i; 1-i ; in Missouri, near Mine la Motte, and in St Francis Co., li m. from Bt Frauds Biver ; in a eiss boulder on the W. shore of Chief Island, U Couchiching, Canada West ; at Mammoth mimng district, Nevada
This spedes is shown to be isomorphous with oolumbite by G. Bose (Pogg., Ixiv. 171). Desdoiaeaux found fai the angles of wolfiiim some evidence that the crystals were monodinic. But G. Bose shows from the twins that the form is orthorhombic and not'oblique.
AlU — Wdfram ooours altered to scheelite by a substitution of lime for iron.
11. HOBiraBrrB. & nioUe, Beese Biver (OaL) BeveiUe, 1866; E. Orednar, hi & H. Ztg,
zziv. 370, 1866.
Orthorhombic. /A/=10S. Oleavage: i-i yeiy perfect Oommonly in colonmar masBeB or foliated.
604 Oxygen Ooxfotjkbb.
IL=4*5. G.=7'14, Breith. Lustre adamantine on face of deav&ge elsewhere greasy. Color brownish-red to brownish-black. Streak yellow ish-brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven.
Oomp. — libi W=Tang8tio add 76*6, protozyd of EOADganese 28*4=100. Analyses : 1, Biota k Hubner (1. a); 2, a & Bodman (prir. oontiib.) :
W
ftn
te
1. Nevada
28*4
B. ft H.
1. "
p6-46]
24*31
0*24-100 Bodman.
., etc. — B.B. in the forceps less Aialble than wol&am ; with the fluxes gives manganese and tungstic add reactions. Partiallj solable in muriatio add, leaving a yeUow residue solnblp in ammonia.
ObsFrom the Brie and Enterprise veins, in Mammoth dist, Kevada, ina vein 34 feet wide in argillito, with sdieelite fluor, and apatite.
612. FBRBBXUTB. Eerberit X. L, T. Liebe, Jahrbi lOn. 1863, 641, attributing the name te
Breithaupt.
Massive, granular, with some imperfect planes of crystallization. Cleavage : iri very distinct.
H.=4:— G. =6-801, Breith.; 7-109, Kamm. Lustre imperfectly vitreous, a little submetallic-adamantine. Color black. Streak brownishblack to blackish-brown. Opaque.
Ooinp-— Tungstate of iron with a little manganeee ; 0. ratio for It W=l : 2*14 to 1 : 2*23, oc nearly 1 : (instead of 1 : 3, as in wolfhim); giving the formula W*, with te : :!. Analyses : 1, Liebe (L a) ; 2-4, Bammelsberg (J. pr. Oh., zdL 268) :
W Su J'e ttn Ag Ca
1. Sfun, IbrberUe 70*11 0*14 28*29 3*02 0*42 1*75, 31 1*17=99-90 liebe.
2. " 69*88 26-68 3*09 =9960 Bamm.
3. " " 70 65 25*97 2*17 1 62=100 Bamm.
., eto. — B.B. on dharooal ftises easily to a magnetic globule.
Obs. — Occurs in the Sierra Almagrera m southern Spain, in argQlaoeoas sdiist, with quarts
Kamed after B. Fdrber of Gera.
613. MHaABASITS. Ifegabadt Breith & H. Ztg., zL 189, 1862. Blumit K. L. T. lAAt,
JahrK Min. 1868, 652, attributing name to Breithaupt
Orthorhombic, with tlie angles of wolfram, Blum. Cleavage : vi distinct ; / in traces. Occurs in fine needles.
H.=8-5-4. G.=646, fr. Schlackenwald, Kamm. ; 6967, ib., Breith. ; 6-969, fr. Sadisdorf, id. ; 6-939, fr. Morococha, id. Lustre vitreous, a little adamantine. Color brownish-red, clove-brown to yellowish-brown, with a reddish-brown to hyacinth-red translucency. Streak pale yellowishbrown ochre-yellow.
Oom? --Tungstate of manganese with a little iron ; 0. ratio for W=l : 2t, as in ferberite; fonnuk AHV*, with fe : ftn=l : 4.
Bammelsberg gives the 0. ratio 1:3; but his anal 8, which he says was made the powt laterial, sustains 1 : 2.
Analyses : 1 -3, Bammelsbexg (3d Supp\ 127, Min. Oh., 309):
Tuvobtatss, Holybdatbs,, Vanadates.
L Sddadkenwald
8. "
6*4
Mn
Ct
Si P,¥ ign. 101 Oei 0-78=100.
., Same as for wolframite.
Obs.— Oooun at SofalackeDwald, where it is aometimes altered, aa ahown by Blum to lifcho Barge; also at Sadiadorf ; at Morooocha, Peru.
014. SOHBBUTB. Tennapat Lapidea atanniferi apathaoei "IQc en bult apat'* (Or. BobembX WaU in., 303, 1747. Not Tungsten Ton Baatnaea [=Oerite] Oronst, Ak. H. Stockb., 1761, ICin., 183, 1758. Stannum apatboaum aubdiapbanum album Xmn., Syat, 1768. Tungsten TuNOsno Aom and Lime) SdiedCt Ak. H. Stookb., 1781. 86bwer8tein Wem,, Bergm. J., 886, 1789; KanL Tab., 26, 1791. Scbeelers KarsL, Tab., 66, 1800, 74, 1808. Tungstate of Lime. Scbeelin calcaire i£, Tr., iy. 1801. Scbeelapatb BreiffLf Obar., 28, 1820. Scheelit Leonh Handb., 694, 1821.
Tetragonal; hemihedral. OAl-t 123*' 8'; a 1-6369. Obsenred planes: 0; vertical /, but not common; pyramids, t, i, 1, |-i, H H 3-8, 1-2 ; hemihedral in the planes 3-3 and 1-2.
0 A 1=114° 44' 0 A 3-3=101 38
0 A 1-2=120 21
1 A 1, pyr.,=100 4 1 A 1, ba8.,=130 33
U A U, pyr.,=10r 18' l-iAl-i,ba8.,=113 64
1 A l-i=140 2 1-2 A 1=166 69 8-8 A 1=161 16
Sdilackenwald.
Cleavage: 1 most distinct, 14 interrupted, 0 traces. Twins : composition-face / ; also i4. Crystals usually octahedral in form, resembling f. 496. Also reniform with columnar structure; and massive granular.
H.=4-5— 6. G.=6-9— 6-076. Lustre vitreous, indining to adamantine. Color white, yellowish-white, pale yellow, brownish, greenish, reddish ; sometimes almost orange-yellow. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp.— Oa W=Lime 19*4, tangatic add 80*6=100.
Analjsea: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., Ul 44): 2, Berzelioa (Afh. 1 lya.. It. 805); 3, 4, Brandes A Bucholz (Schweig. J., xx, 285); 6, Himmelbach (Za G., xv. 607); 6, Bemouilli (Pogg., czl 607); 7, Chonbine (Ann. d. M. Buaa., 817, 1841): 8, Bammelaberg (Fogg., Izxyiil 614); 9, J. ScL, V. 118); 10, F. A. Genth (Am. J. Sd, XL xzriU. 252); 11, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., lY. ill 15); 12, Deleaae (BuIL G. Soo., H z. 17):
Fe
1*25, fin 0*75=97*46 Elaproth. — =99'82 Borseliua.
=99*06 Branded ft Bncholx.
triig It., ign. 0-50 HimmelbaolL .—=99-95 BemouillL
, iig 0-65=97*94 Oh. G.=6071.
— =100-20 Rammelaberg. G.=6'0t 1*08, Hn 0'31=99'29 Bowen. 018, Sn 0*13, On 0*08=99*22 Gtoath. — On 3-30=97-85 Domeyka — =99-75 Delefae.
W
Oa
Si
1. Oumwall
76*26
18*70
1*50
2. Weatmannland, Sweden
8. flchlackenwald
2*00
4. Zinnwald
76*50
6 Bieaengebirge
19*80
.— .
80*70
19*26
i_.
7. Eatberinenburg
18*88
.
d. Keudorf
9. Konroe, Ot
76*05
19*36
2*54
10. Bangle IL, N. a tl. LlamuQO Ohili
18*06
0*76
13. Framont
19*40
606 oxrasBT oompotjkbb.
ne brothers objfiwd (iiiiii ftii iirmiihi 68, Ca 80, ign.
Pyr etc — B.B. in tho fixDoeps ftises at 6 to a Bemi-trauparent jiim. ° with borax ti a transparent gUss, which afterward beoomea opaque and ciTStalHne. With salt of pboigiionii forms a glass, colorless in outer flame, in inner green when hot, and fine blue cold ; varieties coa taining iron require to be treated on charcoal with thi before the blue color appears. In muriatic or nitro add decomposed, leaving a yellow powder soluble in ammonia.
Oba — Tungstato of lime is nsually associated with aystalline rocks, and is commonly found in oonnection with tin ore, topaa, fluorite, apatite, molybdenite, or wolfram, in quarts.
Occurs at Schlackenwald and 24innwald in Bohemia; in the Biesengebirge ; in fine crystals at Oaldbeck Fell, near Keswick, with apatite, molybdenite, and wolfiram. ijso at Schellgaden in Salzberg; Neudorf in the Hara; BhrenfHedersdorf in Saxony; Poaing In Hungaiy; Trayenella in Piedmont, in fine crystals, sometimes transparent ; Dalecarlia and Bitsberg in Sweden ; Framont in the Yosges, with pyrite in polished crystals, giving Delesse for the axig of octahedron 1, 6' and ISO"* 31', G.=:6*05; at the copper mines of Uamuco near Chuapa in GhiK, of a reddish-gray color, mixed with green, due to chrysooolla.
In the United States, aystafiiaed and massive at Lanes lOne, Monroe, and at Huntington, with wolfVam, pyrite, ratQe, and native bismuth, in quarts; at Gheaterfleld, Masa., in albite, with tourmaline; in the Mammoth mining district, Nevada; at Bane mine, in Cabanas Ga, K. 0. ; and Flowe mine, Medclenburg Oo., some crystals at the latter locality having a nndens of wolfram.
Tungstio add was discovered in this spedes by the Swedish diemist Scheele, in 1781. The word tungsten firet used by Oronstedt, is Swedish for heavy akme,
Alt. — Occure altered to wolfram, a tungstato of iron and manganese, by the action of a solntioa of bicarbonate of iron and manganese, or perhaps mainly sulphate of iron arising ftoa the decomposition of pyrite. Also to kaolinite (at Ehrenfriedersdorf ).
616. OUVnOBOBBEUTB. J, D. WhUney, Proc. Oal. Acad., ill 287, 1866.
CryBtalline-granular. Cleava distinct in one direction. H.=4'5— 5. Lustre highly vitreous. Color pistachio-green, passing to olive- and leek-green. Streak light greenish-gray.
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft, W=l : 8; On W+8 Oa WsTungstlc add 78*43, oiyd of copper lime 12*62=100. Analysis: Whitney (I c):
Pyr., eta — In the dosed tuhe hladcens, and gives off water. B.B. ftises oo the edges to s black glass, and colors the flame an intense green. On charcoal bladcens, flies with a little intumescence, forming finally a slag containing minute partides of metallic copper. With fluxes gives tungstio add and copper reactions. Eaaily soluble in muriatic add, tungstio add being separated.
Obs. — Occurs in the yldnity of La Faa, Lower California, in a red metamorphic rock, associated with blade tourmaline.
Domeyko has analyzed a mineral Ohili containing 8*8 p. a of ozyd of copper. See under SoHSKun anal 11.
616. 8TOLZITB. Bn Char 14 1820. Tungstato of Lead. Bleisdwdal WoUhonbleien, Sohedsaures Blei, , SdieeUtine Bmid Tr., iL 662, 1832. Stoldt £ML, Handb., 604 1846.
Tetragonal. O A 33'; a=l-667. Usual forms octahedral Observed planes : /, 1, iy 2, 1-4 ; sometimes hemihedral.
O A i=132 4' 1 A 1, pyr.,=99*' W U A U, pyr.,=106 60' O A 1=114 17 1 A 1, bas.,=131 25 A 1. ba8.,=114 54 O A 2=102 42 2 A 2, pyr.,=93 46 2 A 2, W,=154 86
Crystals often indistinctly aggregated. Cleayage: 0 imperfect; 1 stiU more so. H.=2-75- -3. G.=7'87— 8*13 Lustre resinous, sabadamantine. Coloi
Tuk08Tati8, M0Ltbdati8, Takadat1C8.
eoi
green, yellowiBh-gray, brown, and red. Streak nncolored. Faintly tran latent.
Oomp.— fb WnsTongttio add 61, ozyd of lead 49=100. 264); a, Kerndt (J. pr. OL, zlii 116):
1. Zinnwald 61-76 4S'S
2. " 61*736 45*993 1-397
Analjaaa: 1, lampadina (Solnr.
=100 liimpadius.
Pyr., eto— B.B. decrepitates and Aiaea at 9 a cnratalline, laatrooa, metallic pearl Witt aoda od diarooal yields metallic lead. With salt of pboapbonis girea in O.F. a colorleaa glaaa. which in B.F. beoomea'bhie on cooling; Deoompoaed by nitric ad leaying a yellow residue oi tongstic add.
Oba. — Stoliite oocora at Zinnwald in Bohemia, with quarti and mica ; at Blelberg Oarinthiai with molybdate of lead; in Chili, proTinoe of Ooquimbo; at Southampton, Mass.
This spedes was first made known, according to Breithaupt, by Dr. Stols, of Tepliti.
617. W0UPENXTB. Plumbum apatosam fla?o-rabram, ex Annaberg Austr. v, Bvm, lathoph., L 90, 1772. Kimtherisoher Bleispath JiMiiMi, MiscelL Austr., il 1781, Yienna; Wui/en, Abhandl. K. Bleisp., WIen, 1786, fol Plomb Jaune de LiOe iil 387, 1788. Qelbbleien Warn., Bergm. J., 384 1789. Yellow Lead-apar, liolybdenated Lead Ore, Kirwanf vL 212, 1796b Plomb molybdate ill 368, 1801. Molybdate of Lead. Molybd&nbleispatb, Bleimolybdat Gmn. MeUnoae Awl, IL 664, 1882. Wulfenlt Haid Handb., 604, 1841.
Tetragonal. Sometimes hemihedral. O A 1-=122'' 26' ; a=l-574. Obeervea planes: O; square prismatic, /, i-i; octanal prismatic, t-3. square tables and octahearons.
0 A 12' 1 A 1, baa.,=13r 36'
1 A 1, pyr.,=99 40 U A H pyr.,=106 44
ft A ft, ba8.,=92° 43' ft A H ba8.,=76 28
49T
H
a
Cleavage : 1 very smooth ; 0 and much less distinct massive, coarse or fine, firmly cohesive. Often hemihedral in the octagonal prisms, producing tables like f. 500, and octahedral forms having the prismatic planes similarly oblique.
H.=2-75— 3. G.=603— 701. Lustre resinous or adamantine. Color wax-yellow, passing into orangeyelloW ; also s'skin- and olive-green, yellowish-gray, grayiah-white, brown; also orange to bright red.
Also granularly
Pnibiam.
1. Oarmthia
2. "
40*29
89*30
4. "
6. Zaoateeas
88*68
7. " rwl
608 Oxygkn Oomfountw
Streak white. Subtransparent — Bubtranslacent. Fracture Buboonchoidal
Brittle.
Var— 1. Ordinary, Oolor yellow. 2. Vanadflnui. Color oraiige to bright red, a vukt oocurring at Phenixville, Pa.
Dauber found for the angle 1 A 1, in cryatala from Bleiberg, 131" 42' ; fr. Berggieshiibel, 131" 47' ; fr. Phenizville, 131° 50'; f. Zinnwald, 131" 67'; and T. Zepharovich, for czystala fr. PrBibram, isr 48' 38". The last corresponds to 114" 8' for 0 A 1. Desoloiaeaax found for 0 A 1 ob AnU oquia cr7Btal8=114" 20', and 1 A 1=181" 40'.
Comp.— bSo=Mol7bdio add 38'5, oxjd of lead 61*6=100. Analyses: 1, Gobel (§cbw. J. zzzrii. 71); 2, MeUing (Banunelsberg Ist SuppL, 59); 3, Party and J. Brown (Froc. Soc Glasgow, April, 1847) ; 5, a Bergemann (Pogg., Ixzz. 400); 6, 7, J. Smith (Am. J. Set, U zx 246h
69*0=99*6 GobeL 61*90=102-19 MeUing. 60*86=99*65 Parry. 60-23=99-42 Brown. 62*35 1 00 Bergemann. 60-48=99-16 Smith. a.=6-9ft. 60*80, V 1*28=99-06 Smith.
A mdljbdato of lead from PamplonB, S. A., afforded Bonssingault (Ann. Gh. Fhys., ztr. 326) it a basic salt, with the formula b'fia Klaproth, who made the first complete analysis, obtained fio 84*26, 64*02 (Beitr., iL 275). A crystalliaed wulfenite from Chili gave Domeyko (Ann. d. 11, rV. liL 15) fio 46*12, lb 47*00, Ca 0*88 ; corresponding to 2 lb fio + Ca fia The red color of the Phenixville mineral was shown to be due to vanadic add by Smith. The massive wulfenite of Garmisch is a mixture of the mineral with quartz, carbonate of lead, eta (Wiltstein in Yierteljabrsschr. pr. Pharm., vii. 70).
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fUses below 2 ; with borax in O.F. gives a colortoss glass, in R.F. it beoomea opaque black or dirty green with black flocks. With Bali of phosphorus in O.F. gives a yellowish-green glass, which in B.F. becomes dark green. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead. Decomposed on evaporation with muriatic add, with the formation of chlorid of lead and uoljbdic add ; on moistening the residue with water and adding metallic , it gives an intense blue color, which does not fade on dilution of the liquid.
Obsw— This spedes occurs in veins with other ores of lead. Found first at Bleiberg, Schwaiw senbadi, and Windisch-Kappel, in Carinthia; also at Boskitza in Austria; at Betzbanya and Saaska in Hungary; at Przibram; at Moldawa in Bannat, where its crystals are red, and have considerable resemblance to chromate of lead ; in the Eiighls Steppes in Russia ; at Annaberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony; at Badenweiler in Baden; sparingly at Chalanches, Dept. of Isre, in France; in the gold sands of Rio Chico in Antioquia, Columbia. S. A. ; in Lackentyre, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.
It is found in small quantities at the Southampton lead mine, Mass. ; in fine yellow and reddish orange to red crystals (fig 499, and also in thin tables) at Wheadey's mine, near Phenixville, Fa. : at the Comstodc lode in Nevada; at Empire mine, Inyo Co., Cal. ; in the Weaver dist, Arizona
For recent papers on cryst see Dauber, Fogg., evil 267; DesdL, Ann. Ch. Pbys., HL IL 448; V. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, llv. 278, 1866; J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sd., IL xz. 245.
618. PATERAITB. Paterait OUd C. v. Bauer, Jahrb. G. Beicha., vii 196, 1866, xir. 803.
Amorphous. Color blade
Composition Co fio. Analysis by Lanbe (I a, xiv. 803) :
The first examination of this mineral was by Patera, and was only qualitative. He found molybdic add, silica bismuth, iron, oobalt and sulphur. Jokely states (Jahrb. G. Beicha., viiL 36) tliat it consists prindpally of vanadic and molybdio adds and oobalL Laube's analysis conflnna Patera'a result The mineral is so intimately mixed with pyrite and biamuthinite that, even with the greatest care, it oould not be completely separated. Subtracting the bismuth, iron, and rat phur in the above analysis, molybdate of cobalt remains, which, aooordiag to Laabe, is the truff mineral.
TUNOffTATSB, M0LTBDATE8, VAlfADATEB.
60H
fi.B. in the dosed tabe gives water, a sublimate of molybdic acid, and yapors of sulphuroui add. On melts easily to a black bead, giving a white coating. With borax, bead green when hot (iron\ bine when cold (oobalt). Easily soluble in acids. '
Discovered by Yogi, in the BUas mine, Joachimsthal, with uranium ores.
Named from A. Patera, who first examined it
619. DBOHBNITZI. (7. Bergemann ogg., Itxt. 393, 1860. Araeoxen v. Kob J. pr. Ch., l 49ft, 1850. Ensynchit Fikher A Nessler Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1854, Jahrb. Min. 1856, 570. ? Bhombischer Tanadit Zipp, Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. 1861 (see under Dbboloizitb).
Massive, botryoidal, nodular, stalactitic ; sometimes traces of a columnar structnre.
H.=3— 4. G.=5-6— 5*81. Lustre of fresh fracture greasy. Color fine deep red to yellowish-red and brownish-red ; also leather-yellow. Streak orange-yellow to ochre- and pale yellow.
Var. — The original deehenUe was from Dalm, near Nieder Schlettenbach, in the Lauter Valley, Bhenish Bavaria, and was dull red to yellowish-red in color, botryoidal in surface, with G.=5'81. ArcBoacene is from the same locality, and is like dechenite in all its characters, except, according to Bergemanu, a duller reddish-brown color, which, however, is not distinctive.
The EusynchUe is from Freiburg in Brisgau, yellowish-red to leather-yellow In color, with G.= 6*696, Bamm., and H.=3*5 ; it occurs in nodular and stalactitic forms.
Oomp.— V*, or vanadate of lead, according to the older analyses ; but probably in aU cases vanadate of lead and due, with the formula (b, 2n) V.
Analyses : 1-3, 0. Bergemann (L c.); id. (Jahrb. lOn. 1857, 897); 5, v. Kobell (L a); e, Fischer & Nesaler (L c.) ; 7, 8, G. Onidnowicz (Fogg., cxx. 17) ; 9, Bamm. (J. pr. GIl, xd. 41tt) :
1. Dahn, JkcheniU red 47*16
It u
u
u
u
6. Freiburg, Euaynchiie
[28-55
24-2*2
I'b 2n
62*92 =100*08 Bergemann.
63*72 =99*82 Bergemann.
50-67 =2984 Bergemann.
52-55 1811, As 10-52, £1, Fe 184, P fc*.=99-83 Berg.
55-70 , Si 0-94, V 20-49=99-82 F. & N.
66-47 16-78, Si 8-20, P .=100 Ozudn.
58-91 21-41, Si 6-51, P fr-.slOO Czudn.
67*66 15-80, Ou 0-68, P 1*14, As 050= 100 Bamm.
The fact that both dechenite and eusyndiite contain a considerable amount of oxyd of amc was shown by G. J. Brush in 1857 (Am. J. Sd., XL xxiv. 116), and the identity of eusynchite and amoxene with dechenite suggested. Fischer & Nessler's method of determining the vanadic acid was incorrect
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily without decrepitation to a yellow glass. On charcoal in B.F. gives Imid globules and a white coating, which, treated with oobalt solution, becomes green (zinc). With salt of phosphorus and borax gives an emerald-green bead in B.F., becoming yellowish-green to yellow in O.F. Decomposed by hot muriatic add, jrielding an emerald-green solution. This treated with alcohol, boiled and decanted the separated dilorid of lead, yields, alter evaporation, a solution which, diluted with water, has an asure-blue color (v. Kobell).
Obs. — Occors with other ores of lead.
Discovered at Dahn by Dr. Krants.
Named after the (aterman geologist, von Deohen.
690. DBBOLOIZITB. A. Ann. Oh. Fhys., IIL xU. 72, 78, 164. Bhombischer Tanadit
Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. L 197, 1861, Ikkmnakf ib., iL 157.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=100° 28': Oa l-i=148° U' : a : ft : c=0-747 1 : 1 2052. Angles, Deedokeauz :
610 Oztqem
Ml A t-J=122'' 6' 1-J A l-s,0T.ba8e,=91''4a
14A1-1, top,=116 25 1-S A 14=147 35 1-S A 1-a, adj., =127 10 (? A 14=148 12J l-iAl-s,ov. 115 10
Cleavage none. Plane 1-S brightest, 1-i nndnlatid ,
t-J vertically striated. H.=3-5. G.=5-889. Eustre bright. Color
black to olive-brown ; smallest crystals olive-green,
with a chatoyant bronze lustre ; by transmitted light along the edges light brown incliaing to red ; on a surface of fracture, colors zoned with straw-yellow, reddish-brown, and black ; nearly clear at aiiddle and darkest at extremities of crystals,
Oomp.— *7=yaiuidio dd 30-3, ozjd of lead 70-7=100. AaaLjaoB: Damoor (L o-} :
7 tb ta to ilu S C[ iSn Sand
Gt'70 204 0-90 I'GO G'32 £-20 032 6-00 B44=SS-8B.
The oxyds of manganeBe, iron, copper, and zinc are regarded as impurities.
Fyr., etc. — Id the cloBed tube givea water, B.B, oa charcoal tueeti, and is pnrtUll; redaoed a globule of metallic lead enveloped in a blacX scoria. IVith boiaz iu R.F. a greeo glass, and with nitre in O.F. a violet color due to mangaaese. With salt of phosphorua in R.F. a glaiaa of a chTome-greeii color, which is oraoga-yallow in the O.F. IMssulves in cold dilute nitric acid.
ObB.Ocinirs in aioall crjgtala, I to mm. thick, clustered on a siliceous and terruginous gangae (rom South America, and associated with adcular green pyromorphil
Zippe's vaTKidilt (t. c) is referrtMl descloidte b; A. Schrauf (Pogg., crn, 3G6, 1S62). The Diineral occurs at Kappel in Carinthia, in small doTe-brown rhombicoctahedrons, with Q.=:6'83. Tschemak obtained in his analysis (Ber. AlcWien, iliv. ii. IBS) V45'T,:fbe4'8 IU0 (with do zinc, although looked for), and referred the species to dechenite. Grailich i, 'Weiss (Pc., L c) make the form orthorhombic and the anglea 1-2a 1-3=12£' SB'— 135' BS', 113' IB' — IIU° 8S, and 9l° B'-9I' NO', But A. bchrauf finds for the same angles 126°-128°, IWj'-llBi", Bl" — 92°, agreeing closely with the above of desdoixite. Schrauf suggests that both desdoiiite and Tsnadite are dechenite ; and Tschermok (Pogg , cxviL S40) that vanadite and dochenite ar* one apedes, and deacloiiice an altered Taoadite.
Nanjed after the Frelidi minerslogist Desdoiaeaux,
eOiA. Vanadate of Lead, from nienizville, Pa. A thia crystalUoe crust of a dark. purple, almost black color, but dark bjadnth-red by transmitted light, and of a dark jellow streak, occurs covering quartz, ferruginous claj, and wulfenile, at Phenisrillc. With a magTiifying glass It appears to oonaist of mluute lenticular crjstaU. It could not be voll; separated bom the associetcd wulfeoite and other impurities Ibr analysis, and the result obtained is therefore not wholly satisfactory. J. L. &nith found (Am, J. ScL, IL ii. 341, 1853): V il-lu, tio 20-14, Pb BS-Ul,Bn,ilO'i)(),Cu 1-13, (and 3-21, aq a-94=89-03. Subtracting the lead required by the molybdie odd to make wulfenite, it leaves Z2-H2 p. c. for the I WO of Taiuidic add : whieh is nearer the composition of desdiHzile than that of dedieuite.
631. VANASmrrB. Plomb brun, Braonblalen of Zimapan, tarty auAon. Chromate
Plomb brun (from DeacoUl's anaL) Broufn., Min., ii. 304, 1 B07. Tanadinbleten 0. Jbm, PogK txiz. 4BB, IB33. Ya&adinit v. K6b amends., 383, 188B. Vanadate of Lud. VanadinipUti, Tanadinhlelspnth, Vanadinaanres Blel, Otrm. Plomo pardo Amwyio.
Hexagonal. In simple hexagonal prisms, and prisms terminating m planes of the pvrnmids 1, j-, 1-2, and ; 1 A 1, over terminal edge, 142° 58', 0 A 1=140 34', /A 1=130°, Usually in implanted globnles or inerufttations.
H.=2-76-3. G.-6-6623-7-23; 6-886, Carinthia, Rarnm. ; 6-868,Bere- Hof, . Iiiistre of sur&ce of fracture reeinons. Color light browniali-
Pb
Pb
I. Zlmapan
u-oo
25*33
2. Scotland
23*44
7*06
8. 7
esn
6*62
4. Oflrinthia
6*52
0. Beiesof
6.
14*54
Tukostatbs, H0Lybdats8, Vanadates. 61]
yeDow, straw-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak white or yellowish. St b translucent — opaque. Fracture uneven, or flat conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp.— b' + i Fb Gl=yaaadate of lead 90*3, chlorid of lead 9-7 1 00. Analysea 1, Bei leUufl (Sohw. J., Iziii. 119); 2, B. D. Thomson (Thorns. Min., i 574) :3, Damour (Ann. d. IL, II[. zL 161) ; 4, Rammelsberg (Um. Ch., 316) ; 5, 6, Stnive (Verh. Min. Gtos. St PetersK, 1857) :
, l?efl 0-67=100 Bera.
, Pe and Si 016=99-43 Thomson.
i 2n6-35,Cu 2-96,6 3'80=101-60 D.
0-95=96-79 Ramm. 808=101-43 Strnve. 2-79=9811 Strureu
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields a faint white sublimate. B.B. fuses easily, and on charooal to a bUidc lustrous mass, which in R.F. yields metaUic lead and a coating of chlorid of lead ; after completely ozydizing the lead in O.F.the black residue gives with salt of phosphorus an emerald-green bead in RF., which becomes light yellow in O.F. Gives the chlorine reaction with the copper test Fused with 8 parts of bisulphiate of potash forms a dear yellow mass, which on cooling reddens, becoming finally of a pomegranate-yellow odor. Decomposed by muriatic acid.
If nitric acid be dropped on the crystals they beoome first deep red from the separation of ▼anadic add, and then yellow upon its solution.
Oba. — This mineral was first discovered at Zimapan in Mexico, by Del Bio. It has since been obtained among some of the old workings at Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire, where it occurs in small globular masses, sprinkled over calamine, or forming thin coatings on the surface of that mineral, and also in hexagonal crystals, the largest not more than in. across ; idso at Berosof in the Ural, with pyromorphite ; and near Windisch Kappd in Carinthia, in crystals, the angles as above given. This mineral has never been found at Wicklow, Ireland, although so reported by Thomson (Greg and Lettsom).
Schabus gives for the forms Windisch Kappel 1 ; i; 1, (; i; 1, 2-2 ; 0, i; 1, f ; 0, 7; 1, 1-2. The basal angle of pyramid 1 in different crystals was 78'' 46'— 78° 54'. The angles are very near those of mimetice and pyromorphite, the basal angle in the former being 24'— 80' 48' ; and in pyromorphite of Bleistadt, 80'* 40' (Pogg., & 207).
Kokscharof regards the crystals from Beresof as pseuddmorphs after pyromorphite; and Struve observes tiiat the crystals contain at centre a portion of unaltered pyromorphite (Min. BussL, ill. 44). Del Bio discovered this spedes at Zimapan, and obtained from it, in 1801, 80-72 of oxyd of lead, and 14-8 of a new metallic acid, the basis of which he called Eryihronium, This result was set aside by himself in the Ann. des ScL Nat de Madrid, Feb. 1 804 (Ann d. M., iv. 1819X Aud also by Desootils in the Ann. Ql, liil 1805, both of whom made the add the chromic, and the mineral a broum chromate of lead. The metal vanadium was not discovered by SefHtrom until 1830, and then in iron made, of ore from Taberg, Sweden; and in the same year Wohlei showed that Del Bio's lead ore was' a vanadate.
622. VOLBORTHXTB. JETew, Bull Aa St. Pet, iv. 1838, and J. pr. Gh., xiv. 52. Knauffite.
Vanadate of Copper. Tanadinsaures Kupfer.
Hexagonal. In small six-sided tables, often aggregated in globular forms. Oleavage : in one direction very perfect.
H.=3— 3*5. Q'.=3'55, Credner. Lustre pearly to vitreous. Color olive-green, citron-yellow. Streak clear yellowish-green, nearly yellow. Thin splinters translucent
Oomp. — According to Hess H a) a hydrous vanadate of copper.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal flies easily to a black bead, which In the Inner flame becomes blackish-gray. With soda or charcoal yields copper; with borax and salt of phosphorus reao> tions for copper. Fused with soda in the platinum spoon, the mass yidds on treatment with water a solution which, adduiated with muriatic add and boiled, gives an emerald-green solution, and this diluted with water booomes blue ; v. KobelL
Obs— From Syssersk and Nischne Tagilsk in the Urals, where it was found by Dr. A. Volborth , and from several mines of the Permian formation in the government of Perm, especially at the Alezandroff mine in the MotowUich District
622A. Tavadati or Lim ahb Oofpir (Ealk-ToIborUitt). Near Tolboiihite, bat oontainliii Kme, and found at FriederiohBrode in Thuiingia. There are two Yarietiea, aooording to Orednei (Pogg IxxiT. 646, 1848); (I) a green, in thin tables, deaTing eaailj in one direction, greenish* Tellow in streak, pearly in lustre, with 0.=3'495 ; (2) a gray, fine cfTstalline granular, browih Ui-ycHow in streak, with H.=:8'6, and G.=8'860.
Analyses by Oredner (L a):
?
Ou
Ca
Ag
fin
fi
1.
2. lAghiifreen 8. Cfray
86-68 [36-91]
16*66
4-62, gangne 0*10—98*63 4-62, " 0 77=100. 6-06, 0-76=10llf
The results correspond most nearly with the fonnnla (Cn, Ca)* V'+aq. The ratk> of Ou to Ci in Na 1 is about 6 : 2; and in 2 and 8, 3 : 2.
623. Chilbiti Kenng Mohs'sche Min., 28, 1863 (Vanadate of Lead it Copper DomeykCf Ana d. M., lY. xiz. 160, 1848 ; Tanadinlrapferbleien). This ore has a dark brown or brownish-blade color, and has been observed only in an earthy state, looking much Uke a fermginous day oi arth. It oocnrs in cayities in an arseno-phosphate of lead alraig with amorphous oarbonates of lead and copper. B.B. ftises easily, and aifords a blade pearl, anttle blebby ; gives a dear gnt pearl with salt of phosphorus or borax, and a globule of lead containing copper on charooaL In nitric acid easily soluble.
OOKP.— V + Ou* V. Analyses by Domeyko (L a) :
Is
P
Cu
FbGl Ca 9e,Sl Si
Ift
64-9 0-8 0-6 3-6 l-Q
2-70, day 1-0=97-1
61-97 0*87 0-68 8*42 1*33
2*70, " 1-6*2=97-66
Oonsiderinff the arsenks and phosphoric adds as combined with lead, constituting the arsenic phosphate with which the mineral is associated, the analysis afibrds very doedy the abof formula.
This ore occurs at the sUyer mine called Mina Grande, or Mina de la ICaiqueza, in OhilL til recently worked for copper and silver.
628A. Vanadate from (he Lake Stuperior Copper Region, An ore similar in odor and dayey appearance to Domeyko's mineral, Uas been announced by J. E. Teschemacher among spedmenfc from the Cliff Mine, in the Lake Superior Copper Region. The presence of ranadium was asoeri talked by both blowpipe and add tests. The color Is a dark diocolato, and also a bright yeUow. The exact state of composition of the vanadic add is donbtftd. There is no oxyd of lead in the ore, and the brown variety is mixed with an earthy oxyd iron ; when careftdly separated flron the gangue it was found to contain no copper. This lun 681, 1860.
Sulphates, Ohromates, Telltjrates,
In crjBtalline form, specific gravity, and color, the Sulphates vary almost indefinitely. The hardness is not above 4. The Chromates have bright, deep red, and green to brown colors, with the hardness 2'5— 3'5. sio native hydrons. chromates are known.
The compounds of sulphates and carbonates, or sulphato-carbonates, have the crvstallization oi the sulphates, the carbonic acid beinff wholly subordinated, as rards the form produced, to the sulphuric, me more powerful acid. Thus leadhMUe is nomoeomorphous with anglesite, celesdne, etc., euacunnite with dreelite, and IcmckrhUs with glauberite ; and these species are accordingly here included,
The sulphates of the alkaUsi the alkaline %
Sulphates, Ohboicatbs) Tellttratss.
and ozyd of lead, are not decomposed by heating in the matraaa or closed tube; otiier anlphatea, such as those of protoxyd of iron, manganese, eto are partially deoomjosed witii the eyolntlon of sulphurous and sulphurio acids. On charcoal the sulphates of the alkalies and alkaline earths are in R.F. reduced to sulphids, which, moistened with dilute muriatio acid, evolve sulphuretted hydrogen ; the other sulphates thus treated give off sulphurous add, and leave earths or metallic ozjds, or metals or metallic sulphids, and sometimes, where the metal is volatile, coat the coal with ozjd. All non-volatile smphates when flised with soda or neutral oxalate of potash on charooal yield a hepatic mass, which is more or less absorbed by the coal ; when this is removed, and plaoed on a bright dean surface of silver with a drop or two of water, it stains the metal yellowish-brown to bkdE firom the formation of sulphid of silver; treated with muriatu) add the ftised mass evolves sulphuretted hydrogen. In soluble minerals uie sulphurio acid may be readily detected on adding to the solution a few drops of soluble baryta salt| which produces a whits pfedpitate insoluUe in adds and in ammonia.
L Anhydrous.
ABSLASamiEST 07 THB 8FB0IB&
1. Oxyffm raUo Miossn hatm ami aeid 1 : 8.
I Sulphatttb Gboup.
H9
n. GBLESTITB GBOUP.
, Orthorhombio; Ja/=:100*— 106*.
6S6. TTatlobub
6e4e,KtK.-i-iAmO
62 AFHTBITALm
&S
se,|e,|(iK,+iH,)
629. Tbbvahditi
680. Barith
aS
631. CBLESim
grS
632. Ajihtdbitb
OaS
633. Anqlbbitb
seje,|Fb
634. ?ZlNK08ITB
2nS
aR. T;HAninT.TJTR
tbS+30
B [6 efejPb]
m. GALBDONITB aBOUP. Orthorhombio; /A J=aboat 06*. 686. OALflDONm
TV. DBEELITB GBOUP. Bhombohedral ; J?Ai?=9a*
]tb5+30
?9,0a,0l
y. GLAT7BEBITB GJEtOUP. IConodhiie; jA/=:88*-86%
64a Glaubebih 641. IsAyfASEom
tbB-i-tbC
614 Oxtoen Oompouitds.
YL GBOOOITB GB0X7P. Oontahi chxomio add. MoQOoliiiio. 643. thCt 6rOjetpt
2. Oxygm ratio between haeee and acid 1 : 2. L Oontain chromio add and protooqrd based
643. PHoenoooHBOin lb'Cr*
644. Vauqusunitb (f l'b+iCu}'Ci*
646. J068Aitb
n. Ckmtain seaquioad baaea.
646. PEtiKOni (i 1*6'+ i 9e) Fa+i
647. ALmcuH £l5' Se,|e.|K7ikl,
626. SULPHAnrB. Sulphuric Add. Sdiwefelafore Genn, Bulphatite Ikma.
Liquid. G.=1'85. Colorless. Odor pungent. Taste intensely acid.
Oomp.— d S=:Snlpharic add 81*6, and water 18*4=100.
Obs. — This add, in a dilute state, has been found in the neighborhood of seToral Ycdcanoea It occura near Sienna, in the cavities of the small ▼olcanic mountain named Zooolino, and in t cavern near Aiz, in Savoy. Water strong with sulphuric add occurs at Alabama, Genesee Co, N. Y. ; also at Tuscarora, near Brantford ; at Chippewa, Niagara, and at St David's, Canada West. The first afforded W. J. Craw and H. Emi for 1000 parta of water (Am. J. Sd., II. ix 449), and the Tuscarora water, T. a Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 160, 1847, 645, 186S):
FreeS teE £l5' OaS ftgS &S aS Si Nad
so" HO.
The water for Hunt's analysis was taken in October, 1847; another portion taken in April, 1846, afforded Croft 2*9069 of sulphuric add, with the bases in quite different proportions.
The specific gravity of the Alabama water ia 1*00482 at C, Emi; of that of TuscarOTi
Sulphuric add results from the ozydation of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Paramo do Bnia in New Granada, and Bio Yinagre, are voloeinio localitiea.
626. TATXiOBITB. Sulphate of Potash and Ammonia W. J, Taylor, Proa Aa N. ScL Fbilad.*
809, 1869.
In small compact lamps or concretions ; structure crystalline. H. 2. Color yellowish-white. Taste pungent and bitter. Unalterable in the air.
ammonSa ft'SslOO. Asil \gwea: W. J. Taylor (L a) :
S fra & NH0
L 48*40 1-68 43*46 6-87, org. matter ft*. =98-90.
ANHTDBOUB SULPHATES. CflKOMATBS. 615
Pyr., eto. — B.6. on platinum foil blackens and taken with difflcolty, leav jig a white bead, is soluble in water and tastes a little saline and bitter. Heated in a piatinnm crucible becomes first black and then snow-white, not fusing at a high heat (Taylor). Obs. — From the guano beds of the Chinoha Islands.
An artifidal sulphate of potash and alumina is described by Link as early as 1796, in Crell's Annalen, L 29.
627. APHTEDTALITE. Yesurian Salt Snuihson, PhiL Trans. B. Soo, 1818. Aphthalosc BnuL, Tr., il 477, 1832. AphthitaUte, Shepard Min., L 36, 1835. Arcanite ffaicL, Handb., 492, 1846. Glasecite Saium, Handb., 1847. Sulphate of Potash. Schwefelsaures Kali, Kalisulphat, Cferm. Potasse sul&tte /V*.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=104 52', O A l-i=119 46'; a:h: (j=l-749 : J : 1*3. Observed planes : 0, l-i, i, t-i, 1-i, f-$, i-J, 1, 2-2. 0 A 149° 46', 0 A i-i=146° 4', l-I A 1-1, basal,=120° 29', l-i A 1-L id.,=106° 46', ft A ft, id., =60" 28', i-i A i-i=67° 52'. Occurs in thin tables, and in blades made up of aggregated crystals ; also massive, or imperfectly mammiliary, and in crusts.
H.=3.— 3*5. Gr.=l'731. Lustre vitreous, inclined to resinous. Color white, sometimes tinged with blue or green. Transparent to translucent, or opaque. Taste saHne and bitter, disagreeable. Unalterable in the air.
Oomp. — i. 3=Potash 64*1, sulphurio add A specimen horn Vesuvius contained Sulphate of potash 71*4, sulphate of soda 18'6, ohlorid of sodium 4*6, ohlorid of ammonium, ooppei, and iron KK) (PhiL Trans., 1813).
Pyr., etc. — Fuses hefore the blowpipe without intumescence. Soluble in water.
Obs. — Found at Yesuvius, upon lava, in delicate crystallizations, and also in masses an inch or more in thickness.
Named aphtkahBe by Beudant, in 1832, XOiros, unaUerable, and SA(, aaU; and changed, by Shepard, to the less incorrect form from these Greek words, aphihUalUe, Gkutrite was used m last edition of this work, a name given by Hausmann in 1 847, after the chemist Christoph G-laser (1664), the salt having bBen early called Sal polychreaktm Olaseri, But if aphthitalite in rejected, ArcanUe of Haidinger (derived from one of its alchemist names. Arcanum dupHcatum) comes next m order of priority.
628. BSISBNITfi. A, Scacdis Mem. O. suUa Gampania 98, 1849.
In silky fibres of a white color. Soluble ; taste acid and bitter.
Oomiw— & S+d S. Analysis by Scaodbi (L a, J. pr. Ch., Iv. 54) :
Pyr., eto-?Fu8es easily in the flame of a spirit lamp, imparting a violet color to iL Solul In water. Obs. — Occurs in a hot tufk oayem, near ICisene.
629. THBNARDITO. J, L. Oaaaaeea Ann. Oh. Phys., xxziL 308, 1826. Anhydrous dulphaie of Soda. Pyroteohnite SGoeehii Mem. Inoend. Vesuv. Napoli, 1856.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=103° 26', 0 A 1-1=120*' 36', Hausmann; a:h:o =1-6906 : 1 : 1-267, 0 A 1-1=126° 51', 1-? A 1-t, top,=73° 42', based=106° 18', 1 A 1=135° 41', 123° 43', 74° 18'. Cleavage: basal, nearly perfect. H.=2— 3. G.=2*55, Streng; 2*73, Gasaseca. Lustre vitreous. Color white to brown. Translucent.
Oomp-- tTa 9=Soda 66*8, sulphuric acid 43*7=100 Analyses : 1, Oatfiseca (L o.) ; 2 A. Dick (. Ilag lY. y. 373); 3, Streng (Jahrh. Min. 1868, 666) :
OXTOSH OOKFODinM.
SSB ,taC0-SS=100O
EB-11 4ST — — — S-1&=BS-T Dick. 3. BoIiTiB U-Sl 4Ifi3 OM 0-60 0-01, inioP. 3-3e=100-3B Btreofr.
Pyr., ate. — Colon the blowpe flame deep yellow. Wholly soluble Id witer.
OlWr— Occurs in Spn, at Eipartiiua, E leagues from Hadiid and 3i from Araiynex. Xhi TBter exudoB duripfc winter from the bottom of a basin, and becoming oonaenttated in the lumojer BeaHon, depoaita dTBtali of ibeaardite. Also In uitre phUaa oT Bolivia; at Tanpaca, witli gUiiberite aod nleiite, the urTBtaU of which locality nre aome of the anglea nearly of trona, accoirliog to H. J. Brooke (L c). Alao on the aooria of Veauriua Ipyrofadnib) or tlie emptkn of 1855; oil HolutioD and evaporttioa, octabedral ar;italy were obtained bj Scaccbi liavinK the plaoea 1-t, 1, 3, witli /A/=lia° 37', l4A 1-t, over base, 128° SS', 1 1, beBal, lS3' 31', pyramidal, 113° SS', 14° 3S', S4 3-i, ba8l, lG8° 41', pyramidal, SS° 48', US' 2'.
Karaer haa analyzed an adcular ealiiie efBnaoenee from a mine near CUaetbal, and obtained (B. H. XTiiL \86i, So. IS) Aa 9 SI— B5'3, S l-fl-4-0, S 03, Ca 3 I'S-l'S, with tl 1—1%
630. B&BITE. lapta Bononlensia, litheoephoraa, F. licelvs, TJttni, 1S40; MeaOel, in Miw. Acd.Onr 1673, 1674, and Lap. Bon. in obeouro Inceoa, 1616. Bononieiuislcitec, QypBtim irregulare, lamelloaum. etc, WoO., Uln., 66, 174T; (2) Hannor metaDicnin, Spatum tMBuIare (G.=4'1I66), wL, BB. 1147. (1) 0ypaum epatoaum pL, Uarmor metalllcum, Spatum BonoDlenee (0.=:4-G), Tungipat, OroruL, Uin.,-!!, 1168; (2) Terra caloarea pbloeato et acido vJtrioU mixta, Leaweraten, I-apia hepatiooa, id, 35, 17S8. Qypaum ponderoaum v. Bon, Lithopb., L 14, 1713. Spath pesant ou aJlDiteoi de LUle, OrlaL, 1713, with flga. ; flx, list BeaVyBpar; Boloian Spar ; Cauk, Calk, Oawk, Derbi/A. JfifWr*, Witheiing, Phil. Tr., 17B4. Sohwerapath Wan., etc Spathum ponderoaum Ten* ponderoaa rilriolata Berym., Sdagr, 1783. Sulphate of Baryta. Baryte sulfate fV. Schwefelaaurea Baryte fferm. Stangenapatb ITem. Strahlbaryt Baroeelenite JTAw., Mlo., i. 136, 1794. Baiytite DtiamtOL, T. I., a 6 1191. Baryt EaraL, Tab., S8, IS, 1800. Baryte H., Tr., IL IROl. Bai7tiiie BtuiL, Tr., 441. 1824. Barytea.
Hepatit EoTtt, Tab., 38, 76, 180O;=lApia bepatlcuB OmuL, t. (upTa;=TeTT. pond, rit petvoleo Inibuta Bergm., Sdagr., 17SS;Leberslein pL Oenn.;=Fetld Heavy wr. Alltmotpfait Brtiik J. pr. Ob., xr. 832, 18SS. Calatnbarite Slitp., Am. J. Sd., zzzIt. 161, 183B. BarytocuteBtin v. WatttrOL, FOgg., zdv. 137, ISBS.
Orthorhombio. I A 1=101" 40', 0 A l-i=121'' 50' ; a:b: 0=1-6107 : I : 1'2276, Obeerved planes: 0; vortical, /, t-5, i-l, i-J, i-i, i-i, t-S, i-t ; macrodomee, f-i, 4-i, i-l, J-i, i-i, l-, |-i ; brachydomea, -l, i-i,
O A f=lB8'' 4' 1 A 1, mac.,=110<' 38'
0 A i4=141 8 1 A 1, brao.,=91 22
0 A 14=121 60 1 A 1, ba8.,=128 86
0 A f-l=lll 38 i-i A 1-5=135 40
0 A 4=152 33 i-i A i-S=116 55
0 A 54 i4 A H top,=lOa 17
(?Ai=145 17 14 A 14, " =63 40
(? A 1=115 42 i4AH, " =113 26
0 A 44=1*6 43 14 A 14. " =74 36
18 aA/=.9 10
0 A i4 or ii=90 -l A t-l=l48 27
Crystals usually tabidar, as in fij;iireB ; Bometima
Abbtcboub Solvuatbs, Cihs01Catk8.
priBmaticinthedirectioaoftheverticalaxie (f.607. Cleavage: basal rather perfect ; / aomowhat leee eo ; imperfect. Twina : plane of composition 4, the componnd character being apparent in the BtrieB of the plane 0 Also ID globular funny, Sbrooa or lamellar, crested ; coareuly laminated, laminee convert and often curred ; alao granular ; colors sometimes banded ae in Btagmite.
Ubetbire. TlTpoU.
H.— 2-5-3-5. G.=4-3— 4-T2 ; 4-4864, G.Eoee, a pure colorless crystal. Lustru vitreous, inclining to resinous ; sometimee pearly. Streak white. Color white ; also inclining to yellow, gray, blue, red, or brown, dark brown. Transparent to translucent — opaque. Sometmies fetid, when rubbed. Optic-axial plane brachydiagonal.
Var. — 1. Ordinars. (a) Ciyitali luuilly broad or itoatj BoaetiiDeB very Urge, veighiDR lOO Dm.; sometimea Id slender needles. Dauber, afteroarehl measurement, made /A 101 40, and 0 A 4-i=14{° 6', varying but two minutes Id the Utter trom Tormer measurenwDtfi {Fogg-, oviiL 410). (b) Orated; mssBiTe aggrefratiooa of tabular crTltalB, the uiTBtalBprojeotins at surface IiiCo Oresttilce Ibrms. (c) Celumnar; the oolumna oftD ooeiao {Slangentpath) aud aggregated, end either radiated [eIraAlbajyt) or parallel ; rarely Boo flbronn. Warner's atangempaSh was ftom Freiberg, (rfl In globular or nodular concretions, subftbrous or columnar within. Bologna Slow [a here included, being radiated, globular, often reddish-graf in color. It U ttota a bed or clay ia Ht Pstemo. near Boltna, and was early a Honrce of wonder because of the phoephoresceuce It Uhibited after heating with ohBrcouL " Bologna phoaphorus " was mads from it in the fonn of jtloks, by powdering the mineral and nuititig it again with gnm, Imallar, either straight or il) curved : the latter aometimea aa aggregation of cund scale-like plates (the kmnuchaliffer 3cAvKrspa& of Werner), (/) Qraaular. ig) Compact or eryptooTBtalUne. (A) Earthy, Sla> lactitic and stalagmicic : aimilar Id Htnicture and origin to calcareoua atalaoUtea and atalagmitel.
S. Fetid; so called rrom the odor gireu off when sErock, which odor is due to carbonaceous matters present |A.nal 6-8.)
3 AlUmiorphile Bieith, ; a kind haTinfc the form and cleavage of anhydrite, and fouud et UDlerwlrbach, near BudoIatadt,in Sotawaraenburg; I'iS. Probably pseudomorphoua ; Breit* baqpt regards it as a case of dlmorphisiu.
4. (Mcarmbaiile Thomson (Hin., L lOS) is a white barite rosa Btrontlan In Argytesbire, containing, probdbl; as mixture, 6'Bp. o. of lime, and aoma silica and alumina. He found 5 3S'23, Sa 48-96, &T (19, Ca 6'Ha, Pa 0-40, Si 4-14, Si S'iS, moisture 0'67 100-IB; Q.=4-190T. A pan of the krumechaJiger &Avtrialh of Weraetspedmeiis fom Ielberg — is defend here bf Breithaupt, who gives for /A/I01°fi3', and a, =1-0 2— 4-39.
B. Celatobariit ; the spar containing much sulphate of ttrontjan, aa that of Binnen Talley, Swilierlaud (anaL to which von Walterahausen applied the name barylo-etiutint, and also Vcai of anaL 3, 4. The angles of the Bionen apar, according to Hugard, are inteniMdiaie between those of and oelestlte.
e. Ca/slnmbarite, fVom Schoharie, N. T., baa tha aspect of a meie mixture. Shtpard made it a compound a.) of earhoaalta of atrontla (22-B'>) end lime with 6A'GB p. a. of sulphate of tiaryta, and says it is partly lobdile in mmiaiie'aad viiih effennacanet. Von Hauer fouud a spedmen from Schoharie labelled calitroTibarUt to consist of sulphates alone.
Oawk it the ordinai7 barite of the Derbyshire lead mines. Withering, who analysed 11 (PbiL Trans., IxxIt. 193, 1134), describea it aa ocouning' In roundish forms, oonaiaUng of rhom. boldal lamintecontUsedly aggregated and white or reddish In color, with G.=4*330i andasecood
OdTGEK OOMPOUNDB.
Taiietf as radiated flbrouB, somewhat tSXkj in lustra, and at times oonoeotrio in stractnra, ysDow* ish-white. and opaque, with G.=4*00. Greg & Lettsom (1858) confine the term to an opaque earthy Tariety of die Derbyshire lead mines.
The harite of Muszar, Hungary, and of Beder, near Bosenan, was early called Wobiyn. It if common barite, in crystals, usually oblong in the direction of die verdeal axis, and generally witb i-i and 0 large, and also i-S large. A. Sdirauf mentions the following as other occurring planus 0, 44, 1-t, K 8- H H 1, 2, 1-S, 2-2, 84, 4-7 (Ber. Ak. Wien, . 286). LeoLhard says that at Muazar it occurs in the cavities of alumstone.
Oomp.— Ba §=Sulphuric acid 34*3, baryta 66*7. Sulphate of strontian and silica are often present, and sometimes sulphate of lime, day, bituminous or carbonaceous substances. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (UntenL, 222); 2, Waltorshausen (Pogg., zoiY. 138); S, Bammelsberg (Min. CL, 259); 4, Jordan (. J., Mi 858); 6, Heidingsfeld (Bamm. 5th Suppi, 207); 7, John (Unters ii. 73, 69); 8, Elaproth (Beitr y. 121):
BaS SrS OaS 9e Si,£l C,Bit ti
1. Nutfleld, erysL
—
—99-49 Stromeyer.
2. Binnen,
87-79 9-07
— i—
=98*15 Waltorshausen.
3. Gorzig. hnK
15*12
—
0*89
—
=99*74 Bammelsberg.
4. Glausthal,/oL
86*00 6*76
—
6*75
0*37=98-87 Jordan.
83-10 710 93*56
6*12
sr*58
0*87
— =99*74 Heidingtfeld.
6. Konggherg, BqMiUe
John.
7. Andrarum, "
.—
1*25 John.
85*25
6*00
5-00 11 1*00
2*25 (loss ind.) Klanroth.
G. of anal. 2=8*977 ; 4, 4*4888.
In pure colorless crystals from Silbach, of G. =4*4864 (Rose), Bammelsberg found no impuritiea except a trace of strontian (Min. Ch 259). Freiesleben found 8 p. a of silica in a variety from Nassau.
AUamorphUe, according to Gemgross, contains 1*9 p. a of sulphate of lime as impurity, but tod Hauer found none (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 1853, 152).
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses at 8, coloring the flame yellowish-flrreen ; the ftised mass react alkaline with test paper. On charcoal reduced to a sulphid. With soda gives at first a dear pearl, but on oontinu blowing yields a hepatic mass, which spreads out and soaks into the coal. If a portion of this mass be removed, placed on a dean silver surface, and moistened, it gives a blade spot of sulphid of silver. Should the barite contain sulphate of Ume, this will not he absorbed by the coal when treated in powder with soda. Insoluble in adds
Obs. — Occurs commonly in connecdon with beds or veins of metallic ores, as part of the gangue of the ore. It is met with in secondary limestones, sometimes forming distinct veins, and often in crystals along with caldte and celeste.
At Duftou, in Westmoreland, England, large transparent crystals occur, sometimes of gigantic dimensions; some were found lying in the mud at the bottom of a cavern, and one weighed 10a lbs. Other English localities exist in Cornwall, near Liskeard, eto., in Cumberland and Lancashire, in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, etc. ; fine stalacdtic at Newhaven in Derbyshire ; in Scotland, in Argyleshire, at Strontian; in Perthshire, of a bright yellow color at Ballindean ; at the Cumberland lead mine ; in Ireland, in thick veins in old red sandstone, at Ballynasoreen in Londonderry.
The septaria of Durham, Bhugland, which are cut and polished for tables, eta, have the veinings lined with brown heavy spar, adding much to their beauty. Some of the most important European localities are at Felsobanya and Kremnits, at Freiberg. Marienberg, Ckiusthal, Przibram, and at Boya and Boure in Auvergne.
In the United States, in Nl Hatmp. at Fiermont In Mas$ at Hatfield and Leverett In Omn at Cheshire, large crystals, sometimes transparent (f 506, and simpler forms), intersecting in veins red sandstone with vitreous copper and green malachite; at Berlin, Farmingn, and Southington. In N. Tork at Point, opposite Sackett's Harbor, massive. 2-8 ft. thick, in compact lime* stone, affording large slabs, beautiiVil when polished; at Scoharie, a fibrous variety with caldte the two often medically mingled ; in St Lawrence Co., fine tabular crystals in De Kalb, at Fowler with specular iron, at the Parish ore bed, and on the of J. Morse, in Gouvemeur, with calcite and hematite, and on the banks of Laidlaw lake in Rossie ; the crested variety at Hammond, with crystals of pyrito; at Wolcott, Wayne Co., near the stratum of lenticular iron ore, and on the S. side of the Mohawk, opposite Litde Falls. In PtntLj in crystals at Perkiomen lead mine. In Vtrgtmiii, at Eldridges gold mine in Buckingham Co. (fig. 5o7); 3 m. 8.W. from Lexington, in Rockbridge Ca; a beautiful white variety on the plantation of J. Hord, Esq. Fauquier Oo. In £en#ttcfcy, near Paris, in a large vein. In Jbin., on Browzi's Greek ; at Hayaboro*. near Nashville; m large veins in sandstone on the W. end of I. Royale, L. Superior, and op Spai Id., N. shore, one vein (containing also calcite) 14 ft. wide sometimes in crystals; in trap of K
ANHTDBOUa STTLPHATESy OBBOMATES. 619
lioi veins numerous. In Canada a yein 27 in. wide at Landadown, affording fino (rjstala In fine cryBtala near Fort Wallace, New Mezioo.
The white varietiefl of barite are ground np and employed as a white paint, either alone oi Dtzed with white lead.
For recent papers on cryst, see Danber, I a; Pfaff, Pogg., di. 464; Hessonberg, Mln. Not, iiL and iv. Above, the deavage prism is made the vertical I, as done by PhiUipR. Brooke and Miller, and many other authors, this position giving the simplest symbols. Naumauu makes this prism the dome 1-7, and i-i the basal plane 0, while 0 above is his -i The planes following the ordei on page 616, are, in Naumann's position, as follows: i-{; " vertical,'* i-i, 0, f-t, 2-i, 4-1, f-t, -i,
H; "macrodomea,*i5, iS, rf, iA, .3, *3, T, i-f; "brachydomes," 8-1, H H U; "octahe-
Named from 0aoui weight or /apvf, Iieavy.
Alt. — Heavy Spar occurs altered to caldte, spathic iron, oerussite, quartz, limonite, red iroD ore, pyrite, psUomelane, gothite.
631. OBLB8T1TJU. Fasriger Schwerspath [=Elbrous Heavy Spar] (fr. Frankstown. Pa.) Sehutz Beschr. Nordamer. Foss., 12, Leips., 1791. Schwefelsaurer Stroutianit aus Pennsylvauien Klapr., Beitr., IL 92, 1797. Strontiane sulfate (fr. Sicily) (after Yauquelin's anal.) Dokh nUeUf J. de Phya, zlvL 203, 1798 (disc, by D. in a in 1781), Ckslestiii Werru, Min. Syst, 1798; Lma Min., 238, 1800; KaraL, Tab., 64 96, 1808. Sidlianite Zms, Min., 233, 1800. Sohiitdt Gerhardj O. KdrsL, Tab., 36 76, 1800. Zolestin other Qtm. Orihogr. Barytosulphate of Strontian Thumi Min., L 111, 1886.
Orthorhombic. 7=104° 2' (103° 30'-104° 8O0, 0 A l-t=121° 19 ;
i, i, 1 ; in the
*-s, f 5, H, 2-4.
O A =157° 38' O A 1-1=127° 56' 1 A 1, brach.,=89° 26'
0 A fi=140 35 Oh 1-2=123 17 1 A 1, ba8al,=128 44
O A f-i=129 3 0 A 1-3=125 38 i-S A 1-8=114 44
0 A 1=152 29 Oh 1-4=126 35 i-i A H top,=101 11
A 1=115 38 1 A 1, mac.,=112 36 U A 14, top, =75 52.
Cleavage: O perfect; /distinct; A less distinct. Also fibrous and radiated ; sometimes globular ; occasionally granular.
H.=3-3-5. (?.=3-92— 3-975 ; 3-9593, crystals, Beudant; 3-973, fir, Tharand, Breith. ; 3*96, fr. Kington, Hunt. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often faint bluish, and sometimes reddish. Transparent— subtranslucent. Fracture imperrectlp conehoidal- -uneven. Yery brittle. Trichroism sometimes very distinct.
Oxtosn Oompoundb.
Var.— 1. Oriifiory. (a) In arxBtals. The angle I yariea muob, anl probeblr in pari in conaequenoe of the presence of some baryta or lime. It was made by Hauy 104 46', but with the common goniometer; by Kupffer, 104" 20'; byPhillipB, 104**; by Moha 103* 58 ; by Websky, in an elaborate paper on crystalR from Pachow in Upper Silesia (ZS. iz. 303X 1<'3' 32 . and he suggests therefore that this mineral may contain lime or baryta; by Dauber, in rery exact measurements of Sicily crystals (Pogg., oviiL 447), 104'' 4' 24" to 104° 7' 14", with the deduced mean 104'* 6' 34" ; and for the dome l-l, 75° 45' 43" ; by Kokscharof (Min. RussL, ▼. 8) from SicUy crystals, 104° 3' 46", O A 36', his calculated results being 104'* 3' 50" and 140* 36'.
{b) Fibrous, either parallel or radiated, (c) Lamellar ; of rare oocurrenoa (d) Oranular. (e) OoncreUonary. (/) Earthy ; impure usually with carbonate of Ume or day.
2. CaidocelealUe, Containing much lime.
3. BaryioodesUi or Baryto-sulphate of strontia of Thomson, from Drummond L, L. Erie, contains much baryta. Hugtfd gives for /A / in this Drummond L variety 108°, an angle intermediate between that of barile and celestite (see below).
Oomp. — 6r S=Sulphurio acid 43*6, strontia 56'4=10<. Analyses: 1, KJaproth (L c.); 2, Vanqae- Un (L c.) ; 8, 4, 7, Stromeyer (Untora, 203): 5. Maddrell (Bamm. Min. Ch., 260) ; 8, R Brandea (Sohw. J., zxL 177); 9, y. Hauer (Jahrb G. Beksfas., iv. 397); 10, Sdimid (Pogg., czx. 637):
3 Sr Ba Ca le
L Frankstown, Pa.
2. Sidly
4. Domburg 6. "
6. Siintel, Hanover
7. Dehrsel
8. Fassa
9. IschI 10. Erftirt
u
42 58 — =100 Qaproth.
46 64 — =100 Vauquelin.
43-07 66-36 — 003, CaC u-09. fl 01 8=99-72 Btromeyei.
42-94 55-01 0*64 065, Si Oil, tL 0-25=99'58 Stromeyer.
48*82 65-96 , 0-41=]O0'19 Hauer.
Wicke found in oelestite from a stratum of day near Wassel — the oakioeelesHne (ArdL d. Pharm., 6UL 32)— SrS 91*464, Ca5 8 813, j*e 0-008=99780; O.=4 020. It may be only a mixture.
Thomson gives for the composition of the Drummond L oelestite — barytocelesUte (L a) — S 40*20, &r 85-72, Ba 23-06, 0*69. £[ 100*29, and G.=3-92l. But his analysis needs confirmation. The oelestite of Kingston, 0. W., which Thomson ranks with that of Drummond I., is purs oelestite according to T. S. Hunt; it has G.=3'96. In the radiated mineral from Norten, Hanover, Turner found (Ed. PhlL J., iL 829) SrS 7821, Ba5 20*41=98*62; and Gruner tGilb. Ann., Ix. 72) SrS 78*00, Ba§ 2617, who analyzed crystals of a bluish milk-white color, having G.=
Wittstein flnda that the blue color of the oelestite of Jena is due to a trace of a phosphate of iron.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. frequently decrepitates, fuses at 3 to a white pearl, coloring the flame strontia-red; the ftised mass reacts alkaline. On diarooal fltses, and in R F. is oou verted frto a difficultly Aisible hepatic mass; this treated with muriatic acid and alcohol gives an inienirely red flam& With soda on charcoal reacts like barite. Insoluble in adds.
Obs. — Celestite is usually associated with limestone, or sandstone of Silurian, Devonian, Jurassic, and other geological formations. Occurs also in beds of gypsum, rock salt, and clay; and with sulphur in some volcanic regions.
Sicily, at Girgenti and elsewhere, afifords splendid groups of crystals along with sulphur and gypsum. Fine specimens are met with at Bex in SwitzerUnd, and Conil in Spain ; at Domburg, near Jena fibrous and bluish; in the department of the Garonne, Franoe; in the Tyrol; Betabanya, Hungary; at Norton, in Hanover; in rock salt, at Ischl, Austria. Also found at Aust Ferry, near Bristol; in trap rocks near Tantallan, in East Lothian; at the Oalton Hill, Edinburgh; near Knaresborough, in Yorkshire ; at Popayan, New Grenada.
Specimens, finely crystalliaed, of a bluish tint, are found in the Trenton limestone about Lake Huron, particularly on Strontian Island, and at Kingston in Canada; Ohaumont Bay, Schoharie, and Lockport, N. Y., have afforded good specimens; also the Bossie lead mine; Depauville and Stark (farm of James Coill), N. Y. A blue fibrous oelestite oocurs near Frankstown, Logans Yallay, Huntington Co., Penn., associated withpearl spar and anhydrite, and this was the oelestite tiicen to Europe by Schiita, and named by Werne.' after an analvsis by Klaproth.
The dark blue fibrous oelestite of Jena is peculiarly tridiroic ; and its oolor also varies with Uie angle between the principal cleavage and the direction of the fibres; the odor with the angle 86% dark blue; 61% sky blue; 46 pde blue (Schmid, Pogg., cxx. 637).
Named from cceksUs celestial in allusion to the fidnt shade of blue often presented by th mineial.
Anhtbbous Sulphates. 0Hb0Mate8.
eai
ArtiL-btained in crystalB at a temperature of 300" 0. from solution in water (Br. SuHiyan) in lamellar crjatalfl by fUsing a mixture of gypsum and common salt, and treating witli watei A. Oagea.
632. ANHTDBITB. ICuriazit, Salzaaurer Kalk (fr. Hall, TrolX Abhi ixlo, Fichters Min. Anf , Wien, HH 228. Wiirfelspath WeriL, 1800, 1g*B Min., L 51, 166, ld03=Cube Spar. Soude muriate gypsifdre (of Hall) (from Elapr. anaL in Beitr L 307, 1 795) Tr., ii 1 801 . Chans sulfate anhydre (fr. Bex) Faiig., IT., Tr., iv. 180L Anhydrit Wsm 180a, Ludw., IL 212, 1804. Wiirlelgyps Ludrng IL 169. Anhydrous Sulphate of Lime, Anhydrous Gypsum. Karstenit Banam Handb., 880, 1813.
Qekrosstein (fr. Bochnla and Wieliczka) Wem. ; Tripe Stone Emfi. ; Pierre de tries Fr. ;=z Anhydrit Klapr Beitr., i7. 231, 1807. Pierre de Yulphio ; Marmor Bardiglio di Bergamo ; Bai dispose ; Chaux sulfate quartzifdre Faiig., Tr., ir. 261, 1801 ; Silioeous Anhydrous Qypsum. Kiesolgyps, Vulpinit, Ludioig iL 170, 1804.
Orthorhombic /A 7=100 30', O A l-t=127 19'; a : J : <?=1-3122 : 14, ; octahedi*al, o, nf.
O A 14=132 30'
O A |4=110 8 1-i A 14, top, =86
.=40 16 t-l A i-;=77 26 t-l A i-}, ov. i4,=102 84
8 A 14=135 35 U A/=163 50
Aussee.
Stassftiil
i4 A 87' irl A o=124° 10'
Fig. 511 view of front side of a thick, rectangular, somewhat tabular crystal, having a zone of planes between t4 and eadi 14, or the corresponding edge. Caeavage : i-l very perfect ; t4 also perfect ; 0 somewhat less BO. Also fibrous, lamellar, granular, and sometimes impalpable. The lamellar and columnar varieties often curved or contorted.
H. 3 - 3-5. Q. 2-899-2-985 ; 2*956, Aussee ; 2-985, Stafurt. Lustre : i4 and i4 somewhat pearly ; O vitreous ; in massive varieties, vitreous inclining to pearly. Color white, sometimes a grayish, bluish, or reddish tinge: also brick-red. Streak grayish-white. Fracture uneven; of finely lamellar and fibrous varieties, splintery. Optic-axial plane parallel to t4, or plane of most perfect cleavage ; bisectrix normal to 0 ; Grailich.
Var— I. (MwMiry. (a) OrystaDiaed ; deavable in its three rectangular directions. (5) Fibrona ; either paraHoli or radiated or plumose, (c) line granolar. (d) Scaly granular. VttbpinUe is a scar mnnlar kind from Vulpino in Lombardy ; it is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. It does not ordinarily contain more sllioa than common anhydrite. A kind in contorted concretionary fonns is the tripcstone ( OdbroMfetn).
2. FMudomorphxms ; in cubes alter rock salt
Oomp.— Ca 9=:Iiime 41% sulphuxio add 68*8=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beltr., iv. 2i4) 3-4* Stromeyer (. J., zIt. 875); 6, a W. a Fudhs (B. H. Ztg., zzL 198):
S Si 0 9e
Ca ft Bit
1.
% Himmeiabeig cryK.
60-78 6-26 010
48*06 =10310 Elaprotfa.
66*80 0-28 0*09 0*26
40*68 2-91 0*04=100 Stromefsr.
622 Oxyoen Oompounds.
s
fli 9e Ca
Ift
3. PipmUe, eoaf9e
4. fine 6. Stassfurt, crysL
0-26 0-03 41*40
009 41-70
0-94=99-40 BtromTcr. 0*07=99-86 Strameyer. 0*66=99-72 Fudui.
Vauquelin made the Tulpinite to oontaln 8 p. a of silica (and henoe the name BiUoeooB anhf file\ which the later analyses do not sustain.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses at S, coloring the flame reddish-yellow, and yielding an enamel-like bead whidi reacts alkaline. On charcoal in RF. reduced to a sulphid; with soda does not fuse to s dear globule, and is not absorbed by the coal like barite; is, however, deoompoeed, and yields a mass which blackens silver; with fluoride fuses to a dear pearl, which is enamel-white on cooliDg, and by long blowing swells up and becomes inAislble. Soluble in muriatie add.
One hundred parts of water, at 18*75 0., dissolve 0*2 part of anhydrite.
Obs. — Occurs in rocks of various ages, especially in limestone strata, and often the same thai contain ordinary gypsum, and also very commonly in beds of rode salt It was first discovered at the salt mine near Hall in Tyrol, by Abb6 Poda ; and next that of Bex, SwitaerlandL Othei localities are at Aussee, both crystallised and massive, the former sometimes in splendid geodea (f. 511), the latter bride-red; at Subs on the Nedcar, in Wiirtembeiig ; Himmelsberg, near Ilfeld; Bleiberg in Carinthia; Liineburg, Hanover; Lauterbeig in the Hans; Eapnik in Hungary; Isdil in Upper Austria; Aussee in Styria; Berchtesgaden in Bavaria ; at Bienthal and elsewhere in the Alps, crystals, or their cavities, within quartz crystals ; StassAirt, in fine crystals.
In the U. States, at Lodcport, N. Y., fine blue, in geodes of black limestone, accompanied with crystals of calcite and gypsum. In Nova Scotia it forms extensive beds at the estuary of the Avon and the St. Croix rivers, also near the Five Islands and elsewhere, associated with gypsum, in the Carboniferous formation.
A crystal from Hall, figured by Haiiy, was a stout rectangular prism, with planes I on the lateral edges, giving wA/=140'' 4', whence /a/=100 8'. The StassfUrt crystals (f. ent, Blum, Jahrb. Min. 1866, 601) have nearly the ordinary forms of barite, and approximate to them in angles. Schrauf makes the angle over of an occurring vertical prism (Fogg., cxviL 660, 1862) 120**, and v. Rath (Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn. 201, 1862) 121° 24'. Blum states that the prism / is the most common ; it is vertically striated, and these striations ore formed of planes of the other vertical prisms measured by him ; measurements onlv approximations. Schrauf and Blum make the angle 1-i A Fuchs (B. H. Ztg., xxL 198), 84i*'; and v. Rath, 84'. In fig. 611 the plane o is in the same vertical ssone with 9] and if o is made the plane 1 (as done by Brooke and Miller), n is 2-2, and/B-3. B. and AL obtained in their measurements for i-t on/, n, o, US'* 14', 148° 41', and 123° 31' (PhiL Mag., III. 19, 178); and Grailioh and Lang, for the same (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxviL 26), 153° 60', 143° 87', 124° 10'. The latter give for their calculated results,
18i', 142° 69f , 128° 82'. The prism H, which has the angle 102" 84', may be that homologous with /of barite; in this case the bradiydiagonal above would be the macrodiagonaL
Alt. — Absorbs moisture and changes to gypsum. Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered in part or throughout, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where, by digging down 60 to 100 ft, the unidtered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydU'ite are altered between the folia or over tiiie exterior. Also altered to quartz and siderite.
633. ANGIiESm]. Vitriol de Flomb Mdnnelf Syst Min., 371, 1779. Plumbum addo vitriolioo mineralisatum Bergm,f Sciagr., 116, 1782. Lead mineralized by vitriolic add Wiiheringj TrL Bergm. Sciagr., 1783. Lead mineralized by vitriolic add and iron (on L Anglesea "in immense quantities") WUhering, ib. Vitriol de Flomb (fr. Andalusia) iVou5 J. de Phys., xxx. 3H 1787. Blciglas (fr. the Harz) Lasius, Beob. Harzgeb., ii 366, 1789. Kat Bleivitriol Karsim, Tab., 24 1791. Lead Vitriol, Sulphate of Lead. Vltriolbleierz GenrL Flomb sulfate /V. Anglesite BewL, Tr., ii 459, 1882. Sardinian BnUh,, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 820, 1866, xxv. 194,
Orthorhombic. /A 7=103*' 43i'; (?Al-t=121° 20f, Kokscharof; a:h: 1-64223 : 1 : 1-273634. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, i4, i-t, 2, i-ij t-l, t-5, i-8, i-|, ; domes, J4, i-i ; J-i, i-t, 1-t, 8-t ; octahedral, i
i, J, 1, 2; H, 1-2 ; 2-?, ; H, f 2. H 2-5, 1-s, H ; U
O A H=1*0° 37' (? A 11' 0 A 1=115° 36J'
0 A 14=127 48 Oa 3-t=104 30 Oa 46
AMHTDBOUB SULPUATBSy OHBOKATEB.
0 A 28'
ir\ Atri
i-i Ai-1
trt A
=158 34 =139 23 =163 18 =160 38
/Al=164 24J I A 2=166 32 1-i A 1-2=163 17 1-t A 2-4=166 44 1 A 1-S=151 32 1 A H=168 37
1 A fi=147 25' U A 1-t, top,=76 35J l-JAl-l,ov.,=104 24J
1-2 A t-2, front, =137 8
i-2 A z-2, ov. i-t,=116 1
i-S A i-ft, ov. i-?,=134 0
Phenixrflle.
Aogleaeai
Siegen.
Crystals sometimes tabular ; often oblong prismatic, and in the direction of either of the axes : as the vertical axis in f. 616 ; the macrodiagonal in f. 612, 616 ; the brachydiagonal in f. 613 ; also thick and short, as in f. 514 ; also sometimes in octahedral forms, more or less modified, made principally of planes 1-2, as in f. 517: or of planes 1 ; or 1-6, or l-I. Cleavage : 7", but interrupted. The planes 7 and t-i often vertically striated, and horizontally. Also massive, granular, or hardly so. Sometimes stalactitic. H.=2;75-3. G.=6-12-6-39; 6-35, Phenixville, Smith. Lustre highly adamantine in some specimens, in others inclining to resinous and vitreous. Color white, tinged yellow, gray, ffreen, and sometimes blue. Streak nncolored. Transparent--opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle.
Oomp.b8=Sulphoric add 26*4, oxjd of lead 73-6=10a Analyses: 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., HL 162); 8, StromeTer (Untera 226); 4, Thomson (lOn, L 669); & J. L. Bmitb (Am. J. ScL, II SI. 244):
6M Oxtoien Oomfouhm.
L WanlixUead 25*76 70-ftO S-25r=98-50 Elaproth.
2. Anfsea 24*8 71*0 1-0 20=98 8 Elaproth.
8. ZoUerfeld 26-09 72-47 9ed*0 09 0*61, Un 0-07=99*23 Strom.
4. Leadhills 26*65 74*05 0-80=100 Thomson.
6. PhenixvUle 26*69 78*26 , §1 0-20==99-95 Smith.
Pyr., eto — B.B. decrepitates, fuses in the flame of a candle (F.=1'5). On charcoal in 0.F ftaaes to a dear pearl, which on cooling becomes mOk-white ; in RF. is reduced with efibrrescenoc to metallic lead. With soda on charcoal in R.F. gives metaUic lead, and 'the soda is absorbed hj the coal : when the snifaoe of the coal is removed and placed on bright silver and moistened wiUi water it tarnishes the metal black. Difflcultlj soluble in nitric add. Soluble in dtrate of ammonia (J. L Smith). Soluble in 22,816 parte of water of ll"* 0 (Freaenius). Soluble 1 part in 30,062 of water (Bodwell).
Obs.— This ore of lead was first observed by Monnet as a result of the decomposition of galenite, and it is often found in its cavities. At Leadhills it occurred, occupying the cubical cavitiefl of galenite, or disposed on the surface of the ore ; and this locality, and also that of Wanlockhead, formerly afforded large and beautiAil crystals, some transparent and several inches is diameter. First found in England at Parrs mine in Anglesea. Occurs also at Melanoweth in Cornwall ; in Derbyshire and in Cumberland in crystals ; Clausthal, 22ellerfeld, and Giepenbach, in the Hars; near Siegen in Prussia; Schapbaoh in the Blade Forest, Badenweiler in Breisgan; and hi Sardinia in small but perfect transparent crystals; Fondon in (Granada; massive in Siberia, Andalusia, Alston Moor in Cumberland ; in Australia, whence it is exported by the too to England.
In the United States it ooonre in large crystals at Wheatley's mme, Phenixville, Pa. (f. 51 2, 513, 514); less well crystallised in Missouri lead mines; at the lead mme of Southampton, Mass.; at BoBsie, N. T. ; with galenite at the Walton gold mine, Louisia Co., Ya.
Named from the locality, Anglesea, where it was first found by Dr. Withering.
For recent papere on cryst, Kokscharof Ifin. Bussl., i. 34, iL 167, iii 243, elaborate ; v. Langr Ber. Ak. Wien, very elaborate ; Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, v. L 869.
Sardinian is distorted anglesite (torn Monteponi hi Sardinia, with which Richter found it to agree in composition ; 0.= 6-380— 6*892 ; H.=3— 3*6 ; white and like anglesite in lustre. Breithaupt makes it hemidomatic (monodinic or h'emihedral) ; and found for the fundamental prism the angle 10 r 62' ; and says that the bisectrix of the optical angle is normal to a plane truncating an edge of the fundamental prism, and not to the base as in anglesite. The optical fact stated shows that the prism is normally orthometric; and if the plane referred to be made the baae (or plane 0) then the mineral agrees with anglesite, both crystallographically and optically. The BO-CAUed fundamental prism is prism -i of anglesite, which has the angle, as above given, 101' 14'. The form approaches fig 5 16 above.
Alt.— Anglesite occurs altered to cerussite C) ; also to a hydrous anglesite, according to Breith.
684. ZINKOSITE. Zhikoait BreUh B. H. Ztg., zL 100, 1852. Anhydrous Sulphate of
According to Brelthaupt, this sulphate occurs at the mine of Barranco Jaroso in the Sierra ilmagrera, Spahi, in crystals isomorphons with anglesite and barite. Doubtfhl G. =4*881.
$36. XiBADHILZJTB. Flomb carbonate rhomboidal Boum Oat, p. 843, 1817. Sulphato* tricarbonate of Lead Brooke, Ed. PhiL J., ill 117, 1820. LeadhiUite Jfeud, Tr., iL 866, 1888. Bleisnlphotricarbonat, Tem&rbleien Wetae, Paimythit CRockcTf Syn., 256 1847.
Orthorhombic. /A 16', O A 1-5=120*' 10'; a:h: (?=l-7205 : 1 : 1*2632. Obeerved planeB as in f. 518, with also replacing edge between /and iri. Hemihedral in /and some other planes ; hence motif clinic in aspect, or rhombohedral when in compound crystals.
0 A 4=126 11 a A f 1=128 14 a A i-2=lll 86
li A f=119 60 A i=lll 80 A i4=90
AHBTDBODB STTLFHATBfl, OHBOICATIDS.
Ad6
if
a
\4/
Cleavage : i- very perfect ; irl traces. Twins, f. 620, 521 (drawn with tri as top plane), consisting of 3 crystalB ; composition-face, l-l (see f. 522) ; also parallel witn
H.=2-5. G.=6-26— 6-44. Lustre of U pearly, other parts resinous, somewhat adamantine. Color white, passing into yellow, green, or gray. Streak uncolored. Transparent — translucent. Conchoidal fracture scarcely obaeryable. Bather sectile.
S+3 0=:8iilphate of lead 27*46, carbonate of lead 72*65=100. Analyaea 1, Beneliuii (Jahresb., ilL 134); 2, Stromeyer (QeL Ads. Gott, 113, 1825):
1. LeadhaiB bS 28*7 C 71*0=99-7 Berzelios.
2. 28-3 72-7=100 Stromeyer.
Pyr,. etc. — B.B. intameBoes, Aisea at 1*5, and turns yellow; but white on cooling. Easily rednced on ciharooal. With soda affords the reaction for sulphuric acid. Efferyesces briskly in nitric acid, and leaves white sulphate of lead undissolved.
Oba — This ore has been found at Loadhills, with other ores of lead ; abo in crystals at Bed Gill, Cumberland, and near Taunton in Somersetshire. Grenada is also stated to be a locality of it, and the island of Serpho, Gredan Archipelago. The crystals seldom exceed an inch in length, and are commonly smaller. Beported by 0. IT. Shepard (Am. J. Sci, II. xv. 44tt) from Newberg District, S. C, but there is some doubt as to the locality ; also from the Morgan silver mine, Spartanburg District, S. a
Brooke and Miller, who show that the form of leadhillite is orthorhombic make the prism (of 120" *20') the fundamental vertical prism, and appear to regard the species as related to aragonite. Tho fact that the twins are not formed parallel to the faces of this prism (as they should be if the prism i-i were homologous with the aragonite prismX and the dose approximation in angle to anglesite, shown above, besides other reasons, have led the author to adopt the position of &e cryst here given, whidi exhibits the anglesite relation. Susannite (rhombohedral) and leadhil- Ute (orthorhombic) are mutually dimorphs, and so also are dreelite and anglesite. Now susannite and dreelite are nearly identical in angle ; and therefore leadhillite and anglesite must be equally related. Since in susannite the sulphuric add dominates over the carbonic acid, and impresses on the lead salt its character (or the form of the sulphate), the same should be the case with its correlate leadhillite-this spedes being the very same chemical compound. (See on this subject. Am. J. Sd., IL xviii.). The hemihedrism of the spedes gives origin to the peculiar rhombohedral aspect of the twins. The angles of these twins are near those of susannite. Fig. 1 is partly from Mohs, with other occurring planes, and is introduced to show the relations of th planes hi the position of the crystal adopted.
On oystallization, Haidinger, Ed. Phil Trans., x. 217 ; B. & M., Mm., 568.
636. OAZiSDONXTXI. Cupreous Sulphato-Oarbonate of Lead Brooke, Ed. PhiL J., ilL 117,
1880. Oaldonlte BmcL, Tr ii. 867, 1832.
rae
CKTOXET OOKFOUinDB.
Orthorhombic
Observod planes as in the annexed figura
0 A 14=125° 29', O A 2-i=108° 5', O A 125° 50', 0 A 1 115° 43', 7a a=132° 30',
1 A 1, ]pyr.,=105° and 96° 45'. Cleavage: 1 and indistinct, iA more obvious. Oirstal* sometimes large ; usually minute ; occasion ally in divergent groups.
H.=2"5— 3. G.=64. Lustre resinous. Color deep verdigris- or bluish-green ; inclining to mountain-green if the crystals are delicate. Streak greenish-white. Translucent Fracture uneven. Bather brittle.
Oomp— Sulphate of lead oombined witii carbonate of oopper and lead. Analyais by Brooke
S 66*8 C 82-8 Cn 0 11-4=100 Brooke,
oorreaponding nearly to 8 9 + 2 l*b 0 + Ou C, or H Cti C.
Pyr., etc — B.B. on charcoal easily reduced. Partially soluble, with a slight efifervescenoe, in nitric add, leaving a residue of sulphate of lead (Brooke).
Obs — Occurs at Leadhilla, Scotland, accompanying other ores of lead, in crystals with linarite: at Bed Gill in Cumberland ; also at Betzbauya in Hungary ; Tanne in the Han. Said to occor at Mine la Motte, Missouri. The aboYe figure is by Brooke of a Leadhilla crystal.
637. DREBIiTTB. Drlite Dif/noy, Ann. Oh. Fhys., Iz. 102, 1836. Dreeit (TZbcifcer, Syn,
261, 1847.
Rhombohedral. Ji A Ji=:93 or 94 Cleavage: rhombohedral, in traces.
H.=3-5. G.=3'2— 3*4. Lustre pearly ; splendent on a surface of fracture. Streak and color white.
Oomp.— Ca S + 8 Ba 9. Analysis by DufVnoy (I a) :
Obs. — In small unmodified crystals, disseminated on the surface and in the cavities of s quartzose rock, at Beaujeu, France, Dept of the Bhone; also at Badenweiler (Baden).
Named by Dufrnoy after Mr. do Dree, a liberal patron of science.
Thomson has analysed another compound of the sulphates of baryta and lime (Min., i. 106), consisting of 71*8 of the former to 28*1 of the latter ; it was Harrowgate in Yorkshire.
638. BUSANMITB. Sulphato-tricarbonate of Load pt (fir. Susanna mme, iieaanflis) Jinohtk Ed. N. PhiL J., lil 117, 188, 1827. Suzannit HaidL, Handb., 506, 1845.
Ehombohedral. li A R=U% O A 3';
a=l-1062. Observed planes : -2, (?, i, 2, 4, -14.
0 A 2=111° 13', 0 A 4=101° 30', 2 A 2=72° 30'. Cleavage : O easily obtained.
H.=2'5. G.=6'5— 6*66. Lustre resinous— adamantine. Color white, green, yellow, brown* ish-black. Streak uncolored.
Oomp-ame as for leadhUlite. Anais hy Brooke (L c) Sulphate of lead 27*6, carbonate of lead 72*5. Crystals from NertHohinHk, aaaljwd by Kotadiubey, having ft
▲Nhtdboub Sulphates. Ohboicates.
=6*526— 6*6S, and therefore proKably suunnite rather than leadhillite, afforded him (Eoksd).
Oba — In attached orystala at the Susanna mine, Leadhills in Scotiaud , at Moldawa in Hun gaiy ; Nertschinsk in Siberia. Formerly referred to leadhillite) the compound crystals of which it resembles.
The rhombohedron R of susaunite, as it is assumed by Haidinger, equals vezy nearly -2 of dree* Hl which it is here made.
639. CONMBLZjITZI. Oopper Ore of an azure blue color, composed of needle crystals (fr. Wheal ProTidence) Raahkigh, Brit. ICin., iL 18, pL 12, C 1, 6, 1802. Sulphato-ohloride of OcmnO, Bep. Brit Assoc, 1847. JDana Min., 628, 185a
Hexagonal. 0 A 50' ; a=l-1562. Observed planes as in tLe annexed figure. From the measurements of Maske- Ijne, Crystals slender, or adcular ; like f. 526 ; and also hexagonal prisms (t-2), with the pyramid 1.
1 A 1, ov. summit, 40'
1 A 7=143 10
1 A 1, adj.,=132 50
1 A 1-2=133 63
w A i£;'=163 50
w A 1-2=156 2 w A 7=166 54 A 1=152 37 7a 1-2=150
Lustre vitreous. Color fine blue. Translucent.
Wheal Unity?
0:mp. — From trials bj Connell, contains ozyd of copper, sulphuric add, and chlorid of copper, Ad supposed io be a compound of a sulphate and chlorid of copper.
Eamj soluble in nitric or muriatic add.
Obs. — In OornwaU, at Wheal Unity and Wheal Damsel, in slender crystals, not over tv in ji diameter and -ftf in. thick; ICaakelyne, PhiL Mag., lY. xzy. 39, whence Uie above figure.
64a GZaAUBBRITB. Olauberite Bnmgniart, J. d. M., xziil 6, 1808. Brongniartin o. LdonJL
Handh 270 1826.
30' ; a:h: c=0-8454 : 1 : 0-8267. Observed planes : O ; vertical, Ij i-i; hemidomes, 2-i, f-i ; bemioctahedrid, 4, 1, 3, -1 ; 3-3.
O A 1=136 49 0 A 3=88 57 O A 7=104 15
-1 A -1=116° 20'
1 A 1=95 22 8-3 A 3-3=136 8
Cleavage: 0 perfect.
H.=2-5— 3. G.=2-64— 2-85. Lnstre vitreons. Color pale yellow or ; sometimes brick-red. Streak white. Fracture conchoidal ; brittle. Taste slightly saline.
Var— The above angles are from Brooke k Miller. Senarmont found (Ann. Ch. ., IK mrl 167)/A/=82* 86'-83 16', 0 A 1=187' 87', OA 8=89" 6', 0 A 7=104' 52'-105'* 17', -1 A . 1=116* 18'— lie*" 62', 8-8 A 8-8=186* 20'.
698 Oztoxet 00Xp0Und6.
ofBodaSM, sulphate cflmie 48*9=100; or, Solphtufo aflid 57-5, Ume 20i, soda 22-4. Analyses: 1, Brongiart (L a); 2, r. Kobefll (GeL Ana. Huncben, Jahrb. IOxl 1840, 840); 8, ▼. Hauer (Ber. Aa Wien); 4, Hajres (J. NaL H. 8o& Boet, ir. 498)* 5, Ulex (Ann. Oh. FbansL, Izx. 61); 6, FSsani (G. R, IL 731):
S Oa fTa GL 9e
1. VmaBalna 66*5 20*2 28*3 =100 Brongniart
2. Berchtesgaden 57*29 21-04 21*27 =99*60 KobelL
.4. Tarapaca 67-22 20*68 21*32 0*14=99*36 Hayes.
6. YanmgOTffle tfti S 50*60 Ca S 48-78 day 0-40=99*68 PisanL
Ka 5 was mixed with some nlezite ; Na 6 was brick-red, friable, and resin-like.
Pyr etc — B3. decrepitates, tarns white, and fiises at 1*6 to a white enamel, coloring Qm flame intensely yellow. On charooal Aises in O.F. to a clear bead; in RF. a portion is absorbed by the charooiy, leaving an inAisible hepatic residue. With soda on charooal gives the reactioa for solphnric add. Soluble in muriatic add. In water it loses its transparency, is partially diaaolved, leaving a residue of sulphate of lime and in a large excess this is completely dissolved. On long ezpoeure absorbs moisture and falls to pieces.
ObSri — In crystals in rode salt at Villa Bubia, near Ocana, in New Oastile; also at Aussee, in Upper Austria; in Bavaria; at the salt minea of Yic in France (Oa/=104'' 11', Dufr.); at Yarengeville, near Nancy, a red variety in salt with polyhalite and anhydrite; and at Borax Lake, Galifomia, in blue day, at a depth of 40 ft, having obtained in an Artesian borings Province of Tarapaca, Peru (affordiog the above figure and Senarmonfs angles), wiUi ulexite.
Artil. — On the artifldal preparation of glauberito, J. Fritssdie, J. pr. Oh., 291. On crysi., Senarmont, Ann. Oh. Phys., ILL xxxvi 157.
641. IiANARKITB. Snlphato-Oarbonate of Lead Brooks, Ed. FhiL J., iiL 117, 1820. LanarkiUi Beud., Tr., il 366, 1832. DioxyUth BreWL, Ghar., 1832. Kohlenvitridbleispath, Halbvitriot blei. Germ,
Monoclinic /A /=85° 48' ; i-i A i-i, front=49° 50', Greff ; O A -U
=120° 45 Plane nsually rounded, and the 529 cryatals aggregated lengthwise, and seldom dia-
tinct. Cleavage : O perfect ; -1-i less perfect. It Laminsd flexible as in gypsum.
H.=2-2-5. G.=6-3-7; 6-3-6-4, Thomson. Lustre of the cleavage-face pearly ; other parts adamantine, inclining to resinous. Streak white. Color greenish-white, pale yellow, or gray. Transparent — translucent.
Ooiiip.~b 9 + C=Sulpliate of lead 5S'1S, carbonate of lead 46*86. Analjaea : 1, Brooke (La); 2, Thomaon (PhiL Mag., IIL xv. 402) :
1. Carbonate of lead 46 9 Sulphate o' lead 631=100.
2. " " 46-04 " " 4306=100; G.=6*3107.
Pyr., etc — 6.B. on charooal easily reduced. Partiallj dissolved in nitric add with eflfonre* once, leaving a residue of sulphate of lead (Brooke).
Oba. — At Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland, with caledonite and auaannite ; of rerj rare occor rence. Massive in Siberia, and at Tanne, in the Han; at Blborweier, Tyrol
642. CROOOZTS. Kova minora Flumbi J. O, Unman, Acad. Petrop 1T66; Pidlaa, Y3jragf 1770, il 235. Minora FlumU rubra WaiL, ICn., 1778. Bothea-Bleiers Wem Anas. Kenna 296, 1774. Flomb rouge Macqtiari, J. de Fhja., ttxiv. 1789 ; Fotigtiettn BnlL Soa Philoaiath., and J. de Phya., zlv. 398, 1794. advi. 16i, 81 1, 1798. Plomb chromat £, Tr., iiL 1801. Oo
Ahhtdb0U8 817Lphate8, Ohbohatxb.
Mte of Lead. OhromBaiiree Blel, Bleiduromat Ghrombleispoth, Otfm, Kallodizom Etxmn. Handb 1088, 1818. Oroooise Brad, Tr ii 889, 1833. Croooimt v. Kdb Grand&, 282, 1838 Erokoit BnUh Handb., iL 282, 1841.
MonocHnic. 27', /A 7=93° 42', 0 A 1-1=188° 10' ; a : J : 0-95507 : 1 : 1-0414, Dauber. Observed planes: &, not common; vertical, / (common), i-), i4 (not common), i-3, i-2, i4, i-| , ? t-4 , i-, ? t-) ; clinodomes, i-i, 14, ? f-t 24 ; ? f-t, 1-i, -8-i, -6-t, ? -6-t, -4-i, -f -1-i ; orthodiagonal hemipyramids, i, t, 1, -1, -t, -I, -♦, -2,
-3,-;-H,-ii-H;H; -H;
-84 ; f H ; 2-2, -8-2, 2, 8- (=f8-2); 8-J; 5-1; V; f8,
?f-4, 44, -24;-HriH
hf5, 5-5;
Unit.
Unlg.
3-6; ?f7, -7-7; -8-8; 9-9, -9-9; -11-11 ; y-y ; 17-84 ; clinodiagonal hemipyramids, ? 3-, f-i, J-i, -J-i ;
H; H; -fl; -V-l; -+i; H; 4-6; ?i20.
/A i-i=:138° 9' O A i=102 88
0 A 1' i-i A t-i=56 10
-1 A -1=119° 12' 1 A 1=107 88
Cleavage : / tolerably distinct ; O and i-i less so. Sarface / streaked longitudinally ; the faces mostly smooth and shining. Also imperfectly columnar and granular.
H.=2-5— 8. G.=5-9— 6-1. adamantine — vitreous. Color various shades of bright hyacinth-red. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent. Sectile.
Vux4 — Danber gives the following observed angleB for a large number of oryBtalB from Brad, Urals, and the Philippines (fier. Ak. Wien, zlH 17 1880) :
/(m) A /(m)
-I W A -1 (0
Braal
93'17'-98*43' 148 36-146 46 119 29—118 53
Urals.
93''22'-98*45' 148 4—146 61 119 20-118 66 138 14-138 9
97 44—97 35
Philippines.
93* 30-93" 57' 146 27-146 40 119 20-118 62
99 11-99
Prom his nnmeroos exact measurements he deduces for the angle (7, or the inclination of the
ppint made this angle 78'' 1'; Brooke & Miller, 56'; Haidinger obtained from one oystal 77* 10' ;
uds, in the BrasilUn, 77* 14' 28" ; the Uralian, 77* 31' 20" ; the Philippine, 77* 23' 27". Kupffer
Pi
and by dedaotions from other measurements of 4 crystals 77* 29'— 77* 57'.
Dauber gives figures of flfry-four different crystals. The Brazilian have usually the plane 4-i; and an extreme variety of this form is shown in f. 632. One form from the Philippines is the .ftindamencal octahedron 1, -1 ; another -1, or I, -1, In slender prisms ; while ouiers approach the Uralian in form.
Oomp.— b(;r=Oxyd of lead 68*9, chromic add 31*1=100. inalyaes: 1, P&ff (Miw. J, Bviil. 78); 8,.B€rBeUus (ib., xxiL 54):
1. Or 31-786 67*912=99*647 PfaS 1 81 '60 68*50= 100 BeneUos.
680 Oxyokn Oomfounds.
Yaaquefin diaonrered the metal chmmium in thia mineral in 1794 (L 1794 ItOS. and J. d IL, ii 787).
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tabe decrepitates, blackens, bnt reooYers itsorigiinal color on ooolmg B.6. (Vises at 1*5, and on charcoal is reduced to metallic lead with deflagration, leaving a residing of chrome-oxyd, and giving a lead coating. With salt of phosphorus gives an emerald-green bead in both flames. Fus with bisulphate of potash in the platinum spoon forms a daric violet maasi which on soUdifying becomes and when cold greenish-white, thus differing from vanadip nite, which on similar treatment gives a yellow mass (Plattner).
Obs.— First fotmd at Beresof in Siberia, in crTstals in quarts veins, or intersecting gneiss m granite also occurs at Mursinsk and near Nischne Tagihik in the Ural, m narrow vems, iraversug decomposed gneiss, and associated with gold, pyrite, galenite, quartz, and vauqueUnlte ; in Brazil, at Congonhaa do Campo, in fine crystals in decomposed granite; at Betzbanya in Hungary, at the mine of St Anthony ; Moldawa in Hungary ; on Luzon, one of the Philippines, when's crystals were received by the author in 1842, from £1 Senor Bozas of Manila, and understood to be from the northern peninsula of Luzon ; according to Dr. Hochstetter, at the mines of Labo in the Province of North Oamarines, on the southeastern peninsula of Luzon (Dauber).
This species was first noticed by Lehman (L a). The name OroooUe is finom aafinn. Berthier, in 1 832, gave the word the bad form Orocoiae, which von Kobell altered (to male it conformable to ordinary mineralogical nomenclature) in 1838, to OroeoiaUe, and Breiuiaupt, in 1841, to Orocoiie (Krokoit), and r. Kobell also to this last mentioned form in his later works. Haosmann's Oailochrome has the priority ; but as the name is a poorer one, not mineralogical in form, and the species was not one instituted by Hausmann, we allow OrocoiU to stand.
643. PHCBNIOOOHROITE. Melanochroit Hermann Pogg-> zzviil 162, 1883. PhoBniko> chroit Gtocker Grondr., 612, 1839. Subsesquichromate of Lead TluroL Phoanldt Eaid Handb., 604, 1846.
Orthorhombic ? Crystals usually tabular, and reticularly interwoven. Cleavage in one direction perfect. Also massive.
H.=3— 3'5. G.=5*75. Lustre resinous or adamantine, glimmering. Color between cochineal- and hyacinth-red ; becomes lemon-yellow on exposure. Streak brick-red. Subtranslucent — opaque.
Oomp.~b* Cr*=Chromic add 23*1, protozyd of lead 76*9=100. Analygis : Hermann (Pogg%
Chromic add 23*81 Protozyd of lead 76*69=100.
The same result was obtained by G. Rose (Jahrb. Min. 1839, 576).
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal Aises readily to a dark mass, which is crystalline when odd. In B.F. on charcoal gives a coating of oxyd of lead, with globules of lead and a residue of chromeozyd. Gives the reaction of chrome with fluxes.
Obs. — Occurs in limestone at Beresof in the Ural, with crocoite, vauquellnite, pyromorphite, and galenite.
Named MeHanoctvroiie by Hermann, from /<Xd(, Uack and color. But, as the color is red, and not black, and the name is therefore false to the spedes, Glocker changed it to Phatniaxhro' ite, from oiiro, dsep reet, and xf i this he is followed by Hausmann. The abbreviated form phcmteUe is bad, because it is too much like the name of another mineral, phenacUe,
644. VAUQUBUNITB. Vauqueline Ben AflL, vL 100, 1818. YauqueUnite Bnx, N. Syst
Min. Paris, 802, 1819. Ohromate of Lead and Copper.
Monoclinic. Crystals usually minute, irregularly aggregated. Twins :
annexed figure ; composition-face a plane on the acute solid angle : 0 A O {of the two individuals)
80' ; O A f4=U9° nearly. Also reniform or botryoidal, and granular; amorphous.
H.=2-6— 8. G.=5-6— 6*78. Lustre adamantine to resinous, often faint. Color green to browD, apple-green, siskin-green, olive-green, ocUre-brawn,
Anhydbous Sulphatbb, 0Hb0Hate8. 681
liver-brown ; sometimeB nearly black. Streak greenish or brownish. Fahitlj translucent — opaque. Fractnre uneven. Bather brittle.
Oomp.— Cu* 0r-h2 Or=(Oa, lb)" Or*=0xyd of lead oxyd of copper 109, chromic Aoid 27*7 100. AnalyBia by Bexvelius (L c.) :
Cr 28*88 60-87 Oa 10-80=100.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. on charcoal slightly intumesoes aod Aaaes to a gray aabmetallic globule, yieldiikg al the same time small globules of metaL With borax or salt of phosphorus affords a green transparent glass in the outer flame, which in the inner after cooling is red to black, according to the amount of mineral in the assay; the red color is more distinct with tin. Partly soluble is nitric add.
Obs.— Occurs with orocoite at Beresof in Siberia, generally in mammillated or amorphoui masses, or thin crusts ; also at Pont Oibaad in the Puy de Dome ; and with the crocoite of Brazil
At the lead mine near Sing Sing it has been found by Dr. Torrey in green and brownish-green mammillary concretions, and also nearly pulverulent ; and at the Pequa lead mine in Lancaster Oa, Pa., in minute crystals and radiated aggregations on quarts and galenite, of siskin- to apple* green color, with cerussite.
Named after Vauquelio, the discoverer of the metal chromium, and also the first one to notice the crystals of this species (J. d. M., Na YI. I 760).
John describes a greenish or brownish chromo-phoaphaU of lead and copper (chromphosphorkup* fbrbleispath) from Beresof, Siberia, as occurring in small crystalline concretions, having the surface oovered with capillary prisms; H.=2— 3; opaque to subtranslucent ; fhicture uneven; powder dull greenish. Analysis afforded (Jahrb. Min. 1846, 67) Or 45-0, l*b 19*0, Ou 11*20, F 410, Cr 7*50, manganese tr £[1*78, impurities 1 1*42. To a laige extent soluble in nitric or muriatic add. It is probably only an impure vauquellnite.
645. JossAiTE BniOL (B. H. 2tg., xvii 54, 1858). From Beresof, occurring in small orangeyellow cixstals with vauquellnite. Described as orthorhombiCt with / A 1 lo"* — 118°, and traces of prismatic cleavage; tlie lustre between vitreous and waxy; streak dull yellowish- white ; H.= 3t); Q.=5'2. According to Plsttner, it gives the reactions of chromic add and oxyds of lead andamc.
646. PBTTKOZTS. Fettkdt A. Jlstflmy Jahrb. Min. 1867, 457.
Isometric. Common form the cube ; also f. 6, and f. 6 with planes of the dodecahedron. Cleavage : none distinct.
H.=2*5. Lustre bright. Color pure black. Streak dirty greens} Fracture uneTen. Taste sweetish.
Oomp.— Anadd sulphate of iron; 0. ratio for jC'e : 9e : 5 : £[=1*6 : 18*5 : 27 : 1*5. Allowmg for some hydrated oxyd of iron as impurity (about 10*6 p. c., as 1*51 of water would require 9 1 of 9e for limonite), the formula may be #e) S*, with fe" : Fe=l : 7. Analysis: A. Panlinyi (I c):
Pyr., etc<— In a closed tube yields water. B 6. on charcoal yields a magnetic mass; with toda gives the sulphuric acid reaction. Wholly soluble in hot water, with a deposit of a floooukmt reddish-brown precipitate. Soluble in dilute muriatic acid.
Obs. — From Kremnitz, in a breccia, along with iron-vitriol (melanteriteX in crystals ftom the iie of peas to millets, and in grains. Named after Bergrath r. Pettko.
647. ALXTBOAN. BreO B. H. Ztg., xviL 53, 1868.
Bhombohedral t Crystals microscopic. Oleayage. traces. Also massive. H.=2— 3. G.=2-702— 2-781. Lustre of small crystals vitreous; of masses weak. Color white. Subtranslucent.
OZraEN OQHPOUNDB.
Odmp.— SlS' (?)=:Salphiirio add 60*9, alumina 89*1. Aocordlng to TTtenddzflbr'i detennliia dona (I aX oontains 37-8 p. a of alumina, with sulphuric add, and no water.
Pyr., eto. — B.B. unaltered ; only hygroacopio water given ofl; but at a high temperature ml phurio add, which may be detected by litmus paper. With cobalt solntioa a one blue.
Oba.— From mines m the Sierra Ahnagrera, southern Spain.
Htdeous Sulphates.
ABBANGEllENT OF THE 8PSQIE&
L Oxygen ratio for bases and add 1:3; the species coming under the eral formula ftS+i aq, fi5'+n aq, or aq.
1. Contain ammoninsi. Orthorhombic with /A /=100*108*.
650. Hasoaghitb KH*0S+£[
661. BOUSSmOAULTIXI (?) N 0, S, 1ft
60.|e.|(NaS;KH4).+Saq
2. sodium, without magnesium, oaldum, or iron.
3. Contain caldum or magnesium, with or without the alkalme metals ; less than 4 of fi to J
of S. Monodinio or orthorhombia
656. polthaliti
657. Mamanitb
668. FlOBOlOBm 659. BLOEDIXB
CaB + 2fi
AgS+fi
(iCa+|Ag-fi&)S+ifi
6e.|e,|(iK, + }6a+iMg)+iaq Se,|e.|(JK,-hi€a+| Mg)+iaq B e.|e,Ki Ka,+i Mg)+2 aq
4. Bases and water as Sn section 8. Crystals tetragonal
B 0,|e.Ki Na,+i Mg) + U aq
6. EPSOMTTE GBOUP. Contahi magnedum, iron, manganese, eta; 4-T of fi to 1 of B Orthorhombio; /A/=90'— 93'.
663. Faubsieti
&gB+7£[ fe B+7 fi
BOsietlFe+taq
BrBBOUB SULPHATES. 688
1 OOPPEBAS OBOITP. Basic eleoaents and water aa in Motion lionodinic; with /A Im 8a-92; ortridinia
dS4. MaLAKTBBiTB f*eS+7fi B + 7 aq
665. Se,|e,|(Fe,eu)+Taq
GosLABRB 2n9+7£[
667. BiKBBBin CoS+7fi
esa MoBENosiTB ]SriS+7£[ Be.|es|}H+7aq
669. CHALOANTHin OttS+Sfi
7. OYANOGHROITE GBOUP. Contain copper and potaaaiuuL
670. GTANOGHBOirB. (i jfil+i On) S + 3 fi B OtlOtKi K. + i ea)+i tq
B. Suhaiea ofEkmmis in ik$ Seaquioxyd tUOa, or 8e§quuKoyd and lYaUxafd,
8. ALUNOGEN GBOUP. 0. ratio for fi 3, fi=l : 3 : 0 to 1 : 8 : 18.
671. Aluxoosh £lS"+18£[
672. 9eS*+9fi
0. ALUM GBOUP. 0. ratio for fi, fi S. fi=l : t : 12 : 84; for bases, acid, and watei 1 3 : 6. Crystals isometria
10. VOLTAITE GBOUP. 0. ratio for fi, S not 1 : 8; for bases, add, and water, 1:3:4 Crystals isometria
6TB. YOLTAIM (Je* Fe) B+ 12 fl S e,|e.|(Fe, /Fe)+4 aq
11. HALOTBICHTTE GBOUP. 0. ratio for ft, S, 9, fi=l : 8 : 12 : 22; for bases, acid, and water, 1:3: 5|. CiystaUization ortliorhombic or monoclinic usnally fine fibrons or adoolar.
This group is related in ratio to the Alum groups it differing only In 22 instead of 24 of water. But the real difference may be much greater, and tlus is rather to be inferred from the unusual ratio for the water. If 2 of the 22 of water are basic, the 0. ratio for bases and add is then 1 : 2, and for bases, acid, and water, 1:2: 3. The formulas of the spedes below, based on this ratio, would have the general form £1) 5'+ 10 or, in the now system,
677. MiHDOzrra (iTa'-ff %)5'+16id Be.|e,|(iKa,+tAl)+Haq 678 Picnanirons Be,|e.|(iMg+ii9)+6iaq
679. Apjohnitb Be,|e,|(iMn+i/?Al) + Haq
681. HALormOBxn Be.|e,|(iFe+t/7Al)--6iaq
684 oxraxET oohfouhdb.
12. GROUP. 82. BasMSBiTK 6e,|e.|(iFe+i/i?Fe)+8aq
n. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of bases aud aoid 1 to less than 8 ; not ecu tainiug Copper or Uranium.
The copper and uranium hydrous sulphates are of unoertain formulas, and are therefore placed by themselves. There is also much uncertainty with regard to the trae formulas of the spedei here included, on account of the doubtful relations of the water.
1. 0. ratio for bases (no water included) and add 2 : 6, 2 : 8, 8 :
684. Radiokditb Fe* 9*+ 7i d S |9Fes + 2i aq 686. FiBBorBBBiTB Fo' S*+ 27 fi Bft 4- 27 aq
686. APAXBun 9o* 9*4-2 fi
2. 0. ratio for bases (no water indnded) and add 1 : 8.
687. BoTRTOGBH j*e*-f i 9e) S*+9 fi 5i /9Fe).+8 sq
8. 0. ratio of bases (water add 1 : to 1 : 1; bat if some water be made basio 1 : 1 for all, as in the fonnulas below.
688. ALUmNlTB Sl9+9fi
689. Aluiotb (i(&,]'+t%)9+£[
690. L6W10Itb
691. JABoem + ltd
692. OABPROfliDBsrn 6iOe|(iH,+}/9Fe)+2aq
The spedes Oopicfntot BaimondiUe, FSbrtfenrUe Boiryoffen, may be here induded, if part of the water is basia
4 0. ratio of bases and add 1 to less than I.
694. Pi880FHA2nn ?(£l,Fe)*9+16£[
695. FELBOBAHTrrs £1*3+10 fi
696. Glookbritb 9e*S+6fi
ni. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of bases and acid 1 to less than 8. Containing Copper, Lead, or XJraniuni.
By making part of the bases acoessoiy hydrates, instead of basic to Ihe add, the may be yaried ad libitum. Only one of the possible forms is here giTon.
1. Containing leal or copper.
too. LiKABm 9+Cud
702. Lanoitb dQ9-f
7 03. OrAironaoinTH Ou 9 + (du* $1) d*H- 12 fi
ose
t. flnlphatei of UraniuiB.
1. Oniauiphatea,
T06. JoHANjrini
706. XJBANOOHALOm ({(tl*, 9) + i Oa") 9 + i Ou 3 + 9 ift
707. Mnxnom (7)(i8+iCAS+7ifi
6a + KF, /?F)),+Q 9 af + 7iaq
2. Subauiphalea,
(F,iJF).e,|e. |S+2aq
Iv. Tellurates.
BiTe+Sfi
Appendix. — SsLiv ATM ?
660. MASOAGNITJU. Muooffni, Bei Lagoni, eta, in Siena, 1779. Sei ammoniac vitrioUqiM, Sel ammoniac secret de Glauber (Ar. Solfatara near Kaples), Sage Min., I 62, 1777. Ammoniaqut snlfatee F, Sulphate of Ammonia. Maakagnin KanL, Tab., 40, 76, 180a
1 : 1*3680. Cleavage : i4 perfect ; O imperfect.
0 A t.trrlSO 84'
OAfl=125 34
i-S A H bas.,c=68 62' |4Afi=118 62
i-i A i-2=lll° 15' J A J, over /,=87 26
Usually in mealy and stalactitic forms.
H.=2— 2*6. G.=1'72— 1*73. Lustre when crystallized, vitreous. Color yellowish-gray, lemon-yellow. Translucent. Taste pungent. and bitter.
Oomp.— K H*OS+fi=Snlphuric add 63-3, ammonia 34'7, water 12*0=100.
Pyr., etc — In the dosed tube yields water and is sublimed ; with lime gires off ammonia ▼aponi. Dissolves readily in water, and gives with baryta salts a predpitate insoluble in adds.
Obs. — Oocurs about Toloanoea, in the fissures of the lava, as at Btna, YesuTius, and the lapari Ides, and is also one of the products of the oombustion of mineral ooaL
Named after Professor MascagnL
651. BGUSSIKaAULTITE. R Bechi, 0. R, Iriii. 688, 1864.
A sulphate of ammonia with part of this alkali replaced by magnesia. Oiystala resemblA thoM of but isomorphism with that spedeshas not yet been established. Gooars about the boris add fumaroles of Tuscany.
662. ZiBOONTITB. W. J, Ibyldr, Am. J. Sd n. zxtL 278, 1868.
Orthorhombic. In prismatic crystals, long or short. /A /(calc. firom
Oztoen
=12r 30'-128 or over a, 52-62 80', Dana.
H.=2— 2*5. Lustre vitreouB. Colorless, when pure, and transparent Taste saline and rather bitter. Permanent in the air.
Oomp.— &5+2 fi or((]Sra, &),NH0) 3+2 & AnalysiB by Taylor Q. a):
s
12*94
JTa
With 2*80 organio residue, O'l 1 iDorganio id., and P trad,
Pyr., etc. — Only partially sublimed in the closed tube, but otherwise reacts like mascagmte.
Obs. — From the caye of Las Piedras, near Gomayagua, Central Amerioa, imbedded in a Uftok mass made ap of the excrement of bats. The crystals often have a coating of organic matter. The cave is worked for the nitre, which the earth of the floor near its mouth by liziTia> tion.
Named after Dr. John L, Le Oonte.
An artificial salt of similar general formnla, bat having ammonia and potash as Its bases, ii well known (amelin's Oh., iiL 119).
663. BflTRABTTITE. Glauber Salt Sal mirabile Glauber (the artificial salt at the time of its first formation). Naturliches Wundersalz, Glaubersalz, (Term. Glauber Salt Sulphate of Soda. Sonde sulfot iV. Mirabitite ffaid., Handb., 488, 1846.
Gediegen Glaubersals (fr. Saidschitz and Sedlitz) Reuu, Crell's Ann., 1791, 18;=Nata Uches Bittersals pt i;ena Min., L 489, 1794;=Beus8in KanL, Tab., 40, 1800.
Monoclinic. C7=72'' 15', /A 7=86° 31, 0 A l-i 19' ; a:h: c=l-1089 : 1 : 0-8962. Observed planes as in the annexed figure.
OAi-i=107°4:5' 0 A i-i=147 84 OAl-t=122 5 (?A-4-i=155 41 0 A 2-1=113 0
1 A 1, front,=93 12' -1 A -1, front, =110 42 i-iA 1-1=130 10 i.iAff=104 41
Cleavage : 14 perfect. Usually in efflorescent crusts.
H.=l-5— 2. G.=l-481. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent — opaque. Taste cool, then feebly saline and bitter.
Oomp-— ]SraS + 10tt=8oda 19-3, sulphuric acid 24*8, water 66-9=100. Analyses: 1, Riot (Ann. d. M., Y. vL 668); 2, Hoissenet (ib., xviL 16): 3, How (Bd. N. Phil J., II. yi 64):
1. Guipuseoa, Spahi 3 24*8 JTa 19*6 fig 0*6
2. St Rambert, France 26*0 20*0 0-7
3. Wmdsor, N. Scotia 44-64
Oa 0-3 ft 64-5 Bivot H Gl r. 68-3 Moisseoet 66-46 How.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube much water; gtyes an intense yellow to the flame. Very soluble in water; the solution gives with baryta salts the reaction for sulfuric add. Alls to powder on exposure to the air, and becomes anhydrous.
Obs.— Occurs at Ischl and Hallstadt in Austria; also in Hunnry Switzerland, Italy; at duipuzcoa in Spain, eta; abundantly at the hot springs at Oarlabad; at Kailua, on Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, abundant in a cayem, and forming (tom the action of rolcanic heat and gases on salt water. Eflaoresces with other salts on the limestone below the Genesee Falls, fiochester N. Y.; at Windsor, Nova Scotia; also near the Sweetwater Biyer, Booky Mountains.
The artificial salt was discoTcred by Glauber, a German diemist about the middle of tfas
Htdrottb 8Ulphatx8.
Mrenteentb oentoiy, while he was operating with solphoric ad 1 and ooxntion salt; and che nama Ml mirabUe was hia own ezpreaalon of surprise at its formation.
Talcing the plane l-< aa 2-i, the axes are nearly those of pyroxene, becoming a:h: c=0*55445 : 1 : 0*8962.
The so-called Reussin is impure glauber salt, as pronounced by Beuss in 1Y91, after his early study of it. It occurred as a deposit of crystals and efflorescent crusts in or about the roiDeral springs of Saidschitz and Sedlitz, and according to Beuss was most abundant near the end of the spring. The crystals (some of which were to 2 iu. long) had the form of stout rt-sided prisms with two sides smaller than the others, terminating in two rhomboidal planes — the form of glauber salt. It is stated to have become a white powder on the expulsion by heat of the crys* tallization-water. The analjrsis was made first on a solution of the salt, and afterward on the effloresced st, which contained as a result of efflorescence (the usual result) no water ; and hence the amount of water was not ascertained. Orystals reproduced the solution lost more than half their weight when heated to redness ; corresponding with the fact that both glauber salt and epsomite contain more than 60 p. a of water. The analysis afforded Beuss ifa § 66*04, lilg 3 81*56, Mg CI 2*19, Ca 3 0*42 ; which, adding the water and excluding the Mg CI, corresponds to 68*0 of glauber salt, 31*7 of epeomite, and 0*8 of gypsum 100.
EZANTHALOSB Beud. (Tr., ii 476, 1832) is a white efflorescence, sudi as results the expc tare to the air of glaaber salt Beudant obtained the composition ffa 5 + 2 £[ from the analyses
2. Hildesheim
5 44*8 fTa 86*0 fi 20*2 42*6 38*4 18*8
The Yesunan mineral was from the lams of 1813, according to Beudant It was named troa irfrOiw, to effloreace, and &A(, aali,
664. OTPSUBff. [=mostly bwrTU Cfypsum] BsrodatuSf Plaio Thnophrasius. Dio90oride8 y. 162, 169. Lapis specularis (principal partX Gypsum (=bumt gypsum only), Plin. Lapis specularis. Gypsum, Otrm, Gips and Fraueneis, lUU. Lumen de Scaiola [Scagllola], Agricola Foss., 251, Interpr., 466, 1646. Glades Manse, Marienglas [=Selenite], Gips, Gypsum, AJabastrum (fine grained G.), Selenites (cryst G), WalL Min.. 60, 1747. Manner ftigax Linn Byst, 1736. Gypsum, Terra calcarea acido yitrioli saturata, Alabaster, Selenites, OronBL Min., 18, 1768. Gips, Gyps, Fraueneis, Wem, Gesso Ital Yeso Span. Sulphate of Ume, Alabaster, Plaster Stone. Chaux aulfat Albdtre, Fr. Satin Spar. Montmartrite DcUumOl Le9ons, iL 380, 1812. Perhaps in part ' Theophr Plin,
Monoclinic. 0=66° 14', if the vertical prism / (see f. 537) correspond to the cleavage prism (second cleavage), ana the basal plane 0 to the direc*
don of the third cleavage. /A /rrlSS** 28', 14 A U=128 8V: a:h:c sO-9 : 1 : 2-4185. Obirved planes : 0 (tmncates the edge 2-1 24) {a) ;
vertical, iA (8), i4 /(n), i-i (a?), i-t (s) ; clinodomes, 2-i (m, or/*), 34, octahedral, 1 (Z), 2 (t>), 8 (w), 3-3 (w), 3-i (y, or
(9 A l-i=127 44 A 24=145 41 1-t A i.i=113 30
0 A 8-t=87 58 f? A 44=126 12 t4 A 7=110 46
0 A 1=125 35 1 A 1=143 42 a A 1=108 9
0 A 7=67 52 24 A 24=111 42 A 24=124 19 0 A 2=98 46
Cleavage : (1) -L or clinodiajzonal, eminent, aJSbrding easily Bmooth pel* ished folia ; (2) 7, imperfect, nbrons, and often apparent in internal rifts or linings, making vith 0 (or the edge 2-1/24) the angles 66° 14' and 46', corresponding to the obliquity of the fimdamental prism ; (3) (?, or the base, imperfect, but affording a nearly smooth surface. Twins : 1. Composition-face 0 (f. 538), occurrinff (A) in the form repre- 689 sented in f. 535, having then the reentering angle 104®
32', and the cross-lium of the second cleavage (or that parallel to 7) in the directions (w, vg, meeting in the angle 28', or twice 66° 14''; also occurring (B) in a form made up of planes 24 and 7 (instead of 2-i, 1), and having a reentering angle of 132° 28', at the opposite end of the crvstal, tlio cleavage lines being parallel to the sides ojf the reentering angle. 2. Composition-face 1-i, or edge 1/1 (=i/ ?), reentering angle made between edge 7/7 (=n/n.J of each part=123°, or double the of 1-t on edge 7// (which equals 61° 30') ; twins of tliis second kind often lenticular ; also like f. 539 (compare with f. 537) the reentering edges made of the planes 7 (n), and the outer convex edges either oi planes 1 {t) and S4 (e) blended together, and meeting at extremity in an angle of 25°, or of planes 1 and 2-, and having tlie angle at extremity 55 ; the interior cleavage lines parallel to 7, havmg the directions cvy ty, mating the axis at 61J , or one another in the angle 123°. Simple crystals often with warped as well as curved surfaces. Also foliated massive; lamellar-stellate ; often £granular massive ; and sometimes nearly impalpable. H.=l-5— 2. G.=2"314— 2-328, when pure crystals. Lustre of iA pearly and shining, other faces subvitreous. Massive varieties often glistening, sometimes dull earthy. Color usually white; sometimes grar, flesh red, honey-yellow, ochre-yellow, blue ; impure varieties often blacK, brown, red, or reddish-brown. Streak white. Transparent— opaque.
Var. — 1. OrffstaUitdd, or SdaiiUe; either in distinot crystalfl, or in broad folia, the fbUa aotofi' times a yard across and transparent throughout
(b) An arenaceous variety occurs in Sussex, N. Brunswick, the crystals containing mudi saoc which is often regularly arranged within them (C. 0. Marsh).
2. Fibrous; coarse or fine, (a) SaUn apa/r, when flne-flbrous a variety which has the pearly opalescence of moonstooe ; (6) yfefmafle, when radiately arranged.
8. Massive; Alabaster, a flne-grained variety, either white or delicately shaded; $eairmm jor; earthy or roch-gypsum, a dull-colored rock, often impure with day or carbonate of luno, aod lometimes with anhydrite. The MofUmarIre gypsum oontains carbonate of lime, and Delam
Htdbous Sitlfhatbb.
cherie oalled it Manimaririk, A variety flrom Bovenden, near Qdttingen, oontaini anhydrit (JahrK Min. 1856, 664).
Oomp.-H0a 3+2 add 466, lime 32*6, water 20 9=100. Analyses : 1, Bucholf (Gehlen J., y. 169) ; 2, ▼. Bose (Karst Min. Tab., 63, 1808); 3, De la Trobe (Ramm. 4th SuppL, 89); 4, 6, Jilngst (Za nat Yer. Halle, vuL 482); 6, 7, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., xz. 267):
Ca
A
Si
£1 9e
21*0
— =98-8 Bucholz.
44*16
38*88
—
=9904 Rose.
3. AXhaj, Jibrofu
44*19
29*41
20*18
6*48
0-64 =100*86 Trobe.
4. Wienrode, oompod
19*90
2*80
6. Osterode,
82*62
0-60 =100*19 Jiingst
46*61
—99*94 Hampe.
T. " red
46*50
21*66
—
0*46 —100*80 Hampe.
The siUceous variety from Albay, Luzon (Philippine islands) was of volcanic origin.
The gypsum of East Biver, Pictou, Nova Scotia, according to Prof. W. R. Johnson, and that of Southern Vliginia, according to Prof. W. B. Rogers (Am. J. Sd., II. v. 1 13, 1848 contain 1 atom of water to 2 of sulphate of lime (2 Ca 5+ the former affording 3 54-7, lime 39-4, £[ 0*90. The
assage of anhydrite into gypsum is exemplified on a large se in many places, as at the maria valley and at Box in Switzerland (Blum. Pseud., p. 24 ; Am. J. Sci., xlvilL 69). and the compound here described may have been formed in the course of the transition ; or, more probably, it is a mixture of gypsum and anhydrite. This compound is formed artificially only at a high temperature, or above 120" 01 The incrustations in steam-boUers on the ocean consist largely of it, as shown by J. F. W. Johnston, and later by R W. Johnson, who gave for the composition of one (Am. J. Set, II. v. 112, 1848X having G.=2'69, and a fibrous structure, Sulphuric acid 54-26, lime 39-67. water 607, equivalent to 2 of Ca 3 to 1 of £L T. L. Phipson found in one (Inventor's Institute, Dec, 1867) Sulphate of lime 65*0, magnesia 19*0, water 13*5, Fe, £l 0'85, Ka Gl 0*70, sand 0*45=99*50; corresponding to 1 of da 3+ and 1 of Mg £[ (brucite).
P3n:-i etc.~In the dosed tube gives off water and becomes opaque. Fuses at 2*5—3, coloring the flame reddish-yellow. For other reactions, see AKHiTDBrrB, p. 621. Ignited at a temperature not exceeding 260'' 0., it again combines with water when moistened, and becomes firmly solid. Soluble in muriatic add, and also in 400 to 500 parts of water.
Obs. — Gypsum often forms extensive beds in connection with various stratified rocks, especially limestones, and marlytes or day beds. It occurs occasionally in crystalline rods. It is also a product of volcanoes, occurring about fumaroles, or where sulphur gases are escaping, being formed from the sulphuric add generated, and the lime afforded by the decomposing lavas — lime being contained in augite and labradorite. It is also produced by the decomposition of pyrite when lime is present; and often about sulphur springs where sulphuretted hydrogen is emitted, this gas dianging, through reaction with vegetable matter, into sulphuric add. Gypsum is clao deposited on the evaporation of sea-water and brines, in which it exists in solution. Crystala may be seen to form on evaporating a drop of sea-water in the field of a microscope.
Fine specimens are found in the salt mines of Bex in Switzerland ; at Hall in the Tyrol ; in the sulphur mines of Sidly; in the gsrpeum formation near Oana in Spain; in the day of hoover Hill, near Oxford; and large lenticular crystals have been met with at Montmartre, near Pari& A noted locality of alabaster occurs at Oastelino, 35 m. from Leghorn, whence it is taken to Florence for the manufacture of vases, figures, eta
This spedes occurs in extensive beds in several of the Uuited States, and more particularly N. York, Ohio, Illinois, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and is usually associated with salt springs. Also in Nova Sootia> Peru, eta
Handsome selenite and snowy gypsum occur in Ni Tork near Lodcport (occasionally L 532) in limestone along with pearl spar and anhydrite: also near Oamillua, Onondaga Co.; occasionally crystals are met with in the vicinity of Manlius. In MarykLrtd large grouped crjrstals on the St Mary's, in day; also near the month of the Patuxent In tiring'a, large beds of gypsum with rook salt, in Washington Co., 18 m. firom Abingdon ; also near Lynchburg. In Ohio, large transparent crystals have been found at Poland and Caufield, Trumbull Co. In Tenn selenite and alabaster in Davidson Co. In Kentwky, in Mammoth Gave, it has the forma of rosettes, or flowers, vines, and shrubbeiy. Abundant also W. of the Mississippi in many places, and in California.
In N, Scotia, in Sussex, King's Co., on Capt McCread/s farm, large single and grouped crystals, which mostly contain much symmetrically disseminated sand.
Plaster of Paris (or gypsum which has been heated and ground up) is used for making nxmlda liking casts of statues, medals, eta ; for producing a hard finish on walls ; also in the mana&ctm of artificial marble, as the stagliola tables of Leghorn, and in the glaring of porcelain.
The flbroiu variety, whea out en oabeehon and poliahed, resemUes oat'sye.
640 Oxygen Ooicfocnds.
QTpsum is related in form to henlamfite a fact Iz oat in the Tiew above taken of t wfyallization (Am. J. Sci, XL xfril 85> To the table of obaeryed planea the lettering of Biodka and Miller for the planea is added. Plane loft 537 would be aitnated on t 536, between 3-i and 3-i below, or the back and 3-t aboTeu Kenngoit obtained from an Engiiah aysta] 2-4 A lir U' (Ber. Ak. Wien, zL).
Beoent articles on ci78tL,R&lCMin 636; Qnenstedt, ICn, 1856, 1863 ; Bofirenoj, Mln , ISd; fiesaenbeig, Min. Not, Ko. ii. iy. There seems to be good reason for accepting as the trut fundamental form that abore adopted, since the planes of the fundamental prism I, and O, correspond in this caae to dizectiona of dearage. Most authors make 2-t the prism I, and 2-t (of rare xcunenoe) the plane 0, The STmbols, on this basis, with the lettering of Miller, are as foUow CbUowing the abore order (Hessenberg Min. Hot, Na iy.): tn (a); i4 (P\ 1-t (<X 1 (fX (aX
8tedtXi-t()ft(/9ofHessenberg); or ft of Neomann) ; of HeBseoberg).
Named from the Greek for the mineral, but more espedalljr for the ecUdned minei.. The derivation ordinarily suggested, from y4, mrA, and idtt, to eook, oonespoods with this, the roost common use of the word among the Greeks. Theophrastos, after mentioning localities, speaks of the making of gypsum by bumiog the proper stones (among which alabaster is included) ; of making plaster or cement from it by powdering it, pouring on water, and starring it with wooden instruments, there being too much heat for the hand; " of the necessity of preparing it " immediately before the use of it, because it soon dries and becomes hard ; " of its yalue for whitening the waJHa of houses, end of its being an excellent material for making images and ornaments.
The word yStf/ot in Plato and Herodotus has been sometimes translated chalk, but not so in the latest and best Lexicon — ihe recent edition of Stephanus. The sentences in Herodotus containing it, and the yerb yvw derived from it meaning to cover or whUen wUh gypeum, are most intelligible if cakaned gypsum, or preparations it, are understood.
Powdered chalk is not likely to haye been used for a whitewash ; and a wash is implied instead of dry chalking. Moreoyer, tree chalk was probably unknown to the Greeks, it being a production of more western countries; and, according to Pliny, eyen the Romans induded under their term Oreta (Latin for chaXk) prindpally days, and prominently the *'Cimolian earth" (Cimolite, p. 457 true chalk being what Pliny calls the inferior kind." Theophrastos speaks of a Tymptoui gypmim (so called by the people of Tmphfla) which was a fuller's earth of some kind. The word yfs is, therefore, much more Ukely to haye been applied at times to white days than to true dialk. The andents were acquainted with lime firom the burning of limestone, and could not haye called this yfn. Platens expression, Tr U oiny Atr4 if knK6rtaM, Whiter than gypsum or snow," is not improyed by supposing it dialk; for there is nothing whiter than calcined gypsum, or the ceilings or ornaments made from it
jSelenifef (=moon*stone) of Diosoorides, which he says was also oaDed afhraadenon (moon-frothX because it was found at nht while the moon was on the increase,'* was probably crystalliBed gypsum or modem selenite. His description rodic kranaportfntf Ught), is good as far as it goes ; and the uses of the stone which he mentions also agree better with this view than with that of its being either the modern mo&stone or to which it has been referred. The name is from traov, moon, and alludes probably to the peculiar moon*l£ke white reflections. Some aggregated crystallisBd masses might well haye suggested the name apknmtenon. It is doubtful what Pliny hnd in yiew under the name aetenUu (xxxyiL 67): it is probable, fhn his breyity on the subject, that he did not know the mineral.
Lapie apecularis (Specular-stone) of Pliny was moetiy crystallised gypsum (the rest being mica) , he speaks of it (xxxyL 59) as affording by burning the beet of gypsum.
WXaffaarfiriif (or alabaster-stonc, meentng the stone out of which ointment cases of the kind called alalHutra were made) was with Theophrastos and Pliny mainly if not wholly stalagmite, which is now often called oriental alabaster (see under CALorrB) ; and Thebes in Egypt was a famous locality. Sudi cases were made of other materials, and it is possible that gypsum-alabaster was one : for when polished it often resembles some douded stalagmites. This opinion is favored — though not placed beyond question — by the statement in Theophrastus, which Pliny reiterates, that the gypsum-stone is ''yery similar not unlike" (meaning in the rough state, of course) alabastriles, which resemblance is not obvious if stalagmite is the only alabastrites. The alabaS' tritis of Pliny, from Syria, said to be white spotted with yarious tints, may be of this kind, as Syria was noted for its gypsum-stone according to Theophrastus and Pliny.
It is not dear that Pliny is here independent authority. He appears to be doing fVom Ibeophrastufl in the most of what he says aboot gypsum ; and hi one or two cases he dtes blunderingly. He says, for instance, that plaster after hardening may by pounding be powdered ffor nse again] ; whereas Theophrastus states more correctly that " by hurting it may again and agaiL be made fit for use."
Htdboub Sulphates.
'AXSffaarpop (tlabastroii) ooonn as the name of alabaster-stone In the writings of the histo* rian Heronus about two centuries after Christ, but without description. The tUabasifwn of Pliny, something white and called also, as he says, stiminif sUbi, and larbana and coming silTsr mines, cannot be alabaster. There is here probably some mistake on the part of Plmy,
fiumt gypsum is called because the Montmartre gypsum quarries, near Pariis are, and haye long been, famous for affording it
Alt.~Gypsum occurs altered to oalclte, malachite, quartSi
S
ttg
L StassfVirt
2. "
8. "
28*61
4 "
28*78
6. "
666. KIB8IIBITB. Kieserit Beiehardt Salsbergwerk Stassfiirt, 1860; B. H. Ztg., xx. 39, 1861. Martinsite Ketmfftttt, Ueb., 1866-67, 22; Banm Fogg., xovilL 262, 1866 (not ICartinsitf Konten, 1846).
Orthorhombic. Massive ; fine granular or compact. H.=2'5. G.=2-617, Bischof. Color white, grayish-white, to yellowish. Translucent to opaque. Friable to firm. Little soluble.
Oomp.— lifg5+fi=:Sulphuric add 680, magnesia 29*0, water 13*0=: 100. Analyses: 1, Bammelsberg (Pogg., xcyiil '262) ; 2-4, Siewert k Leopold (Jahresb 1860, 788) ; 6, Hetchardt (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 343):
13*47 =100*96 Siewert [12*49]=100 Siewert
14*13=?100'69 Leopold.
14-80, 01 2-18, insoL 0*39=9914 Beichardt
fieichardt in his earliest analyses obtained (1. a) 9 48*06, 3g 21*66, fi 84*66, which corresponds to MgS+S AnaL 2, 3, are of an opalescent, translucent, and friable variety, and 4 of a darker yellow, opaque, and much harder kind.
P3n:-) etc. — Li the dosed tube yields water. B.B. fVises easily, and with soda on charcoal gives the sulphuric add reaction. But little altered at 100 0. Dissolves in nitric add, leaving a small residue of Impurities. Soluble slowly in water, but completely, 100 of water taking up 40*9 parts ; a residue is deposited of microscopic crystals of anhydrite, or of stassfVirtite.
Obi. — From the salt mine of Stassfurt, often mixed with carnallite and gypsum. F. Bisdiof . divides the StassfUrt salt beds vertically (Ann. Gh. Phys , IV. v. 806, and B. H. Ztg., zxiv. 1866) Into 4 regions, corresponding, he observes, to the natural order of origin from an evaporating saline: 1, or lower, the anhydriie region; 2, the polyhatUe; 3, the kieaerUe; and 4, the camaUite. The kieserite is in beds, 9 to 12 in. thick, alternating with common salt The whole deposit is about 190 feet thick, and has the following as its mean percentage oomposition : Common salt 66, kieserite 17, camaUite 13, chlorid of maguesium (hydrated) 3, anhydrite 2=100.
Named after Mr. Kieser, President of the Academy of Jena. For the martinaUe of Earsten, ee under Hauti pw Hi.
666. POLTHAZiTFB. Fdyhalites StronL, Gonunent Soa B. Getting., It. 189. Fdyhalil
iSKrtwk, Unters., L 444, 1821.
Orthorhombic t Clinohedralt Descl. A prism of 115, with acute edffes truncated. Usually in compact fibrous masses.
fi.=2-5— 3. G.=2-7689. Lustre resinous or sliditly pearly. Streak red. flesh- or brick-red, sometimes yellowish. Translucent— opaque. Taste bitter and astringent, but very weaK.
Oomp.— ftS+ilS, in which lk=&, lifg, Ca in the ratio 1:1: 2=Sulphate of lime 46*2, suL magnesia 19*9, auL potash 28-9, water 6*0=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Unters., I 144); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg IzvilL 612),* 8, Dexter (Pogg., xdiL 1); Behnke (ib.); 6, 0. A. Joy (Inaug. Dissert, 49, Pogg.,ZGiiL 1); 6, 7, v.Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, zi386): 8, G. Jenzsch (Pogg., Z0Tiin6); 10,Bis6hof (Ann. Gh. Phys., lY. t. 812); 11, Seiohaidt (Jahrb. lOn 1866L 846):
Oztosh Oohfouiisb.
OaS
&3
Nad
9e
0*34
oil
3. "
18-97 0-61
28*39
4. HAllein, mi 42*29
18-27 2-60
1*38
42*78
19-06 0-76
28*11
1-76 t*eS0-86
a HallRtatt
66*41
0*28
8. Yio, red
1978 1-69
9. " (fray
19*08
0*44
e-69
10. Stassfort
42*64
3*49
11. "
26*22
6-96=98-94 Strom.
6*24=99*80 Ramm.
6-02, SiH82, Ago 49=100*97 Dext
6-10, Si 0-27, PeS 1-35=99-35 Behnke
6-41=99*21 Joy.
5-68=100 7. Haner.
6-05=1<>0-62 y. Haaer.
616, Si 0-11, £l 0-39, Mg 002=
99 38 Jenzsdi 7-40=100 Dexter. 6-75=99-64 Biachof. 7 47, Mg 01 0-58=98-27 Beichardt
From analysis 9, 6-23 p. a of daj have been removed, and part of the 7*40 p. a of water belongs with it
Berthier's analyses of the Vio pdyhalite (Ann. d. IL, x. 260) were incorrect. The loa Gmunden (anal 6) shoold be either lechl or Aussee, according to Rammelflberg, who says the muieral does Dot occur near Gmnnden (Min. Ch , 283, 1862). Joy says in a letter to the thor dated Oct, 1865, that it was brought to G. Boae's laboratory so labelled.
P3n., etc. — In the closed tube gives water. B B. Aises at 1*5, colors the flame yellow. On chaxoal fuses to a reddish globule, which in B.F becomes white, and on cooling has a saline hepatic taste; with soda lUce glauberite. With fluor does not give a dear Iwad. Partially soluble in water, leaving a residue of sulphate of lime, which dissolves in a large amount of water.
Obs. — Occurs at the mines of Ischl, Ebensee, Aussee, Hallstatt, and Hallein in Austria, with common salt, gypsum, and anhydrite ; at Berchtesgaden in Bavaria ; at Vie in Lorraine.
The name Polyhalite is derived from iruA, y/iony, and SXf, aalt in allusion to the number of salts in the constitution of the mineral
For remarks on the position of the polyhalite at Stassftirt see KmiRiTS, p. 641.
657. ICAMANm A, 6oe6e{ jBnll Aa St Petersb., ix. 16, 1866). Like polyhalite in aspect and characters, but has the &, Mg, Ca in the ratio 1:2:3. Oolor white ; lustre silky ; structure foliated fibrous. In nodules as largo aa the fiat, at the salt mine of Maman in Persia, with carnaUite, and also investing or intersecting nodules of camallito.
668. PIOROBOXIRITB. Picromeride SoacduL Mem. Incend. Yesuv. 1866, 191.. Pikromerit SamnL, Min. Ch., 281, 1860. Kainit Zincken, B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 79, 1866. Sohdnit E. Beiehardt, Jahrb. Min. 1866, 602, 1866, 840.
116° 41'. In crvBtals and crystalline crusts. H.=2'6. Color white.
Oomp. &9 + Ag3 + 6 Iff, or (i+i 8 fi=: Sulphuric add 89*8, magnesia 9-9, potMk 23-6, water 100. Analyses : BL Beichardt (L o.) :
Ag
a
ft
a
1. Stasaftirt
[26-29]
0-81=100.
2. "
89*74
0'28=100-67.
Beichardt's analyses were made on his acAontte, a salt obtained by him by separating of magnesinm in what is called kainite by means of alcohol
Pyr., etc.— Loses 11 p. a water at 100° 0., and all the rest by heating to 183' C, Bchardt Accwding to Graham, the artificial salt loses its water wholly at 132".
Obs. — Found at Yesuvhis among the salta produced at the eruption in 1865, in crystals akmg with crystals of cyanochroite, an isomorphons species in which copper replaces the magnesia. Also occurs at the Stassfurt salt mine, along with kieeerite and carnallito. It is often mixed, at Stass(\irt, with chlorids and other salts. Alcohol dissolves out ohlorid of magnesium.
KainiUe of Ziucken, the same locality at Stassfurt, Is nothing but the impure piaromerita just alluded to, as shown by Beichardt It has been analyzed by Qraf (B. H. Ztg xziv. 288) E. and H. Beichardt, Hoeseus, and Theile (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 387); Philip (Z& G., zviL 649): and the chlorine in the results varies from 14*5 to 36*7 p. c. Nearly all the chkrine is lemofM
Hybbou6 Sulphateb. 643
aa dilorid of magnMitim on trrattng the mineral with alcohol. Forma grannlar iiAwea which vmry in color from colorleaa to graTiah, yellowiah, and reddiah, and has G.=:'2*131'-2'147, but TarjiDg to 2*1 84. It aometimea containa also common salt Named ptcromeriU in aUuaion to tht magneeia present; and Kainite (properly CamUe) from rairtff, recent,
669. BLCSDITB. BlcBdit John, Unters., 1811. Astrakanit O. iSoM Beia. Ural, IL 270, 271,
In imperfect ciyBtalB. Also massive.
Color whitish, orange, reddish. Translucent. Very solablo.
Yar. — The original hUadite from lacfal, analyzed bj John, waa masaive, somewhat fibrous, fleshred to brick-red in color, and splintery in fracture. The aatrakanUe from near Astrakan, was in whitish crystals.
Oomp.— ft3+2fi, with of soda 42-6, snlte of magnesia 35*9, water UK). Analyses: 1, John (La); 2, y. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 605, 1856); 8, Gobel (Rose's Beia. Ural, L a); 4, Hayes (Proa N. H. Bost, y. 391):
aS AgS Nad MgQ ft
2. armiffe 41*02 86*36 0*60 21*50=99*88 Hauer.
3. Astrakan 41*73 35 81 0*34 21*95=99*88*
4. Mendoaa 45'74 33*31 1*16 19*60, aand, etc. 0*19=100 Hayea.
5. '' 45*82 33*19 1*79 18*84, sand, etc. 0*36=100 Hayes.
1*75 day and send ronoTed.
Another aample alTorded Hayea JTaS 48-00, lifgS 84*20, 1-21, fi 16*42, Si, etc. lOP. Dried at 90" F. the water was reduced to 15*20 p. a The less amount of water in Hayes's analyses than In the others may haye been due to the degree of drsring.
Pyr., etc — Heated loses water rapidly; at a red heat Aises quietly to a transparent globule, which is white on cooling. Somewhat deliquescent in a moderately moist atmosphere.
Obs.— From the salt mines of Ischl; the salt lakes near Astrakan, east of the mouth of the Volga (anaL 3); tb soil of the oonntiy near Mendosa, between San Luis de la Punta and the foot of the Andes, especially east of San Juan, occurring in imperfect crystals at the junction of two layers of common salt, one to two feet below the surface.
Named after the chemist and mineralogist Blode.
660. ZtfCBWUlTAI. L5weit JSToid; Abh. Ces. Wiss. Prag, Y. iy. 1846; iTaid, Ber. Fr. Nat,
iL 266, 1847.
Tetragonal. Massive. Cleavage octahedrons have approximately the angles 111° 44' and 105° ving for the vertical axis the value 1'304. Cleavage : basal, distinct ; /, imperfect ; 1, or the octahedral, in traces.
H.=2'5— 3*0. G.=2'376. Lustre vitreous. Color yellowish-white to honey-yellow, also reddish. Fracture conchoidal, with the aspect somewhat of fire-opal. Taste weak. Optically uniaxial ; refraction positive, for the ordinary ray 1*491, extraord. 1-494.
Oomp.— ftS-hUfi, with ft=iftg+ifra=:Snlphate of soda 46-3, sulphate of magnesia 89*1, water 14*7. Analyses: I, Karaflat (1. c.); 2, y. Haoer (Jahrb. G. Betoha., 1866, 606):
JTa fi
18-97 14*46, 9e, Si 0-66=99*2] Karaflat 18*68 14-80= 100*22 Hauer.
Oba— In pure erystaUine, masses an inch thidc, inyolyed with foliated anhydrite, at the Iscfa] Mhmine Austria.
661. BPSOBAITU* Epsom Salt Sal natiyum catharticam A. ffermam De Sale native fitfliartico in fodlnia Hungaria leoens inyento Posonii, 1721. Sal neatmm actdulare, Sal
ttg
62*86
12*78
14*31
eu
oztoen: OOHPOTJIIJM!.
Aaglicunmi, WaH, IGiL, 184 1747. Sel d'Epeom lir. IH Wall, L 83P, 1763. HatotrUma SeopoU, Be Hjdrai. Idriense Tent. Yeoet, 1761 (Elap. Bettr., iii 104;, Prinolpw IGxl, 1772 Magnesia vitriolata (Sal Angcua, Epaomenaia, Seidlicensia, Seydachutenaia, amarua, etc.) BergitL Sdagr 1782. Bitteraak Wem. Haaraalx pt Epaomite Jkud Tr., 445, 1824.
Orthorhoinbic, and generally hemihedral in the octaliedral modifications. /A 7=90° 34', 0 A l-i=150** 2' ; a:h: c=0-6766 : 1 : 1'Ol. 14 A H basal, =59® 27', 1-tAl-i, basal, 56'. Cleavage: brachydiagonal, perfect. Also in botryoidal masses and delicately fibrous crusts.
H.=2-25. G.=l-751; 1-685, artificial salt, Schift. Lustre vitreousearthy. Streak and color white. Transparent — translucent. Taste bitter and saline.
Oomp<-~ttg9+ 7 d, when pare=lCagne8ia le-d, anlphnrio acid 32-5, water 61-2=100. Anal- Taea: 1-4, Stromeyer (Qel. Ana. Q6tt, 1883, Pogg., zzxi 137, . J., Izix. 266); 6, BooIb (Hot ScL Indnatr., ziy. 300); 6, Dnfrtooy (Tr., li 323):
1. & Aftica
2. Idria, "ZTaorm**
3. Oatalonia
4. Neuaohl, roae-rci 6. Fitou, France
tt
82*80 84*37
16*20
te
ftn
fi
49-24=99*69 Stromeyer. 0*23 60'93=:99'86 Stromeyer.
61 -20=w9-69 Stromeyer.
009 0-34 61-70, On n-88, Co 0'69=:99-88 Stromeyei
48 32=100 Bonia.
47-20, Ca 2-10=99*67 Dufroy.
Pyr., etc. — Uqniflea in ita water of cryatalliaation. Givea much water in the deed tube at a high temperatoro; the water ia acid. fi.B. on charcoal Aiaea at firat, and finally yiolda an inftuible alkaline maaa, which, with cobalt aolution, givea a pink oolor on ignition. Very aolabU in water, and hna a very bitter taate.
Obi.— Common in mineral watera, and aa a delicate fibroua or capillary effloreeoence on rocka. in the galleries of minea, and elaewhere. In the former atate It eziata at Epaom, , and at Sedlitz and Saidachuts in Bohemia. At Idria in Oamiola it oocura in ailky fibrea, and ia hence called hairsaU by the workmen. Alao obtained at the gypaum quarriea of Montmartre, near Paria ; in Fitou, Dept. of the Ande France; in Aragon and Oatalonia in Spain; in the GordUleFa of St. Juan in Chill ; and in a grotto in Southern Aftica, where it forma a layer in. thick. Alao found at Yesnviua, at the eruption of 1860 and 1866.
The floor of the limeatone cavea of Ky., Tenn., and Ind., are in many inatancea oorered with epeomite, in minute cryatula, mingled with the earth. In the Uammoih Cave, Ey., it adhere to the roof in looee maaaea like anowballa. At the Alum Cave, in Sevier, Tenn., on the headwaters ot the West Fork of Idttle Pigeon River, maaaea of nearly pure epaomite, almoat a cubic foot m volume, have been obtained (Safford'a Bep., 119). It effloresces from the calcareous aandatone, 10 m. Cooymana, on the eaat fiAoe of the Helderberg, N. Y. Said to occur alao over the Gali* fomia plains, eaat of San Diego (Am. J. ScL, IL vL 389). Alao effloreacea a pyritiferous serpentine in Marmora, Canada Weat ; and on dolomites of the Clinton formation (Silurian) in abeltered places between Niagara FaUa and Lake Huron, aa at Dundaa, where layera occur 1 in. thick.
Sulphate of magnesia ia dimorphous. According to Haidinger and IfitacherHdi, the above described form ia produced when cryatalliaation takea place below 16" 0. F.) but a mono> dmio form between 26" 0. and 0.
662. TAUBI80TTB. lnriaait O. H. 0. Voider, Jahrb. Kin. 1866, 168.
Orthorhombic. Angles those of epsomite. Occnmng planes : /, i-t, i-i| t-S J 1-i, l-I ; 1, 2-2, 2-2. Crystals acicular. Lustre and other physical characters those of copperas.
Oomp.— Staled to be that of copperas.
Oba.— From Windgalle in the Cton Uri (Pagos Tanriaoorum of the Boinans)| Switnriand aaaodated with copperaa and alum. The crystal ia a rhombic priam with pyramidal termination
662A. Tionsm BreWL (Oraulit Oloehmr, Syn., 1847X A love*brown minwal, smGI/ is
&TDBOU8 BULPHATXS. 64ft
frater and attracting moistnre readily, ooonuring in small pyramidal and adoolftr crjatals supposed to be QrthorhombiG and also massiTe. Probably a hydrous sulphate of sesquiozyd of iron ; but composition not ascertained. H . 1 — 2.
From Graul, near Schwaraenberg, in Saxony, and fir&onsdorf in the Ersgebirge. Named (torn rqcrutff, in allusiou to the deliquesoenoe ; but changed to graulUe by Olocker, because the Greek dgnifles liquifying tbciwdyf and not paaawdy as in deUquesoence.
663. FAUSBRITB. Iuserit BreiOi B. H. Ztg., zxiy. 301, 186IS.
Orthorhombic. I A /=91® 18'. Cleavage : i-l distinct ; J in traces or none ; O rather distinct. Crystals grouped in stalactitic forms.
H,=2— 2, G.=1'888. Lustre vitreous. Color reddish- and yellowishwhite to colorless. Translucent to transparent. Taste astringent, bitter.
Oomp.— lirgS+2 ftnS + add 34*7, proton. manga nese 20*6, magnesia 6*8, water 39*0=100. Analyses: 1, 2, liolhi (L c):
3 An DCg &
84*49 19*61 6-16 2'6A, Si, 9e Irooi 33*78 20-06 5*68 40*54.
Obs.— From HerreDgnmd in Hungary. Named after Mr. Eauaer.
Copperas Groxjp.
The species here included are the ordinary vitriols. They are identical in general formula with the species of the Epsomite group, and are regarded as the same compound essentially under oblique crystallization. The copper sulphate diverges from the others in crystallization, and contains but 5 of water ; but species containing copper in many other groups exhibit like divergence from the rest m crystalline form.
STVOVnnr BEFOBB 1760. XaXinc, -MfXairrqpftt, Miev JHOKOT Y, 114-118.
iCQkxuUhum (from yXffii<, 6raM, and Jk,BnJUnoer) is vitriol of any kind; Spain is given as a locality; ChalciUs, a dismtcgrating pyrites, iron or copper, impregnated with the same, as a result of its alteration; MeUtfUeria (fr. fiiX..., ink\ a salt-like chalcanthua, or earth oontaining it; jSbru, a black earth or stone impregnated with some vitriol ; Misti, a yellowish vitriolic stone, perhaps partly copiapite, and partly yellow ochre impregnated with vitriol of some kind.*]
Atramentum 8utorium=0halcanthum, Chalcites, Sory, Misy, PUn., xzziv. 29-32 ; evidently in part £rom Dioeoorides. [The description of Chakanihum gives prominence to bkia vitriol, while its use as shoemaker's ink (which Atr. sutorium signifies) implies the presence of green (or iron) vitriol, the material still used for blackening leather ; ChaleUea and aory are the same as above; Muy is yellow and pulverulent, like the mineral now called copiapite.]
Atramentum sutorium =Melanteria=Chalcanthum, Ohalcitos, Sory, Misy, AgriCj Foss., 212- 214, 1546 ; Kupferwasser id., Interpr., 463, 1646. [The first three of these names are synonyms for any vitriol or all ; and include (as partly also in Diosoorides) capillary or wool-like, plumose, stalaotitio, and salt-li):e kinds, besides Lapis airwneiUi; Agrioola mentions the varieties Atramen- (um nUafium eandidwn{=XivKota¥ Gr.), which is white or zinc vitriol ; A, $. viride which is green
*In interpreting these ancient names it has to be borne in mind that there are three sources of obscurity, besides that of imperfeot description :
1. That the earthy or stony mass containing the essential ingredient comes into the description.
2. That Pyrites (including pyrite, marcasite and pyrrhotine) is brassy enough to be confounded with chalcopyrlte. the ore of copper or brass (r'(Xr4<) ; and, in fact, Diosoorides says that pyrites yields xvH', although in the next line asserting that it strikes fire with a steel, a characteristic distujaishing it from copper pyrites. Moreover, Agricola describes all the vitriols under his AUravvmla BukniOy and makes KupfenooMer of the Germans (meaning copper water) a oonunoo synonym for them ; as has been true of Ooppenm in English and (huperose in Frcuch.
3. That iron and copper pyrites often occur together, and the vitriolio results of their altera ion are consequently variously mixed in nature.
OXrOEN COMFOXUXDB.
ritriol A. ecBnmtm, whidi is blue yitiiol; Sory, a gray or bladdflli stonOi often nodiilax (gklMi ratnndceX impregnated with any vitriol; Misy, a yellow e£Qore8cent or mealy Titriol (OofiajHU), Goalar in the Harz is the principal locality cited by AgriooUk ChalcUea is said to be between sory and misy in texture, and ruhra et caris colore ; perhaps a red ochre (a frequent result of tbi alteration of pyrites) containing copperas and some unaltered pyrites.
Atramentum viride, a quibusdam Pifrw/um Tocatur, ASbertuB Moignu De Min., Libr. t., c S, 1270. Vitriolum Agric ib 218. [So named from viinum glaaa in allusion to the glass appearance of the crystals of yitriols ; Agricola speaks in ooiinection with his explanation of tlu word, of " A cacdidum translucidum instar Crystalli."]
Atramentum Oesner, Foss., 13, 1563; divided into A. album durum [or Zinc vit> noli, A. viride [or Iron vitriol], A. ccBruleum Cyprium pulcherrimnm [or file vitriol], etc. Melanteriu, Sory, Misy, Gesnar, lb!, 16, 16.
Vitriolum Walleriu8f Min., 165, 1747, and Oraruiodt Min., 113, 178; a genus induding the species V.Oupri (=V. Oypri, V. Veneris); 2, V. viride (=V. ferri, V. martis); 3, V. album, veJ Zind (Arom G<)slar) ; besides 4, V. mixtum (a mere mixture) ; 6, Terra vitriolica and Ipis atra* mentarius (earth or stone impregnated with vitriol of some kind), and induding Lapis atramen* tarius flavus, or Misy.
66ii MBIaANTBRITB. MtXavrnpia, XaXdv6oy, eta, Dioeoor. Ghalcanthum, Atramentum sutorium, eta, PHn, Melanteria, Atramentum sutorium viride, Agrie. Vitriolum pt. AUbniM Magnus, Atramentum viride Oesnar, Vitriolum viride, V. ferri, V. martis, WaUerius, Green 'trioL Copperas. Sulphate of Iron. Fer sulfate fV. Melantrie BmdL, Tr iL 482, 1832.
Monoclinic. C=75° 40' ; 7 A 21', O A 1-*: W; a:h: c=l-310 : 1 : 08474.
0 A i-i=104° 20' 0 A 7=80 37
0 A -l-t=136° 18 0 A l-i=123 44 -1 A -1=101 32
Cleavage : 0 perfect, / less so. Often in capillary, fibrous, stalactitic, and concretionary forms. Oenerally massive and pulverulent.
H.=2. G.= 1*832. Lustre vitreous. Color, various shades of green, passing into white ; becoming yellowish on exposure. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent— translucent. Taste sweetish, astringent, and metallic. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp. — FeS + 7 d=Sulphuric acid 28*8, protozyd of iron 25-9, water 45*3=100.
P3rr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, and after a time sulphurous and sulphuric adds. On diarcoel turns at first brown, then red, and finally black, becoming magnetia With the duxes reacts for iron. Soluble in twice its weight of water, and the solution is blackened by a tincture of nut galls. Exposed to the air becomes covered with a yellow powder, which is the sulphate of the sesquioxyd of iron.
Obs. — This salt usually proceeds from the deoompoeition of pyrite or maroasite, which readily afford it, if occasionally moistened while exposed to the atmosphere. Oociiss near Goslar in the Harz; Bodenmais in Bavaria; Fahlun, Sweden; at Hurlet, near Paisley; and in many minea io Europe and on the other continents. Usually accompanies pyrite in the U. States, occurring as an efflorescence ; at Copperas Mt., a few miles E. of Bainbridge, Ohio it is associated with Shun ind pyrite. It is employed in dyeing and tanning, and in the manufacture of ink and Prussian blna
666. PISANTTB. F. PisaiU, G. R., xlviiL 807. Pisanit ., Uebu 1859, 10 1860.
In concretionary and stalactitic forms.
Lustre vitreous. Color bright blue. Becomes ochreous externally.
Oomp.— or a oopperaa with three-fifths of the iron replaced \if coppei Analysis by Piaani (L o.):
Htdb0176 Sulphates. M7
r., etc. — "BJB. gves with the fluxes reactiooB for copper. Otherwise like meianterite. Obi. — OoouTS with chalcopyrite at a copper mine in the interior of Turkey. The interior of the mineral has sometimes druses of minute orystals.
666. GOSIiARTTB. Atramentum sutorium, candidum, potiaaimum reperitur Goselarue, trans* luddum, crystalli iustar, Agrie Fobs., 213, 1646. A. album fossile durum Qoslarianum Gesner, Foss., 13, 1666. Yitriolum Zinci album nativum, Gallzensten, Hvit Tiktril, WcUL, 157, 1747. Zinc Vitriol, White Vitriol, White Copperas, Sulphate of Zina Zinc sulfate, Couperose blanche, I. Qallianite Beud,, Tr., 446 1824. HaicL, Handb., 490, 1847.
Orthorhombic /A 7=90° 42' j Oa l-i=150** 10'; a : J : c=:0-5735 : 1 : 1*0123. Observed planes: /, t-i, i-i, i-2, l-i, l-i, 1, 2-i. 1-i A 1-t, top, =120° 20', 1-i A H top,=120* 3', O A 1=140° 57', 1 A 1, mac.,=127° 27', 1 A 1, brach.,=126° 45'. Cleavage : i-i perfect.
H.=2-2-5. G.=2*036; 1*9-2*1; 1*953, artificial crystals, Schill. Lustre vitreous. Color white, reddish, bluish. Transparent — translucent Brittle. Taste astringent, metallic, and nauseous.
Ckimp.— 2n5+7£[=Salphurio add 27*9, ozyd of zinc 28*2, water 43*9=100. Beudant obtained for a specimen from Schemnita (Tr., 11. 481) § 29'8, 2n 28*6, Sin 0*7, 9e 0*4, ti 100-2, which corresponds to 6 &. Klaproth obtained (Beitr., v. 193) S 22-0, Zn 27*5, Ivin 0*5, £[ 60*0=100.
PjTTi etc. — Yields water. On charcoal with soda gives a sine coating, and a sulphid which tarnishes silver. Easily solnble in water.
Olxk— This salt is formed by the decomposition of blende, and is found in the passages of mines. It occurs at the Bammelsberg mine near Goslar, in the Harz ; at Schemnitz in Hungary ; at Fahlun in Sweden ; and at Holywell in Wales. It is not of common occurrence.
It is manufactured for the arts, and is very extensively employed in medicine and dyeing. White vitriol, as the term is used in the arts, is the sulphate of zinc in a granular state, like loaf sngar, produced by melting and agitation while cooling.
The name OaUUzenUe, which has priority, was given the mineral by Beudant a popular German name CkUUzenstein. But although so called in Oermany, zinc vitriol is not a stone from Oalicia (Poland), as the word implies, while it is eminently a product of the mines of Goslar in the Hare. Haidinger's name QoaUmU is therefore adopted for the species.
667. BIBBBRmi. Oobalt Vitriol Sage, J. de Phys., xzzix. 68, 1791. Kobaltvitriol Kopp Qehleii's J., II. vL 157, 1808. Bed Vitriol. Sulphate of Oobalt Bhodhalose BeudL, Tr., ii 481, 1832. Bieberit HaidL, Uandb., 489, 1846.
Moiioclinic. Usually ii stalactites and crusts, investing other minerals. G.= 1*924, artificial crystals, Schill. Lustre vitreous. Color flesh- and rose-red. Subtransparent — translucent. Friable. Taste astringent.
Oomp. — CoS + 7 ;d= Sulphuric add 28*4, oxyd of cobalt 26'5, water 46*1=100. Analyses 1, J. H. Kopp (Gehlen's J., II. vl 167); 2, Winkelblech (Ann. d. Pharm., ziil 266); 3, Beudani Q.); 4, 6, Bdmabel (Ramm. 4th SuppL, 118):
41-66=100 Kopp.
46*83, Mg 3*86=99-65 Winkelbleoh.
41-2, Fe 0*9 Beudant
3813, Ca, Mg <r., 01 0 05 insoL 24*04=100 .
Kopps analysis corresponds to 0o*3 + 8tt; but the existence of such a compound is verj ioabtfuL The artifidally prepared cobalt vitriol has the composition above given.
s
Co
1. Bleber
19*74
1 "
S. "
4. Siegen
So-84
16*60
G48 Oxygen Ookpoundb.
Vyr etc. — In a matrass yields water, and when strongly healed, snlphurous add Gon municates a blue color to glass of borax.
Obi< — In the rubbish of old mines at Bieber, near Hanau ; at Leogang in Saltzbur; at Ttm Puntos, near Copiapo OhilL
Beudant's name Rhodhaloee is not an admissible derivative firom >oJaci(, roae-cohred and oAt, saUj and is unmineralogical in its termination ; it should have been RhoddhcUUs. Instead of making it right (in which case it would be no longer Beudant's nameX it appears better to adopt Hh name applied by Haidinger, derived from the longest known locality.
668, MORBNOSITB. Nickel-Yiktril, Yitriolum ferrum & nicoolum oontinens ("of a deep green color, with Kupfemickel, in Cobalt mines OronaL (the discoy. of the metal NickelX Ifin., 114, 1768. mocolum vitriolatum finterdum e miners sulphontis fatiscentibus genitum) Bergm., Sciagr., 50, 1782. Sulfate de niquel (fr. Gkdlda) D.A. CatareSj 1849, A. U. Alcibar, in Bevista Mmera, Madrid, 306, 1850. Sulfate de nickel Morenosita, CkuareSf ib., 176, March, 1861. Nickel Vitriol T, S, Hunt, this Min., 679, 1850, Logan's Q. Bep. Can., 1863. Pyromeline V. Kdb., QeL Am. Miinch., . 216, 1862, J. pr. Ch Iviii 44.
In acicular crystals and thin prisms. Also fibrous ; and as an efflorescence.
H.=2— 2"25. G.=2'004r, Fulda. Lustre vitreous. Color apple-green to greenish-white. Streak white, faintly greenish. Soluble ; taste metallic astringent.
Oomp.— iS+7]=SuIphuric add 28*6, oxyd of nickel 26*7, water 44*8=100. Analyaen 1, 2, Fulda and Oh. Pharm., czzxi. 217):
S
JTi
a
1. Kiechelsdorf
0-27=100 Pulda.
2. "
0-24=100-08 Komer.
In the mineral from Galida, on which the specios was instituted, the nickel vitriol, according to Gaaares (L c.), was mixed with a little sulphate of oopper and iron while that of Canada, according to Hunt, appeared to be pure nickel vitriol
Pyr., etc.— 6.B. in tube gives water, strongly add, swells up, and hardens, becoming yellow and opaque. On charcoal glows strongly and evolves sulphurous acid With borax and phosphorus salt gives a distinct nickel reaction The Riechdsdorf mineral colors the outer flame blue, from the presence of arsenic.
Obs. — A result of the alteration of nickel ores. Occurs near Cape Hortegal, in Galida, Spain, on magnetite, with which some mUlerite is mixed ; at Riechelsdorfj in Hesse ; as an earthy crust, mountain-green in color, with native bismuth and arsenical nickel, at the Friedens mine near Lichteuberg in Bayreuth (pyromeline). Also in acicular crystals and crusts at Wallace mine. Lake Huron, upon a sulphuret of nickel and iron; at the Gap nickel mine, Lancaster Col. Pennsylvania. #
Named by Casares after Mr. Moreno, of Spain. A. M. Aldbar states that Prof Oaaares sent a communication on this mineral to the Sodets de Pharmade of Paris in 1849, which waa not pub liahed.
669. OHALOAMTUITU. XiXnApBn-, Ohalcanthum pt, Dio8oar PUn., Atramentum cosmleum AQric, Oegner, Yitriolum 0upri=y. Cypri= V. Veneris, Wall, Oron$t, Sulphate of Copper, Blue Vitriol, Copper Vitriol Kupfervitriol Germ. Couperose bleue, Ouivre sulfate lY. Vitriolo di Bame Hal, Cyanoae Beud., Tr., IL 486, 1832. Chalkanthit v. Kob Tafehi, 31, 1868.
125° 38', 7 A 1=126° 10', (9Aa=120° 50', (?Ai.t=103° 27' and 76' 33'. Cleavage : 7 imperfect, 7 very imperfect. Oocora also amorphoua Btalactitic, reniform.
Htdb0U8 Sitlphatsb. 6M
fl.=2-5. G.=2-313. Lustre vitreous. Color Ml
Berlin-blue to skj-blue, of different shades; sometimes a little greenish. Streak uncolored. Sub transparent — translucent. Taste metallic and nauseous. Somewhat brittle.
Ooinp.—0u 3+5 fi=SfUphiiric acid 32*1, ozyd of copper 31*8, water 861=100. Often mixed with melanterite. Bluish crystals from mud at the Oronebaoe copper mine of Wicklow contain, according to Mr. Mallet 34*2 of sulphate of iron to 65*7 of sulphate of copper.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tuhe yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid. B3. with soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in water ; a drop of the solution placed on a surface of iron boats it with metallic copper.
Oba.— Blue vitriol is found in waters issuing from mines, and in connection with rocks contain* Ing ohalcopyrite, by the alteration of which it is formed Some of its foreign localities are the Bunmelsberg mine near Gtoslar in the Harz ; Fahlun in Sweden ; at Parys mine, Anglesey ; at various mines in Go. of Wicklow ; formerly in crystals an inch long at Ting Tang mine in Gwennap ; also Bio Tinto mine, Spain. The waters of the Rio Tinto mine have yielded annually 1,800 ewt of copper, consuming 2,400 cwt. of iron. At Wicklow about 5m0 tons of iron were laid in the pits at one time, and hi about 12 months the bars were dissolved, and each ton of iron jrielded li to 2 tons of a reddish mud which was eemeiU copper, oontaining for every ton 16 cwt of pure copper. It has been observed at Vesuvius among the products of the eruption of 1866.
Found at the Hiwassee copper mine, also in large quantities at the Isabella and other mines, in Polk Oo., Tennessee, 30 m. from Cleveland ; at the Canton mine, Georgia ; at Copiapo, Chili, with Btyptidte.
When purided it is employed in dyeing operations, and in the printing of cotton and linen, and for various other purposes In the arts. It is manufactured mostly firom old sheathing, copper trimmings, and refinery scales.
On the ancient ckakanthum see p. 645. Beudant's name cyanoae (with cyanosite derived Arom it, from cvavoc) is rejected like other names in which the terminal a of the Greek is retained. Moreover (hakaiUhiitf meaning ./2ottier of copper is old and good.
670. OTANCKIHROITII. Cianocroma Soacchi Mem. Yesuv., 191, 1856.
Monoclinic. 30'=(? A iri, I A 7=108° 12', 0 A l-i=153*' 56', 0 A l-i=141° 47', O A 2-i=116'' 49'; also plane 2-S. Occurs as a crust, and crystals obtained bj solution and evaporation. Color clear blue.
Oomp.— According to Scacchi, a hydrous sulphate of potash and oopper ; Ou + i &) 9 + 3 Obs. — From the saline crusts formed on the lavas during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1866. Named in allusion to the color trom Kvaof, bluOf and xfy ooior, Scacohi's name has heen
changed to the above, ia order to secure the termination tie and avoid ambiguity (the mineral eon*
iainingno chrome).
671. AltUNCXlBN. Hydro-trisul&te d'alumine Atid, Tr., 449, 1824. Bavite (t) MOL, Quart J., 1828. Alunogene JBtod, Tr., IL 488, 1832. Bolfatarite pt Shq., Min 188, 1886. Eeramohalit Olocher, Grundr., 689, 1 889. Saldanite Haot, Min., IL 451, 1841. Stypterit GUfckar Syn., 297, 1847. Halotrichit pt ffauank, Handb., il 1174) 1847 (not Halotrichit Olocker), Schwefelsaure Thonerde. Sulphate of Alumina.
Monoclinic, Jurasky. In six-sided tables with two angles of 92° and four of 134°. Usually in delicate fibrous masses or crusts ; also massive.
H.=l-5— 2. G.=l*6— 1'8. Lustre vitreous— silky. Color white, oi tinged with yellow or red. Subtranslucent — Bubtransparent. Taste like that of common alum.
Oxtokn 00Mp0Uhd6.
Oomp.— &S'+ 18 tt= Alumina ralphuric add 86*0, water 48*6=100. AnaljBM: 1,2 Boussingault (Anu. Ch. Phys zzz. 109); a, Uerapath (Ch. Qai 1846); Hartwall (Jahrosb z 178); A, H. Rose (Pogg 317); RammelsbeiK (Pogg-, zUii 130, 399); 10, J. ; (Ast BL C lit, 1847); 1 1, L. Barth (Ber. Ak. Wien, zxiy. 29) :
S
1. Bio Saldana 36-40
2. Paato 35'A8
3. Adelaide 35*63
4. Milo 40-81
6. Oopiapo 36-97 6w KoloBoruk 35-82
7. Fricadorf 37 38 a Potschappel 35*71 9. Freienwalde 35*64
10. KDDigaberg 36-76
11. Pii8tory.,T7rol36*0
Si
14*63
14*30
46*60
48-84"
48*4
9e
0()04
iig Ca 0004 0-002
0*85
2-58 0-14
0*45
2*16
=99*01 Boobs.
Cu u-04, inaoL o-sO Herapath
1-13, Sa 1-13, fi: 0-26, H Q 0-40=
100 Hart l-87=100*33Bo8e.
=100 Ramm.
i. 0-22, te R
, fc 0-32, :te 0-67, Mn B.
0*43, te 0-72, i. 0*47, Mn 0-31=
100 Ramm.
100-2 Barth.
Bendaot obtained in his analjsia of a specimen from Gnadaloupe, the first made of the species (Tr., 449, 1832), 589*94, Si 16-76, 3644, potash alum 4*58, green yitriol 14, which gires 12 fi instead of 18 £L The other analTses agree well in Uie latter, and the difference is probably an error.
Daviie N. Mill (BrandesQ. J.| zxr. 382, 1828) from a hot spring at Chiwachi, a day's joomey from Bogota, afforded him 5 28-8, Al 15*0, 51*8, Fe 1-2, with earthy matters 3-2=100. Requires Snrestigation. AnaL 10 is of the keramohaUU of Jurasky, from near Konigsberg.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric add, in the dosed tube. Giyes a fine blue with cobalt solution. Soluble in water.
Obs — Ihis spodes, a hydrous sulphate of alumina, results both from Tolcanic action, and the decomposition of pyrites in coal districts and alum shales, and occurs at the localities above mentioned, besides many others. The Pasto mineral was from the crater of a volcano. It has Nten observed by Scaochi at Vesuvius ; at Kdnigsberg, Hungary, it occurs in thick druses with irti vitriol It is found as an efflorescence in numerous places in the United States. A white flijrous alunogen (?) occurs abundanUy at Smoky Mtn., Jackson Co N. C, where, it is said, tens may be obtained.
This spedes was made known by Beudant, and by him first named Alunogen. The word is a cross between French and Greek, and therefore objectionable ; but not worse than some othere of minerals that are accepted. ould davUs turn out to be the same thing, this name would have the precedence in time ; but still it could not claim recognition on the basis of an analysis proved to be so greatly in error.
672. . Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd 0. Boae Poggn zzviL 809, 1833
White Copperas. Ooquimbit BreWi Handb., 100, 1841.
Hexagonal. Prisms usually with the terminal edges deeply replaced. 0 A 1=151 /A 1=119% 1 A 1=128° 8'. Cleavage: /, imperfect. Also in fine granular masses.
H.=2— 2'5. G.=2— 2*1, Color white, yellowish, brownish, sometimefi with a ])ale violet tint. Taste astringent.
add 42*7, sesquiozyd of iron 28-6, water :i8'8=100 Analy- . 1, 2, H. Bose (L a) :
3 Ve
fi
£1 Ca ftg Si
1. Oryslattine 43*66 24*11 0*92 0*73 0*82 0*31 3u*lU= 100*04 Boea.
Pyr etc.— B.fi. resembles melanterite. Wholly soluble in oold water; if the solutioo bi heated, sesquiozyd of iron is copiously predpitatod. Dilute muriatic add dissdves all exccpl the silica.
OlM#Fonn8 a bed in a feldspathic or trachTtio , in the prorinoe of Coquimbo, about half a day's jouniey from Copiapa The bed of salt is on the increase, and is probiibly derived iron decomposing sulphide. Pits 20 ft deep have been fonned in it by the people of the country. Occurs also in Bolivia near Oalama, constituting the greater part of a large hilL
Observed by Scaochi about after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1856, partly in a brownish friable crust, which, by solution and evaporation, afforded yellow hexagonal crystals; also as a ydlowish crust, in many parts tinged green, compact in texture, with the lustre of a sur face of fracture very bright
Grailich states (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxviii. 272, 1858) that a specimen of ooquimbite from in the museum at Vienna has the optical characters of his roemerite, and therefore cannot be hexagonal, and he suggests that the two minerals may be identical.
A related ochre-yellow mineral Algodonbai in Bolivia, afforded v. Bibra (J. pr. Gh., 206) S aO'28, le 43*89, Ca 4*21, 21*20, OuP lr.=99'6S; which, if the lime be separated as gypsum (10-21 p. a), becomes 3 50*34 9e 27*80, £[ 21-86=100. It is partly soluble in water, bat the solution oontains no iron.
Alum And Halotrichtte Groups.
Gronps of Tersiilphates haying the ratio of base and acid, and also of B, R, 1 : 3 ; all very Bolable, and having more or lees the astringent taste of
common alum. H.=2— 2-5. G.=l-56— 2. The Almn8have24fl to 4 S,
and are isometric ; the Halotrichites have 22 EL instead of 24 and are not isometric, being either orthorhombic or monocliuic.
The species here included are not easily distinguishable by the taste or external characters, and hence early authors on minerals indude all under one or two names. The old synonymy and the history of the species are therefore more conveniently given here than under the several subdivisions of the group.
Lroitrnpta Or. Alumen PUfu [embradng vitriols as well as the alums]. Sitrri arwrrTipia Dioaoor. [embradug the fibrous or feathery kinds, being from 9x<(( /eui, and alluding to the easy subdivision into fibres]. Tixirin Diasoor. \fr. Aotr, It embracing capillary kinds]. Alumen fossile, . Alaun, Uesner, Foss., 1565 [vitriols being excL, and comprising the var. A. can didum Neapolitanum (ft. NaplesX A. capillare, lb., A. Placodes (lataa crustas habens), ib., etc.]. Alun, Aluuien [induding var. a solidum, /? crystallisatum, y plumosum, or Fjader-Alun], WaJL Min., 161, 1747. Alun, Argilla addo vitrioli imbuta, OrnnsLy 115, 1758. Argilla vitriolata Sulphate of Alumine] Bergm Sdagr., 1782. Alaun, Haarsalz, Federalaun [all as one spedes, or if two, without right distinctions], Wem, and other Min, before 1800. Alumine sulfate alkaline Kf Tr., ii 278, 1801 [doing Yauqnelin's anaL of potash-alum, but induding all alums].
In J 795 Klaproth proved (Beitr., i 311 X and in 1792 fireislak (Essais Mhi. sur la SolJfatara, etaX that some alum (that of Miseno and the Solfatara, near Naples) was poUufnilum, In 1802 Klaproth showed (Beitr.. ilL 102) that the FBderalaun of Freyenwald was iron-alvm, Beudant ascertained that there was a native alum-Uke mineral which had the constitution attributed last century to true alum — that is, was a simple 8u?uUe of cUumma, without an alkali or other protoxyd (Tr., 449, 1824). Griiner, in 1821 (Oilb. Ann., Ixix. 218), made known a native ammonia' alum; Thomson, m 1828 (Ann. Lya N. Y., iiL 19, 1828), a native Boda-akmi; A. A. Hayes, in 1846 (Am. J. Sol, xlvii 360X a magnanorokim,
673 TSOHBRBfllGITB. Ammonia Alum. AmmonJakalann, Ajnmonalaim, Qemu Ammon* alun Bstid, IL 497, 1832. Tachermigit v. KoML TafUn Beatimm., 1863.
In octahedrons and fibrous.
TL=1— 2. G.=1'60. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent to jra islucent.
OompN OS+Sl S'+M fi=(i (NH 0)'+l Si) S*+18 fi=Siilpbate of ammonia 14-6i rilphate of alumina 87*8, water 47*6=100.
Analyses: 1, Pfaff (Handb. An. Oh., iL 47); 2, lAmpadioa (GKlb. Ann., Izx. 182, Ixziv. 183) 3 Btromeyer (Pogg:, xxxL 137):
659 Oxtgen Oohfoumdb.
B
£1
Nh*0
tt
%
1. TBchennig
a. "
8. "
36*00 38*68
12*14 12*34 11*602
6*68 4*12 8ir21
44*96 46*890
=100 LAmpfciini.
0-116=99*898 Stromejer.
Pyr., etc. — Id the closed tabe yields water and sulphate of ammonia ; 63. sublimes ; on chax ooal gires a coating of sulphate of ammonia, and leaves a residue which giiros a fine blue witt cobalt solution ; with soda gives ammonia fVimes, and the reaction for sulphuric acid.
Obs. — From Tschennig, Bohemia This salt is manu&ctured from the waste of gas woik% and used extensively in place of potash alum.
674. KAUNXTU. Potash Alum. Natiye Alum. Ealialaun, Eallnisdier Alum, Kalinlsphai
Alumsulphati Oerm, Slalinite Dama,
Isometric. Usually fibrous or massive, or in mealy or solid crusts. H.=2— 2*5. G.=:l-76. Lustre vitreous. Color white. TranspareDt to translucent.
Oomp — £:9+Sl9'+24d=(i&*+f of potash sulphate of alamina 36-2, water 46*6=100.
"Byr etc.— B.B. fuses in its water of crystallization, and froths, forming a spongy mass; with cobalt solution an intense blue; on charcoal gives a hepatic mass. Soluble in from 16 to 20 times its weight of cold water, and in little more tluin its weight of boiling water.
Obs. — Effloresces on argillaceous minerals, and more particularly alum slate. Whitby in Torkshire is a noted locality, also Hurlet and Gampsie near Glasgow. Also obtained at the voloaaoei of the Lipari isles and Sicily. Cape Sable, llaryland, affords large quantities of alum annually In the caves of the Unaka Mts., Eastern Tennessee, especially at Sevier, masses a cubic foot in sice may be obtained ; also in the Black Slate " of Middle Tennessee ; and in caves along the valleys and gorges of the streams in De Kilb, Ooflbe, and franklin Cos., Tenn. (Safford).
676. VOLTATTB. Yoltaite A. Soaechi, Aa ScL Nap., 1840.
Isometric. In octahedrons, cubes, dodecahedrons, and combinations of these forms.
Lustre resinous. Color dull oil-green, greenish-black, brown, or black Streak grayish-green. Opaque.
$'eS+9e5'-l-24!t, Scacchi,=eS 164 9eS* 40'S, tL 44*0=100: but not from a complete analysis. Duflrnoy's analysis (Ann. d. IL, IlL iz. 166) is not oorrect according to Scacchi (Mem. G. Camp. Napoli, 89, 1849).
Abich has obtained an artificial salt of shnilar ofaaraoters, which has the formula () (fe, f Fe) §*-h4 ti, and the composition :
a littie of the iron being replaced by aluminum. It la supposed that voltaite corresponds to It esseiitially in composition.
Paulinyi has found crystals of a similar compound at Kremnits. They afford the formula (Tschormak, Anz. Ak. Wien, 1867, 218) with te : £:=4 : 1, and f little aluminum replacing iron.
P3rri etc. — Soluble in water wiUi difficulty, and at the same time docompoees.
Oba.— This species was first observed at the SoUatara near Naples, by Breislak (1792). It hai been fouud by F. Ulrich at the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar. The hurt contains protozyd of manganese, as well aa of iron.
676 Blaketti DanOf Min., 1860. J. H. Blake has described an iron-sulphata from Goquimbo, which he refers to coqtdmbite ; but it occurs in regular octahedrons, and assumed the same f m w solution and recrystalliBation. He obtained in au analysis S 41*37, Fe 26*79, M 9*80, Si 0-82, H 29*40=99*68. Requires further investigation.
Htdboub Bulphatbb. 65S
677. MBNDOZITB. Soda AIoiil NatronlalaaD, Natramalann, , Nalroiudim Hwii, 11 448, 1841. Solfktarite pt Min., iL 187/1836 (not in Min. of 1857). Mendodte DmnBL
In white fibrous masses.
H.=3, and G.=1'88, Thomson. Externally white or pulverulent resemblance to fibrous gypsum, but harder.
Oomp.—]$ra3+illS*+22£[=Sulphate of soda 16*1, inlphate of almnina 89*0, water 44*9=5 100; or, Snlphurio add 36*8, alumina 11*7, soda 7*1, water 44*9=100. Analysis by Thomson (Ann.Lyc.N. Y., 1828):
St Juan near Mendoea S 37*70 £l 12-00 JTa 7*96 ft 41*96=99*62.
Pyr., etc* — Resembles ordinary alum.
Ooa. — Occurs near Mendoaa, east of the Andes.
Thomson found for the composition of a soda alum from Southern Peru which he called Sab* Mflquisulphate of Alumina (PhiL Mag., IH. xzii 188), S 32*96, ai 22*66, iSTa and 9 6*60, £[ 3y-20 101*20. a. =1-684.
Shepard states in Am. J. ScL, zvi. 203, 1829, that the alum of the island of Milo is a soda alum related to Thomson's ; but in vol zxii. 387, ib., he admits a doubt, on the ground of Hartwall'i analysis of a Milo alum, which makes it Almmogm (q. y.). Shepard's name solfatarite (which he has since rejected) was based upon its occurring in solfataras, and not in the Naples solfatara, to whioh no allusion is made in his edition of 1835 ; and under it he gaye three analyses of aluno* gen, with the one otiod/OHUvftn by Thomson. The Mendoxa mineral is not from a solfatara.
678. PIOKXUUNQITB. Bayet, Am. J. ScL, zlyi. 360, 1844. Magnesia Alum ib. Magneai-
alaun, Talkerde-Alaun, QtnrL
Monoclinic ? In fine acicular crystals ; long fibrous masses f and m efflorescences.
H.=l; Lustre silky. Color white, yellowish. Becomes pulverulent and white on exposure. Taste bitter — astringent.
Oompr— ftg3+&S*+22£[=Sulphuric add 37*8, alumina 12*0, magnesia 4*6, water 46*1. Analyses : 1, A A. Hayes (L c) ; 2, How (J. Oh. Soo, IL L 200) :
9 Si f'e.ftnAg Ca & ]$
In two other trials How found for S 86*36, 86*69, and for ti 46*16, 46*07.
Pyr., etc. — In the matrass yields water, and acts like other alums. Tastes like ordinary alum.
Obs. — From near Iquique, in Peru ; also K. Scotia in Newport, on the bank of the Meander, as an efSorescence on the slate or shale (Silurian) of a sheltered difi; where it results from the action on the shale of decomposing pyrite — and probably a kind containmg traces of eobalt and nickel. How observes that the fibres in this mineral are oblique in crystallization, and that it contains only 22 ti and that it is therefore not a true alum.
679. APJOBHTTE. Manganese Alum Apjohn, PhiL Mag., ziL 108, 1838. Manganalaup
Apjohnit Ghcher, Qyn., 298, 1847.
In fibrous or asbestiibrm masses, white, and with a silky lustre.
Oomp.— of maoffanese 16*8, sulphate of alumina 37*0, water 46-7=100. Howsuggests the formula lb) S+Si9h 22 which would correspond to 44*64 p. a of water and 35*96 5, supposing some loss of the snlphurio add in the heating to determine th amber.
AudyslB : Apjohn (PhiL Mag., L a) :
S 82-79 Si 10-65 && 7-38 (=dbi 6-60) tL 48*li ttgS l-OftclOO.
Pyr. — Nearly the Bame m fiv ardinaiy alum, bat giTos with flvzeB a leaoHon fbr Oba.— From Lagoa Baj In Soath Africa.
680. B08JII2CANITB. lianganeae Alum pt, Uaogano-magneaiaii Alum. Boqemanite JDomi
Monoclinic? In silky acicular or capillary crystallizations; and ai crusts and efflorescences. Taste like that of ordinary alum, but lesa strong.
ftn : i/Lg=l : 2, Bulphurio acid 86*82, alumina 11*83, protoxyd of manganese 2*73, magnesia 8*08, water 46-56=100. Analyses : 1, Shromeyet (Pogg., xzzL 137); 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., II. xvilL 379); 8, B. Sdhweiser (Kenng. Uebm, 1869, 12):
S Si t'e An fig Ca K ft
In the last there was some ammonia with the water.
Pyr., etc — As under apjohnite.
Om.— It ooTers the floor of a caye near Bozeman layer in Southern AfUoa, to a depth of six inches ; the roof is a reddish quartzose oonglomerate, containing magnesia and pyrites ; it rests on a bed of epsomite, inches thick ; also found in Maderan valley in Canton Uri, Switaeriand (called keramohaUie by Schweiaer); and at Alum Point near Salt Lake, in Utah. This Utah mineral was made a manganesian alum by Dr. Chile (Am. J. Sci., IL zv. 484 1863).
681. BAIiOTRIOHITZI. Pederalaun yon Freyenwalde (with anal showing it to bo an iron alum) JT/opr., Beitr., iiL 102, 1802. Eisenalaun . Iron Alum. Halotrichit Olocher, Qrundr., 691, 1839. Hyersalt Ibrchhammer Jahresb., zzilL 268, 1848. Halotriohin Soacchit Mem. Oampb Nap., 84, 1849.
Silky fibrous. Yellowish-wliite. Taste inky-astringent. Becomes doll and pulverulent on exposure.
Oomp— add 36*9, alumina 11*5, protoxyd of iron 8*1, water 44-6=100.
In the HveraaU of Porchhammer (L a) a small part of the alumina is replaced by sesqaioxyd of iron, and of the proton of iron by magnesia. Scacchi's MahtrkMM (L a) may belong here ; he writes for the formula te S+f Si 3*+ 18 1& If part of the iron is sesquioxyd it is like the hyersalt.
Analyses : 1, Berthier (Ann. d. Mines, y. 257) ; 2, Bammelsberg (PQr-i 39) ' SiUiman, Jr. (this Min., 226, 1860); 4, Arppe (An. Pinske Mm., 1867); 6, Phillips (Ana Ch. PhyL, xziiL 822); 6, Forohhammer (L a); 7, Scaochi (L c) :
S SI fe iig
2. Morsfeld 8603 10*91 9*37 0*23
3. Oroomiah 33*81 10*62 9*15
4. Finland 34*71 18*83 6*23
5. Hurlet 30*9 5*2 20*7
44*0=100 Berth.
48-03, & 0-48=100 Ramm.
41-61, Si 8*34, Pe 1*05=99*68 a
44-20=98*47 Arppe.
43*2=100 Phillips.
45*63, 9e 1-28=100 Fordihammer.
46-92=100 Soacchl
SHaproth obtained for the "Feather alum" of Freyenwalde, Sulphuric add and walw 77, Inmiaa 16*26, protoxyd of iron 7*60, potash loa
Pyr., etc — Fuses in its own aystallixatlon-water, cradcs open, and if strongly heated gives 00* sulphurous add, leaying a brown residue ; with the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda on charcoal gives an hepatic mass.
Obs. — Occurs at Bodenmais and at Mdrsfeld in Rhenish Bayaria. Also at Oroomiah, Peniat where the inhabitants use it for making ink of a fine quality ; at Hurlet and Oampsie near Glas gow; at Bjorkbaoka£ in Finland (anal. 4). at Bossyille, Richmond Go, K. T. (Beds)
Btdb0U8 Sulphates. 6U
She EoerMii of Forchbammer li an allied alum Arom loeland. HaiakiMnn Is a aQkr alum from the Solfatara near Naples.
The name Haloirickite is from fiAf, a/(, and 0pf, Aotr.
BergAnMer {Beurre de MonSagne) is an impure alum or copperas effloresoencef of a buttelike oonsistooce, oozing from some alum slates. A yellowish kind from Wetzeletein, near Saalfeld, afforded R. Brandes (. J., . 417) §84*82, ftlTiX fe 9-97. 0-72, ammonia 1-75, fi 43*60 r:9v-()0. Another, from the original locality at Irtisoh in the Altai, gave Klaproth
682. RCSBSBRITB. Baemerit Grailieh, Ber. Ak. Wien, zxriiL 272, 1858.
80', 0 A i-i=101° 1', 0 A a=90% /A a=129° 18', Grailich. Cleavage: clinodiagonal perfect Ooarse granular, the grains partly cristo
H.=2'75. G.=2'16— 2'18 ; mean of results 2*174. Lustre between greasy and vitreous. Color rust-brown to yellow. Translucent. Taste saline, astringent, vitriolic.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for It, fi, iftsnearlj 1 : 3 : 12 : 12; ft 5+9e S*+12 tL Hean of two analyses by Tschermak (L a) :
9e
te
2n
ibi
Ca
tts
fi insoL
S0-6S
ivr
tr.
tr.
28-00 0-60=99-48.
r., etc — Probably the same as for copiapite. Reactions of iron and zina OlMU--From the Bammelsberg mhie near Goslar, along with copiapite.
683. OOPZAFITB. Miao IHoK. ICsy (fr. Qypras, eta) PHn xzxiy. 31. Mlsy, Otrm, Gelb Atrament (fr. Hars, etaX Auric, Nat Foss., 21 H, 467, Interpr., 466, 1646. Misy, Qui Atrament Sten, Lapis atramentarins flayus, WaJL, Min., 169, 1747. Misy (fr. Harz) Haiwm., Handb., 1061, 181, 120S, 1 847. Gelbeiseners BreilOk, Char., 97, 238, 1823, 228, 1832. Yellow Copperas. Copiapite (fr. Copiapo), Basisches Schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd, H, Rose, Pogg*} zzyiL 309, 314, 183H. Xanthoeiderit pt. Glocker, Syn., 65, 1847.
Hexagonal ? Loose aggregation of crystalline scales, or granular massive, the scales rhombic or hexagonal tables. Cleavage : basal, perfect. Incrusting.
H.=l*5. G.=2*14, Borcher. Lustre pearly. Color sulphur-yellow, citron-yellow. Translucent.
Oomp.~Fe*3*+18£[, Rose; 9e*9*+12fi, Bamm.=Salphurio add 42*7, sesqnlozyd of iron 34*2, water 23*1=100. Analyses: 1, H. Bose (Pogg., zxyfl. 309); lA, same, excluding 18*46 epsomite, 0*19 gypsom, and ttxe silioa, as imparities (RanmL Min. Ch., 276); 2hI, Borcher, and Ahrend ft Ullrich (B. H. Ztg., 1864); 6, 6, List (Ann. Ch.-Pharm., Izxiy. 239) : .
s
Ca
fi
Ooplapo
89*60
26*11 1-96 2*64
0D6
29-67, Si 1*37 101*40 Rose
Xa. "
41*69
88*69
24-82 Bose.
1 Ooslar, orvBl
24*24 2n 6*80
—
8006=98*10 Borcher.
89*44
28*00 " 200
30*64=100*08 A. ft U.
88*07
30*60=98-22 A. ft U.
6. ory9L
30*07 " 2-49 2-81
£:o*32
21-39=100 liist
48*21
30*87
unci. List
656 Oxygen Oompoctudb.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperatare sulphnrio add. On chazooat tMOOfrei magaetic, and with soda affords the reaction for sulphnrio add. With tiie fluxes reactions for iron. In water insoluble.
Obs. — Common as a result of the decomposition of pTrite at the Bammelsberg mine, near Ooslar in the Harz, and elsewhere.
This spedes is the yellow copperas long called misj, and it might well bear now the name MisylUe. The description of Dioscorides is nnsatefactoiy. But that of Pliny, not OTer S5 years later, is good, and is as likely to represent the true /nn of the Creeks; and that of Agrioda is ezoellenti and was taken from specimens.
684. RAIMONDXTB. Baimondit BrmifL, B. H. Ztg., zxf. 149, 1860.
Hexagonal. In thin six-Bided tables with removed basal edges, scale-like. Cleavage : basal, perfect.
H.=3— 3-25. G.=3-190— 8-222. Lustre pearly. Color between honeyand ochre-yellow. Streak ochre-yellow. Opaque.
Oomp.— 0. ratio fi, 5, £[=6 : 9 : 7 ; Fe* S*+7 £[=Sulphurio add 85*0, sesquiaxyd of iroa 46-8, water 18*4=100. AJoalysis: 1, Babe (L a):
B 9e a
1. Ehrenfriedersdorf 36-08 46*62 1740=100.
Pyr., ata— Probably the same as for copiapite. In water insoluble. ObB.--From the tin mines of EhrenfHedersdorf in scales on cassiterlte.
684A. Pastbexti Norman (Bergemann, Verb, nat Yer. Bonn, 1866, 17), may be of the above spedes, if part of the iron is present as limonite. According to Bergemann, it occurs amorphous X reniform, of a yellow color, at Paillis, near Alais, Dept of. Gard, with oerusaite, limonite, 3aldte, gypsum, flbroferrite; B.B. inftisible; in mnriatio add easOy soluble The analyses gava (L c):
3 Si Is 9e lb ft
Beceived by Dr. Bergemann from Dr. Normann, of llarseillea, who named it after President Pastrd, of that <Atj, It approaches jarosite (p. 660), except in the absence of alkaliea.
686. FIBROFBRRITB. S, Ave, Pogg., zzvii 316, 1833. Fibroferrite JYideauXf PhiL Kagn m. 397, 1841. Styptidt EomirL, Handb., il 1202, 1847. Oopiapite J. L. SmUh Am. J. Sd., IL xviiL 376.
Delicately fibrous.
H.=1'5-— 2. G.=1'84, Smith. Lustre sUky, pearly. Color pale yellow, or nearly white. Translucent.
Ctomp.— 9e* S*-h27 % Bamm.=Salphnrio add 29*80, sesq. iron 86*16, water 86*66=100 Analyses: 1, H. Bose (L c); 2, 8, J. L; Smith (L a); 4, R Tobler (Ann. Oh. Pharm., xofL 388) 6, Prideauz Q. a),* 6, F. Field (Q. J. Oh. So&, ziv. 166); 7, Pisani (a BL, lix.
9e
Oa
1. Oopiapa Jib.
28*11
0*69
11
36*66, Si 1-48=100-68 Boaa.
80*26
81*76
— -.
—
88-20, insoL 0*54=100*76 gnd
8. "
30*98
..—
ttfufet Smith.
4. "
81*49
31*69
36*82=100 Tobler.
6. "
28*9
36*7=100 Prideans.
6L Chili,
81*94
T. Paillidres
88*40
tr.
Htdb0U8 Bulphatbb.
65T
PyTi, 0tOK — Same as for oopiapite.
Oba. — ftom Oopiapo, Ohili, in delicately flbrooa mafsea, aaaocSatec with ooquimbite ; also fhn Ihe mines of Faillidres, in Oard, France.
The name alludes to the fibroos structure. There is no reason tc doubt the identit7 ef Pn* deauz's JOtroferrik of 1841 with the mineral analyzed by BosCi Smith, and others, and which Hausmann named stioite in 1847.
686. APATBUTB. MaOet, Ann. d. lY . iiL 808, 184L
In small firiable nodulee or balls. Oolor clear yellow. Besemblei e piapite.
Oomp.— I'e'S+afi. Analysiaby
S 42-90 9e 63-30 ti lOO'lO.
Oocors at llmdon and Aateoil, disseminated in an argiUaceous bed oonneoted wlUi the pla
687. BOTRTOOBN. Bother Eisen-Vitriol Ben Afh ir, 307, 1816. Bed Iron Yitrid. Vm uUkt rouge Botiyogen i&il, Pogg., ziL 401, 1828. Keoplaaept&iMiL,Tr., 11483, 1833. Botiyt Gleet, Syn., 300, 1847.
0*9188 : 1 : 1'5334. Observed planes as in the fignre, with also I'i (on acute solid angle of base), 1 (on acute edge of base), and i-i. Oa 7=113° 37', 0 A 126° 31', 0 A 1=121° 4'. 7a i-i=160° 54', t-i A i-i =98° 16', f i A fl=141% 0 A i-i=160° 80' : 7 and t- vertically striated. Cleavage parallel to / Cryatals usually small. Often in renuorm and botryoidal shapes, consisting of globules with a crystalline sur-
H.=2— 2-5. G.=2-039. Lustre vitreous. Oolor deep hyacinth-red ; massive varieties sometimes ochre-
{reliow ; streak ochre-yellow, a little shining. Transucent. Taste slightly astringent.
Oomp.— rf'e'S+sFeSVSea, of protoxyd ofiroa lOH), id. of aeaquioxyd 48*8, water 82-1=:100. Analyses : Gahn k Beneelins (L a):
ti
s
9e
Ca
1. i668
6*69
2. 8t-87
0*91
6*92
wfaioh he deduces, without having determined directly the protozyd of iron :
{"eS t'eFeS litgS Ca3 dandloss.
3. 48*3 20*8 80*9=100.
The sulphates of magnesia and lime are rejected as impurl, but with how much propriety is uttoertain.
Pyr., ate. — B.B. Intumesces and gives off water, producing a reddish-yeUow earth. On char- fXMl beoomes magnetic ; with soda gives a hepatic mass. Bemains unaltered if kept dry, but in a moist atmosphere It beoomes ooyered with a dirty yellowish powder. Partly soluble ui boiling water leaving an ochreous residue.
Oba. — Occurs at the copper mine of Fahlun, in Sweden, coating gypsum or pyrite.
<68
iOLYQEN OOUPOVSm.
Named from 06Tpf, a hunt of grapes, and , Itnake, This last part of the nam* ii M and i8 well thrown aside bj GHocker, who makes it hoiryte; hotryite would be more coireck
688. ALUMINTTII. Beine Thonerde (fr. Halle) WertL, Ueb. Cronstedt 176, 1780. Native. Argill Kirwanf Min., L 1*76. Almninit C. CBaberle, Der Mineralreich, eta, 1807 ; Kant, Tab 48,1808. HamteIMawiiefft.,liin.,iL1813. Websterite jLavy, In Brooke, 1 823. HydrosuliihatB d'alnmine, Websterite, BmiL, Tr., 449, 1824.
Beniform, massive; impalpable.
H.=l— 2. G.=1'66. Lustre duU, earthy. Color white. Opaque. Fracture earthy. Adheres to the tongue ; meagre to the touch.
Oomp.— £l3+9 £[=Alamina 29*8, sulphuric add 23*2, water 47*0=100. Analyses: 1, 8ir taayer (Unters., 99) ; 2, Schmid (J. pr. Oh., xzxiL 496) ; 8, 4, Stromejer (L c.) ; 6, (Mia., H 1846, 366) ; 6, Dnmas (ib.) :
Si
1. Halle
23*366
23*26
8. Mori, near HaUe
28*68
4. Newhaven
28*87
6. Lunel Tieil
33*46
6. Auteun
46-372 1 00 Stromeyer. 46*34, Ca 1-18=100 Schmid. 46*34=100 Stromeyer. 46*76=100 Stromever. 46*80=99*97 Dufrenof . 47=100 Dumaa
eta — In the dosed tube gives mudi water, whid), at a high temperatore, becomes sod from the eyolutloa of sulphurous and sulphuric adds. BJ3. infosible. With cobalt solution a fine blue color. With soda on charcoal a hepatic mass. Soluble in adds.
Oba.— Occurs in connection with beds of day in the TertiajT' and Post-tertiary formations.
First found in 1730 in the Garden of the Piedagogium at Halle; afterward suspected to be an artificial product, from a manufactory near by ; subsequently found elsewhere m the plastic day of the region, and proved to be native. Since discovered by Mr. Webster at Newhaven. Sussex, in reniform and botryoidal concretions, imbedded in ferruginous day, which rests on tiie chalk strata; also under similar droumstances at Epernay, in Lund Yieil, and Auteii], in France.
689. ALUNTTB. Alumen de Tolpha, quod primum fossum est in Italia, Pil 2di Pontifids tern* poribus (Piccolomini, 1468-1464), Oeaner, Foss., 13, 1666. Bomersk Alunsten TToO, Min., 163, 1747. Alaunstein (fr. ToUa) Wem., Bergm. J., 876, 1789. Alumstone. AluminOite Jklamelh. T. T., ii 118, 1797. Alun de Bome pt iT., Tr., 1801. Pierre alumhiease de la Tdfri Alunite Beud 449, 1824. Alaun-Spath BreiOk, Ohar., 1823.
Rhombohedral. B A 10', O A i?=l24 40', Breith. ; a=l-2523.
Obsenred planes : Hj and the rhombohedrons f , -j -ij and -2, Breith.
0 A 2=109° 4' O A 1=119 57 0 A f =128 65
0 A J=178° 42' A 1=82 26 2 A 2=70 8
Cleavage: basal nearly perfect; JS indistinct Also massive, having a fibrous, granular, or impalpablo texture.
H.=3-5— 4. G.=2*68— 2'762. Lustre of it vitreous, basal plane somewhat pearly. Color white, sometimes grayish or reddish. Streak white. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture flat conchoidal, uneven ; of mas' rive varieties splintery ; and sometimes earthy. Brittle.
;ii
Ca JSTa &
35*50
0-70 1-84 8-99
3. Uxuaai, Hung. 89'M
0-49 10-67
6. Beregbflnoi Hung.
10
6. Tuscukj
7. Mflo
38*21
8. Mt. DofO
9. Styzla
86*3
Btdboub Sulphates* 659
Oompara) OryBtaUind. (5) Fibrous, ooncretioiiary. (c) Ifaaaive, and moderately tender, (d) Hard, mainly from diaaemixuted silica, which impurity sometimes amounts to 60 p. a
0. ratio fiw ]ft,fip9 d=l : 9 : 12 : 6. Formula, as usually written, K 9+8 Si 9 -1-611; or, making one-third of the water basio (&, £0'9'l-3 ;!Q9-f 4 £[=8ulphario add 88-5H, alumina 37*13, potash 11*84 water 13-00=100. But A. lOtscherlich, in view of the results of its deoompositioQ after heating (J. pr. Ch., Izcdil 465X it aflbrding alum, which water will remote, and bydrated alumina, holds that the formula shouJd be & 9 + ii 5'+ 2 £l fi', making it a compound of anhydrous alum and gibbsite.
Analyses: 1, Oordier (Ann. d. IL, y. 208); 2, Mitscherlich (J. pr. Gh., IxxxiiL 464); 3, Rammelsberg (L a); 4, Mitsdierlich (L a, and ZS. G., ziv. 254); 5, Berthier (La); 6, G. Desootilfl (Ann. d. IL, i 319); 7, Sauvage (ib., lY. x. 85); 8, Gordier (ib., iy. 205); 9, Fridau (Ann. Gh. Pharm., IzztL lo6) :
tL
10-02 [14'83]=100 Gordier.
12-68, Ba 0-29=99*96 lOtadL 12-66=100 Bamm. [12-71], Ba 0-19 Mitsch. 11-97=100 Berthier. 10-6=100 Deaootila. 18-09=100 Sauyage. 5-9= UK) Gordier. 15-4=100 Fridau.
Fhmi analysis 3, Si 26-88 is excluded as impurity; from 5, Si 26-5, 9e 4'0, are exduded; from 7, A 19-0; firom 8, Si 28-40, 9e 1-44. Na 11, by Fridau, as Published in ftill, is Si 50-71, 9
For analysis of impure A. from Pic de Sandy, by J. Gautter-Iaoroae, see G. R, lyii 862.
Pyr., eto. — B.B. decrepitates, and is infbsibla In the closed tube yields water, sometimea also sulphate of ammonia, and at a higher temperature sulphurous and sulphuric adds. Heated with cobalt solution affords a fine blue color. With soda and diarooal infusible, but yields a hepatic mass. Soluble in sulphurio add.
Oba. — Forms seams in tradiytic and allied rocks, where it has been formed aa a result of the alteration of the rock by means of sulphurous yapors.
Met with at Tolfa, near Giyica Yecchia, in the neighborhood of Bome, in crystals ; at Montioni in Tuscany; at Muaaai and Bereghszasa in Hungary; on Milo Argentiera, and Neyia, Qreciaii Ardiipelago ; and at Mt Dore, Fiance.
The compact yarieties from Hungaxy are so hard as to admit of being used for miOstonea. Alum is obtained trom it by repeatedly roasting and liziyiating, and finally crystallizing by evaporation.
This spedea was first obsenred at Tolfa, near Rome, in the 15th century, by J. de Gastro, a Genoese, who had been engaged in the manufacture of alum, ftxmi an alum-stone or "Bockalum found near Edessa in Syria. It was named AhmimUite by Dehunetherie in 1797, a long name well changed to Ahmiie by Beadant in 1824.
69a ZaOWXarrS. AUunateln Riimar, Z& G., yUL 246, 1858. L5digit A. MUackuUch, J. pr.
Gh., iTTTiii, 474, 1861.
In ronnded masses, similar to compact alnnite.
H.=3— 4. G.=2-58. Lustre feeble. Color pale straw-yellow. Slightly Bubtranslacent. Fracture perfectly conchoidal.
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1:9:12: 9=& 9+8 Si 3+9 d=Salphurio add 862, alumina 84*8, ootaab 10-7, water 18*3=100; or alunite with 9 £[ in place of 6 & Analyaea: 1, Ldwig (ZS. G., yiil S47); 2, 3, A. MitadierUoh (L a); 4, Bammelsberg (Ifin. Gh., 289); 5, Berthier (Ann. d. IL, IY. iL459):
9d Ag Ca JTa & £[
10-10 [18*82], org.,a8'87=100Ii6wig.
s
Si
1. Sfleaia 84-84
84*96
s
Si
&
9*63
660 QZrOEV OOMFOUSDt.
16-60r=100 Mitaoherliofa.
16-72, Si 1-94=100 BammelBbarr.
1706=100 Berthier.
OUT orgaaio anbaUBo*, t-U iIUob, and SS'M ewtkj matters ranovad.
Pyr., etc. — B3. nearly like alunlte. The water is expelled at a lower temperature than ii alanite; and the oompound resulting after heating, instead of containing a mixture affordina alum and insoluble hydrated alumina, affords to water sulphate of potash and subsulphate of alumina. Mitscherlich hence writes for it the above formula, instead of one like his for alunlte. Partiallj soluble in muriatio add, while alunite is not at all so.
Oba.— Found in a ooal bed at Tabrse in Upper Silesia, in compact lumps, having the lustre, color, and texture of the Solenhofen lithograj stone, bat Waokish extemaUj from a coaly crust; also with alunite at Tol£i.
According to Bammelsberg's analysis, part at least of the ciystslliied alunite has the oompceltionofldwigite.
691. JAR08ZTB. Gelbeisenets Ramnkj Pogg idiiL 182, 1888. lOsy HaUL Handh 612, 1846. Vitrlolgelb, Qelbeisenen, iTatiam., Handb., 1205, 1847 [not Gelbeisenen fr. Han BnUk Ohar., 1882]. Jarosit BrmOk B. R Ztg., 1862. Horonolite 8%., SuppL Append. ICUl, pi It.
Rhombohedral. H A 68' ; 0 A jB=124 32' ; a=l'2684. Cleavage : basal. Also fibrous, and granular massive. Also in nodules, or as an incrustation with a tuberose or coralloidal surface.
H.=2-6— 8-6. G. of crystallized 8-24— 8-26; of nodular 2-6— 2-9. Lustre a little shining to dull. Color ochre-yellow ; streak yellow, shining. Opaque.
Var., Oomp.— (1) Orystattited; JanmUe, which occurs also fibrous and granular; Q.=3'256, fr. Spain; 8*244, fr. Maryland, Breith. (2) Qmcrdionaryf ib ordinary form of the Norway and Bohemian mineral, and the nummoUle of Orange Co., N. Y. ; G.=2*62 (moronolite)— 2-79.
0. ratio for &, fi, S, £[=1 : 12 : 16 : 9, Bamm.; (&, fTa) S+4 Pe 5 + 9d,Bamm. For Jarotite, Ferber deduces 1 : 16 : 18 : 10, differing mainly in a little less of alkalL Richter's analysis of it was imperfect It is isomorphous with alunite, which would suggest the ratio 1 : 9 : 12 : 8, which also differs mainly in the proportion of raotoxyd. Analyses: 1, Bammelsberg (La);!, Soheerer (Fogg., xly. 188); 3, J. H. Ferber (B. H. Ztg., xxiiL 10); 4, TjldT (Aul J. BcL, EL xlL
9 9e JTa & tL
2. Modum, " 82-46 49*63 6-20 13*11=100-39 Scheerar.
3. Spain, Joftmte 81*76 49*24 0*80 6*90 11*86, £l 1-26=100-88 Ferber.
Baralt afUr nbtnotlof hfi, water and 11 -IT inaol.
Pyr eta — Nearly as for ooquimbite.
Obs.— The original of this species was from Lusdhits, between Koloaoruk and Bilin, Bohemia, in brown coal; and later from Modum, Norway, in alum slate.
The jarosite was from Barranco Jaroso in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain, on limonite ; also aooord ing to Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxr. 149), from Maryland, of granular form, with quarts and a magnetite altered to hematite; Mexico; Saxony, Thekla mine, near Hauptmanngrun in Voig land, in small crystals on turgite (hydrohematite) and limonite ; Erzgebirge, near Schwtnenbeig at the Frisch GlUck mine. It is isOTiorphous with beudantite.
MoronoUte is from Monroe. N. Y., where it occurs on gneiss. It contains less alkali than is required for the formula. Named moronoUte from /capoy, rmUberryj alluding to a resemblance to the mulberry calculus.
EruiibiU Shepard (Bep. Mt PIsgah Oopper MinC) N. HaTen, 1869; Am. J. Sci., XL xxTiii 129, 1869) is a "rusty insoluble ferric sulphate" of undetermuied nature. His copptratmB (ik) is annoonoed as a hydrous cuprous and fenic sulphate," from the same place. His lemcmiorik (ib) is sn efflorescence on the copperasine. These are names without descriptions.
niBOnS SULPHATES.
692. OARPHOSIDBRITB. Kaiphoaiderit BreOh . L 314, 1827.
In reniform masses, and incrustations.
H.=4— 4-5. G.=2-49— 2-5, Breith. ; 2728, Pisani. Lustre resinous Color pale and deep straw-yellow. Streak yellowish. Feel greasy.
Oomp.—0. ratio for fip S, A— I : 1*28: 1*08; if a foartb of the water is basic (f9e+i
S
+ 2 d=Salpbario add 31*4, aeaquiozjd of iron 60% water 18*4=100. h. iTilL 242, J. pr. GIl, xc 376) ; 2, same after removing imparities:
9e
8n
n
Sand
Oypsum
25*52
40*00
tr.
9-08=100,
Sapposed by Harkort (L after blowpipe trials, to be a hydrous phosphate; but shown bj Plaani's analysis of an original specimen to be a snlphatei
Pyr., eto — B3, nearly like oopiapite. Insoluble in water.
Obs. — Occurs in flssuros in mica date, and was first distinguished by Breithanpt among some specimens which be says were firom Labrador. Pisani's specimens were from the Kdlbuig collection in Paris, and were kQed Greenland, most probably the true locally.
The name alludes to the color, and is from 'apr, Hrmo oiinpot mm.
693. PARALUimiXTB. Paraluminit SlMberg J. pr. Gh., xscfi. 496, 1844
ive, and like aluminite. White to pale yellow.
Oomp.— 21*3+15 £[=:SolphQrio add alumina 87*0. water 48*6=100. Analyses: 1-6, , liartens, Mardiand, Wolfi; Backs (J. pr. Gh., xxziL zzziiL); 7, Dtoflk (Za nat Yer. HsJle, ziiL 265); 8, Berthier (Mem., 1889, 288):
1. South of Halle
8. Huelgoet
3 Si ft
14*54 86*17 49*03=99*74 Sdmiid.
14*04 86-96 60-00=100 Kartens.
17*0 360 41-2=100*2 Marchand.
12-44 38*81 47-07, CaC 1*68=100 Wolft
12-22 37*71 49*18, CaC 1*00=100-11 Backs.
11 45 39-50 48*80=99-75 Marchand.
15-66 36*54 46*89=98*99 Died.
13*37 48*00 48*63=100 Berthier.
Another analysis of the mineral Presslers mountain, near Halle afforded Geist (ZS. Nat a similar mineral from Bemon, near Epemay, Fnmce, Lassaigne obtained (Ann. Oh. Phys., . M 39-70, tL 39*94, gypsum 0*30=100.
Pyr., etcNearly as for aluminite.
Obs.— Similar in its modes of occurrence to aluminite. Found in Presslers mountain (aaaL and dsewhere, near HaHe and Huelgoet in Brittany.
694. nSBOPRANTTB. Pissophan Bniih Gbar., 101, 1882. Qamadorilta.
Amorphous, or stalactitic, somewhat pitch-like in appearance. H.=l-5. Q.=1'98— 1-98. Lustre vitreous. Color pistachio-, spar agus-, or olive-green. Transparent. Yery fragile. Fracture conchoidaL
662 Oztobn Ookfoitnds.
OompErdmaDn (Solid. J., bdl 104) obtained :
S £l Pe tL
1. Grttu 12-70 85-15 9*74 41-60, gangae and loes 0-72=100.
2. " 35-30 9-80 41-70 " 0-71=100.
Probably not a simple mineral. Perhaps Nos. 1 and 2,S'3+15 fi, and Ko. 8,fi'8 + 15fl The relation m the fonner is more exactly 5' + 30 fi.
Pyr., etc. — For the most part insoluble in water. Easily soluble in muriatic add. BJ beoomea black. In a glass tube gives aUcaiine water.
Obs. — Occurs at Oamsdorf, near Saalfeld, and at Reichenbaoh, Saxony, on alum slate.
Named from vtcvo, piUikf and aytfc, oppearofice.
696. FBIiSOBANTITB. Ilsobanyt Haid Ber. Ak. Wien, 1862, xfi. 188, 1864.
Orthorhombic. Massive, and in concretions, grouped or single, consisting of scales, whichsare hexagonal, and have two angles of 112. Cleavage perfect. Optically biaxial.
H.=1'5. G.=2-38. Lustre of cleavage-face pearly. Color snow-white, surface often yellowish. Translucent to subtransparent.
Oomp.— 3!Q*3+ 10 =:8ulphurio acid 17-2, alumina 44% water 38-7=100. AnaysiB: t. HaoH (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii 188):
(})S 16-47 Si 46-63 ft 87-27=99'27 Ham
Pyr etc. — Nearly as for aluminlte.
Obs. — From Eapnik near Felsobanya in Hungary, the ooncretions aomethnes grouped on barite.
696. QZiOOSBRITB. Yitrlolocker Bert AflL, y. 167, 1816. Fer sous-sulfat terreux Benu, K. ITm. Syst, 1819. Vitrid Oohre. Pittinte JBimI, Tr., 447, 1824. Glockerit Aatcm., Min 264, 1866.
Massive, sparry or earthy. Stalactitic.
Lustre resinous or earthy. Color brown to ochre-yellow, also brownish black to pitch-black: dull green. Streak ochre-yellow to brown. Opaque to subtranslucent. Fracture shining to earthy.
Oomp., Var.— 9e'S+6£[, Berselius, for a brown to ochre-yellow variety, occurring with botryogen at Fahlun, containing according to him, Sulphuric add 16*9, sesquiozyd of iron 62*4, water 21-7=100.
The same for a stalactitic variety Obergrund, near Zuckmantel, the stalactites of which are sometimes 2 feet long, brown to pitch-black, yellowish-brown, and dark green in color, with yellowish-brown to ochre-yellow streak, shining lustre to earthy, and insoluble in water. It is the Glockerile of Naumauu, who dtes Hochstetter's analysis, S 16-19, Fe 64*34, £[ 20*7, agreeing dosely with that by Berzelins.
Jonlan obtained for a compact and earthy yitriol dire Bammelsberg mine near Goslar (J pr Oh., iz. 95), and Scheerer for another from Modum, Norway (Pogg., zlv. 188) :
9 9e d
1. Goslar, compact 18*59 63-86 18-46, 2n 1*23, Cu 0-87, gangue 2-00=100 Jordan.
3. Modum, broum 600 80*78 18*67=100 Scheerer.
Pyr., etc.— Nearly as for copiaptte. Obs. — A result of the alteration of pyrite or marcaslte.
OloekeriU was named after the mineralogist E. F. Glocker. Pitt&oite is the name of pitohy iioi ore, q.y.
Htdb0U8 8T7Lphats8. 608
697. LAMPROPHANITB. Lampropban JgMrdm, (EfV. Ak. Stockh.. 1866, 9a
In thin cleavable folia.
H.=3. G.=3"07. Lustre pearly. Color and streak white.
Oomp* — An analjBia afforded Igelatoom (L a):
Pyr., to.— YieldB water. soda on charooal yields metaUie lead and a hepatic miM. Not wholly soluble in adds. Oba. — From Lnoffban in Wennland, Sweden. Named in allnsion to the Inatre from
700. LINARITXI. Linarite Brooke Ann. PhiL, H. !▼. 117, 1822. Cupreous Sulphate of Lead,
Capreoua Angleaite. Bleilaaur, Kupferbleispath, Oem.
h : 0=0*48134 : 1 : 0*5819. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, t-i, /, i4, i-2 ; hemipyramicU, 2, 2-2, f-f , f-8. Fig. 544. Plane t4 often wanting.
0 A M=102° 33' 0 A
0 A l-i=152 19 t? A i4=158 1
0 A -l-i=156 57i t-t A 1=105 8 n
0 A fi=161 a3i 14, A -l-i=125 35i
O A 2-i=130 5 i4 2-i=127 22
0 A fi=176 36 t-2 A t-2, ov. w,=100 1
(? A f i=156 48 /A 2-2=137 1
<?A/=96 28 /A 2=159 9
T
g
Twins : composition-face i-i common ; 0 A 0'=154® 54'. Cleavage : i-z very perfect ; 0 less so.
H.=2*5. G. 5'3 — 5'45. Lustre vitreous or adamantine. Color deep azure-bine. Streak pale blue. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Ctomp.— 0. Tatio for Ou, lb, S, £[=1 : 1 : 8 : 1, whence S-hCnlSC; or, if fi be basics for baae and add 1 : l=(i-Ou+i b+Jr)' 3. It seomB to be an objection to the first formula that there is no near isomoiphism with any sulphate of lead, while tiiere is with cyanosite or sulphate of copper.
Analyses: 1, Brooke (I c); 2, Thomson (Phil. Mag., IIL xvii. 402); 3, y. Kobell (J. jt. Oh., InziiL 464) :
bS On fi
1. Wanlookhead 75*4 18*0 Brooke.
3. Kadalnski 76*41 17*43 616, Ci .=100 KobelL
., etc—In the closed tube yields water and loses its blue color. B.B. on charcoal (bses easily to a pearl, and in R.F. is reduced to a metallic globule which by continued treatment coat ilie coal with oxyd of lead, and if fused boric add is added yields a pure globule of copper. With soda gives the reaction for sulphuric acid. Decomposed with nitric add, leaying a white residua of sulphate of lead.
Oba.— Formerly foand at LeadhQls. Occurs at Boughten Gill, Bed Gill, and near Kesw.ck, in Oomberland, in crystals sometimes an indi long; near Schneeberg, rare: in Dillenburg, at ihe minee Aurora and Thomas; Nassau on the Li&n; at Betzbanya; at the Kadainski mine if
S64
OXYGEN OOMPOUZnM.
BTertfloliinsk ; nd in the Tidiiity of Beresof in the Ural ; and sapposed fonnerly to bo foon a Linares in Spain, whence the name.
Alt. — linarite occurs altered to oeniS8ite a change lice that of anglesite to cornssite.
For recent obs. on crrsti B. k H., Min.; Greg k Lettsom, Min., !I95, 1868 ; EokscharoC IGi. BnssL, iv. 139, y. lOA ; Hessenberg, Min. Kot, No. yii, from fiom the above angles are takes; K. Peters, Ber. Ak. Wlen, xlir. 168.
701. BROOHAMTTTB. Brochantite (fr. Katharinenb.) Levy, Ann. Fha, IL viiL 241, 1824 Eomgine (fir. Bussia) Levy, ib., xL 194 1826. Brongnartine (fr. Hezioo) Buot, Min L 3S1, 1841. Xrisavigit (fr. Iceland) ForMammer, Skand. Nat Stockh., 1842, Arab. 184S, 19i Waringtonite (fr. Oomwall) Maakelytie, Gh. News, x. 863, 1864, PhiL Mag., IT. xziz. 47S.
Orthorhombic /A /=104'* 82', 0 A 2=UT' 49' ; a : J : (?=0-3U71 ; 1 : 1-2923. Observed planes: vertical, /, *4, i-S; domes, 1-1, 24. Fig. 545 ; also prisms made of / and i-S, and dome 14 without i4, the fom resembling f. 542, p. 657, excepting the absence of 0, this plane not having observed.
16'
i-i A t-S, ov. 14,= 114
14 A 14=162 37
24 A 24, ov. (?,=115 88
i4 A i-S=147 8
i4 A 7=127 44
t4 A 14=103 41
Also in groups of adcnlar crystals and irvusj crusts. Cleavage: i4 very perfect; Tin traces. Also massive ; reniform with a columnar structure.
H.=3-5-4. G.=3-78-3-87, Maus; 3-9069. G. Rose. Lustre vitreous ; a little pearly on the cleave-iace i4. Color emerald-green, blackidi-green. Streak paler green. Transparent — translucent.
Var. — 1. Ordinary BrochaniUe. The analyses yary considerably, as shown below. The oystals are yertioaUy striated.
2. Waringtonite, Essentially brochantite in composition, but occurring in non-striated erystali in form lilce a doubly curriug wedge, of paler green color than oordiuary brodmntite, wiUi 0.= 8-89-8-47, and H.=8-3-6.
0. ratio for Cn, 3, : 6: 6; CuS+2iCn; or perhaps 80u*S + (!hid-h4d; =Sulphuric acid 19*9, protozyd of copper 69*0, water 11*1 100. Some analyses correspond to the 0. ratio 4:3:8; and Field's to 4 : 3 : 4, the ratio of lansite. Analyses : 1, 2, Magnus (Pogg., ziv. 141); 3, Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch., xzz. 896); Berthier (Ann. Ch. Phys., L 360); fi, U. Kisse (Pogg., CY. 614); 6, Pisani (0. B., lix. 912); 7, Warrington (J. Gh. Soc, II. ill 85); ICaskelyne (PhiL Mag., IV. zziz. 416); 9, Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, IL 131); 10, Field (Pha Mag., iV. xziv. 123); 11, y. Eobell (Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1866, il 70); 12, Domeyko (Ann. d. M. VL T. 460) :
8 Cu 2n H
1. Betsbanya 8. " 3. Krieumgite 4 Mexico 6. Nassau 6. Cornwall
a.
War.
u
9. ST. S Wrles 10. ChOi U. " 11 "
17132 6'2-626 8*181 0030 11 -887 =99-866 Magnus.
18-88 67-76 12-81 =9944 Forchhammer.
16-6 66-2 Berthier.
190 67-8 13 2,.=100Bi8se.
17-2 68-8 l-O* 13-2, Ca 0-8=101 PisanL
18*93 68-27 12'22\ hisoL 0*68=100 Warington.
16*73 68-24 14-64=99-61 Maskelyne.
19-4 69-1 11*6=100 Tschermak.
16-69 66-94 16-47=100 Field; O. =3*81.
16-8 68-S 13-6, gangue 2-4=100 2 Donqrk*
With Ya'o'. l-Mpcrwai waUrloblawM8* a
Htdb0U8 Sulphates. 665
The MezioaQ corresponds to Cn S+4 fi, and is the BrongnarHne of Baot<
Bivot found in crystals of brochantite of a fine green color, which afforded a align tefforresoenoe with adds, 9 19-4, On 62*9, tL 13*5, with 0 1% l2=r98*2. The mineral had undergone partial iteration. as ahown by the 6*2 p. a of carbonate of oopper present (Ann. d. M., Y. iii. 740).
Pyr., etc.— Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid, in the closed tube, and beoomes black. B.B. ftises, and on diarcoal affords metallic oopper. With soda gives the reac tion for sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in small but well defined crystals, with msladiite and native copper, at Gkime schevsk and Nischne-Tagilsk iu the Ural ; the Konigine (or Komgiie) was from Gumeschevsk ; ia small brilliant crystals with malachite in a quartzose rode near Boughten Gill in Cumberland ; in GornwaU (in part waringtonite), and sometimes with crystals of brochantite on the so-called war* ringtonite; at Betabanya; in Kassau, with ohaloopyrite; in amall beds at Krisuvig in Iceland {kHBumgiie)} in Mexico [Iron/gnarUne)} in Chill at AndaooUo (anal 10); m Australia (brought from Sidney, N.S.W., anal. 9).
Named atter Brochant de ViUiers ; warinfrtonite ifl from Warinfrton W. Smyth,
On cryst, G. Bose, Beis. Ural, L 267 ; KokscharoC Mia BussL, liL 260. The above angles an from KokscharoC G. Bose found /a/=:104'' 10', and Ma 1-1=161° 52'. Yig, 646 is from Levy. Ejscliarof 's figures have not the plane 2-4, and several are without irt
JLrtll-— Formed in a bright green powder by Field (PhiL Mag., IV. zziv. 128) by adding to a strong solution of sulphate of oopper a small quantity of caustic potash, boiling, filtering and wasluug till all the aulphate of oopper ia remo; aztialysis after drying at 100" C. afforded 9 16*98, On 67*51, tL [16*61]=100, giving the 0. ratio 4:3:4. See ftirther under LANQim
702. XANOITB. A new British mineral N, & MaOdyne, PhiL Mag., lY. zxviL 806, 186%. Langite Mukelyne, Pisani, a B., lix. 633, 1864, Maskelyne, PhiL Mag., IV. zzix. 473, 186& DeviUine Pisani, a B., 813, 1864=Lyemte MaMvne, Ch. News, z. 268, 1864.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=123 W ; 0 A 14=147 36' ; a : S : c=0-6346 : 1:1-8702. 8', (? A 24=128° 14'. Cleavage: apparenUy 0 and t4. Crystals small and short ; simple forms not observed. Twins : composition-face /, and forms like those ot aragonite. Also in fibro-lamellar and concretionary crusts, with earthy surface.
H.=2'6— -3. Gh.=3*48— 3*50, Maskelyne. Lustre of crystals vitreous; of crusts somewhat silky. Color fine blue to greenish-blue ; throiigh i-l blue ; through i-i greenieli-blue ; through 0 paler greenish-blue. Tranalucent.
Ocmpr ratio for B, S, d=4 : 3 : 4, Pisani; 4:8:6, Maskelyne. The former gives the formula Cu S-l-8 On +fi=:8ttlphurio add 17'0, ozyd of oopper 67*7, water 100. The latter corresponds to Snlphnrio acid 16*4, ozyd of copper 65*1, water 100. The ratio 4:8:4 gives alao the formula 0u*S+0u+3 £[.
Analyses: 1, Maskelyne (I c); 2, PisaniCL c); 3-6, A. H. Ohnrcth and B. Warrington (J. Oh. Boo, ll iii 87); 6, Tsohermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, IL L 127):
Ca tt
18*32=100*56 Maskelyne.
0 83 16*19, ttg 0*29=100 FIsanL
15*78=100 Ohurch.
16-26= 100*28 Warrington.
15*63= 1 00-29 Warringtoa
0*6 [16*2]= 1 00 Tschermak.
The devUHne (or lifeUite\ which indudes the Incrusting variety, is, as Tschermak has shown (L c), Umgite mixed with gyrpsnm, which is apparent in scales. His analysis above was made on the devilline afler aeparatiiig 18 p. a of gypsum; and he stated that Pisani's analysis of the same (L a) indicates the presence of 24 p. c For an analysis of the lyeUUe by Church see J. Oh. Soc, IL iiL 83.
Pyr., eto — B.B. on charooal yields water, add Aimes, and metallic copper. Heated it passes through (1) a bright green color, losing 1 equivalent of water, and then havmg the O. ratio (4 : 3 : 4) of some brodiantite; (2) various tints of olivi-green ; and (8) beoomes blade It hi filial a strongly add reaction.
Cu
1. Cornwall
16*42
66*82
2. "
16*77
65*92
16*79
67*48
4. "
67*31
5.
16*88
6. "
16*2
666 OXTOEN OOMPOmTDS.
Obs.— Found in argillaoeoas schist (killas) in Oornwall, in minute twinned ayBtilj; tSao u a blue cru8t| partly earthy. It is associated sometimes with connellite.
Named langite after Br. V. y. Lang, formerly of the British MYiseum.
The analyses of so-called brochantite by Berthler of a Mexican speotmeni and Field of a GhOiaii, as well as of the artificial mineral, haye the same oompoeition assigned by Pisani and Church to the kmfite ; and there is yet some uncertainty as to the true limits between the two apecie& The specimens had the 0011 color of brochantite.
703. OTANOTRIOHrm. Kupfersammeterz, Kupfersammterz, Wem Earsten's Tab 62, 1808. Yelyet Oopper Ore Jameaon, Min., iii. 163, 1816. Sammetens BreUh Ohar 168, 1823, 320, 1832. CniTre yelout I. Qyanotrichit Olocker, Grundr., 587, 1889. Lettsomite Percit FhiL Mag., zzxyL 103, 1850.
Occurs in druses of short capillary crystals, and having an appearance like velvet ; sometimes in spherical globules.
Color clear smalt-blue, sometimes passing into sky-blue. Lustre pearly.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for Cu, fi, S, fi, from mean of analyses, 9*03 : 6*48 : 8*85 : 20*60. Taking it fc 9:6:9:21, the formula may be 8 (!hi*S+2aiclfi'+15d; or 3CuS+2Ca'fiP+2 3Kl]+9 £[=8 On*+i3SJ)£[*+9£L Needs further inyestigation. Analyses : J. Percy (L a):
s
Si Fe
Ou
tL
15*39
11*70
28*06=98-80.
14*12
11-06 118
Cu
48*84
18*64
8. " 12-54
i. " 11-7
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Moldawa in the Bannat, coating the cavities of an earthy hydrated ozrd of iron, along with a white amorphous sulphate of alumina.
N'amed Oyanotrichite from Kavo Mue, and 9pt{, hair; and Lettsomite after the English mineralogist, W. G. Lettsom.
704. WooDWABDrrE , Oh. News, xiiL 85, 113, 1866, J. Ohem. 80a, 11. iy. 130. Probably an impure uucrystallized variety of the above, mixed with hydrate of alumina. Occurs in Cornwall, in minute botryoidal concretions, of a rich turquois-blue to greenish-blue color, translucent to almost transparent; G.=2'38. Ajoaiyses : 1-8, Church and Warrington (L c); Pisani (0 a, Ixv. 1142) :
ft
18*48=98*74 Church. 19*651=100 Warrington. '22-78] =100 Warrington. 26*9], Si 1*2=100 PisanL
Church and Warrington also found traces of silica, lime, magnesia, and phosphoric add, which were undetermined. The mean of the first 3 analyses affords the 0. ratio for Cu, %1, 5, : 4, by Rsani, gives about 12:9 for the Ou and 1, the ratio in langite, and he makes the mineral impure Utngite. He analysed (L a) another similar material from OomwaU (received from Mr. TallingX of a dear green color, and obtained S 4*7, 88-8, Cu 17 -4, fi 38*7, Si 6*7 1 00*5 ; showing a mixture of the copper sulphate with a hydrous silicate of alumina as wdl as hydrate ; and th he considers as proving that woodwardite is only a mixture.
The mineral is soluble with scarcdy any residue in diluted adds. Named after Dr. S. P. Woodward.
706. JORANNITB. tJranvitrioiyo Ch. Unters., Y. 254, 1821. Johannit EaitL, Abhandl., bohoL Oes. Prag 1880. Sulphate of Uranium. Sulfate vert d'nraoe BauL
Monoclinic. 67=85° 40', /A /=69°. Crystals flattened, and from one to three lines in length ; arranged in concentric druses or reniform masses.
H.=:2— 2*5. G.=3'19. Lustre vitreous. Color beaatiM emeraldgreen, sometimes passing into apple-green. Streak paler. Transparent-
Htdbot78 Sulphates. 667
transltioent ; sometimes opaque. Soluble in water. Taste bitter rather than astringent.
Ctompd — 0. ratio for banes and acid 1 : 1, wheDoe the formula (tr',?)3+iCa'S t-llGC, or (|(tJ', +iOu') if the nramum be all sesquiozjd, Sulphuric add 20*8, oijd of ura- Dinm 66'1, ozyd of copper water lOU. Analyaia by Lindacker (mean of two trialBi Vogl'8 Min. Joach 1857) :
F3rr., etc. — In a glass tube at a low heat does not change ; highly heated gives off water and sulphurous acid, and becomes brown and finally blaok. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphur fumes and a scoria of black color and dull green streak. With salt of phosphorus reacts for copper and uranium. Somewhat soluble in water. Solution precipitated chestnut-brown by prussiate of potash, yeUowisb-green hy alkalies, and in brown flocks by an infttsion of nutgalls.
Obsl — IMsoovered by John near Joaohimsthal in Bohemia, after whom the spedes is named. Found also at Johanngeorgenstadt Reported from the Middletown feldspar quarry by Shep*
706. URANOOHAZXnTB. UrangrOn HartmawL Uranochakit Breiih, Handb., 173, 184L
In small nodnlar crusts and velvety roses, consisting of acicular crystals. H.=2— 2. Color fine grass-green to apple-green ; streak apple-green.
Oomp.— (}(tJ",S)+l0a")9+iCa94-9d=, If the uranium be taken as all sesqniozyd, Sul phuric add 21*1, oxyd of uranium 83*5, oiyd of copper 7-0 lime 9*8, water 28*5=100. Analysis Lindadcer (YogPs Min. Joaoh., 1857):
9 t9 f*e On Oa fi
— From Joadiimathal m Bohemia.
707. BABDJIDITB. J. L. SnUih, Am. J. Sd., IL ▼. 887, 1848. Sulphate of Uranium k Lime.
Massive, with an imperfectly crystalline stmctnre. H.=2'5. Lustre vitreous in the fracture. Color dark amber. Transparent.
Oomp.— Perhaps ?9-h0a9+16fi, according to some qnalitatiTe trials by Smith; but as probably 9§4-Ca9 + 15£[=:(i?+i Ca')9-h7i and thus approaching uxanochalcite.
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass easily yields water. At redness blackens, being converted into o:d of uranium and sulphate of lime. With salt of phosphorus a green bead. Dissolres readily in dilute muriatic add.
Obs. — Occurs near Adrianople, Turkey, on pitchblende, associated with liebigite, in some places with crystals of sulphate of lime ; also at with liebigite on uranium ore. External often dull loss of water.
It was named after the Turkish sultan Abdul Uadjjid.
708. ZZPFBITB. Basisches schwefelsaures Uranozyd (Terwitterter Urao-Vitriol) J. F. Jahm, Unters., t. 1821, Jahrb. Min. 1846, 299. Uranbluthe IRppe, Verb. Qes. Bohm. Prag, 1824. Zip pelt JSTatd, Handb., 610, 1846.
In delicate needles ; acicular rosettes ; warty crusts.
H.=3. Color fine Bulphur-yellow, lemon-yellow, orange-yellow.
668 Oztgen Ooxpouhm.
Oomp.— HjdTOcu solpliftte of sesqiiiozyd of uranhini, with or witiioat of copper, 9afi lemoD- to orange-Tellow when without AnalTses by Lindaoker (Yogrs Min. Joeoh.):
B ? Fe On Ca d
1. WUh no Oopper 1806 6786 017 — 0*61 17*69=99-39.
2. Copper var. 17-86 62*04 — 6-21 — 16-23=:99-84.
Fonnula of the fonner 3M-12fi, Togl; of the latter, S'5*+6 with 16p.& oopperTxtriol M impurity, Bamm.; or (0u',8)'9V8£r,in which 0. ratio of Ou,9=l : 12.
Pyr., etc. — In the deed tube water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric add. With nit of phosphorus gives a yellowish-green glass in OJ*., becoming emerald-green in KF.
OlMk--From JoaohimsthaL
Named after the mineralogist Pro£ Qppe. John's basic mXphaU is a ytOam mineral, and may be either the preceding or what Yogi odlis Unnochn.
709. VOGUANTTEL Basio Sulphate of Uranium Vo Min. Joad 1867. Voflianite Ana
In Boft globular, and nodular, earthy coatings.
Color pistachio- to verdigris-green ; streak green or apple-green.
or, regardhig the sulphate of copper and lime m Impurity, (U*, 8+2 tL Analyses Undadrer (Mln. JoadL) :
B te Cn Ca fi
l.Llmevar. 12*84 79*60 012 — 1*66 6-i9=:99*lL
Oba. — Tnm Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
710. URAOONITB. Uranodire Vog\ liin. JoadL TUiacomse Bmd, Tr., ii 672, 1832.
Amorphons, earthy, or scaly, and of a fine lemon-yellow color, or orange.
Oomp—Analjsef lindadcer (L &) :
B 6 9e Cu Oa fi
Formula deduced by Tog for 1, S*B+14d; for 2, OaB+S'B+Ud. Obs. — From Joadifmsthal, with other uranium ores. Uraoonlse of Bendant was described M I feUow pulverulent ore; its composition is unknown.
711. MONTANITB. K A. OeiO Private contribution, Jan. 19, 1868.
Incmsting; without distinct crystalline stmctnre. Soft and earthy. Lustre doU to waxy. Oolor yellowish to white. C-plaque.
Oomp— Bi Te+2 d=Tdlurio add 26*1, oiyd of bismuth 68*6, water 0*3=100. Analfsis: G.thO-CL):
Montana Te 26-83 Bi 66*78 9e 0*56 bCSO fi 6'94=10a
P3rr-, etc— Tidds water in a tube when heated. B.B. gres the reactions of bismuth and tettiuium. Soluble in dOute muriatic add.
Oba.— Incrusts tetndjmite, from whose alteration it had been formed, at Highland, in Montana The wazj lustre is observed when the incmstalion has separated from the scales of tetradymile
Ahhtiibou8 0Abbokatx8.
Vll UBSXBNITB. SdeDbleigpath Kenttn, Pogg 3dTL 177, 1839. SelenigaaiirM BleiozTd
OentL SeloriteofLead. SeleDate of Load. Slerstenite
In KDa]! spheres and botryoidal masses, dearage distinct in one direction. H.=3 — 4. Lustre greasy — yitreous. sulphur-yellow. Streak uncolored. Brittle. Fracture flbroua According to Kersten, it consists of selenoos add and oxyd of lead, with a small proportion of copper. On coal it Aues readily to a black slag, giving off a strong selenium odor, and is Nally reduced to a metallic gbbule. With borax it rases and forms a yellowish-green pearl, which is of the same color on cooling. With soda on chitfooal metsUio lead is obtained. Occurs with aelenid of antimony and lead, malachite eta, at the Friederichsgluck mine near Hilburghausen, and at Eisfeld. May it be a mknaUt or is it only a mixture ?
7. Carbonates.
The carbonatee have a hardness not exceeding 5, and consequently will not, when pore, strike fire with a steel. The anhydrous come under the common general formula, HO, CO', but present three types of crystallization, a rhombonedral, with £ A H near 105 ; an orthorhombic, witn I A /near 120 ; and a monoclinic, with /A / near 105. They constitute therefore a case of pleomorphism, while all, stiU, are approximately isomorphous. These anhydrous species have a vitreous to subpearly lustre, and are tYjir cally spars. The hydrous carbonates vary much in crystallization, and in some cases have a strongly pearly lustre. All effervesce in hot acids, and part of them in cold.
L Anhydrous Carbonates.
ABRAiaBICENT 07 THB SPBCIEa
L OALGITB GROUP. Bhombohedral; J? A i?= 106*108*.
715. OALom
717. AHxmn
718. Maqhisitb
719. UMBom
722. Bbodoosboshi
CaO
AgC
at *o) 0
eO
2uO
eeie,iMg
w
XL AEAQONTTB GBOuP. Orthorhombia /A 7=115*119*.
CaO
10
727. BBOMUn
(i Sa+i Ca) 0
drC
thO
[IT. BARYTOOALOITB GBOUP. Monodinla I A Jb=106*— 107*.
730. BASTTOOALom
IV. PABISTTB GROUP. Oaibonate oontaining flaorino. 731. PABisns (Ce ta, (Oa,
6LaC+0e*0*+0e'P'+2fi
V. PHOSGENITB GBOUP. Oarbonato oontaining oblorine. 738. PHoaomn ]bC+PbOl
716. OAlKnm. ICarmor (Marble) pt PUil Lapis oalcarina, Saxom calda (Oaix in latin meaning burnt UmeX Ealdiatein Agrie., De Nat Foaa, 830 Interpr., 468, 1546. Kalksiea WaH, IGn, 1747. Spatig Ealksten, Kalkapat QroiuL, Min., 18, 1758. Kalk, Kallnpalh, KalkBtein, Germ. Oafac aerata Bergm 1774, and Opnao, I. 24 1780. CUcueooa Spar; lima* atone; Carbonate of lime. Ohauz oarbonatte Hr. Oaloit Badd Handb., 498, 1845.
Khombohedral. A jB (f. 550a, over a terminal edge)=105 OaS L135'' 23' ; a=0-8543. Cleavage : R highly perfect
Obeerved formfi: 1. JthomiohedraM f torms whose planes are in the same vertical zone with H fone of which, 4, is shown in f. 559, 550k, and three of the mintu series, in -2, -4, in f. 564, 550o, d, b) ; the plus rhombohedrons ranging from \Ii (the vertical axis of which is th that of Ji relatively to the lateral axes) to 28£, the planes of the former nearly coincident with the basal plane o, and of the latter as nearly with tl ose of the vertical prism ; the minus rhombohedrons ranging finom to -14 ; the fundamental rhombohedron £ (£ 550a) uncommon, except in combination with other planes, or as a cleavage form 550b, often called nail-head spar) corresponding to a truncation of the terminal edge of J?, very common, and especially in combination (£ 559c, 558a, b,
Isbtdboitb Oabbohatxs.
865) ; -2fl(£ 66O0), called the tmwM by Haiiy, because tlie aue.e over the lateral edges is near that over the terminal of R, common ; (f, 550d),
(H* the cuboid of HaQy, its angles being rather near thoee of a cube, ante form (f. 550&), also common ; IZM {f. 551) of not unfreqnent occurrence: \&R (f. 663d).
3. Scalenohedrona, (a) Planes bevel' ling the lateral edges of M, f. 562, which, when more extended, take the form in the dotted lines of the same figare, or the complete scalenohedron ; the series having the general symbol 1", and inclnding all the norma in the table beyond from IH to 1" (the 1 signifying that they are thus related to the rhombohedron 1, and the annexed number indicating the length of the vertical axis as compared with that of \Ji ; also a mmua series, -1", having the same relation to —\R ; three of the minut series are combined in the illustrative figure, f. 563, and two of the j) id
OQETonr ooMPOinnw.
1 559) ; Bcalenohedron 1' 552a, dog4ooth spar) very oommon, both simpb and in combination (the latter in f. 555 to 559, 564, 565 ; f. 556 a distorted form of f. 555). (&) Planes bevelling the lateral edges of -2i? ff. 553c), and having the general symbol -2". \e) Planes having the same relation to other rhomboheorons, but if referred to the fundamental rhombokedron, replacing its latent or terminal angles, or terminal edges (f. 561, 564). {d) The last mentioned bevelling the terminal edges of £ (as in f. 564). having the general symbol m", with fwf>— when the scalenohedron like the Hj but mn+im=:l when ndnus. {e) Bevelmenta of terminal edges of other rhombohedrons, m'Hj having the same senerd symbol my but with fmn-i when of like signs with mli and ) mn+i when of unlike signs.
Derbyahira.
lit
Alston-Moor.
8. Regvlwr do-Mded pyramids ; neral synibol m-2, as 4-8, f. 561.
4. Prisms, (a) The regular six-sided prism t, very common, either Aorl or long (f 552o, 553a, b, 554, 570). (&) Prisna i.2, only in combinstiaD and not common, (c) Twelve-sided prisms i-f , i-f.
Akhtdbot78 Gabbohatbb.
Ml
71
t
/
5. Basal plane O, as in 552d, 553a, o. 570, far less frequent as a termination of crystals than rhombohedral ana scalenohedral planes.
AveUB OF BH01IB0HEDB0N&
J? is a fooe of the ftmcUmental rhombohedron \R; iZ' the partioolar rhombohedroii below Ir Mchline; o the baeal plane:
f
♦
f
¥
¥
Term. Edge
166* 2'
lie 62
166' 9' 107*20
RMt 149" 14'
-f
-¥
-¥ -f
-f
-f
Tenn. Bdge. 9R 63' 51' 10r28'
64 42 102 42
65 60 104 17 67 26 106 9 71 18 110 14
73 16 112 6
74 9 118 56
Rmc
128* 9'
10] 58
Avolk Of
Long B. Short K llid. K 154*87* 145'65' 61*86' 130 16 121 14 181 19
J" (t 677)
Long E. Short E. Mid. R 169*24' 138* 6' 64*64' 146 10 128 15 93 20
A74
cacr&Es ooMPoasDa.
Short K Mid. K.
Mid.S.
iia
161" 68'
138' 63'
66° 81'
167* 14'
83* 66'
loH?
Vh?
U2 37
-8*
Bh.
Jjh,
138 63 '
-4>
.2*
M,
-2*
1+f
-2
if
-2*
Hf
li Hg.
-iH?Da.a
iJ
-ih Da.6
114 S6
-ft. Wr.
98 a
iV.Hg.
-f
::9 6
-it?
iV.Eh.
-iJ
W
-ll 1-. iV,
, 1*, fMUDe J
fl+l4,l
-I"
I"
-|i
-i*
S8 9
-i*
-i*
-iV?
-i".Hg
P
-i*
60 Is
V
-f
100 4)
-i'
99 M
-i
66 €
Tbe toig £L, above, is edge Y (£ 662); Oiart edge X; mitL B., edge Z.
Ahcbab of FnuiiiD&
161° 21'
69* 20'
V-s
H
97 Ui
128* 68'
119* 20'
H
126 30i
182 M
Ajthtdbovs Oabbokatxs. 675
fianu BasaL BsmL
V-a 12r 69' 161' 60' 62 121' 18' 167* 54'
V-2 121 80i 149 22 8-2 180 42 168 0
Twins : (1) Composition-face basal (or parallel to as f. 566 in the loi*m f. 565, f. 567 in that of f. 553b, f. 568 in one similar to f. 552a. (2) C- face f. 570, the vertical axes of the two fonns nearly at right angles (90® 46', since o A =135° 23' ; producing complex fonns when highly modified. (3) C.-face -2, as f. 569, in the scalenohedron 1', f. 552a. (4) O.-fiftce -iH (f. 571), the vertical axes of the two forms inclined to one another 127® 34' ; composition often repeated, producing an alternation of thin lamelkd ; and often occurring as lamellss mtersecting different forms, or cleavage rhombohedrons ; common in the grains of granular limestone (Oschotz, ZS. Gt.y vii. 5). (5) C.-face prismatic plane i-2. (6) C.-faoe plane i {f. 572).
Also nbrous, both coarse and fine ; sometimes lamellar ; often anular ; from coarse to impalpable, and compact to earthy. Also stalactitic, tuberose, nodiUar, and otner imitative forms.
H.=2'5— 3-5; some earthy kinds (chalk, etc. 1. G.= 2-508— 2-778; pure crystals, 2*7213—2*7234, Bend. ; fibrous, lamellar, and stalactitic, 2-70— 2*72, but when pulverized, 2*729— 2*7233. Lustre vitreous— subvi1l*eous — earthy. Color white or colorless ; also various pale shades of
frliy, red, green, blue, violet, yellow ; also brown and black when impure, treak white or gravish. Transparent— opaque. Fracture usually conchoidal, but obtained with difficulty when the specimen is crystallized. Double refraction strong.
The following are some of the irregular forma or conditiona in the oryatalliaatlon of oaldte : (1) With curved aurfacea. Tlie rhombohedron iR, top part of t 674, and the hexagonal priam t 674a, and priam of f. 676. (2) SipiraOy
t 673, in whioh the apirea oonaiat of 678
small oiyatala of the form in £ 663a (3) Ortng in emrvmg eokmna: one caae ia mentioned by Kenngott in which the oolnmn waa a pile of rhombohedrons (form in t, 663b) in a aiugle aexieSi the breadth iV in. (4) Made vp of a sueeession of unlike forms : in t 676 a priam ia aurmounted by the form in t 663b, the crratal, after forming aa a hexa- Fhenixrille.
gonal priam with a rounded summit through
htdiatinct acalenohedral planes, having been completed by a form wholly different ; in t 675 a priam with a rhombohedral termination oontaina inaide a acalenohedron (I'X ahuwing that it reached nearly ita actual height aa a acalenohedron, and, moreoTer, before the new form commenced, the acalenohedron waa tipped by a cube of fluorite : t 679, in which the sunken piano o has arisen additiona to the other faoea, in the prooesa of completion of the crystal, with none to o, the conditions producing that modification having ceaaed (6) Irregular ehangee in the development of the aameform : in f. 674, the form called naU'head epar has the unusual aooompanimen( of the shank of the nail, made up of rery email but similar rhombohedrons; lateral development having been prevented for a while (perhapa by an accompanying depoaitiou of sediment) and the form conaequeutly elongating upward by auooessive additiona of amall crystala, but finally, when the obstruction is no longer acting, a single crystal taking a broad expansion and topping the oolumn. (6) Syrmnelrical arrangetnentofimpuriUea: in £ 677, 578, ahowing the topa of a priam, like f. 552G, the impurities being crystala of pyrite.
The planea in the tablea above, with the calculated angles, when not otherwise accredited, an from Zippe, Kryst rhomb. Kalkhabidea, Denkachr. AJc Wien, iii. 1864. For the othera, Hg tends fiw Heaaenberft Min. Not, iii, iv., T, Til-; Wr Wlmmer, Jahreab. 1864 866; Bh t
OZTOEB CUMFOUmiB.
B In hU tibLa (bnt not bam bla own ipedal oboerrBtioiiij
See alio on the trjttaSlogTrphf of oaldte, F. Hoohatstter, Denksdir. Ak. Wiaa, tL 8S, 18M.
FigDTes 673, STB, BIT, 618 are ft paper by J. L, Smltti, in Am. J. Sd., zz. !SI, the flea
drawn by the author; and f. 6Ti ia A-om Pixibrsca crjstala In the cabinet of Pro£ Bniah. Fig.
esi is from HeueobeTg. To the eaumented icalenobedrons add {ft. v. Bath, L i', harinii
Y=167' 23', X=140° 40', Z=124* *6'.
Oompi Var. — Caldte Ii oerbonata of lime, add 44, Umo SB=10a Hagneald.
protozTd of iron, or protoifd of mangaDeae frequently.
Sit and atrontia, barytea, ozyd of linq or ozyd of lead acca>
ioaally, replace part of the lime.
Tbe rarietiea are veT7 nomerona, and dlretee in appear>
I being perfect aryatala and earthy n forauj (3) in color, diaphaneity, odor cat frictioa, doe U impuriCieH ; (4) in modes of origin.
The following are the moat common {mpuriliea and tbdi
Red oiyd of iron (Pel produce! diflrent phadea of red, ftom Sesh-red or paler Co opaque blood-red and brownirl red, aocordiog to the proportiona preaent; the latter HaaamaoD !, U01, IS4't),aatii the marUt Roac aittiea of Italy. The hydrated oiyd (Fe'A*) cauaei yellowish to opaque odm-elton' Kllowiah-brown ; the deeper, Sidtmeonile of Hanamann (ib., ISOfl). Pntoiyd of iriM, oiyd rome, gillcate of iron, cause shades of green.
Roaale.
Anhtdbou8 0Abb0Nate8. 677
Ourbonaoeoos matters, or carboo, giTe a dear yellowish to some crystallized cala&e, and rarioos duU colors, pa.e drab aud buff through gray and bluish-gray to deep black, to com pact oaldte or limestone; the carbonaceous matters having been derived the animids of the shells, corals, etc., out of which the limestones were originally made, or from the plants of the 3ame seas, just as soils and mud are now colored from the same cause ; and hen these carbo* naceous matters are allied to petroleum or bitumen, the rock has a fetid or bituminous odor when struck with a hammer. The fact that the dark colors mentioned are due to carbonaceous substances and not to metallic ozyds is proved by the rocks affording, when burnt, whiU quicklime. The black marbles thus colored are named Anihraconiie (from avip.i, coal) by v. Moll (Ephemcr., 305, 1806), LucuMan by John (Ch. Uuters., 21u), and LucuUite by Jameson (Min., ii. ISci, 1816); they hiclude the Afarmor LucuHeum Plin. (xxzvi. 6). The Nero Aniico of the Italians belongs here. The bituminous or feiid limestones are also eddied authraconite when black ; and also, from the odor. Stoinestone (syn. SUiikstone; Stinketeinf Saitstein SUnkkaUc Oerm.), some being light gray in color.
Dolomite, or carbonate of lime and magnesia, often constitutes the veins and shells of a compact limestone, as shown by Hunt; and the magnesia found by analysts in such rocks may be gen erally present as a mixture of dolomite with calcite, rather than as a chemical substitution of magnesia for lime. (See under Dolomite.)
Sand, chlorite, and other minerals are sometimes taken up mechanically by crystallizing calcite.
Mica, talc, chlorite, serpentine are often disseminated in crystalline limestones, having been formed in them at the time of their crystallization, and are among the materials which produce the doudings or variegated colors of such limestones.
The varieties that have been named are as follows:
A. Wdl crystaUized.
1. Ordinary. Orystals and crystallized masses afford easQy deavage rhombohedrons ; and when transparent tiiey are what is ced Iceland Spar and also Doubly-rtfracUng Spar (Doppel-spath
The crystals vary in proportions broad tabular to moderately slender adcular, and take a great dlversi of forma. But the extreme kinds so pass into one another through those that are intermediate that no satisfactory dasslflcation is possible. Many are stout or &ort in shape because normally sa But other forms that are long tapering in their AiU development occur short and stout because abbreviated by an abrupt termination in a broad o, or an obtuse rhomboheor i?X or a low scalenohedron (as 'X or a combination cf these forms ; and thus the crystals having essentially the same combinations of planes vary greatly in shape. The following gups may answer some purpose in the arrangement of the crystals in a cabinet They are here characterized by stating the form or forms that are dominant, or most largely developed ; and the term is used as above explained. Intermediate forms may be assigned to the group with which they have the most in common, (d) o group, or flat tabular (f. 553a) ; the edges of the tables may be made of prismatic planes, or of rhombohednU, eta (c) Low rhombohedral or nail-head, -Ry -Rj eta {d) R group, the fundamental rhombohedron dominant (f. 550). (e) iR, or cuboid group. (/) 2R group, (g) 2R abbreviated, {h) 4R group, (i) 4i2 abbreviated, (f) Long rhombohedron group, induding the longer rhombohedrons, of which 11, 18, -14, are rather common (f. 561). (ifc) Long rhombohedron abbreviated, produdng sometimes forms that look much like 3- or 6-sided prisms (f. 568D). (/) Low scalenohedron group, i*f Vi eta (m) Ordinary scalenohedron or dog-tooth group, that of 1', one of the most com* mon of forms (£ 552a, 555-559). (n) Same abbreviated (f. 564, 565). (o) Long scalenohedron group or that of eta ip) &une abbreviated, {q) Prism-scalenohedron group, the scalenohedral planes being combined with an oblong prism i (f. 554). (r) Prismatic group, the prism i being elongated and dominant ; and variously terminated.
Prunnerite Esmark, amygdaloid in Faroe, is caldte in cuboid crystals and massive, smaltblue to violet in color, brownish-yellow by transmitted light, subtransparent to translucent, and dialcedonic in aspect
2. Tum-cryskUs, Groups a-/ corresponding to the different kinds described on p. 675.
3. CrystaU with ifUemal impurities tic, (a) Having interior planes or other evidence of changes in the progress of their formation (f. 675, 576, 679). (6) CJontaining impurities symmetricaUj arranged.
4. Spiral or curved aggregations of crystals, (a) Spirally arranged crystals, (h) Bent oi curved crystallizations.
6. JPseudomorphmis oaldte, NatroeaJdie indudes pseudomorphs of caldte after celestiie (hm Sangerhausen, named under the mistaken idea that the material contained soda.
6. Reichite (Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 811) is a pure caldte Alston-Moor in Cimberland white in oolor, vrith an angle of 105° 20', ftooording to Breithaupt's measurements, and G.=2'666-
678 OZTOEK OOMPOUKDe.
B VarieUeSt arystaOiaed as toeS aa uncrystallized, baaed on ike presence of other oaHfonaieB, md
different impurities.
7. Dolomitic eaiciie, CoDtaming carbonate of magnesia and lime or dolomite—a fact aBcertain able only by chemical methodSi unless the amount of magnesia be oc asiderable, when it is apparel In crystals in the angle H A R,
8. Ferrocaldle, Oontaining carbonate of iron, and turning brown on ezpoeure.
9. Manganocakite. Containmg carbonate of manganese, and becoming browniah-black OQ exposure.
10. Flumbocalciie Johnston (Ed. PhiL J., ti. 79, 1829), white to yellowish and eddish-brow1 and having AiJslOS" 6f', Breith.; 106" 6', Dufr.; 105 Kenng. G.=2-775t,Y. Hauer; 2-74<* —2*748, Dead. Contains some carbonate of lead.
11. lieotype Breith. (fiandb., 313, 1841). Grayish-white, and occurring in rhombohedrons 2i?; B A /?=106*' 8', Breith. G.= 2*819— 2-840. Contains some carbonate of barytes. From Com* berland, England.
12. Spartaite Breith. (B. H. Ztg., zyiL 63, 1868). White, grayish-white, becoming brownialiblack on exposure; R A R=104 Breith.; G.=2*d08— 2*818. Occurs with firanklinite and incite at Sparta, Sterling HUl Hamburg, HT. J., and contains some carbonate of manganese. Sliepard proposed the name caleimangUs for the mineral from Sterling (anaL 6).
18. Sirontianocaiciie Genib (Ftoc Ac. ScL Philad., ri, 114, 1862); in opaque white cryatalfi* occurring in globules which have a surface consisting of the terminations of acute rhombohedrons, and H.=3'6. Contains some strontia, and hence gives a decided red flame before the blow pipe.
14. Ibniainehleau Umestons (Lassonne, Mem. Aa Paris, 1776, Chaux carbonate qnartaif(&re 1801) ; crystals of the form in fig. 560c, from Fontainebleau and Nemours, France, which contain a large amount of sand, some 60 to 68 p. c. according to Delesse, with G.=2*68— the latter fixmi one containing 67 p. c. of sand.
16. Hislapiie Haughton (PhiL Mag., IV. xrii 16, 1869) is a grass-green deavable caldte from Central IndSa, oftalning about 14 p. a of a siliceous material lUce glauconite (q. T.X to which tha color is owing.
0. rarieUes based onfibrous or lameUar strvdure.
16. Satin Spar; fine fibrous, with a silky lustre. Besembles fibrous gypsum, whidi n called satin spar, but is much harder and e&rresces with adds.
17. Argentine Kirwan (Min., L 104, 1794 ; Schieferspath Hofmann, Bergm. J., 188, 1789; Slate Spar). A pearly lamellar caldte, the lamelloe more or less undulating ; color white, grayish, yellowish, or reddish.
18. Aphrite in its harder and more sparry Yarietr {Schawnapaih Freiesleben), is a foliated white pearly caldte, near argentine; in its softer kinds (Sehaiumerde W., SUvery Chaik Klrwan, Eemms de Terre H.) it approadies chalk, though lighter, pearly in lustre, sQvery-white or yellowiah in oolor, soft and greasy to the touch, and more or less soetiy in structure.
D. Cframdar massive to oryptocrystaHUns ; JAim/esUms Marbie Chalk
19. Granular Umestone {Saccharoidal Hmestone so named because like loaf sugar in The texture varies from quite coarse to very fine granular, and the latter passes by imperceptible shades into compact limestone. The colore are various, as white, yellow, reddish, green, and usually they are douded and give a handsome effect when the material is pdished. When such limestones are fit for polishing, or for architectural or ornamental use, they are called mariUes. (a) Statuary marble is pure white, fine grained* and firm in texture. The Parian marble finom the island of Paros (the LychnUes of the andents), Penielican from the quarries near Athens, JAtni marbles of the coast of Tuscany, and the Carrara, of liodena, Italy, are among the best of statuary marbles. ArchttectwreU marble indudes both white and colored, (b) The CipoHxn of Italy is white, with pale greenish shadings from green talc; it does not stand the weather well, (c) Oiaik antico of Italy is ochre-yellow to cream-yellow, with some whitish spot. {d) The Sienna or BrocakUo de Sienna, is yellow, veined or douded with bluish-red. having sometimes a tinge of pur pie. (e) The Mdndelato is a light red with yellowish-white spots. A red kind from Tireo in Sootland has different shades of red, as rose-red, flesh-red, reddish-white; one from Tennessee it douded with brownish- and purplish-red. (/) The Bardiglio is gray with crowded dark well-defined doudings, consisting partly of serpentine, from Corsica, (g) marble, from the quar ries of Seravezza near Carrara, has a fine grayish-blue oolor, vein with white, (k) Verd'Aniigue is douded green, the oolor, owing to the presence of serpentine (see p. 466), yellowiah-green tc oluish-green.
20. Ifard compact limestone. Varies iVom nearly pure white, through gnyiih, drab buf( yellowish, and reddish shades, to bluish-gn, dark brewish-gray, and bbusk, and ametimM
Ahhtdboub Oabbonatbb. 679
fuloasly Teined. The oolora dull, ezoepting ochre-jellow {und oohre-red varieties. Many kind make beauilAil marble when polished.
(a) Blacky {h) yelkno, (c) red and (djfdid kiuds have been mentioned (pp. 676, 677).
The Porior (d), called aometimes Egyptian marble, ia of black color, bandaomely veined with yellow dolomite, and oomea finom Porto- Venere. near Spesa; the rock ia of the lower Liaa. Jhrnnthdi'Morie (Doath'a Kobe) of Italy is black, with aome white foaail ahella. (/) Marble of Langwdoc is fine deep rod or browniah-red. with aome white and gray due to foaaiia, and ia from 3t Beaumd in France, {g) Oriotte from the DepL of Herault France, has a reddish-brown base, with somewhat regularly arranged spots of dear red, and aome whitish round spots due t6 gonia bites. (h) SairenooHn marble, from the Pyrenees, ia deep red mixed with gray and yellow, (ij Bird*B-eye marble gray, with whitish crystalline points, and la fVom central New York .
{k) Sheil-marble indudea kinds consisting largely of fossil shells ; (I) Madrporic marble, those oontaining corals ; (m) SncHnal, those oontaining encrinal (orinoldal) remains, (n) Lumahette is a dark brown shells marble, with brilliant fire-like or chatoyant internal reflections proceeding trom Ihe shells, and from Bleiberg in Oarinthia; and another kind, with the shells yellow, oomea from Aatrachan.
(o) HtUfMnarble la a kind of ocmpaot oalcareoos marl, showing, when poliBhed, pictures of fortiflcationa, temples, etc., in mina, due to infiltration of oxyd of iron : fVom Florence, Italy.
ip) Idthographic stone la a yeiy even-grained compact lunestone, nsiiaUy of buff or drab color; as that of Solenhofen.
{q) Breccia marble ia made of IVagments of limestone cemented together, and is often very beautlM when the fragments are of different colors, or are imbedded in a base thU contrasts well The colors are very various.
(r) Fuddinff'diane marble consists of pebbles or rounded stones cemented. It is often called im.properly breccia marble.
(a) Hydraulic limestone is an impure limestone. The French varieties contain 2 or 3 p. a of magnesia, and 10 to 20 of silica and alumina (or day). The varietiea in the United Statea contain 20 to 40 p. a of magnesia, and 12 to 30 p. a of silica and aluminab A variety worked extensively at Rondout, N. Y., afforded Professor Beck (Min. N. 19) Carbonic acid 34*20, lime 25*50, magnesia 12*35, silica 1 5*37, alumina 9' 1 3, sesquioxyd of iron 2*25. Oxyd of iron ia rather prejudicial to it than otherwise. Vicat observes that in the beat French there are 20 to 30 c. of day, and in that only moderately good 10 to 12 p. a Au impure limeatone of France, which needa no sand for making the cement, it oontaining caldte 54 p. c, clay 31, oxyd of iron 15=100, ia called plaster ctmeni (Dufr. Kin., H).
21. soft emnpact limestone, (a) Chalk is white, grayish-white, or yellowish, and soft enough to leave a trace on a board. The conaolidation into a rock of anch softness may be owing the fact that the material is largely the hollow sheila of rhiaopods.
The OTflfa of the Bomans (usually translated chaOc) waa mostly a white day, true chalk being little known to the ancients. The kind described by Pliny as the most inferior kind of cretaceous earth, and as used for marking the feet of slave, was probably true chalk.
(6) Oalea/reoiu marl (Mergelkalk Germ.) ia a soft earthy deposit often hardly at all consolidated, with or without distinct firagments of sheila ; it generally containa much clay, and graduated into a caedcareoua clay.
22. Omcretionary massitfe. (a) Ooliie (Bogenstein Oerm.) Is a granular limestone, but its grains are minute rounded concretions, looking somewhat like the roe of flah, the name coming from 'wor, egg. It occurs among all the geologteal formations, the Lower Silurian to the most recent, and it ia now forming about the coral reefs of Florida, {b) Pisolite (Erbsenstein W.) consists of concretions as large often as a suliII pea, or even larger, the concretiona having usually a distinct concentric structure. It is formed in large masses in the vicinity of the Hot Springs Kt Oarlsbad in Bohemia.
23. Deposited from calcareous springs streams or in caverns etc
(a) Stalaciites are the calcareous cylinders or cones that hang from the roofs nf limestone caverns, and which are formed the waters that drip through the roof; thede watera hold some bicarbonate of lime in solution, and leave carbonate of lime to form the atalactite when evaporation takes place. Stalactites vary from transparent to nearly opaque; from a granular erystaUine structure to a radiating fibrous ; iVom a white oolor and colorless to yellowish-groy and brown.
(6) Stalagmite is the same material covering the floors of oavema, it being made from the waters that drop from the roodb, or from sources over the bottom or sides ; cones of it sometimes rise from the floor to meet the stalactites abova It consists of layers ; but theso are very irregnlariv curved, or bent, owing to the knobs and oonelets that are made over the floor; and polished specimens generally owe much of their beauty to the agate-like or onyx-like bandings.
Stalagmite is the Alabastriies (alabaster-stone) in part (if not wholly) of Tbeopbrastus, Pliny, and other ancient writers; that Is, the stone of which ointment vaaea, of a certain form callec (Uabasiers. were made. (See Gypmuh, p. Mk) A locally near Thebes, now well known, wat
Oxtosn Ooxpoi7Hd6.
i
largely explored by the andenlA, and material has often been hence called Egyptian akbaMn It was also formerly called onyx and onyckUes; Horace, in the 3d book of his Odes, speaks of ai >intent vase of onyx. Pliny mentions columns of **onyx," or alabast rites," that were 32 ft m height, and mentions Damasous as affording a kind whiter than that of Thebes. In the artt it is often now called Oriental Alabaster; and aometintes also GibraUarionej from the occttrrenca of the material in a cayem at Gibraltar.
(c) Calc-nnter, TraverUnef Oak Thtfa. Trayertine {ConfeUo di ia of essentially the aame origin with stalagmite, but is distlnctiTely a deposit from springs or rivers, especially where is large deposits, as along the river Anio, at Tivoli, near Rome, where the deposit is scores of feet in thickness. It has a very cavernous and irregularly banded structure, owing to its mode of formation. It is the Lapis Turtinus of Yitruvius, ii a 7, and PUny, xxxvL 48, eta ; (he word travertine being a corruption of tiburline. It includes also especially under the name of eaic ttifa cellular depositions from the waters of small springs or souroea, which often contain fossil leavea, twigs, moss, nuts or seed, etc The OmcoUus (Beinwelle, Beinbruch) Keener (p. 31, 1565X ossa fracta intra corpus sumptus," as was thought at the time (osl/eoooOa of later aulhora), ia, as long since shown, a cellular calc tufa, consisting of incrustings of fhigments of reeds or other marsh plants. It means honehne. JnoUte Gallitsin, ia also calc-sinter.
{d) Agaric mineral; Rock-milk IBergmikK MotOmikh Germ.) ia a very eotl white material, baking easily in the fingers, deposited sometimea in cavema, or about aourcea holding lime in solution.
(e) Bochmeal (Berff-mehl Germ., Ihrina foesUis ., eta) is white and light, like cotton, becoming a powder on the slightest pressure. It ia an etBoreacenoe, and ia common near Paris, especially at the quarries of Nanterre.
Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer (Gilb. Ann., xlv. 225, Unters., 52); 3, Schnabel (Ramm. 3d SappL, 62); 4, Ahrend (Haudm Min., 1824); 5, Stromeyer (La); 6, Jenzach (Pogg., xcvi 147); 7, Richter (Ranma. Min. Ch., 209); 8, Tyler (Am. J. Sd., IL xxxix. 174); 9, Gibbs (Ramm. 3d. Suppl, 62); 10, 11. Monheim (lb.); 12, T. a Hunt (thia Min 1854, 438); 13, Johnatoo (Edinb. N. J. 8cL, vi 79\; 14, Delesse (Rev. Sd. et Ind., xiL 118); 15, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xiL 701) - 16, Kasppel (J. pr. Ch , IviL 324):
L Iceland, irp.
% Andreaeberg
S. Brilon, Westphalia
4k Hollengnmde, gnh,
i. Schwarzenberg, Schieffersp.
€L Sparta, Spariai
it u
& Stirling. N. J., G =2-815
9. Zinc m. of Olkuck 10. " Altenberg
u It
ti
te An
2n
Oa
43*70
56*16:
43*56
55-98,
55-30,
43*92
219 0-60
53-79:
55*00:
0-38 6-83
48-76,
47-92:
—— .
43*65:
50*76:
1*06
5010:
5-11 0*42
—
50*26,
=100 Strom. 0 10=100 Strom fi 1-07=1002 a 100*58 Ahrend. =99*36 Strom. ti 0-82=98-85 J. =100*30 Richter. =99*45 Tyler. =100 Gibbs. =100-22 Monheim. Si 0*18=99-67 IC
12. Loc. ?, IhrrocakHe
13. Wanlockhead, PlumJbocak. [92-2]
14. Leadhills, " 97*61
15. " " 92-43
16. Carrara Mark 98-766
CaC J'eCAgCbC
93-90 4*64 1-59 =10018 Hunt G.=2-715.
7*8=100 Johnston. 2*84=99-95 Delesse. 7-74=100*17 Hauer. G.=r2*772. 0-900 — , Si 0-006, 9e. Stn, %1 008.S, sand
P and loss 0090=100 KeppeL
NoUrocakile afforded Maichand (J. pr. Ch., xlvi. 95) Oa C 94*37, £1, Fe 1*15, Oa S 20*i, fi gangue 1*10=99*98. Iodine has been found in certain fossiliferous limestones, as at bj Lambert (J. d. Pharm., IIL xix. 240).
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, and, if containing metallic oxyda, maj change its color. B.B. infusible, but becomes caustic, glows, and colors the flame red; after ignition the assay reacts alkaline ; moistened with muriatic add imparts the diaracteriatic lima color to the flamo. In borax disserves with effervescence, and if saturated yields on cooling an opaque, milk-white, crystalline bead. Varieties containing metallic oxyda color the borax and aaU of phosphorus beads accordingly. With soda on platinum foil fuson to a dear mass ; on charooal it at first fuses, but later the soda w absorbed by the coal, leaving an infUsible and strong luminous residue of lime. In the solid maaa effervesces when moistened vrith muriatic adi, m fragments dissolve with brisk effervescence even in cold add.
Oba.— Andreaaberg in the Hara is one of the beat European localities of oystattia oakitt
AimTDBOUB 0ASB0NATE5. 681
dmre are other localities in the Tyroi, Btyrit Carinthia, Hungary, Saxony, Hesae Dannatadt (at AuerbachX Hesse Casseli Norway, France, and in England in Dei byshire, Cumberland, Cornwali, Scotland ; in Iceland. In Iceland a single rhombohe<&)n {R) o?ei 6 yds. long and 3 high has been observed.
In the U. States, in K Tork in St Lawrence and Jefferson Cos., especially at the Rossie leid mine ; crystals highly modlAed (f. 560, 661), and often transparent even when large ; one nearly transparent, in the cabinet of Yale College, weighing 1 66 pounds ; often covered in part by crystals of galenlte; at the Natural Dam, 2 m. Grouvemeur, in the same vicinity, good crystals ; also at the Wilson vein in Oouvemeur. and the Jepson vein in Rossie ; at the Parish ore bed in Qouvtrneur, fine geodea, in specular iron ; in Jefferson Co., near Oxbow, on the laud of Mr. Beucou, a decomposing limestone, largo crystals sometimes as dear as Iceland spar ; rose and purple ▼arieties very beautiful; some large crystals of a hundred lbs. and upward; 4. m. S. of Oxbow, in Atitwerp, a vein of oalcite and lead, which affords beautiful cleavage masses of white, purple, and brownish shades ; also interesting crystals ; in Essex Ca, town of Moriah, nn Mill Brook, near Port Henry, crystals of calcite in white limestone ; dog-tooth spar (f. 562a, 1' and also 1', -2), in Niagara Co., near Lookport, with pearl spar, celestite, selenite, and anhydrite ; in Onondaga Co., near Camillus, along the railroad ; good crystals in Herkimer Co., I m. S. of Little Falls, in the bed of a small stream ; in Lewis Co., at Leydon and Lowville, and at the Martinsburg lead mine; on the western bank of Dry Sugar River, near Boonville, Oneida Co. 552o) ; at Anthony*a Nose on the Hudson, formerly groups of large tabular crystals (t 653a); at Watertowu, Agaric mineral, covering the sides of a cave; at Schoharie, fine sUUacUtea in many caverns, of which Balls cave is the most famous; at Camillus and Schoharie (near the barite locality), in considerable abundance, and at De Long's Mill, St Lawrence Co., of a fine satin lustre. In Maine at Thomaston, lenticular and prismatic crystals, common. In Bamp, at the iron mines, Franoonia, argentine. In Maea., at Williamsburg and Southampton, argentine. In ., at the lead mine, Middletown, in crystals (i-2, /, short or long, and 1', B). In N. Jersey at Bergen, fine crystallizations of yellow caldte, with datoUte, eta, in trap (f 652b) ; at Fnmklin, a pink variety, and good deavage specimens. In Perm., in York Co., Iceland spar. In Ftrto, at the celebrated Wier's cave, etcSaOtika of great beauty; also in the large caves of Kenlwky, At the Lake Snporior copper mines, splendid crystals often containing swedes of native copper.
At Warsaw, Illinois, in great variety of form, lining geodes and implanted on quartz crystals ; Quincy, IlL
In Nova Scotia, at Partridge L, a wineKsolored caldte, and other interesting varieties.
Corals of which large reefs are formed in tropical regions, consist mainly of carbonate of lime. B. SiUiman, Jr., obtained for a recent species of Madrepora (Dana*s Report on Zoophytes, and also Am. J. Sd., II. L 189) Carbonate of Ume 94*807, phosphates, fluorids, eta, 0*745, organic matter 4*448. And the deposit of phosphates and fluorids afforded the percentage — Si 12'o, Oa 7*6, 4*2, Mg F 26*62, Ca F 26-3 ftg P 8*00, £l and le 14*84. Other analyses gave similar results.
The material of the common marbles is either granular or compact limestone. These rodci when burnt form quicklime.*
Ali> — Caldte occurs under the forms of dolomite, calamine, spathic iron, malachite, azurito, gypsum, smithsonite, barite, fiuorite, limouite, gothite, red iron ore, minium, meerschaum, chlorite, quartz, chalcedony, garnet, feldspar, mica, pyrolusite, hausmannite, manganite, maicasite, galenite, blende, native copper. The change to dohmiie, as Bischof explains, may take place Uirough bicarbonate of magnesia in solution; to epaOiic iron (eC) through sulphate of iron in solution, forming sulphate of lime and carbonate of iron ; or by carbonated waters containing bicarbonate of iron, which slowly dissolve caldte, while the carbonate of iron takes its place, forming a pseudomorph by .substitution; to emWisoniie (2uC) through sulphate of zinc in solution; to <xlamine (2n'§i+Ii fi) probably by a change first to 2nC and then to the silicate, through alkaline silicates in solution ; to malachiie through a solution of sulphate of copper, which forms carbonate of copper and sulphate of Ume ; to gypeum or anhydrite through the action of sulphuric acid, which add is produced by the oxydatiou of sulphuretted hydrogen or otherwise, thus forming sulphate of Ume ; to quartz by waters oontaining alkaline sUicates, which afford tree silica ; to ftuoriUj limonite, and other species, by the removal of tiie Oa C by waters which hold carbonic add or alkaline silicates, and at the same time contain the ingrodieiits forming the replacing mineral Linumite or red iron ore might result from the deoomposition of pyrite in the vidnity.
Hollow scalenohedrons fVom the province of Arnsberg were found by Noggerath (Verb, nal Ver. Bonn, 1863, 137) to consist of an exterior coating of azurite and an interior Uyer of malachite.
716. DOLOBSITB. Pierres oalcaires tres-peu effervescentes avecles added D. Do'omieu J. di Phys., xxxix. 1, 1791. Dolomie Sauseure Yoy. Alpes, § 1929, 1796. Dolomite Kirwauj Min
For various analyses of limestones, see Bammelsbeig'a Handw. der Min., and Supplemoata KdnngoS*B Debars, for 1844-1862 ; the Jahresberichtof BerzoUus, and its oontinaatioii.
682 Oxtoen Compounds.
L 111, 1794. Bitterbpath, Rhomboidalapath, KohloDsanerter Ealkerde, Bittersalzerde (witl anaLX Klapr. Schrift. Not Fr. Berl, v. 51, 1784, Beitr., L 300, 1795; also Beitr., iiL 2W, W 204, 236, T. 103, vi. 323. Spath magnesien DdameiK Sciagr., L 207, 1792. Miemit Khpi Beitr., iii. 292, 1802 (discov. at Miemo by D. Thomson in 1791, and sent by him to KL labelled Magnesian spar). Rautenspath pt. Wem,, 1800. Ludwig's Werner, L 51, 154 1803. Chatut carbonate magnesifdre pt, C. c. aluminifre (fr. Sau8sure*s anal), Tr., 1801. Bitterkalk pt Hauanu, Handb., 960, 1813; Perlspath pt, Bauhkalk, Kalktalkspatb, Otnn, Pearl Spar pt, Brovpi Spar pt. Rhomb Spar pt, Magnesian Limestone. Spath perl Fr.
Conites, Flintkalk, Rtttwa, Min., 1795. Oonite Schimnachier YerEetdinlas, etc, 20 1801. Konit Orm. Ghirhoflan Kani Mag. Nat Fr. BerL, L 257, 1807, and TabeD., 60, 1808. Tharandit Dreieakben, Qeogn. Arbeit, y. 212, 1820. Brossit Btnel, ZS. f. Fhaim., 24 185a
Ehombohedral. JS A =106° 15', 0 A =136° 6i\ a=0-8322. Observed planes : Oj t-2, -ff, 4, -2, -J, 1*, 1' (hemihedral). 0 A {-2=90°, 0 A 4=104° 35', 0 A 2=117° 29', (9 A i =164° 20', i A i=135° 57', 2 A 2=79° 36'. A varies between 106° 10' and 106° 20'. An increase of 100° C. diminishes the angle 4'. Cleavage : perfect. Faces JS often curved, and secondary planes nsaally with horizontal strisd. Twins : similar to f. 572, page
673. Also in imitative shapes ; also amorphous, granular, coarse or fine,
and grains often slightly coherent. H.=3-5— 4. G.=2'8— 2'9, true dolomite. Lustre vitreous, inclining to
pearly in some varieties. Color white, reddish, or greenish-white ; also
rose-red, green, brown, gray, and black. Subtransparent to translucent.
Brittle.
Oomp., Var.—Normal or true dolomite has the formula Ca C + &g Carbonate of lime 64'Sfi, oarbonate of magnesia 45*65. Some kinds included under the name have the two carbonates in otiier proportions ; but this may arise from their being mixtures of dolomite with caldto or mag nesite. Protoxyd of iron replaces part of the magnesia in some dolomite; so idso protoxyd dT manganese; and more rarely oxyd of oobalt or zina
The yarieties are the following :
(1) OrystaUized. Pearl spar includes rhombohedral crystaUizations with corred fuses.
(2) CMttmnor or fibrous.
Miemiity from Miemo, Tuscany, is either in crystals, columnar, or granular, and pale asparagusgreen in color.
(8) Granviar or sacchairoid constitutes many of the kinds of white statuary marble, and white and colored architectural marbles, names of some of which hare been mentioned under caldte.
(4) Compact masaive like ordinary limestone. Many of the limestone strata of the globe ara here included, and much hydraulic UmesUmAi noticed under oaldte.
(5) Compact porceUanous, Ourhofian; snow-white and subtransluoent, with a condioidal ttac ture, sometimes a little opal-like; from Gurhof, in lower Austria.
(6) FBrriforous; Brown apoTf in part. Contains carbonate of iron, and as the proportion increase it graduates into ankerite (q. t.). The color is white to brown, and becomes brownish on exposure through tlie oxydation of the iron. A oolumaar kind, containing 10 p. a of carbonate of iron, has been called BroasUe (anaL 19); G-.=2 915. Tharandite from Tharand, near Dresden, ie crystallized, and contains 4 p. c. of e.
(7) Manganifmms. Colorless to flesh-rod. R A i?=106° 28' (anaL 20, by Ettling); 106* 16' (anal 21, by Ott).
(8) fabaltiferous. Colorod reddish (anal. 23); G.=2*92], Gibbs.
(9) The varieties based on variationfl in the proportions of the carbonates are the following: ]a) Iformal dolomite, ratio of Ca C to &g C=l : 1 (anaL 1-24); {h) ratio H : 1=3 : 2 (anoL 55-30); (c) ratio=2 : 1 (anaL 31-3), mcludes gttrhofian or gurJwjfUe; (d) ratio 8 : 1 (anaL 34), (a) ratio=5 : 1 (anaL 35); (/) ratio 1 : 3 (anaL 36, 87X or conile. The last (/) may be dolomitii nagnesiie ; and the others, 5 to e, dolomitio oalcite, or caldte + dolomite. Ae manner ic i£u!h dolomite is often mixed with oaldte, forming its Teins and its fossil sheila (see belowX ahowi that this is not improbable.
▲Hhtdboub 0Abb0Fatb8.
Analjies: Batio 1:1. 1, Baokow (J. pr. Ch., 408); 3, Lavinari (Jahrb. lOn. 1846, S02, 1846, 680) ; 3, Abich (G. Beob., p. ir.); 4y J. Both (J. pr. OL, Iviii 82) ; 6, Walterah&iifleii (POgg zdT. 116); 6, Hinel (ZS. Phami., 1860, 24); 7, Bammelsberg (2d SuppL, 26); 8, G<)bel (Pogg., zx. 636); 9, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixy. 28H); 10, Laugier (Mem. Mas. d'flist Nat, xiz. 142); 11. Rammelaberg (Min. OIl, 21.S); 12, Alsop (Ann. Ljc. N. Y., viii. 14). Containing over dp. c. of carinmaleofiron, 13, Meitaeudorff (ib., 213); 14, Kiihn (Ann. Gh. Pharm., lix 363); 16, Pelle tier (Ann. Oh. Phys., xiv. 192); 16, T. a Hunt (this Min., 1864, 442); 17, ffrimm (Jahrb. G BeiohB., yi. 98); 18, Fiedler (ib.); 19, Both (J. pr. Ch., IviU. 82); 20, Munel (L a). CknUainin! manganese, nne, or eobaiL 21, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Pharm., zdx. 2n4); 22, Ott (Haid. Ber., iu 403); 28, Monheun (Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, t. 41); 24, W. Olbbs (Pogg., Izsd. 664).
Batlo 3 : 2, 2 : I, 3 : 1, 6 : 1, 1 : 8. 26, Book (Min. N. Y., 254) ; 26, BammelBberg (Handw., I 96); 27, Elaproih (Beitr., i. 800, and ill 297); 28, Wackenroder (. J., Uv. 41); 29, Abioh (L a); 80, Kiihn (L a); 81-38, Klaproth (Beitr., It., y., vi.); 34, 86, Kubu (L 86, Jdha (. J., Y. (Yi?) 13); 37, Hinel Q. a):
Batio 1 : 1.
1. Jena, erysl, unooL
2. St. Gothard, orysL gyh.'W,
3. Y. di Sambuoo, gran,
4. Monte Somma 6. Binnon, gran,
6. Tinz, near Gera
7. Feld, SauhkaUc
8. Scheidama, gran.
10. Spezsia, "
11. Miemo, Miemile
12. Westchester Co., N. Y.
13. Zillerthal, crysL
14. Tharand, T/uuxmdiie 16. Trayersella
16. Bozbury, Yl, nuuBioe
17. Wermsdorf
18. Lettonita
19. La Yaleociana, Moz.
20. Trayersolla, Broeite
OaC
64*02
65*62
66*88
AgC
42*40 41*30 83*46
ted ttnC
- —=99-9 Sadkow.
=100Abich.
=100 Both. G.=2-72.
- — =99*61 Walterah. G.=2*84ib 0-79 =100-09 Hirzel
0-66 =98-68 Bammelsberg.
2*81 — =99-16 Scheerer.
2-00 =98-66 Laugier.
1-74 0-67=99-19 Bammelsberg.
1-28 , insoL 1-80=UK)*07 Alaop.
8*30 1*70=1UO'26 Moitzendor£
4.19 =101-06 Kiihn.
4-68 — =100 PeUetler. G.=2-629.
3-06 =100-99 Hunt G.=2-866.
5-83 1 fi 1-01 =98-43 Grimm.
6-18 — =99-89 Fiedler.
10-46 fi 1-22, 0-22=99*43 Botil.
Batio 1 : 1, amiaming manganeaef ttnCf or cobalL
21. Freiberg, A-fici
22. Kapnik, uncoL 28. Altenberg, xinctf. 94. Przibram, cobaUif.
26. Lockport, PeaHspar
26. Kolosomk, crysL
27. Gluoksbrunn,yl6.
28. laebenstein
29. Sorrento Italy 80. Bohemia
63-20 40-16 2-14 5-23=100*71 Ettling. G.=2'830.
52-46 41*16 1-09 6-41 10012 Ott G.=-2-89.
54-31 43-26 099 0*66, 2n 0 1*38=100-60 Monlieim.
66-77 85-70 2-08 — Co 0 7 42=2-08 Gibba.
Batib 8 : 2=<:3aP 64-1, AgO 35-9.
69-00 89*50 1-50 =100 Beoik.
61-00 86-63 2*73 — =100*26 Bammelsberg.
6000 86-60 4-00 =100 60 Klaproth.
63-88 88-24 0*91 007=98*10 Wackenroder.
65-21 84*79 =100Abich.
61-30 32 20 6-27 =99-77 Kiihn.
31. Gurhof, Gurhqflaa 82. Hall, oryeL 33. Taberg,
Batio 2 : l=Oa C lilg 0 29-6.
78*0
29*60
26*5
-=100 Klaproth.
1 tL 2-0, day 2-Os98-50 Klifott
Fe 2-25=100*26 Klaproth.
34. Bohomift
Batio 8 : 1 to 6 : 1.
77-68 18-77 3*67 - 85-34 10*89 6-53 —
-=100*07 Kfihn. -slOl-76 Kiihn.
Batio 1 : 3.
CaC iSgd teO
86. Meisnier, Chniie
28*0 67-4 3-6=98'9 John.
St, " "
The f oUowing are analyses of some nnciystalline stratified limestones. 1, litton, of Loiv% Magnesiaa limestone, (drerous age (Swallows Q. Rep. Missonri, 1865); J. D. Whitney of Trenton, Galena, and Niagara limestones (Rep. Q-. Iowa, 1858):
CaC AgC i'eC
2. Kew Gkdena, 52-47 1-78, insol. 2 76, ]a, &, eta 0-87=100 Whitney. 8. Clayton Co., Iowa, DrenL L. 44-90 84-23 1-69, insoL 18*36=99*18 Whitney.
4. " " GalL. 52-01 42*26 0 93, insoL 4-43, Sa, C 0*88=100 Whitney.
Yery many of the limestone strata of the globe are thus partly or wholly dolomitia, though usually not as pure as in the above analyses. T. S Hunt says that dolomites make up chief part of the Oalciferous, Clinton, Trenton, Guelph, Niagara, and Onondaga limestones of Canada (Logans Bep., 1863, 456). In 1857 (Logans Rep., 1857, 200) he announced that the veina and shells of some ordinary limestones were magnesian. In the Portor marble (p. 679) the body of the rock contains only I-O p. c. of carbonate of magnesia, and the yeins 35-5 p. c. A limestone from Duds well, Canada, contains CaC 92*5, MgC 1*8, sand 6-2; and Uie fossils are of similar composition ; but a yellowish material enveloping the fossils nnd filling veins consists of Ca C 56-60, MgC 11*76, FeC 3-23, with 2rt*72 insoluble =98 -81. This being a mixture of dolomite and calcite, the latter was removed by acetic acid, and the residue, 52 p. a, then afforded Ca C 51*75, lilgC 85*78, eC 12*52= lOn. In the Trenton limestone of Ottawa, the fossil morals, shells, and crustaceans are changed to whitish dolomite ; and a fVagment of an Orthoccraa gave Oa C 66-00, Mg C 37 80, C 5*tf5=99-75.
Pyr., etc — B3. acts like caldte, but does not gve a dear mass when Aised with soda on platinum foil Fragments thrown into cold acid arc very slowly acted upon, while in powder in IV arm acid the mineral is readily dissolved with effervescence. The ferriferous dolomitea become brown on exposure.
Obs. — Massive dolomite constitutes extensive strata, called limestone strata, in various regiona. Crystalline and compact varieties are often associated with serpentine and other magnesian rodca, and with ordinary limestones. Some of the prominent localities are at Salzburg, the lrrol, Schemnitz in Hungary, Kapnik in Transylvania, Freiberg in Saxony, the lead mines at Alston in Cumberland, etc.
In the U. States, in VermcnUf at Boxbury, large, yellow, transparent crystals of the rhomb-apor variety, in talc. In Rhode Jsland at SmithdQeld, a coarse deavable variety, occasionally presenting perfect crystals, with white talc in caldte. In N. Jeraeyf at Hoboken, white hexagonal crystals (f 580), and in rhombohedrons. In K, Tork at Lockport, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, with caldte, celestite, and gypsum ; also at 01enn*s Falls ; in Richmond Co., at Uie quarantine, oystallized dolomite, in rhombohedrons, and at the Parish ore bed. St. Lawrence Co. ; on Hustis*a form in Phillipstown, a variety resembling OurhoJUe, with a semi-opaline appearance and a fracture nearly like poroelaiu.
Dolomite is generally supposed to be injurious as a manure for soils, on account of its magnesia; but this is not so, unless used after calcination, before it is airlaked. The lime it aiSorda when burnt makes a more durable cement than common limestone.
Named after Bolomieu, who announced some of the marked characteristics of the rock in 1791 ts not effervescing with adda, whUe burning like limestone, and soluble after heating in adds. He observes in his paper that, as early as 1786, he had found the white marble of many of the andent statues and monument of Italy to consist of this peculiar rode : and eighteen months before the date of his paper he discovered immense quantities of similar limestones in the Tyrol
Woulfe, in the PhiL Trans, for 1779 (at p. 29), describes a ferriferous dolomite or anicorito, witii some analytical determinations, which was in pearly rhombohedrons, resembling somewhat those cf spathic iron, and came from Joachimsthal. " In ita natural state it effervesced strongly with " rectified muriatic add, which would indicate the presence of more iron than he obtained (5 oi 6 p. a of Fe 0, C Oa). It may have been ankerite.
Alt. — Dolomite occurs altered to apathio iron, calamine, steatite, limonito, red iron ore, gotiiSti pyroluflite, and quarts and by prooeaaes limilar to thoae under oaldta.
Akhtdbou8 0Abb0Kate8.
68S
717. ANSBRTTB. Ddomite pt. Brown Spur and Pearl Spar pt Paratcmes Salk-Haloio MahB, Orundr L 636, 1822, iL 116, 1824. Bohwand, Wandateln, Styrian Miners. Ankerii fiout, MohaMin L 100, 1826. Tautoklm BreWu, Char., 70, 1832, Uib., 20, 1880.
Rhombohedi-al. B A -ff=106 12', Styria, Mohs; 106° Belnhausen (anal. 6), Ettling. Also crystalline massive, coarse or line granular, and compact.
Il.=:3-5— 4. G.=2-95--3*l. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color white, gray, reddish. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Oomp.— Ca C + (ftg, e, An) C, or a dolomite in which the magnesia Is more or less completely replaced by protoxyd of iron, or of iron and manganese. By the increase in the proportion of the magnesion carbonate to the iron and manganesian, the mineral graduates into true dolomite. The kinds with 10 p. c. or less of carbonate of iron are placed under dolomite, and those with more having G. above .2*96, under ankerite.
The ratios of lilg C to (i*e, in the analyses below are as foUows:
1:2
r..
1-7 : 1
2*7 :
l:2i
1-5: 1
1: l-l
H.
8:1
1-8:1
2:1
3*1 :
1: 1
21 : 1
Ibuloclin Breith., is a grayish- white varie, containing about 16 p. o. of carbonate of iron, and having G.=2 961, EttUng; from Beschertgliick, near Freiberg in Saxony (anal 11).
Analyses : 1, Fridau (Uaid. Ber, v. 1) ; 2, Schrotter (Baumg. ZS., viil 1); 8, Luboldt (Pogg., dl 465); 4, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 827) ; 6, Schmidt (Bamm. lOn. Oh., 217); 6, Ettlin (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xoix. 204); 7, Berthier (Ann. d. M., viL 316, IL ill); 8, v. Hauer (I c) ; 9, a T. Jackson (Proc. Soc. N. R, Bost, v. 246); 10, Berthier (L a); 11, Schmidt (Ramm. 2dia Ch., 217); 12, Schnabel (ib.); 13, 14, Berthier (L c); 16, Kiihn (Ann. Oh. Phorm., lix. 363); 16, Bdiweizer (J. pr. Oh., xdiL 281) :
OaO MgC teC AnO
insoL 0-16=98-34 Fridau.
=100*86 Schrotter.
=99-90 Luboldt G.=3*0L
=100 Hauer.
100-81 EttUng. G.=3-008.
99-8 Berthier.
=100 Haner.
=99*70 Jackson.
99' 1 Berthier.
=99*33 Ettling.
98 0 Berthier.
99-4 Berthier.
=101-73 Kiihn.
hisoL 0-76=99*60 Schweizer.
In the hist analysis the ratio of (e, lif n, Ag) C to Ca C is 1 to less than 1 ; but the speclmea may have been a mixture.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like dolomite, but darkens in color, and on charcoal becomes black and map netic; with the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble with effervescence in the adds.
Obs. — Occurs with spathic iron at the Styrian mines, and at tiie localities above mentioned.
Named after Prof. Anker of Styria.
OaO
MgO
*eC
AnO
1. Admont, Styria
218,
2. Styria
11*86
3-08=
3. Lobenstein
18*94
2-24=
4. Pinzgan
6. Freiberg
10*09=
6. Belnhausen
21*76
7. (htith, Styria
20*0
8-0=
30*0
20*8
9. Nova Scotia
30*2
20-8
10.
0-6=
11. Tautoclin
14*89
2-57,
13. Schams, Orisons
0*4
14. Miihlen, "
0-4=
16. Schneeberg
62*64
Srt-86
0-34=
16. Tinaen, Griaona
26*95
718. MAONE8ITZI. Kohlensaurer Talkerde JiUcheU A Lampadiru (first anal) SammL pr. Gh Abh., iiL 24L Behie Talkerde, Talcum carbonatum, Wem., Lndwig, ii. 154, 1803. MagnesiU pt .arpfi, Min., I 489, 1807. Magnesit iTorve., TabelL, 48, 92, 1808. Oarbonate of Magnesia
G86
Oxtosn Oompounds.
Magxiie corbonatde JV. KoblenBaiirer TbDe, TalkspaUiy Otrm, Bandiaaerite LimdL Hiii ii 1812. Giobertite AudL, Tt 410, 1824. Breniinerite Said., Moh8*B Min. tri LilV 1 825 Walmstedtite ZaonA Handb., 297, 1826. Brown Spar pt
Rhombohedral. jB A 5=107° 29', 0 A -ff=136° 56'; fl=0-8095 Cleavage : rhombohedral, perfect. Also masfiive ; granular to veij com pact.
H.=3-6— 4-6. Q.=3— 308, cryst. ; 28, earthy ; 3— 3*2, when ferriferops. Lustre vitreous ; fibrouB varieties sometimes silky. Color white, yellowish or grayish-white, brown. Transparent — opaque. Fracture flat concboidaL
Var.— 1. Ordma/ry, (a) Gmtalliaed. In distinct rhombohedral crystals; 2? a i?=:107* S8', fir. Snanim, Breith.; 107 16\ fr. Tragossthal (anal 4), Foetterla (&) LomOair; deayable. (e) Compact fine, granular ; (d) Oompact, and like unglaced porcelain in ftctora. Eoerihy ; bng mixed with hydrated aUicate of magnesia or sepiolite (meerschaum) ; including the Baudiaatrikt from Baudissero, near Turin, which has some resemblance to chalk, and adheres to the tongue Even the purer varieties of compact magnesite usually contain more or less of the silicate.
2. Ferrt/erouBf Breuneriie; containing several p. c of protozyd of iron; G.=3— 8*2; wUte yeUowish, brownish, rarely black and bituminous ; often brown on exposure, and bence called Brawn Spar, RASm mineral fr. Salzburg (anal 16) 107' 82\ Dufr.: fr. Pfitsch (anal 21) 107° 22V, Mitacherlich ; fr. Tyrol (anaL 19) 107 26', Brooke, 2H Breith. The name Jfreunerite was originally given by Haidinger (after IC. Breuner) to the varied analysed by Stromeyer containing 6 to 10 p. c of protoxyd of fron (or 8 to 17 p. a of carbonate) ; and WaU/k siedtiie to an included kind from the Harz, analyzed by Walmstedt (anal 18), di£fering only in containing a little more protoxyd of manganeee than usual (2 p. c.).
Oomp. — Carbonate of magnesia, ftg C=Carbonio acid 62*4; magnesia 47*6=100; bntprot* oxyd of iron often replacing some magnesia. The ferriferous part may be present as mesitmi mixed with true magnesite.
Analyses: 1, 2, Marchand t Scheerer (J. pr. Gh., L 396); 3, Munster (Pogg., Ixv. 292) ; 4, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs, 1866, 68); 6, Sommer (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 466); 6, Lampadius (I c.); 7, 8, Stromeyer (Kastn. Arch., iv. 482, Unt); 9, Bammelsberg (Handw., 397); 10, Marchand k Scheerer (L a); 11, OomwaU (Ann. Lya N. Y., viiL 123); 18, W. Beck (Verb. lOn. St Pet, 1862, 89) :
A. OrystaUigecL
1. Snarunmfto.
U7. ct
61*46
An
4. Tragossthal, to, 6. Salzburg
62*24 0*48 49*67 9e 8*62
0*28
Mg 47*29 46*36
0*66
0-47=100 Scheerer; a.=3-017
=100 Scheerer.
0*26, £l 1*12=99*79 MiinBter;
G.=3-068
=99-92 Hauer; G.=S-0S3.
, ifUoL 0*68=89*38 Sonmiei
6. Hrubschuts
7. Salem, India
8. Fronkenstehi
9. "
61*83
60*22
62*34
11. Hoboken, N. J., white 60*00
12. Orenberg, (t) 61*80 18. L. Urgnn, Bussia, " 62*90
B. OompacL
47*89 46*13
0*28
tr. 1*20
Lampadius.
=100 Strom.
l*39=100-18StronL
=I0O Bamm.
1 00 Scheerer.
0 30, Si 0-23=97-80 CJomwalL 0'6.S, Si 0*12=100-29 Bedc 0*60, §10*20=100*04
0. Irryeroui MagnaUe ; Bnuneriie WahnaledHie,
14, V. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beidhs., ill 164, 1862) ; 16, Stromeyer (. J., II.); 16, Duftoy (Ifln. IL); 17, Stromeyer (1 a); 18, Wohnstedt (. J., . 398, 1822); 19, Brooke (Ann. PhiL, II V. 38-i); 20, Stromeyer (L c); 21, Magnus (Pogg., z. 146); 22, Stromeyei (L c); 28, Joy (Banua 6ih8uppL, 161):
XtlBTDBOVB OABBOMATBS.
#6
An
%
Ca
14. Semmering. whUe
, 0 l*29=99-60 Haaer.
16. Hall, Uocft
, 0 O'l I 100-25 Strom.
, C DuC
17. St Gothard, ydlow
6*54
0*56
41*80
=99-22 Strom.
1& Harz
49*22
0-51, C 1-62, Si 0-30=1 00 Walm
19. Tyrol, yw, crysL
=99*21 Brooke.
20. Zillerthal, yw.
=99-30 Strom.
=99-96 Hagnua.
22. Fassa, yw.4m.
10*58
—
=100-64 Strom.
23. ZUlerth., eryst.
1-17=100 Joy.
Batio of Kg C to j'e C in tbo prooedlng analyses:
26:1
12 :1
12: 1
11 : 1
9:1
9:1
8:1
T. & Hunt (Logana Bep., 1863, 457, 611) found the magnesite rock of Canada to contain 8 te 10| p. & of carbonate of iron, with 8 to 40 p a of insoluble matters, mostly mixed qnartft That of Sutton afforded MgC 83-86, C 902, mixed silica 808= 100*40.
The white portions of the yerd-antique of Boxbury, Mass., are magnesite with about 4 p. a of carbonate of iron, as fdiowu by Jackson, Hayes, and Hunt.
In the baudisserite, Berthier found C 41-80, Mg 8900, meerschaum 19-20=100 (Ann. d. 1822, 316). A variety of the same was early analyzed by Gioben (J. d. M., xx. 291, 401, 1808), and another, from Oastellamonte, by Ouyton (Ann, d. Oh., xlviL 86, 1803).
A magnesite from Sasbach. Eaiserfituhl, contains hydromagnesite. P. Meyer found (Auzl Oh. Pharnu, cxv. 129), after separating the impurities, C 45*27, Ag 47*69, Ca 2*47, 4*67, equivalent to MgO 82-88, Oa 4*41, Ag 8-14,4-57.
Pyr., etc. — B.B resembles caldte and dolomite, and like the latter is but slightly acted upon by oold adds; in powder is readily dissolved with effervescence in warm muriatio add.
Oba.— Found in taloose schist, serpentine, and other magnesian rocks ; as veins in serpentine, or mixed with it so as to form a variety of verd-antique marble {magnesitie ophioUte of Hunt); also, in Oanada, as a rode, more or less pure, assodated with steatite, serpentine, and dolomite. The breunerite variety has been found in a meteorite from Orgueil (Descl).
Occurs at Hrubsohiitz in Moravia, where it was fi.-3t discovered by Mitdiell ; at Kreubat and Tragossthal, Styria; at Frankenstein In Silesia; Snarum, Norway ; Baudissero and Oastellamonte in Piedmont ; at other localities above mentioned. In America, at Bolton, Ma8&, in indistinctly fibrous masses, traversing white limestone ; at Lynnfield, Oavendish, and Roxbury, Mass., mixed with or veining serpentine ; at Barehills, near Baltimore, Md. ; in Penn., in crystals at West (Joshen, Ohester Oo. ; near Texas, Lancaster Oo. ; as a rock, in Sulton and Bolton, Oanada East ; In Oantou XJpata, Yeneauela, near Mission Pastora, looking like porcelain in the fracture, as observed by K. S. Manross: in Tulare, Alameda, Mariposa, and Tuolumne Oos., California.
Deliuneth6rie, in his Thorie de la Teire, ii. 98, 1795, uses the name magnesite for the carbonate of magnesia, sulphate, nitrate, and muriate, and the carbonate ia placed florist in the series. Brongniart, in his Mineralogy, it 489, 1 807, applies the name to a group, including (1) the carbonate caUed MUehelPs magnesiie, (2) meerschaum, (3) the Piedmont magnesite, and (4) other siliceous varieties. As both Brongntart and Delamethrie gave the first place to the carbonate, the name magnesite would rightly fall to it in case of the division of the group. Karsten, in his Tabelleu, 1808, reoogniied this division of the spedes, and formally gave to Uie carbonate the name mag' nesUe, The (sherman mineralogists have followed Karsten, as should have been done by all. But In France, Beudant, in 1824, gave the name gioberUte to the carhonatef leaving magnesite for the silicate, and most of the French mineralogists have followed Beudant. 0robert analyzed only the slUoeous variety from Baudissero, the true composition of the mineral having been ascertained by Lampadius, somewhat earlier, from specimens brought by Mitchell from Moravia.
719. MBSmTB. Mesitinspath pt Pogg., zL 170, 1827. Mesitin BreUh Pogg., ho.
148, 1847.
Khombohedral. JS A 11=107° 14'. Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect. H.=4— 4-5. G.=3-88— 3-86. Lustre vitreous, or a little pearly . Coloi
688 aZTOEK OOMFOUNDft
yellowish-white, yellowish-gray, yellowish-brown. Streak nearly white, colorless. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Oomp. — 2 ftg C + f'e C Carbonate of magnesia fi9*2. carbonate of iron 40*8 1 00. AnaljaeB 1, Gibbs (Pogg., bed. 666) ; 2, Fritzscbe (Fogg., bo. 146) ; 3, Patera (Haid. Ber., ii. 296):
C t'e Mg Ca
2. 4606 26-61 27*12 0*22=100 Oibbs.
8. Werfen, ywJu-lnL 46 84 2787 26*76 =97*97 Pateca. G.=3*S3.
P3rr., etc. — B.6. blackene and becomes magnetia But slightly acted upon in mass by coM adds ; readily dissolyed with efTervescence when in powder by hot muriatic add.
Obs. — From Traversella, Piedmont Worfen, with lazub'te.
Named from fucirtif a go-hdweeny it being intermedia to between magnesito and siderite. The species as first described included pistomesite.
720. PISTOMESTTB. Mesitin pt BreiOL, Fogg., xL 170, 1827. Pistomesit BreUlu, Fogg.
Izz. 146, 1847.
Ehombohedral. R A =107® 18'. Cleavage rhombohedral. Coarse granular.
H.=3;5-4. Q.=3-412-3-4:17, Thumberff, Brfeith.; 3-427, Ettlinff. Lustre vitreous, or somewhat pearly. Color yellowish-white to yellowish gray. Streak uncolored.
Ooinp.~ftgC4-]eC=0Brbonato of magnesia 42, carbonate of iron 68=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (Breith., Pogg., xL 170); 2, FritEsdie (Pogg., hex. 146); 3, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Phann., zdx.204):
0 j'e Ag Oa
1. TrBTerseDa 44*09 36*68 20*84 — =99*96 Stromeyer.
2. Thumberg, Piskmi, 43*62 33*92 21*72 —=99 26 Fritssche. a.=3-41.
Pyr., etc. — Closely resembling meeititei
Obs. — Occurs at Thumberg, near Flachau in Salzburg ; also at Traversella in Piedmont Named by Breithaupt ntarS and luviriit, after he had already used Jfesitine (q. r.\ and oecause pistomesite is nearer the middle between chalybite and magnesito than mesitine.
721. 8IDBR1TS. 7 Yens feni jecoris colore optima, Germ. Stahelrelch Eisen, Getner Foes., 90, 1566. Spatformig Jemmalm, Minora ferri alba spathiformis, Wall., 256, 1747. Jam med Kalkjord forenadt, Oerm, Stalilstdn, OronaLf 29, 1768. Ferram cum magnesio et terra calcarea addo aereo mineralisatum Bergm. Opusa, ii. 184, 1780. Spathiger Eisen, Spatheisenstein, Germ, Fer spathique de Lisle, iil 281, 1783. Calcareous or Sparry Iron Ore Kmoan, Spathic Iron, Spathose Iron. Brown Spar pt Steel Ore. Carbonate of Iron. Fer oarbonatd, Wdb deader, iV. Eohlensaures Eisen, Eisenkalk, Germ. Eisenspath Edtiem., Handb., 961, 962, 1818. Spherosiderit Bduem., lb., 1070, 1818, 1847, 1853. Siderose Beud iL 346, 1832. Junckrite Dufr., Ann. Ch. Phys., Ivl 198, 1834. Siderit Jlaid, Handb., 499, 1846. Chalybit ., Syn, 241, 1847.
Oligonspath BreWu, Handb., ii. 236, 1841=01igonlt ffatum., Handb., 1362, 1847. Thomait Meyer Jahrb. Min. 1846, 200. Siderodot BretVA., Haid. Ber., I 6, 1847. Sideroplesit BnUk B. H. Ztg., zm 64, 1868. Thoneisen8tein=Clay Iron Ore pt
Rhombohedral. i?A=107% 37'; a=0-81715. Obseized planes : rhombohedral, 1, 4, -5, -2, -J ; scalenohedral, ; pyramidal, f-2 ; prismatic, /, i-2 ; and basal, O. The faces often curred, ai below.
Ashtdboub Oabbonatxb. Dsb
O A 3=117" 68' i A i=136'' Si' 4 A 4=66° 18'
0 A f 2=132 30 t A 33 t-2 A 1*=156 46
Cleavage: rbombohedral, perfect. Twins: plane of composition -i. AIsc in botryoidal an? globnlar forms, subfibrone within, occasionally; silk; fibrona. Often oleavable massive, with cleavage planee undulating. Co&TBO or fine granolar.
BL=8'6— 4*6. 6.=3'7— 3"9. Lustre vitreous, more or less pearly. Streak white. Color aeh-gray, yellowish-gray, greenish-gray, also brown and brownish-red, rarely green ; and sometimes white. Translucentgnbtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var. — Oarbonate of irnn, C=Csrbotiio a.AA Vl-9, pratoijd of iron 6-J'l. But purl of the pralaz of inm (f'e) usually replaced b; miagBDew, and onea b; magnesia or lime.
rhe prindpal TirUtlei are the Tollowing:
(1) Onttnary. (o) OraiUKd. (6) ConeriMimar=SerotideriU-, in plobular concretiooi, riUier or oonceutric scale, with uaually a Qbrous structure. GraiviJar to compad ma* MDO. (dj OiMie, like oolitic limeatone in structure, (c) EarOiy, or Blony, impure from mixture with day or tand, oonatltntlug a luge prt or the cl>; iron-Htone of the Coal rormation aod othM trtUfled depoeita ; H.=3 to T, the Uit fhHn the silica preneot; 0.=3-l}—y8, or mosttj 3-15— B-SG.
(S) Through diSbrencea in the beset replacing part of the iron, there are the foUowlng kinds:
A. Containing little or no manganese (Hn), magneela (MgV or lime (CbV 0.=
B. Contaiuiug fr to 12 p. c of Ad, with little Mgor da-.T FeC+MnC to 4feC-t-finC. a CoDtainbg IT to IB p c of MD=3t ("eC + MaC.
D. Containing: 2E p. c. of Mn lleC + MD C : Oie oligemapar ot Breithaupt, or oligonile, iav mg JiAA=107° 4'; G.=3-7l4 — B'745 ; color yellowish to beCweea Oeah-aDd iron-id; atretk f Dwish-white ; remarkably phoaphoresceat when heated,
EL OoDtaining little maiiguieBe aod much magueaio, ieC+'iSgC
F. Ditto, if'aC + MgC, the aidenptaile, Breith., ftam P5U, haTing Aa A=10T° S', Breltb.: Q.— n'6l6— S'seo. Also fom Other localitlee. Von ZepharoTicb obtained fVom a clearigt rhomboLedron from Saisburg (anaL 11) R a t-' Ifl , and 6. 3-699.
Or. Oostaining 30 p. c. of carbonate of lime, and looking like some calamine, the color green; Altenberg formnla 8 f'e C + 2 Hn C + li Ca C.
H, 1. Other miaceUaneouB kinds.
The tiderxhl of Breithaupt ia a calcifbrciQe spathic iron rein Badstadt in Salzburg, haring Q. =3-41.
Analyaea: Divition A. I, S, Karaleu (Eant Arehir ix. iiO); 3, Tbomwin (Mln., L 44A); i, StromeyertUntera.); Uin. Chemie, sas); 6, Berthier riiL SS7); 1, OltBBoQ (Add. Oh. Pharm., liii. B9). B. 8-11. Karaten (L 13, Stromeyer (1. c); 13, Scba iiel (Bamm. Uin. Cb., 223). C. 14, Schnabel (Bamia. 3d Buptd., 112). D. IS, Uagnua (Pogg., X 145), B. 16, Khuen (Bamm. Uin. Ch., 224). F. 17, Frituche (B. E. Ztg., xnL fi4); 18-ia Berthlar (Ado. d. M., viii. 887); 21, Sommer (Jahrb. lOn. 1886, 4Se). O. 22, Monhelm (J. pc Cb., zlix. 818). H. 33, Peiacbel (Bamm. let SuppL 1S>); 24, Sander (Bamm. Wa. Oh, 317). I as I. O. Olenuwn (Am. J. BcL, zxir. ITO):
Oxtoen Oompoundh.
i —1 Babkoirsky, Uaek
a. Erzbetg, Sa
3. Durham, EngL
4. Hanau, Sphrosid.
5. L. Laach,
6. Pierre Rousse, padre
7. fiicber, white
0 te An iig Ca
36-61 57-91 1*61 r. 059, gaogue O*60r=97'22
3816 6000 1*84=100 Bischof.
6.-8. Hackenburg, whUe 9. Siegeo, yiof
11. Muaen, white
12. Stolberg
13. Stahlberg
38*90 38*85 88*22 88*50
60*41 50*72 47*20 47*96
7*51 8*34 9*50 7*07
2*85 3*78 3*12
1*84
— gauge 0*32=99*28 Earsten. 0-40, 0-48=99-62 Earsten. 0 68, " 0 95=99 72 Kartten — =99-77 KarsteiL 0*67, £[ 0-25=96 24 Stromeyer.
a— 14. Siegen, fperomi 38*22 43-69 17*87 024 0*08=100 SohnabeL
D.— 15. EhrenftiedersdorC Oii. 38-35 E.— 16. Mitterberg, Tyrol 39*51
86*81 25-31
51*16 1*62 7*72
=100-47 KagnoB. -=100 Khuen. G.=3'786.
P.— 17. Pohl, VoigUand
18. Alleyard, Isere
19. Autim
20. Viztille, Isdre
21. S;ilzburg
6.-22. Altenberg
LL— j:*. Neudorf
.'4. Erzberg, Styria
1.-25. Plymouth, Vt
(t) 41-98 441*4
teC
45-06 12*16 =99-16 Fritsaohe. a.=8'61<
42-8 — 15*4 — =100 Berthier.
45-2 0*6 12*2 — Berthier.
48-6 1-0 12*8 =100 Berthier.
16*56
0*16
74*28 6-56 16-40
CaC
20*12, & 110 IConheim.
5*43=101*06 PeiadieL 11-91=100*82 Sander.
— ¥e 0*30, inaoL l-40=:98'84 G
Bchnabel analyzed many ores from diflbrent mines in Siegen, referable to division B (SM La).
X*3rr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, evolves carbonio ozyd and carbonio add, blaeni and becomes magnetic. B.B. blackens and fuses at 4 5. With the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda and nitre on platinum foil generally gives a manganese reaction. Only slowly acted upon by cold add, but dissolves with brisk effervescence in hot muriatic add. Exposure to the atmosphere darkens its color, rendering it often of a bladdsh-brown or brownish-red oolor.
Obs. — Siderite occurs in many of the rode strata, in gneiss, mica slate, day slate, and as day iron stone in connection with the Coal formation and many other stratified deposits. It is often asaod* ated with metallic ores. At Freiberg it occurs in silver mines. In Cornwall it aooompaniea tin. It is also found accompanying copper and iron pjrrites, galenite, vitreous copper, etc. In New York, according to Beck, it is almost always assodated with specular iron. Occasionally it is to he met with in trap rocks as ephenmderite.
In the region in and about Styria and Oarinthia this ore forms extensive tracts in gneiss, whicfa extend along the chain of the Alps, on one side into Austria, and on the other into Salsburg. At Harzgerode in the Harz, it occurs in fine crystals in gray-wade ; also in Cornwall, Alston*Moor and Devon:shire.
The SpherosiderUe occurs in greenstone at Hanau, Stetnheim, and Dransbeig and many other places. Clay iron-stone, which is a sUiceous or argillaceous carbonate of iron, occurs in coal bedt near Glasgow ; also at Mouillar, Magescote, etc., in France, etc.
In the United States, in Venrumtj at Plymouth. In JTom., at Sterling. In Cbim., at Boxl4ii>, an extensive vein in quartz, traversing gneiss ; at Monroe, Lane's mine, in small quantities. 1 Is N. Torky at the Sterling ore bed in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., in rhombohedral crystals ; at the Uos* iiie iron mines, St Lawrence Co. In N, Omrftna, at Fentress and Harlem mines. The argillaceous carbonate, in nodules and beds (day iron-stone), is abundant in the coal regions of Peon. Ohio, and many parts of the country. In a day-bed under the Tertiary along the west dde vf Chesapeake Bay for 60 m.
Aithtdboub 0Abb0Natb8.
Named SphmrotiderUA hj Hftusmaim in 1818, from the ooQcretlonaiy Turiety, and retail ed by him for the whole. Haidinger reduced the name to SidtrUB, the prefix sphtro being applicable onlj to an unimportant yariety. Bendant'a name Siderose has an unallowable termination. ChakyhUii Glocker, should yield to Haidinger's earlier name siderite, as reoognised bj v. Kobell nd Kenngott
Alt.~8patio iron becomes brown or browniah-black on exposure, owing to a peroxjdation of the iron and its passing to UmoniU (Fe*£L'); and by a subsequent loss of waler, it may pass to red itnm are or apeeular iron (9eX or to magnetUe {to Fe), the last at times a result of deoxydation of 9e by organic subtancea It also changes by substitution, or through the action of alkaline silicates, to qSartL
722. RH0D00HR08ITZL Magnesium addo aired mlDeralisatum Bergm Sciagr., 1782 (without descr. or loa). Bother Braonsteiners [=Bed Manganese Ore], Bothspath, Magnesium ochraoenm rubrum, Oxide de manganese oonleur de rose, pt, of kUtrpari oflBlh oaU. (it being oonfounded with the silicate analysed by Buprecht in 1782, and Bergmann's announcement being doubted). Luftsaures Braunsteiners (or Carbonate, after BergoL) pt Xms, Min., IL 17M (with mention of druses of small crystals in " Bhomben,** others in 'Jyramiden,** but with dt of Buprecht's anaL). Manganese oxyd6 carbonate (after Bergm.) TabL oomp., Ill, 1809. Diditer Bothstein pt Saunn Handb., 302, 1818. Bhodochroeit, Magnesium OQdul (tr. Lampadius's anaL of a Kapnik sp'n, hi his Pr. Oh. Abh., liL 289, 1800), MBnum., ik, 1081, 1813. Carbonate of Manganese. Manganspath Wenu Dialogite JoKhe, Germar, Sohw. J., xxri. 119=BUttrige Bothmanganen /ofcft XX MhL Sdhrift I, 1817. DiaUogito (wrong OrthQgr.). Bosenspath, Himbeerspath, Breiih Handb., 228, 229, 1841 (Char., 67, 68, 1882).
Khombohedpal. 5AjB 106*' 61', (?A.B 186° Slf; a=0-8211. Observed planes : 0 ; rhombohedrons, jS, -2 ; Bcalenohedrons, 1", ; prism, i-2. Cleavage : perfect Also globular and botryoidal, having a columnar structure, sometimes indistinct. Also granular massive ; occaeionallj impalpable ; incrusting.
H.=8-5— 4-6. G.=8'4— 8-7; 3-592, Kapnik. Lustre vitreous inclining to pearly. Color shades of rose-red ; yellowish-graj, fawn-colored, dark red, brown. Streak white. Translucent — subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Mn Carbonic add 88*6, protozjd of manganese 61*4; bat part of the An nsual replaced lime (CaX and often, also, hj magnesia ( AgX or iron (Pe) ; and sometimes by cobalt (Co), when the color is of a deeper red, and G. =8*6608, Bergemann (anaL 11). Analyses: 1, Gruner (Ann. d. IL, IIL xvUL 61); Berthier (Ann. d. M., yL 695); 8-6, Stromeyer (G. Ana. Gott, 1081, 1848); 6, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., zxxriL 163); 7, 8, B. Kane (PhiL liag., Jan., 1848) 9, Hildebrand (Yerh. nat Nassau, zir. 434); 10, Bimbacher (Ann. Oh. Phann., xcrilL 144); 11. Bergemann (Verb, nat Yer. Bonn, 111, 1867):
&gC
0-8, fin 0*1 GrQner.
1*6=100 Berthier.
7*26, ti 0*05=99*84 Stromeyer.
8*80, £[ 0*44=99*70 Stromeyer.
::*43, 0*31=99-96 Stromeyer.
— f day 0-33, org, matters t loss 10-11 Kanei
— f day 0*37, org. matters t loss 6-22 Kane.
4'28sl00 HUdebrand.
— =99*79 Birobacher.
1-09, Co 3*71, Si 1-86=99*11 Bergemann.
P3rr., eto.B.B. changes to gray, brown, and black, and decrepitates strongly, lut is infusible flVith salt of phosphorus and borax in 0 J*, gives an amethystine-colored bead, ii B.F. beoomei
AnC
*eO
u
0*7
1*0
2. Freiberg
89*2
7*3
8. "
4. Kapnik
89*91
6*05
6. Nagyag
6. Yoigtsberg
81*42
8*10
10*81
7. Ireland
74*56
15*01
tr.
8. "
11*04
2*43
9. Obemeiaen, cry4l
5*18
10. "
91*31
8*06
5*71
11. Ebeinbreitbach
9o88
2*07
692 QZTOBN COHPOUNDfi.
colorless. With soda on jatinum foil a Uniah-green manganata. Dieiolves with effervesceiioi in wann muriatic add. On exposure to the air changes to brown, and some bright TarieUes become paler.
Oba. — Occurs commonly in yeins along with ores of silver lead, and copper, and with othei ores of manganese.
Found at Schemnita and Kapnikin Hungary; Nagyag in Transylvania; near Elbuigerode in the Harz; at Freiberg In Saxony ; at Olendree in the Gounty of Clare, Ireland, where it foms a layer 2 in. thick below a bog, and has a yellowiah-gray oolor (anal 1, 8); botryoidal at Harts hUl in Warwickshire.
It has been obseryed in a pulverulent form, coating triplite, at Washington, Conn., on the land of Joel Camp ; in New Jersey, with franklinite at Mine Hill, Franklin Furaaoe. Abundant at the silver mines of Austin, Nevada ; at Plaoentia Bay, Newfoundland, in slates, lawn-colored and brown, contaimng 84*6 &n C, with 14*4 silica.
!7amed rhododurwiU j&r, a roae and color; and dkUogiief from SiaXoy daubL IV latter name is attributed to Jasche by Qermar (L &).
Alt — Quartz pseudomorphs occur near Kiein-Yoigtsberg.
723. SMTTHSONITB. Calamine pt Galmei pt Zincum acido aero mlneralisatum Bergm Sciagr., 144, 1782, Opusa, 11 209, 1780 (firom his own anal.), nkspath, Kohlengalmei, Oemk Carbonate of Zinc. Smithsonite .fiud, Tr., ii. 854, 1832. Zmkspath, Kapnit (or Capait), Handb., 241, 236, 1841. Herrerite DdBio ib Smithsonite K A. Oenth Pioa Aa Sd. PhOad., viL 282. Diy-bone Jftnara.
Blxombohedral. JS A =107° 40' 0 A 3' ; a=0-8062. Observed planes : 0 ; rhombohedroiifi, li, 4, -J, -2, ~J, -6 ; scalenohedron 17', 0 A 4=165 2'. H generally carved and rouIi. Cleavaee : H perfect. Also reniform, botryoidal, or stalacdtic, and in crystalune incrustations; also granular, and sometimes impalpable, eccasionallj earthy and triable.
H.=5. G.=4— 4'45; 4*45, Levy; 4*42, Haidiner. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often grayish, greenish, brownish-white, sometimes green and brown. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven — imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle.
Oomp., Var.— 2n C=Carbouio acid 36*2, ozyd of sine 64*8=100; bat part of the protoxyd of sine often replaced by that of iron or manganese, and by traces of lime, magnesia ; sometimes bj oxyd of cadmium (ansL 9).
VarieHes, — (1) OnUnary. (a) Crystallized; (b) batrffoidal and stalaeHUCt common; {c) gramHar to compact maaswe; earthy impute, in noidalar and cavernous masses, Taining grayish* white to daric gray, brown, brownish-red, brownish-black, and often with drusy surfaces in the caTities ; " dry-bone '' of American miners.
Vab. depending on CompoBiUon. (I ) Containing less than 6 p. c. of any other carbonate and without copper; anal. 1-10.
(2) Ferriferous (Zinkeisenspath), containing over 20 p. a of carbonate of iron; capniie Breith., having RaR=\OV Breith. ; anal. 1 1-20.
(8) Mdnganiferous, containing over 6 p. c. of carbonate of manganese ; Q.=8*96— 4*2 ; anal
(4) Cupriferous, Berreriie of Bel Bio, apple-green, with rhombohedral doavage ; anaL 25. Then are no lines of strong demarcation between these varieties baaed on composition.
Analyses: 1, 2, Smithson (Nicholson's J., vi. 76); 8, Heidingsfeld (Bamm. 6th SuppL); 4, Bchmidt (J. pr. Ch., IL 257); 5, Elderhorst (G. Bep. Arkansas, 168, 1868): 6, 7, H. Bisse (Verb nat Ver. Bonn, 88, 1865); 8, v. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., zxviiL 480); 9, Long (Jahrb. Min. 1868, 289), 10, Marigny (Ann. d. M., V. xi. 672); 11-15, Monheim (Bamm. 8d SuppL, 181, J. pr. Gh- xfix 382); 16-20, H. Bide (1 c.); 21, Karsten (Syst. d. MetalL, iv. 425); 2224, IConhei-n (L 26 9enth (Am. J. Sci, II. zz. 119):
0 2n tb
A -L Somersetahiro 36*2 64 8 — — =100 Smithson. 0.34*289
2. Derbyalure 34*8 65*2 — — =100 Smithaoa.
ANHTDROtS 0ABB0NATB8.
3. Alteuuerg 86*13
4. Moresne Belgium 33*78 6. Marion Co., Ark. [81-46]
6. Altenberg; to. erysL
& Nert8chin8k
9. WiealoQli. ywh,
10. Algiers
B.— 1 1. Altenberg; gtk Itt. " to. ery$L
18. " ywh.'ifn.
19. " ywh,
tc u u
a— 21. Nertichiiuik
22. Herrenberg, gn,
23. pak gn.
24. Altenberg, ywK'io,
2aC
98*24 97*92 89*97
66*89 78*82
89*14 86*78 74H2
2n
64*66 63*06
*eO
2*26 0*67
82*21 36*46 68*24 18*46 16*66 16*43 29*88
Si 0*16=100 neidlngsfeld.
0*34 k & 1*68, 1-28=100-04 Schmidt
tr. — , Oa 1*07, quartz 1-61 lou Elderborst
0-16 0*23 Did
OaC
0*20, tr.=
0-32 2-43,
1*74 2-80,
4*02 8*47 3*24 <r. 0*43 6*28
tr, 4*04
tr.
1*90, 2-27, 3-67, 2-64: 6*09: 1*02, 1-03, 1*20, 1*66, 117,
insoL 0-07=99*41 Eisfie. =100 28 Riase. bCl 12=99-16 KobelL OaC 3-36, 2nd 1*94, ZnS 0*47,
sand 0*46 Lcn 0*80=99-68 Marigiij. calamioe 2-49=101-11 M. Q.=4'16 calamine 0*41 =98 60 M. G.=4'04 oalamine0'48=101*82 100*18 Monheim. =100-94 Monheim. insoL 0 18=100*32 Riase inaoL (r.= 100*21 Riase. inaoL ft-. =100*41 Riaae. insoL 1*07=100*67 Riaae. inaoLft-.= 100-24 Riaae.
D.— 26. Albarradon, Mex. 93*74
— — =99-86 Karaten.
1-60 0-29 1-48, OuC 3 42=100 43 Gentb
Bat a part of the 24 analyaes of Altenberg smithaonite by H. Riaae are given above. He writes the formula nZa An, liCg, Oa) C. The ratio of the 1 at to the 2d member in anal 16 (aboTe) is 7 : 1 ; in 17, 6 : 1 ; in 19, 8 : 1 ; in -JO, 2 : I.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube loses carbonic add, and, if pure, la yellow while hot and colore less on cooling. B.6. invisible; moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. givea a green color on cooling. With soda on charcoal gives zinc vapors, and coats the coal yellow while hot, becoming white on cooling; this coating, moistened with cobalt solution, gives a green color after heating in O.F. Cadmiferous yarieties, when treated with aoda, give at first a deep yellow or brown coating before the zinc coating appears. With the fluxes some varietiea react for iron, copper, and manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid with efibrveeoenoe.
OIml— Smithsonite is found both in veins and beda, especially in company with golenite and blende ; also with copper and iron ores. It usually occurs in calcareous rocks, and is generally asaodated with calamine, and aometimes with limonite. It is often produced by the action of sulphate of zinc upon carbonate of lime or magnesia.
Found at Nertschinsk in Siberia, one variety of a dark brown color, containing cadmium, another of a beautiAil bright green ; at Dognatzka in Hungary ; Bleiberg and Raibel in Carinthia ; Wiealodi in Baden, in Triaasic limestone; Moresnet in Belgium; Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle (Aiichen), in concentric botryoidal groups. In the province of Santander, Spain, between the Bay of Biscay and the oontinnation of the Pyrenees range, at Puente Yiesgo the mountains being only four leagues from the coast ; the smithsouite here occurs in mountain limestone ; in other places it is found in dolomite, probably muschelkalk ; it is in vertical lodes, found frequently in scalenohedrons as a pseudomorph after caldte. At Ciguenza, 6 miles K of Santander, the lode varies in width from 1 to 2 meters to 1 inch; the mineral is drusy, cavernous; blende is abundant, and changes into pure white smithsonite ; the latter also occurs like chalcedony, in reniform and botryoidal masses ; it sometimes contains galena and cerussite. In £ng> iand, at Roughten Gill, Alston Moor, near Matlock, in the Mendip Hills, and elsewhere ; in Ssotland, at Leadhills ; in Ireland, at Donegal.
In the U. States, in ChntL, at Brookfleld in yery small quantities. In N. Jersey at Mine HiU, Dear the Franklin furnace, only pulverulent from decomposition of zindte. In Fenn at Lancaster abundant, and often in fine druses of crystals, also sometimes pseudomorphous after dolo mite; at the Perkiomen lead mine; at the Ueberroth mine, near Bethlehem, in scaleuohedrona also an earthy yariety abundant as au ore. In Wisconsin at Mineral Point, Sbullsburg, etc. oonstituting psondomorphs after blende and caldte. In Minnesota at Ewing*s diggings, N. w. o/'
0XT01EN OOMPOUVDfl.
Dubuque etc. In MSsaoiiri and Arkanaagf along with the lead orea in Lower Silurian 1 m itaoe.
Alt— Smithaonite ohangea throaffh the action of alkaline ailicatea to calamine (2n' ft+i ft). jr beoomea inorosted with ailica ana forma quarts pseodomorpha. It la also aometimea replace by limonite or gothite. The concretionary variety from Spain has a nudes of calamine.
724. ARAGONITB. Spath oalcaire criat en princes hexagones dont lea deux boata aont strips dn centre k ladroonference, id. dont lea deux boats sont lissea (fir. Spaing IkmiOi Oat Oab il 62, 1767. Arragoniacher Apatit Wem Bergm. J., I 95, 1788 ; ib., I 299, Crell'a Ann., L 887, 1788 (making it carbonate of hme). Arragoniadier Kalkspath WenL, Beigm. J., ii 74 1790 (after Klapr. aoaL). Axragon Spar (var. of Gale Spar) Kirwanf Wsl, L 87, 1794. Arragonit Wem Estner'a MhL, it 1089, 1796. Ezcentriacher Kalkatein Karstm, Tabell, 34, 74, 1800. Arragonite (firat made distinct from Oalo Spar throagh ayat) JEToiiy, Tr., IL 1801, an4 BiodL Min., I 676, 1800. l£lt (fir. Igio, TranaylyanU) Emarkt Bergm. J., liL 99, 1798 ; Ig Nadelatein Leim, Erbaenatein pt., Faaerkalk pt, Sehallenkalk pt, Spmdelatein, Germ, CSiim* boradte K D. Clarke, Ann. PhiL, IL il 57, 147, 1821. TamoYiiit BreUlL, Handb., 252, 1841 ; TnmoTidt iToui, Handb., 1846. Moaaottite LucOf Oimento, yii 453, 1858. Oaerakit BnUi, a H. Ztg., XYU. 64 1868.
Stalactitea Floa Ferri, Mannoreaa ramuloaua, LiiuL, , 183, 1768. StalagmiteB coraBoidei Wall, iL 888, 1778. Ooralloidal Aragonite. Chaox carbonate coraDoidee K, Tr U. 1801. BiaenUiithe pt Wam,
Orthorhombic. /A /=116*' 10', 0 A 1-1=130 60'; a:l: c=l-1571 : 1 : 1*6055. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, 7, i-l, i-i ; domes, J- J, 1-1, |-l, 24, 3-i, 5-1, 6-1, 94 ; 14 ; octahedral, 1, 6, 9, 1-S, 2-2, 6-|.
O A 14=130° 50' O A 1=126 16 0 A 1-5=137 15
0 A 2-2=118° 25' 0 A H=160 11 O A 14=144 13
24 A 24, top, =69° 30' 14 A 14, top,=108 26 7Aa=121 55
tl
A
r
T
r
/
t i
i n
k
y
hr
Crystals usually having 0 striated parallel to the shorter diagonal. Cleav* age: /imperfect; t4 distinct: 14 imperfect. Twins: composition-face/. (1) Consisting of two indvviaxuiU / (a) the two parts with the planes iA largely and normally developed, f. 584 and 584a, the latter a section ; prismatic angles 116° 10' A /) and IM" 55' r=/Ai-t) with the reentering angle, and also the opposite salient 116*" 10 ; (ft) i4 undeveloped on one side, and the form consequently a six-sided prime, f. 585. and a section in £ 588a and having three angles of 116° 10' (namely, / A 7, i' A /', and
AmSTDBOUS 0ARB0KATS8.
A {4% woof 121° 65' (/A t4), and one of 127 40' (/A /O . the simple form of f. 585 is shown in f. 583 ; (c) similar to f. 584r, but penetration twins, the two parts penetrating and crossing one another at middle,, as in f. 586' a transverse section of which is shown in f. 587 (it may also lie regarded as consisting of 4 individaals, arranged as represented by the 4 nucleal rhombs at the centre of f. 587, but two by intersection may produce the same result). (2) Conting of more tJum individuals ; (a) com
ti
ff
688d
688b
688p
bined about the acute angle, as the form consisting of three individuals, in f. 588b, a view of base, or section, the dotted lines showing the relations of the constituent parts ; by extension of the combined crystals the form may be a hexagonal prism, either of simple juxtaposition or of penetration ; also consisting of more than three individuals, 588o ; {b) combined about the obtuse angle, as in f. 588d, which, by the extension of the parts, may become a hexagonal prism with or without reentering angles ; also in f. 588r, in which the three individuals extend across tlie middle, making a penetration twin, as illustrated by the numbering of the parts. The penetration or crossing twins often have the different parts very unequally developed (one or two of the three individuals extending across and not the otner) and also of very unequal dimensions. Fires 588b to B are views of base of prism, showing the usual striae parall to the shorter diagonal ; angle 10', 40', 30'. (3) Twinning often many times repeated in the same crystal, producing sueeessive reversed layers, the alternate of which may be exceedingly thin, a structure illustrated in f. 588f ; often so delicate as to produce by the succession a fine striation of the faces of a prism or of a cleava plane.
Also globular, reniform, and coralloidal shapes ; sometimes columnar, oomposra of straight or divergent fibres ; also stalactitic ; incrusting.
H.=3-54. G.=2-931, Haidinger; 2927, Biot; 2-945-2-947, small crystids, and others when pulverized, Bendant; 2'932, fr. Kammsdorf Somiid, Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous on surfaces of
ft96
OXTOEN COMPOUKDe.
fracture. Color white ; also gray, yellow, green, and violet ; streak nnfroV ored. Transparent — translucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle.
Var. — 1. Ordimaflry. (a) Grystallused in simple or compound crystals, the latter mndi the iLJst common ; often in radiating groups of acicular crystals. \Jb) Columnar ; a fine fibrous variety with silky lustre is called Sixtin spoor, (c) Massive.
2. ScaXy massive; snow-white (Schaumkaik); G.=2-984; from Wiederstadt, a pseudomorph after gypsum.
8. Staladftie or skUagmiUc (either compact or fibrous in structure) ; as with caldte ; SpruJdffetn is stalactitic from Carlsbad.
4. Ooralloidal; in groupings of delicate interlacing and onalesdng stems, of a snow-white oolor, and looking a little like coral
5. TamovicUe; a kind containing carbonate of lead, from TamowitB in Silesia; it has /a 116' 13'. and Oa U=144' 16', Websky.
MosaottiU is a light green, columnar, radiated variety, from the Lias of Gerfalco, in Tuscany, containing nearly 7 p. & of carbonate of strontian and a trace of oopper ; G.=2'884. OserskUe is only columnar aragODite from Kertschinsk, Siberia; Q.= 2*864 — 2*865.
Slender crystals from Gross-Kammsdorf near Sieuilfeld, owe their tapering form to the planes 9-i, 6, and 9 (Schmid, Pogg., czxvi. 147). Figs. 683, 685, 688 are from Naumann.
Oomp. — CaO, like caldte, Carbonic acid 44, lime 56=100. Analyses : 1-4, Stromoyer (Be Arag.; also . J., xiii. 862, 490, Gilb. Ann., zliil zlv. zlvlL zlix. 11 Uv. IxiiL) ; 5, 6, Nendtwich (Yersamml ung. Naturf. Neusohl, 1846) ; 7, Botlger (Pogg., zlyiL 497) ; 8, Stieren (Arch. Fharm.. IL IziL 81); 9, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., zziv. 819):
CaO
grC
1. Brisgau
97*9834
2*4609
3. Eschwege
4. Aussig
6. Herrengrund
6. Betzbanya
96*1841
99*81
0*06
8. Papenberg
9. Alston-Moor
PhG
-=99*9674 Stromeyer. =99*3845 Stromeyer.
0*2207 =98*9516 Stromeyer.
01449=99-8733 Stromeyer.
0-17 Fe 0*11 =99*89 Nendtwich. 0*33 OuC 0*19=99*89 Nendtwich. 0-157 =99*956 Bottger.
=fl 0-39=100 Stieren.
Mg 0 2*49, Ca F <r.=99"84 HT.
Delesse finds in the aragonite of Herrengrund, near Neusohl, Hungary, no strontia, and 0*13 p. a of water. A Thumberg variety afforded E. Riegel (Jahrb. pr. Pliarm., xziil 348X 2*2 p. a of carbonate of strontian. A fibrous variety from Bufton in Cumberland afibrded 4*26 p. a of AnC.
Kersten detected 2-19 p. a of opxbonate of lead in one specimen. Tlie SprudMein of Carlsbad contains 0*69 p. a of fluorid of caldum and 0*27 of arsenic Jenzsdi roTOrts most aragonites as containing fluorine, and finds in one of unknown locality CaF 3**27, Ca*F 1*24 p. a ; G.=2*830.
99-83. Plattner found only carbonate of lime in the oserskito.
Aragonite and caldte were the first case of dimorphism observed. Kirwan suggested in 1794 that the prismatic form was due te the presence of strontia, whidi Stromeyer disproved in 1813.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. whitens and falls te pieces, and sometimes, when containing strontia, imparts a more intensely red color to the flame than lime ; otherwise reacts like caldte.
Obs. — The most common repositories of aragonite are beds of gypsum, beds of iron ore (where it occurs in ooralloidal forms, and is denominated 7So5-/err flower ofiron), basalt, and trap rode ; occasionally it occurs in lavas. It is often associated with copper and iron pyrites, galemte, and malachite. It is forming at an old mine in Monte Yasa, Italy, at a temperature below the boiling point of water. It constitutes the pearly layer of shells. Minute pointed crystals occur in drusy cavities in the sinter of the thermal springs of Baden.
First discovered in Aragon, Spain (whence its name, the word in Spain having but one r), at Molina and Valencia, near Migranilla, in six-sided prisms, with gypsum, imbedded in a fermginoas clay. Since found at Biliu in Bohemia, in a vein traversing basalt in fine prisms ; at Breisgau io Baden ; at Baumgarten and Tamowitz in Silesia ; at Leogang in Salzburg, Ausuia ; in Waltsch, Bohemia, and many other places. The floS'/erri variety is found in great perfection in the Styrian mines, coating cavities and even caves of considerable extent, and associated with spathic iroa At Dufton, a silky, fibrous variety, called satin spar occurs traversing shale in thin vems, generally associated with pyrite. In Buckinghamshire, Devonshire, etc, it occurs in ataladitir forms in caverns, and of snowy whiteness at Leadhills in Lanarkshire.
A2Thtdb0Ub Oasboxateb. G97
Angon'te in flbroDB araa' and other forma oooan Iq serpetititie at Boboken, N. J. (it bai been call marueaiM). Corolloidol nngonite ocoura sparingly at Lodtport, N. T , coating ffyvaum [d aodea; at EdenTilte, IT. lining oaTiCJea of oraenopfrite and cube ore; at the Paiiah ore bed. RoBste, IT. T. ; at Hadd&m, lioaa in tliin Beams between layers of gneias ; at Sav Garden In Cheater Co., Pean.; at Wood's Uine, LaDOasler Co., Fsdo.; at Waraaw, OL, lining geodea; oi the north booaduy of the Creek nation, 1 6 m. from the creating of the Arkanaas, In hexagonal ojiitalB Dearly i in. thronfth.
Alt. — Aragonlte may nndei slmliar <diana with ealdte. It also paesea to oaldte, throogb Mramorphltm. Faeudomorpha of copper after aregonite are reported ftom Bolivia, and alao bomOorocoro, Peru.
735. MAliaAHOOAZiOI. Mingsnooalcit BrdA., Fogg., Izix. 129, IS4& FaariKer Braunspatb Wtn.
In rhombic priBms like aragonite, and cloeely related to that species. Cleavage lateral, also brachydiagoaal. Kadiated fibrous or GoltimQar.
H.=4— 5. G.=3-037. Luatre vitrwua. Flesh-red to reddishwhite. Streak colorless. Translucent.
Oomp.— 3 An with a little of the manganeae replaced by iron,' or of the general (bnnnla ft C. Analyaes: 1, lUmnielsberg (Pogg., IzriiL Sll); 1, UiaaoadalEia (Jahrb. Uiiu ISlSt
Cz-ii ilgC &-9T
If
THOium Uayer (Jalirb. Uln. IBU, 300). A carbonate of iron, occurring in pyramidal ay* tallluUona whidi are said to be orthorhombic ; also maaalve. Q.=S*10. Lustre pearly. An nalyria by Meyer afforded C 38'Sa, fie 53-72, Cl-ae, llg 0-48, (h 1-63, £l 425, Si R 04 100. Prom Bleia-Badi, in Siebengebiige. Named after ProC Tbomft of Wleabaden.
JvnchtHu of DMaoj waa described aa bsTlng the wne duuwters, but proved to be only conuonn spathic iron ; and tbe same (ate may befall thomtft
fas. WITHBRrm. Terra ponderoaa kerala TrL Bergm. Sdagr., 29, I7S3, . Trsna., 28B, 1784. Witlierit Went Bergm. J., 1190, IL S2S. Aerated Barytea ITiK; Mem. Hanoheater Soo., ilL 599, 179a Barolita ftrwon, ICin., L 134, 174. Eohlenaaurer Baryl Otrm. Baryte carbonate /t-.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=118" 80', O A l-t=128'* 45' ; a:h: 0=1-246 :
1:1-6808. Observed planes, /, f i, 1, f 3. A 1=124° 85*', /A la 145" 24', /A 2=160° 58', /A 1=156'' 18', /A J=125° 67f, /AJ=
109 65f , 1 A 1, mac.,=130*' 13', brach., 57', has., 49'. Twins: all the annexed figares, composition parallel to /; reentering angles sometimes obsenred. Cleavage: /distinct; also in globular, tuberose, and botryoidal forms; structure either columnar or granular; also amorphous.
H.=8— 8*75. G.=4'29— 4*35. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous, on surfaces of fracture. Color white, often yellowish, or grayish. Streak white. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Ctomp.— Ba C=Oarbotiio add 22*3, baryta 77-7=100. Analyses of the Anglesarke minenl: Klaproth (Beitr., L 260, iL 84) obtained C 22, 78; Withering (1. c), C 21-4, Ba 78*6.
Thomson's StdphakHiarlHmaie o/Barvta (Bea Oen. 8oi i. 876, 1835, and Min L 106) is witherite inonisted hj barite, as shown bj Heddle (FhiL Ma lY. ziiL 637), who analysed apecinMiis from Hexham in Northumberland, and Dufton Fells in Westmoreland. '
Pyr., etc— B.B. fuses at 2 to a bead, coloring the flame yellowish green ; after fuaon raacti alkaline. B.fi. on charcoal with soda ftises easily, and is absorbed by the ooaL Salable in dilate muriatic acid; this solation, eren when yery muoh diluted, gires with sulphuric add a white predpitate which is insoluble in adds.
Oba. — Occurs at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, assodated with galenite, in trareraing the coal formation ; at FalloWfield near Hexham in Northumberland, in splendid crystals, sometimes transparent, andoocasionally 6 in. long; at Anglezarke in Lancashire, a fibrous \rariety ; atArkendale in Yorkshire; near St Asaph in FlintsMre; Tamowita in Silesia; Salana, Hungary ; Leogang in Sakbuig; Peggan in Styria; in the Altai; some places in Sidly : the mine of Arqueros, near Ooquimbo, Ohili ; Ii. Etang Island ; near Lexington, Ky., with barite.
Witherite is extimsiyely mined at Fallowfield, and is used in chemioal worlcs in the manufac> uire of plate-glass, and in France in makingrbeet-sugar.
Alt— Witherite is altered to barite (Ba 8) through the action of sulphate of lime in solatioi at the ordinary temperature or by the action of other sulphates in solution, or of water oontain* ing sulphuric add.
727. BROMUTB. Baxytoeakate J. F. W, Johnmon, Phil Vag., m. tL 1, 1836, x. 373, 183T. Bioaloareo-oarbonate of Barytas (from a wrong anal) Thomaomf Bea Gton. Sei L 373, 18S& Bromlite Thomi PhiL ICag xi. 46, 48, 1887. Alstonite BretOL, Handb., iL 266, 1841.
Orthorhombic. /A 60', DescL, O A l-i=i28° 39' ; a:b: 1*2504 : 1 : 1*6920. Observed planes : 0 ; prism, /; octahedrons, 1, is; domes. 14, 2-1. O A 14=143 32*', 14 A 14, ba8.,=72 65', 2-1 A 2-i, bas., 50', 1 A 1, mac.,=130 27', 1 A 1, brach.,=89 40'. Twins : double six-sided pyramids, with angles 122 30', and 142 ; reentering angle 178 61'. Cleavage: /and (? rather indistinct.
H.=4— 4-8. G.=3*718, Thomson; 3*706, Johnston. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, snow-white, grayish, pale cream -color, pink. Translucent. Frac ture granular and uneven.
BaC + CaC, like baryta 66*8, carb. lime 33-7=il00. Analyses: 1, Johnston (1. c.); 2, Thomson (PhiL ICag zL 46); 8, Delesae (Ann. Oh. Pleis ITL zilL 425); 4, v. Hauer (Bor. Ak. Wien, iv. 882, 1863) :
daC
OaO
drC
1. Bromley
2. Fallowfield
4. "
62*16 So'68
30*29
=99-9 Johnston.
918=100 Thomson.
, ft 0-20, Mn DelesM.
, Si lr.= 100 Hauer.
PvT., tftOw— Same as in bazytooaldte. '
Ods. — Fonnd at the lead mine of Fallowfield, near Hexham in Northumberland, with witiierlto and at Bromley HiU near Alston in Oamberiand, in veins with galenite, whenoe the name Brom lUe, given by Thomson. Most English ndneralogical authors haye set aside Thcmaon's
Anhtdbous Oabbokatbs.
although the earliest and of British origin, for Breithaupt's. There appears to be no suffioient reason for this.
728. SraONTZAMITB. Strontianit Sidger, Lichtenberg*s Vag vii. 3, 68, Bergm. J., 1791, i 433. Strontian Wenk Strontiauit Kohlensaure Strontianerde, Klapr., Orell's Ann., 1793i iL 189; 1794, u 99; Beitr., L 268. Mineral from Strontian, Strontian Spar (not Strontitess Strontia), iTope, Edinb. Trans., ir. 8, 1798 (Art read Not., 1793). Carbonate of Strontian. Strontiane carbonated Fr,
Emmonite, Oalcareo-oarbonate of Strontian, Thomson Bea Qen. Sol, iU. 416, 1836. Bary* strontianite, Stromnite, S. IMO, Ed. PhlL J., I 380, 1819.
Ortiiorhombic. /A 7=117 19', 0 A 14=130° 6' ; a : i : c=l-1883 : 1 : 1'6421. Observed planes : octahedrons, iy 4, 1, f, 2, 3, 4, 8 ; domes, jrh 1-i, |4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 12-t.
0 A i=145 11 (? A 1=125 43
O A 6' 14 A 14, ba8.,=71 48 A 2-1, ba8.,=110 44
1 A 1, mac.,=130° 1' 1 A 1, brach.,=92 11 1 A 1, ba8.,=108 36
Cleavage : / nearly perfect, t4 in traces. Crystals often acicolar and in divergent groups. Twins : like those of aragonite. O usnally striated parallel to the shorter diagonal. Also in columnar globular forms ; fibrous and granular.
H.=3-5--4. G.=3;605-3-713. Lustre vitreous ; inclining to resinous on uneven faces of fracture. Color pale asparagus-green, appleffreen ; also white, gray, yellow, and yellowishbrown. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp. — Carbonate of Strontia, dr C=Oarbonic add 29*8, strontia 70*2 ; bat a small part of the strontia often replaced by lime.
Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L 270, ii 84); 2, Stromoyer (IJnters., i. 193); 3, Thomson (Min., L 108); Stromejer (L c.); 5, Jordan (. J., IviL 34; 6, Bedicker (Pogg., L 191); 7, flohnabel (Bamm. 6th SuppL); 8, Yon der Mark (Yerh. nat ver. Bonn, yi., Jahrg., 272):
dr
Oa
1. strontian.
2. "
4. Br&nnsdorf, Sax.
S. Olausthal, whiie
6. Hamm, Westph.
9e
Sn ti
0-6=100 Klapr.
0-07 0-07=99*62 Strom.
0-01 =99-72 Thomson.
0*09 0'07=98'90 Strom.
— 0*25=99-6-i Jordan.
100 Bedicker.
=99-60 Schnabel.
=99-21 Mark.
Thomson obtained in his emfwmile (I a) Sr C 82-69, CaO 12-60, 9e l-OO, ledite 8-79=99-98. Traill's etrtmnUe afforded him C 6S-6, Ba3 (barite) 27-6, OaC 2-6, 03 of iron 01 ; color grayish-white; Q-.=3-7U3. It is pronounced a mixture by Greg and Lettsom. It is firom near Stromness, on Pomona, one of the Orkneys.
Pyr., to.—B.B. swells up, throws out minute sprouts, ftises only on the thin edges, and odors the flame strontia-red ; the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. Moistened with muriatic add aod treated either B.B. or in the naked lamp gives an intense red color. With soda on charcoal ths pure mineral fuses to a clear glass, and is entirely absorbed by the coal ; if lime or iron be present they are separated and remain on the surface of the ooaL Soluble in muriatic add; the dilute solution when treated with sulphuric add gives a white predpitate.
Oba-Oorars at Strontian in Argyleshire, in veins traversing gneiss, along with galenite and MTite, in adcnlar diverging and fibrous groups, rarely in perfect crystals ; in Yorkshire, England Giant's Oauseway, Ireland; daosthal in the Ears: Briiunsdoit Saxony; hooguig in
roo
OXTOKN OOMPOrNDB.
In the n. States it ooa jrs ot Schoharie, N. Y., in granular and columnar mau69, and alao b crystals, forming nests or geodes, often large, in the hjdraalic limestone, associated with barito pyrite, and caldte. At Muscalongo Lake a massive and fibrous yariety, of a white or greenish white color, is sometimes the matrix of fluorite. Ohaumont Bay and Theresa, in Jefferson Co. N. T., are other localities.
Alt.— Strontianito is altered to oelestite in the same way as witherite tobarite.
729. OZSRUSSTTB. Theophr etc, Gerussa PMl, eta, Agric but only the artificial Cdmssa nativa ez agro Yicentino Chaner, Foss 86, 1666. Biyspath (Bleispath GernL), Minera Flumbi apathacea, WaiL, MhL, 295, 1747. Plomb spathique TrL Wall llin., L 536. 1763. Bly-Spat, Spatum Flumbi (the hard); Bly-Ochra, Cerussa nativa (the pulyemlent)) OronsLf Mm., 1768. Plumbum addo aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opuso, JL 426, 1780. Weiss' bleiers Wem. ; Plombe blanche i>. ; White Lead Ore. Kohlensaures Blei Otrm. ; Oarbonati of Lead; Plomb carbonate Pr. (Mruse Beud., Tr., iL 868, 1832. Gerussit Eaid Httidb., 503, 1845. Igl6siaalte Kerstm) Suot, Min., 618, 1841.
Orthorhombic. I A /=117° 13', 0 A 1-1=130** 9i' j a : J : e?=l-1862 : 1 : 1*6388. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, i-J, i-L i-, 1-f ; domes, |-i,
69r
0 A 46'
0 A i4=149 21 0 A 14=144 8 0 A 2-1=124 40 7Aa=121 24 a A 24=145 20 U A i4=109 53
24 A 24, ba8.,=110** 40' 14 A 14, ba8.,=71 44 i4 A H, ba8..=39 45 i-i A i-, ov. ,=122 43 1 A 1, mac, =130 1 A 1, brach.,=92 19 1 A 1, ba8.,=108 28
Cleavage : /often imperfect ; 24 hardly less so. Crystals usually thin, broad, and brittle; sometimes stout Twins : very common ; composition face I, producing
687, p. 695. 2. Consisting of more than two individuals ; (aS three-rayed, f. 600, a view of a section, showing at centre the position of tne three combined crystals ; (J) six-rayed, f. 699, which may consist, like the last, of three combined crystals, if the crystals cross at centre so as to make a penetration-twin ; the forms sometimes thin, as in f . 699, but often conBistin;
AVHTDROnS 0ASBONATX8. 701
of Btont crystalfl similar in form to f. 597, the planes / in this form having the same position as /in f. 699.
Rarely fibrous, often granular massive and compact. Sometimes st.ilao-
titic.
H.=:3— 3-5. G.—.6-465— 6480; some earthy varieties as low as 5-4. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous or resinous ; sometimes pearly ; sometimes submetallic, if the colors are dark, or from a superficial change. Color white, gray, grayish-black, sometimes tinged blue or green bv some of the sides of copper: streak uncolored. Transparent — subtranslucenL Fracture conchoidal. V ery brittle.
Oomp.— C=Oarbonio add 165, ozyd of lead 88*6=100. Analyses : 1, Westrumb (L o.}; 2, Klaproth (Beitr, iiL 167); 3, J. A. Phillips (Q. J. Oh. 8oa, iv. 176); 4, Bergemann (Chem. Uatera. Bleib., 167, 175); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, IL zz. 245) :
C
1. Zellerfeld 16*00 81 -20, te 0*60, Ca 0'90=:98'60 Westromb.
2. LeadhillB 16 82=98 Klaproth.
8. Durham 16*05 8a-56=99 61 PhilUps.
4. Eifel 16*49 8861= 100 Bergemann.
6. PhenizTille, Pa. 16*88 83 -7 100* 14 Smith.
Stalactites from Brigham*B diggings, Wis., aiForded J. D. Whitney (Upp. Miss. Bep., 291, 1862) Oarbonate of lead 98-84, of hme 0*18, of magnesia 1r sesquiozjd of iron, eta, 1*42, day and sand B'48=99'27. Kersten obtained for the igksiasUe (. J., Izv. 365) 9210, ZnC 702=
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube decrepitates, loses carbonic add, turns first yellow, and at a higher temperature dark red, but becomes again yellow on coding. B.B. on charcoal fuses yezj easily, and in R.F. yiolda metiUlic lead. Soluble in dilute nitric add with effervescence.
ObSir-Occurs in connection with other lead minerals, and is formed from galenite (sulphid of leadX which, as it passes io a sulphate, may be changed to carbonate by means of solutions of bicarbonate of lime. It is found at Johanngeorgenstadt in beautiM crystals ; at Nertschinskand Beresof in Siberia ; near Bonn on the Rhine ; at Clausthal in the Harz ; at Bleiborg in Carinthia; at Mies and Przibram in Bohemia ; at Betzbanya, Hungary; in England, in OomwaU, in the mine of St Minrers ; delicate crystals 10 in. long were formerly found near St Austell and elsewhere; at £. Tamar mine, Devonshire ; near Matlodc and Wirksworth, Derbyshire ; in Cardiganshire, Wales ; at Leadhilla and Waulockhead. Scotland, formerly in fine crystals ; in Wicklow, Ireland, magnificent, sometimes in heart-shaped mades. In pseudomorphs, imitating . anglesite and leadhillite, at LeadhiUs.
Found in Jfow., sparingly at the Southampton lead mine. In at Phenizville, in fine crystals, often large ; iJbo good at Perkiomen. In N, York at the Bossie lead mine, but rare. In Ftrymiia, good crystals at Austin's mines, Wythe Go. In N, Carolina, at King's mine, Davidson Co., good. At Yalle's diggings. Mo., but seldom crystallized; in Wisconsin and other lead mines of the northwestern States, rarely In crystals ; near the Blue Mounds Wis., at Brigham*s diggings, In stalactites.
AIL — Cerussite occurs altered to pyromorphite, or phosphate of lead ; probably through the action of waters holding phosphate of lime in solution ; also to galenite (PbS) through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen, and minium by ozydation ; also to breunerite, maladiite, and chrysoeolla.
73a BARTTOOALOrm. Bnx Ann. PhlL, XL viil 114, 1884.
Monoclinic. (7=73° 52', I A 7=106° 54', 0 A 1-1=149° ; a : 6 : 0-81035 : 1 : 1-29583. O A l-i=147° 34', O A i=106° 8', i4 A 1-V=138* 84', a A t-i=124°, 2-i A 2-i, over 6-6, =95° 8', 6-6 A 6-6, adj.,=146° 6'. Cleavage : Ij perfect ; less perfect ; also massive.
OKTOKir OOHFOinniB.
6M
fl
R=4. G.=3-6863-3-66. Lustre yil reous, inclining tx) re&inous Color wliite grayish, greenish, or yellowish. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Frao ture uneven.
Oomp— C+Oa C=(i +iCa) C=OarboQateor baryta 66*8, carbonate of lime 33 -7 1 00. Aiudyaea : 1, Children (Ann. Phil, viiL 116); S, Deleaae (Ann. Gh. PharnL, HI. xiiL 425) :
CaC Si
1. 6A-9
S3-6 -99-5 OhiUren.
2. 66-20
81-88 0-27=98-36 Deleaae.
Pyr., stc — B.B. oolora the flame yellowiah-green, and at a hig temperature Ibaea on the thin edgea and aaamnea a pale green odor (manganate of baryta, Flaitner) ; the aaaajr reacts alluline after ignition. With tiie floxea reacts for manganeae With Boda on charcoal the lime is aeparated as an inftiaible maaa, while the remainder is absorbed by the coaL Soluble in dilute muriatic add.
Obe. — Oocnra at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, in attached crystals and massive, in the Subou boniferons or mountam limestone. Fig. 604 is from Brooke and Miller. Crystals 2 in. long ban been obtained.
731. VABOStTB. Musite Medid-Siitada, 1835. Farislt MMeiSpatla, Bonsen, Ann. Ch.
Fharm., liil 147, 1845.
Hexagonal. In elongated double six-sided pyramids, with truncated apex; basal angle 16458', pyramid 120" 34 Cleavage: basal, very perfect.
II.=4-6. G.=4-36, Bunsen; 4*317, Dufr. Vitreous; cleavage-faoe pearly or resinous. Color brownish-yellow ; streak yellowish-white.
Oomp.— whence, making Ce 1 : 1, as inDamoorl DerHle's anaL, the percentage is, carbonic acid 24-5, protozyd of cerium 40*3, protozjd of lanthanum 10*2, protozjd of didjmium 10*4, fluorid of calcium U-OslOa These chemists show thai the water found bv Bunsen is aoddentaL Analyses : L 2, Bunsen (L c.1 ; 3, Damour k Devilla (C.B.,Iix.271):
C Oe
IX Ca £[ CaF
60*26
8-17 2-88 11-51 315 242 10-53 2-85 10-10, Ce F 2-16, libi fr.=98-95 D. A D.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube yields no water, but gires off carbonic acid and becomes lighter m color. B.B. glows and is infusible. With (Used salt of phosphorus in the open tube gives B.E the reaction for fluorine. With borax and salt of phosphorus in the platinum loop gives a gian fellow whUe hot and colorless on cooling. Dissolyes slowly in muriatic add with effenresooDoeL Obs— From the emerald mines of the Muso valley, New Granada, where it was disooyered by -7 Paris, the proprietor of the mine, and whidi place it was sent in 1835 to Medid-Spada, by CoL Aoosta.
tier J. J. Paris. The earlier name Muaite (sometimes written Jfiuat the name of the : written both Muso and Musso, as well as Muso) is objectionable, because of the otf for a yariety of amphibole.
Akhydbous Cabb0Kats8.
70S
32. JUBOUTIMXTB. Kiaohtim-Parisit T, Eorwa BuU. Ac St Pet, \y, 401, 186 , J. pi Oh., Izxxv 442, I86i. Kischtimite O. J. Bnuh Am. J. Sol, IL . 427, 18tf3.
Amorphous.
G =4'784. Lustre between greasy and vitreous. Color dark brownish yellow. Streak much lighter than color. In small pieces translucent. Friable.
Oomp.— 6tiaC+Ge'O'+0e'F'+2fi, or 3 LaC + 0e*(F,O)'+l&, KoroyaeffjsCarbonic adf* 17*0, lanthana 37*7, cerium 26*2, fluoriDe 7*6, ozjgeD 9-0, ¥niter 2*4=100. The water is probabi} anessential, as in parisite. Analysis : Korovaeff (La):
C La Ge F O fi 17-19 36-66 27-81 6*86 [9-89] 2*20
Pyr., eto— -BB. at a moderate temperature becomes dull, opaque, and opaline jeUow; at a high heat glows, and on cooling has a high lustre and is brick-red. With borazin the outer flame a yellow glass, in the inner (aint yellow, which beoomes colorless on oooling. The powder mois* tened with sulphuric acid gies off fluohydric add. Dissolves in muriatic add, evolving carbonic add and chlorine.
Oba.— From the gold washings of the Borsorka rirer, in the district of Kischtim, Urals.
733. PHOSamilTII. Homblei Karate Tab., 78, 1800. Salzsaurea Bleierae Klapr., Beitr., iU. 141, 1802. Oomeons Lead. Bleihomerz, Chlorbleispath, Otrm, Homb carbonate muriatic fl&re Plomb diloro-oarbonat, Plomb com4 i. Phosgen-path AnoAl, Ohar., 61, 1882. Keradne BeudL, Tr., ii. 602, 1832. Phosgenit BreUlu, Handb., IL 183, 1841. Gkdenoceratite, Bleikarat, CfkKh&r Syn., 248, 1847. Oromfordite Ong db Lettaom, Min., 421, 1868.
Tetragonal. 0 A l-i=132° 37' ; a=l-0871. Ob- Berved planes, as in the annexed figure.
O A 1=123 2' O A 2-2=112 21 0 A 7=90 O A 2-i=114 42
/A 1=146° 58'
1 A 1, pyr.,=107 17
7a i-i=135
Cleavage : /and i-i bright ; also basal.
H.=2-75— 3. G.=6— 6-31. Lustre adamantine. Color white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Transparent— translucent. Kather sectile.
Sardinia.
Ctomp.— C+Pb Cl=Carbonate of lead 49, ohlorid of lead 61=100, or ozyd of lead oarbonic add 81, chlorine 13-0=102*9.
Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 141, modernized); 2, Rammelaberg (Pogg., Izzxt. 141); 8, B. A. Smith (Phil. Mag., IV. ii. 121); 4, Krug ▼. Kidda (ZS. G., ii 126) :
1. Oromford
4. Tsmowita
PhC Pb 01
48-4 63*6=101-9 Klaproth.
48-46 60-93=99*38 Bamm. Q.=6*306.
48-22 5 1-78 =100 Smith.
49-44 60-46=99*89 K. ▼. Nldda.
Pyr etc— B.B. melts readUy to a yellow globule, whidi on oooling becomes white at d errs- -jaDine. On charcoal in BF. gives metallic lead, with a white coating of ohlorid of lead. With salt of phosphorus bead preyiously saturated with ozyd of copper gives the chlorine rMiotioit DisRolTea with effenrescenoe in nitric add.
OZTOSN OOMFOinfDB.
Obs.— At Ooroford near lUtlock in Derbyshire, where tome of the crTBtals were 2 or S ii long; very rare in Cornwall; in minute aWtala at a lead mine near Elgin in Scotland, Mni orystals reoentlj obtained at Oromford sold for 16 to 20 pounds sterling each ; in large crjMi at Gibbas (f. 606) and Monteixmi in Sardinia; near Bobrak in Upper Silesia.
Recent paper on cryst, Kokscharo BuIL Ac. St Pet, ix. 231, 1866, from which the abovt figure and angles are taken.
n. HYDROUS CARBONATES.
Ab&Angbmbnt Of Thb Speoib&
L Containing ammonia or sodiL
tse. Natbov
t37. TBIKMOVATBm 738, TlOllA 788. GATLuasm
fTaC+fi
IL Oontaining lime or magnesia.
740. HTDSOMAQrasm
741. HTDBODOLQHin
figC+ittg+fi
CaC+ittgfi
IIL Oontaimng oijd of cerium, lanthanum, or yttrium.
LaC+3d
IT. Oontaimng sine; oobal nike copper.
747. Zakathx
748. BnmravoKm Y4d. HTnuBSCcn
{uC-i-8ft+8fi
Oo,C,A
2nC+22nfi
2nC+}(Cu,2iOA
CuC+Cnfi
CnC+iCuft
e eiej ih+8 ih H,et +8 m
T. Oontaimng hismuth or uranium.
7M. 7ii. ToaiB
?SC+CaC+80A
HTDBOnS CABBOATES. 705
796. TB80BZIBCA0HBRXTZI. Bicarbonate of AxnmoDia R F. Thacfumackerf PhiL Kag
zxTiiL 648, 1846. TeacheiDacfaerite Dana,
In crystals having two brilliant cleavages meeting at 112. 0.=1'45. fl. 1 '6. Yellowish to white.
Ammonia carbonic add 65-7, water ll'4=100. Analy flia: Phipaon (J. Ch. Soo, IL L 74):
C NH0 d Ca Gbincha Islanda 61-58 29-76 11-00 6*02, OBO, 9, 01 aUc and uric add 109= 1 00 Phipa
The material analysed by Fhipaon was white, compact, crystalline, and fragile, and had a strong odor of ammonia, from whidi he infers the presence either of free ammonia or of sesquicarbonate.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube for the most part volatiliied, giving the odor of ammonia, a white sublimate of carbonate of ammonia, while an abundance of water condenses on the tube. Soluble in water, and heated with a fixed alkali gives a strong odor of ammonia. Efferresces with acids. Reacts alkaline to test paper.
Obs. — From guano deposits on the coast of Africa and Patagonia, and the Chindia Islands. Forms a bed several inches thick in the lowest parts of the guano deposits of Patagonia, as announced by Teschemacher; and sioiilarly at the CSuncha Islands, according to Phipson.
Bioarbonate of potaah has been announced by Pisani (G. B., Ix. 91 8, 1865) as found under a dead tree at Ghypis in Valais, as a result of recent decomposition, and has been called by him Kalidne ; he regarding it as a mineral as much as struyite. (Struvite has better , however, as it occurs in guano deposits, some of whidi date from the Post-terdary at least) He obtained for its oompoeltiim Carbonic add 4220, potash 42*60, water 7*76, Ca C 2*50, lg C 1*34, sand, etc. 3*60=100.
736. NATRON. , ITitrum, of (he AndetUs. Carbonate of Soda, ude carbonate -
MonocKnic: (7=68° 62' 7a7=76*' 28', O A 14=140° 9*'. Cleavage : O distinct ; t4 imperfect ; / in traces.
H.=l—1*6. G.=1'423. Vitreous to earthy. White, sometimes errav or yellow, owing to imparities. Taste alkaline.
Oomp.— aC+10d=Carbonic add 26-7, soda 18*8, water &4'6. Efferresces strongly with nitric add.
Obs. — Occurs in nature only in solution, or mixed with the other carbonates of soda. See under 2Wma and ThermonakUe
737. TH HRM ONATKITIJ. Nirv and pt VeL Natron, Alkali orientale impurum terrestre, Jordblandadt Alkaliskt-salt, Wall, Min., 174, 1747. Katurlichea mineralisohes Alkali Wem.; Thermonatrit iTotdL, Handb., 487, 1846. Thermonitrit ffaiunk, Handb., 1411t 1847. Sonde carbonatto prismatique.
Orthorhombic. Observed planes: /, i-J, t-t, 1-i, J. /A 6', i-i A t-fi, front,=58 14', lat=121 46', 14 A 1-i, top,=107*' 50 , f-i A 14 5', U A i=109 6', /A i=116° 6'. /A 10'. In rectangular tables flattened parallel to t-t, with sides bevelled by / and 1-t. Usual as an efflorescence.
H.=l--1'6. G.=1'6— 1*6. Lustre vitreous. White, grayish, yellowisli.
Oomp.— iSTa 0+lft=Oarbonic add 35*5, soda 60*0, water 14*6=100 Inaljses: 1, 2, Ben* daat (Tr., IL 310); S, Ffeilftr (Ann. Oh. Fharm., Itttjt, 219):
Uxtgxn Oomfot7Nd6.
2. Egypt
3. £. Indies
JTaO JTaS Na01,eta fi
U*7 7'S 3-1 13-6, earth matter 4*1 100 Beodani
62*89 11-44 0-77 28*26, k C 6*66=100 Pfeiffer.
Oba* — Crjstals may be obtained from a Bolution at a temperature between 26° and 37* C. U oocurs in yariouB lakes, and as an effloresoence over the soU in many dry regions of the goe; also about some mines and volcanoes.
There appears to be also an anhydroua carbonate of soda in nature. Eayser obtained for specimen fVom the Neue Margarethe mine, near Qausthal JaC 92*07, lifgC 8*H2, AaC l-Sl, jie C 0*19, 1ft I *85. And Wackenroder gi7es for the composition of a subistanoe from Debrecnn, Hungary, C 92*80, S 1*67, £: 5 003, JfaF 1*17, Ka CI 4*46=99*93 ; but it is said that thi latter may be from an artificial product
Crystals of the simple carbonate of soda (natron) Ijeoome thermonatrite in efflorescing.
138. TRONA Trona Bofff/e, Aa H. Stockh., . 1778. Natnim von Tripole, Natrum, KlaproOtf Beltr., iii 83, 1802. Sesquicarbonate of Soda Urao BtmmngauUf Ann. d. IC, ziL 278.
MonocHnic. C?Ai=103® 16'. Cleavage: id perfect. Often fibrous or columnar massive.
H.=2*5— 3. G.=2*ll. Lustre vitreous, glistening. Color gray or yellowish-white. Translucent. Taste alkaline. Not altered by exposure to a dry atmosphere.
Ooiiip.~5ra' C*+4 a+i C+=Carbonic add 40*2, soda 37*8, water 220. Analysis by Klaproth of the AfHcan (Beitr., iU. 83): Carbonic add 38, soda 37, water 22*6, sulphate of soda 2-6=100; by Boussingault of the urao (L c.): C 89*00, 41-22, fi 18-80=99*02. The African is often mixed with the simple carbonate of soda thermonatrite, and common salt A spedmon of trona an extensive bed in Churchill County, Nevada, gave on analysis by CL & Rodman (priv. contrib), C 3i-70, ]a 3997, ti 19*42, KaCl 1*88, aS o*39, Si 0-13=100*49.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water and carbonic add. B.B. imparts an intensely yellow color to the flame. Soluble in water, and effervesces with adds. Reacts alkaline with moistened test paper.
Obs. — The specimen analyzed by Klaproth came from the province of Sndcenna, two daj Journey from Fiezsan, Africa. It is found at the foot of a mountain, forming a crust varying from the thickness of an inch to that of the bade of a knife-blade. To this spedes belongs the urao found at the bottom of a lake in Maracaibo, S. A., a day's Journey from Merida. EfBoret* canoes of trona occur near the Sweetwater river, Rodcy ICountainSi mixed with sulphate of soda and common salt
739. QAT-LUSSini. BougamganO, Ann. Ch. Fhyt., zzzL 270 1826
Monoclinic. 27', /A 7=68° 50' and lir 10', (?Al-l=125* 16' ; a:h: (J=0-96946 : 1 : 0-67187. Observed planes : O ; vertical, 7, j4 ; dome, 1-4, l-l ; hemioctahedral, i. Angles from Phillips.
60t
607a
0 A l-t=130 21' 0 A i=136 39 0 A 7=96 30 7a 14=137 45 1-i A 14, ov. (9,=70 SO 14 A 14, adj.,=109 80 iAi=110 30
Crjetals often lengthened, and prismatic in the direction oi 14 ; alio io
Htdb0U8 Oasbonatb8.
that of also (fr. Nevada) not elongate, but thin in the direction of tl orthodiagonal, 0 being very narrow or wantiiij ; surfaces usually uneven, being formed of minute subordinate planes. Cleavage : / perfect ; O less 80, but giving a reflected image in a strong light.
H.=2— 3. G.=1'92— 1*99. Lustre vitreous. Color white, yellowishwhite. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Extremely brittle. Not phosphorescent by friction or heat.
Oomp— ]aC+CaC + of soda 85-9, carbonate of lime 88*8, water 30*8=100. AnaljaU by J. B. BouBaingatdt (Ann. Ch. ., III. tIL 488, 1848):
JTa C 34-6
CaC83'6
Olajr 1'6=:100.
Pyr., eto. — Heated in a matrasB the crystals decrepitate and become opaque. B.B. foaea easily to a white enamel, and colors the flame intensely yellow. With the flaxes it behaves like carbonate of lime. Dissolves in acids with a brisk effervescence ; partly soluble in water, and reddens tnrmeria
Oba. — Abundant at Ttgnnills, near Merida, in Maracaibo, where its crystals are disseminated at the bottom of a small lake, in a bed of day, covering urao; the natives call it cUwob or nails in allnsion to its crystalline form.
Also abundant on a small island in Little Salt Lake, near Bagtown, Nevada, about m. S. of the main emigrant road to Humboldt The lake is in a crater-shaped basin, and its waters are dense and strongly saline.
The Nevada crystals gave J. M. Blake (Am. J. Sd., IL xlii 221X from whom t 607, 607a, are taken, the following approximate angles, the planes, owing to the unevenness, not affording results nearer than a degree: /a /=rllO" 86' to 112 30', 69' 6'; U A l-i=110 30', 110* 10';
Named after Gay Lussaa
Artii — J. Fritasche has produced artificial gay-lussite by mixing eight parts by volume of a saturated solution of carbonate of soda with one of a solution of ohiorid of caldum of 1*180 ri60 spodflc gravity (J. pr. Oh., xdil 339).
a
740. HTDROBlAaNBSITB. T. WadUmMar, Ak. H. Stodch., 1827, 18. Hydromagnesit V. KoibeU, J. pr. Oh., ir. 80, 1836. Hydrocarbonate of Magnesia. Lanoasterite pt SUUman Jr., Am. J. ScL, IL ix. 226, 185a ICagnesia alba Fharm,
0 A 24=13r ; a : J : c=(nearly) 0-456 : 1 : 1-0978. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 2-i A -2-, =105®. Culminant angle between edges y (or 24 A 24)=94®, edge ton edge y (or i-l A 2-l)=133*'. Crystals small, usually acicular or bladed, and tufted. Also amorphous ; as chalky or mealy crusts.
H. of crystals 8-5. G,=2145— 218, Smith & Brush. Lustre vitreous to silky or subpearly ; also earthy. Color and streak white. Brittle.
Oomp. — 3 (ftg 0+1)+ttig 1=gnesia 43*9, carbonic acid 36*3, water 1 9*8 1 CO. Analyses 1, Wachtmeister (La); 2, ▼. Kobell (J. pr Oh., iv. 80); 3, i, Smith ft , of crystalllnf rarieties (Am. J. Sd, IL zr. 214) :
Si
0*67, 9e 0'2'7, earthy matter 1*89=99*99 W 0-38=100 Kobea
— i Fe and ICn r. =99-72 Smith k . — I Ee and ICn Ir. =99*14 Smith & Brush.
ft
I. Hoboken
8. Negropoiite
1. Texas, Pa Wood's Iflne
i. " low's Mine
36*69
42*41 48*80
18*63 19*68
708 Oztoen Gompou1Tp9.
Pyr., etc-In the dosed tube giee off water and carbonic add. B.B. Infudble, bat whitoia and the assay reacts alkaline to turmeric paper. Soluble in adds; the crjrstalline compAd Twie ties are but slowly acted upon bj cold add, but dissolve with effervescence in hot add.
Obs. — Occurs at Hrubsohiti, in Moravia, in serpentine ; in Negroponte, near Komi ; at Ka serstuhl, in Baden, impure. In the U. States, crystallised, with serpentine and brute, neai Texas, Lancaster Co., Penn , at Wood's and Low's mines; also in a similar way at Hobokea, N. J., in adcular crystals like natrolite : at the latter place in earthy crusts. The brute of Uoboken sometimes changes on exposure to an earthy hydromagnesite.
The above angles and figure were taken by the author from a Hoboken crystal in. broad, in which the summit planes were smooth and brilliant, the prismatic striated. The rhombic prism In one crystal gave the angles 20' and 60' ; but other oystals gave different result and no constant value vras obtained. Th spedes is isomorphous with woUastonlto (p. 166).
The LanctuteriU of Silliman (L a) is shown by Smith and Brush to be a mixture of bradtt and hydromagnesite.
Found peeudomorphoua of brodte at Wood's mine.
741. HTBRODOZfOBCZTB. Hydromagnesit v. KobeO, J. pr. Oh., zxxvL 804, 184ft. Kalk magnet Eaitam Handb 1404, 1847. Hydromanganocaldt Hartmannf Kadir., 299. Hydro magnoealdt pt Hydrodolomit Bamm, Hydronickelmagneaite Sht Am. X Sd., IL tl 1848. Pennite BeniL J. pr. Oh., zlvil 13, 1849.
Massive. In stalactitic and stalagmitic forms, and globular ooncreticMia and . G.=2'495y Bamm. Color yellowish-white, grayish, greenish.
Var.— <1) Hydrodolomite of Yesuvras is stalactitic or sinter-like; a.=2*496. (2) PemdU of Hermann, from Texas, Pa is in apple-green to whitish crusts, having a sarfSioe of nunnti spherules; the color is due to nickel; G.=2'88.
OompACa, Mg) C + i ift, Bamm., from his anal of specimen received from Soacchi, of Naplaa; Hermann's analysis affords ron Kobell's, &*C*4£L Anatyaea: 1, ▼. Kobell (L c); 2, Bammelsberg (Min. Ch 234); 3, Hermann (L a):
0 Ca ftg fn &n H
2. " 43 40 26-90 2323 6*47 Bammelsbeig.
Pyr., etc.— Like dolomite, but yields water in the dosed tube.
Oba.— The Yesuvian mineral is found on Mi Somma. Pennite oocora aeipentiiM and ehiomic iron, with nratite, at Texas, Pa., and seems to graduate into saratite; also at Swina- 608 and Haroldswidc, in Unst, Shetlands.
742. FRBDAZZITII. Afcolttt pt, . Geogn. , 194 1848.
Massive, grannlar, as a fine-grained dolomite-like rock.
H. 3-6. G. 2-684. Lustre vitreous. White to grajish-white.
Oomp.— 2 Ca C + Mg ]ft=Oarbon!c add 34*1, lime 43*4, magneria 15*6, water 70=10a Aaal jnea by Both (J. pr. Gh., liL 346):
0 tilg Ca fi
1. PMano 38-61 14-61 4489 6*90=100.
In the analyses some Si and Si were obtained. ., etc — Like hydrodolomite.
Oba— From Cansaodi, near PredasiBO, in the southern Tyrol, where it occurs as a marbMika rock. The rock in some plaoea contains brute. May it be a mixture T
743. PBNOATITB. BUh, Za G. Gain HO 143.
Similar to the predazzite, and from the 8ame region ; G.=:2'618, Both '
HYDBOUS OAlfiBOliATBB. 709
2'57, Daniour. Also as a bluish-ay limestone, somewhat yellowish, irons Vesuvius ; H.=3 ; G.= 2*524, Roth; 2-634, in powder.
Oomp— CaC+Ag£[=:OQrbonio add 27*9, lime 36'4 magneBia 25*3, water 11*4=100. Anal JTMS : 1, 2, Damoor (Bull Soa G. Fr II iv, 1052, 1847); 3-6, Roth (J. pr. Oh., hi 360, ZS. O, BL 140):
C ttg Oa £[
4. 28*10 24-47 86-97 10-97=97-61 Both.
In two determiiuitlona Both obtained for the last 11*76 10*78 d. The Yesavian mineral is the same that Kkproth analyzed (Beitr., ▼. 91) without finding the magnesia. Both observei that, as the water is retained eren to 360" and 400*" 0., thd mineral most be regarded as a chem* ioal compound. Damour observed pure hydromagnesite in debts in the Predazzo rock.
Named after Marzari Pencati, of the lirroL
744. HOVITEL Hoyite, Katire Carbonate of Alumina and Lime, J, K db O. CUaditanef PhSL
Mag., lY. zziiL 462, 1802.
Soft, white, and friable ; earthy in fracture.
Ctomp.— acid 44-4, carbonate of lime 288, water 27*8=100.
The compound ordinarily called bicarbonate of lime.
The mineral is known only as a mixture in collyrite a hydrous silicate of alumina.
J. H. ft G. Gladstone state (L a) that there is carbonic acid enough in the collyrite to form i bkathoniate with the lime present ; but this view of the composition is set aside because of the solubility of the so-called bicarbonate, and its being unknown in the solid state ; and hence they suggest that the excess of carbonic add may be combined in the mineral with alumina, making a hydrouB coftanate of akanina and lime or perhaps replaces part of the silica in the alumina- sUicate.
But although the bicarbonate referred to is known only in solution, the most likely condition for finding it in the mineral kingdom is in one of the hydrous silicates of alumina, like collyrite, in which there is present much water, loosely held ; the mineral, therefore, is most probably a carbonate of the formiUa aboTe giren ; especiidly since a carbonate in which or 9e enters ia. as the authors admit, yet unknown to chemistry.
Analyses of the collyrite oontaining the carbonate, by J. H. ft Gr. Gladstone (L a):
Si .
£]
Oa
d
6*22
41*04
33*16=98-70.
89*68
28*56
18*16
36*82
'2916
5*30
40*51
30*87'
The excess of 0 oyer that neutralizing the lime is hi 1, 5*12 p. a ; in 2, 6*96 ; 8, 9*02 ; 6*94 p. a
Obs. — From Here, near Brighton, in an old quarry in the upper ohalk, in fissures that cut through layers of flint, along with collyrite.
746. UkNTHANrm. Kohlensaures Oereroxydul Ben ZS. f. Min., it 209, 1825; KohL Cer oxydul ffisinger, Afh. Min. Geog. Schwed., 144, 1826. Carbonate of Oerium. Garboorinc BtucLy Tr., iL 854, 1832. Lanthanit iToui, Handb., 600, 1846. Hydrolanthanit Glocker, Synope. 248, 1847.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=93° 30'— Blake, 92° 46' v. Lang : 7 A 36' ; a:b:c=: 0-99898 : 1 : 1-0496, v. Lang. In thin fonr-sided
Elates or minute tables, with bevelled edges, as m the annexed figures cleavage micaceous. Also fine granular or earthy.
710 Oxtosn 00Mp0Und8.
H=:2-6— 3. G.=2-666,(?) Blake; 2-606, Tenth. Lnstre pearly oi dull. Color grayish-white, delicate pink, or yellowish.
Sanoon YaOey, Pa. Saacon Yallej, Pa.
Oonp.— La C+3 &=LaDthaDa 62'6, carbonic add 21*8, water 26*1=100. Analyses : 1, J L Smith (Am. J. Sci, n. xtL 2S0, xyiii 378); 3, F. A.Genth (ib., JoB, 425):
0 U ti
L Sauoon yallej 22*68 M-90 2409 Smith.
3. '' 2108 54-95 [23-97] Genth.
There is some ozyd of didymlum with the lanthana, according to Smith.
Hisinger found in a Swedish specfanon, probably impure, La 75*7, 0 10*8, £[ 18*5, whenoe ths formula La'C+s£[.
Pyr etc — In the closed tube yields water. B.6. invisible ; but whitens and becomes silvery, aod brownish ; with borax, a glass, slightly bluish, reddish, or amethystine, on cooling ; with salt of phosphorus a glass, bluish amethystine while hot, red cold, the bead becoming opaqiM when but slightly heated, and retaining a pink color. Efferresoes in the acids.
Obs. — Found coating cerite at Bastnas, Sweden ; also in SOurian limestone with the sine oral of tlie Sauoon yalley, Ihigh Co., Pa., in masses consisting of aggregated minute tables ; at the Sandford iron-ore bed, Moriah, Essex Ck)., N. Y., in delicate ses, \and a thin scaly crus in fissures in the ore, and on crystals of allanite. Reported by Shepard as occurring at the Osntoa mine, Ga., in pink-colored crystals, lining cayitles of botryoidal white pyrite.
On crypt, W. P. Blake, Am. J. ScL, II. xvi 228, 1858, and this Min., 1854 with the aboTe figs. ; r. Lang, PhiL Mag., lY. xxy. 43, 1868 ; both on Pennsylrania crystals.
940. TENQBRXTB. Kolsyrad Yttoxjord A, F. Svanberg and C. Tonger Arsb., xrilL 206> 188a.
Ytterspath Oerm, Tengerite Doiml
Pulvemlent. In thin coatings. Sometimes an appearance of radiated prystallization. Lustre dull, or like that of chalk. Color white.
Oomp.— A carbonate of yttria, according to Syanberg and Tenger, but no analysis has beeo published.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tabe yields a considerable amount of water (Prush). Effbrrescat with adds.
Obs. — Occurs as a thin coatmg on gadolinite at Ytterby, and is evidently a result of its alteration.
747. ZARATTTE. Hydrate of Nickel (fr. Texas, Pa.) SUUman, Jr Am. J. Sd., IL Oi 40T. 1847; Emerald Kidcel idL, ib., vl 248, 1848. ITidcel Smaragd Q€rm,\ Texasit Kenmg Min., 1853. Carbonate hidratado de Niquel (fr. Spain) A. Casana A. M. Aldbar in Min. BeTisti of Madrid, 304, 1850; Zaratita Oasarea, ib., 176, March, 1851. Zuntii wrong orihogr.
Incrnsting ; often small stalactitic or minute mammillary ; sometimes a]>]>earing prismatic with rounded summits. Also massive, compact
Htdboub 0Abb0Natb8. 711
H.=3— 3-25. G.=2-57 — 2-693. Lustre vitreous. Color emeraJd-green.' Streak paler. Transparent — translucent. Brittle.
Oomp.— iC+2 fi=Oarbonio add 11-7, ozyd of nickel ¥niter 28'9=100. ICago nMia soems to replace at times part of the ozyd of nickel, and, correspondingly, the color become paler; the mineral at Texas thus graduates toward pennite, which has the same ooncretionafy aspect as much of the zaratite.
Analyses: 1, B. Silliman, Jr. (I o.); 2, Smith and Brush (ib., zri. 62):
C Si fi
1. Texas, Pa. 11-69 58-81 29-60=100 Silliman.
2. ' '' 11-63 66 82 29 87, Mg 1*68=100 8 A B.
Pyr. eta — In the closed tube yields water and carbonic acid, and leaves a grayish-black mag* netio residue. B.B. InAiaible. With borax in O.F. gires a bead violet while hot and reddish-brown on cooling ; in B.F. the bead becomes gray and opaque from reduced nickeL Dissolves easily with effervescence in heated dilute muriatic add.
Obs.— Occurs on chromic iron at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine; also at Bwinaness in IJnst, Shetland.
Also in Spain, near Oape Hortegal in Galioia, where it occurs as an incrustation on a magnetite in which there is some sulphid of nickel; it is in dear emerald-green, vitreous crusts, some* times transparent, and also in stalactites. It proved to be a hydrated carbonate of nickel with a little carbonate of magnesia.
Named after Sen. Zarate of Spain. Oasares's name antedates that of Kenngott
748. BBMINOTOMITB. J, 0. , Am. J. ScL, IL xiv. 48, 1862.
A rose-colored incrustation, softy and earthy ; opaque. Streak pale roeecolored.
Oomp. — A hydrous carbonate of oobalt, but precise composition not ascertained. Dissolves in muriatic add with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Cobalt reactioa with borax.
Obs.— Occurs as a coating on thhi veins of serpentine, whidi traverse hornblende and epidote at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland.
749. HTDROZINOmL Calandne PhiL Trans., 12, 1803. Zhikbl&the JSTortft, TabeQ., 70, 99, Hydro-carbonate of Zina Earthy Calamine. Zinoonise And, Tr., iL 367, 1832. Zino-Bloom. Hydrodnkit Ketaq Min., 1863. Marionite Eldarhont, G. Rep. Arkansas, 168| 185&
Massive, earthy or compact. As incrustations, the crusts sometimes concentric and agate-like. At times reniform, pisolitic, stalactitic
II.=2— 2*5. Q-.=3*58— 8-8. Lustre dull. Color pure white, grayish or yellowish. Streak shining. Usually earthy or chalk-like.
Oomp.— In part 2nC+2 2n£[=Carbonic add ozyd of sine 76*8, water 11-1=100 Smithsou's analysis gives 1 fi additional For anal 9, 10, 11, the 0. ratio for 2n, C, £[=13 : 6 : 9 ; whence6 2nC+8 2n+l, Ooebel=Carbonic acid 16*3, oxyd of ainc 7H'i, water The analyses of Snlliyan (Nos. 11, 12, 13) give the formula 3 16*2 oxyd of zinc 74*6, water 10*3=100, which agrees very well with several of the otiier analyses
Analyses : 1, Smithson (L c, the specimen a white dialky incrustation) ; 2, 3, Karsten (Syst d Met, It. 429); 4, Reichert (Bamm. Min. Ch., 239); 6, Schnabel (Pogg., cv. 144); 6-8, Braon Petersen, and Yoit (Aim. Ch. Pharm, cviii. 48); 9, Koch (Bamm. Min. Ch., 239); 10, Terrell (0 B., zlix. 668); 11-lS, Sullivan (Dublm Q. J. ScL, ii 136); 14, Bonnet (B. H. Ztg., xxiL 164); 10 A. Qoebel (Bull Ac. St. Pet, v. 407); 16, Elderhorst (L c.):
C 2n a
1. Bletbeig 18*6 71*4 16*1=100 Smithson.
2 " U*79 72-76 12*26=99'79
ta
fi
8. Baibel
72*84
12-80=99-88 Xanten.
11-90-99-74 Biuchert
ft. Ramsbeck
15-61, Ca 0-52, Cu 0*62, £], Fe, and insoL 6-363:;99-tf &
6b Bantander
ll-87=:10002Braiui; a.=8-a62.
t.
15*1
&V.
8. "
11-46=100 P. A V.
74*46
12-04=100 Koch.
13-23=100 Terrea
11. "
10-17=100 Rnlliyan.
12. "
16ni2
li. GoipuaocMi
1111 100 Bonnet
15. Taft Persia
(I) 16-n
11-81 100-08 Elderhonl
The oompact mineral loses 2-04 p. a of water and carbonic add on heating to 180* OL, and 14*43 PL c. more on heating for 6 h. to ISO"* to 180*' 0. (Sullivan).
Schonichen describes (B. H. Ztg., zxiL 164) a snow-white, massive, snbtransluoent material from near LaNestosa in Guipozooa, Spain, which contained Si 31-60, M 26-43—20-27, 2a 21-86 —28-45, ft 18-82—19-66. It is probably a mixture of hjdrorancite and kaolinite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tul] yields water ; in other respects resembles smiihaonite.
Onk—Occurs at most mines of sinc and is a result of the alteration of the other orea of this metal
Found in great quantities at the Dolores mine, Udias valley, province of Santander, in Spain, along with calamine, smithsonite, and blende, covering the floor of an extensive cavern to a depth of a yard and a half, and hanging in dazzling white branching stalactites from the roof; part ii xncrctionary, pisolitic, nodular; it is intimately mixed with silicate of zinG and is pseadomo phous after it; and opal-like masses of silicate and hydrous carbonate are common, foimed by the frJling of drops of water holding the silicate in solution.
Also occurs in the neighboring province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, near La Nestosa, at the mines of Las Nieves and La Augustina ; at Bleiberg and Raibel in Cariuthia ; near Beixnsbedc, in Westphalia ; in HoUenthal, on the Zugspitze in Bavaria ; at Taft in the province of Jesd in Persia.
In the XJ States, at Friedensville, P4. ; at Linden, in Wisconsin, as a ooncretionary fibroos white cnist on smithsonite; in Marion Co., Arkansas {marioniUe), in concentric and contorted iaminn and botryoidal crusts.
Beudant's name zinoonise from zinc and oVi(, powder, has priority, but is too badly formed to be retained.
Arti£ — Deposited when hot solutions of zinc salts in water are deoomposed by oaibooatea of the alkalies. The white substance formed on zinc, when moistened and exposed to the air, is a related compound, coutaining, according to Bonsdorff, C 14-19, 2n 71*25, H 14 56=100, agreeing with 8mithson*s analysis above.
760. AURIOHAZXITU. Calamine verdAlre (containing ''une bonne quantity de caivrei Mine de Laiton [=Bras8-ore], Aper9u d. Mines en Siberia, in J. de Phys., xxxixi 81, 1788. Mine de Laiton de Pise en Toscane, Aurichalcum of Uie ancients ?, iSSo J. de Phys xxxviii. 165, 1791. Messingbluthe Germ, Auriohaldt BdUger, Pogg., zlviiL 495, 1839. Buratite /Mime, Ann Ch. Phys., IIL xviiL 478, 1846. Oricbaknt Glocker, BpL, 280, 1847.
In acicular crystals forming drusy incrustations ; also columnar, divergent ; plumose ; granular ; also laminated.
H.=2. Lustre pearly. Color pale Rreen, verdigris-green; sometimes sky-blue. Streak pale greenish or bluisTi. Translucent.
Oomp., Var. — cuprous hydrozinclte. For the original aurichaldte, 0. ratio for Cu, 2n, 0, : 8 :4: 8. 2CuC+3Znd, Bottger; or 2 2n C -f 3 (Cu, 2n) fi[=C3arbonio add 16% ozyd of copper 29-2, oxyd of zinc 44*7, water 9*9=100.
For buratite, or the so-called lime-aurichalcite, according to Delesse, ft C+ in whidi ft=: Cu, 2u, Ca, in the ratio 10 : 14 : 1 in the Chessy mineral, and 7 : 8 : 3 in the Altai But the lime is probably from mixed caldte, as suggested by Berzelius; and, this removed, the Is that above given, as shown by Risse.
A Santander variety, analyzed by Bisse, containing much less copper (anal afBsdi thi
HTDBOtTS OABBOKATSS.
(brmula (Cu, 2n) C+2 2n d, with Cu to 2ii in the first member m 8 : 1, the 0. ntao for Cn, 2n, C, £[ being 3:9:8:8.
Analyses : 1, 2, BoUger (1. o.); 8, Connel (Ed K. PhlL J., zIt. 86); l, 5, Belesse (La); 6. 7 H. Blsse (Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, 96, 1865):
1. Altai, Awichak.
s! Matlock, " 4 Altai,
5. Oheasy,
6. Santander
9*96
u
21*45 19*88
It
Cu 2n Ca
2819 45-84 =10006 Bottger.
32-5 42-5 Gonnel
2946 82-02 8*62=100 Delesse.
29 00 4119 216=99-85 Delesse.
18*41 65-29 — , gangue l'86=lO0'44 Risse.
1603 56-82 — , gangue 1-69= V9--23 Risse.
r., etc. — In the deed tube blackens, and yields water. B.B. invisible; colors the liame deep green. With soda on oharooal gives a coatiDg of ozyd of feinc, yellow while Lot aud white on oooling; moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. the coating becomes green ; the (hsed mass remoyed from the coal and triturated in a mortar afibrds minute globules of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in acids with efferyesoence.
Oba. — Aurichaldte occurs at Loktefskoi, at a copper mine of the Altai, where it is associated with caldte and limonite, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals ; at Matlock, in Derbyshire, of a pale green color, laminated structure, and pearly lustre ; at Roughten-Qill, in Oumberland; LeadhiUa Scotland; zinc minea of the province of Santander, Spain. In the U. States, at Lancaster, Pa. (Taylor, Am. J. Sd., II. xx. 412).
The buratite comes from Loktefskoi; Chessy, near Lyons; Fremont Tyrol; Retzbanya, in Hmigary, in microscopic rhombic or rhombohedral tables, and also oblong rectangular forms (a mineral lately proved to be caldferous) ; Oampiglia in Tuscany.
The mineral aurichaldte was first described as a greeniah variety of calamine by Patrin, in 1768 (L o,\ and called Brass ore (Mine de Laiton), because," as he says, *'the compound of oopper and zinc is here made by nature.* Among the brass or copper ores of the andentS) auriehakum was reputed the best (I'liny, xxxiii. 2) ; and Sage was thence led to suggest (L 1791) that the cufriferoua ca2amn.( which aflbrded, as he showed by experiment, the best of brass, without the addition of either copper or zinc) might be the andent aiirichalcum. As the ore is a scarce one, tiiis is not at all probable. But the idea explains the use of the word for the spedes. In addition, it is to be said that brass (or an alloy related to it) was called aurickakwm by Yirgil and Horace, and also in the middle ages.
The Latin word awriehaiaim is regarded by some good authorities as derived from 'aoeiaXmc (mouniain brass)] and, in fact the Latin poets just mentioned wrote it orichakum. But othen regard it as a hybrid word (from the Latin OMrwnt goU and brass or hronzie\ and the o of the poets as an example of the admissible change in Latin of au to o. Glocker, in view of the first of these derivations, changes aurichaldte to orichakiU; but, whatever the derivation, as the use of OMirkhakiuim dates from before Pliny's time we modems may as well let it stand without correction.
750A. ZiMKAZuvm BrtiffL B. H. Ztg., 1852, 101. A blue mineral in small crystals, having (}.=3'49, from the Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Heated, it affords a little water, with the reaction of oopper and zina According to Plattner, it consists of sulphate of zinc, carbonate of copper, vid some water.
761. MATiAOHlTAI. XotroxtfXXa pt Theophr Diosoor. eta ZuinnYs [False Emerald of Copper Mines] pt, , Ohrysocolla, Moloohitea, pt, Pim Agric Berggriin, . Molodiit, Agric Interpr., 1546. rugo nativa, Yiride montanum pt, Koppargron, Barggront pt, Maladiity WalL Min., 278, 279, 1747. Ouivre carbonate vert VAbb IMana, J. de Phys., ii 509, 1778, proving the existence of a green carbonate. Green Carbonate of Copper; Green Malachite ; Mountain Green pt Berggriin pt Cferm, Atlaaens [fib. var.] Cferm.
vich ;a:b: c=0'5U55 : 1 : 1-2903. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, A i4 ;
OZTOBN OOMFOUinM.
22\ Zeph. obs. ; f-i A J-i, reent in twin, leS"* 20'— 86', Lang obs. Com tiion form, f. 611 ; also same with other terminal planes ; also with m wanting; also with i-t, iA very large, making a rectangular prism; also with the vertical prism very short, as in f. 612. Crystals rarely simple. Twins : composition-face t-', f. 611 ; the reentering angle varjring with the terminating planes ; oilen penetration twins, as in 612, in which the upper and lower halves in front are continued respectively in the lower and upper halves behind, as illustrated in f. 612a, a clinodiagonal vertical section of 612 ; also under the terminal planes of 611 in 613. Cleavage : basal, highly
eii
612a
perfect ; clinodiagonal less distinct. Usually massive or incrusting, witb surface tuberose, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and structure divergent; oftra delicately compact fibrous, and banded in color ; frequently granular or earthy.
II.=3'5— 4. G.=3-7— 4*01. Lustre of crystals adamantine, inclining to vitreous ; of fibrous varieties more or less silky ; often dull and earthy. Color bright green. Streak paler green. Translucent — subtranslucent— opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven.
Oomp.— Ou* C+fis=Ou C + Cu fi=OarboDio add 19-9, protozyd of oopper 71 '9, water 8-2=100. Analjaea: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., n. 287, 1797); 2, YauqueUn (Add. du Mua., zz. 1); 3, PhSUipaU Royal iDBt, It. 276) ; 4<, J. L. Smith (Adl J. ScL, IL xx. 249) :
Cd
ti
1. TmjiDBk, Ural
3.
4. Pheaizville
18*5
ll'6-lOO Klaproth. 8-75 =100-10 Vauquelin. 9-3=100 Phillips. 9*02, 7e 012-99-69 Smith.
FoDtaoa, the analyst of the apedes, obtaioed (i a) C 19*4, ti 6*6, leariDg 76 p. a for tiM copper. Other aaaljaes : ores flrom the Urals and FinlaDd, bj A. E Nordensktold (Act Soc. 6a Fenn., iv. 607); Ural, by Struve (Yerh. Ges. St Petersb., 1850-61, 103).
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the flaw emerald-green ; on charcoal is reduced to metaUic copper ; with the fluxes reacts like mekconite Soluble in adds with effervescenoa
Obs— GrecD malachite accompsDies other ores of copper. Perfect crystals are quite rare Occurs abundantly in the Urals ; at Chesay in France, in the old mine at Sandlodge, in Shetland at Schwatz in the Tyrol; in Cornwall and in Cumberland, England; Sandlodge copper mioA Scotland ; Limerick, Waterford, and elsewhere, Ireland ; at Grimberg, near Siegen, in Gtermany. At the copper mines of Nischne Tagilsk, belonging to M. Demidofi a bed of malachite was opened which yielded many tons of malachite; one mass measured at top 9 by 18 ft. ; and the pottua uncovered contained at least half a million pounds of pure malachite. Also In liandsome at Bembe, on the west coast of Afirica with the copper ores of Cuba; ChUi ; Australia.
Htdbous 0Asb0Natb8. 715
Occurs in OotttL, at Clieshire. In N, Jsney, at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Brun trick. In PemayUianiii, in the Bine Ridge, near Nicholson's Gap; near Morgantown, Berks Goonty; at Goniwall, Lebanon Go In good spedmens; at the Perkiomen and PhenizTille lead mines. In ifofy/omi, between Tanejtown and Newmarket, £. of the Monocacj; in the Catoctin Mts. In Wiaconain at Uie copper mines of Mineral Point, and elsewhere. In Caiifornia at Hughes's mine, in GalaTcras Co.
Queen malachite admits of a high polish, and when in laige masses is cut into tables, snuffboxes, vases, etc
Named from fi'tAa;, mallotoa in allusion to the green color.
Recent papers on cryst., ▼. Lang, PhiL Mag , lY. zzy. 432, zzviiL 602 ; t. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, IL 112 ; Hessenberg Min. Not, Nos. iii. vi yii.
f&lA. Mtsorih. MasslTe. G.=2'62. Soft Color blackish-brown, when pure; usually green or red, from mixture with malachite and red oxyd of iron. Fhicture conchoidaL
Cimp.— According to Thomson (Min., L 601, 1886X Carbonic add 16'70, oxyd of copper 60*75, esquioxyd of iron (mechanically mixed) 19-60, silica 1 0, loss 0*95. GItos no water in a glass tube. Occurs at Mysore, in Hindostan. Although stated to be anhydrous, it may be an impure mala white.
75 IB. Lus-Malacbitb (Kalk-malachit Zincken B. H. Ztg., i. 1842). Massive, reniform, botiyoidal; structure fibrous and foliated. H.=2*5. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green.
From Zincken*s trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate of lime and iron. Prom Lauterberg in the Harz.
762. AZURITB. Gflsmleum, LapiA armenius pt, Pb'ik, ttxHL 57. OBruleum, OemL Iasui, Berglasur pt, Agric, 217, eta Koppar-Lazur, Cuprum lacnreum, Gnmlenm montanum, WaJL, Min., 280, 1747. Bleu de montagne, Cuivre aznree, Dr. Trl WalL, L 506, 1753. Kupferlasur Wem, BergbUu Oerm, AM IhrUana, J. de Phys., ii 1778 (with anaL making it a carbon* ate). Blue Carbonate of Copper, Blue malachite. Chessy Oipper. Azure Copper Ore. Cuivre carbonate bleu Dr. Azurite Beud. Tr., 417, 1824. Lasur Haid., Handb., 508, 1845. Chessy- Ute B.d: J£, Min., 594, 1852. Lasurit v. KdbeU, Tafehi, 32, 1858.
-1-i, -2-i ; hemioctahedral, 1, 2, -1, -2 ; 2-2, 4-4 ; f-i, f i, f i, 4-, -2-i, -f-i ; |-i. 0 usually striated parsdlel with the clinodiagonal.
0 A 48' i4 A ft=115'' 85'
O A *-i=92 21 14 A 14, ba8.,=82 38
0 A l-i=132 43 24 A 24, " =120 46
O A 1=125 8 i-2 A t-2=134 8
O A 2=108 35 i-| A i-|=121 10
0 A -1=127 28 i-i A t-i=118 50
1 A 1, front,=116 7 iri 24=153 51 lA-1, " =118 16 i4 A 7=139 46 f-tAl-/=134 56
Cleavage : 24 rather perfect ; i-i less distinct ; 7 in traces. Also massive, and presenting imitative shapes, having a columnar composition ; also dull and earthy.
H.=3*5— 4"25. Q.=3'5— 8*831. Lustre vitreous, almost adamantina Color various shades of azure-blue, passing into berlin-blue. Streak blue light/ than the color. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal Brittle.
Oomp.— 2 On C+Cu add 25-61 oiyd of copper 69-2. water 100. Analyses 1, Klaproth (fieitr., iy. 81, 1807); 2. Phillips (J. Boy. Institution, iv. 276); 8, Yanqnelin (Ann. di ICus., zx. 1); 4., J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd, XL zx. 250) :
716 Oxtgien Oomfoundb.
0 (h tL
1. Tmjinsk 24 10 6=100 Klaproth.
2. Ghessj 26*46 69-08 6 46=100 Phillips
4. PhenixYille 24*98 69*41 6*84 =100*23 Smith.
Abb FoDtana obtained (L a) C 81*42, Oa 68*673, with 011I7 1*007 of water.
Pyr., etc. — Same as in malaohlte.
Oba.— Occura in splendid crystallizations at Ohessji near Lyons, whenoe it derived the naat Chessy Copper, Also in fine crystals in Sberia ; at Moldawa in the Bannat ; at Wheal BuUer, near Bedruth in Cornwall ; also in DeTonshire and Derbyshire, England ; in small quantities at Alston-Moor and Wanlockhead, etc ; at Porto Oabello, S. A.
Occurs in Penfk, at the Peridomen lead mine, in indifferent specimens, associated with gale* oite, blende, and oerussite : at Phenixville, in crystals ; at Goruwall, in crystals on red shale ; near Nicholson's Gkip, in the Blue Ridge. In K York, near Sing Sing. In N. Jersey, near New Brunswick. In Wisconain, at the old copper diggings near Mineral Point, in good crystals ; also at the Bracken mine, in small but fine crystals. In Co/omia, (aJaveras Go., at Hughes's mine, in OTStals.
When abundant, asurite is a Taluable ore of copper. When ground to an impalpable powder, it forms a blue paint of a bright tint; but it is of Httle value as a pigment on account of its lis* bility to turn green.
Alt. — Azurite occurs altered to malachite through the addition of carbonic add.
752A. ATLASm Breii/L, B. H. Ztg., xziv. 310, 1866. A carbonat of copper finom ChafiarcOlolB Chili, containing chlorine. It much resembles atacamite. It is coarse or fine columnar, with H.=8— 4; G. =8*889— 3*869; lustre vitreous to silky; color between celandine and emerald* green, nearer the first; streak verdigris-green. T. Erhard obtained for it (L a) :
whenoe he derives the formula equivalent to 7 of malachite, 1 of t hydrous chlorid of copper.
According to this formula the mineral consists of 14 Ou, 10 1 Cu GL If now the Cud ii firom mixed atacamite, it is combined with 3 Ou d. The remainder, 1 1 Cu, 7 C, 7 fi, correspoDds, excepting an excess of water, very nearly to the composition of azurite ; 1 1 Cu, 7i C, 3f would be precisely acute. Atlasite may, therefore, be a mixture of about parts of asurite with 1 part of atacamite.
763. BISBIUTITB. Bismutit BreiffL, Pogg., liii. 627, 1841. Eohlensaures Wismuthoxyd,
Wismuthspath, Oemu Bismuthite. Carbonate of Bismuth.
In implanted acicular crystallizatioiiB (pseudomorphoiiB) ; also incrusting or amorphous ; palvenilent.
H.=4— 4-5 ; 3*5, specimens that have lost their lustre ; earthy, 1"5. G. 6-86 — 6-909, Breitli. ; 7-67, from South Carolina, Rammelsberg. Lustre vitreous when pure; sometimes dull. Color white, mount&m-green, and dirty siskin-green ; occasionally straw-yellow and yellowish-gray. Streak greenish-gray to colorless. Subtranslucent— opaque. Brittle.
Comp.— According to Flattner's examinations (Pogg., liiL 727), it is a carbonate of bismuth, containing soaie iron and copper (perhaps a carbonate of each), and also sulphuric acid.
fiammelsberg examined spedmens from South Carolina, probably of this species, and obtained the formula 3 (BiC+fl) + &fl (=Bi*C'fl*)=Oxyd of bismuth 90-1, carbonic acid 64, watei 8'5=rl00. Analyses: 1, Banunelsberg (Pogg.. bcxvi. 564, 1849); t, 8, Genth (Am. J. 8d II XziiL427):
C Bl fl
1. Ohesteifleld Dist 6*56
3*44=100 Ramm.
2. " " 7-04
8*91=100 Genth.
6-08=100 (Senth.
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B.B. fuses readily, and os dutfooal is reduced to bismuth, and coats the coal with yellow oxyd of bismuth. OasoItm is
Htdboub 0Abb0Nate8. 71"!
aitric add, with alight efferreaoenoe. DiaaolTea in muriatlo add, affording a deep yellow aolu tbn.
Oba. — Biamutite oonin at Schneeberg and JohanngeKMrgenstadt, with native biamnth, and neai Hiradiberg in Bussian Voigtland, with brown iron ore, native biamuth, and bismathinite; at JoAchimsthal ; near Baden ; also in the gold district of Oheaterfield, & 0., at Brewer's mine, in porous yellowish masses, sometimes reddish Arom ozyd of iron ; sur&oe of A'actuie white and vitreous, resembling somewhat calamine ; in Gaston Co., N. C, in jeUowiah-whlte ooncretions.
7 53 A. With the bismutite of Joachimsthal occurs another bismuth carbonate, in thin longish OTBtals, vitreous, siskin-green to dove-brown, translucent It contains, according to Lindadcef (vogPs Min. Joach., 168), oxyd of bismuth, carbonic add, water, silica: effervesces with acida, and B.B. gives bismuth reactions.
764. ZJBBZOITB. Jl L, SmUh, Am. J. Sd, IL v. 336, 1848, and zL 259. Uran-Kalk-Car-
bonat Vogl Jahrb. G. Beidia, iv. 221, 1853.
In mammillary concretioDs, or thin coatings ; cleayage apparent in one direction.
H.=2— 2*5. Lustre of fracture vitreous. Color beautiful apple-green. Transparent.
Oomp-C+OaC+20fi[=Oarbonio add 11*1, odof nruiiam 86% lime 7*1, water 45*6; or 2CaC+C+36] BammsO 902, 9 39*12, Oa 7*67, H 44*19=100. Analysis bjJ.L. Smith 0. a) :
OlO*2 8880 OaS-O £[46*2
X., etc. — In a matraaa yields much water and beoomea yeUowish-gray. At redneaa it blackens, without fUsing, and on cooling returns to an orange-red color. At a higher heat it blackens, and remains so on cooling. With borax it gives a yellow glass in the outer flame, and a green glass in the inner. Dissdves readily in dilute adds with eflbrvesoence, and affords a yeUow solution, with the reaction of uranium and lime
Oba.— Occurs with medjidtte on pitchblende, near Adrianqple, Turkey ; also at Johanngeorgenitadt and Joachimsthal. Dr. Smith atatea that both the Hme and uranium of thia aalt are derived from the pitchblende.
A related mineral from Ellaa mine, near Joachimsthal, has been examined by Yogi and J. Lindacker (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 221, 1868). It occurs in scaly aggregations on pitchblende, haa a siskin-green color, and a pearly lustre on a deavage-&ce; subtransparent to translucent; H.= 2'5— 3. B.B. on charcoal inAisible; with borax and salt of phosphorus the reaction of uranium. Diasolves with effervescence in sulphuric add, a white deposit being thrown down ; solution in sulphuric and muriatic adds green, in nitric add yellow.
Gompodtion, according to J. lindacker (L a), tl 0+Ca 0+5 £[=0 24*18, tS 87*03, Ca 16*60, fi 28-84= 100. Mean of three analyaea :
C 23-86 tr8711 Ca 16-66 fi 28*84=99*87.
These carbonatea are produced by the action of carbonated waters on the sulphates.
76. VOaUTB. Uran-EaDc-Kupfer-Garbonat Vogl Jahrb. G. Bddia., iv. 222, 1868. Yogit
Bm, 0)., 228.
In aggregations of crjBtalline Bcales. Scales rhomboidal somewhat like gypsum, with angles of 100'' and 80°, Haid. Lnstre pearly. Color emerald-green to bright grass-green. Dichroic.
OdrnpS trO+2 CaO-f 0a*C*+14 d, Undadcer, from his analysis (Jahrb. G. Beichs., it 121):
0 2641 tr 37-00 Oa 14-09 On 8-40 £[ 18*90=: lOa Fyr., 910.— In tlis dloaed tube Uadkens and yields water. B3. in the platinum ftraept inAi
Oxtoen 00Mfo17Nd8.
rible, colon the flame deep green ; if moistened with mnriatlc add the flame is momentarily bhw With soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. With borax in O.F. the bead is yellow while hd and reddish-brown on cooling; in RJ*. green while hot and loaded when cold. Sdnble inaodi with effervescence. Obs.— From the Elias mine, near Joachimsthal, implanted on pitchblende.
8. Oxalates.
966. WHBWBLZJTII. Oxalate of lime T. 71 Fha l£ag., m. xil 449, 1840. Oxa caldte Shipeurd, llin., Ill, 1844. WheweUite R A JC, lOn 623, 1862.
Monodinic. (7=72 41', /A 7=100 36', O A 14= 127° 25'; a : J : c=l-5745 : 1 : 11499. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 0 A 7=103*' 14', 0 A l-i=
Sarallel with 0 ; less perfect parallel with 7 and the lonr diagonal. All the planes bright except / and -4, which are vertically striated. Twins : composition-face l-i.
H.=2"5— 2-75. Lustre like that of sulphate of lead. Very brittle. Fracture conchoidal.
This spedee, an oxalate of lime, was obaenred bj Brooke in crjatalt from a tenth to a fourth of an indi broad on calc spar; the locality of the spar is not known.
The name ogDoeaidU proposed hy Shepaid is badly formed, and shoold yield to Brooke 1 Miller's, after Frot Whewell of CJambridge.
757. Thikksohiti Liebig, Ann. Gh Fharm., IzxxvL 113, 1863. An oxalate of lime, ooconiog as a grayish, warty, and somewhat opaline inorastation, about a Ime thidc, on the marble of the Parthenon, Athens. A complete analysis has not yet been made. Its origin is attributed to thi action of some kind of vegetation on the marble. It ia probably identical with whewdUte. Named after F. t. Thiersch, the disooTerer.
7b3. HUMBGLDTINE Fser Besin (Honigsteinsanrer Bisen ?) Breiih Char., 75, 1820. Hnm- Doldtine, Ozalsaures Eiaen, JC de vera Ann. Oh. Phys., xriiL 207, 1821. Eisen-Besin BreUh Oilb. Ann., Izx. 428, 1822. OzaUt BniOk, Ghar., 1823. Hnmboldtit Leonh,, Handb., 789,
Ill capillary forms ; also botryoidal and in plates, or earthy ; structure fibrous or compact.
H.=2. G.=2-13— 2-489. Dull or slightly resinous. Color yellow. Fracture uneven, earthy. Acquires negative dectricity by friction, when insulated.
OOM/-.— 2 J'eS+S add 42-1, protozyd of iron 42*1, water 16*8=100. Analysis hj Samxih iberg (Pogg., zItL 283):
te 41 -18 Ozalio add 42-40 (loss) 18*87 =100.
liana - 1 de Bivero obtdned (L 0.) Ozalio add 48*14, and protoxyd of iron 53*88, no watar
Ozalatb8. 71 9
Rammelsberg (Fogg., liii 631, 1841) has confirmed hiB former analTsis, and shown ttat the iron is all protozyd.
Ptb., bto.— In the dosed tube yields water, turns black, and becomes magnetic. B. B. on cnar ooal is colored at first black, but later red, and with the fluxes reacts for ozyd of iron.
Obs. — Occurs in brown coal at Koloseruk, near Bilin, Bohemia; at Oross-Almerode. in Hessia, and according to T. 8. Hunt, at Kettle Point, in Bosanquet, Canada, as an incrustation on Uack shales, soft, earth/, snlphur-jellow (Logan's Beport, 1860, 1863).
T90 HTDBOOABBON OOlCPOUinM.
Vi. Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Arrangement Of The Spegieel
L SDIFLB HTDBOCABBONa
1. ICavsh-Gas SnoflS.— (Tmenri/ormtila 6bHii. L VAFHTHA GROUP.— liqaida.
761. Tetbtuo Htdbid 64Hi 764. Hipttuo Htdbid 6rHi
762. Fbnttleo Htdbid 6Hit 766. OomJO Htdrid €tHt
There are also in nature the gaseons members of the seriea, 6 H, or Mabsh-oib (ICethiiK Hydrid) ; 6t H, or Ethtlio Htdbid; 6i H., or Tbittlio
2. BETA-NAPHTHA GROUP.— Probably polymers of the speoies of the Naphtha groop bj i common multiple ; boiling point 7''-8'' higher than for correapODding apedes of the Napbtiia group.
768. neHii 770. n6TH,
a. 80HEERERITE GROUP.— Solid, or butter-like, and taatelesa.
772. Sohbibbbiib nHi 773. Ohbsdcititi nOiHt
2. ETHTLsre SiBns OB Olhihh.- (7eMra<>bniMito6mHn.
L PITTOLIUIC GROUP.— liquids.
i. PARAFFINE GROUP.— Solids, wax-Kke ; tasteless.
778. Ubpithiti 780. OzooBBm
779. Hatohettitb 781. Zibtbibekixi
4f9eiwl— 782. ELATBBin 783. SaiTLiiro Stohv Riaar
3. Oaicpbihi Sbobb.- 60n0ra2/irmtt/aGmHi-4*
6. nOHTELITE GROUP.— Solid; wltiiont taste or smell; easily ogrstalHiaWSL
T86. Hakrb aGiaHti 787. Izolth
OXTOIOrATED HTDBOOARBON OOHFOUNDB. 7Si
4. BiNBOU Snoas.— GKanercrf /brmii2a€.H.. y. BENZOLE GBOUR— Liquida.
788. Buizolb
791. Ouvoui
789. Toluolb
e,H,
792. Omoui
Of Hit
8. KONUTE GBOUP.— SoUd
798. KoHim n6EU
T94 KAFBTHALDr 6ioHt
iij9fMndi!BL— 796. iDBUiira.
Xl Oxyqenated Hydbooabbons.
L GEOCEBITB GBOUP.— Batio of 6, H=l : 2. Wax-Uke.
SUOCINITE GBOUP.— Batio of 6, H=r 5 : 8 to 6 : 8i. Insolable in aloohol and ether.
[Below, the ratio of 6, H, 0 is given for the flpedea, and for better oompariaon the oaf bon is made 40, without writing out a formula.]
798. GoPALm 40 : 64 : 1 802. Aicbbitb 40 : 66 : 6
800. WALOHOwm 40 : 64 : 804. TOBBAxm 7 40 : 68 : S
8. XYIiOBETINITE GBOUP. —Batio of 6, H=6 : 8 to 6 : 8i. Largelj soluble in ether, and some spedea in aloohoL
4. SOLBBETINITE GBOUP.— Batio of 6, H=6 : 7. Insoluble in aloohol and ether.
6. PYBOBETIKITE GBOUP.— Batio of 6, H=6 : 7 to 6 : 6. Soluble in aloohol or ether.
6. Batio of 6, H=6 to or leas. Insoluble m aloohol or ether.
816. AjrTHRAOOXunn 40 : 38 : 7i
7S2 Htdbooaabon
1. GBOUP.— ConUdniDg sulphur in plaoe of part of the MCTgen. 817. TAcncAinn 40:64:3 818. Dtsodili
Jjipendix.— 819. Hnan; 820. Raikkriwitb,
in. ACID OXYGENATED HYDBOQAEBONa
821. BUTTBELLITB 6siHm04
822. GxocBBKLLmB (Geooerie add) 6itHtt04
823. BBuaKKKBBLLirB (Georetinic aoid) 6t4H44
824. Sttooikkllitb (Suocinio add) 64 Hg 04
826. DOPPLBBITE ?6iHitO
827. MSLAMELLITB -6tsHia04
lY. SALTS OF OBGANIO AGEDS. ij28. MiLUTB & S'+ 1 8 d €4 e,|e,|9M+ 6 aq
829A. Organic salts of iron Undetermined
Y. NITBOGBNOUS HYDEOOABBONa. Spedea undetermined.
ArPEHDiz TO Htdbooabboiis.
830. AflPBALTCM 831. MDHBAL OOIL
The formulas aboTe are all written on the new system. If the number connected with H u halved in each ease, and the barred capitals are replaced by common capitals, they will theo con form to the old system.
The noHve hydrocarbons are very imperfectly known. Most of the kinds hitherto recognised in mineralogy are more analogous to rocks tiian minerals. Amber for example, instead of being a species, is a mixture of four or more spedes, as Benselius long since pointed out, and only two of the number have thus far been investigated. The presence of tuccinie acidj one of these twt is spoken of as an essential constituent and distinguishing feature of amber: and this it is ; bat only in the way that feldspar is a constituent of granite. Petroleum, Asphaltum, and the various kinds of mineral resins and wax are similar mixtures, in the light of chemistry, as has bees shown by many investigators. But still the true line of investigation is so little appreciated that new resins or asphalts are time to time brought forward as spedes in mmeralogy upoo characters that oiy prove them to be mixtures. And chemistry, whDe working toward a better state of this department of mineralogy, often fails in its researches to distinguish educts (natiTe mgredients) from products.
The facts in the case, and the true idea of the sdenoe, sustain the course of the author in here removing amber minoralogical spedes, and calling, not amber, but the insoluble resin which constitutes four-fifths of its mass, tueciniU; and in endeavoring to apply the same method throughout the hydrocarbon section. Much more investigation is demanded before satisfiKry results can in all cases be attained. But by pursuing the subject in the way here recognised, the section will ultimately become an exhibition of the actual spedes of hydrocarbons in natnra and thus elevated to the same level with other parts of the sdenoe.
Sdcplb Htdsooabbonb.
7S3
I. Simple Hydrocarbons. Naphtha And Beta Naphtha Groups.
8iv. 01 IJTaphtha asd Pbtbolbuil Ni,04 Strabot xyL L §16, JHtueor I 101 Naphihi
Bitumen iKtaidum candidum, Plin ii 109, zxzy. 51. Naphtha flos bituminis Agric Ort Oaua
Sabt, 46, i54i. Liqiiidum bitumen, nunc vocatur Petroleum, Agrie Nat Fobs., 222, 154& Brdol, Bergol, Steinol, , Mineral OIL Kerosene. Bitume liquide Fr.
The liquids or oils of the Naphtha and Betsriiaphtha groups occur as constituents of the lighter kinds of petroleum. The other native constituents, and the most abundant, are the oils of the Ethylene series and the Saraiiins ; and the proportion of ethylenes increases with the increase of entity or viscidity. (See PmoLiuM Gboup, and Paraffin.) The. general formula is On Htn+s, or that of the Marsh-gas series. The specific avities, boiling points, and vapor densities increase with tlie increase m the atomic number, or the value of ti in the above formula, as shown in the following table, which contains also the percentage composition :
Naphtha Gboup.
H
Boiling T.
G. Vapor
Densit;
761. Tbtrtuo Htdbid
eH„=82'80
0"Ot
0*600
762. PXNTTUO HtDBU)
eH„=83-88
763. Hbxtuo Htdbid
6.Hi4=83-72
16*28
764 Hbpttiio Htdrid
etH„=84-0
76£. Oottlio Htdud
eH„=84-21
119*6
8*992
60 Hs0=84-88
Bbta-Naphtha Gboup.
Boiling T.
G.
Vapor Density.
8-9"
Ot Hit
The .nameB Amylie Bydrid Oaproylie, (Enanihylief CkipryUCy Pektrgonylie are often used for the above 7d2 to 766. Those in the table are deriTed from the Greek for 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, and were proposed by Gtorhaidt.
The ooDstitution of petroleum has been investigated by Tarious chemist, among whom the most prominent are Pelouze and Cahoora (0. B., liv. 124, lyL 506, IviL 62), and G. M. Warren (Mem. Am. Ac Boston, XL iz. x., Am. J. SoL, IL x1. zlv. xItL). Pelouze and Gabours continue the naphtha series to 61 s Has, and state evidence of the ezistenoe of still higher members. But Warren arrived at the condnsion that the naphtha or marsh-gas series terminates with 69 and that the oils of higher density and atomic numbers belong to the ethylene series (B„ Hs a ). Moreover, Warren brought out the fact that there was a aeamd naphtha group, differing from the other in its higher boiling points — the BetO'TiaphOui group above. This chemist also determined with great ezaotness the boiling points of the two groups, and found that in b 9th there was tha
734 HTDBOCASBOfi OOMPOUSDe.
oommon diffbrenoe of about 30*0. for saooessive terms in the series (or for a differenoo ol Ht); but that the boiling poiuts in the second series were about higher correlatlTelj tbiK those of the 1 st series, as the tables bhow.
Tlie specitic gravities and vapor densities for 761 are from Ronalds. Those of the olsen, 7t'>i to 77.', are from Warren, excepting the vapor densities of 762, 763. The vap<' densit? of 767 lias not yet been determined. Warren's specific gravitiea were taken at u° G.
Ronalds has observed that the gaseous compounds of the marsh-gas series and €i Ht (id and 3d terms in the marsh-gas series) also exist in connection with petroleum. Manh-gat itself, the/irst term in the series 6H4, is a very common gas of coal beds and bituminous deposits, as well as of modem marshes.
Petroleum passes by insensible gradations into piUaaphaU or maltha (viscid bitumen) ; and the latter as insensibly into (uphcUt or solid bitumen.
Petroleum occurs in rocks or deposits of nearly all geological ages, from the Lower BQnrian to the present epoch. It is associated most abunduitly with arjUaoeous shales and sandstones, but ia found also permeating limeste?, giving them a bituminous odor, and rendering them sometiiDes a considerable source of oil From these oleiferous shales and limestones the oil often exudes, and appears floating on the streams or lakes of the region, or rises in oU springs. It also exists collected in subterranean cavities in certain rocks, whence it issues in jets or fountains whcneTer an outlet is made by boring. These cavities are situated mostly along the course of gentle antidinals in the rods of l£e region ; and it is therefore probable, as has been suggested, that they originated for the most part in the displacements of the strata caused by the slight ujUl The oil which fills the cavities has ordinarily been derived from the subjacent rocks ; for the strata, in which the cavities exist, are frequently barren sandstones. The conditions required for the production of such subterranean accumulations would be therefore (as others have explained) a bituminous oil-bearing, or else oil-produdng, stratum at a greater or less depth below ; cavities to receive the oil ; an overlying stratum of close-grained shide or limestone, not allowing of the easy escape of the naphtha vapors.
If the oil exists ready formed in the rocks, only a slight heat above that common to the roda would be needed to expel the oil slowly from below. And, without heat as Hunt states, the oQ might be expelled through the pressure of superincumbent waters from the oil-bearing shales or clays, and would rise and occupy the cavities because so light as to float on the waters.
But if the oil-producing bed contained not the oil ready made, but only hydrocarbonaoeoui matters that may afford it on destructive distillation, the oil would have required considerable heat for its production.
In the Caspian and Rangoon naphtha regions the oleiferous clayey deposits are nearly or quits superficial, and the oil, a viscid kind, exudes readily into pits made for collecting it
In the United States liquid oil occurs in the Lower SUurian in the Bird*s-eye " limestone of Riviere la Rose (Montmorenci), Canada, and of Watertown, N. Y., in drops in fossil ooral; and in the Trenton limestone at Pakenham, Canada, the cavities of large Orthooerata sometimes bold several ounces (T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sci., II. . 166, 1868); on Grand Manitoulin Id., where 1 spring aftbrdiug it arises from tlie Utica shale, the source possibly the subjacent limestones; st Guilderland, near Albany, from the Hudson River group, as observed in a spring by Beck ; quite freely in limestone and shale near Chicago; far more so in Kentucky, in the CJumberiiind oil region, the wells, " from which tens of thousands of barrels of oil have flowed (Newbeny), descend 200 ft. into the Blue Limestone, in which there are bituminous shaly strata overlaid bj sheets of thin-bedded compact limestone ; these features prevail from lincohk and Casey Cos.. through Adair and Russell, Cumberland and Clinton Cos., Ky., and Overton and Jackson Cos., Teon.
In the Upper Silurian traces have been observed in the Niagara limestone and the Medina red shales ; at 6asp4 Canada, in a Lower Helderberg limestone, on Silver Brook, etc ; near Chicago so abundant in a limestone as to ooze out, and the rock may be made to bum, owing to ita presenob.
In the Lcnoer Devonian the Comiferous limestone is regarded by Hunt as the source of the ofl of Enniskillen, Canada, where there are large areas covered by the half-inspissated bitumen. Hunt states (L a) that at Rainham, Canada, on L. Erie, shells araka are sometimes filled with petroleum ; and that in other places in the region imbedded corals, HeUopkyUum and Favoailes, have, in certain of the layers, their cells full of oil (while in other layers it is absent the corals), and in quarrjring, the oil flows out and collects on the water of the quarry ; aud at Gaspe, Lower Devonian sandstones afford oil springs and give rise to beds of thickened petroleum, and the chalcedonic geodes of a trap dyke, intersecting the sandstone, sometimes contaio petroleum. In the Middle Devonian, the Black shale, or C&nesee slate, is supposed by many geologists to be the principal source of the oil of Pennsylvania, the Kenawha valley, and otb parts of eastern Virginia, and of Ohio and Michigan; but J. P. Lesley attributes much of the oS of western Pennsylvania to the Subcarboniferous. Near Fredonia, Chatauque Co., and at Bock* viUe, Alleghany Co., oil is found in connection with Chemung rocks, or the Upper Devonian (Hall).
A little oil has been observed in connection with Triassic shales at Southbury, Conn. Tlis oil
SIMPLE HTDB0CABB0N8. 72d
Oi Bouihem GaliforDia proceeds ttom Tertiary shales. On Trinidad a thick oil, with asphalt, ooours iji conneclJoo wiui lignite and other vegetable remains in the shales ojuistituting the uppei part of thfiJTertiary ; and specimens of the vegetable material, partly chafed to oO and pc netrated bJwfand having its cells looking as if they had been corroded, as a result of the change are Wall (Q. J. a. Soc , zvi 46h).
Noted foralpi localities are 3 m. from Ye-nan-gyoung {FeiidrW€Uer-rwufei\ Burmah (andexportec from there are about 100 wells, from 180 to 30ti feet deep, each lined with liori- Eontal timber, bpt not all now worked (Oldham); the peninsula of Apcheron on the western shore of the Caspian, at Bakee, where naphtha exudes from argillaceous and calcareous beds, especially the former, of the Middle Tertiary (Abioh), and where it has long been used for burn* ing in lamps and for cooking; near the centre of the region the light and pure naphtha oil is obtained, while along its borders the oil is a thicker petroleum, or passes into an asphalt, and solid masses of this asphalt are often seen floating in Caspian ; on the island of Tscheleken, near the eastern coast of the Caspian, in Balkan Bay ; on the banks of the Kuban, promontory of Taman, east side of isthmus between the Azof and Black Sea; near the river Betchora, in the government of Archangel Russia ; near the village of Amiano, in Parma, Italy, wiieni® enough was formerly obtained to light the streets of Genoa; at Zante, one of the Ionian islands (ancient Zacynthu which has furnished oil for more than 2,000 years, its petroleum spring having been mentioned by Herodotus. Pliny mentions the oil of a spring at Agrigentum, SicUy, and states that it was collected aod used for burning in lamps, as a substitute for oil He distinguishes this oil naphtha, which he says was too light end inflampnable for such a use. Of naphtha, he mentions a locality in "Parthia" (about the sources of the Indus). Oil is found also near the dtv of Mexico, and on the river Lagiin.
The oil spring of Cuba, Alleghany Co., N. T., called the Seneca Oil Spring, long known, was described by If. Uiman in 1888 (Am. J. Sd., xxiiL 97) as a dirty pool, about 18 ft. across, covered with a film of oil, which was skimmed off time to time for medicinal purposes. The so-called " Seneca oil,** sold at the time in the shops (and from which he often distiUed naphtha for preserving potassium he observes was not from this spring (around which the Seneca Indiaus then had a reserve of a square mile), but, as he was told, from Oil Creek, Venango Co., Pa., about 100 m. Pittsburg. Setiera Lake has oil on its surface in some parts, and it is said to have given the name to the oil ; but whether this is the true source, or whether it came from its being collected and sold by the Seneca Indians, is not dear. Hildreth in 1838 (ib , xxiv. 6*sX and later in 1836 (ib., xxix. 86, 121, 12w), gave an account of the salt wells of the little Keuawha valley, which then afforded, he says, 50 to 100 gallons a year. He also speaks, in 18SH, of a well 476 fL deep, 80 m. K of Marietta, Ohio, which, when first opened, discharged at intervals of 2 to 4 days, for 3 to 6 hours each time, throwing out 80 to 60 gallons of oil at each eruption," but was then yielding only a barrel a week. In 1840 a apouHng well of oil, at Burksville, Kentucky, was described (ib., xxzix. 195); the well was bored for salt, and 200 ft. down a "fountain of pure oil was struck, which was thrown up more than 12 ft. above the surface of the earth," emitting, according to the estimate, 76 gallons a minute; it "continued to flow for several days successively," but then failed; and efforts to bring it into action again, or find another, were not successful. The petroleum of EnniakiUen, Canada, was mentioned in 1844 by Mr. Murray, in the Canada Geologic Report for 1846 ; tod in 1857 wells were sunk for the collection of it in 1.69. on Oil Creek, Venango Co., Pa., a boring for salt, but 75 feet deep, let out the first fountain of oil of that now famous oil-region. For many weeks it discharged 1,000 gallons per day.
The origin of petroleum, indudlng the lighter as well as heavier kiuda, has been attributed by spme to the decomposition of vegetable substanoes alone (BischofJ etc.) ; but it is now generally admitted that it has come animal as well as vegetable, as urged by Dufrenoy (Min., iv. 602, 1869), J. & Newberry (Ohio* Agria Rep., 1869), and T. a Hunt Can. Nat, vi. 241, !8rtl. Am. J. ScL. II. ., Ch News, 1863).
The conditions favorable to the formation of naphtha, as shown by the characteristics of the deposits in which it is found native, are th following: (1) the diflfhsion of organic material through a fine mud or day ; (2) the material in a very finely divided state; and (3), as a consequence of the preceding, the atmosphere excluded as far as possible horn the material undergoing decomposition. There is reason to believe that no more heat was required than what was afforded by the natural climate or temperature of the region and the process of fermentation.
Shales, Uie most common oil-bearing rocks, were originally the fine mud of deep or shallow seas ; and the limestones were tlie same, only the mud was calcareous in nature, like the oora. mud of many a coral lagoon, as the author has elsewhere described after personal examination. These shales ordinarily contain few fossils of any kind, and very rarely distinct vegetable remains It may be questioned whether tough fUcoids (sea-weeds), or the branches and leaves of ordinary plants imbedded in such days, would ever become so subdivided or disorganized as to make the requisite emulsion with the mud free any vegetable forms ; and it is more probable that the vegetable material present was either delicate water-plants, or wari derived from abuudint Infusorial or microscopic vegetable lif& The limestones, on the contrary, are sometime. full of
726 Htdbocasbok Gohfounds.
fossils, but these are animal ; and, as the solid parts which make the fossils are to a large extent ground up to make the mud that becomes the limestone, the oigaoic material these hud patti contain, as well as that of the flesh parts and oils, would be diiAised through the mod or earth to the very condition demanded.
The light native oils do not occur in coal beds, which were made firom thick beds of vegetabU debris.
In the above-mentioned dicumstancea, with the deposits under pressure from superincwnbent beds, the atmospheric air almost totally excluded, the organic material might undergo dbcomipt sition through the reactions of its 6wn elements alone. (See on this subject, and the reaction mentioned below, Bischo Chem. G., il 1853, T. S. Hunt Can. Nat and Ch. News, L c.) The average composition of dry wood (the and nitrogen ezduded) is represented by Ha 04= Carbon 49*66, hydrogen 6*21, oxygen 44*13=100. Taking two parts, we have 'CisHmO*. If now the oxygen combines with carbon to Ibrm carbonic add, 460* will thus be removed, leaving 68 His, which is the oomposition of one of the species-of the naphtiia group, the fifth, on p. 720. But eaHi, or eisHis, its multiple by 4, corresponds the first two members light naphtha oils, and the last an ethylene, a composition madti like that of Pennsylvania petroleum. The decomposition might not be as simple as here takNi, as i to 1 p. c. of nitrogen is also present, and there would also be some animal material But the illaBtra* tion is still satisfactory. That no water (Hs O) would be formed from the elements of the organic material is apparently indicated by the fact that this would make an excess of carbon or a defl* deny of hydrogen. From Cbevandier*8 nuifierous analyses (Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL x. 129), the average composition of dry wood is carbon 61*21, hydrogen 6*24, oxygen 41*46, nitrogen liO, corresponding, if the nitrogen is not counted, to 61s HiT.kOT.*; from which the resulting oils might be nearly the same as above.
Were there less confinement by superincumbent beds or earthy material, part of the hydrogen might be lost by combining with the carbon and escape as marsh gas (6 H4), and thus determine the formation of the thicker oils; or else of the solid insoluble hydrocarbons, more or less oxyg nated, which make many shales a rich source of oil on distillation.
With the air not well exduded, as in the case of all thick beds of vegetable debris, such as have formed peat and the various kinds of coal, the decompositions would be more complex ; outside oxygen carrying off| It may be, part of the hydrogen (as water), and of the carbon (as carbonic add). Thus 61s His Oe (composition of wood) may change to 6i H.t 0, the average oompo sition oipeai; or to 6i Hn Os.ft=0arbon 67*92, hydrogen 5*66, oxygen 26*42=100, a medium brown coal (or lignite;; or i5i% H.Tft Oo.iT=Oarbon 85*88, hydrogen 5*82, oxygen loa Wigan cannel coal, etc.
Marsh-gas (6 H) is a common gas of marshy places and of Artesian wells, and so also, though less abundantly, carbonic add (Bischof). The distillation of wood will afibrd the solid hydrocax bons of the paraffin group; Beichenbaoh, in his discovery of paraf&n, obtaining it from the wood of the Rtgus syhoaUooL Dr. J. & Newberry states (priv. contrib.) that off the shores of Lake Superior, at Marquette, he observed bubbles of gas coming from the bottom to the surface which proved to be carbu retted hydrogen; and also, now and then, drops of oil slowly rising, and finally spreading over the surface, which oil proved on examination to be a kind of petroleum. Althoo the vegetabU origin of the oil was not certain, it seemed to be altogether probable. On the island of Trinidad the oil-producing beds are clayey beds in the Tertiary, containing remains of plants, and Wall states (Q. J. G. 8m., xvi. 460) that tiiere is full evidence that the liquid and solid bitumen was produced at the ordinary temperature and condition of climate in the oocorrence of numerous spedmens of the vegetable matter in process of transformation, which have, as a xsonsequence, the organic structure more or less obliterated.
In the change of animal matters to oil, there is more nitrogen present to give complexity to the mutual reactions. But when the material is animal oils, there are only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, as in the case of vegetation. In sudi oils there are nearly the proportions i'Hs4 Os. In the case of such a compound (oleic add), the forming of carbonic add from the oxygon woold separate O9, and leave tn U, of the ethylene ratio; in that of tit Hm Ot (margaric add) the same would leave 61 s H14, or a combination of marsh-gas oils. Warren and Storer have obtained (Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, ix. 177 Am. J. ScL, II. xlii. 250) from the destructive distillation of a fish-oil, alter its saponification by lime, ail the compounds above enumerated of the Naphtha group, besides others of the ethylene and benzoic series.
Dr. Newberry has observed that cannel coal sometimes shows by its animal fossils that part of its oily products may be of animal origin (Am. J. Sci., II. xxliL 212, 1857), instancing a case Ohio in which the coal contained fossil fishes. He also remarks on the disagreeable smell or some Ihncstone oil, and attributes it to its animal origin. Dufrenoy, in his Mineralogy (iv. 602, 1869X gives prominence to the fact that remains of fishes are common in oil-produdug shalea and to the view that thoy are the source of the oil, mentioning as examples the black shales in the Ooal formation at ISaarbnick in Prussia, and Tgomay near Autun in France; the Permian (Zedisteinj at Mansfeld; grayish limestone, in the Lias, at Doubs; and grayish shale in tfat
Simple Hydbocasbok8. 727
AiiddJe Tertiary, at Menat 80 m. from ClennoDt, FraDoe; all of which abound in the remains of fishes. The Bhales adjoining the Albertite of Nova Scotia kaye been mentioned aa another ezam> pie of this kind. The black semibituminous or coaly shales of the Triassic of the Jonnecticut valley contain numerous fossil fishes, aud these are the only fossils.
Iiesquereuz derives petroleum (Trans. Am. Phil Soa PhUsd., xiiL 313) mainly from the decomposition of fucoids and other marine plants, arguing for it on the ground of its occurrence so urgely in rocks of marine origin. S. F. Peckham, in a recent oonununication to the autiior, sustains the idea that the light naphtha oils are solely of animal origin.
It is to be noted that whereyer marsh or water plants have grown in past time there must have been also a profusion of minute animal life to afford nitrogen and sulphur to the accumulating debris ; and, conversely, vegetable life of microscopic, if not also of larger kinds, is present wherever there is animal life.
The word naphtha is the Persian f/b/o, stgniQring to amde ; and petroleum ftom trlrpou rocki and oleums oil (the latter the (}reek ixiw, oil) dating only the middle ages (see Stn.).
Alt. — Petroleum undergoes alteration of condition in two ways:
1. The evaponUion of its UgMer o&s. When ezpoeed to the air the petrdeum is free ftom pressure, except the ordinary atmospheric and open to the heat and winds of the region. As a consequence the lighter naphtha oils pass off; leaving only the heavier, and the substance becomes gradually viscid, or even a solid consisting largely of solid hydrocarbons ; and the so-called aofphalia which may thus result will be or£nary bitumens of one kind or another, or largely paraffin, according as paraffin is present or not in the native oiL
Id most oil regions, when the oil occurs at the surface open to the air, more or less of solid bitumen is to be found. Hunt speaks of the large " gum-beds of half-dried bitumen in the oil region of EnniskiUen ; and Winchell says that in the neighboring but less productive district in Michigan, masses of inspissated oil are common, and some are as hard as asphalt At the naphtha island of Tschelekan there are large quantities of Ntflgil, as it is there (lled, which is nearly pure paraffin. The hot climate of the Caspian is favorable for such a result.
2. TheiKBydaUionofmrneorcUlofthBingridiie In the process of ozydation there is first a loss of some of the hydrogen by its union with oxygen to form water, escapes. Thus the oils of the Marsh-gas series (6. Ha.+a) may pass to the less stable ethylenes (B.Hfla); or, by further loss of hydrogen, to spiscies of the Benzole series (6.Ha.), or of the Naphthalin series (6. H|..u). The last two appear to occur sparingly in nature. Secdndly there is oaygrnioticn ; that is an absorption of and union with, oxygen. These oxygenated substances have been yet but little investigated (see Asphaltum;. They are probably all solid at the ordinary temperature.
Hard bitumen or asphalt may hence consist either (1) of unoxygenated, or (2) partly of unoxygenated and partly ogenated, the usual fact; or (8) solely of oxygenated hydrocarbons (veiy rarely, if ever, true in nature). The state of soUdity is not proof that any part of the bitumen U oxygenated.
Schkererite Group.
Wax-like, or butter-like. General formula that of the Marsh-gas series, or Ob Hsb+9. The two species here included are, according to the analyses (which need of the first two species of the Marshgas series, O H, and ©, H,.
The Paraffins belong here if members of the Marsh-gas series. See p.
772. 80HBBRBBITB. Seheererit Siromeffer, Eastn. Arch., z. 113, 1827; Naphthaline rteineuse prismatique iTdnMn, BibL Univ., xxzvi 316, 1827; Macaire-Prinsep BibL Univ zL 68, 1829, Ann. Fhys. Oh., xv. 294.
Monoclinic. Crystals mostly thin tabular, rhomboidal or six-sided, often flattened parallel to i-i, with also the planes /, -1, 1-t ; edge ///on -1/- 1 =123% edge -1/-1 on l-i=135 edge /// on l-t=10H Kenngott Also acicular. Also in loosely aggregated crystalline grains and folia.
Soft. G.=l— 1"2. Lustre pearly or resinous; feebly shining. Color whitish, gray, yellow, green, pale reddish. More or less translucent to
r28 ETDBOOASBON OOMFOITNDS.
tranBparent. Easily frangible. Tastelees. Inodorons. Feel not greaej Soluble easily in alcohol, and also in ether. Melts at 44 C, ana thei resembles a fatty oil, and like it penetrates paper ; these spots, however, may be removed by heat. On cooling, the mineral crystallizes in acicular eiy& tals. May be distilled without decomposition ; boiling point near 100 C. (92°, Prinsep).
Oomp., etc.— AooordJng to an imperfect analyflis by Priiuep (Pogg., zv. 294), oonBists of GartxA 73, hydrcD 24=97, which oorrespondB nearly to the ratio for 6, H=l : 4, or the oomposition of marsh-gas= Carbon 76, hydrogen 25=100 ; whenoe, if the results may be trusted, it is i polymer of marsh-s.
iSoluble in sulphuric or nitric add, and not in alkalies. Takes fire easily and bums without residue, giving out much smoke and a feeble aromatic odor.
Found by Gapt Scheerer, in the year 1822, in the coal of a bed of brown coal in the Tiertiaiy, at Hsnach, near Gallon, in Switzerland. The bed of coal is two to three feet thick, and tiie pine stems in it are almost undianged. Among the species of pine there is the P. ayhvabris ; and the birches and firs are those of modem species. The age is the same with that of tlie pest beds of BedwitE. Besides scheererite it affords also flchtelite and kanUte. On cyst., Kenng, Ber. Ak. Wien, xiy. 272, and ICin. der Schweis, 418, Leipiig, 1866.
773. OHRIBBSATITB. Chrismatin (f. Wattin) Chrmar, Z& Qt L 40, 1849. Osokerit (fr.ih.) Brtaloit Earst u. Dech. Arch., zxiii. 749, 1850. Hatchettin (fr. ib.) TToyner, Jahrb. Mia 1864, 687 ; H. Fieck, Steinkohlen DeutschL, L 37, 4to, Mundien, 1865.
Butter-like, or of semifluid consistence. Soft at 55° to 60® 0. G. below 1. Lustre greasy to silky. Color greenish to wax-yellow. Slightly translucent. Tasteless. Melts at a very low temperature to an oil, which is dark red by transmitted light, and apple-green by reflected.
Oomp.— H. Fleck obtained (L a), 34 p. a of ash bemg remoTed:
Oarbon 78*612 Hydrogen 19*101 Oxygen 2*207=100.
Ezdnding the oxygen as water, as done by Fleck, it leaves 0 80*61, H 19*49=100, oorrespoo fBg to 69 Hs=Carbon 80, H 20 ; making it thus a pdymere of 6a H, or the second member of the liars-gas series, fleck adopts the formula 6a Has. If the oxygen is an essential ooii8ti> tuent, either yiew of the constitution is wholly at mult Bums with a flame, without smeD.
Obs. — Occurs in cavities of oiicite and quartz crystals in sn argillaceous sandstone of the Osr coniferous formation at Wettin, Saxony.
Named IVom wniimmL
Pittolium Group.
Snr. or Fittasphalt. Dioscor,, L 100. Pissasphaltas Plin xxiv. 26, . 51 Ifdtha FlifLf 11 108. Borgtheer Germ, Bitume visqueux, Bitume glatineuz, Poix minende Mineral graisse, Petrdeum pt Mineral Tar.
The Bpecies of this group are liquids like the naphtha oils, bat are of higher specific gravity and atomic weight. They enter into the constitution of all free-flowing petroleum, but are especially characteristic of the denser kinds, and viscid bitumens, and exist largely also in many asphaltB. They belong to the Ethylene series, and therefore have the general formula ©a H=(alike for all) Carbon 85-71, hydrogen 14-29. G.=0-75~0-84.
The species ascertained to be native by 0. M. Warren (Mem. Am Aa
Bdcple Htdbooabbons. 739
Boston, ix., Am. J. Sci., II. xl.), and occurring in the Pennsylvania petro lenm, Bangoon tar, etc., and tne boiling temperatures, as ascertained by Warren, are the following :
774. Dboatylinb (Butylene) 776. Endioattlbkx (Margaiylene)
776. DoDBOATTLENS (Laurylene)
777. Dbcatbitylene (Oodnylene)
The average increase in the boiling point for the successive members in the series (or the addition of © H,), as follows from Warren's results, is '6, or only Puxhthirds oi the average in the Naphtha group. Other higher native species of the above series have not yet been clearly defined.
These compounds are made members of the Marsh-gas or Naphtha series by Pelouze and Gahonrs, who write the formulas as follows, and giyo the annexed specific gravities, vapor densities, and boQing points:
Iyrmula.
Boiling T.
174-9*
"Oji Has
a.
Vapor Density.
Boiling Temp.
0*757
160*— 162*
180 —184
196 —200
6*669
216—218
They also add the compounds 614 Hio, 6iHi. Warren, by his superior methods, proves that the species obtained by them were not pure (L c.).
Bach of tixe four ethylene compounds above mentioned have been obtained Bangoon tar, besides some species of the Naphtha group (at least Bi Hi* and €b Hit), traces of some of the Benaole series, and also naphthalin.
The uatmQpiUoliwn is from irirra, pitehj and o/tfum, oil, analogous to petroleum; andptiiiupha lum from the Greek for jni and aapheUL
The word maltJui is iVom the Oroek fraX9i}, 90ft wax; it was also used sometimes for a mixture of wax and pitch, employed for making the surface of writing-tablets, and for some kinds of cements. But Pliny (iL 108) describes under this name an inflammable mud flowing a pod at Samosata in North Syria on the Buphrates, which he says (ii. 109) was similar in nature to naphtha ; and this use of the word has led to its later application to yisdd bitumens.
i*elrolBum tn caviHea in crystals, Davy, in his examinations of the fluids in crystals (Phil Trans., 1882, 867, and postscript), found only water, except in the case of quartz from Dauphiny. The liquid in this case was about as viscid as linseed oil; brownish in color ; became solid and opaque at 13° 0. (56 F.); had a smell resembling naphtha ; acted like a fixed oil when heated, the temperature of ebullition being high ; and burned with flame, producing a white smoke. The cavity was i in. across, but only a sixth of it was occupied by the fluid. Davy made his inyesngations of the fluids in crystals by haying the crystals bored through to the cavity by a kpidaiy, and was the to use this method.
Prtbolbke. Boussingault obtained flrom the viscid bitumen and asphalt of Bechelbronn an oil which he called Petrolene and announced it as the liquid ingredient of all asphalt, the solid one being named by him AspfuUtene (see Asphaltum). It was separated by heating in an oil bath to a temperature of 300* 0. None of it passed over at a temperature below 0. He obtained for its composition (Ann. Oh. Phys., Ixi. 141, Ixxiil 442) :
He writes for it the formula 61 His, making it of the camphene series, /6. H8.-4. It boiled at 280* 0. The vapor density is stated at 9 41 5, or " double that of oil of turpentine."
There can be no doubt that ihe petrolene was a mixture of oils. Warren states (priv. oontrib.) that from Boussingault's data, as given in his article, the vapor density should have been 8-49 Instead of 9*415 ; and also that his own researches on various hydrocarbon oils, including the products the destructive distillation of albertlte, lead him to believe that petrolene probah
730 Co&Tpoundb
oonsistB maiBlj of oils of the Ethylene series ; that 61 His would have for Its boOing pouit 29y G. and vapor density 7*745 ; but that the liquid is made up of oils of both lees and greater denaitj.
The Bechelbronn tar and that similar Lobsann (both in the Dept of Baa-Rhin, ciiUed also Mineral Graisse and Graiese de Skxufourg.
Volckel has subjected a viscid bitumen Travers, near Neufchatel, to destination in iroo cylinder results:
(Ann.
un. rnan
Izzxvu. 101
ana oouunea vie loui
owing as ma eno
H
Temp, of vaporication.
G.
12-34= 99-90
90'— 120'
0-784 at 15* 0.
12-80= 99*89
120 —150
12-59= 99*99
150 —180
87*84
12-69=100-03
180 —200
12*60=100-08
200 —220
0*846
12*40= 99*80
220 —250
0*867
The analyses afford for all of tlie compounds the ratio for 6, H, 6 : 10, and Yoldcel regards then as polymers of Hsof and hence of the camphene series and similar to petrolene Bat (as Warren observes) with such a mode of distillation artificial products were likely to hare been obtained, and among them benzole or naphthalin ; and the presence of either of these componndf would account for the divergence fom the ethylene series.
The composition is compared by Yolckel to at of ot2 of amber (an admitted product of distiBation, and not native to amber). Dopping obtained for the oil of amber passing over at 200° C, 0 87-48, 87-32, H 12-06, 11*98=99*54, 99*30. The ratio for 6, H, is 5 : 8, which is also that for amber itself; and the formula is 10 Hie, or that arrived at by Boussingault for his petrolene.
Solid PsTBOLBinB. The asphdt of Peklenicza (Murakoz), Austria, affords a aoUd portion, sohible in ether and hardly at all so in alcohol (in this respect like the asphaltene of Boussinganlt), which, according to Nendtvich (Haid. Ber., iii. 271, Jahrb. G. Eeicha.j viL 743), has the aami oompanHon with petrolene.
The observations thus fiir made aeem to point to a Oamphene series of Hydrocarbons as chBi aoteristic of many viscid bitumens, and of some, if not many, asphalts. But the investigations have not been sufficiently exact to sustain satisfactorily the conclusion.
Paraffin Group.
Wax-like in consisteDcc ; white and translucent. Sparingly solnble in alcohol, rather easily in ether, and crystallizing more or leas perfectly from the solutions. G. about 0*85— 0'98. Melting point for the following species, SS""— 90°.
General formula Hn, or that of the ethylene series, according to many authors, Carbon 86*71, hydrogen 24*29= 100; H„+„ accordinsj to others. The peculiar inertness of the paraffins with regard to chemical combination is urged by Watts and Frankland as favoring the latter formula. Wliichever the series, they are regarded as species of high atomic weight, n not bcin less than 28. The different species, varying in the value of n, vary also m boiling point, and other characters. Those here recognized have not been studied with that care which is demanded for full confidence in their stated composition, or in their purity as simple species.
Paraffins occur in the Pennsylvania petroleum, a freezing mixture redu- ?iug the temperature being sufficient to separate it in crystals. Alsoio the naphtha of the Caspian, in Rangoon tar, and many other liquid bitQmens. It is a result of the destructive distillation of peat, bituminous coal, lignite, coaly or bituminous shales, most viscid bitumens, wood-tar (fron: wTiieh it was first obtained by Reichenbach), and many othei* substances
The name is from the Latin parum Ut&e and affinis alluding to the feeble affinity for other substances, or, in other words, its chemical indif ference.
778. URPBTHXTB. Part of Osooerite (fr. Urpeth Collieiy) J. F, W. Johnsbm, Phil. Mag., IH
xiL 389. 1888. Urpethite Dana.
Consistence of soft taMow. G.= 0*885, Johnston. Color yellowishbrown to brown. Adheres to the fingers, and stains paper. Melting point 39 C. Soluble readily iu cold ether.
Oomp. — Analjais: Johnston (L a):
Carbon 85*83 Hydrogen 14*17=100.
Ethereal solution brown by transmitted light, but with a greenish opalescence by reflected , deposits the wax in brown flocks. Melts at 39° 0. to a yellow-brown liquid.
Obs. — Constitutes about fowT'fifths of the Urpeth CoUieiy osooerite, and is separated from the latter through its solubility in cold ether. The crude wax, as found, was soft enough to be kneaded in Uie fingers ; had a greasy feel, and gave a greasy stain to paper; was subtransparent; of a color by transmitted light, but yellowish-green and opalescent by reflected ; and had an odor slightly fatty, which was stronger when melted. It occurred in cavities near a fault in the coal measures, and part in the solid sandstone.
Laurent obtained a variety of paraffin by the dry distillation of the bituminous shale of Autun, which mtiUed at 83° C, was very soluble in other and insoluble in alcohol, and which consisted of Carbon 85*745, hydrogen 14*200=99*946. It may be identical with the above. It is quite probable that the urpethite obtained by Johnston was not free firom mixture with the second paraffin separated by him the Urpeth mineral by means of boiling eer, which is here referred to ozocerite (p. 732); and such a mixture might account for the divergence of the melting point ftom that of Laurent's paraffin. Taking C. as the true melting point, the several paraffins here described, urpethite, hatchettite, ozocerite, Johnston's third from the Urpeth wax, and zietrisikite, have nearly a common difference in melting points of 18"— 17"*. the temperatures being respectively 33% 46% 60% 73*' dO\ The mean difference is about ; this would make the melting points 83% 47% 61% 75% 89
779. HATOHZrmTB. Hatchetine (f. Merthyr-Tydvil) Conyheare Ann. PhiL, L 136, 1822. Mineral Adipocire, Mountain Tallow (fir. Loch Fyiie\ Branded Ed. PhiL J., xL 1824. Hatchetine (fy. Glamorganshire) J. F, W. JdhnOKm PhiL Mag., XIL xiL 888.
In thin plates, or massive. Reported as sometimes occurring as large crystals in fresh specimens.
H. like that of soft wax. G. =0-916, Johnston ; 0-983, fr. Loch Fyne, after melting and exclndinff air bubbles, Brande ; 0*608, same before melting, id. Lustre sliffhtly glistening and pearly. Color yellowish- white, wax- J mellow, greenish-ylow ; blackens on exposure. Subtransparent to transucent ; out opaque on exposure. Feel greasy. Without odor. Melting point 46° 0., ir. Merthyr-Tydvil, Johnston ; 47° C, fr. Loch Fyne, Brande. Polarizes light in patches, Brewster.
Oomp., — Ratio of 0, 1 : from Jdhnstons analysis, =Garbon 85'56, hTdrogcn U'46==100. Analysis : Johnston (L o.) :
Glamorganshire Oarbon 8691 Hydrogen 14*62=100-68.
Very sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol, and predpitated from the solution on cooling. Also Molnble sparingly in cold ether, and more largely in boiling ; and from the latter deposited in s mass of minute fibres or prisms. After repeated boiling with ether there remains a minute
783 Htbbogabbok Oomfoundb.
portioa imdissolYed, mixed with particles of chaxtxMi] derived fVom the blii ned auifaee of Vbk specimen. Charred and deoomposed by concentrated and boiling sulphuric acid. No apparent change in boiling nitric acid. Gonybeare (1. c., 1822) stated that the Merthyr-Tydvil hatdieltit meUs in warm water under I7o'' F., whereas true bitumen does not in boiling water ; " and thii loose remark is the only ground for the statement that TS'S*" G. is the melting point of one yaiiety of the mineral.
Ob8< — From the crevices of iron-stone septaria, and often in geodes containing also quarti crystals, in the coal-measures near Merthyr-Idvil in Glamorganshire (and, Johnston adds, in some of the midland counties of England); also in a bog on the bottlers of Loch Fjnie in Argyleshire, Scotland. The latter has not yet been analysed. Also reported fVom Koeaits in Moravia (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 1854, 898), in the Segen Gottes mine, with spherosiderite, as a thin coating on caldte, having H.=:], G.=0 892, Patera.
This species (or at least the bog variety from Loch fe) is probably identical with the kind of paraffin that fuses at 0. ; and which has been obtained by the destructive distxilatkm of loghead coal and peat' and from other sources. Anderson obtained in his analyses of this paraffin:
0 H Melting T.
1. From Boghead coal, aysL 85-1 16'1— 16*3
3. From peat Q) 86*09 16-10 46*7
The Boghead coal (from Boghead and Torbane HiU, near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire) aSarOM on destructive distillatioB a very large amount of different oils and paraffin, 70 p. a of the dried mass beiug volatile. See BATHViLLin beyond (p. 742).
Kamed after 0. Hatchett
780. OZOOERmS. Part of Native Paraffin. Ozokerit (brought by v. Meyer fr. SlaDtk Moldavia) GhckeTf . Ixix. 216, 1833; Magnw, Ann. Oh. Phys Iv. 217, 1834. On foesile Dr. Erdwachs Omm,
Like wax or spermaceti in appearance and consiBtency.
G.=0'86— 0*90. Colorless to white when pure; often leek-green, yellowish, brownish-yellow, brown ; and when brown sometimes greenish by transmitted light. Often having a greenish opaleecence. Translucent Greasy to the touch. Fusing pomt 66 to 63 Cf.
Oomp., etc. — The original osocerite, from Slanik in Moldavia, as described by Glodcer (L cl and Arab., 18H4, 208 was wholly soluble in ether, and gave a yellow solution ; also soluble in cfl of torpentine and naphtha; and a little soluble in boiling aloohoL 6. of the mass 0956, Glocker; 0-968, Schrotter. Melting point 62° 0., Schrotter.
The mineral wax of IJrpeth Colliery, after the separation of what was soluble in cold ether (see Ubpbthite, p. 731), afforded Johnston (L c.) another portion through its solubility in boiling ether ; and this is apparently identical with true osooerite. While soluble in boiling ether it is sparingly so in boUing alcohol As obtained the ether solution it was yellow, and had the consistence of soft wax.
A kind from Botyalaw in Oalioia, examined by Hofbt&dter (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xd. 826, I864X resembled the preceding in its appearance, but was darker colored, being blackish-brown ; in thin pieces reddish-brown to leek-green by transmitted light; G.= 0*944; melting point 60*. By fractional crystallijeation it was separated into parts varying in frisibility from 60" to 66* 6' C That from Truscawitz, Galicia, examined by Walter (J. pr. Oh., xsii 181) appears to be similar.
Analyses: 1, Schrotter (Baamg. ZS., iv. 2, 186, BibL Univ. de Qendve, ill 184, 1836); % Johnston (L a) ; 3, Walter (I o) ; 6, Hofot&dter (L a) :
H
Melting T. Boiling T. G.
1. Slanik
18-69=9812
62*— 63*0. 210* 0-953
Schrottei
14-06= 100-86
68 ?
Johnston.
8. Tmscawitz, crude
14-29=98-91
59 ov. 300
Walter.
4. Boiyslaw, A.
84*94
14-87=99-81
61 0-944
Hofstidtet.
6. " B.
14-29= 100-07
Hofstitor.
The A of Hofstidter was the portion separated hy fractional crystallisatSon which bad 61* OL ai iie melting point, and the B that whidi had for this point 65*6*.
SnCPLS HTDBOGABBONS. 73&
The above results agree dosely, and probably the osooerlte in the specimens examined uss but little impure from mixture with other paraffins.
Hermann haa described a wax-like mixture from seams in a rook in the vicinity of Lake Baika' which he calls Baik&iU (J. pr. Gh., Ixxiii. 230), About 60*18 p. c. of it was soluble in boiling alcohol, too parts dissolving 1 ; and this portion appears to be ozocerite. It was tasteless auu inodorous; melting point C. ; G.=u*9<). The rest (2*8'i p. c.) of the baikerite consisted as follows: 7*02 wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol; 82*41 vised resin; earthjr impurities.
The same compound has been obtained from mineral coal, peat, and petroleum, mineral tar, eta, by destructive distillation. llie following are examples : 1, Anderson (Bep. Brit Assoc, 1856, J. pr. Ch., Ixxu. 379); 2, Hofstadter (L c):
G H Melting Pomt
1. BangoonTar 85*15 15-29=100*44 Anderson.
2. From Bitum. shale, Bonn. 8616 14*36=100*52 Hofstadter.
Ozocerite occurs at each of the localities mentioned, in beds of coal, or associated bituminous deposits ; that of Slanik, Moldavia, beneath a bed of bituminous clay shale ; in masses of sometimes 80 to lbs., at the foot of the Carpathians, not far beds of coal and salt ; that of Boryslaw in a bituminous clay associated with calciferous beds in the formation of the Carpathians, In masses. Beported also from near Gkoning in Austria ; in Transylvania, near Moldavu in the Owpathian sandstone ; at Uphall in Linlithgowshire.
Named from ooi, lameif and ajio, uroos, in allusion to the odor.
781. ZIBTRISIKmi. Cire fossile de Moldavie Magnus, Ann. Gh. Phys., Iv. 217, 1883. Osockerite (fr. Zietrisika) Malaguti, 0. B., iv. 410, 1837, Ann. Gh. Pbys., bdii 390, Pogg., xliiL 147. Zietrisikite Dana. .
Like ozocerite in nearly all physical characters.
Hardness like that of beeswax, or harder. G.=0-9; 0'946, Malaguti. Color brown. Melting point 90° C. ; 82°— 84° in the crude or impure mineral. Insoluble in ether.
Oomp., Var.| etc. — The almost complete insolubility of this fossil wax in ether distinguishes it decisively from ozocerite.
1. Magnus, who made the first examination of the fossil wax brought by r. Meyer fVom Slanik. Moldavia, appears to have had a different substance in hand from that examined by Glocker (by whom ozocerite wa. named) and by Schrotter, as he stales that only a veiy little of it was dissolved \fy alcohol or ether, and the rest, after the action of these solvents, was eroded with holes, showing tiie presence of insoluble and soluble cousUtuents. The insoluble was soluble in oil of turpentine, and of this part the melting point was 82*", and the composition as given below.
2. The wax from Zietrisika, Moldavia, examined by Malaguti, is regarded by htm as identical with that of Magnus. It was foliated, couchoidal in fraeflkre, pearly in lustre, deep red-brown iu color with a greenish reflection, but in very thin pieces brown, and a little harder than beeswax. It was very slightly soluble in alcohol or boiling ether, and very soluble in oil of turpentine and naphtha, with uo action from alkalies or cold sulphuric add. It melts at G., and boils at above .mOO°. On subjecting it to boih'ng alcohol, a small portion was dissolved, whose melting point was 75° ; by a second treatment another portion was obtained, having for the melting point 78" ; and at the fourth, the portion dissolved was found to have the same melting point as that of tiie undissolved mass, which was 90°. This then, which he calls ozocerite, appears to be the point of fusion of the true zietrisikite, and this alone was analyzed; as the rest his dion ozocerite, he says, est un melange, J'ai jug inutile d'en faire Tanalyse.**
Analyses: 1, Magnus (L c); 2, 8, Malaguti (L a):
G H Melting T. Boiling T.
1. Moldavia 84*61 16'S0=99-91 82'* a Magnus.
2. Zietrisika, Mold. 84*58 14*22=98-75 90 Above 300*" a Malaguti. 8. " " 84-78 14-37=99-15 90 Malaguti.
The wax fVom Zietrisika, in Moldavia, occurs in large masses, and under similar circumstances irith that of Slanik.
T81A. Johnston, in his examination of the Urpeth Colliery wax (see Ubprhitb and OzocebivX fW separating by ether (first cold, and then boiling) about flve-irixths of the loasa, obtained for ht
734 Hydbocasbon Oompoundb.
remaining dixie a 0Urd portion, almost insoluble in ether, having 6.=#*965; color daric & consistence like that of wax; melting point 73° and boiling point above 0. It may bt identical with the above, but its melting point would imply that it was distnct He obtained for its composition 0 83*81, II 13'66=:97-46.
7816. Neft-gil (Naphtdachil, Nephatil, Jahrb. Min. 1846, 84. Naphthadil Kenng Ueb. 1844- '4v, 254. Neftdegil HervL, J. pr. Oh., Ixxiii 220. Neft-gil IHtzaOie, ib., 821). A veiy abundant material in the naphtha region on Tscheleken L, in the (>EL8piau. It is a mixture of paraffins and a resin, but appears to be most nearly related to sietrisikite. G.= 0*956; color chocolate-brown; melting point 75" G. Hermann found 66 p. a of a wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol, and lb p. a of another soluble in alcohol, besides 18-83 p. c. of a resin. In ether a large part was insoluble ; and this portion may be identical with the zietrisikite, or the insoluble paraffin from the Urpeth wax (p.
78 IC. Pybopissitb ., Ueb. 1850-'51, 148. Kenngott has thus named an earth, friable, coaly substance, of grayish-brown color, and without lustre, and having 0.= 0*498— 0*522, which forms a layer 6 to 9 in. thick in brown coal at Weissenfels, near Halle. It is a mixture of spedea instead of a mineral, and has not yet been properly investigated. A small part is soluble in alcohol, especially in boiling, and this, precipitated by adding water, is a wax-like substance, paraffin-like in aspect But whether true paraffin, or whether an oxygenated wax, related to geocerite (a spedes derived from a similar eiffthy brown coal from Gersterwitz, near Weissenfels), has not been asoertained. It melts easily to a pitch-like mass, and hence the name, from fin and niaiTit, pitch. It affords 62 p. c. of panBn on dry distillation. On the composition of the related Gersterwitz earthy ooal, see pp. 757, 758; also. 0, KamUn Z8. G., iL 71. And for other papers on a similar material from Helbra, between Mansfeld and Bisleben, see Voigif Brennbarer Fossil fr. Helbra, Vers. Gesch. Steinkohle, etc., 188, 1802, J. d. M., xv. 77 1804; G. Heine, id Jahrb. Min. 1845, 149. Such coals are sometimes called Paraffin coal and in German WaduihokiiL Kenngott refers here also an earthy brown substance from Mettenheim, whidi melts similarly to an asphalt-like substance ; no other evidence of identity is stated. It occurs incrusting massive iimestone.
782. BIiATXIRITB. Subterranean Fungus (fr. Derbyshire) LMer, FhiL Trans., 1673. Elastic Bitumeu. Mineral Oaoutchoua Bifcume lastiqne DdamJUh J. de Phys., xxxL 31, 1787. Elastic Bitumen HakheU, Linn. Trans., iv. 146, 1797. Elastiches Erdpech Klapr Beitr., iii 107, 1802. Elastisches Erdharz , Elaterit, Fossiles Erdharz, Haunru, Handb., L 87, 1813.
Massive, amorphous.
6.=0'905— 1*233, fr. Derbyshire. Soft, elastic, sometimes adhering to the fingers (a) ; also moderately soft and elastic ; much like india-rubber (J>) ; and occasionally hard and brittle imbedded in the soft;er kinds. Color brown, usually dark brown, fiubtranslncent ; sometimes dark orange-red by transmitted light.
Oomp., etc. — Johnston analyzed the three kinds, a, separately. He mentions the actiai of ether only on the &, from which it separated but IS pL a of the mass; and tlie two anafyssi given are those of the undissolved material Analyses :
C H
1 (a) 86*474 18*a88=98*767.
2 (h) 84-385 12*576=96-961. 8 (h) 83-671 12 585=96-206.
4 (e) 85*958 12-842=98-300.
5 (e) 86-177 12-428=98600.
Ho states that the loss in a and e may be partly or whoUy oxygen, and that in the case of u the insoluble residue, 8—8*8 p. c. is oxygen. He thus leaves the constitution of elaterite if doubt It appears to be partly a carbohydrogon near ozocerite, and partly an oxygenated insolu* ble material. Mr. Henry, Jr., found 86 to 40 p. c. of oxygen (J. de Ch. Scale, i 18): but hia resets, as Johnston observes, are evidently untrustworthy.
It is found at Oastleton in in the lead mine of Odin, along with lead ore and caldte tn compact reniform or fringoid masses, and is abundant Also reported from 8t Beinard'fei Wall
mCPLB HYDBOCARBON8.
aear Bdinbargh; Ohapel quarries in Fifeshire; a coal mine at Montrelaia, at the depth of 330 feet; and, according to Hausmann (Haudbaob, iiL tTd\ at Neufoiiatel, and on the island of Zante. A similar material in external characters has been met with at Woodbury, Ct
783. Srtloto Stoheb Rebik (New Mmeral Resin (fr. Settling Stones) /. F. W, JohniL a, Edmb. J. ScL II. iT. 122, 1831, Phil Mag., III. xiv. 88, 1839. Eaaterite?) In the form of drops, more of less rounded, or flattened, as if ouce fluid or sofi and found incrusting the rocky walls of a vein at an old lead mine in Northumberland, known by name of Settling Stones, resting on and occasionally covered by caldte and pearl spar ; the rock is the Mountain limestone (Suboirboniferous). It is hard, brittle under the hammer, but difBcult to reduce to powder; G =1-16— 1*54; oolot ftom pale yellow to deep red; a pale green opalescence ; does not mdt at G. Bums in ths flame of a candle. Very slightly acted upon by aloohoL
Ooup., Bra — 0. ratio for #, H=near 2 : 3 (?) ; an analysis affording Johnston (L a) :
Carbon 86-133 Hydrogen 10*853 Ash 8*266=: 99 -242.
But Johnston adds: "It is therefore doubtful wheShtr ihia resinoid svibBtance oonotM oxygen or jnOL It may be only an impure carbo-hydrogen.'* It is very slightly acted upon by alcohoL GMves empyreumatio products when fused in a dosed tube. It has dose relations to elaterite.
Bichtelite Gkoup.
The Fichtelite RToup, according to the analyses, belongs to the Camphene series of hydrocarbons, the general formula for which is €b Hs
Petrolene, or more correctly the petrolene group of oils, has been referred to the Gamphent Sfies ; and should constitute a group preceding the Fichtelite group, if the analyses were mads on pure spedes, and are to be credited. See p. 729.
784. nOHTBLITXI. Tekoretin Yid. Selsk. Afh. Copenh., 1840, J. pr. Ch., 459, 1840 Fichtelit Bromeis Ann. Gh. Fharm., zzxviL 304, 1841 ; T. K dark, Ann. Gh. Pharm., oili 230 1867, Am. J. Sd., II. zzy. 164.
Monoclinic. t7==53% / A 7=83° and 97 ; 7 A U =131° 30', 6Ai-t=127°, UaU =128°, Clark. Crystals lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal.
H.=:l. Lustre somewhat creasy. Color white. Translucent. Brittle. Without taste or smell. Distils over without decomposition. Solidifying temperature 36° C. Easily soluble in ether ; less so in alcohol.
Oomp., Var.eto.— Ratio of 0, H=6 : 8r=Oarbon 88*36, hydrogen 11*66. Analyses : 1, Bro nadia Q. a) ; 2, Clark (la); 8, Forchhammer (L a) :
It
H
Melting T.
Boiling T.
Redwiti 87*95
10-70=98-66
46*
Bromeia.
" (1) 871S
12*86=99-99
above 320*
Clark.
TBcaretin 85*89
12*81=98*70
Decomposed by anhyd oua snlphnrio add ; also by heated Aiming nitric add ; soluble in cold nitria
Clark, after a revision of the investigations on fichtelite and the related resins, condndes that there is no doubt of the identity of the substance analyzed by him wiUi BromeiB*B ft1iHt\ and dedooo' the empirical formula H*.
786 Hydbooabbon Ooupounds.
The mlaeral oocurg in the form of sUning scale, flat cryttali, and thin laden between tl-jt rings of growth and throughout the texture of pine wood (identical in species with the niodera Pinus sylvestris) peat beds in the vicinity of Bedwitz, in the Hchtelgebirge, North Bavaria The crystals described by Clark (f. 616) were obtained artifldallj by means of ether and aloohoL
An otly substanoe was extracted by Sdirotter by means of ether wood of the same peat bed whid afforded the fichtelite ; and this solution yielded two substauoes, one of which was an oil, regarded by him as Identioal with fichtelite in ratio; it gave on analysis, Garbun 83*58, hydrogen 11*34=99-42. The other substanoe was crystallized and contained oxygen.
TeeSreHn was obtained from pine trees of the same species in marshes near Holtogard in Denmark. The resin from the wood, first observed by Steenstrup, was found by Forchhammor, after dissolving it in boiling alcohol to contain two substances crystallizing the solution at different temperatures. The t&coreiin was the least soluble of the two or that which crystalliied out first (the other was his phyUoreHnf see p. 737) ; its crystallization was fnanoclinief and its ftuing point 46°. Prom the analysis Clark writes the empirical formula eW\ but states that the mineral resembles fichtelite in every other respect
786. BARTITB. Hartit BaicL, Pogg., Uv. 261, 1841. Branchite Swi, CSmento, L 842, Jabrb
Min. 1842, 469.
Monoclmic. Besembling fichtelite in ciTBtalline form, lustre, color, Cranslacency, and the reactions with alcohol, ether, and the acids. But melts at 74-75° 0. Boiling temperature very high.
Oomp., eto.— Ratio of €, H=12 : 20=Carbon 87*8, hydrogen 122. Analyses : 1. Schrotler (P., liz. 37); 2, Firia (Cimento, L 346, Jahresb. 1865, 984):
0 H
2. BranchUe 87-0 Pina.
P!ria*B analysis corresponds nearly with the ratio 9 : 16.
OhBEaniUe is found in a kind of pine, like fichtelite, but of a diflbrent Bpeciea, the Fmei aeeroaa Unger, belonging to an earlier geological epoch. It is from the brown coal beds of Ober* hart, near Gloggnitz, not far from Vienna. Reported also from Rosenthal near Koflach in Styriai and Pravali in Carinthia. It occurs among the layers or tissues of the wood, and also in defti in the coal or lignite.
BranchUe is colorless and translucent, with 0. 1*0442, and comes from the brown coal of ML Vaso in Tuscany. It is soluble in alcohol, like hartite.
786. DIKITB Mmeghmi (Gaa. Med. Italiana, Firence, Toscana, July, 1852). Oocars as an aggregation or druse of crystals; cleavage none ; with the appearance' of ice, but with a yellow tinge due to a foreign substance. Inodorous ; tasteless ; fragile, and easily reduced to powder.
Insoluble in water ; little soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in sulphuret of carbon. The ethereal solution on standing deposits large crystals of the dinite. Fuses with the warmth of the hand ; heated in a dose vessel distils over without undergoing any sensible deoompositioii When melted is looks like a yellowish oil ; crystallizes in large trausparent crystals on cooling.
From a lignite deposit at Lunigiana, Tuscany, where it was found by Pro£ bini.
787. IXOLTTE (Ixolyt Haid Pogg., Ivi 345, 1842). Amorphous. H. l. .=1-008. Lustre greasy. Color hyacinth-red. Pulverized in the fingers, it becomes ochre-yellow and lo wish-brown. Thin fragments subtranslucent. Fracture imperfect oonchoidal in the porer varieties.
Sofleos at 76° C, but is still tenacious at 100" C, whence the namci from ijor, ghuy UhtlnrdiimM and Avb>, to dissolve.
This species is said to resemble hartite, though differing in the temperature of ftision and othei diaracters It occurs in a coal bed at Oberhart, near Gloggnita; pieces sometimaa half an in Ihidc, associated with hartite.
ancpLB HYDBOoiL&Boira. 7ST
Benzole Group.
Oily flnidfl at the ordinary temperature. General fonnnla On Hi_ Solnbie in alcohol and ether. Tke species observed in nature, which include all those known of the Benzole series, are the following :
H
a.
Boiling T.
7-69=100
0-86 at
16-6'
a
82* a
789. Toluoli
e, H, =91-30
8-70=100
0*88 at
e. H„=90d7
943=100
0-86 at
791. OUMOUi
Hii=90'00
1000=100
10-46=100
0-86 at
W. de la Bue and H. Huller detected in 1856, in Rangoon tar, the first three of the above pedea, with another designated paeudocumole (iaocumole). In 1860 Boseenius and Bisenstaok (Ann. Oh. Pharm., cxiii 151) annonnoed xylole aa present in the petroleum of Sehnde in Hanover ; and the same year (ib., ozv. 19) Pebal and Freund detected all the above five spedes of the seriea in the naphtha of Boroslaw in OaUda. Warren and Storer also (Mem. Am. Aa Boston, iz. 216) have detected zylola and " isocomole " in the Rangoon tar. None of the series were detected by Pelouie and Gahours in the Pennlvania petroleum.
These oils are produced in the destructive distillation, at high temperatures, of bituminooa ooala, fkVsj substances, eta
793. KONUm. (Fr. Uznach) Kraiu, Pogg., zllii. 141, 1838. Konlit (fr. ib.) SchrdUer, ib., Uz. 87, 1843; (fr. Bedwita) y. Trommsdorfi; Ann. d. Phann., zzL 126. Konleinit ffoMBm Handh, 1487, 1847 ; KemiifoU, Ber. Ak. Wien, ziv. 272, Ifin. d. Schweia, 419, Leipaift 1866.
In folia and grains ; amorphons ; stalactitic.
Soft. Q.=0-88. Trommsdorff. Color reddish-brown to yellow. Melt* ing point 114 C, Kraus ; 107jr°, TrommsdorH*. Distils at 200°, undergoing decomposition at the same time, and leaving a brown residue, v erj slightly soluble in cold and hot alcohol ; much more soluble in ether ; the latter solution afibrding wax-like folia.
Oomp. — Ratio of 6, H=l : 1 ; or a polymere of benzole. Fritasohe makes the Ibnnula (Bull Aa St PeL, iii 88, 1860.) Analjaea: 1, Kraua (L a); 2, T. Trommsdorff (L a):
0 H
1. Uznach, Swita. 92-429 7-571=100 Kraus.
2. Rodwiti, Bavaria 90'90 7*58=98*48 Trommsdorlt
The Rcdwita mineral may bo a different species. K5nlite, unlike scheererito, is changed bj distillation, yielding a substance which melts by the wamUh of the hand. For this product Krauss proposed the name pyroachegrerite.
In brown coal at Uznach, at the same locality with scheererite ; near Redwitz, Bavaria, in the ilchtelgebirge with fichtelite ; reported by Kenngott the brown ooal of Fossa in the Egoi valley (Ueb., 1850-*61, 147).
Named after Kdnlein, formerly superintendent of the coal works at Uznach.
PBTLLORBTDr of Forchhammer (J. pr. Oh., zz. 459, 1840) ia near the above, and ia made identical with it by Fritzsche. It was obtained from an alcoholic solution of a resin the mamhea near Holtegard in Denmark ; the more soluble of the two resins obtained (see p. 736) bein the phyOoretm. Fusing point 86*'-87°. Dissolves easUy in alcohoL Forchhammer obtained Carbon OU-22, 90-12, hydrogen 9-22, 9*26; and deduces for Ce rp/*o of 6, H, 8 : 10
7Ss Htdbogabbon Oompouhdb.
794. Naphthazjn.
Orthorhombic. Commonly, as artificially prepared, in rhombic tables oi 122 and 78 with the acute angles truncated, or hexagonal tables.
Lustre brilliant. Color white. G.= 1-153 at 18 C. ; 0-9778, at 79-2° C, Kopp. ; at which temperature it melts. Boiling point C. Diasolvee readily in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, fatty ons, etc.
Oomp., etc.— ei H=Oarbon 93-15, hydrogen 6'26=100. The first of the NcqhthaUm serial the general formula for which is H2,_i Bums with a dense smoking flame.
Obs. — Found sparingly in Rangoon tar, by Oe la Rue and Muller, and by Warren and Storer.
Artif. — Formed 6AsUy from petroleum, coal-naphtha, essential oils, on passing them through red-hot tubes.
796. IDRIAUTB. Quecksilberbranderz pt Idrialine (ft. Idria) DumaSj Ann. Gh. Fhys., L
560, 1882. Idrialite SchroUer, Baumg. ZS., ill 246, It. 6.
In the pure state crystalline in structure. Color white. In nature found only impure, bein mixed with cinnabar, clay, and some pyrite and gypsum in a brownish-black earthy material, called, from its combustibility and the presence of mercury, inflainnidble cinnabar {QtieoksUberbranderz).
Oomp., etc.— Dumas separated tbe Idrialite by treatment with oil of turpentine. Analyses: 1, Dumas (L c); 2, 8, Schrotter (L c):
Oarbon 949 94-50 94*80
Hydrogen 6*1 D. 6*19 . 5*49 .
Oorresponding to the ratio for 6, H about 3 : Oarbon 94*74, hydrogen 6-26=100. Insbb* ble in water, and little so in alcohol or ether. Fuses at C Schrotter found in one spedmen of the crude mineral 7 7 32 idrialite, 17*86 cumabar, and 2-76 of other impurities.
Bodecker (Ann. Gh. Pharm., lii. 100, 1844) obtained for the composition of a substance derived from the crude material, Carbon 91*88, hydrogen 5 30, oxygen 2*87=100, correspond* hig to 0 (or an oxydized idrialite). He derived it from the ore by sublimation in an atmo* sphere of carbonic add. Bodecker states that a black material obtained the oondensatiap- (Ouimbers at Idria afforded a substance which has the composition of Dumass idriaUte ; and this he calls Idryl supposing it to be the radical of his own idrialite.
n. OXYGENATED HYDEOCAKBONS.
796. aBOOERXTB. (3eooerain L. BrudoMr J. pr. Ql, lyiL 14, 1862.
Wax-like. Color white. Not observed to crystallize from its solation in alcohol. Melting point near 80° C. ; after fusion solidifies as a yellowish wax, hard but not very brittle. Soluble in alcohol of 80 p. e. Kot acted upon by a hot solution of potash.
Oomp.— Ota Oa, Brackner=CarboE 70*24, hydrogen 13*21, oxygen 7'55=:100. Analyses Bruckner (L c.) :
Oho
79*06 13-13 n-81]=100. 79ne 18*01 p*88j=100.
Obflw— From the same darhmon brown ooal of Qesterwiti that afforded the geooqrrioilt (9
H
'6-66"
Oxtoenated Htdb00Abb0N8. 789
739), and from the same solution. The sdlutioxi, after yielding the geomyric te, and next on adding a liot solution of acetate of lead, a precipitate of a salt of lead and geocerins&ure,'* lally afforded, on filtering the hot solution, the geoeeriie in the state of a jeUy, which on drying became a white foliated mass.
The distillation product obtained from the same dark-brown brown coal, tallow-like in consistence (but in pearly crystals from a subsequent alcoholic solution) afforded Carbon 83*82, hydrogen 14*01, oxygen [2-17], corresponding to the formula Bt Hno 0, as if derived, as follows, as Bruckner states, from the above : 2 (est Ht. O,) -(6 Oi +H, e)=eft Ht, O. It is identical with the distillation product from the ytlkwiahrbrown brown coal of the same locality.
Named from yq, earOi, and irir$, waac,
797. OBOBKTRIOITB. Geomyricin L. BrUdener, J. pr. Gh., lyiL 10, 1852.
Wax-like. Obtained in a palverulent form from a solution, the grains conBiflting (as apparent under a microscope) of acicular crystals. Color white. Melting point 80®— 83° C. After fusion has the aspect of a yellowish brittle wax. Ko action in a solution of potash. Soluble easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, but slightly in alcohol of 80 p. c.
Oonpi eto.— Ci4 0, BriiGkner,=Carbon 80*59, hydrogen 13-42, 0 6'99=:100. Analyse! :
1. G.=83'
2. G.=83 8. Gh.=80
Boms with a bright flame.
Bruckner observes that the composition is very near that of the Chinese wax, Palm wax (from the S. A. palm, CmKEyUm andAeoUi\ Oaroauba wax (from the S. A. palm, Corypha oeirifera\ ton which Lewy obtained Gse i% O=0arbon 80-69, hydrogen 18-42, oxygen 6*99=100.
Oba. — Occurs at the Gesterwitz brown coal deposit, in a dark brown layer, similar in most respects to the ydlowishrbrwm which afforded the leuoopetrite. Its very sUghc insolubility in alcohol of 80 p. a enabled Bruckner to separate resins and other soluble ingredients present in the mass. L. Lesquerenx states (priy. contrlb.) that the brown ooal beds of the basin in which Gesterwits lies has afforded the palms Flabdlaria latania and Fhmnicites Oiebeiianus and perhaps others, though none has yet been reported from the particular bed at Gesterwitz.
798. OOPAZJTB. Fossil Oopal, Highgate Besin, AihtnmsL, 64, 1816. Betinite pt OMt Min 372, 1831, HaUl, Handb., 674, 1846. Fossil Oopal J. F. W. Johnslon, PhiL Mag., XXL xly. 87, 1839. Oopaline Haunn Handb., 1600, 1847.
Like the resin copal in hardness, color, lustre, transparency, and difficult solubility in alcohol. Color clear pale yellow to dirty gray and dirty brown. Emits a resinous aromatic odor wnen broken.
G.=1'010, Johnston: T 15, Bastock; 1-053, fr. E. Indies, Kenngott.
OomiK— Batio for 6, H, 0=:4O : 64 : l=:Garbon 86*7, hydrogen 11*4, oxygen loa Analfsea: 1, 2, Johnston (L a); 8, Duflos (Min. Unters., ii. 183):
0 H 0 Ash
1. Yellow trp. 86-677 11*476 2847 =100 Johnston.
2. Gray 86*408 11*787 2*669 0136=100 Johnston.
3. E. Indies 8678 11*60 2*77 =100 DuAoe.
Volatilizes in the air by a gentle heat Bums easily with a yellow flame and much smoke, and hardly any perceptible ash. Slightly acted unon by alcohol
Kenngotts mineral closely resembles the Highgate copalite in its honey-yellow color, and its SfOtion with heat and alcohol.
Obs* — From the blue day (London dar) of Highgate Hill, near London, from whence it it oaUed Highgate resin. It occurs in irregular pieces of a pale honey-yellow color.
7iO HTDBOOARBOK 0OMFOUKO6.
799. SnOOINrrB. 'HXtrrpoy Homer, etc. ? Any Thaophir Ikmottr. Dim. etc Saodnum. Electram. Lyncuriunif Fhn., zxxril 11, 12, 13. Amber. Suooiii. Anbre, Bernstein Oerm. Suodnite pt BreUh., Char., 75, 1820, 140, 182S.
In irregular masses, without cleavaffe.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=l-065— 1-081. Lustre resinous. Color yellow, som times reddish, brownish, and whitish, often clouded. Streak white. TraDfi* parent — translucent. Tasteless. Electric on friction. Fuses at 28T* C, but without becoming a flowing liquid.
Oomp.— Batio for 0, H, 0=40 : 64 : 78*94, hydrogen lO'AS, ozjgen lO'68=10a AnolyBis : Schrotter (Pogg, liz. 64) :
0 78*824 H 1028 0 10-9=10a
But amber is not a simple resin. According to Berzelius (Lehrb., viii. 431, Pogg ziL 419), it consists mainly (85 to 90 p. c.) of a resin whi<£ resists all solvents (properly (he wped&t suodaite), along with two other resins soluble in alcohol and ether, an oil, and to 6 p a of succinic add. Schrotter and Forchhammer state that after remoyinff these soluble ingredients, tme snodnite has the ratio 40 : 32 : 4, which is the ratio deduced from the analyses of the whole mass, and which indicates chat the mixed resins are polymerous with succinite. Their nature has not been investigated. Amber is hardly acted on by cdoohid.
Bums readily with a yellow flame, emitting an agreeable odor, and leaves a blade, shining, cai bonaceous residue.
Obs.— Amber occurs abundantly on the Prussian coast of the Baltic; occurring from Dantiig to Memel, especially between Pillau and Dorfe Groes-Hubnidcen. It occurs also on the coast (/ Denmark and Sweden; in Galida, near Lemberg, and at Missau; in Poland; in MoraTia, at Boskowitz, eta; in the Urals, Russia; near Christiania, Norway; in Switzerland, near B; in France, near Paris, in day, in the department of the Lower Alps, with bituminous coal, also in the department of VAisne, de la Loire, du Gard, du Bas-Bhin. In England, near London, and on the coast of Norfolk, Essex, and Suffolk. It also occurs in various parts of Asia. Also near Oatania, on the Sicilian coast sometimes of a peculiar blue tinge.
It has been found in yarious parts of the Green sand formation of the United States, either loosely imbedded in the soU, or engaged in marl or lignite, as at Gay Head or Martha's Vine-
Near Trenton and also at Oamden in New Jersey, and at Gape Sable, near iiagothy river in ,'land.
In the royal museum at Berlin there is a mass weighing 18 lbs. Another in the kingdom of Ays, India, is nearly as luge as a diild's head, and weighs 2i lbs. ; it is intersected by yeins of carbonate of lime, from the thidcness of paper to one-twentieth of au indu
It is now fully ascertained that amber is a vegetable resin altered by foasilization. This ia inferred both from its native situation with coal, or fossil wood, and from the occurrence of insects incased in it Of these insects, some appear eyidently to haye struggled after being entangled in the then yiscous fluid; and occasionally a leg or wing is found some distance took the body, which had been detadied in the effort to escape. Goppert has shown (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 186:s, 460, Q. J. G. Soa, x.. Am. J. ScL, IL xyiiL 287) that at least 8 spedes of plants besides the Pinitea auccimifer haye afforded this fossilised resin, and he enumerates 163 spedes as represented by remains in amber. Besides pines, spedes of the family AUeanecu and (htpnuineiB haye prob ably contributed to it
Amber was early known to the andents, and called sfoctntm, whence, on account ot its electrical susceptibilities, we haye derived the word decirieUy, It was named by some lyncurium, though this name was applied by Theophrastus also to a atone, probably to zircon or tourmaline, both minerals of remarkable electrical properties.
Pliny mentions, as one proposed derivation of ekcbrum the fable, as he regards it, that the sisters of Phaethon, chiinged into poplars, shed their tears on the banks of the Eridauus (oi Padus), and that these tears were called dedrum, firom the fact that the sun was usually called elector; as another, that it comes flrom Jediridesj the name of certain islands in the Adriatic: or another eiedrides the name of certain stones in Britannia, which it exudes. He gyes it aa his opinion that " amber is an exudation trom trees of the pine family, like gum the cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine ; and, as proof that it was once Uquid, alludes to the gnats, etc., in it He observes that it had been long called succinum because of this origin, 'quod arboris succumb prism nostri oredidere." He says that in his time it wss in request among voraen on." But '*it had been so highly valued as an object of luxury that a very diaunutiyf
OXraBNATED HYDBOOABBOKB. 741
human effigy, made of amber, had been known to sell at a higher prioe Uiaii Uring men, erm.ii stout and vigorooa health.**
799A. Kraittzitb (Fosailea Harz (fir. Nienburg) Krantzitt C. Beirgemannf J. pr. Ch., Ixxri 65> Easentially succinite. Oocurs in small grains and masses of a light yellow or greenish-yellow oolor, but reddish or brownish externally. O.=0 968. Rather tender. Sectile and somewhu* alaatio. The exterior has 1 002.
.— Analysis by Landolt (L a) afforded :
' Ourbon 79*25 Hydrogen 10*41 Oxygen 10-34=100.
Corresponding nearly to the formula 640 H04 O4-
Only 4 p. c. soluble in alcohol, and 6 p. & in ether ; and only aoftens in turpentine. In sul* phurio add gives a brown solution. Fuses at 226" C, and becomes perfectly fluid at 288* ; and at a higher temperature yields gas and products of distillation. The ether solution affords a browniah amorphous substance, which is elastic like caoutchouc at 12", and ftises at 16u".
800. WAIiOHOWZTS. Bergpech pt (fir. Walchow) JEMner, Min., ill., Ite Abth 114, 1800. Betlnit Ton Walchow SchrSUer, lix. 37, 1843. Walchowit HaitLj ITeb., 1843, 99, Handb., 674,
In yellow translucent masses, often striped with brown. Lustre resinous. Fracture eonchoidal. Translncent to opaque. H.=l-5— 2. G.=l-0— 1069 ; an opaque variety 1-035.
Oomp.— Batio for e, H, 0=40 : 64 : H, Schrotter (Fogg., lis. 6l)=80'41 0, lO'Oft H, 8*93 C Fuses to a yellow oil at 260* C, and bums readily ; becomes transparent and elastic at 140" (X But it is a mixture, as alcohol takes up 1*5 p. a, and ether 7*5 p. c. ; the ituoluble part may be Identical with the preceding. Forms a dark brown solution in sulphuric add. Obs. — Occurs in brown coal at Walchow, in Moravia and formerly called BeUnite, Estner also mentions a honey-yellow resin from Uttigshof in Moravia (called Bernstein m ths Abh. bohm. (atos., ill 8), and another of a similar color, but a little greenish, Grom Litesko in Morayia.
801. BuoASAiCAROinL Besine de Buoaramanga BousnngaiuU, Ann. Oh. Fhys., IIL vL 607, 1842. Beaembles amber in its pale yeUow color. G. above 1.
Omip.— Batio for 6, H, 0=42 : 66 : 2— Oarbon 82-7, hydrogen 10*8, oxygen 66=100. Insoluble in alcohol In ether soltens and becomes opaque. Fuses easily, and bums with i little smoky flame, leaving no residue. Yields no suodnic add.
802. AMBRITJJ. Ambrit (fr. N. Zealand) EosteUetf v. iTotfer, Yerh. G. Beidis., Wien,
1861, 4.
Amorphous. In large masses.
H.=2. G.= 1*034. Lustre asj. Oolor yellowish-gray. Subtransparent. Strong electric on friction. Fracture eonchoidal.
Oomp., eto— Batio deduced for O, H, 0=40 : 66 : 6=Garbon 76*88, hydrogen 10*64, ozy- g&a 12*77. Yon Hauer makes the ratio 32 : 26 : 4, which is not nearer the analysis than thi bom. Anais: K Maly (L a):
0 H 0 Ash
(|)T6-63 10-68 12*70 0*19
Wholly insoluble in alcohol, ether, oO of turpentine, bensole, chlonform, and dilute add. Bums with yellow smoking flame. The ash contains iron, lime, and soda.
Obs. — Occurs in masses as large as the head in the province of Auckland, N. Zealand, h much resembles the resin of the Ikmmara AugkaUat which abounds on the island, and is oftw sported with H
742 HTDBOOABBON OOMFOUNIiB.
803. BATHVILZilTE. BathTillite C, Gr, WUliams, Gh. News, viL 138, 1863. ToibuitB jA
Amorphous. Dull, and of a fawn-brown color, looking somewhat like wood in the last stage of decay. Opaque.
G., after removing air of pores by air-pump, about 1*01. Very friable, but this characteristic may not be essential to the species. Insoluble in benzole. Torbanite has H.=2"25 ; Q.=1'18, Heddle ; color clove-brown; powder yellowish ; tough.
Oomp.— Batio for 6, H, O, from the azudyses, 40 : 68 : 4, or near that of 78*48, hydrogen 11*11, oxygen 10-46=100. The ratio 40 : 66 : 4 is leas near, giving the percentage G 78*7, H 10*5, 0 10-8=100. Analyses : L Williama (L a); lA, same with aahezdaded; S, Biiller ; 2A, same with aah exdaded :
H
Ash
58*89
r-23
26*32=100.
lA. "
11*46
=100,
8*91
8*21
19-78=100.
100.
Williama refers here the torhanite analyzed by Miller. Other analyses of torbanite giTe ton osygen. The oxygen includes a little nitrogen and sulphar. Williams makes the formula 6t, HftoOs=Carbon 78*60, hydrogen 10*92, oxygen 10*48, agreeing hardly as well with the analyaef as the above.
Does not melt when heated. In a platinum crucible affords a fatty odor, and bums with a dense smoky flame. Ko action with moderately dilute nitric acid ; completely carbonised by oonoentrated sulphuric acid.
Obs.— BathTillite occurs in the torbanite or Boghead coal (of the Carboniferous formatkn\ adjoining the lands of Torbanehill, in the grounds of BathTille, Scotland. It forms lumps whidi fill cavities in the torbanite. Other cavities are occupied by calcite, pyrite, etc. It may be an altered lump of resin; or else material which has filtrated into the cavity from the surrounding torbanite.
The analysis of Miller shows that some of the torbanite has the same composition. As proof of the absolute purity of the substances analyzed oould not be had, the results are opeu to som doubt, as Williams observes. Yet the mode of occurrence of the bathvillite, and die nearness il oomposition of this insoluble substance to the equally insoluble succinite, favors the view that it is essentially a good species, and that its oomposition is not &r from that above given.
804. TORBANTTB. Torbanite, although related to oannel coal, has a veiy nearly uniform com* position, according to all analyses thus Jhr made, excepting that of Miller, and this composition ii like that of bathvillite, excepting less oxygen. It corresponds very nearly with the formula 64* 82-19, hydnn 11*64 oxygen 617. The mean of five analyses (see p. 757) Is, Carbon 81*15, hydrogen 11-48, with oxygen about 6-0, nitrogen 1*37=5100 ; excluding the nitrogen, 0 82-28, H 11*54, 0 6-08=100. Taking the oxygen at 6*40 instead of b-O (see anaL, L the formula would become 640 Os. The nitrogen is without doubt in combination with po tions of the other ingredients. But, allowing for this, the close relation to the amber group stiO holds, both as regards composition and insolubility. Less an H pb a of torbanite is soluble in naphtha (Fyfe). Although the above formula cannot be taken as the formula of the spedes at the basis torbete, it is probably not far from it Torbanite may contain bathvillite as mixture
806. ZTIiORSTiNlTJU. Xyloretin Fbrchhammer, J. pr. Oh., xx. 459, 1840. Hartin Schntta
Pogg., liv. 45, 1848. Psathyrit Glocker, Syn., 8, 1847.
Massive, but crystallizes from a naphtha solution in needles of the ortho rhombic system.
G.r= 1-115, hartine. Color white. Pulverizes in the fingers. Withotil taste or smell. . Soluble in ether.
Omnp , eta— Ratio for 6, H, O— 40 : 64 ; 4=0arbon 78*51, hydrogoo 9*05, oxygw
10-82=100.
1. "
10-54=100.
10-82=100.
9-98=100.
5.
10-62=100.
Oxtgsnated Hydb00Abb0K8. 743
(TW 0, deduoed bj Schrdtter, correspondB better with the azudymi. AnaljaeA 1-S, SchiottM (La); 6, Forofahammer (L a) :
OHO FashigT.
210'' a
166* a
The harttM is a white resin separated \fj ether from a resin obtained fhm the brown ooal of Oberhart No. 1 is harUnB as separated in an amorphous condition bj means of naphtha ; and 2, 3, crystallized from an ether solution. (Besides the hartine, two amorphous brown resins were also obtained from the aviation.) XvkrdiniU was derived by Forchhammer through the sction of aloohol on fossil pinwood tne marshes of Holtegaard in Denmarlc.
806. IiHUOOPETRmB. Leuoopetrin L. Bryckner J. pr. GL, IviL 1, 1862, in art entitled
Ueber einige eigenthiimliche wachshaltige Braunkohlen.
Between a resin and wax in characters. Crystallizable in needles from Bolation.
Color of crystals white. Melting point above 100° C. ; and after fiision brown and partly decomposed, and hence the exact melting point not easily determinable. Soluble in ether; also 1 part in 268 of boiling absolute alcohol ; but not at all in alcohol of 80 p. c.
Oomp.— 6o H84 0|, Briickner|= Carbon 81*97, hydrogen 11-47, oxygen 6 56=100 ; very near 640 HtT Or4- Not at all acted upon by a hot solution of potash, or cold nitric acid.
OlMkr— From a layer {-2 ft. thick, in an earthy brown coal, iit Qsterwitz, neai Weissenfels. The material of the layer is of loam-like aspect, but gires a shining wax-like streak, has G.= 1*297, Wackenroder, and loses 22 p. c. of water at 1U0° C The dried mass is nearly half sand and other earthy materials. The leucopetrite is associated in the coaly layer, according to Bruckner, with other organic compounds, soluble in alcohol of 80 p. a, including two resins, two wax-like substances (p. 738), and an acid which Briickner calls GeortUnic acid (p. 748). By a distillation of the mass of the brown coal, 28 p. a of the whole passes over as a butter-like mass, which is related to the paraffins, but) according to Briickner, contains 2 p. c of oxygen. It afforded (f) Carbon 84*04, hydrogen 14*10, oxygen [1*86], and he writes the formula 644HU0O. It is soluble easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, and rery sparingly in alcohol of 80 p. a ; crystals in pearly hexagonal plates the aloohoUc solution ; at 0.
Named after tiie locality, weissenfels (=white rockX whik and rock,
807. fiUOSBSTTB. Erdharz, Esmpferharz, Euosmit, 0. TT. OwrM Jahrb. Mb. 1864, 10.
Amorphous, in masses of a brownish-yellow color, or like that of cherry gum, and looking Hke common pitch.
H.=1'5. G.=:l"2— 1*5. Brittle. In thinpieces transparent. Fracture eonchoidal. Strongly electric on friction. Has an odor between that of rosin and camphor. Dissolves easily in cold alcohol or ether, and hot oil of turpentine.
Oomp., etc.— Batio of 6, H, 0=84 : 29 : 2=40 : 68 : : 85 : 2H=Garbon 81*80, hydro
Em 11*78, oxygen 6*88=100. Afforded 0*84 of ash. The ratio is ahnost identical with that of ucopetrite. Melts at 77* G., and bums with a bright 13amo and very aromatic odor. Solutioni of the alkalies dissolve only a little of it, after long action.
OlMk — From debts in brown coal, at Baiershof near Thumsenreuth, in the Flchtelgebirge, and deriTed probably from a kind of Oonifer, and one resembling the GrtfMtfMwy/on waquaU Ooppert
744 HTDBOOABBON ooicFommB.
808. SOZaBRBTZNITEI. J. Wi MaUet, FhiL Mag IV. 4. 261, 1861.
Li small drops or tears, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nnt H.=3. G.=l-136. Translucent in thin splinters. Color black, bnl bj transmitted light reddish-brown ; streak cinnamon-brown. Lustre between vitreous and resinous, rather brilliant. Brittle ; fracture conchoidaL Insoluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies, and dilute acids.
Oomp— AnalyaeB bj J. W. MaUet (La):
m
H
Ash
AffordB the ratio for 6, H, 0=40 : 66 : 4=Carbon 77*06, hjdiogeii 8-99, oxygen 10*28, aah
Heated on platinum foil it awella up, burns Hke pitch, with a disagreeable empyreumatic UDeD, and a smoky flame, leaying a ooal rauier difficult to burn, and finally a Uttle gray ash. In a aM tube yields a yellowish-brown oily product of a nauseous empyreumatlc odor. Even strong nitric add acts slowly upon it
From the coal measures of Wigan, Bnglaud.
809. PTRORUTINXTII. Fart of Proretm of A. R Bnu$, Bar. Ak. Wien, ziL 661, 1864, J.
pr. Gh., bdiL 166; J. SioMk, lb. Fyroretinite
Besin-like. Deposited in powder from a hot alcoholic solution of pyroretin as it cools.
Oomp.— Ratio of €, H, 0=40 : 66 : 4=0arbon 80*00, hydrogen 9*33, oxygen Anasis : Stanek (L c) :
0 80-02 H 9-42 0 [10 66]=100.
Approaches, as Stanek states, the beta-resin of the resin of Pinue defies (Johnston) Htt ta, and also copaivic add (fr. oopaiba balsam) Bo Hso O4, and other related compounds, ahowiog that it is probably coniferous trees. -
Obs. — Reuse, the resin which afibrds the above, occurs in the brown ooal, between Salesl and Proboscht, near Aussig in Bohemia. It occurs in masses from the sice of a nut to that of a man's head, and also in plates an inch thicdc It is brittle; of brownish-black color; greasy-resinous lustre; wood-brown powder; H.=:2*6; G.= 1*06 —1*18; and resembiee modi brown coaL It bums with a reddish-yellow flame, and a strong odor like that of burning amber, and leaves a blade coal It melts easily, decomposing and giving off white fVunes, and leaves as asphalt-like mass. Reuss states evidence showing that it has probably been formed by the action of the heat of a basaltic dike on a bed of brown ooaL
810. Reussinitb. Part of Pyroretin of iL JSL Beusa. Resin-like. Color fine reddish-brown. Soluble in boiling alcohol and in ether, and not deposited from the alcoholic solution on its coding. Stanek (L c.) found for the composition of the resin thus obtained, C 81*09, H 9*47, 0 9*44=100; corresponding to 640 He 0s. ; and he regards the substance as a mixture of the above pynr HnUef 040 Ha6 04f with another resin (here designated reuannUe) of the formula 640 Ht< O9.
811. ROOHIiZSDBRXTB. Part o/8ubscanz Bituminose Bochkdor, Ber. Ak. Wien, vl 68, 1861 ; =:Melanchym ffauL, Lotos, L 85, 216, vi. 86, viiL, Heft 3; Ueb. 1860, 147, 1863, 134. Bochlederite Dana.
Besin-like. Color reddish-brown. Transparent or translucent. Melting point 100° C. Soluble in alcohol.
Oomp— Ratio of 6, H, 0=40 : 66 : 6. Analysis: Roofaleder (L a):
OXTGSNATSD HYDSOOABdBONB. 746
0 76-79 H 9*06 0 U*16=100.
BuniB with a yellow smoking flame, something like amber.
Obs— The part solablo in alcohol of a bituminous substanoe called melauohTme by Jlaidingei and found in masses as large as the head in the brown coal of Zweifelsreuth, noar Neukirchen 11 Eger, Bohemta. A similar substance, of somewhat lighter color, occurs at Gehnitx, near Strakoniti, in Bohemia.
The fest of the substance insoluble in alcohol is the species melanellite, p. 760.
812. Part of Anthraoozen of Reuaa (see p. 746). Schlanite
A dark or light brown powder, obtained through solution by ether from anthracoxene.
Odmp.— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 52 : 3i=:0arbon 81*63, hydrogen 8*86, ozjrgen 9-52= lOa AnaHjtiB i Laurens (L cl, pb 746) :
G 81-47 H 8*71 0 9-82=:100.
This resin ozydises slowly when wet and exposed to the air.
Obs— For looalitj and description of the material affordmg the sdilsnite, see pi 746.
813. aUTAQUIZiUTB. Johnston, FhiL l£ag., xul 829, 1838.
Amorphous. In large masses or layers.
Yields easily to the knife, and may be rubbed to powder. G.=1'092. Color pale yellow. Lustre not resinous, or imperfectly so. Slightly soluble in water, and largely in alcohol, forming a yellow solution, which is intensely bitter.
Oomp.. eto— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 52 : 6=Oarbon 76*666, hydrogen 8*174, oxygen 15*161 =100, Jotmston. Begins to melt at C, but does not flow easily till near 100* (X As it oools becomes viscid, and may be drawn into fine tenacious threads. Soluble in cold sulphuric add, forming a dark reddish-brown solution. A few drops of ammonia put into the alcoholic solution darken the color, and finally change it to a dark brownish-red.
It is said to form an extensire deposit near (uyaquil in South America. BTidenUj a mix tura
814. BSIDDXiZITOMITB. J. F. W. Johnston, FhiL Mag., IIL xii 261, 1838.
In rounded masses, seldom larger than a pea, or in layers a sixteenth of an inch or less in thickness, between layers of coal.
Brittle. G.=1'6. Lustre resinous. Color reddish-brown by reflected light, and deep red by transmitted ; powder light brown. Transparent in small fragments. Ko taste or smell. Blackens on exposure. Only a trace dissolved by boiling alcohol, ether, or oil of turpentme. Kot altered at 210° 0.
Oomp., eto— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 44 : 2, Johnston, =Garbon 86'83, hydrogen 7*92, oxygen 6*76=100. Johnston obtained Carbon 86*21, hydrogen 8*03, oxygen 5'76=100.
On a red cinder bums like resin. Softens and melts in boiling nitric acid, with the emission of red fUmes; a brown flocky precipitate falls on cooling. Soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid.
Oba. — Occurs between layers of coal the middle of the Main coal or Haigh Moor seam, at the Middleton collieries, near Leeds, in tim. layers and masses, rarely thidcer than -j in., and Uttie rounded masses seldom larger than a pea ; also at Newcastle.
816. STANBEITB. Part of Fyroretin oT A. R Beusa, Ber. Ak. Wien, zH 661, 1864, J. pr.
Gh., hdiL 166; J Stmuk, ib. StaneUte
Besin-like. Kot soluble in any fluid without decompoeition, and not at
746 Htdrooabbon Oomfounds.
all in a solution of potash. Separated from the pyroretin of EteusB bj boiling alcohol, which leaves it behind.
Oomp.— Batio of 6, H, 0=39 : 44 : 0, Stanelc,= Carbon 76*97, hydrogen oxygen U't 100. Perhaps 6, H, 6=40 : 44 : 6=:Carbon 7742, hydrogen 7-09, oxygen 16*48=iu0. Amt ysis : Stanek (L c ) :
0 76-71 H7-80 015-99=100.
When heated gives off the odor of suodnic add.
Obs. — For and characters of the pyroretin of Benss, affording the aboTe, see pw 744.
816. Part of Anihracoxen (fr. Brandeial) Beuas, T. Lauma, Ber. Ak. Wien, XXL 271, 1856, J. pr. Oh., Ixir, 428, 1856. Anthracoxenite Dana,
Obtained as a black powder from a resin, by sepai*atin the remainder by means of ether, the anthracoxenite being insoluble in euier.
Ooinp.— Batio of €, H, 0=40 : 38 : 7. Analysis : lanrenz (L a) :
0 75-274 H 61P7 O 18'089.
11 p. a of ash were separated. Not solnble in menstrua without decomposition.
Obsv — From a resin-like material, constituting layers iu. thick between layers of coal, in the cxl beds of Brandeisl, near Schlan in Bohemia; the mass is amorphous, and has H. 2*5; G.= 1*181 ; lustre externally weak adamantine; color brownish-black, hyadnth-red in thin splinters by transmitted light; streak dull, yellowish-brown; fivcture small-conchoidsl ; easily rubbed to a fine powder ; ftises easily ; bums with a yellow smoking flame, and an odor not disagreeable. This substance was named anthracoxene by Reuss. The name is here appropriated to the part insoluble in ether. The soluble part is named schlanite (p. 746).
817. TASMANTTB. Besiniferous Shale (fr. Tasmania), CataL Intemat Rxhib., 1862. Tsf-
manite A. K Ckiarck PhiL Mag., IV. xzriiL 465, 1864.
In disks or scales thickly disseminated through a laminated shale ; ave* rage diameter of scales aboat '03 in.
H.=2. G.=1'18. Lnstre resinous. Color reddish-brown. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Not dissolved at all by alcohol, ether, benzole, turpentine, or bisulphid of carbon, even when heated.
Oomp etc. — No action with muriatic add. Slowly bxydiased by nitria Readily carbonised by sulphuric add, with cTolutiou of sulphuretted hydrogen. Alkalies in soluUou without actioo. Bums readily with a smoky flame and offeusiTC odor; fuses partiaUy, yielding oUy and solid products, having a disagreeable smell Ratio of 6, H, O, S=40 : 62 : 2 : l=Garbon 79-21*, hydra 10*23, sulphur 5*28, oxygen 5*28=100, corresponding nearly to succinite, in which part of the oxygen is replaced by sulphur. Analysis: Church (L &X rejecting 8*14 p. a of ash:
0 79*84 H 10-41 S 6-32 0 4*98
Obs. — From the river Mersey, north side of Tasmania. The rock is called amiiusUbKa shale, A caking bituminous coal New Zealand, analyzed by 0. Tookey in the laboratory of ProC Perry (see anaL 18, p. 757 coutitined 2*87 p. c. of sulphur and no iron, the ash being pecu'arl white; and Percy remarks (Met., 101, 102) that the sulphur may hae been present in a state simUar to that in flbrine. The existence of a sulphur-bearing resin like the aboye from Tasmantt renders it probable that the New Zealand coal is impregnated with a similar insoluble resin ; p. a of sulphur would correspond to the presence of about 44 p c. of such a resin.
618. DT80DIXB. (fV. Melili, Sidly) Faulo Boogom Reoherdies et Obs. Kout., eta, Amsteid. 1674. Dysodfle Oyrdier, J. d. M., xxiiL 275, 1808. Merda di Diavolo SaL Stinkkohle HoniUe papyrao, Tourbe papyrac #h
Aoid Htbrooabbons. 747
In Tery thin leaves or folia, flexible, slightly elastic. G.=l'14--1'25. Color yellow or greenish-gray. Streak shining.
Comp., etc. — Yerj ioflammable, burning with a bright flame and an odor like that of aaafoBtidii leaying an ash in the form of lamizicB, consisting largely, as shown by Ehrenberg, of the ailiceoiia shells of inftisoria, especially of JSTaviculfla. Deleese found (Thse anaL Chim 1, 1843) a varied from Olimbach, near Giessen, to afford water and volatile matters 49*1, carbon 6*5, ash 46*4 ; of the last, 17*4 were soluble silica, 11*0 sesquiozyd of iron, and 10*0 day. Yeiy probably neaf tasman'kte, as Church suggests.
Obs. — Originally from Melili, Sicily, forming a coaly deposit, made up of very thin paper-like leaves, which had evidently been derived from the joint decomposition and alteration of vegetable and animal matter. Reported also from the lignite deposits of Westerwald near Rolt ; of Sieg berg to the north of Sept Montagues; of Saint Armand in Auvergue; Glimbach near Giessen; but the real nature of none of these substanoes has been investigated.
k
819. HIROZTB. Hiroine FiddmifUm, Arch. Pharm., Izzlv. 818, Eenng. Ueb., 1863, 1S4.
Amorphous.
G.=1'10. Color exteriorly brown, within yellowish-brown. Subtrans- Incent to opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Softens in boiling water, and tlien has the oaor of a resin. In cold alcohol a little soluble ; in boiling about one-half, and the solution, which is gold-yellow, affords white flocks on cooling.
Pyr., etc. — In the flame of a candle fuses and bums with a yellowish flame, like a bituminous coal, and leaves a tough coaly globule of a peculiarly strong animal odor (whence the name, fron , a godi). After complete combustion, leaves an ash. In sulphuric acid soluble, and colot of solution blood-red.
820. BAUUcamiTE. Part of Baikerit, Dickflussiges Han, Hermann (see p. 783). A thick tarlike fluid at 0., and a crystalline granular deposit in a viscid honey-like mass at 10° 0. Color brown. Translucent Odorbalsamia Taste like that of wood-tar. Easily and perfectly soluble in alcohol and ether. The alcoholic solution becomes milky when diluted with water.
Constitutes 32*61 p. c. of the baikerite. No analysis yet made.
820A. Dopplbhiti of J. C, Dek B. H. Ztg., xviL 883. (Kot Dopplerite according to Kenng Ueb. 1858, 141.) (Grayish, earthy, plastic in the fingers when fresh; becoming dik reddishbrown to black on drying.
Yields after drying, combustible substance 83'26, water 12*6, ash 4*26. Bums with a bright flame and intense heat and difi'era from dopplerite in this respect and also in containing moob less water.
From a neat bed at Finkenbach in the Canton of St Qall, Switierland.
m. ACID HTDROOARBONS,
821. BUTTRBLXiITB. Bog Butter Luck, Ann. Ch. Pharm., liv. 125, 1845. Butyrit darker, Byn., 9, 1847. Butyro-limnodic Add Braner, Chem. Oas., 1852, 875. Butyrellite Dana.
Orprstallizable in needles. Batter-like in consistence. Oolor wliite. Melting point of impure native material 47°, Brazier ; bat of material £r Bolation in alcohol 61°, Lack; 62°— 52*79 Brazier. Easily soluble in alcohol or ether.
Oomp — G I Hc4 04, BniiersOarboQ 75*0, hydrogwi 12*6, oxygen 12'0slOO, and like paUdlk
748 Hydbocabbon Compounds.
acid in ratio. gives the less probable formnla -691 Hte "Oi. The following are Locki analyses (1. c.) : Nos. 1, 2, were the nnciystallized butyrite; 3, that obtained by combination with potash (with which it forms a kind of soap) and a separation afterward bj add :
H
2. "
3. From potash BdntioD
12*66
13*72=100. 13-74=100. 12*39=100.
Obi. — From the peat-bogs of Ireland.
The name butyrlte being used in chemistry for another substance, it is here dianged to the above.
822. QBOOfTRTITiTilTa. Qeocerins&ure BrUckMr, J. pr. Oh., IviL 10, 1862. Qeooerio Add.
Qeooerellite Dana,
Color white. Brittle, and easily pulverized, No crystallization observed. Soluble freely in hot alcohol, and deposited from the solution as a jelly od cooling, with nothing crystalline under the microscope. Melting point 82 G.
Oomp.— 6ia Htt Oil Briidmer ; =Oarbon 79-24 hydrogen 13*21, oxygen 7*66=100. Attalysii : a):
Carbon 78*61 Hydrogen 12*70 Oxygen 18*69=100.
The add was separated by combination with lead by action with a hot solution of aoetals cf lead. Obs. — Separated from the dark brown brown ooal of Gesterwits. See Gsooram, p. 738.
823. BROOKN.TIHflTiTiTTH. Goretins&ure Bruckner J. pr. Oh.. IviL 5, 1852. 'Goretlak
Acid. BrtidknereUite ZMKL
Crystallizable in white needles from an alcoholic solution. DisBolvtt easily in boiling alcohol ; and, if the solution is a concentrated one, crystallizes out more or less completely on cooling.
Oomp.— 6s4 H44 0t, Briickner,= Carbon 62-61, hydrogen 9*56, oxygen 27-83=100. The lesd mlt afforded Carbon 43-36, hydrogen 6*59, oxyd of lead 34*58, oxygen [15*471=100.
Obs — Separated from the yellowish-brown brown coal of QesterwitiL See Leuoopstbui pi
824i SnOClNB LZiITB. [Snodnnm] vertitur [by distillation] partim in deum sui ooksis, partim deniqne in eancUdum qmddam et tent quod similitadinem quandam gerit spedeniqv saHs, Agric.<f Nat Foes., 238, 1546. Floe Sucdni LSbom Alchem. Tract., 399, 1597. SocoiDic Add. SucdnelUte Dcma*
1-7425, Eamm. 1 : 1, bafi.,=100° 30', macr., 135% brach., 96° 22'.
H.=l. G.=1'55. Lustre vitreons. Oolorless or white. An aromatic .odor. Soluble in water.
Comp. — 64 Hf 04= Carbon 40-7, hydrogen 5'1, oxygen 54*2=100. Bvaporatoe at low teoh peratare, and on cooling condenses in crystals.
Obs.— Exists in constituting to 6 p. c. of the mass, and easily obtained from it bj distillation. Its presence ready formed in this resin is shown by the fhctthat it may be separated either by water, ether, or alkalies, the amber being left after the treatment without its sucdnio i
B26. RSTINZIXXITB. Part of Bright Yellow Loam (fir. Bovey) so saturated with petroleoa that it bums like sealing-wax, JI JfiflM, PhiL Trans., IL 586, 1760; Bitumen from Bovey, Betin asphaltum, BakhOi, ib., 1804, 402 ; Betinite. Besin of Betin Asphalt, Betinic Aiid, /. F. W iftfion, PhiL ICag., m. siL 500 1888. BetineUite wDflMk
Aoid Htdbooabbonb. 749
liesin-like. Light brown. Begins to melt at 121 C, is perfetstly fluid at 160, and 'gires off a resin-like odor at 100 C. Soluble in alcohol, still more freely in ether.
Oompy— O. ratio for 6, H, 0=21 : 2& : 3. Analysis: Johnston (L a):
G 76-86 H 8-76 0 14*39=100.
Johnston describes salto of retinic acid with rilver, lead, and lime.
Obs. — The retinasphalt of Hatohett, from the Tertiarj coal of Bovey in Bevonshiie, iron which alcohol separates the above species, occurs in roundish masses, havinff H.=±l— 2*5 ; G.= 1*136, Hatohett; lustre slightly resinous in the fracture, often earthy externally; color light yei lowiah-brown, aometimes green, yellow, reddish, or striped ; and is subtransparent to opaque ; often flexible and elastic when first dug up, though brittle on drying. Johnston, after drying the retinasphalt at 300' C, obtained (L c) 63*92 p. c. of resin soluble in alcohol, 27*45 of insoluble organic matter, and 13*23 of ash=100. The msoluble portion has not been investigated.
Hatohett found (l c.) vegetable resin 65, bitumen 41 (the insoluble part, which he regarded as asphalt, and alludes to in the name retinasphalt), and earthy matter 8=99.
A reunite from HaUe afforded Bucholz (Schweig. J., i. 290, 1811) 91 parts soluble in absolute alcohol, and 9 parts insoluble. The former gives a yellowish-brown deposit on dilutiouv and is more soluble in boiling dilute alcohol than in cold; and it is insoluble in pure ether and turpentine. The laUer is a&o insoluble in ether. Both are soluble in alkalies, which would seem to indicate that they are add in their relations.
The resin fuses with more difficulty than most resins, blackens in the heat, and gives oat a strong aromatic odor. By distillation yields a brown thick oil, some water containing a littto acetic acid, besides carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen.
826. Dopplerit EaicL, Ber. Ak. Wien, IL 287, 1849, lii 281.
Amorphous. In elastic or partly jelly-like masses. When fresh, brownish-black, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous lustre; and when in thin plates reddish-brown by transmitted light. .
H.=0-5. G.=l-089, FoBtterle. After drying, H.=2-2-5, Q.=l-466, and lustre somewhat adamantine. Becomes elastic on drying from exposure to the air. Tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol or ether.
Oomp., etc.— Ratio for 6, H, 0, nearly 10 : 12 : 6, analyses 2, 8. An acid sobstence, or mixture of different adds, related to humic add. Analyses : 1, Schrotter (Ber. Ak. Wien, ii. 287, 1849); 2, 8, F. Miihlberg (Jahrb. O. Reichs., xv. 283, 1866):
H
0 N
1. Aussee 61*09
3. Obburg (i) 66*68
6*29 6*68
42-69 1-03=100 SchrCtter. 88-86 =100Miihlbeig. 37-79 -100 Miihlberg.
From Na 1 , 6*86 Of ash are exduded ; No. 2, 6*1 8 ; 8, 6 to 14*2 p. c. All were dried. Schrotter found the loss of water 78*6 p. a ; and Miihlberg, at 110° G, for No. 2, 20-04 p. c. fof an air-dried specimen; for 8, 81*8 p. a for a jelly-like spedmen, and 19*7 for an air-dried. In caustic potesh soluble, with a residue of earthy matters.
Obfl.— Found in peat-beds, near Aussee in Styria and in Grontin in Appenzell, and Obbiirg, near Stansstad in Unterwalden, Switzerland.
Named alter Bergrath Doppler, who was the first to bring the substenoe to notice.
G. W. Qiimbel has referred here (Jahrb. Min. 1858, 278) a substance from a peat-bed near Berohtesgaden. It is soft, plastic, elastic, black, of waxy lustre, tasteless ; on drying in the air it resembles compact coal, is brittle and velvet-black, and has H.=2-6, Q.= 1*489, lustre vitreous, with powder browuish-bladE. The air-dried material loses, at 80 G., 12 p. a of water. Unlike dopplerite, it burns with a bright yellow flame, is partially soluble in alooh and the alcoholic volution affords a resin (Kenng. Ueb., 1858, 142).
A pitch-black coal-like substance from the peat-beds at Kolbenmoor, near Berditesgaden, the tame that are described by Gumbel, related to dopplerite in composition, and in not owning with a flame when inserted in fragments in the flame of a candle, has been analysBed by G. OObort Wbeekir (priv. contrib dated Nurembeig, Jan. 28, 1866). It afforded him :
750 Htdb00Ab80N Oohpotjhds.
It aara to be the same substaaoe that 1b here partially described by GiiniheL Mr. Wheeler obsenres that it ia found imbedded in, and entirely siUToanded by, tiie peal; an. tpecimena show well the transition from peat to the coal-like aubatanoe.
827. M . IiANELIJTB. Part of Melanchym of ffaieL (see p. 744). ICelanellite Dtma
Black and gelatinous, as obtained by Bochleder. Separated from rochlederite, or the resinous ingredient of melanchyme, by dissolving the latter out by means of alcohol.
Oomp., etc. — The jelly-like maaa gaye on analyaia, Oarbon 67*14, hydrogen 4*79, oxygen 28-07=100, corresponding to the ratio 48 :40 : 16=Carbon 67*3, hydrogen 4*7, oxygen 28-0= 10i. The ratio 48 : 40 : 16=12 : 10 : 4 affords the percentage G 66 1, H 4*6, O 29*3=10a Tin substance is regarded by Bochleder aa an add related to ulmic add. But as it was not combined with a base before analysis, there is no proof of its purity.
On the locality and material affording this add, see BooHLBDnun, p. 744.
Iv. Salts Of Organic Acids.
828. MBLLITB. Honigstein (fir. Thuringia) TTem., Bergm. J., 1789, 1 380, 396. Honlgstein KarsLf Mua. Lesk., ii. P. 1, 886, 1789. Suodn transparent eu crwtauz octaMrea, Pierre de miel, V. Bam, Cat de Baab, iL 90, 1790. Mellites Gmelin, Linn. Syst, ill 282, 1793. MeUOite Kirwan, Min., U. 68, 1796. Mellite A, ill. 1801. Honigstein, Melilithus,=Honig8tein8aar6 (Addum meliiithicum)-hAlaunerde+Was8er, Klapr. Ak. Berlin, 1799, Beitr., iiL 114, 1801.
Tetragonal. 0 A 1=33° 29' ; a=0-745445, Kokscharof. Occurs in octahedrons, with often the planes i-i truncating the basal angles, and Boiiietimes the terminal angle and basal edges truncated, the occurring planes being 0, /, i-i, 1. 1 A 1, pyr.,=118'' 16', ba8al,=93° li' ; 1 A i-i- 121° 52'. Cleavage : octahedral, very indistinct. Also in massive nodules, granular in structure.
H.=2— 2-5. Q.=l-55— 1-65 ; 1-636— 1"642, Kenngott. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color honey-yellow, often reddish or brownish; rarely white. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile.
Comp.— %1 Sl'+ 18 tt=Mellitic add 40-63, alumina 14 82, water 45*16. Analyses : 1, Saproth (Beitr., ui 1 14) ; 2, Wohler (Pogg., viL 825) ; 8, J. v. Ienkof (Koksch., til 217) :
MeUitic add
Alumina
Water
88=100 K-
44-1 100 W.
Pyr., etc.— Whitens in the flame of a Candle, but does not take fire. DisaolTea in nitric add; decomposed bj boiling water. In a matrass yields water.
Obs.— Occurs in brown coal at Arten in Thuringia; at Luschits near BUin in Bohemia; neaf Walohow in Moravia; in the Govt of Tula, Russia in Europe ; Nertsdiindc, beyond Lake Baikal
629. PiaoTTTB Johnston (Phil. Mag., III. xyii 382). A salt of alumina and an organic add calico nudoBCous acid by Johnston. Composition 4 3itl+6Hio04 (the add) +27 & Formed on granite m Cornwall, from the action of wot vegetation. Reported also Arom Wioklow (Gh. Gas., 1862, 378).
829A. Oboanio Salts or Iboit. Native compounds of iron and organic adds have been indicated by Beraelius and other chemists as common in marshes. But none of them haa yet been properij iuvoatigated, the kinds of acids, aa well as the proportions of acid to baseii being undetermined.
Appendix To Hydrocarbons.
B30. ASPHAZiTUXC AristoL, StrdbOy Diaae etc Bitumen P2,zzzy. 61. AaH. Ifincral Pitch. Asphalt Bergpoch, Brdpoch, Otrm. Asphalte, Bitume, /V-. [For Bjm. ol Pittasphalt or Mineral Tar (Bergtbeer Cfemk), see p. 728.]
Asphaltum, or mineral pitch, is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, part of which are oxygenated. Its ordinary characters are as follows :
Amorphous. 6.= 1—1 '8; sometimes higher fi'om impurities. Lustre like that of black pitch. Color brownish-black and black. Odor bituminous. Melts ordinarily at to 100® C, and bums with a bright flAne. Soluble mostly or wholly in oil of turpentine, and partly or wholly in ether ; commonly partly in alcohol.
The more solid kinds graduate into the pittasphalts or mineral tar (p. 728), and through these there is a gradation to petroleum. The fluid kinas change into the solid by the loss of a vaporizable portion on exposure, and also by a process of oxydation, which consists first in a loss or hydrogen, and finally in the oxygenation of a portion of the mass.
Oomp.— The action of heat| alcohol, ether, naphtha, and dl of tarpentine, aa well as direct analjaes, show that the so-called asphaltum from different localities is very yarious in composition. Yet the true composition is not known of any one of them. It has been shown onlj thai the following are the dasses of ingredients present:
A. Oils yaporizable at about 100'' C, or below ; sparingly present, if at aU.
B. Heavy oils, prohMj of the Plttolium or Potrolene groups (pp. 728, 729); yaporizable between 100° and 250° G.; constituting sometimes 85 p. c. of the mass.
0. Besins soluble in alcohol.
D. Solid asphaU4ike substance or substances soluble in tOwr ami wA if alcohol; black, pitch-lika BStrous in fracture; 16 to 86 p. a
E. Bojck or brownishrillack stJMance or substances not sdhMe eUher in akohtA or ether; similar to D in color and appearance, Kersten; brown and ulmin-like, Yolckel; 1 to 75 p. o..
F. Nitrogenous substances ; often as much as corresponds to 1 or 2 p. c of nitrogen. Boussingault attempted an inyestigation of the composition in 1837 (Ann. Ch. ., Izziy.
141X and arrived at the conclusion that there were two principles present; one petromA, an ofl, the other asphaHihiiey a solid, and concluded that all asphalts were mixtures of these two in different proportions. But his petrolsney as already obseryed, is beyond question a mixture of oUs; and his aaphaUene needs much more inyestigation. His special examinations on this point were made ouly on the asphalt of Becholbronn. Ho found in it (1) no light oil (or A), as noihiog was given off at 0. ; (2) 85*4 p. c. of heavier oil, or vaporized between 100° and 236" G. (B); and (3) 14*6 p. a of a black, lustrous, asphalt-like solid, his aaphaUenej soluble in ether, oil of turpentine, and fatty oils, but not in alcohol (D). Asphaltene was the solid substance after subjecting the asphaltum to a temperature of 250° 0. in a hot oil-bath.
(Boussingault has been quoted by Berzelius, Kersten, Rammelsberg, and others, as making the asphaltene not soluble in ether, but he expressly mentions its solubility. He also states earlier that the mass of the asphalt was whoUy soluble in ether; and, also, that he used ether to separate it fVom the impurities present, after which kind of purification it burnt without residue.)
Bousslngault's analysis of asphaltene afforded :
Carbon 76-0 Hydrogen 0-9 Oxygen 14*8=99*7 ;
liymg the ratio for 6, H, 0=40 : 64 : S. He closes the paper with his analysis of an asphalt ;the mass) from Oaxitambo, as follows :
0 76*0 H9-5 016-5=100;
aad remarks on the near approach of this asphalt in composition to (upAoftevML But in 1840 (L a, Ixxiii. 444) he gives two new analyses of the Caxitambo asphalt, in which he obtained only r65 of oxygen and nitrogen (see anaL 7, below); and adds that "his earlier analysis was inada
Htdbogarbon Oompoubdb.
by the method ordinarOy followed at that time, hy which method he was never tSth jo ehtaiL more than 76 p. a of carhoa" The remark virtually conoedes the inaocuracy of the analysis alic of asphaltene, or at least gives sufficient occasion for a very large doubt. No special mentioii ia made in this second paper of the asphalt of Bechelbronn, but analyses are given of peMme from the locality.
Nendtvich, in an investigation of an asphalt Peklenicza, Austria, found to conslfiA almost solely of aapJiaUene that is, it was soluble in ether and not in alcohol; and in 1843 (Jahrbi G. Reiohs., viL 74:0 obtained for it nearly the oomposition of asphaltene (or C 72*45, H 11'07 0 16*48); but in 1847 (Haid. Ber., lit 271) he rejects his earlier results, and states that the Biineral contained no oxygen and was essentially identical in oomposition with petrolene, as staled CQ p. 780.
Other analysts have not afforded more satisfactory results. Part have been contented with analyses of the undivided mass ; while others have ascertained the portions soluble in difTereni menstrua, without ascertaining the coustitueots of the substances obtained.
The foUowiug table contains the proportions of the ingredients A, B, G, D, E, above, m a few asphalts. The letters £ and A, in connection with the statement of the solubility, stand for §lher and akohoL I, Boussingault (I a); 2, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., . 271) ; 8, 4, Yolckel (Ann. Oh. Pharm., IxxxviL 189); 6, Klaproth (Beitr., ill 315); 6, Meyrac ( J. d. Phya., zoiz. 118); 7, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., Izziil 232); 8, Nendtvich (Haid. Ber., L a):
A. Light B. Heavier 0. B. Sol in K K InsoL oils. oils. Besin. InsolinA. InEikA.
L Bechelbronn
2. Brazca, Dalmatia
8. Dax
i, Travers, near Neufohatel
ft. Albania
6. Bastennea
7. Tschetschna, Oaucasus
8. Peklenicza
0 85*4
14*6 0 =100Bou8iingaiiIt
20-0 74-0= 100 Kersten.
dU 0 Klaproth.
trace
aU
a Ihird Keyraa 0 =100 Hermann. 0 KendtvidL
Klaproth found the asphalt of Avlona, Albania, to give nothing to aloohol, and to disfohf completely in ether, like that of Peklenicza.
It is probable that the material insoluble in both alcohol and ether (colnmn E, above) Is not always of the same kind. That the Brazza asphalt (anal 2) was black and lustnyoi, asphalt-like; while that of Dax (anal 8) was brown, and ulmin-Uke.
Ultimate analyses of different asphalts have afforded the following results: 1-3, Ebehnen (Ann. d. M., xv. 528); 4, 5, Regnault (Ann. d. M., III. xiL 161); 6, WetheriU (Trana. Am. PhiL 8oa Philad., 1862, 358) ; 7, Boussingault (I a, Ixxziil 444) :
H
N Ash
1. Bastennes
2. Pont du Ohateau
8. Auvergne
4. AbruzBi, Italy
5. Ouba
6. "
7. Oaxitambo
(1) 88-66
[2-60 [10-84'
[8-35' [-28-98
[8-97] [6-2.V] 1-91
[1-66]
8*45=100 Ehelmen. 1-80=100 Ebelmen. 5*13=100 Ebehnen. — =100 Regnault. — =10() Begnault. 0-40=100 WetherilL -=100 Boussingault
The most of these analyses need revision.
Obs. — Asphaltum belongs to rocks of no particular age. The most abundant depooita are superficial But these are generally, if not always, connected with rock deposits containing some kind of bituminous material or vegetable remains (see p. 725).
Some of the noted localities of osphaltum are the region of the Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites, whence the most of the asphaltum of ancient writers ; a lake on Trinidad, m. iu circuit, wLi ;h is hot at the centre, but is solid and cold toward the shores, and has its borders over 9 brridth of f m. covered with the hardened pitcdi with trees flourishing over it; and about Pbin* La Braye, the masses of pitch look like black rocks among the foliage ; at various places ia S America, similar lakes, as at Oaxitambo (not Ooxitambo), Peru, which Is used at Payta, on thi const (under the equator), for pitching boats, etc. ; at Berengela, Peru, not finr from Arica where it ia put to the same use ; in Oalifomia, near the coast of St Barbara, an area of soon ores; in a large bed, near Avlona in Albania (Q.= 1-205). Also in smaller quantities, aometiinei disseminated through shale and sandstone rocks, and occasionally limestones, or collected is oaviries or seams in these rocks near Matlock Derbyshire, in stalactitio maases ; Poldice nin*
Mineral Coal. 758
m Cornwall; Haughmond HOI in Shropshire; at Bastennes and Daz, Dept of Latidea, oonstituting A p. c. of a sandj deposit; Val de Travers, Nenchatel, impregnating a bed in the Cretaceous formation, and aernng as a cement to the rodc which ia used for buildings; impregnating dolomite on the ialand of Brasm in Dalmatia; in the Caucasus; in gneiss and mica schibt in Sweden.
The following substances are doaely related to asphaltum, and, like it, are mixtures of uudeter> nined oarbohydrogens.
880A. Graauitb Wurti (Coal or Asphalt LealeyTroo. Am. Phil. Soa PhOad., ix. 183, 1863; Orahamite Wurtz, Bep. Min. Format in W. Yirgmia, 1865, Am. J. ScL, IL zlii. 420, 1866.) Eesembles the preceding in its pitch-black, lustrous appearance; H.=2: G. =1*146. Soluble mostly in oil of turpentine ; partly in ether, naphtha, or benzole ; not at all in alcohol ; wholly in chloroform and sulphid of carbon. No action with alkalies or hot nitric or muriatic acid. Melts only imperfectly, aud with a decomposition of the surface ; but in this state the interior may be drawn into long threads.
Occurs in W. Virginia, about 20 m. in an air line Si of Parkersburg, filling a fissure (shrinkage fissure) in a sandstone of the Carboniferous formation ; and supposed to be, like the albertite, an inspissated and oxygenated petroleum. There is yet no reliable analysis of it, not eren an ultimate analysis. The material is partly columnar from a fincturing as a result of contraction in the material, the structure being vertical to the sides of the yein.
830B Albebtitb Bobb. (Melan- Asphalt WetheriH Trans. Am. PhiL Soc Philad., 1852, 363.> Differs firom ordinary asphaltum in being only partially soluble in oil of turpentine, and in its very imperfect lusion when heated. It has H.=l— 2; G.= 1*097; lustre brilliant, pitch-like; color jet-black. Softens a little in boiling water; in the flame of a candle shows incipient (Vision. According to imperfect determinations, only a trace scduble in alcohol ; 4 p. c. in ether ; 30 in oil of turpentine.
Wetherill obtained in an ultimate analysis (L c.) Carbon 86*04, hydrogen 8-9f<, oxygen r97, nitrogen 2*98, S <r., ash By destructive distillation, oils of the Naphtha, Betanaphtha. and Ethylene series have been obtained by Warren.
Ocoura filling an irregular fissure in rocks of the Subcarboniferous age (or Lower Carboniferous) in Nova Scotia, and is regarded as an inspissated and oxygenated petroleum. For an article on its mode of occurrence, see Hitchcock, Am. J. Sci., IL xxxix. 267.
880a Puuzrra (Betinit von Piauze, Piauzit. BdicL, Pogg., IxiL 276, 1844). An asphalt-like sabstance, remarkable for its high melting-point, 315" C. It occure slaty massive ; color brownish* or greenish-black; thin splinter colopnonite-brown by transmitted light; streak light brown, amber-brown ; U. 1 -5 ; G. 1 '220 ; 1*186, Kenngott
After melting, it bums with an aromatic odor and much smoke, leaving 6*96 per cent of ash. Soluble in ether and caustic potash, also largely in absolute alcohol Heated in a glass tube a yellowish oily fluid is distilled, having an add reaction.
It comes from a bed of brown coal at Piauze, near Neustadt in Camiola : on Ml Chum, neai- Tiiffer in Styria, where thousands of pounds have been obtained. It mucn resembles a black lamellar coal (Ejsnngott, Jahrb. G. Beichs., 91, 1856).
830D. Bebenoblitb Johnston, PhiL Mag., III. xiiL 329, 1888. Asphaltum -like. Color dark brown, with a tinge of green. Powder yeflow. Lustre of surface of fracture resinous.
Analysis: Johnston (I. a) : C 72*47, H 9*20, 0 18*33=100, corresponding to the ratio for 6, H, O, 40 : 62 : 8. Forms a solution with cold alcohol, which is bitter to the taste. On evaporation the resin obtained has a dear red color, and remains soft and vised at the ordinary temperature. 27early insoluble in caustic potash. Odor resinous, disagreeable ; but after vision for some time at C, this odor is succeeded by an agreeable one ; on cooling it regains the original odor. It is said to form a lake like that of Trinidad, in the province of St Juan de Berengela, about 100 m. from Airica, Peru, aud is used at Arica for paying boats and vessels.
831* BfllNZlRAL OOAZ. 'AW?parcrA i'Soa rwr roioCrtav yiit vXiov [=Coal-like Sub-
stances which have in them more of earth than of smoke or fire] AriatoLj MtrcmwXoY., iv. 9. *Ey (river Pontus in Thrace) rtat MBovt Kahrrat [=Certain stones which bum] AristoL, Vlcfi
Gavfu Atrtoff/i., C 115. 08c aAojkiir tidif it9pamt r&v Bprnrrofiiittaw (7 ffiifwo) id r/v
9iot eta [=Thoe (of minerals) dug for use, whidi are called simply coals, are earthy, but wQl kindle and bum like diarcoal] {ft. ligoriaX Theophr., xvL (in Schneider's edit.), 315
B.O. 'Efioi ii TUP OpavartUp dwBpaKnUvrat rH Koiou Koi iiaiynvot wXstu jp6¥ov [=Soine brittie StonoS
beSome bj burning like glowing coals, and remain so a long time] (fr. Bena in Threda, and the
754 Htdbooabbon Oomfoi7Hd0.
pronumtory of Enneas) Theophr ziL OpoKins >($as ArisM. PayyiriK Xi09{ Strabo Vtyir QpaKias XfOof, Diogc T. 146, U6. Thradns lapis, Gemma Sammothracia, Piin zznil 10. 67. Gagates Pita, xzxTi 34 Steinkohle Oerm, Hoaille, Charbon fosafle, Pr.
Mineral coal is made up of different kinds of hydrocarbons, with perhaps in some cases free carbon ; but the species have not yet been investigated.
The distinguishing characters of mineral coal are as follows :
Compact massive, without crystalline structure or cleavage ; sometimes breaking with a degree of regularity, but from a jointed rather than a cleavage structure. Sometimes laminated ; often faintly and delicately banded, successive layers differing slightly in lustre.
H.=0-5— 2-5. G.=l— 1*80. Lustre dull to brilliant, and either earthy, resinous, or submetallic. Color black, grayish-black, brownish-black, and occasionally iridescent ; also sometimes dark brown. Opaque. Fracture eonchoidal — uneven. Brittle ; rarely somewhat sectile. W ithout taste, except from impurities present. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and benzole, exceptmg at the most 2 or 3 p. c. (rarely 10 ?) ; usually less than 1 p. c. Insoluble in a solution of potash. Infusible to subfusible ; but often becoming a soft, pliant, or paste-like mass when heated. On distillation most kinds afford more or less of oily and tarry substances, which arc mixtures of hydrocarbons and paraffin.
Var. — The variations depend partly (1) on the amount of the volatile ingredients afforded oi destructive diatiUation : or (2) on the nature of tliese volatile compounds, for ingredients of aimilii oomposition may differ widely in volatility, eta ; (S) on structure, lustre, and other phyacal characters.
1. Anthbaottb (Anthnicit Karst Tah., 68, 96, 1808. Glanzkohle Oemu), H.=2— 2*6. G.= 1*82—1-7, Pennsylvania; 1*81, Rhode Island; 1*26—1*86, South Wales. Lustre bright, ofteo Buhmetallic, iron-black, and frequently iridescent. Fracture conchoidaL Volatile matter after drying 3 to 6 p. c. Bums with a feeble flame of a pale color.
The anthracites of Pennsylvania contain ordinarily 86 to 93 per cent, of carbon ; those of South Wales, 88 to 95 ; of France, 80 to 83 ; of Saxony, 81 ; of southern Russia, sometimei M per cent
Anthracite graduates into bituminous coal, becoming less hard and containing more volalili matter; and an intermediate variety is called /r00-&urmn anthracite.
2. Native Coke. More compact than artificial coke, and some varieties afford considerable biftiF men. From the Edgehill mines, near Richmond, Ya., according to Tenth, who attributed its ori* gin to the action of a trap eruption on bituminous ooaL
BiTUiaNODS COAi (Scwarzkohle Hausm Handb., 73, 1818. Steinkohle pi. .y TJode! the head of Bituminous CSools, a number of kinds are included which differ strikingly in the action of heat, and which therefore are of unlike constitution. They have the common characteristic of burning in the fire with a yellow, smoky flame, and giving out on distillation hydrocarbon oils or tar, and hence the name bituminous. The ordinary bituminous coals contain from 5 to 15 p. c. (rarely 16 or 17) of oxygen (ash excluded); while the so-called brown coal or Ugnile contains from 20 to 36 p. c., after the expulsion, at 100" C, of 15 to 36 p. c. of water. The amount of hydrogen in eadi is from 4 to 7 p. a Both have usually a bright, pitchy, greasy lustre (whence often called Pechkohle in German), a firm compact texture, are . rather fragile compared with anthracite, and have G-.=1'14 — 1*40. The brmon coals have often a brownish-black color, whence the name, and more oxygen, but iu these respects and othera they ede into ordinaij bituminous coals.
The ordinary bituminous coal of Pennsylvania has G. 1*26— 1 -37 ; of Newcastle, EngUbid. I '27 ; of Scotland, 1-/7— 1'32; of France, 1-2— 1'3.S; of Belgium, 1 -27— 1 3. The most prominent kind& are the following:
3. Gakino Goau a bituminous coal which softens and becomes pasty or semi-visoid in the fire. This softening takes place at the temperature of incipient decomposition, and is attended with ih escape of bubbles of gas. On increasing the heat, the volatile products which result the ultimate deoompositiou of the softened mass are driven ofE and a coherent, grayish*black, cellular, or fritted mass {coke) is lett Amount of coke left (or part not volatile) varies from 60 to 85 p c A caking coal will lose its caking quality if kept heated for 2 or 8 Lours at 300" 0., and aometiiiiM on mere exposure for a time to the air.
MnnCKAL GOAL. 755
4. Nov-Oaxhto Ooau Like the preceding in all external oharaotere, and often in ultlmAtft oompoeilion ; but burning freely without sollening or any appearance of incipient AisioD. Percentage of volatile matter same as for caking coal, but the o( is not a proper coke, being in powder, or of form of the original coaL
There are all gradations between caking and non-caking bituminous coals. In external characters the two kinds are alike. They often break into layers : and there is besides a horizontal banding arising from a snooession of very thin non-'etparable layers, slightly differing in lustre or shade of color. Cherry coal or aoft coal (of England) is a non-caking coal igniting well and burning rapidly, while apltiU or hard coal ignites less readily, bums less rapidly, owing to the smaller amount of volatile matter. Coals which do not cake on burning are (a4led freemmg coals while the caking are called binding coals.
5. OAmraL Goal (Parrot Oxd). A variety of bituminous coal, and often caking; but differing the preceding in texture, and to some extent in composition, as shown by its products oi distillation. It is compact, with little or no lustre, and without any appearance of a banded structure ; and it breaks with a oonchoidal fhicture and smooth surfaces ; color dull black or grayish-black. On distillation it affords, after drying, 40 to 66 of volatile matter, and the material volatilized indudes a large proportion of burning and lubricating oils, much larger than the above kinds of bitumhious coal ; whence it is extensively used for the manufacture of such oils It graduates into oil-producing ooaly shales, the more compact of which is much resembles. The origmal Parrot coal is a cannel near Edinburgh, which bums with a crackling noise, whence the name (Peroy); and Horn coalf a kind South Wales, which emits when burning something of the odor of burning horn.
6. ToBBANiTB. A variety of cannel coal of a dark brown color, yellowish streak, without lustre, having a suboonchoidal fracture ; H.=2-25 ; 6.= 117— 1 *2. Yields over 60 p. c. of volatile matter, and is used for the production of burning and lubricating oils, paraffin, illuminating gas. Named from the locaUty at Torbane Hill, near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Also called Boghead Cannel (see p. 742).
7. Bbown (Braunkohle (Term., Pechkohle pt Oemu Idgnite). The prominent characteristics of brown ooal have already been mentioned. They are non-caking, but afford a large proportion of volatile matter. They are sometimes pitch-black (whence Pechkohle pt. Germ.), but often rather dull and brownish-bUck. Q.=1'15— 1*3 ; sometimes higher from impurities. It is oocasionaUy somewhat lamellar in stracture.
Brown coal is often called lignite. But this term is sometimes restricted to masses of ooal which BtiU retain the form of tibe original wood. Jet is a black variety of brown ooal, compact in texture, and taking a good polish, whenoe its use in Jewelry.
8. Eabtbt Bbown Ooal {Erdige BraiwikohU) is a brown friable material, sometimes forming layers in beds of brown coal* But it is in general not a trae coal, a considerable part of it being soluble in ether and benzole, and often even in alcohol ; besides affording largely of oils and paraifln on distillation. For a notice of " ooal of this kind see nnder LsnooPGTBiTE, p. 748 Such a coal is sometimes called wax coal and paraffin coal (Wachskohle, Paraffinkohle, Germ,), See also Bathyillitb, p. 742.
9. Mdisral Ohabooal. Fibrous charcoal-like snbstanoe often found covering the surfaoea between layers of coal, and observed in coal of all ages. It is soft, and soils the fingers like cfaarooaL One variety of it is a diy powder.
Oomp, — Most mineral coal consists mainly, as the best chemists now hold, of oxygenated hydroearbona. On page 742 it is shown that the kind of cannel ooal called iorbanUe and the substance haffwiUae are closely related in composition, f s well as insolubility, to the species of the Sucdnite group ; and it is probable that other cannel coals contain this or some related compound ; and that oil-producing (not oil-bearing) shales include a similar kind of hydrocarbon. T*-e ordinary bituminous coals often have 10 to 15 p. c. of oxygen, and may be of analogous composition, though differing much in the precise constitution of these hydrocarbons, some containing such as produce a pasty fusion or incipient decomposition when heated (caking), and otiiers such as undergo no semi-fusion (non-caking). The brown coals, in which there are 2o to S5 p. a of oxygen, must include other kinds of oxygenated hydrocarbons, of the insoluble kinds. But microscopic examinations appear to show that woody fibre is present in it in various stages of alteration.
Besides oxygenated hydrocarbons, there may also be present simple hydrocarbons (that is, containing no oxygon). This would seem to follow from the small percentage of oxygen (2— p. c. ) in Ihe Tyneside cannel, while the hydrogen is as large in amount as in any cannel or bituminous coals. Ajad tiiere are various bituminous coals, low in oxygen, that suggest the same oondusioo. At present, however, chemistry knows of no simple hydrocarbons that are insoluble in naphtha and benzole.
The presence of free carbon is naturally inferred the composition of ooids like the anUira* sites, which afford very littie volatile matter. But even these ooals contain ordinarily 1*5 to 2-6 p. c. of each oxygen and hydrogen ; and Berthelot holds that they are hydrocarbon compounds like other coals. It is remarkable that in one of the analyses of anthracite Piesberg, Han aver (anal, no oxygen whatever was found, while there were 2*23 p. o, of hydrogen.
756 HTDBOCABBON OOMFOimDS.
The paiiisn of coal soluble h naphtha or bensole, although small in am lunt, indicates the pic aenoe of other hydrooarbona — aimple or oxygenated— oOa or retina. Their natnre remains to bi ascertained, fe obtained by means of naphtha, from iho Torbane mineral, 1*2 and 1*4 p. c; from cannel ooal, 2—4 p. a ; and from Newciustle caking, in three experiments, 4% 6*8, tf-S p. c of materUL These results do not accord with &e ordinary statemMits with ngardtotbt insolubiUty of coal, and the subject needs far more extended study.
Under miorosoopic examination, when in thin slides, many bituminous coals (induding most cannel coals, the gas coals of Nova Scotia Pelton, eto.) are seen to consist of Ihree hnda of mateiial, as first observed by Button (Qeol. Soa London, 1832-38), and flirther more particular by Dr. Aitken of Glasgow (Ronalds k Richardson, Chem. Techn i. 778).
(1) An opaque black substance, which is insoluble in acids as well as other menstrua, and, m suggested, may be free carbon (?). It is stated to be the main constituent of anthracite.
(2) A yellow or reddish resin-tike substance, which is translucent or transparent) volatile hj heat) and insoluble in naphtha, muriatic and nitric acids.
(3) Earthy matter, which is more or less soluble in water, and is earthy impurity.
The resin like material, Ko. 2, may well be a species of the Succinite group (see above). Is many pitchy bituminous coals it is impossible to make out tiie structure here described, oo account of their opacity. Some Kova Scotia coal contains yellow matter, whidi is soluUe in ether, and slightly so in turpentine and nitric add; and the same is true of that of the Peltar ooaL Many brawn coals, as the Bovey, ow the structure above described.
Goals often contain trains disseminated in vtnUs points through the mass, whidi may or ma} lot be of soluble kinds.
Stdphur is present nearly all coals. It !s supposed to be usually combined with iron, and when the coal alTor. a rid aeh on burning, there is reason for believing thia true. But Percy mentions a coal finom New Zealand (anaL 18) which gave a peculiarly white ash, although containing 2 to 3 p. a of sulphur, a fact showing that it is present not aa a sulphid of iron, bat as a constituent of an organic compound. The discovery by Church of a resin containing sulphur (see Tasmahitb, p. 746), gives reason for inferring that it may exist in this coal in that state, although its presence as a constituent of other organic compounds is quite poeaible.
The presence of mrven, sometimes 2 p. c,. proves the presence of nitrogenous bydrocarboos; but of what nature is unknown.
The above review of the composition of coal shows that as yet veiy little is known as to tti actual constituents ; and that no analyses to determine them can be satisfactory which are not carried forward by the aid of tie microscope, and by the preparatory separation of the ooal into parts, as far as possible, by different menstrua, and the separate analyses of these parts.
The impurities present, which constitute the of the coal, consist of siUca or quarts, oxyd of Iron, clay, and other aluminous silicates, or such ingredients as make up the mud and day of ib* soil or alluvium ; also some silica, potash, and sodbn, derived from tiie original vegetation. Tb ash in the purest mineral coal amounts to but 0*25 to 1 p. & ; but in that which passes for the best there are ordinarily 6 to 8 p. a ; and in most that is used for fbel there are 8 to 15 p. a
Analyses : ArUhracile, 1, Regnault (Ann. d. IL, III. xiL) : 2-4, Hilkenkamp k Kempner (Steink. DeutBohl.,il 284, 1865); 5, Regnault (L a) ; 6, 7, J. 105, 1861).
Caking coaL 8-10, Stein (Steink. Sachs., 1857); II, Regnault (Jl c); 12, 13, Dick (PenTi Met, 9); 14, G. Tookey (ib.); 15-17, JSToad (ib.): 18, 0. Tookey (ib.); 1-21, Regnault (Lfr); 22, 23, MarsiUy (G. R, xlvi. 801).
NoTHiaktng. 24, Regnault (I a); 25, Nendtvich (Ber. Ak. Wien, 1861); 26, 27, A. Dick (Percy's Mot., 102>; 28, 29, Rowney (Edinb. JST. Phil. J., ii 141, 1855); 30, Stein.(l. a); 31-34 Marsilly (L a) ; 3d, E. RUey (Percy's Met., 102).
WkeOier caking or not, not stated. 86-39, Fleck (Steink. DeutschL, iL 272, 1866).
Ckmnel coal. 40, Regnault (I c); 41, Yaux (J. Gh. Soc, L 820); 42, Taylor (Edinb. N. FhiL J., I 145, 1851).
Jbrbaniie. 43, Anderson (Greg ft Lettsom, Min., 17); 44, Hoftaiann (ib.); 46, Stenhonse (ib.); 46, Fife (ib.); 47, Metter (J. pr. (Jh., IxxviL 38).
Broum coal 48-51, Regnault (L c.); 62, F. Vaux (J. Soa, v. 1, 318, 1849); 63, Nendtvid (La); 54, Qrager (Jahreab. 1848, 261); 55, Scbrutter (Jahresb. 1849, 708); 56, Baer ( Jahiesb 1552, 733); 57, F. B'schof (B. H. Ztg. 1860, 69); 58, Wagner (Polyt GentralbL 1847, 1496); 59 F Bischof (L c); 6U, Liebig (Kenngott, 1852, 257); 61, Woskressensky (iK).
Minttrai charcoaL 62-65, Dr. Rowney (L c),
P. a, ash exduded. GHOKAsh GEO
lOHXBAIi OOAIi.
0 H
0 N 8
Aeh
Oho
N Coke
8. Ptotborg. Hanover
87-96 1-97
97-15 2-17 0-66
H.Ak
91-14 2-08
97-77 2-23
H.Ak
90-46 2*48
4*67
94*89 2-55 2*56
Rt
92-59 2-63
1*61 0-92
2*25
94*72 2*69 2 58"
P.
1. "
84*98 2*46
1*15 1-22
94*64 2-73 261
P.
Oakmg Ooala.
t
8. Zwlokan
76*69 4-12
12*87 0-83 0*81
81-47 4-38 18-71
0*35 54-64 St
9. "
72-27 4-16
10*73 0-34 0*88
12*50
8-2-59 4-76 12*26
0*39 77-29 St
81-23 4-43
84*84 4*63 10-74
0-23 63-89 St
n. Bpinao
12. Northumberland
81*12 6-10
83-22 5*23 11-55
63-6 Rt
78-66 465
14.21 0 65
80-54 4 76 14-70'
Dk
13. "
82*42 4-82
1197 0-86
0*79
Dk.
78-69 6-00
10-07 2-87 1-51
81-01 6-17 10*38
2-44 T.
16. Blaina, & W.
82*66 6*86
8*22 1-65 0*75
84-42 5-48 8*40
1-70 Nd.
16. "
83-44 6-71
5-93 1-66 0-81
86*25 5*90 618
172 Nd.
17. "
83-00 6-18
4-58 1*49 0*76
87*14 6-49 4-81
1-56 Nil
18. K. Zealand
79-00 6*36
7*71 0*89 2*50
84-90 5-76 8-29
0*96 64*32 T.
19. Biye-de-Gier
82-04 6-27
9*12
72-0 Rt
87-45 6-14
3-98 1-70
1*78
89-04 5-23 5-73*
68-0 Rt
89-27 4-85
1*41
. 90-66 4*92 4-53*
78*0 Rt
22. Taleudennes
84-84 6-68
87*28 5-69 7-03*
67-75 M.
23.
86-78 4-98
5*84
2*40
88-91 5*10 5-99>
77-05 M.
Jfan'Oaking Ooaii,
24 Bian, Franoo
76*48 6 23
16*01
78-26 5*36 1689"
57*0 R
26. Hnngaiy
0*74
78-87 3-92 17-70
70-60 Nh.
26. a Staflbrdflhin
76-40 4-62
77-68 4-69 17-62
Dk
72-18 4-32
171im 0*54
6*44
77-82 4*67 17-99
Dk.
28. Scotland
76-08 5-31
13-:t3 2*09 1*23
78-59 5-49 18*77
2-16 Ry.
29. "
80-98 5-21
10-91 1-67 0-68
82-06 11-06
1-59 Ry.
80. Zwickau
80-26 4-01
10*98 0-49 2 99
88-82 19 11*47
U-51 69*59 St
31. M6n8| France
82-96 6*42
83-53 5-46 11-01
68*58 M.
82-91 6-22
1*74
84*38 5*31 10-81
66-96 li.
83.
62-68 4*18
8*60
90-46 4-57 4-97
87*62 M.
34. Valendennea
90-64 3-66
98-44 3*78 2 78
9317 M.
36.
89-38 4-43
3-25 1*24 0-55
90*93 4*51 3*30
1*26 R.
36. Zwickau
60-47 6-64
81*65 5*62 12*78-
Fk.
37. "
75*59 2-90
81*84 3-18 15-48
Fk
88. Lugau
76 75 4-85
4*92
80*72 5*10 14-72
Fk
39. littlti, Bohemia
75*69 4-89
3*08
78-09 5*05 16-86
Fk
Oaimd CoaL
84-07 6-71
7.8a
2*40
85*81 5*85 8*34
59-0 Rt
80*07 5-58
8-10 2-12 l-5<)
82-29 5*68 8-31
42. T/neatde
78*06 5-80
312 1-85 2-22
8*94
87-86 6-58 2*58
2*09 — Tr.
64*02 8*90
5*66 0-65 0-50 20*32
80-39 11-17 7-12
1*32 — And
65-66 8-90
' 6-34
81-17 1101 7-82 Hu.
665 9-0
81-85 11-18 7-45 St
60-25 8-80
8 60 1-50 0-18 26-6
81*12 11-85 4-84
2-19 — Fife
47. "
80*56 1217 5-82
1-45 — M.
Broum ChoL
48. Daz, Fiance
70*49 6*59
18-98 —
74-19 5*88 20-13*
49-1 Bt
49. Bouafae4a-Bho&e
63-88 4*58
18*11 —
78-79 5*29 20 92"
— 41-1 Bi
Otdbooarbon 00Up0Und8.
5M. bO.
Basses Alpes Bovey
Oedenburg, Huiig Meidsen, Sax. GloggnitK, Austr. Wittenberg TeuditZy fssia
wil
68*90
Hon
4-86 21-67 6'20 21-77 6*63 22*86 0*67
Loderburg, "
Laubach, H. Damut 67*28
Irkutsk 47*46 4*66 33*02
5-36 21-63 4*49 22*14 608 27-55 5*28 27-90 6*20 32*42 4*90 31*96 6-08 36-10
S
0*91 6*61
Ash
2*39 7*50
12*64 3H6
12*80
0*59
14*96
67*86 70*84 61*95 60-()l
H 0
4-98 22-07"
6-76 23-39
4-71 24-44
6*24 25-18*
6*33 26-25"
6-20 28-61"
6*06 81-99"
6-94 87-04"
6*31 34-68
6*07 86-31 6*36 38-83
Coke
48-5 Bagnauh 49 5 BnLsM 30-79 Yanx
Griger.
Sduuttei
Baer.
Biachot
— Wagnei
Woekr.
Mineral ChareoaL
88*36 8*56 7*28, N O'SO Bownsi 89*89 2-89 7*21" Bowney. 86*78 3*47 9-75" Bowney. 87*78 8-21 9-01* Bowney.
Specific gravity of Na 8, 1*298; Ko. 9, 1*276; No. 10, 1-280; Na 19, 1*288; Na 20, 1-296; 42, 1*316; Na 52, 1*129; No. 58, 1-280; Na 65, 1-864; Na 57, 1248; Na 59, 1-219.
The brown ooc contain a lam percentage of water; No. 52 gave 34*66 p. c ; No. 63, 18*60; Na 55, 25-15; Na 56, 17*26; No. 57, 48*6u; No. 69, 49*60.
Much the larger part of the above analyses are dted fl-om Percy*8 excellent chapter on ooal ii bis Metallurgy (1861). The index " signifies that the nitrogen is indnded with the oxygen.
Professor W. R Johnson obtained the following results in his examinations of some AmerioM ooals (Rep. on Goals to Congress, 1844) :
1. Pennsylvania, AntkraeUe
8. Maryland fre&mming biium. coal
3. Pennsylvania "
4. Virginia
5. Pittsburg, bitum,
6. Cannelton, Ind
7. Pictou, Nova Scotia
it
Vol. Oombost.
Fixed
Ash sad
G.
Matter.
Carbon.
Olinken
1*590—1*610
8*84
87*46
7*37
1-3 -1*414
73"01
9*74
18 —1*407
17*01
68*82
1-29 —1*46
36*63
10*74
1*252
86*76
64*93
7*07
1*273
38*99
68*44
4*97
1*318
56*98
1*826
25*97
60*74
12*61
Coal occurs in beds, interstratified with shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, and sometimefl limestones, forming distinct layers, which vary from a fraction of an inch to 80 feet or more in thickness. In the United States, the antiiradtes occur east of the Alleghany range, in rocks that have undergone great contortions and fracturings, whUe the bituminous are found farther west, in rocks that have been less disturbed ; and this fact and other observations have led some geologists to the view tliat the anthracites have lost their bitumen by the action of heat. For observations on the geological relations of coal beds, reference may be made to geological treatises.
The origin of coal is mainly vegetable, though animal lite has contributed somewhat to the result The beds were once beds of vegetation, analogous in most respects, in mode of formatxHi to the peat beds of modem times, yet in mode of burial often of a very different character. This vegetable origin is proved not only by the occurrence of the leaves, stems, and logs of plants in the coal, but also by the presenoe throughout its texture, in many cases, of the forms of the original fibres ; also by the direct observation that peat is a transition state between unaltered vegetable debris and brown coal, being sometimes found passing completely into true brovm ooaL Peai differs from true coal in want of homogeneity, it visibly containing vegetable fibres oul -rtially altered ; and wherever changed to a fine-textured homogeneous material, even though daily consolidated, it may be true brown ooaL
The derivation of ooal from woody fibre has been explained in a general way on page Prom tlie statemeutfi there made it is obvious that the vegetable material, in changing to ordinary mineral coal, has not passed necessarily through the stage oi brown ooei When the materia'
Minbbal Goal. 759
wta long steeped in water, and buried under fine mad bo as to exclude almost entirely atmoapheria air, the decomposition in progress may have carried off most of the oxygen by its combinaoa with the carbon of Uie planta, to form carbonio add. Thus it happened probably with the oaniMl ooala, as explained by Newberry, and also, though in general less perfecUy, with roost of the beet oituminoufl coals. But when the bed had as free access to the air as occurs in tho case of peat beds, there would haye been a loss of carbon and hydrogen as marsh-gas, and also, probabl)': through combination with external oxygen, forming carbonic add and water, while a large part of the oxygen would remain. Between these extremes, of exduded air and very imperfectly excluded, and of pressure from heavy superincumbent earthy beds and little or no pressure, lie the conditions which attended the orim of the yarious kinds of coal, and determined, in connection with the nature of the vegetation itself, the transformations in progress.
Extensive beds of mineral coal occur in Groat Britain, covering about -fn the whole area, or 11,859 square miles; in France about rlit or 1719 sq.m.; in Spain about or 3408 sq. m. ; in Belgium or 618 sq. m. ; in Netherlands, Prussia, Bavaria, Austria, northern Italy, SUesia, Spain, Russia on the south near the Azof, and also in Uie Altai. It is found in Asia, abundantly in China, in Persia in the Oabul territory, and in the Khorassan or northern Persia, in Hindostan, north of Uie Gulf of Gutoh, in the province of Bengal (the Burdwan coal field) and Upper Assam, in Borneo, Labuan, Sumatra, several of the Philippines, Formosa, Japan, New South Wales and other pans of Australia, New Zealand, Kerguelen*s Land ; in America, besides the United States, in Chili, at the Straits of Magellan, northwest America on Yanoouver's Island near tlie harbor of Camosadc, at Bellingham Bay in Puget's Sound, at Melville Island in the Arctic seas, and in the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Bnioswick, and Newfound* land.
In the United States there are four separate coal areas. One of these areas, the Appalachian ooal field, commences on the north, in Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio and sweeping south over western Yirgia and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to the west of the Appalachians, or partly involved in their ridges, it continues to Alabama near Tuscaloosa, where a bed of coal has been opened. It has been estimated to cover 60,00o sq. m. It embraces several isolated patches m the eastern half of Pennsylvania. The whole surface in Pennsylvania has been estimated al 15,437 sq. m., or the whole area of the State. A second coal BUnois) lies acyoining the Mississippi, and covers the larger part of Illinois, though much broken into patches, and a mall northwest part of Kentucky ; it is continued westward over a portion of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and northern Texas west of the Mississippi. The latter area is divided along the Mississippi by a narrow belt of Silurian rock; the whole area is about the same with that of the Appalachian coal field. A third covers tlie central portion of Michigan, not far 5000 sq. aa. in area. Besides these, there is a smaller coal region (a fourth) in Rhode Island, which crops out across the north end of the island of Rhode Island, and appears to the northward as &t as Mansfield, Massachusetts. The total area of coal measures in the United States is about 125,0tu sq. m.
Out of the borders of the United States, on the northeast, commences a fifth coal area, thai of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which covers, in connection with that of Newfoundland, 18,000 sq. m., or the whole area of these provinces.
The mines of western Pennsylvania commendng with those of the Blossburg basin, Tioga Ca, those of the States west, and those of Cumberland or Frostburg, Maryland, Richmond or Chesterfield, Vs., and other mines south, are bUumirunu. Those of eastern Pennsylvania constituting several detached areas— one, the Schuylkill coal field, on the south, worked prindpally at Mauch Chunk on the Lehigh, and at Pottsville on the Schuylkill — another, the Wyoming coal field, worked at Carbondale, in the Lackawanna region, and near Wyoming, besides others intermediate—those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and some patches in Virginia, are arUhracitea. Cannel coal ia found near Greensburg, Beaver Oow, Pa., ia Kenawha Co., va., at Peytona, etc: ; also in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana; but part of the so-called cannel is a (XMdy shale.
In England, the prindpal coal fields are the Manchester of Lancashire and Cheshire; the Great Central of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derby ; that of South Wales, Glamorganshire, etc.; the Newcastle field of northern England. In Scotland, a range of beds extends across from the Firth of Fortli to the Firth of Clyde ; whole area 1650 sq. m. In Irelimd, the three are the Limerick fields about the mouth of the Shannon, the Kilkenny fields to the eastward, and that of Ulster on the north. Cannel coal occurs in Great Britain at Lesmahago in Lanarkshire, about 20 m. Glasgow; also near Wigan in Lancashire, and West Wemyss in lyfe.
Mineral coal occurs in France, in small basins, 88 in number, and ooyering in all, according to Taybr, jfr of the whole surface. The most important are the basin of the Loire, between the Loire and the Rhone, and that of Yalendennes on the north, aiiyoining Belgium. In Belgium, it occupies a western and eastern division, the western in the provinces of Namur and BUdnavl od the eastern extending over liege.
760 HTDBOOAHBOK OOHFOUNDe.
Prowi. ooal oomes from ooal beds more recent than those of the CSarboniferoas age. Bat oraci of this more reoent ooal is not distinguishable from other bituminous coals. The ceal of Bidi mond, Virginia, is supposed to be of the liassic or Triasaic era; the ooal of Brora in SutiierUnd, and of Bovey, Yorkshire, is Oolitio in age. Tertiary ooal occurs on the CSowUtz. in Orcgoc (anal 14X and in many places over the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where a " Lignitic formation is very widely distributed ; but it is rarely in beds of economical importance.
The coal known to tbe Greeks aod Romans was probably brown ooaL The first sentence, in the synonymy, from Aristotle evideiitly alludes to mineral coal of some kind ; and the first of the two cited from Theophrastus (a favorite pupil of aristotle) refers to a similar substance, and pe haps the same specimens, llie locah'ty of the atter, Liguria (or northwestern Italy along the MediterranoanX where, he adds, there also is may be taken with some freedom, as articles brought by vessels trading with Ligurian ports, oven though coming from French ports beyond, might be referred to Liguria. Elis, on the way to Olymp&s, is given as another locality. The sentence ends with the statement that tiiese <oaIs are used by the smiths," showing that the value of the substance as was well understood at the time (4th century B.a). Theophrastus sayi further, that it will continue to bum as long as a jy one blows it but on stopping it deadens, Imi may be made to bum again ; and that it bums widi a strong disagreeable odor. The second citation ftxMn eadi, Aristotle and Theophrastus, relates to a similar coaL The locality, in Thrace, identities it with the Thradan stone of Diosoorides and Pliny, tiie locality of wluch, according to the former (from Aristotle), was at Bintia, on the river Pontus (on the Macedonian border of Thrada, to the west of the present Constantinople). According to Diosoorides and Pliny (quoting Airther in part from Aristotie's " Wonderfrd Things heard of 'Oi water would make the Thndan stone to bum, and oU extinguish it ; which is either altogether a fable, or a partial tenth based on somebody's observation that masses or piles of impure pyritiferons coal will become hot, and sometimes ignited, in consequence of being wet Aristotie mentions its bitnminooi odor when burning.
The Oiigatea (whence our word jet) occurred, according to Dioecorides and Pliny, at (}agas or Gages, a place in Lycia (Asia Minor). Tho former describes it as blade, smooth, and combustible, (o which Pliny adds, that it was light, and looked much like wood, and that it emitted a disagree able odor when robbed, add burned with the smell of sulphur. It was, in part at least, true nite. Lignite is commoo hi Syria, in the rods of Mt Lebanon, as near Belrat ; and beds of ooal have been recently opened in Asia Minor.
Some of the works or memoirs on coal economically oousidered are the following: Report to Congress on Coals, by W. R. Johnson, 1844; Statistics of Coal, by R C. Taylor, 8vo 2d. ei, Philadelphia, 1855; Report to the British Government on Coals, by De la Bedie k Playfiir, 1861 ; Ronalds k Richardson's Chemical Tedmology, VoL I. on Fuel and its Applications, London, 1865; Percy's Metallurgy, London, 1861; Chem. Untera. d. Steinkohlen Sadisens, by W. Stda, Leiiidg 1867 ; Die Steinkohlen Deiftschland's und anderer Lftnder Europa's, etc., bj Geinitl Plock k Hartig, S vols., 4to, Miinohen, 1866.
raOLASBIIIED BPBOIBa. 761
Species Of Unceetain Place In The System.
832. AZORmL New mineral from the Azores /. £ Ikidiemaeher, Am. J. SoL, 11. ffi. SS, 1841
Azorite DanOf this IfiiL, 896, 681, 1860.
Tetragonal. In minnte octahedrons, with the basal edges replaced; angle of pyramid (by reflective goniometer) 123® 15', M A e=133® 40'. Cleavage none.
H.=4— 4"5. Translucent to opaque. White, vrith a faint greenish-yellow tinge, or colorless. Vitreous in fracture.
Oomp.— Aooording to A. A. HayeSi oolumbate of lime. B.B. infUsible ; smaUer (STStals become opaque white ; larger in outer flame reddish, and light yellow in inner. With borax, on platinum wire, dissolves with extreme slowness and difficulty to a transparent globule, sometimes fiiint greenish ; with more borax opaque on flaming. With salt of phosphorus slowly dissolved, produoing a faint green color.
Obs. — From the Azores, lu an albitio rock, along with black tourmaline and pyrrhite. First distinguished and described by J. E. Teschemacher. The largest crystal seen was but H lines it diameter. There is some resemblance in form to cryptolite (p. 529), but a re-examination of tbQ species by Mr. Hayes corroborates his first announcement that the mineral contains neither cerium Dorphosphoric add.
The angle 123* 15' is near that of zircon, and it is possible that it is that species. But Teschemacher says of its hardness, that "it just scratches fluor spar."
833. BRSWSTBRIiZNTrB. A new fluid in the cayities of minerals D. BrewsteTt Ed. PhiL J., ix. 1828; Trans. R. Soo. Edinb., x. 1, 407, 1826; Am. J. ScL, yii 186, 1824, xii 214 (with a plate), 1827 ; PhiL Mag., lY. xxy. 174, 1868. Brewsterline JkmOt Min., 559, 1850; BrewBtoline lb., 471, 1854.
In a vacuum or as it occurs in the cavities of crystals) a colorless transparent fluid, adhering but slightly to the enclosing mineral, and hence very voluble ; expanding about one-fourth with an increase of 16|° C. (30® F.), or between 10*" and C. and 80*" FA 21 times more expansible than water ; index of refraction 1*2106, for the nuid from an amethyst from Siberia; 1*1311 for a kind from a topaz ; boiling point in a vacuum from 23® to 29® C. (74® to 84® F.), the filling the cavities with the warmth of the hand or mouth.
On exposure to the air undergoes rapid movements, spreading over the surface and contracting again, and then dries to separate particles or grains, which are lustrous and appear to be opaque, but are transparent by transmitted light ; by the approach of moisture, even the moisture of the hand, even after being dry for some days, becomes liquid again, and renews its rapid movements. Soluble without effervescence in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. Yolatilized by heat.
Oomp. — Unknown. The effect of mdstare on the dry grains shows that the sabstance is no* one of ttie hydrocarbon oils, or a resin.
Obs.— Occurs in cayiUes of topas crystals from BrasQ, Scotland and Australia, of chrysobery\ of quartz crystals from Quebec amethyst from Siberia, and first described by Bi Dayid Brewster
762 TOfCTiAfWirUBD 6F1B0IB8.
The cairities are moRtlj microscoplo, but oocaaionally ixu aoross, or even larger. Thej are gea eraUv arranged in layers, and are sometimes counted by thousands in a single crystaL firewstei courted 3iV'00 in a chrysoboryl f in* square. The strata run irregularly with reference ti> the symmetry of the crystal, often intersect one another, and are sometimes curved ; it i? rare that b or 4 strata are parallel. The very low refracting power, less than that of water, is a remarkable character of the ilu.d vche refraction index of water being 1-3H6; of alcohol l*H61 ; of eihet 1*368). The fluid from a quarts crystal from Quebec, which exploded with much force wheo heated, had a disagreeable taste.
In his original memoir Brewster states that the fluid was 32 times more expansible than water, but in the later reference to it in 1863 (Phil. Mag., 1. c.) makes it 21 times.
The lower index of refraction, 1*1311, obtained for the fluid of a topaz, is so much below the other, 1*2106, that it may indicate a distinct species.
834. ORTPTOUNITB. A new fluid, eta, Breufster (see for ref., Bskwsixblimitb). Crypto-
line Jkma, l£in 669, 1660.
A colorless transparent fluid, as observed in the cavities of crystals, like brcwsterlinite, bat more dense ; adhering like water to the enclosing earfitces ; expansibility about that of water ; index of refraction 1'2946. Not soluble in, or a solvent of, brcwsterlinite, the two, when occurring together, not being miscible.
On exposure to the air hardens speedily to a resin-like substance ; brilliant in lustre ; yellowish ; transparent ; absorbent of moisture, but much lesa so than brcwsterlinite ; insoluble in water and alcohol ; rapidly dissolved with effervescence by sulphuric acid, and soluble also in nitric and muriatic acids ; not volatilizea by heat.
Oomp — Nothing is known.
Obs. — Occurs in the same and generally the same cavities, with brewsterlinite. Thii denser of the two fluids, acoorcUng to Brewster, occupies the angles of the cavities, or tbe nedn or narrow passages which unite two or more large cavities, while the other rarer fluid floats on and fills the rest of the cavity, excepting a circular racuity, occupied only by this fluid in the gaseous state, if at all
836. HSSSBNBXIROITZI. Hessenbergit Kenng. Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1868, il 230. SidflroxeB
J7e9en6., Min. Not, Na 7, 1866.
Monoclinic. (7=89 63'= 0 Mri; lA 7=59° 27', O A i-i=152*' 20' ; a:b: c=0-59843 : 1 : 0-570967. Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, i-i, t4, i-3, i-9 ; clinodome, i-i ; hemidomes, 1-i, |-t, 3-, -1' ; hemioctahedral,
0 A 7=90° 3i' i-S A 1-3=119° 27' i-i A U, calc.,=126° 43'
O A 1-3=90 6 i-i A 3-1=150 51 i-i A fi, obs.,=127 35
0 A l-i=149 0 A -1=149 8 7a i4=150 16i
Simple crystals unknown. Twins: composition -face -1-i; 39i i-i A i-i,=118° 2', 0 A 0,=6V 44'.
H.=7— 7*5. Lustre adamantine. Colorless, bluish. Transparent.
Comp.— A silicate of nndetermlned constituents.
Pyr., etc.->In a closed tube yields no water, and is unchanged. In the platinum foroeps whitens, but does not Aise. In borax melts without intumescence. Heated with oobalt solution oooomet gray. No action muriatic acid.
Obs.— Occurs implanted on crystals of hematite Mt Fibias west of the Uoipioeof 8t Gothard. The habit a littie after that of eudase.
VHOLAflBmED BFSOOB. 76?
Named after P. HeiBenberg, the GrystaUographer, of SVaokfort on the Main.
836. PARATHORZTB. Thorite iSfAp., Proe Am. Assoa, iL 821, 1860. Parathouto Shtfi,
UxiLt 287, 1857 ; Dana, Bnu?i, Am. J. ScL, zxiy. 124, 1857.
Ortliorhombic. In minute rectangular and rhombic prisms, with thi planes /, i-i, U ; I A 7=128°, I A =116°.
H.=5— 5*5. Lustre subresinous. Color garnet-red to pitch-black ; thin edges of black crystals with a ruby translucence, a little like rutile. Translucent to opaque.
Oomp., Pyr., etc.— In the matrass decrepitatefl slightly, bnt does not appear to contain water. B.B. in the platinum forceps glows, fuses with difficulty on the edges, and beiromes paler. In borax diasolyes to a bead, which is yellow, iron, while het, and becomes colorless on cooling. With alt of phosphorus gives in the outer flame a bead, yellow whUe hot and colorless on cooling. In the inner flame the bead assumes a delicate violet color (due to titanic acld?X Brush.
Obs. — Occurs imbedded in danburite and orthocUae and only in very minute crystals, at Dan* bory, Ot
Shepard made the crystallization erroneously tetragonal. There are also other discrepancies in hia description, which might lead to the supposition that the mineral here described is a different mineral from epard's ; but the evidence to the contrary ia complete.
837. PTRRHrm. O. Rose, Pogg., xlviil 562. 1840.
Isometric ; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed.
H.=6. Lustre vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtranslucent.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, but blackens, and colors' the flame deep yellow. In fl*agent8 difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus, but in fine powder it is readily taken up by this salt, as well as by borax, forming a clear glass when cold if only a small portion is used, while if saturated it is yeUowish-green, becoming somewhat more intense in B.F. Fused with soda on charcoal, it spreads out and is absorbed by the ooal, giving a slight white coating, somewhat resembling ozyd of sine ; it yields no metallic spangles when the surface of the coal is removed and rubbed in the mortar. Insoluble in muriatic acid (Q. Rose).
Obs. — Pyrrhite was found by von Porovski of St Petersburg at Alabaschka, near Mursinsk in the Ural, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also lepidolite, albite, and topa& The largest crystal was but three lines long.
Named fVom irvfi'6i, ytMowishrred or ftreSce.
With this species J. E. Tescbemacher identifies smaU orange-red, monometric octahedrons, found with albite at the Azores (J. Nat H. Bost, iv. 499, 1844; Proc. id., ii. 108, 1846). along with tetragonal octahedrons of azorUe (p. 761). The crystals are a half to two Unes long, and those of minute siae are transparent
According to chemical and blowpipe trials by A. A. Hayes (Am. J. doi., II. ix. 423) on specimens furnished him by l£r. Tescbemacher, these crystals consist of columbate of zirconia, colored apparently by ozyds of iron, uranium, and mauganese.
B3. in the forceps, on the first impulse of the heat, becomes darker, and the fine orange color returns on cooling, even if the heat has been high ; at the melting point of cast iroo, in the reduction flame, the flame becomes permanently darker and brown. With borax (6 parts to 1 of assay) it dissolves, and affords a clear colorless glass, which becomes instantly opaline or opaque on flaming ; transferred to the oxydating flame becomes opaque. With salt of pborufl (in the same proportion) in the inner flame gives a dear glass, and when reduced th gUiss Is green; but in the outer becomes yellow. With a little more of assay the glaaa remains clear. With soda (12 parts to 1 of assay) dissolves; some dear portions are seen is the globule while hot, but on cooling opadty precedes the crystallization of the globule; finally a gray-brown slag remains, which, cooled the outer flame, has a green color, indicating oxyd of manganese. Decomposod by much soda, and the resulting mass, heated with nitric add, gives a heavy, white, insoluble powder, which with boiling water takes a white floccolent form ; the powder exhibited all the characters of columbic add (?). The add solution, when mixed witb earbonate of ammonia, remains dear ; heated, some oxyd of iron falls, and the fluid ia light
764 XTHOLASfilFIED 8PE0IE8.
yellow; with oxalic add, a white earth BeparateSi which, heated with snlphuric add to destro} the oxalic add, disaolyes, and the fluid forms with potash, before complete neutralizaticm, r white double salt, which has the characters of that from ziroonia, but may also contain oxyd of cerium. The oxalate, when first formed, did not afford, when heated, tJie donamon-brown color characteristic of deutoxyd of oerium. ThQ extremely small amount of the mineral under examination forbids the expression of certainty respecting the base. Although iDdining to the opinion of the existence of cerium in the mineral, ttom the red color of the crystals, Mr. Hayei observes that he obtained no podtiTB proof on this point
834. ALUBGITB. Alurgit BreUh., E H. Ztg., zziy. 336.
Massive, oonsistirxg of scales, rarely having an hexagonal oatline. Cleavage : basal eminent as in mic&
3. G.=2-984— 3. Lustre pearly to vitreous. Odor purple to oodiineal-red; k thhmest plates roBe-rd; streak rose-red. Transparent to translucent Optloallj nniaTial
Contains much manganese.
Occurs with manganese ores at St Maroel In Fiedanat
Named from iknfyh ptHrpk,
Axeeigan L00Aijtie8. 76
Catalogue Of American Localities Of
Minerals.
The following catalogue may aid the mineralogical tooriat in selecting his routes and arranging the plan of his joumejs. Only important localities, afTording cabinet specimens, are in genersQ included ; and the names o/thoae minerah tolUch an nifUmable in good specimens are distvnguiehad ty Ualics, When a name is not italicized the mineral occurs only sparingly or of poor quality. When the specimens to be procured are remiirlcably good, an exclamation mark (I) is added, or two of these marks (1 1) when the spedmens are quite unique. The more exact position of looEditiea may in moat instances be ascertained by reference to the descriptions of the species in tiie preteding part of the Treatise.
For Uie facts included the country is especially mdebted to the Tarious Geological Beports of the several States, the American Journal of Science, and the Journals or Transactions of the different Scientific Societies or Academies. The author is under special obligations, in the preparation of the Catalogue for this edition of the Mineralogy, to W. W. jBrrBRis, Esq., of WesUdiester, Pa., Prof. OL U. Shbpard, Prof. A. E. Vebrill, Dr. J. a , Prof Wic. P. Blake, ProC WiL H. Bbewsb, Dr. F. A. , Prof. B. Sillhiah, Prof 0. 0. Uassb, ProC A. Winohsll, Dr. Gbobge Smith, of Upper Darby, Pa., Dr. T. B. Band, of Philadelphia.
Maikb.
Albany. — Beryl/ green and black UmrmaUne feldspar, rose guarkf rutOe.
Aboosiook.— Bed hematite.
Bath. — Idocrase, gametf magnetite, graphite.
Bethel. — Cinnarrum game, calcite, sphene, beryl, pyroxene, hornblende, epidote, graphite, talc pyrite, mispickel, magnetite, wad.
Bingham. — Massive pyrite, galenite, blende, andalusite.
Blub Hill Bat. — Arsenical ironj molybdenile/ galenite, apoHtetflaorilei black tourmaline (Long CoTe), black ozyd of manganese (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolframite.
BowDOlN— iAe Quartz,
molybdenite.
Bbunswick.— 6Veen mica, garnet t black tourmaline t molybdenite, epidote ealeiief museoviie, feldspar beryl
BuoKHELD. — Garnet (estates of Waterman and Lowe), iron ore, muscovUei magnetite.
Camdaob FABM.-HNear thelide mills), molybdenite, wolfhimite.
Camden. — MacUj galeniief epidote, black tourmaline, pyrite, talc magnetite.
Oabmel (Penobscot Co.). — Stibnite, pyrite, made.
COBINNA. — Pyrite, arsenical pyriies.
Deeb Isle — Serpentine, verdimUque, asbestos, diallage, magnetite.
Dbzteb — Galenite, pyrite, blende, chalcopyrite, green tala
DnriBLD. — Native copperas, graphite.
Fabmington. — (Norton's ledge), pyrUe, graphite bog ore, garnet, stanrolite.
Fbeepobt. — Rose quartet, garnet, feldspar, scapolite, graphite, mutoovUe,
Fbtebubo. — Oamet, beryl.
Georgetown —(Parker's island), beryl I black tourmaline.
Greenwood. — Graphite, black manganese, beryl I mispkkel, cassiterite, vniea, rose qyartx, onMl oorundum, albite, zircon, molj'bdenite, magnetite, copperas.
BsBSLOisi.-'CaissUeriie, mispickel, idocrase, lpidolite, amblygonUe, rubeUUsi indioolite, grem km maliine, mica, beryl, ttpatite, albite, childrenite, cookeite.
'b Island.— Pyrite.
Katahdin Ibon Wobkb —'Bog iron ore, pyrite, magnetite, quart!.
Ijrteb E, Oxford Go. — Staurolite, made copperas.
Ldtnjbus. — Hematite, limonite, pyrite, bog-iron ore.
LnoHiiBLD. — SodsiUte, cancrinite, ektoHie, tircon, spodumene, mnsooyite, pyrriiotfttk
766 Amebioan Looautibb.
Machiaspost. — Jasper epidote, laomontite.
MiKOT. — Barylf smoky quarts.
MoNMOFTH. — Actinolite, apatite, dceolikf wircon, Btaurolite, plnmoie micai heir\ ratOa.
Mt. Abrahaii. — AndalusUe, Btaurolite.
Nob WAT. — Chrysoberyl! molybdenite, cheryl nae qiiartt orfhodaae cinnamon garnet.
Obb*8 iBLkJXD. — StetUiie garnet, andalusite.
OzFOBD. — GameL, beryl apatite, wad, noon, museovUe.
PABia — Green! red/ blacky and blue Umrmalinel mioa! UpidolUel feldspar, a2&tfe, uarilf eryi kUal rose quartz caasiieriU amblygoniie drown, brookite, beryl, smoky quart spodumene, eoofotfi leuoopyrite.
Pabsonsfxbld. — Idocraae/ yellow garnet, pargaaiie, aduhriOf ecapolUef galenite, blende, ebaloo pyrite.
.~ OryetaUized pyrite,
Phifsbubo. — TeUow garnet ! manganeeian garnet, idoeraee, pargasUe, axinite, laumontiie ! chaba Bite, an ore of cerium ?
PoLAiTD. — Idocraae, amoky quarts, cinnamon garnet
POBTLAND. — PrehwUt, actinolite, garnet, epidote, amethyst oalcite.
PowHAL.— odk tourmaUne, fddjspar, scapolite, pyrite, actinolite, apatite, rose qnaiti.
Ratvond. — Magnetite, ecapokte, pyroxene, lepidotUe, tremoUte, hornblende, epidote, orthodaae. yellow garnet, pyrite, idocraae.
BOOKLAMD. — Hematite, tremolite, quartz, wad, tale.
RnxFOBD. — TeUow garnet, idocraae, pyroxene, apatite, acapoUte, graphite.
Rutland. —AUanite.
Saxdt Riteb.— Auriferous sand.
Saniobd, York Go. — Idocraae ! alblte, caldte, molybdenite, epidote black tooimaline.
Sbabsicont. — Andalusite, tourmaline.
South Bebwiok. — Made.
Stbeakid Mountaik. — BeryU black UntrmaHne, mioa, gamsL
TuouAStovf.— Oalcite, tremolite, hornblende, sphere, araenioal iron (OwPa head), black manganeai (Dodge's mountain), thomsonite, talc, blende, pyrite, galenite.
ToP8HAM.~uaf galenite, blende, tungstite? beryl, apatite, molybdenite.
Ukion. — Magnetite, bog-iron ore.
Walks. — Azinite in boulder, alum, copperas.
Wa tbbtillb.— OrystaUiaed pyrite.
Wdsdham (near the bridge). — spodwnene, garnet, beryl, amethyst, eyanUe, famriB line.
Wdtthbop. — StauroUte, pyrite, hornblende, met, oopperaa.
WoonerooK. — Graphite, specular iron, prehnite, epidote, caldte.
ToBK. — Beryl, yiyianite, ozyd of manganese.
Kew Hampshirb.
AcwoBTH. — Beryl! I mica I iowrrnajiMC, fdispar, aJbiJte, rose ffuorft eohoMkl
Aitbad. — Mica 1 1 aibUe, black tourmaUne.
AifflEBST. — Idocrase/ yellow garnet, pargasite, calc spar.
Babtlrt.— Magnetite, specular iron, brown iron ore in large veins near Jacicaon (on "Beii flioe mountain qwiris crystals, smoky quartz,
Bath. — Galenite, chaicopyrite.
Bellows FALLa— <:anite.
Bbnton. — Quarts crystals.
Oamptov.— BeryU
Canaan. — Qold in pyrites.
CuABhEstows.—SUwroUte mads, andalusite made, bog-iitm on.
Cornish.— Stibnite, tetrahedrite, ruUle in quartz/ (rare).
Cbotden. — Mite I
Eaton (8 m. & o{).—OalenUe, blende I dialcopyrite, limonite (Six Ida Pond).
Fbanceston. — Soapstone, arsenical pyrites.
Feanoonia. — Hornblende, stauroUtel epidoiel mrisik, speadar irom, magnsHis, Usuk wad rsiwsm ganesian garnets, mispiekel/ {danaiie), ehalcopyrtte, molybdenite, prehnite.
QiLVOBD (Gnnstock ML). — Magnetic iron ore, native " lodestone."
. Graphite, blade tonrmaline.
AlIBBICAK LOCALITIES. 76?
Gkaftok.— J/tca/ (extensively quarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. S. of Orange Summit), a'bik/ btui greeu, and yellow beryU/ (1 m. S. of 0. Summit), iaurmaUne, garnets.
Granthah.— Gray stauroliie I
Hakoyeb. — Cfameif a boulder of quartz containing ruiilet black tourmaline quam. i
Hayebhill. — Garnet! arsenical pyrites native arsenic galenite, blende, iron and copper pyritei magnetic and white iron pyrites.
HiLLSBOBO (Campbell's mountain). — Graphite,
Hillsdale. — Rhodonite black oxyd of manganese.
Jaokson. — Drusy quartz, tin ore, arsenapyrUCf native arsenio, fluorite, apatite, magnetiie molyb' denitey wolfram, chaloopyrite, arsenate of iron.
Jaffbet (Monadno Mt). — Oyaniie,
KiXNB. — GraphitCj soapstone, milky quartz.
Landaff. — Molybdenite, lead and iron ores.
IdEBANON. — BoQ'iron ore,
IjSSBOK.—Stamrolite black and red garnets granular magmetUe horntiende epidate znAsU/e apeeuktt iron,
— Pyanite (N.W. part), black tourmaline, mtQe, pyrite, chaloopyrite (E. of E. villageX ttibnite.
Mebbimaok. — Rutilel (in gneiss nodules in granite vein).
Moui/roNBOBOUGH (Bed Hill). — Eorhblende, bog ore, pyrite, tounnaline.
Nbwfobt.— Molybdenite.
Orange. —ue beryls I Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, mica (W. side of mountain).
Obfobd. — Broum tourmaline (now obtained with difficulty), steaiOe, nUile (anite, brown ifoa ore, native copper, malachite, galenite.
Pblhail—
Piebmqnt. — Micaceous iron, barite, green, white, and brown mica, apatite.
PLTMonTH.~Columbite, beryl
Richmond. — loliie I rutile, steatite, pyrite.
Rtb. — Made.
Saddleback Mt. — Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel
Sbelbdbne. — Galenile, black blende, chalcopyrite, pyrite, manganese.
Spbingfield. — Beryls (very large, eight inches diameter), manganesian gametil in mica slai albiie, mica.
Sullivan. — Tourmalines (black), in quartz, beryl ?
SuBBET. — Amethyst, calcite.
SwANZST (near Keene). — Magnetic iron (in masses m granite).
Tamwobth (near White Pond). — Galenite.
Unity (estate of James Neal).— and iron pyrites, ehlorophyllite, green mica, radialed itcHnolite, garnet, iitaniferous tron ore, magnetite,
Walpole (near Bellows Falls). — Macle.
Wabben. — Chalcopyrite, blende, epidote, quartz, pyriie, trmnolite, galenite, ruiile, talc, molybdenite, dnnamon stone I pyroxene,
Wbstmobeland (south part). — Molybdenite I apatite! blue fddspar, bog manganese (north village), quartz, Jtucrile, chalcopyrite, oxyd of molybdenum and uranium.
White Mts. (notch behind " old Crawford's bouse "). — Green octahedral fluor, qoaitz crystali) black tourmaline, chiastolite.
WuMor,— Beryl
WiHOHESTEB. — Pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, psilomelane magnetite, granular quarUL
Ybbmont.
Addison. — Iron sand, pyrite. Albuboh. — Quartz crystals ou caldte, pyrite. Athens. — Steatite, rhomb spar, actinolite, garnet Baltim QBE. — Serpentine, pyrites ! Babnet. — Graphite. Belviderb. — chlorite.
Bennington. — Pyrolusite, brown iron ore, pipe day, yellow oohie. Bbbkshibb. — JSjpidate, hematite, magnetite.
Bethel — Actinolite ! talc, chlorite, octahedral iron, ruiSe, broum spar in steaUle, Brandon.— Braunite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, limonitei lignite, white day, ttatoarf fowil fruits in the lignite, graphite, chalcopyrite.
768 AMiSBICAN LOCALmm.
Brattlebosouoh.— Black tourmalino in quaiti, mica, soiaite, rutile, actindite aeapobto. airjoa 001900, roofing slate.
Hridoewater.— 7a/c, doiUmiUe magndiie, steatitei chlorite, gold, natiTe copper, blende, gtteito blue spinel, chalcopyrite.
Bristol. — JiuUUj brown hematite, manganese ores, magnetite.
Bbookfixld. — Mispickel, pyrito,
Cabot.— Oamet, stauroUte, hornblende, albiie,
GASTLsroN. — Roofing skUe jasper, manganese ores, chlorite.
Oatbkdiso. — Qamet, terpenUne ialc tteatite, UmrmcUinet tuibestua, tnmoliU.
CnasrsR. — Atteatus feldspar, chlorite, qwuig,
OHnrsifDEK.— PaOomelane, pyrolusite, brown iron ore, specular and magtietie irm, galtnH bllte.
OoLCHEffTSB. — Brown iron ore, iron sand, jasper, alum.
OoRiNTH.— a};)p0rpyrt (has been mined), pyrrhotite, pyrite, tito quarti.
GOYBNTBT.— Rhodonite.
Crajibbubt. — Mica in concentric balls, oelcite, mtile.
Debbt.— Mica (adamnie).
DuxxERSTON.— Rutile, roofing slate.
AmBAYWHBotfing alcUe pyrite.
Flbtoher. — Pjrite, octahedral iron, adcular tourmaline.
GRATTON.—The stetuiie quarry referred to Grafton is property In Athens; guarU, mbidBm.
GuiLFORD.--ScapoUte, rutfle, roofing slate.
Hartford. — Calcite, pyrite I eyanite in mica slate, quartz, tourmaUna.
Ibasbubgh. — Rhodonite, psilomefane.
Jat. — Chromic inm, Berpenitne amianthus, dolomite.
Lowell.— Picrosmine, amianthus, serpentine, oerolite, talc dilorita
Mablboro*. — Bhamb spar sUaJUk gameij magnetiif chlorite.
Mendon.— Octahedral iron ore.
Middlesex. —Rutilel (exhausted).
MoNKTON. — Pyroluaiie, brown iron ore, pipe day, feldspar.
MOBETOWK.— §77ioA:y quarts ! ateaUte talc, wad, rutile, serpentine.
MOBBiSTOWH. — Galenite.
Mount Hollt. — Asbeatuaf chlorite.
New Fane. — Olasay and adtnotitef ateatiie, green quart (called dhiysopraae at the locality), chalcedony, drusy quartz, gametf chromic and titanic iron, rhomb par, serpentine ratila
NOBWiCH. — AcUnolitCy feldapar brown apar in talc cyanite, zoisite, cfaalcopyrite pyrite.
PiTTSFORD. — Brown iron ore, manganese ores.
Pltmouth. — Spathic iron, magnetic and specular iron, both in octahedral oystala, gM galenite.
Pltxfton. — Massive hornblende.
Putney. — Fluorite, brown iron ore rutiU and toiaite, in boulders, stauiolite.
Reading.— oMy actinoUte in talc.
READSBOBO — Glaaay actinolUe, ateatite hematite.
RtPTON. — Brown iron ore augite in boulders, octahedral pyrite.
ROOHESTEB. — RutUe, specular iron cryst, magnetite in chlorite slate.
RooBiNOHAif (Bellows Falls). — Cyaoite, indioolite, feldspar, tourmaline, fluorlte, caldfeSb prahnit* Btaurolite.
ROZBUBT. — DolomitCf talc serpentine, asbestos, quartz.
Rutland. — Magneaite, white marbU, hematite, serpentine pipe "lay.
Salisbubt. — Brown iron ore.
Shabon.— Quarto cryatala, cyanite.
Shobeham.— black marble, calcite.
Bhbbwbburt. — Magnetite and chalcopyrite.
Stabksbobo'. — Brown iron ore.
Stibuno.— Chalcopyrite, talc, serpentine.
SiocKBBiDaB. — Mispickel, magnetic iron ore.
Stbaftobd.— Magneti'9 and chalcopyrite (has been worked), native copper, hornblende oo peras.
Thetiord.— Blende gatenUe cyanite; chrysolite in basalt, pyrrhotite, feldapoTf roqfimg sAM iteatite, garnet
T0WN8HEND— cftfiotfe, black mica, tak steatitei feldspar.
Trot. — Magnetite talo aerpenUne picrosmine, amianthua, ateoHia, one mile soatheiifc of TiDagt of South Troy, on the fieirm of Mr. Fierce, east side of Missisoo, chromic ir ontita.
YmssaaM.—Pyritey chalcopyrite, tourmaUne, mispiokel, quarts
Amsbioan Logauidbb. Too
W1BD8BOBO*. — Zoinie tourmaline, tranoliie hematite.
Wabben. — Actinolite, magnetite, wad, Borpentine.
Watbbbubt. — Miapidce], chaloopyrite, rvUiU qua/rtM aerpentiiM.
Watbryillv. — Steatite, actinolite, tala
WiATHEBSFnu). — SteotUe, specular iron, pyritet tremolite.
* BiTBB.~Grapbite.
Westfield. — Steatite chromio iron, serpentine.
WESnoNBTEB.— Zoiaite in boulders.
WiHDBAM. — GUusy actinolilef aieatiief garnet serpentina
WOODBUBT. — MassiTe pyrite.
eryetaU, garnet, loiaite.
KA88A0HnSETTa
Altobd. — Galenite, pyrite.
A 17BUB2I. — Maaoniie.
Barbb.— /220 / fiMccs pyriUt cheryl/eldepar gtKrtuL
Gbbat Babbibgtov.— IVwRo/tte.
Bediobd. — Oamet.
Bblohsbtown. — Allanite.
Bbteblt.— Columbite, green feldnar, oassiteiita
Bolton. — ScapolUet petaliu ajfiiene, pyroxenei mUtaUte dumeide, boUonUe, apatite, niagneBrt% bomb spar, allanite, ytirooeriiet oerium ochre 7 (on the scapoliteX spineL
BoxBOBOuaH. — Scapolite, spmel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite.
Bbigbtok.— Aabestua.
(road leading to WarrenX — loHie, adularia, mdjbdenite, micat garnet
Oabuslb. — Iburmaline, garnet/ ecapoHte, actinolite.
Chablbbiowv. — Frehnite, lanmonUte, stilbite, chabasite, quarti ctTstala, melanolite.
Chblmstobd. — ScapoUte (cfaelmafordite), chcmdrodile, blue spmel, atmieMthuel rose quarts.
Chbsteb. — Homblaule, ecapolite, wieite, epodumene, indieoUte, apatite, magnetite, chromlte henlandite, analoite and chabaaite: at the Emery Mine, Chester Faotoriea. — GriMuiiMii, fnairgarUe, diaepore, epidote, oonindophilitei chloritoid, tourmaline fiMnocooiMte/ mtila, biotita, indianite? andesite? cyamite,
OHBtn*KBJt'iEU>. — Blue, green, and red Umrmalvne, cfamwfaiMhto (albiteX lUhia fiUba, smoky qaartM miarolite, epodumene, eyasMte, apatite, rose beryl, gaimet, quartt oryetala, etamrolite, oaasiterite, cokm bile, Eoiaite, uranite, brookite (eumaniteX soheelite, anUiophjllite, bomite.
()0VWAT.--P7ioluBite, fluorlte, aoisite, rtUilel ! native alum, galenite.
GuMMuraTON. — Bhodonile! cummingtonite (hornblende maroaaite, gmmeL
Dedham. — Aabestua, galenite.
Deebiieu). — (Chabaaite, henlandite, stilbite, amethyst, canelian, chaloedony, agau,
FtroHBUBO (Pearl Uill). — Beryl, etaurokteJ garnets, molybdenite.
FozBOBOuaH. — Pyrite, anthraeite,
Fbahkliv. — Amethyst
Qo6HBa. — Mica, aUite, epodumene I blue and green kmrmaline, beryl, toieite, smoky quarts odium* oite, tin ore, galenite, beryl (goshenite), pihlite (cymatolite).
Gbbenfield (in sandstone quany, half mile eaat of village).— Allophane, white and gresniah.
Hatfield. — Barite, yellow quacta crystals, galenite, blende, ohaloopyrite.
Hawlet. — Mieaceoue iron, massive pyrite, magnetite, loisite.
Heath. — Pyrite, goieite.
HursDALEL— Brown iron ore, apatite, Eoiaite.
Hubbabdsioh. — Maaeive pyrite,
LAK0A8TE& — Oyanite, cMaetolitel apatite staurolite, phiite, andalniila
Lbb. — Tremolite I ephene I (east part).
Lbkox — Brown hematite, gibbsite
Levbbbtt. — Barite, galenite, blende, ohaloopyrite.
lamxiov, — Spinel, scapolite apatite.
Ltsxiibld. — Magnesite on serpentine.
Martha's Ydtetabd. — Brown iron ore amber, selenite, radiated pyritB.
Mhbdok.— ifiea/ chlorite
710 AMEBIGAH LOOALinBB.
lODDLmiLD.— OZoMy aetinolUe, rhomb apar, sieaiiie, tefpmtine, fddapmr drui fMOtiS wfttab oisite, nacriie, ohaloedony, UUel deweylite.
MiLBUBT. — Fermteu/te.
MOKTAOUB' — Specular iron.
Nkwbubt. — SirpenUwy chrysotile, epidoie ma$Biv garneif sicMfte.
Newburtpobt. — Serpentine, nemaUi unite.
New Bbaiktbbb.— /odk iowrmalime.
'SoRWiCB.ApaiUe / black toumnaUne, heryJ spodumenet trihyUm (iliered), UflDde, qnara crystals, caasiterite.
NoRTHPiBLD. — Cbiumbiief flbrolite, cyanite.
Palmer (Three Rivers). — Fhidapar prehnite, oalo spar.
Pelham. — AsheskUf aerpeDline, quartz erytofa, bel, mdybdmnUe, honutomt efMdote aii tlijst.
Plainfisld. — OummingtonUe pyrohiiiie, rhodonik,
fiiOBMOMD. — Broum iron ore, ffibbnte/ aOopJtane,
RocKPOBT. — Ikmalite, cryopkyUOe, anntfa q/rloliU (altered ziroon) grem and white orfhodoM,
RowE — Kpidote, tala
South Rot Alston. — Beryl! I (now obtained with great difficoltyX fnieal ! fddaparl aUanita Four miles beyond old loa, on farm of Solomon mtoal bal! fdiaparl menaocanitap
RussEU — Schiller spar (diallage?), mtca, serpentine, beryl, galenite cfaaloopyrite.
Salem. — In a boulder, cancrinite, sodalite, elaolite.
Sauou& — Porphyry, jasper.
Sheffibld. — AsSestua, pyrite native alaoni pyrolualte.
Shblbubnb. — Rutile.
Shutesedbt (east of Lockers Pond). — MblyhdenUe.
Southampton.— oeruasite, angleaite, wuVmUef fluorite barita oopper and iron pyitta blende, coroeous lead, pyromorphite, atolzite, chiyaoooUa.
Stebuno. — Spodwmene, chieuMiUt apaihie iron miapiekeif blandSf galenite ohalcopyrite VP
Stoneham. —
Stubbbidge. — Graphite garnet, apatite, bog ore.
SwAMPSOOT.— OrtftOe, feldspar.
Tattnton (one mile south).— Paraoolumbite (titanic iron).
TuBNEB's Falls (Conn. Riyer). — Chaloopyrite, prehnite, chlorite cUMvpksAe, tpathio Iron, maia* flhite, magnetic iron sand, anthracite.
Ttbinoham. — Pyroxene acapolite.
UxBBiDeB. — Galenite.
Warwick. — Masaive garnet, radiated bUuk tomrmaMme magndUa beryl, epidote.
W A 8H INOTON. — Grophiie,
Wbstfield. — SchiUer apar (diallageX aerpentinet ateatite, cyanito, ocapotite, actindlita.
WssTfOBD.— ndolimfe /
West Hampton. — Galenite, argentine, paeudomorphoua quarta.
West Spbinofield.— iVeite, ankerite, satin spar, celestite, bitaminons ooaL
West Stockbbidob.— fibrous pyrolusite spathic iron.
Whatelt. — Native copper, galenite.
WiLUAMSBUBO. — Zoiiit, paeudomorphoua quarts, apatite, rose and smoky quarti, galeiiit% lusite, chaloopyrite.
WiLLiAMBTOWN. — Oryfi. qoorh,
WiNDSOB.— Zoinfe, actinolite, rM/el
WOBCESTEB — Jfuptdbei; idocraac, pyroxene garnet amianthus bnohofadtek spathle iroo, gal nite.
WoBTHiNOibN. — Oyanika.
ZOAB. — Bitter spar, iaic
Rhode Island.
BBmoL.— ilfiiedkvf. Granbtox.— Actinolite In talc
CuMBEBLAND. — Mangamie&e epiidoU oclinolt garnet titanifbrons iron, msgnetltei nd hsBftUi ehalcopyrite.
FOSTEB.— (Oili/tf.
Glouoesteb.— Jfonstie in chlorite slate.
J0HN80M.—Talc, brown spar.
NATia — See Waewiok.
Hbwpobi. — iSerpmme.
P0KrBMOirrB.iilArac< graphite asbettoi, pynii.
AMEBIQAlf L00ALIIIB8. 771
ealeiie, bitter apar, nacrite, flerpentioe (bowvnite) tremoli MbMtUB oartS) magnetic iron in dhlorite alate, talc I anataae. Waxwiok (Natio Tillage). — Maaomte garnet, graphite
BnuH. — Barite, datolite, blend, quarts cryetala.
Bolton. — Staurolite, chalcopyrite.
Bradlbtyilli (Utchfleld). — Laamontite.
'QtOBtGL.ChalcocUel chakopyrUe, barite, hornitef talc ailophoMf pyromorphite, eofetid nial* white, galenite, quarts.
Bbookfikld. — Galenite, calamine, Uende, epodamene, pyrrhotite.
Canaan. — TremoUte and white augiie I in dolomite, canaanite (maasiTa pyroxene).
Chatham. — Miapickel, amaltite, cLloanthite (ohathamiteX Bcorodite, niooolite, beryl, erythrite.
Cheshibb. — Bahu, ehaieocUe, bormte crysL, malaehUef kaolin, nairolite, prehniie, chabasite datolite.
.— 5t(/tfnaiMls / siroon, epidote.
Cornwall. — (TropAfte, pyroxene, actinoUte ephenef acapoUte.
Danbubt. — JOanburite, oligoelaee, tnoonriem, brown tonrmallDe onhodlaBe pyroxene paniP thorite.
Farhinoton.— iVeftnt/ cAoftoMie, agate, native copper.
Granbt.- -Green maladiite.
Grbbnwiuh. — Black iaunnaline.
Haddam. — Ckryaoberyl! beryl! tpidctet towrmaiinel fddapar, garnet! iolitet oltgocloBe, chUh rophyl/iie / auiomolite, magnetite, odWona, apatite, eoluimbite I siroon (calyptolite), nUeaf pyriie, marcaaitOf molybdenite, allaiiite, btamutfa, bismuth ochre, biamutite.
Hadltmb.— Chabasite and stilbito in gneiss, with epidote and garnet
Hartford. — Datolite (Rocky Hill quarry).
. — Brown iron ore, pyrolusite, ochrey iron ore.
IdTOHFiBLD. — Oyanite with corundum, apatite, and andaluslte, manacoonite (washingtonite), chalcopyrite, diaspoxe, uioooliferous pyrrhotite, margarodite.
. — Oamet, sunatone.
Mbbiden. — Datolite.
MiDDLBFiBLD FALLS. — DatoUte, chlorito, etc, in amygdaloid.
MiDDLBiowN. —ifica, lepidelite with green and red tourmaline, albite, /etdspar, coUmbitet uite garnet (sometimes octahedral), beryl, topes, uranite, apatite, pitchblende; at lead mine, galenite chalcopyrite, blende, quarts, fluorite, pyrite, sometimes capillary.
MiLFORO.— Sahlite, pyroxene, aabeatue, soisite, verd-antique marble, pynte.
Nbw Haybn. — Serpentine, asbestus, chromic iron, sahlite, stilbite, prehnltai
Norwich. — SUUmanite, menasute/ siroon, iolite, corundum, feldspar.
Oxford, near Humphreysyilla— Cyanite, chalcopyrite.
Pltuoutu.— Galenite, heulandiie, fluorite, chlorqphyUitel garnet
ROARiNO Brook (Cheshire). — Datolite I calcite, prehnite, saponite.
Bbadino (near the line of Danbnry). — Pyroxene, garnet,
Boxburt.— <%)alAtctron, Uende, pyrite I t galenite, quarts, ohalcopyiitei
Salisbort. — Brown iron ore, odirey iron, pyrolusite, triplite, turgite,
Satbrook.— Jfo/yMmt/e, sUlbite, plumbago.
DtAwmx.— Copper glance, green malachite.
SouTHBORT. — Boae quarts, laumontite, prehnite calc spar, heavy spar.
SouTmNOTON. — Heavy spar, datdite, asteriated quarts ciTStala.
Stafford. — Massive pyrites, alum, oopperaa.
Stoninoton. — Stilbite and chabaeite on gneiss.
Thatohkrsvillb (near Bridgeport). — Sbite on gneiss, babbingtoniteT
Tolland.— Staurdite, massive pyrites.
Teumbull aud Mokrob. — Ohhrophane, topaz, beryl, diaapore pyrrhotite, pyrite, scheelite ramite (pseudomorph of scheelite), rutile, native bismuth, tungatio add, spathic iron, miapickel, argentiferous galenite, blende, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite,augite,graphs tellurium, yarodite.
Washington.— TnpZtfe, menaceanite! (washingtonite of Sbepard), rhodochroaite, natroUts OMla hteiie (New Preston), cyanite.
Watbbtown, near the Naugatuck — White sahlite, monasite.
Wmn Farms.— Asbestua.
Wit Jifn A img— Hipaa moiumte, ripidoUte, WoroHKSiss and Wiltok. — ABbestus, garQot.
New York.
ALBANY GO.—Bethlxhsh. — Caldte, BUdactite, Btalagmite caloareons sinter, aiiuwj gjpniL
Coeyman's Landikq. — Gjrpaum, epsom wlt {uorb crystoiB Crystal Uill, three miles aoath ol Albany.
GuiLDXRLAND. — PetToleum, anthracite, and calcite, on the banks of the Konnan*s KiU, two miki south of Albany.
Watsevlist. — Qttarb eqfstaUf yellow dnuj quaroL
ALLi£GHANY CO.— Cuba.— Caloareous tola, petroleum, miles from the Tfllisi CATTARAUOUS CO.— FsBDOif.— AirofaiMik
CAYUGA CO.— AuBUBN.— Oelestite caldte, fluor spar, epsomitsi.
Cayuga Lake. — Sulphur.
LuDLOWYiLLB. — Epsomito.
Ukion SpAiKoa — SelenUef gypsum.
Spbikopobt.— At Thompsou's plaster beda aiUphmr t ddadk,
SPBINQVILL& — Nitrogen springs.
ClilNTON CO.— Abnold Ibon Minb.— Jfivn epidote molybdeniia. FiNOH Obb Bbd. — Caicitef green and purple fluor.
CHATAUQUE CO.— Fbbdohia.— iBlrvteMn, carimnUed hydrogm, Laona. — Petroleum. SuEBiDAV.— Alum.
COLUMBIA CO.— AxTBTEBLms.— lEbriy mangcmMe, wnlfenite, chaloodte; liyingBtoii kad min ntreous silver ?
Chatham.— Quartz, pyrite in oubio crystals in slate (EUllsdale).
Canaan. — Chalcocite, chalcopyrite.
Hudson.— Epidote, atknitel
IJEW Lebanon. — M nitrogen Bprings, graphite, anthracite ; at the Ancram lead mine, galenite, barit blend vjvJffeniU (rare), chalcopyrite, calcareous tu& ; near the city of Hudson, epsom salt, browi spar, wad,
DUTCHESS CO.— Ambnla.— Dolomite, Umowite, twrgiU, Beckman. — JDolomite.
DovEB. — Dolomite, tremolite, gofnet (Foss ore bed staurollte, UmonUe, FiBHKiLL.— Dolomite ; near Peolnrille, talc asbestus, graphite, hamblmide, aogila actfagliH hydrous anthophyllite Umonite, NoBTH East. — Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galenite blende. Pawuno. — Dolomite.
Rhinebbok. — Calcite, green feldspar, epidote, tourmaline. Union Vale. — At the Clove mine, gibbnie, UmonUe,
ESSEX CO. — Albzandbia.- Kirb/s graphite mine graphite eoapfAlik, sphene.
Cbown Point. — ApaitUe (eupyrchroite of EfmMna\ brown kmrmaHnet In the apatite, chlorite quartz crystals, pink and blue calcite, pyrite ; a short distance south of J. C. Hammond's houai gcumet, scapoUte chalcopyrite, wtnkwine fddtpair, zircon, magnetic iron (Peru), epidote, mica.
Kbsne. — Scapolite.
LBW1& — Tabular epar, colopJumiie, garnet, labradorUe, harrUfleiide, actinolite ; ten miles south of the village of Keeseville, mispickel.
Long Pond.— Apatite, garnet, pyroaoeMf idoorase, coccoUtel! ecapoUte, magnetite, hlue eakUe,
McIntybe. — Labradoritef garnet magnetite,
MoRUH, at baiidibrd Ore Bed. — Magnetite apatite, alUmitet lanthanite, actinolite, and feld* spar; at Fisher Ore Bed, magneUc iron, feldspar, quartz; at Hall Ore Bed, or "New Ore Bed,' magnetite mroona; on Mill brook, caicUe pyroxene hornblende, albite; in the town of Horial magnetite, bUkck mica.
AimSIQAN LOGALintt. 778
SwwooMB.LabradorUe, feldspar, magnetio iroiii hjrperathene.
Port . - Brown tourmaUne, mica, rose quark, terpentine green and Madf pyrooume, bom blende oryvt pyrite, graphite tubular spar, pyrrbotine, adnlaria; phlogopUe/ at Obeever Ore Bed witb magDetite and serpentine.
Roger's HocK.'-OfaphUef taindar epar, garnet, colophomk, fMapar, adularia, pyroxene, ephene ooooobte.
ScHROON. — Cakik pyroxene, ehondrocUte,
TicoynBROGA. — Oraphite I pyroxene, sahlite ejiene, bleak tourmaline, cacoxene ? (Mc. Deflanoe>
Westport.— Labradorite, prehnite, magnetite. v
WiLiBORO*. — TalnUar spar, oolophoniU, garnet, green oooooUU, bomblende.
EBIE CO.— Elucxxit's MiLLa— CSafearetntf tfaa,
FRANKLIN CO.— CHATSAUOAT.—Nitrogen springs, calcareooa tnfiMi Kaloks. — Maaawe pyrite magnetio iron ore.
GENESEE CO.— cu2 springs oontaining sulpburic aoid.
GREENE CO.— Catskill.— CbJtCflL Diamond Hill.— Quartz crystala.
HERKIMER 00.— Fairfield.— Quorti crystale, fetid barite.
Little Falls.- Quarts cryslaist barite, caldte anthracite, pearl spar, mwky gnorii; cm oath of Little Falls, caldte, brown spar, feldspar. MiDDLBYiLLB. — Quortt oryskUsJ caldte, brown and pearl spar, snthraoita Newport. — Quarb crystals,
Salisburt.- uorti crystals f blende, galenite, iron and oopper pyrites. Stark.— Fibrous oelestite, gypsum.
HAMILTON 00.— Lozro Lake.— Blue ealdta
JEFFERSON CO.— Adaic&— Fluor, calc barite.
ALEXANDRIA.— On the S.E. bank of Musoolonge Lake, fluorite phlogopite dialcopyrite; on High Island, in the St. Lawrenoe River, feldspar, Umrmaline, hornblende, orthoclasCf oelestite.
Antwerp. — Stirling iron mine, specular iron, chakodite, spathic iron miUerite, red JumaOte cryatallized quartz, yellow aragonite, nicooliferous iron pyrites, quariz crystals pyrite ; at Oxbow, caldte / porous coralloidal heavy spar; near Yrooman's lake, caldte t idocrase, phiogopiiet pyroxene sphens fluorite, pyrite, chalcopyrile; bog-iron ore, scapolite (farm of David EgglesonX serpen tinCf tourmaline (yellow, rare).
Brownsville. — Celeetite in slender crystals, caldte (four miles from Watertown).
Natural Bridge. — Feldspar, gieseckitet steaOtOf pseudomorphous aSlu pyroxene.
New Connecticut. — hene, brown phlogopite.
Omar. — Beryl, feldspar, specular iron,
Philadelphia. — Oamets on Indian river, in the village.
Pambua. — Agaric mineral, calo tufii.
Pillar PoiNT.-ifa5tt; heavy spar (exhausted).
Theresa. — Fluor caldte, specular iron ore, hornblende, serpentine associated with the specular iron), oelestite, strontianite ; the Musoolonge Lake locali of fluor is exhausted.
Watertown. — TremoUtef agaric mineral, oalo tujQi, oelestite.
WiLNA.— One mile north of Natural Bridge, caldte,
LEWIS CO. — Diana (localities mostly near Junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and within two miles of Natural Bridge). — Scapolite I tabular spar green oooooUte, feldspar, tremoUte pyroxene/ sphene/ 1 mica, quarts crystals, drusy quartz, crysU pyrite pyrrhotite, Uue caldte, serpentine, rensselaeritey zircon, graphite, chlorite, specular iron, bog*iron ore, iron sand, cfatite,
QKKiQ.-Magnetite, pyrite.
LowviLLE. — Calcite, fluorite, pyrite, galenite, blende, calo tufit
Mabtinsruwh. — Wad, galenite, etc., but mine not now opened, oakiks.
Watson, Brrmen.—- Bog-iron ore.
MONROE CO.— RooHBsm.— iVor/ spar calo spar, snowy gypson, floor, oelestite galeiiili blende, barile, homstone.
774 AJCEBIOAN LOOALmSB.
MONTOOKERY CO.— Canajohabis.— Anthracite.
Palativb. — Qtiorts cryatals dnisy quarts, anthracite, homstone, agate garnet
Boot. — Peaul spar, dnisy quariZf blende, barite, stalactite, stalagmite galenite pyiila
NEW YORK CO. — Coblkab's Hook. — Apatite, brown and yellow feldspar, spheuA KiNOSBBiDOE. — TremolUe pyroxene mica, tourmaline, pyrites, rutile, dolomite. Hablem. — Epidote, apopbyllite, stilbite, tourmaline, Tivianite, lamellar feldspar, mio New Yobk. — SerpenHne amianthus, actinolite, pyroxene hydrous anthopliyllite, gamel. ite, molybdenite, graphite chhrik, jasper, nearoniiOf feldspar.
NIAGARA CO.~Lewiston.— JMomtfe.
LocKPOBT. — Odeatik, cakiie, denite, anhydrite, JUtorik dolomite Iknde,
NuoABA Pali& — OaJciU fluorite, blende doHomiite.
ONEIDA CO.~BooNYiLLB.— Oxlctfe, tabular apart eoccoUte,
— Blende, lenHcuhr argHiaceoua iron ore; m rocks of the GUntOQ Oroup, atrontiaBiti seleetite, the former covering the latter.
ONONDAGA CO.— Caxillub.— iSstfe Bndfibroiu gffpmmL
Cold Spboto. — Azinite.
Manlius. — Oypsum and fluor.
Stbaousb.— jSSerpentiM celeatite, selenite, barite.
ORANGE CO.— COBHWALL.— Ztrotm, chondrodiiet honMendet tpind, mamiw fddepar, /Ibrom tpidote, hudsonite, menaocanite, serpentine ouooolite.
Deeb Pabk. — Oryet. pyrite, galenite.
MoNBOB. — Mica I ephenel gamett colophonite, epidote chondrodite, aUtmUe, bneboLElte, brows spar, epinel, hornblende, talo menaccanite pyrrlwtite, pyrite, ohromio iron, graphite rastdyte, moronolite.
At WiLKS and O'Neil Mine in Monroe. — Aragonite, magnttUe, dimagnetite (plead.?), Jenkinsite iubestua, serpentine, mtco.
At Two in Monroe. — Pyroxene I chondrocUte, horMendef ecapoUtel noon, aphene, apatita
At Gbeekwood Fubnaob in Uonroe. OthondrodUe, pyroxene I mioa, hornblende, epmel, aoapo- Uie, bioUte I menaccanite.
At FoBEST or Dean. — Pyroxene apimd, zircon, scapolite, hornblende.
Town of Wabwiok, Warwick Village. — Spindl tiroon, eerpenOnel broum epar, pyroxenel hornblende t pseudomorpJioua steatite feldepart (Rock Hill), menaocanite, dtnimtfe, tourmaline (& H.X rut ephenet molybdenite, mispiokel, maroasite, pyrite, yellow iron sinter, quartii jper, mict, ooccolite.
AxiTT. — Spinel/ gaimet, ecapolite hornblende idooraae epidok t cUntonitei magnetiie, tourmaUM warwickite, apatite, ehondrodiisf taict pyroxenel rutile, menaocanite, noon, corundum, fddtpar, oalc spar, serpentine, schiller spar (?), silvery mica.
Bdentille.— 4pa chondroditit hair-brown hornblende t tremolite epind, toimmaJine, warwid ite, pyroxene, ephene, mica, feldepar, mispiekel, orptment) rutik, menaocanite, soorodite ooppec pyrites.
West Point.— mica, scapolite, ephene, hombknde, allanite.
PUTNAM CO.— Cabmil (Brown's quarry).— Anthophyllite schiller spar (?X orphnent, mispbhh, epidote.
Cold Spbinq. — Cbabasite, mica, sphene, epidote.
Pattebson. — Whik pyroxene/ cak epar, aebeatus, tremoKte, dolomite massive pyrite.
Philupstown.— rfi0moU amianihue, serpentine, sphene, diopside, green cooeokte, hornblMide ecapolikt still'ite, mica, laumontite, gurhofite, calc spar, magnet) iron, chromitsw
Phillips Ore Bed. — Hyalite, actinoUte, massive pyrik.
RENSSELAER CO.— Hoosic— Nitrogen springs. Lansinobuboh. — Epaomite, quark crystak, pyrite. Tb' t. — Quark crystals, pyrik, selenik.
RICHMOND CO.— R088TILLE.— Lignite, eryst pyrite.
QuABAKTiNB.— .itf&eato, amianthus, aragonite, dolomUe, gurhqfik, Imieile, aerpuntine kk, jte.
▲XSBIOAN LOOALinXB. 77S
BOOKLAND OO.Caldwbll.— CUeife
GRA88T Point. — Serpentine, actinolitei
HAVKB8TitA.w.— //om&ibMie, barite.
Ladsntowk. — Zircon, malachite, cuprite.
PiXRMONT. — Datolite, atilbite, apopbyllite, stellite prehnite, thomaoiiite caldte ehabacitei
T/roNT Point.— Cerolite, lamellar hornblende, asbeeitai.
HT. LAWRENCE CO. — Cantoit. — Maaaive pyrites oiIcUb, brown toarmaline aphene serpentina talc renssdaerikt pyroxene, Bpeoolar iron, chaloopyrite.
DsKALa— omfrifufe, barite fluorik tremoUU ftmrmaiuM blende, graphite pyroxene, qtiarti (spongyX aerpeotioe.
Edwards. — Brown and eiboery mica I scapolite apatite, quark cryekda actinolite, tremolite, apecular iron, serpentine, magnetite.
PiNB. — Ekuk mka hornblende.
Fowler. — BcarUe quartz erystalat specular iron, blende galenite tremolite, chaloedony, bog ore, satin apar (aaaoa with aerpentiue), iron and copper pyritea, actinolite renuelaerUe (near Somerville).
QouTERNEUR. — Oolcitel eerpenUnet hornblende I ecapoUUI orthcckue tourmaline/ idocraae (one mile south of Q.), pyroxene, apatite, reneedaerite, serpentine, ephenej fluorite, barite (farm of Judge Dodge), black mica, phlogopite, tremoUtcl asbeatua, tfpectito , graphite, idocraae; (near Soroer ▼ille in serpentine) apind hougbite, acapolite, phJogopite dolomite ; Uiree-quarter of a mile west of Somerville, chondivdUe spinel ; two miles north of Somerville apcJite pyrite, brown four' maUnel I
Hammokd. — Apatite/ turoont (farm of Mr. HardyX orthodaae (loxolaseX barite, pyrite, purple fluonte, dolomite.
HxBMOV. — Quarti cryatala, apecular iron, apathie iron, paigasite pyroxene, serpentine tonrmap line, bog-iron ore.
— Blende, mica, qalenitB (on laud of James Averil), sphene.
MiKSRAL Point, Morristown.— Fluorite blende, galenite, phlogopite (Pope's MillsX barita
Ogdbvsburg.— Labradorite.
PiTOAiBK.tin spar, asaodated with serpentine.
FoTSDAU.— Hornblende /—eight miles from Poisdam on road to Pierrepont, feldapar, toumuHinet Uack mica, hornblende.
RosBiB (Iron Mines). — Barite apecular iron, coralloidal aragonite in mines near Somerville, limonite, quarts (sometimes stalactitio at Parish iron mine), pyrite, pearl apar,
Boflsn Lead Mine. — Oakitel galenite/ pyrite, celeatite, chalcopyrite, apaihic iron f oerussite, anglesite, octahedral fluor, black phlogopite.
Elsewhere in Bossib. — Cfakite, barite, quarts crystals, chondrodite (near Yellow Lake), fddaparl pargaeUel apatite, pyroxene, hornblende, sphene, siroon, mica, fluorite, serpentine, automoUt pearl spar, graphite.
UvBBHiM'Fargaaite, apecular iron, (dodea oalcite, serpentine rensselaerite, magaetite.
aARATOGA CO.— BBMNfiBLD.— OAryio60rY// garnet t towrmaUnef mica, apatil fniphite aragonite (in iron mines).
SCHOHARIE C0.Ball'8 Cati and others.— Oaksite, stalaotitss.
Cablislel— .Ft&rotM aulphate o/baryta, oryat and fib. earbomOe oflkm,
MlDDLBBURT.— Anthracite, oalcite.
8HABON.~Calcareou8 tula.
SoHOHARiB.— Fibrous oelestite, atronHaniUel cryaL pyritea I
8EKB0A (X).— OAKOeA.— JfiMhiym spHn
TOBfPKINS (X).—Itraoa.— Calcareous tu&.
ULSTER CO.— ELLBinriUAaatou0, blende, chalecpyrHai qumia, Kabblitowv.— Pyrite.
' WARREN CO.— Oalpwblu— ifoMyUlqNr.
/76 JJODOOAK LOGAUim.
GHnrsB. — PyrUe, toaniudine nitile, cbaloopyrito. Diamond Islb (Lake 6eoiig). — Oakik, jtMrti arysiab, 's Fall& — Rhomb spar. JOHNBBUBO.— /%ioritB/ Miramt ! graphite taymiiim, pifHk,
WASHINGTON 00.— Fobt Axv.—OrtgtkUe, terpeotiDe. Oraktillk. — LameUar pyroxene maaaive fekiapar, epidote.
WATNB CO.WoLOOTT.— Barita
WESTCHESTER 00— Amtbont's TSosR.—Apatae, pjntib, cakik I inTory large tabular 9pUk groaped, aod aometimee incmated with dnuj qaaitc.
Daybnpobt's — SerpaUinA, garnet, apbene.
KAfiTCHBSTEiu— BleDde, copper and iron pyrite8| dolomite.
llA8nNG& — TremoUte, white pynaene,
Nxw RocHELLK — SopeiUine, brute, quartz, mka, tremolito gamet| magneaite.
Peekskill. — MicS) feldapar, bomblende, atilbita aphene.
Rte. — SayenHnet chlorite Hack ttmrmalinef tremolite.
StKOsiNO. — Pyroxene tremoUie, pyrite, beryl, azurite. green malachite white lead ora pjronor phite, aDgleaite, vauquelinite, galeniie, native ailver, chaloopyrite.
Faiuis.— Apatite, tremolite. garnet, stilbite, heulandite, chabesteb epidote Mfitu
YoNKEBa — TremoUie, apatite, caldte, analdte, pyrUe, toormaline.
ToBKTOWK. — SiUimaniikf monagik, magnetite.
New Jerset.
Akdotbb iBOir KiHB (SQflBexOa).-*Willemtte, biown garnet
BxLYiLLB. — Copper minea.
BKBOXir.— Cbfetfe/ datoUtef pedoUte (called satellite)! analdta apcphyUiiBr pnkmte spociM iH kU% fuJroUte, heulandite komontite, ehabagik, pyrite, peendomorphooa ateetite imitatiTO of apo phyllite.
bRUKSwicK. — Copper miaea: native copper, malachite, numntain leather.
Bbtam — Chondrodtte, apind, at Roaeville, qridote,
Cantwell's Bridge (Newcastle Co.). three miles west — Viyianite.
Daktille (Jemmy Jump Ridge). — chondrodite angite mica.
Flemikoton. — Copper mtnes.
Frajtefort. — SefnOne.
Frankun and Steruko.— £iie7/ garnet f rhodonite t wiOemitef firmkUidief red aAw en dyshiitet hornblende, trtTnoUte, cfiondrodite, whOe eeapoMte, bladt kmrmaUne, epidoie, eaioitt, mieOf actinolite, augite. aahlite, cooooKte, aabeatu jfknotdte (aogite), calamine, graphite, floarili beryl, galenite, serpeotiae, hooey-colored aphene, quartz, chalcedony, amethyat lirooQ, moljbdenita vivianite. throite, rhodochmsite aragonite. Alao atgeirUe in gran, limestone.
Frakkuk and Warwick Mtb. — friie
(tReenbrook. — Copper minea.
Origostowk. — Copper minea.
Hamburgh — One mile north, spinet t UmrmaUne, pihJhgopitet honMende, UmonUe, speenler irae.
HoROKEK. — iserpentiDe (marmolite\ frructte, nemaUte (or flbrons bniciteX aragonite dolomite
HuRDflTOWN. — Apatite magnetic pyrites magnetite.
IMLETTOWK. — Viviaoite
Lock WOOD.— (rnAife, chandrodite, tak, augittf gwarh, yreemtpimeL
MoNTViLLB (Morris Go.)l — SerpentiDe, chrjotile,
MuLLiCA Hill (Gloucester Co.). — Vivianite liniug belemnites and other IbaaiK
Newtov. — Spinel, bine, pink, and white corundum, msioa, idoeraee, kombUnde, t-te, rut lie, pyrite, talc caldte, hiarite, peeudomofphoue eteaiiit
PBNNSYLTANIA. BBBK8 CO.— MoBOAinowiL— At Jonea*8 mines, one mile east of Morgantown, grwem
AXKBIOAN LOGALTim. 777
ckrysocoHoy magnMe, pyrite; chaloopyrite aragODito, talo; two miles N.E. from Jones's oIds grsphiie, spbene; at Steele's mine one mile N.W. from St. Mary's, Chester Co., mttgitttUet mica' aeous iroo, oocoolite, brown garnet.
Reading. — Smoky quarto crystals zireon, stilbitei iron ore ; at Eckhardt'a Furnace, aUanito with
BUCKS CO. — BucKiNOBAJC Township. — Crystallized quartz.
bouTHAiiPTOK. — Near the village of Feostervilie, in the quarry of Geo. Van Arsdale, grophik pyroxene, sahlite, coccolite, aphme green mica, calcite, vfoUaatonite glossy feldspar sometiroei opalescent phlogopite, blue quartz garnet, molybdeite, zircon, pyrite, moroxite.
CABBON CO.— SumuT Hill, in coal mines.— JEooitfiai.
CHESTER CO. — Bibhikqhjim To wkship.— Amethyst, JtmttoH serpentine; in Ab'mDar* iington*s lime quarry, caiciie.
East Bradford. — Near BuflSngton's bridge on tb Brandy wine, green, blue, and gray cyanita the gray cyauite is found loose in the soil in crystals; on the farms of Dr. Elwyn, Mrs. Fouike, Wm. Oibbons, and Saml. Entrikin, amdhyst. At Strode*s mill, asbesius, magnesite anthophyliite, oligodase drusy quartz, coUyritet on Osborne's Hill, wad manganenan amef (massive), sphene, schorl; at Caleb Cope's lime quarry, /e dolomite necronite, garnets, blue cysnite, yeUow actinolite in taic; near the Black Horse Ion, indurated tale rutile; on Amor Davis' farm, orthite! massive, a grain to lumps of one pound weight ; near the paper-mill on the Brandy wine zircon associated with titanifcnus iron in blue quartz.
West Bradford.— Near the village of Marshalton, green cyaniU rutile, scapolite, pyrite, stauro lite ; at the Chester County Poor-house limestone quarry, chesterlite t in crystals implanted on dolomite, rutile I in brilliant acioular crystals, which are finely terminated, calcite in scalenohedron soisite, damowrite f in radiated groups of crystals on dolomite, quartt cryetalB,
South CorsNTRT. — In Chrisman's limestone quarry, near Coventry village, augite, sphene graphite, zircon in iron ore (about half a mile from the village).
East Fallowfzbld. — Soapstone.
East Ooshiek. — Serpentine, asbeatua.
West Goshen.— On the Barren one mile north of West Chester, amianthus, serpentine, cellular quartz, jasper, chalcedony, drusy quartz, chlorite, marmolite, indurated talc, magnesite in radiated crystals on serpeutiue, hematite, asbestus ; near R. Taylor's mill, chromite iu octahedral crystals, dMeylitej radiated magnesite, aragonite, toiiro/ife, garnet, asbestus, epidote ; zoisite on hornblende at West Chester water-workii (not accessible at present).
New Garden. — At Niviu's limostone quarry, brown tourmaline necronite scapolite, apatite, brown and green mica, rutile, aragonite fibroUte, kaolinite.
Kenkett. — Actinolite, brown tourmaline, brown mica, qtidote tremolite, scs polite, aragonite; on Wm. Cloud's (arm, sunatonell sphena At Pearoe's old mill, zoisite, epidote sunatone; sunstone occurs in good specimens at various places in the range of hornblende rocks running tlirough this township from N.E. to S&.W.
Lower Oxford.— (Garnets, pyrite in cubic ciyslala
London Qrovs. — Rutile, jasper, chalcedony (botryoidal) ; in Wm. Jackson's limestone quarry, yeiiow tourmaUnef tremoUte; at Pussy's quarry, rutile, tremoHte,
East Marlborough.— On the farm of Baiiy A Brothers one mile south of Unionville, bright and nearly white tourmakne, chesterlite albite; near Marlborough meetitig-house, epidote, serpentine, acicular black tourmaline in white quartz; zircon in small perfect crystals loose in the Boil at Pussy's saw-mill, two miles S.W. of Unionville.
West Marlborough.— Near Logan's quarry, staurolite, cyanite, yellow tourmaline, rutile, gar* neta ; near Doe Run village, fiemaiitej scapolite, tremolite ; in R. Baily's limestone quarry, two and a half miles S. W. of Unionville, fibrouB tremolite cyanitCf scapolite.
Nbwun.— On the serpentine barrens, one and a half miles N.E. of Unionville, corundum/ massive and crystallized, also in crystals in albite oden in loose crystals covered with a thin coating of steatite talc, picrlite, bruoite, green tourmahnef with flat pyramidal terminations in albite, unionite (rare), euph 'Ute, mica in hexagonal crystals, /eUspar, beryl/ in hexagonal crystals, one uf which weighs 61 lbs., chromic iron, drusy quartz, green quartz, actinolite, emeryHte, cblorotoid, d tallage oUgoSase ; on Johnson Patterson s farm, massive corundum titaniterous iron, clinic/ihre, tfm rylite sometimes oolored green by chrome, albite, ortliockue balloysite, margarite, garnets, beryl; on J. Lesley's larm, corundum crystallized and in massive lumps, one of which weighed 5200 lbs., diaapore / / emerylite / euphyUite oryatalUzed / green tourmaline, transparent crystals in e eupfiylUte orthodase ; two miles N. of Unionville, magnetite in octahedral crystals ; one mile E. of UnioDTille hematite; in Edwards*s old limestone quarry, purple fluor, rutilo.
778 Ahebicak Looautibs.
£a8T Nottinohak.— iatMi chrcmti asheatus, chromic iron in octahedral crjatala
Nottinguah. — At Scott's chrome mine, chromic tron foUaUd tafc, mumolite, chalcedony rhodochrome ; at the magnesia quany, deweylOe marmoHte, magnate, leelite, serpenliBf and chrome.
E-ST PiKELAND. — Iron ora
West Pikeland. — In the iron mines near Chester Springs, githHtef nrcon hydnhhemiOtite, hmt Ute (Btalactitical and in geodes).
Penh. — Garnets, agalmatolite.
Pennsbuet. — On Jolin Craig's farm, brown garnets, mica ; on J. Dilworth's farm, near EairriUa musoovite ! in hexagonal prisms one quarter to seven inches in diameter ; in the fiUage of Fairville, aunsUmc; near Brinion's ford on the Brandy wine, chondrodite tphenct diopeide coooolite : at Mendenball's old limestone quarry, fetid quarta sunstone.
PocoPSOK.—On the farms of John Entrikin and Jos. B. Darlington, ameOtyat
Sadsburt. — BtUile / / splendid genieulated crystals are found loose in the soil for seven miki along the valley, and particularly near the village of Parkesbuiig, where they sometimes occur weighs ing one pound, doubly genieulated and of a deep red color; near Sadsbury viUage, amdhyttt tourmaline, epidote, mUk quarts,
Schuylkill — In the railroad tunnel at Pbcbnixtills, dohmitel sometimes coated with pyrita, quartz crjrstala, yellow blende brookite, cahik in hexagonal crystals enclosing pyrite; at tba Wheatlet, Brookdale, and Countt lead hikes, one and a half miles S. of Phoenixville, pyromorphite/ ceruasiki galeniiej anglaitei J quartz crystals, chaloopyrite, barite, fluoride (white), stolziU wul/enite/ calamine, vanadinite, blende t mimetenel native copper, malachite, azttrite, limonite, calcitCf sulphur, vite, indigo copper, black oxide of copper, phosphochaldte, gersdorffita
Tbornburt.— On ,foe. H. Brinton's farm, muecavite containing adcular crystals of tonrmaliae ruHle, titaniferous iron.
TRSDYrFRUX.— Pyrite in cubic crystals loose in the soil.
tJwcHLAK. — Massive Uue quarts, graphite,
Warren. — Melanite feldspar.
WiLLiSTOWN. — Magnetite, chromite actiuolite, asbestua
WEST-Towy.— On the serpentine rocks 8 miles S. of West Chester, cimochhret Jerinie I niok, asbestus, actinolite, magnesite to2c, titaniferous iron.
Bast Whitelakd. — Pyrite, in very perfect cubic crystals, is found on nearly every &rm in thii township, quartz crystals found loose in the soil.
West Whiteland. — At Qen. Trimble's iron mine, ekiXacliiiical hematite I VHweOite / / in radiated stalactites.
Warwick. — At the Elizabeth mine, and Keim's old iron mine adjoining, one mile X. of KnaQe town, aplome garnet I in brilliant dodecahedrons, flos/erri pyroxene micaceous iron, pyrite in brigfal octahedral crystals in calcite, chaloopyrite massive and in single tetrehedral crystals, magnetite, fascicular hornblende/ homitts, malachite, broum garnet, calcite, byssolitel serpentine; near the vil* lage of St Mary's magnetite in dodecahedral crystals, melanitiBf gflmet, actinolite in small radiated nodules; at the Hopewell iron mine, one mile N.W. of St. Mary's, magnetite in octabedrd orystals.
COLUMBIA 00. — At Webb's minOi yellow blende in caldte; nearBloozn8barg,ci7st magne* tite.
BAUPHIN CO.— Near Hakmblstown.— Green garnets, cryst smoky quartK, feldspar.
DELAWARE CO. — Asroir TowssEOP.'AmMyst, corundum, emerylite, staorolite, fibroUte, black tourmaline, pearl mica, sunstone adfeatus, anthophyllite steatite; near Tyson's mill, garnet, taurolite ; at Peter's mill-dam in the creek, pyrope garnet,
BnuaNOHAif.— 'dntte, kaolin (abundant), crystals of rutile, amethyst; at Bullodc's old qnany, zircon, bucholzite, nacrite, yellow crystallized quartz, feldspar.
Blue Hill. — Green quartz crysuls.
Chester. — Amethyst, black tourmaline, beryl, crystals of fddapar, garnet, cryst. pyrite, meiyb' denite, molybdic ochre, chaloopyrite, kaolin.
Cbiohester.— Near Trainer's mill-dam, beryl, tourmaline, crystals of feldaparf kaolin ; on Wm. Eyre's &rm, tourmdUne,
CoyooRD. — Orystals of mica, erysiais of feldspar, kaolin abundant, drusy quartt of a blue and green color, meerschaum, stellated tremoUte, some of the rays in. diameter, anthophylhte, flbrolite adcular crystals of rutUe, pyrope in quarts, amethyst, actinolite, manganeeian geirwi, beryl; is Green's creek, pyrope garnet
Darbt.— -fiftttf and gray cyanite, garnet, staurolite, zoisite, quarts, beryl, chlorite mica, limonite
KoQMMOin.'Amethysi, oxide of manganese, crystals of feldspar; one mik east of Bdgemonf Hall, rutUe m quarts.
AXEKIOAN IXXULTim. 779
Mabplb. — IhurmaHnef andabuitef ametbjst) acHnoUte anthophyUitef talo radiaied aeUntUiB k taks laroroite dmtay quartz beryl, cryst. pyrite, tikmic iron in quariZf chlorite.
MiDDLBTOWN.— metft beryl, black mica, mica with reticulated magnetite between tte plateii manganeBiem {forneta t lai*ge trapezohedral crystals, some 8 in. in diameter, indurated talc, hexagonal crystals ofrti cryHaia qf mica green quartz/ anthophyUiU radiated tourmaliue, staurolite, titanic iron, fibrolite, serpentine; at Lenui, cMoriie green and bronze vermtctt/tfe/ green fddapar nt eral Hill, fine crystals of corundum one of Wh weighs If lbs., actinolite in great variety, bronzite, green fekbpar, mconstonet aunakmej graphic granite, magneeite, odahedrai crysiaia o/chromite in great quantity, beryl, chalcedony, asbestus, fibrous hornblende rutile, statxrolita
NKWTOWN.--<Serpentine, hematite.
Upper Pbovidenob.— n/AopAy0i iremoiiiie, radiaied aebeahUf radiated actinoUie, tourmaline, beryl, green feidepar, amethyat (one found on Morgan Hunter's farm weighing over 7 lbs.), andaluaite (one terminated crystal found on the farm of Jas. Worrell weighs lbs.) ; at Blue Uill, very fine crystals of blue quartz in chlorite, amianthua in serpentine.
Lower Protidencb. — Amethyat, green mica, garnet, large crystals of feldapar I (some over 100 ibe. in weight).
Radnor. — Oamet, marmolite, deweylite, chromite asbestus, magncsite, talc blue quarts, pksro* lite, limonite, magnetite.
SPRiKonsLD. — Andaluaite, tourmakne, beryl, titanic iron, garnet; on Feirs Laurel HLl, beryl, garnet; near Seattle's mill, staurolite apatite; near Lewis's paper-mill, tourmaline, mica,
Thornbubt. — Amethyat '
HUNTINGDON CO.Neab Fbakkstown.— In the bed of a stream and on the side of a hill, Hhroua celeatite (abundant), quartz cryatala.
LAKGA.STER CO.— Dbumobb TowKseiP.—Quarts crystals.
Fulton. — At Wood's chrome mine near the village of Texas, hrudtetl zaratite (emerald nidcel), pennite ! ripidotita I kammererite I baltmoriU, chromic iron, williamsite, chryeoUte t marmolite, picrolUe, hydromagnesite, dokmUte magnesite, aragonite, calcite, serpentine, hematite, menaoca- Bite, gt-nthite, chrome-garnet, bronsite ; at Low's mine, hydromagneeitei brucite (lancasterite), micro' Ute, magnesite, williamaite, cAfvmtc iron, talc, zaratite, balUmorite, serpentine, hematite; on M. Boice's farm, one mile N. W. of the village PVite, in cubes and various modifications, anthophyllite ; near Bock Springs, chalcedony, camelian, moaa agate, green tourmaUne in talo, titanic iron, octaJiedrai magnetite in chlorite; at Reynold's old mine, calcite, tak, ptofolite, chromite.
Gap Mine& — Ghalcopyrite pyrrhotite (nioooliferoua), millerite in botryoidal radiations, vivianite ' (rare), actinoliie, pyroxene crystals, aiderite,
Pequea Vallet. — Eight miles south of Lanoaster, aiigentiferous galenite (said to contain 250 to 300 oz. of silver to the ton ?), vauquelinite at Pequea mine ; four nSles N.W. of Lancaster, on the Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad, calamine, galenite blende; pyrite in oubio crystals is found in creat abundance near the city of Lancaster; at the Lanoaster sine mines, calamine, blende tennant* fte? amithaonite (pseud, of dolomite) a/uriehialeik,
LEBANON CO.— OoBKWALL.— JloneMie pyrite (oobaltilbrous), dudoopyrite, native copper, amtrite, malachite, ehryaocoOa, aqfrite, aUophane, brochanUtef aerpentine, quarts peeudomorpta; gatenite (with octahedral cleavage), fluorite.
LEHIGH CO. — FBDBDENsnLLE. — At the zlno mines, calamine, mnithaomte, bydrodndte, massive lilende, sulphid of cadmium, quarts, allophane zinciferous day ; near AJlentown, magnetite, pipe- Iron ore ; near Bethlehem, on & Mountain, allanite, with ziroon and altered sphene in syenite, aagnetite, black spinel, tourmaline.
MONROE CO.In Chebbt VALLBT.Cbfcifa ofaaloedony, quartz; in Pooonao Valley, neai Judge Mervioe's, oryst. quartz.
MONTGOMERY CO.— Cokbborookbb.— Fibrous tourmaline, titanic Iron, aventunne quarti pbvllite; in the quarry of Geo. Bullock, oaleite in hexagonal prisms aragonita
LowBB the Ferkiomen lead and oopper mines, near the village of Shannonville, surite, blende, galenite, pyromorphite cerussite, wulfenite, anglesite, barite calamine, chaloopyrite malachite chrysocolla, broummar,
Whitb Mabbh.— At D. O. Bitner's iron mine, five and a half miles from Spring Mills, limonite in geodes and stalactites, gothite, pyrolusite, wad, lepidocrodte ; at Edge Hill Street, North Pennfmnia Railroad, titankt iron ; one mile 8. W. of Hitner's iron mine, kmanite, vdvety, stalactitio, and
780 AMXRIOAN looautibb;
ibroofl, flbras three inches long, gSfhite, pyroloeite vdod mangemefs, wad; near Uarble Hall, Hitner's marble quany, white marble granular barite, reeembling marble ; at Spring Milli, limora ite; at Flat Rock Tunnel, opposite Manajunk, stUbUgf heukmdUe, ckabomie, beryl feldspar, mica.
NORTHUMBERLAND CO.— Opposite SELDfsOBOTi.— Oalamlne.
NORTHAMPTON CO.—Near Easton.— Zireon/ (exhausted), oephrite, coocolite. tremobts pyroxene, sahlite, limonite, magnetite, purple calcite.
PHILADELPHIA CO.— Fiukkfobd.— On the Philadelphia, Trenton and Connecting Eiil road, basinite; at the quarries on Fraukford Creek, stilbite, molybdenite* hornblende; on the CoD' necting Railroad, wad, earthy cobalt
Faiamount Watkb WoBxa — In the quarries opposite Fairmonnt, UmewranikI copper mrmikt crystals of feidspar, beryl, pseudomorphs after beryl, tourmaline, albite, wad, menaocaaitek
GosoAS' and CBBAfis's Iiine. — Tourmaline cyanite, staurolite homstone.
Hbstoktillb. — Alunogen, iron alum.
's Mill. — Alunogen, tourmaline, pyanite, titanic iron.
Manatunk. — At the soapstone quarries above Manayunk, talc steatite (dilorite, ▼ennkoliS anthophyUUej staurolite, dolomite apatit asbestus, brown spar, epsomite.
Maoarobb Paper-mill — Staurolite, titanic iron, hyalite, fM&fa green mica, iron garnets t great abundance.
MoKiknet's Quany, on Eittenhouse Lanei — Feldspar, Mbiie, natrolite, henhtrndiie, ep* dote, hornblende, erubesoite msJachita
SOHUTLEILL CO.— Taxaqua, near Pottbyilub, in oosl mines.— JCuliitai.
Delaware.
NEWCASTLE CO.— Brandtwinb BPRaa&BuehokitSf flbrolUs abundant, sahlite, pyroxene; Brandy wine Hundred, musooyite, enclosing reticulsted magnetite.
DizoN*8 Feldspab Quarries, six miles N.W. of Wilmington (these quarries have been worked for the manufiicture of porcelain). — AdulariOf aSnte oUffockue, beryl, apa&ie, emnamon'elone ! I (both granular like that from Ceylon, and crystallized, rare), magnesite, serpentine, asbestus, toar maHntl (rareX vndioollitBf (rare), sphene in pyroxene, oyamte.
Dupont's Powder Mill& — Hyperethene.**
Ea8tbuiui*b Lixbstonb Quarries, near the Pennsylvania line.— IVvmoKllB 5roimte.
QuARRTTiLLB.*-Oamet, spodumene, flbrolite, sillimanite.
Near Newark, on the railroad. — Splueroaiderite on dmsy quartz, Jasper (ferruginous opalX OTsL ipathks iron in the cayitiea of oellnlar quarts.
Wat's Quarry, two miles south of CentreviUe. — Ftdapat in fine desTSge masses apiMe mkt ieweylUCf granular quariM,
WnjUNGTON. — In Christiana quarrisft nuktUoidaldiattaffe,
KEmnrr Turjvpikb, near Centrerilloy Cyanite and gamete
HARFORD CO.— CeroUte.
KENT CO.— Near Mtodlrowv, hi Wm. Polk*s mart pita.— VMmdkt On Chbbapbakb A2n> Delaware Oahal.— Retinasphalt, pyrites amber
SUSSEX CO.— Near Cape HsHLOFEir.— TlTianite.
Maryland.
Baltdcobs (Jones's Falls miles trom B.).— Cbabaaite (haydenite), hffilandite (baaimiantllt of LeryX pyrite, lenticular carbonate of iron, mica, sUlbite, Sixteen milea from Baltimore, on the Gunpowder.— Ortipift Twenty-three milea B., on the Gunpowder. — lhL\ Twenty-five milea B., on the Gunpowder.— JfopoMfa apfum, mrcnite Thirty miles from B., in Montgomeiy Ckx, on farm of St Eliot— Gold In quarts
AMXSIOAN LOOALmBg. 78]
Kight to twenty miles north of in UmestODe.— TVemoli OMAle pyrikt brown and yeUoif tourmaline.
Fifteen milee north of B.'Skybkie chakedony in granular limestone.
Eighteen miles north of B., at Scott's mills. — Magnetite cjranite.
Bare Hills.— CAnmiUei <u6mIm, tremoUte talc, bomhlende serpentine, ohalcedony, meersohana baltimorite, cheUcopyrite magnetite.
Caps Sable, near Magothy R. — Amber, pyrite, alum slate.
Oareoll Co.— Near Sykesville, Liberty Mines, gold, magnetite, pyriie (oetahadrans), chaieopyrikf liunaite (carroUite) ; at Patapsoo Mines, near Fiuksburg, bomiie, maiachUef siegenite, linnaUe, ren ingUmite magnetite, chakopyriU ; at Mineral HiU mine, homie ohaleopyrite, ore of nickel (sen above), gold, magnetite.
Cecil Co., north part — Chrtnaitie in serpentine.
CooPTOwy, Harford Ca — Olive-oolored iommiMM, diaOagef UUe of green, blue, and rose oilon- Ugfdform asbesius chromUe serpentine,
Debb Creek. — Magnetite t in chlorite slate.
Frederick Co. — Old Liberty mioe near Liberty Town, black copper, malachite, chalcoctte, ape oular iron ; at Dolly hyde mine, bomiie chaloopyrite, pyrite, aigeuUferous galenite m dolomite.
MoMTOOiCERT Co. — (koyd of manffoneae.
Somerset and Worcester Cos., north part — Boff4ron ore, viviamite.
8t. Mart's Riter. — Oypauml m day.
Tibginia And Distbiot Of Oolumbia.
r
Albemarle Co., a little west of the Green Mta — SteaUte graphite, galena.
Amherst Co., along the west base of Buffalo ridge. — Copper crea, etc.
AnousTA Co. — At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, sixteen miles northeast of Staunton, and eighty-one niles northwest of Richmond, calcite stalactites.
BuoKiNOHAM Co. — CMd at Oamett and Moseley mines, also pyrite pyrrhotite, caldte, garnet; at ffldridge mine (now London and Virginia mines) near by, and the Buckingham mines near Maysville, gold, auriferous pyrite, chaloopyritCi tennantite, barite ; cyanite, kmrnaUme, acUnaUt
CKESTBRriELD Co. — Near this and Richmond Co., bituminous ooal, native ooke.
Culpepper Co , on Rapidan river. — Qold, pyrite.
Franklin Co.— Grayish steatite.
Fauquier Co., Bamet's mills. — Asbestus ; gold mines, haHie, oaicite,
Fluvanna Co. — Gokl at Stockton's mine; also tetradymite at **Tellurinm mine."
Phkniz Copper miueB. Ohaleopyrite, etc.
Oboroetown, D. C. — Rutile.
Goochland Co. — Gold mines (Moss and Busby's).
Harper's Ferrt, on both sides of the Potomac.— Thuringite (owenite) with quarti,
Jbttbrson Co., at Shepherdstown.— Fluor.
Kbnawha Co — At Eenawha, petroleum, brine springs, cannel coaL
Loudon Oo,— Tabular quarts praee, pyrite, iak, chlorite, eoapetone, asbestos, ehromite, adimlite, quarte oryetala ; micaceoue tron, bomite, malachite, epidote, near Leesbni (Potomac mine).
Louisa Co. — Walton gold mine, gold, pyrite, chaloopyrite, argentiferous galenite siderite, blende, anglesite ; boulangerite, blende (at Tinds
Nelson Co. — Galenite, chaloopyrite, malachite.
Orange Co. — Western part, Blue Ridge, specular iron ; gold at the Orange Grove and Yauduse gold mines, worked by the Freehold** and Liberty " Mining Companies.
Rockbridge Co., three miles southwest of Lexington. — Barite.
Shenandoah Co., near Woodstock. — Fluorite.
Mt. Alto, Blue Ridga— Argillaceous iron ore.
Spotstlyania Co., two miles northeast of Chanoellorville.— Canite; gold mines at the Junction of the Rappahannock and Rapidan; on the Rappahannodr (Marahall mine); Whitehall mine affording also tetradymite.
Stapford Co., eight or ten miles from Falmouth.— Micaoeoos iron, gold, tetradymite, silver, galenite, vivianite.
Washington Co., eighteen mites from Abingdon.-AKX; eaU with gypattm.
Co. (Austin's mines).- Cbrusnft minium, phmUne oehre, blende calamine, galenUe,
On the Potomac, twenty-five miles north of Washington dty.— ISUivs eutphur in pray oompaoi limestone.
NORTH CAROLINA. Co.— Bfslsehits ohaloopyrita.
782 AMTCRTOAN LOCULLErOBB.
BuNcoifBi Co. — Oomndnm (from a boalderX margarUet ooruDdopbilita, yonie ooromtte, built JUwrite ruiile, iroD ores, ozyd of manganefle, zircon,
Burke Co. — Qold, monazlte, ziroon, beryl, corundum ffomet, apbene graphite iron orea.
Cabarrus Co.— Pbenix Mine, gold, barite, chalcopyrUe auriferous pyrite, quartz paeudomorpb after barite, tetradymite; Pioueer mines, gold, limonite, pyrolusite, bamhaayttUe, tooram tAetUta, tutigstate of copper, tungsiite, diamond, chrysocolla, chalcocite, molybdenite, chaloopyrikyjiynki Wliite initie, needle ore, chaloopyrite, barite; Long and Moae's mine, argentiferous galenite, pyrite cbaloopyrite, limonite; Boger mine, tetradymite; Fink mine, valuable copper ores; ML Making tctrabedrite, magnetite, talc, blende, pyrites, prouatite galenite; Baugle miae acheeliie.
Caldwell Co.— Ohromite.
Chatham Co. — Mineral coal, pyrite.
Cherokee Co. — Iron ores, gold, galenite, corundum, rattle. DAVID60K Co. — King's, now Washington mine, native silver, oerussite, angiesite scheelite, mn morphite, galenite, blende, malachite, black copper, waveUiU garnet, stilbite; five miles mm Washington mine, on Faust's farm, gold, tetradymik, oxyd of bismuth and tellurium, cfaalcopyrite. limonite, spathic iron, epidote ; near Squire Ward's, gold io crystals, electrum.
Franklin Co. — At Partis mine, diamonda.
Gaston Co. — Iron ores, corundum, margarite ; near Crowder's Mountain (in what was formerly Lincoln Co.), laztdite cyanite garnet graphite; also twenty miles northeast, near soath end d Clubb's Mtn., lazulite, cyanite, talc rutile, topaz, pyrophyiuk,
Guilford Co. — McCuUoch copper and gold mine, twelve miles from Greensboro', gdH pgi chalcopyrite (worked for copper), guarix, spathic iron. The North Carolina Copper Co. are working Um copper ore at the old Fentress mine ; at Deep River, compact pyrophyUUe (worked for alateodli
Henderson Co. — Zireonf sphene (zanthitane).
Jackson Co. — Alunogenf at Smoky MU; at Webster, serpentine, chromite, genthitOi ehtryadikt tala
Linooln Co. — Diamond; at Randleman's, amdhysti roae quartz
Macon Co.— Chromite.
McDowell Co. — Brookite, monazite, corundum in small crystals red and white gktoms, gamclk beryl, sphene, zenotime, rutile flexible sandstone, iron ores, pyromelane.
Mecklenburg Co. — Near Charlotte (Rhea and Csthay mhiee) and elsewhere, thokopyrUe, geld; chalcotrichite at McGinn's mine; barnhardtite near Charlotte; pyrophyUite in Cotton Stone Mouatain, diamond ; Flowe mine, scheelite, wolframite ; Todd's Branch, numatiie,
MoNTOOiCBRT Co. — Steele's mine, ripidolile, albite.
Moore Co. — compact pyrophyUite.
Rowan Co.— Gold Hill mines, thirty-eight miles northeast of Charlotte, and fourteen from Sali bury, gold, auriferous pyrite; ten miles from Salisbury, feldspar in crystals, bitmuthute,
Rutherford Co. — Oold grcqhitet bismuthic gold, diamond, eudase, panubmiorphouB quail, - cedony, corundum in small crystals, tpidote PVope brookite, zircon, monazite, ratherfiwdits, samarakite, quartz crystala, itaoolumite; on the road to Cooper's Gap, cyanite.
Stokes and Surrey Co& — Iron ores, graphite.
Union Co. — Lemmond gold mine, eighteen miles firom Concord (at Stewart's and Moore'a mlneX gold, quartz, blende argentiferous galenite (containing 29*4 oz, of gold and 86*6 oe, of silver to the ton, Genth), pyrite, some chaloopyrite.
Yanost Co. — Iron ores, amianthus, ehromUe,
South Carolina.
Abbeville Dm. — Oakland Grove, gold (Don mine), galenite, pyromorphite, amethyst gansL
Anderson Dist. — At Pendleton, actinolite, galenite kaolin, tourmaliinA,
Charleston. — SeleniU.
Cheowee Yallet. — Galenite, tourmaline, gold.
Chesterfield Dist.— Gold (Brewer's mide), talc, chlorite, pyrophyUite, pyrite native bianrath, carbonate of biamuth, red and yellow ochre, whetstone, enaite.
Darlington. — Kaolin.
Edoefibld Dist. — Psilomelane.
Greenville DiST.-Galenite phosphate of lead, kaolin, chalcedony in buhrssone beryl, plu bago, epidote, tourmaline,
KERSHAW .BuHle.
Lancaster Dist. — Gold (Rale*s mine), talc chlorite, cyanite elaitSo aandatooe PTito; gold alte at Black man*s mine, Massey's mine, £zell's mine.
Newberry DisrLeadhillite (7).
Pickens Dist.— Gold, manganese ores, kaolin.
Richland Dist -Chiastolite, novaculite.
AMBBIOAN LOOALinEB. 788
Bpabtastbubo 'DiBFi.'-Magfuiite, ohaloedony, hemaHte; at the Oowpens, limonite grtkikf lim Hone, copperas; Morgan mine, leadhillite pyromorphite, oeruaaite. SuMTEB Di8T.~ Agate.
Union Dist.— Fairforeat gold mines, pyrite, cbaloopyrite. ToKK DiST. — Limestones, whetstones, witherite, barite.
Georgia.
BuBXE AND ScRiTKr Oo&Hyalite.
Chebokeb Co.At Cauton Mine, cbaloopyrite, galenite, dansthalite, plumbogammite, bitoheockito, miapiekdf lantlianite, Aorrints, carUonUe, pyromorpbtte, automolite, zinc staurolite, cyanifte; at Ba 1-Ground, spodamene.
Clark Co near Clarksville.— Gold, xenatime, drown, mtile cyanite, specular iron, gamet| quartz.
Dade Co.— Halloysite, near Rising Fawn.
Fannin Co. — Staurolite, cbaloopyrite.
Habersham Co.—- iron and copper pyrites, galeniU, hornblende garnet, quartz, kadinite aoapstone, chlorite, rutUe iron ores, tourmaline staurolite zircon.
Hall Co. — (Md quartz, kaolin, diamond.
Hancock Co. — Agate, chalcedony.
Heard Co. — Molybdite, quartz.
LiNOOLN Co. — LoMuLUel I ruHkl I hematite, cyanite menaocanite, pyrophyUUe gold, itaooliimite rock.
Lumpkin Co. — At Field*s gold mine near Dablonega, goU tekadifmiUf pyrrhotite, dilorite naocanite, allanite, apatite.
Rabun Oo.Gold, ehaloopyrite,
Washingtom Co., near SaunderayiUe. — WaveOite, Jim cpaL
Alabama.
Bibb Co., Oentrerilla — Iran ore§, marble 5artfa, coal, cobalt
Tuscaloosa Co. — Chal, galenite, pyrite, vivianite, limonite, oaldte dolomite oyanite, slaatita quarti cryatals, manganeae ores. Benton Co. — Antimooial lead ore (boolangeritef).
Near Tampa BAT.me8tone snlpbor springa, chalcedony, oameUaD, agate siUdfled ibsOa ndoorala.
Kentu0E7.
Anderson Co.— (Galenite, barite.
Clinton Co.— Geodes of quartz.
Crittenden Co. — Galenite, fluorite caldte.
Cumberland Co.— At Mammoth Oaye gypsum roaeUest caldte stalactite nitre epaonili.
Fayette Co.— Six miles N.K of Lexington, galenite, barite, witherite blende.
LiTiNOSTONS Co., near the line of Union Co. — Galenite, cbaloopyrite.
Mercer Co.— At McAfee, fluaritef pyrite caldte barite celcstite.
Owen Co. — Galenite barite.
Tennesseb.
Brown's Creek. — Gkdenite, blende, barite, oelestita.
Carter's Co., foot of Roan Mt. — SafiUUf magnetit&
Claiborne Co. — Oaiamine, galenite, amithsonite chlorite, steatite, magnetite.
Cooke Co., near Brush Creek. — Cacoxene? kraurite, iron sinter, stilpnosiderite, brown hemsttla
DATiDflON Co. — Selenite, with granular and snowy ffypmmit or alabaster, crystallized and com pact anhydrite, fluorite in crystals? cakite in crystals. Near Nashville, blue celatUe (crystallize flbroua, and radiated), with bariiB in limestone. Haysboro', galenite, blende, with bare aa tiis fangne of the ore.
DuncaoN Co.— Manganite.
784 AUBRIGAN UOCAJJnmL
JxTPBHSOV Co.Chlaifnine, galenite, fetid barite.
Kkoz Co.— Magnesian native iron tforieffcUed moHtlM t
Maurt Co. — Wavellite in Hmeetooe.
MosoAK Co. — Epsom salt, nitrate of line.
Polk Co., Duck town mines, southeast corner of State. — Brick copper! chaloopTfiti FF native copper, bornite, rutile, zoinie, galenite, harriaiUt alisonite, blende, pyroasen IremcrfAc, mil phates of copper and iron in sialactites, allopliauc, rabtite, chalcodte (ducktownite), dbalootricAiiti Azurite, malachite, pyrrhotUe limonite.
BOAK Co., easteru declivity of Cumberland Mts.— Wavellite in limestona
SxYiER Co., in caverns. — Bpeom salt, soda alum, saltpetre, nitrate of lime hrooda fflorUk
Siirru Co. — Fhiorite.
Shokt Mt., on declivity. — Hornblende, gamet| staurolite.
Ohio.
Baihbbidgb (Copperas Mt., a few miles east of B.). — Oaldte, barite FTrite, copperas aloa,
Oahfield. — Oypsum I
DuoK Creek Monroe Co. — Petroleum.
Lake Erik.— Strontian Island, edestital Putin Bay Island, edeatUI calcita.
Liverpool. — Petroleum.
Maribtta. — ArgilUoeous iron ore; iron ore abundant also in Scioto and Lawrence Ooa.
Ottawa Co.— Oypsum.
POLAHix— (TjiSpram /
Michigak.
Brest (Monroe Co.). — OakUet amethystine quarts apatite oelestite.
Grakd Bafids. — SdenitCf fib. and granular gypsum, ctUcke dolomitef anhydrite
Lake Superior Miking Region.—- The four principal regions are Keweenaw Point, Isle Royakb the Ontonagon, and Portage Lake. The mines of Keweenaw Point are along two ranges of elevation, one known as the Greenstone Range, and the other as the Southern or Bohemian Rang* (Whitney). The copper oocurs in the trap or amygdaloid, and in the associated oonglomente. Natwe copper! native silver/ chaloopyrite, horn silver, gray copper, manganese ores, epidote prehnite, laumonHte datolite heulandite, orthoclase, asioicite, chabazite, compact datolite, diryso* ooUa, meaotype (Copper Falls mineX leonhardite (ib.), anaicite (ib. apophyllite (at Cliff niinei,.iml> Uukmite (ib.), caic sport quarts (in crystals at Minnesota mine), compact datolite, orthoclnae (Superior mine), saponite hkuk oxyd of copper (near Copper Harbor, but exhausted), chrysuoolia ; on Cb&> ool*te River, genie and sulphidof copper; chaloopyrite and native copper at Preq* Isle; Albion mine, domeykite; at Prince Vein, Uiriie, calcite amethyst; at Michipiooten Ida, copper nickel, stilbite, analcite ; at Albany and Bostoc mine, Portage Lake, /reAnt anakite, orthocUutf cuprite; at Sheldon location, domeykitef wkitneyitef algodonite; Isle Royale mine Portage Lake compact datolite ; Quincy mine, calcite, compact datolite.
Marquettel — Mangauite, galenite ; twelve miles west at Jackson ML, and other mines hematik, Umanite, gdthitel magnetite, jasper.
Monroe. — Aragonite, apatite.
Point auz Peauz (Monroe Co.). — Amethystine quarttf cqxMtitet oelestite, cakUs,
Saginaw BAT.-At Alabaster, gypsum,
Stont Point (Monroe Co.). — Apatite amethystine quartz, celeetite, caldte.
Gallatin Co., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, sixteen to thirty miles from Sbawneetown, down the Ohio, and from half to eight miles from this river. — Viokt fluorite / in oarboniferona lime stone, barite, galenite, blende, brown iron ore.
Hancock Co.— At Warsaw, quarts geodest containing cakOel chakedon/y dokmUa, hkndel brown spar, pyrite. aragonite, gypsum, bitumen.
Hardin Co. — Near Rosiclare, cakiU, galenite, blende; five miles bade BluEabeibtown, bog iron ; one mile north of the river, between BUzabethtown and Rosidare, niire.
Jo Da VIES Co.— At Galena, gaknitSf caldte Ptfrits, Uende; at Manden'i digging gokmiki hinde, cerussite, pyriit I in stalaotitic forma.
JOUET. — Marble,
Quincy. — Cakite! pyrite.
Scales Mound.— pyrite.
AHEBIOAK LOOALnm. 785
Ikdiaka.
LnoRon Catxbnb ; Corjdon Oavee, eta — Epsom salt
In mo0t oT the south west oountiea, pyrite. aulphcUe of tnm, and feoBur ahtm; on Sugar 0ee] pyhto and aithaie of iron; in aandstone of Llojd Co., near the Ohio, gypsum; at the top of the false liiueatone formation, brown spar, cahUe,
KoBTH Srokx of L. Superior (range of hills running nearly northeast and southwest, extending from Food du Lao Superieure to the Kamanistiqueia River in upper Canada). — Scokcite apophyUite, prnUSy sHWite laumontitt, heulandiky Jutrmotome thomsonite yluorite Ixurite tourmaUne, epidoU, hornblende, calcite, quartz crystals pyrite magnetite, steatite, blende black ozjd of oopper, mala* chite, native copper, chalcopyrite amethystine quartz, ferruginous quartz, e?uUcedony, canUUan agatCf drusy quartz, hyalite? fibrous quartz, jasper, prase (in the debris of the lake shore), dogtooth spar, augite, native silver, spodumene? arsenate of cobalt? chlorite; between Pigeon Point and Fond du Lac, near Baptism River, saponite (thalite) in amygdaloid.
KxTTLE RivsR Trap Rakox.— Epidote nail-head oalcite amethystine quarts, calcite, undete mined zeolites, saponite.
Stillwater.— Blende.
Falls of tbx St. Croix. — Green carbonate of oopper, native oopper, epidote, nail-head spar.
Raiky Lakjb. — Aotinoiite tremolite, flbrona hornblende garnet) pyrite, magnetite, steatite.
Wisgoksik.
Bio Bull Falls (near). — Bog iron.
Blue MouKDS.-Ceru88ite.
Lao du Flambeau R.— Garnet, cyanite.
Left Hand R. (near small tributary). — Malachite ofaaloodte native oopper, red oopper ore earthy malacliite, epidote, chlorite t quartz crystals.
Lindex. — Oaknite smiihsonUef hydroaiincite.
Mineral Point and vicinity .--Copper and lead ores, ohrysoooUa, asurife/ chalcopyrite, mahushite galenite cerussite, anglesite, blende, pyrite barite, calciUf mareasUs MniMaemite/ (so-called dry-bone)
Montreal River Portaoe. — Galenite in gneissoid granite.
Sank Co.—Specular iron I malachite chalcopyrite.
Shullsburo. — CfalsnUe/ blende, pyrite; at £mett*s diggings gakniUe and pyrite.
Iowa.
Du Buque Lead Mikes and elsewhere.— (Tofentfe/ eakUehlends, black ozyd of manganese; al Swing's and Sherard's diggings, smithsonite calamine ; at bes Moinee, quartz crystals, selenite ; MakoquetR R., hroum iron ore; near Durango, galenite.
Cedar River, a branch of the Des Moines.— Siefenife hi crystals, in the bituminous shale of the coal measures; also elsewhere on the Dea Moines, gypsum abundant; argillaceous iron ore spathic iron ; copperas in crystals on the Des Moines, above the month of Saap and elBewher, pyrite blende.
Fort Dodge.— CelMtfifa;
Makoqueta.— Hematite.
New Gaijena.— Octahedral galenite, anglesite.
Missourl
BiBMivoRAV.— Limonite.
Jefferson Co., at Valle's diggings.— >(7afefit oerussOSf anglesite, calamine chalcopyrite malachite azurite, witherite.
Mine a Burton.— (Tofenife cerussitSt anglesite, bariie, caldte.
Deep Digoings.— Carbonate of copper, oerussiie in crystals and manganese ore.
Madison Co.— Wolframite.
Mike la Uom'Oalenite/ malachite eobaU and nidseH bog manganese sdpharet of iioo Bd nkdcel, ceruwt caledonite, plumbogummite, wolflramite sieginite, smaltite.
St. Francis River. — Wolframite.
PxRbT's Diggings, and elsewhere.— Galenite, etc.
Vorty miles west of the Ifississippi and ninety south of St Loais, the iron moontains, speoiilar IfOB, Umonite; 10 m. east of Ironton, wolframite tungstita.
786 AHSBIOAN LOGALniBB*
ABKANBAa
Batesvills.— In bed of White R., some miles above BatetYiUe gold.
Green Go. — Near Gainesville, lignite.
Hot Springs Go. — At Hot SpringB thuringite; Kagnet Gove, brookikt ichorlomik, magnetite, quartz, green ooccolite, garnet, apatite, perowskite rutile, ripidolite, ibomaonite (ozaikiu)
Independence Co. — Lafferay Creek, psilomelane.
Lawrence Co. — Hoppe, BaUi, and Koch minee, amUhaonito, dolomite, galenite ;
Marion Co.-Wood's mine, smithaonite, bydrozindte (marioniie), galenite; Poke bayou. hraunUet
Ouachita SPRIN08L — Quark f whetstones.
Pulaski Ga— KeUogg mine 10 m. north of Little Bock, tetrakedHie, temumMk, naorite galenite. blende quartz.
Gaueornla.
The principal gold mines of California are in Tulare, Fresno, Mariposa, Tuolumne, Galavera EI Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Del Norte oountiei, although gold is found in almost every county of the State. The gold occurs in quartz, aaodated with sulphide of iron, copper, zinc, and lead ; in Calaveras and Tuolomne counties, at the Mellones, Stanislaus, Goldeu Rule, and Rawhide mines, associated with tellurids of gld and silver; it is also largely obtained from plaoer diggings, and further it is found in beach washings in Del Norte and Klamath counties.
The copper mines are principally at or near Copperopolis, in Calaveras county ; Dear Genesee Valley, in Plumas county; near Low Divide, in Del orte county; on the north fork of Smith's River ; at lead, in Los Angeles county.
The Tnercury mines are at or near New Almaden and North Almaden, in Santa Clara county ; at New Idna and San Carlos, Monterey county; in San Luis Obispo county; at Pioneer mine sDd other localities in Lake county ; in Santa Barbara county.
Alpine Co. — Morning Star mine, enargite, stephanite, polybasite, barite, quartz, pyrite.
Amador Co.— At Volcano chalcedony, hyakie,
Alameda Co. — Diabolo Range, magnesite.
Butte Co.— Cherokee Flat, diamoruL
Calaveras Co.— Copperopolis, chaJcopyrite malachite axuritef serpenUnet picroUie native copper, near Murphy'e, jasper, opal ; albite, witli gold and pyrite ; Mellonee mine eototen petsita,
Contea-Casta Co. — San Antonio chalcedony.
Del Norte Co. — Crescent City, agate, camelian; Low Divide, chalcopyrite, bomite, malachite; on the coast, iridoemine, platinum.
£l Dorado Co. — Pilot Hill, chalcopyrite; near Georgetown, heasite, from placer diggings; Roger's Claim, Hope Valley, ffrossular garnet, in copper ore ; Coloma, chromite ; Spanish Diy Di( gings, gold,
Fresno Co.— Ghowchillaa andahmto,
Ingo Co.— Ingo district, galenite ceruss&e dolomite, harUe atacamite caldte, grossuiar garnet!
Lake Co. — Borax Lakes horax! boric acid, glaniiberite; Pioneer mine cinnabar, native mercury, selenid of mercury ; near the Geysers, sulphur, hyalite.
Los Angeles Co.— Near Santa Anna River, anhydrite; William's Pass, chalcedony; Soledad mines, chalcopyrite, garnet gypsum ; Mounuin Meadows, garnet, in copper ore.
Mariposa Co. — Chalcopyrite; Centreville, cinnabar; Pine Tree mme, tetrahedrite; Boms Creek, limouite; Geyer Gulch, pyropbyUite; La Victoria mine, amuite/ near Coulterville, cinnabar, goUL
Mono Co. — Partziie.
Monterey Co.— Alisal Mine arsente; near Panechee, chatoedony; New Idria mine, dnnabar; near New Idria, chromite zaratite chrome garnet; near Padiecoa Pass, stibnite.
Nevada Co.— Grass Valley, gM/ in quartz vein with pyrite, chalcopyrite, blende, mispickel, galenite, qtMrtat, biotite; near Truokee Pass, gypsum; Excelsior Mine molybdenite, with molybditt and gold ; Sweet Land, pyrolnsite.
Placer Co.— Miners* Ravine, qndote I with quartt, gold.
Plxtmas Co.— Gtenesee Valley, chalcopyrite; Hope mines, bomite, lulphir.
Santa Barbara Ca— San Amedio Cafion, stibnite, asphaltom, bitumen, maltha, petrolean, nabar, iodid of mercury ; Santa Clara River, sulphur.
San Dieoo Co.— Carisso Creek, gypsum ; San Isabel, tourmaline orthodase garnet
San Frakoisoo Co.*-Red Island, pyrolusite and manganese ores.
Santa Clara Co.— New Almaden, cinnabar, caldte, aragonite, serpentine, diryaoUte, qoaitil North Almaden, chivmite; Mi Diabolo Ranges magnesita
Ucebioak Logautdeb. 78*1
8av Luis Obispo Co.— Asphaltam, oinnabftr.
8ah Bbbnardino Co.— Colorado River, agate trona ; Temeaoal, cassiteriU Suss Distiic;. gal* oite, cenusite; Francis mine, cerargyrita
Shasta (X).— Ncr Sbaflta Citj, hematite, m large masses.
BiBKiTOU Co.— Siirpriae Valley, velenite, m large alaba
Sonoma Co.— Actinolite, garnets.
TuLABE Co. — Near Visalia, magneaite, asphaltam.
TuOLUMKB Co. — Tounniiline, treroo!ite; Sonora, grqphUe; York Tent, cbroroite; Golden Wak vdne, petttie, oaiaverite, altaite, heasite, magnestte, tetrahedrite, gold; Whiskey Hill, gold I
Tbinitt Co. — Cassiterite, a single Rpecimen found.
LOWER CALIFORNIA. La Fa&— Cnprosdieelite. Lobbtto.— Natrolite, siderite, selenitsw
Nevada.
Cabson Valley.— Chrysolite.
Chubchill Co. — Near Ragtown, gay4usntej trona, common salt
COMSTOCK LoDB.— Gold, native silver argaUUe, aUphaniie pciybaaiU, pyrargyrite, prouatite, trahedrite, cerargyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenite, blende, pyromorphite, arsenical antimony, araenolite, quartz, calcite, gypsum, cerussite, cuprite, wulfenite, amethyst, kOstelite.
EsMEBALDA Co. — Alum, 12 m. north of Silver Creek; at Aurora, fluorite, stibnite; near Monc Lake, native copper and cuprite, obsidian ; Columbus district, borate of lime ; Walker Lake, gy] sum, hematite ; silver Peak, aft, faltpetre, sulphur, silver ores.
Humboldt Distbict.— Sheba mine, noMve silver jamesonitey stibnite, tetrahedrite proustils blende, cerussite, calcite, boumonite, pyrite, galenite, malachite, zanthooone (?).
Mammoth Distbict. — Orthodase, turquois, hubneritet scheelite.
Reese Riveb Diotbict.— Native silver, pnmstite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, blende, polybasits rhodochroeite, embolite, tetrahedrite f cerargyrite, embolite.
San Antonia. — Belmont mine, stetefeldtite.
Six Mile CaIon — Selenite,
Obmsbt Co.— W. of Carson, qndote.
SxoBET Co.— All. m, natrolite, soolezite.
Arizona.
On and near the Colorado, gold, silver, and copper mines; at Bill Williams's Fork, chrysoooUa malachite, atacamite, brochantite ; Dayton Lode, gold, fluorite, cerargyrite ; Skinner Lode, octave* dral fluorite; at various places in the southern part of the territory, sUver and copper mines, Heiblzelmann mine, stromeyerite, chaloodte tetrahedrite, atacamite.
Oregon.
Gold is obtained ftom beach washings on the southern roast ; qnartf mines and mines in the Josephine district ; also on the Powder, Burnt, and John Day*s rivers, and ot'ier places ii eastern Oregon ; platinum, iridosmine, on the Rogue River, at Port Orford, and Cape Blanco.
Idaho.
In the Owyhee, Boise, and Flint districts gold,tiieo extensive silver mines; Poorman Lode emrat* yyrOet prouitUe pyrargyrite I native either, gold, pyromorphite, quartz, malachite; pdybasite; m Jordan Creek, stream tin ; Rising Star mine, etqhmite, argentite, pyrargyrite.
Colorado.
Tiie principal gold mines of Colorado are in Bonlder, Gilpin, Clear Creek, sjid Jefferson Ow M t Vm of ooontry a few miles W. of Denrer, extending from Long's Peak to Pike's Peak. ▲ kigi
788 AHEBIOAN LOOALITIBfl.
portion of ine gold is aflsociated with veinB of pjrrite and cbaloopyrite ; ailyer uid lead mbiet an at and Dour Oeorgetown, Clear Creek Co., and to the westward in Sommit Go on Snake and Swaa rivera ; Willis Gulch, near Black Hawk, margite with pyrite, flnorite acorodite?
Canada.
Canada East.
ABBR0BOVBiB.Labradorite.
Bat St. FAUL.-MeruucanUei apatite, allanite, ratQe (or brookitef).
iridoamine, platinum.
Bolton. — CkromUe magneaUet serpentine, picrolite, steatite, bitter spar, wad.
BonuHEUViUiB. — Auffite in trap.
Bboms. — MagneHkt chalcopyrite, ephene menaocanite, phyllite, sodalite caocrinita, fcaledt ohloritoid.
Chamblt. — Analdme, chabazite and caldte in trachyte, menacocmUt,
Chateau Richbb. — Labradoriief hypersOune andeaite.
Daillebout. — Bine spinel with dintonite.
Gbenyille. — Tabular apaity sphoMy idocrase, calcite, pyroxene, steatite (rensselaeriteX ganm (cinnamon-stone), , graphite acapolUe,
Hah.— Chromite in serpentine, dlallage antimony ! aenarmonUte I hermeaUe, vaienhmto, ttflmi**
Interness. — Variegated copper.
Lake St. Francis. — AndaiuaiU in mica slate.
Landbdowke. — BariU.
laasDA. — Dolomite, chaloopyrite, gold, ctdoritoid,
MiLLE Isles. — Labradoriie/ menaocanite, bypersthene, andesite, winoiL
Montreal.— CoZcite, augUe sphene in trap, chrysolite, natrolite.
Moein. — Sphene apaUte labradoriie.
Orford. — White garnet, chrome gametf miUeriie serpentine.
Ottawa. — Pgroxene,
Polton.— Chromite, eieaUie, serpentine, amiafUhua.
RouGEifONT Mts.— Augite in trap.
Sherbrooke. — At Suffield mine, aibUe I noixoe asher aipentite, chalcopyritit bftitde.
St. Armand. — Micaceous iron ore with quartz, epidote.
St. Francois Beauoe. — Gold, platinum, iridosmine, ihnenite magnetite, serpentine, duomite soapstone, barite.
St. Jerome. — Sphene apame chondrodOef phiogopHe toumnaliMf wireoii molybdenite, magtuHi pyriiea.
St. Korbert — Amethyst in greenstone.
STUKSLET.-Serpentine, verianiiqua I schiUor spar.
Sutton.— ifanie in fine crystals, apecular tron, ruUkf dolomite maghtaita, chromifexoiu laft bitter spar, steatite.
Upton.— Chaloopyrite, malachite, caldte.
Yaudreuil.— Limonite, yiyianite.
Yamaska. — Sphene in trap.
Canada West.
BAiflAX hAXE.—MolybdenUaf soapolite, quarts, pyroxene, mite.
Brantford. — Sulphuric add spring (4*2 parts of pnre sulpburic add in
Bathubst.— Barite, Iflaek UnnrmaUney peruUie (crthoolase), pariateriie (albtteX liyttnndte, pjxoisn wUaoniie.
Bromb.— Magnetite.
Bruoe Mines.— Cd/cite, dolomite, qxtarta, chaloopyrite.
Burobbs.— iVocEene, albite, mtoi, sapphire sphene, chaloopyrite, apoMa, UaA tgMil spoil Hene (in a boulder), serpentine.
Bytown.— Cofed hytoumHey chondrodite, spinel
Cape Ippkrwash, Lake Huron. — Ozalite in shales.
Clarendon. — Idocraaa,
Dalhoubib. — Hornblende, dolomite.
Dbummond. — Labradorite.
.— Pyroxene, sphene, feldspar, towrm/Mna apatftiL
FZKBOT.— >Amber; brown tovtrmMne in quartSi
▲ICEBIOAN LOOAUXnES. 7S9
GcsriNEAU RivsB, BlasdeU's Mms.— Galcite apatite, tourmaline, boroblende, pyroxene. Oband Calukbt iBLAStKApaUkf phiogapUe/ pyriaenel spbeiie, idocnueU Berpentine treaio lite, scapoUk brown and black towmaUnel pjrrite, loganite. High Falls of thb }iADAWABKA,—FyrooDeM/ bomblende. Rxihu-MagneHie garnet, graphite. . HuNTEBSTOWN.— iSba|>o2ae, aphene idocraae, garnet, brown iourmaUnel Huntingdon. — Oahite I Innibkillsn. — Petroleum. KiNOBTON.— CSsfefMe.
Lao DBS Chats. Island Portage.— Jhnon itmrmaiinet pyrite oaldte, quartz. IiANABK. — Raphilite (hornblende) serpentine asbeetus. Landbdown- — Baritel vein 27 in. wide, and fine crystala Maooo. — Magnetite.
Mabmoba.— Magnetite, chalcolite, garnet, epsomite, specular iron. iiAiUAXSE.Fitehblende (ooradte). MoNa& — Specular iron, barite.
MiCHipicoTEN Island, Lake Superior.— nieeoUief gmUhUe, lSlEWBonovaB.-Chondirodite, graphite. South Gbosbt. — Chondrodlte in limestone, magnetite. St. Adele. — Chondrodite in limestone. St. Ionaob Island. — OalcUe, native copper. Sydenham. — Gelestite.
Tebbace Lake Superior. — Molybdenite. Wallace Mine, Lake Huron. — SpectUar tron, nickel ore, nickel yitriol
Nbw Brunswick.*
Albebt Co. — Hopewell, gypeum ; Albert mines, coal (albertiie) ; Shepody Mountain, alunite in olay, calcite, iron pyrites, manganite psilomelane, pyroluaite.
Cableton Co. — Woodstoek, dialoopyrite, hematite, liroonite, wad.
Chablottb Co. — Campobello, at Welchpool, blende, chalcopyrite, bornite, galenite, pyrite ; at head of Uarbor de Lute, galenite; Deer Island, on west side, calcite, magnetite, quartz crystals* Digdignash River, on west side of entrance, cakite I (in oonglomerate), chalcony ; at RoUicg Dam, grapliite; Grandmanan, between Northern Head and Dark Harbor, agate, amethyst, apophylUte calcite hematite, heulandite, jasper, magnetite, iiatrolite, atilbite ; at Whale Cove, calcite ! heulandite. lauroontite, atilbite, aemircpal! Wagaguadavic River, at entrance, azurite, chalcopyrite in veins, malachite.
Gloucesteb Co.*-Tete-a-Oouche River, eight miles from Bathurst, chalcopyrite (mined), oxyd of manganese U formerly mined.
Kings Co. — Sussex, near Cleat's mills, on road to Belleisle, argentiferous galenite ; one mile north of Baxter's lun, apecular iron in crystals, limonito; on Capt Mdready's farm, selenite/f
Restioouche Co.— Bolledune Point, calcite / serpentine verdrantique; Dalhousie, agate, carnelian.
Saint John Co. — Black River, on coast, calcite. chlorite, chalcopyrite, hematite ! Brandy Brook, epidote, hornblende quartz crystals ; Carleton, near Falls, calcite ; Chance Harbor, caicite in quarts veins, chlorite in argUlaoeous and talcoee slate ; Little Dipper Harbor, on west side, in greenstone, amethyst, barite, quartz crystals ; Mooeepath, feldspar, hornblende, muscovite, black tourmaline ; Musquash, on east side harbor, copperas, graphite, pyrite ; at Shannon's, chrysolite, serpentine ; east side of Musquash, quartz crystals f; Portland, at the Falls, graphite; at Fort Howe Hill, calcite, graphite; Crow's Nest, asbestus, chrysoUte, magnetite, serpentine steatite; Lily Lake, white augite? chrysolite, graphite, serpentine, steatite, talc; How's Road, two miles out, epidote (in syenite), steatite in limestone, tremolite; Dniry's Cove, graphite, pyrite, pyrallolite? indurated talc; Quaco, at Lighthouse Point, large bed oxyd of manganese; Sheldon's Point, actiuolite asbestus, calcite, epidote, malachite, specular iron ; Cape Spencer, asbestus, calcite, chlorite, specukw iron (in crystals) ; Weetbeach, at east end, on Evans' farm, chlorite, talc, qwiriz crystals ; half a mile west, chlorite, chalcopyrite, magnesite (vein), magnetite; Point Wolf and Salmon River, asbestus, chlorite, chrysocoUa, chalcopyrite, bomite, pyrite.
V ICTOBIA Co. — Tabique River, o/gaie cornelian, jasper ; at mouth, south side, galenite ; at mouth of Wapskanegan, gypeum, salt spring ; three miles above, stalactites (abundant) ; Quisabis River, blue phosphate of iron, in clay.
For a more complete list of localities in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, Vtalogue by 0. C. Marsh, Am. J. Scl, II. . 210, 1863.
790 AMEBIOAH LooALrnas.
Webtxoreland Co. — BelleTae, pyrite; Doroester, on Taylor fann, oamiel ooal; clay ir tone; on Ayres's &rm, asphaltom, petroleum spring; GrancUanoe, apatite, aelenite (in large sry* tals); Memramcook, ooal (albertite) ; Shediao, four mUee up Soadoue BiTer, ooaL
ToRK Co. — Neaz Fredericton, stibnite, jamesonite, bertbierite; Pokiodc Biver, atibnitfl Un pyritst in granite (rare).
Nova 800Tia.
Aknapous Co. — Chute's Cove, apophyUUe, natrolite; Gites's Mountain, analdte magnetite, meaoUtel nairolite, atilbtte; Martial's Oove, cmaicUef diabazite, hmlandUe; Moose RiTer, beds of magnetite; Nictau River, at the Falls, bed of hematite; Paradise Btyer, black tourmaline, mo£y quarto 1 1 ; Port George, faroelite, laumontite, mesolite, stilbite; east of Port Gkoige, on coast, apo phyllite containing gyrolite ; Peter's Point, west side of Stonock's Brook, apophyUito I caldte, heulandite, laiumontiU I (abundant), native copper, stilbite ; St. Croix Cove, diabadte, heulandite.
Colchester Co. — Five Islands, East River, ha/rite I calcite, dolomite (ankerite), hematite, cbaloopyrite; Indian Point, malachite, magnetite, red copper, tetrahedrite; Pinnacle Islands, onuicife, calcite, chdbazitel natrolite, siliceous sinter; Londonderry, on branch of Great Village River, barikf ankerite, hematite, limonite, magnetite ; Cook's Brook, ankerite, hematite ; Martin's Brook, hematite, limonite ; at Folly River, below Falls, ankerite, pyrite ; on high laud, east of river, ankerite, hematite, limonite; on Archibald's land, ankerite, barUe, hematite; Salmon River, south branch o( chalcopyrite, hematite; Shubenacadie River, anhydrite, calcite, barite, hematite, oxyd of manga* nese ; at the Canal, pyrite ; Stewiacke River, barite (in limestone).
CuMBEBLAKD Co. — Cape Chiegnecto, barite ; Cape D*Or, onofctfe, apophyUUe ! I chabazitek faroelite, laumontite, mBaoHit malachite, fuUro, naUvt copper obsidian, red copper (rare), vivianite (rare); Horse-shoe Cove, east side of Cape D'Or, analcite, calcite, stilbite; Isle Haute, south side, analcite, apopHiyUUe ! I calcite, heukmdUe ! I natrolite, mesolite, stUbiie / Joggins, coal, heme* tite, limonite ; malachite and tetrahedrite at Seamans Brook ; Partridge Island, analdte, cpopAy Utel (rare), amethyst! agate apatite (rare), cakitel I chabazite (acadiolite), chalcedony, cat's-ejt (rareX hematite, heulandite I magnetite, atiUbite! ! ; Swan's Creek, west side, near the Point, calcite, gypsum, heukindUe, pyrite; east side, at Wesson's Bluff and vicinity, analcite f I apoph Utel (rare), cakite chabazite 1 1 (acadiolite), gypsum, heulandite /I natrolite I siliceous sinter; Two Islands, moss agate, analcite, calcite, chabazite, hetdandite; McKay's Head, analcite, caldt hsulandite, siliceotu sinter/
DiOBT Co. — Brier Island, native copper, in trap ; Digby Neck, Sandy Cove and vicinity, agattf amethyst caidtef chaJbazite hematite! lawrumtite (abundant), magnetite, siHbite, quartz crystali; Gulliver's Hole, magnetite, stilbite t; Mink Cove, amethyst, chabazite I quartz crystals; Kicbol'i Mountain, south side, amethyst magnetite I; William's Brook, near souroe, chabazite (gren hen* landite, stilbite, quartz crystalSb
GiTTBBOBO' Ca — Cape Canseau, andalusile,
H AiiiFAZ Co.— Gay's river, galenite in limestone ; southwest of Halifax, gaitiet, staurolite, tou maline ; Tangier, gold I in quarts veins in day slate, associated with auriferous pyrites, galenite hematite, mispickel, and magnetite ; gold has also been found in the same formation, at Country Harbor, Fort Clarence, Isaac's Harbor, Indian Harbor, Laidlow's farm, Lawrencetown, Sherbrooke, Salmon River, Wine Cove, and other places.
Hants Co. — Cheverie, oxyd of manganese (in limestone) ; Petite River, gypsum, oxyd of man* ganese: Windsor, caldte, oryptomorphite (boronatrocalciteX howlite, glauber salt The last three minerals are found in beds of gypsum.
Kings Co. — Black Rock, centraUassite, cerinite, cyandite ; a few miles east of Black Rodr, prehnite ? stilbite t; Cape Blomidon, on the coast between the cape and Cape Split, the following minerals occur in many places (some of the best localities are nearly opposite Cape Sharp) : omU dte! I agate, amethyst! apophyllite! caldte, chalcedony, chabazite, gmelmite (ledererite) hema* tite, Jieulandite! laumontite, magnetite, malachite, mewlitej native copper (rare), natrolite! psilome* lane, ttiibOe I thomsonite, fiaroeUte, quarto ; North Mountains, amethyst, bloodstone (rareX fem ginous quartz, mesolite (in soil) ; Long Point, five miles west of Blade Rode, heulandite, launumtite!! stilbite! I; Morden, apophyUiie, mordenite; Scot's Bay, agate amethyst, chalcedony, mesolite, natrc lite ; Woodworth's Cove, a few miles west of Scot's Bay, agate ! chalcedony! jasper.
Lunenburg Co — Chester, River, old in quartz, pyrite, mispickel ; Cape la Have, pyrite ; The " Ovens," gold, pyrite, mispickel! Petite River, gold in slate.
PiCTOU Co — Pictou, jet, oxyd of manganese, limonite ; at Roder's HUl, six miles west of Pietoi barite ; on Carribou River, gray copper and midadiite in lignite ; at Albion mines, coaL hmoBite ' East River, limonite.
Queens Co.— Westfleld, gold in quartz, pyrite, mispidcel ; FIto Rivers, near Big Fall, gold ir quarts, pyrite, mispickel, limonite.
American Looalities. 791
BlOHiiOND Co. — Went of Plaister GoTe, barite and caldte in landstone ; nearer the Cove, calcite flitoriie (blueX siderite.
Srelbubue Co. — Shelbume, near mouth of harbor, garnets (in gneiss) ; near the town, roao quartz; at Jordan and Sable Birer, eiauroUte (abundant), schiller spar.
Co. — Hills east of Lochaber Lake, pyrite, chaloopTrite, siderite, hematite; Morristown. opidote in trap, gypsum.
Yabmouth Co.— Cream Pot aboye Granberxj Hill, gold in qoartii pyrite ; Oat Book Fonohu Point, asbestus, caldte.
Newfoukdlaisd.
Ahtont's ISLAXD.—Pyriie,
Cataun'a Harbor. — On the shore, pyriie I
Chalky Hill. — Fditfoar.
Copper Island, one of the Wadham group. — ChakopyriU.
OoNCVFTioN Bat. — On tiie shore south of Brigus, bomite and gray copper in trap.
Bat of Islands — Southern shore, pyrUe in slate.
Placentia Bat. — At La Manche, two miles eastward of Little Southern Harbor, gcUenUel ; oa the opposite side of the isthmus ft'om Placentia Bay, barite, in a large rein, occasionally aceoi hauled by chalcopyrite.
Shoal Bat.— South of St John's, chalcopyrite.
Trinitt Bat.— Western extremity, barite.
Harbor Grbat St. Lawbehgb.— West side, fluorite, galenita.
Witii reference to foreign localities, consult for
EuROPi generally, Lronhard's Topogiw lOn.
Great BRiTAiir, Greg ft Lettsom's Min. ; Brooke ft Miller's lOiL
Frajtcb, Dufinoy's Min. ; Desdoixeauz's Min.
Switzerland, Kenngott's Min. der Schweiz.
Germant, Hausmann's Min. ; Qnenstedt's Min.
AusTRU, Zepharovich's Min. Lex.
Sweden, Hisinger's Min. Schwed.
Finland. A. E. Nordenskidld's Fml Min.
RuBSLi, Kokicharof 's Min. BussL Per the full titles of the works here referred to see ppi -il?.
Cfflekbit. 798
Supplement.
Tbs Kipplement oontalns descriptions of Bome speoies imperfecUy known, and notices of new or described species which came to hand too late to be inserted in the preceding part of this work. The nnmbers aiflzod to the species indicate their places in the system.
.£80HTinTi (480, p. 622). Mean of four dosely agreeing analyses by ICarignac (Bib. Unlr Gendve, Ang. 26, 186f, p. 286):
ObKi Sn ¥h Oe La,lH te Oa ign.
Q.=6'23. The amount of metallic adds. varied between 61*16 and 61*76. Analyses of the metallic acid gaye the relation, Cb 29*31, fi 22*14, differing materially irom Hermanns results. Marignao, having previously examined the adds of euxenite (see p. 622X condudes that the relation between the metallic adds is the same as in SBScbynite and that these two minerals differ mainly in the character of the bases they contain ; and that both may be represented by the general formula 6 ft ¥1+ 2 Cb.
AoHXBiTB. Carbonate of Bismuth Wi Macgregcr 8owerby*s English Min., BstcdL, Tr., iL 87C, 183*2; Agneslte RAM, Min., 591, 1862. An earthy steatite-like mineral flrom St Agnes in Cornwall, having a.=4*31, made by Macgregor to consist of C 61*3, Bi 28*8, 2*1, %1 7*6, Si H'7, ti 3 6=100 ; which result is pronounced by Beudant as probably " quolque grando orreur," and so proved by Thomson (Min., IL who states, after personal trials, that it dd " not effervesce with acids, and contained only a trace of bismuth and also by Greg and Lettaom, who examined a specimen in the late Mr. AUan's collection, from Mr. 3facgregor, with the same result as to effer vescence, and say that it may be an impure bismuth oohre. Allan appears to have thought il unworthy of a place in his edition of Phillips' Mineralogy (1887X and does not even allude to it onder bismuth ochre.
Altaite (48, p. 44). This rare spedes has been identified at the Stanislaus mine, CoL, and F. A. Genth has slso observed it in minute quantities assodated with petate at the Rule mine. Gal (Am. J. Sd., II xlv. 311). The mineral from the former locality is tin-white, with a yel* tinge, tarnishing to bronze-yellow; streak gray; with H.=3, and has a distinctly cubic deavage. Composition, after deducting in 1, 1*03 p. c, and in 2, 1*96 of quarts :
a. [37-00] 47*84 11*80 3-84=100*00.
Ka 1 is the first oomnlete analysis of this spedes, and oonfirma the assumption of Rose that it is a compound analogous to hessite. Dr. Genth calculates No. 1 to contain 99*25 p. a of altaite and 2*20 of hessite ; and No. 2, 77*42 altaite and 23*11 p. a hessite. An earlier result on another spedmen obtained by Gtonth, after separating carbonates and exduding 8 p. a fhde gold, and 3*46 quarts, gave Te (37'14X Ag 44*49, Pb 18*37=10000. This may represent 70*85 hessite, and 29 26 altaite. The material appeared to be pure, but Genth states that farther investigation is needed to ascertain whether there is a tellurid of silver, or tellurid of silver and lead, which has a white color and cubic deavage.
AxPRZBOLB (247, p. 232). Compact asbestus firom Bolton, Mass., afforded T. Petersen (Jahresb Sor 1866, 924 1868):
Tm Sufplkbceiit.
The fonnulu on the new yttem for aluminoas pyroxene and amphibole, ppi 80t, 206, booooM f the Greek-lettered symbol be uaed also for the liilGa, (ySii, 0Mt) OOtl
Andalusiti (322, p. 371). The chiastolite of Lanc&ifter, Mass., aiforded T. Petersen (Jahreib 1866, 921):
li 41-95 Si 48*60 Fe 9*30 Oa 0'41=100-26. G.=S-928.
Anovthitb (810, p. 387). Tamkik is referred to anorthite on p. 337, on the authority of Desdoi seaox, who has found thiem to have the same forms of crystals and anes (MenL Boa Min. BL Pet , IL it 1 867 ). Descloizeauz also publishes (L a) the following analyses of tankiteby Pisani : the oxygen ratio s, fi, Si, 1 : 3 : 4. The mineral is firom the iron mines of ArendiJ, Norway, where it was originally obtained by Mr. Tank.
Anorthite crystals from the Juyenas meteorite hare been measured by r. Lang (Pogg-i 188).
ABSBNOFTsm (94, p. 78). Yon Zepharoyich has measured crystals of this species, with tLs following results (Ber. Ak. Wien, ItL i. 21, 1867):
From (Eblam, Styria /A 7=111" 10' 38" U A 14; top,=r80* 16' 26" Freiberg, Sax. 111 37
Breitenbrunn, Sax. 111 29 36
Beichenstein, SQesia 111 80
Risenen, Slyria 111 40
Joachimsthal 11110 H AH top, =136 80
ATAOAxm (153, p. 121). The following are additional obserrations on this species:
Arti£ — Eleld has shown (PhiL Mag., lY. xxiT. 123) that when an alkaline hypochlorite is added to a boQing solution of the sulphate, nitrate, or ohlorid of copper, the latter bsing in excess, the precipitate produced has the formula sOud+CuClfi. The same is formed when potash is added to an excess of chlorid of copper. If; in the first case given above, the time of ebullition is too short, tiie precipitate has the composition 8 Cu fi + Cu CI fi[ + 2 aq. Field's analysis gave Cu 49-85, Ou a 28-02, £[ 2*2*13, agreeing very closely, as he obeerVed, with that of Berthier (anaL 1) from Cobija, Bolivia. The formula requires Cu 49 56, CuQ 28*01, "A 22*43=100. This is also the composition of botallaokite. Field states also that atacamite is formed in Chili at a seashore locality by the action of salt in the soil on chalcopyrite.
Debray finds that crystals may be obtained by heating to 2U0* C, with a concentrated solution of common salt ; or to C, ammoniacal sulphate of copper with the same.
BABDrGTomTB (242, p. 227). The smaD, black, brilliant crystals from Athol referred to babin tonite by Shepard (p. 228X do not afford very nearly the angles of that species. They are usually
implanted on green epidote, and, although black, they appear, 617 under a glass, to pass so gradually into the underlying mineral
that the first impression is naturally that they are only a blade variety of epidote. Yet they differ also (tfm this species in angle. The author has attempted to make new measurements, but the crystals for the purpose were so minute (-4 of an inch ic length) that they require further study for satisfactory results. The author's figure and " approximate measurements " the last edition of this work are oonsequently here added without modification, or even the change in the lettering that is required to bring the figure into parallelism with the figures of babingtonite. 0 A /=:90°— 01% 0 A 85% 0Ai=l58' 20', /A/'=110' 30' and 69* 80', /A*4=129% /' Ai4=120' 80', OA-l=r
Babnhasditi (79, p. 67). A specimen of this mineral BOl Williams Fork, Ariaona, fbunt with metallic copper, cuprite, chalcooite, pyrite, chrysocolla, malachite, and brocntite, gave K. showing a slight admixture with chalcooite.
Bnn. (254, p. 246). The green beryl of Royalston, Mass., yielded on ana'trsis hy T. Pstansi
8Upplk1Ce1It.
BEBOUAinTB (50, 46). Aocording to A. £. Nordentkidld ((Efr. Ak. 8to6khohn, 186e, 81. y pr. Cb., di. 466) benelianite occurs ai Skrikenim as a black to blaokiBh-Uae powder, diaaeminatiKl through a coarse crystaUine caldte, showioic no traces of ciystaUine strulDture but sometiiiMf formug dendritic crusts. When in sufficient masses to be observed, it has a metallic lustre and ilFer-white fracture, the surface of which soon tarnishes. Q.=:6*7 1.
Se
Cn
Ag
re
Tl
I. 89-86
63*14
0*64
0*38=98*64.
2. 38*74
99-74.
Kordensldold remarks that the varying percentage of the silver is possibly due to aa didniiztofta of eucairite, and Uiat the amount of thamum in the analyses is probably too low.
BiBKOTHAUBZiB or BiSMUTHio GoLD Shp., Mia, 804, 1857. A furnace product (Am. J. ScL, D 112, 1867).
BOBISBBITE. Phosphate de Magnie tribasique et hydrate Bobienre Les Mondes, April 18€8 691 ; Bobierrite Dana (5:idA). — Monodinio; in six-sided prlsmaHo forms. Crystals minute, and forming crystalline agglomerations, imbedded in guano looking like white spots in tlie guano. Chstals colorless. Composition, according to Bobierre (1. c), Mg*? with water. It is insolubli in water, but easily soluble in adds without effervescence. Contains not a tri.cu of lime.
From the guano of Mexillones, on the Peruvian Coast
BouLANGBBiTB (12*2. 99). Found, according to v. Zepharovich, at PrzllMam in Bohemia, with jamesonite (Ber. Ak. wien, Ivi 1867). He gives the following analyses :
r.=100 E. Boricky.
r.=98*65 E. Boricky.
0*84, Ag 0*25, Zn XOO'Ol Helmhackei. l'46=99-47 Boncky.
0 57=99 11 Boricky. 1*36, Ag 006, Zn 0-34=99*89 Helmhacker.
r.=100 27 Boricky. 8*47 10006 Boricky.
1, fine fibrous, G.=6*76 ; 2, subfLbrous, G.=5 91 ; 3, compact, with subconohoidal fracture, G =6*877, associated with sino-blende ; 4, associated with a coarse granular to fibrous galenlta, G 809; 6, found in nests in galenite Q.=6 69; 6, G.=008; 7, in shorti felt like, capillary crystals, with quartz and calcite ; 9, associated with quarts, G.=5'62.
F. A. Genth obtaiued for boulangerite from Bcho District Union Co., Nevada (Am. J. Scl, IL zlv. 320, 1868), S 17*91, Sb 26*86, Pb 64*82, Ag 0 42=100. Occurs in indistinct adcular striated crystals, in white quarts.
Bboohantitb (701, p. 664). F. A. Genth has found this mineral in minute crystals, showuu the planes -f, and 1-f, with the copper ores at Bill Williams Fork, Arizona. For analyses of qtedmen, mixed with atacamite, chrysoooUa, etc, see Am. J. Ud., II. xlv. 821, 1868.
CALATBBm F. A. Oeniht Am. J. Soi., XL xlv. 314, 186& (98A.) A new tellurid of gold, from the Stanislaus mine, Calaveras Co., CaL It occurs massive, without crystalline structure; Color bronze-yellow; streak yellowish-gray ; brittle; fracture uneven, inclining to Buboooohoidal
OmnpasUion. — An Te4=Te 66-63, Au 44*47. Anases 1, 2, fVom 2 1*45 p. a quartz deducted:
Sb
Pb
Busebi
vein,
Jib.
s.
M
u
19*77
24*46
64*82
Adelberti "
u
ti
n
U
M
fh.
18*47
M
u
67*42
27*72
Te 66*89 [66*00]
Au 40*70
Ag 3-62=100-11. 3-08=100.
B.B. on diarcoal bums with a bluish-green flame, yielding globules of very yellow gold. Di dves in nitro-muriatio add, with separation of chlorid of silver.
Calaverit is frequently assodated with petzite, to which a portion of the sflver in the analyses Li attributed. In a comparison of the results of analyses of sylvanite ftom Transylvania, Dr. Tenth makei the suggestion that the so-called "enters" (see anaL 8, 9, p. 82) is nc thing else than impure calaverite.
CALom (716, p. 670). Vom Bath, in his elaborate papers on caldte (Pogg., rxxxiL) mentions
Ca
iftit.
£[
4*60 Thomsozu
8*4 Jaduon.
796 Bupplebcest.
bes is8 the planea given from him on pp. 673, 614, 676, the soalenohedron haa foi the angle oyer its lODger edge, 155* 43', shorter edge lOl*" 85', middle edge, 114° 64' ; and tiM
OAflSiTSiiiTB (192, p. 167). T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 920, 1868) found in the tin-stone of
CATUNin C. T. Jackson (Am. J. Sd, zzxy. 388) thus named the red day from the de Prairies, in the Upper Missouri region, where it rooms a bed of oonsiderable extent, refeiTed by Hajden to the Cretaoeoas formation. Analyses :
&i Si Fe Hn llg
56'11 17-31 6-96 0*20
48-2 ' 28*2 6'0 0*6 6-0
It is a rode and not a definite mineral spedes.
Cbmtiullassitb BoWf Ed. K. PhiL x. 84 1859. (341 A.) Badiated masslye, the fibres or odomu lamellar and separable; H.s=8'5; G.= 2*45— 2-46; lustre pearly; color wlute or yellowish-white ; thin lamina transparent ; graduating into an opaque white yarie, subresinous in lustre ; brittle The mineral was found in a nodule from amygdaloid, near Blade RodK, Bay of Futtdy, and oonsti* tuted the portion between a thin outer layer (named by How oerinUe) and an inner bluish mass, called by him qfonoKte, How obtained, as a mean of two analyses (La):
0158-86 Si 1-14 ttgO-16 Ca 27*92 & 0*59 l6[ 11*42.
B.B. fuses easily, with spirtinc to an opaque gss; a dear bead with the fluzefi. It is near okenite in oomposition.
Chamoisitb (469, p. 511). An oolitic mineral, near chamoisite, described by Pouillon Boblaye (Mem. Mus., zy.) has been called BavaUte. It has H. about 4; 0.=3'99, Delesse; color greenishblack, bluish, or grayish ; powder greenish-gray or black, to reddish-brown ; and B.B. fusible with difficulty to a black magnetic sooria. Analyses : 1, Berthier ; 2, Delesse :
Ca £[ 0 Clay
— — — 3-2=100 Berthier. 0-45 4 85 1*30 0*20=: 100 Delesse.
Forms beds in old schistose rocks in different parts of Brittany, espedally in the forest of Lorges, a locality that supplies ftxmaoes ai Pas near Quintin, in the yidnity of Si. Brieuc Dept. of C6t68-du-Nord; also at the Chapel St Oudon, near Segr Dept of Maioe-et-Loire ; and elsewhere. Huot and others derive the name bavalUe from Bayalon, a locality of it ; but Desdoizeauz says no such place exists in Brittany ; but that a depression in the region where it is explored is caUed the baa vallon — an absurd origin for a name.
Cbbtsobibtl (191, p. 166). Frisdiman on twin crystalli of dirysoberyl, Ber. Ak. Miinohen, 1867, L 429.
Chbtboutb (259, p. 256). A partially decomposed olivine, from Neurode in Silesia, afforded 3-21=99*92.
Claudktitb. Prismatic Arsenious Add F, Claudet Proo. Ch. Soa, 18A8, Ch. News, xrii 128, 1868; Glaudetite (22 lA.) Ortborhombic and isomorphous with yalentinite, while dimorphous with arsenolite. Obseryed in thin plates, resembling selenit H.=2*5. 6.=s3'86w Lustre strongly pearly.
Composition Ab 0*, as for arsenolite, being essentially pure arsenoua add. Cnaiidet obtained in an analysis about 47 p. o. of this add with other metallic siibstanoea aa impuritiea.
Oocurs in seams in an ore of arsenioal pyrites, at the San Domingo minea, PortogaL
It heads the Yalentimte group, p. 184.
OuLUSTHAUTB (46, p. 42). EoT analysis of this mineral Cadieuta, see under EuoAxm PL 798.
ft £1
€r
Fe
te
1. ()nintin
11*0 18*8
0*3
23*4
2. "
6-50 7*50
0*50
65*45
Supplement. 791
OouTXBiTH (474 p. 516). Hermaim, in the J. pr. Cfh., oiii 127, soBttins anew hm vlewB oi Imenio add, and gifea the following results of recent investigations :
% 9a fl Sn W t*e , %
8. greenland 38-27 0*66 39-78 (r. 16*64 6*00 0-06=100-16.
Hermann is here copied in making the metallio acids to contain 3 of oxygen. Analysis 1 is a leTision of anaL 4, p. 617.
Hermann makes three Tarietiea of colnmbite : (1) Tantalum-colnmbite, with density above 6-90. (2) Golumbium-columbite, wlthG.=6'6i)-6-90. (8) Ilmenium-colnmbite with Gr, below 6*60. He thus claims that the Greenland mineral is UmMikimumbUe (G.=5'40X while, according la the recent careful researches of Blomstrand (anaL 26, p. 618 it oontains only cdnmbio and tantalic acids.
OogAuni F. A. Cknih, Am. J. Sd., XL zl?. 819. ai2A.) Indistinctly aystalUne, with longitudinal striations, apparently rhombia Soft and brittle. Lustre metallia Color lead-gray. Fnuv tore uneven.
Composition 2 PbS+Bi Si=Sulphur 16-10, Bi 42-26, Pb 41*66=100. Anslyses: 1 (afterdednoting 2*09 p. c. quarts) ; 2 (after deducting 26*88 p. c. quarts):
As
Pb
Ag
Bi
Co
2*48
2*41=100*83.
6*37
38*99
4*22=99*61.
As cobaltite was associated with the mineral, Genth regards the Co and As as due to this species, and deducts them, making in anaL 1, 6*79 p. a cobaltite, and in 2, 11*88 p. c, giving for 1, ing with the formula 2 (Pb, Ag) S+Bi'S', makmg the mineral a jamesonito in which the antimony is replaced by bismuth. B.B. cosalite reacts for sulphur, lead, and bismutlx, and with soda on yields a minute globule of silver. Found aasodated with quartz and cobaltite in a ailver mine at Cosala, Province of Sinaloa, Mexico.
(3BT0UTB (164, p. 127). Ciystals of cryolite have been described and figured by Webskj (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 810). His measurements make the form tridinia The general form of the crystals and the planes are as in C 180. The following are his measured angles, using the letter Ing m that figure: /A 8' and 91* 67', 0 A l-l, left,=124*' 86', 0 A front,=125° 54 — 26' 67', Oa l-i, badK,=l26* 28'-126' 33", Oa/, right,=9o' 24', OaI; left, 90'' l'-90' 10', and 89" 68', I, right, A l-i, front,=124' 80', i; left, A l-i, front, 124*' 14' ; I, right, A 14, badc,= 126*" 20'. Two kinds of twins are described: 1, composition-face H; and 2, c-faos 0.
Websky slso describes the optical charactera of the crystala
Ctavolitb Bow, Ed. N. FhiL J., x. 84, 1869. (841B.) Amorphoas, of a bluish-gray color, lltlli lustre, and nearly opaque; H.=4*6 ; G.=2*496 ; B.B. ftises only on the thin edges; gives dear beads with the fluxes. Two aualyses by How aiforded :
ft
Si
Ag
Oa
ft
A
74*16
r.
17*62
0*68
7*39=100*43.
72*52
*r.
18*19
0*61
6*91=99-47.
Probably the same mineral with centrallassite (p 796), impure with much more silica ; or li chalcedony, impure with centrallassite. The name aUndiss to the odor.
Dowmsm (37, p. 86). Occurs in the mountain of Paracatas, between Cuatzamala and Tladiapa.
EKAKom (132, p. 107). Occurs, according to B. W. Boot (Am. J. Soi., XL xlv.) at the Morning Star mine, Alpine Co., CaL, both massive and in small, brlUiant, blade crystals, assodated with pyrite, quartJB, and menaocanite. H.=4; G.=4*34. Mean of two analyses, 8 81*66, As 13*70. fib 6 03, Pe. with trace 0*72, Cu 46*96, Si 1*08=99*14.
ERLAirrrE. Krlan Breiih, Handb., 606. Supposed to be a rock.
BuOAmm (42, p 39). Acoordlng to A. B. Kordenskiold ((KfV. Ak. Stockholm. 1866L 861. m
J. pr. Oh., oi5. 460), thU ipedM ooonn in opaque Bflrer-white to lead-praj grains in dinMiiii uited in serpentine, sometimes with indioitions of cnbio or octahedral planes. H.=2'6; G.s 7-48—7 '6 1. Analyses :
8e
On
Ag
Fe
Tl
S4-86
r.
32'01
26*83
44*21
tr.
sgfoeing with the formula (6u, Ag) Se or €u Se + Ag Se.
Domei ko has examined the selenids from Cacheuta in the proYince of Mendoza, GhUi (GL R, Iziii. 1064X and considers them to consist of mixtures or oombmations of three selenids : (A) A compound analogous to eucairite ; (B) a selenid of oobalt and iron ; and (C) a selenid of lead. Analjses:
8e
Ag
On
Fe
Oo
Pb
bC Gangue
2*20
=99-2.
a.
20*85
1*26
82-68 =100.
10*20
1*20
6-6 =98-4.
15-26 7-40= .
10-90 3-0=98-6.
Na 1 had a bright blnish-graj color and metallic lustre, was somewhat porous, and oocorred with silicate of copper and carbonate of lead, which last wss separated before analysis. G.= 8'8. No. 2 was similar. In 3 and 4 the silver is partly replaced by copper. No. 5 is almost purs selenid of lead. G.=7'6.
Gaitoiiatxta BreHK, Ohar., 106, 1832. (GansekSthigers Oerm., Gooee- Ore, Chenocoprolite. Ikma Min., Ist ed., 216, 1837.) The material thus named is in part an impure iron-sinter, containing some oxyd of cobalt, eta That of Joachimsthal is a yellowish incrustation, occurring with smaltine. That of Andreasberg is a mixture of oxyds of antimony, arsenic, and iron, with a little arsenous add (Ramm. Min. Oh., 998).
Gbbsdorfittb (86, p. 72). Analyses of gersdorfflte, baring G.=5*49~5*65, (torn Oraigmnlr mine. Loch Fyne, Scotland, by D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., lY. . 181, 1868) :
s
As
Ni
Oo
Fe
Mn
Ou Mg
21*59
6S2
18*12
0*33
tr. 0*66
2*71=99-19.
85*84
23*16
0*33
2-60=100.
GaoxTRioiTifi (797, p. 739). The author learns further from L Lesquereux (March 4, 1868} that, as existing species of the fisimilies Fopuiua, AfyricOf and Laurui are wax*bearing, wax may have been afforded to the Gesterwits beds by the species, now fossil in that basin, Omnamomwn BoutnoBS' leri Heer, Gautiera Hgnitum Web., IJmrw primigenia and L, Loiagea Heer, and species of SatBt fra ; and. as Cerakfetalum myridnum of de la Harpe is probably a Myrica, this also may have been one of the wax-yielding species of the era. And although no Populus has yet been identified from the basin, species are coomion in the Tertiary of other parts of Europe and of America, and plants of the genus probably contributed largely towards thMe lignitic beds.
GiLBBimTB Thom. Min., 1, 286. Perhaps an impure kaolinite. Whitish and silky; H.=2*75: G.=2 65. Lehnnt obtained (I a) Si 4616, £l 4011, 248, ftg 1*90, Oa 4-17, ti 4-25. From .the lode of Stonagwyn, near St Austle, OomwalL
GsMONDiTi (872, p. 418). Yom Bath mentions Franenberg, near Fulda, as a new locality of this rare minersL He speaks of the form as a tetragonal octahedron, and obtained for the angle between two planes over a basal angle 3i', 61° which gives for the terminal edge 118" 56|', 118° 66'. The crystals are in druses hi basalt with phOlipsite.
Glaooodot (95, p. 80). Occurs, according to Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, xv. 1867) and v Kobell (J. pr. CSl. oil 409), at Hakansbo in Sweden. The crystals have the new plane 24 Basal daavage less perfect than in the Ohilian variety. G.=6-973, Tsdi. ; 6-96 v. K. Anayasa
As
Oo Ni
Si
1. 4408
— =99*23 B. .
S. 44-80
19*86
lS-00 0-80
O-SSslOO T. KobeDL
Gou) (1, p. 8). Gold ocean In oopper pyrites in the region Blade Bay, on the noitb shore of Lake Soperior, between Neepigon and Thunder Bay, as observed by Chapman, and silvei In the gtalenite of the same veins. The rocks, Chapman remarks, are not Laurentian or Azoic, although metamorphic, but altered Silurian, or " identical in general age with the gold-beariDg rocks of eastern Canada and Nova Scotia.'*
D. Forbes has published analyses of Welsh gold Phil Mag IV. xzxir. 340) :
An
' Ag
Fe
Quarts.
*r.
0 32, Ou fr. =99-74.
2. "
tr.
0-74=99-81.
84*89
0-43, Cu (r.=99-65.
NoA. 1 and 2 were from a quarts vein, associated with tetradymite, psrrite, chaloopyrite, galenita ohlorite, caldte, dolomite, ankerite? siderite, and barite. G. of 1=17-26. No. 3 was stream gola associated with menaocanite. G.= 15-79.
Gold from the Stamskus mine, CaL, gave Genth Au 88*68, Ag 11*37 (Am. J. Sd., XL xlv. 31).
m
Habmotoue (390, p. 439). Desdolseauz has subjected crystals of the morvenite variety to a new examination (L'Institut, 1868, 85), and finds that they are optically rrumocUnic instead of orthorhombic ; and observes, consequently, that theyarenothemihedralas suggested by Gadolin, and as stated on p. 440.
HiQCATiTB (180, p. 140), New forms of crystals of hematite from Keswickumberland, and from Elba, have been described by Hessenberg (Min. Not, Na 8X adding the new planes (, nAr* from the former, and -ffj and from the latter.
HEBSm (58, p. 60). Analyses of hessite from the Stanislaus mbe by F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL, UzlT. 311, 1868):
Te Au Ag Pb Nl
1. 44-45 8-28 46*84 1*65 4*71 100-43.
2. [39-64] 3-22 55*60 1*54=100.
In No. 1, 7*21 p. a of impurity are excluded, of whidi 4*22 was free gold and the balance quartz; and in No. 8, 28*60 p. c, induding 6 p. a free gold. Genth oondudes that the mineral to a mixture of hessite with altalte and his new spedes melonite (Nis Tci) ; anal 1 giving 78*11 hessite, 2-67 altaite, and 20*03 melonite, while 2 has 92*82 hessite and 6-55 melonite.
Htdbobuoholketb of Thomson. Thomson obtained (Min., L 237) Si 41*85, 4955, fi 4*85, gypsum 98*87. Probably from Sardinia.
HUT88BNITS. Bisenstassfurtit Buyntn Berggeist, x. 67, 1865, Jahrb. Min. 1865, 829: Stassfhrlit Biachof, ib.,- Huyssenlte JDono. (597 A.) This borate, briefly alluded to on page 596, appears to be a distinct spedes, and has the following characters :
ICassive, and in nodular concretionary forms. G.=2*78 ; but after removal of mixed chlorids, 3*09. Lustre feeble. Color greenish-gray, becoming yellow ou exposure, from the iron present
Composition according to Biadiof : Mg* 40*86, j'e' 5006, Hg a 9-59= 100, corresponding to the formula (1 ftg + i tY B.
Occurs at the salt mine of StasaAirt, with stassftirtitB, which it mudi resembles ; its nodules contain usually a nudes of common salt, while thoee of stassAirtite have one of red camaUite.
Htalophanb (318, p. 346). An analysis of this mineral from Binnenthal gave T. Petersen
Hydhosilioitb v. TToAL, Yulk. Gest, 305. (849 A.) An amorphous substance or crust from Palagonia and Ad Castello, Sicily, which afforded v. Waltershausen Bi 44*90, Ag 4*60, Oa 38*82, 1*70, £[ 1448=100. Corresponds nearly to the formoA ItSi+l
HTDBcyTALOm (214, p. 179). B. W. Boot has obtahied (priT. oontrib.) foi liugfaUe ftw tanerviUe, N. T. :
Si
Ag
A
e
21*90
31*07
8*89=99 41
s.
21*61
6*88
9*15=99*71.
Mmb
siirs
81*24
80*60
9*02ss99-fi0.
800 SDFPUOa&NT.
The insolable in No. 2 oonsisted of 4*43 9i and 4*86 undeoompoeed mioB, eta The femdU cord doselj 'with those of Johnaoa
Htfozasthitb Bmoneyt Ed. N. . J., II. IL 308, 1856; Sienna Baiih. A browniflk yellow ferruginous day or ochre, probably only dayey yellow ochre. G.=3*46. Analyiif
jAMBSOiriTB (112, p. 90). Jamesonite finom Eusebi vein, Prsibram, Bohemia (r. ZepharoTieli, Ber. Ak. Wion, Ivi. June, 1867), afforded B. Hehnhacker 8 20*21, 8b 80*81, As ir Fb 47*16, Fo 1-85=99*64.
Occurs in fine fibrous plates and lenticular masses in granular galenite.
809. Jauukorb. Pt of Jaulinglte Zqpharavichf Ber. Ak. Wien, xri 866, 1866. Amorphous, resin-like. Brownish-yellow. Brittle. At dO'a softens, 70''a liquid. BasOy solubto in alcohol and ether. Aromatio odor when heated. Ratio for 6, H, 0=39 : 60 : 4i=iaH4tO<, Bagsky, who obtained {i) 0 77*97, H 10*14, 0 11*89=100. Not soluble in a carbonated alkali, and scarcely at aU in a potash solution. The above was dissolved out of a resin (called JaoUugite by V. Z., because occurring at tiie Jauling, near St Viet, in Lower Austria) by means of sulphid of carbon. The resin soaiewhat resembles amber, is hyadnth-red, translucent in thin splinters, may be rubbed to a yeUow powder between the fingers, and has H.=2-6, G.= 1*098—1-1 11.
8 13 A A Beia'auiingUe was obtained the residue, after the treatment with sulphid of car* bon, by the action of ether. Color brownish-yellow. Softens at C, and becomes liquid at 160'". 'Dissolveaasily in alcohol and ether, but not in carbonated alkali or sulphid of carboa =100. It contains double the oxygen of the preceding, with less, proportionaUy, of hydrogen. The ratio is nearest to that of guyaquillite (Ka 818).
KmwAsm TTumi., liin., i. 376, 1 836. A fibrous, green, dilorite-like mineral from the basalt of the K.E. coast of Ireland. R. D. Thomson found in it (I a) Si 40*6, 1 1*41, te 28*91, Ca 19*78, 4*36=99 95.
Lbedbitb TkoTTL A mixture of Ca S 71*9, BaS 28*1, from noar Leeds.
Lmblkxitb /. Xeo, Proa Aa Philad., 1867, 44. A soft fibrous mineral found near UnionviUsi, Pa., on conmduro, yet undescribed, and not proved to be a new spedes.
ICaonetitb (186, p. 140). A niceolifarous magnetite occurs, aoeording to Petersen (Jahrb. Mlu. 1867, 836), north of Pregratten in the eastern Alps. He obtained for one specimen, on analysiii,
UAMOksm (90, p. 75). C Mdne has observed that the pyrites of unaltered sedimeotaiy beds is mostly marcasite, while that of metamorphio rods is pyrite (C. B., Ixiv. 867). The follow ing analyses tie by him:
60*7
(J) 44*9
AnaL 1 of nodules ; 2, from the oolite ore beds of VUlebois and Seiridres ; 8, from ammomtei, from Bauregard, Masenay, and LaverpiUidre ; 4, 5, from the ooal-beds ; 6, bituminous pyrites.
MBLANTBRrrs (664, p. 646). An impure sulphate of iron, apparently a mixture of melanterita and a sulphate of the sesqnioxyd (as remarked by Kenngott, Ueb. 1865X from Boorboule, in the Dept. of Puy de Dome, Pranoe, has been named BtmrbaidUe by Lefort (G. 1862, It. 949, Jahrbi Kin. 186S, 688). Derived apparently from the alteration of maroaslte. Lefort's ftcajMi
obtained: jl -.
S Fe J'e fi
38*04 6-08 1608 40*80=100.
87*66 8-71 13*83 39*91=100.
85-22 8*26 12*99 48*54=100.
Uto ft flriable gKenlsh substance, psnly soluble in water and partly in
a.
1. Champagne
2. Ain
3. Bauregard, etc
4*2066
4. Oreusot
4*1809
4*1803
6. Oise and Aisne
4*1770
Ve
Si
ti Organ.
40*9
8*4
1*7
2*1 —=99*6.
42*0
6*8
1*4
44*0
8*2
32*6
6*9
0*9 0*3=99*6.
42*3
6*6
1*0
0*7 0*8=99*4.
88*9
11*3
2*4
1-7 0*8=99'6.
Bupflemsnt. 801
Mblonri F, a. GflnA, Am. J. 8cL, H zlv. 313, 1868. (lOOA, Appendix to Sulphids, eta) A aew tellurium mineral from among the ores of the Stanislaus mine, fbim hexagon with eminent basal cleayage. (Generally in indistinct granular and foliated particles. Lustre metallic; color reddish-white, rarely tarnished brown ; streak dark gray.
Composition Ni, Tes=Te 76*49, Ni 23*51=100. An analysis afforded Te 73*43, Ag 4*08, I'r. 0*72, Ni 20 98=v9-2l; the nickel contained a minute trace of cobalt RB. in the open tubo gives a sublimate fusing to colorless drops, leaving a gray mass ; on charcoal bums with a bluish lame, giving a white volatile coating, and a greenish-gray residue; in B.F. with soda a gray powder of magnetic metallic nickel Soluble in nitric add, giving a green color, and on evaporation yielding a white crystalline powder of toUurous add.
Tenth considers the analysis to correMpond to 6*H0 p. a hessite, 1*17 altaite, 2*29 native toliurium. and 89*25 melonite, whic he assumes to have the composition Nis Tea, although he observes that the hexagonal form would better agree with the formula Ni Te. But the latter view would require that over one-third of tiie mixture should be native tellurium, which he thinks scarcely probable, as the material for analysis, when examined by a strong maifter, showed a small quantity of dark colored hessite, but every other partide had a reddish hue without the slightest admixture apparently of any grayish-white mineral
Mbnaooanitb (181, p. 143). A variety of this spedes, from the basalt of Turner's Hill quarry, Staffordshire, gave D. Forbes (Phil Mag., IV. xxxiv. 347 after exduding silicates and insoluble, ft 34*28, i?e 65 72; G.=4*69.
HiOA Gboup. a micaceous mineral has been named .fleten by E. T. Simmler (Ms Petraa, 9, Keung. Ueb. 1866, 135, 1868X but without a determination of ito composition or exact relations to other spedes. It forms part of a schist and quartzite in gneiss formation (Alpinyte) of the Alps. H.=8— 3*5; G. 7— 3*03; lustre pearly or waxy; color gray to whitish, reddish, greenish, violet, and copper-red ; streak grayish-white to reddish. In &e dosed tube yields litSe or no water. B.B. fuses with diiBculty on the edges ; the borax pearl is colorless when cold. Not attacked by hot adds. Stetod to consist probably of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of iron.
A micaceous mineral from Chester Co., Pa., has been named FaikmvMit by L Lea (Proa Ao lliilad., 1867, 45), but without the mention of its distinctive characters.
MoKTAKiTB (711, p. 668). Dr. Centh has detected this tellurate with the tetradymite of Davidson Co. N. C (Am J. Sd., XL xlv. 319), two analyses affording:
[3*47] [2*80]
Oenth remarks that it is still doubtful whether the mineral contains 1 or 2 atoms of water.
Musoovm (294, p. 309). New analyses of this spedes, with an extended discussion of the diemical composition of the different kinds of mica, have been published by Bammelaberg in ZSl O., xix. 400 :
Te
Bi
68*78
23*90
71*90
Cu
Fe
1'26=100.
0*32=100.
Si
&
Fe
Je
ftn
JTa &
P
tt
Uton, Sweden
46*75
85*48
1*86
1*58 10-36
1*32
2*50=99*79.
Saston,Pa.
46*74
1*53
0*80
9*63
3*36=10221.
Goshen, Mass.
0*51
0*52
3-90=100*19.
Aschaffenburg
88*07
2*02
9*70
3*66=101*18.
Bengal
35*56
0-88 9-58
411=1021&
With lithlA.
*
Umbsw
MMl
No. 1, G.=2-836, option4mal angle 72—73°, Senarmont; 2, Q.=2*904, optic-axial angle Quincke; G.=2-859, optic-axial angle 75°— 76% "Qw-, G.=2-Vll, optical angle 679% Quincke; Bengal, G.=2*8i7, optic-axial angle 66 r.
The mineral from Eaaton is evidently not the silvery mica referred on p. 807 to biotite tire optical angle of which, according to both Grailich and Blake, is less than 2"".
Mica from Boyalston, Mass., afforded T. Petersen (Jahresb. 186t, 928, 1868) Si 4603, Si 32*10, Fe 6-85, Mn 2*48, Hg 028, Ca 0*90, & 11-20=99-79; G.=2*947.
NiPBBm. SjMtner has analyzed an aluminous jade or nephrite from Gbioa ft
803 8Uppl1Emb2It.
i69), diflferiiig those of pp. 237, 290, 292 ; and Meldhuir and jCejer (Bor. Ak. Viet, ]dii Ho) a kind New ZealancL Both are infUsible, or nearly aa They obtained :
Si £1 9e fig Ca & fi
1. China 60 50 1000 6'60 81*00 2 76, €r 0*05 Kaatneiv
2. N. Zealand 6301 10*83 718 14-50 12'40 0*97 111=100*00 M. & M.
For 2. 0. ratio for & S, ft, 9*5 : 7*2 . 27 5 ; for 3, 8*9 : 7*4 : 28*6. Nob. 2 and 3, as described by Uochstetter (L are somewhat slaty, and are hardest on the transTerse surfaces of fractura In No. 2, H.=5— 6'5,- in another, 3*5— 6. G.=2'61. It is called tonwai by the New Zealanders. B.B. thinnest splinters inflisible, but becomes white and raaque. In Na 8, H.=5'5~6-5; on i polished cross face, 7. G.=3*02. B.B. fuses with great difficulty, becomes disooloied and opaque. This variety contains much water.
These minerals are probably mere mixtures, as may well be true of such maasiTe substances. For non-aluminous jade or nephrite, see p. 237.
Obtboclabi (316, p. 352). The twin crystals of orthodase from Oarlsbad, Bohemia, afforded Etammelsberg and Bulk (Za G., xviiL 893):
Si 21 l?e Ag Ca fia JTa &
White feldspar from Boyalston. Mass., ffave T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 927, 1868) Si 66*79,
PALAOOinTB (426, p. 483). Yon Wartba found in the palagonite of the basaltic tufa of Battina, in Baranyer Gomitat (Hungary) (Verb. G. Reichs. 1867, 210X Si 26*99, £l 11-09, Fe 8*4S, Ca residue 16*81=99*89. Excluding the residue. of time and carbonio add. with its equivalent of lime, the results become Si 41*78, 17*17, 9e 18-05, Ca 4*47. lilg 3*56, Sr 0*19, & 1*66, Na n*97, ti 17*16=100*00, corresponding very well with the oomposltion of palagonite other localities.
Plaoioglasb. Breithaupt's name for the group of tridmic feldspars, the two prominent dearie directions in which are oblique to one another, vXaym signifying oMiytie.
PLOMBlBRrrB Daubrie, C. R., xlvL 1088, 1868, Ann. d. M., Y. xiiL 244. (340A.) A gelatinous substance which hardens in the open air, formed from the thermal waters of Plombierea. It becomes, on hardeDiDg, opaque snow-white. It afforded, after drying at lOO'O., Si 40*6, Xl 1*8, Oa 84*1, ti 28*2=99 2, corresponding to Oa Si+2 a hydrated silicate of lime.
Chabazite and apophyllite in fine crystals are other results of the action of the WBters of Flombieres on the brick and mortar of an old Roman aqueduct, besides hyalite, aragonite, and perhaps flooledte and harmotome.
(75, p. 62). The pynte assodated with the nioooliferous pyrrhotite of InyeFary, Soot* land, gave D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., lY. . 178) S 49*82, Fe 45*78, Ni 1-99, Go Gu 1*18, insoluble 0*00=99*52 ; G.=4-93. Forbes says that in the examination of seyeral hundred spedmens of pyrite and pyrrhotite fim different localities, nickel is rarely found in pyrite, while often present in pyrrhotite; on the contrary, cobalt is rather common in pyrite, aat compared with nickel, in quite small quantity in pyrrhotite.
Analyses of pyrite from different French localities by 0. Mdne (0. R, Ixly. 870) :
G.
Fe
Si
ft
1. Chessy and St Bel
39*3
3*8
0-2=99*8.
2. Layoulte
0*8
0*1, Ca 0-8=P9*a
8 AUeyard
0*4=99-6.
4 Aude
49*1
0*2=99*8.
5. Elba
4*8008
52*2
0*1
=99-8.
6. Conflens
4*8102
52*4
48*1
0*7
0*2=99*9.
7. AUier
62
2*6
0-2=99
8. Gard
40*6
8*7
BUFPUDOorr. SOS
Mtee obBeires the pyrites of unaltered aedimeiiteiy rooks is mostly fmartaiH
Ptbomslavi C. U. ShBpard Am. J. ScL, H Txii. 96, 1866, llin., 263, 1867. Id anlar gralu from the gold-washings of McDowell Qo N. OL H.=6'6; G.=3'87; lustre resinous; color reddish to yeUowisb-brown and blaok ; subtranslucent B.B. infusible, but beoomos black and opaque (whence the name) ; soluble in the fluxes, giving reactions of titimic add and iron. Stated to be "essentially a titanate of alumina and iron with traces of lime and gludna," and 'may contain siTcoBia also " : bat tha eridence of such a composition is not giren. Perhaps a variety of titan> ite.
Ptboxsns (288, p. 212). An analysis of malacoilto from Oeftes (Fiohtolgebirge) afforded K. O. =3-285.
For an article on the oonstitutwn of aluminous pyroxene and amphlbole by Bammelsberg, see Z& G. Ges., xiz. 486 ; and a word on the formula by the author, p. 794.
CcmaanUe is a whitish pyroacene rockt as'stated on page 322. It was called scapolite rock by Hltdixck (G. Bep. Mass., 316, 1836, 869, 184U and later named Oanaanite in Alger's Min., 1844, after an analysis (see below) by & L. Dana. It is a whitish and grayish-white rock, subcrystalline in fracture, with II.=H'6 and G.=8*07, and constitutes ridges la the vicinity of Canaan, Ct It is overlaia by a dolomite, abounding in some layers in crystals of whitish pyroxene, and at the junction is much mixed with ihe dolomite. Dr. Dana obtained in his analysis (Hitchcock's Bep., 669, 1841):
A specimen has been recently analysed by B. S. Burton (priv. oontribuX with the foUowing results, showing that the alumina of the preodding was an error:
Si 61-80 j'e 1*60 Mg f6'47 Oa 26-21 C 6*91 £[ 0*89=100-88.
The 6-91 carbonic acid corresponds to 18*41 of carbonate of lime present as impurity. Whether the carbonate is a result of alteration or not is yet unascertained.
PraBHorm (68, p. 68). Analyses of nicooliferous pyrrhotite from Inverary and from the Oraig muir mine, Scotland, by D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., JY. . 174);
Ve
Ni
Oo
Ott
1. Inverary
2. Craigmuir
ir. 1*02
ir. tr.
0-24 Mg 0-96=99-84. 0-38, As 0*04=100-31.
G. of 1=4-60; 2=4-602. Eorbes suggest that there may be two definite compounds undet nicooliferous pyrrhotite ; one with the formula 6 (Fe* S*)-)-Ki with 10-98 of nickel, and one 16 (Fe S')-rNi S with 4*10 nickel, corresponding, according to him, with maiy analyses of pyrrhotite from a wide range of localities.
QUJJKEZ (231, p. 189). See TBiDTiiin and YtaiAX beyond.
BvDANSKiTB Bsnnann, J. pr. Oh., ciL 406. (412A.) An earthy mineral occurring in masses which fall to powder under slight pressure. Adheres to the tongue. Odor dirty grayish-greek G.=2'77. Analysis:
ratio for ft, iii, H, 8 : 4 : 2, the same as in serpentine of which this speoies ny be oonsidored a akxsoliferous variety (see pi
BiOHXOirom. HTPOTHvnoAL PHO0PUAT& The substenoe IsbeDed gibbsite from Bichmond, Mass., in which Hermann states he found 37 p. a of phorohoric add (see his analysis under (fibl site p. 178) has been named RiehnumdiU by Kenngott (Yierteljahrschr. nat. Ges. Zurich, xl 226)
SoHBBLiTB (614, p. 606). Bsmmelsberg has measured crystals from the Biesengebiige (Z8, xix. 493), and deduced the same dimensions as those of Dauber given on p. 606 (Pogg., ovii. 272 The crjrstald are un/'sually fine, some of them being an inch in length. They are found at Kiea
8M bupfleboeht.
berg between Grofis-AapH and the mesenbaude, as deaoribed by Boemer (ZS. G., xr. 607X whc also gives some meaaurementB of the crystala, besides a particular acoount of tlie gedogical eha racter of the region.
SsLBTTS. Luftsaures Silber (from anal by Selb) Widmmann MiiL, 689, 1794 Mia, 95, 1794 GrausUber ; Carbonate of SUver ; Sdb, Taach. Min., xL 394, 1817 ; Belbit Said., Handb.. 506, 1845 A grayish ore, made a carbonate by Selb, its discoverer, in 1788, at the mine Wenzelnear Wolfach, wiUi the composition (Widenmann, L c, here dted from Lenz, l a), Garbonio acid 1 2, oxyd of sil ver 72*5, antimony 15*2, with carbonic add and oxyd of copper. According to Walchner (Mag. f. Pharm., xxv. 1) it is only a mixture ; and, according to Sandberger (Jahrb. Min. 221), one of Selb's original specimens, under the lens, proved to contain within earthy argentite, beaidea dolomite and silver, and all parts afforded a siUphur reaction.
Del Rio described a carbonate of silver fVom Real Catoroe, Mexico where it is called Plata Anl (Gilb. Ann., IxxL 11), which also is regarded as a mixture.
Sbbpentinb (41 1, p 464). An analysis of the dark, green noble serpentine of Kewburyporti Mass., gave T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 981, 1868) Si 41-76, M Ur J'e4 06, IJEg 41*40. 13*40 lo0'e2. G.=2*804.
SiucATX or Tttria Damour, Llnstitut, 1853, 78. H.=:6— 6; scratches glass. G.=4'89l. Color brown. Probably a silicate of yttria. B.R whitens, but infusible. Kot soluble in salt of phosphorus. Sulphuric add heated to 300C. decomposes it, leaving a siliceous residue.
From the diamond sands of Bahia, BraaL
Tbxobitb (Melaconite, 178, p. 136). The ienorite or oxyd of oper (GuO) in small delkssta folia, occurring at Vesuvius, possesses, according to llaskelyno (Eep. Brit Assoa, 1865, 33), double refraction, and moreover is optically biaxial Thij author also states chat there are two equal deavages indined to one another As the names tenorite and melaconite were given the same year, and tenorite was made non-isometric (hexagonal) by its describer, it appears to be right that tenorite should be sustained for the above mineral, and melaconite be letl for the isometric kind, if any such proves to be a native species. That there is an isometric form of this Cu 0 has been announced by Becquerel, as stated on p. 187. Tenorite may have the form and dimensions found by Jenzscb in crystals of Cu 0 from the hearth of a fVimaoe (L a), or those approximately of brookite ; and this would place it near trookUe in the system, under the chemical formula Ou Oi (analogous to that of brookite). Having this place in the arrangement it would be numbered 198B.
Mdacomie crystals from Cornwall, collected by Mr. Tailing, have been described by Maskelyue (L c.) as monocUnie with the planes 0. i-i, 1, -1, tf- 6-, and 0 A i-t=80'' 28'. No measured angles are given, but only the deduced dimensions. They have basal deavage easy. The crystals are often twins, and the composition-face in some of them is i-i. H. a tittie above 4 ; G. 37 5*82527. Church has ascertained tiiat the crystals are essentially pure Cu 0.
It would appear, according to these observations, that this oxyd of copper is trimorphoua ; and there exists a doubt whether tenorite may not have this oblique form.
Tetbadtiotb (31, p. 80). F. A. Genth haa analyzed tetradymite from Higliland, Montana Te ritory, and the Phoonix mine, Cabarras Co., N. C, as follows (Am. J. Sd., XL xlv. 317):
Te
Bi
Oa
Quarts.
1. Montana
50*43
0*90
=flbi94>
2. Phoenix mine
6-01 FeO'64
So, 1 gives the ratio of Bi and Te 2 : 8, like the tetradymite firom Fluvanna Co., Va., and Field*s mine, Ga. No. 2 contains a small amount of pyrite, leaving 4*40 p. c. sulphur oombtned with the bismuth, and giving the ratio of S, Te, Bi=l : 203 : 2=:Bi"S"+2Bi'Te\
Tetbabedbetb (1 25, p. 100). The following are new analyses :
1. Mineral firom the Goodwin mine near Preacott, Arizona, by F. A. Genth (Am. J. BcL, 11. xlv 320).
2. An argentiferous variety (freibergite) the Foxdale mine. Isle of Man, by D. Forbet (PhiL Mag., lY. xxxiv. 350), who calls it polyiOUe, though not the true polytehte of Glocker (p. 104), by whom this name was introduced ; G. . Forbes mentions a similar variety from ths ddynglwadis mine in N. Wales.
8. Freibergite the De Soto mine Star City, Nevada, by & & BurtDn (Am. J. Sci, U zIt 120): G.=6.
8I7PPL1E1CENT. 80d
From No. 1, 4*22 p. c. of quarto haye been deducted.
TiiMANinri (66, p. 56). Analyus of thia speciea from CharloUe mine, at Clausthal in the Ban, gETie T. Petersen (Jahreeb. 1866, 919X after excluding ozyd of iron and gangue, 8e 24*88, 8 0-20, Hg 75-16, Pb 0*12=100*35. a.=M5.
TXTASITB (329, 383). Heflsenberg, In Ka 8 of his Hin. Not (1868), deacribea and flgurea OTatola of apliene from Zillortbal, Qreiaeralp, St Maroel (greenovitoX Santorin.
In the lettering on the flgurea, pp. 383, 384, and in the aooompanjing text, the mmua STmbola should properly (according to the principle on p. xxTii) be and the reverse.
Tbiobits, Belonitk The name TriehUe (from hair) is applied by Zirkel (ZS. G., xix. 744 1867 ) to microscopic capillary forma, often curred, bent, or sigsag, sometimes stellatolj aggregated, opaque and black or reddiah-brown, of undetermined nature, whidi he detected in some kinds of glassy or semi-gUsny voJcanic rooks ; and BeloniU (ib., 738) to microscopic adcular oystals (whence the name, from tJcXdn, a naedUe), colorless and transparent The trichite, he statea, is not pyroxene or hornblende ; the belonite may be a feldspar.
' TBiDTiaTB Vam liath Yorgetr. Ch. Ges. Bonn, March 7, 1866, pub. in 1868 (copy rec'd from ▼. R., May 8, 1868). (231 A.) Besides the to well-known forms of quarto and opal, and the two problematical forms described by Jenssch (pp. SOI, and below), another is announced by t Bath under the above name.
Tridymite occurs in small hexagonal tables, colorless and transparent, which are usually oom* pound, and mostly Of three individuals. It has G.=2'2— or the low speciflc gravity of opiC: instead of that of ordinary quarts. Yom Bath alludes to the possibiU of its being a pseudo morph of some unknown mineral, but observes that it has the double refraction a substance optically uuiaxiaL It occurs In druses m a volcanic porphyry, from Cerro St Cristoval, near Pachucha, Mexico, along with crystals of hematite and needles of a gold-lustred hornblende Named in allusion to ito compound forms of three individuals, or print,
Uranophanb Webeky, Za y. 427, 1853, xL 884. (376B?) Orthorhombk*, /A 7=146° from /Ai-=lu7"; a macrodome of about 90°. Crystals microscopic acicular six-sided prisma in druses, containing also sometimes crystals of torbernite. Color of isolated crystals hooey-yellow, of masses leek-green, sometimes blackish-green from mixture with uraninito. Optically orthorhombia U. below 3. G.=2'6— 2*8; 2*78 of a specimen not wholly pure. Lustre of face iri pearly, elsewhere vitreous.
AnaJytts by Grundmann (ZS. xL 890) :
Si Kg Ca £ P fi Bl
Separating the sulphide as imparities ttom Ka 1, Websky deduces the 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, : 5 : 4 : 6, making it henoe, if the water be taken as accessory, a }-sabsilicato ; whence the formula The specimen for the second analy contained some uraninite. Found in granite, at Kupferberg in ulesia.
Yalattb. Y61ait W. BOmhaeher, Jahrb. G. Beichs, xviL 210, 1867. Otystallised. Partly in email hexagonal tories, but forms not distinct Also massive. H. below 1*5. Lustre shining. Color pitch-black. Streak black. Odor aromatic when rubbed between the fingers. Fracture nneveu.
Belongs among the resins, but composition undetermined. B.B. swells to more than 10 times ito former bulk, and becomes a light, porous mass, which in a higher heat is reduced to a grayish ash.
Occurs in thin cmsto on dolomite and caldte, or in doses of small crystals, in the Rossito-Oshh water Coal formation, Mora?ia. It is associated with hatuhettite, and the same be 1 affords mhieralolL
Sb
Te
Fe
Pb
Cu Ag S
1*46
0*48
0*57
0*29
0-21 0-11
0*22
0*89
0*38
5*24 ? 3-96= 100*34.
ynnAjr JSmsic Pogg ew. S20, 1858. Quartz nnder a tridinio fonn, according to JenssdiNi obsexratioDB. The anglea are atated to be only approximatiye. Two of them, 95 i and 138*, are reiy near RaR and RAR in ordinary quartz; G.=2 65— 2-66, as in quartz. The obaervar tions need confirmation. The aystals here referred oocur mostly in melaphyre, and the localities
mentioned are mainly in Sazony and the Thuringer Wald.
YoLGiBiTi (229, p. 188). The name VolfferUe was given by the autLor (Min., 142, 1854) tc Volger'8 mineral, for Yolger wrote the formula adopted as that of the apedea on p. 188 The African mineral analyzed by Omnenge, which is referred on the same page to Yolgerite although of somewhat donbtftd composition, is the Oumenffite of Kenngott (Min., 29, 1853
Wasitb J, F. Baihr oiEix 572, 1863. A mineral resembling allanite, of a browniahbladt color, but yellowish-brown in thin splinters and powder, with traces of deayage in one direction. According to a qualitative examination by Bahr, it contains silica, alumina, yttria, sesquiozyd of iron, oerium, didymium, ciddnm, manganese, lime, alkali, a trace of nraninm, without glacina, together with the ozyd of a new metal he named waswm (after the royal family of Wasa, Sweden)! In a later paper (Ann. Oh. Pharm., onzii. 127X Bahr makes this ozyd thoria. Niokl had eng' jested previously that it might be impure cerium.
From Bonsholm, an island near Stockholm. The relations of the mineral remain doubtftiL
Webnbbitb (299, p. 320). The pink scapolite of Bdton, Mass., yielded T. Petersen (Jahresbi 2*7 1 9. The analysis agrees very doscdy with that by Wolff (p. 320).
WoRLKBiTK (266, p. 261). According to new optical investigations by Desdoizeanx (Linatatati .868, 35X w5hlerite crystals are monodinic instead of orthortiombia
ZoisrrE (280, p. 290). Dajnour (C.R., Ixiil. 1 088) found on anais of an andent stone implement from Neuchatel a composition corresponding to that of Mtiafvrile Si 60*69, £l 25*65, Fe 2*50, Jilg 5-76. Oa 10 61, Sa 4*64, ign. 0*30=100-16. G.=3'20— 3'43.
A zoisite from Phizgau has part of the alumina replaced by oiyd of dirome, according to F. Sandberger (Jahrb. Ifin. 1867 884). A ohrome lo&sita has alao been mentioned by Breithaupt aa oooorring in Salabuif.
General Index.
AMdiHe, b70.
Almziie, 418.
Aoadialite, 434.
Acanthite, 61.
Aoerdeoe, 171.
Achates, 194.
Acfairite, 401.
Achmatite, 281.
Achmife, 224.
Achroite, 865.
Achtaragdtte, 478.
Acicular Bismuth, 100.
Adcalite, 100.
Acmite, 224.
Actiaolite, JLctinotOi 282.
Adamsmtine spar, 188.
Adamas, 21, 188.
Adamine, Adamite, 666.
Adamsite, 309.
Aditiole, 849.
JSdelfonite, 212, 400.
Mginno, JStgytite, 223.
Aes cyprium, 14.
ifischjnite, 622, 793.
Aftonlte, 104.
Agaphite, 580.
Agaric mineral, 680.
Agate, 194.
Agnesite, 793.
Agustite, 530.
Aigue-marine, 246.
Aikinite, 100.
Ainalite, 169.
Akanthit, 61.
Akanticone, 281.
Akmit, 224.
Akontit 78.
Alabandin, Alabandile
Alabaster, 687.
Alaon, 661.
Alaanstein, 668 6691
Albertite, 768.
Albin, 416.
41bit84S; 314
Alexandrite, 166. Algerite, 328. Algodonite, 37. Alipite, 404. Alisonite, 84. Alizite, V. Alipite 404. Altagite, 227. Allanite, 285. AUemontite, 18. Allochroite, 268., Aliodasile, 81. Allogonite, 546. Allomorphlte, 616. Ailopalladium, 12. Allophane, 419. Alluaudite, 542. Almandin, Almandite, 267. Alstonite, 698. Altaite, 44, 798. Alum, Native, 651. 652.
Ammonia, 651.
Feather, 664.
Iron, 654.
ICagnesia, Manginese, Soda, 658. Alumian, 631. Alumina, 137.
Fluate, 126.
Fluosilioate, 876.
Hydrate, 168.
Hydro-Sulphate, 668.
Mellate, 750.
Phorohates. 675, 587.
Sulphate, 681, 649, 668, Alumina and Lime Phosphate,
Carbonate, 709. Alumine flnatM alcaline, 126.
phosphate, 576, 687.
sulfate, 631, 649, 658, Aluminilite, 658. Aluminite, 658. Aluminum, Fluorid, 126. Alumocaksite, 199. Alumstone, 658. Alun, 651. Alunite, 658. Alunogen, 649. Ahngite 764.
Alvite, 511. Amalgam, Nattra, 111
Gold, 14. Amausite, 351. Aroaxonstone, 866. Amber, 740. Amblygonite, 646. Ambrite, 741. Ametliyst, 193.
Oriental, 138. Amiant, 234, 465. Amiantiioide, 234w Amianthoide magnesite, 176. Amianthus, 234, 465. Apmiolite, 547. AmmonaluQ, 651. Aomionia alum, 661. Ammonia, Bicarbonate, 70&
Muriate, 114.
Phosphate, 561.
Sulphate, 635. Ammoma and Soda, PhosplMM
Amoibite, 72. Amphilxde, 282, 798. Amphibolite, 285, 348. Amphigne, 334. Amphigenyte, 335. Amphilogite, 311. Amphithalite, 587. Amphodelite. 337. Anagenite, o. Chrome oohia Analdte, Analdme, 432. Analoime came, 317. Analsim, 482. Anatase, 161. Anauxite, 458. Andalusite, 871, 794. Andesine, Andesite, 844 Andesyte, 845. Andradite, 268. AndreasbergoUte 489. AndreoUte, 439. Anglarite, 556. Anglesite, 622. Anglesite, Cupreous Ml Anhydrite, 621. Ankerite, 686. Annaborgite 660. Annite, 808. AnniTite, lOS.
General Index.
Anorthite, 887, 794. AnthoUte, 24; 230,231. Anthophjlllte, 231 ; 208.
Hydrous, 242. Anthosiderite, 407. Anthracite, 764. Anthraconite, 677. Antbraaxeii, 745, 746. Anthracozenite, 746. Anthrax, 188, 147. Antiedrite, 417. Antigorite, 465. Antimome natilj 18.
oxide, 184.
oxide 186.
sulfur 29.
Bolfure nickelifre, 73.
anlfVir plombo-cuprif Antimon, Oediegen, 18. AntimoD-arsen, 18. Antimonate of Lead, 591. AntiDQonbleispath, 591. Antimonblende, 186. Antlmonbliithe, 184. Antimonfahlen 100. AntiiDonglans, 90. Antimonite of quidcsilyefr, 547. Autimonial araenio 18.
copper, 85.
copper glance, 96.
nickel, 61.
ochre, 187, 18&
silver, 85. Antimonite, 29. Antimonkupferganz, 96. Antimounickel, 61. Antimonnickelglana, 78. Antimonocfaer, 187. AntimonophyUite, 185. Antimonoxyd, 184. AntimooBaures 591. Antimonsilber, 85. AntinjonsilberbleDde, 94. Antimony, Natiye, 18.
Arsenical, 18.
Gray, 29; 90.
Oxyd, 184.
Plnmose ore ofj 91.
Red, 18r.
Sulphid, Stilphnret 29.
White, 184. Antimony blende, 184
bloom, 184.
glance, 29.
ochre, 187, 18a Antosonite, 124. Antrimolite, 480. ApateUte, 657. Apatite, 530.
Aphandse. ApbaneflitOi 570. Aphanyte, 240. Aphereae, 663. Aphrite, Aphrizite, 366, 678. \Dhrodite, 457.
Aphroselenon, 640. Apbrosiderite, 502. Aphthaloae, Aphthitaliie, 615. Aphthonite, 104. Apjohnite, 658. Aplome, 268. Apophyllite, 415. Apyrite, 865. Aquamarine, 245 : 530. Aiaooxene, 609. Aragonite, 694. Aragonspath, 694. Arcanite, 615. Aicticite, 819. Arendalite, 281. Arfredaonite, 248. Argent antimonial, 35.
antimoni sulfur, 94 ; 93.
bromor 115.
pis antimonial, 93.
lodurd, 117.
molybdique, 82.
muriate, 115.
natif, 9.
noir, 106.
sulfur 88.
solftir flexible, 56.
sulfur fragile, 106.
snlAird antimonifdre et enprif&re, 98. Argentine, 678. Argentite, 38. Argentopyritei 39. Argillyte, 359. Aigyrit, 88. Aigyrooeratite, 115. Argyroae, 38. Argyiythroee 94. Aridte, 418.
Arkanirite, 164. '
Arksutite, 128. Armenian whetstone, 138. Arquerite, 14. Arragonite, 694. Arsenate of lime, 554 Arseneisen, 76, 77. Arseneisensinter, 689. Arsenglanz, 18. Arsenic, Antimomal, 18.
Native, 17.
jaiine, 27.
oxyd., 188.
rouge, 26.
sulfur, 27.
Sulphid, 26 27.
White, 188. Arsenical antimony, 18.
bismuth, 18. Arsenidte, 554. Arsenigesftnrs, 183. ArsenikalkieSi 76. ArsenikantimoD, 18w
Arsenikbleispath, v. MuneilU Arsenikbluthe, 183, 564 Arsenikeisen, 76. Arsenikalfahlersi, 104. ArsenikglanZf 18. Arsenikkalk, 183. Aracnikkies, 76, 78. Arsenikkobaltkies, 71. Arsenikkupfer, 86. Arsenikmangazi, 61. Arseniknickel, 60, 70. Arsennickelglans, 72. Arseniksaures Kupfererz, 664 Arseniksilber, 85. Arseniksilberblende, 96. Arsenik-sinter, 574 ArsenikspiessglanZy 18. Arsenikwismuth, 18, 891. Arseniosiderite, 584. Arsenite, 188. Arsenocrocite, 584. Arsenomelan, 87, 92. Arsenolite, 183. Arsenopyrite, 78, 794 Arsenosiderite, 76. Arsenoua acid, 183. Asbeferrite, 234 Asbestus, 234; 216.
Bine, 243. Asbolan, Asbolite, 181. Asparagus-stone, 630. Aspasiolite, 485 ; 301. Asperolite, 402. Asphaltne, 729, 751. Asphaltum, 751. Aspidelite, 383. Asteria, 138. Astrakanite, 64.S. Astrophylbte, 808. Atacamite, 121, 794 Atelesite, 392. Atlasers, 718. Atlasite, 716. Atheriastite, 328. AtramensteiD, 646. Atramentum, 646. Attacolite, 580. Auerbachite, 276. Augelite, 580. Augite, 216. Anina, 832. Auralit, 485. Aurichaldte, 712. Anriferoos pyrites, 6. Auripigmentum, 27. Aurotellurite, 81. Aurum graphical, 8L
paradonun, 19. Automolite, 149. Autunite, 586. ATenturine, quarti, 19
feldspar, 885, 846 811 Azinite, 297. Aiorite, 76L Asurs fpar, or stone* M
OSmCBAL INDEX*
Aiurlt6,716; 572.
BabingrtoDite, 227, 794 Bagraltonite, 286. Daierinei 616. BaikaUto, 215. Baikerinito. 747. Baikerite, 733. Balasruby, 147. Ballesterosite, 68. Baltimoritoy 503 ; 466. BamUte, 378. Bardiglione, 621. Barilla de oobro, 16. Barnhardtite, 67, 794 Baralite, v. Baralite. Borito, 616. Barolite, 697. Baroselenice, 616. Barraudito, 674 ; 584. Barsowite, 340. Barytooalestia 616. Baijstrontianite, 699. Baryta, Carbonate, 697.
Oarb. of lime aod, 698.
Sulphate, 616.
8alphato-carb., 698. Baryt, Bar/tea, 616. Baiytite, Baiytine, 616, Bart'Harmotome, 439. Barytocalcite, 701 ; 698. Barytooeleatito, 620 ; 617. Baiytophjllit, 504. Basalt, 343. iSaaaltine, 216. Basanite, 195. Basauomelan, 143. BasioeriDe, 126. Bastite, 469; 209. Bastonite, 308. BathviUite, 742. Batrachite, 255. Baudisserite, 686. Baulite, 859. Bauxite, 174. Bavalite, 796. Bayldonite, 565. Beaumontite, 444. Beauxite, 174. BechiUte, 597. Beckite, 196. Beilatein, 288. Beinbrech, Tuft. Bell-metal ore, 68. Belonit, 100, 805. Bensole 737. Beraunite, 658. Berengelite, 753. Bergbutter, 665. Berg-crystal, QwutL Berghok, 406. Bergmannfte, 426. Bergmebl, 680. Bergmil6b,JI8a Berg51,7U.
Bergpeoh, 741, 751. Beiggriin, 713. Bergsals, 112. Bergseife, 476. Bergtheer, 751. Berliuite, 671. Bernstein, 740, 741. Beryl, 245, 794. Berihierine, 5 1 1. Berthierite, 86. Benelianite, 46, 796. Beneliite, 544. Beneline, 46 ; 862. Benelite, 12a Beadantite, 689. Beune de Montagne, 656. BeusUte, 281. Bieberite, 647. Biharite, 483. BUdstein, 480. BImsfltein, v. Pumioe, 359. Bindheimite, 591. Binnite, 90 ; 87. Biotine, 837. Blotite, 304. Biimite, 185. Bismuth, 19.
Acioular, 100.
Carbonate, 7 16.
Cupreous, 86, 98, 100.
Natlre, 19.
Ozyd, 185.
sulAxr plombo-argentifdre
'SulfUr6 plombo-oaprildre,
Sulphuret 30.
Telliiric 30, 31. Bismuth-glance, 80.
blende, 391.
niokei, 47.
ochra 185.
sUver, 36. Bismnthaurite, 795. Bismuthine, 30. Bismuthinite, 80. Bismutholamprite 80. BismutitO) 716. Bitterkalk, 682. Bitterealz, 644. Bitter spar, 682. Bitterspath, 682. Bitterstein, 290. Bitume liquide, 728.
glutineux, 72a Bitumen, 751.
Elastic, 734. Bituminoees hols, 756. Bituminous coal, 704 Black copper, 186 ; 181.
hematite, 180.
manganese, 162.
Urer, 106. r iMMl, 24.
Black Jack, 48. Blakeite, 652. Blattererz, 82. Blatterkies, v. Bl&ttertellur, 82. Blatterzeolith, 444. *Blaubleiens, 40. Blaueisenerz, 566. Blaueisenstein, 248. Blauspath, 672. Biei-aluminat, 577. Blei, Gediegen, 17. Bleicbromat, 629. Bleifablerz, v. Boumonite Bleigelb, Wulfenitei Bleiglanz, 40. Bleiglas, 622. BleiglSite, 186. Bleigummi, 677. Bleilasur, 668. Bleibornerz, 708. Bleimolybdat, 607. Bleinidre, 591. Bleinierite, 691. Bleioxyd, 186. Bleiacheelat, 606. Bleischimmer, 91. Bleisulphotricarbonat, 624 Bleischweif; 40. Bleivitnol, 622. Blende, 48. Blodite, 648. Bloodstone, 194 Blue asbestus, 243.
feldspar, 672.
iron earth, 556.
John, 128.
malachite, 716.
spar, 572.
▼itriol, 64a Blumenbacbite, 4a Blumite, 604 Blutstein, 14a Bobierrite, 794 BodenitO) 289. Bohnerz, 172. Bog-butter, 747. Bog-iron ore, 172, 178.
manganese, 181. Bole, Bolus, 476. Bolivianite, 109. Bologoian spar, 616. Bolopherit, 215. Boltonite, 256. Bonsdorfflte, 486 ; SOL Boraeic acid, 694 Boracite, 595. Borax, 597. Boraat, 695. Bordite, 89a Borickite, 68a Boric add, 694 Bomine, 80. BQiiute,44 Bdmstein,
10
Ojenssal Indbx.
Boroosldte, 69. Boronatrocalcit, 698 Uurosilioate of lime 380. Boejemanite 664. Botallackite, 121. Botryogen, 657. Botryolite, 380. Boiryt, 667. Houlangerite, 99, 795 BourboulitOi 800. Bouniooite, 96; 373. bournoDit-DickelglRDZ, 74. Bousaingaultite, 636. Bowenite, 466. Bragite, 526; 276. BraDchite, 736. Branderz, v. Idrialite. BrandisitO) 608. BruuDbleiers, 535; 610. Braunbleioxyd, 167. BrauDeiseustein, 172. Brannite, 163. BrauDkoble, 756. BraaiiBpath, 682. Braunstein, 162.
Pieiuontischer, 286.
Grauer, 165.
Schwaraer, 162. Brauii8teiuki€t| 46. Braansteinkiesel, 268. Bredbergtte, 270. BreiBlakite, 216. Breithauptite, 61 ; 88 breunuerite, 686. Brevicite, 426. Brewslerite, 445. Brewstoline, 761. BrewsterliQite, 761. Brittle silver ore, 106. Brocatello, 678. BFOcbHDtite, 664 796. Bromargjrite, 116. Bromic silver, 116. Bromite, 116. Bromlite, 698. Bromsilber, 116. Bromyrite. 116. Bmgoiardite, 90. Broiianin, 627. BrongnartiDe 664. Bronzite, 208; 215 608. Brookite, 164. Brostte, Brossite, 682. Brown coal, 766.
iron oria, 169.
hematite, 169,
ochre, 169.
spar, 682; 686861 firQcknerellite, 748. Bnicite. 176 ; 368. Brushite, 552. Buoaramangite 74L Buoholsite. 873. Bucklandito, 2M. BubntoiM, 196.
Bontbleierz, 535. Bimtkupfererz, 44. Biiratite,712. BusUmite, 225. Buttermilcberz, 115. Butyrellite, 747. Butjrite, 747. BysBolite, 234. Bytownite, 340.
Oaboole, see Hydz; Photphaie
of Alumina and Lime, 687. Cabrerite, 661. Cacholong, 199. Cacoxenite, Caooxene 684 Cadmia, 407.
Cadmium, Sulphuret o( 69. Cadmium-blende, 59. Cairngorm stone, 198. Calaite, 680. Calamine, 407 ; 692,711.
Electric 407.
Green, 712. Calamite, 238. Calarerite, 796. Calcareobarite 617. Calcareous spar, 670.
tufa, 680. Caloedoine, 194. Calcimangite, 678. Calcinitre, 693. Calctooelestite, 620. Calcioferrite 578. Calcite, 670, 795. Calo-sinter, 680. Calcouranite, 586. Calderite, 269. Caledonite, 626. Calk, 616. Callainite, 572. Callais, 580. Calomel, 111. Calstronbarite, 616. Calyptolite, 273. Campylite, 637. Canaanite, 220, 322, 808. Cancriuite, 329. Candite, 147. Canehlatein, 266. Cannel Coal, 756. Cantonite, 88, 84. Caoutchouc Mineral, 734* Capillary pyrites, 66. Capillose 66. Capnite, 692. Caporoianite, 899. Carboorine 709. Carbonado, 22. Carbon diamantaixei 22. Carbunculua, 138, 147, 266. Oarchedoniua, 26& Oarixithino 286. Oannenite, 52. Ctanlnile 646.
Ouninapath, 646.
Camat474.
Canaiite, 844.
Camelian, 194.
Caitdatbine, 42a
Ciholtte, 419.
Oarphosiderite, 66L
Carphostabite, 424.
Carrara Marble, 68a
Casainite, 856.
Cassiteriie, 157, 79a
Cassiterouintalite, 614
CUtelnaudite, 62a
CasteUite, 38a
Castlllite, 4a
Castor, 229.
Catapleiite, 401.
OitaspUite, 483; 30L
Catilinite, 79a
Cat's-eye, 193; 640.
Cavolinite, 327.
Cawk, 6ia
Celadonlte, 463.
Celestite, Celcstine, 619; til
Celestobarite, 617.
Centrallassite, 79a
Cerargyrite, 114.
Cerasine, Cerasite 120, 708.
Cerine, 285.
Ccriniie, 445, 79a
Cerinstein, 413.
Cerite, 418.
Cerium, Carbonate, 709.
Fluorid, 126.
Silicate, 4ia CeroHte, 47a
Ceroxydulkohlensaurei, 70iL Cerusaite, Cdruse 700. Cervantite, 187. Osylanite, Ceylonite, 14T. GbabaEite, Cbabasie, 484. Chalcanthite, 648; 64a Chalcanthum, 646. Chalcedony, 194. Chalchihuia 298. Chaldtes, 646. Chaloodte, 62. Chaloodite, 460. ChalooUte, 685; 68a Chaloophacite, 667. Chaloophyllite, 671. 65. Chaloosine, 62. 8a ChalooCriohit% isa ChaliUte, 424. Chalk, 679. Chalk08iderit 68a Ohalkoain, 62. Chalybite, 68a Ohamaaito la Ohamoiiite 61 L OhanttroQlxte 8t.
Oshxbal Ivdxx.
Ohathamite, 70. Chaux aneniaU 644.
boralee sTioeuflei 380.
carbonate, 670, 082*
fluatee, 123.
pbosphat 630.
sulfate 621; 631 Chelmsfordite, 319. CheneTixite, 688. Ohenocoprolite, 798. Gherokine, 636. Chert) 195. Ohesterlite, 862. CbBMj copper, 716. Gbesaylite, 716. Ohiastolite, 871. GhildrenitO) 679. OhUeite, 612; 169. ChileDito, 86. Chiltonite, v. Prehoita Chimborazite, 694. Chiolite, 128. Ohiviatite, 86. Ghladnlte, 208. Chloanthite, 70. Chlor-apatito, 681. Chlorastrollto, 412. Ghlonte, 497.
fermgineaae, 497. Ohloritoid, 604. Ghloritapath, 604. Gfalorkalium, 111. Gblormerkur, 111. Chloromelan, 603. Ohloropal, 461. Chlorophaeite, 610. Chlorophane, 123. Ohlorophanerit, 462. ChlorophjUite, 801, 486. Ohlorospinel, 147. Ghlorqueoksilber, 111. Ghlorsilber, 116. Chlorspaih, 120. Chodnefflte, 128. Choadrarsenite, 662. Chondrodite, 863, Ghonicrite, 494. Ohriamatine, Chrlamatilo, 728. Ghristiaiilte, 387, 438. Ohristopbite, 48. Ghrombleispath, 629. Chromchlorit, 496. Chromeiaenstoiii, 168L Ohrome ochn, 610. Chromglinimer, 309. Chromic iron, 168. Chroibite, 163. Chromoferrite, 168. Chromphospborkiipfbrblalapaih
Ghryolith, 126. Chiysobeiy), 166, 796. OhiTiiocolla. 402 ; 607, 718. 0hi7MUt% 266; 272, 867, 876 680796.
Ghiysolite, Titaiiifeioua 266.
White, 256.
Iron, 258.
Iron-manganese, 269. Chryaophane, 608. Chrysoprase, 194L 246. Chrysopraae earth. 510. Chrysotile, 4($6. Chuichite, 666. Chusite, 258. Cimolite, 457. Cinnabar, 66. Cinnamon-atone 266. Cipolino, 678. CirroUto, 679. Claudetite, 796. ClausthaUte, 42, 796. Clay, 478, eta Clajite, 10& Cleavelandite, 348. Cleiophane, 48. Clingmanlte, 606. Clinkatone, 859. Qinoclaae, dinocladte 670. Clinochlore, 497 ; 604. Clinoddrit, 101. Clintonite, 608. Cluthalite, 483. Coal, Mineral, 768.
Boghead, 742, 766.
Brown, 756.
Cannel, 756. Cobalt, Arsenate of, 668.
Arsenical, 68, 70.
Black, 181.
Carbonate, 711.
Earthy, 181.
Glance, 71.
Gray, 70.
gris, 70.
ochre, 568.
oxid6 noir, 181.
Red, 658.
Sulphate, 647.
Sulphuret, 47, 68.
White, 70, 71. Cobalt 668. Cobalt glance, 71. Cobaltine, Cobaltite 71. Cobalt-mica, 668. Cobalt pyrites, 68. Cobalt Titriol, 647. Coodnlte, 117. Cocoolite, 214. Coke, 764. Cdlestin, 619. CoUyrite, 420 ; 476. Collyriam, 478. Colophonite, 268. Cdmnbite, 616. Comptonite, 424. Conarite, 406. Condrodite, 868. Condnrrite, 86, 797. CoDfolensite, 459.
ConiduOdte, 566. Conite, 682. Oonnariu Gonnellitc, 627. Cookeite, 489. Copal, Copalite, 739. Copiapite, 666; 666. Copper, 14.
Antimouial, 86.
Arsenate, 562, 564, 561,
Arsenical, 36, H7.
Black, 136.
Blue, 65, 716.
Carbouaie, 718,716.
Chlorid, 121, 122.
Chroniate, 630.
Emerald, 401.
Gray, 101.
Indigo, 83.
Muriate, 121.
Oxycblorid, 121, 122.
Oxyd, 133, 186.
Phosphate, 663, 668.
Purple, 44.
Pyritous, 66.
Bed, 133.
Selenid, 46.
Silicate, 401, 402.
Sulphate, 648.
Sulphato-chlorid, 627.
Sulphuret, 62; 44, 66, 88.
Vanadate, 611.
Vanegated, 44.
Vitreous, 62. Copper and lead, Selenid oi( 4i Copper froth, o. Tyrolite. Copper glance 52. Copper green, 402. Copper mica, 67 1. Copper nickel, 60. Coppe* ore, 136.
Blue, 715.
Emerald, 401.
Green, 713.
OcUhedral, 188b
Yelyet, 666.
Yellow, 66. Copper pyrites, 66. 685. Copper-vitriol, 648. Copperas, 646.
Soda, V. Jarositaii
Potash, V. Jarostt
White 650.
Yellow, 666. Copperasine 660. Coprolitee, 634. Coquimbite, 650. Coracite, 154. Corallinerz, 55. Cordierite, 299. Corindon, 137. Comaline 194 Oorheine 840. Oomeoos lead, 78iL
GSa EBAL INDBZ.
CoraubSanite v. Felaite Cornwallite, 669. CorsUjte, 236. Oorundellite, 606. ConiDdophilite 60 CoruDdum, 137. Coiynite, 74. Coealite, 797. Cottaito, 353. Cotunoite, 117. Couzeranite, 826. Covelline, Cdvellite 83. Oraie do Bianon, 46. Crednerito, 166. Crichtonite 148. Oriflpito, 159. Orifitianite, 337. Crocalite, 426. Groddollte, 243. Crocoite, Croooisite, 628. Cronstedtite, 603. Crookesite, 40. Cross-Stone. Orucite, S7L Cryolite, 126, 797. Cryophyllite, 316. Cryptolite, 529. Cryptoline, Cryptolinite, T61. Ciyptomorphite, 699. CiygbUlufl, 189. Cuban, Cubanite, 66. Cube ON 578. Cube spar, 621. Cubizit, 432. Cttboite, 432. Cttivre araeniat 564) 671.
arsenical, 36.
carbonate, 713, 716.
gria, 101.
bydroeiliceux, 402.
jaune, 65.
muriat 121.
natiil 14.
oxid rouge, 133.
pboaphate, 563, 668.
pjriteux, 66.
pjriteux bepatique 44.
seleni 89, 46.
spicilbntie, 62.
Bulfat4 648.
sulfur, 62.
sulfur argentiire 54.
▼clout, 666.
yitreuz, 62. Cumengite, 806. CummiDgtonite, 284; 226. Cupreine, 63. Cupreous anglesite, 66S.
manganese, 181. l>.sprite, 188. Cuproplumbiie, 42. Cuproecbeelite, 606. Cuprouranite $86. Oyanite, 876. (aneua, 381.
pyanocbroite, 649. Cyanolite, 797. Cyauosite, Cyanoee,' 648, Canotricbiie, 666. Cyolopeiie, 216. Cydopite. 840. Oyniatolite, 465. (mopbane, 166. Qrprine, 276. (Sprite, 62. (rtolite, 276.
Dalamite 78.
Daleminsits 61.
Damourite, 487.
Danaite, 78.
Danalite, 266.
Danburite 299.
Dannemohte, 284.
Daourite, 366.
Darwinitie, 37.
Datolite, Datolite, 380.
Datoliib, 880.
Davidsonite, 246.
Davite, 649.
Davyue, Davina, 827.
Decbenite, 609.
Degeroite, 489.
Deianovite, 469.
Delawarite, 856L
Deleesite, 497.
Delphinite, 181.
Delvauxite, DeWauxene, 683;
Demidoffite, 402. Deroaut, 21. Demaiitspatb, 138. Dendracbabea, 196. Derbyshire spar, 128. Deraiatin, 471. DescloizitB, 609. Deemin, 441, 442. Deyilliue, 666. Devonite, 576. Deweyliie, 469. Diabase, 240; 848. Diabase Porphyry, 843. Diadasite, 210. Diadochite, 688. Diagonite, 445. Diallage, Green, 216, 286.
Hydrons, 221.
Talkartiger, 210. Diallogite, 691. Diamant, 21. Diamond, 21. Dianite, 616. Diapborite, v. Allagita Diaspore, 168. Diastatite, 236. Dichroite, 299. Didrimite, 811. Bidymite, 811. Digenite, 63.
Diliydrite, 668. DUlenburgite, 402. Dilluite, 421. Dimagetite, 161. Dimorpbite, Dimorphino 31 Diniie, 786. Diopside, 214. Dioptaae, 248, 401. Dioiyte, 240; 361. Dioxylite, 628. Dlphanite, 607. Diploite, 337. Dipyre, 326. Discraaite, 85. Diaomose, 72. Disterrite 508. Disthene 375. Ditroyte, 828. Dog-Tooth Spar, 678. Doletyte, 843. Dolomite, 681 ; 686. Dolomite sinter, 708. Domeykite, 86, 797. Donacargyrite, 93. Dopplespatb, 677. Dopplente, 749; 747. Doranite, 436. Dreeite, 626. Dreelite 626. Diy-bone, 692. Ducktownite, 68. Dufrenite, 588. Dufrenoysite, 92; 87 Ml Dumasite, 508. Duuyte, 258. Dyoxylite, 62& Dysdasite, 398. Dyscrasite, 36. Dyskolite SauasiiillCL Dysluite) 149. DysodUe, 746. Dyssnite, 227. Dysayntribite, 479.
Barthy calamine 711.
cobalt 181.
manganese 181. Edelforaite, 218. Bdelith, 410. Edenite,286. Edingtonite, 417. £dwBrd8it& 639. Egeran, 276. EhUte, 668. Ehrenbergite, 468. Eiaen, Gediegen, li. Eisenapalit, 643. Eisenalaun, 664. 566, 671 Eisenbtiithe. 694. Eiaenchlorid, US. Eisenchlorit, 497. EisendironLieS. Biaenerde, Blau% 6lt
Gruae, 398.
0Embral Index.
RhombiBoher, 75. Eisenkiesel, v. Ferrnginous
Quartz, 193. Eiaenkobalten, 70. EiBenmuliiii 150. Eisennatrollth, 426. Eiaennickelkies, 47. Eisenopal, v, SemiopaL Eiseiiozyd, 140.
Eiaenoxydhydrat, 167, 169, 172. ElHODOzjd, Schwefelsaures, 656,
657, 660. Eisenpecherz, 54, 543. Eiseaperidot, 268. enplatin, 11. EiaeDphyllit, 556. Eiaenrahm, 172. Eisearesin, 718. Eiseurose, 143. EiflenrutU, 169. Eisensinter, 689. Eiaenapatb, 688. EisenBtaasfurtit, 596. EiaeDBtoiQmark, 474. BisentUau, 143. Eisenvitriol, 657. Eiaapath, 355. Eiaateiii, 126. Ekebergite, 824. Ekmannite, 49<). EloUte, 327. Elasmoao, 44, 82. ElaaDiosiue, 82. Elatorite, 784. Electrum, 3, 740. Elhayarit, 410. Eliasite, 175. Ellagite, 430. Embolite, 116. Embrithite, 99. Emerald, 245. Emerald niokel, 710. Emeraude, 245. EmcrU, 139. Emery, 138. Emerylite 506. Emmonito, 699. EmplBGtito, 86. Enargite, 107, 797. Enoeladite, 600. Endellionite, 96w Eogelhardite, 273. Enatatite, 2o8. Epheaite, 507. Epichlorite, 493. Epidoayie, 284. Epidote Group, 281; SOO. Epiglaubite, 654. Bpiphoapborita, 685.
Bpistabite, 443. Epeom salt, Epsomite, 643. Erbsenstein, 679. Ercinite, 439. Erdkobalt, 181. Erdliarz, 734. Erdmannite, 285, 414. Erdol, 723. Erdpeoh, 751. Erdwacha, 782. Eremite, 589. Eriuite, 5H9 : 459. Erlan. Erlanite, 797. Ersbyite, 861. Erubesdte, 44. Eniaibite, 660. Eiythriiie, 558. Erythrite, 558; 852. Escherite, 281. Esroarkite, 301, 880, 485. Easonite, 266. Etain, natir, 17.
ozyd6, 157.
sulfur 68. Eucairite, 89, 797. Euchroite, 566. Buchyaiderite, v. Pyroxene. Euclase, 879. Eucolite, 248. Eudialyte, Eudyalite, 248. Eudnophite, 433. Eugenesite, v. SelenpaUadite. Bugenglanas, 107. Eukairite, 39. Eukamptite. 307, 487. Euklaa, 879. Eukolite, 249. Euljnsyte, 259. Eulytine, Eulytite, 391. Eumanite, 165. Euoamite, 743; Euphylltte, 488. Bupyrchroite, 580. Eusyncblt, 609. Euxenlte, 521. Euzeoltth, 443, 444. Evansite, 585. Exauthaloae, 6H7. Ezitdle, Entente, 184.
Ffidererz, 91.
Fahlen, Fablite, 100.
Fahlunite, 484; 301. Hard, 299.
Fargite, 426.
Faruelite, 424.
Famnculite, 240.
Faaerkieael, 378.
Fa8aalte,216.
Faujasite, 483.
Fauaerite, 646. I FayaUtc, 258. ! Feather alum, 654. I Feather orn, 91.
FederalauB, 654. Federerz, 91. Feitaui, 293. Feldspar Group, 335. Feldspar, Blue, 572.
Common, 352.
Labrador, 341.
Potash, 352.
Soda, 848.
lime, 341.
Glassy, 352. Feldstein, 852. Felsite, 349, 852. Felsobanyite, 662. Feldspath, 852.
apyre, 371.
temice, v. Saussurile
nacre, 852. Fer azure, 656.
arseniat, 578.
arsenical, 76, 77, 78.
carbonate, 688.
chromate, 153.
hydro-oxide, 169.
naiitf 15.
oligiste, 140.
oxid, 140.
oxidnle, 149.
magnetique, 149.
muriate, 118.
phosphate, 556.
speculaire, 140.
sulfate, 657 ; 646.
sulfur 57, 62.
sulfur magnetique, 58 Ferberite, 604. Fergusonite, 524. Ferrocaldte, 678. Frrocobaltite, 72. Ferrotantalite, 514. Ferrotitanite, 890. Fttbo],461. Fettsteln, 827. Feuerblende, 98. Fuerstein, 195. Fibroferrite, 656. Fibrolite, 378. FichteUte. 735. Fidnite, 590. Fieldite, 104.
Figure-stone, 480 ; 48S| 46t Fiorite, 199. Fireblende, 93. Fisdiaugenstein, 41 0w Fisoherite, 582. Flexible silver ore, 56. Fliegenstein, v. Arsenkx Flint, 195. FUntkolk, 682. float stone 199. Flockeuen, Mimetltft FkM ferri, 694. S1o6 sucdni, 748. Flacerine, 126 Flnellite, 126
14
Okmibual Ibdbz.
Flucoerioe, 128. Fluooerite, 126. Fluochlore, 512. Fliior-apatite, 531. Fluor, Fiuorlte, 123. Fluor Spar, 123. FlUBBSpath, 123. Foliated tellurium, 82. Fontaioebleau limestone, 678. Forbeeite, 660. Forsterite, 26.5. Foumetite, 42. Fowlerite, 225. Franoolite, 530. Franklinite, 162. Frauenglaa, v. Mica. Freibergite, 101. Freieslebenite, 93. Fritzscheite, 687. Frurardite. 276. Fuciisite. 309. Fuller's Earth, 468, 473. Fullonite, v. Onegite. Funkite, 216. Fuacite, 319.
Gabronite, 824.
GadoliD, Gadolinite, 293 ; 386. Gagates, 760. Gahnite, 149; 147, 276. Galactite, 426. Galapektit, 473, 476. Galena. Galenite, 4a Galenoceratite, 708. GalUcinite, 647. Gallitzenstein, 647k Galmey, 407. Gamsigradite, 236. Ganomatite, 798. .
Gansekothig-ers, 798. Garamanticus, 266. Garnet, ->66.
Bohemian, 267.
Oriental, 267.
Tetrahedral, 264.
White, 384. GamsdorfBte, 661. Gay-Lussite, 706. Gearksutite, 180. Gedrite, 231. Geblenite, 370. Greierite, 77. Gekruestoin, 621. Gelbantimouera, 187. Glbbleierz, 607. Glboisenen, 666, 66€l Gelbeisenstein, 174 Gelberde, 172. Oelberz, 81.
Oelfers, v. Chaloopyrito. Ueuthite, 471. GeooerelUte, 748. Geooeric Aotd, 748. Geooerite, 738. Qeomjrridte, 780, 708.
Geooronite, 106.
Gooretinio Add, 748.
Goradorfflte, 72, 798.
Geyserite, 199.
Gibbsite, 177.
Gibraltar Stone, 680.
Gieseddte, 479; 829.
Giakiea, 78.
Gigantolite, 480; aiH, 480.
Gilbertito, 798.
Giobertite, 686.
Girasol, 198.
Gismondiiie. Gismondite 418,
Glagerite, 476. Glance copper, 62. GlanzarsenOckieB, 77. Glansbraunstein, 162. Glanckobalt 71. GlaseritO) 615. Glasen, Glamsen, 88L Glaskopf; 140. Glasspat, 123. Glaubapatite, 686; 664. Glauber salt, 686. Glauberite, 627. Glauoodot, 80 ; 81, 798. Glaucolite, 319. Glauconite, 462. Glaucophane, 244. Glankosiderit, 666. Glimmer, 802, 309. Glinkite, 256. Globoeite, 684. Glockerite, 662. Gloaseoollite, 476. GlottaUte, 417. Gmelhiite, 486; 437. Gneiss, 359. Gokumite, 276. Gold, 3, 799. Gold amalgam, 14. Goldtellur, 81. GongyUte, 480. Goshenite, 246. Goslarite, 647. Gothite, 169. Gotthardite, 92. Grahamite, 758. Gramenite, Gnunini.e,461. Grammatito, 238. Grammite, v. WoUastonito. Granat, 266. Granatite, 388. Granite, 369. Granulyte, 862. Graphic gold, 81. tellurium, 81. Graphite, 24. Grastite, 600.
Graubraunsteinen, 166, 170. Grauerz, v Galena. Graukobalterx, 47. Graugiltigers, 101.
Gnmkiipfarer v. TennaDttlt Graulite, 644. Graumanganen, 166, 170. GrausOber, Selbita GrauspiessglanierSi 29. Grauspiesaglasen, 29. Gray antimony, 29.
Green diallage, 216. 286.
earth, 462, 463.
iron ore, 683.
lead ore. 536.
maiachite, 718.
▼itriol, 646. Greeniandite, 616. Greenoddte, 69 Greenovite, 883. Grenat, 266. Grenatite, 388. Grepgesita 601. Groppite, 486. GroroiUte, 181. Grossularite, 266w Grothite, 386. Griinauite, 47. Griinbleierz. 636, 687. Griineisenerde, 683. Griineisenstein, 683. Griinerde, 462, 463. Grunerite, 234. Guanite, 651. Guano, 536. Guarinite, 388. Guayacanite, 107. Gummien, 179. Gummispath, 577. Gummite, 179, 476. Gurhoflan, Gurhofite, 9SX Guiolite, 398. Guyaquillite, 746. Gymnite, 469. Gyps, 637. Gypsum, 637. GyroHte, 398.
Haarkiea, 66; 76. Haarsalz, 644 Hemachates, 196. Hnmatoconite, 67 6L Hnmatite, 140. Hafhefjordit, 346. Haidingerite, 562; 8d. Hair-salt, 644. Halbasurblei, v. Galedonte HalbTitriolblei, 688. Halite, 112. Hallita, 668. HallojUte, 476. Halloyaite. 476. Halochalzit, 121. 654. Halotrichite, 654; 649. Hammochrysot, 30S. Hampahirite, 467. Harmotome, 489, T9&
Obneraj. Indbx.
Harringtottite, 480. Harrisite, 53. Hartbraonstein, 163. Hartiin 742. Ufirtitc, Hartkobalten, 71. Hartmauganerz. 180. Ilartmannite, 61. llartspat. 371. Hutchettite, HfltchetUne 731 :
Hauerite, 04. Hausmanmtef 162. Hauyne, UauymtO) 832 ; 388. Hajdenite. 484. HajreaiDB, 699; 697. Haytorite, 196; 882. Heavy 8par, 616. Hebetine, 26*2. Hecatolite, 354. Hedenbergite, 210. Hedyphane, 537. HeUolite, 356. Heliotrope, 194. HeUefliuta, 349, 868. Helminth, 502. Helvetan, 801. HelTiiL Helnte, 264. Hematite, 140; 167, 799.
Black, 180.
Brown, 172. Hemichaldt, 86. Hemimorphite, 407. Hepatinens, 188, 402. Hepatite, 616. Heraclion, 149. Hercynite, 148. Heroerite, 546. HermanDite, 225. Henneaite, 101. Herrerite, 692. Herschelite, 437. Heaaenbergitey 762. Heaaite, 50. Heteroclin, 163, 226. Heteromerite, 276. Heteromorphite. 91. Heterosite, 542. Heulandite, 444; 443 Hielmite, 519. Highgate real, 739. Himbeerapath, 691. Hirdne, Hircite, 747. Hiaingerite, 489. H slopite, 468, 678. H tchcookite, 577. Bsmesite, 556. Hoevelit, Hoyellii, 111. Hogaaite, 426. Hohlapath. 871. Holmeaite, v. Seybetlta Holmite, 608. Holz, Bituminoeea, 75ft. Holzkupferen, 564L Holsopal, V. Wood OpaL
Homidilin, 67.
Honey-atooe, Honigatetn, 760. Hopeite, 544. Horablei, 703. HornbleDde, 232. Homers, 114. Homfels, 195. Hommangan, 227. Horn quidcailver, 111. Horn Bilrer, 114 Homaton 195. Horae-fleah ore, 44. Hortouite, 222. Houghite, 179. Houille, 754. Houille papyrao 746L Hovite, 709. Howlite, 698. Huaacolite, 42. Habnerite, 603. Hudaonite, 216. Humboldtine, 718. Humboldtilite, 280. Humboldtite, 880. Humite, 863. Hunterite, 457. Hureaulite, 561. Huronite, 341 ; 301, 485. Huyaaenite, 799. Hverlera, 478. Hyersalt, 654.
Hyacinth, 188, 266, 274, 276. Hyalite, 199. Hyalomelan, 245. Hyalophane, 846, 799. Hyaloaiderite, 256. Hyblite, 484. Hydrargillite. 177, 580; HydraiSic limeatone, 676, 679. Hydroapatite, 535. UydroborocHlcit, 599. Hydrobucholzite. 799. Hydroboracite, 595. Hydrochlore, 512. Hydrodolomite, 708. Hydrolaothanit, 709. Hydrohematito, 167. Hydrolite, 486. Hydromagneaite. 707. Hydromagnocalcit, 708. Uydronickelmagneeite, 707. Hydrophane, 199. Hydrophite, 470. Hydropiu 225. Hydroailicite, 799. Uydroua anthopbyUite, 176. Hydroateatite, 463. Hydrotalc, 496 Hydrotalcite, 178, 799. Hydrotephroite, 260. Hydrosincite, 711. Hypargyrite, 88. Hypenthene, 209; 216. Hypochlorite, 392. HyperyUi, 843.
Hypoaclerifid, 349.. HypoatUbite, 441. Hypoxanthite, 800. Hyatatiie, 148.
laapachatea. 196. laapia, 194. Iberite. 481 ; 801. Joe, 185. Ice spar, 355. Iceland Hpar, 677. Ichthyophthalmite, 416 Idocraae, 276. Idrialine, IdriaUte, 78a. Igleaiasite, 700. Iglite, Igloite, 694. Ilderonsite, 615. lUuderite, 290. Ilmenite, 143; 52&i Ilmenorutile, 159. llvaite, 296. Indianite, 837. Indioulite, 366. Indigo copper, 88. Inolite, 680. Iodic ailver, 117.
quickBiWer, 117. lodite, 117. lodqueckailber, 117. lodaUber, 117. lodyrite, 117. lolite, 299.
Hydroua, 801, 484. Iridium, Native, 12. Iridoemine 12. Irite, 154. Iron, 15.
Arsenate, 578.
Antimonial aulphuret, BertUierite.
Araenical, 76, 77.
Borate 600.
Carbonate, 688.
Carburet ot, 24.
Chlorido( 118.
Chromic, 153.
Columbate, 514, 516.
Cupreoua arsenate, 674.
Diaraenate, 589.
Hydroua oxyds, 169.
Magnetic, 149.
Meteoric Ifi.
Native, 15.
Oligiat, 110.
Oxalate ""IS.
Oxyd, 140.
Oxydulated, 149.
Pboepbatea, 583, 664, 606.
Silicatea, 258, 611.
Sulphate, 646, titc.
Snlphid, Sulpburet, 67, 51
Tantalate, 514
Titoniferoua, 148.
Tangatate, 601.
M6
Oenssal Index*
Iron and Manganese Tongalaiei
Iron alum, 664. Iron earth Blue, 666. Iron natrolite, 426. Iron ore, Argillaceous, 141, 172.
Arsenicated, 678.
Axotomoiia, 143.
Bog, 169, 172,174,178.
Brown, 172; 169.
Calcareous, 688.
Clay, 141, 172, 688.
Green, 688.
Jaspery, 141.
Lenticular, 141.
Magnetic 149.
Micaceous, 140.
Ochreous, 140, 169.
Octahedral, 149.
Pitchy, 689.
Bed, 140.
Sparry, 688.
Specular, 140.
Titaniferoos, 143. Iron pyrites, 62.
Magnetic, 68; 67.
White, 75. Iron rutile, 169. Iron sand, 143, 149. Iron sinter, 576. Ironstone, Clay, 141, 169, 688.
Blue, 556.
Brown, 172. Iserine, Iserite, 144, 146. Isiiphane, v. Franklinitei Isopyre, 892. Itabiryte, 141. Itacolumyte 22, 106. Ittuerite, 88S. Ivaarite, 891. Ixiolice 514. Ixolyte, 736.
Jacksonite, 410.
Jade, Common, 2S8; 290, 292.
Jade tenace, 290.
Jadeite, 292.
Jalpaite, 89.
Jamesonite, 90, 800.
Jargon, 272.
Jardsite, 660.
Jasper, 195.
Jaulingite, 800.
Jayet, v. Jet
Jefferisite, 494.
Jeffersonite, 216.
Jelletite, 266.
Jefreinoffite, 276.
Jenkinsite, 470. .
Jenzschite, 201.
Jewreinowite, 272.
Johannite, 666.
Jobnite, 580.
Jotnstontte, 40.
Jollyte, 492. Jordanite, 88. Joseite, 81. Jo8site,68]. Junokerite, 688, 697. Jurinite, 164.
K.B. — Many names spelt with an iuiiial K in Glerman, begin with C in English.
Kainit, 642. Kakochlor, 181. Kakoxene, 584. Kalait 580. Kalamit, 283. Kalchstein, 670. Kiilialauu, 652. Kalifeldspath, 352. Kalinite. 662. Kaliphite. 172. Kalisalpeter, 502. Kalisalzsaurea, 111. Kalisulphat, 616. Kalkgnnat 268. Kalk-Uarmotome, 488. Kalk-Malachit, 715. Kalkoligoklas, 846. Ealksalpeter, 593. Kalkspatli, 670. Kallait, 680. Kallochrom. 629. Kalomel, 111. Kalzedon, 194. Kammererit, 496. Kummkies, 76. Eampylite, 537. Eanelstein, 266. Kanelte, 61.
Kaolin, 473 ; 824, 845, 861. Kaolinite, 478. Kapnikite, 225. Kapnicite, 576. Kapnite, 692. Kareliuite, 186. Kameol, 194. Karpliolite, 419. Karphosiderit, 661. EarphoHtilbite, 424 Karstenite, 621. Kassiterit, 167. Kastor, 229. Katapleiit, 401. Kataspilit, 483. Katzenauge, 193. Katsen-Silber, 302, 454. Kausimkies, 76. Keffekilite, 478 Keilbauite, 387. Kenngottite, 88. Keramohalite, 649. Keraphyllite, v. Oarinthina Kerargyrite, 114. Kerastne, 120, 708. Kerasite, 12i), 708. Kerate, 114.
Kermes, Kermeaito IM Kermetome, 186. Kerolith, 470. Keraantyte, 348. Kibdelophan, 143. Kiesel, 189. Kieseloerit, 413. Kieselgalmey, 407. Kieselgyps, 621. Kieaelkupfer, 402. Eieselmalachit, 402. Eieselmangan, 226. Eieselspath, v. Albiliw Kieeelwismuth, 391. Kieselcinken, 407 Kieseiite, 641. Kilbtiokenite, 105. Killinite, 480. Kirwanite, 800. Eischtimite 703. Klaprothine, 572. Klaprothite, 572. Klipatemitei 51L Elinodas, 670. Elinochlor, 497. Knauffite, 611. Knebelite, 260. Enistersak, v. Halite. Kobaltarsenikkies, 7a Eobaltbescblag, 558. Eobaltbleiglaus, 43. Eobaltbluthe, 558. Eobaltglan2,7I; 68. Eobaltkies, 68. Eobaltmanganerz. 181. Eobaltnickelkiea, 68. Eobalt-Scorodit, 574. Eobaltsulfuret 47. Eobaltvitriol, 647. Eobellite, 99. Eoboldine, 68. Eochsak, 112. Eoelbingit, 284. Eohle, 753.
Eohlenaaurer Ealk, 68d. Eohlenvitriolbleispath, Eokkolit, 214, 215. EokscharoflSte, 242. EoUyrit, 420. Eolophonit) 268. Eonarit, 406. Eondroanenik, 662. Eoniehaldt, 566. Eonigine, 664. Eonleinite, 787. Eonlite, 787. Eorite,484 Eorynit 74. E5ttigite, 56L Slorand, 187. EotBchubei 4if . EouphoUte 410. ErabUte, 859. ErantdtB 741. Enmrite 688
Oxnxbal Index.
11
Kroittonite, 149. Kremeraite, 119. Kreutzkriatallo, 48a Keusstein, 489. KriBoberU, 166. Krisolith, 266. KrisuTigite, 664. KroDberite 69. KrokaliU), 426. Krokidolite, 248. Erokoit 629. Kryolito, 126. Kiyptolith, 629. Kubizit) 432. Knboii 482. KUhnite, 644. ' Kubohsit, 434. KupapUrite, 670. Kupfer, Oediegeo, 14 Balzsaures, 121. Kapferantimonglanii 86. Kupferbleiglans, 42. Kupferblelspath, 668 ; 41 KupferblendOi 104 Kupferblutbe, 183. Kupferdiaapore, 668. Knpferfahlerz 100. KnpfergUuui, Kupferglat, 62. KupfergUmmer, 671. Kupfergriin, 402. Kupferhomerz, 121. Kupferindig, 83. Kupferkiea, 66. Kupferlasur, 716. Kupferlebererz, 183. Kupfennanganen, 181. Kapfemickel, 60. Kupferpechen 402. Kupferphyllit, 671. Kupfersammton, 666L Kupferechaum, 670. Kupferachwftm, 136L Kupfferite, 230. Kupfer-flmaragd, 401. Kupfer-uranit 686. Kupferyitriol, 648. Kupferwasser, 646. Kapferwismuthen, 86 98. Kupferwiamuthglaii 88. Kuprein, 62. KuBtelite, 9. Kyanite, 376. Ejmatiiie, 284. Kypholite, v. SerpentbiA KyroBito, 76.
Labradorlte, 341. Labrador feldspar, 841. Labrador hornblende 209. Lagonite, 600. Lagimite, 600. Lampadite, 181. Lomprophanite, 663. lanarkite, 628. LanoQftteiite, 701.
Laogite, 666. Lanthanite, 709. Lanthanocerite, 413. LapiB-lazuU, 331. Lapis Ollarifl, 461. Larderellite, 6o0. Lardlte, v. Pagodita Lasionite, 676. Lasurfeldflpath, 363. Lasurite, 716. Lasnrstein, 881. LatUUte, 332. Latrobite, 837. Laumonite, Laomontitei 399. Lauriie, 74. Lavendulan, 660. Layrofflte, Lawrowit) 216w LaxuUte, 672. Lasnr-Apatit, 630. Lead, 17.
Aluminatei 677.
Antimonial sulphnreti 96,
Antimonate, 691.
Argentifbroua, 41.
Arsenate, 637.
Black, 24.
Oarbonate, 700.
Ohiorid, 117.
Ghloro-carbonate, 703.
Chromate, 628, 630.
Corneous, 703.
Cupreous sulphate, 663.
Cupreous sulphato-oarbonate, 626.
Hydro-aluminous, 677.
Molybdate, 607.
Murio-oarbonate, 708.
Ozjchlorid, 119,120.
Ozyds, 186, 168.
Phosphate, 636.
Selenate, 669.
Selenids, 42, 44.
Subsesquichromate, 630.
Sulphate, 622.
Sulphato-oarbonate, 626,
Bulphato-chlorid, 627.
Sulphftto trioarbonate 624,
Supersulphuretted, 41.
Bnlphid, Sulphured 40.
Tellurld, 44.
Tungstate, 606.
Vanadate, 610.
White, 700. Lead and Copper
Chromate, 630.
Chromo-phosphate, 68 L Lead glance, 40. Lead ochre, 186. Lead ore, Green, 636, 687.
Bed, 62&
White, 700.
Lead ore, Yellow, 601. Lead vitriol 622. Leadhillite, 624. Leberblende, 60. Leberkies, 76; 68. Leberstoin, 616. Leooutite, 636. Ledererite, 486. Lederite, 383. Leedsite, 800. Leelite, 863. Lehmauite, 290. Lehrbacbite, 44 Lehuntite, 426. Lemnian Earth, 46f. Lennilite, 356. Lensiuite, 476. Leonhardite, 401. Leopoldito, HI. Lepidokrokite, 169. LepidoUte, 814. Lepidomelane, 301 LepoUte, 887. Lesleyito, 800. Lettsomite, 666. Leutainterite, 660. Leucaugito, 216. Leuchtonbergite, 600l Leucite, 334. Leucitophyr, 336. Leuoolite, 326, 376. Leucocydito, 416. Leucopetrite, 743. Leuoophanite, 260. Leuoopyrite, 77 ; 76. Leuzit 884. LeT3me, Levyniteb 431. Lherzolyto, 147. libethenite, 663. Liebenerite, 479; 829, 688 Liebigite, 717. LlcTrite, 296. Lignite, 766. Ligurite, 883. lilaUte, 814 Lillite, 493. Limbilite, 268. Lime, Anenate, 664
Borate, 880, 697.
Borosilicate, 88a
Carbonate, 670.
Fluate, 123.
Nitrate, 693.
Oxalate, 718.
Phosphate, 630.
Silicate, 210.
Sulphate, 621, 68T.
Titenate, 146.
Tunsstato, 606. Lime-Malachite, 716. Limestone, 678.
Hydraulic 679.
Magnesian, 68U Lhnnite, 178; 172. Umonite, 172.
Al8
General Index.
Linarite, 663.
Linoolnite, 444.
Lindackerite, 590L
Lindsajite, 840.
liaseite, 340.
Liuaenkupfer, Ml.
Liparite, 123.
L'rocoDite, 567.
LitheoBphorua, 61 6w
Lithicmglimmeri 814
Jithographlc Stone, 679.
Lithomarge, 460, 478, 47t 48a
Loboit, 276.
Loganite, 242, 496.
Lomouite, 899.
Lonchidite, 76.
Lophoite, 501.
Loudite, 216.
Luwelte, lioveite, 648.
Lowigite, 659.
Lozodaae, 852.
LucuUite, Lucullan, 677.
Lumach, 679.
Lunnite, 568.
Lupus metalloruiu, 29.
Ljchnis, lag, 147.
Lydiau stone, 195.
Lyncurium, 272, 740.
Lytbrodes, 479.
Made, 371. Madureite, 216, 863. Magneferrito, 162. Magnesia, Pure, 685.
Borate, 595.
Carbonate, 665.
Chlorid, 118, 119, 122.
Fluophoephate, 538.
Fluosilicate, 863.
Hydrate, 175.
Native, 175.
Nitrate, 593.
Sulphate, 648. Magnesia alum, 658. Mesian limestone, 682.
phannaoolitej 544. Magnesie hydratee, 175.
carbonatee, 686.
nitrate 593.
phosphat 5.'i8. Magnesinitre, 593. Magnesioferrite, 152. Magnesite, 685 ; 466. Mdgneteisenstein, 149. Magnetis, 451. Magnetic iron ore, 149. Magnetic pyrites, 58. Magnetite, 149, 800. Magnetkios, 68.
Magnetopyrite, 58. Magnofemte, 152. Malachite, Blue, 715.
Green, 713.
Lime, 715. Malaoolite, 214. Malacon, Malakon, 276. Maltha, 728. Malthscite, 468. Mamanito, 642. Mandela to, 678. Manganalaun, 658. Mangan, Kohilensaurea, 691. Manganamphibole, 226. Mangaublende, 46. Manganepidote, 285. Manganerz, Grauer, 165, 170.
Kupferhaltiges, 166.
Prismatoidisches, 171.
Schwarzer, 162. Manganese, Oxyd, 162, 163, 165. 166.
Hydrous ozyds, 162, 170,
Arseniuret, 61.
Black, 162.
Bog, 181.
Carbonate, 691.
Chlorid, 122.
Cupreous, 181.
Earthy, 181.
Gray. 165.
Phosphate, 641, 543.
Bed, 225.
Silicates, 225, 260.
Sulphid, 46, 64. Manganese* Ore, Bradhytypous,
Prismatic, 165.
Pyramidal, 162. Manganese alum, 653. Manganese spar, 225. Manganglanz, 46. Mangangranat, 268. Manganite, 170. Mangankiesel, 225. Mangaukupfererz, 166. Mangankupferozyd, 166. Manganocaldte, 697 ; 678. Manuopal, v. OpaL Manganschaum. 181. Manganspath, 691. Marasmolite, 48. Marble, 670.
Yerd-antique, 678. Marcasite, 75 ; 62, 800. Maroeline, 168, 226. Maroylite, 137; 121. Marekanite, v. Pearistone Margarite, 506; 489. Margarodite, 487 ; 310. MariaU 326 ; 382. Marionite, 711. Marl, 679. Marmatito4a
MarmoUte, 466w Martinsito, 112, 641. Martito, 142.
Mascagnine, Maacagnits 681 Maakeljme, 665. Masonite, 504. Massicot, 136. MaUockite, 119. Mauilite, v. Labradonto. MecUidite, 667. Meerschaum, 456. Megabasite, 604. Megabromite, 115. Mehl-Zeolith, 426, 480. Meionite, 318. Melaoonite, 136, 804. Melanasphalt, 753. Melanchlor, 543. Melanchym. 744 75a Melanellite, 750. Melanglanz, v. Stephaniteu Melanhydnt, 483. Melamte, 267. Melanochroite, 630. Melanolite, 490. Melantoria, 645. Melanterite, 646, 800. MeliUte, MellUite, 280 ; 7fta Melinite, 477. Melinophane, 263. Meliphanlte, 268. Mellate of alumine, 7fta MeUite, 750 Mollnose, 607. Meionite, 801. Melopsito, 478. Menaocanite, 14iL Menakerz, 383. Mendipite, 120. Mendozite, 653. Meneghinite, 105. Mengite, 525 ; 639. MenUite, 199. Mennige, 163. Mercure argental, 18.
sulfure, 55.
iodure, 117. Mercury, Antimoniteb 64t.
Amalgam, 18.
Chlorid, 111.
Hom,llL
lodid, 117.
Natiye, 18.
Sdenid, 56.
Sulphid, 56. Merda di Diaydo, 746w Merkurbleode, 65. Merkurglanz, 56. Merozene, 807. MesiUne, Mesitit 687 ; Stt Mesitinspath, 687. Mesole, 424. Mesoiin, 481. MeeoUte, 43a
Oxhxbal Imdsz.
ICcaotype epolnt, 416. ICeMiogblutho, 718. Metabnisbite, 668. Metachlorite, 603. Metazito, 466. Metazoite, 494. Miascyte, 328, 369. Miargyrite, 88. ICica Groap 1. Mica, Hexagonal, 804.
Lithia, 814.
Oblique, 309.
Bbombic, 802. ' Mica des peintrea, 24 Mica victoria, 24w Mica schist, 869. Micaphilit, 37 1. Micarelle, 324. Michaelite, 199. MichaelaoDite, 289. Microbromite, 116. Microolio, 865. Microoosmio salt, 561. Miorolite, 613. Middietonito, 746. Miemite, 682. Mieeite, 686. MiicrolcliQ, 866. MiUerite, 66.
Miioechin, MUoschite, 6ia Mimeteoe, Mimetite, 687. Mimetese, Mimeteaite, 637. Mineral caoutoboac, 734b
coal, 763.
cbarooal, 765.
oU, 728, 728, 737.
pitch, 728, 761.
resin, 789-747.
tallow, 781.
tar, 728.
wax, 727, 730. Minium, 168; 66. Mirabilite, 636. Miseoite, 616. Mispickel, 78. Misy, 656 ; 645, 660. Mizxonite 826. Mocha Stone, 196. Modumite, 71. Mohsine, 76, 77. Mohsite, 143. MoUit, 672. Molocbites, 713. Molybd&nblelspath, 607. Moljbdooglanz, 82. Molybdanoohre, 186. Molybdftnsilber, 82. Moljbdateoflead, 607. Molybdate of iron, 186. Moljbdena, solpbid o( 32. Molybddne sulfur 82. Molybdenite, 88. Mcljbdio ochre, 186.
Over, 32. MoAybdine, Mdybdite, 186.
Molyiiite, 118. Monazite, 589. Monazitoid, 689. Mondstein, v. Moonstona Monheimite, v. Kapnite. Monimolite, 646. MoQOphan, 443. Monradite, 221, 406. Monrolite, 878. Montanite, 668, 801. Monticellite, 256. Montmartile, 687. Moutmorillonite, 459. Moonstone, 347, 360, 362, 640. Morasterz, 172, 174, 178, Mordenite, 446. Morenosite, 648. Moresnetite 409. Mornite, 841. Moronolite, 660. Moroxite, 630. Morvenite, 439. Mosandrite, 295. Mossottite, 694. Mountain green, 713.
cork, 234.
leather, 234. Muldan, 863. Mulleins glass, 199. Mullerine, Mullerite 8. :Mullicite, 656. Mundic, 62. Murchisonite, 352. Muriacite. 621. Muromontite, 289. Murrhiua, 194. Muscovite, 309, 801. Muscovy glass, 809. Milsenite, v. Siegenite. Mussite, 214, 702. Myelin, 378. Mysorin, 715.
Kacrite, 809; 456,473. Nadeleiaenens, 169. Nadelerz, 100. Nadelstein, 694. Nadelzeolith, 426. Nagyagererz, 82. Nagyagite, 82. Naphtha, 723. Naphthadi], 734. Naphthaline, 727, 738. Nasturan, v. Pitchblonde. Natrocaldto, 677. Natrolite, 426 ; 824. Natrolite, Iron, 426. Natron, 706.
alann, 663.
salpeter, 692. Natroborocaldte,' 698. Natronspodumen, 346. Naumannite, 39. Necronite, 352. Needle ore 100.
Needle spar, v. Aiagonita
Needleatone, 426.
Nefelina, 327.
Neft-gi], 734.
Neoctese, 574.
Neolite, 406.
Neoplase, 657.
Neotokite, 491.
Neotype, 678.
Nepheline, 327.
Nephelite, 327.
Nephrite, 233; 287, 890, SH
Nephelindoleiyte, 828. Nertschinskite 476. NeuroUte, 482. Newjanskite, 12. Newkirkite, 171. Nicoolite, 60. Nickel, Antimonial, 61.
Arsenate, 661 ; 548.
Arsenical, 60, 72.
Bismuth, 47.
Carbonate, 710.
Copper, 60.
Emerald, 710.
Hydrate, 710.
Oxyd, 134.
Silicate, 404, 471, 610.
Sulphate, 648.
Sulphid, Sulphuret, 66.
Wliite,77. Nickel glance, 72.
green, 660.
ochre, 660.
stibine. 78.
vitriol, '648. Nickel St cobalt, Arsenate ofj
Nickel & iron, Sulphuret
Sulphid of; 47. Nickelantimonglanz, 73. Nickelarsenikglanz, 72. Nickelarsenikkies, 72. mckelbluthe, 560. NickelgUns, 72. Nickel-Gymnite, 471. Nickeliferous gray antimony, 71 Nickeline, 60. Nickelkiea, 56. Nidcelooker, 560. Nickeloxydul, 184. Nickelspiesaglanflen, 73. Nickelwismuthglaus, 47. Nlcopyrite, 47. Nierenstein, 238 Nigrine, 169. Nlobite, 616. NiphoUte, 128. Nitratine, 692. Nitre, 692. Nitrocaldte, 693. Nitromagneaite, 603. Nontronite, 461.
S90
0JfiNEKAI< INDEX.
Noralito, 236w Kordenskioldite, 288. Nordmarkito, 389. Noaean, Nosin, Nodte 888. Notito, 484. NuBsierite, 636. Nuttallito, 319.
Obsidian, 369.
Ochran, 477.
Ochre, Antimonj, 181, 188.
Bismuth, 186.
Brown, 172.
Ohromo, 61 Oi
Iron, 140.
Plumbic, 188w
Red, 140, 167.
Tantalic 188.
Tellurio 188.
Uramo, 668.
yitriol 662. Oohroitc, 413. Ockergelb, 172. Oetahedrite, 161. Odoutolito, 680. (Ellaoherite, 489. (Erstedite. 276. Ogooite, 602.
OU, Genesee or Seneca, 786. Oisanite. 161, 28L Okenite, 398. Oktibehite, 16. Olaflt, 349. Oligist iron, 140. Oligodase, 346. Oligoklasalbit, 849l Oligon spar, 688. Oligophjre, 34a OUvenchaloit, 663. Olivenerz, 668, 678. Olivenite, 664. OUyine, 267. Ompliadt, 228. Onegite, 168. Onoosin, 480. Onofrite, 66, 802 Onyx, 196; 680. OoUte, 679. Ooslte, 480. Opal, 198.
Opal-aUophane 421. Opennent, 27. Ophiolite, 466. Ophite, 464 ; 46a OpBimose, 611. Ornatif; 3.
graphique, 81. Orangite 413. Orayitmte, 477. Orichaldte, 712. Omithite, 66a Oropion, 47a
Oipiment, 27. Orthite, 286. OrthocLsae, 362, 802. Orihose, 86a Oserskite, 684. Osmelite, 39a Osmlridlum, la OsteocoUa, 68a OsteoUte, 63a Ostranite, 27a OUrelite, 6oa Ouyarovite 27a Owenite, 607. Oxacalcite, 718. Ozalite, 7ia OxhaTcrite, 4ia Ozarkite, 424 ; 829. Osocerite, Oiokeift, 782; 728, 731, 78a
Facihnolite, 129. Padte, 81. PaederoB, 19a Pagodite, 480 ; 464. Paisbeigite, 226. 42a Palagonite, 483; 222, 802. Paligorskite, 406. Palladium, Native, 12. Palladium gold, 4. Panabase, 100. Paracolumbice, 14a Paradoxite, 363. Paraffin, 730. Paragonite, 487. Paralogite, 326. Paraluminite, 661. Paranthine, Paranthite, 818;
3ia Parasite, 695. Parastabite, 444. Parathorite, 76a Pargasite, 2Sa Parisite, 702. Parophite, 470. Partsohin, Partsdiiniie 298. Paitzite, 18a Passauite, 824. Pastreite, 65a Pateraite, 608. Patrinite, 100. Pattersonite, 80L Paulit, 20a Pt.81. Pearl-mica, 506. Pearl sinter, 109. Pearl-spar, 682 ; 68a Pearlstone, 859. Peastone, v. Pisolitei Pechblende, Pecber 154i Pechkohle, 76a Pechopal, 19a Pechstdn, 369. Peohuran, 164. Pectolite, 896.
Peganite 68a Pegmatolite, 881 Pektolitb, 396. Pdl6's Hair, 86a Peliom, 299. Pelicanite, 467. Pelokonite. 181. Pencatite, 70a Pennine Penniniti 48a Pennite, 708. Pentaklaait, 213. Pentlandite, 47. Peplolit, 486. PercyUte, 12a Peridase, Peridaaltfl 181 Peridot, 256, 867. Peridoto bianco, 26a Periklas, 134. Periklin, 349. Peristerite, 848. Perlglimroer, 60a Perlit, 86a Perlstein, 869. Penhite, 366. PerofakiU 14a Perowskine, 641* Perowskit, 14a Peulite, 229. Petrified wood, 19a Petrolene, 729, 76L Petroleum, 72a Petroflilex, 349, 868. Pettkoite 631. Petuntase, 47a Petzite, 51. Pfaffite, 91.
Pfei&stein, v. Gatlinite. Phacolite, 484. Phcetine, 469. Pharroaoolite, 664; 644. Pbarmakochaldt, 664. Pbarmaoosiderite 678. Phenadte, Phenaki a6a Phengite, 309. Phillipsite, 48a Phlogopite, 80a PhGBnidte, 630. PhoBuikochroite, 630. PboBStine, 209. Pbolerite, 472, 478 ; 481 Pbonite, 827. Phonolite, 869. Phoegenite, 70a Pbosphid of iron and nlflBel, 6J Phospbooerite, 629. Phosphochaldto, 56a Phoepborblel, PynxnorphiUk Phoepboreisensinter, 68a Phospborgummite, 179. Phosphorite, 53a Phoephorkupferen, 668, 68t Phospborsaures, 668, 87a Photidte, 227. Photiait, 227. Pbotolite, 89a
Oxnxral Index.
PLrenitoki, SSflL
Phthanyte 196.
Pbjrsalite, 876.
Piauzite 768.
Picotite, U7.
Pioroflaite, 612.
mcrolite, Pikrolit, 466.
Pioromerite, 642.
Picropbarmaoolitef 664.
PicroamiDe, Pikroemin, 406.
PScrotaoite 144.
Picrotephroite, 269.
Picrothomaonite, 426.
Picrvte, 268.
Piedmontite 286.
Pierre graaae, 827.
Pigotite, 750.
Pihlite. 466.
Pilaeniteb 32.
Pingalte, 461.
Pinite, 479 ; 801.
Plotine, 472.
Pipeatone, v, OatHnite.
Piren&it, 269.
Piroft 267.
Pisanite, 646.
Piaolite, 679.
Piaaophane, Pisaophanitei 661.
PiatacLte, Piataat 281.
Piatomeaite, 688.
Pitch, Mineral, 728, 76L
Pitchblende, 164; 179.
Pitohatone, 359.
Pitchy iron ore, 689.
Pitkarandite. 221, 406, 462.
Pittaaphalt, 761.
Pittlcite, Plttisit, 689.
nttinite, 176.
Pittolinm, 728.
Plagiodaae, 802.
Plagionite, 89.
Plaama, 194
Plaster \>fPari8, 637
Plata asnl, 804.
biamutal, 36.
cornea, 116.
yerde, U6, 116. Platinum, Native, 10. Platiniridium, IL Plattnerite, 167. PUtjophthahnon, 29. Pleonaate, 147. PleaaitCL 73. FleufOQUUM 638.
Plinian, 8a
Fintbite, 477.
araeniatd, 687.
carbonate, 700.
chloro-carbonat6, 703.
ohlorait 117, 119, 120.
chromate, 628, 630.
hydro-alumhieax 677.
moljbdat 607.
nati( 17.
120.
oxid 136, 163.
aeleniur 42, 44.
anlfat 622.
BulfVir40. Plombgonune, 577. Plombierite, 802. Plnmbeine, 42. Flnmbago, 24. Plumbic ochre, 136. PlumbocaJdte, 678. Plombogummite, 677. Plumboreainite, 677. Plumboatlb 99. Plumbum oandidnm, 17.
nigrum, 17. Plumitea, 91. Plumose ore 91. Plumoait, 91. Poikilit, 44. Poikilopyrite, 44. Poiz mmerale, 728. Polianite, 166. Polludte, PoUux, 249. Polyadelphite, 268. Polyargite, 480; 34a Polybaaite, 107. Polyoraae, 528. PoljchroUite, 486. Polychrom, 686. PoljbaUte, 641. Poljrhydrite, 493. Polykraa, 623. Poljlite, 216. Polymignjte, 623. PolysphaBrlte, 635. PolyteUte, 104; 101, 804. Polyxen, la Poonablite, 42a Porcelain day, 478. Porcelain spar, 324. Poroellophite, 464. Porphyry, 369. Porpecite,4. Porridn, o. Pyrazene. Portite, 468. Poneellanerde, 478. Ponelanit, 324. Portor, 679. Potash alum, 652. Potaah, Muriate, 111 ; 118.
Kitrate, 592.
Sulphate, 614 616. potassium, chlorid, 111, lia
Potrtone, 461. Pounza, Borax. Praae, 194. Praaln, 668. PraseoUte, 485; 801. Piaailite, 603. Predaaiite, 708. Pregattit, 487. Prehnite, 410. Prehnitoid, 326. Preunnerite, 677. Proohbrite, 601. Proeopite, 130. Protheite, 216. Protobaatite, 208. Prouatite, 96. Pruaaisn blue. Native, iil Pnibramite, 169; 48. Psatbyrit, 742. Paatnroae, 106. Paeudoalbite, 844 Pseudoapatate, 581. Pseudogaiena, 48. Pseudomalachit, 568. Pseudonepheliue, 327. Pseudolibethenit, 563. Pseudophite, 496. Paeudoeommite, 32t. Paeudotriplite, 548. Pailomelane, 180. Psimythite, 684. PteroUte, 808. Puflerite, 441. Pumice, 359. Purple copper, 44. Puschkinite, 281. Pycnite, 876. JraUoUte, 220, 406, 461. Irantimonite, 186. PyrargiUite, 486. Pyrargyrite, 94. Pyranzite, 454. Pyreneite, 268. Pyrgom, 216. Pyrite, 62, 802. Itea, Ajraenical, 78; 1'
Auriferooa, 62.
Oockacomb, 76.
Oopper, 65.
Smbeacent, 44.
Hepatic, 76.
Hydrous, 76.
Iron, 62.
Magnetic 68; 67.
Priamatio IroD, 76 7i
Radiated, 75.
Spear, 76.
1&,68.
Variegated, 44.
White iron, 76. Pyroaurite, 179. Pyrodhlore, 512 ; 6]|L VjTodbxiitB, 117.
Oknebal Index.
686u Elusite, 166. Pyromelane, 803. Pyromeline, 648. PyromorphitOy 586; 637. PjTope, 267. PyrophyUite, 464. Pyrophysalite, 376b Pyropissite, 734. roretin, 744, 746. Iroretinite, 744. lortbite, 285. PyroBcheererite, 78V. Pyroecierite, 493. Pyro8iderite 169. Pyrosmalite, 414. Pyrostibite, 186. Pyrostilpnite, 93. Pyrotedmite, 616. Irozene, 212, 803. Iozeoyle, 220, 359. Pyrrhite, 768. IrrhoHte, 480. Pyrrhosiderite, 169. Pyrrhotine 67. Pyrrhotite, 68 ; 67, 803.
Ferrugrinoua, 198.
Granular, 195.
nectique, 199.
resinite, 198. Quecksilber&blerB, 101. QueckBilberbrandenB) 738 ; 66. QueckBilberhomerz, HI. Quecksilberlebererz, 55. Queller 178. QaicksUyer, Kative, 13.
ADtimonite, 647.
Chlorid, 1 1 1.
Horn, 111.
lodid, 117.
Sulphnret, 65.
Selenid, 66. QulDcite, 406.
Babenmmer, 314 Radauite, 341. Biidelerz, 96. Radiated pyritea, 75. Badiolite, 426. Rahtite, 48. RaizDondite, 666. Rammelsbergite, 77 ; 70. Randanite, 199. RaphanoBmito, 48. Rapidolito, 319. RaphiUte, 233.
RaseneiBenBtoiii, 172, Hi, 178. Rastolytd, 486. BathoUte, 896. Batofkit 123. Bauhkalk, 682. Itanmit) 485.
BaiXBchgelb, 26, 27. Rautonspath, 682. RazoomofflBkm, 460. Realgar, 26. Red antimony, 186.
chalk, 141.
copper ore, 138.
hematite, 140.
Iron ore, 140.
iron yitriol, 667.
lead ore, 628.
manganese, 691.
ochre, 141, 167.
Bflyer ore, 94, 96.
vitriol, 647.
dnc ore, 136. Reddle, 141. Redruthite, 62. Reichite, 677. Reissacherite, 181. Reissbley, 24. Refdanakite, 803. Remingtonite, 711. Remolinite, 121. Rensselaerite, 451. Resigallum, 26, 27. Resin, Mineral, etc., 739-747.
Highgnte, 789. Retinasphalt, 748. Retinalite, 464. Retinellite, 748. Retinic Add, 748. Retinite, 739 ; 753. Retzbanyite, 100. Retzite, v. iEkielforsite. Renssin, 637. ReuBsinite, 744. Rhntidte, 876. Rbodalose, 647. Rhodallte, 459. Rhodium gold, 41. Rhodizite, 696. Rhodochrome, 496. Rhododhrosite, 691. Rhodoial, 658. Rhodonite, 226. Rhodophyllite, 495. Rhombenglimmer, 302, 804. Rhomb-spar, 682. Rhyaoolite, 352. Richmondite, 803. Richterite, 234; 216. Riemannite, 419. RipidoUte, 497 ; 601. Risigallum, 26. RitUngerite, 94. Rock cork, v. Hornblende.
crystal, 193.
meal, 680.
milk, 680.
salt. 112.
Boap, 476w Roohlandite, v. Serpentine. Bochlederite, 744. Roemerite, 65&
RossBlerite, 656. Rohwand, 686. Rogenstein, 679. Romanzovit, 266. Romeme, Romeite, 547. RoBchgewachs. 106. Rose quartz, l'98. Roselite, 560. Roaellan, v. Rosite. Rosite, 340 ; 85, 480. Rothbleierz, 628. Rothbraunstein, 226. Rotheisenerz 140. Rother vitriol, 647. Rothgultigerz, 94, 9e. Rothkupfererz, 183. Rothniekelkiea, 60. Rothoffit, 268. Rothsplessglansen 186. Rothspiesglasen, 186. Rothzinkerz, 186. RottiBite, 47L Rubellan, 304 RubelUte, 366. Ruberite, 138. Rubioelle, 147. Rubin, 188. Rubinblende, 94. Rubinglimmer, 170. Ruby, Spinel, Balas, Almandiai Oriental, 138. Ruby-blende, 94. Ruby silver, 94, 96. Ruby sulphur, v. Realgar. Ruthenium, Sulphuret, 74. Rutherfordike; 526. RutUe, 169. Ryaoolite, 362.
Saccharite, 344. Safflorite, 7a Sagenite, 169, 198. Sahlite, 215. Sal ammoniac 114
gemme, 112. Salamstein, o. Sapphirau Saldanite, 649. Salmare, 112. Salmiak, 114 Salt, Common, 112. Saltpeter, 592. Salts of Iron, 750. Salzkuperen 121. Samarskite, 620. Samian Earth, 473. Sammetblende, 169. Sammeterz, 666. Samoite, 478. Samtdsenen, 169. Sandaraca, 26. Sandbergeitte, 104 Sandstone 19& Sanidin,852. 9Aponite,472; 4fii
88
8appre, 376. Sapphire, 188.
d'eau, 299. fiapphirine, 391. BappbiruB, 831. Sarootito, 317, 486. Sard. 194. Sardachates, 195. Sardinian, 622. SardoiiTz, 195. Sartorite, 87. Baspachite, 447. SasBoHto, Sassolin, 694. Satin spar. 687, 678. Satersbdrgite, 76. Saualpit, 290. SausBurite, 290; 821, 341. Saustein, 677. Savito, 426. Sajnite, 47. Soarbroite, 421. Scapolite Group. 817. Schaalstein, 210. SchabaBit, 434. Schapbachite, 86. Schatzellit 111. Schaumspath, 678. Scbeelbleiapatb, 606. Scheelin calcalre, 606.
feminine, 601. Scheelite, 605, 803. Scheelitine. 606. Scbeelsaure, 186. Scheelsaures blei, 606. ScheelBpath. 605. Scheererite, 727. Schefferite. 216, 242. Schieferspath, 678. Schilfglaserz, 93. Schiller-Bpar, 469; 209, 210,
SchlllerBteiD, 221. Schlanite, 746. SchmelzBteiu, 326 Sobmirgel, 139. Schneiderite, 399. Schonit, 642. Schorl, 205, 865. Schorl rouge, 169. Schorlartiger peril, 876. Schorlite, 877. Sdiorlomite, 890. Sohonsa, 281. Sdhreibersite, 61. Schiiften. SohriO-teUur, 81. Schrotterite, 421. Schulzit, 105: Schuppenstein, 316. Schiitzit, 619. Schwansbraunstein, 163. Sohwartzembergite, 120. Sdiwarzerz. 46, 100, 106. SchwanEgiltigen, 101, 106. Bchwanmanganen, 162. BohwaRspieaflglaaeff 96.
SdiwalBite, 101. Schwefol, Naiurlicber, 20. Schwefelantimonblei, 99. Schwefelkiea, 62. Scbwefelkobalt, 47. Schwefeinickel, 66. Schwefelquecksilber, 66. Schwefelfikure, 614 Schwefelsilber, 88, 61. Schwerbleierz, 167. Schwerspath, 616, 619. Scbwerstein, 606. Schweruranerz, 164. Schwimmkieeel, 199. SderetiDite, 744. Scleroclaae, 87, 92. Scolecite, 428.
Anhydrous, 861, Soolexerose, 361. Soorodite, 674. Soorza, 281. Sootiolite, 489. Scoulerite, 424. Sebeaite, 238. Seeerz, v. Limonita SeifeDStein, 472. Seladonite, 463. Selbite, 804. Selenblei, 42. Selenbleilrapfer, 48. Selenbleispath, 669. Selenite, 637. Selenkobaltblei, 48. Seleokapfer, 46. Selenkupferblei, 48. Selenkupfereilber, 39. Selenmercur, 66. Selenpalladium, 12. Selenquecksilber, 56. Selenquecksilberblei, 44. BelenachwefelqueckBilber, 56. Selenatlber, 39. Selensulpbur, 21. Selwynite, 509. Semi-opal, 199. Senarmontite, 184. Seneca oil, 725. Sepiolite, 466. Serbian, 510. Sericite, 487. Sericolite, v. Satin spar. Serpentine, 464, 804. Seyerite, 476; 460. Seybertite, 508. Sezangulites, 42. Shepardite, 62. Siberite, 366. SicUianite, 619. Sideretine, 589. Siderite, 688; 193, 671 SideritiB, 149. Sideroborine, Siderochalcit, 670. Siderochrome, 153.
Siderodepte, 268. Siderocouite, 676. Siderodot, 688. Sideroferrite 16. . Sideromelare, 360. Sideroplesito, 688. Siderofichiflolite, 501 SideroBilicite, 484. Siderose, 688. Siderotantal, 514. Sideroxene, 762. Siegelerde, 458. Siegelstein, 149. Siegeoite, 68, 69. Sienite, 240, 369. Siiber, Gediegen, 9l Silberamalgano, 13. Silberrahler2, 101. Silberglanz, 38.
BiegMimer, 65. Silberglas. 38. Silberhomerz, 114. Silberkupferglanz, 54 Silberpbjllinglanz. 83 Silberspiessghina 86. SilberwiBmutbglanz, 38. Silez, 189.
Silice gelatineuse, v. Hyalita Silicified wood, 196. SiliceouB sinter, 195. Silicite, 841. Silicobordbalcite, 698. SUlimanite, 378. Silvanite, 81 ; 19. Silver, Antimonial, 85.
Antim. sulpburet, 93, 84
Arsenical, 86.
Bismuth ic, 86.
Black, 106.
Brittle sulphuret, 186.
Bromic, 116.
Carbonate, 804
Chlorid, 114.
Gblorobromid, 115.
Cupreous sulphuret, 54
Flexible sulphuret, 56.
Gray (FreieelebeniteX 93.
Horn, 114
Iodic, 117.
Muriate, 114
Native, 9.
Red, or Ruby, 94, 96.
Selenic, 39.
Sulphuret, 38, 61.
Sulphuret of Ocppar and
Tellnric, 50.
Vitreous, 38. Silver glance, 38. Silver ore, Brittle, 106.
Flexible, 56.
Red, or Ruby, 84, 88. Sinopite,477. Sinter, Siliceous, 196, 198 Sismondine, 604.
Am
OSNXBAIi INDEX.
BiMnUte, IS. Skapolith, 818. Skleroklai 87, 93. Skogbolit, 614. Skolezit, 488. Skolopeite, 833. Skorodit, 574. Skutterudite, 71. Slate-Bpar, 678. Sloanite, 446. Smaltine, Smaltito 70 Smaragdoa, 245, 681. Smaragdite. 216 286. Smaragdoohaldt 121, 401. Smectite, 458; 476. Smelite, Kadliii. Smirgel, 138. Smithsonite, 602 ; 407. Smyria, 139. Snanimite, 316. Soapstooe, 451, 472. f!Oda, Borate of; 697.
Oarbonate oi, 705 ; 706.
Muriate of, 112.
Nitrate of; 592.
Sulphate, 615 ; 686. Soda alum, 653. Soda ooppereB, Jarosltti Soda nitre, 592. Soda spodumene, 846L Sodaite, 324. Sodalite, 8H0. sodium, Chlorid, 112. doimonite, v. Gorondum. Solfatarite, 649, 653. Sombrerite, 635. SomervilUte, 280, 402. Sommite, 827. SonnenBteiii, v. Sunstone. Soude, V, Soda. Sordawalite, 244. Sory, 645. Soufre, 20. Spadaite, 405. Spaniolite, 101. Sparycelsteln, 530. SparkieB, v. Speerkies. Sparry or Spathio iron, 688. Spartaite, 678. SpartaUte, 136. Spatheiaeosteui, 688. Sear Pyrites, 76. Speokstein, 451. Bpeonlar Iron, 140. werkies, 75. Speaaartite, 268. Speiakobalt, Welner, 7a hsrite, 687. Sphsroeiderite, 690L hieroetUMte, 442. Garolite, 359. halerite, 48. Pphene, 383. BphenodaBe, 280. Sphragiditek , 45&
fiiaaterit, 69. SpiegelgUuia, 32. SpiesglanzsUber, 35. Bpieasglana, Gediegen, 18. Spiessglansooher, 187. Spieaglancweiaa, 184. SpieaaglftDBblei, 96. Spieaagansblende, 186. Spiesglaa, 18. Spieasglasen 29. SpiesglaBsilber. 35. Spilyte, 352. SpiDel, 147. Spinel ruby, 147. Spinellan, 333. Spinelle sindfdra 149. Spinthdre, 383. Spodumene, 228.
Soda, 346. Spreuatein, 426. Sprodglanzerz, 106. Sprodglaserz, 106; 107 Sprudelsfeoin, 696i Staffelite, 684. Stahlkobalt, 72. Stahlatein, 688. Stalactite, 679. Stalagmite, 679. Stanekite, 745. Stangeoschorl, Wetaser, 87flL Stangenapath, 616. Stangenatein, 376. Stannine, Stannite, 68. Stannite, 159. Stanzait, 371. Stasafurtit 595*. Staurolite, 888 ; 489. Staurotide, 388. Steargillite, 459. Steatite, 461, 472. Steel oro 688. Steinheilite, 299. Stelnkohle, 754. Steinmannite, 41. Steinmark, 474, 476. Stein5l, 723. Steinaalz. 112. SteUite, 896. Stephanite, 106. Stcroorite, 551. Stembergite, 54. Stetefeldtite 188. Stibi, 29. Stibioonite, 188. Stibine, 29. Stibiogalenitd, 691. Stibium, 29. Stiblite, aibKth, 188. Stibnite, 1%. StUbite, 442 ; 444w Stilbit anamorphlqna 444.
Blattriger, 444. Stilldlite, V. OpaL Stilpnomolane 480l atUpiuMidwite, n&
Stinkkohle, 74 Stimmi, 29. Stinkatone, 677. Stolpenite, 459. Stolzite, 606. Strahlbazyt, 616. Strahlenkupfer, 570. Strahlerz, 570. Strahlkiea, 75. Strahlatein, 238, 281, 59l Strahlzeolith, 442. Strakonitzite, 221, 406. Stratopeite, 491 ; 227. Striegtaan, 575, 582. Stroovite, 323. Stromeyrite, 54. Stromlt, V. Rhododiroftta Strommte, 699. Strontia, Carbonate 699.
Sulphate, 619. Stiontianite, 699. Strontianooalcite, 678. StruTite, 55L StiibeUte, 49-i. Studerite, 404. Stylobat, 370. Slotyp, StyloptypltB, 9a Styptente, 649. Styptldte, 656. Snocinellite, 748. Succinite, 740; 266L Suoduio add, 748. Sttlphatite, 614. Sulphur, HatiTe 20.
Selenic. 21. Sulphuric add, 614 Sumpferz, 172, 174 1781 Sundyikite, 340. Sunatone, 346, 355. Suaannite, 626. Syanbergite, 590. Swineatone, 677. Syenite, 240, 859. Syepoorite, 47. hedrite, 442. Sylvan, Gediegen, 19l Sylvane graphiqne, 81. Sylyanite, 81 ; 19. Sylvine, Sylvite, 1 11. Sympleaite, 558. Syntagmatite, 235. Scaibelyite, 694.
Tabeigite, 498, 495y 491. Tabular apar, 210. Tadihydrite, 119. Tachylyte, 245. Tachyaphaltite, 27ft. Tnite, 16. Tafelapatb, 210. TagiUte, 566. Talc, 451. Takpatite, 586. Moittioiphoniiinrv ft9a
Obmiebal Indxx*
Tala sographiqiM v, CUadonlte.
Talc chlorite, 600.
Talcite, 809.
Talcoid, 464.
Talkeisenen, 160. '
TaJkerde-Alaun, 661
Talkspath, 680.
lalkhydrat) 176.
Talksteinmark, 378.
Tallowi Mineral, 781.
Taltalite, 366.
Xamarite, 671.
Tanialic ochre, 188.
Tankite, 887.
Tantale 0Tyd6 yttrifre, 619.
Tantalite,6l4; 618.
Tapiolite, 618.
Targionitei 40.
Tamowltsite, 694
Tasmatiite, 746.
Tauriadte, 644.
Tautoklin, 686.
Tautolite, 286.
Tavistockite, 682.
Tajlorite, 614.
Tekoretin, 736.
Tlesie, 138.
Tellor, Gediegen, 19.
Tellurbiamuth, 80.
Tellurblei, 44.
Tellure auro-argentif&re, 81.
aurp-plombil(&re, 81.
natif 19. Tellurgoldsilber, 61. Telluric bismuth, 30. Telluric ochie, 18& Telluric silver, 6a Tellurige sane, 188. TeUurite, 188. Tellurium, Bismuthic 80 81, 82.
Black, 82.
Foliated, 82.
Graphic, 81.
Kative, 19.
White, Yellow, 81. Tellurium glance v. Nagyagite. Telluroua aoid, 188. TelluraUber. 60. Tellurnlherblei, v. TeUurwismnth, 80 81, 82. Tengerite, 710. Tennantite, 104. Tenorite, 136, 804. Tephrolte, 259. Teratohle 478. Terenite, 328. Temarbleicn 624 Terre yerte, 462, 468. Teechomaoherite, 706. TesaeUte, 416. Teueralkiea, 71. Tetartiiieb 848.
Tetradymite, 30; 81, 82, 804 Tetrahedrite, 100, 80 TetraphjHne, 641. TezaUth, 176. Tezasite, 710. Thalheimit, 78. Thalite, 472. Thallite, 281. Tharandite, 682. Thenardite, 616. Thermonatrin, 706. ThermophjUite, 466. Thierschite, 71& Thiorsauite, 337. Thomaite, 697. Thomsenolite. 129. ThomBonite,424; 389. ThoDeisenstelii, 688. Thonerde Schwefelflaiire, 681,
649, 668. Thonerdephoephat, 676. Thorite, 418; 763. Thraulite, 492. Thrombolite, 662. Thnlite, 290.
Thumite, Thummentein, 291. Thttringite, 607. Tiemanuito, 66, 806. Tile ore, 133. Tikerodite, 43. Tin, Native, 17.
Oxyd, 167.
Sulphuret, 68. Tin ore, 167. Tin pyritea, 68. Tinder ore, 91.' Tinkal, 697. Tinkahsit, 69& Tirolite, 670. Titaneisen, 148. Titane anataae, 161.
oxyd 169, 161, 164
silico-calcaire, 888. Titanic add, 169, 161, 164
iron, 148. Titanite, 383, 805. Tisa, V. Ulexita Tombazite, 72. Topas, 876r
False, 193.
Oriental, 138. Topasolite, 268. Topaiofldme, 878. Topfirtein, v. Potstone, 461. Torbanlte, 742. Torbemite, Torborite, 686. Torrellte, 516. Tondistone, 196. Tourbe papyrao 746. TourmaUne, 8p6. Towanice, 66. Trachyte, 359. Traubenblel, 686. TraverseDite, 214, 221, 406. Travertine, 680.
Tromenheerite, 86. Tremolite, 233. Trichaldte, 662. Trichite, 8U6. Trichopyrit, 66. Tridasite, 484. Tridymite, 806. Trinacrlte, 484. Tripestone, 621. Triphane, 228. TriphyUte, Triphyline, 641. Triplite, 643. Triploklas, 424 TripoUte, 199. Tritomite, 412; 272. Troilite, 67. TroUeite, 577. Trombolite, 662. Trona, 706. Troostite, 262. Tsoheffkinite, 887. Tschermigite, 661. Taesite, 474. Tafa, Galcareons, 680. Tungstate of iron, 60L
of lead, 606.
of lime, 606. Tungsten, 606. Tungstic add or dire, 186i Tungstite, 186. Turgite, 167. Tiirkis, 680. Turmalin, 866. Tumerite, 54a Turquois, 580 ; 572. Tyrite,624 TyroUte, 67a
Uddevallite, 144 Uigite, 412. Ulexito, 598. Ullmannite, 73. Ultramarine, 831. Unghwarite, 461. Unionite, 290. Uraconise. Uraoonfte 668. UraHte, 222. Uralorthite, 286. Uranatemnite, 154 Utanbliithe, 667. Urane oxydald, 164 UniQgUmmer, 586; 686L Urangreen, 667. Urangriin, 667. Uranpimmi, 179. Uranin, Uranmite, 154 Uranisches Pittin-Bn, 176. Uranisches Gummi-En, 179 Uranite, 685; 586. Uranium, Carbonate, 717.
Ozyd, 154.
Phosphate, 686, 686.
Sulphate, 666, 667, 668 UrankaIk-(}arboiiatk 7l!l. Unmrnica, 686,
General Index.
(JranoohAldte, 667. CTranochre, 668. CTnmoniobit, 520; :6i. Uranophane, 805. Uranotantal, 520. UraDOxjd, 154 tJranpecben, 154 116. 179. tJranphyllit, 686. Uranyitriol, 666. Urao, 706. Urdite, 689. Urpethite, 731. Uwarowlt, 270.
7alaite, 80A.
Yalendanite, 862.
Talcntmite, 184.
Vanudite, 610.
Vanadio ochre, 16?.
Yanadinifce, 6ia
Yargasite, 220.
Variegated copper, 44
yariolyte, 344, 859.
yariscite, 682.
Varvadto. 166, 171, 182.
TauqueliDi, Vauquelinlle, 680.
Velvet copper ore, 666.
Verd*antique, 465, 678.
Vermicolite, 493.
Vermontite, 78.
Vestan, 806.
Veauyianite, 276.
Vesuvian salt, 616.
Vieraonite, 477.
Villemite, 262.
Vilnite, 210.
Violan, 223.
Vitreous oopper, 62.
silver, 38. Vitriol, Blue, 648
Green, 646.
Lead, 622.
Nickel, 648.
Bed, or Cobalt, 647.
Red Iron, 657.
White, or Zine, 647. VltriQlgelb, 660. Vitriol ochre, 662. VitriolbleierB, 622. Viviacite, 556. Voglianite, 668. VogKte, 717. Voigtite, 807, 486. Volknerite, 178. Volborthite, 611. Volcanic glass, 218. Tolcanite, 369. Volgerite. 188, 806. Voltaite, 662. VoltEite, VoltidM, 60. Voranlite, 672. Vorhaoaerite, 464
Vosgite, 843. Vulpinite, 621.
Wad, 181. Wagit, 407. Wagnerite, 688. Walchowite, 741. Waldheimite, 242. Walkthon, Walkeide, 468. Wallerian, 286. Wahnstedtite, 686. Wandstein, 685. Warintonite, 664. Warwiddte, 60a Waehingtonite, 148. Wasite, 806. Wasserblfli, 82. Wasserbleisilber, 82. Wasserkies, 76. Water, 135. Wavellite, 675. Websterite, 658. Wehrlite, 82, 206. Weichbraunstein, 166. Weiohelsenkies, v. Wasserkies. Weidimangan, 166. Weissbleiers, 700. Weisserkies, 76. Weisserz, 76. Weissgolden 81. WeissgiUtigerz, 101, 104. Weissian, v. Sooledte. Weissite, 863. Weissite, 301, 486. Weisskupfer, 86. Weissknpferen 76. Weissnickelkies, 70, 77. Weisspiessglanzerz, 184. Weissstein, 352. Weiss-Sjlvanerz, 81. Weisstellur, 81. Wemerite, 819; 318, 324,806. Wheel-ore, 96. Whewellite, 718. White antimonj, 184.
arsenic, 188.
copperas, 647, 660.
iron pyrites, 76.
lead ore, 700.
nickel, 77.
leUnrium, 8L
vitriol, 647. Whitneyite, 87. Wiohe, Wichtlsite, 244. Wiesenorz, 172, 174 178. Wilhehnite 262. Willemlte, 262. Williamsite, 262, 466. WUsonite, 480 : 328. Wfluite, 266, 276. Wiserin. 528. Wiamnth, Gediegen, 19. Wismuthblende, 391. WisnrathbleierB, 36. Wismuthglanji 30.
WismuthKapfbrers, 86 88. Wismuthochra, 186. Wismuthoxyd, Kolens., T14 Wismuthailber, 36. Wislnuthspath, 716. Withamite, 281 Witherite. 697. Wittidienite Wlttidiite, 98. Wittingite, 491. Wocheinite, 174. Wodankies, v. Qoradorffitft. Wohlerite, 261, 806. Wolchite, 96. Wdchonskoite, 509. WoUhun, 601. Wolflramite, Wolfhunine 601
Wolfhunbleierz, 606. WoUhunochre, 186. Wolftbergite, 85; 91. Wollastonite, 210; 896. Wolnyn, 618. Wood, petrified, 196. Wood-opal, 199. Woodwardite, 666. Wdrthite, 873. Wulfenite, 607. Wnndererde, v. Teratolitu Wiirfelera, 578. WUrfelgyps, 621. Wiirfelspath, 621. Wurfelseolith, 432, 434 Wurtate, 59.
Xanihitan, v. Tlkanite. Xanthite, 276. Xanthoconite, 108. Xanthokon, 108. XanthophyUite, 608. Xanthopyrites, 62. Xanthorthit, 285. Xanthosiderite, 174; 666. Xenolile, 873. Xenotime, 628. Xonaltite, 897. XyUte, Xylotile, 406. Xylochloro, 415. Xylokryptit, v. Scheereritt t Xyloretinite, 742.
TanoUte, 297. Yellow copperas, 666.
copper ore, 66.
lead ore, 607.
tellurinm, 81. Yenite, 296. Ytterbite, 293. Yttererde, Phosph., 6Sa Yttergranat, 268. Ytteitiussspath, 126w Ytterspath, 528, 7ia Yttria, Fluate, 126.
Fhoephftle 5S8.
Tantalate 619L
General Index.
rttrU Silioate, 804 Tttrocaldt, 126. Yttroovrite, 12A. Yttrooolamlntdf v, Tttrotanti
ite. Yttroilmenlte, 619, 620. YttrotantaUte, 619. Yttrotitanite, 38T.
Zala, V. Borax. Zamtite, 710. Zaratite, 710. Zeagonite, 41& Zeaaite, v. OpaL Zeilanite, 147. Zellkies, 76. Zeolite Section, 421. Zeolite, Feather, 426.
Foliated, 442, 444.
Effloreadng, 399.
Keedle, 426.
Pyramidal, 416,
Cable, 432, 484. ZengitOb 66a Zeozite, 870. Ee7laiiite, 147. CiDito, V. Xjinlli.
Ziegelen, 138. Zietrifiikite, 733. Zigaeline, 133. Zillerthite, 234. Ziiic Arsenate, 661.
Carbonate, 692, 711.
hjdratd coprifdre, 670.
lodid and Bromid, 122.
Native, 17.
oxid6, 186.
ozid flilidf&re, 262.
Phosphiate, 644.
Bed Oxyd, 136.
Smcate, 262, 406.
Siliceous Ozyd, 407.
Sulphate, 624, 647.
Sttlphid, Sulphnret, 4a ZIno blende, 48.r Zino bloom, 711. Zincfahlerz, 104 Zino yitriol, 647. Zinc ore, Red, 186/ Zindte, 186.* Zinoonise, 711. Zinkarsenittt, 661. Zinkmrile, lia
Zankbluthe, 71 1 Zinkenite, 88. Zinkglas, 407. Zinklt, 136. Zinkkieselera, 407. Zinkosite, 624 Zinkoxjd, 186. Zinkphjllit. 644 2Sinkspath, 692. Zinkvitriol, 647. Zinn, Gediegen, IT. Oeswefeltes, 68. Zinnen, 167. Zinnkies, 68 Zinnober, 66. Zinnsiein, 167. Zinnwaldite, 314 Zippeite, 667. Zircon, 272. Ziroonite, 273. Zoisite, 290, 806L Zolestein, 619. Zorgite,48. Zunderen, 91. Zurlite, 280. Zwieselile, 64
Appendixes
To Tbb
Fifth Kdition
Op
DANA'S Mineralogy,
Appendix I., 1868-1872,
Bt GEOBOE J. BBUSH.
Appendix Il, 1872-1875,
And
Appekdix Hl, 1875-1882,
Bt EDWARD & DANA
Nbw Tork:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 68 East ,
Bcoond doot wwi of Broadway .
riEST APPEISDIX
To Thb
Fifth Edition
or
Dana'S Mineealogy,
At
George J. Brush,
W MnORAUMIT ni IBB UUUWIMLD WUUeBWK WOBOOL OV tALM OOTJiBBH
COMPLETnrO THE WORK TO 1878.
New York:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 68 East ,
Second door wt of Broadway.
toActfll Consmiy mite jwr iBub br JOHN WILEY & SON. h lin OMca of ifa LOnriaa of Coagreu, at Wa
Prefatory Note.
This Appendix, prepaid with the oo-opemtioiQ of Professor Dana, is intended as one of a series to be pabliiriied from time to time. It inclndes descriptions of 87 minerals aunounoed as new, and also some important facts regarding a few species, pablished sinot the appearanoo of the Mineralogy in 1868.
An alphabetical arrangement is adopted for convenience of reference. The species incdnded, arranged according to the general sabdiTislons in the dassifloation of minerals, are as follows: —
1. Diamond.
t. Naiite ElmeniM,
I 3. Maldonite.
8. Bulphida, Arienidt, etc
8. Arsenical Cobalt,
4. Beyrichite.
5. Diaphoiite.
6. DyBcrasite : Stibiotriargentite, Stibiohex-
argentite.
7. Epibonlangerlte.
8. Epigenite.
9. Glancopyrite. 10. Jnlianite.
11. Klaprotholite.
12. Hetadnnabariteu
13. Orileyite.
14. Osbomite.
15. Polyaigyrite.
16. Bionite.
17.' Tellurwismnthsilber. 18. Wolfachite. 10. Sylvanite.
20. Nadorite, Sb, Pb, CI, O. 81. Nantoldte, On* CI.
22. Ralstonite, Al, Fl, H. 28. Sellaite, Mg FL
24. Chrompicotite (Spinel group).
25. Ilsemannite, Mo-(-4fia
26. Jaoobsite (Spinel group).
27. Lithiophorite (near Asbolan).
28. Namaqnalite (near Qydrotaloite).
81. Tridymite.
88. Amblystegite (Hypersthenite). 88. Aspidolite (Mica Gronp).
84. Asteroite (Pyroxene),
85. Barettite.
h86. Bismntoferrite. 87. Hortonolite (Chrysolite QroapV 38. Monzonite. 89. Boepperite (Chrysolite Group).
Pbepatobt Vote,
6. Ifydraui JSOieatm.
40. Antillite (near Bexpentine).
41. Aqnaoreptite (near Hydrophite).
42. Gyanochalcite (near OhxyaoooUa).
43. Diabantachronnyn (Chlorite Qroap).
44. Ephefdte.
45. Epiphanite (near Enkamptite). 4G Enralite (near Delenite).
47. GliinbeHte (near Finite).
48. Hallite.
40. Itypoohlorite.
50. Ivigrtite.
61. Milarite (a ZedUte ?).
52. Naeamlte. 68. Kigreedte. 64. PhunballophaDie.
60. Beiaaite (near Monophaiie).
67. Talooaite. 6a UranotiL
60. Weatanite (near WMtOU).
60. Lealejite.
61. Patteraonite.
62. Selwynite.
8. Photphateif Anenatei etc
06. Andrewaita
66. Gcernleolactite.
67. Dnrangite.
68. Ouano PhoephateiL
69. laoolaaite.
71. Lime-Wayellite.
72. LOnebergite.
78. HontebcBaite (Amblyfonila).
74. Bedondite.
76. Saroopoide (TripUte).
76. Trogezite.
77. Walpmgite.
70. Bnaaezite.
81. Wolframite.
82. Eoaite.
0. Boratet.
I 80. WinkworthitL
I 88. Pncherite. 84. YanadioUee.
85. Guano Soipbfttea,
86. Galedonite.
87. Simonyite.
UO. fiaatnaeaite (Hamartite)
02. AmW4ne. 0& Bouomite.
11. tiubphaln Ckromatm.
88. Lazmannite.
18. Carlkhhiftbrogm Ctfrnpatrndt.
I 94. Trinkezito. I 96.
Appendix L'
1. MkieralB deteribsd a$ nmo tpeaim.
41 AfiMUe.—A name given by 0. U. Shepard to a Babfltanoe he mmadera to be hydrated bromite. It ooooxs both maarive and oryBtaUine, preaenting minute ixfpperj lamina, with a fibrona cleavage. G.=d*62. Color dark gxeeniah-brown. An analysiB gave Si 99-30, ttg 86*12, 6*70, 16-79, with traoea of Or, Ca, £[=98-91. Thii compodtion approaohea that of aexpeptine or deweylite. (Appendix to Catalogue of Meteoritea, Amherst, Maaa., January 1, 1872).
235. AHBLTBTBorrs.— (?. wmi Baih. Pogg. Ann., oxxxriii. 681.
Orthorhombio : a /=185*' 50', t-l a 1-2=119'* 26', H A H=163" 47', i I a i 98'' 6. Cleavage not observed. Hardneaa nearly equal to quartz. G. =8*454. Lustre adamantine-vitreoua. Color brown to reddish-brown. Streak greenish-gray. Tranaluoentb Fracture oonohoidaL Analysia, G. vom Bath (1. o.) :
Si 21 % Ca
49-8 6-05 25-6 177 015=98-30
Only half a gram was available for analysis, and the state of ozydatian of the iron waa not determined. B. B. difficultly fusible without intumescence to a black glass. Not decomposed by muriatic add. Found at Lake Laach. Amblystegite is closely related to hypezsthenite in form and diemical composition. Y. v. Lang has recently discovered crystals of hypersthenite in the meteorite of Breitenbaoh which nve the same planes aa amblyhcegite, and vom Bath now announoea (Jahrb. Min., 1871, 642) the identity of his supposed uew species with hypersthenite.
799 B. Ambbosinb. C U, Shepard, Bural Carolinian, 1. p. 811.
In rounded masses. Color yellowish to dove-brown. Fracture oonchoidal. Lustre, resinous. Becomes electric on friction. at about 460" F. to a clear yellowiah liquid ; softens at a lower temperature. Gives off succinic add " before mdting ; on fusion gives an agreeable balsam odor, unlike that from the resins of ordinary pines, and a dark brown nonvolatile fluid reipains aa long aa the mdting heat is kept up. Combustible, leaves no ash. Soluble for the most part in oil of turpentine, alodiol, ether, and diloroform, aa also in potash. Found in the phosphatio beds near CharlesUm, S. C, having originated in the eocene formation.
Akdrewbtte. N, 8. Matkdyne Chem. News, zziv. 99.
Li globular disks with radiated structure resembling wavellite. G. =8*475. Color bluishgreen. Compodtion, a hydrous phosphate of iron and copper. An average of four determinations gave 10*82 per cent, of copper; and according to Maskelyne tiie analyses (not given in the artide quoted) justify tiie formula 8 (le r, 9e tL*) + Cu* 1, in which, however, a portion of the ferric phosphate is replaced by ferrous phosphate, as in vivianite is frequently the case with the two phosphate."
Occurs in Cornwall on a quartsose veinstone aasodated with limonite and gothite, and interpenetrated with a mineral resembling, if not identical with, dufrenite. Bequirea farther dosoripticn.
71 A. Anenieal coMU, Under the title EinfiMhrorimik-eodaU.Keiimgott calls attention to a mineral whidi appears to be hexagonally crystalliaed azBenia of cobalt, oocuning with barite and quarts at Bieber (Jahrb. Min., 1869, 754).
This Appendix ocmteiiw daioripdont of mlnfltmUi annoimoed m imit dnoa tlie pabUoatioii of tbk wock in 1808L A. few noted ere added the end, on preTknuljr deeorlbed peoiee. It tane been praiieied by ProC G. J. Brash. TlM talaok-feed flgnreH indicate the number of the apeoie aa arranged la the rtaeriflratiftn adcyted In the Haw HAvm, March 1, 1913
2 Appendix.
288 A. AgPiDOLiTE.— ABpidolith, F. v. EMOL, Ber. Ak. Hfindhen, Hazoh 6, 1869.
Orthorhoxnbic : in prisma giviDg apptoximatiTely 120° and 60". The smaller mder. show reentering angles from twinning, or an aggregation of sereral dystals, giving the bese an oval shield-like appearance. Optically biaxial, with the divexgenoe angle 11' (MS fez thf red rays Bisectrix normal to cleavage plane. H.=l~2. 6. =2*72. Lostane pearly, sabmetallic. Color olive-green, in thin leaves brownish-yellow. Foliated, leaves flexiUe, hal oot elastio. An analysis afforded von Kobell :
The oxygen ratio of % fi, and Si is 14*16 : 4*91 : 24*66, or 8 : 1 : 5. The oompoaitioc approaches that of a soda phlogopite.
B. B. exfoliates like vermiculite, giving water in the dosed tabe. In the forceps diflSooltly fusible to a dirty gray-white fiass. Entirely decomposed by muriatio acid, leaving thn ilica in pearly scales.
Found in Zillerthal, in TjtoL, associated with chlorite.
238. AsUraite—A name given to a variety of stellate radiated pyroxene, from Nozdmaik, in Sweden, by L. J. Igelstrom (B. and H. Ztg. xxix. 8, 1870). It is ash-gray to white in oolor, has a silky lostze, is opaque, beoomes bronse color on exposure. Analysis Si 48*48, 22*24, Jifn 4*12, Ca 17*00, Mg 418, ignition 2'83=98'86. The oxygen ratio of It to Si is 1:2. It is a pyroxene near hedenbergite, but containing a portion of the iron replaced by manganese.
415 R Aquacreptitb.— C7. U, 8hepa/rd Am. J. Set IL xlvlL 256.
Massive, occurring in irregular polyhedral fragments, with flat or concave sorfaoea. H.=2*5. G. =2*05—2*06. Lustre dull Color yellowish-brown. Streak orange-yellow. Brittle. Adheres to the tongue. FaUs to pieces in water, with a crackling. noise.
Analyses— 1. G. U. Shepaid; 2. J. H. Eaton (La) :
Si 21
1. 41 Oa 400
Mj: 2. 43 08 5*56 19*58
n
ft
28-00=98-90
17-40=97*87
Decomposed by muriatic add. Found in a vein in serpentine, at Westchester, Pa. It is near hydrophite. Needs further investigation.
732 A. Babtnasite. Huot, Hm. I 296 (1841). Basiskfluoroerium, Huinger, CEf . Ak Stockh., 1838, 189. Hamartite, A, E, NordenMdld, CEf. Ak. Stockh., 1868, 399.
The so-called basic fluorid of cerium, from Bastnas, examined by Hisinger, has been reexamined by A. K Nordenskidld, and shown to be a nuo-carbonate. As the name basic fluorid, or hydrofluooerite, conveys an incorrect idea of the composition of tite mineral, Nordenskidld gives it the new name hamartiUy overlooking the fact that Hnot had already named the mineral hastnAtiU after the locality.
Orthorhombic ? — Found in small masses imbedded between allanite crystals. Shows distinct cleavage. H.=4 G.=4'93. Lustre greasy. Color wax-yellow.
Composition Ce F + 2 (Ce, La) C=La 4615, Ce 3*87, Ce 21*12, C 20*20, F 8 78=100. Analysis by Nordenskiold (1. o.)—
La
Ce
fi
F— 0
45*77
88*49
1*01
(5*28)=100
Nordenskidld, having shown by direct determination that but 1*01 per cent water exists in the mineral, and that the balance of loss on ignition is carbonic acid, finds, on reoaloulating Hifiinger's early results with this correction, a dose oozrespondence with the above. visT/La, Ce, 73-59,0, fl 1911, F— O, 576. Si 1-25=9971. The direct determination of fluorine by Hisinger gave 9*95 per at
In the closed tube gives but littie water, blackens, then becomes whitish-yellow and opaque ; also gives a weak reaction for fluorine. Infusible. With adds effervesces slightly. With sulphuric add gives off fluohydric add, even after ignition. Found only at the Bastniui Mine, Biddariiyttan, Sweden. The peroentage oompoaition brings this mineral near Usob fcimite (p. 703). It also resembles Idschtimite in some ol its phydoal chacaotezs, aid ftizthsi Investigation may prove these 9iin6rals to be UentioaL
Apfbndix.
s
JBaretats. A name iven hy Bombiod to a mineral from TravexBella in the pr&Tlz. se oi Ivrea, haying the following characters : — Oocub in nodolar, radiated, and fibrooa masBes. II.=2'5. G.=2*5. Color apple-green. Streak white. Feel soapy. Analysis gave §i 80 "OO, Oa 88*70, Mg 1000, 7*20, %1 1*60, C 01, tL 1*2, with a small amount of solphnrio acid, and probably also containing phoephoxio add and alkaliea. (Atti della Soo. ItaL di So. Nat. zi., in Jahrb. Min., 1868, 750.
66 A. Bbtrichttb. K TK Liebe, Jahrb. IGn., 1871, 840.
Hexagonal? Oocorring in screw-ahaped groups, radiated in structure, the oonstitnent prisms of which are about 70 nmi. long and 8 mm. wide. One terminal plane makes an angle oi 81° with the vertical axis ; a second, rarer, inclines to the first at an angle of 144'*, the angle ol the rhombohedron of millerite. Cleavage rather perfect parallel to the first of these pGmes, and no other cleavage direction observed, so that the rhombohedral character of the czystali is not certain.
H=8— 8*6. G.=4-7. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray. Composition 8 Ni SH-8NiS'=B 48-21, Ni 66*70=100. An analysis by Liebe gave :
S Fe Ki
42-86 2*79 64*23=99*88
B. B. in the dosed tube decrepitates and gives a sublimate of sulphur, on diarooal fuses to a 'brass-yellow magnetic globule. Soluble in nitro-muriatic add, yielding an emerald green solution.
From Lammrichs Eaul Mine in Westerwald, where it is associated with millerite.
BitmutcferrUe, A, Frened, J. pr. Chem., IL, iv. 856. This name has been given to a so-called hypodilorite from Sdmeebezg, having H. =1-2. G. =4*47, and containmg §i 28*08 Fc 88*88, Bi 48*26 =::09*67. Frenzd further distinguishes two varieties of hypochlorite, anUmony-hypoehJlorite from Br&unsdorf, and biamutA-hypochhrite from Sohneebexg ; both of t/iese are stated to be mixtures, and not homogeneous minerals.
189. ChrompieotiU, T. Petenm J. pr. Ch., cvi 187.
A variety of chromite occurring in rounded octahedrons. H=8. G. =4*115. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color black. Analysis by T. Petersen and K. Senfter (L c.) afforded :
<5r M te ftn ' Co, JTi %
56*64 1218 1801 0*46 tr. 1408=101*22
This composition does not differ much from that of the magnesian alumina chromite from Baltimore, analyzed by Abich (Anal. 8. 4, p. 153), and that from Lake Hemphramagog, examined by Hunt. If this variety is to have a new name it shotild have reference to chromite rather than picotite, a magnesia iron alumina spind with only 7 per cent, of chromis oxyd. Its hardness is the chief character which favors its being passed with picotite.
From Dim Mountain, New Zealand.
654 O. CosRULBOLACTiTE. Coeruleolaotin, T, Petersen, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 853.
Crypto-crystalline to micro-crystalline. Facture uneven to conohoidaL H.=5. G.= 2*552—2*593. Color milk-white passing into lit copper-blue. Streak white. Composi tion: %1', f'+lO 86*74, Al 89*87, 28*29. Analysis by Petersen (1. c.) :
Xl 9e Cu 2n Oa % Si F H
Exduding the iron (supposed to exist as limonite), the silica, and copper, lime and magnesia with sufBdent phosphoric add (=3*27 r) to make an ortho-phosphate, and calculating the remaining constituents (89*26 p. c.) up to 100 we have for the true composition of the mineral, according to Petersen, 37 04, 'M 39*34, tL 23*62, corresponding very closely with the above formula. B. B. decrepitates, infusible, on oharooal turns reddish-gray. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue. Moistened with sulphuric add colors the flame green. Witk the fluxes gives a faint reaction for copper. Soluble in mineral adds, also in fixed oaustii alkalies. From the Rindsberg Mine near KatseaeUnbogan, Ni
Appekdix.
346. Gtanochalcttb. B. Hermann, J. pr. Ghem., orL 65.
Maariye. H.=4*5. G.=2'79. Lustre glistening to dnlL Goto amxe-bliM. fkMtaf nren and compact. Brittle. Analysis by B. Hermann :
Si 1? On ft
26-00 6-96 49*68 16*58.
According to Hermann, this shows the oompositioiQ to be eqnxralent to 1 atom of libethenitef and 9 atoms of dhiysoooUa. It is, evidently a sabstanoe of like ohaEacter with the demidoffite of Nordenskidld. In the tube gives off water and becomes Uack. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Decomposed by adds without gelatiniiation.
Occurs at Nischne-Tagilsk.
462. Diabantachrtmnyn, A name given by Liebe (Jabrb. Min., 1870, 1) to a chlorite-like mineral occuiiing in the diabase of Yoigtland and Frankenwald, and which oontadbates tc the green color of the rook. It is found in seams and clefts, sometimes in amygdules and lining cavities in rook. In some occurrences of diabase it forms the chief binding or cementing material, and is apparency a product of the alteration of tbe augitio constituent of the diabase. Compact, brei with a conchoidal fracture, sometimes fibrous. Lustre dull. Color greenish-black, in thin splinter* <3hrome-green. H. =2, G. —2*98. CompoaitioD, analyses by Liebe:
Si fe te Ag ft
1. Beinsdorf 80-27 1116 26-94 2122 10*20=99*79
5. Grafenwart (fibrous) 81*56 1208 21*61 22*44 11*78=99*47
Oxygen ratio for fi, H, 9i, ft in the last analysis is 18*8 : 5*8 : 16*4 : 10*5. In the closed tube yields water. B. B. turns brown and fuRCS readily to a grayish-black glass, gives with salt of phosphorus reactions for iron and silica. Soluble in cold muriatic acid with deposition of pure white silica, with nitric acid gives off red nitrous fumes leaving a reddish-brown residue of silica.
113 A. DiAPHOBiTS. F. e. ZephatwMy Sitsb. Ak. Wien, IxiiL 180.
In endenvoring to ascertain the cause of the difference of the views of crystallographen in regard to the crystallization of freieslebenite, Zepharovicfa has discovered that the spedmens referred to this species belong to two distinot crystalline systems, although chemically they are identical He retains the name of freieslebenite for the monodinic form, and names the new orthorhombic mineral diaphorUe. The following planes were observed:
1-4. Cleavage not observed. Fracture uneven to sub-conchoidaL H.=2*5-. G.=5'902, (Freieslebenite G. =6*85). Lustre metaUia Color steel-gray. Brittle. An analysis of the mineral from Przibram gave Helmhacker (B. and H. Jahrb. xiii 879) :
S Sb Pb Ag Fe Cu
oorresponding closely with the earlier analysis by Payr (this Min. Anal. 4. p. 98). These analyses Zepharovich refers to diaphorite, as no freieslebenite occurs at Prsibram. The pyrognostic characters of both species are the same. Diaphorite occurs at Prsibram and Braunsdori exclusively, while at Freiberg it is found with freieslebenite. The name diaphorite was formerly used for an altered rhodonite related to allagite.
603 A. DuRANGiTB. O, J, Brushy Am. J. Sci., II. xlviiL 179, Sept., 1869.
Monodinic. Form of crystal like that of keilhauite (p. 887), omitdng 0 and —2 and addinff 4i. Cleavage parallel to /, distinct, giving 110' 10, J. M. Blake. H.=5. G.= 8*95-4.08. Lustre vitreous. Color bright orange-red. Streak oream-yellow. Analysis, 0 J. Brush (1. o.) :
Xs %1 9e Ibi ]!a Li F--0
Ttoo low.
The omen ratio of ft, fi and Is is 8*74 ; 11-07 : 19*16. or nsazij 1:8:6, giving tlu fomiTila (i ft + i S) As, in which a portion of the oxygen is replaced hj flaorme.
In th€ dosed tabe blackens at a moderate tempezatcure, bnt regains its color on cooling ' at a higher heat fuses easQy to a yellow glass and gives a faint white volatile sablimate,' etching the tube slightly. The same in the open tube, with evolution of add fumes, reddening litmus paper. On chazooal, B. B. fuses readily and gires a white sublimate with l strong arsenical odor in E. F. With soda and charcoal powder in a matrass yidds a sublimate of metallic arsenia With the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. In the forceps fuses at 2, giving an intense soda flame. Decomposed by sulphuric add with evolution ol (luohydrie add.
Found near Durango in Mexico. The diemical compodtion of this mineral places it near amblygonite, an analous fluo-phosphate, although the form of dnrangite is monodinio while amblygonite is tzidima
36. JDyserante. Petersen (Fogg. Ann., oxxxvii. 877), in a renew of the analyses of dyBoradte, endeavors to show that there are two native compounds of antimony and silver, to one of which he gives the name ettbiotriargentiU (Ag* Sb'), and the other, tUbiohexargen- UU Ag* Sb The former has a dendiy of 9*611-9*77, and the latter 10*027. Ail recorded analyses that do not give one of these formulas he considers dther to be erroneous or to have been made on a mixture of the above minerals.
617 A. Eosms. A, Sehraufy Kin. Beobaditungen, iL 90, in Bitsb. Ak. Wien, February,
Tetragonal, in minute octahedrons (i nmi. diam.) a : b : 0=1*3758 : 1 : 1. (Basal angle of octahedron 40). Indination of basal phme to octahedral 117" lO'. H.=8~4 Color deep aurora-red, between that of crocoite and realgar, and much darker than red wulf enite. Streak brownish orange-yellow. Heated in the dosed tube darkens, but regains its color on cooling. Fused with bi-sulphate of potash gives a mass which is light yellow while hot, becomes, on cooling, first reddish-brown and fSuiUy brownish orange-ydlow. This dissolved in water and boiled with tin-foil colors the solution faint greenish-blue. Not so rapidly acted by miiatic add as crocoite or wulf enite. When a sfdinter of eodte is placed on a glass plate, and treated with muriatic add, with subsequent addition of idoohol, and then gently evaporated, it affords a blue to bluish-green coating, with a green precipitate on the edges. From these reactions, and a series of comparative tests made with crocoite, wulfenite, and vanadioite, Schrauf condudes that eodte is vanadio-molybdate of lead. Found implanted in very minute crystals on pyromorphite and cerusite at Leadhills, Scotland.
122 A. Epiboulangeritb. If, Webtiky, ZS. G. Oes., 1869, p. 747. Orthorhombio ? occurring in striated prismatic needles G. =6*809. Lustre metallic. Color dark bluish gray, almost bUdc Structure granular, adcular. Analyses, 1.2, Websl (1. c):
S
Sb
Pb
Ni
Fe
Zn
1. Granular.
21*89
20*77
0*20
0-29=99-86
2. Needles.
21*81
20 28*
54*88
1-82=98*88
Websky condders the mineral as probably a product of the deoompodtion of Boulangerito, from which it differs in containing more sulphur and correspondingly less antimony. Found with galena, pyrite, blende, and mispidkd, at Altonberg in Silesia.
132 A. Epioenitb. T, PeUnm Pogg. Ann., oxxxvi 602, Anenikknpferwismuthezs, Epigenit, 8andberger
Orthorhombio, observed planes, /, 1-1, l-l. iAl-i=110' eO'. R=8*6. Lustre feeUv metallia Color steel-gray. Screak blade Fracture granular.
Composition 6B S-4-As' Analysis, Petersen (La):
s
As
Fe
Cn Bi
1. 81*57
18*48
40*82 212
tr.=99-53
2. 82*84
12*78
40-68=100-00
ITo. H is No. 1 after deduotinff the 2 12 Bi which was present as intermingled wittichenite, nd aa such was combined inth 1 '84 Cu and 0*98 S. In the dosed tube gives first sulphui then sulphid of azsenia B.B. on nharooal gives an arsenic reaction and a magnetic dag with copper globolea SdnUe in nitric add with sepaxatioa of solphnr. OoonzB spsringiy at Neogliick Mine in Wittidien.
Appendix.
389. JtiphofMe, laMrfkn (Efv. Ak. Stookfa., 1868, p. 89. This name has been given U a chlorite IiIeo mineral nom Tr&ran in Wermland, Sweden, le composition Igelstiom fonnd tobeSiSTlO. ili21'18, ]fe 20*00, JiCntr, Mgl408, T-SSIOO-OO. It appxoaee eokamptite (p. 807) and gives the same formula none atom of water Si+i 8i+2 tL
449. EuraUte, A name given by F. J. Wiik to a ohloiitio mineral oocozring in seams i£ clefts of hyperite rook in the parish of Eura, Finland. It is apparently amorphous, but breaks under the hammer into prismatic fragments. H. *5. G. =2*02. Color dark-greta to black. B. B. fuses easily to a magnetic globule. Soluble in muriatic add. An analysi gave Si 88-68, 31 1216, 3Pe 680, fe 15-66, % 17-92, Ca 1-84, fi 11 49=99*04. Wiik sug gests that this composition is near delessite, which it also resembles in its mode of occurrenoe. (Jahrb. Min. p. 867.)
474. Ferro-Hmenite, a name given to a variety of odumbite from Haddam, GonneoticDt (Hermann, J. pr. Ghem., II. ii 118).
93 A. Glattooftbitb. F, Sandberger, J. pr. Chem., IL L 280. Orthorhombio. Flanes iAy I, m-l. H.=4*6. G. =7*181. Lustre metallic. Color light lead-gray to tin-white Streak grayish-Uack. Composition Fe S*-f 12 (Fe, Co, Cu) (As, Sb)'=S 2*47, As 69*45, Fe 28-08. Analysis B. Senfter (1. a) :
S As Sb Fe Co Cn
236 66-90 8-59 21*88 47 114=100*04
In the closed tube gives a sublimate of arsenic with only a small amount of sulphid. B. B. on charcoal gives arsenic fumes with an antimony coating. After roasting yields with sods a magnetic slag with spangles of metallic copper. WiUi the fluxes reacts for iron and cobalt Decomposed by nitric acid leaving a residue of antimonic add. Found in the mines of Guadalcansl in Andaluma, Spain. Belongs near Ldlingite, p. 77.
Guano Mtnerali, C. U. Shepszd, Bural Carolinian, i. 470. The substances described occur in the guano of Gumape Island, 400 miles north-east of the Chincha Islands.
Ouanapite occurs in irregular balls and veins locJdng like red rock-salt but having a rhombic cleavage. H. =1-2. G. Soluble in 4-5 pts. of water at 60 Taste bitter and saline. Analysis gave sulphate of potash 67*75, sulphate of ammonia 27*88, oxalate of ammonia 8*75=99'88. It loses ammonia on exposure to the air. Heated to redness leaves a residue of about 70 pf. ct. of sulphate of potash. It is near Taylorite (p. 614) in oompodtion. Guanoxakite is stated to be a pseudomorph of birds* ggs : the spedmens are exterioriy white, and seem to retain portions of the origin&l shell, but uiese when tested seemed to be a mixture of phosphate and oxalate of Ume.*' Within the snbstanoe is foliated and has a riiombic deavage. Color cream white; lustre pearly; translucent H.=l— 2. G.=l-58. When heated swells up, turns black, pariaally fuses, gives off ammonia fumes, and leaves a white remdue of sulphate of potash. Composition epoted to be sulphate of potash 40*20, oxalate of ammonia 29 '67, water 80 -46=100-28— a very doubtful compound. Oseammite pho9' phammite, and bMcsphammite are other names given by Shepard for supposed new spedei oonsisting of oxalate of ammcmia, phosphate of ammonia, and biphosphate of ammonia.
422 A. GCmbblitb. F, von Kobdt, Ber. Ak. MOnchen, March 5th, 1870. In thin, short fibrous layers in day slate. Color light greenish-white. Transluoentb Lna bre pearly. Soft and flexible. Analysis, v. a) :
Si £1 Fe
%
&
a
50-52 81-04 8*00
1*88
1-46=9808
The oxygen ratio of It, fi, Si and d is as 1 : 12 : 21 : 6, which scarody leads to a satisfttocory formula. In the dosed tube yields water. B. B. exfoliates somewhat like pyrophyllite. Fuses at 4. Not acted upon by add.
Found at Nordhalben near Steben, in OberfrankezL The oompodtion approaches that ol pinite or neurolite (p. 482).
HaUite. A name given by A. R. Leeds to a flexible mioaoeons mineral of a brown color occurring in Chester Co.. Pa., and supposed to possoM diBtangnisbing optical piopertifls (Jonr. Frank. Inst., HI, IzU. 70.)
Apfkhdiz. 1
269 A. HORTONOLITB. (7. J, BnM, Am. J. 8oL II., zlviii. 17., July, 1869.
Orthorhombic. Obeeryed planes 0, H 2, 1-i, 1-i, 1-2 and 1-4 (J. M. Blako, I. o.\ i-i A i-i perpendicular to t-l, optic axes in a plane parallel to 0, angle between axes 83''-86, measured in oUve oil (J. M. Blake). H.=6*5. G>.=8'91. Lustre vitreous, subresinous. Color yellow to yellowish-green, in large masses almost black. Composition B' dL Analyas, W. G. IGxter (1. a):
Si le Hn % Ca i Ign.
B. B. in the open tube and on charcoal becomes dull and magnetta F=4i With the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. GelatiniEes with muriatic add.
Found in abundance at the ONiel Mine, Orange Co., N. Y. , associated with magnetite and caldte. The mineral is a member of the chrysolite group, and is intermedial between hyaloeiderite and fayalite.
224 A. Ilsbhankite. K Bofer, Jahrb. Hin., 1871, p. 666.
Crypto-oxystalline. Color blue-black to black, on exposure becoming blue. Found imbedded in barite. It is soluble in water, giving a deep-blue solution, and leaving a colorless residue of barite. The solution contained on analysis chiefly a molybdate of molybdic oxyd, and yielded on evaporation deep-blue crystals, which were considered to be the salt Mo + 4 Mo, which is also supposed to be the compoeitiQn of the mineral Bsemannite is a product of the decomposition of metallic molybdates, and occurs associated with wulf enite at Bleiberg in Carinthia.
431 A. IviGTiTB. T, D. Band, Proc. Acad. ScL Philad., 1868, 142.
In films and seams in massive cryolite. Granular, approaching micaceous. H. =2-2*5. O.=j2'05. Color pale yellowish-green to yellow (Band). Also in gold yellow to pale green radiated elastic plates imbedded in cryolite (Hagemann). Analyses : 1. T. D. Band (La); 2. 8. G. Hagemann, Am. J. ScL, II. xlvii 188 :
Si %1 9e ]!a & F d
1. 86*49 24-09 7-54 16*08 -. 075 8*42
r
8. Green 42*82 27*08 18*06 undeL undeL tr. 8*93
The loss in No. 1, exclusive of fluorine, is 11*68 per cent., while the average of Nos. 2 and 8 gives a loss of almost 5 per cent. In the closed tube yields acid water, and B. B. according to Band fuses easily while Hagemann states that when free from cryolite it does not fuse. With the fluxes gives iron and silica reactions.
Found with pachnolite and cryolite in the Greenland cryolite. Hagemanns analysis oi the green mineral, which he considers the purest variety, gives with the alkalies of No. 2 the oxygen ratio of fi. Si and of 1 : 6 : 8 : 1. Needs further investigation.
620 A. IsocLASiTE. Isoklas, F. Sandberger, J. pr. Chem., II. ii 125.
Honodinic. Occurring planes /, i-i, 0. Plsnes dull; crystals minute (10 mm. diam.), Associated with pseudomorphic crystals 8*7 c. m. long. BUibit colmnnar. Clinodiagonal cleavage perfect H.=l*5. G.=2'92. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Colorless to snow-white Composition : Yar. 1. fresh crystals ; 2. altered mineral, by Kottniti, 1. a :
1. 29-90 49*51 — 2*06 18-68 =100*0
At KXP 0., on IgnMoo.
The fresh crystals give the formula Oa' + Oft 4- 4&, Anakgons in compositioD tt tagilite, bat containing more water;
9 Appehdul
In the deed tabe both Tarieties give off neatnl water. B. B. the teeh ndnenl glove and fosea. SolaUe in mnxiatio acid.
Found with homatone and hrown-apar on speoimena from Joaehlmattial, obtehied city yeazB ago, and now in the Wlizsbazg Hnaeom.
188 A. Jaoobsitb. A, Dameur 0. &, Izix. 168.
iBometric, in distorted octahedzona, H. ? (actatohea glaai). G. =4*75. Lnatn bnDiaDt metallia Golor deep black. , Streak blaokiah-brown. ifipietia CompoBition : ft, S, or (Ah Mg) (Fe Sn)
Fe Ah Ag
68-95 84'86 6-41=9901
Aa the mineral evotrea chlorine feebly when acted upon by mnxiatio add, Bamoor con* tideiB a portion of the manganese to exiat aa HngiTing for tbe troeoampodtton of the minend, in oorreqNxndenoe to the apind formula, vk 68*%, Sn 4-81, Jkn 90*57, 99*44.
B. B. infodUe. It doea not loae weight when ignited. With the flnxea react for Iron and manganese. Soluble in muiiatic add, with a alight evolution of chlorine.
From Jaoobabezg, in Nordmark, Sweden, where it oocura aaMdated with white mloa and native copper in a ciTstalline limestone
127 A. JuLiANiTB. M. WOkkg, ZS. G. Gea., 1871, p. 486.
Isometric. Cubic with octahedral and dodeoiedral planes Alao dodeoahedzaL Planet mndi rounded. '
G.=5*12. Yeiy soft Lustre metallio-adamantine. Color dark, somewhat reddiah leadgray, iron black on ezpoenre. Brittle. Fnwrtnre splintery to snboondioidal.
Analysis by Webeky (1. c.) :
S Aa 8b Fe Ag Cn
2650 16*78 1-42' 0-79 064 52-90=9888
Giving a eompodtion approaching tennantite or enaigite. It agrees with the fonner in cryatalline form, but diffeza in dendty from both these spedee. B. B. Same as temiantite. Found in the Frederick-Julian Mine at Rndelstadt, in Bflesia.
121 A. Elapbotholitb. KUprothit, Petenen and Sandberger Jahrb. IGn., 1868, 415. KUpiotholite, O. J. Brush,
lliia name is given to the Kupferwismuthen analysed by Schndder, and recorded in this Mineralogy under Wittichenite, p. 99, anaL 7. Sandbeiger gives the following charactera :— Orthorhombio, habit in long furrowed ptiamsw Planes /, i, m-t\ Cleavage -i veiy distinct. In twins, compodtion-faoe 1. Fracture granular. H. G. -6 approz. (Petersen). Lustre metallia Color sted-gxay inclining to yellow, tamidiing brssa-ydlow. Streak black. Compodtiou, 8 €u S + Bi 19*22, Bi 65*54, Cu 25-24=100. The mean of three analyses \xj Petersen gave, on mineral from the Daniel Kine, S 18*66, Bi 53-87, Cu 28*96, Fe 1*70=98*19. Occurs at many localities in the Black Focest, and distingniwhed from wittichenite by its distinct deavage, and in its larger content of bismuth. Klaprotholite is generally associated with a cobalt-tetrahedrite, while wittichenite ia uanal found with smaltite. The name klaproChite was given to lasulite \3j Beudant in 1884, we therefore diane Petersen's name to klaprotholite.
483 A. KocHELiTK. M. Webaky, ZS. G. Ges., zz. 250, 1868.
Tetragonal f In columnar incrustations passing into rounded, apparently square octaliadrums, occasionally showing prismatic planes. Color brownish iadbella-yettow to honey- yOlow. Trauduoent Lustre dull graaqr. H.=8-3-5. G. =8*74. taken on 0*! 878 gnn.
Compodtion. An imperfect analysis gave Si 4*49, Si 1*41, Cb 29*49, 12-81, Th 123.
In the dosed tube yidds water, and the mineral nina reddish. B. B. hi the forceps fosoi Qiily on the edges to a black glass, odoring the flame yellow. With sdt of fosphorus readi for iron, but in R. F. fuses to a dear bead, showing only a faint reaction for manimn. With iHHia on chazooal yields a ydlowish-white enamel, but no metallic globules, although giving u lead coating on the coal. Ooours as an incrustation upon a mixture of titanic iron and crystals of fergusooite hi a oootse granite in the Koohdwiesen, near Schrdbeihan m Silesia.
The compodtion is near that of fergusonite, but further investigation is needed. The dca dty is remarkably low for a mineral omitaining so large a perocntsge of meiaUio aoida.
Apfkndiz;
d
518 A. Soflopfum, This name has been given by Sandbeiger to a gymnite-like looldZiS obatanoe foond witi Sombrero guano. It la a tri-baaio phosphate of lime with one atom oi water, mixed wii aboat 8 per oent. of oarbonate of lime. G.=2'70. H.=5. J. pr. COiem., n. ii. 120.
644 A. Laxmankitb. A. B. NordeMkiSUL, Poff?. Ann., exxxrii. 299, 1809.
Honoclinio. 0.=69' 46'. a: 6: 0=1*8854: 0*7406:1. Oocora in wedge-ahaped forma with shop edges. H.=8. 0. =5*77. Oolor dark QUre-green to pistachio-green and greeniah-graj. Streak pistachio-gTeen. Fraotnre, oiystaUine to oompaot and efurthj. , Gompoai. Analyses 1. 2. Nordenskidld (1. a) :
Cr
th
On
9e
. fi
1-81=99-40
0-90=99-42
Cr
P
tb
eu
fi
9-M
7-8e
116=99.7
Sermann has reviewed these resolts (J. pr. Chem., II. L 447), and called attention to the doae correspondence of this species in physi characters with yaoqaelinite, and also to the fact that the analyses were made on material from the yexy specimens from which Berzelius obtained the vauqnelinite. By aawiming that what Bselins weighed as chromic add was really phosphate of chrominm, the resolts of the analysis are made to approximate veiy doeely to those of Nordenskidld ; and Hermann believes that lazmannite is probably identiccJ with TimqneUnite. Bnt Nordenddold shows in his investigation that there is associated with lazmannite a chromate free &om phosphoric add oorresponding to the vauqnelinite of Berzelins.
Hermann has also analyzed a phospho-chromate from Beresof, to which he gives the name photphockromiU a mineral resembling laxmannite in physical ohazacters, bnt containing
G.=6-80
This mineral occurs in ronnded masses of half a ponnd weight, made up of globular partides, which esrtieriorly are covered with small tabular crystals with rounded terminations. It would seem possible that this aggregate might be a mixture rather than a distinct spedes: and this may perhaps also be true in regard to laxmannite. A chromo-phosphate of lead and copper from the same locality was described by John (this Min., p. 681) as early as 1845, bat was thought to be an impure vauqnelinite.
664. Lime- WavdUte, Kalkwavellit, Kosmann, Z. G. Ges., xxi. 795 (1869).
This name has been given to a mineral oocurrring in concentric radiated spherical and hemispherical aggregations, sometimes in acicular crystals, as binding material in phosphorite-breccia; also found botryoidal and reniform. G.=2'45. Lustre feeble. Color white. Analysis, Kosmann (L c.) :
%1 Pe Oa Ag ti t d Si C OaFl
Considering the carbonic add to exist aa carbonate of lime, and assuming the silica oomlined with the alkalies, Kosmann takes the remainder of the constituenta Ca 12*62, Al 80*26
2411, and H 17*90=84 88, and averages them up to 100 pts. as follows, Ca 14*86, %1 35*65,
28*30, n 21 09=99*99, from which composition he concludes that the mineral isa/i7iMwaveUUe, In the closed tube yields water. B. B. fuses on the edgea. Decomposed by muxiatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Found with phosphorite at Dehm and Ahlbaolu Needs further examination to determine Its exact chemical composition.
218 D. LrrHroPHORiTE iBretthaupt). A. Fren2d, J. pr. Chem, II. a 208 and iv. 353.
This is the substance already noticed by y. Kobell (Ber. Ak. Hfinohea, Jan. 8, 1870, p. 49; 40 a lithia manganese ore in an examination of a so-called Asbolan from Saalf eld . OccurF in fine scales, also compact, botryoidal, H.=8. G.=8*65 (v. Kobell) 8-14— 8.36 (Freniel*. Lustre doll to metallic. Color blnish-blaok. Streak Uaokiah-gxay. Compodtion: 1. 2. 0. Winckler, J. |ir. Chem., II. iv 853.
to
Pe £1 Ibi Cn Co,Ji Aa ti & O fi lu
1. 1-48 10-64 6619 174 3-42 S-78 1-38 0-78 10 lt-&i — =M-96
with traces of lime and biBmnth. G. of No. 1 =.8*86, both speoimenB were from Schneeberg Saxony. In a partial analyau y. Kobell obtained (L o.) fin 54*00, Co 4*00, On 0*61, 23*00, a 13.4.
Gives water in the tube. Infiudblef ooloia the flame canine-red. With the fluxes xeaeb for manganese; with salt of phoephoros in R. F. gies reactions for copper and oobalk Soluble in muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine.
Found associated with quartz in many localities in the Schneebeig mining district, also occurs at Sayn, and near Siegen. Supposed to be a product of the decomposition of psilomelane. The large percentage of alumina and its content of lithia distinguish it readily from asbolite and liunpadite.
598 A. LuneburgUe, 0. Nollner. Ber. Ak. Mttnchen, 1870, 291.
This name has been applied by Ndllner to a salt from Liinebuig having the following composition : P 29-8, B 12-7, % 25*8, tL 82*2=100. It also contains 0*7 FL Nollner gives as formula for this substance (2 Sig, fi) + Ag B + 7 6. No physical characters are slotted.
1 A. ILlldokitb. Q, K F. Vhrich, Gontrib. to Mineralogy of Victoria, 1870, (pamphkl 82 pp. 8vo.).
In particles in quartz, cleavage apparently cubical. H.=l-5— 2. G. =8-2—9*7! (made on less than one grain of impure mineral). Golor pinkish-white, but tarniahfag oo exposure to copper-color and then black. Malleable. An assay by G. Newbery showed the composition to be Au 64*5, Bi 85*5, or nearly Au Hi. B. B. fdsea easily ; on oharooal coats the coal yellow and yields a globule of gold.
From Nuggety Beef, Maldon.
64 A. MBTAcnmABABiTS. O, E. Moore. J. pr. Ghem. n. li. 819 (1870). Am. J. Sei ni. iu. 86.
Amorphous, also foxmd in small apparently isometric crystals, perhaps pseadomoiphio. H.=3. G. =7*70-7-748. Lustre metallic. Golor grayish-black. Streak black. Fracture sub-conchoidal, uneven. 'Very brittle. Gompoeition: Hg S. Analyses 1. 2., G. E. Mooie a c.) ;
S Hg Fe quarts
1. 18*79 8569 0*88 0-26=10007
Blowpipe characters like cinnabar. Occurs at the Bedington Mine, Lake Go., Galifonua. with cinnabar, quartz and marcasite. It differs from cinnabar in its amorphous character, in color, streak, specific gravity and lust, while in these respects it is identical with the black artificial mercuric sulphide of the laboratory.
MiLABiTK. A Kmngott Jahrb. Min., 1870, 81.
Hexagonal. Occurring form a hexagonal prism with a plane of a hexagonnl pyramid on each angle, and a narrow termination of the lateral edges ; observed angle over a terminal edge of the pyramid 46.i' (mean of results), and over a basal edge 74"* 40 ; the latter gives for the former, by calculation, 42'.
H.=5'5— 6. Lustre vitreous. Golorless to greenish, resembling the datholite crystals from Bergen Hill. Brittle. B. B. in the dosed tube beoomes wlute and gives off water. In the forceps fuses with intumescence to a white blebby glass. In salt of phosphorus slowly but completely soluble to a colorless glass. A partial qualitative analysis gave evidence of the presence of an alkali and besides probably Ume. Keiingott considers it a zeolitio hydrous silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, but on uncertidn evidence.
Found in Yal Milar near Boaraa, Switzerland.
603. Dm Chuea/ux, G. R. Ixxiii 806, 1247. L, MoiBunet, Ann. d. Mines, VI gc. 1 (1871). F. Pitani, C. It. Ixxiii, 1479. F. von KoheO Ber. Ak. , Manchen, Feb. 8. 1873.
This supposed flno-phcephate from Montebras in France has recently been shown by Pisani 4nd von Kobell to be identical with amblygonite. Des Oloizeaux found it to be tridinic, with two cleavages giving 105" 44', and in the optical examination the bisectrix of the acute angle wab positive, while in the Hebron amblygomte it is negaliYe. Analyses by MoiaseMi (U Pisani (2), and v. Kobell r8) afforded :
F
P
ii
(k
JTa
U
Si
&
—
Ign.
0-60=104-55. M
1 10=109-85. P.
0-70-104-91. Jl
PiBuniB and t. KobeIl*8 resnltB give essentially the oompodtion of amblygonite as analyzed \jiy Bammelsberg, and as the physloal and pyrognostio oharacteis are also those of amUygonitu there can be no question as to the identity of the Montebras mineral with this speciee.
HoNZONiTB. ' F. JSoML Ber. Ak. MOndhen, 6 May, 1871.
Compact. H.=6. G.=8. Oolor light gnyish-green. Tninalaoent on thin edges Fractore splintery to sab-conohoidaL Besembles green homstone. Analysis by ▼. Kobell (L a):
Si M tn iig Ca ifTa & d
59-60 17-10 9-00 910 9-65 660 1-90 1-50=100*45
GiTing the oxygen of ]Et, fi, and Si as 1 : 1 : 8*5.
B. B. fuses at 8 to a Instrons grayish-green glass. Not decomposed by aoids after fusion. Not attacked by muriatio or sulphuric acids. Soluble in concentrated phosphoric add.
Found on the Monzoni Mt. in the Tslley of Faasa, TyroL A microscopic examination of a thin plate of the mineral showed it to be homogeneous.
NcBmmite. C. W. Bbmatrand, (Bf. Ak. Stockh., 1868, p. 197.
A chalk-white mineral, from Nasnm, Sweden. It occurs mixed with the phosphate attaodite. After calculating out the phosphoric add as aKl f , the analysis gave Si 50*91, 97-86, Pe 1-86, Mn 0*36, Oa 1889, fi 4'89=98'70. The oxygen ratio of ft, ft, Si, A is aal : 8:7:1. It may perhaps be classed near fahlunite.
610. Nadorttb. Fkoht, 0. B., IxxL 937, 406. F. PUani, 0. B., IxxL 819; Det Oloi- 9MUX, Ann. d. M., YL xx. 82, 1871.
In flattened tabular orthorhombio crystals, I A /=189° 51. Oleayage macrodiagonal, Toiy easy. H.=8. G.=7*09. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color smoky-brown to brownish-yellow. Streak yellow. Transluoent. Analyses: 1. Pisani (L a); 9. Flajolot ac):
8b
Pb
9*00=100-27
8-85=100-70
Pisani condders the mineral to correspond to the fcnuxila Sb lb + Pb CI, while Flajdot looks upon it as a compound of oxychlorid of antimony with oxyd of lead. Pisani suggests its analogy with mendipite 9 lb + Pb CL
In the closed tube decrepitates and gives a white sublimate. B. B. on charcoal yidds an antimony coating and a globule of metallic lead. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus saturated with copper gives the blue coloration of the flame due to chlorid of copper. Soluble in muriatic add ; also in nitric add diluted with tartaric add.
From Djebel-Nador, in the province of Gonstantine, Algiers.
214 A. NAMAquALiTB. A. H, Church, Jour. Ohem. See., H, viii. 1 (1870). In dlky fibres and thin layers. H.=9'5. G.=9'49. Lustre dlky. Cdor pale-bine. Transparent to tzanducent. Analysis by Churdi (L a) :
Ou
8%
Ca
ai
ti
89-38=100*09
Giving the oxygen ratio of ]Et, fi and ft as 4 : 8 : 11, or 4 ]Et ft + ft' + 4 ft.
In the dosed tube gives off water and turns black. B. B. reacts for copper.
From Namaqualand, S. A£eica. It ia analogous in compodtion to hydrotaldte (p. 178).
146 A. Nahtokitb. An anhydrous sub-chlorid of copper from Nantoko in Chile. Occuxi in a copper vein with atacamite and oxydized ores at the surface, while lower down in tlia vein this anhydrous shlorid is found with chalcopyrite and chalcodte. The mineral is white, resembles cerussite in pineal characters. It oxydises on exposure to the atmosphere, and ia converted into atacamite. W. Hertoann condden all atacamite the product of the alteration of nantokite {BreUfiaupt in B. and H. Ztg. xxvii 8).
Appendix.
247 D. KiOBBSCiTE. F, Bomatein, ZS. G. Gqb 1867, 842.
AmozphouB. Fraoture imeyen and Splintery. H.=:2. G.=d'8iS. Color, when apple-green ; on exposure becomes gray to black ; opaque and earthy, and* on drying, as lfiA aa wad. Loses 16*5 per cent hygroeoopio water.
Analysis:
Si 21 t'e Mg Ca
$ 52-29 5-14 15-71 0*23 1811 2*59 6-20=100'a6
Perhaps the product of the alteration of a magnesia-iron augite or ampMbole. Found in rounded masses in basalt, at DieteBheiin, in the Twley of the Maine.
OrOeyvU, D, WaleUe, Proo. Asiatic Society, Bengal, p. 279. September, 1870. Massive. H.=r5'5. G.:= 7 '34—7*42. Color steel-gxay, on fresh fracture with poxpliik tint. Lustre metallia Streak dark-gtay. Analysis, D. Waldie (L o.) :
As Sb Cu Fe X InsoL
88-45 0*54 1218 4212 619 012=99*56
X, ozydized matters soluble in dUute muri&tic acid Cu 1*21, te 1*97, 1*89, 1m 112= 6*19. B. B. in the dosed tube yields no arsenic. Soluble in nitric add. From Burmah, but exact locality not known. Needs farther inyestigatiQn.
Osb(}mite.—TlnB name has been given by Maskdyne to small gdd-yellow octahedrons occurring in augite in a meteorite from Busti, Lidia. It is supposed to be an msuliihid of titanium and cfddum.
PhasphorehronUU, See Laxmannite.
374. PlumbaUophans, A name given by Bombiod to a plumbiferous allophane from Monte Yeochio in Sardinia. Occurs in smidl stalactitic cylinders, rough and opaque on the surface, but interiorly glassy. Color grayish-yeUo w with a white streak. H. 2 '5. G. 1 "9. Analysis gave &i 23*8, 2*6, M 82*9, Fe 0*6, Ca 2*4, 85*2, Ph, tig and alkaUes 3*6=r99-9 (Atti deUa Sc. ItaL di So. Nat. xl, in Jahrb. Min. 1868, p. 760.
40 C. PoLTAROYBiTE. F. Sandberger, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 811. T. Petersen Pogg. Ann., cxzxvii. 886. 1869.
Isometric. Observed planes 1 0 t, m-m. Cleavage cubic H.=2*5. G. =6*974. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black to dark bladdsh-gray. Streak black to bladdsh-gray. Malleable, flattening more under the hammer than argentite.
Analysis, Petersen (L c.) :
S Sb Ag Pb Fe Zn
Oonectod.
B. B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black globule, giving off antimony fumes, and yielding a brittle globule of silver. Soluble with difficulty in nitnc add with separation of sulphur. Fuming add dissolves it readily with separation of antimonate of silver.
Occurs at Wolf ach in Baden.
The mineral is between argentite and pyraxgrite in composition. If homogenous it would be classified chemically near polybasite ; but its isometric form, and the fact that in another aniUysis Petersen found 78*85 Ag, suggests that it may possibly be a mixture.
624. PucHBBiTE. A. Fremd J. pr. Chem., H. iv. 227, 861.
Orthorhombio. Observed planes i, 0, 1-li, m-tL Cleavage basal. H.=4. G.=5'91. Lustre vitreous adamantine. Color reddish-brown. Streak yeUow. Translucent to opaquA. Compodtion : fii V=fii 71*67 V 28*88=100. Analyses, 1. 2. Frenad (L o.) :
V Bi
1. 27*81 78*89=100"70
2. 27*07 72*98=100 —
In the dosed tube decrepitates. B. B. on charcoal fuses and gives a coating of bismuth* oxyd, with soda yidds a globule of metallio bismuth. With salt of phosphorus a ohroiaeyreen bead in R. F. becoming light ydlow in O. F. (vanadium). Soluble in muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine to a deep-red sdution, which dilution becomes green and depodts a yeUow bsdo chlorid.
Named pucherite from the looality, the Paoher Mine, Bohnsebeig, Saxony. Found eiated with bismite and asbolite.
Affksdo*
218 B. Rabdionitb. F. wn KcbeU, Ber. Ak. Mflnbheii, Jamuycy S, 1870.
Stalaotitio, in oolumxuur or lod-like fornis. Yezy soft, Boiliikg the finfen. G. =2*80. Lnatre dull, after robbing is greaay to Babmetallio. Color blaok. Streak dark-brown. Compodtioa*
9e %1 Cu liEn Co tt
46-00 18-00 1-40 U-00 7-61 6-10 18-50=9fi1
The oxygen ratio of It : fi : d ia 1 : 3 : 2, and t. Kobell writes the f ormnla (On, fin, Ooj (Fe, Un) + 2 &
In the closed tube gives neutral water. B. B. /fuses at 8 to a steel-gray, magnetio-globule, and colors the flame green. With borax gives a cobalt blue bead. Soluble in muriatic add with evolution of chlorine, giving an emerald-green colored solution.
From Nischne Tagilsk in UraL The mineral is near asboUte (p. 181), but differs from it in chemical composition, in oontainmg a large percentage of iron, and in being easily fosible.
163 A. Balstonitb. O, J. Bnuh, Am. J. SoL, HL ii 80. July, 1871.
Isometric. Habit octahedral Observed planes 1, 0 (this Min. fig. 7, p. 21). H.=:4'5. G. '4 (on 25 milligrams) . Composition, a hydrous fluorid of aluminum, with possibly small quantities of calcium and sodium.
In the closed tube whitens, yields water at first, then a copious white sublimate which etches the tube. The water reacts add. B. B. on charcoal a faint white sublimate. In the forceps whitens, dots the flame yellow, but does not fuse. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue. In salt of phosphorus dissdves completely to a odorless bead in both flames. Soluble with effervescence in a carbonate of soda bead. Decomposed by sulphuric add with evolution of fluohydrio add.
OoontB with ozydite and thomBenolito at Arksut Fiord, Greenland.
Hedondite. A name given \ij C. U. Shepard to a hydrous phosphate of alumina and iron from Bedonda, W. I. Found in nodular aggregations. Translucent to opaque. Color sray ish to yellowish white. H.=8*5. G. =1-00—2*07. Specimen analysed contained 8*8 per cent. Si, 40-192 P and 24*73 (Am. J. Sd. IL L 06). An earlier analysis gaveP 48*20, and Mg. B. B. infusible. Heated with solution of cobalt gives a deep blue color (Am. J Sd., IL zlvii 42a
422. BestormdiU. Aname given by A. H. Church (Jour. Chem. Soo . IL vilL 166) to i massive grayish-green agalmatolite-like mineral from Restormel Mine in ComwalL H. =2. G.=2-58. Mean results of analysis gave Bi 45*66, %1 85*10, te 1*11, lilg 0*85, & 2*30, Na 4*39, 11*68=101-09. This composition is near tiiat given by Lehunt and Blythe for killinite (anaL 29 and 80, under pinite, p. 481). Church does not consider the minnl worthy to raz as a distinct spedes, but speaks of it as an immature kaolinite."
261 A. BoBPFERiTE. Iron, manganese, sine, chzysdite. W, T. Boepper Am. J. Sd., IL 1. 85. Boepperite, O, J. Brush,
A -2=115'' 1-i A l-i=77% Cleavage in three directions rectangular, 0 and i-i eminent, -i splintery. H.=5*5— 6. G. =8*95—4*08. Lustre on deavage planes vitreous to subadamantine. Color dark-green to black, mottled. In thin splinters translucent and paleyellow color. Streak yellow to reddish-gray. Slightly magnetic. Composition : ft* oi. B =:f'e. An, 2n and Mg. Analyses 1. 2. 3., W. T. Boepper (L c.) :
Si Mn 2n ftg InsoL*
8. Mass. f 80*54 34*78 17*74 948 609 202=100-65
B. B. fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a blade slag. With the fluxes reacts f oi jron, manganese, and silica ; on charcoal witii soda gives a dnc ooatiiig. Gelatinizes with adds readily and completdy, leaving sometimes a bright-green residue of spinel
Occurs at Stirling Hill, Sussex Co., N. J., with wiUemito, franklinito, jeffenKAite, aiid spinel; also found at Franklin Fuznaoe with gahnite.
393 JL ReiBtUt. A name giTsn bj K. t. Fritooli to a leolitio mineral from Sanloiin Aooording to Hesaenbeig (his Min. Notiien, No. 9, p. 22) it is orthorliombio with the anai relatlou for the bzaohjdiaJBfonal, macrodiagooal, and Tertioal axis. 0*4281 : 1 : 0*2866. Obverred planes / i-l, 1-i, 2-. Gleayage bzadiydiagonal. Lostre yitreona GolorleaB to white. Fnaible with intnmesoenoe to a blebbj enamel. Gelatimzes with aoida more readily aftei f asian than before. The solution contains lime and alkalies. Hessenbeig oonaideia it probable that reissite is identloal with Breithaapt*s spedes monophane, and diatinot froo epistilbite.
126. Riomte. A. name given by Branns to a bismnth-tetrahedrite from Oremena, Sin lischthal in Wallis Canton, Switzerland. It has a oonohoidal fractore, an inm-black oolor, black streak, and greasy-metallic Instre. An analysis gave S 29*10, As 11*44, 8b 8*19, Bi 13-07, Cn 37-52, AgO'04, Fe 6*51, Go 1*20=101*07. Fonnd aaBodatad with ohaloopyrite. It is worked as an ore of bismuth. The oompoeltion places it near anniTite, p. 103. (T. Petersen in Jahrb. Min., 1870, 590).
The name Biofnite was used formerly for a supposed selenid of sino, deaoribed hj Del Bio, and BioUU for a sapposed selenid of silyer as well as the preceding, but both names have been dropped from the dence, the material on which they 'were founded being only a mixture.
807 Jl Bosthobnitb. H. Bofer Jahrb. Min. 1871, p. 661.
In lenticular in coal. G. =1*076. Lustre greasy. Color brown, with garnet-red reflections : in thin splinter wine-yellow. : i5% 'E% O. Analyaia hj Mittereg-
ger (1. c):
C H O
I 84-42 11*01 4*57=100*00
At 96C. oommenoea to melt to a viscous brownish-red mass, which at 160* gives off bubbles and at 205* white fumes, heated to 225* the evolution of gas ceases, leaving a thin dark purpliah-red fluid. Insoluble in dilute nitric add as also in potash or aloohoL Slightly soluble in warm ether and entirely ao in warm oil of turpentine. Completely aoluble in benaola at ordinary temperatnrea. From Sonnberge, Carinthia. Beaemblea janlingite in phyaioal sharactera, while it ia near euoemite in chemical oompoaitiQn.
499. Sarcopszdb. Sarkopaid, M, Websi, ZS. G. Gea, xx. 245, 18.
Monodinic ? occurring in irregular ellipeoida, sometimes in distorted six-aided platea
H.=4. G. =3*692—3*730. Lustre glistening to silky and greasy. Color, on fresh snrfaoe,
flesh-red to lavender-blue. Translucent in thin splinters. Streak straw-yellow, some grains
give a green oolor. Composition : 4ft' P + (B Fl -i- fi fi) Webeky :
J
In the dosed tube gives water which reacts for fluorine* turns dark -brown and assumes a sub-metallic luatre. Fusee very easily, may be melted to a bead on platinum wire, and this imparts a blue-green color to the outer flame. With the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese, and fused with bi-sulphate of potash in adored tube reacts for fluorine, coloring brasil-wood paper and etching the tube. Soluble in dilute muriatic and sulphuric adds.
Occurs with vivianite and hureaulite in a granite vein on a ridge between Hichelsdorf and the valley of the MOhlbaoh in Sileaia. This mineral corresponds so dosdy to triplite (p. 543) In chemical composition and pyrognostic characters, aa also in density and hardneaa, aa tc make it exceedingly probable that it may foe a varied of that spedes.
163 B. Sellaitb. Struver, Atti della B. Accad. di Torino, iv. 1868, 35.
Tetragonal, /on 1=123' 30, i-i on i-3 161* 84'. Cleavage parallel to / and perfeoc. H.=5. G. =2*972. Lustre vitreoua. Fracture conchoidal. Colorieaa. Tranaparent Composition : MgFl ? In amall fragments melts in the flame of a candle with intumescence. Insoluble in water, also in adds, except concentrated sulphuric add, with this it evdvea luohydric add. The sulphuric solution gave 89*64 pr. ct of magnesia, which with the oti rhemical and physical properties of the mineral leads StrtLver to consider the mineral a flnond magnesium analogous to fluorite in composition.
Found with anhy&ite at Gdbroula in Piedmont
669 A. SnfONYiTB. G. Taehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, November Heft, 1869 . Monodinic. Batio of orthodiagonal, dinodiagonal, and vertical axia 1 : 0*7468 0-B041 ;
p
fe
Ca
fi
Fl
30*53
20*57
3*40
(1-64)
undel
Appbhdix*
fldnatiim of azi8=O=101* 29". Obaemd plan /, 0, M, 1, 14. /a/=106* 15\ OAl-i-146* 88',OAl=148*6JA 84 OiyBtals minute. AlaomoMiya H. G. =2*244. Odor of the maoAve aoineial blfdeh-green to reddiflh-yellow. The oxystalB sometimes oolor less and transparent. Taste faint, saline, and bitter. Unaltered on ezposore to the aiZi Anidysis : G. Tsohennak (L a) :
S "Alt 10[
47*17 18-86 21*82=100-60
Thisyields the oxygen ratio for It : S : d, 1 : 8 : 2 or ft S+ 2ft, the same as the formnla giTon for Blosdite (p. 643), which mineral it also resembles in cxTstalline form. TsohermAk remarks that simonyite differs from bloddite in not effloresoing on exposure to air, and losing only a portion of its water pr. ot) on being heidied for two hours in a water-bath. Ooours at Hallstadt.
A mineral of the same composition and form, likewise unalterable in air, found at Stassforth, has been referred by Groth and Sintae to blcBdite, these authors assuming that the effloresoenoe of blcedite, noticed by earlier obserrers, was due to mixture with some effioresoent salt Za G. Ges. 1871, 870.
SUbiot/riargenUte SUbiohtxargeaUU, see Qysorasite.
696 A. SUBSEXTTB. G, J. Bnuh, Am. J. SoL, IL xItL 140, 240, 1868. In fibrous seams or yeins. H.=r8. G.=8'42. Lustre sQky to pearly. Color white witk a tinge of pink or jellow. Translucent. Composition: (Sn, Ag)* B 4- H or (ICn, Ag)+i fi)* fi. Analysis: G. J. Brush (L a) :
B An Jbr d
Mg 7%
81-89 40-10 17-08 0-59=:98'61
In the closed tube darkens in odor and yields neutral water. If turmeric paper is moistened with this water, and then with dilute muriatio add, it assumes a red oolor (boric add). In tiie forceps fuses in the flame of a candle (F=2), and B. B. in O. F. yields a black dystalline mass, cdoring the flame intensdy yellowish-green. With the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble in chlorhydric add.
Found on Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, Sussex (3o., N. J., associated with franklinite sindte, willemite, and other manganese and sine minerals. This spedes approadies in oompodtion the mineral siaibelyite.
Talcositb. G. ff. F, UMchy Contributions to the IGneralogy of Victoria, Melbourne, 1870 (pamphlet of 82 pp. 8yo.).
In thin seams and threads with scaly structure, the scales apparently rhombic plates. H. =1—2. G. =2-46—2*5. Lustre pearly. Color silver-white, faint greenish, or yellowish. Scales flexible but not elastic. Besembles tala Analyses 1. 2 by C. Newbexy (L c.) :
§i 2bl €r f e % ]!a fi
1. 4901 45*10 &. tr. tr. , tr. 4*98=99 09
2. 49*07 46-96 tr. tr. tr. tr. 8*78=99-76
The oxygen ratio of anaL 1 for fi, Si, Si is 1 : 6 : 6. This mineral is perhaps related to selwynite, with which it occurs, and also to westanite (described in this appendix). Om. From Mount Ida near Heathoote, Victoria
TdluTViiamUhtaber, O. BammdAerg, ZS. G. Gea, xxl 81.
Granular. G. =7*808. Lustre metallio. Color gray, tarnished. Cuts with a knife, but snfldently brittle to be readily pulyericed. Compodtion : analysis by Bammdsbexg, L a :
S Te Bi Ag Cu
8*82 24-10 48-60 28*86 tr. =99*27
Bammelsbexg gives the relation of 8 : Ag : Bi : Te as 1 : 2*08 : 2*24 : 1*8, but thinks it may be more correctly expressed by 1 : 2 : 2 : 2, as the bismuth obtained was not free from tellurium, and the formula of new tellurium mineral may then be written Ag' S 4- Bi' Te* or Ag" S + 2 Bi Te ?. He also questions whether the mineral may not be a mi tore of argentite and tellurid of bismuth or of native silyer and sulphotellurid of bismuth, but finds nothing in the phydcal properties of the mineral to indicate a mtxtoze.
ObB, From Siena de Tapalpa, Mexico.
817 A. TRnacsBiTB. O, TM/mnak. J. nr. Ohem., n. ii 858, and Jahzbu G. BddML 1870, XX. 279.
Ckmipaot and amonhooB. H.=1'5— 8. Q. =1-085. Lustra gxeaf. Goloar hjBfimUi-Te to chestnut-biown. Tnuoflparent to traoaliiceiit. Analyaia, 1. Hlasiweti (L a) ; 8. Niedi wiedidd, Jabrb. MiiL, 1871, 641 :
0 H 8 O Aflh
1. Garpano 811 11-8 4*7 8*0 Noiie=100
2. Gama 81*9 10*9 41 8*1 =99-0
FuMs at 168— ISO'C, at a higher tempetatme gives oif oihoking foxes. LwihiUe la watei and only slightly in alcohol and ether. Soluble in hot bensole.
OccuxB in la oompaot masses in brown ooal at Garpano near Albonain Istria; alaofbimd at Gams near Hieflan in Styria. Beaembles in oomposition the taamaute of Ohnroh (pi 746).
673 B. TrGoeritb. A, WetOaeh, Jabrb. Min., 1871, 870.
Honodxnic, iq thin tabular ozystals. Gleavage perfect, parallel to the broad tabolaz jane. G.=d'3. Lustre on the deavage-plane pearly. Golor lemon-yellow. Gompoaition, W As* +80 tt (Wmckler). No analysis is given. Oocuib with walpuxgite and other uranium minerals at the Weisser Hirsoh Mine in Neustadtel near Sohneebeig, Saxony.
TJRANOTIL. B. Boricky, Jabrb. Mm., 1870, 7.
Orthorhombio, in adcular crystala Ooooiring form /, i4, m-l / angle of prism / aboat 164" (Zepharovich). Li radiated or stellated groups. Cleavage probab basia G. =8*9596. Odor lemon-yellow. Streak lighter. The mean of three auTBes gave Borioky :
Giving a composition near that of uranophane (p. 805). It also resembles it in oorTstalliiis form, the angle of prism /of uranophane 146**, giving 162° for the prism S. B. B. turns black. Soluble in warm muriatic add with separation of flo( silioa. Found with fluorite, uranite, and quartz at Wolsmidorf , Bavaria.
622 B. YANADioiiiTB. Hermann J. pr. Ghem., IL i 446.
Form not determined Occurs in small crystals, partly in dmseSb Gdor dark-gieen, almost black, in small fragments dark emerald-green. Streak grayish-green. Lustre vitrs> ous, brilliant. G. =8'96. Analysis gave
Si 21 ]fe Oa Ag V
15*61 110 1*40 84-43 2-61 44*85=100.00
which Hermann considers as representing a compound of three atoms of augite, and one of Bubvanadate of lime. He gives for this the formula Sit Si+Ca' (yO*+2VO'). B. B. foaea to a black slag with cauliflower-like intumescences. With salt of phosphorus gives a darkgreen bead, imd a silica skeleton. Decomposed on fusion with a mixtore of carbonate of Boda and nitre. From Sliidanka near Lake Baikal associated with lavroffite. — A substance containing as this does over 70 per cent of a vanadate, wii the balance a silicate oonesponding to augite can scarcdy be looked upon as a homogeneous simple mineral. It is here classed with the vanadates.
673 A. Walpubgitb. Walpuigm, JL WeUbach, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 870.
Monodinic, in thin scaly crystals. G.=5*8. Lustre adamantine to grea. Golor pomegranate and wax-yellow. Composition Is +50: in which S=% Bi-h i (Winckler). No analysis is given. Occurs with trogerite and other uranium ores at the Weisser Hirsoh Mine in Neustadtel near Sohneeberg, SuLony.
323 A. WB8TAKITB. (7. FF! BlamitrancL OSl Ak. Stoddi., 1868, p. 197, in J. pr. Gh., er. 841.
In radiated crystalline masses, sometimes in prismatio orystals. H.=2*5. GoTor briok fed. An analysis gave :
Xi j% n w
48*91 51*92 Im —
This coxnposition is near worthite a hydzooB fibrolite, bat it differs from that mineral ia inferior hardness. B. B. swells np ; infusible and toms white. Not acted npon by adds. Associated with pyrophyllite at Weetana, Sweden.
601 A. WmKWOBTHiTB. H. EnOy Phil. Mag., April, 1871.
In imbedded nodules, crystalline on fraotore. OUstening. Oolorless to white. Trans latent. H.=2— 8. Composition: analyses 1. 2., H. How, L a :
Si B 3 Oa fi
1. 8-31 (1018) 86 10 81-66 1880=100
2. 4-98 (14-87) 81-61 8114 1800=100
In the closed tube gives water. B. B.. decrepitates and foses readily to a dear bead, coloring the flame green ; on continued blowing froths, becomes opaque and no longer shows the green coloration.
Found in gypsum at Winkworth, Nova Scotia. How considerB No. 1 to be represented by
11 Ca, iSi, OS, 35 and 20, whHe No. 2 is the same with snbstitation of 8S and 4S. He BugestB that the mineral is mtermediate between syenite and howlite. May it not be a miore?
92 A. WoLFACHTTB. F, 8omdbwgtT Jahrb. Min., 1860, 818.
T, Petersen, Po. Ann, czzxvii 897. Orthorhombic, in small crystals coating nicoolite Observed planes 7; m-T. H.=5'5. G. =6.872. Lustre metallic. Color silver- white to tin white. Streak black. Analysis by Petersen (La):
s
As
Sb
Pb
Ag
Fe
Ni
Co, Ou, Zn
trace8=100.74
The lead and silver were believed to be due to a small amount of intermingled galena and dyscrasite. The results gve the formula Ni + Ni (As Sb)* exactly the same as given for the isometric corynite (p. 74), showing this compound to be dimorphous. Corynite has a lower density (5*95 — 6'QS) and less hudness (4*5-— 5.). The pyrognostic characters are the same for both minerals and both are soluble in nitric acid. From Wolfach in Baden.
830 B. WoOonffongite. B, SaUman, Am. J. Sd., n. zlviii 85.
This name has been given provisionally to a hydro-carbon from New South Wales. Occurs in cubical blocks, without lamination. Fracture broad conchoidal. Color greenish to brownish-blacks Lustre resinous. Translucent in thin shavings, showing under the microscope an amber-yellow light.
Alone in the tube does not melt but decrepitates and gives off oil and gas. Ignites readily and yields, when heated out of access of air, 82 5 volatile matter, coke 6*5, and when burned 11*0 per cent of ash. Insduble in ether and benzole, but slightly acted upon by bi-sulphid of carbon.
650 A. Zefhaboyichitb. B. Barieky, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, liz. 598, 1869. Crystalline to compact, horn-like in aspect. H. G. =2*87. Color greenish, yeUow Ish or grayish-white. Translucent Fracture conohoidaL Composition :
P
Fe
Ca
Quartz 546=98-97 6 05=99 06 0-46=99.07
Nos. 1 and 2 contained intermingled wavellite, and No. 8 an earthy gibbsite. Boricl thinks the analyses prove the mineral to be essentially a phosphate having the formula £i r -f- 6tt, and iat in analysis 2 this phosphate is mixed with -r of wavellite, while 8 is assodated witii iV of gibbdte and of tribasio phosphate of lime. The formula £l P + 6d differs from Callainite (p. 572) only in containing 1 atom more of water, and amdysis 2, after deduction of the 604 of quartz, nves F 40*28, £l 30*57, Oa 068, ti 2866, a result which approaches the figures given by Damour in his acalysia of oallainite,
Ocoors in sandstone at Trenic in Bohemisk
BI7 A. TsiifKXBrrx, Q. TiAartaak, 3, vs. Ohar 1870, IX. 279.
Ccnnpact nnd aroorphona. H.=l"5— 8, G.=1-02B to cheBtunt-biomi. Traneparent to tmudooMit. A iriediki, Jahrb. Uin., 1671. Ml :
0 E B
1. Oaipano 811 11-3 47
3. Ouna 81 '9 10-9 41
ftt 168°— taO'C., at a bigheT tetnpentnn mixf, &ad od]; dighU in aloobol and ether. So'
OconlB in liG oompsot in brown ooal a at Gama near meflan in StTija. Basembles In oo
B73 B. TrOokbptb. a, WMiaA, Jahzb. IG
Uanoolinic, inthin tabolar OTTstali. Cleavagi 6.=3'3. Lustre on tbe cleaTage-plone peailjr + 20fl (Wincklar). No analysis ia giTeo. Oo Brala at the Weiasu Tlirh lUna in Neost&dte'
TTrakotil. E. Borieky, Jahib. Hin., IW Orthochombio, in aoioiilar dystala, Ooon 1S4° (Zephuorich). In radiated or rteUatc* Color lemoD-Tellow. Streak lighter. The
3i 9 Si Pe
GiTing a compoaitioii near thai of nrai
form, the aitgle of priain /of nraoophani
B. B. tuna Uaok. Solable in waim t
Found with flnorite, granite, and qnp
622 B. Vanasiolitb.
Form not determined. Ooonis in almost black, in small frajr'enta dark ona, brilliant. G. =8-96. AnalTaia g
16-81 110 1-
which Hermann oonsiderB aa ropii Babvanadate of lime. He giica fo to a black alag with cauliflower-li green bead, wid a ailioa akeletoc Boda and nitre. From Sliidiuika containing ae this does over 70 (ponding to angite can soaroely I oiasaed with the Taiiadate&
673 A. Wai.'
Monoclinio, in inmate and wax analjais is given. in Nenatiidtcl nu
323 A.
thB (Con-
he bu obseired 17
,j T. lUth (p. SOB, thla Via.) ; it in MpedBlly waU obuMpoiphTij of Waldb&dceUwlin.
.pedea moaooUnlo In otTMdtt-
Appendix.
SL NaUt€naf0mpr0tiondgdmoribedapeeim,
198. BroekUs, A. Sdizaiif aimomioeBtiuthlszeoentoijrtdlogiaiiiiM brooldte to be monooliiiio and iaomonphonfl with wfdfnmite (Jalu& lOn., 1871, 168).
636. CaUdowUs, Schmof h— found tfak qwdge to be manofjim'n in cijitailBwtinp. He makes aAiii=132'> 88, and a fS being the planes so lettered in UQeE't Mineralogy, and oozienxindixup. a to m to /, and to 0, in this wock. (Jafazh. IGn., 1871,874.)
BphmHe see Lealoyite below.
24. Diaaniond, P. t. Jezemejew has disoovered minnte ctTstals of diamonds izregnlazlj distributed thioogh plates of zanthophyOite from the Sehisdiimakian Moontains near Slatoast They aze readily reoognised when magnified 30 diameters, and with 200 diameter their dystalline form is seen to be that of the heza-tetrahedron 8-} combined with the tetzahedron, the first four being distinctly oonex, while the tetrahedral plane is flat (like tg. 58 p. 21, except that there aze also small flat tetcahedzal planes). Most of Uie crystals aze ooloziess. They aze symmetrically diflposed in their matriT, thc trigonal intermediate axes being yertical to the f diation of the xanthophyllite. The green plates of this mineral, neszest tibe rounded maseoe of Uie talcoee date and serpentine endoae nnnsnally lazg nombeza of them and they aze likewise found in the two rooks themselTea. JahzbL Jim., 1871, p. 275 in Am. J. Sd., m. iii. 57.
LedeyUe, The mineral named ledeyite by L Lea (see p. 800) has been analysed by 8. P. Sharpies (Am. J. Sd., IL xlTii. 810) and J. L. Smith (ib. zhriiL 254). Sharplea examined two varieties, one wMte (anal. 1), and tibe other zed (anal. 8). Smith angled the whits mineral (anal. 2).
Si Si 9e Ca fa & fi
1 white, 88*59 55'41 tr tr 7-48 480=100-73
2 " 8118 55-00 0-45 1-20 7188 4-80=99.91
The analysis of the red variety was made under Shazples's dizectiom by G. W. Boeier. It is an entiidy different snbstanoe from the white mineral, and was pnwrly referred to pinite by Sharplea
Smith compares the compodtion of the white Tsziety with that of his ephesite (see IGn., p. 507) of which he gives the following new anatysia.
Si
Ca
JTa
&
ft
Ephesite 30*70
5*52
4-91=10a45
There is also a very dose in the phydcal m well as in the diemical diaraoters of the two minerals, and they are evidently doedy rdated. Ledeyite is foond assodated with diaspore and both minerals have a peculiarity in regard to their hardness that suggests a want of homogendty. They are easily scratdied witii a knif but they both contain partides whidi sczatdi topas. Under the magnifier they both present glistening scales whidi are soft and apparently It is evident that the minerals aze mixtures of corundum and probably diaspore with a mica similar to the damonzite found at the ledeyite locality ; and that the f dieted soft mineral is damoorite or a hydrous mica near that spedea
PaUenomU, This substsnoe, daased temporarily under the mica groop in the supplement to this minerdogy (p. 801), has been analysed I7 S P. Sharpies with the following rasoiti (Am. J. Sd., XL xlviL 800).
Si Pe Si % fTati ft ft
80-20 14-88 2055 11 tr 11-85 11-73=89.99
The potssh is stated to have been determined by the diffsrenoe (Ices), hut the aaaiyiZi footBup. exdudve of the potadi, only 781M leaving 21-86 for potash stead of 11-85. This large error runs through the cdculated oxygen ratios, and henoe is not tjpugiaphioaL li view of it, tiie analysis leads to no satisfMstozy condudon. The perasBtagea of dHeSki in& alumina and water are very near those of prodilarita.
463. Ulzioli now rqguds fhia sped as beUmgiiig to tlio pMU group (Gon- Irib. Mm. Victoria, p. 24).
98. JhanUe, Sehzanf leoent oiyilallogTaphio reseaiohfia makes this species orthorhombic in dystaUiattiim. He says that he has obseryed the twins described by Koksoharof : and that the angles and planes are given rightly hy Miller ; and that he has obseryed 17 new planes. (Jahrb. Min., 1871, 894)
TndumUe, This new yariety of sOioio add, disooyezed by y. Bath (p. 806, this Min.) in Mexican porphyry, has been found in many localities in Bozope; it is espedally well oharaoterised in the trachyte of Diaohenfels and in the orthoolaso- porphyry of Waldbdokelheim.
610* WdframdU, Des doiaeaoz has shown that this qwoies is numoclinio in OTstaUi- Batian. 0. B. fads. 888.
Second Appendix
TO Tns
Fifth Edition
Of
Dana'S Mineralogy,
Bt
Edward S. Dana,
OUB4SOB OF SHI llXnBAX/>aiOAL OF THK FEABODT KUSSmi. TALK OOLLMKi
Oomplbtino The Wore To 1875.
New York:
John Wiley And Sons,
68 East ,
Beoond dow wait of Broadway.
Second Appendix
TO Tns
Fifth Edition
Of
DANA'S MIlSrERALOGY,
Bt
Edward S. Dana,
OUB4SOB OF SHI lOnBAX/MUOAL VEPAXOBOn OF THX FEABODT VUSSUM. TALK OOUMaMm
Oompletino The Work To 1875.
New York:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 68 Eabt ,
BeooDd door wait of Broadway.
Second Appendix
TO Tns
Fifth Edition
Of
Dana'S Mineralogy,
Bt
Edward S. Dana,
OUB4SOB or SHI llXnBAX/>aiOAL OIPABXICXHT OF THK FEABODT MVSBUM. TALK OOUMUM,
Oompletinq The Wore To 1875.
New York:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 68 East ,
Beoond door wait of Broadway.
MoordlDg to Act of Oiiiniiw, tetiM fwrlMi fil Um (XDoo of the UbnulMik of Oiiihiim, At Wi
Pkefatory Note,
Tkib Seoond App6D4iz to Dana's ICneralogy, pxepaied with the oo-epeEation of the author, is desigsod to make the work oomplete up to Jannazy, 1870.
It indudea deaeriptioiifl of all apeciea annonnoed as new within the pant aoTen yeaza, with the ezoeption of thoae oontained in Appendix L, prepared by Prol Broah. The names of the latter are, howeyer, also Included, with such new facts In regard to them as have been brought out since 1872.
In addition, ref erenoes aie given under the name of each species to all important artidlefi relating to it that haye appeared since the publication of the Mineralogy early in 1868. On anoount of the limited space and time at command, the work, in this latter respect, is, however, little more than an index, yet the attempt has been made to indicate so far as possible the character of each article — i. whether it contains a description of crystals {erytt.), or an analysis (anal), or a discussion of the chemical composition {oamp,). Whenever new facts of special importance have been made known in regard to any species, this is noted at somewhat greater length.
An alphabetical arrangement has been adopted for convenience of reference. A list of the more important of recent mineralogical works is added, and also the titles of some memoirs which, owing to their general character, seemed to require a special mention.
For the explanation of abbreviation§, see Dana's Min., pp. .-xlv. The black-faced figures, prefixed to names of new spedes, are intended to indicate their position as arranged in the classification adopted in the Mineralogy : it is not to be understood that these spemei are necessarily varieties of those near which they are thus made to stand.
Kxw Hayek, March, 1875
LIST OF MINERALOGIOAL WORKa
Gbystallogeaphy.
Frankbhbeim. Zur KzyBtaUlmnde, vol. i, 212 pp. 9vo, Leipzig, 1869.
MClleb. Gnmdziige der KryBtallograpliie, 2d Ed., 64 pp. 8yo, Bmnswiok, 1868L
QuEKffTEDT. GnizulziflB der bestixnmenden nnd xechnenden Kzyatallognqhie, 44S pp. 8vo TttbingeD, 1873.
Sadebbck. Gnatay Boees Elemente der KiystaUographie, 8d Ed., 181 pp. Syo, Bedin
SCHBAUF. Lehrbnoh der phxakalischen Hineralogie, toI 1, 268 pp. 8to, 1866. YoL iL, 426 pp. 8yo, Yienna, 186a
Detebminative Mineralogy.
Brush. of Determinatiyo Mineralogy, with an introduction on Blowpipe Analjsii, 176 pp. 8vo, New York, 1875.
Elderhobst's M'TinRl of Qnalitatiye Blowpipe Analysia, edited by H, B. IfoMU and C. F. Chandler, 6th Bd., 812 pp. 8yo, Philadelphia, 1874.
Frazer. Tables for the Determination of Minerals, translated from the German of Weisbach, 117 pp. 8yo, Philadelphia, 1875. FuCHB, G. W. G. Anleltong znm Bestimmen der Mineralien, 144 pp. 8yo, Heidelberg . 1868.
Helmhackbb. Tafeln zur Bestimmnng haofig yorkommender Mineralien mittelst dei einfachsten Yersnche, 66 pp. 8yo, Yienna, 1873.
Yon Kobell. Tafehi zur Bestimmung der Mineralien, 10th Ed., 108 pp. 8yo, Munich,
Laubb. Hillfstafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien, 53 pp. 12mo, Prague, 1873.
Plympton. The Blowpipe. A guide to its use in the determination of salts and minerals. 167 pp. 8yo, New York, 1874.
Senft. Analytische Tabellen zur Bestimmung der DGneralien und Gebixgsartem, 102 pp 8yo, Hannoyer, 1874.
DESGHIPTIYE minebalogy.
Senft. Die ktystallinischen Felsgemengtheile, nach ihren mineralischen Eigenschaften eta, 752 pp. 8yo, Berlin.
Webskt. Die Mineral-Spedes naoh den f Ur das spedfisohe Gewicht derselben angenom menen und gefundenen Werthen, 170 pp. 4to, Breslau.
1869.'
Adam. Tableau Mineralogique, 102 pp. 4to, Paria Grimm. Die Lagerstatten der nutzbaren Mineralien, 233 pp. 8yo, Pragnei Senft. Lehrbuch der Mineralien und Felsartenkunde, 656 pp. 8yo, Jemk BcEBAXTV. Handbuoh der Edelsteinkunde, 252 pp. 8yo, Yienna.
BIBLIOGBAFHT. y
HOfer. Die Hinenlien KSmthens, 84 pp. Svo, Elagenfart.
KoKSCHAROW. Haterialien zor Mineralogie Buaalands, yoI. y., 897 pp. Svo. St. PetexBbais I860. VoL vi., 208pp.,1870.
Landobebe. Minendogie der Ynlkane, 396 pp. 8yo, Gaasel and Leipzig.
Smith, J. A. Gatalogae of the Principal Minerals of Colorado, 16 pp. 8vo, Central City.
IJlrtch. Contributioiji to the Mineralogy of Victoria, 82 pp. 8vo, Melbourne.
Chapman. The Minerals and Geology of Central Canada, 206 pp. Svo, Toronto. Collins, J. H. Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon, 182 pp. 8to, London, Kekivgott. Lehzbnoh der MIneralogie, 203 pp. Svo, Darmstadt. Ton KOBBLL. Die MIneralogie, leichtfasaliGh dargestellt, 4th Ed., 272 pp., Leipzig.
Bbush, G. J. Appendix I. to Danas Mineralogy, 5th Ed., 19 pp. Svo, Kow York.
EGLE8TON. Lectures on Mineralogy delivered at the School of Mines, Columbia CoUego 180 pp. 8vo, New York.
FncHS. Die kiinstlich dargestellten MineraUen naoh Q. Rosens krystallo-ohenuachem Mine raliBteme geordnet, 174 pp. 4to, Haarlem.
D'ACHIABDL Minendogia della Toscana, voL i, 276 pp., 1872. Vol. ii., 402 pp. Svo, Pisa.
Von Dechbn. Die nutzbaren Mineralien und Gebirgsarten im Deutschen Reiche, 806 pp. Svo, Berlin.
FiscBEB. Eritische mikroskopifioh-mineralogische Studien, 64 pp. 8vo, Freiburg, L Br., 1869. Erste Fortsetzung, 64 pp., 1871. Zweite Fortsetzung, 96 pp., 1873.
Hessenbebg. Mineralogische Notizen, No. viii., 46 pp. 4to, Frankfort, 1868, No. ix., 9f pp., 187U, No. X., 44 pp , 1871, No. xl, 35 pp., 1873.
Patot. Geologic et Mineralogie des environs du Mont Blanc.
BosENBUBCH. Mikroscopische Physiogphie der petrographisch wiohtigen Minemlien 898 pp. Svo, Stuttgart
SCHBAUF. AUas der Erystall-Formen des Mineralreiches, II. Lief., Tf. xL-xx., Vienna, 1871 ; IIL Lief., Tf. xxi-xxx., 1872; IV. Lief., Tf. xxxi-xL, 1873.
VoK Zephabowich. Mineralogisches Lexikon fiir das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, vol. ii., 436 pp. Svo, Vienna.
ZiRKEL. Die mikroeoopische Beschaffenheit der Mineralien und Gesteine, 502 pp. Svo, Leipzig.
Behrens. Die Erystalliten. Mikroskopische Studien Uber verzogerte Krystall-Bildung, 116 pp. Svo, Kiel.
Blum. Lehrbuoh der Mineralogie (Oryktognosie), I., Abth., 4th Ed., 256 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1873 ; II. Abth., 257-642 pp.
Des Cloizeaux. Manuel de Mineralogie, Tome Second, leraso., 208 pp. 8vo, Paris.
DoMEYKO. Mineralojia de Chile, Segundo Apndice, 52 pp. 8vo, 1867. Tercero Apndice,* 1873. Cuarto Apndice, 57 pp., Santiago, 1874.
Frenzel. Mineralogisches Lexicon fiir das Konigreich Sachsen, 380 pp. 12mo, Leipzig.
Both. Tabellarische Uebersicht der einfachen Mineralien nach ihren krystallographischen-chemischen Beziehungen geordnet, 120 pp. Svo, Brunswick.
Through tta Uodnev of Dr. Unnt I have ba 1 benefit of a trandadon of the Sd i nwndix, with by him.
Yl BIBLIOOBAFHT.
Jentzsch. Die geologisohe vnd mineralogiaohe Literator des KonigreibheB Sftcliflen mid der angrenzenden L&ndercheile, yon 1885 bis 1878, syBtematiadh inmnmengeatellt, 188 pp. 8yo, Leipzig.
Kaumakn. Elemente der Mineralogie, 7th Ed., 1868. 8th Ed., 1871. 9th Ed., 054 pp 8to, Leipzig, 1874.
VooELSANO. Die Krjstalliten von Hermann Vogelsang, naoh dam Tode dee YezfaaMn berunsgegeben yon Ferdinand Zirkel, 175 pp. 8yo, Bonn.
. Beport on the Mineralogy of Pennsylyania, abont 150 pp. , now in preaa.
TichermalCi mineralogiMhs MittheHungen (referred to aa . Hin. Hitth.) deserves to be mentionM as an important addition to the list of mineraloffical jonznals. It is published quarterly at Vienna in connection with the Jahrbueh der £. k. geoL BMuamtaU though issoed also independentfj. The first number appeared in the middle of 1871.
List Of Mineraiogioal Memoibs.
Gbtstallography.
Briezina. Entwickeliiiig der tetartoqanmetrisdhe Abtheflnng dee hezagonalen KxytttJiajB feem, Ber. Ak. Wien, 1869.
Brbzina. Entwickelong der HaupsStie der KcTstaUographie ond KiyitallpliyBik, Taoh, Ifin. Mitth., 1872, 125.
HiBSCUWALD. Granditige einer meohaniaohen Theoria der KzyBtaUisationgeeetie, TbcIi.
Min.Mitth., 1873, 171.
Klein. Ueber ZwillingB-Verbindnngen and Verremmgen und ihre Beiiehongen to den Symmetrie-Verhftltnywen der Kzystall-SjBteme, 50 pp. 8yo, Heidelbexg, 1868.
Miller. On the oryBtallographio method of Gramnum, and on ite employment In the inyestigation of the general geometric properties of tiie OTBtala, Cambridge, Phil. Soo., Pt, T.| 1868.
Mineral Chbmistrt.
Von Kobbll. Ueber daa Waaser der Hydroeillcate. Ber. Ak. Munohen, March 6, 1870. Ueber EryatallwaBser, ibid., June 11, 1870.
Lefflbr. Ueber die Einwirkong der koldennaren ALkalien nf Silicate. Inang. Diaaext., 48 pp. 8yo, Breslao, 1878.
Bammblsbbro. Ueber die chemiache Constitution dor SUioate, ZS G. Gtoa., zxi., ]j06| 1869 (ibid., 1870, 880).
Rammelsbbrg. Ueber die gegenseitigen Beriehungen nnd die chemiache Natnr der Azaenvnd SohwefelazBenmetalle im Mineralreioh, ZS. G. Ues. zxa., 266, 282, 1878.
TfiCHBRMAK. Die Anfgaben der Mineralchemie . Hin. Mitth., 1871, p. 93.
Phtsical Mineralogy.
Baxter. Untersuchong Hber den Glimmer nnd verwandte Minerale, Fogg. Ann., cxzxviJi, 887, 1869.
Bauhhauer. Ueber Aetzfignren nnd die Erscheiuvingen dea Aateriamna an Kryatallen, Pogg. Ann., cxxxviil, 563 ; cxxxix., 349 ; oxl., 271 ; cliii., 621.
CooKB. The Yermicnlites : their crystallographic and chemical relationa to the Micaa, Am, Ace. Sci., Boston, 1874, 85.
Exner. Untennchnngen fiber die Harte der KryBtallflochon, 166 pp. 8yo, Vienna, 1873.
ExNER. An Loanngafignren in Kiystallen, Ber. Ak. Wien, bdx., 6, 1874.
Friedel. Snr lee proprit pyro-lectriqne dee Criataax bona Conductenn de Teleotrioit6, Ann. Ch. Phys., IV., xyii., p. 79, 1869.
Groth. Ueber Apparate nnd Beobachtungamethoden fiir kryatallographiach-optiache Untersuchuogen, Pogg. Ann., cxliy., 34, 1871.
Hahn. Ueber die Phoaphoreeoenz der MineroUen. Zeitaoh. Ghea. Nat. Wiaa., Berlin (Giebel), 11., ix., 1. 131, 1874.
Hankbl. Elektriache Untennichnngen. Ueber die thermo-elektrische Eigenachaften dei ropaaes, 8yo, Leipzig, 1870.
Von Lano. Orientimng der W&rmeleitangBfahigkeit einaadgar Kijatallo, Pogy. Ann Qxxxy.. 29. 1838.
Vm BIBLIOORAFRT.
Bbuscr. Ueber die KSmezprobe am zwei-azigen Glimmer, Pogg., ezzxvi., 130, 633,
1869. am kiyatallirten Gypa, ibid., p. 136. Untezsuohanfi: liber Glimmercombiiiationeii.
Ibid, pp. 626, 637, 1869.
BosB. Ueber den Zusammenhang zwifichen hemiedrischer Erystallf orm und thermo-elek* tzifichem Yerhalten beim EiBenkies und Kobaltglanz, Fogg. Ann., cxlii., 1, 1871.
Bobs. Ueber die im EaUcspath verkommenden hohlen Ganale, 22 pp. 4to, AbhandL Ak. Berlin, 1868.
ScHRAUF & Dana. Ueber die thermo-elektriachen Eigenachoften yon Hineralvarietaten Ber. Ak. Wien, box., 1874 (Am. J. Sci, III., viii, 266).
SCHRoDKR. Die Volumoonstitution einiger MineraUen, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 561, 982; 1874,399,606,600,711,806,943.
ScHARFF. Ueber die Baaweise des Feldspaths, IL Der adhie&paltende Feldspath, 89 pp. 4to, Frankfort a. M., 1869.
$;ciiAiiFF. Ueber den Qnan. Die Uebergangsflaohen, 42 pp. 4to, Frankfort a. M., 1874.
Note. — For a complete mnd Yalnable list of mexnoin on all ml)|)eote ooBnaoted with tiie mloroaoopio eramlna don of mineralo, including the natoz of inclosed flaida, etc., see Eoaeirtnifloli, Fhyaiographie d. ICn., j. 880- BHSk 1873.
DESCBIPTiyE MINEBALOGY.
DAcHiABDi. Sopxa alcnni minerali e roscoe del Peru ; Lettera a Carlo Begnoli, 23 pp. 8ro, Pisa, 1870.
BoBiCKT. Zor Entwiokelungegeschichte der in dem Sohichtenoomplez der silnrischeo Eisensteinlager Bohmens vorkommenden Minerale, Ber. Ak. Wien, liz, April, 1869.
Dana, J. D. On Serpentina Paendomorphs and other kinds, from the Tilly Foeter Iron Mine, Putnam Co., New York, Am. J. Sci., viii., 371, 1874.
Genth. Comndom: its alterations and associated minerals, Am. Phil. Soc., Philad., xiii, 361, 1873.
Lembero. Ueber die Contactbildnngen bei Predazzo, ZS. G. C., zziv., 187, 1872.
MoESTA. Ueber das Vorkommen der Color-, Brom-, nnd Jodverbindnngen des Silbers id der Nator. Ein Beitrag znr Kenntniss der geologisohen and beigbaoliohen Verhaltnisse tod Nordchile, 47 pp. 8vo, Marburg, 1870.
PuMFELLT. The Pargenesis and derivation of copper and its associates on Lake Superior, Am. J. Sci. ni., a, pp. 18b, 243, 347, 1871.
POBEPNY. Ueber conoentrisch-schalige Mineralbildungen, Ber. Ak. Wien, 1868.
PoBEPNY. Die Blei- und Galmei-erzlagerstatten von Baibl in Eaxnten, Jahrb. G. Beicha, rxiii, 319, 1873.
Petersen. Ueber die MineraUen der baiytischen EnSoge yon Wittichen in Baden, Fogg. Ann., cxxziv., p. 64, 1868.
YoH Bath. Geognostisch-mineralogische Fragmente aus Italian, II. Theil, ZS. G.Ges., XX., 265, 186a in. Theil, Die Insel Elba, ibid., xxii., 1870. IV. Theil, ibid., xrv., p. 117,
Sandbbrgbr. Ueber den Wenzel-gang bei Wolfach im Schwarzwald, Jahrb. Min., 1869,
Stelzner. Mineralogische Beobachtnngen im Gebiote der argentinischen Bepnblik, Tech. Min. Mitth, 1873, 213.
TscHEBiiAK. Ueber Pyroxen und Amphibol, . Min. Mitth , 1871, p. 17.
Whitney. On the minerals of the Pacific Coast of North America, Proc. Aa CaL, iii.| 372, 375, 1869 (ZS. G. Ges., xxi., 741).
WILLOOX. Canadian localities of various minerals, Proa Aa Philad., 1872, p. 276.
WuNDBS. Beobachtnngen iiber die Bildung von Ejtallen in Glaafidssen bei Behasdhiaf derselben vor dem Lothrohre, 22 pp. 46, Chemnitz, 1870.
List Of New Spe01K8
1, Native EUmSnta.
2. Sulphids Arsenidt, etc.
Ante 4
Arsenotellarite 5
Chalcopyrrhoiite 11
Famatinite. 20
Frenzelite 22
Guadalcasoxite 25
Heniyite 27
Horbaohite
Livrngstonite
Lnsonite (Enargite)
Oldhamite
Schirmerite
Spathiopyrito.
Yallexiite
Bordoeite . . . . ChlorocaldtOk
Chkrida, etc
Erythiofliderite. Toooxnalite. . . .
,85
4. Oxyde.
Asmanite 5
Delafossite (Melaoonite) 16
Heteiogenite 27
Hydiargyzite 8
Hjdroonprite
Magnochromite (Chromite). Meymadte
Agrioolite 1
Ardennite (Dewalqnite) 4
Manganophyllite 87
Maakelynite 87
5. Anhydrovs diUeatee.
Microsommite
Trantwinite
TBchermakite ,
Viotorite (Enstatlte).
6. Hydroue Silicates,
AHophite 2
Chalcomorphite 11
Gosaaite (Paragonite) 68
Culsageeite (near Jeffexiute) 80
Dudleyite 17
Foreeite 22
Qomierite 28
jrrochanite 25
Hallite 26
Hygrophilite 29
Kenrite 81
Limbaohite
Maoonite ,
Nefldieffite
Resauite ,
Beebachite (Heraohelite), Sterlingite (Damonrite)
Strigovite
Willcoxite ,
Koppite
TantalateSf Ootumbate
.. ... 88 I Nohlite (near Samankite).
List Of Kew Bpbcxbi.
8 Phio9phate$ AnenaUs ete.
Hebronite 27
Kjeralflne 31
KozarfYeite (near Moiuaite) 82
Miriqnidite 40
Rhagite 48
Stibioferrite
TTranospinite. 58
Yesselyite 60
Wapplerite 60
Winklerite 61
Zennerite. 62
Lndwigite.
9. Baratei. ,
10. Tunffitatea, Vanadateiy etc CnprotnngBtite 14 UranosphtBrite.
11. StdphateSj etc
Bartholomite 6
Cupromagnesite 14
Dolexophanite 17
Ettsrmgite 19
Hydrocyanite ,
Maxite (LeadhiUite) 88
Syngmiite (Kalnaidte) 64
Dawsonite.
12.
. . . 10 I Sohrockeringite
18. Carbo-hydrogen Campounde.
Axagotite 4
Bombiocite 8
By erite 9
Siegbaxgite 51
Wheelerite 60
The following list indudea additional names recently introdnced into the ndenoe. Thej belong in part to previouiily described species, and in part to species which, in oonseqaenM of imperfect descriptions, cannot be definitely classified.
Aemgite, Arsenstibite, Bieirosite, Gachentaite, Gampbellite, Garbonyttrine, Gerbolite, Gbalcomiclite, Ghalypite, Glarite, Gorkite, Gryooonite, Guproapatite, Gnproyanadite, Danberite, Dembachite, Ferrotongsten, Glancespar, Glasbaohite, Kohleritef Mariposite, Milanite, Meerschalnminite, Pealite, Plambooaprite, Plombiodite, Pyriohrolite, I*]rritolamprite, Bhodite, Scacchite, Simlaite, Tapalpite, Wachenrodite, Xanthiosita, Ziriite, Zonochlorite.
For some other new names not belonging to definite minwri upeoiat, see eryedUUtm p. 14, fnieroUteij p. 80.
Appendix Il
AOAKTHITB. WxL p. 61. — Looalities in Saxony, Freniol, IDn. Lex. Baohsen, p. t.
ACHTARAODiTB, ICin. p. 478. — Desoiiption of oiystalB and analysiB, Bmtncmny J. pe. Oh. dy., 104, 182, 1868. Desoription, Koksoharow, Min BusbL, ▼., 824.
AcMiTE and Aegibitb, Min. p. 228, 224.— Belation to pyxozene, Tiehsrmak Tioh. Min. Hitth., 1871, 38.
ACTiNOLiTE, Min. p. 282.— BxewBter, N. Y., analysiB, Breklenbaug\ Am. J. Sol., IH, vi., 211, 187S.
Adamitb, Min. p. 665. — Gap Garonne, analysiB and description, Damawr 0. B., Izvii., 1124; Fiflani, G. B. L 1001, 1870.
Aebuoitb. Adam, Tableau Min., 1860, p. 48. A doubtful anenato of nickel (Sli* Is) from JohanngeorgenBtadt, analysed by Bergemann (Dana Min. p. 648).
Abschynitb, Min. p. 622,->anal. : Mdrignae, Ann. Gh. Phys., 17., ziiL, 6, 1868; Her mann, J. pr. Gh. ov., 106, 321 ; Bammebberg, Pogg., d., 214, 1878.
Aoalmatolitb, Min. p. 480. — Ghina, Kenngott, Jahrb. Min. 1870, 782.
336 A. AgxlcoUte. FrmMd, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 791, 047 ; 1874, 686 ; BreUhafipt (references in Danas Min., p. 891).
Monoclinic (Groth). G 110 In globular or semi-globular forms, with radiated oi fibrous structure. Also in indistinct groups of crystals. Soft, heavy, brittle. (3olor hairbrown (Schneebexg) colorless to wine-yellow (Johanngeorgenstadt). Lustre adamantine, greasy.
Gompoeition same as for euJytite (q.v.) 2 Si, 8 SL Analysis, Frensel, 1. a
fii fii J6
16-67 81-82 0-90 99-80
Oocurs at Johanngeoxgenstadt on quartz, associated with bismuth, doanthite, bismite ; also at the mine Keuglttck, Schneebeig.
The arsenwitmuth of Breithanpt has until now been included with eulytite, but the inresfeigationB of Freniel and Groth show that, though haying the same composition, it is different m crystalline form, and hence is a distinct spedes.
Albbbtitb, Min. p. 768.— Probable origin, 8. F. Pecikham lask, J. ScL H, zlyiii., 862, tf69.
Albitb, Min. p. 848.— Saas, cryst, F, Scharf, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 842.
St. Gotthard, cryst, Heesenberg Min. Not. iz., 40, 1870.
Media. Penn., anal., Zetfdt, Am. J. Sci., IIL, vi., 26, 1878.
Grystallographic memoir, with full list of plaaee, Bregina Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1873, 19.
Crystallographic memoir, twinning laws, etc., e. Sath Pogg. Ann. Erg., Bd. y., 426, 1870.
Crystals implanted in orthodase, Bcaeehi Atti Accad. Napdi, March 12, 1870.
Bchneeberg, description of simile atystals, J, Bun; anal., Ludwig Twah. Min. Mitfeh.,
1874, 97, 176. See also Feldspar.
S APFEKD1X n.
ALLAinrs, MixL p. 285.— Sohmiedefeld, Thuringer Wald (SohwazM ), ocyBt. mniioii new fonna, Bauer, WUrtembezg. Kat. Jahresheft, 1872, 246. Vesuvias (oiihite), oryst., f>. Bath, Pogg-i cxxxviii, 482.
Finland (Erbo and Eyokalatt), Wiik, (Efv. Finak. Vet 800., Helsingfon, xiiL, 76, 1870-71. CompoBition discoBsed, BammeUberg, ZS. G. Gea., xxiy., 60, 1872. Greenland, Fredridcshaab, anaL, Bammdsberg, ZS. G. Gs., zxiv., 60, 1872. Found in the Bdhmer Wald, near Husinec, Krejoi, Ber. Bohm. Ges., 1878, p. 860. Amhent Co., Ya., anal., J. A. OabeU, Oli. News, 1874, p. 141.
Allophakr, Ifin. p. 419. — Behm (near Limbozg), KasBao, anaL, Bath, Fogg., cslif., Northampton, Bngland, Bermanny Q. J. G. Soo., xxvii, 284, 1871.
448 A. AUophite, Webskif, ZS. G. Ges., xxr., 899. 1878.
In dense, micro-ozyBtaUine maneR, on fractnre , and eaailj polished to a gnuj hutare by the hand. H. less than oaloite. G. 2*641 (Leffler) Color, pale giayiBh-green. In appearance vezy similar to pseudophite ; distinguished from serpentine by its interior haidnew.
Analysis Leffler (1. a).
&i M ¥e tg tL
86-28 21-92 218 0*86 85 2-07 99-68
Neglecting the water LefBer glTes the formula 2 (Si Si) + 8 (8 Ajg Si). If the water be reckoned in the oxygen ration for ft : II : Si : It 6 : 4 : : 1 ; or for all bases (including fi) to silica 3:2. The water goes off only at a high temperature.
Occurs at Langenbielau, Silesia ; also at Beichenstein. From a quarry of limestone 00 ourring in the gneiss.
Altaite, Mln. p. 44.— Bed Cloud Mine, Colorado, anaL, OentA, Am. PhiL Soo., Philad., xiv., 225, 1874.
Alumtkite, Min. p. 658.— Brighton, J. BbweU, Bep. Brit. Aaaoe., 1872, 108. Kuchelbad, anal., Stolbe, Ber. Bohm. Ges., Prag, 1878, 885.
Alukogen, Min. p. 649.— Iquique, Peru, anal.. Field, J. Gh. Soo., vii., 259, 1869.
Akaloah, Min. p. 18.— Chili, anal., Domeyko, 2d App., IQn. Chili, p. 88, 1867.
Ambltoonitb, Min. p. 545.— See Montebrasite, hebronite.
Akblystbqite, Bath, Pogg., cxxxriii., 581, 1869. Appendix I., p. 1.
Ambrosinb, G. V. Shepard. Appendix I, p. 1.
Ampiitbole, Min. p. 282. — Ciystal of unusual habit, Hartlingen, Nassau, Nie$,, Jahzh Min., 1868, 53. Peru, in dioiyte, anaL, AeMardi, Lettera a Carlo Beffuoli, p. 11, Pisa, 1870. Group of minends, miorosoopically distinguished, Tiehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ix., p. 6, 1809;
relations to minerals of the pyroxene family. Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1871, 88. With augite, at Vesuvius, anal., v. Bath, Pogg. Eig., vL, 229, 1878. Formed by sublima*
tion at Vesuvius, Scaochi, Atti Aooad. Sd. Napoli, Sept. 14, 1872. Greenland, anal , Janoteky, Ber. Chem. Ges. , Berlin, 1878, 1282. South Sherbrooke, Canada, anaL, Harrington, Geol. Survey, Canada, 1874, 201. Altered to serpentine, Brewster, N. T., J. B, Dana, Am. J. Soi. IIL, viiL, 375, 1874.
Analcite, Min. p. 432.— Renfrewshire, analyses, Taung, Ch. News, xxviL, 56, 1872.
A NAT ABE, Min. p. 161. — See ootahedrite.
Min. p. 871.— Bamsberg, Sweden, anal., IgeUtrlhn, Jahrb. Mtn., 1871, 860
Composition, etc., BammMferg, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., 87, 1872.
Anal, and description, Kokecharow, Min. BusbL, v., i64, 170 (ohiastolite).
Crystal from Delaware Co., Penn., B. 8, Dana, Am. J. ScL, ILL, iv., p. 478, 187IL
Amdrewsitb. Mcuketyne. Ch. News, xxiv.. 99. Appendix I., pi 1.
irPBHDIX ZL y
AvOLBSiTB, Min. p 632.— Amona, anal, of a oompaot fonn (7Vm) Brush Am. J. 8oL, III., ▼., 431. CezTo Gordo, GaL, a oompaot yariety, JXBimany Am. J. SoL, lO., ▼!, 131, 1878.
ANHTDBiTifi, Min. p. 631.— Formation of, (?. iZoMr, Ber. Ale Bedin, Jnly, 1871, 868. Gxyst monograph, Sestunberg, Min. Not., z., 1, IStl,
Ankerttb, Mia p. 685. Enbexg, oryatallized, anal., Beeruekuhy Ber. Ak. Wien, !▼., 648, 1867.
Vordemberg, Steiermazk, aryst. (B A B 7'), anal., Zephartmiehj Jahrb. Min., 1368,
Bohemia, anal., Boricky, Ber. Ak. Wien, liz., 613, 1869.
Gall, in the Eifel, anai, Sehmidt, Jahrb. Min., 1876, 89.
Akobthitb, Min. p. 887.— From meteorite of Javenaa (Fraaoe), oiit, Lann Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivl, 889, 1867.
Vesaviiu, cyst, monograph, e. Bath, Fogg., oxzzviii, 449; ibid., oxlyii, 23.
Santorin, ozyst., Hsatenderg Min. Kot., Vm., 81, 1868.
New law for twining, Atti Aooad. SoL, Torino, !▼., 88, 1868' from Montt Somma, lb., vi., 868, 1871.
Pesmeda Alp, oiyst., anal., Bath, Ber. Ak. Beriin, 1874, 749.
See alao Fddapar,
Antholitb, Min. p. 234.— Delaware Co., Fenn., Leeds, Am. J. Sol, lO., yi, 25, 1878.
Amthophtllttb, Min. p. 231.— Hermannsohlag, anal., Brainay . Min. Mitth., 1874,
Antioobitb, Min. p. 465.— Zermatt, anal, v. KoMBLj Bez. Ak. Mtlnbhen, 1874, 165.
Antillitb. Shepaihi. Appendix I, p 1. Antimonabsenittckbl. Petersen, aee ante.
Apatite, Min. p. 580.— Boliyia, anal., Domeyko, 2d App. IGn. Gbili, p. 44, 1867. OfFheim, anal, Koemann, ZS. G. Ges., zxi, 795, 1869.
In laige beds near Forth, Ganada West. Jackson, Froa N. fist. Bost, zii, 88, 1868. As aconstitaent of crystalline rocks, Petersen, J. pr. Gh., cvi, 145, 1869 ; as a secondary product in basalts, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 852. Jamilla and Poloma, oryst. new forms, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixii, 745 et seq., 1870. Schlaggenwald, crystallized hdohedzally, Sehrauf, Tsoh. Mia Mitth, 1871, 105 Tyrol and Switserland, cryst, note, KMn, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 485. Yax franeoUte, Cornwall, anal., Maskdyne db Flight, J. Gh. Soc., is., 1, 1871.
Alathal, oryst Q- newV Struver Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, iii., 125, 1867-8. Goxbassera,
Botino, Baveno, cryst, Strdter, ibid., vi, 863, et seq., 1871. Untersolzbach, oiyst description, new forms, Klein, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 121. Morcia, Spain, anaL, J. H, Church, J. Gh. Soc., II., xl, p. 101, 1878. See also Phosphorite.
Ai'HBOSiDEBiTE, Min. p. 502.— Saxel, Sweden, anal, IgelsMm, B. A H. Zeit., 1868, xxvu., 187. Note, Ifies, Jahrb. Min. , 1873, 820.
APHTHiTALrrB, Min. p. 615. — Vesnyins, character disouased, 8oaeehi,'Atid Accad., NapoU (read), March, 1870. Girgenti, cryst , v. Bath, Fogg., Erg. Bd. yi., 859, 1873.
Apofhtllite, Min. p. 415. — India, cyst. note, Baughtan Jonm. B. GeoL Soo.. IhibU& IL, ii., 113, 1868. Greenland, twin crystals, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Izii., 699, 1870. Maderanerthal. KenngoU, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 725. From the basalt, oiyst, and partial analysis, Streng, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 578.
Aquacbbpititb, Shepard, Am. J. Sd, n., xlyi., 256. Appendix L, pi. 3.
4 Appsxtddc Tl
Araoonite, Min. p. 694.— Oryst, twiiu, Sehrauf Ber. Ak. Wien, Izii, 784, 1870; fma 8a8bach, oryst., new forms, ibid., Ixy., 250, 1878. Waltsoh, Bohemia, altered to hyalite, Bffrioky, Ber. B5hm. Ges., 1878, 65.
795 A. ArtLgoUte—Durand, Proc. Acad., GaL, !▼., p. 218, 1872, (Am. J. 8eL, m., toL vl,67).
A volatile hydrocarbon related to idrialite. It oocnrs at the Kew Almaden Mine, GaL, in bright yellow scales, impregnating a crystaUine silioeons dolomite ; also on oiTiTiahar at the Bedingn Miae.
It contains no arsenic, nor solphnr, nor any metal. Insolnble in oil of toxpentine, alcohol, and ether.
Abcanitb, Min. p. 616. — See AFHTHiTALniB.
284 A. Ardennite. — LoMubo and Bettmdarfj Ber. Nied. Gea. Bonn, zziz.. p. 189, Nor. 24, 1872 ; Pogg. cxlix., 241, 1873. Pisani, G. B., Izxr., 1642, Dm. 8, 1872; Ixzvii., 320, 1873.
Orthorhombic. a (yert)=0 8185, 5=1, e (brach.) 0*4668. Observed pUaes i, /, f, and 40'. 1-t A l-=lld' 12' (Pisani 112" 24 a' A a. Above determinations by t. Bath.
Good crystals very rare, mostly in fragments without terminations. Habit much like ilvaite; 1-1 A 1-1=112'' 40' for ilvaite,=112'* 12' for ardennite. Prismatic planes strongly striated. Gleavage, perfect, /very distinct.
Pisani gives the following optical determinatlonB. Acute bisectrix, positive, normal to tbe cleavage plane i-i (in which the optic axes are observed). Angle of axes in air: red rays 58 , yellow 66* 87', green, 62" 18' (mean). Des Gloizeaiix found : red 76* 7'-79' 9', yellow 72 56', 74" 26', green 68" 86'-70' 59'.
EL 6-7. G. 3*620. Golor yellow to yellowish-brown ; in thin splinter tranalaoent, rod. Dichroic. Brittle and fragile.
Analyses 1, 2, 8, 4, Lasaulx and Bettendorf, Pogg., cxlix., 248, 246. 6. Pisani, O. B., Ixxv. 542. 6. same, lb., Ixxvii, 320.
Si %1 Un An Fe Ca Mg Is Gn ign.
1. 29-65 22*91 80-12
2. 29 60 26-68 28 69
Fe
Ca
Mg
f
1*88
4*84
1*68
8*88
9*20
2*21
8*47
2*94
4*82
1*80
In analyses 1 and 2, L. & B. found 2 p. c. Pt., Pd. , etc. , which, as they afterward showed, came from platinum dishes used in the analysis, the water was overlooked. Analyses 8 and 4 were made subsequently, and by an improved method. The manganese is present in tbe form Sin, as is shown by Pisani (not Mn as in analyses 1 and 2 of L. & B.).
B. B. — Easily fusible to a black glass. With borax gives a manganese bead. The water can only be driven off at a strong red heat.
According to Pisani the arsenic is readily recognised on heating the mineral in a matrass, mixed with carbonate of soda and cyanid of potassium, a ring of metallic arsenic being obtained. He explains the high percentage of vanadic acid obtained by Lasaulx on the ground that he has overlooked the arsenic.
Found near Ottrez (Salm Chateau) in the Ardennes, Belgium, with quartz (containing particles of pyroluHite) and albite.
Lasaulx first noticed this mineral under the name of mangandisthm in consequence of a supposed resemblance to cyam'te. This, as Pisani urges, is on several accounts an objectionable name, and is naturally superseded by the name ardennite which too has the right oi priority over dewalquiU.
Aboentitr, Min- p. 678. — Gryst., new forms, Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiii, 165, 1871.
Aboentopyrftb, Min. p. 39.— Gryst. memoir, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiv., 192, 1871.
72 A. Arite. The arsenid of nickel, containing 27-8 p. o. antimony, described by Berthiei from ihe Bas8es-Pyr6n<'es (Dana, Min. p. 60), has been called aarite (more properly on Pisani) by Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 40.
▲Fpbndtx H. 5
The Mtaiae mineral has been snbaeqnently hiTeatigated Pisani (0. B., Izxri., 280. 1878), and he c jndndes that it is meielj variety of breithanptite. An analjaia gare him : 11*5, Sb 18*6, Ni 87*8, Zn 2*4 101*5, corresponding to an arseniferons breithanptite. G. =7*19. It is similar to the mineral from Allemont also described by Berthier (Dana Min. p. 60, anal 4), which is an antimoniferons niocoUte.
The name arite, however, may still be well retained for the antimonarsennickel of Petersen (Pog;., ezzzvii., 896, 1869), the analysis of which agrees yexy closely with that of Ber> thier for the Pyrenees mineral. The mineral described by Petersen oocnrs massive at the Wenzel mine, Wolfach, Baden, in a coarse granular limestone. It is sometimes accompanied by wolfaoUte. An analysis afforded: As 80*06, Sb 28*22, Ni 89*81, Go tr, Fe 06, S 1.77 100*82. H. 6*5, G. 7*50. B.B. fuses with a strong reaction for arsenic and antimony. With sods gives a magnetic globnle.
AsaiCNio (native), Min. p. 17. — Fonnd in the argentiferons mines of San Angnstin, Stats of Hildjigo, Mexico (H. 2, G. 7*24), La Natnraleza, xL, p. 818, 1878. Marienberg, Saxony (arsenglanz), Fremd, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 25; 1874, 677.
Abrbkical oobolk Appendix I., p. 1.
Absbniosidkbitb, Min. p. 76.~AnaL, Churchy J. Oh. Soo., n., xi, p. 102, 1878.
Ars£NOPTBITB, Min. p. 78. — Schneeberg, anal, Fremd, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 517. Patosi, containing 4 p. c. Bi, anal, Domeyko 8d Appendik, Mm. Chili, 1871. Meymac, Corrdze (containing bismuth), anaL, Carnot, C. B., Ixxix, 479, 1874. Schladming, anaL, Bumpf, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 178, ozyst description, ibid., p. 281 See also Dwoaite.
33 A. Arsenotellnrite, a name proposed by Hannay for a sapposed new tellurid. It occurs in small brownish scales upon arsenical izon-pyrites. An analysis gaye him (on -6847 gr.) Te 40*71, As 28*61, S 85*81, corresponding to the formula 2 TeS., AssSg. Nc kteaUty mentioned. J. Oh. Soc., U., xi, p. 989, 1878.
Arsekstibite. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 42. — A hydrous arsenate of antimony, foz which Pisani gives the formulas Sb' Is + 15 and §b* As + SOU.
ASBBBTUB, Min. p. 284.— Found at Pelham, Mass. , Am. J. Sd, II, xlix., 271, 1870
AaBOLiTB, Min. p. 181.— Saalfeld, note, v. RodeU, Ber. Ak. MOnchen, 1870, 49.
231 B. Asmanite, Ma$keLyne, Phil. Trans., ,'p. 861, 1871 (y. Rath, Pogg., £rg. Bd. ri , 882, 1873.
Ohrthorhombic. Occurring planes O. I. i-i 1-i, f-{, -i, f, i, jf. a (yert.) : bz c 3 81320 : 1*0000 : 1-7437. /a/120 20' . OaII 117" 46' . OaJ : 117* 89'.
Cleayoge O good, surface having a yitreous lustre, / difficult. Lustre generally resinous, resembling that of opal. Extremely brittle, especially in outer portions.
H. 5 5. G. 2*245. Optically bi-axial, divergence large, in air 107*-107i' (approximately), being somewhat greater for red rays than blue. Firat bisectrix normal to i-i (100), second normal to 0. Double-refraction, positive.
Composition nearly pure silica, oonsequentiy the same as for quarts and tridymite. Anal* ysis, Ifaskelyne, la 1. On 0.8114 gr. 2. On 0-2653 gr.
Si 9e Ca %
2. (99.21) 0*79 eta 100*00
Found in the meteoric iron of Breitenbach, in very minute grains, generally much rounded and stained with iron on the surface.
It is mixed with bronsite (after the removal of the iron, troilite and chromite), and constitutes about one- third of the mixed siliceous minerals. Maskelyne suggests that the rounded character of the mineral and of the accompanying bronzite may be due to this having undergone superficial fusion, or having been softened by the intense heat generated by the rapid course of the meteorite in the air ; an idea which, he says, seems to be supported by the brit" Ueness of the outer portions of the grains.
AspiDOLiTB, V KobeiU, Ber. Ak. Manohen. March, 1869. Appendix L, p. 2. Found in gneiss near Snarum, Moravia, Tsoh. Min. Mittb., 1871, 119.
AvTBBOiTB, Igdatf9nk Appendix I, p. 9.
A8TBOPHTLLITB, Uon. p. 808.— Ciyst, IfardenMM, CBfr. Ak. 8tOQUiL,zrTtt.,061,187QL
Atacamite, Min. p. 121.— Kew Soath Wales, GEyst, Klein, Jahzb. IGn., 1869, 847; 1871, \im ; V. ZephartnUh, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixui, 6, 1871 ; iU, IziiiL, 120, 1878.
Morphological stady, B. 8. Dana, Tach. Min. Mitth., 1874, 108.
Anal., J. A, CabeU, Chem. Kewa, zxyiu., 272, 1873.
Anal , and diacnaaion of composition, Ludwig, . Min. Mitth., 1878, 86 (42).
Altered to malaohite, KoktcharaWy BnlL Soa Imp. St Pet, XYiii., 186, 1872; IMcrmoik, Tach. Min. Mitth., 1878, 89.
A black oxy-chlorid of copper, differing somewhat from ataoamite, is desoribed hj Domkc 3d Append., Min. Chili, 1871). It was amorphous, grajiah-black, without lustrei Compact to gianular. Fracture even or suboonchoidaL It takes a semi-metallio polish under tfai knife. Composition as obtained Stuten, deducting impurities. Cud 16*94, Cn 68'67, fi
Atblestitb, Mia. p. 892. — Sdhneebeig, oryst description (monodlinio), Raih Pogg., szzzYi, 422. AnaL, easentiallj an arsenate of bismuth, i'Vdnsel, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 794.
AuoiTE, Min. p. 216.— In meteorites, BanmeUbera, Pogg,, czL, 820, 187-. Relation to other minerals of pyroxene group, I'aehermakyTBdtL Min. Mitth., 1871, 28. Schonhof, Bohemia, in twins, fnmi basalt, Zepharatieh, Jahzb. Min., 1872, 59. Occurring with hornblende at Vesuvius, anal., v, Bath, Pogg. Big., Bd. ▼!, 229, 887, 1878 See also pyroxene.
AURICHALCITB, Min. p. 712.— Found at Franklin, N. J., TrafOmne, J, Frank. , m., Jdv., 874.
AUTUNiTB (Kalkuranit), Min. p. 686.— Occurrence in phosphorite, Wibd, Jahib. Min., 1878, 242. Cornwall, anal. Church, J. Ch. Soa, U., ziii., 109, 1875.
AxDfiTE. Min. p. 207.— Bayeno, cyst, 8tr&ter, Atti Aocad. Torino, iii, 181, 1887-68. Composition, BammeUberff. ZS. G. Oes., xxi., 689, 1869.
Cryst., relation to glauberite, Sohnmf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Izv., 244, 1872; oiyst, ibid., bdi., 712,720.729; Ixiy., 191. Striegau. Silesia, cryst., Webtkjf, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 1. Bottallock, Cornwall, cryst memoir, Heuenberg, Min. Not., xi., 80, 1878.
AzoRiTB, Min. p. 761.— St Miguel, cryst, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, bdii, 187, 1871.
AzuRiTB. Min. p. 715. — Nertschinsk, occurrence described, Sehrauf, Tsoih. Min. Mitth. 1871, 13.
Exhaustive cryst memoir (homomorphous with epidote, p. 169), Sehratrf, Ber. Ak. Wiem Ixiv., 123, 1871.
CompoeitioD and paragenesLs discussed, , Jahrb. Min., 1878, 246.
BABTTiOTOKrrB. Min. p. 227.— Baveno, cryst. description, v. Bath, Pogg., ., 588. Devonshire, analysis and description, Forbes, PhiL Mag., IV., xzxvii., p. 828, 1869. Herbomseelbach, Nassau, Bath, Pogg. Erg., v., 420, 1871 ; a John, Pogg., cxliv., 694; Jahrb. Min., 1872, 819.
Barbttite : Bombicci, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 750. Appendix I., p. 8.
Baritb, Min. p. 616.— Hemimorphio oiyBtals, Beus$, Ber. Ak. Wien, liz., 628, 1869.
Tavetsch, Graubiioden, cryst, Kenngott, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 854.
Przibram, cryst, new forms, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiv., 199, 1871.
Val Alvemia, etc., cryst, Struver, Atti Accad. Sd. Torino, vii, p. 868, 1871.
Bohemia, oryst memoir, Hdmhacker (Denkschr. Ak. Wien), Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1872, 71.
S87 A. BartholomiU, CkM Ak. H. Stockholm, IX., Na 12 (Nov., 1870), (QeoL Werf Indian Islands, p. 81). Occurs with mendosite in yellow nodules composed of small needles Analysis, deve L
NaCl 9 9e fi liiig
2-88 44-76 22-71 17*08 808 0*68 inaoL 8'66 - 99H
APPKIIDIX n. 7
Dedvoting Nad (2*88), AgS+7Aq (8*87), and insolnUe matter (8-96), we obtain 3 48-(l6,
from the alteration of pyrite. Looality St. Bartholomew, West Indiea It is closulj related to botiyogen. .
Babttookumtttb, Min. p. 620.— Oreiner, Tyrol, analyses (UOik) and description, ZephiCh rtfoieh, Ber. Ak. Wien, liii, 740, 1867.
Bastnabits, Huot Appendix L, p. 2.
Bbattxitb, Min. p. 174.— WoUerdorf, analysLs, £rutn, B. & H. Zeit., zziL, 288, 1868.
Found in French Gniana Meunier, C. B., IzxiT., 688, 1872.
Analyses and description, H, Coguand, Bull. Soa G., xxviii, 98, 1871.
Oenth, Am. Phil. Soo., Fhilad., adii, 872, 1878.
See also wocheinite and sirlita
Kokorije, anaL, Johf Yerh. O. Beiohs, 1874, 889.
Bebaumits, Min. p. 658.— St. Benigna, Bohemia, analysis, Borioky, Ber. Ak. Wien, M . 6, 1867. Saxony (near Scheibenbezg), FrenMd, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 28.
, Min. p. 245.— Chili, anal (0-8 p. o. ifi), Domeyko, 2d App. Iffin. Ghili, p. 48, 1867.
Elba, cryst., v. Rath, ZS. G. Ges., xxii, 661, 1870; Achiaidi, Nuoto Cimento, 11., lit, Feb., 1870 ; analysis, Beehi, BolL Gom. Geol. Ital, 1870, 82.
Siberia, oiyst description, Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixv., 255, 1872.
Bemarkable crystal described (new forms), £okscharow, Min. Bussl., vi,
Emerald, inyestigation of cause of oolor, WiUianu. Proa Boy. Soo., London, xxi., 409,
Emerald, Muso mine, New Granada, anal., BoutrihgavU, Gh. News, xx., 811, 1869.
Bbtbichite, Liebe, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 840.
BiBiBOSTTB— Beudantite. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 49.
BiNKiTB, Min. p. 90.— Giyit, note, He89berg . Min., 1874, 842, 844,
BiOTiTB, Min. p. 804.— Brewster, N. Y., altered to serpentine, J*. 2>. jDana, Am. J. SoL, HL, viii., 375, 1874. Morawitca, analysis, Humpf, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 177. Paigas, Ceylon, etc., analyses, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 289, 242. Bee alno Mica.
BiBMiTB, Min. p. 185. — Meymac, Corrdse, anaL, Camot thinks that bismuth ochre should be united to bismutite (Wismuthspath), and this name reserred for the true oxyd, G. B., ixxix., 478, 1874.
Bismuth, Min. p. 19. — Found at Meymao, (Torrdze, Odrruft. G. B., Ixxviii., 171 ; Ixxix. , 478, 1874, Victoria, Ulrieh contrib. Min. Vice, 1870, p. 6.
BisMUTHiKiTB, Min. p. 80.— Beaver Co., Utah, occurrence described, SUUman Am. J. SoL,
m., vi, 127, i8ra.
Cerro Gordo, containing 5 p. c. Cu, anaL, Domeyko, 8d Append., Min. Ghili, 1871. Meymac, Corr, anaL, Oarnt G. B. Ixxix., 8(>4, 1874.
RiSMUTiTB, Min. p. 716.— St. Jos, Brazil, note, KobeU J. pr. Gh., II., ilL, 469. Haddam, Conn., shepard Am. J. ScL, IL, L, 94.
Mexico, near Guanajuato, pseudomorph after acheelite (?), anal., Freruel, Jahrb. Min., 1878 801. 946; CastiUo, Natundeza, iii., p. 92, 1874. Oruro, BoUvia, ibid. , 1874, 686. Meymac, Gorr, anal., Gatmot G. B., Ixxix., 804, 1874.
BisMUTOFEBRiTB, Appendix I., p. 8.— A second analysis afforded, Frenad, Si 34*05, Fa 88*12, Bl 42-88 100*00. He regards it as without doubt agood spades. J. Min., 1872, 516l
, Min. p. 48.— See Sphalb&itb.
O jIFFBRDDE IL
Min. p. 648.-43tai8fiizt, ozyat. and optdoal OTiwifafttfon, GrM and HMm, 81 0. Gea., zziii.,670. Sta88furt (Bimonyite, q. v., Appendix L, p. 14), o. Bathy Fogg., odiT., 686 tdTU
806 A. Bombicoite, BeM, Aehiardi, Min. Toecana, p. 858. 1878 ; Bombieti Hem. A& 8c Bologna, H., ix., 1869 ; Ouareaehi, BolL Com. GeoL ItaL, 1871, 70.
H. 0-6-1. a. 1 -06. Transpazent CkdorLeaB.
Analyaia, Beohi (after deducting imparities) Lo.
HOG 10-70 14-74 74-66 lOO-OO
This ooizespondB to the fornmla
Softens with heat, and foses at aUd at a higher tempezafcoze it Tolatiliaea. LmqIuUs in water, but extremely soluble in sulphid of oarbon ; also soluble in ether and in aloohoL
Found in lignite at Oastelnuovo dAvane, in the upper yaUeyof the Azno, Tuscany.
Aehiardi refers to this species a foasil resin, described by Quaresdhi (Lo.) as found in the apper valley of the Amo. It occurs in irregular whitish-yellow masses, soft It fosH
" r, and bums with a smoky flame. Two analyses gaye :
H
72-72 10000
d. 9*12
76-94 100-00
These analyses lead to a formula essentially identical with that given for bombiocita
BORACITB, Min. p. 695.— Stassfurt, crystallised, SchuUge, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 844. Gzyst note, 8e?irauf, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 114.
Borates. —Found in Noya Scotia, JEToto, Fhil. Mag., lY., xli., 274, 1871. Peru, analyses (with wide variations probably due to admixtures of Oa'Gls and Oa Walker, Ch. News, xviil, 203, 1868; see also TMeredin, BuU. Soa Ch., xvil, 887, 1872.
Borax, Min. p. 697.— Siena Nevada, SHiman. Am. J. ScL, m., vi, 180, 1878 : see alsc Jahrb. Min., 1874, 716.
144 A. Bordosite.— Ann. des Mines, VII., i., p. 412, 1872. Bertrand describes a mineral substance, color yellow to red, occurring with an amalgam rich in Hg and Ag, and resultiur from its decomposition. It becomes dark rapidly on exposure to the air.
Analysis. AgOl Hg*01 HgO
81-28 45-58 22*70 09*46
Bertrand regards the HgO as adventitious, and proposes for it the name htdrabotbitk, deducting this there remain AgCl 40*69, end %jCl 50 '81 100, or AgCl + HgGl, tc which he gives the name of bobdositb. Both species appear very unoertain. Locality Bordos in Chili
BoRNiTE, Min. p. 44.— From the Ardennes, anal., Kaninek, Bull. Acad. Belg., n., xxvii., 290,1871.
BouLANOBRlTB, Min. p. 99.— Silbersand, near Mayen, anal., Bath, Vogg., , 480. (Yar. Embrithrite), composition, Freneel, J. pr. Ch., U., ii., 860.
BoxTRNONiTB, Min. p. 96. — Liskeard, Cornwall, anal. Wait, Ch. News, xxviii., 752, 1873
BouBSiNOAULTiTE, Min. p. 636.— Bechi gave the name boussinganltite (C. B , Iviii, 583, 1864) to the double salt of ammonia and magneRia occurring at the botanic acid fumaroles of Tuscany. The same mineral has since been fully described by Popp (AniL Ch. Pharm., BuppL Bd., viiL, 1, 1870), and has received from him the name eerboUts, It seldom ooonn quite pure in nature, but on re-crystallization it is obtained in perfect crystals of monocUnic form. An analysis of material thus obtained gave: NH 9 38, % 1105, 2§ 44 39, 71) &5-l(> 90 08, which affords the formula NH.OS 4- % § + 6fi. A number of aaalysef of the natural salt showed that te, Mn and da may, in variable propoftiona replace tlie Mg
Bragitb, Min. p. 626.— See Fbroubonite.
JtfFBHDIZ n. 9
Bbbithaitftitb.— See Abitb.
BBBU27SBITB, HiXL p. 686. See HAOMEaiTB.
Brochantite, Min. p. 664.— Sohranf (Ber. Ak. ¥6n, Ixrii, 275, 1878) has thoroughly tnyestigated thU group of minerals, finding them to be isomorphoos with malachite, and in crystalline form approximately monoclinio. He distinguishes four types. I. Broohantite from Itezbanya (in two varieties), Bedmth, Cornwall, etc., tridinia II. Waningtonite from ComwalL, and a variety from Bezbanya, monoclinio (?). IIL From Nischne, Tagilsk, monoclinic -tridinia IV. Bdnigin from Bossia, also a variety from Bezbanya, monoclinio or orthorhombio (anaL by Ludmg of this variety, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1878, 86.)
Bbonzitk, Min. p. 208. — In meteorites, Bamnulsberg Pogg., cxL, 816 ; from the chzysolita bombs of the Eifel, anal, same, ibid., oxli, 514, 1870.
From meteorite of Lodrau, cryst and anal., 2*seliermak Ber. Ak. Wiezif Izi, 469, 1870.
Belation to other minerals of the pyroxene group, Tichermak, . Min. Mitth., 1871, 17.
From meteorite of anal, Bath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1872, 83.
From basalt hills of Bohemia, anal., Farskjf, Ber Bohm. Ghem. Ges. (Zpr&vy, eta), L, 26,
From the diamond rock of So. Africa, analyses, Maskdyne db Flighty Q. J. O. Soa, xzx.. 411, 418, 1874.
Manayunk, Fenn., anal., ZMfa, Am. J. Sd., HL, iz., 229, 1875.
See also B/utatite.
Bbookitb, Min. p. 164. — Gryst. (monoclinio, and isomorphous with wolframite), SckrauJ Jahrb. Min., 1871, 168 ; 1878, 754 (Atlas der &stall-Formen, Lief. IV.). Urtds, oyst., new forms, v. LetuMmberg Koksoh. Min. BussL, vL, 204, 1870. Found at Pfitsch Joch, Tyrol, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1878, 49.
Bbucite, Min. p. 175.— Altered by exposure to the air, ffetaenberg, Min. Not., viU.,
Brewster, N. Y., pseudomorph after dolomite; altered to serpentine, J. D, Dana Am. J Sol, in,, viii, 875, 1874.
BusTAMENTiTB, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 67. An iodid of lead, Liebe, Jahrb. Min., 1867, 159.
830 F. Byerite.— A name given by Mallet (Am. J. Sd., III., iz.. 146, 1875) to the mineral coal of Middle Park, Colorado. It belongs to the daai caking-bituminous, and gave on analysis, 39'95 p. a volatile matter (gas and tmy oil), 54*03 p.c. fixed residue (coke and ash), and 6*02 p.a water. O. 1.828. Color jet-black. Powder brown. It resembles albertite in the large amount of gas and tarry oil yielded by it, but differs in being heavier and in yielding no soluble products with bisulphide of carbon, ether, etc. It also resembles torbanite, but is heavier, does not crackle in the fire, and and intumesoes when heated.
Bttownitb, Min. p. 940.—Tichfnnak, Fogg., oxxxviii, 162. Shown to be a mixture, Zirkel, . Min Mitth., 1871, 61.
Cabbbbitb, Min. p. 561.— Anal and description, Frenzd Jahrb. Min., 1874, 682.
Cacbsutaitb. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 52. A doubtful variety of dausthalitt from the Cacheuta mine, Mendoza, So. Amer., Dana, Min., p. 798.
Cacholono, Min. p. 199.— Analyzed by NbrderukiSldy QSfv. Ak. Stockholm, 1874, 8.
Cacoxenite, Min. p. 584.— St Benigna, Bohemia, Btnieky, Ber. Ak. Wien, IvL, 6, 1867.
Calamine, Mm. p. 407.— Silesia, anal., Wteter, Verb. Geol. Beichs., 1871, 112. Wythe Co., Virginia, anal., Irbff Ch. News, xxviii., 272, 1878.
Calavriiite, Min. p. 705. — Bed Cloud mine, Colorado, anal., Ninth Am. PhiL Soa Philad., xiv., 229, 1874.
Calcitk. Min. p. 670.— In melaphyr on the Kahe, oiyit, new forms, Rath, Pogf.|
., 572. Crjtitr Mepn, iftwtf, Z8. O. Ges., zziii, 456, 464.
10 Atpbndix Xl
DiaooBsiofn of caoBeB prodnomg variety in fornui, Oredner J. pr. Gh. II., L, 203, 1870.
Di0Cii88ion of twins, Seharff Jahrb. Min., 1870, 542.
PsendcmoihB in sandstone, Heidelbeig, Kloeke, Jahrb. Miw,, 1860, 714; at Sieving, Vienna. Brmna, Jahrb. O. Reichs., sex., 1, 1870. Pseudomorph after apophylUte, StrenOy Jahrb. Min., 1870, 425. An apparently hemimorpluo crystal, Bauer , ZS. O. Oesw, zxiv., 897, 1872.
Striegan, cryst (with B'\ 4B), Webgky, Taoh. Mm. Mitth., 1872, 63.
Lake Superior, cryst., Ilessenberg, Min. Not., ix., 1, 1870; Caaazy la., ib., ix., 0; berg, ibid., x., 37, 1871 ; Iceland, ib., xl, 9, 1878; Andreaaberg, xL, 17, 1878.
Stalactites from Niemschitz, Erzbeig, otyst., Vrba Lotos, Dea, 1872.
Lake Superior, a remarkable twin, Nat/iy Pogg., dii, 17; Alston Moor, oyst (BX tbid.. Erg. Bd. v., 438.
Giyst., driUing (2R), K 8. Dana, Tach. Min. Mitth., 1874, 180.
Brewster, N. Y.. altered to serpentine, J, D, Dana, Am. J. Sd., IIL, viii.. 876, 1874.
From the melaphyr at Canisdorf, (nyat, new forms, SehnarVt Jahrb. Mm., 1874, (M.
Catalogue of planes given by De$ uUmeaux, translated into Naomann's Symbola, Rentt berg, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 849.
Schneeberg, remarkable association with quarts, Bath and FrenuL Ber. Ak. 1874, 683.
Galedonitb, Min. p. 625.~Bed Gill, Cumberland, cyst, Heeemiherg, Min. Not, ix., 48, 1870.
Leadhills, anal by MatHodyne and Flight; they oondude that the mineral is really fret from carbonic acid, and corresponds in composition to the formula 6bS + 8Cii£[ + J. Ch. Soc., n., xii, 101, 1873.
Bezbana, ayst, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiy., 173 ; bnr., 241. See Appendix L, p. 18.
Oampbellite. See Chaltpitb.
CANCRiKiTRy Min. p. 829.Comp., Kenngatt, Verh. Min. OesL St. Pet., U., tIL
C ARSON YTTRiNB. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 24. Synonym of tengerUe, DaiuiMin. 1868, p. 710.
Cabmallitb, Min. p. 118.— Westeregehi, anal., Beinwarth, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 618. Stassfurt, containing thallium, Ha/mmerbaeher, Ann. Ch. Pharm., dvxxii., 82, 1875.
Cabpholitb, Min. p. 419.— Found at Wippra in the Han, anal.. Loseen, ZS. O. Gea, U., 455, 1870.
Cashiteritb, Min. p. 157.— Found at Winslow, Me., Jaokeon, Proo. N. Hist. Boat., xii, 267. 1860. New South Wales, occurrence described, UlHchj Q. J. G. Soc., xxix., 5, 1873. Found in large quantities in Queensland, Am. J. Sci., III., v., 137, 1873.
Cblkstitb, Min. p. 619. — AnaL, and disoossion of products of deoompoaition, UOikt Bee Ak. Wien, Ivii., 929, 1868.
Found in tertiary rocks of Egypt, Phil. Mag., IV.. xxxviii., 162, 1869.
Pseudomorphs, SeaeeM, Atti Acad. SoL, Napoli, March, 1870.
Cryst. memoir (many figures), Averbaeh, Ber. Ak. Wien, lix., 549, 1869.
Monte di Zocuolino, Italy, anal., Aehiardu BolL Com. Geol. ItaL, 1871, 185.
Found near Hannover Lindener Berg, Outhe. Jahrb Min., 1870, 480.
Bildersdorf, etc., cryst. and analyses, with a discussion of the influenoe of isotnorphooi admixtures on the crystalline form, Arzruni, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., 477, 1872.
Cekaroyritb, Min. p. 114. — Andrewiberg, in crystals, Oroddeek, Jahrb. IGn., 1869, 445.
Domeyko has described a related mineral from the Cordillera of Dehesa. It contauu beside AgCl also AgyCl and CuCl, though in Tarying proportions, aa shown by the analyses. Its color is ash-gray, and it does not alter at all on exposure to the light. Sectile like bom- iUver. 3d Append. Min. Chili, 1871.
Oerbolite. See Boussinoaultitb.
Cerite, Min. p. 413.— Bastnfis, cryst, shown to be orthorhombic, J A 90* 4', Ma 189' 6 , anal, NtyrdemkUHd, (Bfr. Ak. StooUudm, xxriL, 561, 1870, xxx., 18, 187a
AfPENDDC n. 11
CBmoLTTE, Min. p. 470. — Ekucony, anal., Fremd Jahrb. Min., 1878, 789,
Gerubsite, Min. p. 700.— Kuilibaba (Bokowina), ozyBt., Zepharavieh, Ber. Ak. Wien Uii.. 489, 1870. Giyst. memoir, Kokiaharaw Min. RusaL, vi., 100. Cry St., new fonuBf and diaciuaion of twins, Sehrauf Tach. Min. Mitth., 1873, p. 208.
OnABAZiTE, Min. p. 434. — Diaoiusion of oompodtion, with analysea, Kenngott J. pr. Oh., IL, i, 123 ; Bammelsberg, Fogg., czlii, 476 ; anal, ZS. G. Gea., xxi., 84.
Chalcolite, Min. p. 685.— See Torbsbnitb.
Ghalcomiclitk. a name used by Blomstrand for a mineral having the composition 8CaS, FeS", and hence synonymous with bomite (see Bammelsberg Min. Ghem., p. 115). (Bfr. Ak. Stockhohn, xxvii, p. 24, 1870.
370 A. Ohaloomoiphite, v. Bath, Fogg. Ann., Ezg. Bd. tI, p. 876, 1878.
Hexagonal, a (yert) 1*8993. Oocorxing planes 0,1,1. 0:1 24'. Gleayage, 0 distinct H. 5. G. =2*54. Lnstre yitreons. Fyr., gives water in a matrass, becoming white and lustreless. B.B., foses with difficulty on the edges, cooling up like skoleoite. Soluble in HGl with the separation of gelatinous siUca.
Analysis (L c.) on 0*20 gr. Si £l Ca (and some 0)
25-4 4-0 44-7 16*4
loss, in part la, 0-5 10000.
From the Laaoher See, also from Niedexmendig in the Eif eL Ooouxzing in oavitiea la Umestone-indosures in the lava.
Ghalcophtllitb, Min. p. 571.~Gomw8ll, analyses. Churchy J. Gh. Soa, IL, viiL, 168, 1870.
Ghalcofybite, Min. p. 65.— Gryst. memoir, A. Sadebeek, ZS. G. Gea., xx., 595, 1868; eren apparently holohednd forms are really hemihedral, same, ib., xxiv., 185, 1872. Tuscany, analyses. Boll. Gom. GeoL Ital., 1873, 289.
68 A. Ohakiopyrrhotite, Blomstrand, (Bfr. Akad. Stockholm, xxyiL, p. 23, 1870. MasslTe. Golor like that of pyrite with a tinge of brown. Hardness nearest that of ohaloopyrite. G. 4*28. ioialysis (1. c.)
Fe Gu S residue
which gives the formuU Fe*GuS or I Fe
Occurs at Nya Kopparberg, Sweden, in smiUl imbedded portions with magnetite, spalerite. calcite, as well as chondrodite, the mineral most chazacteristiG of the locality.
Chalypite. A name given by Shepard to a compound of iron and carbon found by Forchhammer as a leading constituent of the Niakomak iron. The carbon varied from 7-23 — 11.06 p. c, corresponding to the formula GFe* (Am. J. Sci., IL, xlviii., 28, 1867). Meunier uses the name (Ann. Gh. Phys., lY., xvii , 86, 1869), and introduces another, Oamp* bellite, for a similar compound, G. 1*50 p. a, seemingly contained in the Gampbell Ga, Tenn., meteoric iron, which was analyzed by J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd, II., xix., 159, 1855).
Ghamabitb, Min. 16.— In meteoric iron, Meunier Ann. Gh. Fhys., IV., xviL, 82.
GoiLDRENiTB, Min. p. 579.— Tavistock, anaL, Churd J. Gh. Soo., IL, xi, p. 103, 1878.
Ghloritb. See Ripidolii K, Pboclobitb.
GnLORiTOiD, Min. p. 504.— Ghatham Go., No. Garolina, anaL, Death Am. Fiji. Soa Philad.,xiii., 899, 1878.
138 A. Chlorooalcita. Soaoohi, Bend. B. Aooad. 8a Kapoli, Oct, 1872 (ZS. G Gar xxiv., 505).
12 .AFPBNDIZ n.
iBometric. In small ozyBteb with oabio, ootahednd and dodeoahedral obbfliL Tiu parent, sometimes stained a light violet Yeiy soluble, deliqnesoing readily.* Analysis gavi 58*76 p. o. OaClj, the residue consisting of the chlorides of potash, soda and manganese
Ibcmorphoua with the ohlorides of potash and soda.
Found at Vesuvius in the bombs thrown out during the eruption in April, 1872.
CnoNDRODiTE, Min. p. 86d.~Composition discussed, KmngoU Nat. Qea. Zftrich, zIt.i 165?, 1869.
Pargas, crystals identical with humite, type n„ Kokteharato Min. RussL, YL, 73 et. seq
Nya-Kopparbeig, crystals belonging to humite, type IL, Bath PogST-* cxUv., 563, 1871.
Found in the Bdhmerwald, near Husine, Krei, Ber. Bohm. Oes. Pn, 1878, 360.
Brewster, N. Y., anal, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sd., in., vL, 212; altered to serpentinfl, /. /). JDana, ibid., viii, 875, 1874 ; preliminary notice of crystals, in which it is shown while the majority belong to the second type (humite), there are also some which are of tj/ffi III. The same planes occur, as on humite, with a laive number of other new foims, the kind of hemihedrism is the same, and the angles are nearly identicaL B, & Dana lUd., ix., 68, 1875.
See also Humite.
Chromite, Min. p. 153.— Analyses, Koksoh., Min. BussL, Y., 161, 1867.
Analyses, CUmet Ann. Ch. Phys., lY., xvi, 90.
Monterey Co., Gal., anal., E, Oddimtth Proa Aa Philad., 1878, 866.
Hungary, analyses, Hoffmann Jahrb. Min., 1873, 878.
See Magnochromite.
Chrobcpicotitb, /. PeUmm J. pr. Ch., cvi, 187. Appendix L 8.
CnRTSOBERTL, Miu. p. 155. — Hclsingf ors, anal., F. /. WUk Jahrb. Min., 1868, 181 Cr} St., ibid., 1869,356.
Russia, cyst, new forms, Eldn, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 548 ; 1871, 470.
Isomorphous with chrysolite, Sadebeck. Ber. Qes. Berlin, May 17, 1870; Jahrb. Min., 1870, 628.
Chrtbolite, Min. pi 256.— Laaoher See, cryst., Bath, Pogg., oxxxv., 579; Yesuviiu, lain, ibid., p. 581.
Bourbon Isles, red variety in lava, Fttehs, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 577.
An constituent of rocks, , Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi, 254 ; same, with analyses, Tsehermak ibid., p. 261 ; from meteorite of Lodran, anal., Tscftermak, ib., Ixi, 467, 1870.
Ciyst memoir. Rokaeharow, Min. Bussl., YI., 1, 1870.
From the Pallas iron, anal, v. Baumhauer YersL Med. Ak. Amsterdam, v., 362, 1871 ; from Tjobe (India), meteorite, anal., same, ib., vL, 54, 1872.
From some basalts of Bohemia, anal., Far$ky Ber. Ghem. Gea Bohm. (Zprdvy, eta), 1872, 22.
In labradorite rocks of N. Hampshire, anal, E, & Dana, Am. J. ScL, III., ill, 40, 1872.
Snarum, anal., Pogg., cxlviii., 829, 1878.
GHBT80TILE, Min. p. 465. — See SBRPBNTnfB.
Ghubitb, Min. p. 258. — Oharaoter doubtful, BoM/ibtuch, Jahrb. 'Mm,, 1872, 169.
Cinnabar, Min. p. 56.— Province of Lucca, cryst, showing that it is tetartohedral liks quarts, Achiardi, BolL Com. GeoL Ital., 1871, 163. Min. Toea, IL. p. 282. Pseudomorph after barite, Durand, Cal. Acad. ScL, iv., 211, 1872.
Clarita Sandberger has given this name to a supposed new mineral occurring at the Clara mine, near Schapbach, Kinsigthal. The chief constituents were found to be sulphur, antimony, arsem'c and copper. Color dark steel-gray. Apparently orthorhombic, with cleavage perfect in one (macrodiagonal) direction. Occurs altered to cfaaloopyrite ; also affords covellite as a result of decomposition. In addition to these minerals, tetrahedrite has been found at the same mine, and in larger quantities barite, fluorite, psilomelaae and !imonite. Jahrb. Min., 1874, 960.
Claustualitb, Min. 43, 798.— Mendoza, Domeyko, 2d App. Min. ChiU, p. 80, 1867; 4tb dpp., p. 21, 1874. Stdmer, . Min. Mitth., 1873, 254.
Clinochlobr, Min. p. 497.— Belonging to a dino-hezsgonal*' system, Sehnttf,
Min. Mitth.. 1874, 161.
AVFBNDIX n. 13
ChiteT Ca. Penii., anal., Neminan, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 176.
Goal, analyses, ehowinir the presence of snlphur in addition to that combined with the jron (as FeS.), WbrmUy, Ohio GeoL Report, 1870, p. 412.
OoBALTiTB, Min. p. 17. — Thenno-eleotrical character, J20M, Fogg., czlii., 1, 1871 ; Sehrattf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, Izix., 156, 1874.
CoERULEOLACTiTB, Petersen, Jahrb. 3Iin., 1871, 853— Appendix L, p. 8.
Dr. GefUh uis observed a similar mineral with waTcllite at General Trimble's iron mine, near White Horse Station, Chester Valley R. R., Chester Co., Fenn (e locality erroneonaly called Steamboat "). It is in ciyptodystalline, botryoidal, incmstations of a pale greenish bine or sky-blue color. An analysis of nearly pnre material gave him : P 86*81, il 88*27, On 4*25, H 21-70, quartz 0*54 101-07. G. 2*696. Neither the wavellite nor any other associated mineral contains copper, so that Dr. G:enth regards it aa probably belonging to the constitution of the mineral (priv. contribu).
COLUMBITB, Min. p. 615. — Bodenmais, composition, Hermann J. pr. Ch., oiii., 127, 1868:
n., u., 2, iia
Composition, Bammdtherg, ZS. G. Ges., xn 655, 1869. From New England, Sheaard, Am. J. Sci., 11., L, 90, 1870.
Relation to wolframite, Jeremeto Jahrb. Min., 1878, 421 ; also OrathBaad Arwruni, Fogg., cxlix., 285, 1873.
San Roque, Argentine Republic, anal., Siewert, . Min. Mitth., 1878, 224.
CoPiAPiTB, Min. p. 655. — AnaL, Domeyko, 4th Append. Min. Chili, p. 7, 1874.
COPPBB, Min. p. 14.— Wallaroo, Sehrauf, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 55 ; artificial dyitals, ibid., 1873, 290. Ciyst. note, Zerrenner, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 94. Remarkable crystal, Kokseharotc, Verb. Min. Ge& St. Fet., H., vii (Jahrb. Min., 1873, 421).
CoQUiMBiTB, Min. p. 650. — Atacama, anal., Domeyko, 4th Append. Min. Chili, p. 6, 1874.
CoBKiTB. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 49. A synonym of beudantite. Levy (Dana Min., p. 589).
CoBNWALLiTB, Min. p. 569. — Analyses by Chureh, confirming it as a good species, but giving a smaller amount of ti (about 8 p. o.) than in the analysis by Lereh (L o.), J. Ch. Sec., 11,, vL, 276, 1868.
CoRUNDOPHiLiTB, MJn. p. 504. — Chester, Mass., anal.. Baton, Am. J. Sd, EL., xlvi., 250, 1468.
Corundum, Min. p. 137. — Pelham, Mass., Adami, Am. J. ScL, IL, zlix., 271.
No. Carolina, Am. J. Sol, IIL, ia, 301 ; same, 8Aepard, ibid., iv., 109, 172, 1872 ; same (also Montana), occurrence described, /. L. 8mUh ib., vi, 180.
Chester Co., Fenn., Froa Acad. Fhilad., 1872, 238, 266.
Ceylon (sapphire), cyst., Klain, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 486.
No. Carolina, complete description of occurrence, analyses, and enumerarion of vazkraa minerals as alteration products, Oenth, Aul Fhil. Soa Fhilad., xiil, 861, 1873.
CoaALiTB, Min. p. 797.Found at Resbanya, Fremd, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 681.
CoTuimiTB, Mm. p. 117.— Vesuvius, Soaeehi, Atti Aocad. Sd Napoli, (read) March, 187a
Cbocidolitb, Min. p. 243.— Altered to Faserquars, Wibd, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 3G7.
CBONflTEDTiTB, Min. p. 508. — Comwall, analyses, and cryst description (an illustration of hemimorphism of a very interesting kind), Maskelyne and Flight, J. Ch. Soo., II., ix., 9, 1871.
Oryoconlte. Kryokonit. (Efv. Ak. Stockhohn, 1871, 293 ; 1874, 8. (Fogg., Ann., cli, 161, 1874; Geol. Mag., ix., 855, 1872.)
Nordenskiold has given the name cryoconite to the powder found by him in Greenland covering the suif ace of land ice, as also at a distance of 80 miles from the coast. It formed a layer of gray powder, sometimes several millimetres in thickness, and often agglomerated Into small round balls of loose oorndstency. Under the microscope it was seen to oooiiat fo
14 AiTEHDix n.
H i most part of oolozlen, qjitonfaa, Migwlar gnlu ; there were eleo eome osgiiiio ptitielei cmie transparent fragments lowing deavage eozfaoee (feldspar?), green cryitalliiie fng* mentn (angite ?), and blaok, opaque magnetic partidea. An analjaiB gave G. iJndtMm (1. e.)
gi
Si
9e
n
ftn
Oa
t
P
G
Oil
00
water, oiganio matter (ignited at 100) 2*86, hjgioaoqpiG water 0*84 100-12.
Noxdeiukiold states tluit the amount of foreign oonstitoents (named above) is - small, ao that if Vie transparent grains att bdong to w same mineral ita oompoeitian can be deduced from the analysiB, the oxygen ratio for ft : It : 2 : 8 : 14, and the fonnnla as giTcn 17 him is 2ft §i* + tL. Its spedfio graTily was 2-68 (21* C), hazdneaa inconsiderable, and crystalline form monodinia The magnetic paiticleB contain metallic iron, with cobalt and probably nickel In rjard to the sonroe of the powder, the condnsion airiTsd at is that it must either have come from Jan Hayen, or fom some unknown vdcanic region in the interior of Greenland, or else it must be of oimnieal origin.
The oxygen ratio given is a vexy unlikely one, and there seems to be no snffident gieond for considering the material essentially homogeneous, as aimed by Nordenakiold. The composition is vexy dosely that of an oUgodase-tnchytey so thai the ccyooonite may be properly, as he calls it, a trachytio dust**
Cryolite, Hin. p. 126.— Manufsotore of soda from, /. L. BmUh Chem. News, xxiii., 870,
Cbtftomorfhitb, Min. p. 509.— Extensive depoaitB In NevadA, Am. J. ScL, IIL iv., 141 — 8ee Priceite.
Chyitallitee. A name given by Vogelsang to the forms, often observed especially io igneous rocks, which show a regular arrangement or grouping, but have not the properties d crystals, particularly not their regular exterior form. They seem to form an intermediate step between amorphous matter and true crystals. See Vogelsang, — Dix Krtbtalliten, Bonn, 1875, this App. p. vi To the CEystallites Vogelsang has given a variety of names according to their form or appearance : OlobulUes (Vogelsang, p. 18), margariUt (p. 19), .mguUtes (p. 21, 112), sfMroUtm (p. 181), eumviite$ (p. 184), gMotpk&riUt (p. 184), bdonotphdriUs (p. 185), fel$oiphArites (p. lS5),granotphdrite§ (p. 185). See also Ferrite, OpaeUe, VindUe.
CuBAKiTE, Min. p. 65.— Found at Tunaberg, Kafvdtoip, Sweden, analyaea, Cine. Ged. For. Forfa. Stockhohn, I., 105, 1878.
Onlsageeite. See Jeffebisitb.
Cuprite, Min. p. 188.— Liskeard, Cornwall, cyst (}-f new), Sekrauf Tach. Min. ., 1971, IOC.
CuFROAFATiTB. Adam, Tableau, Min., 1869, p. 45. An apatite from Chili, oontainiBg 80*93 p. c. Cu ; analysed by Fidd (Dana Min., p. 582.)
669 A. Oupromagneaite. Scaeehi, Bend. B. Accad. Sa Napoli, Oct., 1872 (ZS. 6. Ges., xxiv. , 506). Found at Vesuvius as a product of the eruption of April, 1872, in bluidi-green omsts, consisting of copper vitriol and sulphate of magnesia. From Uie solution otystaU are obtained having the compoaition (Cu ftg) 8 + 7 £[, and iaomoxphous with iron vitrioL
CYA17ITR, Min. p. 875.— No. Carolina, with corundum, Oenth, Proa Am. PhiL Soc. PMlai. xiii, 881, 1873.
Ctanochalcitb, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., cvi., 65. — Appendix L, p. 4.
Cyanotrichitb, Min. p. 666. — Cap Garonne, note by Pisani, C. B., Ixx., 1004, 1870.
Ctmatolitb, Min. p. 455.— Optical characters, Bauer, ZS. G. Ges., xxvi, 186, 1874.
Cttprobchrelitb, Min. p. 606.— Chili, analyses, Domeyko, 2d Append. Min. ChiU, p. 8
616 A. Ouprotungitite. Tungstate de onivxe, Dameko Ann. des Minea, Vl, xvL, p VI7, 1869. Cuprotungstite, Adam, Tableau Ma., 1869, p. 82.
Affkhdiz Il Ib
Amoxphmu, forming orosts of one or two mm. thiokneBB, envelopiixg small, hard, glitteriDg kemeb of oapreons adieelite (the latter green in color).
Color yeUowiflh-green. Streak bright greenish-yellow. Analjses of fragments taken with a knife from different crusts.
w
On
9e
Oa
fi
1. W-7
2-4 4-5
2. 66*48
2*58
8-87 4-62=10018
8. 65*54
Ido
6-00 4-62= 9903
Analysis (2) was made on what was regarded as the pnresfc material. Part of the iron probably belongs with the residue (Si). The composition is expressed by the formula W'On, there being also some Wa present.
On charcoal blackens, and fuses easily to a black globule, slightly porous, and with an uneven surface. In the closed tube gives water, at a red heat loses p. c. Easily decomposed by nitric acid, eyen in the cold, giving a yellow residue soluble in ammonia, and a solution strongly colored by copper.
Found near the copper mines of Llannico in the environs of Santiago, Chili. The ouproaoheeUte (Dana Min. p. 606) associated with the ouprotungstite had sometimes a rich dark green color, also a dear green color with a tint of yellow ; lustre vitreous or resinous, with an impcnrfect lamellar structure. H. =4. An analysis gave :
W 9e On Ca ign insoL
(76-00) 1-55 5-10 16-25 1*70 0*40=100
The oidinazy scheelite also oocnrs at the same locally, but is easily distinguished by ita superior hardness.
GuFROYAKADiTB. Adam, Tableau MhL, 1860, p. 88. Syn. of ohileite, 1868, Dana Mm., p. 612.
DAMOfTRiTB, Min. p. 487. — Honsjdberget, anaL, IgeUMhn. OBSfv. Ak. Stockh., xzv., 87,
As a result of decomposition, anal., Tichermak Ber. Ak. Wien, Iviii, 16, 1868.
Sahn Chateau, anal., Kofdnek and Davreux Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg., II., scxxiii., 824, 1872..
Optical character, Batter ZS. G. Ges. zzvi.. 188.
No. Carolina, associated with corundum, analyses, Oenth, Am. PhiL Soa Philad., adii., 884,
A variety of damourite has been called Stsklikoitb by J, P. Oooke (Mem. Am. Aa Boston, 1874, p. 89).
It agrees with damaurUe in physical properties, but differs in the value of the optic-azia] angle. Biaxial divergence about (damourite 10*- 12°), plane of axes parallel to the shorter diagonal. IMspersion small. Analyds by C E. Munroe. (L a)
Si 21 9e & a
48-87 86-45 8-86 1086 519
Begarding the water as basic with the protoxides, the atomic ratio becomes Si : S: 4 : 8 : 1 (as in damourite).
Found at Sterling, Mass., associated with spodumene in the vein of a large bowlder rock. (This same name was given by Alger to the sincite of New Jersey. )
Danaite (arsenopyrite), Min. p. 78. — Belation to glauoodot, Tioliermak Ber. Ak. Wien, Iv., 447, 1867.
San Jose, anal., Domeyko 2d App. Min. Chili, p. 18, 1867.
Shown to possess positive and negative thermo-eleotzical varieties, Sehrauf and Dana Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixix, 162, 1874.
Datolite, Min. p. 880. — Isomorphons with eudase and gadolinite, Bammdaberg, ZS. O. ftes., xxl, 807. See Eudase.
Andreasberg, anal, Lemberg ZS. O. Gks., xxiv., p. 260, 1872.
Bergen Hill, cyst monograph, new forms, E, 8. Dana Am. J. SoL, III., iv., 16, 1872.
Arendal. Toggiana, eta, cyst., enumeration of all known planes, with the additJcm sf sofmi new ones, E. 8, Dana, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 1.
16 APFBHDEC n.
Santa Clara, CaL, associated with garnet and idoGrase, /. Zt. Smithy Am. J. Soi., TIL, tUI 434, 1874.
Davberitb, Adam, Tableaa Min., 1809, p. 64. Sjnonym of sippeite, Haidinger, Hsadb 1845. DanaHin., p. 667.
DawBonite, B, J, ffarrinffton, Oan. Nat., toI. vli., p. 805, 1874.
Monodmic with C =105" ? In thin bladed GrystttlB, sometimes somewhat fibcons. Doable refracting. H. 8. G. 2'40. Lnstre yitreons. Color white. Transparent to tcaw lucent.
Analysis (L c.) Harrington.
% Oa JTa & fi 0 a
1. 82-84 tr 5-05 90*80 0*88 11-91 89-88 0*40 101-66
8. 82-68 (fetr) 045 5-66 80-17 [10-88] 80-78 =100-00
The two analysee, made at different times, show oonsiderable oonsfancy of oompositioii, and seem to point to a hydrons carbonate of alumina, lime and soda, or perhaps a oompound consistiog of a hydrate of alumina combined with carbonates of lime and bocUl**
There is approximately the quantity of water required to form a di-hydrate of alumina, and nearly enough carbonic acid to form a neutral carbonate of lime and bicarbonate of soda If it be a carbonate of alumina, it gives the mineral peculiar interest aa being a oomponnd, not surely identified hitherto either in nature (see hovite, Dana Min., p. 709), nor in the laboratory.
Dechenite, Min. p. 609.— Cryst., 8chraitf Ber. Ak. Wien, Iziii, 167, 1871.
178 A. Delafossite, O. Friedd, C. R, Izxvii, p. 211, 1878.
In small crystalline plates, deayable into thin opaque lamells. H. 2*5, 6. 6-07. Color dark gn like graphite, with a more decided metsilio lustre. Streak bladdah-gxaj* An analysis gave Friedel (La)
47-45 47-99 8-52 9a96
This corresponds to le,, (but is it not a mixture ?)
B.B. Fusible with difSculty, coloring the flame green. Easily soluble in Hd, even in th cold.
Found on yellowish-white Uthomarge from the region of Katharinenburg, Siberia, peduM also from Bohemia. Named for the mineralogist Dafosse.
Delessitb, Min. p. 497. — Filling cayities in sn amygdaloid, Nova Scotia, anaL, Einf, Phil. Mag., IV., xxxvii, 269.
Dernbachite. Adan, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 49. A synonym of bendantite, XAf, (Dana Min., p. 589).
Dbscloizite, Min. p. 609.— Wheatly mine, Penn., /. L, Smithy Am. J. SoL, IL, zlfxO., 187, 1869. Note by Kmngott, Jahrb. Nat. Ges. Zurich, xvi., 187, 1871. Cryst, Sehrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, hdiL, 167, 1871.
Dewalquite. See Abdeknitb.
Dbwbtlitb, Min. p. 469.— Probably derived from the deoompodtioii of alMte, anaLf Leeds J Am. Chemist, iv., 64, 1878.
DiABAiffTACHBON5YN, Liebe Jahrb. Min., 1870, 1.— Appendix L, p. 4. See also KennfoU, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 51.
DiALLAGB, Min. p. 215.— Relation to minerals of the pyroxene group, TKhermak Min. Mitth., 1871, 25; Streng, ibid., 1872, 274.
Diamond, Min. p. 21.— Occurrence described, Eolueharaw, Min. BussL, Y., 878-. 71 1 190 et seq.
Found at DlaschkoTits, Bohemia, tiohafarik, Pogg., cxxxix., 188. 1870; ibid., oxL. Zepfiarmnch throws doubt upon the matter, ibid., oxL, 658.
Affbhdxz H. 17
Ti0w on the origin of, W. B. Clarke, Ch. News, zzit., 16, 40, 64, 78.
Probably exists with the platinum of Oregon, iVoehier Am. J. Sd., II. , zlTiiL, 441.
Probable existence in the gold washings of California, with liroons and topic, dHUman Am. J. Sci., III., ▼., 384 ; found at Cherokee, Butte Co., Cai., same, ib., yL, 138, 1873.
Behavior on heating, Bose, Pogg., cxlviii., 497 j t. Schrotter, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiii, 462, 1871 ; Baumhauer, Vers. Keed. Ak. Amsterdam, II., vii, 200, 1878.
A nniaxial crystal, Schrauf, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1878, 289.
Knop has shown that the supposed diamonds of Jeremejew do not exist in the xantophyllite (Jahrb. Min., 1871, 275 ; Appendix I., p. 19). On the contrary, the appearances an dne, not to inclosed crystals, but to cavities which, says Knop, owe eir existence to the ooinoding influence of acids either in nature or in the laboratory (Jahrb. Min., 1872, 785).
UlAPHoiUTB, Zepharovieh Ber. Ak. Wien, bail, 180 ; Appendix L, p. 4.
DiASPOBB, Ifin. p. 168.— Chester Ca, Penn., anaL, Sharplea, Am. J. 8oL, IL, zlTii. 819, 186a Urals, near Mramorsk, anal., containing PsO, Hermann, J. pr. Oh., cvl., 70, 1869. Chester, Mass., containing phosphoric acid, Shepard, Am. J. Sci., II., 1., 96, 1870. No. Carolina, occurrence described, Oenthy Am. PhiL Boa Philod., xiii, 872, 1878.
DiMOBPHiTB (Scaochi), Min. p. 28.— JSTennot suggests that both pea of this spedea ara to be referred to orpiment (auripigment), Jahrb. Min., 1870, 687.
DiOPSTDB, Min. p. 214. — From the chrysolite bombs of the Eifel, BamnMberg, Pogg*. oxli., 516. Belation to minerals of the pyroxene group, Ttehermak Tach. Min. Mitth., 1871, 21.
DiOFTASB, Min. p. 248.— Composition, ZS. G. Gea., xx., 686, 1868.
DoLOMiTB, Min. p. 681. — Brewster, N. Y., altered to serpentine: to bradte; paendo morph after ohondrodite, J, D, Am. J. ScL, IIL. viiL, 875, 18y4. Pseudomoroh after garnet, Lathe Lotos, xxli., 209, 1872. Analyses, Lemberg, ZS. G. Gtoa., xziv., 218 et seq., 1872.
DoMBYKiTB, Min. p. 86.— Analyses, Frenul, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 26. Zwickau, Weisbach, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 64.
634 B. Dolerophanite, SeaeM Note Mineralogiche, p. 22, Napoli, 1873. Extract from Atti Acad. ScL Napoli, t. (read 1870).
141° 5', 0 A 1 110" 9'. Crystala amall, rarely having a diameter of more than two miUimetres. Well polished. Opaque. Color browzL Powder brownish-yellow.
Composition CuaS. Analyses :
Cu S insoluble loss
1. 62 27 8607 1-22 0 44 100.
2. 65-20 88-49 1-31 =100.
A little OuS accompanying the dolerophanite is probably the occasion of the excess of 3.
Kept for some time in water, the crystals dissolve in part, giving a blue solution ; they preserve their form, however, though the color changes from brown to bluish. Dissolves easily in nitric acid. B.B., fuses, leaving a black sooriaceous residue. Unaltered at a temperature of 260*. With the fluxes gives reaction for copper.
Found by Scacchi at Vesuvius, having been produced by sublimation during the eruption of October. 1868. The name is derived 9oKtp6sj fallaciotis, aow, to appear.
See also Qydrocyanite.
459 A. Dudleyite, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad.,xiii., p. 404, 1873. Has the form of margarite, from the alteration of which it has been made. Color acfl Ironze, or brownish-yellow ; lustre, pearly. Analysis (1. c.)
Si
9e
<ra
0*56
18 48=100*19
lA APFSAUDE II*
Oxygen ntio S ; S : Si : ft=6 : 19 : 14 : 10 nearly, or tL, 2Si) + ft.
Ezfdiatea slightly on heating, and foxes with difflonl to a farowniah-yenoir Uebfajy mass. Easily deooraposed by hydrochlorio acid with separation of silica in scales. Found at the Cullakenee Mine, Clay Go. , N. Carolina, and in Uoger quantity with maigarite at Dad lejrrille, Alabama.
DUFRKNITB, Min. p. 68S.~Stw Benigna, Bohemia, anaL, Bmeky Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi., 8,
DuFHBNOTBTTE, lUn. p. 92. -—Swltserland, anaL, Ohem. News, zxz., 103, 1874.
DuRANOiTE, Brash, Am. J. SoL, H, zlyiii, 179. Appendix I., p. 4 — Note on oom] iC7inat,Jahxb. Min., 1870, 788. Giyat. description, Uti CMMatcs, Aim. Oh. Fhy&, ir., 1878.
DT8CRABITE, Ifin. p. 85. — Appendix L, p. 5.
Embolite, Min. p. 117. — Chili, several analyses by Mcosta (Marborg, 1869) quoted by Domeyko, 8d Append., Min. Chili, 1871.
EUBOLITE, Min. p. 827.— Inyeetigated microeoopically, Zirkd, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 810.
Embrithritb, Min. 99. — See BoulangeriU,
Bme&ald, Min. 245. — See BerjfL
Emplbctite, Min. p. 86. — Ohristophsan, near Frendenstadt, anaL, Pitenm, Jahzb. Mia.,
1869, 847.
Enaboitb, Min. p. 107.— Morning Star Mine, GaL, anaL, Soot Am. J. Sol., IL, xItL, 201, Peru, anaL, Achiardi Lettera a Oarlo Begnoli sopra alonni Min. del Pero, p. 19, Pisa,
1870. See also Domeyko, 2d App. Min. Chili p. 20, 1867.
Occurrence in southern Utah described, Silhman, Am. J. SoL, IIL, tL, 126, 1873.
Famatina Mt&, Argentine Republic, analyses and description of occurrence, BtdgMTy Tach. Min. Mitth., 1878, 241, 249 ; Catamaroa, anaL, Domeyko, 8d App., Min. ChilL See FamaUniiU, LuKnUte,
Bnstatite, Min. p. 208. — In meteoric iron of Breitenbach, cryst. form described, e. Lang Ber. Ak. Wien, lix., 848, 1869 (Pogg., cxxzix., 816, 1870) : analysis hjMoikdyne Proa Roy. Socw, xvii, 370, 1809 (Phil. Trans., clxi., 860, 1871).
In Shalka meteorite, anaL, Maskkyne, Phil. Trans. dxL, 866, 1871 ; in Busti (Inda) meteorite, same, Proa Roy. Soa, xvii,, 161, 1869-70.
From some basalts of Bohemia, anal., Fanky, Ber. Bohm. Chem. Oes., L, 27, 1871 (Zpravy, eta). In meteorites, Rammdtberg, Pogg., cxL, 815 ; 7. L, Smith, Am. J. Sci., IH, t., 108, 1878.
Brewster, N. Y., analysis, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. ScL, III., vL, 211, 1878; altered to wetpontine, J. D. Dana, ibid., viiL, 875, 1874.
See tao BronziU.
234 A. Viotorite, Meunier, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixi, p. 26, 1870.
Occurs in needle-like crystals in cavities in the meteorio iron from Cordillere, Deeea, GhilL Crystals 0-3 mm. in length and 0*07 in vridth, appearing under the microscope as six-aided prisms with four-sided pyramids ; they are grouped together in a rosette. Ezsmined crystal-
/A J
(OTor ti) (mm) 40*. ' In polarized light shows bright' colors. iPracture oonchoidal, no cleaTiB observed. Colorless (showing absence of iron). B.B. infusible, not attacked by adds. Mennief considers the victorite as a variety of enstatite entirely free from iron.
loffraphically by Des Cloiseaux, as follows :
I A ii {gm)=lW 8-20'; i-i A i-l (gh')=W' 40'; {g'm)=W; /A (mA')=187- 20 :
EofliTB, iSoftrou/, Ber. Ak. Wien. — Appendix L, p. 5.
Epiboulanobkite, WebBkif, ZS. G. Oes., 1869, 747.— Appendix!, p. 5.
EriDOTE, Min. p. 281. — Cryst. memoir, homomorphons with Asurite, Sehrmtf, Bsr Ak Wien, briv., 159, 1871. Striegau, crysi. description (new forms), S. Becker Koskbh. Mm. Bnad.,V., 86.
CompMitlon diwniand, Eenngott, Jalirb. IGn., 1871, 440.
TTntersnlzbaoh, cyst desoription, Bretina, Tteh. Min. Hitth., 1871. 49; O, Ele$n Jahrbi Min., 1872, 118, 132; optical properties determined with neat preoinoii, JTZnn, ibid., 14, 1 ; analyseB, BammMferg, ZS. O. Gee., zzit., 69 ; zziy., ; Ludieig ibid., zxiv., 466 (Tsoh. Ifin. MiUh., 1872, 187); Drcutehe, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 120 ; Kaitdl, Ber. Ak. Wien, Izri, 200, 1872 : aee also Jalu-b. Uin., 1878, 422.
The analyses of Lad wig (1. c.) show the presence of abont 2 p. o. of water as an essentia] oonstitaent of epidote. In this Bammelsbeig finally ooinoides (1. a ). According to the f ormei the composition is expressed by the formula Si Alt Ga4 Hi Oat (earlier obtained by Tsohermak, and Kenngott) ; this gives the ozgyen ratio for £[, It, fi, Si=l : 4 : 9 : 12.
Bpioenitil — Appendix L, p. 5.
Epifhanite, Igelstrom, CEfr. Ak. Stookh., 1868, 29.— Appendix I., 6.
EpiBTrLBiTE, Min. p. 448.— Olatz, Silesia, oyst. BammeUberg ZS. G. Qea., zxL, 96 ; Websky, ibid., xxi., 100, 1869.
Liinddsdornifjall, Sweden, anal, (resolt somewhat doabtfnl, possibly a new mineral), IgdBt/r&m, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 861.
Brsbtitb, Min. p. 861. — Pargas, analyses, Bath concludes that this mineral shoold bti placed in the scapolite group, Pogg., oxliY.,884; Wiik, (Efv. Finsk. Yet Soo., xiii., 79, 1870-71. See also Wiik, (Efv. Finsk. Yet Soo., xiv., 26, 1871-72.
Ebtthbitb, Min. p. 558.— Wittibhen, Baden, anaL, PeUrun, PorgTm oxxxiv., 86.
148 A. Brythroildorite, 8ca4sehi, Bend. B. Aca SoL Napdi, Oct, 1872 (ZS. O. Ge&, xxiv., 506). Orthorhombio with two lones affording angles 110" and 92''. Color red. Yery soluble. Composition expressed by the formula 2KaCl+Fe Clt + %tL Found at Yesuvius imbedded in the lava of April, 1 872, and undoubtedly formed by sublimation at that time.
Belated to Kremersite.
EsMABKiTB, Des Cloiscaux has shown that there are two minerals, from the same locally, which have borne this name. One is a true piaseolite (fahlunite, Dana, Min., p. 485), the other in crystalline form, and in composition, approaches very near to anorthite, Ann. Ch. Phys., lY., xlx., 176, 1870.
683 A. Ettzingita, Lehmann, Jahrb. Min. , 1874, 278.
Hexagonal a (verL)=0-94.S4. Occurring planes 0, /, 1, i /Al=il87" 27', 1 Ai=162" 14'. In minute needle-like prismatic crystals, Beldom more than 8 mm. in length, thickness to i mm. Cleavage prismatic perfect H.=:about2. O. =1*7504. In appearance very similar to chalcomorphite.
Analysis, Liehmann, 1. a (on 0*8628 gr.).
%1 Ca 3 t[ loss (probably S)
Lehmann gives the formula sKl, 8§+6 (Ca d)+26 aq.
Occurs in cavities in the limestone-inolosnres in lava of the Bellenberg at Ettiingen and Mayen, in the district of Laaoh.
EnCLASB, Min. p. 879. — Isoraorpbous with datolite and gadolinite, Bammelsberg, ZS. 0. Oes., xxL, 807, 1869.
The isomorphism of datolite and eudase was proved by J. D. Dana in 1854 (Am. J. Sci., II., xvii., 215) : moreover the similazitgr in chemical composition (exhibited by Bammelsberg) wsR brought out in Dana's Mineralogy, 1868. pp. 362, 868 (Am. J. ScL, II., xlix., 400, 1870). The statement in Oroth, Tabellar. Ueberaioht der Min., 1874, 91, is consequently to be corrected.
EuDiALTTB, Min. p. 248.— (=euooUte), cryst NordefuIaM, (Rtv. Ak. Stockholm, 1870, zzvii , 559.
BULTTITB, Min. p. 891. — Description, with oorreotiQn of chemical formula, v. Bath, Pogg., cxxxvi., 416.
From Johanngeoxgenstadt {nU from Braunsdorf, Saxony, Min. p. 892), anal., Preimi Jahrb. Min., 1878, 791.
20 APPBZmZZ XL
EuPHTLLiTB, Min. p. 488.— Aaodated with oomndun, OmUL Axa. FUL 8oa Eiii, 391, 1878.
EuBALiTB, Wiik, Jahib. Min., 1869, 857.— Appendix L, p. 6.
EuxEKiTE, Min. p. 521.— land, near LindeznaB, anal., BammeUberg Z8. Ck Gei. xxL, 6ftl ; anal., same, Pogg., cL, 507,1878. Hitteroe, anal., Jehn, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 819; Pogg. Ann,, ozUt., 695, 1871.
FxnLERZ, Min. p. 100.— See TOraheOrUe,
Faulunite, Min. p. 484— (or a related mineral) in the Boioon, and In paleoaoJe crinoida, Am. J. ScL, III., L, 878, 879, 1871. NoYa Sootia, How, PhiL Mag., IV., xxxvii, 270.
132 B. Famatinite, SUkner, Taoh. Min. Mitth. , 1878, p. 242.
Massive, sometimes reniform. Fraoture uneven, somewhat brittle. H. 8'5. G. =4*57. Color mixture of copper-red and gray. Streak black.
Composition SbaSi) + AssSs), or an antimonial enargite (aee luonite). Analyses 1, 2, Siewert, 1. o. ; 1, from te Mexicana UpnlonioB mine; 2, from the Mejioana Verdiona mine.
s
Sb
Aa
Ca
Fe
Zn
Gangne
1. J 2917
0*59
100-00
2. i 29*88
0-68 - 100-87
Pyr. In the closed tube decrepitates, giving off solphnr readily, and on atzonger heating also some sulphid of antimony. On charooal gives off white fumes of antimony, leaving i black, brittle metallic globnle. Oocors with enargite, ohaloopyrite, pyrite, eta, in Sie Famatina Mta., Argentine Bepnblia
It has also been found by Hiibner at Cerro de Pasca, Peru (Freniel, Jahrb. Mn., 1874, 685 ; . Min. Mitth., 1874, 279).
FA88AITB, Min. p. 216.~Pseadomorph after vesavianite, IMB, . Mm. Mitth., 1874, 85. Pseudomotph after montioellite, Bath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, 747.
Min. p. 488.— Annerod, peeudomorph after palagooite, Streng, Jahrb. Mm, 1874, 578.
Feldspar OROUP,.Min. p. 852. — In diorytea (Schriesheim, labradorite), ZS. G. Ges.,
Discussion of composition, TehermeUc, Ber. Ak. Wien (Ix., 145, 1S69) ; PQgg., oxxxviii, 162 ; cxlL, 174 ; cxUi., 464; Bammebberg, ZS. O. Ges., xxiv., 188 ; Bath, Pogg., cxliv., 219, 375 : cxlviL, 274; clii., 89 ; Erg. Bd. vi, 878.
Cry At. relation of the different species, t. Batfi, Pogg., oxxxv., 454 ; oompoond ctystalf from Sangerhausen, same, Pogg., cxxxviii, 537, 1869 ; crystals from Elba, same, and analysis, ZS. G. Ges., xxii, 652, 1870.
Relations of tbe species, cyst. and chem., Streng Jahrb. Min., 1871, 598, 715.
Decomposition of, J, Lemberg, ZS. G. Gee., xxii., 885, 1870. Analyses, ibid., xxiv., 188, 1872 ; Beyer, Arch. Pharm., IL, d., 198.
From granites, Scotland, analyses, Houghton, PhiL Mag., lY., xl, 69. 1870. .
India, from granite, Ornubg, Jonm. R. Geol.'Soc. Irehmd, IL, iii, 26, 1871.
Analyses, Clme, Ak. H. Stockhohn, ix, No. 12, Nov. . 1870 (GeoL West India Ib. p. 29).
In dolerytes. anal. , Sandberger, Ber. Ak. Mlinchen, 1878, 143.
Tuscany, cyst. memoir, Aehiardi, Boll Com. Geol. d'ltalia, 1871, 208, 261.
Finland, Wiik, (Efv. Finsk. Vet. Soc, xiv., 26. 1871-72.
Altered to penninite (piendophite), 2Sepharaffieh, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 7.
Trachytic rocks of Transylvania, analyses, DaeUer, . Min. Mitth. , 1874, 18 et aeq.
Verespatak, anal., Sipoeg, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 175.
With corundum, No. Carolina, Oenth, Am. PhiL Soo. Philad., xiii, 875; J. L. ArM Am. J. ScL, III., vi., 185.
Manhattan If*., New York, analyses, Schweitzer, Amer. Chem., ir., 448, 1874.
Analysen, Petersen, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 269.
Foumier mine, Canada, anal., tiarrington, GeoL ., 1874, 198.
See also AlbiU, AndetUe. AnarthiU, OUgodan, OrthoeUue, Tsehrnnaktie.
AFPKKDIX n.
ai
Dee ddseanz has recently inTestigated the optical propeTtiee of the tridinio feldipan (G. B., Izzz., Feb. 8, 1875). The principal zesidts obtained by him are contained in the following table, in which Be stands for biieeMof :
Acute bisectrix
Oligoclasb.
Labbadoritb
Anorthite
always +
generally —
always +
always —
sometimes +
Position of theBx.
16*
18' 10'
80' 40'
has no
78' 86'
68'
66'
simple rela
Line parallel
tion to the
to the edge
planes ob-
20'
0/W.
2r-28'
Sdrvedon
96' 28' (front;
i( it
37' 28'-86' 26'
the crystals.
CrosBed; also
Inclined;
Crtmed; also
probably also
sUflrht inr
slight in'
alight hori'
80' 89'
89' 86'
88' 16'
84' 58'
81' 69'
88' 81'
87*48'
86' 59'
(Boo toning)
(Snnstone. Tvedestrand)
(Labrador)
(Somma)
Angle made by the Bx. with a normal
Same, with a normal to 0 (p)
Angle made by the line in which iSie plane of the optic-axes oats i-i, with edge i-i / /p)
Same, with edge
Ordinaiy dispersion
Dispendon parallel or perpendicular to plane of polarization
Appar'nt optic-axial angle (in air) — for red rays for blue rays
The axial diyeigence is quite constant for albite, labradorite and anorthite, but yaries for oligoclase eyen in different sections taken from the same specimen. Des Gloiseaux conclude from his observations at labradorite and oligoclase have an equal right with albite and anorthite to be considered independent species, contrary to the views presented by Tschermak. Andesite he concludes to be altered oligoclase, while tsdhermakite (q. v.) is identical with albite.
Fbrousonitb, Min. p. 624. — Composition discussed, Hermann J, pr. Ch., cyii, 129, 1869
Fbrbitb. a name proposed hyVbgdMang (ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., p. 629, 1872) for the amorphous oxide of iron (hydrous), which in red or yeUow partides plays an important part in many rocks, and whose composition is as yet undetermined.
Ferroilmbnitb (columbite), Hermann J. pr. Gh., H, iL, 118.
Ferrotungsten. See Taxmitb.
FiBROFERRiTB, Miu. p. 666. — Atacama, anaL, Domeyko, 4th Append. Min. Ohili, p. 7,
FiBROLiTB, Min. p. 873. — Delaware Co., Fenn., analyses, associated with corundum. , Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., xiii, 380, 1873.
FiCHTELiTB, Min. p. 786.— Found in peat near Sobeslau, JTre/ot*, Ber. Bohm. Ges., 1878 Discovered in a log of Finns AustraUs, Alabama, MaUet Am. J. ScL, IH, iv., 419.
FiORiTB, IGn. p. 199.— AnaL, Chem. News, xxviii., 272.
Fluocbritb, Min. p. 126.— Broddbo, cyst., JTbrdenskidid, GBfv. Ak. Stockholm, xxviL 660, 1870.
Fluorite, Min. p. 128. — Coloring matter microscopically investigated, BnU . Soc. Lnp Xosc., xl., 228.
Urals, cyst. description, KoJaeharovD Min. BussL, v., 197. Artificial, SoheertTy J. pr. Ch., IL, vil, 63. Miinsterthal, cyst., ocke, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 731. Saxon localities, Fretud Min. Lex. fOr Sachsen, p. 109.
22 APPBIVDZZ It
392 A. Foreilte, v. Bath, Fogg., oUi, p. 81, 1874. Cookeite, AehiartU, Wn. Toseana n., p. 236 ; Boll. Com. Gol. d'ltalia, 1874, 806.
Orthorhombio. In czyBtallme cuts on tonrmaline, or lining caTitiea. Ozyitals Terj minute, prismatic in habit, with planes t-i, t-i, 0 and 1. Angles obtained (approximate) Oa 1 182", t-lAl 121*. Form resembling stilbite, with which it seems to be isomorphous. Cleavage parallel to -f, distinct ; lustre on this iaoe, pearly. O. 2*406. (kAot white.
Analysis 1. v. Bath, 1. a 2. Bechi, Min. Toaa, IL, 236. 8. Polld and Gapaod, BoQ. Com. Geol. Ital., 1874, 811.
Si
7kl
ibL
Ca
ig
fra
&
Be
tL
1. 1 49-96
16.07 - 100.45
2. 44-60
9 18:= 100-08
8. 44-60
6.00 100-08
For his analysis v. Bath deduces the formula a,, 8Ca 24Si 24 Oxygen ratio fof ft:fi:§i: l : 6 : 12: 6 (stilbitel : 8 : 12 : 6).
B. B. Expands and melts. With diffloully decomposed by HGl, even after IgnitioiL The water goes off in part at lOOMlO* C, after continued heating at 200* the mineral loses 6-5 p. 0.. and to drive off the whole amount present (16*06 p. a and 16.09 in two trials) a strong red heat was required.
Found at San Piero in Campo, Island of Elba, in cavities in the granite, with tourmaline, lepidolite quartz, feldspar. It occurs, as a secondary product, along with henlandite and stilbite, covering these minerals.
A mineral from the same locality, with the f oresite of v. Bath, associated in the same way, and similar in physical properties (anal. 2), was referred provisionally by Aohiardi (L c.) to cookeite (cuccheite) although with a question as to the propriety of so doing. It is like cookeite {Brushy Dana*s Min., 1868, p. 489) in manner of occurrence, but, as mentioned hj Aohiardi, has, a very different chemioeJ composition. (Could a confounding of the relative amounts of Si and have suggested the identity of the Elba mineral with cookeite, vis. : Si 85, 45 (cookeite), Si 45, 86 (foresite). Pulld and Capacd first suggested that the species was new in an article entitled ' Tin Viaggio nell* Ardpelago Toscano, published in a Florence newspaper (1874).
Franklinite, Min p. 152. — Found at Centerville, near Paterson, K. J., Am. J. Sci., II.. ilviii., 188, 1869. [This observation was erroneous. Brush.] Pseudomoiph after caldte, Leede Am. Chemist, iv., 4, Oct., 1878.
Fseieslbbsnitb. See Diafhobttb.
30 A. Frenzelite.— Selenwismuthglanz, CcuUBo, Naturalesa 11., 174, 1873, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 225 ; Frenzd, Jahrb. Min., 1874, p. 679. Frenselite, Dana.
Massive, structure fine-granular, foliated to fibrous. Orthorhombic ? In minute, needlelike ciystols, irregular, strongly striated vertiofJly. Ciystals sometimes single imbedded in galapektite, sometimes grown together, forming semi-compact masses. Cleavage distinct parallel to i-i.
H. (Castillo), 2 5-8 (Frenzel). 0.=6*15 (Castillo), 6*25 (Frenzel). Cdor Uuiiih-gzay. Streak, gray, grayish black shining. Lustre metallic. Soft, malleable.
Analysis, Freneel L a
Se Bi S
2418 67-88 6*60 9811
This corresponds to the formula Bis Se*, where some of the Se is replaced by S, or more strictly 2Bi, 803 + BiSn. A partial examination on a very small quantity gave Bammelsbeig Bi=H5-4, Se=:16'7. He suggests the presence of Zn, which is not confirmed by Frenzel B. B. fuses on charcoal with a blue flame, giving a strong odor of selenium. Witii iodid of potassium gives a fine red coating, even without the addition of sulphur, thus proving that it IB already present. Decompos by aqua regia on slow heating.
Found at Guanajuato, Mexica
Frenzel has given the first complete description of this species, in fact he speaks of having been aware of its existence for some years, so that it may well receive his name.
Qadot.init, Min. p. T&.—BammeUberg ZS. G. Ges., xzL, 807, 1867. See Budase. Cxystalline form (=monoclinic), optical properties and ohem. oompoeitioD, Des doixeaiii, hxm, Ch. Phys., IV., xviii., 805, 1869. Badautlial Harz, cryst. desciiption, Bath Pogg., ezUr., 676, 187L
Gahhitb, Vln. "p, 149.~>TesiiIBii, H. J., description and analysis, (Adam) 6. J. Bnuh Am. J. Sol, UI.,L,28.
Oalbkitr, Min. p. 40.— Tiefen glacier, anal., v. FeUenberg Jahrb. Miw., 1869 878. Province of Lucca, Itidv, cryst, Aehiardi Boll. Com. GeoL IIaL, ii., 160, 1871. Localities in Saxony, Freruul, Hin. Lex. Saohsen. Jahrb. Min., 1874, 426. Pceitiye and negative varieties, thermo-electrioaUy, Stefan Bex; Ak. Wien, li, 960, 1865 ; £mei/and Dana, ibid., Iziz., 155, 1874. Gzyst. monograph, SaMecky ZS. G. Gee., zxvi, 617, 1874.
Gasket, Min. p. 265. — Spesaartite, ozystalliaed, Aschaifenbaig ; massive, Pfitaoh, lrxol, analyses, v. KobeU Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1868, 292 ; almandite, No. Carolina, anal., am#, ibid., p. 295, 1868.
Cantoira, valley of Lanzo, StriiMrj Atti Accad. Sd Torino, iii, 129, 1867-8.
From lava of the Herdienbexg, Bnxgbrohl, Wolffs Jahrbu Min., 1868, 605.
Granatfilx, Zermatt, anaL, v. IfeUenberg Jahrb. Min., 1868, 745.
Jordansmilhl, Silesia, colorless variety, cyst (Jf-t), anal, WebBky ZS. G. Ges., od.| 758,
Fragaid, white variety, resembling quarts, anal., Koxdenskidld, (Efv. Ak. Stockhoha, zzvii., 565, 1870.
Elba, cryst., anal., Bath ZS. G. Ges., xziL, 688, 660, 1870.
Mexico, anal, Damour Ann. Ch. Phys., lY., xxiii., 159, 1871.
Tuscany, occurrence described, analyses, Aehiardi, Boll. Com. GeoL Ital.,- 1871, 168.
Altered to chlorite, Niedmoiediki, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 162.
GroBsnlar, Monsoni, anal, L&berg, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., 249, 1872.
From eklogyte, Eppenreuth, etc., v. O&richtenj Jahrb. Min., 1874, 4S4
Cryst, enumeration of all oconrrincf planes with the localities, Bauer ZS. G. Ges., szvi, 119, 1874.
416 A. Oamierite, Gamier Bull. Soa G., II., zxiv., p. 448 (1867), A Litemdge J. Chem. Soc., IL, xii, 613, July, 1874.
Amorphous, enclosed between thin plates of silica, which has filled fissures in the original material H.=2-5. G.=2-27.
Color bright apple-green. Streak pale green. Touch not unotuou& Adheres to the tongue.
Analysis (1. c.) Liversidge.
gi %e iSTi ftg d
47-24 1-67 24-01 21-66 tr 5*27 s 99-86
liversidge suggests the formula Si|+8£[.
In the closed tube gives off water, becoming gray ; with borax gives a nickel bead. On immersion in water breaks to pieces with a sharp orackliog sound, the fragments having a oonchoidal fracture.
Occurs in veins traversing a serpentine rock near Noumea, capital of New Caledonia ; associated with chromic iron and steatite.
Liversidge calls attention to the relation of this species to alipite, and suggests at the same time that it is probably a result of decomposition and consequently har£y deserves a new name, proposing, however, in case it prove to exist in large quantities, the name from the locality (1.0., rwumeaiU), A private contribution from Mr. W. B. Cladu (from whom Mr. Liversidge obtained his specimen) states that the mineral was discovered by Gamier in 1865, and shoiSd properly receive the name gamierite, especially as it was found at Mont d*Or, before the town of Noumea existed. In the Bull. Soc. G. , U. , xxiv. , 448 (1867), Garnier in an article on New Caledonia mentions the occurrence of a hydrous magnesian silicate (=gynmite) in the veins of the serpentine, and adds that it is sometimes colored green through the presence of a silicate of nickel (i the so-called garnierite ?). It is hence probably a mixture. If an analysis of the similar material by Leibius (Sydney Herald, Sept. 28, 1874) is correct (i 4800, iiig 10 03, ]i 6-46, 3 0*88, Fe + Sl=15'18, £[=17*75), it would imply an entire want ol oonstanc of composition.
Geiilbkits, Min. p. 870.— Orawitxa, anal., Janowky Ber. Chem. Gex, Berlin, 1873 1455 ; 0. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien,lxix., 26, 1874. Monsoni, anal, Lemberg, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., p. 248, 1872.
Gbieritb, Min. p. 77.— lolllngite), Wolfaoh, Baden, anaL, PUenen. Pogg., exzsrlL, 891, 1800. See also Jahzb. Mhu, 1869, 815.
24 APFBRDB n.
Ojrtuitb, "MiiL p. 471.— Webster, Na OuoUiul aiiaL, Ikmndngton Gh. Kewi, ssv. 870, 1872.
Oetsbrite. Pbalitb is a name given Dr. Kndlifth to a variety of geyBerite (opal) from the silioions deposits of the Upper Oeer basin of Firehole river, iji analysis gave him gi 95-84, tr, Fe 2-68, Ca, fra, Li, tr., ign 1'50=100'02. The specimen had a milk-white color, ozTpto-crystalline straotore, seni-TitreoQii aspect O. 3*40. Another kind was greenish-brown to greenish- white in color ; amorphons ; loFtre Titreoos. 0.= 8*0616 It contained 6*3 p. o. water. (Hayden's U. 8w GeoL Surrey, 6th Ann. Bep.) Am. J. 8ci IIL, vi., 66.
Oersdorffite, Min. p. 78.— LempfiUL Finland, Wuk, Oefy. Finsk. Yet. Boc., zlii., 75, 1W0-71.
riESficxiTE, Min. p. 479. — Oocorrenoe, with other minezalB, in Brittany, de Limur, BnlL ooa O., in., i, 166, 1874.
429 A. GiLBBBTJTE, Hin. p. 798.— Freniel has inTostigated the hitherto doubtfnl gflbertite, and oondndes that it is really a good species belonging to mica group. It oceozs at the various tin mines of the Ensgebiige (Saxony and Bohemia), Zinnwald, Ehrenfriedens* dorf, etc.
Frenzel mentions two varieties : The first (a) is of a greenish to yellowish- white color ; tnos- Inoent. H. 1: G. 2*65-8-72. It occurs massive, with a dense to crystalline , filling all the cavities between the cassiterite and wolftamite. The second variety {b) ocean in spherical or stellate forms, and lUso in groups of six-sided tabular crystals. It is, moreover, found peeudomorph after scheelite and apatite.. H. 8. O. =8*82. According to Fischer the mineral shows itself under the microscope to be homogeneous Analyses 1. snd 2. of variety a ; 1. from Ehrenfriedensdcncf , 2. from Pobersbau. 8. variely by from Ehren Criedensdorf.
Si M $*e Ca Itg &a fra Fl tL
Ooataina atoo tzaocs of manganma.
The water is given off only at an elevated temperature. B. B., fuses in fine spUnten, the flame slightly red. (Compare analyses of mazgaiodite, IGn. p. 810l)
QiSMONDiTR, Min. p. 418.- Found near Baumgarten, east of Oiessen, Streng Jahrb. Min., 1870, 430 ; cryst. description, same, ibid., 1874, 578.
Glabbachite, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 52.— A doubtful selenid of lead from GUwbach, analyzed by Kersten. See SSargite, Dana Min., p. 48.
Olanoespar, Fogg. Ann., cxlvii., p. 272.— Yom Bath has investigated this mineral, first mentioned by v. Dechen in his Geognost. Fiihrer in das Siebengebiige, p. 154, Bonn, 1861. Occurs in small prismatic fragments in the basalt of the Siebengebirge. Form a rhombic prism having an acute angle of ; cleavage distinct with pearly lustre, angle on priamatio face 134" 7' H. between quarts and feldspar. G. 8*150.
Analysis v. Bath (L c.) on 0-7 gr.
&i £1 9e ftg Ca
Part of the GaO, MgO, and FesOi are due to impurities (augte, magnetite), and deducting these we obtain the formula Si, or that of <yanite, from which it differs in prismatic angle and specific gravity. B.B., infusible.
The form given is exactly that of andalusite (Ja 88* 12' andalusite, 88* 16' gianoespar), and the specific gravity is identical, as is uie oompositUm also. In deavage it aeems to be somewhat different.
Glaubsritb, Min. p. 627.— Belation to axinite, Sohraut See Axinite.
Westeregeln, near Stassfnri, cyst, new forms, Zepharovioh, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixix., 16, 1874
Apfbkdzz Xl 96
0LAUCODOT, Hin. p. 80. — AnaL, relation to axBenoiiTiite, Tsahermak Ber. Ak. Wier It.,
447. 1867. Hakansbo, anal., KobeU, Ber. Ak. Mtlnchen, 1867, 276.
Thermo-electrical properties, czystalB shown to be positive internally, bnt haying an outer portion (2 mm. thick) which is negative. These two portions also show considerable yariation specific gxayity. G. 5105 and 6*011. Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, box., 153, 1874
Qlauconitib, Min. p. 462.— Bossia, analyses, Enpffer, Jahresb. Ghem., 1871, 1307. Anyem, anaL, Dmoalguej Soa GeoL Belg., Dea, 1874, p. 8.
GLAncoFTRiTB, SandboTsrer, J. pr. Ch., II., L, 280. Appendix I., p. 6.
Gmelinite, Min. p. 486.— Andreasberg, otyst., S. Outhe (Jahrb. Nat. Gee. Hannoyer, 1871, p. 520), Jahrb. Min., 1871, 752.
Gold, Min. p. 8. — Scotland, oocurrenoe described, Lindsay, Trans. Edinburgh G. Soa, L,
105. 1868.
In Great Britain, D. Farbe$, Phil. Mag., IV., xzxyii., 821, 1869. Yancouyers Is., and west Africa, analyses, Wibd, Jib. Min., 1878, 244.
GOthite, Min. p. 160. — Silidous nodular brown hematite,'* from the carboniferom limestone beds, near Gookstown. Go. T'drone, Ireland, Hardman, B. Geol. Soo. Dublin, II., iii., 150, 1873.
Grammatttb, see nephrite.
Gbaphitb, Min. p. 24.— Behavior on being heated, Bo9e. Fogg., oxlyiii, 497, 187). In meteoric irons, Meunier, Ann. Gh. Phys., IV., zyii. 46, 1869. Wythe Go., Ya., anal., GoldtmUh, Amer. Ac. Philad., 1874, p. 78.
Grbbnockite, Min. p. 59.— Gzyst, Kokseharotc (BulL Aa Imp. Bussl., zr., 219, 1870), Jahrb. Min., 1871,894.
468 B. arochanite, Webeky, ZS. G. Ges., zzy., p. 896, 1873. See also Bock, Inaug. Dissert., Breslau, 1868.
Monoclinic ? In small, six-sided, tabular crystals, rough and allowing no measurements, the edges being rounded off by irregular planes. Optically biaxial, angle of axes about 20* to Double refraction weiJc, probably positive. Oleayage basal easy, forming thin soft plates.
Analysis, Bock (L o.).
Si SI fe % tL
oxygen ratio f or fi : fi : Si : fi 4 : 8 : 4 : 8.
Occurs mixed with a chromic spinel (magnochromite, q. y.), also in cayities crystallised, in serpentine at Grochau, south of Frankensteia, in Silesia
66 B. Ouadalcazarite. SchwefelselenquecksUber, CastiUo and Burkhart, Jahrb. Min., 1866, 411. Gaadalcazite, Tableau Min., p. 59. Guodalcazarite, Petersen, Tschermak'sMin. Mitth., 1872, p. 69 ; J3urkhnrt, ibid., 243.
Massiye, cryptocrystalline. H. =2. G. 7*15. Lustre greasy-metallic. Golor deep Idack. Streak blui-black to black.
Gomposition 6IIg3 + ZnS, with some of the sulphur replaced by selenium and the sino bf cadmium.
Analysis, Petersen (1. a)
s
Se
Hg
Zn
Gd
Fe
1*58
1*08
79*78
tr
tr
Pyr. On charcoal first decrepitates, giving off mercurial fumes, and a selenium odor ; on continued blowing the white deposit of oxyd of sine and also a distinct cadmium reaction. In the open tube deposits a sublimate, gray to black, of S, and Se, giving off sulphurous add, while the yellowish oxyd of sino remains behind. Soluble in aqua regia, with the separation of some sulphur. In oompositiOQ it is not yezy unlike dnnabar, bnc quits different in physical propertiea.
Oocun at Goadalcayar, Mexico, with dnnabar, quazti and iMurite. This rninenl mastnl mentioned by CastiUo and Borkhart (I c. ), but no complete description was giren. (Dana Min. p. 100.) According to GastiUo it dystalliseR in rhombobedrana, alao ooeoia ftnbedded. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray, granular. H. 3. O. 6*69-7 The quaUtafciTK examination gave Castillo essentially the same results as those sinoe obtained by Petersen.
GUAKO, and guano minerals. See Appendix I., p. 6.
OuABTKiTB, Min. p. 888. — Shown to be orthocfaombio, not tefeiagonal in eiyat fonn, e. Lang, . Min. Mitth 1871, p. 81. The same result was obtained eariier \tf Ouisosxdi, see Brezina in . Min. Mittb., 1874, 286.
OOiiBBLiTB, 0. JToMX, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, Mazoh 6ih, 1870.— Appendix L, p. 6.
Otfsum, Min. p. 687.— Loss of water on heating, How PhiL Mag., lY., xrriT , 870, 18701
Cryst. memoir, Bmenberg, Min. Not., x., 30, 1871 ; Jahrb. Min.. 1874, 881.
Czyst., SelMrf {SenokeDbfag, Ges viii, 89), Jahrb. Min., 1871, 881.
Cryst, twins, Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiii., 157, 1871.
Cryst., new forms (H, |-i), Bredna, . Min. Mitth., 1873, 17.
446 O. Hallite, Lesdi, Journ. Frank. Inst, UL, bdl, 70. J. P. Cool Mem. Am. Aoi
Boston, 1874, p. 69.
Hexagonal ? Occurs in Iszge rough six-sided prisms with easy micaoeooa cleaTBge. GoIm In some varieties green, in orders yellow.
O. (yeUow) 2*402, (green) 2*898.
Analyses (1. c.) Munroe, 1. green yar., 2. yellow.
Si $1 Pe f'e ftg ft tL
Oxygen ratio for ft : fi : Si : 2 : 1 : 8 : 2— the two Tarieties axe identical
Exfoliates somewhat on heating ; decomposed by hydrochloric add after ignition.
A foreign mineral is interspersed between the leayes of the hallite, in spear-shaped, yeiy narrow forms, and lying in parallel lines, crossing at angles of 60" and 120, like the magnetite in the Pennsbuiy mica. The mass of this interspersed mineral was too amall to affect the analysis essentially.
Found at East Nottingham, 8 miles south of Oxfoid, Chester Co.,Penn., in nests at pockets in the serpentine formation. Named from Mr. John Hall, of Philadelphia.
This name has been previously used as a synonym of aluminite, Dana Min., p. 668.
Hallotsitb, Min. p. 476.— Elba. anaL, Achlardi, Nuovo Cimento, IL, iii., Feb., 1870.
Tuffer, anaL, Bump/, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 282.
A variety of halloysite from Maidanpek, Serbia, has been called milanite by THetie (Jahrb. amount of water is a little large.
Hamartitb, see Bastndiiie, Appendix L, p. 7, p. 2.
Habmotomb, Min. p. 439. — Czyst. memoir, shown to be monoolinio, Det Clokeatut. Ann. Ch. Phys., IV., xiii, 417, 1868. ., Bammdaberg, ZS. S. Ges., xx., 689, 186a Strontian, Argyllshire, of unusual form, anaL (Bevnolda). Soatt. Q. J. G. Soa, xxvii., 874,
Habtitb, Min. p. 736.— Cxyst. (tridinio) and anaL, Bumpf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ix., 91.
Hatcziettitb, Min. p. 781.— In Silurian of Bohemia, Bofiehy, Ber. Ges. Bohm., 1878 Ian. 10th.
HAUnnTB, Min. p. 882.~Marino, near Borne, oryst, Heuenbetg Ifin. Not, viiL, 43, 1868 Composition, Kenngott, J. pr. Ch., ovi, 868, 1869. In basalts. Mm. Jahrb. Min., 1872, 77.
Bdation to nosite (nosean) and li lasiili VogtUtmg Van. Misd. Ak. Amatacdam, IL 101, 1878.
APFSHDIX n. Sf
608 B. Bdbronite, o. KobeR, Ber. Ak. Mtbiohen, 1878, 284.
The monMrasite of Des Gloiieaox (G. R., Izxiii, 806, 1247) was annonnoed In Appendix L, p. 11, to be identical with amblygonite, the.atatement being founded upon tiie resoltB of analyrcs by Pisani (C. R., budii., 1479) and y. Eobell (Ber. Ak. Monchen, Feb. 3, 187S) ; it ia moreoTer confirmed by a subsequent analyaia by Bammelsbexg (Ber. Ghem. Gee. Berlin, 1873). De8 Gloizeanz, howeyer, has inyestigated the matter farther ( G. B., Izxy., 114 ; Izzyi, 819, 1873). He has found that, while the original montebraoite is with amblygonite, the mineral from Hebron, Me. , differs from the latter in optical chanMster (amblygonite, Saxony hebronite, Maine, u and in haying a third cleayage surface inclined upon the other two (making 105 together as in amblygonite) at an angle cHf 185-186* and 89". Th differ aomewhat moreover in chemical composition (see below). Des Gloiceaux haa also identified a mineral agreeing with that from Hebron at Montebras, and upon thia sround he proposes to transfer the name montebrasite to this. V. Eobell (L c.), on the other hand, considexa such a course as likely to lead to great confusion, and proposes, wisely as it seems, to let tiie name montebrasite dp entirely, and to call the Hebron mineral, if it be a distinot species, kebronite. In this proposal he is supported by Bammelsbeig, ZS. O. Gee., zxy., 69, 1878.
Analyses of hebronite: 1. G. 801 ; 2. G. 3*029, Plsani, G. R, Izxy., 79, 1872 ; 8. yon Kobell (L o.), G. 3*06 ; 4. amblygonite, Bammelsbeig, Ber. Ghem. Ges. Berlin, 1872, 78.
P
1. Hebron, 6-22
2. Montebras, 8*80 8. Auburn, Me., 5*50 4. Penig, 9-44
Ab will be seen by comparison with analysis 4. of normal amblygonite, the hebronite differs in containing less fluorine and soda, while it has about 4 p. o. of water. The true nature of the mineral, eyen if it be a good species, cannot be regarded as satisfactorily settled, as BammelBbeig remarks.
p
U
fra
n
4-20 101-82 Pisani
4-75 - 102-44 Pisani
4-50 iaS-48 y. Kobell.
ft0-43 10410 Bamm.
HsiiVBTAH , Min. p. 801. — Simmlar has obtained for helyetan the following analysis : gi 6707. £l 18-05, te 4-43, Ca 2-38, ftg 2*18, £: 7-37, 1 -69, fi 1 -85 10002. He calls it a feldspar with the habit of a mica, Jahrb. Min., 1868 348.
UBiiTTTB, Min. p. 264. — Gryst and description, Sokicharow Min. BnssL, y., 320.
Hematite, Min. p. 140. — In the Pennsbuzy mica magnetite, q. y.X Bote, Pogg., czzxyiii., 190.
Keswick, Gumbcrland, Elba, cryst. description, He$8enberg, Wxl Not., yiii., 83, 41 ; iz., 62, 1870.
TrayerseUa, cryst memoir, Struver AttiAccad. Sd. Torino, yii, 377, 1872.
Peculiar striation, due to twining, Bauer ZS. G. Ges., xxyi., 186, 1874.
Henrjrite, Endlich, Engineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 29, 1874.
Tetragonal (?). In octahedrons, also massive. Gleayage lateral perfect, baral leas bo. H. 2-2-5. Golor bram-yellow. Lustre bright. Gomposition (no analysis published j SPbTe 4- FeTe. Locality, Bed Gloud mine, Golorado.
Dr. Genth asserts that Henryite is undoubtedly nothing but an altaite with an admixture of pyrite.** See Sohirmerite.
HB881TB, Min. p. 50.— Galifomia, anaL, Tenth Am. J. Sd., IL, xly., 811. Colorado, SHUman, Am. J. Sd., IIL, yiii, 27, 1874; anal, Oenth. Am. PhiL Soa Philad., xiv., 226, 1874.
Hbbcynitb, Min. p. 148.— Analysis of a magnesia-iron spinel, WoUe Am. J. ScL, IL, xlyijt, 350, 1868.
HBRflcnsLiTB, Min. n, 437.— Victoria, anal and description of crystals, Ukich Gontnb Hin. Victoria, p. 26, 187a See Seebachite.
218. Htrogilto, Frenad, Jonm. fOr prakt Gh., IL, y., p. 404, 1872. Amorphous, massive in lobular, reniform masses, witii little lustre. H. 8. G. 844 Oolor black, blackiah to redcush-brown ; streak dark-brown. Analysis (after dednotion of foreign ooiwtitaents. Go, Bi, etc).
Co O ft
28 APFSKDIX n.
Oomposition Co 9So+6fi, it being a product of the deoomporitioa of Bnattite (8ptl kobalt).
Fyr. In matnas gives water. B. B. foeee with diiBoaltj on the edgea, coloring tl.e flam green ; after ignition it ie weak magnetia Gives a oobalt reaction with tiie floxe& Mabls in dilute hydrochloric add, with evolution of chlorine, leaving a residue.
Occurs sparsely with caldte and phannaooUte in cobalt and nickel veina at Schneeberg.
Heulandite, Bfin. p. 444.— Cknnposition disouBsed, BammeUberg ZS. Q. Oea, sczi., 98, Lunddomfjall, Sweden, anal., Igdttrvm, Jahrb. Min.| 1871, 861.
HisiKGKRiTB, Min. p. 489.— Gap Mine, Penn., anaL, T. D. Band, Proo. Ac. Fhilad., 1878,
Cornwall, analyses (differing somewhat from previous resnUs), Chuttih, J. Ch. Soc, II., ▼iU., 8.
81 A. Horbachite, Kfum Jahrb. Mln. , 1878, 683. In aystslline msswes, showing an imper feet oleavsge direction wiui a brighter metallic lustre than on the ordinaij fracture suxboea H. 4*5. G. 4*43. Color resembliiag pyrrhotite but darker, pinehbeck-brown to Bteel-gny. Streak black.
Analysis on pure material (as proved b7 the microscope), 1. Wagnsr (L a), S. Bammelsberg (G.=4'7), PogBr-9 cxTJ., p. 361.
s
Fe
Ni
41*96
—
09*81
a
66*96
Analysis 1. gives FesNitSu or 4FeSs + NiSt. It is claimed bjKnop to be the first disoovery of a sesquisulphid in nature, though the analysis by Rammelsbm shows that there ii a very considerable variation in composition.
Decomposed rather easily under the influence of air and water, forming iron and nickd vitriol. Occurs with chaloopyrite in irregular masses in the serpentinised gneiss at Horbsch in the Black Forest
HOBNBLBITDIB. See Akphibolb.
HoBTOROLiTE, Bftuh, Am. J. ScL, n., zlviii, 17. Appendix L, p. 7.
HowLiTE, Min. p. 69a--From Nova Scotia, Haw, Phil. Mag., lY., zzzvii., 270, 1809; xzxix., 278, 1870.
HObnerttb, Min. p. 603.— Eelation to wolframite, De Okiuaux, Ann. Ch. Phya., IV., ziz., 175, 1870 ; Oroth and Anruni, Pogg., czlix., 236, 1878.
HuuiTE, Min. p. 363. — Vesuvius, complete cryst memoir, showing the relation of the three types, with many figures, e. AUh Poggr., Brg. Bd. v., 321, 1871 ; chemical investigation with several analyses, e. Bath, ibid., Ezg. Bd. vi, 385, 1878 ; cxlviL, 246. See also chondrodite.
Hyalite, Min. p. 199.— Associated with corundum, No. Carolina, OeiUh, Am. PhiL See., Phihid., zia, 873, 1878. PMudomorph after apatite, aragonite at Waltsch, Boricky Ber. Bohm, Ctosi, 1878, 64, 65.
Hyalofhaitb, Mhi. p. 846.— Composition, KmngaU, Jahrb. Nat Ges. Zfirich, 1860. 878.
Htalobiderite, Min. p. 266.— Sasbaoh, KaiserBtuhlgebirge, Bo$enJlnu6h, Jahrb. ICn., 1872, 49, et seq.
Htdrabotllitb, Min. p. 177. — Chester Co., Penn., anaL, Henmafm, J, OIl, ovi.. 68| 72, 1869.
Htdrabotritb. See Bordobitb.
Hydroouprite. Genth has given the name hydrocupnte to a new mineral found at Com wall, Lebanon Co., Penn. He gives the following description (. contrib.) :
Amorphous, orange-yellow to orange-red ; f ormd vezy thin coatings, sometimes mg-like, apon magnetite ; soft
IFPEHDIX n. 29
On heating loses water and beoomes blaok ; oontains water and cnproas ozi le. A soffideni
Snantity for analysis oonld not be obtained, but its compofdtion is probably Besides lie amorphous coatings, the capiite yariety, ehalcotrSehUe from Cornwall, sometimes assumes an orange-yellow oolor, so that on the same piece adcular crystals of a fine orimsos color can be seen gradually changing to an orange-yellow. It is therefore very probable that the orange oxystals are pseudomoiphs of hydrocuprite after cuprite.
634 A. Hyrirocyanite. Idrociano, Soaechi, Note Hineralogiohe, L, p. 26, 1878; extract from Atti Aocad. Sci. Napoli, y., 1870.
Orthorhombic Observed planes, M, i-i, /, 3-i, 1-i, 14, 1, i ; a (vert.) :b: o 0 7968 i-i Al 114' 25 ; 108' 2'.
Color pale green, brownish or yellowish, also sky-blue. Translucent.
An analysis (1. c) gave Ou 49*47. 5 50*80, loas 0'40 10000, which corresponds to the formula Ou§.
Completely soluble in water. Effloreeces very readily in contact with the air. When pre* served in the matrix untouched the crystals wUl remain two or three days without sensible alteration, but upon being detached, or even touched, they change color almost immediately. In the alteration the crystals first show a blue color, then split to pieces slowly, and separate into minute granules, which seem to be crystals, though too sxnall to allow of their form being determined. The cause of the efflorescence in this case is the absorption of the water from the atmosphere, not the loss of water, as is generally true. The change when complete results in the production of chalomthite (CuS + 7).
In the prismatic zone the crystals show no immediate relation to allied sulphates ; the angles of the brachydomefc, howeyer, agree quite closely, 1-i A 14 77° 6', hydrooyanite ; 75* 52', oelestite ; 85', anglesite ; 74* 84', barite.
Found by Scacchi at Vesuyins, having been produced by sublimation at the time of the eruption of October 1868. The name is derived from the C8p, water iros, (uture Hue; an unfortunate name, suggesting a hydrous mineral and one rating to cyanite. See also Dolerophanite.
Htdrohalitb. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 69. A hydrous chlorid of sodium, described by Mitscherlich, Hausmann Min., p. 1459, 1847.
HvDROMAOKEBiTE, Min. p. 707. — Kraubat, Steiermark, oiyst and anaL, Tsehermak . Min. Mitth., 1871, 118.
Hydkophilitb. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 69. Chlorid of caleium. Hausmann Min., p. 1460, 1847.
Htdbozincitb, Min. p. 711.— Auronza, Lombardy, anal., Oosaa Atti Aocad. Sci Torino, vi., 189. 1870-71.
442 B. Hygrophilite, Loipeyres, . Min. Mitth., 1873, p. 147.
Cryptocrystalline. Occurring in scales ; double-refracting. H. 2-2*5. 0. 2*670. Colot greeuifth-gray to yellowish-gray, in consequence of the presence of minute pores, properly transparent. Often contains minute cubes of pyrite. Lustre and feel greasy. Streak greenish-white.
Analysis, Laspyres (L 0.7
It belongs to the pinite group. Oxygen ratio for ft : fi : Si : S (approximately) 1:5: 9:8.
B. B. Fuses rather easily to a white enamel, which, with cobalt solution, takes a blue oolor. Very hygroscopic. In water falls to pieces gradually like day. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Occurs in large irregular masses distributed in a sandstoncf or silicious conglomerate in the neighborhoc of £e an der Sasle.
HYPEiiBTirEKE, Min. p. 209. — Cryst. form, v. Lang, Fogg., cxxxix., 819, 1870. Iridescence and dichroism, KMmann, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 868, 582 1871, 501. Mt. Dore, Auvergne, cryst, Des Oloizeaux, ZS. G. Qes., xxy., 666 ; 0. Bath PoKS-t 7. Bee also AmbitfttegiU, Appendix I., p, 1.
80 Appshdec Il
HTFOCiiLORrrB, MSn. p. BfKL—Fremdf Jahrb. Hm., 1872, 515.
Htpottphitb (Breiihaapt, anenglanjs), Min. p. 18.— Analynfl hy FnbmI, Jalubi Hia. 1874, 677.
Ilmenite, Min. p. 148.— See Mbnaocajtitb.
iLSBiCANNiTB, Hdfer Jahrb. Min., 1871, 666. — Appendix L, p. 7.
ILTAITB, Min. pw 286.— Elba, cxyBt, Math ZS. 0. Gea, zziL, 71ll| 1870; Achlaidl MnoYO Cimento, II., ilL, Feb., 1870. (Lievrite), composition, SammeUberg, ZS. G. Qm.f xn'i., 827, 1870L Nasnau, cyst, o. Bath Pog;., Eig., ▼., 424, 1871.
lOLiTB, Min. p. 229.— (oordierite), Bamsbezg, Sweden, louj., ivbfrAn, Jahrb. ICa., 1871 SCO. Laaoher See, oiyBt, o. Baih Pogg., olii, 40, 1870.
Ibon, Min. p. 16. — Native iron haa been foond at Gamp Creek, Montana, in email aagiUar Cragments (largest i inoh in length) slightly ooTered with nut. It showed on etching no Widmannstadtean figures, bat developed a finely gramnlar stmotore. Ooours in the bed rock of the gold plaoers, covered by six feet of gzavd ; asBooiated with native lead, (q. t.), OetUk Am. Phil. Soo. Philad., xi, 448, 1878.
Ciystalline stnictiire of meteoric iron, Tsekermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixx., Nor., 1874.
IsocLASiTB. Sandberger, J. pr. Oh., IL, ii, 125.— Appendix L, p. 7.
IsopTBB, Min. p. 302.— A mixture, oontaining more or less opal, Mukdifne and FVgii, J. Ch. Soc., U., X., 1040, 1872.
Itaoolumitb, Min. p. 195.— Oh. News, xxiL, 111, 266, 1870.
Iyiotitb, Bandf Proc. Acad. Philad., 1868, 142.— Appendix L, p. 7.
Jacobsttb, Damour, 0. R, Ixix., 168. Appendix L. p. 8.
Jalpaite, Min. p. 89.— Tres Pontas, anal., Bertrand, Ann. d. Mines, TIL, 418, 187SL
Jambbonite, Min. p. 90.— Sicirra de Famatina, Aigentine Bepablio, anal., Siewertf Tich. Blin. Mitth., 1873, 247.
Jbfpebisitb, Min. p. 494.— No. Oarolina, with oomndnm, analyses, Am. Phil. Soc Philad., ziii., 392, 1873.
West Chester, Penn., stndy of optical character, Cooke Mem. Am. Ac. Boston. 1874. 44.
CuLBAGEEiTE is a Variety of jeflerisite described by J. P. Cooke (Mem. Am. Ac. Eioston, 1874, p. 48). It vezy dosfjy resembles the jefFeriaite from West Chester, Pa., though thi
lor ill much lighter, and it is somewhat more friable ; the optical properties are the sam&
Three analyses gave the following results :
1109=100-06 ll'09=100-38
Oxygen ratio for ft : fi : Si : tt 2 : 1 : 1 : 1. G. 2-225. These reaolts agree doMy vith analyses by Gtoth (L a) of the same mineral. From the Culsagee Mine, near Franklin, Maoon Co., N. Candina. See also Vermiculite.
Jbffbbsonitb, Min. p. 215.— Franklin, N. J., anaL, Pi$ani, 0. R., IxxvL, 237, 1873.
Jbtpoorite, Min. p. 47 {Syepo&rite, bad orthogr., i&JM).— This mineral has been investi* gifted by W. A. Boss with the following resolta, previous examinatioiM having been made, to him, upon mixtures : Oooun in small crystalline beads, isometric (Miller), showing the cube, octahedron, and pyritohedroa. Color lUTerwhite. Streak blue-blaok, and
Si
£1
Pe
te
0*58
0*58
temi-metttllio, not magnetia Blowpipe aiudTBiB gave 88 "2 and 83*5 p. a cobalt wilt eTidences of the presence of araenic and antimony. Roes gives the following aa a pzobablt gaesa at the composition : oobalt 82, antimony 7, arsenio 6, aolphnr 5 100.
Oocora in a dark gy sand, oonsisting of one-tenth pyzrhotite, conaiderable quartz, aoma chaloopyrite, etc. the copper mines of Khetree, Jeypoor, province of Bajpootana, India. Proo. Boy. Soa, zzi, 292, 1878.
JoBDANiTB, Min. p. 88.— Gryst, new forma, o. Bothy Pogg., vi, 863, 1878.
Binnenthal, analyses (As, Pb* S,), 8ipiic9, Tsoh. Hin. Mitth., 1878, 29, 181.
Nagyag, oiyst., description and anal., Taehmutk, Ludmg, . Min. Mitth., 1878, 215.
JULIANITE, Web%ky, ZS. O. Ges., 1871, 486.Appendiz I, p. a
Kainite, Mia p. 642.— See Picbomsbitb.
Kalkttbanitb. See Autuivitb.
Salnszite. See StnoenItb.
Kaicacitb. See Ghamabitb.
OLor, Min. p. 478.— Chili, analyses, Domko 2nd kap. Min. Chili, p. 49, 1867.
A related mineral, anal., from the porphyry of Stein, uWc Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1878, 197.
Goniposition, anal, SeUtfesnng, G. R, Izxiz., 478, 1874.
KABflTBNiTB, Min. p. 621.— LtoebuTg, cryst.. Miller, Phil. Mag., IV., xlvii, 124, 1874 Xbbolitb. See Gebolitb.
447 A. Kerrite, Oenth, Amer. PhiL Soo. PhiUd., xiii., p. 896, 1878. In fine scales, presenting no definite shape nnder the microscope. Very soft O. 2'808 (Ohtttard). Gdor pale greenish-yellow, with tint of brown ; Instre pearly. Analyris (L o.), Ghataxd (material ahown by microscopic examination to be pure).
Si Xl Fe ]?Ti,Co ftg ign.
f 88-29 11-41 1-96 082 0-26 26l6 21-25 99*87
The oxygen ratio for ft : S : Si : 64 : 8 : 10-8 : 9-5 or 6 : 8 : 10 : 10, which wonld giye + (fi,Si) + 10 fi.
Exfoliates upon heating, but not to such an extent as jeiferisite. B.B. fuses to a whita enamel Decomposed by HGl with separation of silica in pearly scales. Found aa an apparent result of the iteration of chlorite at the corundum locality, Culsagee Mine, near Franklin, Macon Go., No. Garolina. Named from Prof. Kerr, State Geologist.
KiBBBBiTB, Min. p. 641.— Hallstadt, anal, Wiener, Verb. Qeol. Reiohs, 1871, 8, p. 180; anal., and cryst. description, Teehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiil, 815, 1871.
496 A. morulfine, y. KobeU, Joum. pr. Gh., U., Til., p. 272, 1878. ICaasiye, cleavage imperfect in two directions, approximately 90'. H. 4r-5. Q. 8*15l Translucent in fine splinters. Golor pale red. Lustre greasy. Fracture uneven. Analysis (1. o.j, after deduction of SiOs (1*50 p. a) and AliOs + FeOi (5 40 p. o.).
Mg Ca jTa PI f
Formula, 2 Hlgal + GaFl, where some lime is replaced by soda. Stands near wagnerite bt differa in the large percentage of Fl and inmost entire absence of lime. Occurs at Bamle, Norway.
Klafbotholitb, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 415.— Appendix L, p. a
Kkebblitb, Min. p. 260.— Sweden, B. n. H. Zeit, xxix., 91, 870 : xxz., 149,
KocHELiTB, Webiky, ZS. 0. Ges., xx., 250, 1868.— Appendix I., p. 8.
KOhubbitb. Adam, Tableau Min., 1869 p. 71.— Synonym of onofrite, Dana Min., p. 69.
82 AFFBHDIX n.
K0K8CHABOFFITB, Min. p. 242.~(r) Ko. Oaralina, with oomndnm, aaaL. Genfli, Am. FhH fioo. PhUad., xiii, 873, 1878.
KOLLOPHAN. Sandberger, J. pr. Oh., IL, ii, 129 .—Appendix L, p. 9.
10 A. Kongsbergite Pimni, C R., Ixxv.. p. 1274, 1872.
An amalgam of silver and mercoiy ocoarring with arquerite (analysiB L a Ag. 86*8, B# 8*7) atKongsbeig, Norway. Analyses (1. c.) I. crystalline; 2. cxystalsL
Ag
Hg
1. f
Os 36
These give the fcrmnla AgiHg (Ag 95*10, Hg 4*90). Pisani suggests the possiUlit that the oooorrenee may be acdental, bat if not so, and if found at other localities, he suggests the name KcTigBbirgiU,
Ml A. Koppite, Knop, Jahrb. Min., 1875, 67 (ZS. O. Ges., xxiii, 656, 1871).
Occurs with apatite and magnof errite in a granular limestone near Sohelingen, Kalaet stuhlgebirge, Baden. Oolor brown. Transparent
Analyses, 1. Bromeis (quoted by Knop from Handworterb. d. Ohemie, YL, 706). 2L Knop (1. c.)
Cb fio th liln Ca It &a Fl ti
1.0203 1-48 10-81 4-48 1-42 1480 158 287 116 1-50 101*58
2.6190 Ce 10-10 1-80 040 16-00 428 762
Each of the determinations of Knop was made on a separate qnantil of the mineeaL Rammelsbeig obtained Cb 62*46, Ce 6*69, 8*00. Knop writes the formula 6fl 2Cbi, neglecting a small amount of fluorine. This mineral has been hitherto called pyroohlare, but Knop separates it from that spedes on the ground that it contains no titanic aoid and little or no fluorine. Named in honor of Prof. Kopp, of Heidelberg.
496 A. Eorarfveite, F. EadominM 0. B., IxxriiL, p. 764, 1874 A name pitiposed proylMionally for a phosphate of cerium containing fluorine near monazita It occurs in alknts with gadolinite, hjelmite, and beryl at Korarfet near Fahlun, Sweden (there called monazite).
In imperfect crystals, or cxystfdline masses often very large ; one cleavage perfect. Donbls refriicting (Des Cloixeaux). G. 4*08. Odor yellow passing into brown. Fracture Titreons, translucent. Streak grayish-yellow.
Analysis (L 0.) made upon impure material, and oonseqnently needing confirmation.
CeLatH Ca Mg 9e Fl fi
67-40 1-24 ir 032 4-85 2788 tr 100-60
B. B., infusible. Partially attacked by HOI with evolution of OL Oompletely decomposed by sulphuric acid and bisulphate of potash.
KoTfiCHUBBiTs, Min. p. 497.— Relation to kdmmereriUy eta, Lauehtenberg, BulL 80a Imp St. Pet., xiil, 84, 1869.
Kryokonite. See Obtocokitb.
Labradobite, Min. p. 841.— Examination of the cause* of the iridescence, VpgeUang Arch. , iii, 82, 186a
Exhaustive oryst. and microscopic investigation by Sehrauf, in which he shows the presence of inclosed crystals of augite, hematite, and magnetite (with picotite?). He Also describes two varieties of microscopic inclosures to the presence of which the color is due ; the first he calls MICBOPLAKITB. They form rectangular tabular crystals (a a a 90", a secondary plane =153i'*-158*') and lie in a position perpendicular to that of the augite needles. By transmitted light they are grayish-yellow to brownish, by reflected light reddish-green to green and blue (the colors of thin media). Schrauf says that in most of their properties they agree with magnetite, though their apparent insolubility is against that idea. The second kind of inclosures he calls micbofhyllite, they form indistinct crystalline scaler nd lie parallel to the direction of the augite crystals : they are from "05 to '1 mm. in length, iBd "02 to *04 in breadth; their true nature is doubtful Ber. Ak. Vfim Ix., Dso., 1869.
▲PFBNDEC n. 89
Labrador analyses of two Tarieties; violet (with 11*14 p. o. Oa) and white (with 9 4 p. & Oa), Oudemanns, J. pr. Gh. cvi., 56, 1869.
Narodal, analyses, v. Ba, Pogg.czxzvi., 424: cxzzyiil, 171 ; Twhermak, ibid., ozrxnii., 163; Rammdaberg, ibid., oxzziz., 178; ibid., czli, 174.
Waterville, N. Hampshire, analyses, E. A Dana Am. J. Sol, m., ill, 48, 1872.
Greenland, anal., Janotaky, Ber. Ohem. Qea Berlin, 1878, 1454.
Verespatak, eryst., anal., and description of prodnots of decomposition, Tschermak. TscIl Min. ., 1874, 269. See also FMtpar,
Lakpadite, Min. p. 181. — (Knpfermanganezi), ChUi, anal., Frentd. Jahrb. Min., 1878,
Lanarkitb, Min. p. 628. — Analyses, Maskdpn€ and FUght giving the formula with no water and no carbonic add, J. Gh. Soa, U., xiL, 103.
Pisani has analyzed 1. from Scotland and finds, as aboTe, no carbonio add, except as due to imparity, he gyes the formula ; he adds the results of an optical examination, G. B., Ixxvi., 114: JannettM, ib., p. 1420, 1878.
Gorrected angles given by Schrauf, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1873, 137.
Langitb, Min. p. 665.--AnaL, Matkdyne and FUgU Ber. Gh. Ges. Berlin, 1870, 934.
Lapis Lazuli, Min. p. 331. — (lasurstein), '*a mixture of granular ealdte, paralogite (=ekebergite) and an isometric, ultramarine mineral, which & generally blue, or violet sometimes also colorless, and in the last case assumes a blue color on heating,"— thorough microscopic examination and discussion of relation to hauynite and nofdte (nosean), Vogelsang, Vers. Med. E. Akad. Amsterdam, IL, viL, 161, 1873. The same matter has been previously investigated by Fischer (Exit Mikr. Stud., 1869, p. 40).
Laumontite, Min. p. 399.--Gryst. description, Kokaeanno, Min. BuasL, r., 156. AnaL, FdUmberg, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 373.
St. Bartholomew, anal (NordBMm) Ak. H. Stockholm, IX., No 12, Not., 1870 (Gleve, Oeol. W. India Is., p. 30, 1870). Gapordano (::rcaporcianite), anal., Beehi AeMardi, Boll. Gom. OeoL, ItaL, 1871, 139.
Laurite, Min. p. 74.-— With platinum from Oregon, Washier, Am. J. Sd., H, xlviii,
Latroffitb, Min. p. 216. — Gompotion and description, a diopside colored green by 4*20 p. o. of vanadate of lime, Mermann, J. pr. Gh., II., i., 444; Koksch. Min. BussL, vi., 206.
Laxmannitb. NordmekiSld, Pogg., cxxxvii., 209.— Appendix L, p. 9.
Lazulite, Min. p. 572.— Veauvius, note, tJ. Rath, Pogg., cxxxviii., 491. Na Garolina, with corundum, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., xiii., 404, 1873.
Lead, Min. p. 17.— Native, found with native iron (q. v.) in the bed rock of the gold placers, covered by 6 feet of gravel, at Gamp Gr., Montana. Occurs in irregular and rounded flattened pieces, from the size of a pin head to i inch ; coated with massicot, probably alto by cerussite ; shows crystalline structure. The solution contained ffold, but no silver. 4enth Am. Phil. Soc PhUad., xi., 443, 1870. ' '
PflUoker also speaks of the occurrence of native lead in roxmded grains at many localities, S. W. of Huancavelica (Peru). It oontains little silver, but considerable antimony. Domevko 8d App. Min. GhiH, 1871. ''
Lbadhillite, Min. p. 624.— Relation to susannite (q. v.), KenngoU, Jahrb. Min., 1868,
Composition discussed, relation to maxUe (q. v.), HinUe, Pogg*, dii, 256.
Anal., Bertrand, Bull Soc. Gh., xix., 67, 1878 ; Laspeyrea Jahrb. Min., 1873, 292L
Lbfidolite, Min. p. 314.— Eulenlohe, Fichtelgebirge, Saridderger, Ber. Ak. MQnohe ft871, 98.
Leslktite, Min. p. 800.— Appendix I., p. 18.
LBTTflOMiTB, Min. p. 666.— See Otanotbichitb.
LEUCAuaiTE, Min. p. 216.— Amity, N. T., anal, Leedi, Am. J Sd., m., vi, 84. 1878
34 .ArpBiiDnc n.
MiiL p. 50Q.-hem. oompontion, EenngifU Jahrb. Mm., 1688, 209
Leucite, Min, p. 834— Miczosoopio Btrnctaze, Zirkd, ZS. O. Oes., xz., 07, 1868; Jahzb Hin., 1870, 809; Loioubt, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 408.
Contains robidinm and oaeaiam. J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sd., II., xliz., 335, 1870.
YesaYias, anaL, v. Hath, Pogg*, cslvii, 364; enyeloped in sanidin, ibid., ISxg. Bd., tl, 381 and 198 ; see also SeacM, Atti Aooad. Napoli, y., March, 1870 ; Sept. 14, 1872.
VeBuyioa, shown by aocnrate measurements. as well as by the piesenoe of striated face (due to twining), to be tetragonal, The ordinary crystals show the planes 1, 4, also 2-i and /; i a t A 4-2)=138* 58' ; a (vertioal) =0*52637 : composition face 2-t. Also anal., 9. Bath, Pogg., Erg. Bd., vi, 198, 1873 (or Jahrb. Min., 1873, 113).
Note by Seaechi, Boll. Com. OooL ItaL, 1873, 183.
Leucofhahite, Min. p. 260.— Cryst, NurdeMkidtd, GSfv. Ak. Stookh., 1870, zxyit, 557 Cryst., Bertrand, Ann. d. Mines, VH, iiL, 24 Cryst, y. Lang, . Min. Mitth., 1871, p
Leuooftbtiib, Min. p. 77 (=lollingite, Dana)— and lollingite, anaL, Przibram, Zepharotieh, Lotos, Jan., 1870.
In Danas Mhieralogy, 1868, the names, leucopyrite and lollingite preyionsly naed as qruonyms, were given, lenoopyrite to the mineral with the composition FeAs,, and lollingiti to tibe oompou FotAas (supposed to include the arsenioal pyrites from Lolling, not then known to haye been analyzed). It appears, howeyer, that alittie earlier, Zepharoyidh (Verb. Min. Oes. St. Pet, IL, iiL, 1867) had found the Lolling mineral to haye the oompoattioo FeAsti, and hence proposed for it the name lollingite, resenring Shepards name, leucopyrite, for the FoaAst. The names as given by Zepharoyfch haye the priority, and should be reoeiyed. In another printing from the stereotype plates (6th sub-edition) of Danas Min. the changt will be made. It is to be added, howeyer, that there was no confounding of the names' (Naumann, Min., p. 611, 1874) in Danas Mineralogy.
Lbvtnitb, Wjl p. 431.— Bichmond, Viot, oomp., Kenngott Jahr. Nat. Ges, Zurich, xri, 132, 262, 1871.
Lignite, Min. p. 755.—Peotan Co., N. 8., anal, and description, Eaw, PhiL Mag., IV., tzxyu.,264.
414 A. Umbaohite, Fienxel, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 780: Min. Lex. Saohsen, p. 164. Massiye. G. 2*395. Lustre grea. Color grayisn to greenish-white. Not hard nx brittle. Does not adhere to the Analyses, Frensel (L c.)
Si %1 Fe fig tL
41-42 2209 23-67 12-47= 90 65
42 03 19*56 1.46 2561 12-34=10100
Frenzel gives the formula 33kg 2§i + iSi + 3. Hence in oxygen ratio it stands Yvy nearoerolite (Kerolith), from which species Frenzel has separated it, though, as he ahowiL the analyses yary much, ft : fi : Si : S 1 : 1 : 3 : 1.
OocurR at Limbach, filling cayities or fissures in serpentine.
A similar mineral, occurring in serpentine at Zoblits, has been called Zblitztte by Frenel (Min. Lex. Sachsen, p. 351). Massiye. Color light-yellow. An analysis gaye Melling o. and Jahrb. Min., 1873, 789), Si 4713, 3tl 257, je 2 92, Mg 36-13, fi 11 50 100-25.
LiMBiLiTE, Wn p. 258. — Boeenbusch thinks that the limbilite of de Sanssure cannot be regarded as a result of the decomposition of chrysolite, but rather of the glassy matter at a rock as has been oeUled by him limburgite, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 169.
LiME-WAyELLiTE, Koimann, ZS. G. Gee., xxi, 795, 1869.— Appendix I., p. 9.
LiMONiTE, Min. p. 172.— Pseudomorph after oerussite, Kaunann. ZS. G. Ges., xxi., 644,
LiNAiiiTE, Min. p 663. — Cumberland, exhaustive cryst memoir, with many new forma, Kokidtarow, Min RussL, y., 206.
ChiU, Domeyko 2d App. Min. Chili, p. 32. 1867; Bertrand, Ann. d. Mines, YIL, L, 414, 1872.
eabanya, cryst memoir, Sckrauf, Br. Ak. Wien, bay., 172 (1871); Ixr., 241, 187L
Il 8R
LxTRiOFROKiTB, Appendix I., p. 9.Laip0ifre$, Jahrb. Ifin., 178, 1800.
29 A. livingitonite, Mariano Bareena, Nataraleza, iiL, 85. 1874; iii., p. 178, 1875, Am. J. Soi., IIL, viii., p. 145, 1874 ; ix., p. 64, 1875.
In prisms, and oolamnar groups much like stibnite, and apparenUj isomorphonB w.th it H. 2 (Breithanpt's scale). O. 4*81. Color bright lead-graj. Streak red (not black ai with stibnite). Analysis, Baroena (1. c.)
8 Sb Hg Fe
Whence the atomic ratio for the solphnr, antimony, meronry and iron, 18*17 : 8*7 : 1*4 12 (nearly) 15 : 7 : 1 : 1, or 4SbS, + HgS + FeS'. Fuses at the iirst touch of the blow* pipe flame, giving off white fumes in abundance. Not sensibly abtaoked by cold nitro add, but dissolyed in Uie warm acid with a white residue.
Occurs at Huitzuco, State of Guerrero, Mezioo, in a matrix of carbonate and sulphate of lime, together with sulphur, cinnabar, stibnite and yalentinite.
Ij()llinoitb, Min. p. 76 leucopyrite, Dana). — Beichenstein, Silesia, anal (containing gold). Guttler, Jahrl Min. 1871, 81.
ChailAicillo, anal., Domeyko 8d Append. Hin. Chili, 1871.
Dobsohau, Hungazy, anal., NiedmoiedM Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1870, 161.
See also Leucopyrite.
696 A. Ludwiglte, O. TMermak, . Min. Mitth., 1874, p. 59.
In finely fibrous masses, the fibres generally short and in a parallel position, so that on the fresh fracture it has a silky lustre. H. =5. G. 8'907-d'951 (lighter colored variety), 4*016 (dark-colored variety). Color blackish-green, and again almost perfectly black with a tinge of violet. Tough. Streak dark-green, of a somew&t lighter color than the mineral itself. In microscopic splinters transparent, a greenish-brown color.
Analysis, Ludwig and Sipocs, La 1. (mean of 7 partial analyses) G. 8*951, odor daik-
0. G. 4 016, black.
B Pe te iSg
For analysis 2. Tschermak gives the formula 2&gB -f ]e9e, which corresponds also to analysis 1, though here a little Ag takes the place of some ]e.
A microscopic examination proved the absence of magnetite in the material analyzed, though magnetite and also sometimes caldte are generally intimatdy associated with it.
Heated in the air the mineral becomes red ; in fine splinters fusible with difficulty to a black, strongly magnetic, slag. With the fluxes gives the reaction for iron. Dissolved lowly by cold hydrochloric add when in the state of a fine powder.
Occurs imbedded in a crystalline limestone, with irregularly situated beds of magnetite, at Morawitta in the Banat
According to F. Berwerth (. Min. Mitth., 1874, 247) ludwigite occurs altered to limonite. An analysis of material, having a brownish-red color, and graduating insensibly into pure ludwigite, afforded him: Fe 75*84, ftn tr., Oa 009. Ag 5*80, 0 1*65, &i 2*88, H 14-51, B 0*08 101*02. G. 8*41. Besides the limonite (b'8'17 p. a), Berwerth considers that some talc, bmdte, magnesite. and caldte are also here present as mechanically mixed impurities.
LCiVEBUBOiTB, NoUner, Br. Ak. Miinchen, 1870, 291. —Appendix L, p. 10.
132. Luzonite, Weisbacli, . Min. Mitth., 1874, p. 257.
Masdve, with uneven fracture, with but little tendency to deavage. In cavities there were also observed some minute crystals, whose form could not to be distinguished. H. 8*5 G. =4*42. Color dark reddish-sted grsy, turning violet with time. Lustre Uadc aod metallic. Streak black. Brittle.
Aaalysis, Winkler, L c.
S Sb As Cu Fe
8814 215 16*52 47*51 0.98 100*55
Tbla gives substantially OaAiS4 8 6u8 -h Afla8, oir dmilaz to enaigite
M AlVEKDIX IT
It is doflely xelatod to famatinite (q. ▼.) and WeiBbadi rajs, tiioagli without rafficieiit real on, that the two are piobablj iBomorphooB, while it forms a dimorphous with enargite. The sole reason for separating the mineral from enaigite seems to be its stmctoreless aracter, nearly destitute of deavage, bat, onmipported observations on the crystalline form, this cannot be regarded as oondosive.
Occors in the copper yeins of Mancayan, district of Lepanto, Idaod Loscm Associated with the following minerals, named in the order of their deposition : Qnazta, pyrite, rluzonite), enargite, quartz, tetrahedrite, barite.
447 B. BSaconite, Qenih, Amer. FhiL Soa, PhUad., ziii, 390, 1873. In irregular scales, resembling a ynnetj of jefferisite. Soft, but digfatly faaidar than kerrite. G. 2*827 (Ohatard). Odor dark brown ; lustre pearly, indiuing to sab-metaUia 1. o . Ohataid and Ghnith.
Si Xl Pe te ]Sri,Co % Li Ia & ign.
Oxygen ratio, fi:S:Si: 8:6:8:6 nearly, or 3fi, 2§i + 2 (S, Si) + 5& Exfoliates laigely on heating, and fuses with difficulty to a brown glass ; eady deoom posed by hydrochloric add, wi& separation of silica in scale
Contains numerous fragments of corundum, and some miorosoopio reddish-biown eiyBtsli which may be sphene. Found, as an apparent result of the alteration of oUorite, at the corundum locality, Gulsagee Mine, near Franklin, Macon Co., Na CazoliiiiL
f
Magmbsitb, IGn. p. 686.— TravexseUa, cyst, Struver. Atti Aocad. 8d. Torino, t1, 874, Greiner, Tyrol, note, Zpharovkh Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixrii., 760, 1868. From the Alps, crystals with 0, /, t-2, also anal , Bumpf, . Hin. ICtth., 1873 268. Var. breunnerite, anal., Leedt Frank. Inst., III., Ix., 63, 1870.
Magnetite, Ifin. p. 149.->-Cxy8tals from Achmatowsk, with planea, 0, 1, 8-3, R-i i'h ZS. Q. Oes., xxi., 489, 1869.
Auerbach, anal., containing nickel, Petersen J. pr. Ch., oyi, 441, 1860.
Wolfach, anal., Petenm, Fogg., cxxxyi, 606, 1869.
Traversella, cyst, Struver Atti Aocad. Sd. Torino, vi., 374, 1871.
Brewster, N. T.. pseudomorph after dolomite and chondrodite, /. D. Jkina Am. J. Scl, in.,viii..875, 1874.
In mica from Pennsbury. reply of /. D. Dana and O. /. BrtuA to a note by Bose (see hematite). Am. J. SoL, II., xlvia, 360, 1869 (Jahrb. Min., 1874, 611).
Both Zirkd (Microecop. Beschaff. der Min., 1873, p. 247) and Bosenbusoh (Phys. d. Min., 1873, p. 213 speak of the mineral in the mica of Pennsbury as being hematite. It is diiBcult. however, to see how this view can be reoondled with the inyestigations of Brush (1. c). He found that the mineral was bladdsh tO smoky-brown in odor, and strongly magnetic. II had moreover a black streak. Upon being heated to redness out of contact of the air it retained its color, but heated with access to the air it became red. It was sometimes, in ooDsequence of alteration, changed to a bright red or yellow mineral The red substance had a red streak, the yellow substance an ochre-yellow streak ; the last became red when heated. Prof. Brush concludes that the black mineral is in all probability magnetite, the red minezil is hematite (arising from the oxidation of the original magnetite), and the yellow-ochre min* era! is hydrated sesquioxyd of iron, due to hydration as wdl as oxidatioxL
189. Magnochromite, B?ck, Inaug. Dissert. Breslau, 1869. Webaky, ZS. 0. Gea, xxr., 894, 1873.
A variety of chromite from Grochau, Silesia, containing a large amount of magnesia. It has been previously described by Breithaupt (1832, IIL, p. 254 ; 1847. IIL, 777), and also by other authors In physical characters it agrees with chromite. except in its want of metallic lustre and low specific gravity Aocordmg to Breithaupt G. 4 031 -4 110 (this. Websky suggests, is in part accounted for by the presence of impurities). It oocurs in roundeJ grains embedded in a green gangue from which it cannot be entirely separated. This gangtie xoineral is considered by Webeky as a new spedes, and using an analysis of it (v grocbaniie) he deducts it from an analysis of a mixture of the two, made by Bode, and obtains the following as the composition of the magnochromite: 29*92, €r 40*78, 15-30. Mg 14 00 loom This result agrees with the general formula &,fi of the apbitii group gi ing in this case 4 (£l,). (3e. 6Mg).
AFPSHBEK n. 87
Xalacbite, Min. p. 710.— PBeodomoiph after ataoamite, Ebkteharaw BnU. 800. Imp St Pet, xvul, 186, 1872 ; Tschmfnak, Min. Mitth., 1878, 89.
Mai noNTTE, Ulfieh, — Appendix I., p. 10.
Mangasdisthsn. See Abdennitb.
290 A. ManganophyUite, IgMHhn, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 296, (Kenngott, 1878, 66). Hexagonal ? In thin plates, like other mioas.
Color bronze to oopper-red. Stzeak pale red. In thin soalea tnuulooent with a rose- red color. Analysis, Igelstrom (1. o.)
Si £1 te An Cs % ii,ifa ign.
88-50 11-00 8-78 2140 8 20 15-01 5*51 1-60 100
Kenngott obflervee (L o. ) that, if we call the loss "A and reckon it with the bases, the oxygen ratio for bases to silioa becomes 11*72 : 12 or ft : fi : Si=l: 8 : 4 neiuily (the ratio of lepidomelane) . The alkalies appear to be for the most part potash.
B. B. gives no coating on charcoal ; with borax or soda affords a strong manganese reaction. Soluble in HCl with the separation of silica in the form of the original wales.
Occnrs with tephroite, hydrotephroite, hamartite, magnetite, oalcite, garnet, eta, at the manganese mine Pajsberg, near Filipstadt, Sweden.
Igelstrom calls attention to the fact that his maDganophyU is in many respects similar to the imperfectly described (no analysis) alnrgite of Breithaupt (Danas Min. p. 764).
Marcasite, IQa. p. 75. — Psendomorph after bonmonite, ohalcopyrite, magnetite, DdU . Min. Mitth., 1874, 87, 88.
(Weisskapfererz) Halsbriiche, near Freiberg, aD analysis by Frenxd gave results agreeing with the formula BaSi (Gu= 10-75 p. c., Fe=40'47), it is a compound between marcasite and ohalcopyrite, and, if constant in composition, Frenzel suggests that it should haye a distinotiTe name, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 786.
Mabckline, Min. p. 168.— Examined by J. pr. Ch., IL, ilL, 467.
Maroabite, Min. p. 606.— No Carolina, anaL,/. L. Smith, Am. J. 80L, UL, tL, 184, analyses, Tenth, Am. PhU. Soc., Philod., xiii.. 899, 1873.
Optical character inyestigated, Baver ZS. G. Oes., xxvi., 180, 1874.
Maripositei a name proposed provisionally by Prof. Silliman for an anhydrous silicate containing as bases, according to the blowpipe, iron (protoxide), alumina, chromium, lime, magnesia and potash, with traces of manganese and sulphuric acid. It had a light applegreen color, occurs in scales and associated with pyrite in a gangue of dolomite (ankerite) mingled with quartz ; the Mariposa estate, Calif omia. (CaL Acad. Scl , III., 880, 1868). It has since been referred provisionally to fuchidte (Min p. 811, anal., 16), though its identity with that species has not been finally determined. It is the constant associate of the ore through the Mariposa region, and in consequence of its pangenetical relations deserves further investigation.
Mabmolite, Min. p. 465. See Serpektike.
Mabtitb, Min. p. 142.— Brazil, Boienbtiseh, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 78.
9:j9 a. Maskel3rnHe, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixv., p. 122, 1872.
Isometric ; form a distorted cube. In grains transparcDt, colorless, with milky portions arising from alteration. In the microscopic section seen to have a rectangular outline, and shown by optical properties to be isometric. H. about 0*5. B. B., fusible with difficulty to a transparent glass. Analysis, mean of two closely agreeing analyses made by different methods:
Al
Ca
Mg
Na
K
tr
The iron comes from a little magnetite present, and deducting this we obtain : Si M% Si 257, Oa 11-6, Na 51, K IS 10000. The oxygen ratio is nearly ft : II : Si 1 : 8 : 6, or that of labradoritet Occnrs in the meteorite firom Shergotty, near Behar, India.
88 Annannz n.
636 A. Mazita Latpeurm, Jalnb. Min.. 1878, 407, 608 ; 1873, SO.
Orthorhombio. Massive, czystallme. CleaTage tabular, pofeci.
Optical characters — acute Inaectrix nonnal to the deavage suxfiaoeL Doohle-iefnetiaa Bttong, character negative. Axial angle smalL Apparent angle in air for red nys 19* 9S for bine 45' ; for white 2Xf 51'. H. 25-3. G. 6*87 (leadhiQite 6-96-6*44; G'M, Sardinia, Bertrand). GolorleasL Transparent to trmnslnoentk Laatre adamantine to petty. Fractnre oonchoidal to splintexy. Slightly brittle.
Analjais, Laspeyrea and Eichhom (L a)
81*91 814 8*08 1-87 10000
Laapeyres writes the formnla 5b5 + 9bC 4b + 5fi, making it a hjdxo-aalio-eu* bonate of lead.
Fuses easily in the flame of a spirit lamp, forming a yellow bead, oxystalline on cooliiig. On charcoal gives a lead coating. In the matrass decrepitates, ezpainda and becomes white and non-transparent, giving off water. Insoluble in water. Soluble in nitric aoid.
Occurs with anglesite aid oemsaite in galenite at the KaUi-Cnlaetta mine near Iglesin, Sardinia.
Mazite resembles leadhiUite very closely in its physical eharacters, especially m its optioJ properties, and is not far off in composition. Bertnnd, on this account, haa urged that Uis mazite is probably nothing but an altered leadhillite (BulL Soa Chem., ziz., 17, 1873), which seems not improbable.
MsoABASiTEy Min. p. 604.— Mozzoohooo, Peru, anaL, IQeker, Domeyko 3d App. to IGn ChiH, 1871.
Meionite, Min. p. 818.— Vesuvius, cyst., . Min. Mitth., 1872, 16.
Mbl ACONITE, Min. p. 136.— Varieties from Chili containing 9e, and them with Con4 &n. Domeyko 2d App. Min. Chili, p. 14 et seq., 1867; 4th App, p. 11, 1874.
Mblanolanz. See Stephanite.
Meerachalumlnlte, .Bom, pholerite, which see.
Melephanitb, Min. p. 263.— (Melinophane)— Cxyat., NdfrmOeSM (Bfv. Ak. Stookhfllm, 1870, zxvii , 556.
MELOP8ITE, Min. p. 478. — Shown by QoppdtrSder to be a magneaia-BiUoate, J. pr. Ch.. cv., 126.
Menaccanite, Min. p. 143. — Tibaniferous sands from Chili, Domeyko Ann. d. Mines, VI., zvi, 540. See also Min. ChiU, 2d and 8d App. ; Silva, C. R. Izv., 207. From doleryte, anal., Bcmdberger Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1873, 146. Norway, analysis, v. Omichten Ann. Gh. Pharm., cItti., 206, 1874. Canada, analyses, Harrington Canada GeoL Surv.. 1874, 237.
Mkneohinitb, Min. p. 106. — Occurs in the emery near Schwanenberg, Saxony, analyrii and description, Frenxd PogST-i cxli, 443.
Mbbolttb, Min. p. 430. — Iceland and Stromoe, analyses, Schmidt Pogg-t oxlii, 118. In doleiytes of Bergonne, analyses, iisam, C. R., Izziii, 1447, 1871. In basalts, Streng, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 575.
Mbtaciknababitb, Mbore Am. J. ScL, III, iiL, 86. Appendix I., p. 10.
Durand thinks, after an examination of some good crystals, though without the oppo tunity of making measurements, that there is a strong presumption in favor of the miners! being orthorhombia He gives two figures, which, however, look much like a combinatioB oi the cube and octahedron, t.0., isometric, as before suggested. Proo. CaL Acad., iv., 219,
226 A. Meymaoita, Carmot, C. B., Ixxix., p. 639, 1874.
A hydrated tungstic acid, formed from the alteration of scheelite, whioh Camot anogests. may have been accomplished by means of add waters arising from the deoompoaitioD oi pyrite.
w
Ifa
Pe
zinl
Ca
fi
2*50
AFPBNDIZ n. 89
Romeiimes yellow or greenish-jellow, preserving the crystalline straotnre and dleavag of ubeelite ; Bometimes when the alteration has been more complete, the mineral ia fnaUe between the fingers, and has a yellow or brownish color. Lustre resinous.
Analyses (1. c.) 1. and 2. on friable material, color yellow to brownish, streak salphof yellow. G. 3*80. 8. firm, with lamellar straotnre and yellowiah streak, G. 4*54.
gangae
4-50= 90 53 1-85 100 30 2-55=: 98 79
Dedncting the tnngstate of lime and hydrated ozyd of iron, which he regards aa impozities, Camot dednces the formula W, 2tL In the tube gives off water. Oa oharcoal tumi blade With salt of phoQ|)horus, gives in the O. F. a yellow bead, nearly colorless on oooling. In B. F. a bead colored violet to red (iron and tungstio acid together). With aoida givea tha reaction of tungstio acid when treated in the usual way.
Found with wolfnun and acheelite at Meymao (CorzSze), France.
MiOA, Min. p. 301 et seq.— Milben, near Petersthal, anaL, NMer, Jahrb. 2Gn., 1869, 249.
In Scotch granites, analyses, HaughUm, PhiL Mag., IV., xL, 62, 1870.
In granite from India, anal., Onmby Joum. R. Soa Dublin, II., iii., 26, 1871.
WiUi penninite, lepidolite, etc. (Verwachsungen), HoaSy Pogg., caczzviii., 177, 1869.
Brewster, N. Y., anal., Breidenbaugh Am. J. Sol, III., vi, 207, 1873.
Hanhattan Is. , New York, analyses, Sehweitger Amer. Oh., iv., 443, Jan., 1874.
Physical and optical investigations, Beuseh (Komerprobe), Pogg., ozxxvi, 130, 632; Bez. Ak. Berlin, July, 1869, 530 ; Max Bauer, Pogg.. cxzxviii, 337, 1869 ; ZS. G. Ges., xxvi, 137, 14 ; Oookey relation to the vermioulites, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 1874, 35.
MiCHABLSONiTB, Min. p. 289. — (Erdmannite, Bhnutrand), composition and desoriptioa NardenOeim, (Bfv. Ak. Stockholm, 1870, xxvii., 365.
MiCKOLiTB, Min. p. 513.— Shepard Am. J. Sol, H, 1., 95, 1870.
MiCROLiTBS, a name proposed by Vogelsang (Phllosoph. d. Geol., 1867, p. 139) and sinc<} used by Zirkel (Mikroecop. Beschaff. d. Min., 1873, pp. 33, 88) for microscopic crystals, sometimes belonging to known species, sometimes of indeterminate nature, but often observed in Igneous rocks. The method of aggration of these microlites is sometimes very remarkable. Trichite and belonite are names given by Zirkel (1. a) to analogous forms.
BCikroplaklte, BlikrophyUita. See Labradobitb.
305 A. AUorosommltab— Scacchi, Bend. B. Acoad. Napoli, Oct., 1872, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., 506. Further investigated by v. Bath, Pogg., Ann. Eig. Bd , vi, p. 372, 1873.
Occurs in extremely minute hexagonal crystals ; often grouped together. Oiystals striated vertically, oocoaionally with edges truncated. 0 dull a (vert.) -347. 1 A I:=zllV 50' ; 1 : 1 (over i)=43' 40' : 1 : 1 (adj.) 158' 34' (angles only approximate).
H. 6. G. 2*60. Transparent. Colorless. Analysis (on 0 1 gr. consisting of 1500 ocyBtals).
- 104-2
If the Na belongs to the 01 the excess ia diminished 2 p. c. Oxygen ratio for fi : 81=3 : 4 B. B. fusible with difficulty. No looa by violent ignition ; in hydrochloric acid decomposed
with separation of gelatinous silica. Oocurs at Vesuvius in ejected masses, and formed by
sublimation in the leucitio lava. It is doeely related to sodalite.
MEilanite. See Hallotsitb.
MiLARiTB, Kenngott, Jahrb. Min. 1870, 81. — Appendix I., p. 10.
Kenngott suggests that milarite may be identical with levynite (but see below), Jahr. Nat. Oes. Zurich, xvi., 132, 1871.
According to Frenzel the locality is Val Giuf, Graubunden, Val Milar. He has made ar analysis with the following results: 1. G.=2'59. Analysis 2. ia by Finkener (Eok, Jahrb llin., J874, 62). G.=2-5.
2. 70-04 i: 62 10-05 0-20 065 5*74 99*99 FinkeoaBi
Si
Oa
&
§
40 Affbhdiz Xl
The water is dxiTen off only at a high temperature ; Frenzel regards it aa basio, and nggCftti that tiie mineral belong near petalite (Juhrb. Min., 1B73, 797). Can the ezoeas of silica be due to impuri ?
MniLEBiTB, Min. p. 56.— AnaL, Liebe Jahrb. Min., 1871, 843.
MiLOBCHTTB, Min. p. 510. — May be a mixture, Kenngfltt, . KaL Gee. ZOriofa, xrii.,
MiMBTiTE, Min. p. 537. — Nador, proyince Gonstatine, anaL, Majoiat Z8. G. Qes., sdf. 49, 1872.
BCiriquidite, Frenzel, Jahrb. Min., 1874, p. 678 (1878, 989).
Bhombohedial, a (▼ert)=:d'868. Planes B and -4, Ba -4i?=128*, £ Ai2:r:66* and 114. Gzystals very minute and hence measurements only approximate. Plane S often horixoDp tally striated, and somewhat curved (cyst desoript by yom Bath). Also massiTe in m- bedded portions having a yellowish to reddish brown color. Color of ozystals blaclrish-browB, on edges red by transmitted light. Streak ochre-yellow. Lustre glassy. Translnooit to opaque. Brittle.
H. =4. Contains ]b, Pe, As, r, l9[, but the want of sufficient quantity of pure mateiisl prevented an analysis.
B. B. , fusible to a globule, coloring the charcoal yellow. In matrass gives water, and with the fluxes reacts for iron. The presence of the adds is less easily prored, and FzeonI concludes that it is probably a very basic compound.
Found at Sdmeebezg wiUi ohalcodte, pyromoiphite, cuprite, torbemite, eta
' MiBPiCKEL, Min. p. 78. — See Avbbkoptbitx.
MONAZITB, Min. p. 589.— (Tnmerite), Laacher See, cyst. description, v, Bath . Big. Bd., v., 413, 1871. Ciyst., Hessenberg, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 836. Produced artificiaUy, BadominM C. B., Ixxz., 804, 1875. See also korarfeeite,
MoNiMOLiTB, Min. p. 546. — Giyst. note (Scandinavia), NordentJaSHd (Efv. Ak. Stock* holm, xxvii., 550, 1870.
MoNTBBBASiTB, Appendix L, p. 10. —See Hebbonitb.
MoNTiCBLLiTB, Miu. p. 255.— Cryst. relation to chrysolite, Balh PogST* Big. Bd., V. , 4 54. Altered to serpentine and fassaite, Pesmeda Alp, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, 737, 747
MoNZONiTB, 0. KoMa, Ber. Ak. Manchen, May 6, 1871.— Appendix I., p. 11.
Myargtritb, Min. p. 88.— Tres Puntas, analyses, Domeyko Sd App. Min. Ohili, p. 40,
Mtblut, Min. p. 378.— AnaL, identical with Camat (Breithaupt), Min. p. 474; J. pr. Ch., II., v., 401, 1872.
NBSOMiTB, Bhnutrand (Bfv. Ak. Stockholm, 1868, 197.— Appendix L, p. 11. Nadobitb, Flajohty C. B., Ixxi, 237, 406.— Appendix I., p. 11. NAMAqUAJiiTE, Ohumh, J. Ch. Soa, II., viil, 1.— Appendix I., p. 11.
Nantoquitb. Breithaupt gives the following* description of this mineral (Nantokiie; previously announced by him, B. and H. Ztg., xxviL, 3, see Dana's Min. Appendix I., p. 11. Isometric, as proved by the cubic cleavage, though no crystals were observed. Granular. mawive. H. 2-2 5. G. 3-930. Color white to colorless. Lustre adamantine.
Analyses give the formula Cu.Cl or Cu, 6411, CI 35-89.
On charcoal fuses, coloring the flame intense asure blue, leavmg a coating of oxyd ol silver, and a white coating farmer from the assay ; a ductile globule of copper remains on the cal. Easily soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid, as also in ammonia. Bapidly decomposed on exposure to the air. Jahrb. Min., 1872, 814.
This mineral was first described by Dr. Sieveking, see Domeyko 2d Append. Min. ChUi, 51', Feb, 1873. A more reoe.*it analysis (3d Append., 1871) gave Cu,Cl 79*32, Ou 12-56.
APPENDIX n. 41
idmL S'90 96 0*05 OS'dS. Domeyko mentioDB that the minezml ii remarkable for erolTing in the mine an odor of chlorine which incommodes the miners. Thia, he aoya, ia due te the production of ozone, which aooompaniea the oxidation of the ChiGI.
Natrolite, Min. p. 426.— Gompoaition diaciuaed, BanmMberg ZS. 0. Gea., zzi, 96, Loch Thorn, Greenock, anal, Toung Ghem. News, xxvii, 55, 1872. Stempei, anid. {KUppert) v. £oenen, Jahrb. Min., 1875, 87.
404 B. Nefedleffite, P. Pusirewiky (Verh. Min. Gea. St. Petersborg, H., TiL, 1872), in Jahrb Min., 1873, 420.
Amorphona, yery similar to Hthomarge (Steinmark). H. 1'15. G. 2 "885. Fraotnre conchoidal. Golor white to rose-red. Opaque, on the edges translucent Feel greaqr. Several analyses (not quoted in Jahrb. Min. ) gave very discordant results, but their mean agrees most closely with the formula HsMgAlSiftOiT, although Pusirewsky prefers, on account of its simplicity, the formula HiMgAlaSiftOia, tiiough it agrees even less well with the analyses. Scarcely soluble in aoida. In water 0*2 p. c. dissolves, the solution giving an alkaline reaction ; over sulphuric acid 11 '30 p. o. HsO is given off (in 22 days), whi<£ it again absorbs on exposure to the air. At G. it loses 19*13 p. a HsO, and 4*73 p. c. more when heated to the melting point.
NiBOLiTE, Mio. p. 406. — Freiberg, a mineral of aimilBr oharaoter, Frensel, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 676.
Nefhblitb, Min. p. 327. — As a miorosoopio constituent of rooks, Zirkel, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 697.
Monte Somma, oryst., Struver, Atti Aocad. Bd Torino, iii, 123, 1867 ; altered to sodalite, same, ibid., vii., 329.
Nbphritb, Min. p. 233 et aL — So called, from Turkistan, analyses, v. FeUenberg, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 231 ; 1870, 484 ; 1871, 173.
New Zealand, descriptions and anal, KmngoU Jahrb. Min., 1871, 293.
Occurrence described in the Kafakash valley, Turkestan, StoUatka, Q. J. G. Soa, xxx., 668, 1874.
NiocoLiTB, Min. p. 60 (rothniokelkies), Hembach (Wittichen), Baden, anaL, Petenen Fogg., cxxxiv., 82. Description, Ko/aeharoto, Min. Bussl., v., 155.
Wolfach, Baden, anal. (Sba 28*22 p. c.) Peteren, Fogg., cxxxvii., 396. 1869. Telhadella mine, Portugal, anal. ( Winlder), Breithaupt, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 818.
KiCKBL, nickeliferous sand from Frazer Biver, Biake Am. J. Sci., Ill , vii., 838.
NiORBBCiTB, Ebnutein, ZS. G. Ges., 1867, 342.— Appendix I., p. 12.
NiOBlTB. Synonym of columbite used by Bammelsberg.
Nitroglauberita. From Atacama (Br. Sohwartsembeig). Gompodtion, + 65rat} + 5. An analysis ga.ve KaS 33-90, JaS 60*35, S 5*75. Occurs in a fibrous, translucent maw, or consisting of imperfect crystals; permanent in the air. When dissolved with just sufficient water at 40* to 50* 0., the double salt separates out unchanged on cooling; but treated with cold water in quantity insufficient to dissolve the whole, the salt is decomposed into cry&tals of mirabilite, and soda-nitre which remainain solution. Also found by Domeykc at Paposo, 3d Append. Min. Ghili, 1871.
478 A. Nohlita, NardenMSld (GeoL For. Stockhohn, ForhandL I., p. 7), Jahrb. Min., 1872, 534.
Massive. H.=:4*4-5'0. G. =5*04. Oolor black-brown. Streak brown. Fracture uneTen, splintery. Opaque. Brittle. Vitreous lustre.
Anaiysia.
Cb tl ;r te 6u 'e t ) Ca A
Corresponding approximately to the formula B'Cb -)- ltL
APnsNDix n.
BlB., foxes quietly on the edges to a dull glass. Deorepitatoi sUglitlj In gifiog off lb water. With borax easily dissolved, giving a bead oolored tgr nxaninm. Easily decomposed by waim Bolphario acid.
Fomid in a feldspar quarry at Nohl, near Kongelf , Sweden. One fragment weighing 297 grs. seemed to be a portion of a mass at least 20 times as great
Nohlite stands near samarskite, bnt differs from it in its percentage of water.
NONTBONITB, Min. p, 461. — CChloropal, Dana), anaL, I%ofpe. J. Oh. Boa, II., viil, 89, 1870.
NosiTB (nosean), Min. p. 838. — variety of hanynite a soda-haajnite; diacossion oi relation to hanynite and lapis lasnli, VifgdMng, Vera. Mad. Ak. Amateidam, H, viL. 161, 1878.
OCTAHBDBITB, Min, p. 161.— Blnnenthal, oiyst, Klein, Jahrb. IGn., 1878, 900; 1874, 96L Found at Pfitsch Jooh, Tyrol, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1873, 49.
Okenitb, Min. p. 808DyBdUuite), Poonah, India, anaL, EaughUm, B. GeoL Boo. DaUln, n., 414, 1868.
Oktibbbhitb, Min. p. 16. — In meteorio iroou, Meuni&r Ann. Oh. Phya., IV., zriL, 35.
66 A. Oldhamita, Maaikdyney 1868; Pha Trana. London, 1870 L, p. 105. In small, nearly round spherules (genendly coated by sulphate of lime aa result of iteration). They have three equal cleavages, at right angles to eaioh other shown by this fact to be isometzii, as also because it gives no evidence of double refraction m polarised light. H. =4. 0. =8.58w Color pale chestnut-brown, transparent when pure.
Analysis (La) after deducting foreign matter (enstatite, eta).
Oldhamite Incrustation
OaS MgS Ca§ CaO troiUte
1. 89-87 85 8 -Os 8 48 100-00
2. 90-25 3-26 4*19 2-30 100-00
Maskelyne suggests that the MgS may be considered either as a mechanically mixed ingndient, or as a constituent of the mineraL Readily dissolved in acid with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen and deposition of sulphur. Found imbedded in enstatite or aogite io the Busti meteorite, and apparently also in that of BiahopviUa
Oliooclabb, Min. p. 846.— Vesuvius, cryst, and anaL, Bath, Pogg., cxxxviii, 464, Yttorby, several analyses, Ludwig PofiP?*! exli, 149. WUmiton, DeL, anal., Tedu, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1871. 65. Media, Penn., T, D. Band, Proa Aa Philad., 1872, 299.
Bamle, Norway, anal., Hawei, Am. J. Sd, IIL, viL, 579, 1874. See TkhermakiU See also Feldspar,
OLiYms. See Chbtsolitb.
Opacite, a name proposed by Vogelsang for the black opaque scales or grains oocuning is many rocks, which cannot be identified with magnetite, menaocanite, or any other min* eral, ZS. 6. Ges., xxiv., p. 580, 1872.
Opal, Min. p. 19a— Optical examination, Crooku, Oh. News, xix.. 205, 1869. Minute and careful microscopic investigation, BehreM Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiv., 510, 1871 Spectra of precious opals, Behrenn, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 920. Psoudomorph after chlorite (?), Bcepper, Am. J. ScL, II., L, 37.
Precious opals from Esperanza, State of Queretaro, Mexico, oocurrence deaoribed, M Barcena, Ln Naturaleza, a, 297, 1878, in Am. J. ScL, IIL, vL, 466, 1873.
Orileyite, Appendix L, p. 12.
Ortiiite, Min. p. 285.— Vesuvius, oryst. description, v, Bath, Pogg., oxxxviiL* 498. See Allanite.
Orthoclase, Nm. p. 852.— Cryst. monograph, KokseharofB, Min. Busd., v., 154, Btriau, cyst. and anaL, Becker, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 286.
Affbkdix Il 48
Blba, czyBt, AeMardi, Naoyo Oimento U., iii., Feb., 1870. Fibia, St. Gotthard, czyflt., Kmngoit, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 753; 1870 781. Mont Soiama, cyst., Seaeehi Atti Aooad. Sci. NapoU, March 12, 1870. Finland, Wiik, CEfv. Finak. Vet. Ao. Helsingfora, xiii, 76, 1870-71. Sussex Co.. N. J., anal , Lml, Am. J. Sol, IIL, It., 483, 1872; Delawaxe Oa ., anal., mme J. . Inst, III., Ix., 63. Sohiltach, cyst, Klocke, Ber. Nat Oea. Freiburg, vi., 4, (Jahrb. Min., 1874, 868). Is. Bachgoun, (Algeria), anal., Vain, C. R., Izzix, 250, 1874 (Adular), Gryst. note, Z&rrenner, Tach.Min. Mitth., 1874, 95.
OsBORNiTE, Maakdyne, PhJL Trans., 1870, p. 198. Appendix L, p. 12.
OsTEOLiTX, Min. p. 580.— Waltsoh, Bohemia, in basalt, anal (Pteis), K. . Ges., IBTH
Ottrblitb, Min. p. 506.— Composition, Laspeifrea Jahrb. Min., 1869, 889.
OzocERiTB, Min. p. 732. — Boryslaw, Oalicia, Andrar, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 608. In Silurian formation, Bohemia, Borieky Ber. Ges. ., Jan. 10, 1878.
Palaoonitb, Min. p. 488. — A related mineral analyzed, Btreng and ZoppriU Jahresb. Oberhess. Ges., Nat, xiy., 30 (Jahrb. Min., 1873, 427).
Paraoonitb, Min. p. 487.— YiiKenthal, anal., v. Kobefl Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1869, 366. Schwarzenberg (Oohsenkopf) Saxony, anal, (essentially a soda-damourite), Tenth Am. PhiL Soc, Philad., xiu., 890, 1873. See also Gossaite, p. 63.
Pattersonitb, Min. p. 801. Appendix I , p. 18. — Genth has analysed the pattersomfec from Unionville with the following results :
oxygen ration f or B : fi : fii : ift is nearly 6 : 9 : 10 : 6, or near that of thuringite.
Pbalitb, see Geyserite.
Pbctolitb, Min. p. 396.— Fassathal, anaL, Lmberg Z8. G. Ges., xxiv., 252, 1872.
Peoanitb, Min., 582.— Nobrya, Portugal, analyses, Brefthaupt, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 819.
Pekcatitx, Min. p. 708. — See predazzite.
Penninite, Min. p. 495. — Pseudomorph after feldspar, anaL, Zppharoviehj . Min. Mitth.. 1874, 7. Zermatt, anaL, FeUenbergyJahxh, Min., 1868, 746.
Relation to kotsohnbeite, v. Leuchtenberg , BulL Soc. Imp. St Pet, xiii., 34, 1869. Anal., V. Hamm, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1873, 260. Lnppikko, anaL, Jemstromy GBfv. Finak. Yet Soc., xtL, 38, 1873.
Percylite, Min. p. 122. — Ba Africa, anaL, Jicukelffne and FKght J. Oh. Soa, IL, z.,
Pbtalitb, Min. p. 229.— Elba, oryst, Rath, ZS. G. Ges., xxii., 668, 1870.
Pkropskitb, Min. p. 146. — Wildkreuzjoch, otyst, Min. Not, x., 38, 1871; xi., 1, 1873 (Pogg., cxliv., 595).
Petzite, Min. p. 51. — California, anal., Genth, Am. J. SoL, IL, xIt., 309; Colorado anal., Genth, Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., xiy., 226, 1874.
Phakmacolite, Min. p. 554.— Witfcichen, Baden, anaL. Peterm, PogST-* cxxxiv., 86. JoachimsthaL cryst, and uml., Taehermak Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi., 829, 1867. Cryst., Sehrauf, . Min. Mitth., 1878, 138.
Phbkacitb, Min. p. 630.— Color investigated, Kokaeharcw Yerh. Min. Ges. St Pet, II. !v., 322.
PHiLLipaiTB, Min. p. 438.— From basalt, cryst memoir, Streng, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 661. Richmond, Yictoria, cryst description, analyses, Vtrieh, Contrib. Min. Yict., p. 80.
ii AFPSHDIX XL
Phoi/brite. Min. p. 473.-.Aiial78ia, MaMyne and FHghi. Oh. Kawb, xsii, 960, J Ch, 8oo.,II., IX., 18, 1871.
It la shown by M. and F. that the meenehaiunUnite of Bom, ainoe called nmknUe \i$ Schrauf (Yerh. G. Beicha, 1870, 43) is identical with pholerite. An amJjais gave then & 43 14, XI 41 07, a 15 -78 100.
PHospnoRCHBOMiTS.— Appendix L, p. 12.
Phosphorite, Min. p. 580.— Deporite in Naesan, Wieke, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 88. Deposits on banks of Dniester, analyses, SchttadM/er, Jahrb. k. Beiohs, zxL, 211. From Belmei, de lUydiUet, BnU. Soa 0., IK., i, 350, 1878.
PICOTITB, Min. 1 . 147.— Bohemia, in basalt, anal., Fanky. Ber. Ghem. . Ges., (2pr&7y, eta), 1,81, 1872.
PiCROLiTB, Min. p. 465.— In diabase, LUbe Jahrb. Min., 1870, 18; Zennatt, anal, f. FeUenbexg, anal, Jahrb. Min., 1868. 747.
Ptcrombritb, IQn. p. 642.— Stassfoxt, oystals examined, Froth Pogsr-, cocxxriL, 4II| Kalnss, Galicia, chem. exam., Hauer Jahrb. G. Beichs, xx., 141.
Picropvarmaoolitb, Min. p. 555,— Freiberg, FenMd obtained, %b 46-98, Oa =25*77, ftg 3'73, a 24-01, agreeing witii the resolts of Stromeyer, and he regards it aa deserring of a place as a good species, Jahrb. Min. , 1873, 786.
PiHLiTE, Min. p. 455.:— A supposed new mineral from Chesterfield, Mass., in laige crfsiali, peendomorphons after spodomene, afforded Julien (as approximate resolts) 55*9, Si (Fe) 27-7, ]ffa 10 5, ii 4*5. & 2. G. 2696. Am. Chemist, IL, i, 300, Feb., 1871. Vciy probably identical with the <ymatolite of Shepard (Min. p. 466).
PiNiTB, Min. p. 479.— Iglan, enclosing a kernel of iolite, Mtikawiky Yerh. Nat Yet Brann, ix , 3, 1871.
PiTTiciTB, Min. 589 — Bedmth, Oomwall, anal., Church, Chem. News, xzIt., 185, 1871. Freiberg (arseneisensinter), anal, FrenuL jahfb. Min., 1873, 787.
Platinum. Min. p 10. — In* northern Lapland, Pogg., cxL, 336. Bussian localities, analyses and description, Kokscharow, Ifin. Bassl. t., 177, 871. In sand from gold washings, California, Am. J. ScL, III., vi, 132. (Eisenplatin), anal., Fremd, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 684.
Plaoionite, Min. p. 89.— Wolfaoh, Baden, Sandberger, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 312.
Pleonabtb, Min. p. 147.— Yesayius, crystals with the cubic planes, ffeuenberg Mia Not., viii, 45, 1868.
PLBesiTB. Min. p. 73,— Meunier Ann. Ch. Fhys., lY., zviL, 84, 1869.
Plumballopuakb, Bombicei.— Appendix. L, p. 12.
PL'bMBOCALCiTE, Min. p. 678.— Bleibeig, Carinthia, anal., Eofer, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 8a
Plumbocitpkitk, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, 52. Syn. of ouproplumbite, Dana, Min., p. 43.
Plumbioditr, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 67. Syn. of sdhwartiembergite, Dana, Min. p. 120.
PoLTARQTRiTB, SandbergsT and Pettnen, Appendix L, p. 12.
POLYCRABE, Min. p. 523.— AnaL, Bammdsberg, Pogg., o-i 207, 1878.
Pol YnA LITE. Min p. 641.— Stansfurt, in halite, Reiehardt, Jahrb. Min., 1869, 885. Berchtesgaden, Bayaria. anaL, ScJiober Jahrb. Mia, 1869, 678. Hallstatt, ciybt (probably monoclinic), Ttehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, bdii., 888, 1871. Stebiiik, Galicia, analyses, e. JM, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 89.
81-88 18-29 29-96 22-75 29-80 2500
98 10000
" tr. 10000
APPKKDDC n 46
Pbbdazzits, Ifln. p. 706.— Aoooxdin to HauensehUd (Ber. Ak. Wien, Iz., 795, 1869) ffredamte and penoatiU aro both mixtnies of caloite and bradte. The samo conclusion waa reached by DanumTy Boll. Soo. G., France, II., It., 1050. The mibjeot has been further in* veatigated bj Letnberg (ZS. G. Gee., zxiv., 229, 1872) with condnaiTe resolta. Acoordiog to the &tter the black color is due to the presence of finely divided pyrite (not organic mator, as uiged by Hauenschild).
PRBHNITE, Mirt* p. 410. — Composition, analyses, Bamrndsberg, ZS. G. Ges., zz., 79, Slate river, L. Saperior, anaL, Chapman Can. Journal, II , xU., 267, Nor., 1869. Harzbnig, cryst. description, composition, Streng Jahrb. Min., 1870, 814. Tortola, anal, Ak. H Stockholm, iz.. No. 12, 1870 (Cleve*s GeoL W. India I., p. 80). Dumbartonshire, anal., JTaunff Ch. News, zzvii, 55.
600 A. Priceite. Cryptomorphite Chase, Am. J. SoL, HI., ▼., 287; Priceite, SCOtmqn, Am. J. Sd., HI., tL, 128.
Compact, chalky, the powder oonaiating of minute rhombic oiystala. Soft G. 2-20S- '298. Color milk-white, without lustre. Feel greasy and unctuous.
Analyses, 1. Silliman, 1. o. 2. Chase, variety found in bowlders. 8. Chase, from veina.
B Ca NaCl, Fe,ill
1. J (48-82)
2. (47-04) 8. (45-20)
Silliman gives as the probable formula Oa'B + 6£[.
B.B. gives a green flame, and fuses at a red-heat In the matrass gives off neutral water. Insoluble in water, but perfectly so in hydrochloric add.
Found in a hard, compact form in layers, between a bed of slate above, the cavities and fissures of which it filled, and a tough blue steatite below ; also occurring in bowlders ot rounded masses completely imbedded in the steatite. These masses in the main flow formed a continuous line touching each other, and of uniform sise, weighing about 200 lbs. each. Branching off from the main deposit were side flows where the bowlders were smaller, from a weight of 20 lbs. down to small pellets the sise of a pea, or even smaller.
Cuny Co., Oregon, five miles north of Chetko.
Prochlorite, Min. p. 601. — No. Carolina, with corundum, analyseR, Genth, Am. PhiL 8oc. Philad., xiii.. 893, 1871).
Proustite, Min. p. 96.— Wittichen, Baden, anaL, Petersen J. pr. Ch., cvi, 144, 1869. Pseudomorph after stefanite and argentite, Doll, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 87.
PsEUDOMALAcniTB, Min. p. 568— (prasine), anaL, J. Ch. Soa, n., z., p. 1057. (Ehlite), anal.. Church, J. Ch. Soo., II., zi, p. 107. Cryst., iSMrau/(triclinic), . Min. Mitth., 1878, 139.
PesuDOPHiTB, Min. p. 496.— Note, KmngoU, Jahrb. Min, 1869, 848.
PucHBRiTE, FrerutA, J. pr. Oh., II., iv., 227, 861.— Appendiz L, p. 12.
Further investigations on crystalline form, showing relation to brookite, Websky, Tsok.
Min. Mitth., 1872, 245. Analysis, Fremd, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 514, 989.
Ptrarotbitb, Min. p. 94.— Wolfach, Baden, anal., Senfter, J. pr. Ch., cvL, 143, 1869. Altered to sulphid of silver from Guanajuato. Don Sioero Noma, Naturalesa, 1874, 154. Pseudomorph after silver, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 86.
PTRicnROLiTB, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 98. Synonym for pyrostilpnite, Dana. Biin., 1868, p. 98.
Ptrite, Min. p. 62.— Altenhunden (i p. c. thallium), Marquart, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 606.
Boeingsfelde, Hmdy Pogg., czzzvii, 536, 1869.
Traversella, Henenberg, Min. Not, iz., 60, 1870.
Struver, complete cryst memoir, with many figures, and a large number of new forma, Mem. B. Aocad. Sd. Torino, II., zzvL. 1869 ; again 8trilv€r, Ata Aooad. Sd. Torino, 1871 874 et. seq
46 ArexMDix n.
From the LoIliDg, Zephofwieh, atjrt., Ber. Ak. Wlen, Iz., 814, 1869; LoUw, IGTOl, pu i.
Chilchiliane (padre), crysL Bath, Pogg., czUt., 582, 1871.
Contammg aiBenic, Smith, Ohem. News, ndii., 221, 1871.
Thermo-electrical ohAraoter, Friedd, Aim. Gh. Phya, IV., xril, 70, 186a Roie, Fogg. odii., 1, 1871 ; and JDaiia, Ber. Ak. Wien, box., 145, 157, 1874. Brmna, Tech. Hin. Mitth., 1872, 23.
PnuTOLAMFRiTE, Adam, Tableau Min.. 1869, p. 89. A name giTen AzMoikBabei from Andreadbeig, (Dana, Min p. 35), shown by Bammelabeig to be a mixtoxe.
Ptbochlore, Min. p. 512. — Scheelingen, KauezstahlgeUzfa, snaL, JTfMp, Z8. O. Qea., XTJii. , 656, 1871 ; ee koppUe.
Miaak, BroTig, Fredriksvam, analyses, Bammeiergy Pog8-9 osHt., 191 el seq., 1871; cL,19a
PmoLUBiTE, M3n. p. 166.— Atacama, anaL, Domeyko, 2d Append. Min. Chili, p. 8, 1867.
Ptromorphitx, Min. p. 5d5.Sofaapbaoh, anaL, Petenen, Jahik Min., 1871, 898, didyminm, Homer Ch. News, xzvi, 109, 1872.
Ptbosclbbitb, Min., p. 493.— Belated mineral, anaL, Leediy Am. J. ScL, IIL, tL, 88. St. PhiHpp, Alsace, anaL, EbeH Jahrb. Min., 1875, 70.
PTRC81CALITB, Min. p. 414.— Czyst, NordennkiUA (Bfr. Ak. Stockholm, ., 668, Nordmaiken, Sweden, anaL, WMer, Ann. Oh. Phann., cItl, 85, 1870.
Ptbophtllitb, Min. p. 454— Weimland, anaL, IgdBMm (Efr. Ak. Stockh., 1868, zxr., 88L
Anal, in fossils, NdgtU, Ber. Ak. MOnchen, 1868, 508.
Ottr, anal., Konifusk, Bull. Aa B. Belg., IL, zzvi. 469, 186a
Pagodite. anaL, Churchy Chem. News, zzii, 220, 1870.
Ptbozbns, Min. p. 212.— Degei5, anal., WUk Jahrb. Min., 1868, 186.
Meteorite of Shetvotty, Taehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Izy.. 123, 1872, Bin angitttmHohai Mineral'' gave him, Si 52*34, 0*25, le 2819, ftg 14-29, Oa 10-49= 100 -56 (.2l*e§i). in physical and optical oharactexB near diopdde.
Distinguished from related minerals by tiie microscope, Tkharmah, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ix , 6, 1869.
Formed by sublimation at Yesavios, Soacehi, Atti Accad. Sd., Napoji, t., Sept. 14, 1878
Associated with hornblende at Vesavins, v. Bath, Pogg. Big. Bd., tl, 2, 1878.
AnaL, E, Beyer, . Bfin. Mitth., 1872, 23a
Pyroxene group of minerals, Tichermak, Min. Mitth., 1871, 28.
Made artifidaUy, LecharUer, C. B., Ixxy., 487, 1872.
See also augiU.
Ptbrhitb, Min. p. 768.— St. MigneL oryst., Sohrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, bdii, 187, 1871. Elba, V, Bath, ZS. G. Ges., xziL, 672, 1870.
Ptrrhotitb, Min. p. 5a — Composition disonssed, eta (seechalcopyzxhotite), BUmutrandf CEfr. Ak. Stockholm, zxrni, 24, 1870.
Showing polarity, Kenngott, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 854.
Brewster, N. Y., peeudomoiph after serpentine, J. D, Dana, Am. J. SoL, IIL, viii., 876fe
Gompositioli disouased, Encp, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 524
QUABTZ, Min. p. 189.— Die Gesetie regehnAssiger Terwabhsang mit gekreuten Hanpl* axen, etc/' — Jench, "Pogg., cxxxiv, 540.
Baveno, cryp., new form, Becker, Pogg., czzztL, 626.
Enormous crystals from the Tiefen glacier, Pogg., ozzxri, 637.
Carrara, cryst, Seharff, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 822.
Etchings on crystalline faces, J, Htrechwald, Pogg., ozxzviL, 548, 1869.
Description of remarkable crystals from Elba, v. Bath, ZS. G. Oca., zziL, 619, 658, 787 1870; Achiardi, Nuovo Cimento, IL, iiL, Feb., 1870; Bcmhkei Mem. Aa ScL Bologna, IL , ii .
Oolor of smoky quartr due to presence of an oxganio sabstanoe containing oartMO aai Itrogan, Forster, Pogg., oxliiL, 173.
Wallithal, near Biel, Ober Wallifl, Giyst., new forma, WetuYBA, Nat Gen, Bonn., snrliL, 149, 1871.
Paragenetical investififations ; the trapezobedral planea are conditioned the presence of fluorine or chlorine compoundB, being f onned simultaneonBly with the evolution of fluorine or chlorine, in part in consequence of tiieir indirect influence, in part though subsequent etching. Stdzner, Jahrb. Min , 1871, 88.
Striegau, Silesia, cryst memoir, Wd)%ky Jalub. Min., 1871, 732, 785, 897.
(Faserquarz) pseudomorph after croddolite, Fiacher Taoh. Hin. llitth.. 1878, 117 ; WMf Jahrb. Min., 1873, ; LomuU, ibid., 1874, 165.
Poohnah, cyst, Scharff, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 944.
Oberstein, Baveno, etc., ayst., Webaky, Jahrb. IGn., 1874, 118.
Giyst., Lapeyres, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 941 ; 1874, 49, 861.
Pseudomorph after garnet, caldte, anhydrite, barite, pjFomorphite, adheelite, eta, Frenad Min. Lex. Saohsen, 261.
Galenstock. Wallis, crystals with the basal plane, Bauet, ZS. G. Gtes., xxri., 194, 1874.
Containing water, the so-called enhydroa occurrence and character described, Beeohwoithf Victoria, Dunn p. 82 ; Foord p. 71, Trans. Boy. See. Victoria, x., 1874.
Bemarkable association with caldte, e. Bath Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, 688.
Crystalline form discussed, KenngaU Jahrb. Min., 1875, 27.
Babdionitb, v. Kobetly Ber. Ak. Miinohen, Jan., 1870.— Appendix L, p. 18.
BALflTONiTB, Bnuh AuL J. ScL, in., iL, 80.— Appendix L, p. 18.
Nordenskiold has further investigated the ralstonite from Ivituk, Greenland, and obtained the foUowing results, agreeing essentially with the description given by Brush (La). H. 4*5. G. 2-62 (on 0*18 gr.). Characters as described by Brush.
Analysis (on 0*221 gr.).
OFl tL
(50-05) 14*84 too
Nordenskiold finds that if the loss be considered as being fluorine alone, it is InsufAdeat to combines with the bases, so that he condudes there must also be oxygen present.
Al
Ca
Mg
Ka
Ka
If
tr
tr
He writes the formula Mg ) Mg )
8Ca V Fl :2ti Fl, + 2Ca V iKl 4 \OtL Na ) ]fa )
He also suggests the following formula, after the type of the spinel group, which it ztsembles in crystalline form : B + 2£[.
Bahmblsberoitb, Min. p. 77.— Anal., Sandbergar Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1871, 202.
377 A. Rauita, PaykuU, Ber. Chem. Gee. Berlin, 1874, p. 1884.
Not crystalline. Structure findy granular. Color grayish-black Without lustre. H. s 6. G. 2-48. An analysis gave, Si 89*21, 81 79, Fe 057, 6a 5-07, jfa 11 15, H 1171 99-90. The oxygen ratio for ft: fi: Si: U 1 : 8 : : 2, or near that of thomsonite. B.& fuses with difficulty on thin edges.
Occurs on the Island of Lamd, near Brevig, Norway. Formed from the alteration of olnolite. It may be identical with the osarkite of Shepud (Dana Min., p. 426).
Ebdonditb, Shepard, Am. J. Sd., K., xlvii, 428, 1., 96.— Appendix L, p. 18.
BBsm, Min. p. 739 et s6q.— Samland, Brtlsterort, Spirgatiay Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1871, Valley of the Amo. Ouaretdd, BolL Com. Geol. d'ltalia, 1871, 70. See Bombiccitb. Alaska, p. 88; Mesen, p. 90, Chydenius, (Efv. Finsk. Vet. Soc., xiii.. 71, 1870. Helbing has described a new resin from a quarry at Enzenau, near Heilbrunn. An analysis
Eve C 7o 01, H 0 51, O 1 87, FeS, 1411 iOOOO. The part soluble in other (lU p. a) s the composition, C... H Oj ; 9 p. c, soluble in ether and hot alcohol, has the oompoal tionCoH,.0 ; and *.2 p. c, insoluble, gives Cit — Ann. Ch. Pharm., dxxiL, 207
Bbissitb, IlfMetfberg, Min. Not., ix., 22.— Appendix L, 14. Bbstormklite. C?iuT€h, J. Oh. Boa, IL, viii., 166.— jipondix 1,'. IS.
%S APPENDIX n.
346 A. RaMnlta, Cleve, Ak. H. Stockfa., ix., Na 13 (Kor., 1870). Wait lodii iBlandB, p. 28. A hydrons silicate of copper and iron, of an olive-green color, uuoTitalliiifi. O. 2-06. Analysis, Fiebelkom, 1. c,
&i Cu Fe (iffnifcion)
35*08 2818 9-91 2315 8-58 99-86
If the iron is protoxide it gives the formula ft' Si' + 9 aq. It is easily decomposed bj HGl. Found with malachite and chrysooolla, at Puerto Bioo (Lnquillo), West Indies, snd named from Don Pedro Beeano.
Betinitb, Min. p. 789.— Ghydenius, (Efr. Finsk. Vet Soo., xiii., 92, 1870-71.
Betzbaktitb, Min. p. 100.— Equiyalent with oosalite, Frenzel, Jahrbu Mm., 1874, 681.
677. Rhagite, Weisbach (Abh. Bexg. u. Huttenwesens), Jahrb Min., 1814, 800. Winkler, J. pr. Ch., II., X., p. 190, 1874.
La crystalline aggregates, spherical or mammillary (isometric), smooth on the nzfioe. H. =5. G. 6*82. Color yellowish-green, sometimes wax-yellow. Lustre wax-lika. On the edges translucent ; brittle ; fracture dense and incompletely oonohoidal.
AnalysLB, Winkler (La)
Bi Is 9e,Sl Co Oa £[ gawie
72 76 14-20 1-62 1*47 0 50 4-62 8*26 98-48
giving the formula, Bi* S*. It is related to atelestite.
Easily soluble in hydrochloric add, with difficulty in nitric acid. In the matnas deonpi* tates, and crumbles to a yellow powder, giving off its water ; on ohaxooal fusible.
Occurs on bismutite and quan, accompanied by walpuzgite, at the **WoiBaor Hindi mine, near Sohneebeig, Saxony. ,
Brodite, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 88.— Rhodium-gold described by del Bio. Dam Min. p. 4.
BnoDOCHROSiTB, Min. p. 691.— Franklin, N. J., anal, JRoqjper Am. J. ScL, XL, L, 87, 1870; see also Am. J. SoL, III., iv., 146, 1872. 8ee stirlingite.
Btonite, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 590.— Appendix L, p. 14.
BiPiDOLiTE, Min. p. 497.— Kotschubeite, analyses, KoIueharoWt Min. Buasl., t. 869; vi. , 92. Massaschlucbt, anal., FeUenberff, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 746. Monte Pisani, etc., anaL (Gherardi), Aehiardi, Boll. Com. Gkol. Ital, 1871, 156. Brewster, N. Y., anal., Breidenbaugh, Am. J. ScL, IIL, vi., 208, 1873. Zillerthal, anal, . Min. Bfitth., 1874, 244.
BiTTiNOERiTE, Min. p. 94. — Joachimsthal, consists essentiaUy of axsenio, selenium, and Uver, monoclinic ((7= 00" 34), Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixv., 227, 1872.
607. A. RlTotite, Duchux, 0. B., Ixxviii., p. 1471, 1874.
Amorphous, compact, with a stony look. Fracture uneven. Opaqna Color yellowish green to grayish-green. Streak gxajfish-gteen. H. 3 '5-4. G. 3 '55-3 62. Fragile, breaking into pieces at the Uow of a hammer. Analysis, Dudoux (L c)
gb Ag On C Ca
4200 1-18 89-50 21*00 tr 108-68
Publoux gives the formula §ht +4 y 0, urging that the antimony ia present in the condition of antimonic acid.
Decrepitates on heating, colors the flame green. On charcoal alone, in reducing flame, leaves a metallio globule with no odor of arsenic nor fumes of antimony. In the doaed tuba gives off carbonic add and becomes bla Gives no reaction for sulphnz: With tiie fluxes
G'ves a copper reaction. Treated witti hydxoohlorio add in the odd gives off oarbonio acid, It d'solves only in part
AFFBNDIX n. 49
Oooon in miall imgnlar humsmb diBseminated tbzough a yeHowiBh-nihite Umeetone, en the est fdde of thn Sierra del Cadi, proyinoe of Lerid&. Named in honor of M. Pro! Bivot of the School of Mines, Paris.
BcBPPBRiTB. Boepper Am. J Sol, II., L, 35. — Appendix I., p. 18.
Kennffott (Jahrb. Mln., 1872, 188) has proposed to give the name rixpperiU to the man* ganeee dolomite, analyzed by Roepper (La), and the name atirUTiffiU to &e iron-maoganeseino-chzysoUte. The latter name cannot stand as is has already been given to the mineral most characteristic of the locality (Franklin, N. Y.), that is, the red oxyd of zino (zinoifce, Dfina, but see MizL 6th ed., 6th sab. ed., p. 136), Alger, Min., p. 665, 1844, by him inootrecUy written sterllngite. Moreover the other mineral being only a sub-variety does not deserve a name. Almost simultaneously with the note of Kenngott, Brush gave the name rospperite to Uie new chrysolite of Roepper, and there is no question but uiat this name should be received ; it mi be added that it is already accepted by Oroth, Tabelladsohe Uebendoht dez Mineralieu, etc., p. 62, 1874.
RoESBLKBiTE, Mln. p. 656.— Joachlmsthal, Tichermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, IvL, 828, 1867.
ROMEITB, Min. 647.— Composition, KenngoU Jahrb. Min., 1870, 999.
RosELiTE, Min p. 660. — This very rare mineral has been recently rediscovered at the Daniel Mine near Schneeberg. Schrauf (. Min. Mitth., 1874, 187) has investigated it thoroughly, and proved that it is beyond doubt an independent spedes. Aooording to him its crystalline form is tridinio, a (vert.) : b : 6=1*4468 : 1 : 8*2046. The fundamental angles are : {=91'' 0 , n=89" 26'. C=:W 40'. The habit of the crystals is quite varied, but they are eqjMcially characterized by their tendency to the formation of twins. All the oystals invested by Schrauf proved to be twins, in many cases of the most complex nature. Bat without figures auy descriptioD of tiiem would be unintelligible. H. O. =8*586, Bappold (on crystals, 0 08 gr.) ; 8*606 Daniel (crystals, 004 gr.) ; 8'788 Bappold (massive and perhaps not perfectly pure), Schrauf. 0.=8-46. Weisbach (Jahrb. Min , 1874, 871).
AniOyses, 1. and 2. Schrauf (L a) ; 8. Winkler, J. pr. Ch., II., z., 191, 1874.
iKlg tL
4-3 10-8 =100-00 Scfaraul
4*8 10-6 =10000 Schraul
4*67 9 69=100-49 Winkler.
Schrauf writes the formula ft'Ss + 8lt or more exactly (for crystals from the Daniel Mine), and 6da,2lifg,40o,8As,10ti for those from the Bappold mine. The Daniel crystals have a lighted color, corresponding to the smaller percentage of cobalt, and greater amount of lime.
When heated at 100° C, the crystals break into fragments, and take a dark-blue color, but resume their red color on cooling.
BosTHOBNiTB, HofcT, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 661.— Appendix L, p. 14
RuTTLE, Min. p. 169. — (Bmenorutile), KoJacharcw Min. Bussl., v., 193. Co. Mayo, Ireland, anaL, JBnokU, J. B. Qeol. Soc. Dublin, II., U., 164 Associated with hematite, v, Jath, Pogg-i olii-* 1874.
Sahlite, Mm. p. 215.— YalpeUina, anaL, v. Bath, Pogg., cxliv., 387.
Sal Ammoniac was found abundantly at Vesuvius after the eruptions of 1868 and 1872. The crystals showed the following forms : 0, 1, 2-2, 3-}, they have often a yellow color due to a chlorid or a basic chlorid of iron. Seaee/u Bend. B. Accad. ScL Kapoli, Oct., 1872.
Samabskite, Min. p. 620. — And related minerals, composition discussed, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., cvii., 189, 1869; H, ii, 12S iJRammeUberg, Pogg., d., 213, 1878; . note, Zerrenner, ZS. G. (Sfes., xxv., p. 461, 1873. See nohlite.
Sandbsboerite, Min. p. 104. — mineral of similar form and composition has been described and analyzed by Achiardi, Lettera a Carlo BegnoU, sopra alcuni Min. del Peru, p. 15, Pisa, 1870. See also Domeyko, 8d App. Min. Chili, 1871.
SANiorKS, Min. p. 352.— Cryst., p. 464, anal., 561, Bath, Pogg., .
Saponitr, Min. p. 472.— Filling cavities in trap, Orge I&, north ooast of Piiiiot Edward's Is , anal, Harrington Can. Nat, IL, vil, 179
2s.
Co
Ca
Daniel Mine.
(121)
Bappold Mine.
(15-9)
Daniel Mine.
60 AFPBHOIZ n.
Saroofudb, WeMlft Z8. O. zz., 245, 1868L— Appendix L, p. 14.
ScAPOLiTB, Min. p. 817.— Back's Co., Peon., anaL, Leedi J. Frank. Infltit., III., k., 61 i87a
BCHBSLITB, Min p. 60S.— Ooqnimbo anal., oontaining 6*3 p. a YH)*, Domeo 9d Ap pend. Min. ChUi, p. 2, 1867.
Bieaengebiige, oryst., EammsMerg ZS. O. Gee., six., 488, 1867.
DomodoflBola, Piedmont. Bep. Brit. Aasoa. 1868, p. 88.
Bnnian looaUdes, Beekajod Taeh, YeA. Min. Gee. St. Pet., II., It., 812, 1868.
Schwazzenberg, SteUn&r, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 745.
Czyst. memoir (man/ figures), Bauer, Wurtemberg Nat Jahzb., 1871, 128 (Pogg., eiliiL, 452).
Found at GraiUBen (Bohemia), Bulsbacfa, Salxkammeigui, Z8. G. Cka., zzIt., 685, 1873.
Travezaella, oontaina didymium. Earner, Chem. Newe, xzriiL, 288 ; ('SMy, Pioo. Boy. Boo., XYiii., 187).
Meymac, Corz, anaL, Camot, G. B., Ixzix, 688, 1874. See meymacite.
ScHXFFERiTB, Min. p. 215.— Cxytt, NordemkiSUL (Bfr. Ak. Stockholm, xxrii., 660.
SCACCHiTE, Adam, Tableau Min., 1868, p. 70.— A dhkxrid of maaganeae, nqipoMd ty Soaoohi to ooonr at y eenTioa. SeeDana, MixL, p. 122.
112 B. SofairmMite, Gtonth, Am. Phil. Soa Philad., zir., 280, Aug. 21at, 1874.
Maanye, finely giannlar, diaseminated thzoiigh qnaita ; no deayage oboezredL Fzaeten oneTen : soft ; brittle. G. r=: 6-787. (Tolor lead-gray, inclining to iron-blaok. Loatre meiritia B.B. foaee easily, and gives the reaction for biamnth, Imd, silTer and aulphnc
Analyaea, 1. (1 p. a qoaits deducted). 2. (1*07 p. a
Pb
Ag
Bi
Zn
Fe
14-41= 86-84
(47-27)
15-02=10000
Atomic ratio for Pb:Ag:Bi : S l :4 :4: 8 nearly, ooxxeaponding to PbS, 2AgtS, It is allied to and closely resembles cosalite. Oocors with other tellnriam minerals at the Bed Glond mine, Colorado. Named from J. F. L. Sohirmer, Esq. ,
Bchirmerita, Endlich, Engineering and Mining J., Ang. 28th, 1874.
Color bright lead-gray with tinge of purple. H. 2-2*5.
Composition (according to analyses not pnbliahed), + 8AgTe.
B.B. magnetic before the ozydidng flame. Ocean massiTe, disseminated thztragh thi ore, giving it a dark-gray color ; also in thin streaks. Bed Cload mine, Colorado.
Dr. Genth (L c.) asserts that this so-called new species is nothing else but a miztors d petzite either with pyrite, or perhaps witii a tellorid of iron,*' and '' is based upon a partial examination of a mixture," and therefore not entitled to a name.'*
ScBBBiBBBSiTE, Min. p. 61. — In meteoric irona, Menmier, Ann. Ch. Phys., IV., xvii., 48,
755 A. SchrSckerlngite, Sehrauf, . Min. Mitth., 1878, p. 187.
Occurs at Joachimsthal on uraninite, in small, six-sided tabiUar crystals ; t*-l A 1211*. Prismatic, one bisectrix being normal to Color greenish to yellow. It is a hydnmi ozy-carbcoiate of uranium, containing only traces of 87 Loss by ignition (d and C) 86'7 Contains also a little lime.
ScoLECiTE, Min. p. 428.— Chili, anal., Domeyko, 2d App. Min. Chill, p. 47, 1867. Composition, Jiammekberg, ZS. G. (3es., xxi, 86, 1868; KenngoU, Jahrb. Min., pi 1870,
eoa
LunddorrafjPll, anal, IgeUtrom, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 861.
(Poohnahlite), India, anal, Haughton, J. B. Geol. Soa Dublin, IL, 1868, 114 ; Petereeit Jahrb. Min., 1873, 852.
388 A. Seebaohito, BoMer, ZS. G. Gea, xxIt., pi 381 ; zzr., p. 851, and BmmdAerg, IXT., p. 86.
APFKRDEC n. 51
Baaer makm the minenl deaoribed as henchelite bj TTIxioh (GeoL and Hin. of \lotoila, 0. 61 -66) a new epeoiet, under the name of aeebaohite, and in Una he ia anpported ly Bammelabeig.
AnaljrseB (L a), 1. Kerl ; 2. Lepnna.
Si
£1
Ca
5ra,
ft.
la.
tr
22-7 =W-7
—
22-07 99-68
It oocnn with phillipeite in the basalt qnarrieB of Bichmond near Melbonme, and aooord* fng to V. Lang (PhiL Mag., lY., zxviii, p. 506) is identiod oryBtallqgraphioaUy with hesKshelite from Sicily. (See alao Jahrb. Min., 1874, 522.)
Sklbnwibmutholanz. See Fbbnzblitb.
Bbllaztb, Struver Atti Aooad. Sol Torino, It., 86, 1868.—- Appendix I., p. 14.
Sblwynipk, liin. pi 509— (belonging iu the pinite group), Appendix L, p. 19.
Sericite, Iilul p. 487.— Doubtful character diBcnssed, Seharf. Jahrb. Min., 1868, 809 ; 1871, 56 ; 1814, Ull.
Bbbpbntinb, Min. p. 464.— Origin and method of formation, Ttekermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi, 283, 1867; Drasehe, . Min. Mitth., 1871, 1.
Composition, Bammdsberg, ZS. O. Gea., xzi, 97, 1868.
Finland, anal, KuWieim, CEfr. Finsk. Yet. Soo., xiii., 43, 1870-71.
Origin of, varieties chautonnite, aumalite, Meun 0. B., Irri., 590, 1871.
Pseudomorph after staurolite, Batid Proo. Aa Nat. Set Philad., 1871, 808.
Snamm, anal., Pogg., ozlviii, 829.
Brewster, N. Y., imalyses, Breidefibauglu Am. J. Sd, IIL, vi., 211, 1878 ; Hawes. iUd., Till, 451, 1874.
Brewster, N. Y., pseudomoxphs after caldte, dolomite, chlorite, chondrodite, enstatite, amphibole, biotite, brucite, and other unknown minexala, Jl 2>. Dana. Am. J. Sd., IIL, viu., 875, 1874.
(Vorhauserite), anal., KobeH, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, June, 1874; chrysotile, antigorite marmolite, analyses, same, ibid, 165, 1874.
Psendom'ozph after montioellite, v. Bath Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, 787.
SiDBBiTE, Min. p. 688.— Huttenbeig, Garinthia, analyses, Wciffy Ber. Ak. Wien, ItL, 299, Altered to hematite, limonite, eta (Bohemia), Boricky Ber. Ak. Wien, lix., 605, 1869. Tuscany, province of Lucca, anoL, Achiardi, BoU. Com. Qeol ItaL, 1871, 184. PMudomorph after calcite, Atti Aocad. Sd. Torino, vi., 877, 1871. Nova Sootia, anal., JSarrington, GteoL Surv. Canada, 1874, p. 289.
Siegbnrgita. A new fossil resin, containing 85 p. a carbon, found at Siegburg near Bonn. Described by Lasaulx at the **VerBammlung Deutscher Naturforscher in Bredau,*' Sept., 1874. (Chem. News, xxxi., 181.)
SiLYEB, Mm. p. 9. — Andreasberg, in crystals, Oroddeek Jahrb. Min., 1869, 445. Pseudomorph after stephanite, Aizibram, Zepharomeh Ber. Ak. Wien, box., 88, 1874.
Simlaite, Sehrauf, pholehitb, which see.
SlMONTiTE, T$ehermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Nov., 1869.— Appendix L, p. 14.
Heiehardt, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 856. Brmna, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 20. See blosdite.
SxTJTTBRUDiTB, Min. p. 71. — Possesses positive and negative thermo-deotrical varieties Sehraufaxid Dana Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixix., 158, 1874.
Smaltite, Mixi. p. 70.— Bunta Brava, anaL, corresponding to (Co Ni Fe)* As*, Domejkc 2d App. Min. Chili, p. 11, 1867 ; see also ibid., p. 22.
Wittichen, Baden, anal , PetorM/i, Pogg., cxxxiv., 70, 1868. '
Andreasberg, doanthitejohathamite), anal., v. KobeUy Ber. Ak. MGndien, 1868, 402.
Bieber, Hessen, anoL, Milg&r, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1878, 186.
Oroth shows that some crystals are thermo-electrically podtlve, others negative, and eonslndes {SatSf PquTi cxlii, 1) that it ia iaomoiphous with pyrite and oobalUte. He romaiks
52 Afpshdiz Xl
that this Tazialioii In thnno-lootrioal character ia trae only of pjrito, oobaUte and amaltiu (Jolj, 1874), ignonnt of the inTestigationa of Sehrauf and Dana (llaxoh, 1874, Bar. Ak. Wien, Ixix.), Poggr., oUl, 249.
Smabaoditb, Min. p. 315.— From the diamond rock of Da Tolt'a Pan, Bo. Afiioa. an- AlyaeB, Mtukdyne and Flight, Q. J. G. Soa, xxx., 412, 1874.
Smtthbonitb, Min. p. 692.— Baibl, Carinthia, anaL, Tach. Min. Mitth, 1871, Tennessee, oontaina indium, Tanner, Gh. News, xxx, 141, 1874. i, analyses, GeoL Bep., 1874.
8KABX7MITB, Min. p. 816. — Snarom, anal., BreUhaupt, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 820L
SoDALiTB, Min p. 830. — Paendomorph after nephelite, Monte Somma, Struver Atti Aocad Soi. Torino, tIL, 829.
Bphalsbttb, Min. p. 48.— Oryst, Sadsbeck, Za G. Ga., zzL, 620, 1869; jobt., 181,
Geroldseok, Breisgau, containing thallinm, v, Kobdl, Ber. Ak. Mflnohen, 1871, 77.
Unkel, cryst., Lciauki, Verb. Nat. Ges. Bonn., zxrii, ISB, 1871.
Ciyst., (4-4, new), Klein, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 811; Kapnik, ciyat., Ibid., 1871, 492, Binnenthid, cyst. memoir (new forms), Klein, ib., 1872, 897.
Boxbnry, Gt., contains 0*0255 p. a indium, CamwaU, Am. Ghemiai, Oct., 1878.
In sphaBrosiderite, 8ohnorr, Jahrb. Min,, 1874, 681.
83 A. 6pathiop3rite. Sandberger, Der rhombiaohe Aiaenkobalt, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 410 ; 1873, p. 50. Sitaab. Ak. Miinohen, 1873, 135.
Orthorhombic, in rounded or complex crystidB, oombinaUons of 1 and m-i ; also, more rarely, in simple cEystals, showing the same planes. Macrodome planea well polished, pnamatio planes dulL Angles apparently veiy near those of leuoopyrite, Dana.
H. 4*5, G. 6*7. Golor tin-white on the fresh fracture, but changea tapidlj to a dazk steel-gray.
AniJysis y. Gerichten (L a).
Aa S Co Ca Fe
6146 2-37 147 4*22 16*47 99-49
Atomic ratio for Go, Fe, Gu to As,S 2 : 8. It oontaina no niokeL Found on smaltite (Speiakobalt), or filling oayities in it, in the cobalt reina aft Bieber ia Heasen.
Spheme. 8ee Titanitb.
SpmEL, Min. p. 147.— Anal., Kokmiharcw, Min. ., t., 867.
Domburg, variety in red octahedral crystals, anaL, containing 6*68 p. a TiOt, XMmans Ber. Ges. Bonn., xxvi., 144.
No. Garolina, analyses, altered from oorundum, QenJUi, Am. Phil. Soc. Pldlad., ziii, 870,
Spodumbiib, Min. p. 228. — See PmuTB.
Staffelite, Min. p. 534. — Discussion as to doubtful oharaoterof the apeeiM Jahxeab. Chem., 1233: 1871, 1317. Anal., contains iodine, Petersen, Jahrb. Min.. 1868, 482 ; 1872, 96. AnaL, Hauehofer, J. pr. Gh.. II., Til, 147. Waltsoh, Bohemia, anaL, Boricky, Ber. Bohm. Ges. Prag. Feb. 21, 1878.
Stakkitb, Min. p. 68.<)oxnwall, anaL, Adger, Gh. Newa, xxv., 259, 1872.
Staurolite, Min. p. 888. — BumnuUberg has confirmed the obsenrationa of LeAartim (Min. p. '9) that staurolite contains silica as an imparity (ZS. G. Ges., xxv., 53, 1878). Latautx has caixied the matter further and proved t£at not only quarta, but eren garnet, oiica, magnetite, and brookite exist in it aa impurities (. Min. ., 1872, 173). The lame subject, with similar reaolts, has been investigated by Fischer.
St. Bodegrund. cryst. and anal., Peters and Mcdy, Ber. Ak. Wien, IviL, 646, 1668L
In metamorphic rooks, Lebour, GeoL Mag., x., 102, 1873.
No. Carolina, analyaea, Tenth, Am. PhiL Boo. Philad., xiii, 888, 1878.
APPENDIX n. U
Btratitb, Mill. p. 451.AxiaL, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1873, 367.
Stephanite, Mm. p. 106. — (melanglani), Freibexg, anal., FrefyuL Jahrb. Min., 1878 788; 1874, fl6.
Sterliagite. See Damourite.
Stbtefbldtitb, Min. p. 188. —An antimonite of copper, resembling stetefelddte, b is been described by Domeyko as oocarring at the Potochi copper mine, near Huasicavelica, Pern. It is amorphous, compact. Fracture smooth or uneven, in parts coarsely granular. Color black or greenish black. Streak yellowish-green. Lustre weakly resinous. An analysis on the purest material obtainable (though still mixed with some sub-sulphate of copper), gave SbOi 82*93, GuO 82*27, FeiO 1114, ZnO 0*50, SO. 1*00, HjO (loss at low redness), 18*58, insoluble, 1*67 — 96*94. B.B. infusible. Dissolves readily in hydrochloric add. Domeyko regards the mineral as probably having come from the decomposition of chaloosti* bite, an analysis of which he adds. 8d Appendix Min. GhiU, 1871.
587. Stibiofenite. E. Goldsmith, Proc Aa Philad., 1878, p. 866.
Generally amorphous. Crystals obeerred in a cavity and supposed to be the same substance (no reason given) were orthorhombio showing planes i-i, i-i, /and 0, approximate measurement gave /(i*-i) /=100* 8'.
H. 4. G. 8 *598. Lustre slightly resinous. Color (oryst ) Adnt yellow ; yellow to brown - ish-yeUow (amorphous). Streak dull yellow, brittle, fracture uneven ohonchoidal.
Analysis (1. c.).
5b Fe d Si loss
8*85 1526 8*84 1-09 100*00
Deducting the iron we obtain as the oxygen ratio 3b : 9e : A, 1*1 : 1 : 1 '4 or 1 : 1 :
2(§b -I- Fe) -f- 8£L B. B. gives reaction for antimony and iron. Soluble in hydrochlorio acid. Occurs as a coating, sometimes Inch tiiiick, on stibnlte from Santa Clara Co., CaL
STiMOTBiABOENTrrB, StUnohasargmtUe, Petersm,— Appendix I., p. 15.
Stibnite, liin. p. 29.— New Zealand, anal., Muir, PhiL Mag., IV., xia, 286, 1871. SanU Clara Ca, Cal., anaL, OoldMuth, Proc. Ac Philad., 1873, 868.
Stilbite, Min, p. 442.— India, anal, Haughton, J. Boy. Geol. Soc. Dublin, il, 113, 1868.
Composition, BnmmeUberg ZS. G. Ges., xxi., 25.
AnaL, Ak. H. Stockh., ix.. No. 12, Nov., 1870 (Clove's GeoL West Lidia Is., p. 80, 1878).
Stromoe, anal., Bchmid Pogg-, cxUi, 115.
Dumbartonshire, anal., Toung Chem. News, xxvii, 55, 1872.
Aeisser Alp. anaL, Peter$eih Ber. Offenbach. Yer., xiv., 102, 1878.
Stirlinoitb, see IUbfpbbitb.
464. A. Strgovite, Becker and Webaky, Jahrb. Min., 1869, p. 286. Webeky, ZS. G. Ges., zxv., 888, 1878.
In minute crystals, showing hexagonal prisms under the microscope ; sometimes in liaUs d aggregated crystals, and shown hy Sie behavior in polarized light to belong to the hexagonal system. H.=l. (9=8'144. Color dark-green ion alteration changing to brown). Streak green to grayisli-green. Analyses : 1. &cker 1. c. 2. Websky (G. =2*788), Jahrb. Min., 1869, 286. 8. Websky, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 891.
Si
%
te
Fe
ttn
ftg
Ca
ft
loss
16*66
12*87
99*61
82*60
21*94
8*82
14*81
=1000C
28*43
16*60
11*43
26*21
7*26
99-M
Analyses 1. and 2. were made on material which had suffered some alteration, so that 3L alone expresses the correct compoaitlon. Oxygen ratio : fi : Si : ft=(approx.) 8:3: 4 : 2. Easily decomposed by acid with the separation of silica in powder. In doeea tube gives off water. B. B. fuses with difficulty to a black glass without coloring the flame.
Occurs as a fine coating over the minerals in druses or cavities in the granite frost north-west of Striegau in Silesia
54 AFFBNDIZ n.
Btbohetbritb, Mill, p.54.— Ohili, axial, Domeyko, SdApp. HIel Chili, pi 85, 1887. Axgentine BepubUo, axud., Siewert, . Min. Mitth., 1873, 851.
Stromtianitb, Min. p. 699.— Glansthal, ozyBt., Beuenberg. Min. Not, iz., 41, 1870.
STRuyiTB, Min. p. 551. — Skipton oftves, BallaEat, Gzyst. description, and anal, Ubick Oontrib. to Min. of Yictoria, 1870, p. 12.
SULPHATITB, Min. p. Oli.— In eastem Texas, MaUety Ghem. News, zzyL, 147, 187SL
Sulphur, Min. p. 20.— Oiyst., v. JStath, Pogg. Erg. Bd.,Ti., 849; Brant Ber Ak
Wien, Ix. , 539, 1869.
SuBANNTTB, Min. p. 626.— JTtfiinot thinks that Bnsannite is only a foxm of laadhiltits ia compound crystals (driUings), but gtvesno sufficient proof, Jahrb. Min., 1868, 819.
SusBEZiTB, Brush, Am. J. Sci., XL, , 140, 240. — Appendix I., p. 15.
Stbfooritb, see Jbtpoobitil
Stlyanitb, Min. p. 81.— Bed Cloud Mine, Colorado, SSUmanj Am. J. 8oL, IIL, yri& 28; Omth, anal, Amer. PhiL Soc. Philad., xiy., 228, 1874.
, Min. p. 111.— Stassfurt, oiyst. Huynsen, ZS. G. Ges., zx., 460, 1868L Kalusz, cryst, Tsohermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, Iziii., 808, 1871.
666. A. 8yngenite,. Zepharomeh, Lotos, p. 187, p. 218, June, 1872; Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixm, p. 128, 1873. Kaluaa'te, Bump/, Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1872, 117, 197; 1878, 147.
2,2-2. /A/=73*56'(oTeri-t'). Oa 1-4=189" 42'. OA-l-t* 151*49'. OAl-t=14S*48'. 0 A -1=137- 44' ; i-i A-1 124" 19', t-i /v-l 122* 55'.
In generally small tabular crystals, elongated in the direotioii of the Toriicsal axis, the plane i-i always predominates, and is striated vertically.
Cleavage /perfect, also i-i. In other directions fracture oonchoidaL Plane of optic axes parallel to the orthodiagonal section, acute bisectrix miUcea an angle of 46' with i-i, Optioaxial angle ap{>arent in air— red 35', blue=46* 22' ; actual angle, zed=26*31, blue, 29' 24' (Yrba). Index of refraction 1 '55 (Yrba). Double refraction negative. Dispersion of axes p V.
H. G. 603 (mean), 2*252 (Bumpf, L a). Colorless or milky white.
Analyses, 1. TJUik (mean of four closely agreeing analyses, in one of which was also found 1*42 p. c. NaCl), . Min. Mitth., 1872, 120 ; 2. Yolker, Ber. Ak. Wien, IxvL, 197, 1872.
1. 16*88 28*55 48*45 5 47 =99.35
These give the formula Ca3, &9 + A, or the same with the artificial salt, which Zepharovich shows to be aloo monodinio (ib., p. 139). In form the yngenite is closely ceded to gyiMum, particularly in the angles of the prismatic sone.
In the flame of a Bunsen gas-burner becomes milky, colors the flame violet, and melts easily to a colorless (on cooling white) bead, with a ciystalUne granular texture. In mana gives oflP water, decrepitating violently. Easily attacked by water, dissolving in part with the separation of sulphate of lime. Yrba found that one part of syngenite dincdved in 400 pts. of water. Found in cavities in halite at Kaluss, East Galida. Name derived from <rvyy§ifs (related), alluding to its dose relation to polyhalite.
Tabbboitb, Min. p. 493.— Composition, Kmngcti, Jahrb. Min., 1869. 202.
TiBKiTE, Min. p. 16.— In meteoric iron, Meunier, Ann. Ch. Phys., lY., zviL, 81 1869.
Tai:c, Min. p. 451.- Gzeiner (Zillerthal), Tyrol, anaL, UOUc, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivii, 916,
Swayne Ca, No. Ca/olina, anaL, of a compact variety, Adger Chem. News, zxv., 210.
Feudomorph after pectolite, Bergen Hill, Leeds, Am. J. Sd., HI., vL, 28 1878.
APPENDIX n. 55
Z7MA.— Appendix L, p. 16.
Tahmttb. Mr. Tamm has analysed a dark steel-ooloxed erTstaUine p jwder, looali naknown, veiy hard. O. 12*5. He obtained W 88'C Fe 5.60, Mn 0.16, ondetenniiied 6*10 100*00. The loea he says is not due to oxygen. He calla his unimoni eabetjmoe foROtnngBten, and p-opoeee, in case the oharaoter of the mineral ia sustained, to ffive it titie name CrookwUe. ULr, Grookea jnstly says that the name tammite should be prerred. Ohem. News, xxyi, July, 1872.
Tantalite, Hin. p. 61i.— Composition, Hermann Soa Mosa, 1867, iv., 464. Finland and Sweden, analyses, katmnuUberg Pogg., cxUy., 66, 1871.
Tapalpite, Don Pedro L. Monrojf Natoralesa, Aug., 1869, pu 76. TeUurwismuth, Bafm mdh0rgy ZS. G. Ges., xxi, 81.~Appendix L, p. 16.
Tapiot.itb. Min. p. 618. — Snkkola, Finland, BamnMberg, anal, Pogg., osUy, 79, 1871.
Tblluratb of Goppbb and Lbad, discorered by Mr. Knabe, at the Iron Bod Mine, Silver Star District, Montana, oocnrring in fissures in the rock At Green Oampbell Mine it is found as a thin coating upon the selvage of the foot wall. Proved to oontidn oopper, lead, and telluric acid. The sample sent to Dr. Genth consisted of an apparently uniform siskine-green powder. He speaks (. oontrib. ) of proposing to investigate tiie mivterial further, and, if its supposed character is sustained, will give it a distinctive name. Omiih Am. Pha Soa Philad., xiv., 229, 1874.
Tbllubwishuth. See Tapalpitb.
Tbllurixtm. Ifin. p. 1,-, Am. J. ScL, IL, xlv., 818, 1868. Colorado, 8iUiman, Am. J. Sd., IIL, viil, 27, 1874 ; Genth, Am. Pha Soa, Philad., 1874, Aug. 21. Sacramento, Chili, note, Bertrand, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 466.
Tbphboitb, Min. p. 269.— Franklin, N. J., anal, MiacHer, Am. J SoL, IL. xlvL, 281, 186a
Tbt&adtmitb, Min. p. 80.— Orawitsa, anaL, Frentd Jahrb. Min., 1873, 799. Thermo-electrical properties, Sehrauftaid Dana Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixix., 161, 1874. Montana, anal , Genth, Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., xiv., 224, 1874.
Tbtrahbdritb, Min. p. 100. — Bussia, cryt., Jeremew Koksdh. Min. BussL, v., 869.
Neubulach, Wiirtembe, anaL (Bi 6*88 p. a), Petersen, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 464
Cerro Blanco, anaL, by 8ie/peking, Domeyko, 8d Appendix Min. Chili, 1871; Ghalgayio, anaL (freibeigite), ibid. See also 2d Appendix, p. 19, 1867, and 4th Appendix, p. 16,
Horhauaen. near Nenwied, cyst., KUin Jahrb. Min. , 1871, 493.
Brixlegg, Tyrol, anal., Untchy, Jahrb. Min.. 1872, 874.
Ciyst memoir and relation to sphalerite and chalcopyrite, Sadebeek, ZS. G. Ges., xxiv., 427, 1872.
THOM8EN0LITB, Min. p. 129. — Crysti, belonging to a so-called dino-quadratio system, a vert.):*:c=10444:l:l. (7=92 30, anal., OSfv. Ak. Stockh., 1878, 84. Bee achrauf, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 161.
Thomsonite, Min. p. 424 — Anguilla, W. I , anal., NordtMm, Ak. H. Stockholm, is., Na 12, Nov., 1870 (Cleve's GeoL W. India Is., p. 30, 1870). Seisser Alp, anal., Hauehofery J. pr. Ch., ciii., 806. Mugdock V'ater Tunnel, Young, Ghem. News., xxvii, 66, 1872.
Thobitb, Min. p. 418.-HOrangite), cryst., NordentMSld, (Bfv. Ak. Stookh., zxvii., 664,
Tin. See CASSirBBiTB.
Titanitb, Min. p. 888.— Bothenkopf, Tinto\ ozyst., Zepharofoiok, Bcr. Ak. Wien, Ix., 816, 1869.
Cryst memoir, Heaunberg, Min. Not., vilL, 1, 1868: ix., 46, 1870; xL, 19, 21, 1878 ; sm also Jahrb. Min.. 1874. 828.
SnUbaoh, cyst., mrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixa, 704, 712, 1870.
56 AFPBHinX tL
Tooonudite, Domejko, 2d Append. Min. Ohili, p. 41, 1867.
Amorphous, Btmotnxe grannlar. Oolor a pAle-yellov, by the aetioa of the air tt grow tlarker, and panes to a lavish-green, and finally to a grajiah-hlack and blaok. Soft, smQj rednoed.to a powder. Streak yow.
Composition Ag I + Bfl. An analysis gave Ag 33*80, Hg 8-90. I 41*77, silioeoat leadat 16*05 9612. The loss is dne to some water belonging with tibe residue, and piotabiy eonf iodine.
In the closed tnbe gives off first water, then a yellow ring, followed by a mixed sah&inate (mercurial), and finally a red ring. With carbmiate of soda in the mabran gives only pan mercury. Decomposed by nltrio acid. From the mines of Ghafiszoillo Chili
Topaz, Min. p. 876.— Jaftim, oryst note, Jahrb. Min., 1869. 721. Altenbeig and Sohlaggenwald, oryst memoir, Groth, Z8. O. Ges., xzii, 881, 1870. Thermo pyro)-eleotrioal character, Bankelf Jahrb. ICn., 1871, 287. Analyses, Klemm, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 189.
ToRBERNiTB, MuL p. 585.— Analyses, Winkler J. pr. Ch., II., tiL, 10, 11, 13; Stkratf Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1872, 181.
TouRiiALiKE, Min. p. 865.— Switserland, oolorlesi, Wig&r, Jahrbw Min., 1868, 465.
Isola del GtgUo, anal, BeeM, Boll. Com. GeoL ItaL, 1870, 84.
Elba, cryst. and anal, v, Bath, ZS. G. Ges., xxii, 663, 1870; AMsrdL VwoifoCimaAi n., iii., Feb., 1870.
Many analyses, and discussion of composition, BamnuUberg, PoglBT*! ozzziz., 879, 647, 1870,
No. Carolina, with corundum, Oenth, Am. Phil. Soa Philad., xiiL, 878, 1878.
336 A. Trantwinite, E. Goldsmith, Proo. Aa Philad., 1878, 9, 848, 865. Microcrystalline ; observed forms, hexagonal prism, pyramid, also triangular prism. H.: 1-2. Color green. Lustre dull (under microscope vitreiras). Streak light-gmy. Analysis (La):
&i Fe Si Ca Ag
Oxygen ratio for bases to silica 11:6, perhaps 2 : 1. B.B. gives reaction for duonuoiB, insoluble in acids. Occurs on chromite; from Monterey Ca, Cal.
Tremolite, Min. p. 238.— Belated minerals, T$chermak, Min. Mitth., 1871, 37.
Tridtuite, Min. p. 805.— Appendix I., p. 19 From Alleret (Dep. Haute Loire), Lassah,
Jahrb. Min., 1869, 66. Formed artificially, Bd$e, Ber. Ak. Berlin, June, 1869, p. 469. Double-re." -action positive like quartz, SefiuUte, Ber. Oia, Bonn, xxvi., 119, 1809. Observed with microscope in thm rock-sections, Zirkd, Pogg., cxL, 492 (Jahrb. Min., 1870
In porphyry at WaldbGckelheim, Streng, . Min. Mitth., 1871, 49. As indosures in quartz crystals. Lotos. Bea, 1872 : Sandberger Jahrb. Min., 1868, 466, ?&& From various new locaUties, Mohl, Jahrb. Min., 1873, 608.
Cryst memoir, with a complete description of the many and interesting twins, BaA, Pogg., clu., 1, 1874.
Trinkbrite, Ttehmnak, J. pr. Ch., H, ii., 250.— Appendix L, p. 16.
Triflitb, Min. p. 543.— Sierra von Cordoba, Argentine Republic, several analyaes, 8U wert, . Min. Mitth., 1873, 225 et seq.
TR50ERITK, WeislMch, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 870; 1873, 815.— Appendix L, p. 16. Winkler has analyzed the trogerite of Weisbaoh with the following results ; Analytei 1 8 p. a impurities deducted. 2. p. a deducted. 3. on pure materUL
tn
a
18*48
62*42
19*64
14-81= 98-21
which correspond to the formula 80 la -h 12fi.
AFPERDzx n. 57
On Voatdng it gves off water, and takes a golden-brown color, bat resnmei a jellow on cooling. J. pr. Gh., IL, vii, 6. 1878.
TBOliiiTE, Mln. p. 57. — Meunier oondndes that the oompoeition of troillte is (not FeS), Ann. Gh. Phys., lY., zrii, 86, 1869; G. B., Ixviii, 763, 1874. BammeUberg, Abb. Ak. Berlin, 1870, 84).
TscBSFFKmiTB, Mln. p. 887. — Gomposition, Hermann J. pr. Gh., cri., 833, 368.
314 A. Tichermakite, i;. EobeU, J. pr. Ghent., 11., viii, 411, 1878.
MauiTe, cleaTSge on two sarfaoes, making an angle of 94*. Striationfl on face of better deavage. H. 6. G. 2*64. FhoBphoreecent. Golor grayiah to white. Tranaluoent. Lustre vitreons. Analysis, L c. ;
Si £1 % fTaC&tr) d
This wonld giye the formula 3& Si + Xl Sis, or that of a magnesian oligodase. It occurs with kjerulfine and quartz at Bamle, Norway.
G. W. Hawes (Am. J. Sd., IIL, Til., 579, 1874) has analyzed a mineral from the above looEdity, and labelled tsdiermaklte, with the following results : O. 2*67.
Si £l Fe Ca ilg S JTa ign.
' This gives a composition veiy near that of albite.
The mineral agreed in all its physical characters with the description of tschermakite, but was almost destitute of magnesia, which suggests the idea that the material analyzed by Y. Kobell may have been impure.
Des CAoiseaux has since (G. B., Ixxx., Feb. 8, 1875) found that the so-called tsohennakite from Bamle is identical with albite in optical properties. He quotes, moreover, the follow- G. 2*60. This gives the oxygen ratio for & : S : Si 1 : 8 : 11, or nearly that of albite.
TUBOITB, Min. p. 167.— Terry Gope, N. 8., 5aw, Phil. Mag., IV., xacxviL, 268. Salisbury, Gonn., anal, and description. Brush and Bodmaiiy Am. J. Sci., II., xliv., 219.
TURNBRITB. See MONAZITK.
Ttbitb. See Ferousonitb.
Ttrolitb, Min. p. 570. — Libethen, Hungary, anal., Ca,C essentiBl not an impurity Church, J. Gh. Soc, II., p. 108, Feb., 1870. Tyrol, Piehier, Jahrb. Min., 1871, 58.
Ulexite, Min. p. 598. —Nevada and Arizona, SiUiman, Am. J. Sci, III., vi., 180. Newport Station, Nova Scotia, in crystals, Bow, Phil. Mag., IV., zxziz., 275, 1870; xli, 875, 1871. Atacama, snal., Domeyko, 4th App. Min. Ghili, p. 85, 1874.
TTllmannitb, Min- p. 78.— Binkenberg, Garinthia, Verb. G. Beichs, 1871, 8, p. 181. From the Lulling, crystals showing inclined hemihedrism, Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wieo, Is.. 809, 1869; Lotos, Jaa, 1870. Waldenstein, analyses, Mumpfaad TJUik Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixi, 7, 1870.
Uraninite, Mln. p. 154.— Golorado, Am. J. Sd., III., v., 886, 1873.
Urakophanb, Min. p. 805. — Discussion of composition, a thomsonite in whidi alu* mina is replaced by uranium, Web$ky ZS. G. Oea, zxl, 02, 1869 ; see also Wtiubnth Jahrbb Min., 1878, 826.
624 A. Uranosphssrite. Weisbaoh, Jahrb. Min., 1878, 815 ; Winkler, J. pr. Ghem.. IL, vii., 5.
In half -globular aggregated forms, sometimes with a dull, or slightly lustrous surfaoa. sometimes rough and , showing under the miscroecope that they are made up oi minute acutdy-terminated czystak. Structure concentric, also rsJiated. H. S-8| Q. 5-36. Golor orange-yellow, brick-red (Winkler). Lustre greasy. Streak yellow.
58 Apfkndiz Il
iknaliMB, innlder, 1. a, 1. ixnpiixities (11 p. o.) cJedncted, fL jwALflypmsmalriil.
1. 5t)-32 44*13 5-56
2. 5088 44*84 4*75
These give the formnla Si + 8d.
Decrepitates on heating, and falls to pieces to a mass of erTstalline needles, mSi luRtre, homogeneous and of brown color.
Oocoxs witii other related oraniam minerals at the mine Weiaser HiiboIiy near Sdmaeliatg. Saxony.
673 O.* Uranospinite. Weisbaoh, Jahrb. Ifin., 1878, 815; Winkler, J. pr. Gh. IL, tii., 11.
Orthorhombio. In scale-like dystals, with qnadratio or reotaognlar ontUnea deavigi perfect, parallel to the planes of the scales. H. 2-8. G. 8*45. Color siddne-green.
Analyds, Winkler (L o.) ;
Ss 8 Ca fi
19*87 5918 5-47 16-28 100-81
which corresponds approximately with the formnla Ca, 8 Ss + 8£r.
Weisbaoh regards it as an aisenate corresponding to autnnite. Winkleir soooeeded in mik Ing nranoepinite artificially with the following oompoaition: As 28*01, 9 581, Ca 6 ft, fl 14-27 101-91.
Found with other related uranium uninftmio at the mine Weisser Hirsch, near flchneebag; Saxony.
yRNOTii<, Borioky, Jahrb. Km., 1870, 780; see also Jahrb. Min., 1878, 296, 816.— Appendix L, p. 16.
446 D. Vaalite, MaOuiyM and FUght, Q. J. G. Soa, xxx., 400, Nov., 1874.
Monoclinic. G 76° 80'. Occurring in hexagonal prisms; I/JW 10'. iA 0 96" (calc. =96M1').
Cleavage 0 easy, 1 much less so. Normal to 0 ooinddent, or very nearly so, with the msio line of the optic axes ; optic-axial angle irexy small ; double-refraction negatiTe. Color drap, in spots fine bluv
Analysis (1. o.)
Si £1 Fe Ag Iffa H C &
40-83 9-80 6-84 81*84 0.67 9-72 tr tr 99*20.
giving the formula S Si + 2 (8%, 2Si, 2t{). Oxygen ratio for 6: fi: Si : 6: 8:10: 4. expands on heating on a platinum foil to six times original size, in powder no expansion at all. Loses no water at 100 C. Occurs in an altered btonzitic rook from the diamond-dig* gings, called Du Toit's Pan, So. Africa.
Valleriite, Blomstrand, (Efv. K. Akad. Stockholm, xxvii, p. 19, 1870.
Massive, without a trace of crystalline texture. Color very like that of pyrrhotite. Lustra perfectly metallic ; fracture uneven. Resembling graphite in its unusual softness (yields to the nail and can be cut with a knife), and in its property of leaving a dark strei whea scratched on paper. G. 8*14.
Analyses (1. o.) In part from different samples, (neglecting a small insoluble portion).
FeAlGuHgCaNaKS fi
0 %
1. 29-82 17-00 6-26 059 0*81 22*20
8. 18*66 22*78
5. 25-50 818 16*51 7*80 0*18 —
The variation in On and Mg in the analyses Is regarded ly Blomstrand as showing a PMB hl variation in the composition of the speoiM. Regarding aU the On aa oombined as Oa&
MmaxDJX TL K9
ad giTing the remainder of fhe ilphar to the iron (FeSt), and the other mctelii aa ozyda, we obtain :
CaS
Fe
%
Ca
ra
&
ft
01
10-77=W-7e
Giving efoentiallj the formula 2GuS, FeS'+2MgFe+4d.
B. B., loses its lustie and becomes darker. In the matrass gives off water and a sUghl donating of sulphur. The water is strongly oombined, and is given off onlj at a full red heaL
Yerj rare; ooeors in small (large as haielnuts) fragments in a dark-greenish limestone, whioh is much mixed with mica and other minerals, at the Aurora Mine, Nja-Kopparberg, Sweden.
Named for the Swedish mineralogist Yallerins. [A very doubtful compound.]
Yanadinitb, Min. p. 610. — So. Afrioa, anaL, Matkdpnenad Fiight, J. Ch. Soci, IL, z., lOftS, 1872.
The researches of Bosooe have shown that vanadic add is YtO*, not YiOt, which explains the similarity of vanadinite crystals to those of pyromorphite, PhiL Trans., 1860, 1870.
Yanadiolitb, JJtfrmann, J. pr. Gh., n., i, 445. Appendix I., p. 16.
Yakaditb, Min. p. 610.— Gryst, Schrauf Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixiii, 167, 1871.
Yaribcite, Min. p. 682.— According to Petenm j, perhaps identical with oallaite (turquoise), Jahrb. Min., 1871, 357; KenngoU Jahrb. Min., 1872, 103.
Ybbmiculitb, Min. p. 408.— Pelham, Mass., Adaam Am. J. ScL, n., xlix., 272; Shepard, Ibid., L, p. 96.
Belation to the micas, in optical characters and chemical compoaitiOD, Ooake Mem. Am. Ao. Boston, 1874, 85.
See jeilerisite.
YB8T7TIANITB, Min. p. 276.— Areudal, anal.,Damonr, Ann. Gh. Phys., lY., xxiii, 157, 1871, Giyst (new forms) Jeremejew, Yerh. Min. Oes. St. Pet., IL, viL, 1878; Jahrb. Min., 1878, 428. Gomp. RammeUberg, ZS. G. Gea, xxv., 421. Ganzucoli, anal., Lembeig. ZS. O. Ges., xxiv., 249, 1872. Altered to fassaite, DoU, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 85. AnaL, Jamnsky Ber. Ghem. Ges. Berlin, 1873, 1456.
641 A. Vessel3rite, Schrauf, Anseig. K. Ak. Wien, 1874, p. 135.
1-1 A l-i=109*' 50'. Crystals formed by combination of prism and domea
In crystalline crusts on garnet-rock. H.=4. G.=3*5.
AnAlysis (on a very minute quantity) 6u=57.2, =36-0 or 4Cu-|-5lAr, with traces of iron, but no arsenic. Loses at 100° G. one equivalent of water, and the remainder at a red heat. OoonzB at Morawicsa in the Banat
Viotorite. See Enbtatitb.
YiLiRSTTB, Min. p. 409.— Tenth, Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., xiiL, 864, 1878.
YiBTDiTE.— A collective name proposed by Yogelsang (ZS. G. Gee., xxiv., p. 529, 1872) fof all the indeterminable transparent green compounds, which are observed in rocks and may be regarded as hydrous protoxyd silicates of iron and magnesia. They are generally in acaly or fibrous forms and are often the result of the decomposition of hornblende, chryaolite, etc. The name is also used by Bathe (ib., xxvi., p. 10), wno shows its relation to Liebe's diabantachronnyn and Sandbeiger*s aphrosiderite.
YiviAKiTB, Min. p. 556. — Gryst description with important ooixection of hitherto accepted angles, Baih Pogg cxxxvL, 405. Analyses, Miukelyne and FUghty J. Gh. Boo., IL, ix., 6.
YoLTAiTE, Min. p. 652.— Kremnitx, anaL, TMurmak Bei; Ak. Wxen, 1867, hrL, 881.
Wackkvrodite, Adam, TaUeau Min., 1869, p. 76. A varied cf wad oonkalning IS-tf p. o. ]b ; see Dana, IQn., p. Ia2, anaL 6.
60 Afhehdb Il
Wad, Hin. p. 181.— Ororoaite, district Jacala. Mexico, Jf. Bareena NatanleoL id. IML
Waoneritr, Min. p. 588.— AnaL, showing the presence of 4 pu c. sDcsIies, JEoiiA, J. pr. Oh., U.,vu., 375, 1878.
Walpurgitb, Weisbach, Jahrb. Min.. 1871, 870; 1878, 815: in AppenaixL, p. 16 Winkler has analyzed the walpnxgite of Weisbach, with the following xesolts :
2s
Bi
a
4-82 97-92
20*54
4-66 97-66
These correspond to the fonnnla 5fii, 2s + 88 2s + lOtL
In a red-heat the crystals take a brown color, which passes into an onuige-Tellow on oo€l< ing. No decrepitation on heating takes place, and no change of form. Decomposed hf nitric add, leaving a white residue of arsenate of bismuth, which goes into solution on thi addition of hydrochloric add. J. pr. Gh., IL, vii, p. 6, 1878.
620 O. Wapplerite, Frened, . Min. Mitth., 1874, 279.
Tridinic. Crystals minute and highly modified, resembling augite or wdfcamite la habit. Also in incrustations sometimes crystalline, or globular, sometimes glasij, with a reniform surf ace. Cleavage dinodisgonaL H. 2-9'5. G. 2'48. Color white. Transluoent, the crystals colorless. Lustre strongly vitreous. [Crystallographic determination by Bchzsiif, (priv. contrib., dated Yienna, ManOi 30th, 1875). Triclinia a (vert.) :b :6 0*29037 : 1 :
The crystals are characterised by prevalence of sones, hy which means nearly all of thi planes could be determined.
Wapplerite imdergoes alteration, by taking up one equivalent of water, forming iriiili opaque pseudomorphs which have been described as ratderite (Dana, Min., p. 554).
Analyses, Frensd (L c.).
2s Ca Ag A
47-70 1415 8 29 2940= 99-58
47-69 150 7-85 29*49 10018
These give for the composition 2Ca 2s + 8tt, where some lime is replaced by msgnesia Of the water 5 atoms go oif at 100* C, the remainder at 860'. Found with pharmacolite at Joachimsthal.
Warrinotonitb, Min. p. 664. — See broehantUe, Domeyko, 2d Appendix, Min. p. 23, 1867.
Warwickitb, Min. p. 600.— Description and analysis, J. L, Smithy Am. J. ScL. IIL, viiL, 432, 1874.
Wayellitb, Min. p. 575. — Chester Co., Penn., anaL, Hermann. J. pr. Oh., ovi, 69, 1860. Counl of Cork, anaL, Ohureh J. Ch. See., II., xi, 110, Feb., 1878.
Wbbstebitb. See Aluminitb.
Wbbnbritb, Min. p. 819.— Bucks Co., Penn., anal., Leeds, Am. J. Sd., IIL, viiiT, 431
Wbbtakttb, Blametrand, J. pr. Ch., ov., 841.— Appendix L, p. 16.
813 B. Wheelerite. O. Loew, Am. J. Sd., IIL, viL, p. 571.
A resin, ydlowish in color, found in the Cretaceous beds of northern New Mexico, iUUqg the fissures of the lignite, or interstratified in thin layers in it. Most abundantly observed ii the vicinity of Nadmiento.
Two analyses gave Loew (L a)
0 H
1. 78 07 7-96
2. 72-87 7-88
wfaif h agree dosely with the formula n where n is probal4y 6 6L
Apfbhdiz U. 61
Soluble in ether, le ao in bisnlphide of carbon. In ooncentra. Bd Aulphui add diaeolYes, producing a dark-brown solution, from which it ia precipitated by water. In alcohol the principal portion is readily diaaolved, while a small part remains insoluble. The hot alcoholic extract of the resin deposits, on cooling, a few yellow flooculi The solution, oa evaporation, gives a yellowish resin veiy brittle, and becoming strongly eleotrio on f ricuon melts at 154 G.
Named for Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, U. 8. Army.
Whewellitb, Min. p. 718.— Oryst., JSckmid, Fogg., ozlii., Ill, (Ann. Gh. Pharm., zcvii, 825).
WmTNBTiTE, Min. p. 37. — From southern Arizona, analyses. Am. J. 8ol, II., xIt., 80d. A variety from Fortuna di Papora, Ghili, Bertrand, Ann, d. Mines, YIL, L, 413, 1873.
469 B. Willcozite. Genth, Am. Phil. Soo. Phihid., xiii, p. 397, 1873.
In scales white to greenish or grayish-white, with pearly lustze, and resembling tale.
Analyses, Kcenig (1. a). 1. Shooting Greek ; 2. Gullakenee Mine.
fli 21 Pe ]e ftg Li & ign.
1. 28-96 37-49 1-26 244 1785 tr 678 2*46 4*00 100-69
Oxygen ratio & : S : Si : tt 6 : 12 : 10 : 2 nearly, or Si) + 2 (2S Si) + 2£[.
B. B. fuses in fine splinters with difficulty to a white enamel, coloring the outer flame yellow. In hydrochloric acid decomposed with difficulty, witii separation of silica in scales, kare, occurring as a coating about a nucleus of corundum, and resulting from its alteration at Shooting Greek and Gullakenee Mine, Glay Go. , 17o* GaroUna.
Named in honor of GoL Joseph Willcox.
WiLLBHiTB, Min. p. 262. — Franklin, N. J., analyses, Mixter, Am. J. Sd., 11., xlvi, 230, 1868; sp. gravity for transparent crystals 4'2i3| 4-25, 4*29, ComwilL Am. Ghemist., Oct, 1873, p. 126.
Altenberg, near Aachen, Anruni 00?*) ciii-i 281, 1874.
626 O. Winklerite, Breithaupt, Jidirb. Min., 1872, 816.
Amorphous, massive. H.=3. G.=8'482. Golor bluish-black to yidlet-black. Stnali dark-brown. Fracture conohoidal, with but slight lustre. Analysis, Winkler (L c.) 1. original analysis ; 2. same after deduction of Fe and SL
2b Cu Co iSTi Ve Ca 3i C S
10-29 1321 10-34 28-91 258 8*05 5-35 264 10-87 14-08=100-88
10-83 13-89 10-86 3310 5-62 10-90 14*80=100-00
Breithaupt thinks that the mineral mi have been formed by the gradual decomposition of ery thrite (cobalt bloom) by water containing carbonic acid in the presence of some coppermineral.
In the matrass gives oif water. On charcoal decrepitates, but does not alter its appearance. B. B. infusible, coloring the flame green. WiUi the fluxes gives reaction for cobalt. Effervesces with hydrochloric add and the solution thus obtained upon heating evolves chlorine.
Found at Pria near Motril in Spain, oocorring with galapectite, also with erythrite and malachite.
WiiTKWORTiiiTB, Etw), Phil. Mag., AprU, 1871.— Appendix L, p. 17. KenngoU (Jahrb. Min.. 1872, 300) repeats tiie suggestion of Brash that winkworthite is a mixture of gypsum and howUte.
Wi SERINE, Min. p. 528.~Gx7st. memoir, with many new planea and discussion of relation to xenotime and zircon. Brezina remarks that the wiserine from the Binnenthal is very different in habit from that of other localities, and may possibly be a distinct species, . Min. Mitth., 1872, 8. Klein shows that the supposed mineral from the Binnenal is in fact octahedrite, Jahrb. Min., 1872, 900.
WrrricuENiTB, Min. p. 98. — Bockelsbaoh, Wittichen, Baden, anal., PeUru\ Pogg.i eizziv., 92; cxxxvi, 500. (Jahrb. Min., 1869, 887.)
(t2 Arennax n.
WocinsnviTB, Ifin p. 174.— (beanzite) Kokoijie, YedL O. Beidia, 1874. S80.
WOhlkrite, MixL p. 891. — Gryst memoir, showing the spedes to bo monocim Dm Ckrigeavxy Ann. Ch. Phya., IV., ziii, 425, 1868. Analyses, HammeUberg, Fogg., oL, 211, 1873.
WoLFACUiTK, Sajidberger Jahrb. Mm., 1869. 813.— Appendix L, pi 17.
Wolframite, Min., p. 001.— Bajonka, Urals, anal., Da CMwrwig, Am. J. BcL, IL, zlTiii, 187, 1868.
A variety from Schlaggenwald, ZerrmneTy B.'n. H. Zeit, zzviii, 429, 487.
Cxystalline form proved to be monodinio, Dei CloiuauXy Ann. Gh. Phya., IV., jdz 166,
From Russian localities. Beck and Teieh, Vezh. IGn. Qes. St Pet., H, iv., 812.
Relation tooolombite, JeremBW Yerh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., IL, vii, 1872.
Ciyst. form (hUbnerite), leUttion to oolombite, Oroth and Anruni 885.
Meymac, Gorrze, anaL, Carnot 0. R., Ixrix., 687, 1874.
WoLLASTONiTB, Min. p. 210.— Yesaviiia, oiyst, 9. BcUh.y Pogg., oxzzviil, 484; Mam Somma, anal, ib., czliv., 890.
Elba, cryst., Aehiardiy Knovo Gimento, IL, ill, Feb., 1870.
Santorin, cryst. memoir, Uetsmberg Min. Not, iz., 28, 1870.
Orawitza, anal., Lemberg Z8. G. Ges., zziv., 251, 1872.
In phonolyte from Freibnig, Breisgan, RaiKt Jahrb. Min., 1874 621.
Piquet describes (Ann. des Mines, YIL, i, 415, 1872) what he calls a now MeaU cf Mm from Merida (Portugal). It oocurred in a vein of dioryte oontaining magnesite, tpiazt. aparite. An analysis gave Glemencin (L c.) Si 48-36, tr) 1'56, Ca 46*41, Mgl'90, C 1-00, S0-o6, d ltl=rl00-80. H.=3-5-4. G.=280. Golor white. Stmctore radiated. Ai Kenngott remarks (Jahrb. Blin., 1878, 944) there seema to be no good reason for sepazatiag ic ttom. woUastonit
WoLLONGONOiTE, SiXUmafi Am. J. ScL, &, zlviiL, 85. Appendix L, p. 17.
WooDWAKDiTB, Min. p. 666.— AnaL, PUani, a R., Ixv., 1143, 1871 ; MaMIM nd FUght, anal., J. Gh. Soa, U., iz., 1., 1871.
WCLFENITS, Min. p. 607.— Wahsatch Mts., SiBman, Am. J. Set, III., iil, 200; vL, 129L Rucksberg and PhoenixvUle, cryst., 8ehrauf\ Ber. Ak. Wien, bdii, 184, 1871. Pzribram, hemimorphic forma, Zerrenner Tsoh. Min. Mitth., 1874, 91.
Xanthiosttb, Adam, Tableau Min., 1869, p. 43. An uncertain arsenate of from Johanngeorgenstadt, analyzed by Bergemann (Dana Mm., p. 548).
XsNOTiMR, Min. p. 528. — Heaenberg ozyst, Jahrb. Min., 1874, 838. See Wiaerine.
Ytthocerttb, Min. p. IZH.-Nin-deMkiM, (El Ak. Stookh., zzvii, 549, 1870.
Yttrotantalitb, Min. p. 519.— Ttterby, anaL, Batmnd$berg, ZS. G. Gea., zzL, MO, i869 ; Fogg., ol, 200, 1878.
Zbpharovicoite, Brjoily,— Ber. Ak. Wien, lix., 593, 1869.— Appendix I., p. 17.
572 A. Zeunerite. WeUbtuih, Jahrb Mm.. 1872, 207 ; 1878, 315; see also WinUer, J. pt. Ch., IL, vii, p. 8, 1873; Laubs, Lotoa, zziL, 1872, p. 210; ihnmaH, Jahrfau Min., 1878, 947.
Tetragonal. In crystals sometimes tabcdar, sometimes pyramidal, with planea /, 0, m. Cleavage, baBal perfect, the surface having a pearly lustre. H.2-2'5. O. Ooloi grass-green and apple-green. In appearance and physical diaracters very similar to tore iiito (Min. p. 585), with which it w isomorphous according to Weiabaoh.
Analyses, Winkler, 1. L o. , 2. quvited by Weiabaoh L a
Is Chi fl
1. 20-94 55-86 7*49 15*68 99'97
8. 151 55-6 8*7 14-5 (Pe 6-2, Ca 1 2) s 100
%m AaftrMfA IMl 311b. WMk 191%, 19L
AHfEADEK n.
Fiom analjBiB 1. WinUer writes Cu 2 8 Is + 8fi.
First found with other urftmnm minerala at the mine Weiner Hirsoh, near Bohneeberf, Bazony ; the crystals rest upon quartz or npon iron oohre. Since identified from Oeistcrhalde, near Joachimsthalf Laube (1. c.), and from Huel Oorland, Cornwall (on smoky quart with ohaloocite and melaconite), and from Zinnwald, Saxony (on qnan), Fremsel (L c).
Winkler (L c. p. 14) has made zeonerite artificially, having the following compoaitloD : 6a 701, Is 2211, 57-21, ti 14 65 100-98.
ZiNCiTB, Min. p. 185.— Artificial ozyd of zinc in twinned crystals, t. Bath, Pogg., ozUy., 580, 1871.
Hayes has investigated the zincite from New Jersey, and thinks he has confirmed hii previous observations that the red color is due to the presence of scales of hematite (Am. J Sci, IIL , iv., 191, 1872). The writer has made a study of some thin sections under the microscope, and has found that while there axe present, at times, irregular scales (the hematite of Hayes) the red or yellow oolor is always uniformly diffused, and is not due to .these wobIbb, See Dana, Min. p. 186.
Zircon, Min. p. 272. — Obeerved in the hypersthenyte, near Harsburg, Eoie, ZS. G. Gea., zziL, 754. ExpaiUy, France,, anal., Mylander, Jahrb. Min., 1870, 488. Ceylon, analyses, Forbeiy Chem. News, xxv., 806, June, 1872.
ZIrlite. Pichler has given this name to an opal-like hydrate of alumina closely related to, If not identical with, gibbsite. Found at Zirl, in the Tjrzol (Jahrb. Min., 1871, 57; 1875, 61).
Zoblitzite. See Limbachitb.
ZoiBiTB, Min. p. 290. — Tuscany, province of Lucca, Aohiardi BolL Oom. OeoL ItaL, 1871, 187.
Na Carolina, J. L. Smith.Am, J. ScL, m., vL, 184: Omth. Am. Phil Soc. Philad.. vili., 374, 406, 1878.
ThuHte, Norway, anal., Herter, ZS. G. Ges., xziii., 268w
BofnmeUberg, ZS. G. Ges., zziv., 649.
Zonochlorite, Foote, Bep. Amer. Assoa, 1873, p. 65.
Associated with laumontite, stilbite, prehnite and related minerals in the amygdoid of Neepigon Bay, Lake Superior.
Massive, banded with different shades of dark-green. H.=r6|-7. G.=:8-118. Water determinations gave 8-7, 12*9 and 7-03 p. c, and the presence of iron and alumina, also lime and soda (spectroscope) was proved. B. B. fuses with difficulty to a dark glass, and with fluxes reacts for iron. Upon this very imperfect examination the author concludes that the species is new. [Probably identical with chlorastrolite, Dana, Min., p. 412. J
Paraoonitb. — Oossalte. Gastaldl has given this name to a mineral which in oxygen ratio and chemical composition is identical with paragonite, but he separates it from udi pecies on the grotmd of the absence of distinct micaceous cleavage. He fint identified it in an antique ring (possibly a bracelet) dug up in the neighborhood of Turin, but he has also found it at the mines of Borgofranoo, near Ivre, and at ML Blasier.
The description as given by Prof. Cossa is as follows :
Structure crystalline, finely lamellar ; in some portions having a micaceous aspect (Borgofranco ; this tendency to micaceous structure is absttit in the mineral from Mt. Blasier). Opaque, slightly translucent on the edges. H. 2.5. G. 2 896 and 2*890. Color green. Screak white.
Analyses; 1. and 2. by Cossa, 1. c. 1. Borgofranoo; 2. Mt Blasier; 3. paragonits Bammelsberg (Dana, Min., p. 488).
1. Cossaite. 46-67 89-02 2-01 687 186 4-91 10088
2 46-68 89-88 1-06 6-91 084 508 100 45
8. Paragonite. 46-81 40 06 tr. 0*65 126 6-40 tr. 4-82 100 BamoL
Vie oxygen ratio f or B : fi : fi : S 1 : 9 : 19 : 9.
64 AFPBKDIZ n.
B.B. faaible with diffloalty ; exfoliates and beoomee opaque white, moiBtenad with eobell BoluUou ; after ignition gives an intense blue oolor. Not deoomposed by hydxodUori:* add. Oastaldi calls the cossaite a aoda-onoosin (pinite). He adds the following analjris hj Gosss of what he considers a normal onoosin from Fenestrelle : §i Si 8t'03, Ca 1*07, Ag 3-42, 10-44, iffa 408, ti 3-41 100-41. (0. ratio ft : : Si 1 : 3 : 6.) Veiy similsr to ooBsaite in physiosl characters. B.B. fusible. (Atti Aocad. Sci. Torino, z., Dea, 1874).
662 A. auanovulite, Wibd, Ber. Ghem. Ges. Berlin, 1874, 892.
Found in oryBtalline depositB filling the eggs of birds in PeruTian guana H. 2. G. 233-2 -65. Color yeUowish-white. Lustre silky. An analysis gave, after deduction of impurities, 35*49. NH4O 5*09, S 4960, 9*82 100 -Oa Wibel wiitea the fonuuls NHOd + 2£:S + + 4 aq.
In water it dissolves, leaving a very small residue, and giving a light-yellowish solution, whioh has a salty taste. Insoluble in ether or aloohcd. Heated in a glass tube it first lose water and ammonia, tiien beooniM blaok, and on stroDger heating malts and givw off olphnrio aoidi
Thied Appeidix
To Thb
Fifth Edition
Of
Dana'S Minekalog-Y,
Bt
Edwabd S. Dana,
CURATOR or linrBRALOOT, TiJUl OOLLMR.
OOMPLETmO THE WORK TO 1889.
Nbw York:
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 58 Bast ,
of
Ooptbxuiit,
1882,
Bt E. S. DANA.
Peefatory Note.
Tms Third Appendix to the fifth edition of the System of Mineralogy is designed to make the work complete up to January, 1882. Its publication has been unavoidably delayed long after the date originally set for its completion. The fact that seven years have elapsed since the issue of the Second Appendix (March, 1875), will be a sufficient explanation of the perhaps inconvenient lenjh to which it extends.
This Appendix contains : (1), full descriptions of all announced anew since the publication of Appendix II. ; and (2), references to all important mineralogical articles which have been published during the same period, with citations from them of many new analyses and new facts as to physical characters and localities. Under each species the entries are, for the most part, arranged under two heads : that of Crystallization (Oryst.), for the articles which treat of the crystalline form; and that of Analyses (AnaL), for those containing chemical analyses, with pr without other matter.
The number of new species " is very large, aggregating fuUy three hundred (800). Unfortunately the original descriptions oi: a large part of them are very incomplete, and in too many cases the names are contributions only to the nomenclature of the Science. If two very simple rules could be conscientiously followed by those investigating supposed new spies, the Science of Mineralogy would be vastly benefited. These are : first, that the material analyzed should in every case be proved by a careful microscopic and chemical examination to be homogeneous ; and, second, that the thorough investigation which is to establish the position oi: a " new species " should precede, not foUow, the giving of a new name. A mineral which can be only partially described does not deserve a name.
In the classified list of new names on p. xi., those which seem to have a fair claim to recognition (including the names of some well-characterized varieties) are placed first. Following these in each division, are given in a paragraph the names, (1), of ordinary varieties having no especially distinctive character ; (2), of imperfectly described or doubtful species, for which further study is much to be desired ; and (3), of those so-called species which are obviously bad. The names of all species, new and old, are arranged in the body of the work in alphabetical order; the former are printed in black-faced type. References are given both to the System and also to Appendixes I. and II. ; Appendix III. is, consequently, an index for the earlier Appendixes.
The Biolioeraphy includes a list of mineralogical works pablished since January, 1875. To this is added a list of new joumab devoted wholly, or m part, to mineralogical subjects, and also a list of memoirs upon a single subject of more than orcLLnary importance. For the explanation of Abbreviations, see the System, pp. .-xlv., and also this Introduction, p. viii. The thanks of the writer ,are due toTrofessor George J. Brush for his kindness in reading a set of the proofs as the work was going through the press.
New KkTEHf, April let, 188a
m
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GuKNET, H. P. Crystallography, 128 pp. l2mo, London, 1878.
Kenngott. 120 Krystallformennetze zom Anfertigen von Ejrystallmodellen, 8vo, Ptague, 1876 and 1878
ESjbik, C. Einleitang in die Krystallberechnnng, B98 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1875.
Knop, a. System der Anorganographie, als Gnmdlage fUr YortrUge an Hochscholen, 396 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1876.
Milne. Notes on Crystallography and Crystallophysics, 70 pp. 8vo, London, 1879.
LiEBiscH. Geometrische Krystalloffraphie, 464 pp. 8to, Leipzig, 1881.
Mallard. Traits de CristaUograpnie gtomtrique et physique, vol. i., Paris, 1879.
Bammelsberg, C. F. Handbuch der Krrstallographisch-physikalischen Chemie. AbtheUung 1 : Elemente und anornische Yerbindungen, 615 pp. 8yo, Leipzig, 1881.
Bbusch, E. Die stereographische Projection, 8*i pp. large 8vo, Leipzig, 1881.
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n.— DETEBMINATIYB MINEBALOGY.
Brush, G. J. Manual of Determinative Mineralogy, with an Introduction on Blowpipe Analysis, 8d edition, 104 pp. 8yo, New York, 1878.
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161 pp. 12mo, London, 1879.
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qiialitatiyen nnd quantitatiren LOthrohr-Untersuchungeii, 5te Anfliige, 665 pp. 8vo, Leipag, 1877-78.
Szab6, J. Ueber eine neue Methode die Feldspathe auch in Gresteinen zu bestimmen, 80 pp. 8vo, Budapest, 1876.
Weisbach, a. Tabellen zur Bestimmong der Mineralien nach ftusseren Kennzeichen, 2te Auflage, 8vo, Leipzig, 1878.
WiiK, F. J. Mineral Karakteristik, en Handledning yid bestftmmandet af Mineralier och Bergurter, 217 pp. small 8vo, HeLsingfors, 1881.
UL—A. DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY— General Works.
Baueemann, n. Text-Book of Systematic Mineralogy, vol. i (CrystallogTaphj, etc/i, 867 pp. 12mo, Loiiflon, 1881.
BoMBicci. Corso di Mineralogia, Seconda Edizione, toL L, 664 pp., 1873 ; toL iL (in two parts), 1031 pp., 1875, Bologna,
Mineralogia generale, 174 pp., Milan, 1880.
CoLUNS, J. H. Mineralogy, toI. i., the general principles of Mineralogj, 206 pp. 12mo, London and New York, 1878.
Dana, E. S. A Text-Book of Mineralogy with an extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy, on the plan and with the co-operation of Professor James D. Dana, 486 pp. 8vo, New York, 1877.
Dana, James D. Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology, containing the elements of tbt Science of Minerals and Rocks for the use of the practical Mineralogist and Geologist and for instruction in Schools and Colleges, 3d edition, 474 pp. 12mo, New York, 1878.
Delafosse. Minralogie, nouyelle tiom 251 pp. 8yo, Paris, 1876.
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Mineralojia, tercera edicionuecomprende principaJmente las especies mineralojicas
de Chile, Bolivia, Peru i Provicias Arjentinas, 762 pp., 8to, Santiago, 1879 ; Pruner Apendice, 1881.
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Beziehungen geordnet, zweite yoUst&ndig neu bearbeitete Auflage, 134 pp. 4to, Braunschweig, 1882.
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KoBELL, F. V. Die Mineralogie, leichtfasslich dargestellt mit Rflcksicht auf dasVorkommen der Mineralien, etc., Auflage, 274 pp. 8v6, Leipzig, 1878.
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Roth, J. Allgemeine und chemische Geologie. yoL i.. Berlin, 1879.
BIBUOGRAPHT. yij
Rf DOSFF. Grundriss der Mioeralogie f Qr den Unterricht an hOheren Lehranstalten, 95 pp. 8vo, Berlin, 1875 and 1876.
ScHRAUF. Atlas der Krystall-fonnen des Mineralreiches, 4, 5 Lieferungen, Vienna.
Sells, A. de. Cours de Minralogie et de Gologie, 589 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1878.
Senft, F. Synopsis der Mineralogie und Geognosie; lie AbtheUung, Mineralogie, 931 pp. 8vo, Hannoyer, 1875.
Ssen, a. Lftrobok i Mineralogi f5r elementarlfirorerk och tekniska Skolor, 8e uppL bearbetad af H. Sjogren, 218 pp. 8yo, Stockholm, 1881.
Stelzner u. PaOLSS. Atlas der Mineralogie, 4 Tafeln nebst erl&ut. Texte, 40 pp. 4to, Leipzig, 1875.
TscHEBMAK, G. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, erste Lieferung, 192 pp. 8vo, Vienna, 1881.
Weisbacu, a. Synopsis Mineralogica, systematische Uebersioht des Mineralreiches, 78 pp. 8vo, Freiberg, 1875.
Zangeble, M. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, unter Zugrundelegung der neueren Ansichten in der Chemie, 2te Auflage, 166 pp. 8vo, Braunschweig, 1880.
Habtogh Heus y. Zoutekeen. Handbook d. Mineralogie, 1881.
IIL— -B. DESCEIPTTVE MINERALOGT— Works on Special Subjects, published
sepabatelt.
Blum, J. R. Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs, 4ter Kachtrag, 212 pp. 8vo9 Heidelberg, 1879.
BoBiCKT, E. Eleraente einer neuen chemisch-mikroskopischen Mineral- und Gesteinsanalyse, 72 pp. 4to, Prag, 1877.
Bbackebusch, D. Luis. Las Espccies Minerales de la Republica Argentina, 120 pp., Buenos Aires, 1879. (AnaL Soc. Cientif. Argentina.)
Cohen, E. Sammlun Ton Mikrophotographieen zur Veranschaulichung der mikroskopishen Structur von Mineralien und Gesteinen, aufgenommen von J. Grimm, Offenburg, 1, 2, 3, 4 Lfg., Stuttgart, 1881-82.
DoELTEB. Die Bestimmung der petrographisch wichtigeren Mineralien durch das Mikroskop ; £ine Anleitung zur mikroskop. (Osteins- Analyse, 86 pp. Syo, Vienna, 1876.
Endlich, F. M. Catalogue of Minerals found in Colorado ; Washington, 1878 (Annual Report of Geol. Survey for 1876, pp. 185-159).
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FiscHEB, Heinbich. Nephrit und Jadeit nach ihren mineralogischen Eigenschaften, so wie nach ihrer urgeschichtuchen und ethnographischen Bedeutung, 411 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1875; 2te Auflage, 1880.
FouQu£, F. and Michel-Ltt, A. Mineralogie micrographique, roches ruptives Francaiaes, 509 pp. 4to, Paris, 1879.
Fuggeb. Die Mineralien des Herzoh. Salzbui 134 pp. 8to, Salzburg, 1878.
Geinitz, Franz Eugen. Studien Qoer Mineral-Pseudomorphosen (Inaug. Dissert.) 56 pp. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1876.
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GoNNABD, F. Mineralogie du Dpartement du Puy-de-Dome, 192 pp. 8vo, Paris and Lyons, 1876. Mtooires sur les Zdolitnes de I'Auvergne, 96 pp., Paris, 1875.
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MoucHKETOFF. Les richesscs Mindrales du Turkestan Russe, 34 pp. 4to, Paris.
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Ytii BZBLIOOSAFHT.
Schmidt, Die Blel- nnd ZinkenkweratStten von Sadwert MiflBouri, Heidfllbciiig, ISTft. Die Zinkenlagentfttten von Wieeloch, Baden, 122 pp., Heidelbei, 1881.
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Spikss, Q. Zur Ghichte der Pseudomorphoeen dee Mineralreicfas, 1678 (Leopoldina.)
Thoulet. Contributions k l'6tude des propri6t& phyaques et chemiqaes des minteux microsoopiqaes, 77 pp. 8vo, Paris.
Wexckenbach, B. Uebersicht Uber die in Nassau auigefundenen rinfanhen IGiiendien, Jahrb. Nass. Yer. Nat, pp. 149-219, 1878-79.
Zducel, F. Die Kinfnhrung des Mikroskops in das mineralogiscli-geologiachfi Stadiuir 4to, Leipzig, 1881
Iv.— New Joubnals.
American Chemical Journal (Am, Ch. Joum.), edited with the aid of chemists at home and abroad, bj Ira Bemsen, Baltimore. Conmienced in 1879, published in early Tolumesof 6 numbers.
B. Comitato Geologioo d' Italia; Bolletino {BoU. Com. QeoL). Commenced in 1869, published in yearly yolumes of 12 numbers.
Bulletin de la Socit Mimtodogique de France {BvXL Soe, .). Commenced in 187, published in yearly volumes of 8 or 9 numbers.
Geologiska Fdreningens i Stockholm FOrhandlingar (GeoL Fdr. I'ifrhX Commenced in 1872. Vol. L (Nos. 1 to 14). 1872-78; ii. (Nos. IStolS). 1874-75; iiL (Nos. 29 to 42), 187$- 77; iv. (Nos. 48 to 66), 1878-79; v. (Nos. 57 to 70), 1880-61.
The Mineraloical Magazine ana Journal of the Mineraloeical Society of Ot Britain and Ireland (M%n. Mag,). Commenced April, 1876. Vol. i. (Nos. 1 andSC 1876, 3-7 inol.. 1877); il (Nos. 8, 9. 10, 1878; 11, 12, 12, 1879); ui. (Nos. 13, 14, 15, 1879; 16, 17, 188i'r, iv. (Nos. 18, 19, 1880; 20, 1881).
Mineralogische Mittheilunn gesammelt von G. Tschermak {Km. MtUh.). Commenced 1871. Since 1878 published m separate form of smaller size as
Mineralogische und Pctrographische Mittheilungen (Min. FUr. MiUK,), in yearly volumes of 6 numbers. Vol. L, 1878; ii., 1879; iii., i880Tiv., 1881.
Zeitschrift fOr Krvstallographie und Mmeralogie, untcr Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fach-
fenossen des In- una Auslimdes, herausgegeben von P. Groth (Z. Krytt.), Commenced in 877, published in yearly volumes of 9 numbers. Numbers 1 and 2 of each volume are generallv published in the dosing part of the preceding year.
Annalen der Physik und Chemie: long known as PoegendorlTs Annalen {Ifgg, AnnM since 1877 published by G. Wiedemann, and hence called Wiedemann's Annalen ( Wied. Ann.). Three volumes annually; vola, L, ii, 1877; iii., iv., v., 1878, etc.
Neues Jahrbuch fQr Mineralogie, Geologie und Palsontologie, eta (iT. MinJ). Since IS rstrictl Oct., 1879), edited by £. W. Benecke, C. Klein, and H. Bosenbusch; and published m two volumes yearly. VoL 1880, L, ii. ; 1881, L, iL Also Beilagfr-Band L, Heit I., 1880, IL, 1881, III., 1882. In the regular volumes tiie original memoirs and the abstracts of papers (Referate, ref.) are separately paged. An Incbx to the Jahrbuch for 1870-79 was issued in 1880.
v.— MEMOIBS ON THE "OPTICAL ANOMALIES" OF SOME CBYSTALLIZED
Minebals.
The (juestion as to the true explanation of the "optical anomalies ''presented by many crystallized minerals has been widely discussed in the past few years. That thecrtals of many species exhibit in polarized light optical phenomena, not in harmony with their apparent geometrical form, has long been recognized ; and the explanations which have been offered in earlier years are weU understood: that is, the theory of lamellar polarization of Biot, of internal tension of Beusch, of disturbed molecular structure of JVorboeA, and so on. The recent discussion of this sulnect has taken a wide range, and many new facts have been recorded. Attention has been especially directed to it by the classical memoir of Jfallard, the importance of which cannot be overestimated, even if his conclusions are not always accepted (for title see below). According to Mallard's view, as far as
Bxblioobafht. Ix
ft can be explained In a word, these optical anomalies are explained on the assomption that the crystal exhibiting them is in fact made up of separate individuals reguLarly grouped, which are 01 a lower grade of symmetry than that which the complete form simulates. Thus, an apparent isometric cube may be made up of 6 square pyramids, each opticaUy uniaxial, placed with their vertices at the centre of the solid, and their bases forming its sides. Similarly an apparent isometric octahedron may be msde up of eight anisotropic triangular pyramids grouped in an analogous manner; and so on. Mallard thus includes under pseudo-iaomeirtc species: alum, analcite, boracite, fluorite, garnet, and senarmontite; among the pmuUhietragonal species: apophylite, brookite, mellite, octahedrite, rutile, vesuvianite, zircon: Among paeuachhexagoruu species: apatite, beryl, corundum, penninite, ripidolite, tonimaidae; species: harmotome, topaz; orthoclase (microcliney Many additional facts to which the hypothesis of Mallard is applicable have been published by Berirand (see below, and under the various species in the body of this work), who has also devised an arrangement of the microscope by means of which, with a high magnifying power, optical investigations may be made in manv cases where it was before impossible. Oraltarola includes calcite, ouartz, nephelite, barite, etc. in the list of species which have an apparent symmetry higher than that which really belongs to them; his conclusions, however, are not based upon observations.
In many other cases observers have, on the basis of variation in aneles, or of optical characters, reached the conclusion that tilie in question reallv belongs to a system of lower symmetry than that to which it nas been ordinarily referred. These cases are recorded in Appendixes II. and III. These last named observations, however, do not in most cases admit of beiuff explained on the hypothesis of Mallard. In many of them the conclusions reached are beyond doubt correct, in others the question must be regarded as still undecided.
T8c?iemu proposes the term mimetic for those forms (" mimetische Formen "), which imitate a higher grade of symmetry by the grouping (twinning) of individuals of a lower
grade of symmetry, as for example, aragonite. Mallard s hypothesis has been opp
jposea bv various investigators on the ground that it does
not explain many observed facts and is decidedly at variance with others. The observations of Kloeke, Janneitaz, Klein, Ben Sattde, are especially to be mentioned. A few of the facts bearing upon the question are given under boracite (p. 17) and analcite (p. 5>. Klocke shows that the same crystal of alum may contain truly isotropic (normal) and anisotropic (abnormal) portions; also that the so-called distortion of the crystals and their position during their formation influences the optical phenomena observed. He shows, also, that preparations of gelatine, hardened under tension, show all the optical phenomena of the crystals under discussion. This subject cannot be elaborated here ; it is enough to say that tne observations of the mineralogists mentioned, as also of others, seem to confirm the view of Reusch, that at least in many cases (o. g. analcite, garnet, vesuvianite, etc.) the optical anomalies " are to be explained as due to the state of molecular tension existing witnin the crystal. The investigation of this subject cannot, however, be regarded as entirely completed. A good general review of this subject is given by Zirkel in the 11th edition of Naumann's llOneraiogy, pp. 152 et seq., also p. 722, 1881. The following are titles of important papers bring upon this subject.
Arzbuni u. Koch, S. Ueber Sen Analcim, Z. Eryst. v., 488, 1881.
BAxmHATTBB. Ueber den Perowskit, Z. Kiyst., iv , 187, 1879.
. Uber die Zwillingsbildung und die optischen Eigenschaften des Ghabasit, Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 891, 1879.
Bbn Sauds. Ueber den Analcim, J. Min., 1882. i., 41.
Bertrand. Snr les differences entre les propri6t4s optiques des corps cristalllsdes birfifrinnts, et celles one peuvent planter tes corps monorfringents aprds qn'ils ont t6 modifies par des retraits, compressions, dilatations, ou toute autre cause, Bull. Soc Min., v., 8, 1882.
See also numerous earlier papers in Bull. Soc. Min., 1., 22, 96, 1878; iii., 58, 98, 159, 171, 1880; iv., 8, 8*, 61, 87, 287, 255, l&Sl.
BioT. Recherches sur la polarisation lamellaire, etc., G. R., xii., 967; xiii., 155, 891, 839, 1841.
Bucking. Ueber durch Druck hervorgerufene optische Anomalien, ZS. G. Ges., xxxii., 199. 180.
Grattabola, G. Deir Uniti cristallonomica in MineralQgia. Florence, 1877 (Rivista Scientifico-industrialel
HiBSCHWALD. Zur Eritik des Leucitsystems, Mm. Mitth., 1875, 227.
Jannbttaz. Sur les colorations du dfiamant dans la lumidre polaris Bull. Soc. Min. ii., 124, 1879; Note sur les phnomenes optiques de I'alun oomprim, ib., p. 191; iii., 20.
X Bibliography.
KLEEff. Ueber den Boracit, J. Min., 1880, iL, 309; 1881, i., 239.
Klogks. Ueber Doppelbrechong regulftrer Rrvstalle, J. Min., 1880, i., 53 (see also ii., 97, 18 ref. ; 1881, L, 204, and Verb. nat. Ges. Freiburg, viii, 31).
Ueber einige qptische Mgenschaften optisch anomaler Krystalle und deren Nachahmung durch gespannte uud gepresste Colloide, J. Min., 1881, iL, 249.
Mallard. Explication des Phnomnes optiques anomaux que prdsentent un grand nombre de substances cristalUs, Annales aes Mines (Ann. Mm.), vU., z- PP- 00-196, 1876 (Abstract in Z. Kryst, i., 809-820). See also BulL Soc. Min., i., 107, 187%.
Sur les propri6t& optiques des mkuiges de substances isomorphes et sur les
anomalies optiques aes cristaux,im. Soc. Min., ill., 3, 1880.
Marbach. Ueber die optischen Eigenschaften einiger Krystalle des tesseralen Systems, Pogg. Ann., xciv., 412, 15. , t-
Pfapp. Versuche tiber den Einfluss des Drucks auf die optischen Eigenschaften Krystalle, Pogg. Ann., cvii., 883; cviii., 678, ia59.
Reusch, v. Ueber die sogenannte Lamellarpolarization des Alanns, Pogg. Ann., cxmL, 618 1867
RuMPF.' Ueber den KrystaUbau des Apophyllits, Min. Petr. Mitth., iL, 869. 1879.
TscHERMAK. " Mimetische Formen," ZS. G. Gee., aum., 637, 1879, and Lehrb. Mm., p. 89 et seq., 1881.
Classified List Of New Names.
Sulphides Arsenides, TeUurides, etc,, Min., pp. 26-84.
Coloradoite 29
Daubrelite 84
Frieseite (near stembeigite) 115
Paois Paos
Krennerite (Bunsenin) 66
Polydymite 96
Statzite 117
Animikite, p. 71; ArgyropTrite (var. stembergite), p. 115; Arsenargentite, p. 9; Erythrozincite (var. wurtzite? p. 48; Huntillte, p. 7l; LauUte, p. 67; Leyiglianite, p. 86; Sommarugaite gersdorfflte), p. 51; Telaspyrine, p. 119. Bordosite, p. 4.
Sulpharaenites, SulpharUimonites, SulphobiemtUhiies, etc., Min., pp. 85-109.
Pagb Paob
Alaskaite (Silberwismuthglanz) 8
Galenobismutite. 49
Beegerite 18 Gaejarite 54
Bjelkite cosalite), p. 81; Coppite, p. 120; DtLrfeldtite, p. 40; Fredricite (yar. tennantite), p. 119; Frigidite (var. tetrahedite), p. 120; Malinofskite (var. tetrahedite), p. 120; PlumoostannJte, p. 95.
CMoridea, Bromides, Iodides, and Fluorides, Min., pp. 111-130.
Pagx Page
Ghloromagnesite (Bischoflte) 25
Daubreite 85
Huantajaite (near halite) 55
lodobromite 68
Tysonite , 126
Ateline, p. 120; ChloraUnminite, p. 25; Crtohalite, p. 82; p. 48; Eriochalcite, p. 48; Hydrofluorite, p. 61; Lawrencite, p. 67; MelanothaUite, p. 75; Nocerite, p. 85; Proidonite, p. 97; Pseuoocottinnite, p. 97; Pyrooonite pachnolite), p. 88.
Oxides, Mln., pp. 138-201.
PAGB PAOa
Ghaicophanite 28 I Manganosite 78
Cleveite 27
Unite, p. 61; Hydroilmenite (alt. menaocanite), p. 76; Hydrotitanite (alt. perofskite), p. 91; IgelstrOmite pyroaurite), p. 99; Iserite rutile ?), p. 105; Lepidophsite wad), p. 180; Passyite quartz), p. 101; Pseudobrookite brookite ?) p. 97; Stibianite. d. 116: Yttroemmmite. d. 28.
SUbianite, p. 116; Yttrogammite, p. 28
Anhydrous Silicates, Min., pp. 208-898.
Anomite (var. biotite) 77
Barylite 12
Clinohumite 26
Cossyrite 81
Dumortierite 09
Eucryptite 44, 118
Friedelite 48
Ganomalite 40
Page Pagb
Haughtonite (var. biotite) 79
Homilite 69
Hyalotekite 60
Eentrolite 65
Melanotekite 75
Micrcxline 80
Peckhamite 89
Siderophyllite (var. biotite) 80
zi
CLASSiriED LIST OF NBW NAJfU.
Hydrous Silicatea, Min., p. 80&-ll12.
Bravaisite 18
Dayreiixite 85
Diabantite 87
PAGE TAOt
Freyalite (near thorite) 48
o PAes not
Blomstrandite 16
Dysanalyte 40
Hatchettolite 61
Haddainite microlite), p. 81 ; Hennannolite oolumbite), p. 80 ; Mangantantalite (Tar. tantalite), p. 118 ; Rogersite, p. 104 ; Vietinghofite (var. fsamarskite), p. 106.
JPhoaphcUea, Arsenates, Vanadates, Min., pp. 528-591.
Paok
Camnite (Karyinite) 20
Eleonorite beraunite Tj 18
Eosphorite (near childrenite) 24
Fairfieldite 45
Pillowite 47
Hannayite 55
Henwoodite 67
Lithiophilite (var. triphyHte) 70
Ludlamite 70
Mirite 82
Mottramite 83
Newberyite 84
Phosphuranylite 93
Psittacinite 98
Beddingite 102
Strengite 116
Triploidite 125
Tritochorlte (near eusynchite) 44
Uranocircite 127
Achrematite, p. 1 ; Baryturanite (=aranocircite\ p. 127; Brackeboschite, p. 86 ; Chlorotile, p. 26 ; Destinezite, p. 86 ; Jogrnaite, p. 108 ; Leaoochalcite, p. 68 ; Lenooman nite, p. 69 ; Liskeardite, p. 70 ; Mansnnapatite (Tar. apatite), p. 8 ; Picite, p. 99 ; Pyropnofiphorite, p. 100 ; Bhabdophane (Babdopbane), p. 108 ; Spodiodte, p. 112.
Aniimoniates, Nitrates, Min., pp. 591-598.
Page
Paci
Nitrobarite 85
Atopite 10
Arequipite, p. 9 ; Barcenite, p. 11 ; Goronguite, p. 80.
Borates, Min., pp. 594-600.
Franklandite (near ulexite), p. 48; Pandermite (near priceite), p. 97; Tinoaioonite, p. 123.
CLA88IFIBD LIST OF HEW NAinS. xlii
Molybdaies, Chromates, TeUuraUs, Min., pp. 801-608; 628-82, etc.
Paqs
Beinite 103
Chiomowulfenite, p. 182 ; Ferrotellurite, p. 46 ; xnagnolite, p. 72 ; Tarapacaite, p. 119.
SulpkaiM, Min., pp. 614 668.
PAoa
Clinophieite 28
Dietnchite 88
Herrengrundite (UrvSlgyite) 67
Ilesite 62
Mallardite 72
Phillipite 92
Plagioci trite 94
Serpierite. 109
Szmikite 118
WatteyiUite lai
Zincalominite 183
Clinocrocite, p. 28 ; Gyprusite, p. 88 ; Krngite (near polyhalite), p. 96 ; Luckite (var. elanterite), p. 76 ; PioroaUumoffene, p. 98 ; Keichardtite epeomite), p. 42 ; Siderona- Lte, p. 109 ; Sonomaite (var. pioldngerite, p. 98 ; Urnsite, p. 109 ; Werthemanite (near
alominlte), p. 181.
SdenUes, Araenitsa,
Chaloomenite 28
Ekdemite 41
Taqm
Trippkeite 126
Carhonaiea, pp. 66718.
Biamnt06phrite 15 1 Sphsrocobaltite Ill
Hibbertite, p. 68 ; Hydrooeruflsite, p. 61 ; Manganoeiderite (Tar. rhodoohrosite), p. 108 ; Paiankerite (var. ankeiite), p. 6 ; Thinollte, p. 51 ; Waltherite, p. 16.
OxakUeSj Min., pp. 718, 719. Oxammite, Ghianipite, p. 88.
Bydroearhon CompaundSf Min., pp. 72760.
Ajkite, p. 8 ; Bemardinite, p. 18 ; Celestialite, p. 21 ; Duxite, p. 40 ; Gedanite, p. 61 ; Hofmannite, p. 59 ; Huminite, p. 60 ; lonite, p. 68 ; ESflachite, p. 64 ; Muckite, p. 88 ; Nendorfite, p. 84 ; PhytoooUite, p. 88 ; Poeepnyte, p. 96 ; Schiaofite, p. 107.
Appendix Iii.
Abriaclumiie. Heddle, Min. Mag., iil., 61, 198, 1879. AUkm, ib. p. 69. An apparently new mineral," Jolly and Cameron, Q. J. G. Soe., xxxvi, 109, 1880.
Amorphous, clay-like ; sometimes ahowing a distinct flbroas structure ; also pulverulent. Color bright ultramarine blue. G-. 3*326 Heddle ; 2*01 J. and G. Analyses : 1, Heddle, fragments from Dochfour; 2, Heddle, similar material crushed and then washed by decantation ; 3, mean of several analyses from different localities, JoUy and Cameron.
SiO, A1,0, Pe,0, FeO MnO MgO CaO Na,0 K,0 H,0
1. 6115 14 92 9-80 0 30 1080 112 6-62 (m 4-77 8 tr. =100 01.
2. 62-40 9-34 1517 0*40 1050 1'17 Ml 0-61 100 =100*67. 8. 55-02 8-37 19-03 8-83 12-05 258 1-74 1-45 P.O. 0-88 100 25.
LoB8 006 at 100" C.
B. B. infusible, but loses color. Occurs abundantly in seams and cavities of the gneiss andgranite of the Abriaohan district, near Loch Ness, in Inverness-shire, Scotland.
[The material examined bv Heddle, and that analyzed by Jolly and Cameron, was derived, at least in part, from the same source, and was similar in appearance ; although in specific gravity there is a wide discrepancy, and the analyses do not entirely agre, especially as regards the alkalies. Heddle's analysis is near crocidoHte (compare anal. 8, Min., p. 248). The facts at least prove the correctness of the opinion expressed by Jolly and Cameron, that, until a more complete examination can be made on purer material, the substance does not deserve a new name.]
AcAyTHiTE, Min., p. 51; App. 11., p. 1. — Oroth has described crystals from Annaberg, which are orthorhombic with marked monoclinio symmetry, Min.-SammL, Strassburg, p. 51, 1878.
Achrematite. J, W, Mallet, J. Chem. Soc., II., xiii., 1141, 1875.
Massive, crypto-crystalline. Tetraeonal or hexagonal (?). H. 8-4. G. 5-965, in powder, 6*178. Color pale sulphur-yellow to orange and red, in the mass liver brown, from admixed limonite. Streak pale cinnamon brown. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Translucent on thin edges. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. Analyses :
As-O. P.O. MoO, PbO PWforCl) CI Fe,0, H,0 F,Cu,Ag
2. 16.25 003 4-40 62-32 5-48 1*88 8*53 1*88 tr. 100-27. 8. 1575 0-02 419 56*77 5*48 188 1808 227 tr. 9944.
The iron and water are present in the amount reauired for limonite. the presence of which is suggested by microscopic examination ; this limonite is deducted, viz., 11*56 p. c. for (1), 9*91 for (2), and 15*85 for (3) ; then calculating to 100, the results are :
MoO.
PbO
6*25
100.
100.
100.
Mean
6*28
2*15
100.
The formula calculated is 8 pPb.AsjOg + PbCl,] + 4 [Pb.MoOJ. [That the mineral is homogeneous, and not a mixture of an arsenate and molyodate of lead, is considered by the author as sufficiently proved ; but the composition proposed is certainly not a probable one]. B. B., decrepitates slightly, turns dark brick-reo, and fuses easily to a nearly
2 Atfbndiz Ul
globule, which shows indistiiict crystalline facets on cooling. On charcoal yiddB arseni odors, a lead coating, and finally {lobules of lead. With the fluxes, reacts lor iron, which, however, is only present as an impurity.
From the mines of Guanaoere, Chihuahua, Mexico. Named from dxpVfiocro, useUsi, in allusion to the fact that it was received as a silver ore, while, in fact, of no intrinaio value.
AcHTABAGDiTS.— l£in., p. 478; App. IL, p. 1.
ACHiTE, Min., p. 224; App. II., p. 1. — AnaL and discussion of composition, Norway, Dmter, Min. Petr. Mitth., L, 379, 1878. Probable occurrence at Transylvania, Becke, Min. Petr. Mitth., L, 654, 1878.
Adamite, Min., p. 565. — From the ancient mines recently reopened at Laurium, Greece. — Occurrence announced, Klieih J. Min., 1878, 58 ; cryst and optical description, Dti Cloizeaux, C. B., Ixxxvi., 88, Jan., 1878 ; cryst. description, LcupeyreB, Z. Kryst., iL, 147, Feb., 1878 ; Des Claiseaua}, BulL Soc. Min., i., 80, May, 1878.
Occurs in small crystals, colorless to deep emerald green, implanted on smithsonite; also in radiated mammilmry groups. The forms, as shown independently by Des Cloizeaux and Laspeyres, are closely similar to those of the original mineral from Chili, as also of that from Gape CHronne (App. II.. p. 1). Laspeyres mids that, with identical prismatic angles, the vertical axes in the colorless and deep green crystals differ, as 20 : 19 reroectively ; the habit is also different. An analysis of tne green mammiUary variety gave f!tiedel (Bull Soc. Min., L, 81) AsO, 40*17, ZnO 55-97, CuO 0*64, FeO 0-18, H,0 4-01 =100-97.
.kinuTS, Min., p. 228; App. n., p. 1. — AnaLHot Springs, Arkansas, J. It. SmUh, Am. J. Sc., jll., X., 80, i875. Analysis and discussion of composition, DdUer Min Petr. MittL, L, 874, 1878.
AArinite. v, Laaauix, J. Min., 1878, 852; Dea Cloizeaua, ib., 1877, Soc. Min., 1. 125, 1878. A compact, earthy mineral, of a bright blue color, the Pyrenees. H. S-4, G. 8*018. Shown by Des Gloizeaux to be a heterogeneous mass, consisting of a blue paste, inclosing different minerals, perhaps owing its blue color to artificial means. Analyses : 1, Lasaulx (see also J. Min., 1877. 60) ; 2, id,, part (18*28 p. c.) soluble in HCl (in other trials 29*17 p. c, and 82*45 p. c, went into solution) ; 8, Damour ; 4, id., insoluble portion ; 5, id,, soluble portion ; 6, total of 4 and 5 ; 7 and 8, Rammelsberg, ZS. 6. (hs., xxviii., 284, 1876.
SlOa AlaOa M2i,0FetOa VeO MgO CaO KO HaO
1. 48-53 7-55 1-17 82-78 0-90 8*59 6-16 100*67.
8. 45-86 10*22 18-67 8*23
4Insol. 81-57 8*58 5-27 8*55 3*61 1*01 TiO, 0-41,V,O,tr. 49.
6. 44-45 11-80 12-70 6-86 1016 1-31 12-74, TiO, 0-41.V.O., P.O. tr.=
[It seems to be sufficiently proved that the substance above described is not be regarded as a mineral species.]
RUorrE. — App. II., p. 1.
-SIscHYNiTB, Min., p. 522.— ChysL, HitterO, Norway, Brdgger, Z. Eryst, iii., 481, 1879. Miask, an ajialysis nas afforded Rcimmelsberg (ZS. Q, Gtos., xxix., 815, 1877),
Cb,0, TiO, ThO (Ce,La,Di),0, Y,0,,Er,0, Fe,0, CaO
82-51 21-20 17-55 19*41 810 2*50 99'98.
The formula deduced from this is [E,] Cb, (Ti,Th), or [BJ Cb,0, + 8 (Ti,Th) 0,. Aglaite.— See Jodumene, p. 112.
APFBNDIZ m. 8
AeBiooLiTB.— App. n., p. 1.
▲Jkite. A resin near amber, Ajka, Hungary (BolL Soo. Min., i., 126, 1878).
Alabandite, Min., p. 46.— AnaL, Morococha, Peru, Baimondif Min. Proo, p. 289,
Alaakaite. G. A. KSnig, Am. PhU. Soc., Philad.. 1881, 472, or Z. Kryst., vi., 42.
Massive, small foliated, with occasional cleavage planes. G. 6878. Lustre metallic. Color whitish lead-ray. Powder bluish gray. Opaque. Easily friable in the mortar. Analvses : 1 ; 1*, alter deducting from (1) 2*28 p. c. chaloopyrite, and 15 p. c barite ; 2, independent variety.
S Bi Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe ' Zn InsoL
15-85 46-87 0-51 9-70 710 8-64 070 064 15 00 10001.
17-68 66-97 0-62 11-79 8-74 846 0-79 100.
2(}) 17-85 61-85 17 61 8*00 6-88 1-48 0-20 283= 99-56.
For (1*) the ratio of R : Bi :S 1 : 2*02 : 4*14, and for (2) after deducting as in (1) 1 : 1*89 : 8-88, or, approximately 1:2:4, corresponding to (R„R) S + Bi„ with Ag„ Cu,, and E Pb.
. B. B. in closed tube decrepitates, and melts without giving a sublimate ; in the open tube gives fumes of SOi and a slight sublilnate of Sb.O,. On charcoal a lead coating, and on continued blowing that for silver ; also with potassium iodide and sulphur, a strong reaction for bismuth. After roasting reacts for copper and Iron with the fluxes. Slowly attaclced by cold concentrated HCl, rapidly decomposed by the hot acid, leaving floooulent alver chloride.
Occurs intimately mixed with quartz, barite, chaloopyrite and tetrahedrite, at the Alaska mine, Poughkeepsie Gulch, Colorado.
RammeUb&rg ZS. G. Ges., xxix., 80, 1877) has described under the name of SilbebwinuTHGLANz, a mineral which is the bismuth compound corresponding to miargyrite, and is very near alaskaite. — Massive, soft G. 6*92. Color gray. Streak light gray. Analysis after deducting admixed galenite : S 17*24, Bi 54*50, Ag 28*26 100. This corresponds to AgBiS,, or Ag,S + BS„ requiring S 17*0, Bi 54*7, Ag 28*8 100. B. B. on charcoal fuses readily, a coating of bismuth oxide, and after long blowing a globule of silver. Soluble in BNOs with separation of sulphur. Associated with tetrahedrite, galenite, sphalerite and pyrite at the Matilda mine, near Morooocha, Peru. [The two mioerala described are essentially identical, and as the name of Bammelsberg cannot be employed outside of Germany, that of KOnig may be accepted to cover both. The corresponding mineral, miargyrite, has also some varieties which contain lead.]
Albftb, Min., p. 848; App. II., p. 1.— Oryst. Euchelbad, near Prague, Bohemia, Vrba, Ber. B5hm. Ghs., 1879, 472, and Z. Kryst., iv., 860, 1880. Switzerland, vomRath, Z. Kryst, v., 27; ZOpUu, ibid., v., 258, 1880. Mt Cau., Pyrenees, v. Laaaulx, Z. Kryst., v., 841,
Thermolectrical characters, HafiM, Wied. Ann., i., 283, 1877.
Made artificially, identical in form and composition with natural crystals, JSautefeuiUe 0. E., Ixxxiv., 1801, 1877.
Anal. (2*8 p. c. KsO), Guatemala, v. Laaatilm, J. Min., 1875, 147.
Pseudomorph after spodumene (q. v., p. 112).
See also Feldspar Qrowp p. 45.
Allaxfte, Min., p. 285; App. II., p. 2. — Analyses of alteration products produced by weathering, B, Santas, Chem. News, xxxviii., 95, 1878.
Allophane, Min., p. 419; App. II., p. 2. — AnaL, SteinbrUck, Gcunper, Yerh. Geo). Beichs., 1876, 864.
Muck describes (Z. Berg.-SaL-Wesen., xxviii., 192, 1880) an earthy, white to pale wine yellow, or enish yellow substance, from the clay of the Schwelm mine. It corresponds -with the kteadaUuminite of Komwestheim (Min., p. 420), but the name sulfatallophav
ikPPBNDIZ m.
Is preferred, as it behaves like allophane. Soluble in HCL AnalYBes : 1, yeUowish, taof lucent ; 2, white, earthy; 8, soft, of butter-like consistency ; 4, kieselalluminite.
— 1
SiO,
Ai,q,
So. 7-W
H.O
As remarked by Muck, these substances are varyinff mixtures of aluminum silicate and basic aluminum sulphate.
Allophits. — App. 11, p. 2.
Alshedita.— See Tiianite, p. 122.
Altaite, Min., p. 44; App. II., p. 2.— From Chili, Domeyko, C. B., Ixxzi, 682, 18A and 5th App. Min. ChiH, p. 50, 187&
Alux, Min., p. 651.— Apparent tetrahedrism due to distortion, WtUff, Z. Kryst., y.,81,
Containing Cs and Bb, from Vulcano, Cosm, Aocad. Line. Trans., III., ii., 84, 1878. Action of solvents UDon, etc., Klocke, Z. Kryst, ii., 126, 298, 558 ; iv., 76. See also L. de Boisbaudran, C. B., Izzx., 888, 1007, 1450, 1876. Usieili, Aocad. Line. Trans., IIL, i., March 18, 1877.
ALUxnnTB,, Min., p. 658 ; App. II., p. 2. Jahrb. GeoL Beichs, 1878, 860. See also Werthemcmiie, p. 181.
Mnhlhausen, near Kralup, Baff
Alunitb, Min., p. 658. — AnaL, Breuil, Auvergne, t. Laaauix, J. Min., 1875, 142. In large deposits at Madriat, d'Issoire, France, anases. Bey. Ceol., Delesse and Lapparent, xiii., 88, 1877.
Alunogbx, Min., p. 640; App. II., p. 2.— AnaL, Cerros Pintados, Tarapaca, Pern, Mmmondi, Min., Prou, 248, 1878. Celebes, East Indies, Fremeh Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 295, 1880. Scotia mine, Cumberland Co., N. S., F, D, Adams, Geol., Canada, 1879-80. Sierra del Atajo, and Cerro de Famatina, Argentine Bepublic, Braekehuach, Min. Amntin., 76, 1879. Wallerawang, New South Wales, LiverMge, Proc. R Soc., N. S. W., Jfor. 8,
Alvite, Min., p. 511.— According to a suggestion of W. C. BrSgger (Geol. F5r. F5rh, v., 852, 1881), alyite is to be regarded as simy zircon and zenotime, compounded as described by Zschau (Min., p. 529). Crystals from AnnerSd, near Moss, Norway, gaye him 86*58 SiO, and 18*84 PtO, supporting this yiew. [This may be true of some 8(>-caUed alyite, but can hardly apply to the mineral originally analysed by Forbes.]
Amalgam, Min., p. 18; App. II., p. 2.— Domeyko (8d Ed. Min., ChQi, p. 858, 1879) deribes several yarieties of sifyer amalgam from Chili. One of these from the mines of
scribes
Arqueros, Coquimbo, Chili, has Ag 94-4, Hg 5*6, and corresponds to hontberffUe (App. II., p. 82). Another has Ag 69-21, Hg 80-76, and is called hordwUe (but see App. II., p. 8) from the locality, the mines of Bordos. Various intermediate compounds are mentioned.
An amalgam from Vitalle Creek, Britbh Columbia, lat 58' N.. afforded : Ag 86-15, Hg 11-90, SiOa 0-46 98-50 {Hanka, priy. contrib.); it hence corresponds with arouente (Min., p. 14). An amalgam from the Sala mine, Sweden, gave NordsMm : Ag 46-30, Hg 51-1% Fe 0-81, Zn, Pb, tr., CaCO, 021, insoL, 101 9945, GeoL F5r. F5rh., v., 715, 1881.
APPKNDUL m. 5
Ambltqonite, Min., p. 545.— Analyses by PenfiMj Am. J. Sc., m. xriiL, 5, 1879.
PfOfi Al, L,0 Kh,0 HsO f
G. 8.068
G.=8060
G.- 8-085
G. 8*007
Thesa analyses are arranged so as to show the variation in the relative amoants of water and fluorine. For all of them the author shows that the ratio of P : Al : R : (F,OH) 1:1:1:1 nearly, corresponding to the formula AlaP,0 + 2B (F,OH). The oondusion reached is that the varieties (see hebranite and tnofUebraaite in Appendixes I. and II.) differ only in the extent to which the fluorine is isomorphously replace by hydroxyl (HO). See also triphidUe, in this Appendix.
Occurrence at Montebras, with analyses, Thenard, Monit. Scientif., III., ix., 1175 (Jahresb. Gh., 1879, 1204).
Ambltbtsoitb. — App. I., p. 1.
AlfBBOSINE.— App. I., p. 1.
Amesita. — See CorundophiUUj p. 81.
Amphibole, Min., p. 232; App. n., a 2.— Oryit description, v. Kokacharof, Min. Bussl, Tiii, 159, 247, 1881.
Practical determination by optical methods in thin sections of rooks, .Foumiand lAvy, Ann. Min., VII., xii, 429, 1877; Thoukt, ib., xiv.. Ill, 1878.
Analyses of Scottish varieties, and discussion of results of alteration, Beddle, Trans. Soc. Eainb., xxviii., 502, 1878. Amelia Co., Ya., ; Amherst Co., Va., Baker, Ch. News, xliL, 194, 1880.
I, and arranged in parallel or radiated groups ; cleavage prismatic, 124*. ilysis : U) SiO, 36-78, ALO, 15*18, Fe,0. 14-46, FeO 22-89, CaO i514, 400, K,0 0-42, loss [0-25J, MnO tr. 100; characterized by the small
A variety of amphibole containing no magnesia is called beroamaskitb, by Lueehetti (Mem. Ace., Bologna, IV., ii., 897, 1881; Z. Sryst., vi., 199). Occurs in a quartzose hornblende-porphyry, from Monte Altino, Province of Bergamo, Italy. Forms acicular crystals, vertically striated, and arranged in rallel or radiated ; cleavage prismatic, 124*. G. =8-076. Analysis MgO 0-93, NaO 400, amount of magnesia present.
A manganesian (1'37 p. c. MnO) variety from Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., was described under the name hexagonitb, as "anew hexagonal bisilicate," by Goldsmith (Proc. Acad. Nat Sc., Philad., 1876, 100). Its true character was shown by £}hi*g (ib., p. 180).
Bertds (Verb. . Ges., II., viii., in Jahresb. Ch., 1874, 1267) has given the name PHAAcmnTE to an alteration product of amphibole, forming radiated masses, doubly refracting. H. Q. 2*997-3*057. Color dirty grayish brown. Analysis fter deducting: a little magnetite : SiO, 85-5, A1,0, 16-9, Fe, 25-4, MnO 1-4, MgO 6*8, CaO 72, H,0 8'1 99-8, corresponding approximately to R, fRj, SiO,, + 8 aq. From the rock called by the same author isenite, occurring in Nassau, Germany. [An uncertain decomposition product hardly deserves a distinct name ; the substance is not very far delessue.]
Akalcitk, Min., p. 482; App. II., p. 2.— Oryst.. Kerguelen Is., Lameyres, Z. Kryst., i., 204, 1877. Radauthal, UMeeke, Z. gesammt. Nat., ni., iv., 825, 1879.
Anal., Montreal, Canada, Harrinaton Geol. Canada, 1878. Bohemia, Preis and Vrba. Ber. B6hnL Ges., 1879, 467.
6 APPDCDiz m.
Bamberger shows (Z. Kryst, tL, 82, 1881) that fiechi's picianalcite is identicfil with ordinary analcite, containing only a trace of magnesia.
The question as to the cbtstalline system oI analcite has been recently discnsaed, as follows : Schrauf (Anzeig. Ak. Wien, 1876), referred crystals from Friedeck, Bohemia, to the orthorhombic system, describing them as coinplex twins, analogous to those of leucite described by vom liath. Mallard (Ann, Min., VlL, z.. Ill, 1876) describes the optical anomalies of the species, and explains them by assuming that a crystal is formed by the interpenetration of three pseudo-tetragonal inaividuaLs each one of which is formed of two orthorhombic crystals, with nearly equal axes ; these 24 orthorhombic crystals, composing a single pseudo-isometric crystal, correspond to the 24 planes of a tetrahexiedroQ. jja3rtulx (J. Min., 1878, 610) describes the results of an optical examination of crystals of picranalcite from Monte Gatini, Tuscany, and concludes (but see below) that they can be only explained by the assumption that a crystal is made up of 12 triclinic inoiyidtials interpenetrating each other, analogous to the compound crystals of phillipsite y.). Schulten (Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 150, 1880) has obtained trapezohedral crystals by artificial means, and on optical grounds claims for them a complex structure, analogous to that assumed by Mallard (see aboye); with him, howeyer, the crystals are rhombohednL CiTStals obtained later by a different method were isotropic (ib., y., 7, 1882.)
On the other hand, later inyestitionsby v. LaaatUx (Z. Kryst., y., 880, 10B1) on crystals from the Cyclopean Is., haye led him to the conclusion that tne optical phenomena are to be explained (as formerly accepted) by -reference to the yarying degrees of tension existug in the interior of the crystal. Arzruni and Koch (Z. Kryst, y., 488, 1881) haye also, after a review of the whole subject, and an extended optical examination of specimens, especially from Kerguelen Is. and the Cyclopean Island concluded that analcite is to be referred to the isometric system. Finally, the whole subject has been exhaustively reviewed and further investififated by Ben Saude (Inaug. Diss., Stuttgart, 1881, and J. Min., 1882, L, 41). He describes the results of an optical examination of sections of many crystals cot parallel to the cubic, octahedral, dodecahedral, and trapezohedral (2-2) plan and shorn that they do not correspond with Mallard'a hypothesis, but can be explained on the sapposition of internal tension. He found, furtner, that gelatine cast into moulds oocnsponding to the crystalline forms acquired on solidifying similar optical characters.
AirATASiB.>-See OetahadriUj p. 85.
Andalusite, Min., p. 871 ; App. 11., p. 2. — Optical examination, Berirand, BulL Soc. Min., i., 04, 1878; Berlin, ibid., li., Met seq. Anal., San Piero, Elba, Orallarola, BoU. Com. (}eol., 1878, 828.
Andrewsite, App. I., p. 1. — Locality described, Foaler, Trans. QeoL Soc., Cornwall, ix.>
1875. Description and anal. (Flight), Maakelyne, J. Chem. Soc., July, 1875, p. 586.
Anglesite, Min., p. 622 ; App. II., p. 3. — Oryst., Erzberg, v. Zepharovich, LfOtos, Dec., 1874. Hungary, Krenner, Z. Kryst., i., 821, 1877. Sardinia (list of planes, etc.), Q. Sella, Ace, Line. Trans., HI, ui., 150, 1879.
Indices of refraction as affected by change of temperature, Arzruni, Z. Kryst, L, 182,
Recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubric, C. R, Ixxx., 604, 1875. Oocunence at Vesuvius, Scaechi, Bend. Aoc. Nap., Dec., 1877.
Anhtdbtte, Min., p. 621; App. II., p. 8. — Oryst., Berohtegaden, Bayazia, etc., Groth, Min.-Samml., Strassburg, 141, 1878. Occurrence at Yesuyius, Scacehiy Att. Ace. Nap., yi., 1873.
AnimiWte. — See Macfarlanile, p. 71.
Ankebffe, Min., p. GS5 ; App. II., p. 8. — AnaL, Phenixyille, Penn., Sdnig, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sc. Phil , 1877, 290.
Boricky has examined a series of minerals from Bohemia, related to ankerite, and discusses the relation in composition between them and other similar carbonates (Min. Mitth.,
1876, 47). He writes the general formula CaPeC.O, -♦- a;(CaMgC,0.), for all the related minerals, where x may haye one of the yalues k 1, f , 2, 8, 4, 5, 10; those yarieties in which :r 3 are included under ankerite, and the remainder under the name paranktrite. For normal ankerite he takes a; 1, and for normal parankerite xrz%
Asvtoxnx Ul 7
AnnrOdite, W. C. Brdgger, Geol. F5r. F6rh., y., 854, 1881.
Orthorhombio : Axea— S: d 0*86108: 1. : 0*40369. Observed planes i-i, i-t, 0, J,
1-8, t-. 2-1, i i, 1-1, 1, 2. 2-2, 2-2, 3-5. /a/= 136 2', i-8 a i-3 100' 44', 2-f a 2-1 25'. In prismatio crystals of yaried habit, often closely resembling columbite ; planes sometimes developed according to monoclinic symmetry. Angles near those of columbite
(the position taken is that of Schrauf, -5, Min., p. 616), and also not far from those of
polycrase. Twinning plane i-6. Many crystals often grouped in parallel position, thus forming an apparently single crystal of ocmsideiable size.
H. 6. G. 5*7 of anhydrous crystals. Lustre metallic to greasy submetallic. Color black. Streak dark blackish brown to brownish or greenish gray. Opaque, or translucent in very thin splinters. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. B. B., fuses on the edges to a black glass. Analysis by G. W. Blomstrand :
CbgOa SnO, ZrO, SIO, ThO, Ce,0, T.O, UO FbO FeOMnO CaO MgO K,0 NSsO Al.O. HO
Neglecting the silica, the formula calculated by Blomstrand is RCbO, + aq., which makes it nearly identical with samarskite, and also to the less certain nohlite (App. II.,
g. 41), except in the water; Brdger, however, shows that the water is not essential, but I due to a partial alteration which is accompanied by a lowering of the hardness (to 4*5) and specific gravity (to 4*28), and a loss of lustre. A crystal with G. 5*7 showed only a trace of water. The mineral is consequently hardly to be separated from samarskite in composition, but it is different in form (see £. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., III., xi., 201, 1876). BrSgger shows further, that innerSdite (euxenite and polycrase) bears the same relation to oolumfaite that samarskite does to tantalite ; the two last being very near in form, as are
innerOdite and columbite. From the pegmatite vein at AnnerOd, near Moss, Norway, where it is associated with monazite, alvite (q. v.), apatite, magnetite, beryl, topaz, and other minerals.
Anomite.--See Mica Chroup, p. 77.
ANOBTHrrB, Min., p. 887; App. II., p. 8.— Oryst, Albani Mts., Q, Sella, Accad. Line. Mem., ni., i., 96, or Z. ., i., 241, 1877. Pesmeda Alp, Monzoni, Tyrol, rose-red variety, vam Eath, Ber. niea. Gfes. Bonn., July 2, 1877 ; anal, by Gamper Verh. geol. Reichs., 1877, 134. Aranyer Berg, Transylvania, vom Bath, Z. Eryst, v., 23, 1880. Mt. Etna (cyclopite) v. Lamulx, Z. Kryst., v., 826, 1880.
Expansion of crystals with heat, Beekenkampy Z. Kryst., v., 441, 1881.
Pseudomorph, Franklin Furnace, N. J., Bchper, Am. J. Sc., III., xvi., 864, 18T8.
The esmarkite from Kj5rrestad, in Bamle, Norway, is regarded by Briager and Beu9ch (ZS. G. Gtes., xxvii., 676, 1875) as probably a distinct species, although the show that it follows the same twinning laws as the anorthite of Vesuvius. For Gloizeaux's results see App. IL, p. 19.
See also Feldspar Group, p. 45, and Banotnie, p. 12.
Anthophyllttb, Min., p. 281; App. II., p. 8.— Opt. exam., Bamle, Norway, Dm Clou zeaux, C. E., Ixxxiv., 1478, 1877. Pisant (C. R., Ixxxiv., 1510) has analyzed the Bamle mineral (1), and also (2) the anarumite of Breithaupt (Min., p. 816>. Des Cloizeaux (1. c), in view of these analyses, and also of the relation in optical character, suggests that the snarumite may be an alteration product of an aluminous anthophyllite. Analysis 3 (by Rosenius) and 4 (by Stadius) are of an orthorhombio mineral referred to anthophyllite (Gf. 30224045) from Stansvik, near Helsingfors, Finhmd, F. J, Wiik (Z. Kryst., ii, 498, 1878).
SiO,
1. Bamle, G. 2*98. 51*80
2. Snarum 57*90 8. Stansvik 51*74 4. Stansvik 52*06
AsTiLLrnR. — App. L, p. 1,
AvTmoKT, Min., p. 18.— Description of artificial crystals, Laepeyres, ZS. G. Ges., xxvii., 574, 1876.
AUOa
FeO
MgO
CaO
Na,0, K,0
ign.
3*67
27*60
1*44
99*91.
18*55
1*90
19*40
0*87
4*50
100*98.
20*35
16*45
1*79
0*41 MnO
99*29.
20*72
17*24
1*85
0*26 MnO
101*08.
8 ASVEKDiJL in.
Apatite, Min., p. 680; App. IL, p. 8.— OrysL, from diffannt Inmlltifw, 0raA, HiD. SammL, Stnissbaig, 174 187tf. Lama dello Spedalaocio, Uxidli Aocad. Lino. Mom., i, 159, 187e.
Aooording to MaOard (Ann. Min., VIL, z., 147, 1876), apatite is to be regarded as pseudo-hexagonal, being formed hj the intergroaping of orthorhombic indiTidnala ; a thin section of a Schlaggenwald ctyBtal showed Uiree irregalarljjoined sectors, of difEerent optical orientation, and each distinctly biaxial ; othen from Etremadnra, Spain, showed SIX sectors, two opposite belonging to the same crystaL In other cases noimal uniaxial characters were obaonred and explained by the intimate union of the differmt molecular amgations.
Etching figures corresponding to the pyramidal hemihedrism, Baumhauer, Ber. Ak. MOnchen, 1875, 169. Pyro-electrical characters Wied. Ann., Ti., 52 1879. Absorptiou bands in spectrum (Ge,La,Di), Cossa, Accad. Lmc Mem., IIL, iii, 17 et seq., 1878.
AnalysM, etc. Occurrence at Errestad, Bamle, Norway, BrSmer and Betueh, ZS. G. Ges., xxriL, 646, 1875. Nischne Novgorod (phosphorite), MdUer, Verb. Min. Ges. St Pet., II., xiL, 61. Method of oocnrrenoe in Canadian veins, often of immense sue, Harrington, GeoL Canada, 1878 ; composition of Canadian uiatites, C. Mofmann, GeoL Canada, 1879.
Siewert (Z. Qesammt Nat., IL, x., 839, 187 found 6-7 p. c. MnO in an apatite from San Roque, near Cordoba, Argentine Republic, and calls this variety, in which part of the calcium is replaced by manganese, mahgahapatitb. BenfiM (Am. J. So., IIL, xix., 887. 1880) has analyzed apatites from Branchville, Conn., and Franklin Furnace, N. J., containing manganese ; one variety from Branchville afforded 10*59 p. c. MnO.
Min., p. 502; App.n., p. 8. — Stiiegau, Silesia, WAtky (anaL by Bammelsberg), ZS. G. Ges., xxxi., 211, 1879.
Afhthitaijte, Min., p. 616; App. IL, p. 8. — Vesuvius, Seaechi Atti Aoc. N141., Dec 1873 (Contr. Min., iL, 4b).
Afhthohitb.— See Tdrahedrite, p. 120.
Afophtllitk, Min., p. 415; App. IL, p. 8.— Oryst., Radaufhal, Han, Ukdecke, Z. , iv., 626, 1880. Utd, Sweden, Seligmann, J. Min., 1880, i, 140.
Pyro-electrical characters, Hdnkei, Pogg. Ann., clviL, 163, 1876.
Mallard (Ann. Min., VIL, x., 121, 1876) argnies that the true form of apophyllite is monoclinic. and that the crystab are onlv ijseudo-tetragonaL .fiiff9ip/(Min. Petr. Mitth. iL, 369, 1879) has reached a similar conclusion. Kloeke (J. Min., IKN), ii., 11, rel), hovever, opposes the view of Rumpf, shows in what respects his argument is inconclusive, and exbuns otherwise more satisfactorily the optical anomalies. See also remarks by OroA, Z. Kryst, v., 876., 1881.
AaaL, Cipite-Alpe, MaUeadarf, Verli. G. Beichs., 1876, 82.
Aquacrkfititil — App. I., p. 2.
Akagonite, Min., p. 694; App. 11., p. 4. — OrysL, monograph, v, Eokaeharof, Min. ., vi., 261, 1875. Eisenerz and HQttenberg, v. Zepkaroviai, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxi. 253, 1875. Oberstein a. d. Nahe, Laspeyres, Z. Kryst., L, 202, 1877 ; ib., iv., 433, 1880.
AnaL, 7*29 PbCO,, Austin Mine, Wythe Co., Ya., Dunnington, Proc Am. Ch. Soe., iL, 14, 1878.
On surface of meteoric iron, anaL, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc, UL, xiL, 107, 1876.
Aragotite, App. n., p. 4. — Optical examination, Bertrand, BulL Soc. MiiL, iv., 87,
ArctoUte. Arstouts, BUmdrand, '*Ett hOgnordiskt mineral,'' GeoL FSr. FM., v., 210. 1880. Occurs in a crystalline limestone, forming small irregolarlT carved OTsbdline plates,
fnerally compact, occasionaUy showing prismatic anes of 124*-126'* (, L c). 5. G. 3 03. Colorless or yeUowish to greenish. Analysis (1) : 8i0 44*93. TiO. 0-38, Al,0,2355, Pe,0, 124, CaO 18 28, MgO 1080, Na.0 178, K,0 OTO. H,0 815
AVPBKDZZ m. 9
99*74 This corresponds to the fommla H*B, [AI9I SisOi,. B. B. fases with difacultr to a white enamel ; partially attacked by acids with the separation of floccolent silica. Found in 1861 on Uvitholm, near Spitsbergen. FA relation to prehnite, on the ground of the composition, and to hornblende, because of the prismatic angle, is suggested, but the mineral needs further examination before its true character can be settled, j
ABDBNNms, App. n., p. 4.— Supplementary description hjv. Ltuaulx, J. Min., 1876, 868, and Bettendorff, I'ogg. Ann., dx., 126, 1877. Analyses by Bettendorfl, (1) sulphur-yellow opaque var., GK 8 656; (2) brown transparent van, 6. 8*648.
SiO, A1,0, Fe,0. MnO CuO MgO OaO y,0. As,0. H,0 1. 27-50 22-76 115 80-61 0-17 1-88 188 0-68 -88 618 =100-89
a. 27-84 24-22 26-70 8-01 2-17 9-20 2-76 6-01 100-91.
It is concluded by Bettendorfl, that in this mineral arsenic and yanadium replace each other in yarying proportions, with a consequent yariation in color ; in several other trials 1*88, 2-81, 2-58, 2*98, 6-64 p. c. AstOs were found ; y. Lasaulx (1. c.) shows that the yanadium ardennite probably the original mineral, and that the presence of the arsenic is due to gradual alteration.
Areqnipite. — A. Baimcndi, Minraux du Prou, Paris, 1878, p. 167.
Compact, wax-like. H. nearly 6. Color honey yellow. Fracture conchoidal. According to a qutative analysis, a silico-antimoniate of lead. B. B. on charcoal fuses with dimcultjr, yielding buttons of lead, and gives off antimonial yapors. Slightly attacked by nitnc acid, dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid to which a little nitnc has been added, and leaves a residue of silica. Occurs sparingly in a auartzose ganue, with argentiferous lead carbonate and ohrysocoUa, at the Victoria mine, Montajse de la Trinity, near Tibaya, Pzovinoe of Arequipa, Peru. [Needs further examination, probably a mixture.]
ABrviDSONiTE, Min.. p. 248. — AnaL, El Paso Co, Colorado, Klinip, Am. Phil. Soc., Philad., xyii., 616, 1877, or Z. Eryst., i., 480. Greenland, discussion of composition, nWer, Z. Kryst., iy., 84, 1879.
ABOENTrrB, MiiL, p. 88; App. n., p. 4. — Oryst., description, Oroth, Min.-SammL Strass* burg, 1878, p. 50.
AsoENTOPTBTTE, Mlu., p. 89; App. II., p. 4. — See Sterhbergitet p. 116.
Argyropyrite.->See Siernbergite p. 116.
AsiTB.— App. II., p. 4.
Arrheidit.—yordenskidld ; EngstrSm, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, 1877 (Abstr. by Brftgger, Z. Kryst., iii., 201, 1878).— A substance locking like red feldspar ; occurs with fergusonite and cyrtolite at Ttterby, Sweden. G. 8*68. Analysis -. 21-28, Cb,0. 2*67, SiO, 17-66, ZrOa 8-42, Pe,0, 1-87, A1,0, 888, Ce, (Di„ La.) 0, 2-69, Y,0, 22-06, Er,0, 1110, CaO 6 22, BeO 0 74, H,0 687 100-85.
[Besarded as only a decomposition product, and hence not dfloerymg of a dbtinct name.]
Anenargentite. — J. B. Hcmnay, Min. Mag., i., 149, 1877. In orthorhombio acioular crystals imbedded in native arsenic. Analysis gaye : As 18*48, Ag 81*87 99*80, corresponding to the formula AgsAs. Source " probably Freiberg."
[An imperfect description from a single specimen of unoenain origin is a most unsatisfactory basis for a new name.]
Aksbnic, Min., p. 17; App. II., p. 5.— -Chyst., anal. (Janovsky), Joachimsthal, v. Zepha/nh Ber. Ak. Wien, lxx£, 272, 1876. ,
10 Asvwkuex, Ul
p. 76, App. XL, p. 6.
AssENouTE, Min., p. 183. — Anomalous optical characters of artificial crystals, perhaps pseudo-isometric, Groisse'Bohlf Z. Kryst., y., 233, 1880. See also SerMrmonUte, p. 106
Absebtoptrite, Min., p. 78; App. H., p. 6. — Oryst Joachimsthal, Qtmper, Yerk eecl Beichs., 1876, 354. With pyrit in parallel position, Sadebeeky Wied. Ann., t., 576, 1878; do. with galenite, Froth, Min.-Samml., Strassburg, p. 89, 1878. Beicbek stein, Sileaa, Rare, Z. Kryst., iv., 296, 1879.
Arzruni (Z. Kryst., ii., 430, 1878) has examined (buc see Hare 1. c.) crystals from eight localities, and has shown considerable variation in angle between them. He also states that while the composition is different for different localities, it agrees neither with FeSa + AsSa, nor with mFeSs + fiFeAss, but that the percentage amount of iron remaoB nearly constant.
Becke (Min. Mitth., 1877, 101) discusses the relations in crystalline axes between aneoopyrite, danaite, and glaucodot, and concludes that thevdo not correspond with the amongst of cobalt present, as suggested by Scheerer ; this result, howcTer, is questioned by Grotii (Z. Kryst., ii, 620).
Absenotellubits. — App. IL, p. 5.
AssENSi'iBiTE. — App. IL, p. 5.
AsMAiOTE, Aop. n., p. 6. — In meteoric iron of Bitterogrtin, Weiibaeh, J. Min., 187S, 984 ; Winkler, ib., 1879, 903. According to Weisbach, asmanite is identical with tridymite, as suggested by v. Laaaulx (Z. Kryst., ii., 274, 1878). See in Nov. Act. ij6opold.-0v. Ak., xl., 858, 1878. See also Froth, Tab. Uebers. Min., p. 88, 1882.
AspiDOLrrB. — App. L, p. 2, XL, p. 5.
ASTEBOITE.— App. I., p. 2.
AsTROPHTLLiTE, Miu., p. 808; App. II. , p. 6.— With arfvedsonite and cirkon. El Fhso Ga, Colorado, Kdnig, Am. Phil. Soc., Phitad., xvi., 509, 1877 (or Z. Kryst., i., 428). An smItsis gave : SiO, 34*68, TiO, 13-58, ZrO, 220, Fe,0, 6 56, Al.O, 0*70, FeO 26*10, MnO 84S, Na,0 2-54, KaO 5*01, H,0 3 54, MgO 0-30, CuO 042, Ta,0. (?) 0-80 99-91.
Cryst. and optical exam., Norway and Colorado, Backing, Z. ., i, 438, 1877; Brdfger, Z. Kryst, ii., 278, 1878. fir5gger concludes that the mineral belongs to the tziclime system. It is now referred to the pyroxene group.
Atacamite, Min., p. 121; App. II., p. 6.— Chysti, Chili, Brdgger, Z. Kryst, ilL, 488, 1879 ; V. Ralh, Z. Kryst.. v., 256; 1880.
Anal., Torke's Peninsula, Wallaroo, T, C. Cloud, Chem. News, xxxiy., 254 1876. Nev South Wales, Ltveraidge, Pioc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., Nov. 3, 1880.
From the Nellore District, India, MaUet, Bee. GeoL Sur?. India, xii, 171, 1879.
Atelestite.— Min., p. 892; App. IL, p. 6. Atelina, Atelite.— See Tenorile, p. 119.
Atopite.Nordenskim, Geol. F5r. P5rh., iii., 876, 1877.
Isometric ; in octahedrons, with cube and dodecahedron, also mm, and i-n planes. H 5-5-6. G. 5-08. Lustre ffreasy. Color vellow to resin brown. Translucent Composition RSbOr Sb-O, 78 12, CaO 17-51. FeO 2*71, MgO 1 50, K,0 0 84, Na,0 4*32 100. Analyses : 1, the mineral fused with sodium carbonate ; 2, do. reduced with hydrogen ; 3, mean of (1) and (2).
Sb,0. FeO MnO CaO K.O Na,0
1. 72-61 304 1-34 1805
2. 2-54 179 17-66 0*86 4 40
APPENDIX m. 11
B. B. in forceps in 0. F. unchanged. On charcoal in R. F. sublimes in part, fuses at first with difficulty, and gives finally, when the antimony pentoxide is all reduced to the metallic state and driven off, a dark infusible slag. In salt of phosphorus dissolves to a clear bead, yellow while hot, and colorless on cooling. Insoluble in acids ; decomposed with difficulty by fusion with sodium carbonate. EasUy reduced by hydrogen, (cf. romeite,)
Occurs as octahedrons imbedded in hedyphane, which in tiim forms little veins in rhodonite ; rare. Locality L&ngban, in Wermland, Sweden. Named from aroito?, unumud,
AnoiTB. — See PyroxenSy p. 100.
AuTUNiTE, Min., p. 686; App. 11., p. 6. — Himmelfalirt mine, Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony ; Brezina makes the crystals to be monodinic (or triclinic), with pseudo-tetragonal symmetry, Z. Kryst, iii, 278, 1879.
Cliureh, J. Ghem. Soc., Feb., 1875, 109.
AxiNiTS, Min., p. 297; App. II., p. 6. — Oryst YesKver Hungary, and Models, Switzerland, Schmidt, J. Min., 1881, 1., 871 ref.
if. (or Z. Exyst., vi., Pyro-electrical characters, Bankelf Wied. Ann., vi., 57, 1879. Expansion of crystals with heat, Beekenkamp, Z. Kryst, v., 451, 1881.
AzoaiTB. — Min., p. 761; App. 11., p. 6.
AznuTB, Min., p. 715; App. II., p. Q.-VzywiL descript (twins), Chessy near Lyons, OrM, Min.-Sammll, Strassburg, p. 188, 1878.
Babinotonitb, Min., p. 227; App. II., p. 6. — Observed in slag from Bessemer steel, , Chem. CentralbL, 1874, 215. See also Szaboite, p. lia
Balvraidite.— Min. Mag., iv., 117, 1880.
Structure saccharoidal. H. 6. G. 2*905-2*908. Color pale purplish brown. Analyses (1) dark var. ; var.:
SiO, A1,0, PeaOa MnO MgO CaO Na,0 K,0 H,0
B. B. fuses with intumescence to a vesicular pale blue glass. Presents a mottled appearance under the microscope, and was judged to be homogeneous. Occurs in a granular limestone, at Balvraid, Invemess-sbire, Scotland. [Needs further examination ; as the description stands at present, this substance, which may prove to be a new mineral,'* certainly does not deserve a distinct name.]
Barcenite. — J. W. MaUei Am. J. Sc., xvi., 806, 1878.
Massive; structure finely granular, oomnact or porous; also columnar (pseudomoiphous after livinestonite). H. 5*5. G. 5*848. Lustre dull, earthy, sometimes slightly resinous. Color, dark grfty* nearly black. Streak ash gray, with slight greenish tint. Fracture tolerably even, brittle. Analysis by J. R. Santos:
Sb S Hg Ca 0 HaO
Atomic weight s DX).
The sulphur is assumed to exist as HgS, and is accordingly deducted with a corresponding amount of mercury. For the remainder the following atomic ratios are then oDtained : — RO : SbOt : SbaOs 4:1:5, and SbOs : H3O 1:5. The antimonic acid (SbiOk. 5 H9O) is again assumed to exist independently as an impurity, and the formula for the remainder written: [SbaOs corresponding to a normal antimonate
B. B. in 0. F. decrepitates slightly, turns nearly white, and becomes rounded on the edges; in B.F. gives off antimony fumes, aooompaoied with a greenish blue flame. In
12 AFFBRDIZ m.
the closed tube ves off water, metallic mercury, black mercury sulphide, and a little antimony trioxide; m the open tube metallic mercury is deposited, and also more antimonj trioxide, the fumes of sulphur dioxide passing off. On charcoal a white antimonial sublimate, and with soda antimony is obtained in metallic beads. With bonx in 0. F. a clear colorless glass, which in K.F. becomes turbid.
From Uuitzuco, State of Guerrero, Mexico. Associated with liyinntouite, from the decomposition of which it has been formed. Named after Sr. Mariana Baroena, the Mexican minoraloeist. [That the original material examined is, as assumed, a mixture, camtot be oucstionea, but that the true nature of the compounds present has been, or in fact can be, definitely settled so as to establish beyond doubt the nature of a new species seems very improbable.]
Basbttite. — App. I., p. 8.
Bastte, Min., p. 616; App. H., p. 6.— Orjrst Koh9cha/rof Min. Russl., tIL. 25, 1875. Calafuria, near Leghorn, Italy, UzidU Ace. Lino. Mem., IL, ui., 611, 1876. Valle della Sterza, Tuscany, IfAchiardi, Ace. Soc. Tosc., iii., 160, 1877. Froth Min-SammL Strassburg, p. 142, 1878. Muzsaj, Hungary (wolnyn] Schmidt, Z. Eryst., iiL, 428, 1679. Swoszowice, Ghdicia, Vrba, Z. Kryst., y., 4tf3, 1881.
Effect of change of temperature on indices of refraction, Arzntni, Z. Kryst, L, 71, 1877.
AnaL, earthy barite, St. Louis, Mo., KUnig, Froc Acad. Nat Sc. Philad., 1876, M Last Chance Mine, Morgan Co., Mo., Broadhead, Am. J. Sc., III., xiiL, 419, 1877.
Babsowitb, Min., p. 840. — Re-examined microscopically bj Bauer and analynd by Friederici, and shown to haye the composition of anorthite, with which it does not, hov. eyer, in all respects correspond; G. 2*684 after deduction for the corundum present, i. Min., 1880, ii., 63.
Babtholoutb.— App. n., p. 6.
BaryUte.— C. W, Blomstrand, Geol. F5r. P5rh., iii., 128, 1876.
In groups of prismatic crystals, more or less tabular in habit Two distinct cleaTsges forming an angle of about 84°. H. 7. G. 4*08. Lustre greasy. Colorless. Semitransparent. Analysis:
SiOa Al,Os Fe,Os BaO PbO CaO MgO CuO Bi.O. ign
Formula calculated: Ba* [Al,], Si,0i4, which requires: SiO, 88*94, A1,0, 16*61, BaO 49-45 100. B. B. infusible ; not attacked by acid. Named from fiapvi ?uavy and Xiboi stone. Occurs with hedyphane in crystalline limestone at L&ngban, in Wermland, Sweden. [A mineral of so unusual composition deserves to be more thoroughly described on the crystallographical side.]
Barttocalote, Min., p. 701.— Anal, (by LundstrSm), corresponding to CaCO + BaCOs, L&ngban, Sweden, Sfigren, Geol. Far. Farh., iU., 289, 1876. According to Dea Cloiieaux (Bull. Soc. Min., iy., 95, 1881), the mineral analyzed by LundstrOm is rhombohediml with s cleayage angle of about 105%
Babytocelestite. — See Celeettte, p. 21, and App. II., p. 7.
Baryturanite Uranocireite, p. 127.
Bastxte, Min., 4C9.— Anal, Elba, Pisani, C. R., IxzxiiL, July 10, 1876.
Bastnasits.— See Tyaonitef p.l26and App. I., p. 2.
Beauxttb, Min., p. 174; App. IT., p. 7.— Analyses, Feistritz and Nassau, showing jrfde variation in composition, Henatach, Inaug. Diss., Breskut 1879 (Z. Kryst, iv., 642, 1880). Age, origin, etc., DieulafaU, C. R., zciiL, 804, 1881.
AFFINDIZ nL
Boourite.— See Zirkon, p. 184.
of quartz (2*d p. c):
S 14'97
Bi
Pb
Cu
1-70= 10-49.
This corresponds nearly to FbeBi,S, or 6FbS + Bi,Ss S 14*78, Bi 21-36, Pb 68-84. B. B. decrepitates, giving on charooal reactions for lead and bismuth. Dissolves readily in warm HCi. From the Baltic Lode, near Grant P. 0., Park Co., Colorado. Named after Mr. Hermann Beeger, of Denver.
Bebaunitb— Elisonobite, N%e8, ziz. Ber. Oberhess. Qte. Nat.-u. Heilk., p. Ill, 1880. Sireng, J. Min., 1881, i, 102. Monoolinic crystals, tabular (w') and prismatic (in direction of 5), in habit similar to some
crystals of laznHte from Georgia. Axes i : ft : d 40157 : 1 : 2-755, /? 48'' 33'. 0 A i-t 181" 27, i'i A 1 24 ; 1 A 1 (clinodiag.) 89" 56'. Twins with i-* as twinning plane, also penetration twins. Cleavage i-t . Often in druses, and in radiated follatea crusts (Streng). H. 3-4. Lustre vitreous, on i- inclining to pearly. Color red brown to dark hyacmth red. Streak yellow, stronglv dichroic. Analyses by Strong : 1, crysteUs; 2, radiatea coating on limonite :
P,0.
Fe,0,
HaO
16-87 10019. 16-56 100-89.
Formula [PealsPiO,., 8HaO, or 2 [Fe,l PaO. + [Fe,J H0, + 5 aq. B. B. fuses easily to a black beaa metallic in appearance, crystalline on ooobng. Easily soluble in HCI. Occurs on limonite at the Eleonore mine on the DUnsberg, near Giessen, and at the Bothlftufchen mine near Waldgirmes, in the same region.
Streng (1. c.) calls attention to the close relation of eleonorite to beraunite from St. Benigna, Bohemia (Min.. p. 558). The following are analyses of the original beraunite: 1. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, xlix., 841, 1864; 2, 8. Boricky, ib., Ivi, 11, 1867; 4. Frenzel, from Scheibenberg, Saxony, J. Min., 1878, 28.
P,Oft Fe,0, H,0
1. St. Benigna 80*5 55-0 140 NaO 1-5 101.
2. " 80-2 55-8 151 =101.
8. " 28-99 65-98 14-41 99-88.
4. Scheibenberg. ; 2865 54*50 16-55 99-70.
Streng shows that in composition the St. Boni£pa mineral is nearlv identical with eleonorite, but regards the differences in physical characters too great to allow of their being united. The mineral of Frenzel seems to have a different crystalline form.
Bertrand (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 88, 1881), has subjected both the oeraunite and eleonorite to a new examination, and concludes that in angles, dichroism and optical qualities they are the same. There would seem consequently to oe little doubt of their identity.
Borgamaskite. — See AmphihoU, p. 5.
Bemardinite— Described as a new fossil resin from San Bernardino, Cal., by J. M, Smiman (Am. J. Sc., III., xviii., 57, 18*79); since shown bv him to be an exudation from a species of conifer, which has received its particular chaiaoters from exposure to the atmosphere (ib., XX., 93, 1880).
Bebtl, Min., p. 245; App. H., p. l.-OrynL, Eidsvold, Norway, Wehahy, Min. Mitth., 1876, 117. Alexander Co., N. d, Ridden, Am. J. So., IIL, xxL, 159 ; xxiL, 24, 1881.
X4 AfpiNux nL
Santa F, Bogota, New Granada, Vrba, Z. Kr., t., 480, 1881. Gold aanda of the Unl, N. V. Kokseharof, Jr,, Bull Ao. St. Pet, zxvii., 85, 1881 (or Min. RiubL, viiL, 228).
Pyxolectricai properties, Hdnkel, Pogg. Ann., dvii., 161, 1876. Specific gravity of different specimens, Church, Geol. Mag., 11., iL, 820, 1875.
Oocurrenoe of emeralds of unusual size (one crystal 10 inches long) and beauty of color, in Alexander Co., N. C, Bidden, Am. J. Sc., xzu., 489, 1881.
Mattard (Ann. Min., VII., z., 148, 1876) describes the optical anomalies observed in crystals of beryl, and concludes that it is puudo-hewagonal, the individuals of which a crystal is made up being orthorhombic ; the relations aze regarded as similar to those io apatite. See also Dea Cioizeaux, Bull Soc. Min., iv., 94, 1881.
AUerberg ((}eoI. FSr. FOrh., iL, 406, 1874) uses the name pseudo-bmeeald (pseudosmaragd) to designate a mineral resulting from the alteration of beryl. The name wu introduced by Beraelius for pseudomorphous crystals, consisting, as he regarded it, of ordinary beryl and mica. Atterberg retains the name for the hard portion of siioiUr pseudomorpfaiB, which, howeyer, he finds to be not true beryl. Its characters are : hardness 5*5 ; G. 2*70 ; lustre waxy; color dark grayish green ; fracture splintery. Intimately mixed with mica scales. Analyses : 1, 2, the latter on material not entirely free from mica:
SiO,
A1.0.
BeO
FeO
E,0
H,0
864 99-97.
4-83 100-79.
If the water is considered basic, the ratio for bases to silica is 2 : 8. The mineral diflm from ordinary beryl in having lost part of its silica and gained potash and water ; the alumina and glucina are sensibly unchanged. Prom KArarfyet, near Fahlun, Sweden.
Onxttarola (Riv. Scientif.-industr., No. 19, 1880, Florence) has given the name aosTEun to a mineral which he regards as a distinct variety of bervL It occurs in short prismatic to tabular doubl-terminated crystals. Basal plane rounded, and apparently formed of manr
S lanes of varying position, belonging to the second series. In polarized light a basal section is divided into six sectors, corresponding to the prismatic edges, for the three alternate of which the extinction is the same. Biaxial interference figures (angle 15=) observed, the extinction plane in part parallel to the prism, in part inclined from to T*. Oolor pak rose red. Analjrses : 1, 2, from the respective ends of a crystal which had a nucleus of normal beryl (anal. 8) ; "typical rosterite."
SiO, A1,0. BeO MgO GaO Na,0,K,0 Li.O H,0
/
1. G. 2-77 61-97 21-98 862 1-26 0-42 undet undet
2. G. =2-74 60-26 2118 9-71 1-57 2-55 undet 058 tr. 8-07= 96 8. G. =2-77 62-88 1 7-09 (?) 15*97 (?) 262 299 undet 2 32 103 87 4 G. =2-75 61-84 28-20 881 050 219 100 2 08= 9907
[The reasons for regarding this as a distinct variety of beryl are: its crystalline habit its optical character, and the variation in chemical composition. To the first however, no weight can be given, and as little to the second, since analous optical anomalies hate bn previously observed in ordinary beryl ; as to the composition, lurther careful analyses are needed to establish that point] Locality, Island of Elba.
BEBZELnTE, Min., p. 544.— IT. lAndaren (GeoL F6r FOrh., y., 652, 1881) states that tb hitherto accepted description of beaxeUite is incorrect, in consequence of its having been confounded with another mineral which occurs at TAngban, associated with it The cha acters of true berzeliite are :
Massive ; isometric (SjSgren, (1. F5r. F5rh., iL, 588, 1876, and A. Wichmann, Z. ExTst, v., 105, 1880) ; no distinct deavBAe. H. =5. G. 4-07-4-09. Lustre resinoos. Color honey yellow to sulphur yellow, nmnsparent to translucent Fracture semiconohoidaL Brittle. B. B. fuses rather easily to a brown bead. Soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids. Occurs imbedded in small grains in a granular caldte ; with calcite in hausmannite and in braunite ; with oaryinite. Sometimes of a green color, from minute inclosefi hausmannite crystals.
There also occurs at LSngboii another ananate, having the following cbancten : Masf*
AFPBinnx m. 15
iTB ; atiisotrope, but orystalline system uncertain ; no distinct cleavage. H. 5. G. 4*08- 4*04 ; 3*89. Color dirty veUowish white or light sulphur yellow. An analysis by L. W. McGay gave : As,0 CSOO, GaO 2000, MgO 12 SI, MnO 4*18, PbO, FeO tr., insoL (SiO,) 0*68 99*67 ; this corresponds to a simple ortho-arsenate, R$AsaOi. Occurs massive in a light brown line granular mixture of calcite and manganiferous mica, often penetrated by hausmannito. This mineral is regarded as the one to which the earlier descriptions belong (Min., p. 541), but while optically distinct from berzeliite, their true relation is still very uncertain.
[The above observations only increase the doubts as to the true nature of bereeliite; as possibly bearing upon the question as to the relation of the isotope and anisotrope minerals mentioned, attention may be called to the fact that Cloiseauz has observed isotropic varieties of olinite and also of homilite, supposed to be due to alteration.]
See also Oaryintte, p. 20.
BEUDAimTB, Min., p. 580. — Optical exam., the same characters belong to the beudantite of Horhausen, of Cork (Adam's oorkite), and of Dembaoh (Adam's demlMchite); Bertrcmd, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 255, 1881.
Bktrichitb. — App. I., p. 8.
Bhreckite (or Vreddto), Heddle, Min. Mag., iii, 57, 1879. Fine granular, scaly ; soft and friable. Occurs as a light apple-green coating on quartz crystals. An analysis gave : SiOa 84-92, A1,0, 716, Fe,0, 12-71, f eO 211, MnO 0-41. CaO 16 08, MgO 8*26, "H.O 17*77 (1*03 at C.) 99-42 (alkalies in traces). Soluble in HCL From a cavity in a bowlder of syenitic granite, found on the hill of Ben Bhreck, near Tongue, in Sutnerland, Scotland. [Provisionally named on the ground that the substance may prove to be a new mineral " — needs further examination. No sufficient proof of the homogeneity of the material ttoalyzed is given.]
BiBiHOSiTE. — App. n., p. 7.
BnrDHEiMiTE, Min., p. 591.— AnaL, Sevier Co., Ark., DunninffUm, Amer. Assoc., 1877, 182; a K Wait, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., viii., 50, 1880.
BnmiTE, Min., p. 90; App. II., p. 7.— Oryst., Binnenthal, ffeumberg, Min. Not.,xiL, 6, 1875; W. J, Lewis, Z. Kryst., iL, 192, 1878.
BiOTiTE. — See Mica Oroup, p. 77.
Bischofite.See CMoromagnMite, p. 85.
BisinTE, Min., p. 785 ; App. 11., p. 7.
Bismuth, Min , p. 19; App. II., p. 7.— Oryst, Schneeberg, Fletcher, PhiL Mag., V.,ir, 185, 1880. Anal, (with galenite), Mosqgrufva, Nordmark, SffSgren, QecL Far. F5rh., iv., 106, 1878.
BiSMUTHiNrrE Min., p. 80 ; App. 11., p. 7.— CrysL, Tazna, Bolivia, Oroth, Z. Eryst, v., 252, 1880. AnaL, Choroloque, Bolivia, Domeyko, 6th App. Min. ChiU, p. 22, 1878.
BiSMUTiTB, Min., p. 716 ; App. II., p. l.— Weiebaeh (Jahrb. Berg.-Hutt., 1877) has described a supposed new bismuth carbonate under the name of in spherical forms with concentric structure, line fibrous, radiated. H. 8. G. 7*28- 7-82. Color bright yellow to blackish brown, different in successive layers. Streak yellowish gray. An analvsis gave Winkler : CO, 8 97, Bi,0, 88*58, quartz 0*98 9788. Formula calculated Bi,C!0.(= Bi,C,0 + 2Bi,0,), which requires C6, 8*66, BioO, 91*84 100 [but uncertain, as the analysis shows a considerable loss] ; found at Neustfidtel, near Schneeberg, Saxony. Weisbach states that this mineral is the original Arsenihwimnuth of
Breithaupt; Frenzel prerionsly described what he regarded as Breithaapt'e mineral imdei the name of agrioolite (App. II., p. 1).
Other amdyses of bismath carbonates have been made by Gamot (C. K., Ixiix., 804, 1874) of the mineral from Meymac, he found 31,0. 8&-80 p. c., CX) 8 14-6*43, H9O l'94-4'86. He distinguishes three types : 1 (anaL 1), grayish wnite, somewhat foliated ; 2 (anaL 2), clar slurhtly greenish, fibrous ; 8 (anaL 8), white, earthy, with yellowish spots. Anal. 4 'or Fremel (J/Min., 1878, 801, 946), from San Luis Potosi Mexico (see also Baroena, Key. Cientif. Mex., L, 8, Dec., 1879). AnaL 6 by liversidge, with stream tin from Pond's Creek, New South Wales (Proc Roy. Soc. N. S. W., Nov. 8, 1880). Anal. 6 by Winkler, quoted by Weisbach (J. Min., 1880, ii., 112), from NeustSdtel, G. 6*12-6*27, pseudomorph after native bismuth.
CO. BLO. H,0 PbO FeO CaO MgO AhOt 8b,0 80. HO gaagiw
4. SuiLalB, 6. s 7*50 7-00 9010 1*80. 80. 0-87, sangue 080 rs 90*47.
6. Nead8adtel.G.s6-80 8-91 96-90 l-04 09-&.
[These analyses show a wide yariation, due chiefly, without doubt, to the impurity of the material analyzed. Frensel's mineral is rather near the bismutosphasrite of Weisbach which last seems to be distinct from the other minerals ; if the loss (see anaL) is not water, it is an anhydrous caibonate.]
The bismuth carbonate described by Vogl as occurring at Joachimsthal (Min., p. 717, 758 A), since called walthebitb, includes, according to Sertmnd (BulL Soc. Min., fy., 58) 1881) two species, the one brown, the otiier green, optically unlike.
B18MUTOFEEBITK. — App. I., p. 8 ; n., p. 7.
melkita.— See CosdliU, p. 81.
Blaokmorite.— See Opaly p. 86.
Blbnde. — See Sphalerite, p. 111.
BlOditb, Min., p. 648 ; App. II., p. 8.0r7st, Pendschab, India, Schimper, 2L Erst., L, 71, 1877. Occurrence at Ischl, Min. Mitth., 1877, 97.
Blomstrandite. LindeMm, Qeol, Far. F5rh., ii., 162, 1874.
Massiye. H. 5*5. G. 417-4*25. Lustre yitreous. Color black. Powder coffee brown. Opaque, only translucent in yery thin splinters. Analyses:
Cb-0. Ta-O, TiO, UO FeO CaO H.O 1. 49-76 10-71 88-68 8*88 846 798, ICgO 0*18, A1,0, 0-11, MnO OtM, predp. by H8 0*11 9rai
8. 00 77 88-87 889 8-04 817,* MgO tr. MnO predp. by HaS 0*80 99.
At 1Q0 8-78 an another trial above 100* 5-80.
The atomic ratio of R : Cb, Ti 1:2*5, and f or Ti : Cb 1 : 9-75. B. B. foxes with difficulty. Giyes off water in the closed tube. With borax in 0. F. a reddisfi y;ellofW, on coding a yellow bead ; in R. F. reddish brown. With salt of phosphorus in O. F. a red brown bead when hot, and yellow when cold ; in R. F. reddish yellow hot, and green cold.
Found yery sparingly with nohlite (App. II., p. 41) in a feldspar quarry, at Nohl, Sweden. Named for rof. C. W. Blomstrand of Lund. [Apparently distinct from other known minerals of this group, but needs further ezaminanon. J
BollTile. Domeyko, 6th App. Min. Chili, p. 19, 1878. Described in some detail as a bismuth oxysulphide, BisOt with BiSs. It is derived from the oxidation of the sulphide bismuthinite, and is of yery uncertain composition. The description would apply to a mix-
Afpemdiz Hl 17
tore of the oxide with the orifiiinal sulphide, which is enclosed in it, and it is Yery improbable that they are in chemical combination. The uncertain character of the mineral seems to have been later accepted by DomejJco, for in the 8d Ed. of his Mineralogy (1879, p. 304) the occurrence is only mentioned briefly, and without any name. Locality, mines of Tazna, in the province of Cnoroloque, Bolivia.
BojiBiociTE.— App. 11. p. 8.
BoBACiTE, Min., p. 695; App. II., p. 8. — The question as to the true explanation of the long recognized optical anomalies of boracite has been recently discussed by Mallard, Ann. Min., YIL, x., 93, 1876; and Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 147; E. Geiniiz, J. Min., 1878, 494; 1877, 394; Baumhauer, Z. Kryst., iii., 837, 1879; Klein, J. Min., 1880, iL, 209; 1881, I., 239.
Geinitz shows that (contrary to the earlier explanation) unaltered boracite is anisotropic; Mallard makes the species pseudo-isometric, explaining the optical phenomena by Uie grouping of twelve orthorhombic individuals (as remarked by Klein this hypothesis was proposed by Hartmann in 1826). Baumhauer reaches a conclusion somewhat similar to that of Mallard on the basis of the results of etching experiments. Klein, however, seems to settle the question conclusively in favor of the tnie isometric character of the species. He shows, for example, that the interior optical structure does not correspond to the exterior planes; that the distribution of the etching figures does not depend on the interior optical limits; and further, that upon an increase (3 temperature the former optical limi disappear or become indistinct, and that the optical fields change their position without affecting the form of the etching figures. He concludes that all the optical anomalies can be explained by the internal tension produced in the course of the growth of the crystaL
BosAX.— Min., p. 597; App. IL, p. 8.
BoRDOSiTE. — See Amalgam, p. 4; also App. H., p. 8.
BoRNiTE, Min., p. 94; App. IL, p. 8. — Analyses from Swedish localities quoted br Clevef Geol. F5r. F5rh., u., 526, 1875. fielation to magnetite discussed, Nordenstrlhn, ib., iv., 841, 1878.
BouLANGEitiTE. — Miu., p. 99; App. II., p. 8.
BointKONiTE, Min., p. 96; App. II., p. 8. — Oryit Pnribram and Waldenstein, v. pharovieh. Lotos, 1876 (J. Min., 1876, 555, 556). Nagyag, torn Bath, Z. Kryst., i., 602, 1877. Horhausen, etc., CHroth, Min.-SammL Strassburg, p. 61, 1878. Neudorf, Harz, V. Kokacharof, Min. Russl, viiL, 128, 1881.
AnaL, Przibram, ffelmhaeker, Min. Mitth., 1875, 86.
BoiTSSiNGAULTrnE, Min., p. 635; App. II., p. 8. — related salt analyzed by Ooldsmilh, Pioo. Ac. Nat Sc. Philad., 1876, 26i
BowEinTE, Min., p. 465. — From New Zealand, Berwerth, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxx., 116, 1879.
Bowlingite. J, B. Hannay, Min. Mag., L, 154, 1877.
Massive, consisting of minute crystals. Soft, feel like steatite. G. 2'282-2'290. Color deep green. In thin sections semi-transparent. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, 4, Hannay; Young, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, ii., 212:
SiO, A1,0,' PeaO, FeO MgO CaCO. HaO
I. Bowling G. -2-282 84-32 1807 3-65 681 9-57 514 22 70 100 26.
3. " 85-08 16-85 8-92 695 1022 489 21 85 9976. a Cuthbin G. 2 29 35-66 15 09 5-22 7 02 12-41 502 19-89 100-3L
4. " 35-82 1614 485 6*99 1178 487 19 63 100-08.
5. Cathcart 8195 1540 2140 2095 4 80 [6.30] 100-00.
Analysis 5, by Young, is said to have been made on the same material as that examined by Hannay ! Found at Bowling, near Dumbarton, on the Clyde, and from the Cuthbin hillsy
18 APPEHDIZ m.
Scotland, where it forms little TeiiiB in dolerite, being intimately asBOciated with chrywi lite, from which it may have been formed. Heddle (Trans. Soc. Edinb., xxix., 97, 1879), gives two analyses of the original mineral, of which the following is one: SiOt 38-08, A1,0, 6-26, PeOa 4-36. PeO 4-97, MnO 083, CaO 3-97. MgO 21-46. K,0 0*95, Na,O011, HaO 20 48 99'97 (HsO at 100% 12*81). He concludes that Hannay's analyses were erroneous, and that the mineral is reaUv a saponite. [The describer suggests a doubt as to the purity of the original material, wnich is a suggestion the aocuncy of which no one will question.] '
Brackebnsobite.— See Des CloizUe p. 86.
Braunite, Min., p. 168.— AnaL, Nagpur, India, F, B. Mallet Beo. GeoL Surr. Indti, zii., 78, 1879. See also Pyrolusiie, p. 99.
Bravaisite. U. MaUard, Bull Soc. Min., i., 6, 1878.
Orthorhombic (on optical grounds); in thin layers and schistose masses consisting of fine crystalline fibres, mostly pamllel in position. H. 1-2. G. 2*6. Color gray to greenish my.. Double refraction negative, strong; 2 40% Unctaons to the touch. Psste jke when wet Analysis:
SiO, AUO, Pe,0, CaO MgO K,0 H,0
614 18-9 4-0 20 88 6-6 18-8 99-4
The formula deduced, after the deduction of the iron as due to the presence of pjittn is Bs [AlaJiSisOfls + 8 aq. B. B. fuses easily to a white lass. In the closed tube gi off water and becomes orown. Partially attacked by acids. Pound in layers in the coai and bituminous schists of Koyant (Allier Dept.), France. Named after the French crjstu* lographer M. Brayais. [Near some yarieties of glauconite.]
Bbeislakitb, Min., p. 216. According to v, Lasaulx (J. Min., 1878, 880), to be refemd to amphibole instead of to pyroxene.
Bbeukeute, Mui., p. 686. — Oryst v. Kokaeharof, Min. Russl., yiL, 181, 221, 1878.
BaocHAirrrrE, Min., p. 664; App. II., p. 9. — Optical properties determined (orthorittD* bic?), Bertrand, Bull. Soc Min., iii., 66, 1880. From Pisco, Peru, anaL by Mannington, Semmona, Min. Mag., iy., 290, 1881. Made artificially, Meunier, C. B., Ixxzyi., 686, 1878.
Bbonzite, Min., p. 208; App. 11., p. 9.— AnaL, Dun Mt, New Zealand, HOffer, J. Hin. 1879, 129,
Bbookitb, Min., p. 164; App. II., p. 9.MaUwrd (Ann, Min., VII., x., 184, 187ff regards the three forms of titanium dioxide— brookite, ootahedrite, and mtile — as haying the rune primitive form (monoclinic), and argues that the differences between the species, io the forms of the crystals and in physical clmracters, are due to the different ways in whic-h the individuals are grouped togetner. Sdirauf (Ber. Ak, Wien, Ixxiy., 585, 1876), after an extended study of crystals fiom different localities, concludes that they are all monocllDic and isomorphous with wolframite; he, howeyer, distinguishes among them three types yarying in the crystallographic constants (this result was announced earlier, see App. II., p also J. Min., 1877, 800; l678, 60). Later (Z. Kryst , i., 274. 1877) he discusses the optiajj characters of the species in their relation to the crystalline system. The conclusions d Schrauf are questioned by Qroih (Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 109, 1878), and measuremcnti by Backing are quoted agreeing with the orthorhombic form. Vom Bath earlier (Fogg. Ann., chill., 405, 1876) found crystals from Atliansk to be orthorhombic.
See aXso PlsetiMrookiie, p. 97.
Bbucite, Min, p. 175; App. II., p. 9.— Pyro-electrical properties, Banke/. Wied. Ann, vi.. 63, 1879. Calculation of the indices of refraction by a method based upon the msnrpa diameters of the rings obscryed in the axial interference figures In a plate of known Uucitness, Bauer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1881, 968.
APPKNinx m. 19
An anuL of a partiaUy decomposed bnicite from Siebenlehn, near Freiberg, gave Peteiv sen: MgO 88-92rFeO 18-78, CO, 7-88, H.O 80-46, SiO, 416, AJaO,, CaO tr. =9964 After deducting the SiO as quartz, and 24*49 p. c. hydromaesite belieyed to be present as a decomposition product, and after calculating the remainder to 100, the result is MgO 89-89, FeO 24*92, H,0 86*19 100. This is called bissvbeucit. Sandberger, J. Min., 1880, ii., 288.
Bnnsenin. — See Krennerite, p. 66,
BUBTAMEMTITB.— App. II., p. 0.
Btbbite.— App. IL, 9. Bttowihtb.— App. II., p. 0.
exam.
64, HaO 28-11 99*88 (BulL Soo. Min., i, 76, 1878).
Cacheutaitb. — App. n., p. 9.
Gacheutitb. Domeyko, Min. Chili, 8d ed., p. 402, 1879. See App. H, p. 9, and Syst. Min., p. 798.
Cacholono, Min., p. 199; App. n., p. .-NardenakiM, (Efr. Ak. Stockholm, xxzi., May 18, 1874
Cacozenitb, Min., d. 684; App. IL, p. 9.— AnaL by Nies of a related mineral from the £leonore mine, near Giessen, /SSreng, J. Min., 1881, i., 108.
Calamine, Min., p. 407; App. II. p. 9.— Oryst., Altenberg, Seiigmaim, Z. Kryst., L, 842 1877
According to Fock (Oroth, TabelL Uebets. Min., 1882, p. 84), unchanged at 840" C, and loses water only at a red heat.
Calavebite, Biin., p. 796; App. II., p. 9. — AnaL, Keystone and Mountain-Lion mines, Colorado, Genth, Am. PhU. Soc., Philad., xvu., 117, 1877 (or Z. Kryst., ii., 8): Te 5782, An 83-75, Ag8 03, VaO, 0 05, FeO 080, AlaO,, MgO, etc, 0-55 100 (4-96 p. c. quartz deducted). Formula (Au, Ag) Te,, with Au : Ag 7 : 1, this requires Te 57-93, Au 39*01, Ag 8*06. Occurs in small imperfect crystals, imbedded in quartz. H. 2*6. G. 9.048.
See also Krennerite, p. 66.
CaActtb, Min., p. 670; App. IL, p. 9 — OrysL, Senenbi, Min. Not., xii., 18 et 9eq,, 1876. V. Kohacharof, Min. Kussl., vii, 69. 1876. Brigels, T*avetsch, Kloo$, J. Min., 1816, 418. Yellowstone Park, coated with quartz crystals in parallel position, E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., III., xU., 448. 1876, or Z. Kryst, L, 89. Ahrenthal, Tyrol, wm Bath, Pogg. Ann., civ., 48, 1875; Elba, etc., Pogg. Ann., dviii., 414, 1876 ; Bergen HiU, N. J., id,, Z. Kryst., i., 604, 1877; Bnuril, twins (pseudomorph), id., Z. Kryat, ii., 187, 1878. Oroth, Mn.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 119, 1878. Reichenstein, Silesia, Hare, Z. Kryst., iv., 299, 1879. Bleiberg, v. Zaphawvieh, Lotos, 1878 Lancashire, wm Bath, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Jan. 8, 1881.
Monograph with list of observed and of new planes on crystals from many localities, Irby, Inaug. Diss., Bonn, 1878 (Abstr. in Z Kryst., iii., 612, 1879).
Twinning (-B) produced artificially, Baumha/uer, Z. Kryst, ui, 688, 1879; Brazina, ib., iv., 618, 1880.
Thermo-electric properties investigated, Hankel, Pogg. Ann., clvii., 166, 1876. On the relation between the different crystalline forms, / Abhandl. Senck. Ges., x., 1876; Jahresb. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 118.
lAngban, Sweden, auaL, CaCOt 87*14. MnCO. 1006, BaCO, 2-04 9924, 6grm,
20 ippKHDix m.
GeoL, For. FOrh., iv., Ill, 1878. Lindmn found 1*09 p. e. ZnCOa in caldte from lingban, ib.y v., 557, 1881. Anal, of so-ealled onyx from Teoali, Mexioo, Damowr C. &, Ixxzii., 1085, 1876; Ba/rema, Proo. Am. . So. PluL, 187tt, 166. AnalTses of oakite and other rhombohedral carbonates, Heddle, Trans. Acad. £d., zzrii, 483, 1876.
Isomorphism " with soda nitre and relation to the other rhombohedral carboiuiteB discussed, TseKermak, Min. Petr. Mitth., iv., 99, 1881.
See also Thinoliie, p. 51.
Oalcozincite. Shepard, Contrib. Min., Amherst, 1876 (Am. J. Sc., III., xil, 2St). A substance described as haying a fine granular to columnar structure, light orange jom color. H. 8 5. G. 8-95. Anal.: ZnO 81-00, CaO 756, CO, 5 80, H.O 4, MnO tr. =98*62. Effervesces slightly with acid. From Stirling Hill, New Jersey. [5-8 COi requires GaO 7*4 for CaOOi— the substance is doubtless a mechanical mixture of zincite and calcite.]
Galsdomitr.— Min., p. 625; App. II., p. 10.
OALLAnnTE.— See Variseite, p. 128.
Calomel Min., p. 111.— Oryst., El Doctor, Mexico, Webahy Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1877,
The occurrence of natiyeoorrosiye sublimate (HgCls) is reported by Besnou near Iqnjqoe, in the desert of Atacama; the determination, howeyer, was based only on some qn&utatiTe trials, Assoc. Franc. Ady. So., 1878 588.
Oalvonigritei—See p. 99.
Cancrinite, Min., p. 829 ; App. 11., p. 10.— Bauff (Z. Kryst, ii., 456, 1878) baa sob* jected the original cancrinite of Miask to a thorough microscopic and chemical examinstion, and A. Koch (J. Min. Beil. Bd., i, 144, 1880) has done the same for that oocmring in the syenite of £>itr6, Transylyania. Both show that there is eyery reason, bo as reguife the physical characters and the constancy of chemical composition, to consider the mineral as an original species, and not as a decomposition product arising from the action on nepbelite of a carbonated solution. The obsenrations of Koch on the behavior of a thin sectioii. when treated with HCl, are especially condusiye as showing that the CO. is present, not as calcite mechanically mixed, out as a true element in the composition of the Hilirat Analyses : 1, Banff ; 2, Koch :
SiO, AUG, Fe,0GaO Na,0 K,G CO, H.O
1. Miask, G. 2-450, 8728 28-20- 044 695 17*75 0-20 616 4-08 101 -OL
V '
2. Ditr6 88*58 28*72 tr. 524 1222 6-28 8 78 98*77.
The formula deduced by Banff is Na. fAlaLSi.O,* + + 3H,0. and that of Koch for the Ditr6 mineral is NaK, [AU] Si„0i, + + 4H.0. Banff finds the ratio in the carbonate of Oa : Na, 8:1, and Koch 7 : 1.
GAaRONTTnuNB.— App. n., p. 10.
GASNALLrrE.~Min., p. 118 ; App. II., p. 10.
CAEPHOLrrB, App. H., p. 10 ; Min., p. 419.— AnaL, Meuyille, Ardennes, de Kaninek, BuU. Ac Belg., it, xly., 15, 1878 ; xlvii., 664, 1879.
Oaryhiite. C. H, Lundstrihn, Geol. F5r. F5rh., ii., 178, 228, 1874.
Massiye. H. 3-8-5. G. 4 25. Lustre greasy. Color brown to yeUowisb tnowiL Streak yeUowish white. Fracture splintery. Analysis :
As,0 PbO MnO FeO CaO MgO CO, CI insol.
▲fpooiz hl 21
This corresponds, though only approximately, to the general formula BsAssOe, after dednctine the calcium cfurbonate. B. B. fuses easily to a olack slag, giving reactions for arsenic, lead, and manganese. Dissolves readily, with slight effervescence in nitric acid. Occurs intimately mixed with caldte and hausmannite, at L&ngban, Wermland, Sweden. Named from xapvtvoi, nut-broom, SjHgren remarks that berseiiite occurs with caryinite, and sometimes enclosing it. He finds the berzeliite isotropic (isometric), and the caryinite anisotrope (raonoclinic, and as the two species have analogous composition, he suggests that the former may have been formed from the latter (Geol. FOr. F5rh., ii., 588, 1875). Idndgren (ib., v., 556, 1881), however, describes the war in which the minerals occur together, uid concludes, for certain cases, that the caryinite is altered into berzeliite. [Tne genetic relation between caryinite and berzeliite merits further examination.]
According to Dea Cloizeaux (Bull Soc. Min., iv., 56, 1881), the mineral has two cleavages, at an angle of 180"*. 2E 58' to 47. Dispersion p v, also horizontal (hence monoclinic).
Gassinitb. — See Feldspar Group, p. 46.
Cassitebitb, Min., p. 157 ; App. XL, p. 10. — Onrst. monograph, with a list of all observed planes, also analysis, Beeke, Min. ., 1877, 044. Oroth, Min.-SammL, - burg, p. 104, 1878. Schlaggenwald, v. Zepharovieh, Ijotos, 1880.
Currenoe of tin stones in Cornwall, GoUinSj Min. Mag., iv., 1, 108, 1880. From Coosa Co., Ala., Shepard, Am. J. Sc, xx., 56, 1880. From Tasmania, Gouid, Q. J. G. Soc., xxxi., 100, 18.
Castillitb. Not castHlite of Kammelsberg (Min., p. 46), but synonym of guanajuatite (q. v., p. 58), Domeykoy Min. Chili, 8d Ed., p. 810, 1879.
CASTOsrrB. — See BBialUe, p. 91.
Ckladonite, Min., p. 468. — Analyses, in igneous rucks of Scotland, Beddle, Trans. Roy. Soc. Ed., xxix., 102, 1879.
Oelestialite. J. Lawrence SmitJi, C. R, Ixxxi., 1005, 1875. On treating the graphite from the interior of the meteoric iron of Sevier, Tenn., with cth3r, Smith obtain small quantities of adcular crystals havine a peculiar odor, mixed with some small rounded points. These he regards as identical with crystals obtained from tiie iron of Alais, France (Mar. 1806), by Roscoe (Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, iii., 57, 1868). Smith has obtained the same crystals from the Alais meteorite. In the closed tube he finds that they fuse at 115M20°, and at a higher temperature the sulphur is sublimed, and a black residue left behind. He regards these crystatis as proof of the presence of a sulpho-hydrocarbon, for which he proposes the name celbstialite. Roscoe (1. c ) found that 1 '94 p. c. of the meteorite dissolve in ether, and from the solution he obtained crystals melting at C, and in two forms : acicular, which he considered as near to kOnlite (Min., p. 787), and rhombic, which he identified as free sulphur.
Cklestite, Min., p. 619 ; App. II., p. 10.— Oryst., twins, Sicily, KenngoU, J. Min.. 1875, 298. Neminar (barytooelestite), Min. Mitth., 1876, 59. Cirst. and optical exam., JQhnde, near GSttingen, Babcock, J. Min., 1879, 885. Perticara, Schmidt, J. Uin., 1881, ii., 169 ref., (or Z. Kryst., vi.. 99). VUle-sur-Saulx, v. Laaaulx, Z. Kryst, vi., 208, 1881.
Effect of heat on indices of refraction, Arzruni, Z. Kryst, I, 177, 1877, Pyro-electrical characters, ffankel, Wied. Ann , vi., 54, 1879.
AnaL, occurrence in marl at Bristol, England, Stoddari, Min. Mapr-, 1., 4, 1876. C!lifton, England (barytooelestite), CoUie, ib., ii., 220, 1879. Found at Bell's Mills. Blair Co., Pa. (not Frankstown, Huntington Co ). Recent formation at Bourbon d'Archambault, d$ Gouvenain,C, R., Ixxx., 1299, 1875.
CxsmuLLASSiTB, Min., p. 796.— Composition discussed. Haw, Phil. Mag., V., i., 128,
Cebabgyrite, Min., p. 114; App. II., p. 10. — A mercurial variety of cerarprrite, from the mine la Julia," of the (erro de Caracoles, Desert of Atacama, isdescribed by Domeyko
i;
Ann. d. Min., TIL, z., 15, 1876 ; or Min. Chili, 8d Ed., 1879, p. 416). AnuxpboiiB, bring irregular masses. Lustre waxy, less bniliant than the pore chioiideL Color on the f reh f racturo reddish, yellowish, or hair-brown, becoming nearly black om expose. Malleable and sectile, but less so than ordinary cerargyiite. Can be cruflhed in a mortar, yielding a bright yellowish powder. The mean of two uialyses gave :
Ag Hg CI Nad Fe,Ot CaCOaandkoB
f
91 '5 J
According to Moesta, the oerargytite of Los Bordos, Copiapo, contains 1'31 p. c. of nier cnry.
Cerbolitk.— App. IL, p. 10.
Certtb, Min., p. 418 ; App. 11., p. 10.— -AnaL by Stolba and Ketiner, of oerite from Bast- , giving: SiO, 18*18, Ce,0, 88-25, La,Os + Di,0, 84-60, FeO 818, CaO 1-69, H,0 5-18 96-08, Ber. B5hm. Ges., p. 872, 1879.
Cebusstte, Min., p. 700 ; App. IL, p. 11.— Orjrst, twins, SadAeek PpSS- Ann., chi., 558, 1875. Froth, Min.-SammL, Strassbuig, p. 183, 1878. Rodna, TnmTania, Vrha Z. ., ii., 157, 1878 ; Krwyner, ib., IL, Mine Friedrichssegen, near Ems, Nassao, Seligmann, Verb. Nat Ver. ikm, xriiii., 244, 1876, and xxxy., 175, 1878 ; also J. Min., 1880, i., 137. Bleibeig, v. Zharovieht liotos, 1874.
Recent formation at Pompeii, de Luea, C. B., Ixxxiy., 1457, 1877.
Cebyantitb, Min., p. 187. — Oocorrenoe in Sevier Co., Ark., JhmMnaton Amer. Assocl, 1877, 182.
Chabazite, Min., p. 484; App. H., p. 11. — Beeke has studied minntelr the optical characters of chabazite crystals from different localities, and concludes that the long recognized optical anomalies are to be explained by the -assumption of a complicated twinning of triclmic individuals; this twinning, however, is according to the accepted prinoples (analogous to aragonite), and does not require any new hypoUiesis as that ox Mallard. He finds, for example, that a basal section in polarized light shows a conipoaition of six differently orientired individuals, of which the extinction directions oitwo portions are symmetrically arruoged with reference to the line of union. A section parallel to a rhombohedral plane, under the same conditions, is divided into two parts along the shorter diagonal For further details see the original paper (Min. Petr. Mitth., ii.. 391, 1879), or the abstracts (Z. Kryst, v., 377, and J. Min., 188U, ii., 185). Streng (see below) also discusses the same problem, but without arriving at so de&iite a conclusion. Bceke finds gmelinite related in structure to chabazite, while herschelite (q. v.) differs from both, and to the latter levvnite is probably related. De* Cloiteaux (JBulL Soc. Min., iv., 259, 1881) has examined optically the liaydenite of Baltimore, doablerefraction positive.
Discussion of chemical composition with several analyses (by Burkhaidt and Hammenchlag), Streng, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., xvi., 74, 1877 (abstr., Z. Kryst., i., 519, 1877); he shows the variation in composition (e. g. of 4 '4 p. c. in SiO), and argues from it that this and the related species (phacolite, gmelinite, levynite) may be regarded as vujing isomorphous mixtures of two end compounds, as has been assumed in the case oi the triclinic feldspars.
Anal., Cs6cliberg, Hungary, Koch, ZS. G. Oes., xxviiL, 804, 1876. Lausanne, in a gelatinous condition (Bischoff), Benevier, BulL Soc. Yaud., IL, xvi, 16, 1879. Branchville. Conn. (Penfield), Brush and Dana, Am. J. Sc, xviii., 49, 1879. Sanmmi, Att. Soc. Tosc , iv., 816, 1879.
Recent formation at Bonrbonne-les-Bains, Daybrie, C. R., Ixzx., 606, 1875; at Qraa, Algiers, ib., Ixxxiv., 167, 1877.
CHAiiCocTTE, Min., p. 52. — Recent formation at Bouifoonne-lea-Bains, Dambrte 0. R., Ixxx , 462, 1875; see also xdiL, 572, 1861.
AFPSKDIZ to. 28
Ohaloomenito, Des CMzeatM and Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., !▼., 01, 18.
Honoclinic; in isolated crystals and crystalline crusts, i A i KS" 20'. O A <Ht 9'. Commonly in prismatio crystals terminated by the basal plane and 1- Optic axial plane parallel, and acute (negative) bisectrix perpendicular, to the horizontal edge 0 I i-ii Angle small, dispersion stroug p <v; bo that in the polariscope with a green gixas the lemniacates have the form of circular rings traversed by a black cross, while with a blue glass they take the form of ellipses elongated normal to the plane of polarization. G. 8*76. Color bright blue. Transparent. AnalysiB, Damour (BnU. Soc Min., iv., 167, 1881):
SeO, CuO H,0
48*13 86 40 15*80 98*82.
Corresponding to the formula CuSeOa + 2aq or a copper selenite, an example of a group of compounds not before met with in mineralogy. B. JB. on charcoal fuses to a black slag,
giving off selenium fumes, and coloring the mane deep blue. In the closed tube yields a ttle water and a sublimate of SeO* in white needles. In salt of phosphorus gives m 0. F. a greenish blue glass, which becomes blood-red when reduced witn the addition of metallic tin. Soluble in acids. i
Occurs in minute crystals in the various selenldes of silver, copper, and lead, which are found in small veins; Cerro de acheuta, Mendoza, Argentine Republic. Often intimately mixed with azurite, iron oxide, and lead carbonate, which have been formed by the alteration of the selenides and of the pyrites which form the gangue.
MM. Friedel and Sarasin have succeeded in forming ariMcially (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 176, 225, 1881) a copper selenite having the same form and composition as chalcomenite, and another oiffenng in crystalline form.
Chaloomiclitb. — App. IL, p. 11.
CSALCOMOBPHITE. — App. IL, p. 11.
Ohaloophanite. G, E, Moore, Amer. Chemist, July, 1875.
Bhombohedral; in druses of minute tabular crystals. iJ AiZrslW'* 80', BaO:s 48'; 8*5267. Also in foliated aggregates; in stalactitic and plumose forms. Cleavace basal perfect. H. 2 5. O. 8*907. Lustre metallic, brilliant. Color bluish to iron black. Streak chocolate brown, dulL Opaque. Flexible in thin lanmue. Analyses: 1, of crystals; 2, of the stalactitio form:
MnO, MnO ZnO Fe,Ot H.O
1. 59*94 6-58 ft) 21 70 0*26 1158 100*05.
2.* 4-41 20-80 1266= 99*44.
After deduction of 1*27 p. c. limonite as imparity. Formula (Mn, Zn) 0 + 2MnOs + 2aq. If half the water be made basic, the formula may
be written 4- R) Oi + aq, which is equivalent to 0, + aq. In the closed tube gives off water and oxygen, exfoliates slowly, and changes to a golden bronze color. B. B. becomes yellowish bronze to copper red in color, and fuses shghtly on the edges. With borax a manganese bead ; on charcoal with soda a zinc coating.
Occurs at the calamine deposits of Sterling Hill, N. J. It is a product of the decomposition of franklinite. Named from ;taxo?, hraaa, and tpairoo, to appear, in allusion to the change of color on ignition.
Chalooptbitb, Min., p. 65; App. IL, p. 11.— Oryst v. Kokwharof, Bull, Soc. St. Pet., xix., 562, 1875. With tetrahednte in parallel position, Sadebeck, Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, Oct, 1878 (J. Min., 1879, 154). Groth, Min.-SammL, Strassburg, p. 53, 1878.
Recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains, DaubrSet C. B., Ixxx., 463, 1875; do. at Bourbon d'Archambault, de Gouvmain, ib., p. 1297.
Chalcoftbshotitb. — App. II. , p. 11.
. , „ ja& distinct ipeciea, and not to
oiiitod with dnfrenite (sm Min., p. 083). Occurs in miniiU triclinic crvsttJs, geoenllr in " Q. 8-10e. Colorlighl
P,0, AfcO, Po,0, A1,0, CaO H,0 0,0,
99-98 O-ei 42-81 4-4S 8-lS 15-00 tr.
LoMiC lore. 0-46, tUO'-lWiddlUoiulloMO-U; raauinder it nd bat.
Chilipitk.— App. XL, p. 11.
P.O.
A1.0.
Fw)
UnO
CaO
H.0
Quarti.
So-19
B9M
sm
ai-44
36
penfield lemoTeB the donbt as to the true compwition of childmiite. the fonnola dedond being R.AJ,P,0,., 4H,0 or A1,P,0, + SBH,0, + 2aq. This requires P.O. 80-80, AI,0, 82-1, FeO 26-87, MnO 4-87, H,0 1S-6S. It alao toUowe from thia that chUdntiite ud eoepborit (see below) are eeeentiall; the aama species.
Childbbnttb— EoBFHORm. 6. J. BrvtK and JS. S. Sana, Am. J. SoL, UL, xn., 3S.
Otthorbomtdo. Axea, £ :i :d 0-6B399 : 1 '26732: 1. figure); (-((a),
I (i.), !-5 (g), 2-2 W.
{(ront) IBS" da; pAp (aide) 118* 68', o a p 120* 81. In
{riamatio ci7lls vertically atiiated. Also more nenllT miMre, dcATable to oloaely compact CleaTage: macndiagDnAlsearij
H. 6. G. 8'11-3'14S. Lustre vitreous to Bub-t4notii, of maasi*e mlnenl often KTeaay, Color roBo-pinb, vellowiab to oolcvless, alao of compact ferms grayish, bluish, jcllowiah white, ud white. Streak white. Traiuparent to tiKnalucent. Fraetoit uneven to subooncboidol. Optic axial pUne maorodiagonal ; acute bisectrix negative, uoimal to braohrpinacoid. Axial angle in sir 54° 80' red, 60° 80' blue. Axial colon yellowish (|S), deep pink faint pink to nearly colorless (16 ).
Compowtion: R,A1,P,0,„ 4n,0 or AI.P.O. + 2RH,0, + Zia. U R Mn : Fe 10 : 8, percentage composition.' P,0. 80i.
AliOi 23-83, FeO 7 24, MnO 2:i'80, H,0 IG'68 100. Analyses: 1, S. L. Penfield (Am.
J. So., ivi.. 40), pnro crystals, O. =8184; 3. H. h. Wells (ivt, 41), white oomptct
mineral, containing 1441 p. c. impurities, mostly quarti, here deducted; 8, H. L. Welb
(sviii., pink massive nOneral, Q. 8-11.
P.O. A1,0, FeO MnO CaO NmO H,0
1. ({)31'0ii 23-19 no 2801 0-&4 0-83 16-60 100-63, Penfield.
2. 81-48 2163 6-84 82-48 8-01 15-07 100-61, Well*.
8. 81-39 Sl-84 0-62 22-93 1-48 13-38, inaoL 1-46 100-, WeUs.
In the closed tube decrepitates, whitens, gives off abundance of neutral water, and ih residue turns first black, then gray, and finally liver brown with a metallic Instrt, and liecomes magnotic. B. B. in the forceps cracks open, sprouts and whitens, colors the flame pal(> Ereen, and fuses at about 4 to a black magnetic mass. Reacts for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Soluble in aoida.
OoouTf at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Coaa., in a vein of pagmatito aMOOlatadwUli riiodo-
APFBHDIZ m. 25
mite and the manganedan phosphates, trijloidite, dickinsonite, Uthiophilite. Also as imbedded nodules (anaL 8, above), in a massive gieen chloritic mineraL The massiTe mineral (anal. 2, above, G. 3*92-8*08) often impure from the presence of quartz, dickiusonite, and apatite. Named from (synonym of which means dawn-bearing, in allusion to the characteristic pink color.
S Since the hitherto uncertain composition oz childrenite (q. v.) has been settled by Pen- d, it appears that eosphorite and cnildrenite, having similar form and composition, are essentially the same mineral, only differing in that the first contains mostly manganese and the second mostly iron.]
Ohloralluminite. Scacchi, Att Accad. NapoU, vi. (read De& 18, Aluminum chloride (AUCU + zHsO), produced with molisite and chloromagnesite, at Yesuvius, at the eruption of April, 1873.
Chlobastroutb.— See Irehmie, p. 96.
Chlorite. Pseudomoiph after garnet Lake Superior, IkmipeUy, Am. J. So., III., x., 17
Chemical monograph of the Chlorite Group/' Heddle, Trans. Boy. Soc. Ed., xxix., 65 et seq., 1879.
Chloutoio, Min., p. 604.— See ClintanUe, p. 28.
Chlorocalcite, App. 11., p. H.Saacehi, Att. Accad. Napoli, vi, 1873.
Calcium chloride, from GTuy's Cliff, Warwickshire, SpUter, J. Ch. Soc., p. 164 Feb., 1876. Calcium chloride, more or less mixed with clay, has been identified in the Province of Tarapaca, of Chincha, and elsewhere in Peru, by Maimondi (Min. Prou, p. SMS7, 1878) ; it was called htdrophiutb by Adam.
Oliloromagnesite. Soaeehi, Att. Accad. Napoli, vi., 1878. Magnesium chloride (MgCls + aq), formed at Vesuvius at the eruption of April, 1872.
A mineral, apparently identical with that of Scacchi, has been called bisghofite by Oehsmius and Ffeifer, Arch, Pharm., III., xi., 296, 1877 (Bull. Soc. Min.. i., 138, 1878, and Jahresb. Ch., 1877, 1284, 1285). CrystaUine-granular and foUated, sometimes fibrous. H. 1-2. G. 165. Colorless (pure) to white. Lustre vitreous to dull. Mean of two analyses by KOnig gave : Mg 11*86, CI 36*04, H,0 58*10 100; this corresponds to MgCl, + 6aq, requiring Mg 11*83, CI 84*95. HaO 53*i2. Soluble in 0*6 parts of cold water. Occurs in lavers 3--3 cm. thick in halite, with kieserite and camaUite, fibres tnmsverse to tiie layers; Leopoldshall Prussia. The assumption of water is said to commence as soon as the layer is exposed to the air. The artificial salt is monoclinic.
Chloropal, Min., p. 461. — Anal., Mugrau, Bohemia, Schrauf, J. Min., 1877, 256. Mudgee, New South Wales, Liversidge, Proc. Roy. Soc. K. S. w., Nov. 8, 1880. A related mineral from Sweden, WetbtM, Geol. P5r. PCrli., v., 637, 1881.
Composition of related minerals discussed, CoUina, Min. Mag., i., 67, 1877.
Chlorophstte, Min., p. 6t0.~AnaL, from the Scnir More ridge, in Rum, Scotland, Meddle (Trans. Soc. Edinb., xxix., 84, 1879): SiO, 36*00, Fe,0. 22*80, FeO 2*46, MnO 0'50, CaO 2-63, MgO 9 60, alkaUes tr., H,0 26*46 100'26 (H,0 at 100° 19*23).
Ohlorothionite, SeaceM, Att Accad. Napoli, vi, 1873 (Contrib. Min., ii., p. 59).
Occurs in thin crystalline mammillary crusts of a bright blue color. An analysis gave : SO4 32 99, CI 30 04. Cu 19*56, K 26*29, loss 112 100. Crystals obtained by recrystallisation from a solution, and thus purer than the original material, gave essentially the same result. Tho composition is expressed by the formula KsSOi + CuCli, which requires : 8O4 3112, CI 33*98, Cu 20*65, K 25-36 100. From Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of April, 1873. The name records the presence of chlorine and sulphur {elor). [Is not this a mixture of two salts ?J.
26 Apnamxiz xo.
OhlorotUe. Frenzd, Min. Mitth., 1875, 42 ; J. Min., 1875, 517.
In minate capillary crystals of prisoiatic habit (orthorhombic), also fibroos and nuuriTe ; soft. Color in the mass pale green to emerald green, microeoopic crystals colorleaB. Ttanaparent. Composition asserted to be CuAstO + Oaq ; an approximate analyEis gare : AsaOft 41, CuO 41, HaO 18 100. Occurs with aragonite and wapplerite, at hneebeir. and with quartz and schedite at Zinnwald. [A more complete description is to be desired]
Chondbodite, Min., p. 868 ; App. II., p. 12. — Orjrst Brewster, N. Y., monoriph bjr E, S. Dana, proving the presence of crystab corresponding to each of the sonalitd types of the Vesuvian humite ; also giving measurements and many occurring planes. Further, it is shown, thiM the optical characters of the crystals of the more common second type** prove them to be, in fact, monoelinie : the axes he in the plane of symmetry, axial plane inclined 25° 48' to the basal phme, 2Hap Qn'* 48' in Conn. Acad., iii., 67- 1875 (abstr. in Am. J. Sc., III., x., 89). It has also been proved by the same author, that the crystals of the ''third type" belong to the monoclimc system (Am. J. Sc., III., zL, 189, 1876). The measured angles alone, however, would not imply an? variation from the orthorhombic t jrpe, although it has long been observed that the heminedral developmmt of the planes was m accordance with monodinic symmetry.
The corresponding Vesuvian species, huiiite, has been studied by Des Cloizeaux (PhiL Mag. lU., ii., 286, 1876, and iu., 857, 1877 ; or see J. Min., 1876, 641 ; 1877, 500 and by iGein (J. Min., 1876, 688). Des Cloizeaux finds the three types of humite to be optically distinct, and proposes to retain for the " first tvpe," which he shows to be orthorhombic, the name humite ; for the second type," which he finds to be monoelinie, he retains the name chondrodite, and to the ''third also monoelinie, he gives the name cuso- HUMiTE (the observations on the second and third tynes confirm those of E. S. Dana on Brewster crystals). Klein (1. c.) obtained for third type crystals of humite (dinokumiie) rssuits agreeing with those of Des Cloizeaux.
Sjogren describes crystals from the Ladu mine, Wermland, Sweden, which are bolohedral orthorhombic, ana near in anle to " Type I." of the Vesuvian mineral, also othen from Kafveltorp, Westmanland, which are monoelinie, and similar (see above) to common chondrodite, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., xxxviii., 5, p. 29, 1881. An exhaustive monograph of the
Kafveltorp chondrodite is conven by the same author in vol. xvii. of the Lund. Univ. Aisskrift (abstr. in (Jeol. P5r. FOrh.. v., 655, 1881).
AoalyBeB and discussion of composition : Brewster, N. T., ffawe$. Am. J. Sc. HL, x., 96, 1875; Katveltorp, Sweden, Widman, Geol. F6r. FCrh., iii., 118, 1876; WeMejf, Ber. Ak Berlin, 1876, 201 ; Fargas, Finland, BerweHh, Min. Mitth., 1877, 272.
ye M
CHKOBfiTE, Min., p. 158 ; App. II., p. 12.— In thin sections not opaque, but transmits a ellowish-red color, according to Thoulei, BuH Soc. Min., ii., 84, 1879. See also Fischer, ikr. Stud., 1870, and Z. Kryst., iv., 868. Anal., platinum washings, Wisimo Schaitansk, Ural, WaHer, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., xxziiL, No. 10, p. 28, 1876. Occurrence in meteorites, J, Lattrenee StnUht Am. J. So., III., zxL, 461, 1881.
Ohromownlfanite* — See Wulfenite, p. 182.
CHBOMPicoTrrE. — App. I., p. 3.
Chktsobebtl, Min., p. 155 ; App. II., p. 12.— Speciflo gnvity determinations, Churdkj Geol. Mag., II., ii, 821, 1875.
Chbtsooolla, Min., p. 402.— An aluminous variety of chrysooolla is caUed FiLARrrE by Kramberger (Z. Kiyst., v., 260, 1880). Like chrysocolla in appearance. Apparently homogeneous under the microscope. H. 8. G. — 2'fi2. Lustre dull. Color light greenish blue. . Analysis (I) : SiO, 88 6, A1,0, 16-9, CuO 19*0, CaO 2-5, ign. 21-7 98-7. Locality, Chili. Named after Prof. Pilar in Agram.
J. R. Santos (Chem. News, xxxvi , 167, 1876) has analyzed an aluminous chrysocolla from Utah : SiO, 87 19, A1,0, 10*78, CuO 28-08, HaO 25-76 99*76. Kttnig describee a substance from Bergen's Ranch, 25 m. from Denver, CoL, forming a thin, sughtly blniah
▲ffumdiz m. 27
crust on limonite ; it oontabous 88*86 p. o. AlsOa, 5*40 GnO, and corresponds to allophane and ciOTSocoUa in the ratio of 5 : 1, probably to be regarded as a mixture, Proc. Ac. Nat Sc. Philad., 1877, 294. See also Semmoru, Min. Mag., ii., 197, 1879.
Other analyses, Lower California, Mutehings, Ghem. News, xzxvi., 18, 1877 ; also xxxiv., 141, 1876; Cerio Blanco, Chili, PMegHnh 2. Kryst., iv., 408; Wheco, New South Wales, Liverndge, Proc. iioy. Soc. N.S. W., Nov. 8, 188u.
Chsysolitb, Min., p. 256 ; App. II., p. 12.— Yesavius (hyalosiderite), Scaechij Att. Aoo. Nap., vL, 1878 (Contr. Min., II., 66) ; with humite (clinohumite) crystals in parallel position, Scacahi, J. Min., 1876, 637. Determinations ox specific gravity, Church, Geol. Mag., IL, iL, 821. 1875.
AnaL SkurruTusely, Norway, HjcrtdaiKl (Z. Kryst., ii., 805). Zermatt, with 6 p. a TiOs (titanolivine, Oroth), Damoury Bull. Soc. Min., iL, 15, 1879. In meteoric iron of Bragiu, Retschinsk, Jnostrane, Min. BussL, yL, 216 ; Ste. Anne, Ottawa Biyer, Canada, JBarrington GeoL Canada, 1878.
A variety is called kkochbtsolitb, bv ScaeeM (Bend. Aooad. Napoli, Oct. 14, 1876}. In small, black, crystalline plates, crystallographically identical with chrjrsolite. Peculiar in a considerable amount of mansanese (compare hortonohte). Found in the cavities df the lava of 1681, at the Cupa di &bataniello, Vesuvius.
Chbtbtophite.— See Sjphalente, p. 111.
CiMOLiTB, Min., p. 457.— AaaL, Bichmond, N. S. W., Liveraidge, Proc. Boy. Soc. New South Wales, Dee. 6, 1876.
CcmABAB, Blin., p. 65 ; App. II., p. 12.-Or7tL, v. Kokscharof, Min. BussL, vi, 267, 1875. With metflicinnabarit Reddington mine, CaL, Berirand, Z. Kryst., ii., 199, 1877. Tuscany, dA6hiwrd%, Att. Soc. Tosc., iii., 282, 1877.
Anal., Oregon, Bahney, Chem. News, xxxiv., 180, 1876.
Occurrence in Ctdifoirda, etc., Blake Bull. Soc. Min., i, 81, 1878 ; BoUand, ib.,.L, 98. Gtonesis, eta, Christy Am. J. Sc., III., zviL, 458, 1879 ; Memjrik, Hungary, JTrsnner, Z. Kryst, U., 804.
OLABTTE, App. II., p. 12. — Sandbergtr, J. Min., 1875, 882.
Monoclinic (n. Crystals in tufted groups, on account of alteration not to be measured; planes identified 0, i-i, /, m. Cleavage iA perfect, \r4 less so. H. 8*5. G. 4*46. Color dark lead gray. Streak black. Analysis, petersen
S As Sb Cu Fe Zn
Formula that of enargite, viz. : GuaA8S4 8GUf S 4 AsSe.
B. B. fuses easily ; in the closed tube decrepitates violently, and gives a reddish yellow sublimate of the suhide of arsenic (and antimony, with also one of sulphur ; in the open tpbe gives both AsaOa and SbOa. Soluble in nitro acid, with the separation of a white
Srecinitate ; not attacked by boiling in a solution of caustic potash. Occurs on barite from tie Clara mine, near Sohapbeoh, £den. Sometimes altered to chalcopyrite and covellite. [Clarite and luzonlte have Doth the composition of enaivite ; the former differs from it in color, and apparently in form ; the latter in color and absence of cleavage, form unknown. All three have essentially the same specific gravity, which is not ordinarily the case with well established trimorphous groups— further seems to be required to prove that they are in fact distinct. J
Clausthaute.— -Min., p. 497 ; App. II., 12.
Oleveite. Nordenskidld, Oeol. P6r. F5rh., iv.. 28, 1878.
Isometric ; in cubes with octahedron and dodecahedron ; crystals rare, also in irregular grains. H. 5*5. G. 7*49. Lustre dulL Color iron black. Streak blackish brown.
28 APPDoiix m.
Opaque. Analysis, G. LindstrOm (L c), after deducting 8-84 p. o. iosoL, and 0-86 CaO, 0*14 MgO :
U,0, y.O, Er,0, Ce,0, Fe,0, ThO, PbO UO H,0
The suggestion is made that the fonnula may be (BO)(RtOa) HaO, and the minenl a member of the spinel group, altered through the assumption of watc, but this seems very doubtful. In the closed tube rives off water. B. B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus a deep green bead, beooming yeUow in O. F. after long blowing. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid with the separation of lead chloride. With soda on charooal, a lead globule and a costing of lead oxide. Occurs in a dirty brown feldspar at Garta, near Arendal, Norway. Associated with orthite, fergusonite, thorite, etc. lamed after Prof. CleTe.
At tne same locality is found a mineral which is probably a final decomposition product of dereite. It is called tttbooxtmiiite. It has the appearance of oiangite. Lustre brilliant Color black to yellow. Translucent ; fracture conchoidaL Optically anisotrope. H. 6. Hydrous, contains yttrium and nianium oxides. Between the black opaque cleveite and the translucent honey yellow ttrogummite, occur many intermediate pny ducts. [Cleveite is closely related to uranimte, as is yttrogummite to ordinary gummite.]
Olinocrocite (Sandberger) Singer, Inaug. Diss., WQrzbnrg, 1870, p. 0. A mineral a deep saffron yellow, occumng in microscopic crystals ('02 mm. broad), which are probably monoclimc, with the phmes i, 0, 1-i. According to a qualitative examination, a hyorous sulphate of alumina, iron aesquioxide, soda, and potash (lime in traces). From the Bauersberg, near Bischofsheim, formed by the decomposition of pyrite in basalt to&. Belated to the more clearly defined mineral clinophcoUe (q. y.). [Neeos further examination.]
Olinohumita.— See Chondrodiie, p. 26.
Olinophflsita (j3cmdberger\ Singer, Inau. Diss., WHizburg, 1879, p. 16. In microscopic crystals (*02 mm. broad), probably monochnic, with planes 0, /, 1-, prismatic anle H. ? G. =2-979. Color blackish green. Streak light grayish gieen. Lustre yitreous. Translucent to opaque. Taste astring3nt. An analysis gaye (after deducting 7'8B p. c hygroscopic water) :
SO, PeaO, A1,0, PeO MgO CaO NasO K,0 H,0 8701 9-48 404 6-06 0*76 1§8 0*77 6-35 21-79 14-72=102-86.
The formula deduced is 5K9SO4 + [Hs] + 5aq. DiflScultly soluble in water; on healing, iron sesquioxide separates from the aqueous solution. B. B. fuses with intomesoenoe, leaying finally a black magnetic residue. Occurs with other sulphates at the Bauersbeig, near Bischofsneim, as a rult of the decomposition of pyrite.
CLnrromTE. Min., p. 508.— The "dintonite group" of minerals haye been inyestigated by Techtrmak and StpdcM (Ber. Ak. Wien* Ixx., Koy., 1878 ; or Z. Kryst, iiL, 490). In this ffroup of " brittle micas " {SprMgUmmer) the authors include sefbertite (cdintoniteV branoisite, xanthophyllite, also chloritoid, masonite, ottrelite, sismondme. and Bapphirine, All of these species belong to the monoclinic system, and in form and physical c£ancter they are closely related to the micas, more especially to margarite (see original memoir and p. 77).
Chemically, it is assumed that the flist three of these minerals are isomorphous mixtures of H4Ca3MgSi094 and HsCaMgAUOn : in aeybertite in the ratio of 4 : 6, m hrandisHe of 8 : 4, in xanthophyUite of 6 : 8. As the two compounds assumed are not known to haye an independent existence, the results reached are nypotheticaL In order to bring oat the relation which is supposed to exist between the micas, margarite, and seybertit the following scheme is given, representing the compounds which are assumed to enter into then composition :
Mica. Margarite. . Seybertite.
Mgi3i,0, Ca.Al.Oi. f fl.CaMgAl0., f
APpnrDiz HL 39
Chloritoid (chloiitspath) is also monoolinic, and related in form to meioxene, as well as to the above species ; compositiQn expressed by the formula HaFetSisOi + HsAIsOt.
Ottrtlite ana maaonite are regarded as very near to ehloritoid, the yariation in chemical composition being believed to m doe to foreign indosures.
S%tmondine is similar to ehloritoid, and the formula corresponding to the analysis below is Ht4FeiAliSiftOi4, with, however, the Fe in part replaced by Mg. For sappnirine the formula MgsSiaOt 4- MgsAlOii is given.
Analyses : 1, 2, 8, by L. SipOcz— 1, segrbertite from Amity, G. 8*102 ; 2, brandisite from Monzoni, G. 8-090 ; 8, chloritoia from Pregratten, G. 8*538 ; i, by W. Suida, sismondine from St. Marcel, G. 8*42.
SiO, A1,0, Fe,0. F60 MgO CaO H,0 F
On a variety of zanthophyllite called waluxwitb, see p. 182: on a variety of ottrelite called vBKAsguiTE, see p. 87.
CoBALHTB, Min., p. 71; App. IL, p. ISOrywX Tunaberg and Skuttemd, Oroth, Min.- SammL, Strassbur, p. 41, 1878
AnaL, Khetri mines, Bajputana. India, F. B, MaUeL Bee. QeoL Surv. India, xiv., pt. 2, 190, 1880.
CCEEULBQLACTITX.— App. I., p. 8; 11., p. 18.
F. A. Genth, Amer. Phil. Soo., xvii., 115, 1877 (or Z. Kryst., ii., 4).
Massive ; granular, sometimes imperfectlv columnar (due to admixed sylvanite ?). H. =8. Gt. 8*627. Lustre metallic. iron-black inclining to gray. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Composition HgTe tellurium 89*02, mercury 60*98 100. Analyses ; 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, Keystone mine ; 6, 7, Smuggler mine.
Quartz and gold
deducted. Te Hg Al,0,,Fe90 V,0, MgO CaO
1. [28*50] 48-81 56*88 tr. tr. tr. tr. =100*14.
8. [25*18] 44*25 51*48 undet
4. [8*46
5. [20*72 (Quartz deducted.
46*74 49-80 undet.
5005 45*68 undet
The impurities present in 1 to 5 are, besides gold and quartz, native tellurium in varying quantities ; in 6 and 7 also sylvanite. In the tube slightly decrepitates, fuses, and yields metallio mercury as a sublimate, also teUurium trioxide in drc, and next to the assay metallic tellurium. Soluble in nitric acid.
Occurs very sparingly at the Kejrstone, Mountain lion and Smuggle' mines, in Colorado. [Belongs m the same group with cinnabar (or metaoinnabarite) HgS, and tiemannite HgSe.] -
CoLUMBiTB, Min., p. 515; App. II., p. 18.0e78L, Riesengebirge, Seharizer, Verb. G. Beichs., 1879, 243.
Anahniea, Yancey Co., N. C. ; Pike's Peak, CoL, J. L. Smith, Am. J. So., Ill, xiii., 859. 1877. isergebirge, Janot*, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxx., 84, 1879. Middletown, Ct., K J, Hal* lode. Am. J. Sc., xxi., 412, 1881.
The following analyses are quoted here as being of espedal interest : 1, Standish, Me.,
... 100 27.
087 98
30 Afpbndix Ul
0. D, AUen (priy. oontrib.); 8, NoithflelcL Mass., W. J. Comdoek, Am. J. Sc, III., xii., 181, 1880 ; 8, BranchTille, Conn., Comstock, ib.
Cb,Oft TasOft SnOs, WO. MnO FeO CaO
1. Standish, G. 6'65 68*09 0-22 1*61
2. Northfleld, G. 6-84(}) 26*81 56-90 8. Branchville, G. 6*68 8016 52*20
The Standish crystals are small, but highly modified, and of brilliant lustre (see Z. , L, 880). The Northfleld mineral had the form and habit of ordinary oolumbite, thoogli it is essentially a tantalite. This was also true of the BranchTille mineral {Brush and DanOy Am. J. So., III., zvi., 84, 1878), which, moreoTer, was in thin tabular crystals, slightly translucent ; it is also remarkable as containing only MnO, and also, in the fact that the ratio of Cb-iOt : TaaOt 1:1 nearly, that is, the formula is MnCbsO + MnTaaOc See also Tantaliie, p. 118.
6hepard*8 hermawoute (Am. J. So., 11., 1., 90, 1870; III., xi., 140, Mermann, J. Ft. Ch., II., xiU., 886, 1876, or BuU. Soc. Moec.. xliz., 179, 1875; Delafimtaine, Am. J. Sc, IIL xiiL, 890, 1877, and Bibl. Univ. Cn., II., lix , 184, 1877) is a mii&ral from Haddam. Codil related to (or identical with) columbite. Hermann (1. c.) finds in it **hypotantalic acid 7 '08, hypoilmenic acid 14*92, niobous acid 56*15, iron protoxide, 12'56, manganese protoxide 9*84 100." This result is, to say the least, problematical, as no one but the anftlix himself has any confidence in the existence of the chemical compounds named. Delafcotaine (1. c.) found a large proportion of CbsOs, about 16 p. c. TasOt, and possibly a little TiO. He states further, tnat the low specific gravity supposed to be a specific of this substance is explained by its containing less TaaOs (Brainerd's oolumbite contains 87 p. c), and by the admixture of some forei material. [As far as invesUgation has gone, hermannolite is not distinct from columbite.]
CoNiTELLTTE, Min., p. 627.— Optically uniaxial, positive, Bertrand, BulL Soc. Min., K 88, 1881.
CopiAPiTE, Min., p. 655 ; App. H., p. 18.— Optical characters, Bertrand, BulL Soc. Mim iv., 11 ; Des Chizeaux, ib., 41, 1881.
Copper, Min., p. 14 ; App. 11., p. 18.— Oryst, v. Kokseharof, Min. Russl., vi., 209, 1874 Altai, V. Jeremejef, Verb. Min. Qes. St. Pet., II., xii., 281. Mme Friedrichssegen, Nassau, Seligmanny Verh. Nat. Ver. Rhein., xxxiii., 261, 1876. Lake Superior, vom RcUh, Z. Kryst, ii., 169, 1878; Fletcher, PhiL Mag, V., ix., 180, 1880.
Pseudomorphs after aragonite, from Coro-C'oro, Bolivia, described fully, Domeyho, fith App. Min. Chili, p. 6, 187a
CoQUiMBiTE, Min., p. 650; App. U., p. 18.— CJopiapo, Coquimbo, Chili, revision of angles, e (vert ) 1 -5645, optical examination, Arzruni, wuh analyses by Bamberger, conflrmiag Rose's results, Z. Kryst., iii, 516, 1879.
CosDnsBiTE. — See lolite, p. 68.
CoBKiTB. — App. II., p. 18; see also Beudantits, p. 15.
CoRNWALLiTE.— Min., p. 569; App. U., p. 13.
Oorongulte, Baimondi, Minraux du Prou, 1878, pp. 88, 91.
Amorphous, earthy, pulverulent, sometimes slightlv lamellar. H. =2*5-8. G. sS'Od Color, exterior, grayish yellow; interior, blackish, witn lustre slightly resinous. Intimately mixed with small quantities of sulphur, antimony, silver, and lead. An analysis, after tbe deduction of impurities, gave: Sb,0. 587, PbO 21-48, Ag.O 782, PeO 052, H,011'21 100; accordingly, an antimonate of lead and silver. Fonnd at the mines of MogoUon, Huancavcllca, and Empalme, in the district of (*orongo, piovinoe Pallasca, and at cancha, province of Pomabamba, Peru. [Of doubtful
▲PpmDiz m. 31
CoBUinwPHiLiTB, Min., p. 604; App. 11., p. 18.— A mineral, apparently identical with conuidophilite, is called ambsxtb, by Shepard. Occurs with diaspore at Chester, Mass. Examined by Pisani (G. R., Ixxziii., 160, 1B76). In hexagonal plates, foliated, resembling the green talc from the Tyrol. Uniaxial figure (posiUve), seen tnrongh cleavage fragment. H. 2*5-3. G. 2*71. Color apple green. Lustre pearly on cleavage face. Analysis :
SiO, A1,0, Fe MgO H,0
21-40 82*80 16 80 10*90 10*00 100-80.
Q. Ratio for Si : [Al,] : B : H 9 : 12 : 10 : 8. B. B. nearly infusible.
CoBUNDUM, Min., p. 187; App. II., p. 18. — Oryst., Ceylon, v, Kcikacharof, Min. BussL, Ti., 2, 1874. Taschkent, etc., v. Jeremejef, Verb. Min. Ges. St Pet, II., xiii., 426, 440; ziT., 2*27 (Z. Kryst.,ai, 604, 605; in., 488; it., 642).
Specific gravity determinations. Churchy Geol. Mag., II., IL, 821, 1876.
Made artificially (rubies, sapphires), Frhny and FeUt C. R., Ixxxv., 1029, 1877; Jfeunier, ib., xc, 701, 1880.
Occurrence of emery in Westchester Co., N. Y., KimbaU, Am. Chem., iv., 9, 821, 1874; J. D. DofM, Am. J. So., IIL, xz., 200, 1880.
Mallard vAnn. Min., VII., x. 150, 1876), describes crystals, in which a basal section coo- Bisted of six sectors ; he assumes that the apparently rhombohedral crystals are really composed of three orthorhombic individuals. Bertrand (Bull. Soc. Min., i, 96, 1878), describes crystals from Siam (ruby) which are distinctly biaxial, with a widely varying axial angle from nearly C up to 58°. Tachermdk (Min. retr. Mitth., i., 862, lv7, mentions crystals from Ceylon having a monoclinic symmetry in the distribution of tae planes, ana also optically biaxial. He concludes that many crystals are built up of monoclinic particles, occasionally so grouped as to give uniaxial effects in polarized light
CosAUTB, Min., p. 797 ; App. II., p. 18. — A mineral, apparently identical with cosalite, is called bjeleitb by (Oeol. F9r. ., iv., 106, 1878; ett nytt vismuthsvafladt svafelblv, Lundsirdmj ib., ii., 178, 1874). Its characters are as follows: Massive, fibrous, radiated. H. 2 5-8. G. 6'89-6'76. Lustre metallic. Color steel gray. Streak grayish black. Composition PbaBisSi 2PbS + BiaSa. Analyses: 1, LundstrSm (1. c); 2, 8, Sjogren (L c).
Pe
6*18 100, LundstrOm. 0-67, insoL 219 10049, SjCgren. 1-82 96*85, Sjogren.
The material used in (1) was probably more or less impure through the presence of a little pyrrhotite. B. B. fuses easily, giving reactions for lead, bismuth, and sulphur; slowly attacked by HCl, dissolved in fuming nitric acid, with the separation of lead sulphate From the Bjelke mine, in Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden.
OoBsirrlta, H. Faersiner, Z. Eryst., v., 848, 1881.
Triclinic, with a 90' 6, /5f 102" 12', and r 89' W, / A i' 114' 5'. Form nearthat of amphibole, but differing in the prisinatic zone. Cleavage /and / distinct. Twins with the brachypinacoid as twinning phine. Crystals minute, 1*5 mm. long, and 0-5-0*6 mm. broad. G. 8*74-8'76. Color black. Analysis:
SiO, Fe,0, Al.O, FeO MnO CuO MgO OaO Na,0 K,0
Approaches in composition some ferruginous amphiboles. B. B. fuses easily to a brownish black glass. Partially decomposed by acids. Found imbedded in the lipante lavas of the island Pantellaria, whose ancient name was Coesyra. The crystals examined were weathered out of the ground mass.
See Q;uairi p. 101.
S
Bi
Pb
87*64
40*10
16*48
41*86
32 Anmiix m.
CuTUHJiiTE, Hin., p. 117; App. 11., p. 13. — In sanJ-dTsbilliiie mMni of a vUtah ooior, with a tinge of yellow or gieeD, with other lead mineials, Montagne de fiaAaiu numdi, Min. Pn, p. 172, 1878.
CoTELLrrs, Min., p. New Annan, Nora Scotia, Xmm, Tiaoa. N. S. Inst, ii., 424, 187&
Cboodolite, Hin., p. 248; App. IL, p. 18.— An analysis bj Dolter (Z. Kmt, ir., 40, 1879), afforded: SiO. 5211, AUO, Fe.0. dO-Oi, ¥tO 1675, UgO 1T7, 161 HaO 15 100; locality South Africa. This ocxifinns the oidinarj belief as to itsckae relation to arfvedsonite (q. t., p. 9).
See also .dfrruKAoiMfa p. L
Cboooitb, Min., p. 62a— OijaL, v. K€i$ehatef, Mm. Bud., til, 97, 1877. Oocnnenee in Aniona, 8ill%mai Am. J. Sc, IIL, zziL, 906, 1881.
Cbosstbdtitb, Min., p. 606; App. II., p. 18.— Oryat, Pkiibtam, etc., r. ISepkanneK Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxi., 276, 1875. bi parallel position with pyrite aystak, ttf., Ijotos,
AiiaL, Pzzibram, Jcmovdijf, J. pr. CheuL, IL, zL, 878, 18 OomwaU, Field, Phi Hag., v., v., 52, 187a
CsTOCoxTTB, App. IL, p. la — Original material examined by v. Lammilx proved to sist principally of quartz and mica, with also feldspar, hornblende, magnetite, garnet i&i probably epidote and cyanite; metallic iron was not identified. The composition is that of a gneiss, and iMtaaulx oonclndes that the supposed oosmical dust of Hcrdeiuku'i is in fact terrestrial, and probably came from the gneiss runon of the coast (tf GfeahuL Hin. Petr. Mitth., iiL, 521, 1881.
Cbtoute, Min., p. 126; App. II., p. 14. — Greenland, monodinio instead of tridinic according to Krenner, J. Min., 1877, 504. Artificial alteration products. 2finer, ZS. G. Ges., xxziiL. 189, 1881.
Oryptohalite. A fiuo-silicate of ammonium (NHF, SiFt), whose probable* exes)( with sal ammoniac in a Yesurian f umarole is suggested by Seaechij Att. Accad. Napoi. ▼i. ; Contr. Min., ii , 87, 1874.
Cbtftoute, Min., p. 529. — In apatite from Arendsl, JVscAer, Z. Kryst, It., 87 See also iSAoidoptofie.
CBTFTOMORFHiTa, MiiL, p. 599; App. ELy p. 14.— Belatioa to piioeite, Hin. Ma L. 257, 1877.
CSTSTALLITES. — App. II., p. 14
CuBAinTE. — Min., p. 65; App. IL, p. 14
CCIAGEETTS.— App. IL, p. 14 (80)
CuFBrrB.— Min., p. 188; App. IL, p. 14
CUPBOATATITB.— App. IL, p. 14
Onprocalcita. Raimondi Domeyko, 5th Append., Min. ChilL 1876; WoL P&oa. 135, 1878. In small masses and in bands intimately mixed with a fieiTUginoos ctlciti H. a G. 3 90. Color brit Termilion red. Analysis tre: Cu,0 50-45, CsO 20 14 CO, 24-00, H-O 8-20, Fe O, 0-60. A1,0, 020. MgO 0-97. SiO, 0*80 9 -Sa FonnuU deduced (CuOiCO, 2CaC0a -t- H,0. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with efferreseeoee; the solution, formed out of contact with the air, has a strong deoxidizing power, precipitating gold from soluticMis of gold satta. Ftom the mines of Caim near the dty of te
Appendix Zee. 33
Peru. [According to the results of Damour this is only an intimate mixture of oalcium carbonate and copper oxide (Ca,0), BulL Soc. Min., i., 180, 1878.]
CUFBOMAOHXSITE. — App. II., p. 14.
GuFBOSCHEEUTK. — Min., p. 606; App. II., p. 14*
CUFBOTUNOSTITE.— App. 11., p. 14 CUFBOTAVADITB.— App. II., p. 15.
Oiupldine. Scaeehi, Rend. Aocad. Napoli, Oct, 1876; Z. Eryst., i., %8, 1877. Orthorhombic. In spear-shaped crystals, formed of two pyramids, 1 and 2-1, with also l-l and i-t 1-9876 : 1 : 0 7173. Cleavafi:e in one direction (basal). H. =5-6. G. 2-858-3-860. Coloi? pale rose red. Contains SiO., CaO, F, and COa, the last probabl}[ from incipient alterauon; composition stated to be perhaps CasSi04, with about one-third of the lime replaced by CaFs, but analysis not given. B. B. fusible with difficulty. Readily soluble in dilute acids. From Vesuyius. Named in allusion to the spear-shaped crystals. [A more complete chemical examination is to be desired.]
vom Rath has described crystals of a mineral which resembled cuspidine, but which could not be positively identified with it (Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Fb. 7, 1881). He has since shown that this mineral is not cuspidine. He has also made a more exact determination of the form of the original cuspidine. It is monodinic with c (vert) :h :d=z 1*9628 : 1 : 0-7247, and /!Sz=W S5' 41". The crystals are twins, which Scacchi suggested might be the case. Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Nov. 7, 1881.
Ctanttb, Min., p. 875; App. H., p. 14.— The hitherto imnerfectly known crystalline form of cyanite has been fully described by Bauer (ZS. G. (ies., xxx., 288, 1878; xxxi., 244; 1879; xxxii.. 717, 1880); and vom Rath (Z. Kryst., iii, 187, 1878; v., 17, 1880). See also MaUard (Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 9, 1879).
Made artificially, Frimy and FeU, C. R.. Ixxxv., 1082, 1877.
Pseudomorph from Pregratten, Tyrol, B6hm, Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 522, 1879.
AnaL, North Thompson R., British Oolumbia, Hoffmann, Qeol, Canada, 1880.
CncATOLiTE.— See Spodumene, p. 112.
like. Color yellowish ; in powder intense sulphur yellow. H. 2. G. 1-7. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in boiling HC!1, leaving a siliceous residue. An approximate analysis gave : SOa 21 -5, FeOa ( AlOi tr.) 51 '5, insoL siliceous substance 25, HaO (hygroscopic 2 100. Contains a laige percentage of well preserved siliceous shells of microscopic Raoiolaria.
Ctbtoute, Min., p. 275. — mineral regarded as related to cyrtolite by NordentkiSld (Geol. F5r. FSrk, iii., 229, 1876), has the following characters: In tetragonal crystals (1 and resembling dodecahedrons. O:>lor yellow to yellowish brown. Translucent. H. =5-5-6. G. 8-29. Analysis: SiO, 27-66, ZrO, (with a Httle A1,0,) 41-78, Er,0„ Y.O, 8-49, Ce,0, 8-98, CaO 506, MeO 1-10, H,0 12*07, FeO tr. 100-14. Occurs with fergusonite, arrhenite, xenotime, at Ytterby, Sweden.
Damouiute. — See Mica Group, p. 77.
Danaite.— See Arsenopyrite, p. 10; and App. II., p. 15.
iPPBNDIX m.
DA17ALITB, Min., p. 265.— A mineral oocuning in isometzio ootahedrons with magnetite and quartz, at the iron mine, Bartlett, N. H., is referred to danalite br Wadmeorih fProc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xx., 284, 1879). All the charactras bo far as obsenred agreed with that species, and the result of the blowpipe examination seems to set the matter above doubt.
Daxbueitk, ]VIin., p. 290.— Prom RusseU, N. Y., described by G, J. Brush and E, S. Dana (Am. J. Sc., Ifl., xx., Ill, 1880; or Z. Kryst, v., 188). The crystals belong to the orthorhombic system (not triclinic), and are closely homoeomorphous with topax; / a 12r 62', 4-lf A 4-* 54" 58', 1-4 A l-I 7' 7'. Some of the common and ampler forms
are shown in the adjoining figures. Here Z i-2, n i-t d 1-1, ir 4-1, r 2-2. The
optic axes lie in the banal plane, the bisectrix normal to the brachjpinaooid is neeatiTr and is acute for red (2V 87'), but obtuse for blue (2 V, - 56) ; /tf 1 -684 (L: . H. 7-7-26. G. 2-986-3'021. Color pale wine yellow, honey yellow to yellowish broii. Transparent. Lustre brilliant, vitreous to greasy (massive). Fracture uneven to setconohoidal. An analysis by gave:
SiO, (i) 48-23
BaO,
26*98
CaO
(Fe.Oa tr.) ign. 0-47 0-68 09-50.
Formula same as that for the original mineral from Danbury, viz. : CaB<.Si..Oa 48*78, BaOa 28-46, GaO 22*76 100. Occurs in small brilliant crvstals imbedded in calcitiL also in larger crj'stals in cavities from which the calcite has oeen weathered out, and massive. Associated minerals, quartz, calcite, mica, pyroxene, titanite.
The optical properties of the danburite from Danbury, Conn., have been examined bf Des Cloizeaux (Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 196).
Datoutb, Min , p. 880; App. II., p. 15.— Oryet., Fossa della Castellina. near Porretta. Italy, BombicH, Mem. Ace. Bologna, III., viii., 811, 1877 (Z. Karst., ii., 505). Oroth, Min.- Saraml. Strassburg, p. 186, 1878. Kuchelbad, near Prague, Bohemia, Vrba, Z. Kryst.. ir, 858, 188); Theiss, Tyrol, ib., v., 426, 1881. Niederkirchen, Nahethal, Lehnuinn, L Kryst., v., 529, 1881. Andreasberg, v. Kokstharof, Min. Russl., viii., 189, 1881.
Thermal and optical properties, Bodewig, Pogg. Ann., dviii., 280, 1876. Pynxlectrit*. properties, Hankel, Wied. Ann., vi., 57, 1879.
Anal., Casarza, Liguria, laser. Boll. Com. Geol., 1879, 680. Kuchelbad, near Pmgne, Bohemia, iVcta, Z. Kryst., iv., 860, 1880. The datolite described by Smith (App. II., p. 16), as occurring with garnet and vesuvianite, was from San Carlos, Inyo Co., Gal. (Hank5i not from Santa Clara.
Daubebtte. — App. II., p. 16.
DaubreeUte. J. L. Smith, Am. J. So., III., xii., 109, 1876 ; xvi, 270, 1878.
Massive ; somewhat scaly, structure crystalline. Cleavaee in one direction. O. =6-01 Lustre metallic, brilliant. Color black. Streak . Brittle. Fracture uneven. >Vv magnetic. Composition (analogous to spinel group) FeS + CriSs FeS 80*46, CTsS* 69*55 100. Analysis :
(3)
s
Cr
Fe
42*69
20-10 98*70,
20*86 100.
or.
B. B. infusible, loses lustre and (R. F.) becomes magnetic. With borax reacts far duty
AFPmKix hl 86
mltim. Not attacked by cold nor by hot hydiochlotio acid, bat completely diasolyed in nitric acid, without the liberation of iree sulphur.
Occurs associated with troilite, on the borders of troilite nodules, or as minute veins running across them, in the meteoric irons, from Mexico. Also identified in the iron of Toluca, Mexico, of Seyier, Tenn., and of Cranboume, Australia. Named after
M. Daubr, of Paris.
The name schreibersite was given by Shepard to a supposed chromium sesquisulphide, occurring in the Bishopville meteorite (Am. J. Sc., II., ii., 888, 1846): the name was afterward changed by Haioinger to shepardite.
J. Dtmeyko, G. R., Ixzzii., 923, 1876 ; Min. Chili, p. 297, 1879.
Amorphous ; structure compact, earthy, in part flbrous. H. 2*2*6. G. 6*4-6*6. Color yellowish to flrayisAi white. Opaque.
Composition + BiCl Bl,0.76'16, Bi,Cl 28*84 100. Analysis, Domeyko FeOs 0*72 99*68. In the closed tube gives off add water, and becomes gravish in color; but on continued heating below fusion timis yellow again. B. B. colors the flame slightly blue ; in very thin splinters fuses on the end instantly, the fused part becoming black and compact. Soluble in hydrochloric acid in the cold without residue, the solution having a more or less yellow color.
Occurs at the Constanda nunc, Cerro de Tazna, Bolivia. Named after M. Daubre, of Paris. Daubreite is related to the artifldal osmpounds + BisCl and 6 (BiiOa)
DavTouztte. De Eoninck, Bull. Ac. Boy. Belg., n., zlvi., 240, 1878.
Orthorhombic (on optical grounds). Resembles asbestos. In aggregates of slender transiMirent adcular crystals, light extinction parallel and perpendicular to longitudinal direction. Cleavage transverse to needles(?). Color white, with a tinge of flesh red. Analysis of materml free from impurity, except quartz :
SiO. A1,0, MnO MgO H.O
(1) 65-94 88-69 626 1*10 419 Fe0, or FeO tr. 10007.
The amount of quarts was determined as from 18 to 18 p. c. ; in the above analysis 16*68
S. c. ; and the remainder corresponds approximately to the formula H4 (Mn, Mg) ieO,4, which requires: SiO, 4689, Al,6s 40*19, MnO 6*98, MgO 1*80, H,0 4*69 100. B. B. infusible ; with soda a man;anese reaction ; with cobalt solution a blue color. Slightly attacked by adds. Occurs m quarts veins in the Ardennes schists, at OttrS, Belgium. Named alter M. Ch. Davreux.
Davtite, Min., p. 828. — Relation to cancrinite and microsommite, Bauff, Z. Eryst, ii., 478, 1878.
Dawsoiotk, App. n., p. 16.— Optical examination, Dea Cknzeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., L, 8,
Occurs in the province of Siena, Plan Castagnaio, Tuscany, according to Chaper (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 155, 1881). Found in thin plates, radiated, and formed of fine fibres in a quartsose rock, impregnated with dolomite, in part argillaceous ; associated with calcite, dolomite, pyrite, fluorite, and cinnabar. An analvsis by Friedel (ib., iv., 28) afforded : CO, 29*09, A1,0. 85*89, Na,0 19*18, H,0 12*00. MgO 1*89, CaO 0*42 : formula Na,rA10C,OH, 2H,0 or 8Na,C0, + AlaCOa + 2 [Ala] HOa, which requires : CO, 30*4, AlaO, 86*6, NaO 21*5, H,0 12*5 100.
Recently found at the Montreal reservoir, Canada, HarringUm (Can. Nat., x., 1881). Analysis, after deducting impurities, principally caldte : CO, 27*78, AiaOa 86*12, NasO 22*86, H,0 18*24 100.
DscHEHXTB.— Min., p. 600 ; App. IL, p. 16. .
DsLAFosfliTB.— App. II,, p. 16.
Delessttb, MiiL, p. 497 ; App. n., p. 16.->Aiudy8eB of Bswenl idsted mineimls, Sootland, Heddie, Trans. Soc. Edinb., zxix., 81, lb79.
A blackish green chloritic mineral, filling caTities in emptiTe rocks in the Thttzinffer Wald, gave Pufahl (G. 2-886):
SiO, TiO, AlaO, Pe,0. PeO MnO MgO CSaO K,0 Na,0 P,0* SO, CO, H.O
Por this the fonnola is calculated R? + 7 aq. Weiss proposes the name sub DELESSiTE for Varieties of delessite which show but Uttfe PeiO, and PeO. ZS. G. Ges., zxxL, 801, 1879.
See also DiabantUe, p. 87; ffvUiUj p. 60, etc.
Deltattzitk, Min., p. 588. — Ansstrich, Bohemia, oocomnoe and composition, Vaia and Helmhacker, J. Min., 1875, 817. Visd, Belgium, Jarissm finds 0*80 As, Os and 0 10 VsOft, and deduces the formula rPe,]p40,A, 15H,0, or if the water lost far desiccation at ordinary temperatures is include, the same with llaq additionaL Mem. soc. 0ol. Belg.. ▼i, 88, 1879.
Desnbachite, App. n., p. 16. — See BeudemUU p. 15.
Descloizite, Min., p. 609; App. II., p. 16. — Cryst. description, probably monoclinie, Venus mine, Department de Minas, and other localities in the sierra ae Cordoba, AigentiDe Republic, Webskv, Z. Kryst., y., 542, 1881 (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1880, 672).
Analyses, 1, dark brown crystals, Rammelsbeig; 2, :
V,0. As,0 PbO ZnO PeO MnO CuO H,0 CI
1. G. 6-080 (I) 22-74 56-48 16-60 116 284 9956.
In light brown crystals (G. 5*915) Bammelsbergobtained PbO 54*85, ZnO 20-9a These analyses lead to the formula RVaO., H,0 or RlVsOg + RH,0, (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1880. 65'i; and ZS. G. Ges., xxxii., 709, 1880). This formula is analogous to that of libethenit. the form of which, as shown by Des Cloizeaux, is also near xSaX of descloizite. On the other hand, Rammelsberg shows that the analysis of Damour (Min., p. 609) after the deduction of the soluble portion reduces to V,0 24*80, PbO 60-40, ZnO 2-25, PeO 1-48, MnO 5-87, OuO 0-99, H,0 2-48. CI 0-85 98-57, and this corresponds to R,V,0*, H.O, witi R (Mn, Zn, Pe, Cu) : Pb 1 : 2. Rammelsberg throws some doubt over the oorractnesi of Damour*s analysis.
Probable occurrence of desclointe in Arizona, SiUiman Am. J. Sc., m., XTii , 201,
A vanadate, related to descloizite, has been called beackb8uschitb by D5ring (Rammelsberg, ZS. G. Ges., xxxii., 711, 1880). The description is as follows :
Occurs in small striated prismatic crystals. Color black. An analysis gave D0rin. after the deduction of 4 86 p. c. insoluble : y,0 25*82, P,0 0-18, PbO 61-00, FeO 4x MnO 4-77, ZnO 1*29, CuO 0-4?, H,0 2 08 99-66. Rammelsberg deduces the formula Ra VaO, + H,0, with Fe : Mn : Pb 1 : 1 : 4, this gives : V,0. 25-45, PbO 62-09, FeO 5-01. MnO 4*95, H3O 2*50 100. Occurs with descloizite and Tanadinite, at seyersl localities in the State of Cordoba, Argentine Republic. Named for Dr. D. Luis Brackebusch, ol Buenos Ayres. fit is of interest, that the analysis of Dfiring of this mineral, and that of Damour (as recslculated by Rammelsberg) on the supposed original descloizite, gire very nearly identical results ; the relation of ue two minerals is still uncertain.]
Destinezite. Forir and Jorisaen, Bull. Soc. Geol. Belg., tiL, 117, 1881. Announced as an iron phosphate, near dclvauxite, containing, according to Jorissen, PaOt, AsO*, ViOh PcqOs, Al.Os, CaO, MgO (tr.), CuO (tT.\ Dissolves in hydrochloric acid leaving a sUgfat residue of impurities. Occurs in yellowish white nodular masses of an earthy amct oo the surface, but dull on the fracture. From the ample at Aigenteau, Belgium, framed after M. Dcstinez. A complete description is promised.
DEWAIiQUTTB.— App. II., p. 16 (4).
AFFEXBEC m. 37
DUbantito. &, W. HaM€9, Am. J. Sc., III., iz., 454 1876. DuBiirrACHBONivYN, Liebe, Jahrb. Min., 1870 (Appendix I., p. 4).
Maasiye, with a foliated radiated stmctnre. H. 1. G. 2*79. Color dark green. Strongly dichroic. Analyses by llawes (1. c), on separate samples, each proved by the microscope to be homogeneous :
SiO, AliOa Fe,Oi FeO MnO HgO GaO Na,0 H,0
1. (1) 88-24 11-07 2-26 2611 0-41 10-61 1-11 0-25 9-91 99-87.
These analyses give a qnantivalent ratio of R : [Rtl : Si : H 4 : 2 : 6 : 8, or that of a unisilicate. This corresponds to the formula + 9aq. which is near to that of pyrosclerite. Occurs filling amygdaloidal cavities in the trap of the Farmington Hills,
The above mineral is similar to the diabantachronnyn of Liebe, in mode of oocurzence and in composition ; Hawes suspects the name diabantite as a substitute for the earlier name. It is also very near to Wiik's euralite (App. I., p. 6). These' and several other similar minerals, epicnlorite, hullite, etc., may fairly be classed with delessite, Min., p. 497.
DiAOocHTR, Min., p. 688.Aiud., Peychagnard, Isire, Camoi, BulL Soc. Min., iiL, 89, 1880 ; ydrin, Belgium, BulL Boo. Ged. Beg., vii., 114, 1881.
DiALLAGE. — See Jfroxme p. 100.
DiALOOiTB.— See ShodochraaUe, p. 108.
Diamond, Min., p. 21; App. IL, p. 16.— Oryst, Roae-Sadtheck, Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1876, 86 (Z. . ii., 98, 1877), and ZS. G. Ges., xxx., 606, 1878. Hirachioald, Z. Kryst., i., 212, 1877. Froth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 4, 1878. Bawnhauer, Wied. Ann., i., 462, 1877. Martin, ZS. G. Ges., xxx, 621, 1878.
Stnations on black diamond (carbonado), due to friction, Dauiyrie, C. R., Ixxxiv., 177,
Anomalous optical characters explained, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 124, 1879.
Occurrence in South Africa, J£C J. Zhtfin Q. J. Geol. Soc., xxxiii., 879, 1877; xxxviL, 600, 1881; Cheuoei, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 196, 1879; Friedei, ib., ii., 197; and JJvy, ii., 216 ; ill, ; J. A. Boorda Smii, Arch. Nderland, xv., 61, 1880 ; A. Sh'dgren, GeoL F6r. F6rh., vi , 10, 1882. In South America, Qorceix, Bull Soc Min., ilL, Sis, 1880 ; and C.R., xdiL, 98, 1881.
Made artificially, J. B. Bannay, Proc. Roy. Soc., xxx., 188, 460, 1880.
DiAPHOBiTK. — App. L, p. 4; see also FrexesUhenUe, p. 48. DiABPORB.— Min., p. 168; App. II., p. 17.
Dickinsonite. G. J. Brush and E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., in., xvi., 114, 1878.
Monoclinic ; pseudo-rhombohedral. Axes, 6:b:d 0-6917 :
0-5773 : 1 ; or 80'. Observed planes (see figure) : 0 (c),
tals rare, tabular in habit, with triangular striations on basal
Elane; commonly foliated to micaceous. Massive ; also curved 34
kmelliur, radiated or stellated. Cleavage : basal perfect.
age face somewhat pearly. Color olive to oil green, in masses —
dark grass green. Streak nearly white. Transparent to
translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Planes oi lightvibration parallel (grass-green) and normal (yellow-green) to edge t/a in basal section.
Composition : 4K3P90b 4- 8aq. If R Mn : Fe : Ca : Na, 6 : 2i : 8 : 1,, percentage composition : PO, 40-06, FeO 12-69, MnO 26-04, OaO 11*86, Ka,0 6-66, H,0 8-81 m
38 AfPENDZZ IIL
Analyses : 1, 2, by S. L. Penfidd ; 1, after deduction of imparities, tul, 8-90 p. o. qtuats. and 6*89 p. c. eosphorite ; 2, after deducting 1*89 p. c. quarts, 6'89 p. o. eosphorita.
P.O.
PeO
MnO
GkO
Li,0
Ka,0
K,0
H,0
39*86
8-86 - 100-25.
[14-98]
0*24
8-88 100-00.
In the closed tube gives water, the first portions of which are neutral, bat the last portions react faintly acid; the residue is magnetic. Fuses in the naked lamp-fiame, and B. B. in the forceps colors the flame at first ;reen then greenish yellow; reacts for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Soluble in acid.
Occurs at Branchvilie, Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with eosphorite, triploidite, and other species in nests in a vein of albitic granite. Often disKminated m minute plates through massive eosjorite, giving it a green color ; similarly imbedded in lithiopMlite. Named after Bev. Wm. Dickinson, formerly of Redding.
Dietrichlte. V. Schrdekinger, Verb. G. Reichs., 1878, 180. Antuni Z. Kryst, tL, 92, 1881. In fine fibrous, tufted forms, as an efflorescence or incrnsting. Monoclinic ?% Arzrom. H. 2. Lustre silky. Color dirty white to brownish yellow. Easily soluble in water; taste like vitriol B. B. fosible. Composition (Zn,Fe,Mn) SO4 + AlsSaOi, + 22aq. Analy. sis by Dietrich:
SO, AUO, ZnO FeO MnO HgO H,0
85-94 10-92 8-70 8-11 1-74 0*88 44-88 100*12.
A recent formation (within 14 years) in an abandoned working at FelsSbanya, Transylvania. [Belongs with the related alums, mendozite, boemanit halotrichite, etc]
DiOFsms.— See Pyroacene p. 100.
DnfORPHTTB.— Min., p. 28; App. 11., p. 17.
DiOFTASB, Min., p. 401; App. II.,_p. 17. — Orvst., v. KoJctcharof, Min. RussL, vi., 285w 1875; vii., 218, 1878. Chili, wm Jttath, Z. i&yst, v., 257, 1880; Bauer, ZS. G. Ges. xzxii, 714, 18. [Bauer states that the reported occurrence of dioptase in Kassau is a mistake, see Syst. Min., p. 402; TexIrBook, p. 279.]
DOLEROPHANITB.— App. 11., p. 17. .
DoLOMTTB, Min., p. 68; App. IT., p. 17.— Oryst., Bex, Switzerland, v, Kokscharoft Min. RussL, vii., 1, 1875; Bull. Ac. St. Pet, xxi., 47, 1875. Binnenthal, etc, OrotK Min.- Samml. Strassburg, p. 127, 1878.
Relation to the other rhombohedral carbonates discussed, Tachermak, Min. Petr. Mitth., iy., 99, 1881.
Anal., Bleiberg, Carinthia, ixm Zepharovieh, Z. Eryst., iii., 100. AnaL of var. miemite (by John), from Zepce, Bosnia, F. v. Hauer Verb. G. Reichs., 1879, 121.
Origin of dolomite discussed, Dodter and ffoemea, Jahrb. G. Reichs., zxv., 298, 1875; Eappe-Seyler, ZS. G. Ges., xzvii., 495, 1875.
DouETKiTE.— Min., p. 86; App. IT., p. 17.
DoppLERiTE, Min., p. 749. — black gelatinous hydrocarbon, related to dopplerite, is described by T, Cooper (Eng. Min. Joum., Au. 13, 1881), as found in a stratum of muck beJow a peat bed at Scranton, Penn. More particularly described by ff. C. Lewis (Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., Dec. 2, 18S1). When first found it was jelly-like in consistency, but on exposure to the air it becomes tougher and is elastic, somewhat like india-rubber, and linallv when quite dry it is brittle and nearly as hard as coal. Only partially dissolved in hot alcohol, but completely in caustic potash. When dry bums with a yellow flame Analysis by J. M. Stinson, of material dried at 100" C, gave: C 28-99, H 5-17, N 2-46. 0 56 '98, asQ 6*40 lOu; for which the empirical formula CioHtOi is calonlated, Lewis
APPEMDZZ m. 39
suggests that the Tarions allied elly-like hydrocarbons may be grouped together under the name phttocollitb {(pvroVf HoJiXa OTplwUjeUif),\mt the new name is hardly needed.
DuDLETiTB.— App. II., p. 18.
DuFBENiTE, Min., 588; App. 11. , p. Id.'Anal., Dept. of Freirina, Ataoama, Ihmeyko, Min. Chili, 8d ed., p. Idl, 1819. From the Bothl&ufchen mine, near Waldgirmes (kraurite), Streng, J. Min., 1881, L, 110.
bed
0-76, ifaO 8-58, insol. 0-12 99-89. Am. J. Sc., IIL, xxii., 66, 1881. the same occurrence was earlier analyzed by Massie (Ch. News, zliL, 24 181, 1880), and with almost identical results.
DuFRENOTSiTB. — Mlu., p. 92; App. n., p. 18.
Zhimortierite, Oonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., It., 2, 1881; Bertrand, ib., iiL, 171; and It., 9; Damaur, ib., ir., 6.
Orthorhombic (on optical grounds). Occurs in minute prismatic crystals, always twins, prismatic anele infened to be about ISO*". Biaxial, negative bisectrix parallel to the longitudinal direction of the crystals, axial angle small, dispersion p v. Remarkably dichroic ; colorless when the crystals are parallel, and deep cobalt blue when perpendicular to the of polarization. The phenomenon of Jtoujmea observed in fragments of '01 mm. thickness, eren more strikingly than in andalusite (fiertrand). G. 8'W (see below). light blue. Analysis, Damour:
SiO, A1,0, Fe,0. MgO ign
29-80 66-02 1-01 0-45 99-58.
Calculated formula [AlJfSisOi which requires : SiOa 80-40, AlsOa 69-60. [The material analyzed was obtained* by attacking the gramte in which it occurred with a mixture of HF and HaSOi. This mineral was then separated from the quartz and other substances undecomposed by the Thoulet liquid. Necessarilr, therefore, more or less doubt surrounds the chemical composition; the loss by ienition is also neglected in the formula.] Damour thinks the blue color may be due to blue oxide of titanium. B. B. infusible, loses color on stronfi" ienition ; with colbalt solution a beautiful blue, characteristic of aluminum. With salt 01 phosphorus gives a slightly bluish opaline bead.
Found in fibrous forms imrndded in feldspar in blocks of gneiss at Chaponost, near Lyons, France, original locality probably Beaunan. Named for the palsontologist M. Eugtoe Dumortier.
J, H. CoUins, Min. Mag., i., 226, 1877.
In fibrous masses occupying fissures in serpentine. H. 2. G. 2*78. Lustre silky. Color greenish to browmsh gray. Flexible in thin fibres like asbestos. Analysis gave: SiO, 49-21, A1,0. 27-26, FeO 6*20, MgO 11-14, CaO 0-89, Na,0 0-49, H,0 8-90, do. hygroscopic 9S)*27. About half the water goes oft only at an elevated temperature. A relation to neolite (Min., p. 406), is suggested. From Duporth, near St. Austell, ComwalL [Needs further examination.]
DuRANerrE, App. I., p. 4. — Des Cloizeaux has investigated the crystalline form and optical proper (Ann. Ch. Phys., V., iv., 401, 1875). An analysis by G. W. Hawes (iruah, Am. J. Sc, III., xi., 464, 1876), of small dark-colored crystals (G. 4*07, other Ughi-colored crystals gave G. =8*987), afforded:
As,0 Al,Os Fe,Os MnOa NaO LioO F
[responding to F 99*76. A second determination gave F a 7*49.
40 Afpbnddl Hi.
This giYGB the atomic ratio R : [B,] : As 2 : 1 : 2; the ratio of 0 : F 4-7 : 1. The
formula may be written R, [R,] Asa (0, F,), or nearly [Raj AsaOg + 8RF; which is analogous, as remarked by Brush (1. c), to amblygonite, to which, howeyer, in form and optical characters it has apparently no relation (Des CI.).
Durangite is described by H. 6. Hanks (Am. J. Sc., III., zii., 274, 1876), as cxunin;; at the Barranca tin mine, eighteen miles north-east of Coneto. State of Duian, and aboui ninety miles noith-east of the city of Dunmgo. The mineral is found not with the streaiD tin, but in a vein four to six inches in thickness; the civstals are sometimes attached to the walls of the vein (here the large, Ught, orange-colored variety, App. I., p. 4), sometime with cassiterite in the white prnvenHent matter which fills the veins (small, dark-coloreii Variety, see above). The largest crystal -found was 10 mm. long, 11 mm. thick, and weighed 8*022 grams.
Dftrfeldtite. Eaimondi, Minraux du Perou, p. 125, 1878.
In masses with indistinct fibrous structure, also in fine needles. H. 2*5. G. Color light gray. Lustre metallic. Associated with quartz as gangue. After deductit.<c of impurities (81*81 p. o. gangue), the composition is:
S Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe Mn
For this the formula 8RS + SbaSa is deduced. B. B. on charcoal gives off antimoniL fumes, gives a lead coating, and leaves a globule rich in silver. With borax reacts manganese. From the Irismachay mine, Anquimarca, province Cajatambo, Peru. NameJ after M. R. Dflrfeldt. [This mineral is very near stylotypite, but differs in coatainiu lead instead of copper. An analysis of the pure mineral is to be desired.]
Dunite. DSlter, Yerh. G. Reichs., 1874, 145. A resin from the lignite of Dm. Bohemia. Opaque. Color dark brown. G. 1*188. Melts at 246". Fischer obtainni besides 3*72 water and 1*04 ash: C 78*25, H 8*14, 0 18*19, S 0*42 100. Kear walchovite Min., p. 741.
A, Khop, Z. Eryst., i., 284, 1877. Pbrofskftx of former wiitera. Isometric; in cubes. Cleavage cubic. G. 4*18. Color black. Analyses: 1, 2, Seneei (Ann. Chem. Pharm., civ., 871, 1856) ; 8, Knop; 4, same as 8 after deduction of imparities:
TiO. Cb,0 FeO MnO CeO CaO Na,0
8.40*57 22*73 5*70 0*43 5*58 19*86 8*50 SiO, 2*81, MgO,K,0,Al,0,F, tr.= lOO-lT.
The atomic ratio for R : Cb : Ti : 0 7 : 2 : 6 : 24, corresponding approximately tr the formula RCbsOe + 6RTiOa. Found in the eranular limestone of vogtsburg, KaiseRtuhlffebirge, Baden. The mineral has previous been called perofskite, but is in fact closely related to pyrochlore (Min., p. 512), and koppite (App. II., p. 82. Kamed, in alli}- sion to the difficulty of the analysis, irom dviavdXvro, hard to undo.
Dtscbasitb.— Min., p. 85; App. I., p. 5.
Dtsodile, Min., p. 746. — AnaL, Church, Ch. Kews, xxxiv., 155, 1876.
Bgonite. Sehrauf, Z. Kryst., iii., a52, 1879.
Triclinic. In minute (i to 1 mm.) crystals resembling common forms of barite (Min., p. 616, figs. 505 E, F), hence orthorhombic in habit. Closely related in angle p. 544, see also this Appendix, p. 59). H. 4-5. Color lit gravish brown. Streak white. Lustre sub-adamantine. Translucent to transparent B. B. infusible, becomes mj and opaque. On charcoal with soda a cadmium coating (no sine observed). With salt oi phosphorus a colorless endorsing a skeleton of silica. Insoluble in HCl or HNO. ttesarded as essentially a silicate of cadmium.
Occurs on and implanted in crystallized calamine, which m turn fills cavities in smith-
AFPWDzz m. 41
sonite; the last mineral is massiTe, coarse granular, and of a light brown color, and mixed more or less with red clay. The esgonite is so called from eyrovoi, grandson as beine the third generation in the series of zinc-cadmium oompoundJs. From Altenberg. [Needs further examination.]
Ehlfte. — Sec PsyudomcikuihiU, p. 97.
BUenbruoit;--See Brueiie, p. 18.
Skdemite. IfordefukiM, OeoL FOr. FOrh.. iiL, 879,4877.
Tetragonal (?). Massiye, coarsely nanular : also as a crystalline Incrustation. Oleayage : basal, nearly perfect. Optically uniaxial. H. 2*5-8. G. 7*14. Lustre on Gyage plane vitreous, on fracture surfaces greasy. Color bright yellow to green. Translucent in thin splinters. Brittle. Composition: PbAsiOs + aPbCl* As,0 10*69, PbO 5967, CI 7-58, Pb 22*16 100. Analysis (L c): '
AsaO, PbO CI Pb
10-60 68-25 8-00 28*89 100*24.
Fuses easily to a yellow mass, with the loss of lead chloride as a white sublimate; gives a lead coating on charcoal. Soluble readily in nitric or warm hydrochloric acid.
Fohnd at Langban, Wermland, Sweden, in small granularmasses, imbedded in a yellow manganesian calcite; also as an incrustation. Kamwl from Ixdijuoit vnusucU,
A mineral of similar appearance, also a compound of arsenic, lead, and chlorine, having the same pyrognostic characters, occurs at L&ngbaii, as small lemon yellow grains in calcite. Hela to be orthorhombic on basis of crysulline form and optical character. 0 Al 114"* 86', 1 A 1 101° '28; but as Groth shows (Z. Kryst., ii., 807), these angles give a ratio 1 : -967 for the lateral axes, so that it may be identical with ekdemite, and not as Norden- Bki5ld suggests, a dimorphous form.
Eljeoltte.— See NMite, p. 84; and App. II., p. 18.
Bleonorite. — See Beraunitef p. 13.
Blroquite. C, U, Shepard, Min. Contr., 1877. — An apple green to gray, massive substance ; translucent to nearly opaque. H. 6. G. 2*85-2*40. Composition : SiOa 16*4, AlaO, 16*4, Pe,Os 18*8, H9O 21*8 [P,0. 82*00 by difference] 100. Regarded as a hydroedlicate of AljOs and FeiOs, mixed with opaline silica and a supposed chromium phosphate, to which ''the green color was found to be due." To the chromium phosphate the name FHOSPHOCHBOMITE is giveu [scc App. I., p. 9]. From the Island of Elroque, Caribbean Sea. [The description of the mixture is so incomplete that the existence of the supposed species cannot be regarded as proved.]
Embolite, Min., p. 115; App. II., p. 18. — A mineral from the silvei mines in the Troitzker Bezirk, Orenburg, gave W, von Beck (J. Min., 1876, 165) : Br 28*44, CI 8*21, Ag 63*35 100, or AgBr 66*83, AgCl 33*17 100, which corresponds to 3AgBr + 2AgCL It occurs in minute octahedral crystals, and in thin crusts.
Eme&ald.— Beryl, p. 13.
Emplecttte, Min., p. 86; App. II., p. 18.— Anal., Aamdal, Thelemarken, Norway, Dato Gh. News, xl., 225, 1879.
Enasoite, Min., p. 107; II., p. 18.— Orsrst MatzsenkOpfl, near Brixleg, TyroL wm Zepharovich Z. Kryst, iii., 600, 1879. In compound crystals, twins and srazHihapea
threelings, twinning plane i-f, Aigentine Republic, vom Rath, Z. Kryst., iv., 426. Also from Mancayan, Luzon, twins, etc., Zettler (Klein), J. Min., 1880, i., 159 (ref.).
AnaL, quoted bv Brackebusch, Min. Repub. Arcntina, 49. 1879.
Occurrence in Mexico, Burkhart, Naturaleza, iii., 886, 1875.
See also ClarUe, p. 27, FamaHnite, p. 45.
42 APPDTDIX m.
Enstatxtb, MiiL, j. 206; App. II., p. 18.— Oryit KlOmstad, near Bftmle, NonraT, in enonnous crrBtals, with analyses, BrSgger and wrm Bain Z. Kryvt., i., 18, 1877. OrOilitcberg, near Ldegnitz, Silesia, cryat. and optical exam., v. Laaawlr J. Hin., 1878 678. Snarum, pseudomorphous crystals, Bdignumn, Z. Kryst., iiL, 81, 1878.
Anal., Georgia, Proc. Acad. Nat So. Phikd., 1877, 188.
Snysito, CoUina, Min Mag., i., 14, 1876; C. Le Neve Foeter, Ibid., p. 9.
Fonns a bluish green stalagmitic crust. H. 2-2*6. G. 1*69. An analysts gave : BO, 8-12, A1,0, 20-85, CuO 16-91, CaO 1-85, SiO, 8-40, CO, 1-05, H,0 (oyer HtSO* after 8 days) 14-04, at 160° C. 18*21, at a red heat 7-17, Fe,0„ 01, Na,0 tr. 10010. Compare analyses by Flight <J. Oh. Soc., Jan., 1871) and Piaani (Phil. Mag., Ap., 18e).
Found at St. Agnes, ComwiUl, in one of the oaves at the old quay. Named after J. S. Enys, F. G. S. [A most improbable compound. Groth ahowa that it ia to be regarded aa merely a mechanfeal mixture (Z. Kryat., l, 76).]
EofiiTE. — App. L, p. 6. Boaphorite.-See ChUdreniie, p. 24.
EPIBOULANGXaiTE.— App. I., p. 6.
EpmoTE, Min., p. 281; App. II., p. 18. — OryaL, v, Kokecharof, .Min. BussL, t!., 297, 1874. HeponselkA, Finland, ITuA;, (Efy. Finsk. Yet Soc., xix., 69, 1876-7. OpUcal exam., Ftmgui-IAvy, Ann. Min., VII., xii., 484, 1877, Oroth, Min.-SammL, Strassbujig, p. 196, 1878. Cryst. monograph, description of crystals from many localities, with a laige number of new forms, ana a catalogue of all occurring planes, Z. Kryst, IL, S21, 1878. Cryst. monograph, giving many measurements, and the constants deduced tram them, N. von KokeeHarof, Jr,, St. Petersburg, 1879 (Min Ruasl., viii., 48, 1881). Photometric measurements of Ught absorption, PuJfrich, Z. Kryst, vi., 167, 1881. Anal., Allochctthal, Tyrol, DdlUr, Min. Mitth., 1876, 176. Syra, LQdeeke, ZS. G. Gea., xxTiii., 262, 1876 Quenast, Belgium, Benard, BulL Ac. Belg. II., L, 170, 1880. Amelia Co., Ya., Lippit, Ch. News, xliii., 208, 1881. Analyses of varieties occurring cirstalliised together in parallel position, Z6ptau, Silesia, Baiter, J. Min., 1880, ii, 78. Analyses and discussion of composition of the species of the epidote group, Laepeyres, Z. Kiyst., iiL, 625, 1879. The doubts suggested by Laspeyres in regard to the correctness of the accepted formula IlaCafAUjSieOiie are answered by T$eherfncLk and tiip6ez, Ber. Ak. Wien, IxxxiL, 141, 1880, and still further by Ludwiff, Min. Petr, Mitth., iv., 168, 1881.
EpiGEznTE. — App. L, p. 6.
EpiPHANrrE.~App. I., p. 6.
EpisTiLBrrE, Min., p. 448; App. II., p. 19. — Dee Cloizeaux finds epistilbite to be clinic in optical characters (Bull. Soc Min., ii., 161, 1879). A similar result is reached hf Tenne (J. Min., 1879, 840; 1880, i., 48) ,who discusses fully the czyatalline form. He abo quotes an analysis by Jonnasch, SiO, 68-66, A1,0, 17-16, CaO 8'99, H,0 16-41 100*10, which corresponds nearly to the accepted formula Sicdc + 6aq.
Found by Seligmann with henlandite, stUbite, etc., at Yiesch, Canton Wallia, Switaerland, Terme, J. Min., 1880, i., 286.
Tenne has examined the pabastilbitb of von Waltersbausen, and refen it with little question to epistilbite, J. Min., 1881, ix., 195.
LOdecke finds that beissite (App. I., p. 14) is nearly identical in form with epistilbitB (monoclinic), so that it should probably be united to that species; it differs only m hardness, and in that itis said to contain alkalies, J. Min., 1880, iL, 200; 1881, i., 1L
Efsomite, Min., p. 648.— Argentine Bepub., analyses quoted by Brackebuseh, Min. Argentin., 73, 1879.
A massive variety is called BErcHAUDTiTE by Krause (Arch. Pharm., III., v., 428, and vi., 41, in Z. Ges, Nat., II., x., 664)— [the new name, however, is moat unneoeaBary]. Crystalline, granular or foliated. Cleayage easy. G. 1*6-1*7. Transparent to trana-
APFSKDIX m. 43
latent. Fracture conchoidal. The analyses agree closely with the formula MgS04 + 7aq, viz.:
SO, MgO H.O
1. Stassfurt 0) 80-28 9-82 51-17 100-32.
2. Leopoldshan 9-31 9-77 51-20 100-2a
OoouiB forming thin layers associated with camallite, at Stassfort and LeopoldshalL
EsDMANinTE. — EngstrOm (Inaug. Diss. Upsala, 1877, abstr. in Z. Kryst. iii., 199, 1878) has analyzed a mineral from the StockO, Norway, which he regards as probably the same as that named erdmannite bv Esmark (Min., p. 414, see Berlin, Fogg. Ann., IzxxTiii., 182), and also identical with that analyzed by Michaelson and Nobel (Michaelsonite, Min., p. 289). He obtained : SiO, 25-15, B,0, 8*18, ZrOa 214, ThO, 9-98, Fe,0a*01, Ge,0, 9-00, Di,(La,)0, 8-66, 7,0, 1-64, BrO, 0-50. PeO 816, CaO 1878, BeO 816, NaO 102, K,0 0-42, H,0 5-25 ±: 100. The author writes the formula B,SiO + BesSiOs + 8aq, and suggests a relation to datolite.
Another mineral related to erdmannite, analyzed by Damour (Ann. Cfh. Phys., V., ziL, 411, 1877) gaye results yarying somewhat widely from the aboye analysis; he found 12-10 p. c. HflO (see BbmHite, p. 59
BriUte. ff. C. Lewis, Proc. Ac. Nat Sc. Philad., 1880, 292. Minute acicular crystals, looking like tufts of white wool, obseryed in a cayity in quartz from Herkimer Co., N. T. ; chemical nature unknown. The cayity also contained a liquid of undetermined character. [A substance of unknown characters, not eyen proyed to be new, does not deserve a name — the practice of proyisionally attaching names in such oases is to be condemned.]
Srlochaloite. Copper chloride from Vesuyius (1870), by JSeaechi (Bull. Soc. Min., j. 182).
Ebsbtitb. — Min., p. 861 ; App. II., p. 19.
EsTTHsrrE.— Min., p. 558; App. II., p. 19.
Ebtthbosideritb, App. 11., p. 19.— Vesuyius, Scaechi, Contrib. Min., II., p. 42, 1874. DouGLASiTE, from DouglasshaU, is 2KC1, FeCl,, 2HaO, OehaeniuSf JPrecht, Ber. Ch Ges., xiU., 2328, 1881.
Brythrozincite. Damour , Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 156, 1880. Occurs in thin plates apparently ciTstalline. Color red. Streak pale yellow. Translucent. Contains sulphur, zinc, and manganese, as proyed by a qualitative examination on the small amount of material ayailable. B. B. gives sulphurous fumes in the open tube, fuses in the forceps to a blackish slag. Dissolyes in nitnc acid with the separation of a little sulphur. Occurs in yeins of lapis lazuli, from Siberia. Dea Cloizeaux (ib., iy., 40, 1881) finds that cleayage plates of ttus mineral show in polarized light a black cross (positive), resembling that of wurtzite, both natural and artificial. Jle concludes that it is probably a manganesian yariety of ibis mineral.
EsMABKiTE. — See Anorthite, p. 7; and App. II., p. 19.
ETTRiNorrE, App. 11., p. 19.— Optically uniaxial, ngatiye, Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 84, 1881.
Buohlorlte. — See Mioa Group, p. 77.
xiy perhaps
Bucrasite. S, B. PaiflcuU, (Jeol. F5r. F5rh., iii., 850, 1877.
Orthorhombic (?), H, 4-5-5. G. 4*89. Lustre greasy. Color blackish brown. Streak
APFKHDZZ m.
brown. Slightly translaoent in thin splinters. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Analysis: SiO, 16-20, TiO, 1-27, SnO,(?) 1-16, ZrO, U-80, MnO, 2-34, ThO, 85*96, CeO. 5-48. Oe,0, 6-18, LaaO, (Di,0,) 2-42. YaO, 483, EraO, r62, Fe,Oa 425, A1,0, 1 77, CaO 4-00, MgO 0-J,
KaO 0-11, NaO 2-48, H,0 9-16 100-21. The quantivalent ratio for B : [B,]: B : : H 218 : 4*47 : 6*67 : 9*14 : 8*13. B. B. fusible (at 4) on the edges. The borax bead in the R. F. is violet, in the 0. F. yellow. In hydrochloric acid partially soluble, with the evolution of chlorine. Completely soluble in sulphuric acid. Occurs near Barkerik, Brevig, Norway. Named from ev and xpixiSii. [This is the mineral which has been referred, with a question, to polycrase, and also to polymignite, Dana, Min., p. 628. It seems, however, to be closely related to thorite, Min., p. 413.]
SucrypUte. G. J, Brush and E, 8. Dana, Am. J. 8c, III., xx., 266, 1880.
HexagonaL Cleavage probably basaL In symmetrically arranged crystals, imbedded in
albito (see figure). 6. 2*667. Color white. Composition Lis LAli] Si0, which requires : SiO 47*51, A1,0, 40*61, lii,0 11*88 100. Gelatinizes in hydro* chloric acid.
Eucryptito forms with albito an apparently homogeneous substance, called by the authors " fif spodnmene;" it is derived from the alteration of spodamene. The microscope shows the two minerius of which this substance is made up, and chemical analysis serves to separate the latter into a soluble portioii (eucryptite), and an insoluble portion, albite. This ii further explained, with analyses, on p. 118. From Branchville, Conn. Named from ev, wm, and " ToS, concealed,
EuniALTTE, Min., p. 248; App. II,, p. 19. — Greenland, V, Kokeehart verb. Min. Ges. St. Pet., IL, xiv., 205, 1878; Min. BussL, viiL, 29, 1878.
EiTDNOFHiTE, Miu. p. 488.— AnaL, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 289, 1881.
EuLTTiTE, Min , p. 891 ; App. II., p. 19. — Bertrand regards the apparently tetrahedral crjTstals as formed of four rhombohedrons of ISO**, placed with their vertices at a commoa point. A section cut parallel to a tetrahedral face exhibits in converging polarized light, a single negative axis perpendicular to it, Bull. Soc Min., iv., 61, 1881.
EuKALTTE.— App. I., p. 6.
EusTXCHiTE, Min., p. 609. — related mineral from Laurium, Greece, gave iVmnt (C. R., xeii., 1292, 1881) : VO. 25*58, PbO 50*75, CuO 18*40, CaO 1*58, H,0 100*46, corresponding to (Pb, if the water is neglected. Occurs in crystalline on qimrtz ; color greenish black to oUve green.
Another closely related mineral is called tbitoghobttb by A, Frenzel (Min. Petr. Mitth.. ill., 506; iv., 97. 1881). Massive, structure fibrous-columnar. Cleavage parallel to fibres, distinct. H. 3*5. G. 6*25. Color blackish brown to yellowish brown. Analysis :
V.O. 24*41
8*76
PbO 58*90
CuO 7*04
ZnO
11*06 100-17.
Formula approximately RV,0, with R Pb, Cu, Zn. B. B. fusee easily with intumescence, giving off arsenical fumes. On charcoal gives coatings of lead and sine, and in R. P. a lead globule. Soluble in HNOj and in HCl. Prom " Mexico or South America." Named from rpiroi, third, and xfofieon, to follow, in allusion to its relation to eosynchite and ariloxene (Rammelsberg, Min. Chem., 2a ed., p. 290, 291).
Eux£!nT£, Min., p. 521; App. II., p. 20.— Oryst. form, Brdgger, Z. Kiyst, iiL, 483
m- 40
A mineral oocurring with samankito in Mitobell Co., N. C, gave J. L. Smith (Am. J. 8c., III., xiiL,865, ISITj: Cb,0. M-12, WO„SnO, 031, T,0.,Ce,0. M10,U,O.9-5S, OaO e-OJ, MnO 0-U8, FeO 0-81, H,0 B-70 99-08. G. 4-BBa-4-Ma. Color brownish black to hair brown ; translucent in thin fragments; luBtK iesinou& [Smith calls this euxenit, but that it cannot be; for example, BanuneUlwcg finds in true euxeoite 30-S3'5 p. o. TlOi, aad G. 4-67-5-1.1
FxHLKRZ.— See TttraKedrUe, p. ISO. ,
Fahldnite.— Min., p. 484; App. IL, p. 20.
FalrfielditB. G. J. Bnuk and E. S. . Am. J. Sc, IIL, xriL, SW, 1S79. Triolinio. Azee: t: S : (1 0-7066 : 8-STS7: 1-0000 ObaMrred planeB (see figure) -f (A.
(i),
g, ~4-4(#l. Andes ab =78% 82 ', op 123- BO', ep 147% 101° 80'. Cleavage b liighly perfect, a le so. XJsaailj In foliated to Um'.Uar crjBtaUine aegates ; ocoasioaally curred, foliated, or fibroua, in radiating Duaae*. H. '6 G, 8-16. Color irfaite to straw yellow. Streak white. Lnstre pearl; to Bub-adamantie,' on the surface of perfect cleavage (fl) very brilliant. Transparent. Brittle. The planes of light vibration Intersect a in lined making angles of 40 and 60° with the obtuaa edge a /A; in the Uttr, an option axis is viBible toward the edge named. The planes iatrseot b in lines making angles of 10° and 80° with the edge a y b, the second axis visible in this
Analyses by S. L. Penfleld, 1, of a clear transparent Twiety, filling cavitica in roddingite ; 2, of the massive, somewhat friable variety :
FeO HnO CaO Na,0 E,0 H.0 Qnaiti 1. 88-80 S-S-3 10-65 S8-B6 0-78 0-18 9-98 1*81 100-66. a. 89-62 TOO 13-40 80-78 0 30 9-67 0-66 100-80.
The ratio of P.O. :R0: H,01sl:8 : 2, and the fonnula B,P,0, + 3ag, with RCa: (Hn + Fe) 2:I. This requires: P.O. .tO-30. FeO 8-64, MnO 1810, CaO SU-OS, H,0 9VJ 100. B. B. glows, blackens, and fuses at 4-lfi to a dark yellowish brown mass, coloring the flame pale green, with faint reddish yellow streaks on the upper edge. Reactions for iron and manganese with the fluxes. In the cloaed tube gives off neutral water; turns first vellow, then dark brown, and becomes magnetic Soluble in fiCl and ENOi. Occurs witn other manganeaian phaaphatee at Bnnchville, Fairfield Co., Conn. In compodtion fairfieldite is analogous to nwelite, p. 106.
—With enargite from Cerro de Paaoa, Peru, anaL FretutI
b 10-98, As 7-63, Cu -ll, 6-48 0965, corresponding
to the formula 8Cu,S (Sb, As<,S„ or that of enargite.
According to vom Bath (Z. KiTst., iv., 42ff), the famatinlte from the Argentine Republic, which also occurs with enargite (App. II., p, 20), has the same form and angles u the lattr mineral, as was to be expected from the eeaential Identity in oomposition. See also Enargite, p. 41, and Ctarite, p. 27.
FtnJASTTE.— Min., p. 488; App. IL, p. 20.
Fbldspab aftouF, Min., pp. 886 to SOI; and App. II., p, 20.— OtyiL, methods of twinning of triclinic feldspars, mm Bath, J. Min., 187 689.
Microscopic structure, Butiey, Q. J. Q. Soc., 1876, Vti. Optical eiaminaiion of n
cline, orthoclase, and Tarioos tricUnio feldspars, Det Cloiuaux, Ann. Ch. ., V., ii.,
e
-, - ition, Wiik, (Efv. Finsk, Vet Soo., six., 60, 1876-77,
iving results similar to tlioee more fully obtained by Sobustr (see below). Determination - optical methods in thin rook aecticma, Livy, Aim. Min., VII., xii, 440 et seq., 1877;
46 APPENinz m.
see also JTmki, Ann. Min., xiy., 115 et seq., 1878. Biflcoasion of the qteoifle gnTities ol the feldspar species, OoldscThnUdt, J. Min., BeiL-£d., dU8, 181.
Schuster (Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 117, 1880, has carried through a lone series of obeerri tions as to the optical characters of the triolimc feldspars; and has establiSied the important conclusion that in an optical sense there is the same gradual transition &om one extreme (albite*, to the other (anorthite), as is observed in the chemical composition. Thus, he finds that the position of the extinction-directions, as observed on the nasal and dinodiaeonai planes, the position of the axes of elasticity, the dispersion of the axes, and axial angle, all show this gradual change in the same direction. These conclusions obviously confirm the now almost universally accepted view of Tschermak, that the intermediate triclinic fddspars (piagiodase) are to be regarded as isomorphous mixtures of albite and anorthite.
MaUard (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 00, 1881), has gone further and shown that by means of formulas deduced by him (ib., p. 71), on the view that in isomorphous mixtures (as of albite and anorthite) each element usually enters without change of its own characters, it is posEible to calculate the direction of extinction for the two planes and i-l): the rests of calculation and experiment agree very closely. Experiments by Fouwi and Livy (BolL Soc. Min., iv., 68, 1881), on a series of feldspathic microlites intermediate between albite and anorthite, give results at variance with the above conclusions.
Analyses of feldspars from various localities in Scotland, monograph, Middle, Ttan& Eoy. Soc. Edinb., xxviii., 197 et seq., 1877; Min. Mag., iL, 86, 1878. From volcanic locks of the Andes, vom Bath, ZS. G. Gee., xxviL, iw5 et seq., Ib76. Discussion of composition by the same, J. Min., 1875, 897. SmUa, Min. Mitth., 1877, 265.
Examination of the feldspar pseudomorphs of the Wilhelmsleite, near Ilmenau, Dalmer, J. Min., 1878, 225.
Species determined by the flame reactions, Seabd (for title see Bibliographv in Introduotion); determined by their fusibility, Biaoh&[, Dingl. Pol. Joum., ccxxu., bl9; ccxxiii, 2.
Artificial formation of feldspar species: fovqui and lAvy, G. R., Ixxxvii., 700, 779; xc, 620, 1880; Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 68, 1881 (see also under Orthodaae, p. 87).
Oenth (Report Min. Penn., p. 224, 1876) shows that the varieties of orthodase, called by Lea lennilite and delawarite, are identical; an analysis showed 9*11 K0, 4*88 KasO. Analysis of Lea's cassinite from Blue Hill, Delaware Co., gave:
SiO, AltO. Fe,0 BaO GaO MgO SrO Ka,0 E.O ign G. 2-692 (I) 6200 19-97 0-12 8-71 0-19 tr. 4-48 9-00 0-19 100-28.
This feldspar is remarkable for affording 8*7 p. c BaO, but an optical examination is needed to decide its true relations.
Another feldspar containing barium has been described optically by Des Gloiseauz, and chemically by Pisani (Bull. Soc. Min., L, 84, 1878); loQity unknown. Triclinic, with the angle between the cleavage planes 87' (near labraaorite), in optical relations, approaches oligoclase and albite. An analysis gave :
SiO, A1,0. Fe,0. BaO GaO MgO Na,0 K,0 ign
Quantivalent ratio of B : [Raj : Si 1 : 3 : 8, or that of hyalophane, giving the formula (Naa, Ba) [AIJ SiO,, [but note the loss of 8*7 p. c.]. See also dUniet anorthUe, labradarite, mierodine, oUgoekue, &rthoelaae,
Fbrousontte, Min., p. 524; App. II., p. 21.— New localities: Rodroort, Mass., aoaL J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., UL, xiiL, 867, 1877; Burke Co., N. G., id., BulL Soc. Min., iii, 195, also nidd. Am. J. Sc., lU., xx., 150, 1880. Mitchell Go., N. G., Shepard, Am. J. Sc., III., XX., 57.
Febrite. — App. II., p. 21. Fekboilmenitb. — App. I., p. 6.
Perrotellurite. F. A, Genth, Am. PhiL Soc., xvii., 119, 1877: or Z. Kryst., ii., 8. In delicate radiating tufts, also in very minute prismatic crystals. Golor betweoi straw
▲FFBNDIX in. 47
and lemon-yellow inclining to menish yellow. Contains iron, teUiiiianL (Composition suggested on the basis of a qualitative analysis, FeTe04. Insoluble in ammonia; soluble inSci. Found as a coating on quartz associated with native tellurium and tellurite, at the Keystone mine, Magnolia District, Colorado. [Needs further examination.]
FEIUI0TUKG9IBN.— App. IL, p. 21.
FiFBBorEaaiTB, Min., p. 656; App. II., p. 21. — AaaL, [Fe] SaHOu + 8aq, Chiii, Brun, Z. Kryst., t., 104, 1880.
FiBBOUTE, Min., p. 878; App. n., p. 21.— St. Michel, Finhmd, F, J, Wiik, Z. Kryst. IL, 496. Optical examination, orthorhombic, Dea Chieeaux BulL Soc. Min., It., 258, 1881.
FiCHTKUTE. — Min., p. 785; App. 11., p. 21.
Fillowite. G. J. Brush and K S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., III., xrii., 868, 1879.
Monoclinic; pseudo-rhombohedral. Axis e (vert) :b:d=z '8201 : '5779 : 1; /9 89"* 51', Observed planes (see fig.): 0 (e), IM (d), 1 (p). Angle ed 121'' 29', cp 121 20', pp 84"* 87'. Cleavage basal, nearly perfect. In granular crystalline masses. H. 4-5. G. 8*48. Lustre subresinous to greasy. Color wax-yellow, yellowish to reddish brown, colorless. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Analysis by S. L. Penfleld :
P,0 FeO MiiO CaO Na,0 Li,0 BaO Quarts. d) 80*10 988 89*4S 4-06 6T4 (H 11S6 CSSxlOO-flr.
The ratio for PiO* : RO : H,0 1 : 8 : i, and the formula ia 8R,P,08 + aq. If Mn : Fe : Ca : Naa 6 : 1 : 1 : 1, this requires: P,6 40*19, FeO 6*80, MnO 40*19, CaO 5*28, Na,0 6*84, UflO 1-70 100. B. B. fuses at 1*5, with intumescence to a black feebly magnetic mass, coloring the flame momentarilv pale green, then intensely yellow. In the closed tube a little neutral water. With the nukes reactions for manganese and iron. Soluble in HCl and HNO.
Occurs with other manganesian phosphates, especially reddingite and triploldite, in a vein of albitic granite at BranchvOle, Conn. Named after Mr. A. N. Fillow, of Branch- vUle.
FiSGHEBiTE, Min. p. 682.— Dm dtnzeoMX, Verb. Min. Ges. St Pet., n., xL, 82, 1876; v. Kokaeharof, Min. Kussl., vii., 28.
Fluocebitb. — Min., p. 126; App. n. p. 21.
Fluobite, Min., p. 123; App. 11., p. 21.~Or7st. Striegau, Silesia, v. LaeatUXf J. Min., 1875, 134, and Z. Kryst., L, 859, 1877; Kongsberg, Norway, same, ib., p. 868; MUnsterthal, Kloehe, Ber. Nat. Qes. Freiberg, vL, 461, 1876. Natural etchings on crystalline faces, due to trapezohedron 3-3, Werner, J. Min., 1881, i., 14.
Photo-electricity,'* Hankd, Wied. Ann., iL, 66, 1877. Constants of elasticity, , Wied. Ann., xii., 321, 1881.
Dark-colored varieties from Wftlsendorf ("antoKonite'') yield free fluorine on fresh fracture, perhaps from eerie fluoride, Loew, Ber. Chem. Oes., xiv., 1144, 1881.
According to Malkrd (Ann. Min. VII., x., 115, 1876), fluorite is only pseudo-isometric, the method of grouping of the individual oiystals being analogous to analcite (q. v. ; also see p. viii).
FoBESiTE, App. n., p. 22.— Similar to stilbite in optical characters. Dee Cloizeaux, J. Min., 1876, 640.
Analysis by Saneonii SiO. 49*97, A1,0, 24*12, CaO 8*a3, Na,0. KO 0*46, H,0 17*06, MgO tr. 99*94. He calls attention to the similarity to stilbite, and questions whether tha species is really independent of it Att. Soo. Tose., iv., 817, 1879.
48 APPENBXX m.
Franklandite, Beynold9, PhiL Mag., iii., 284 1877.
Massiye, with fiiie fibrous stmctuze. M. 1. O. 1*65. Color white. An analysis
B,0 CaO Ka,0 H,0 (Na,K) Gl CaS04+2M.
[48-76*] 12-10* 12-87 27-02 2*41 1-44 100.
Other independent detennlnatlona gave BsO il'2 CaO ll-M, H,0 27-06.
Deducting impurities, the fonnula deduoed is KatCasBitOss, I6H9O. Slightly aoloble in water, rdil in dilute HCl and KNOa. Fuses easQy. From Tarapaca, Feru. [Very near ulexite, Mm., p. 598.]
FnAKKLnnTE, Min.,p. 152; App. 11., p. 22. — Franklin Fumaoe, N. J., analyses giTing the spinel ratio, Seyms, Am. J. Sc., HI., ziL, 210, 1876.
Fredricite.— See TennafUite, p. 119.
Freieslebenite, Min., p. 98; App. I., p. 4. — OrysL, twins, Hiendelaencina, Spain, Biteking, Z. Kryst., ii., 425, 1878. Vrba obtained identical results for the specific sraTitj of freieslebenite from Hiendelaencina, and diaphorite of Przibram, yiz., 6*040; analysis by Morawski, quoted by him, yielded the same result, Z. Kryst., iL, 159, 1878.
Bertrand mentions diaphorite from Zanoudo, New Oranada, BulL Soc. Min., ilL, 111, 1880.
Frenzelite. — See GttanaftuUUe, p. 58.
Freyalite. Eamark ; DamouTt Bull. Soc Min., L, 88, 1878.
Resembles some brown thorites. Scratches glass sUghtly. G. 4*06-4*17. Color brown. Streak yeUowish gray. Translucent in thin splinters. Lustre resinous. An approximate analysis gave:
SiO, Ce.O* La0„ Di.Oa ThO. Al,0,(ZrO,?) Fe0, Mn.O* K.0, NaiO H,0 ign.
V
B. B. swells up but does not fuse. In the closed tube decrepitates, gives off water, and becomes white. With salt of phosphorus in B. F. dissolves, forming an opal-like glas, which in 0. F. becomes brown, and on cooling is colorless and translucent. With bona m 0. F. gives a transparent brown bead, becoming almost colorless on cooling, and showing in the spectroscope an absorption band on the border of the red and orange (Di). Difflofyes readily in acid, ving gelatinous silica. With HOI chlorine is given off. From the neighborhood of Brevig, Norway.
Fiiedelite. Bertrand, C. R., Ixxzii., 1167, 1876; Z. Kryst., 1., 86.
Rhombohedral; c (vert.) 0*5624. Crystals often tabular. Observed planes 0, J2, and J, the two last often striated parallel to weir intersection-edge. 0 /\tt \4T, R /ylt l%y 42'. Double refraction strong, axis negative. Cleavage basal perfect. Massive, with saccharoidal structure and distinct cleavage, passing into close compact with indistinct cleavage. H. 4-5. G. 8*07. Color rose red. Powder pale rose. lucent. Optically uniaxial, negative. Analysis (mean of several):
SiO, MgO, CaO H,0
86*12 5805 2-96 7-87 100.
Formula deduced: Mn4SiaOio, 2H9O. B. B. fuses easily to a black glass. Gives off water in the closed tube. Reaction for manganese with the fluxes. In HCl disaolvea, forming a jelly. Associated with rhodochrosite and alabandite at the manganese mine of Adervielle, valine du Louron, Hautes Pyrnto. [The formula may be writtoi H4Mn4SisOi9 BSi04, the composition then corresponds with that of dioptase HtCaSi04 to which it seems to be related in .]
PriMU— See Siembergits, p. 115.
Friglditer-See Tetrahedrite, p. 115.
Gadolinite, Min., p. 208; App. II. , p. 22. — Microeoopic examinatioii of specimens from different locaUties, A, , Geol. F5r. F5rh., iii., 258, 1877.
AnaL, Stora Tuna, Q. LindaMm, Oeol. F5r. F5rh., ii., 218, 1874. ffumpidge and Bumey, J. Ch. Soc., ., 117, 1879 (Z Kryst., yi., 94).
Examination of earths contained, Marignac, Bibl. Univ. Gen., Ixi., 283, 1878; (ytterbium), Ixiv., 1878. Containing scandium, Ckve, (Ety, Ak. Stockh., zxzTi., 7, p. 8, 1879.
Gahnite, Min., p. 149; App. II., p. 28. — Anal., Brazil, Damour, Bull. Soo. Min., L, 93, 1878. Tiriolo, Calabria, Jfauro, Ace. Lino. Trans., III., iii., 65, 1879.
Formed with tridymite at a zinc furnace, from the alteration of the distillation vessels Schidze and SieUner, J. Min., 1881, i., 120.
Galenite, Min., p. 40; App. II., p. 28. — Chyst., Freiberg, etc., Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 46, ld78. Hesselbach, Westphalia, wm Bath, Z. Eryst., iv., 428, 1880. ''Schlaguren," Weisa, ZS. G. Ges., zzix., 209, 1877.
Habach, Salzburg (BitS, 1*97 p. c, G. 7.50). Octahedral cleavage very perfect, cubic leas so. After igmtion cubic cleavage most readily obtained ; with interposed twinning lamelliB parallel 8-8, v, Zepharovich, Z. ., i., 155, 1877. A crystal (15 grams) with
E3rf ect octahedral cleavage has been founa by Brun on the glacier of Leschant, Mont lane, BulL Soc. Min., iv., 260, 1881.
Recent formation from Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubrie, C. R., Izxx., 604, 1875 ; IzzzL, 184. Containing selenium, Guanajuato, Mexico, Navia, Naturaleza, iv., 42, 1877. Pseudomorph after staurolite, Brittany, Firket, BulL Soc. GeoL Belg., vi, 152, 1879. See also HwucoliU, p. 60.
GalenobUmutite. ff. , Geol. F5r. F5rh., iv., 109, 1878.
Massive, compact, sometimes radiated. H. 8-4. G. 6*88. Lustre metalUc, brilliant. Color tin white. Streak grayish black, shining. Composition PbBiS*, or PbS + Bi,S. S 16-95, Bi 55-62, Pb 27-48 100. Analyses (1. c.) :
S
Bi
Pb
Fe
27 65 -
tr.
99-69.
tr
98-09.
B. B. reacts for bismuth and lead, fusing easily on charcoal. Dissolves with difflcultv in hydrochloric acid, readily in strong nitric add. Occurs with bismutite at the Kogruiva, Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden. Sometimes carries gold. [The bismuth compound oorresponding to zinkenite and sartorite.]
A related mineral, containing a little selenium, is described by Atterberg as oocurring at Fahlun, Sweden (GeoL F5r. F5rh., iL, 76, 1874), as foUows :
Massive. H. 2-8. Lustre metallic. Color steel gray, becoming slightly reddish. An analysis gave (?): Bi 68*40, S 10 89, Se 115, Pb 1790, Fel-52, insoL (quartz) 160 10096. The calculated formula is Bi,PbS,. The substance is regarded as an intimate mixture of native bismuth with a sulphobismutite of lead (PbS, BiaSa). The author adds that such mixtures, containing metallic bismuth, are not uncommon (see Silaonite, p. 58)*
Another related mineral, alio from Fahlun, has been examined by Nardstrdm lib., iv., 268, 1879), containing 4-79-511 p. c. Se.
GkmomaUte. JVbrrfwwAtWi, GeoL F5r. F5rh., iii., 121, 1876; 58*3, 1877.
Massive, without distinct cleavage. Strongly doubly- refracting. Optically biaxial, with yery.small angle (Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., L, 8, 1878). H. 4. G. 498. Lustre greasy. Colorless or white, to whitish-gray. Transparent. Composition (Pb, approximate analysis, G. LindstrSm :
MgO
8*68 alkalies, iga 1-88 99-5a
SiO,
PbO
MnO
CaO
84*55
50 AFPBRDIX m.
B. B. fuses easily- to a clear glass, which in R F. is colored black by reduced leadi On charcoal with soda a lead globule, and a coating of lead oxide. Easilj soluble in nitric acid, with the separation of gelatinous silica.
Occurs very sparingly with tephroite (which it doeely resembles natlTe lead, calcite, and jacobslte, at L&ngban, Wemdand, Sweden*. Named from ydraua, bnghineM,
Nordenskild (p. 884) mentions the occurrence at L&ngban, of a aecond lead silicate, TQTj similar in appearance and blowpipe reactions to the above, but with two distinct cleavages, at an angle of 104"* 88'. The material ainulable was too scanty for full examination, but he suggests that it may be a more distinctly crvstallized variety ol ganomalite. [Compare the other lead silicates, Kentroliie ffyakUekUe, MekmoUkUe
Gabnet, Min., p. 965; App. IL, p. 28.-*Or7at, Geyer, Saxony, v. Laaa/iiJx J. Min.. 1875, 149. As a secondary mineral on trap rock, New Haven, Oonn., also anal., E. S, Dana, Ajn. J. Sc., III., xiv., 216, 1877. Pfltschthal, 11, wm Rath, Z. KryvL, iL, ITS. 1878; Piz Alpetta, Dissentis, Switzerland, Rath, Z. Kmt., v., 495, 1881.
(Golophonite) possessing double-refraction, and in part, at least to be referred to tcsiivianite, Wiehmann, Po?., clvii., 282, 1876 ; v. lAuaulx, J, Min., 1878, 680. Spedfic gravity determinations, Cnureh, Geol. Mag., II., IL, 821, 1875.
AnaL, in lava of Sautorin (melanite), Fouqui, C. B., Ixxx 681, 1875. Yancey Co. , N. C (spessartite), lOinig, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1876, 58. St Marcel (spessartiteX iVsaf.!, C. R., Ixxxiii., 167, 1876. Fichtelgebirge, v. GeriMen, Ann. Ch. Phaim., cIxttv., 209. Kaiserstuhl (melanite, 3-7 p. c. ifOs), Xnop, Z. Kmt., L, 62, 1877. Scotland, acvenU locaUties (11-15 p. c. MnO), ifeddU, Min. Mag., ii., 85, 1878 (. Roy. Soc Ed., xxvia. 290 et seq., 1878). Leiperville, Delaware Co., Penn. (grossularite), KSnig, Proc. Ac. Xat Sc. PhU., 1878, 81. Ural (men var.). Church, Min. Mag., ii., 191, 1879 (butaee Z. Kryst, T., 614). Pic Posets, near La Maladetta, Pyrenees (chrome) Damour, BulL Soc Hin., ii., 165, 1879. Syssersk, Ural (demantoid), RammeUberg, ZS. O. Gee., xxix., 819, 1877 ; Ho fer, Geol. FOr. P6rh., iv., 184, 1878 ; I/nch, J. Min., 1879, 785 (see Church, above) ; r. Kokacharof, Min. Russl., viii., 810, 1881. Wakefield, Quebec (4*95 p. c. Cr.O.), Harrington, Cfan. Nat, II., ix., 805, 1880. New South Wales, Livermdge, Ptoc. Boy. Soc. N. S. W., Sept 1, Nov. 8, 1880.
Absorption spectrum, Vogel, Ber. Chem. Gee., Berlin, x., 878, 1877.
Altered to chlorite, Lake Superior, JPumpelly, Am. J. Sc., III., x., 17, 1875.
Occurrence in Hungarian trachytes, 8siM, J. Min., BeiL-Bd., i., 802, 1881.
Referred by ATallard (Ann. Min.. VII., x., 100, 1876) to the triclinic system (podoisometric). His conclusions are supported by Bertrand ull. Soc. Min., iv., 12, iS, 1881 i, who describes more fully the supposed method of groupmg of the biaxial elementa. For example, a dodecahedral crystal of aplome, according to tms view, is made up of 48 biaxial crystals in the form of triangular pjrramids meeting at the centre of the dodecahedron: the bases of four of these pyramids together form a dodeoidiedral plane. The acn: negative bisectrix is sensibly normal to the base of the pyramid, and the plane of the axes sensibly parallel to the longer diameter of the rhombic face; the axial is about 90~. Bertrand adds that such a crystal can be mechanically divided into the 48 mdividnab co responding to the optical division [but see also p. viii, anaicite, p. 5, boradte, p. 17].
Gasnierfte, App. IL, p. 28.— It has been shown that, as previously suggested, the substance called garnierite is not a definite mineral, but consists of a hydrous magnesian silicate more or less impreniated with nickel oxide; the amounts of magnesia and nickel rarr widely. Some writers, however, prefer to regard Uie Ni as chemicaUv replacing the Mg (m RSiOa + nag), but this seems very doubtful.— See Ulrieh, Am. J. Sc., III., xi., 285, 18T6; Typke found in two samples, 55*90 and 66-97 SiO, Ch. News, xxxiv., 198, 1876; Chimitr, C. K., Ixxxii., 1454, 1876; Ixxxvi., 684, 1878; Des Cloizeaux, anaJ. by Damour, Bull. Soc Min., i., 29, 1878; vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges, Bonn, Jan. and July, 1878 (analyses by Ulrich and Kiepenheuer); Liveraidge, Proc. Boy. Soc. N. S. W., Dec. 9, 1874, and Sept. 1, 1880. Liversidge calls the commonly occurring dark green unctuous mineral, noumeaits, and the rarer pale green adhesive mineral, garnierite ; tiie latter he characterises as a
freen-colored halloysite; in the former the NiO varies between 82*52 and 0*24 p. c, and ths [gO between 10 61 and 24 820. c. Similar deposits have been found in Spain, JfeMSonisr, 0. B.> liTriii., 829, 1876.
Oastaldite.— See Olaucophamet p. 58.
APPENDIX m. 51
Gat-Lttsstte, Min. p. 706. — According to Des Cloizeaux, the so-called psendomorphs of calcium carbonate after ffay-Inssite, from Sangerhausen, have nothing to ao with the latter mineral, but are probably pseudomorphs after celestite; Groth regards them as pseudomorphs after anJiydrite (Min.-Samml. Strassbur, p. 142, 1878). Clarence King, however, describes large tufa-like deposits of calcium carbonate in Nevada, forming beds 20 60 feet thick, and at a height of 470 feet above the present level of Pyramid Lake. These dcjsits are regarded as the shore formation of an enormous lake, called Lake Lahontan, believed to have existed in quaternary times. This calcium carbonate shows occasionally crystalline forms resembling true gay-liissite, and the whole deposit is believed to have existca originally as this mineraL This view is supported by the fact that gay-lussite is now found well crystallized in a lake near Ragtown, xsevada, which is also a remnant of Lake Lahontan. For this pseudomorphous shore deposit King proposes the name of thinolite (from 3zV, 8hore), Geolo of the 40th Parallel, vol. i., 508, 1879.
Gay-lusite has been made artificially b}[ Favre and Soi'et, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 168, 1881. Crystallographic and optical examination of natural and artificial crystals, Arzruni, Z. Kryst., vi.,24, 1881.
Oedanlte. Otto Helmy Arch. Pharm., III., xiiL, 503, 1878 (Bull. Soc. Min., i., 183). A resin resembling amber, but not containing succinic acid, and less rich in oxygen. H. 1*5-2. G. =1*058-1 068. Color wine yellow, more or less clear. Transparent. PragQe. Fracture conchoidal. Analysis: 0 8101, H 11-41,0 7*33,8 0-25 100 (ash 0 06). Fuses to a clear odorless liquid at 180 , and sometimes at 140''. Found with amber on the shores of the Baltic. Named from Gedanum Latin name of Danzig.
Gehlenite. — Min., p. 870; App. n.,p. 23.
Genthite. — Min., p. 471 ; App. IL, p. 24.
GBOCEONnTE, Min., p. 105. — Anal. (6 p. c. Cu), BjCrkskognAs, Sweden, NauckhoW, GeoL F5r. F6rh., i., 88. 1872.
Gersdorffite, Min., p. 72; App. IL, p. 24. —Anal. (12*54 p. c. Qo\ Benahanis, prov. of Malaga, Spain, Tenth, Am. Ch. J., i., b24, 1879.
An auriferous gersdorffite, from Bezbanya, Hungar}", has been called sojcmarugaite (Bull. Soc. Min., i., 148).
Getsebite. — App. II., p. 24.
GiBBSTTE, Min., p. 177.~AnaL| French Guiana, JannettaZy BuH Soc. Min., i., 70, 1878.
Giesecktie. — Min., p. 479 ; App. II., p. 24.
. Oinilaite. (Fischer, Mitth.), RammeUberg, Min. Chem., 2d ed., iL, 704 ; ZS. G. Ges., xxviii., 2:)6, 1S76.
Massive. Color grayish yellow. G. 3*404. Analyses : 1, made in Rammelberg's laboratory; 2, Hammelsberg, ZS. G. Ges., xxviii., 286, 1876.
SiO,
MgO 9*48
CaO
H,0
88*75
3-73 99 63.
37*83
26*67
3-30 100 93.
Formula RrRJUSiTOag + 2aq. This requires: SiO, 8710, AljO, 7-86, FcaO, 1607, MgO 4-42, CaO 26a, H,0 318 100. Earlier analyses by Fellenberg and others, giving very difTerent results, are discarded by Rammelsberg. B. jB. fuses on the edges to a dark glass. From Ginilsalp, Graubtlnden, Switzerland. [iNeeds further examination.]
GiSKONDiTE, Min., p. 418; App. U., p. 24.— Oryst Salesel, Bohemia, Seligmann. Z. Kryst., L, 336, 1877. Seihrauf, Z. Kryst., i.. 596, 1877. Schlauroth, near GCrlitz, A. v. La- Siwulx, Z. Kryst., iv., 172, 1879. The crystalline system of gismondite was first given as
52 AFPENDS m.
tetraeonal, afterward as orthorhombic. Later, Schrauf (L o.) was led by Uie obsemd variations in angle to suggest tliat the crystals wen twins, perhaps of triclinic indiTiduals: von Lasaulx (1. c.) has earned on a more extended series oi observations, both and crystallopraphic, and has established the truth of Schrauf s suggestion, showing the methods of twinning, and the way in which the pseudo-tetragoDal forms result through it
Oiufite (or GiUFFiTx).— See MilaHte, p. 81.
Glaitcespar. — App. U., p. 34
Glasbachite. — App. n., p. 24.
Glaxtberitb, Min., p. 627 ; App. IT., p. 24 — Oryit, Pendsdiab, India, ScAtni, 1 Karst., L, 70, 1877. Aranjuez, Tajo- Valley, optical investition, Lcupeyres, Z. Eryst., L, 629, 1877. Anal., Atacama, Domey£o, 6th App., Min. Chili, p. 45, 1878.
Glaugodot, Min., p. 80; App. IL, p. 25.— ChTrst., W, J, Lewis, PhiL Mag., V., iii, S5i 1877 ; Bedce, Min. Mitth., 117, 101. Sadebeek, Min. Mitth., 1877, 353. OroO, IOil Samml. Strassburg, p. 42, 1878.
Glaucontfis, Min., p. 462 ; App. II., p. 25. — AnaL, Is. Gozso, Bamberger, Mm Mitth., 1877, 271. Ashgrove, near Elgin, Scotiand, Meddle, Trans. Soc. Edinb., xxIl. 79,1879.
Glaucophane, Min., p. 244. — Near amphibole in form and composition, from ZennaC Bodetowj Fogg. Ann., civiii., 224, 1876. S, anal., LOdeeke, 2S. G. Ges., xzTiii.,m 1876. With garnet and mica from Balade mine, Oueeoa, New Caledonia, anal., Lfverdd- Proc. R. Soc. r. S. W., Sept. 1, 1880. Discussion of composition, Ddlter, Z. Kryst, It.. 88, 1879. Analyses : 1, Bodewig (L c.) ; 2, LQdecke (1. c); 8, Liversidge (1. a).
„,SiO. A].0, Fe,0, FeO MnO MgO CaO Na,0
1. Zcnnatt,0.= 8-091 217 6 78 18 2-aO 7- 100*45.
2. Syra, 55-64 15*11 8-06 6-85 OM 780 240 9-84 10078.
A mineral closely related to glaucophane, is called qastalditb by G. SMiveTf Mo. Accad. Lincei, II., li., 888, 1875. Description as follows :
Monoclinic. In prismatic crystals with /and i-l, but not distinctly terminated, fibrous or columnar masses. Cleavage prismatic, 124° 26' (like amphibole). H. =6-"- G. 8*044. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color azure blue to blackish blue. Streak gnfish blue. Fracture conchoidal. Optic-axial plane olinodiagonal. Double refractioQiiegi' tive. Dispersion inclined; strongly pleochroio.
Composition : SRSiOi + with R Fe, Mg, Ga, Na. Analysis, Cossa :
SiO, A1,0, FeO MgO CaO Ka,0 KtO (i) 58-55 21-40 9-04 3-92 2*08 4*77 tr. 99-71.
Occurs in the western Alps in chlorite slate in the vallev of Aosta, at Brosso, otf? Ivrea, and in the valley of Locana, Italy, accompanied by pyrite, chalcopyrite, garnet, azvl apatite. Named after Prol Bartolomeo (JastaloL
Glaucopyritb. — App. I., p. 6.
Gmslinite, Min., p. 436; App. II., p. 26.— Analirses, Nova Scotia and Bergoi Hit Howe, Am. J. Sc., III., xii., 270, 1876.
Gold, Min., p. 3; App. n., p. 26.— OrysL, Kokaeharof, Min. RussL, vL, 881, 18H Syssertsk, Ural, Hdmhaeker, Min. Mitth., 1877, 1. Bath, Z. Kryst., L, 1, ISn
APPSTDix nt 53
W. J, Lewis, PhiL Mag., V., iii, 466, 18T7. VOrtspatak, Wemer, J. Min., 1881, L, 1 (oocurrence, PMepny, Verb. Geol. Reichs., 1875, 97).
Gold and silyer alloy (electnim) with p. c. Ag, Comstock Lode, Nerada, Attwood, Am. J. Sc., III., ix., 2'itf, 1875. From the Bodie mines, California; G. 15*15; Ag 36*4 p. c, Hanks and Attwood, Rep. State Min. Cal., p. 25, 1880.
Ooourrence of gold and scheelite, Charity mine, Warren's, Idaho, and Queen mine, Lake Co., Col., Sittiman, Am. J. Sc., III., ziii., 4j1, 1877. Gold in Australia, Wolff, ZS. G. Ges., xxix., 82, 1877.
GosLAnriB, Min., p. 647.— Freiberg, oryst, (Schraul), anal., Fremel, J. Min., 1875, 675. Anal., Capanne Yeohie, Elba, QraUarola, BolL Com. GeoL, 1876, 842.
GdTHm, Min., p. 169; App. II., p. 25.— Chyit ComwaU, Qroih, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 91, 1878. ONccurrence in Adair Co., Mo., Q. C. Broadhsad, Am. J. Sc., III., xilL, 420, 1877.
Gbahajutb, Min., p. 758. — Huasteca, Mexico, occurrence, KimbaU, Am. J. Sc., xii, 277, 1876.
Graphite, Min., p. 24 ; App. 11., p. 25.— Mexico, CctsHDo, Naturaleza, ilL, 275, 1875. Siberia, anal., Kern, Chem. News, xxxii., 229, 1875.
GsEENOcKiTB, Mlu., p. 59; App. II., p. 25. — Orywi van Kohaoha/rof, Min. Bunl., TiiL, 125, 1881.
GBOCHAurrE.— App. 11., p. 25.
GbOnauitb, Min., p. 47.— See Polydymiis, p. 95.
GuADALCAZAUTE.--See Onofrite, p. 86, and App. 11., p. 25.
GuANAJUATiTE, App. IL, D. 22. — The snlphoselenide of bismuth, from Guanajuato, Mexico, first nventioned by Castillo (1878), and fully described by Frenzel (J. Min., 1874, 679), was called FrevudUe in Append. II. (o. r.). It appears, however, that the same mineral was described in 1873 by V. Femanaes, and named Ouanajuatite (La Reptiblica : Peri6dico oficial del Estadode Guanajuato, Juljr 18); the latter name has, consequently, the priority. Femandes concludes that the mineral contains only Bi,S„ the sulphur being due, in his opinion, to pyrita He obtained: Se 35*18, Bi 61*00, gangue 3*70, Fe, S, loss 012 100. He also gives, H. 8*5, G. 6*62; the locality is the Santa Catarina mine. Sierra de Santa Rosa, near Guanajuato. The same mineral is called castillite by Domeyko, Min. Chili, 8d ed., p. 810, 1879.
MiJlethas re-examined the mineral, and obtained (Am. J. Sc., III., xv., 294, 1878) :
Se
S
Bi
Al.O,
Fe,Oi
SiO,
H.O
59*92
tr.
1-46
After deducting 6*72 p. c. halloysite, and 0*56 SiOs, present as impurities, the result obtained is : Se 84*88, S 0*66, Bi 6501 100. The formula is then Bi„ with a little of the selenium replaced by sulphur; the pure mineral contains no zinc.
The siLAONiTE of V, Fernandez and S, Navia (La Reptiblica, Guanajuato, Mexico, Dec. 25, 1873), is a massive, bluish-gray mineral. H. — 2*75. G. 6*48-6*45. Described as having the composition BisSe. Shown subsequently by Fernandez, and also by H. D. Bruns (Chem. News, xxxviii., 109, 1878), to be a mixture of guanajuatite and native bismuth, and not a homogeneous mineral.
Guano, App. I., p. 6. — Domeyko (C. R., xc, 544, 1880), gives the following analyses of minerals occurring m the guano of Mejillones. (1) Of imperfect crystals in the form of rectangulajT prisms, implanted on walls of natural fractures in the rocK; colorless, with vitreous ImSre. Fibrous and in very elongated crystals, pyramidal in form, grouped in diverg-
54 APPEimix m.
ing bundles; grayish, histre Titreons. (3) In small concretions in the earthy mass of the gano; sofi on exterior, within compact and homogeneous; amorphous; oobr yellowish.
PiO MgO CaO "HaO (and organic matter).
1. 64-89 8511 100.
2. 40-13 18-58 5-80 86 00 100-46.
Ouanipite — See Oxanrn/Ue, p. 88. GUANOVULITB. — App. II., p. 64.
G0ABINITE, Min., p. 888; App. 11., p. 26. — OryvL, GhUseardi Rend. Aoo. Nap., Jul,
Ghiejarite. Cumenge, BuU. Soc. Min., ii., 201, ii., 203. Orthorhombic; in prismatic (20 mm. long) crystals flattened pwallel to the bnchjpiiu-
coid, with the planes i-S, in the prismatic zone, also l-l and -1, and several others less certain. / a i lOl'* 9', a l- 128* 6'. Cleavage i-l neatly perfect (Priedel). H. 3*5. G. 5 03. Color steel gray, with a tinge of blue. Analysis, c.);
s
Sb
Cu
Fe
Pb
0*5
tr. 99-5.
The calculated formuhi is CuaSbST, or CuaS + 2Sb,Sa. Related to chalcostibite (Min., p. 85), the formula for which is CuaS + SbaSa, and which has / a 101 B. B. on charcoal gives oflf antiraonial fumes, and yields when treated with soda metallic copper. Oecurs with siderite at the copper mines at the foot of Muley-Haceu, in the distnct of Guejar, Sierra Nevada, Andalusia.
GiTMBELiTE, App. I., p. Q.-OHmbd (Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 189, 1-879), as analyzetl i mineral occurring as the petrifying material of coal plants in the Tarentaise, with the following results: SiOa 49-71, TiOa 1*04, AlaO, 2862, FeaO, 2-69, MnO tr., MgO 1-60, CaO tr., K,0 0-80, NftaO 2*21, HaO 7*88 (and coal) 100-05. It occurs in fine white pearly scales, somewhat greasy to the feeL G. 2*8. Exfoliates like pyrophyllite. These results show that the mineral is essentially the same as that called gUmbelite by yon KobeU, or a sort of pinite. Oenth (Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., xviii., 259, 1879), describes a mineral occurring in a similar manner to the above in coal shales, and as a petrifying material; bat it is a true pyrophyllite.
Am.
mechanical mixture of uranium hydrate, uranotil, lead uranate, and barium uianate.
Gypsum, Min., p. 687; App II., p. 26. — OrysL, Lctapeyrea, Min. Mitth., 1875, 118 (Reu9c?i, ib., 1876, 87). Klien, Fogg. Ann., dvii., 611, 1876.
Elasticity in different directions, Coromilas, Z. Kiyst, L, 407, 1877. Magnitude and position of optical axes of elasticity, von Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxvi., 793, 1877. Etching figures, Weiss, ZS. G. Ges., xxix., 211, 1877. Thermo-electricalproperties, HainkehWwL Ann., i , 277, 1877. Influence of heat on double refraction, JDufu, Bull. Soa Min., iT.i 113, 191, 18S1.
Occurrence at Vesuvius, Scacchif Att. Ace Napoli, vi. (Contr. Min., iL, 67).
Gtbolite, Min., p. 898. See TobermorUe, p. 128. Baddamiter— See MierolUe, p. 80.
' APPENDIX m. 55
Haute, Min., p. 112.— Vesuvius, Seaeehi, Att. Aoc. Nap., vi, 1878 (Contr. Min., ii., 28). Elasticity in different directions determined, Pogg. Ann., Erg.-Bd., vii., 1, 177, 1875; Groth, Pogg. Ann., clvii., 115, 1876. Figures produced by etching, Sohncke, Pogg. Ann., clyil, 829, 1876; Uxner, ib., dviii,,
819, 1876.
An argentiferous Tariety of halite is called huantajatitb by Baimandi (in Domeyko, 5th Appendix Min. ChiU, 1876; also Min. P6rou, p. 64, 1878).
iSometric; occurs in cubes, also in incrustations made up of minute cubic crystals, also fibrous. H. 2. Color white, not altered by exposure. Transparent. Fragile not sectile like cerargyrite. Composition: 20NaCl + AgCl; an analysis fj) gave: NaCl 89, AgCl 11 100. B. a. decrepitates and fuses easily; on charcoal yields silver with soda. Occurs in a calcareous gangue with cerargyrite, embolite, etc., at the mine of San Simon, Huantajaya, Tarapaca, Peru. Called lechedor by the miners. First described by Raimondi in the Annales de la SociSt de Pharmacie de Lima, 1873. See also Domeyko, Ann. Min., VU., xix., 829, 1881.
Halutb.— App. II., p. 26.
Hallotsite, Min., p. 475; App. II., p. 26. — AnaL, SteinbrUck, Oamper Verb. G. Reichs., 1876, 854. Taffer, Styria, John, Jahrb. G. Reichs., 1878, 886. Drenkova, Banat, Helm Thocker, Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 231, 1879. Distr. San Mateo, Peru, Raimondi, Min. PIrou, p. 804, 1878.
A white porcelain clay, valuable in the arts, from Lawrence Co., Indiana, is called INDIANAITE by Cox (Rep. Geol. Indiana, 1874, 15; 1878, 154). It occurs with allophane in beds four to ten feet thick, H. G. 2-81-2'68. Analyses, 1, 2, 8, by Pemberton :
SiOa A1,0, HaO HaOatlOOC. CaO, MgO Alkalies.
89*00 8600 14-00 9*50 068 0-54 99*67.
89-85 86-85 22 90 0-40 99-00.
88-90 87-40 28-60 undet. . . . . 99-90.
Halotbichite, Min., p. 654— Anal., Idria, ZephcMrovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxxix., 188,
Hamabtite.— See BastTidsiie, App. I., p. 2 and 7; also Tysonite in tins App., p. 126.
Hannayite. vom Bath, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Jan. 18, 1878; Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 79,
Triclinic; in prismatic crystals, i A -T 114° 84', J A 140" 28'. Cleavage basal perfect, less so, parallel /and /'. Prismatic planes vertically striated. G. 1'898. Analysis by Maclvor:
P,0 MgO HsN HaO
(i) 45-70 18-90 8-09 28-20 100-89.
Heated 36 hours at 100° undergoes no change; between 100° and 110° or 115° loses 21-08 p. c, becoming opaque; heated over a Bunsen flame loses the remainder of the water and the ammonia (36*48 total loss). The remainder fuses, but dissolves only in part in concentrated HCL Taking the loss between 100° and 120° as water of crystalEzation, the formula is +.8aq, which requires: PaOa 44-38, MgO i8-75, H,N 8-75, H,0 28-12 100.
Discovered by Maclvor of Melbourne in the guano of the Skipton caves, Victoria, and recognized as new by Ulrich, as stated in a letter to vom Rath ; occurs with struvite and newberyite. Named after Prof. J. B. Hannay, of Manchester.
Harmotomb, Min., p. 439; App. II., p. 26.-— Mallard (Ann. Min., VII., x, 158, 1876), following Des Cloizeaux, classes harmotome among pseudo-orthorhombic species, and calls attention to its relation in form to analcite and also phillipsite. Kryst., ii., 118, 1878) describes the results of a cait optical examination, and doubts the correctness
56 APPENDIX m.
of referring it to the monoclinio system, bat Fresenius (ib., iii, 42) supports the oonoliuiaD of Des Cloizeaux.
Hatchettitb, Min.,p. 781; App. II., p. 26. Monte Falo, near Sayigno, Italy, CtxsaU, Bombicci, Mem. Ac. Bologna, III., tuL, 1877 (Z. Kryst., iL, 606).
HatcheUolite. J. L. timith. Am. J. ScL, HI., xiiL, 865, May, 1877. 0. D. AUm, And., xiv., 128, Aug., 1877.
Isometric ; in octahedrons with planes of the cube, and 8-. H. 5. G. 4'77-4'90. Lustre resinous. Color yellowish brown. Translucent. Fracture suboonchoidaL
Analyses: 1, 2, 8, Snuth (1. c); 4, 5, Allen (1. c):
Ta,0 Cl>,Oft TiO, WO, 8nO, UO, CaO ¥,0.* FeO MgO EO Na,0 H,0
8. 67-86 0-60 16-68 7*00 080 261 1-21 4-42 100 18, Smith.
8. 67-26 0-21 16-01 711 0*64 212 undet. 6-02 Smith.
, , f
6. 29*60 85-04 8-89 2*88 Allen.
With oerinm oxide.
From analysis 4 Allen deduces the formula RsBOt 4- 2BB0 -f 4aq, with R no„ Ci.
Fe, Mg, Nao, and R Ta, Gb. Alien calls attention to the close relation to pyrochlore, and suggests that the original mineral in this case may hare been anhydrous ana henoe analogous to it in composition. The pyrognostic characters are near those of yrochlore.
Occurs with samarskite, sometimes implanted on the former mineral, in the mica miiM of Mitchell Co., North Carolina. Named after the Rnglish chemist Hatchett.
Baughtonite. — See Mea Group, 77.
HAiJTNiTE, Min., p. 882 ; App. II., p. 26.0r3rii, Albani Mts., Strip&r, Z. Kzyst., L, 285, 1877.
Hatesine, Min., p. 599.~AnaL, Atacama, Chili, Domeyho, Ann. Min., YII., x., SO, 187&
Hedtphakb, Min., p. 587.— LIngban, Sweden, Lindtirdm (Geol. F5r. FOrh., it., 2W, 1870'. G. 6'82. Color white or yellowish white. Analysis after deducting a littie CaCO,: AsaO. 29-01, PaO. 0'55, PbO 41*01. BaO 8*27, CaO 7-85, MgO 0-25, Pb 9 17, O 3-14, FeOa 008, NaO 016, K,0 0*09 99*57; this corresponds to the nsnal fonzmlA 8R3Asa08 -I- PbCls, but the variety is remarkable as containing so much barium. The hedyphane of Paisberg contains no barium or at most only a trace.
According to Dea Cloizeaux (Bull. Soc. Min., it., 98, 1881), the L&ngban hedyiAane is monoclinic and perhaps isomorphous with oaryinite, p. 20. See also Mimetite, p. 81.
Hebbonite. — See AmblygonUe, p. 5.
Heldburgite. Luedeeke, Zeitsch. gesammt. Nat., m., iv., 291, 884, 1879.
Tetragonal, c (vert.) 0*7500. In minute (8 mm, long, i to i mm. thick), prismatic cry*- tals. Planes t-*, /, 1 ; angle / A 1 41' {near zircon). In habit resembles goarinite H. less than that of steel. Lustre adamantine. Color veUow. Streak white. Trass parent. B. B. infusible. Composition unknown (TiO, absent). Occurs in the feidspsr of the phonolyte of the Heldburg near Coburg. [Needs further examination.]
Helvite, Min., 264; App. U., p. 27.
Hemattte, Min., p. 140; App. n., p. 27.--Oryt., Vesuvius, Bcaechi, Att. Accad. Napoll vi., 1873 (Contr. Min , ii., 1). Sadeheck, Pogg. Ann., clvi., 657. Binnenthal, Bueistnq, Z. ., 1., 562; ii. 410. Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 78, 1878. Biancaville, Etna, V. Lasauix, Z. Kryst., iii., 294, 1879. Reichenstein, Silesia, Bare, Z. Kryst., It., 297. 1879. Ascension Island, wm Bath, Z. Eryst, vL, 192, 1881.
AFFBNDIX m. 57
Crvstallogenetio obseirations, Seharff. Jahresb. Senck. Nat. Qea, 1879-80.
With magnoferrite, octahedral crystals, Vesuvius, vom Raih, J. Min., 1876, 886. With magnetite in parallel position, BtMciTig, Z. Kryst, L, 575; do. with marcasite, JSadebeek Pogg. Ann. Ei.-Bd., viii., 625
Hknetite. — App. II., p. 27.
Henwoodite. J, H. Collins, Min. Mag., L, 11, 1876; C. Le Neve Foster, ibid., p. 8. . In botryoidal globular masses haying a crystalline structure. H. 4-4*6. G. 2*67. Color turquoise blue. Streak white with bluish green tinge. Fracture conchoidaL Analyses, CoUins (1. c):
PsO, A1,0, PesO. CuO CaO H,0 SiO,
1. 48*94 18-24 2-74 710 054 1710 1-87 .oes 3*97 100.
2. 48-20 7-00 19-60 ...,
The iron, lime, and silica are regarded as due to impurities; but aside from this the analyses are so obyiously imperfect: that it is useless to attempt to give a formula; the mineral, however, seems be related most closely to turquoise. In the closed tube decrepitates slightly, gives off water, and turns brown. B. B. infusible, colors the flame green. Copper reactions with borax. Occurs on limonite at the West Phenix mine, Cornwall Named from Mr. Wm. Jory Henwood.
Bermannolite. See Coiumlnie p. 29.
Herrengrimdite. Breeina, Z. Kryst, ill., 859, March 25, 1879. XJBvdLaTiTB. 8zab6, Min. Mitfli., ii., 811, 1879 (Lit Ber. Ungam, iii, 610, 1879). Monoclinic (triclinic?) : c (vert.) : 6 : d 28004 : 1 : 18161. fi 91" 9'. Observed
106° 52', 0 A 84'. Cleavaee basal perfect / less so, also f-2 or i- (?). Occurs in spherical groups of thin six-sided plates. The basal plane striated parallel ir4. Twinning plane generally 0, Optic axes in plane parallel to the direction of striation. 2Ea 59° (Li), 65° 18' to 66*' 58' (Na), 89' (Tl). Double refraction negative. (Breana.) Dichroism weak, bluish green and greenish yfUow. H. 2*6. G. 8*182. (Winkler.) Lustre vitreous, on cleavage face sometimes pearly. Color emerald green, verdigris sreen, and bhiish green. Streak light green. Transparent Analyses; 1, Berwerth, Z. Kryst, iii., 878; 2, Schenek, Min. IdQtth., ii., 815, 1879.
H,0
19-61 100.
16-73, 8,0, 0-88, PeO 014, MnO, MgO tr. 99*98.
Brezina regards the CaO as present in the form of gypsum as an impurity; deducting this the result obtained is : SO, 2804, CuO 67'53, H,0 19 44 100. Szab6, on the contrary, regards the CaO as essential, and writes the formula: (CuSO* + aq) + 8H9CUO9 + (CaS04 + 2aq>. [The view of Szab6 seems very improbable, and is not established bv his experiments made to decide the point; the mineral needs further examination on the chemical side.]
Occurs with malachite and calcite in a quartz conglomerate at Herrengrund in Hungarv. Belated to langite, brochantite, etc. Named from the locality Herrengrund Urv5l m Hungarian.
Hebscheute, Min., p. 437; App. n.,p. 27. — The hcrschelite of Richmond, Victoria (called seebachito by Bauer, App. H., p. 60), is referred to phacolite (chabazite) hj am Rath (Ber. Ak. Berlm, 1875, 623); Becke, however, shows (Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 416, 1879), that it differs from chabazite; he regards the form as monoclinic united by twinning in a manner analogous to, but not identical with, chabazite. A similar result is reached by von Lasaulx (71. Kryst., v., 888, 1881) for the herschelite from Aci Castello, Sicily; an analysis yielded : SiO, 4715. A1,0, 21 42 (with PeO,), CaO 5-84 (with MgO), NaaO, K,0 [669], H,0 19*40 100, leading to the formula (Na, E). Ca [Al,],Si024 + 12aq.
So,
CuO
CaO
8*59
58 APPENDIX m.
Hessite, Min., p. 60; App. II., p. .—Schrauf (Z, Kryst., ii, 342, 1878), descnbes a highly modified cr/stal from Rezbanya; he refers it to the isometric system, and shows that the species is isomorphous with argentite, he notes, howeyer, the yariations in the measured angles, but concludes that they il within the probable errors of obsenration. Krenner (Z. Kiyst., iv., 542k describes isometric crystals of unusual perfection from the Jacob and Anna mine. Botes Mt., between Zalathna and VOrOspatak, Transylvania. Becke (Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 801, 188ii) has subjected the crystals from Botes to a careful examination, and argues [but not conclusively] that they must be referred to the triclinic system, although they closely approximate to the isometric form. An him: Ag 60*fil), Au 1'37, Te :i7 '22, quartz 9968, corresponding to AgsTe with, as assumed by the author, a little AutjTc,.
From Kcarsarge mine. Dry Canon, Utah, GerUh (anaL by ), Am. PhiL Sec PhUad xviL, 115, 1877 (or Z. Kryst, ii., 3). Chili, Ihmeyko, C. R., IxxxL, 632, 1875.
HetssroUte. G. K Moore, Am. J. Sc., HI., xiv., 423, Nov., 1877. Hetairitk, Naumann-Zirkel, Min., 11 ed., p. 871.
Announced as follows, but not tJ described: In botryoidal coating with colninnar radiate structure. H. 5. G. 4'9&. Lustre metidlic to submetaUic. Color black. Streak brownish black. Opaque. Brittle. Contains ziao and manganese, and stated to be a zinc hausmannite, but no analyses published. Occurs intimately associated with chalcophanite (whence name from iraTpo, companion) at the Passaic zinc mine, Steding Hill, New Jersey. [A more complete description is needed.]
Hetaieite.— See HekBroliie.
Heterooentte, App. II., p. 27. — St Anton mine, Heubach, near Wittichen, Baden, Sandberger, J. Min., 1870, 280.
Heteromorphite. — See Jamesonite, p. 64.
Heubachite. F. Sandberer, Ber. Ak. Mtinchen, 1876, 288.
In thin soot-like incrustations; in dendritic or small spherical aggregates. H. =2'5. G. =3*44. deep black. Streak submetallio. Analysis, iSeitschel (1. c):
65*50 14-50 513 160 12-59 99-22.
This corresponds to SRiOi + 4H,0. B. B. infusible. Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine; the solution deep bluish green, but on dilution with water becomes rose red. Occurs as a secondary product coating oarite at the St, Anton mine, in the Beubachthal, near Wittichen, Baden; aiso at the mine Eberhard, near Alpirsbach, Wtlrtemberg. This mineral was first referred to hcterogenite by Sandberger, J. Min., 1876, 280. [Is the substance homogeneous ?]
HEuukNDrrE, Min., p. 444; A.pp. II., p. 28.— OrysL, Turkestan* ©. Jeremejef, Veih. Min. Ges. St, Pet, II., xiii., 389 (Z. Kryst., ii., 503).
Anal., Oranse Free State. So. Africa, Cohen, J. Min., 1875, 116. San Piero, Elba, Cfraitarola ana Sansoni, Att. Aoc. Tose., iv., 175, 1879; ib., p. 814.
Occurs at LeiperviUe, Delaware Co., Penn., Kdnig, Z. KrysL, ii, 808, 1878.
See also EpUailbiU, p. 42; and Oryzite, p. 87.
Hezagonite* — See AmpThibole, p. 5.
Hibbertite. freddie, Min. Mag, ii., 24, 1878.
Pulverulent Color lemon yellow. Analysis after deducting 20*68 p. c. of the matrix* kammererite, insoluble in dilute acid : CO, 2544. PeO 3-28, MnO O'nS, MgO 26-56, CaO 28-46. 11,0 15T3 100. Prom a quarry of chromite on the island of Unst Named after Mr. Hibbert, the discoverer of the chromite. [The investigation of the substance is not sufficiently complete to prove that it is a distinct species; it seem to be a mixture allied to predazzito and penoatito, Min., p. 706, 709; and App. IL, p. 45.]
APPENDIX nz. 59
Hiddenito-See Spodumene, p. 112.
HisiNGBBiTB, MiiL, D. 480; App. n., p. 28.AnaL of a related mineral (Collins), Japan, Milne, Min. Mag., iu., 99, 1879.
Hofinannite. Beehi, Ace. Line. Trans., in., ii., 185, 1878* Occurs in tabular crystals, shaped like rhombs; they are colorless, tasteless, and odorless. G. l'0o65. Soluble in alcohol (5 pts. in 1000 pts. alcohol at 14*") more readily than in ether. Melts at 71° to a fluid resemblingolive oil, bums with a bright flame. Composition CsoHssO ; an analysis gave: C 82*23, H 12 20, O 557. Forms a white crystalline efflorescence on lignite in the neighborhood of Siena. Named after Prof. A. W. Hofmann, of Berlin.
Homillte. S. R, PaijhuU, Oeol. Fdr. F5rh., ill, 229, 1876. Dm Cloizeaux and Damour, ib., iu., 885, 1877, or Ann. Chim. Phys., V., xu.. 405, 1877.
Monoclinic. In angles closely related to gadolinite and datolite. I a 116", 0 /\i-i - 90" 39', 0 A 2-4 147' 20' (0, 7, 2-i t-t, 2-i, / of datolite, Min , p. 380). Crystals octahedral in habit by extension of I and 2-4, also 0 and M prominent. Cleavage indistinct Axes in a plane perpendiculiur to plane of symmetry, bisectrix nearly parallel to grismatic edge. 2Ha 5' to 98"* 22' (red). Dispersion v, also of bisectrices orizpntal (Des Cloizeaux). H. 4'5 (6-6 Paijkull). G. 8-34 (328 Paiikull). Lustre resinous to vitreous. Color black or blackish brown. Streak grayish. Translucent in thin splinters. Analyses: 1, Paijkull (L c); 2, Damour (L c.);
SiO, B,0, A1,0, Fe,Oa FeO MnO MgO CaO Ce,0,* Na,0 K,0 ign.
1. 31-87 [1808] 1-60 215 16-25 052 2728 1-09 041 0 85 100.
2. 8800 [15 -21] 1818 0-74 27*00 256 I'Ol 2-80 100.
With La,0,. DUO,.
From analvsis 1 the following formula is calculated: FeCaBaSiiOio, which corresponds closely with tnat of datolite, to which the mineral is similar in crystalline form. This similarity was first pointed out by Nordenski5ld (Geol. F5r. ., iii., 232, 1876). B. B. homilite fuses very readily to a black lass ; reacts for iron and boracic acid. Completely decomposed by HCl with latinization. Found on the Stock5 near Brevig, Norway, with melipnanite and erdmannite. Named from outXeon, to occur together.
Dcs Cloizeaux remarks that some crystals of homilite are throughout doubly refracting, others are composed of a green doubly refracting kernel surrounded by a yellowish crust of singly refracting material, while still others arc entirely singly refracting. ' In this respect it is closely similar to gadolinite ; whether this variation is certainly due to alteration does not appear. An analysis of some of the isotropic, brownish-colored fragments gave Damour (G. 803): SiOa 28-01, B,0, 5 54, ZrO, 3 47, Al,0, 381, CeO 19*28, DiO,LaO8-09, FeO 5-4-3, MnO 1-85, CaO 11-00, KaO 1 98, SnO, 0-45, H,0 1210, TiO,tr. 100. Damour remarks the similarity in appearance of the isotropic mineral analyzed bv him to true erdmannite, and adds that the mineral supposed to be the latter contains no boron (see also p. 43).
HoPBirB, Min., 644.— Damour and Dea Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 131, 1879. Friedel and Sarasin ib., p. 15:).
Des Cloizeaux has made a crjrstallographie and optical examination of hopeite, confirming and extending the results of L6vy and Haidinger. Damour shows that it is essentially a zinc phosphate, and Friedel and Sarasin have succeeded in forming artificially crystals which have the form and optical properties of hopeite, and which have the composition ZnaPOn + 4aq. which requires : PaO 31 07, ZnO 5318, HaO 1575. They conclude that this formula expresses also the composition of natural hopeite. According to Schrauf his new species eggonite (q. v.) is closely related in form to hopeite.
HoRBACHirE. — App. II., p. 28.
HoBNbLENDB.— See Anijibole, p. 6.
HOSTONOLITE. — App. I., p. 7.
HowLFnB.— Min., p. 598; App. IL, p. 28.
Qo Afbekdix Ul
Hnanmayiie*— See Halite, p. 56.
HuAscouTE, Min., p. 42. — A massive mineral haying a bluish gray color is reCerred to huascolitt* by Raimondi (Min. Prou, p. 202, 1878). He obtained after deducting 14*50 p. c.
Sngue: S 27 Pb 2686, Zn 4450, Fe 0*88 100, from the Poderosa mine, ProTince of de Mayo, Peru. Domeffko describes a mineral from Morochocha, Pern, oorrespoodin in composition to PbS + with Zn 10*59; another from Coro-Coro, Mlivis, afforded 5 p. c. ZnS (6th App. Min. ChiH, p. 17, 1878).
HCbnbbitb, Min., p. 603; App. IL, p. 28. — Neyada, containing thallium, Sandbirgtr, J. Min., 1877, 508. From Morochocha, Pern, Raimondi, Min. Pzon, p. 241, 1878. Occurs at Rabenstein, Sandberger, J. Min., 1879, 869. Found by W. P. Jenney, in tht Black Hilla, Dakota, at the Comstock mine, near Beadwood.
Hnllite. E. T, Hardman, Proc. Roy. Ir. Acad., 11., iiL, 161, 1878.
Massive. H. 2. Color velvet black. Lustre waxy but dnlL Analyaia, Haidmsn : SiO, 89*44, AUO, 10*35, Fe,0, 2072, FeO 8-70, MgO 7*47, CaO 4*48, H,0 18 2, MnO tr., CO9 tr. =99*78. Occurs filling and coating vesicular cavities in the basalt of CammoDeT Hill, near Belf, Ireland.
Heddle remarks that hullite mar be considered as a desiccated chloropheite, but he ab> gives the following analysis of a similar mineral from the banlt at Kinkell, in Fifediire, Scotknd: SiO, 88*59, A1,0. 17*34, Fe,0,(FeO undet.) 15*97, MnO 1-56, CaO 8-94, MgO mineral, and believes it to somewhat support the claim of hullito to be considered as an independent species, Trans. Boy. Soc £dmb., xxix., 89, 1879. [Near delessite; compare also diabantite.]
Huminite. A hydrocarbon from Ostmark, in Wemdand, Sweden, which, according to Ekman (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1868, 188>, has the composition (ash free): C 6715, O a9'8;i, H 2*55, N 0 47, S rp'40] 100. A similar coal from Gryhytte, Finberget, Sweden, hss, acoordingto Helland (Oeol. FOr. F5rh., ii., 521, 1875), the composition (ash free): 0 67*67 0 281irH 8-89, N tr., S 0*83 100.
HuMiTB, Min., p. 363.— See ChondrodUe, p. 26; and App. II., p. 28.
Huntilite.— See Maqfarlanite, p. 71. Htalftb. — Min., p. 199; App. II., p. 28.
Htalosideiute. — Min., p. 256; App. IL, p. 28.
Hyalotekite. Nordenakim, Geol. F5r. F5rh., iiL, 382, 1877.
Massive. Coarsely crystalline. Cleavage easy in two directions, at an angle of approximately 90° ; also less easy in a third direction, la the same zone (Des Cloizeaux). H. 5-*5. G. 3*81. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color white to pearly gny. Transparent in very thin plates. Brittle. Optically biaxial, axes in a planeparallcl to the axis of the zone of three cleavages: 2H 98''~99'' (red), bisectrix positive (Des Cloizeaux, BulL Soc. Min., i., 9, 1878). An incomplete analysis gave :
SiO, PbO BaO CaO ign.
89*62 25 30 20 66 700 0*82 A1,0„ E,0, etc., tr.
B. B. fuses to a clear glass, which in R. F. becomes blackened with reduced lead. On charcoal with soda in small amount fuses to a clear glass; with more soda in R. F. gives a lead globule aud a coating of lead oxide. In salt of phosphorus dissolves, leaving a skeleton of silica. Insoluble m hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. Occurs roariufly in a grayish-white feldspar, with hedyphane and schenerite, at TAngban, Wermfand, Sweden. Named from vaXoi, glass, and to melt.
Htdbasoillite. — See Oithsite, p. 51
▲FPSNDIX m. 61
Htdrargt&its.— App. n., p. 28 (8). Hydrocastorite.— See PekUiie, p. 91.
Hydrocenuiaita. Nordenahtdld, Geol. Fdr. F5rh., iii, 881, 1877.
A nydrous lead carbonate (perhaps 2PbGOs + HsO), occurring sparingly as a coating aa
native lead, at Langban, Wermland, Sweden. It consists of white, colorless, crystalline plates, showing one perfect deayaffe; soft. Soluble in acid with eTolution of carbon dioxide. According to Bertrand (Bull Soc. Min., iv., 87, 1881), the mineral occurs in hexagonal plates, andopticallj is uniaxial, negative, [leds further examination.]
Htd&ocupsitb. — App. n., p. 28.
Htdsoctanitb. — App. 11., p. 29.
Hydrofluorite. Seaeehi, Att. Aco. NaMli, vi., 1873 (CJontrib. Min., ii., 05). Hydrofluoric acid gas observed at Vesuvius, especially after the eruptions of 1870 and 1872.
Hydrofranklinite. According to the late W. T. Rapper, a new hydrous oxide of zinc, manganese, and iron. Occurs in small, very brilliant iron-black regular octahedrons; with octahedral cleavage highly perfect. H. =4-4*5. G. =4*06-4*09. From Sterling Hill, N. J. [The original investigation was, unfortunately, never completed.]
Htdbohalttb. — App. II., p. 29.
Hydroilmenite. — See Menaecanite, p. 76.
Htdbomaonesitb. — App. II., p. 29.
Hydroniocite. A name suggested for a doubtful substance conjectured to be a hydrated oxide of nickel, Texas, Penn., C. U. Shepard, Min. Contr., 1877.
Hydrophilite. — See ChhroealeUe, p. 26.
Hydrorhodonite. iV. EngstrOm, Geol F5r. F5rh., 41., 468, 1875.
Massive ; crystalline. Cleavage easy in one direction. H. 5-6. G. 2*70. Lustre vitreous. Color red-brown. Streak brownish white. Translucent, in thin splinters transparent. Fracture splintery. Analyses :
SiO, MnO FeO MgO CaO Li,0 Na,0 H,0
Formula RSiOa 4- H9O, or rhodonite |)lus a molecule of water. Soluble in HCl, with the separation of silica. B. B. fuses easily to an opaque, brownish red bead ; reacts for
manganese. The powdered mineral becomes black on heating. From L&urban, in Wermland, Sweden, [perhaps simply a hydrated rhodonite.]
Hydrotltanit — See Perofskite, p. 91.
Htgbophilite, App. II., p. 29.— Related mineral from Beuschbach, Palatinate, GlhnbeL J. Min., 1878, 885.
Htpeesthexe, Min., p. 209; App. II., p. 29.— AnaL, Adirondacks, N. Y.. Leeds, Amer. Chem., March, 1877. Finland, CEiv. Finsk., xvii., 72-8. Arvieu, Arveyion, Pisani C. B.
IxxxvL, 1419, 1878. Santorin, Fouqui, Bull. Soc. Min., i., 46, 1878. Boms&s, Askim. Meintch, EjortddfU, Z. Kryst., iv., 519, 1880.
62 APFBNBXX m.
Crystallographic and* optical deecription with analjBeB, Bodeiimaifl Becke, Min. Ptr. Mitth., ill , 60, 1880. From Demavend, Persia, in trachyte, Blaaa, Min. P. Mitth., iiL, 479, 1881.
Hypochlorite. — Min., p. 892; App. II., p. 80.
Ice, Min., p. 185.— Optical structure, Koch, J. Min., 1877, 448. Bertin, Ann. Ch. Phys., v., xiiL, 288, 1878. Kloeke, J. Min., 1879, 272; 1881, L, 28.
Idocbasb. — See Vestmanitet p. 129. ,
Idrocastorlte (Hydrocastorite).— See BBiaUie, p. 91. IgelstrSmita.— See Pyroaurite, p. 99.
Ihlfiite. ScJvrauf, J. Min., 1877, 262.
Amorphous. Forms an efflorescence on graphite, having a botryoidal or small reniform structure. G. 1'812. Color orange yellow, becoming pale yellow in dry air. Analyses:
So,
A1,0,, Fe,0, FeO
CaO
H,0
24-5 21
0-3 26-1
25-6 1-4
Formula perhaps + 12aq. SO, 88-90, Fe,0, 25-96, HjO 85*07. Soluble to cold water. Occurs at the graphite deposits at Mugrau, Bohemia, owing its origin to the decomposition of imbedded crystals of pyrite. Named for Mr. Ihle, sapeiintendent of mines m Mugrau. [Near coquimbite.]
Hesite. A, F, Wuenach, Mining Index, Leadville, Colorado, Not. 5, 1881. In loosely adherent crystalline aggregates, prismatic. Color white. Taste bitter, astringent. Friable. Analysis by M. W. lies :
So,
MnO
FeO
H,0
30-18 99-39.
This corresponds approximately to RS04 + 4aq., which, with R Mn : Zn : Fe 5 : 1 : 1. requires : SOj 35-63. MnO 22-68, ZnO 5 15, FeO 4 58, H,0 32-06 100. Readily soluble in water. Occurs in a siliceous gane with the sulphides of iron and rinc (from which it has been formed in veins 2 to 8 inches wide. Locality in Hall Valley, Park Co., Colorado Named after Dr. M. W. lies, of Leaddlle. '
Ilmenite.— -See MerMceaniUf p. 76.
Ilmekorutile. — See Buttle, p. 105.
Ilsemaxnttb.— App. I., p. 7.
Ilvaite. Min., p. 296 ; App. H., p. 80.— Analyaeih (1), Elba, BMcz (Min. Mitth., 1875 72), an unaltered crystal; (2, Farly. quoted by Reynolds (Chem. News, zzxri, 85, 1877 Ppoc. Roy. Ir. Acad., II., iii., 52, 1877.
SiO, Fe,0, FeO MnO CaO HjO
1. 0. 29-67 21-26 83-09 074 13-83 2-82 100*41.
2. 29-98 2016 31 -83 8 02 13-71 042, A1,0, 0-36, MgO 0-80, K,0 0-20,
pfii.O 0-29 100-22.
APPENDIX m. 63
makes the water essential, and adopts the formula of StAdeler : RrTEg] SiiOis, or H,Ca,FerFe,]Si40,%; Reynolds neglects the water, and writes: R<,[R,]Si40iT, or Ca,(Fe
According to Websky, isomorphous with humite, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1876, 201.
Indianalte.~See SaUoynte, p. 55.
lodobromite. A, von Lasaulx, J. Min., 1878, 619.
Isometric, in octahedrons with cubic planes. Cleavage octahedral indistinct. G. 5*718. Color sulphur yellow, sometimes greenish. Sectile. Composition: 2 Ag (CI, Br) + Ag I CI 7-79, Br 17-i8, 1 14*15, Ag 60-88 100. Analysis, LasauU (L c):
CI Br I Ag
709 17-80 1605 59-96 99-40.
B. B. gives off bromine vapors and leaves a silver globule. Found in small cavities in ferruginous quartz at the mine '' SchOne Aussicht," near Dernbach, Nassau, associated with beudantite, carminite, apd probably greenockite.
loDTRiTE, Min., p. 117. — Artificial crystals, hemimorphio, o. Zharovichf Z. Kryst, iv., 119, 1879. Cryst., Dernbach, Nassau, Seligmcmny Corr. Bl. Nat. Ver. Bonn, xzzvii., 180, 1880. Occurrence at Caracoles, Chili, Domejfko, 6th App. Min. Chili, p. 29, 1878.
loLFTE, Min., p. 299; App. II., p. 80.— Elba, lyAchiardi, Att. Ace. Tosc., iL, July 4, 1875 (Z3. G. Ges, xxvi., 462). Pseudomorphs, Wichmann, ZS. G. Ges., xxvi., 675, 1874. In Hungarian trachytes, Szabb J. Min., Beil-Bd., L, 302, 1881.
lonlte. S, Pumell, Am. J. Sc., III., xvi., 153, August, 1878.
A fossil hydrocarbon found in a more or less impure condition in the lignite of lone Valley, Ama lor Countv, California. Structure firm, earthy. Color browmsh yellow. Partially soluble in cold alcohol, lai-gely soluble in ether, completely so in chloroform. A brown tarry oil containing? a small quantity of paraffine is separated by dry distillation.
Exact chjinical nature unknown.
laiDiusf, Min, p. 12.— Oryt~ Ural, v. Jeremejeff Verb. Min. Ges, St. Pet,, II., xiv., 155, 1879 (Z. Kryst., iii., 4-37).
Ibidosmin'e, Min., p. 12.— (Nefdanskite), v. Kokscharof, Min. RussL, vi, 237, 239, 1874.
Ieov, Min . p. 13; App. II., p. 80.— The native iron of Ovifak, Disco Bay, Greenland, discovered by .VordensUoid in 1870 (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1870, 1058, and 1871, 1. or Geol. Mag., ix., 1872), and by him regarded as of meteoric origin, has been exhaustively studied both inits;?agnostic and chemical relations: — See Nordstrlhn, (Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1871, 453; Nauckhoff, ib.. Bihang, i., April, 1872 (or Min. Mitth.,1874, 109); DaubrSe, C. K.. Ixxiv., 15t6, 187-2, and Ixxv., 240, 1873, and Ixxxiv., 66. 1877; Wdhier, . Gelehrt. Anzeig., 1872, 197, and J. Min., 1879, 8:i2; Tschermafc, Min. Mitth., 1874, 165; Steenstrzip, Ved. Medd. Copenhagen, 1875. Nos. 16-19 (or ZS. G. Ges., xxviii., 225, 1876); Tdmebohm, (Efv. Ak. Stor'kh., Bihang, 1878; Meunier, C. R., Izxxix., 215, 1879; J. Lawrence Smith, Ann. Gh. Phys., v., xvi., 45*3, 1870. The observations of Steenstrup, and later more particularly those of TSmebohm and Smith make it very certain that tne iron is not meteoric but of terrestrial origin.
Xserite.— See Buttle, p. 106. ISOGLASITE. — App. L, p. 7.
Ittneritb, Min., p. 838. — It is concluded by van Werwerhe on the basis of a microscopical and chemical exanunation that ittnerite and skolopsite belong together, and that both
64 APPBHDIX m.
aie results of the partial alteration of hattynite (J. Min., 1880, ii, 264). This oonflnns tbe conclusion of Rammelsbeig (Syst. Min., p. 883, and Min. Chem., 2d ed., p. 450).
Itigtite. — App. L, p. 7.
iu., 884, 1877.
Jadeite, Min., p. 292. — Analyses of related minerals, Dainour, Bull. Soo. Min., ir.. 157, 1881. See also Nepriie, p. 84.
Jaipubite, Min., p. Jeypoorite, wron orthog., Mallet).— According to a recent investigation, by F, R. MaXUt, oi the cobalt minerals of the Khetri mines, '
tana, India, the simple cobalt sulphide, originalij] called syepoorite, probably has'no existence; the cobalt minerals identified were cobaltite and danaite. Becords GreoL Sutk India, xiv., pt. 2, 190, 1881.
Jalpaite. — Min., p. 89; App. 11., p. 80.
Jamesonite, Min., p. 90; App. 11., p. 80.— Belated minend (heteromorphite) from berg, Westphalia, anal, correspondiug to 7PbS + 4SbSs,iVMnf, C. R., Ixzxiii, 747, 1871
AnaL (Sarlay) Wiltau, PiehUr, Min. Mitth., 1877, 855. Sevier Co., Arkansas, Duimimton Amer. Assoc., 1877, 184. Spain, Province of Huelva, Oenihf Am. Ch. Joum., L, 825, 1879. Arkansas, C. E, Wait, Trans. Amer. Inst Min. Eng., viiL, 51, 1880.
jAROsrrE, Min., p. 600. — Oryst., v, Kokscharof, Min. RussL, vi., 227, 1874 Occurrence at the Vulture mine, Arizona, SiUiman Am. J. Sc., III., xviii., 73, 1870; anaL (1), JPenfield, ib., xzi., 160, 1881. Occurrence at the Arrow mine, Chaffee Co., Colorado, and anal. (2), Kdnig, Am. Chem. Joum., ii., 875, 1881. Occurrence in the province of Cajamarca, Peru, Bcmondi, Min. Prou, p. 284, 1878.
So.
Fe,0,
K,0
Na,0
H.O
SiO,
1. G. 8-09
[11-42]
1-08 100.
2. G. 8144
. . . . 100-44
The water determined in (1), viz., 12*91, was too high the result obtained by difference is nearer correct. In (2), te silica has been deducted, and 8*8 p. c. of turgite remains lo be rejected. The formuhi is then K, [FesJ.SO,,, 6H,0 K,SO + [FcJSaOi, + H.O..
jAULDTorrE, Min., p. 800.— A related resin (CsH40s), from E5flash, Styiia, for whidi the name kOvlachite is provisionally suggested by lHUer, J. Min., 1880, ii., ISSi (raf.).
Jeffebisite. — Mm., p. 494; App. II., p. 80; see also Vermiculite, p. 129.
Jeffebsonite. — Min., p. 215 ; App. II., p. 80.
Jogsmaite.— See Seorodite, p. 108.
JoBDANiTE.— Min., p. 88; App. II., p. 81.— Orsrit, Binnenthal, W, J, Lewia Z. EzyBt. ii., 191, 1878.
JlTLIAlOTE.— App. I., p. 8.
Kaeochlob.— See JPdUmulane, p. 98.
▲Pperdiz Ql 66
KALvanrs.— App. II., p. 81 (64).
Eaounite, Min., p. 478; App. II. p.81.— AnaL, Qaenast, Belgium, de Koninek, Bull. Ac. Beltf., 11., xliv., 788, 1877.
Chemical and microscopical discussion of kaolin from the **Bunt Sandstein" of Thuringia, Heroldy Inaug. Diss. Jena, 1875. Schmid, in an extended discussion on the same names two Kinds of crystallites observed by him mikrovermiculit, and mikro wMrlit, the latter he regards as probably tourmaline, ZS. G. Ges., xzviii., 87, 1876.
KI&abfvkitk.— App. IL, p. 82.
Eabstbnitb. — Min., p. 821; App. II., p. 81.
Karylnito. — See Cariftnite, p. 20.
Keatingine. — See RhodoniU p. 104.
Keilhauttb, Min., p. 887. — Contains scandium, Ckve CEfv. Ak. Stockh., xxxvi., Na 7, p. 8, 1879.
Xelyphite. Schrauf, Verb. G. Reichs., 1879, 244. Gray serpentinous coating of pyrope crystals from Kremze, near Budweis, Bohemia. The pyrope has been analyzed by tiOMmzer,
EBNNGOTTiTE.— See MtargyrUe p. 77
Kentrolite. Damour and vom JUUh, Z. Eryst, y., 82, 1880.
Orthorhombic; axes, e (vert.) :t :d 0*784, 1 : 0888. Obsenred planes: i, 1, and small. / A i US'* 18', 1 A 1 (terminal} 87'' 29' and 82'. Cleavage: prismatic, distinct. Crystals minute, often grouped in sheaf -like forms resembling stilbite, planes rough, and the prismatic horizontally striated. Also massive. H. 5. G. 6*19 Color dark reddish brown, on the surface blackish (vom Rath). Analysis, Damour:
SiO, MnO, PbO
15-96 24-50 (or Mn,Oa 22-28) 59 79 100*24
The state of oxidation of the manganese, and hence the true composition of the mineral,
is left in doubt; on the first supposition it is expressed PbMnSlOs, which requires: SiOa 16-21, MnO 28*62, PbO 60 27 100; on the second it is Pb, [Mn,]Si,0, which requires: SiO, 16*58, Mn,Oa 21 88, PbO 61-50 100. [The latter formula is the more probable one; see Melanotekiie, p. 75.] B. B. on charcoal gives a lead coating and with soda a globule of lead. In a salt of phosphorus bead dissolves and gives in R. F. a slight vellowish color, after the addition of saltpeter becomes bright violet. Dissolves in part in dilute sulphuric acid with the separation of manganese oxide and silica. With HCl chlorine is disengaged. From southern Chili, exact locaflty unknown. Occurs with quartz, barite, apatite. Named from xevrpoVf tpike. Webskv calls attention to the fact that the angles of kentrolite agree very closely with those of descloizite (Z. Kryst, v., 552).
Ks&UTB.— App., p. 81.
Ejbssbitb.— Min., p. 641; App. II., p. 81.
KiLLiNiTB. — See Spodwnene, p. 112.
Kjebulfine, App. II., p. 81.— See WagnerUe p. 180.
Klapbothouts.— App. I., p. 8.
66 APVEsmjx m.
Klinoceoctte.— See Clinocrocite, p. 28. Elinoprsite. — See CUnophaite p. 28. KocHBUTE.— App. I., p. 8. EOflachite. — See JauHnffiie, p. 64. £5hl£bite. — App. II., p. 81. EOLLOPHAN.— App. I., p. 9.
EoNGSBEBGiTB, App. II., p. 88.~See Amalgam, p. 4. EoppiTE.— App. II., p. 82.
EOKARFYEITE.— App. 11., p. 82.
EOmaiTE, Min., p. 561.— Oryit., isomorphoas with Tivianite, Chnfih, MiiL-Sammi Strassburg, p. 1G6, lS78.
Erauritb.— See Dufrenite, p. 89.
Erennerite. Bunsenin, Krenner, Termeaz. FUzetek, 1877 (Wied. Ann., L, 637). Eus- NERiTE, vam Hath, Ber. Ak. BerUn, 1877, 292 (Z Eryst., L, 614, 1877). Schrauf, ib., iL, 285, 1878.
Orthorhombic (monoclinic? Schrauf). Axes: c (rert.) : 5 : d '60415: 1: '94071.
i A 93" 30'; O A 151" 48'; 0 A W 1° 14' : 0 A 1 143" 89'. In vertically striated prismatic crystals. Cleavage: basal perfect (v. Bath). Lustie metallic, biilJiant. Color silver white to brass yellow. Opaque. Brittle.
Contains gold and tellurium, with a little silver and copper, but exact composition not yet determined; Schrauf obtained from an approximate blowpipe analysis, Au + AiPb?/o3. or Au 81. B. B. decrepitates violently. Found at Nagrag, Transylvania, associated with quartz and pyrite. Related to sylvanite in the angles of two zones, but different in obes. Also related m composition to calaverite.
This is the mineral, according to Krenner and Schrauf, which has formerly gone bj the names gelberz, weisstellur, mQllerine, ete., see Min., p 81.
As the name bunsenite has been accepted for the nickel protoxide from Johanngeorgeostadt, Yom Rath has given this mineral the name krennerite from the original discoverer.
KrOnnldto. /. Domeyko, 5th Appendix Min. Chili, 1876; also 8d ed. Min. Chili p. 250, 1879.
Triclinic (?). In irregular prismatic crystalline masses with coarsely fibrous structure. Cleavaffo distinct parallel to an edge of the prism. G. 2*5. Lustre vitreous. Color azure blue, changing somewhat on exposure to the air. Composition : CuSO* + NaiSO* + 2aq=: copper sulphate 47 23, sodium sulphate 42 09, water 10*68=100. Analvsisbj ErSnnke : CUSO4 46-28, NaiSO* 42 '95, HaO 10*77 100. Perfectly soluble in wattt Found in the copper mines near Calama, on the road from Cabija to Potosi, Bolivia.
Kruglte.— See Polyhalite, p. 96.
Labradorite, Min., p. 841; App. II.,_p. 82.— AnaL, Adirondacks, N. Y., Leeds, Amer. Ch., March, 1877. Arvieu, Arveyron, Fiaani, C.R., Ixxxvi., 1420, 1878. Klement, Min. Petr. Mitth., i , 366, 1878; 8ehiuUr, ib., p. 867.
See also Feldspar Oroup, p. 45.
Lanarkitb, Min., p. 628 ; App. 11., p. 38.— Or3rit. deeoription, with correction of p- viously accepted angles, Schrauf, Z. E., i., 81. 1877.
APPENDIX m. 67
LiNOiTE. — Wm., p. 065; App. II., p. 83. Lapis La2ull — Min., p. 884; App. II., p. 88.
Laitmontite, Miii.,p. 899; App. II., p. 88.— AnaL, New South Wales, Liversidge, Min. Mag., i., 54, 1876. Monte Catini, Becht, Accad. Line. Trans., III., iii., 114, 1879.
Analysis by A, Smita (Min. Mitth., 1877, 268), of lbonhakdite from the Floitenthal (see Brezina, lb., 1877, 98) eave: SiO, 52 92, Al.Os 22'44, CaO 12-23, HO 12*88 99 97, for material dried over sulphuric acid, and SiO, 60-15, AlO. 25*91, CaO 14*19 100*26 for ignited material. The first corresponds with the previously accepted formula : GaH0i6, which, however, expresses the composition of the mineral only after it has lost in dry air, or at 100°, a part of its water. Smita confirms the conclusion that leonhardite is to be referred to laumontite, differing from it only in having lost a part of the water which goes off at lOO"*.
Laubite, Min., p. 74 ; App. U., p. 88. — Artificially prepared, St, Claire DevUU and Debray, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 185, 1879.
Lautite. Fremel, Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 515 ; iv., 97, 1881.
In small brilliant crystals, short prismatic, with /, i-i and 0; orthorhombic. Generally massive ; compact. Columnar to nne fibrous, radiated, also fine granular. H. &-8 5. G. 4*96. Lustre metallic. Color iron black. Streak black. Opaque. Not brittle.
Analyses, Frenzel :
Cu
27*60 99*40. 28-29 98*57. 88 54, Fe 0*44 98-76.
S
As
Sb
Ag
41*06
11*62
The iron in (3) is due to chalcopyrite ; another determination of the silver gave 7*78 p. c Formula deduced Cu AsS [see below], with Ag replacing in part the Cu, thb recjuires : S 18-78, As 44 01, Cu 37-21 100. B. B. decrepitates violently ; fuses easily, ving off arsenical fumes. In the closed tube yields an arsenical mirror. Soluble in nitric acid ; gives with hydrochloric acid a silver chloride precipitate. Found at Lauta, near Marien- , SaxonV; accompanied by metallic arsenic, ruby silver, telrahedrite, chalcop3rrite, galenite, and barite. [A homogeneous mineral ? May it not contain metallic arsenic ?]
Lavexdulan, Min., p. 560. — Anal., Chili, Chldsmith, Proc Ac. Nat. Sc. Philod., p. 192,
Lavkoffite.— Min., p. 216; App. II., p. 38.
laawrencite. DaubrSe, C. R., Ixxxiv., 66, Jan., 1877.
Iron protochloride, shown by Daubri to be present in the Greenland native iron. Named after Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisville, Ky., who detected the same substance in the meteoric iron of Tazewdl. Daubre also uses the name staohatitb (from drop),
Laxmanntte. — App. I., p. 9.
Lazulite, Min., p. 572; App. II. P. 88. — AnaL, discussion of formula, Zerraatt, Gm-
r*, Jahrb. G. Rcichs., 1878, 611. Canada, Hoffmann, Geol. Canada, Rep., 1879- (Am. Sc, III., xxi., 410).
Lead, Min., p. 17; App. II., p. 88. — Russia, occurrence, v. Kokwharofy Min. RussL, vi, 286. Huancavelica, Peru, Baimondi, Min. Perou, p. 145, 1878.
Lbadhtllite, Min., p. 624 ; App. II., p. 33.— 7wMpeyre (Z. Kryst., i., 193, 1877) finally concludes that his supposed species, maxite (App. Ii., p. 88), is really identical with lead-
68 APPENDIX m.
hillite. The CTjstalline form is monoclinic, according to him, with /? SQ"" 48', and the composition is expressed by the empirical formula HioPbifeCsSsOkc, which reqiiireB SOi 817, CO, 808, PbO 81*91, H,0 184 100 (seealso J. pr. Ch., xi., 26, 1874; 3dL,847, 1876; xiii., o70, 1876). The extremely complex character of the formula makes it somewhat improbable.
Bertrand (C. R., Ixxxvi., 848, 1878) describes leadhillite from Matlock, Derbyshire, with 2£ 72° yellow (Sardinia and Scotch crystals have 2E 21"); the angle diminishes vith rise in temperature, and finally 2E 66° at 250° ; above this point the crystals fly to
Sieces. As oearing upon the question of the independent character of susannite, Bertrand describes crystals from Leadhiils, in which he finds grav colored spots with 2E 21% aod green colored spots which are uniaxial. The species leadhillite and susannite are probably identical.
Iieidyite. lOinig, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1878, 84.
In verruciform incrustations, consisting of fine scales with silky lustre ; also stakctitic: H. 1-2. Lustre resinous. Color grass-, blue-, or olive-groen. Streak white. Analysis :
SiO, ALO, FeO MgO CaO H,0
61-41 168 8-60 8-07 815 17-08 100-08.
The formula calculated by the author is + 5aq, with B Fe, Ga, Mg, H.. B. B fuses with intumescence to a light yeUow green glass, m the closed tube gives water and becomes brown. Soluble readily in HCl, with partial gelatinization; after ignition insoluble. Found with grossular earned, soisite. and quartz, at Leiperville, Delar ware Co., Penn. Named after Dr. Joseph Lieidy, of Philadelphia.
Leonhabdite. — See Lav/motUite, p. 67.
Lepidolite. — Min., p. 814; App. 11., p. 83.— See Mica Grotipf p. 77. '
LepidophsBite.— See Wad, p. 180.
Lesletite.— App. I., p. 18.
LETTSOtfiTE, Min., p. 666.— AnaL, La Dept. du Yar, Pisani, C. R., Ixxxrl 1418, 1878. Optical characters investigated, Bertrand, BulL Soc. Min., iv., 11, 1881.
Leuchtenbergite, Min., p. 600; App. II., p. 84. — Microscopic examination, v. Leucktor herg, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., xxi., 509, 1876.
Leucite, Min.. p. 884; App. II., p. 84-t-The question as to the true crystalline system of leucite has been discussed, as follows : Hirschwald, Min.Mitth.. 1875, ; Tfchninok, Min. Mitth,, 1876, (anal, by Berwerth); vom Rath, J. Min., 1876, 281, 403; Hirschw. J. Min., 1876, 519, 738; Baumhauer, Z. Kryst.. i., 26r, 1877 ; Rirschwald, Min.Petr. Mitth., L, 85, 1878 ; Bammhauer, Min. Petr. Mitth , i, 287, 1878 ; Oroth, Z. Kryst, t.. 264, 1880; Weisbach, J. Min , 1880, L, 143; also Mallard, Ann. Min., VII., x., 79, Wt Hirschwald maintains that the species is, in fact, isometric, with polysynthetic stroctnre. This view is opposed by Bammhauer, vom Rath, and Groth, and tne rults of a series of experiments on the etching of the crystalline ces seem to prove its tetragonal natoie. Mallard regards leucite as pseudo-isometric, referring it to the orthorhombic system, and later, on the basis of a series of measurements by Treptow, has reached a similar conclusion.
FouqiU and LSvtf have succeeded in obtaining artificial crystals of leucite (C. R, Ixxxrii, 961, 1N78, and Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 118, 1880); and HautefmUU (C. R., xc,313, 878, 18a has formed an iron leucite, containing iron in place of the alumina. In both oases the same twinning is observed, and the same optical characters as in natural crystals.
Analyses by Beruwrth, Acquacetosa, near Rome (Min. Mitth , 1876, 66 8chuUe, Albani Mts., J. Min., 1880, ii., 114. Occurrence on the island of Bawean, Dutch East Indies, Vogelsang-Zirlcel, J. Min., 1875, 175.
AFFKNDIX m. 69
Leuooohalcite. Sandberger; PUeram, J. Min., 1881, L, 268.
In very slender, needle-like crystals. Nearly white, with tinge of green. Lnstre silky. Analysis: PaO 160, CnO 4710, CaO 1-66, MgO 2-28, ign. 957 100 ; corresponding to CuASflO. + 8H,0, or CujAsaO* + CuHsOa + 2aq, which requires: AsaOa 42*75, CuO 47*21, HaO 10*04 100. Becomes first ereen on iffoition, and finally fuses to a black glass. Occurs as a delicate coating with malacMte ana calcite. Wilhemine mine in the Spessart. [A more complete description is to be desired ; the mineral is apparently an arsenical tagilite.]
Leaoomanganite. Sandberger, J. Min., 1879, 870. Announced as a snow-white mineral, in broad foliated-radiated aggregates. B. B. becomes brownish black, and fuses easily. MnO, FeO, alkalies and water. From Rabenstein, near Zwiesel. [Keeds further examination. Is it related to falrfieldite ?]
Leucophanitb, Min., p. 260; Anp. 11., p. U.Setirand Phil. Mae., V., iii., 867, 1877) concludes on optical grounds that leuoophanite is to be considered either as monoclinic or hemihedral orthorhombic. Kryst., ii., 199, 1878) proves that the crystals are really monoclinic, and deduces the axial relations, c (vert.) :b:d 1*054 : 1 : 1*061 ; yS 90° approx. Groth describes twins and fourlings analous to harmotome.
Bammelaberg (ZS. G. Ges., xxviii., 57, 1876) publishes some new analyses, and deduces the formula : R,ftSit404i + 6NaF with R Be:Ca=l:l;this requires : SiOs 49*85, BeO
LsuooPTKiTE.— Min., p. 77; App. n., p. 84.
Leuoozene. — See Titanomorphite, p. 122.
Zieacotila. Bare, Inaug. Diss. Breslau, 1879 (Z. Kryst., iv., 295.
In fibres irregularly grouped on serpentine. Gleavable, parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal direction; optically ortnorhombic(?). Lustre silky. Color green. Analysis :
SiO, AlaO. FeaOs MgO CaO Na,0 K.O HaO
This corresponds nearly to 8HaO. Easily soluble in HCl and HaSO*. B. B. fuses and oecomes slightly yellow, and yellowish brown. Fron Reichenstein, Silesia.
Leviglianite.— See Onofrite, p. 86.
LEvnnTB.— Min., p. 481 ; App. II., p. 84. See also ChdbaziU, p. 22.
LiBKTUiuiiTJS, Min., p. 568. — Oryst., pseudo-orthorhombic (monoclinic), according to Schrauf, Z. Kiyst., iv., 19, 1879.
Made artificially, Friedd and Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 157, 1879.
LiBvarrE.— See Ilvaite, p. 62.
LlMBACBITE. — App. II., p. 84.
LuBiUTE. — Min., p. 258; App. II., p. 34.
Lmonitb.— Min., p. 172; App. II., p. 84.
LmABiTE, Min., p 668; App. II., p. 81.-Ory8t., Erzberg, v. Zepharwich, Lotos, Deo.,
Argentine Republic, anal., Frenzd, J. Min., 1875, 675; cryst., v. Rath, Z. Kryst., iv., 426, 1880.
Anal., State of Jalisco, Mexico, Barcena, Naturaleza, iv., 55, 1877.
70 iFpKNDiz in.
Ldwte, Min., p. 68.— Analyses, P. T. Cleve (GeoL Far. FSrh., i, 125 1872), 1, Bast , 2, Gladhammar :
S Co Ni Cu Fe
1. Bastnfts, G. 4-766. il'SS 44-92 019 8*22 4*19 99*86.
2. Gladhammar, G. 4-825. 42*19 89'3d 12-3tj 2*28 4-29 100-42.
Both correspond closely to the formula 2BS + R&tt or BS, BiSt. Iiintonite.— See Thamaonite, p. 121. Zionite.— See Tellurtum, p. 119.
Ziiakeardite. Maskdyne, Nature, Aiig. 16, 1878.
Massive ; in thin incnistin layers, with uniform fibrous structure. Color 'wfaita, with a slight blue or greenish-blue tmt. Composition stated to be [BJ,A8,0i4, 16H0, with [Al,1 and some [FeJ, accordix to an analysis by Dr. Fught (not published) liskeard, Cornwall. An arsenical evansite, Min., p. 686. [A more complete description is to be desired.]
Lithiophilite.— See Triphylite, p. 124.
LrrHiopHOBTTB, App. L, p. 0.— See Brilomeiane, p. 98.
ZiiUdioaite riithidionite). B. Scaeehi, Bend. Accad. Napoll, Dec., 1880.
Blue lapilli, found at Vesuvius in 1873, 7 to 26 mm. in diameter, were found to consist of a white earthy substance, with a glassy blue crust. Of the latter, H. 6-6, G. 2*535. The mean of two analyses gave, after being washed: SiOs 71 57, CuO 6 49, FeO 4*02, K3O 10*92, NajO 6-78 99*78. Slightly attacked bvHCl; fuses very easily (the white nucleus, consisting of augite, olivine, etc., is infusible). The author, on the ground of the fusibility, rerds the subnce as a mixture of quartz and the carbonates of potassium and sodium. [Tne name, obviously, does not belong to a definite species, why it was given does not appear.]
LmNQSTONiTB, App. 11. , p. 36.— Analysis by F. P. Venahle (Chem. News. xL, 186, 1879\ after deducting impurities : 23*73, Sb 53-75, Hg 22*52 100, for which the formula HgS -h 2Sb,S, is given (but Groth sugg HgtS + 4Sb,S., Z. ., vi., 97). AnaL by Barcena : S 22*97, Sb 5312, Hg 2000, gangue and loss 3*91 100, Naturaleza, iy., 268, 1870. From Guadalcazar, Mexico, anal, by Page, Ch. News, xlii,, 196, 1880.
Made artificially. Baker, Ch. News, xliL, 196, 1880. '
LOLLiNQiTE, Min., p. 76 ; App. IL, pp., 85, 34.— Anal. (sBtersbergite, FeAs), Brevte. Norway, Nbrdenakidldy Geol. F5r. F6rh., li, 242, 1875. Monte Challanches, Dauphiny, m crystals, Frenzel, J. Min., 1875, 677. In serpentine of Beichenstein, Silesia, Ban, Z. Kryst., iv., 295.
Louisite. ffonevmann, Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sc., v., 16, 1878.
A transparent, glassy, leek green mineral; streak white; fracture splintery. H. =6-6. G. 2-41. Gelatmizes with HCl. An analysis by H. Louis gave : SiO, 63*74, AlaO, 0-57, FeO 1*25, MnO tr., CaO 17*27, MgO 0*88, K,0 3-88, Na,0 008, H,0 12*96 99*63. [Needs further examination; free silica is very probably present]
Lnckite.— See MekmteriUt p. 76.
/ A 181' 28': 0 A - 1 118° 35. 0 A 1 HI" 29'. O and 1 striated parallel to intersection-edge. Cleavage : O highly perfect; w distinct. Optic-axial plane, the clinodiaonal. Acute bisectrix positive, inclmed 67" 6' to the vertioal axis in tne acute angle of the
▲PPBNDCK m. 71
axes ed. Axial angles : 2Ha 97" 50', 2Ho 119\ and henoe 2y 82" 22'. Dispersion of the bisectrices almost zero, of the axes small v,
H. 8-4. G. 3'12. Lustre brilliant. Color bright green. Streak greenish white. Transparent. Analysis (mean of seyeral) :
P,0. PeO H,0
This corresponds to 9H,0 (or ECFctP*©!. + 8aq) P0. 29*89, FeO 5306, HaO 17 Go loO. B. B. colors the flame pale neen, and leaves a black residue. In the closed tube decrepitates violently, becomes darK blue, and gives off water. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.
Occult with sideritc, vivianite, pyrite, at the Wheal Jane mine, near Truro, ComwalL Namea after Mr. Ludlam, of London.
LtJDWIQlTE. — App. II., p. 35.
LCnebuhgite.— App. I., p. 10.
LuxNTTE.— See PaevdofndkuhiUi p. 97.
LuzoNiTB, App. II., p. 85. — See ClarUe, p. 27.
Macfarlanite. The occurrence at Silver Islet, Lake Superior, with the metallic silver, of thin plates and grains of a reddish-brown sectile mineral, containing As, Ag, Co, Ni, and supposed to be new, was described by T. Mfiefarlane in 1870 (Can. Nat., Feb. 1). To the granular ore, or mixture of reddish-colored grains with other minerals, the name macfarlanite was given, later, by Major Sibley (quoted by Maefarla/ne, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., viii., 338, 188); sea also Courtis, Eng. Min. J., Xxvii., March 29, 1879). In 1879 Wwr/:5 described two supposed new minerals from Silver Islet, huntilite (Eng. Min. J., xxvii., 55, 1879) and ANiMiKrrE (ib., p. 124). His descriptions are as follows :
Huntilite. — In two varieties : (A) Of a dark gray or more commonly black color; dull, amorphous, porous, and fragmentair; {B) apparency crystalline; one cleavage direction; bright slate color, and occurs imbedded in calcite. (1) is the more common. Semi-malleablu. H. less than 2*5. G. 7*47 (A), 6*27 after deduction of impurities. Analyses :
As Sb S Ag Hg Go Ni Fe Zn HaO gangue. A 2110 333 0 78 5900 1'04 8-92 1*96 306 242 019 8-23* 100-08. B 23-99 4-25 1-81 44-67 111 7-33 311 8 53 305 0-88 1 65 98-83.
(.4) Silicate 088, calcite 235; (B) do. 0 M and 110.
The author proposes to subtract the Hg as amalgam, and S as pyrite, and then calculat-
Ii I I
ing the remaining metals as Ag (R 2R), he obtains the ratio of R : As ( Sb) 2*90 : 1 for A, and 2*99 : 1 for B. On the basis of this, the formula AgsAs is assumed as representing the composition. Named after Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. [No value can be attached to the formula deduced (see below), for most of the metals thus taken together are present only as impurities. Compare Arsenar;ntite. p. 9.]
Animikite. — Occurs i\& an incrustation on huntilite, also in isolated slabs or plates. Structure flne-granular, crypto-crvstalline. G. 9'45. Color white to grayish white. Fracture semi-conchoidal or granular. Somewhat sectile. An analysis yielded :
Fe Zn ganguo. 108 0 36 1-68 99-31.
From the Silver Islet mine. Lake Superior. Named from " animikie," thunder, whence Thunder Bay. The formula AgaSb is proposed.
The complex relations of the above minerals and mineral mixtures has been well investigated by Marfarlane (1. c. ). The granular ore was found to be made up of reddish-brown metallic grains, when polished looking like burnished nickel, with an undetermined black mineral, niccolite, galena, calcite, and quartz. The ore, pulverized and freed from all brittle materials by yielded 75 to 84 p. c. silver; the grains finally obtained by repeated trituration and sifting had a dark gray color, and gave 92 p. c. silver: on solution
Sb
As
S
Ag
Hg
Co
Ni
oS;
Ni
As
Sb
017 rr 40-52.
006 8507.
tr.
tr. 5-40.
72 APPENDIX m.
in dilute nitric acid these grains yielded : Ag 03*54, Ni 1*58, As 2 15, Sb 0*86, insoL 2-87 100. The insoluble portion (2*37 p. c.) assayed 17*46 p. c. silver.
A quantity of the original metallic grains were acted upon by three sucoesriye portions of very dilute nitric acid. The results were :
Ag
1. 37-64
2. 83*60
There remained 6*20 p. c. insol. (quartz, etc.), and 3*77 p. c. of a black mineral washed from the quartz, contaimng 24*8 p. c. Ag, also So, S, Pb, Co, Ni. The author closes by stating yery justly, that further inyestition is needed to determine the character of the various minerals present
Kdnig (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1877, 276) has analyzed a similar mineral milton from SUver Islet: As 10 56, Sb tr., 8 1*81, PbS 3818, Ag 32*68, Ni, Co 806, Pe 0-85, quartz 6 00, CaCOs 1 20 00*74. He regards the nickel and arsenic as combined and forming niccolite, which exists mixed with galenite, argentite, and probably a basic ealy& arsenide.
[It would appear from the above, that the true nature of the individual minerals present in the Silver islet ores is still to be determined, but that there is probably present a silver arsenide (huntilite), and perhaps also a silver antimonide (ammikiie) allied to dyscrasite.]
Macoiote. — App. 11., p. 36.
Magnesite, Min., p. 685; App. XL, p. 86. — Massive var. from Elmen, Eastern Alpa (anaL by Lehmayer), CHimSel, Verb. 0, Reichs., 1880, 276.
Magnetite, Min., p. 140; App. II., p. 36. — Oryst., Vesuvius, Seaechi, Contrib. Min., IL, 8. Albani Mts., Latium, StHiver, Z. Kryst., L, 280, 1877. Binnenthal, with implanted rutile crystals in parallel position, Seligmann, Z. Kryst., L, 840 ; do. with hematite, same locality, BOeking, ib., I, 575. Jerofelef (Verb. Min. Ges. St Pet., II. . xvii, 24), Min. Bussl., viii., 226, 1881.
Coercive force, Holz, Wied. Ann., v., 160, 1878.
Anal., Kaiserstuhl (4-08 p. c. TiO,), , Z. Kryst., L, 64, 1877. Magnet Cove (3 25 p. c. TiOa), K6nig, Pr. Am. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phihid., 1877, 203. Kristianstad, Sweden (by Nordstrom, 601 p. c. TiOa), KarUaon, (Jeol. F5r. F6rh., i., 14, 1872.
With melanite on trap, East Bock, New Haven, E, S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., III., xiv., 217, 1877.
Magnochbomite. — App. II., p. 86.
MagnoUte. F. A. Genih, Amer. Phil. Soc. Phil., xviL, 118, 1877.
In radiating tufts of very minute acicular or capillary crystals. Color white. Lustre
Malachtie. — Min., p. 715; App. II., p. 37. Maldonite. — App. I., p. 10. Malinofskite.— See Tetrahedrite, p. 120.
Mallardite. Camot, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 117, 1870.
In crystalline masses with fine fibrous structure; probably monoclinio (MaRardf ib., pk 110). Colorless. Analyses, 1, Rioult; 2, Camot :
SO3 MnO FeO MgO CaO HaO Insol
1. 260 200 0-3 1*2 0*8 86*8 140 100-3.
2. 20 0 28*6 ... 0-6 0*7 445 16 00*8.
m. 73
This corresponds closely to the formula : MnSOi + 7aq, which brings it into the same group with meianterite, Min., p. 646. Ea8il7 soluble in water. Changes rapidly on expos-
clinic crystals; but at a temperature of 6'' G. be obtained monoclinio crystals with the composition, MnSOi 4- 7aq.
Occurs in a gray clay-like gane stone, with quartz sand and barite. From the silyer mine Lucky Boy, south of Salt Lake, near BatterHeld Gafion, Utah.
MANCDnTE. — According to Uadelli fTraDS. Accad. Line, III., i, 108, 1877), the mineral called mancinite is not, as supposed, from the hill Manciuo, near Leghorn, nor is it a zinc trisilicate, Jacqtioi (Anu. Miou UL, xix., 708, 1841).
Manoajrite, Min., p. 170. — Orvst, monograph (Hefeld), showing 4 types of forms with new planes, twins, etc., the crystals holohedrally deyeloped, Chroth, Min.-Sanmd. Stiassburg, p. 79, 1878. Sadebeck, ZS. Q. Ges., xxxi., d06, 1879.
AnaL, L&ngban, Sweden, Bhmstrand, Geol. F6r. F5rh., il, 188, 1874.
MANGANOPHTLLTrE, App. 11., p. 87. — Found at Jacobsberg and L&ngban, Wemdand, Sweden, £S6gren, Geol. For. FOrh., 1, 64, 1872.
Manganosidexite. — See lUuHhehranU p. 108.
BSanganosite. Blomstrand, Geol. FOr. Frh., ii., 179, 1874 ; ilL, 128, 1876. , u., 531; iii., 181, 1876; iy., 158, 1878.
Isometric. In minute crystals, showing the octahedron and dodecahedron, rarely the cube. Cleavage cubic. Isotropic. H. 5-6. G. 5*18. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald zreen on the fresh fracture, becoming black on exposure to the air. Analysis, Blomstrand, ib., ii., 182 :
MnO FeO MgO CaO
98 04 0-42 1-71 0*16 100-88.
Formula : MnO, and hence isomorphous with periclasite. IHssolves with difficulty in strong nitric acid, forming a colorless solution. Occurs with pyrochroite and manganite, in a manganiferoos dolomite (anal.: CaCO, 66*47, MnCO. 8010, MgCO. 13 56, FeCO, 0 18
— 100*81, Blomstrand) at L&ngban, Wermland ; also in calcite, brncite, or dolomite, with hausmannite, pyrochroite, garnet, etc., at the Mossgrufva, Nordmark, Sweden.
Mangantantalite.— See TcMialiUy p. 118.
Mahgasite, Min., p. 75 ; .ip. IL, p. 87.0ryst, twins described, etc, Chroth, Min.* Samml. Strassbnrg, p. 88, 18TO. Cryst associaUon with pyrite, Sadebeel Pogg. Ann., Erg.-Bd., viii., m.
Maecylttb, Min., p. 127. —Raimondi describes a mineral from the Cerro Verde, between Islay and Arequipa, Fern, which he concludes to be a mixture of a hydrated oxysulphide of copper, marcyuto, with cuprite and atacamite. From tho hacienda d'Ocucaje, province of lea, he mentions another consisting of marcylite, atacamite, melaconite, and hmonite, Min. Pdrou, pp. 98, ICl, 1878. [It has Uever been shown that the original marcylite was really a distinct species, and the reruyian mineral seems to bo no less uncertain.]
Mahoaritk, Min.. p. 506 ; App. II., p. 87.— See also App. III., Miea Group, p. 77, and ClMonite Oroup, p. 28.
Mabiposite. — App. II., p. 87.
74 APPEirDix m.
MarmairoUte. K. 0, ffoUt, Geol. FOr. F0rh , ii, 580, 1875.
In very fine crystalline needles, monoclinic (?). H. 5. G. 8*07. Color pale yellow. Powder white. Transparent. Analysis (mean of several) :
SiO,
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
K,0
Na,0
ign.
6*83
0-90 99-58.
Formula approximately BSiO (Q. ratio for B : Si 18'75 : 80*02). B. B. fuses with some difficulty to an opaque bead. Not attacked by acids. Occurs with schefferite in
brownish manganesian limestone (containing 6*56 MnO, and 1*85 PbO), at Langban, in Wermland, Sweden. Named from apuaipoo, to glisten, [Very near enstatite, exoept that it contains alkalies.]
Mascagnite, Min., p. 685. — In guano from the Guafiape lies, Baimondi, Min. Proo. p. 82, 1878.
Maskeltnite. — App. n., p. 87.
Massicot, Min., p. 186. — Occurrence, Cerro de Caracoles, Bolivia, Domeyko, 6th App. Min. ChiU, p. 15, 1878.
Matlockite, Min., p. 119. — Anal., Montague de ChallacoUo, Tarapaca, Peru, Bay mondi, Min. Prou, p. 170, 1878.
Matricito. 0. Uolst, Geol. F6r. F5rh., ii., 528, 1875.
In crystalline masses with concentric, fine fibrous structure. H. S-4. G. =2*53. Lustre pearly. Color y, often with a greenish tinge. Streak white; subtransluoent to opaque. Fracture splmtery to uneven. Feel greasy. Analysis (after the deduction of 28*36 p. c. CaCOs mechanically mixed):
SiOa MgO CaO A1,0, FeO MnO Na,0 H,0
88-99 87-96 5*64 188 1-82 0-47 0*98 17-81 100.
Formula MgaSi04 + HaO. B. B. infusible. Yields water in the dosed tube. Decomposed by acids with sefiaration of silica, but does not eelatinise. Occurs intimately mixed with calcite and associated with spodiosite, at the Krangrufva in Wermland, SwedoL [Compare villarsite, Min., p. 409.]
Maxtte.— App. II., p. 88; see also LeadhiUite, App. m., p. 67.
Meerschaluminitb.— App. II., p. 88 (44).
Mexonfte, Min., p. 818; App. II., p. 88.~AnaL, by Neminar (Min. Mitth., 1875, 51; 1877, 61), gave: SiC), 43-36, AlO, 8209, CaO 21 45, MgO 0-81, NaO 1-35, K,0 0-76, H,0 0-27, CI 0-14, COa 0.72 100*46. See also ScapoliU, p. 106.
Melacoxfte, Min., p. in6; App. II., p. 88. — Vesuvius, 8caeehif Att. Aocad. Napolif vi,
1873 (Contrib. Min., ii., 12).
Melanophloglte. A. v.Lasaulz, J. Min., 1876, 250, 627; 1879, 518.
SuLFURiciN, Guyardy Bull. Soc. Chim., II., xxii., 61, 1874. Brezina, Min. Mitth., 1876,
Occurs in minute cubes, sometimes showing twinning striations. Cleavage cubic nearly perfect (?) H. =6-5-7. G. 2-04. Color light brown or colorless. Lustre vitreous. Transparent. According to Bertrand the apparent cubic crystals are made up of six mids having a common vertex and with their bases coinciding with the cubic planes 0aiL
APPENDIX m. 75
Soc. Min., ill., 180, 18S0). Analyses: 1, ▼. Lasaulx (1. c); Guyaid (1. c):
SiO, SO, H0 AlaO, FeaOa SrO MgO CaO
Brezina suggeete that it probably should be 0*57.
Melanopblogite turns finally black when heated B. B. (hence name from fieXa?, black, and (pA.6y€63ai, to be burned). Occurs forming a drusy coating on sulphur, calcite, and celeste, from Girgenti, Sicily.
SuLFUBiciN, from Greece, is described as a white porous silica, having a sour taste and impregnated with sulphur; the analysis is given above. Melanophlogitc does not give an add reaction. [The possible relation of the two substances mentioned is remarked by Brezina (1. c). In any case melanopblogite can hardly be regarded as an original mineral, but more probably as an impure form of silica owns its origin to some method of pseudomoiphism. V. Lasaulx thinks it cannot be pseudomorphous after fluorite. The observations of Bertrand would not separate it from the so-called pseudo-isometrie species.]
Melanosideiite. J, P. Cooke, Amer. Acad. Sci. x., 451, 1875.
Amorphous ; compact. H. 4*5. Q. 3*891. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color black, with a tinge of red. Streak brownish to brick red. Subtranslucent. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. B. B. fuses at to a magnetic mass. Analysis, by W, H. Melville afforded: SiOa 7-43, PeaO 75*13, Al,03 4-34, HaO (at 100") 617, HO (above 100") 7-69 100-74. Cooke writes the formula [PeiJSiOu, 6H,0, which requires: Pe,Os 79'21, SiO, TAl, HO 1337 100. If the silica is an impurity the composition is exactly that of limonite, as the author remarks; this seems more probable than that it is a true silicate. Localitv, Mineral UiU, Delaware Co., Penn. Named from ueXai and 6i6ijfjo?, in allusion to the black color.
Genth (Second Rep. Min. Pennsylvania, p. 216, 1876), suggests that melanosiderite is only a variety of an iron hydrate, probably a limonite; CooKe, however, regards it as a basic silicate on the ground of its vitreous lustre, fusibility, definite composition, and the fact that it gelatinizes with acids.
Melanotekite. G. LindstrOm, (Efv. Ak. FSrh. Stockh., ., 6, p. 53, 1880.
Massive. Cleavage in two directions, in one of these most distinct. H. 6'5. G. 6*73. Lustre metallic to resinous. Color black to blackish gray. Streak greenish gray. Opaque to translucent under the microscope. Dichroic, bottle green and red brown. Analyses : 1, after deducting 2*56 p. c. impurities; 2, after deducting 3*30 p. c. :
S!0 Fe,0, PhO CaO PeO MnO CaO MgO K0 Na-0
1. 17 8i 2318 65-28 020 0-76 069 008 0*59 024 054 BaO O-ll (?) CI 014, P.O5 0-07, im. 03 10004.
2. iraa 22-81 68-42 0-57 0-88 018 0-88.
The atomic ratio for R : [R,] : Si 2 : 1 : 2, and the empirical formula is .] Si,Oj. B B. fuses with intumescence to a black bead ; with soda on charcoal ves a globule of lead and a lead coating. With borax reacts for iron, but on strong heating in It. P. becomes on cooling black and opaque (reduced lead), with salt of phosphorus gives a skeleton of silica. Decomposed by nitric acid.
Occurs with native lead, intimately mixed with magnetite and veUow garnet at L&ngban in Wermland, Sweden. This locality has furnished two other lead silicates, hyalotekite and ganomalite (q. v.). Named in allusion to the related hyalotekite, from upXa?, black, and TTfHBtv, to meU, Lindstr5m calls attention to the fact that of the two possible formulas for kentrolite proposed by Damonr and vom Rath (seep. 65), the second corresponds exactly to the above composition of melanotekite, viz. : Foa [MualSiaOs, which establishes an interesting relation between the two minerals.
MelanothaUite. A, Seaeehi, copper chloride from the eruption of Vesuvius in 1870. Att. Aocad. NapoU. (Bull. Soc. Min., i., 18.
76 APPENDIX m.
Melantebite, Min., p. 646. — Crust, and anal., Idiia, v, Zepharavieh, Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxix., 183, 18 i 9.
A variety of melanterite containing a little mannese is called luckitb by Camot (Bull Soc. Min., ii., 168, 1879). In irregumr striated . Coloriess or slightly bluish. Ani ysis: SO, 268, FeO 5il 7, MnO 19, MgO 0 2, CaO 0*6, HjO [42-2], insoL 7-2= 100. For this the formula is calculated (Fe,Mn) SOi + 7aq, with Fe : Mn 11 : 1. From the silver mine Lucky Boy," south of Salt Lake, near Batterfield Canon, Utah.
Melikophane (MelxphaioteX Min., p. 268 ; App. 11., p. 88. — In tetragonal crystals with / and 1; c (vert.) 0 6584, 1 a 1 (terminal) 122° 28', Bievig, Bertrand C. R.. Ixxxiu., 711, 1876.
The composition is discussed by Rammdsberg (ZS. G. Gee., xxriii., 61, 1876X who mak<? the formula 7RSij07 + 6NaF, with B Be : Ca 1 : 1, and Na : K 9 : 1; this icqnin: SiO, 42-95, BeO 13*60, CaO 8007, NaaO 856, K.O 1-44, F5-88 102*45. It is undortaLj distinct from leuoophanite (q. y.).
Melute, Min., p. 750.— Artificially produced, Friedd and Balwhn, Bull. Soc. Mib.. iv., 26, 1881.
Menaccantte, Min , p. 143, App. 11., p. 88.— Oryst, tetartohedral, t;. Kok;harof Mia. Russl., vi., 350, 1874. Binnenthal, tetartohedral, BiiMng, Z. Eryst, i., 576, 1877: ii.. 416, 1878. Sadebeck, Pogff. Ann., dvL, 657, 1875; J. Min., 1878, 287. , Min.- Samml. Strassbur?, p. 76, 1878.
Comp. discussed, Iriedel and Ourin, Ann. Ch. Phys., Y., viii., 88, 1876.
From diamond fields. So. Africa, anaL containing 12 p. c. MgO (compare anaL 24, Miiu
f. 144), Cohen, J. Min , 1877, 696. Egersund, Norway, Tamm, GeoL Fdr. .,iL, 46,
A partially altered yariety of menaccanite has been called htdboilmenite by {7. F. Blamstrand (Minnesskrift Fys. ., Lund, 1878, p. 4). It forms thin (1-6 mm. curved plates with tolerably distinct rhombohedral cleayase ( J2 a -R 86*-87*>, and basal less so. G. 4 066-4 186. Color iron black. Streak dark gray. Lustre Not magnetic. Analyses :
TiO, SiO. Fe,0. FeO MnO CaO MgO HO 1. (i) 60-80* undet. 18-88t 15.75t 8-28 042 175. 2. (I) 54-28 1-40 14-99 21*91 6-84 045 0-19 1-38 100-81
With SlOs f t The correctness of this Bepaiation is qnentioiied.
The mineral decomposes readily, and finally becomes coated with a yellowish white consisting essentially of TiOs. Probably altered from normal menaccanite by the aasomption of water. From Sm&land, Sweden.
Mekdozite, Min., p. 653. — Anal., Punta de Belen, Argentine Repub. (Schickendantz\. Brackebuaefiy Min. Argentin., 75, 1879.
MEXfEOHTKiTE, Mlu., p. 105; App. n., p. 88.— AnaL (by Martini and Funaio), Bottioo, Italy, ITAchiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., u., 116, 1876.
Merozene.— See Mica Oroup, p. 77.
Mesolfte, Min.. p. 430; App. II., p. 88.— Lfidecke (J. Min., liB81, n., 1), makes the crystals from Iceland monoclimc. An analysis by Sohmid Pogg. Ann., cxlii., 118), gare : SiOi 46-58, AI3O, 27-57, CaO 911, MgO 0 08, Na,0 364, H,0 1294, which corresponds yery
closely to tlie formula accepted by Rammelsberg, + too' [ Lfidecke also
refers here the monoclinic mesolite of Credner from the Pflasterkaute, whicm gaTehim: SiOi 48*88, A1,0, 29*04, CaO 7*84, Na,0 7 80, H.O 11*75. See also ScoUciU, p. 107.
Metacinkabarite, App, I., p. lO.-See OnofirUe, p. 80.
AFPBKDIX m. 77
Metaxoite (Choniorite) Min., p. 494— TTtiX; (J. Min., 1876, 204 KenngoU, ib., p. 517). MsTMAciTE.~App. n., p. 88.
MiABGTRiTE, Mill., p. 88. — Oryst., BrSxinsdorf, Weiabcich, Z. Eryst., ii, 55, 1877; CHrothy Min.-Samml. Strassbur, p. 59, 1878.
Analyses by L. Sipdcz (Min. Mitth., 1877, 218), 1, miargjrrite from FelsSbanya; 2, kenngottite from Felsbbanja; 8, by Jenkins (J. Min., 1880, iL, 109), hypargyrite from Andreasberg.
S Sb Ag Pb Cu Fe
1. G. 5-298 (I) 21-80 4068 82-77 4-01 0-51 019 99-96.
2. Kenngottite, G. 5-387 20-66 89*46 85-28 176 0-50 0-25 97-91.
3. Hypargyrite, (f) 21-85 41-07 87*40 As 0-79 100-61.
These correspond to the accepted formula AgSbSs AgS, SbaS, and prove that kenngottite and hypargyrite are, as supposed, identical with miai]|yrite, the former containing a little lead. Weisbach had previously shown that hypargyrite agreed in form and physical characters with miargyrite (Z. Kryst, ii., 68, 1877). An analysis by Andreaach of miargyrite from Przibram gave S 21-68, Sb 41*15, Ag 86-71, Fe tr. 99-54, both lead and copper beinff absent (Min. Petr. Mitth., iv., 185, 1881).
Bee also AkukaUe p. 8.
Mica Group, Min., p. 801, et seq. ; App. II., p. 89. — The optical investigations of Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxvi., 97, 1877; "or Z. burst., ii, 14), have shown that all the micas are to bo referred to the monoclinie system, the axis of elasticity being inclined a few degrees to the normal to the plane of cleavage. The exhaustive morphological study of von Kokscharof (Mem. Acad. St. Pet., VII., xxiv.; see also Min. Russl., vii., 167, 177, 222, 225 ; viii , 1) finally led him to a conclusion not at variance with this, although he shows that the angles alone do not require the assumption of any obliquity. The results of Bamr (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1877, 684; or Min. Petr. Mitth., i., 14, 1878) confirm those of Tschermak; he has also determined the indices of refraction of muscovite, by a method based upon relations (established Neumann) between the optical axes of elasticity and the distances, measured in the axial plane, between the dark rings of the interference figures.
Measurements of elasticity, Coromilas, Inaug. Diss. Ttlbinn, 1877 (Z. Kryst., i., 411). On the figures produced by etching, Baumhauer, Z. Kryst., lii., 118, 1878. Wuk CBfv. Finsk. Vet. Soc, xxii., 1880.
Association of muscovite and biotite (meroxene) in parallel position, from Middletown, Conn., Hawes (anal, of the biotite f: SiOa 85-61, AI9O, 2003, FeaO,0-13, FeO 21-85, MnO 119, MgO 5 23, K,0 9-69, Na,0 052, LiaO 0-93, TiO, 1-46, F 076, CI tr., H,0 187 99 27, cf. haughtonite below), Am. J. Sc., III., xi., 431, 1876; v. Laaaulx, J. Min., 1878, 630.
Tschermak (1. c. and Ber. Ak. Wien, IxxviiL, 5, 1878, or Z. Kryst., iii., 122) divides the species of the mica group as follows :
I. n.
Bioiites : Anomite ; Meroxene, Lepidomelane.
Phlogopitea: Phlogopite, Zinnwaldite.
Lepidolite.
Muacovites: Muscovite.
Paragonite. Margarites: Margarite.
In the first group (i) are included all the micas in which the optic-axial plane is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry; the second group (n) includes those in wnich it is parallel to the plane of symmetry. For the crystallograpMc relations of the different species reference must be maae to the original paper. The chemical relations reached by Tschermak are based for the most part on a series of new analyses, very carefully made, to avoid errors fallen into by earlier analysts; these are quoted beyond.
Tschermak, on optical grounds (see above), divides biotite into axomtte (from ayouoS, eontritry to law) and mesoxenb (Breithaupt's name for the Vesuvian biotite, see Min., p. 807). Anomite is represented by the mica oocurring With diopside in granular calcite, at
AFpmDix nL
Lake Baikal, and that from Oreenwood Furnace, K. Y. Its oompoBition, aecording to Tachermak's view, is expressed by isomorphous mixtures of HsKAlcSiaOtt (see moscoTite below), and MgiaSiOis (a hypothetical polymere of chirsolite), in the relation of 1 ; 1, (f 2 : 1, or intermediate ratios, jferoxene is represented by tne YesuTian magnesian mica : waposition HaKsAlSi04, and in the ratio of 1 : 1, of 2 : 1, or intermediate nti48. Xepidomelane has the composition H4K9AlSi60a4T and MgisSicOis, with, however, varyisf amounts of the iron compound HKaFetfSieOai. [In this group would belong the biauehW ite of Heddle, and siderophyllite of Lewis (see below), varieties chaiactenzed by Sie n- placement to large extent, of Mg by Fe.l
Phlogopite has the composition : KAlSi034} HSiieOi, and MgiSuOui often in the relation 3:1:4; generally also with F34Sii90 in the place of the second compound. Zih icaidite has the composition : KAlSi044 (or LiAlbi094), Fei9Si0s4, and F-.tOSii* t:! the corresponding hydrogen compound), in the relation of 10 : 2 : 8.
The muscovites include lenidoute, muscoTite, and paraconite. LepidoiUe has the compo* sition: 3KAlSi60s4 + SiioO(.F34, with the first replaced one-half or more by the corp> spending lithium compound, and the second by the corresponding hydro compound also Min. Petr. Mitth., ii., 94, 1879). Muscovite (including margarodite): KeAlcSlAX.. with the potassium compound replaced impart by the corresponding hydrogen oompoufii HAleSia034 ; the commonest formula is U4K9AlSi094. In certain muscovites, for vLi the name phengits is proposed, the composition is explained as a combination of H.K.A Si094 and H6Siio034, in the ratio of 8: 1; these varieties approach to lepidolite. Baragou't (incl. cossaite), composition : H4NaAlSiOa4.
Margariie, composition: H4Ca3AUSi40s4; related to the clintonite group, see p. 2?.
[For the many important details of the crystallographic relations, and, too, the diso sion upon which the above conclusions as to the composition are based, reference most made to the original articles.]
Analyses employed in the above discussion : 1, by John, Lake Baikal ; 2. by P. v. Himi:. Greenwood Furnace, G. 2*816; 8, by A. Zellner, Tschebarkul, Siberia, G, 3-(XM; 4.r J. Rumpf, Morawitza; 5, by Berwerth, Vesuvius, G. 2-8G; 6, K Ludwig, withpar'ji in granular limestone, G. 2*867; 7, by E. Neminar, Penneville, G. 2779; 8, i)' A Poppovits, Ratnapura, Ceylon, G. 2*742; 9, by Berwerth, Edwards, K. Y. ; 10, by IV. werth, Zinnwald; 11, by Berwerth, Paris, Me., G. 2*855; 12, by Berwerth, Roz-ti G. 2-8:J9; 13, by S. Blau, Bengal, G. 2*831 ; 14, by L. SipOcz, East Indies, G. 2-<y 15, by L. Sipocz. Kothenkopf in the ZiUerthal, G, 16. by L5bisch, Soboth in Sv remark.
k(
6. Phlogopite
10. Zinnwaldite
11. Lepidolite,
13. Miuoovite,
8iO. AUO, Fe,0. PeO MnO MgO
40 00 17-28 072 4'88 28-91 40-81 16-47 2-16 5-92 2108
CaO
5-54 14-75 2-53 4 1-2 0-48 7'80
tr.
tr.
K,0 Na-O Li,0 H.O F 8-57 1-47 1-57 1-67 99-77. 9-01 1-55..
1634
26-15 tr.
21 b9 0-S2
2728
27-97 2-M BaO
0-38 0-21
0-71 0-46
1-56 0-23
2'(i3 0-33
2-19 tr. 99-19.
0-87 0-49
130 2-16
110
0-42 8*28
6-88
0-62 019 o-;9
054 2-81 ...
0-S9 tr. 3-58 4-00 0-89
0-92 4-21 S-09 1-94 S-91 2-19 8-21 0-82
0-91 7-94,
9-36 5-15 0-96 7 88,
5-05 0-15 4-83 0-12
99-00. 100S4.
10039. 100 36.
100*66. lOt-55.
P,0 0-08
103-51. P,0 0-05
99-Sl
100-6:.
10012.
Rammelsberg has also published (Wied. Ann., ix., 113, 8.';3, 1880; also vii, 136. 1S; recent investigation of the chemical composition of the species of the mica group, including a considerable number of new analyses. lie concludes that the micas are in part iiiu* siheates, in part compounds of unisilicates and bisilicatcs; he also assumes the isomoipbisQ
1 It Tl
between these, as well as between similar silicates of metals of the R, S, [R,] series rest'c ively. He adopts a chemical classification, as follows :
1. Alkali micas : A. Sodium mica (panonite) formula (unisilicate\ PotoMium including (1) unisilicates, RsfAIsJSiaOii, witii sometimes (Mc.F' Si04; (2) compounds of unisilicat and bisUicates in the ratio of 1 : 8, thus Ric£[iJ'
Siia04 (anal. 1, 2, 3), or in the ratio of 1 : 1, thus : B.SisOy BaSiO, + &Si04, or mon
ASVESDIK m
Bpeoially in C. Lithium anal. 4, 5, 6a, 6b) : com-
sounds of unisilicates and bisilicates in the ratio of 1: S, tbus : RioSiOis SRaSiOs + R4 104; or moro specially RioLBJaSiisOfta (Bozena and Paris), and (Juschakowa).
2. The MAGNESIUM mica (blotite pt., anal. 7, 8, 9) is a compound of bisilicates and unisilicates in the ratio of 1: 8, thus :
3. The moN-MAONEsmH mica (bioUte pt.) and iron mica (leoidomelane), includes five series, having the following formulas: (1) =xt4Si04 + 4K9SiOi + [Rls SiaOi, (anal. 10, 11). (2) SirOa* RSi04 + SR-SiO* + [RsSiaO,, (anal. 12, 18, 14, 15). (3) Rai.fRajSiaO.a R4Si04 + 2RtjSi04 + [RalflSiaO.q (anal. 16, 17). (4) BaR, rR>] Si*0,o R,Si04 -f- 8R2Si04 -h (anal 18, 19). (5) 8R4Si04 + 2RaSi04 + To this group are appended several which do not admit of being classified.
4. The LiTHiUM-iBON mica of Zinnwald (zinnwaldite. anal. 20) is regarded as a compound of bisilicate and unisilicate in the ratio of 2:1, thus : RpSiaOio 2RaSiOa -h R4Si04; more specially or RjaRiCRsJaSiaiOTo, according to the ratio of the different elements.
5. The BARIUM mica (cellacherite, anal. 21) is a unisilicate, with the special formula:
2R4S1O4 -f RaSlO* +
Analyses by Rammelsberg (see also Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1878, 616; 1879, 248, 888; ZS. G. Gee., xksi., 676, 1879) :
1. So. Royaleton, MaBs.
2. Ytterby 8. Broddbo
4. Rozena
5. Paris
6a. Jufchakowa (1) 6b.
7. Rossic, N. T.
8. N. Y.
9. Fargas
10. Monzoni
11. Arendal
12. 18. FUipstad
14. Sterling
15. Persberg
17. Reiichthal
19. St. Dennis
80. Zinnwald 21. Stenig
Hygroscopic water in (16) 012. t 1-41 BaO included.
SiO. 45-21 88*40
80'4U
S0-S6 5G-96
48-uO 42*55
88*20
89*01
87*98
42*90
MnaOs FeO MnO MgO KaO KaaO LI4O H,0* F
2*78 2-00 1-58 10-710-42 ... 4*28 0 94 10182.
80-60 4-81 0-61 1-30 10-28 074 4*78 0*64 100*87.
22*20
18*27
10*86
12*84 15*45 19*25
24*89
21*81
4*58
6*68
9*37
16*48
tr.
5-38 11-39 0*33 6-66 8-58 "
1*51 27-47 8-78 0*92 0*40 511
27-70 10-82 0-30 0-38 5*67
,. 114 0*53 .. 0 94 1*49
8*92 1-18
1*88 0-86 24-70 893 0*28 7*86 1*06 20-28 1006 0*40
23-60 1-58 6*29 9*59 0*88 8-69 0-90 16-m% 917 018 4-62 111 21-411 8-33 0
14 43 12 26
18 67 1130 15*28 9-78
8-78 1*61, TiO, 4-03= 101-66.
2-94 1-15 103-80.
1-87 tr. 99-69.
8 05 1-20 101*39. 2-83 tr. 101 12.
8-2:? 0-27 .
8 62 0 14 . 6-98 1 92 .
803 0-80 . 8*04 0*40..
10-58 0*54 8-86 104 7*62 10468. 7 47 1-73 802, BaO 582, C'aO 0*80
[99*64. here Inclnded r in anal. (1) 0*60 ; in (2) 088 : in (8) 0 76: in (9) 0*82; in (12) 1*81 ; in With MgO indnded. t With tr. Mn,08 luclnded. $ With 1 5 CaO included. With
20*72 3*64 1487
10 19 1*67
8-35 1-29, TiO.2-42 10216. 1*54 4*23 100*63.
Hauohtonite of Heddle (Min. Mag., iii., 72, 1879) is a variety of biotite, in which the magnesium is largely replaced by iron. G. 2'96-3 18. Fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic globule. Color dark brown to jet black. Small axial anlo. Occurs mostly in granitic and gneissoid rocks, also in diorite, at various Scottish localities, as below. Analyses by Ileddle : 1, from homblendic gneiss of Roneval ; 2, from the hill of Capval ; 8, Kishibost ; 4, from the shore of Loch-na-Muilne ; 0, Fionaven in Sutherland ; 6, Ben Stack ; 7, Kispond ; 8, Clach-an-£oin ; 9, ICinnaird's Head, Aberdeenshire ; 10, Cove near Aberdeen; 11, Lairg, in Sutherland; 12 Portsoy in Ban£shire.
1. G. 303
SiO, 37-lB
*,l?gf
Pe.0 7*69
2. G. 807
36-Ml
7*61
3. O. 8-(i5
16*70
5*96
:j6-46
5. G. 8 03
6. G. 3-05
7. G. 2-99
:'6-54
82*28
a G. 2*96
0. G. 8-13
n.
85*56
It. 6. 8*07
17*84
8*61
FeO
MnO
CaO
17*86
17*86
1*08
15*83
0*64
14*77
0*78
8*06
0*64
0*90
18*04
8*47
Na,0 1*26 0*66 8*81 0*24
KaO
8*26 7*76 9*27 8*19
H,0
3 18 : 4-28 : 1-51 : 1-96 : 8-20 '. 4-97 : 8*71 : 4*06 :
10n40.
99 '80. 100*38.
99*77.
80 APPKKDIZ m.
other analyses by Heddle are given in Min. Mag., iy., 221 et aeq., 1861 ; and tbe same Yariefcy has Men repeatedly analyzed previously (see above).
A mica cloa related to the above (a biotito containing only Fe) has been called PHYLUTB by A C. lewis (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1880, 254). H. 8*2. G. 81. Color black ; by transmitted light chrome green. Brittle. Axial angle aboot An analysis gave : SiO, 85-8, A1,0, 20*41, Fe,0, 1*55, FeO 25-50, MnO 2-10, MgO 114. CaO 0-81, Na,0 1-09, Li,0 0-37, K,0 920, HO 1-01 99 86. This corresponds to R-[P ] SisOia. Fuses with intnmescence at 2*5 to a black glass. Soluble in HCl and HsSO with separation of silica. From near Pike's Pet Colorado.
EucHLORiTB of C Z7. Shepard is shown by Piaani (C. R., bocxiii., 157, 1876) to be cadinary biotite. From Chester, Mass. H. 2*5. G. 2*84. Color dark ereen. Lotn: on the cleavage face pearly. Axis neetive. 6. B. fosible with difficoUy to a bbc enamel. Slowly soluble in concentrated HCL An anal3r8i8 gave Pisani: SiOa 38*55, AlsOf 15-95, Fe,Os 7*80, MgO 22*25, K,0,Na,0 10*85, ign. 4*10 100.
MicBELL. Wkymann (ZS. G. <3es., xxvi., 701, 1874) uses this name (of Freieskbexi to desisnato the original mineral from which the so-called pinlte Stolpen, near Keustadt, has been derived. It is regarded as certain that it is not iolite nor toorxnaliB. but its true nature is doubtfuL
BCcrocUne. Des Chizeaux (Ann. Ch. Phys., Y., ix., 488, 1876) uses s naiir> (see Min., p. 855) to designate a new feldspar species established by him: a triclinic pousb feldspar.
Tnclinicand near orthoclase in form, and in habit, twinning, etc, but O A W 16. Extinction direction makes an angle of 15" to 16" (orthoclase 0"V with the edge O yi-i. Polysynthetic twinning, giving rise to striations on 0, sometimes ooeerved. A basal sectuc shows in polarized light a characteristic nating-like structure, due to the regular inttrgrowth of twin lamellie; in these, orthocuse is often enclosed ; irregular lines and band of albito also often observed.
Ka [Als] SieOie, or that of orthoclase; an analysis ofpnre white microcli:? from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, gave Pisani: SiOs 64*80, Al,Oa 19*70, Fe,0 0*74, K,0 loi>. Na,0 0*48, ign. 0-35 101*17. G. 2*54.
A large part of the potash feldspar, previously called orthoclase, is in fact Here belong the chesterlite from Chester, Penn., the beautiful amazonstone of Pike's Peak, Colorado (the color due to an organic salt of iron, according to K5nig, Proc. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1876, 156), as also that of other localities; also feldspar from Mimnd HiU, Penn., Leverett (not Everett), Mass., and many foreign localities. It is obtained is large quantities at Branch villc, Conn., some single cleavage surfaces having a length of V) i; also observed at the same locality peeudomorph after spodnmene. The peithite of Canada is in part microcline (J. Min., 1879, 889).
MiCBOUTE, Min., p. 518; Ajpp. II., p. 89.— Described hjNardmakMd (GeoL Fr. FBrtiu. iii., 282, 1877). In small brilliant isometric octahedrons with dodecahedral planer. Col t light grayish yellow to blackish brown. Translucent to semi-translucent H. 5*5-. G. 5*25. An approximate analysis gave: Ta,06,Cb,0 77*8, SnO, 0*8, CaO 11-7, MtO (FeO tr.) 7*7. MgO 1*8 99*8. Formula (Ca,Mn,Mg),Ta,OT. which requires: TatO, 7b i, MnO 7*69, CaO 11*69, MgO 1*80 100. B. B. infusible. Occurs with red and tourmaline, petalitc, spodumene, ete., in penoatitc, at Ut5, Sweden.
Occurs at Branchville, Conn., Brush and Am. J. Sc., III., xvi., 84, 1878.
Described by F. P. Dtmninqton Am. Chem. Joum., iii., 180, 1881) as occurring at the mica mines in Amelia Co., Virginia. In single crystals from in. to i in with 0, t, and 8-8; also in krge (up to 4 lbs.) imperfect crystals. H. =6. G. 5-o6. Lustre glistening resinous. Color wax vellow to brown. Streak pale ochreoos yellow. Subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. An analysis gave : 68*43. Cb.C 7*74, WO, 0-80. SnO, 1*05, CaO 11*80, MgO 1*01, BeO 0*84, UlO, 1*59. Y,0, 0*23. Ca:U, deduct O replaced by F 1-20 99*05 The probable formula deduced is CbOF,. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B. B. infusible, glows mentarily, colors the flame reddish yellow, and on cooling is dull pale yellow. attacked by strong HCl, slowly decomposed hj HsSO* and by fusion with caustic potash: readily decomposed by fusion with acid potassium sulphate. Associated with the true microlite is monazite in large masses (up to 8 Ibe.). It was at first called altered (priv. oontrib., W. M. Fontaine).
m. 81
A mineral related to microlite, from Haddam, is called haddaxttb by G. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sc„ IL. 1., 93, 1870; Min. Contr., 1877). Whatitstrue character is, if it be a distinct species, has not been determined.
MiCROLITES. — App. IL, p. 89.
Mic&osoMMiTE, App. 11., p. 89. — Analyses 1, 2 by SoaceM (Rend. Accad. Sc. Kapoli, April, 187G) ; 8, 4 by Rauff (Z. Kryst., li., 468, 1878). 1, large crystals, Monte Somma, 2, microscopic crystals from bombs thrown out in April, 1872; 8, 4, crystals from Mt. Somma; 8, colorless ; 4, yellow.
SIO, A),Oa CaO Nii0 KgO CI SO. CO,
1. 82-21 29-28 12-60 10 14 6-79 671 4-48 lOB'lS, deduct O replaced by CI I'Sl lOO'Sft.
(Fe,0, tr.)
The crystals examined by Banff were large as compared with the original roineraL Scacohi describes prismatic crystals with /, i-, i-|, 1, 0; c (vert.) 0*41834 ; 1 A 1 () 124' &H' 1 A 115" 47' ; the form corresponds very closely to that of nephelite (c (vert.) '0 Min., p. 827). Cleavage / perfect, 0 less distinct (as in nepheHte). H. =6. G. 2*444 (Ranff), 2-42-3-58 (Scacchi). Lustre 1 brilliant silky. The formula calculated by Banff is 2 RCaSO*) + SCaAlaSiO J + [4NaCl + BNaaAlaSiaOs] + r4NaGl + SKaAiaSiOAf, he also makes the rather improbable assumption that a portion of the Si is replaced by C (Si : G 20 : 1), the formula then requires: SiOt 82-68, COt, 1-20, AUOt 29*88, CaO 10-67, Na,0 10-84, K,0 6-72, SO, 8-81, CI 6-77 101-52, deduct 0 1*52 100. Banff also shows that the mineral from Mt. Somma called davyne is in part an altered microsommite. See also CcmcrinUej p. 20.
MiLABiTE, App. I., p. 10; II., p. 89. — Crystals shown by Des Chizeaux (J. Min., 1878 42, 870), and also by Tschermak Min. Mitth., 1877, 850), and Bertrand (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 10, 1881\ to be orthorhombio, the pseudo-hexagonal form being due to twinning similar to that of araonite, witherite, etc. An analysis by Ludwig (Min. Mitth., 1877, 849), gave:
SiO, AlaO. CaO MgO KO NaoO HO 71-81 10-67 11-65 tr. 4-86 tr. 1*86 100-36.
The formula given by Ludwig is HKCaaAlsSinOaoy which requires : SiO 72*66, AlaOs 10-39, CaO 11*80, K,0 4-74, HaO 0*91 100.
Kuschel (J. Min., 1877, 926]), repeats the statement of Frenzel (J. Min., 1878, 797; App. n., p. 89), that the mineral is found in Val Giuf, not Val Milar, and adds that it ought on this account to be called givfiie,
MiLLERiTE, Min., p. 56; App. II., p. 40. — Found at Micheroux, Belgium, IHrkei, BulL Soc. GeoL Belg., v., 120, 1878; vi., 152, 1879.
MiMETrrE. — Min., p. 537; App. II., p. 40. — Etching experiments by Baumhauer show mimetite to be pyramidal-hemihedral like apatite (J. Min., 1876, 411).
Bertrand (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 36, 1881), has made the interesting observation that crystals of pure lead arsenate are biaxial (2£l= and that as the percentage of PaOi increases, this angle diminishes, and the pure lead phosphate is uniaxial. Jannetiaz has obtained similar results (ib., p. 89), and Jannetiaz and Michel (ib,, p. 196), have accompanied a more detailed optical study by a scries of analyses which and much to the completeness of the investigation.
Anal., L&npban, Sweden, by Kiutaro Iwaya, quoted by Lindgren, Geol, FCr. P5rh., v., 272, 1880. Mina Grande, Marqueza, Chill, Domeyko, 6th App., Min. Chili, p. 16, 1878.
Occurrence with vanadinite in Arizona, SiUiman, Am. J. be., III., xxii., 202, 1881; W. P, Blake, Min.- Sc. Press, Aug., 18, 1881.
See also UedypJumef p. 56.
MnuBiUTB, Mm., p. 636. — OrysL, Anssee, XjPPer Ansizity Zpkarotiek, L0I06, 1877. AnaL, Province of Tarapaca, Pern, Raimandi lun. Pdroo, pt 888; 187S. Sicily, wBzterno, AocaiL Line. Trans., III., iv., 22, 1879.
HnuQumiTE. — App. IL, p. 40.
Mizite. Sehrauf, Z. Kryst , iv., 277, 1879.
Crystalline to crypto-crvstnlline. As an incrastation on Insmnth ochre, alao in irregnhr particles, granular and rouh or spherical, reniform. with partial ooncentric fibrous strLitnre. The fibres are occasionally distinct six-sided prisms (125" regarded as prob&l'iT monoclinic or triclinic (extinction 6°-9 with prismatic edge). H. 3-4. 6. Color emerald to bluish green; streak somewhat lighter. Translucent to tnnqiArent tfir fibres). Analysis:
AsjO,,(P,0,) Bi,Os CnO H.O FeO CaO
V-
(J) 30-45 13D7 43-21 1107 1-52 0-88 10015.
The formula calculated is CuaoBi9AsiH4407 ; this requires: As-0 31il3, Bi.Oj 12-. CuO 44 08, fiaO 11 '00 100. In dilute nitric acid the mineral is instantly covered v.:: a layer of a brilliant white powder of bismuth arsenate, insoluble in the acid ; the ecf arsenate goes into solution. On ignition lieoomes blackish green. Occurs with hisLL'j: ochre, bismutite, and torbemite in the Geistergang at JoachimsthaL Named in buL of Bergrath A. Mixa.
MoLTSiTE, Min., p. 118. — Vesuvius, Seaeehiy Att Accad. Nili, tL, 1873 (Contst-. Min., IL, 43).
♦
MoLTBDENiTE, Mui., p. 32. — Biellese, Italy, OoMa, Accad. Line. Trans., III., L, 206, IS"* Groth suggests that the species may be orthorhombic, Min.-SammL Strassbm, p. Si.
MoxAZTTE, Min., p. 539; App. II., p. 40. — OryiA Tavetsch, Switzerland (tumerite', r- Bath, J. Min., 1876, 393. Binnenthal (tumerite), also ojcal iuTestication, Treckmcir J. Min., 1876, 593. Von Kolucharof Min. RussL, vi., 387. Ilmen Mts., *'. Verb. Min. Qes, St. Pet,, II., xii., 287. Seliffmann, Corr. BL Nat Ver. Bonn, xxxvii.. isl 1880. Optical examination, Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 57, 181.
Analysis, Arendal, G. 5174 : P,0 29-92, Ce.O, 2882, La-.O, + Di,0. 40-79 99 formula: [RJPaO,, with [R,] Ce,:(La,DiO 2:3; this requires: P.O* 3U-28. Ce.Os 27 ?i LaaOa, DiaOs 42*00 100 ; contains no thorium nor zircomum, RammUtbera ZS. G. xxix., 79, 1877. Analysis of tumerite (on -013 gr.): P,0. 28-4, Ce,0, (La,0,. Di.O,) 6?J 96-4, Pisani, C. R./lxxxiv., 462, 1877.
Absorption bands (Ce, La, Di) in spectrum (tumerite Cossa, Accad. Line. Mem., IIL. 80, 1878.
Occurrence with zircon in gold sands of Ivalo, Finnish Lapmark, NordentiSld, G-l. F6r. F**5rh., ii., 233, 1874. Occurrence in brilliant highly modified crystals, at MilhoUai.'if mill, Alexander Co., N. C, also at other localities in North Carolina, Hidden, Am. J. S:..
m., xxii., 21, 1881. From the pegmatite vein at Annorod, near Mogb, Norwar, W. Brogger, Geol. For. Forh., v., 350, 1881. From Nil-St-Vincent, Benard, BuU. Sibc Gtx- ., m., ii., 128, 1881. See Microlits, p. 80.
MoxiMOLrrE, p. 546; App. II., p. 40. — Occurs at ULngban, Wemland, Sweden, Ii'ordf%- skidld, GeoL For. Forh., iii., 379, 1877.
HoNTEB&ASiTE. — See Amblyganitey p. 5.
MoATicELUTE. — Miu., p. 255; App. U., p. 40.
MoxTMoaiLLONiTE, Mlu., p. 459. — AnaL, MacskamezS, near Podu moj, TransylTania. ffelmhackr, Min. Petr. Mitth., iL, 251, 1879. Great Retallack mine Cornwall, CoUirUt
Appendix Ul 83
Min. Mag., ii., 92, 1878. Branchville, Conn., anaL hj H. L. Wells, described by Brush and Dana, Am. J. Sc, III., xx., 288, 1880.
MoNZONiTE. — App. L, p. 11.
MoBDENiTE, Min., p. 440.— A partially altered mordenite is called STEmEiTE, ffow (Min. Ma., ii, 134, Sept., 1878). Found as red or reddish pink, or chalk-white, balls, yarying in size from one to two and a half inches in diameter, imbedded in a red clay in cavities in trap. Also in other forms, closely associated with stilbite. In part soft and chalk-like; in part hard and unaltered. Gelatinizes with acids. Locality Cape Split, 18 miles west of Cape Blomidon, N. S.
MosANDKETB, Min., p. 205. — Shown to be in fact monoclinic, BrSgger, Z. Kryst., IL, 275, 1878.
Mottramite. K E. Jioscoe, Proc. "Roj. Soc., xxt.. Ill, 1876.
In thin crystalline incrustations, occasionally in distinct, minute crystals, also compact. H. =8. Q. 5*804. Lustre resinous. Color velvety black; in thin sections jellow. Streak yellow. Translucent. Analyses, Boscoe (L c): 1; 2, after deducting impurities :
V,0. PbO CuO PeO, ZnO, MnO MgO CaO HaO
[1-06 =0708.
1.(1) 1714 60-07 10-10 262 0-26 2-13 3-68, hygroscopic water 022, SiO, 2. 18-87 5612 21*02 8-90 lO0.
The formula suggested is (Pb,Cu),Va08 + HaOa, which requires: VaO 18-74, FbO 57-18, CuO 20-30, HaO 369 100. The composition is thus analogous to dihydrite and erinite [but doubtful, owing to the imperfect analysis; note the loss of 3 p. c.]. Occurs on the Keuper Sandstone, at Alderley Edge, and at Mottram St. Andrews, Cheshire, England.
Mnckite. cT. von Sehrdchingw, Verb. G. Beichs., 1878, 387.
A resin from the coal beds at Neudorf, Moravia, disseminated in minute particles, and in small bands. Color opaque yellow, or light brownish yellow, and transparent to translucent. H. =1-2. G. 10025. An analysis by Dietrich gave: (I) C 70-22, H 0-57, 011-21, corresponding to CaoHatOa. Fuses between 290" and SIC*. In alcohol, 14 p. c, dissolves; in ether, 40 p. c, both leaving a yellowish-brown residue. Other similar experiments prove that the substance is a mechanical mixture of different resins.
MuscoviTK. — See Mica Oraup, p. 77.
Mtsorin, Min., p. 715. — From the Nellore district, India. Examined by R. Mallet, and shown to be essentially an impure malachite, with 9*02 HaO ; it contained as impurities, calcite, chrysocolla, oarite, chalcocite, iron sesquioxide, Bee. Gl. Surv. India, xlL, 166, 1879.
Nadoeitk. — App. I., p. 11. Njesumite. — App. I., p. 11.
NAOYAorrB, Min., p. 8Si.Se?irauf {Z, Kryst., ii., 239, 1878) shows that the crystalline system is not tetragonal, but either orthorhombic or perhaps still lower in symmetry. Fletcher observes the development of the planes to be m accordance with orthorhombic symmetry (Phil. Mag., V., ix., 188, 1880).
NAMAQUALrrK.— App. I., p. 11.
Nantokitb.— App. I., p. 11 ; II., p. 40.
84 APFBRinx m.
Natbolitb, Mia. p. 426 ; App. II., p. 41.— Oryit., Sales, BoliemiA Seligmtmn, Z KryBt., L, 888, 1877. Auyeio, LOdecke, Z geeammt. Nst, UL, iv., 146, 1879. Ai6. Norway, Brdgger, Z. Kryst, liL, 478, 487, 1879.
According to L&deck (J. Min., 1881, ii., 7), the natrolite from Aussig and Salesel miist, on optical grounds, be referred to the monodinic syBtem. See LQdecke's memoir also, oq the relation of natrdite to aoolecite and mesolite.
Pyro-electrical characters, Ilankel, Wied. Ann., tL, 55, 1879.
Analyaea, Knohelbad, near Prague, /Vets and VrHap Ber. Ges. BOhm., 1879, 409.
Nation, Min., p. 705.— Analyses of related salts quoted hj Braekebuaeh, Min. Aigcotina, p. 70, 1879.
Kbfdedieffitb. — App. II., p. 41.
NeoohrysoUto See ChryMlite, p. 87.
Neoolano — Nboctanite. Seaechi, Bend. Acead. KapoH, Jan., 1881.
In extremely minute tabular monoclinic crystals. Color blue. Sappoaed to be u anhydrous copper silicate. B. B. fuses to a black glasa Easily decomposed by acids, with the separation of pulyerulent silica. From f umaroles at Vesuvius, formed by tion, together with three other substances. One of these forms a white granular nuas. G. 2*287, probably silica. A second is a white asbestos-like material, containing lioe: difficultly fusible, and decomposed only in boiling add. The other forma yellowislMXon crystab m six-sided rhombic plates ; insoluble in add. [Needs further examination.]
NsFHEUTB, Min., p. 827; App. IL, p. 41.— Oryit. (0 A 1 186* 9' 20"\ Albani Mt&, near Rome, SirQver, Z. Eryst., 1, 240, 1877. Isld of Laaven, Langesondfiord, Kqeitit. (elaiolUs in eleolite-syenite, 0 A 1=186'), Klein, J. Min., 1879, 684.
Made artificially, FouquS and lAvy, G. K.,lxxxviL, 961, 1878.
Alteration raoducts in nephelite rocks, v, Eekenbreeher, Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 1, 1880.
Anal3rBe8, Transylvania (elaeolite). A, Koch, Min. Mitth., 1877, 885. VesuTiu-s G. 2-6e(>-2-609, RammeUberg, ZS. G. Ges., xxix., 78, 1877. Vesuvius, Rauff, Z. Kits., ii., 445 et seq., 1878. In foyaite of the Sierra de Monchique, Southern Portugal, ScM/d ner, Q. J. G. Soc., 1879, 46, quoted by van Wervecke, J. Mm., 1880, ii., 148. DiU6, Trb* sylvania (ebeolite), A. Koch (anal, by Franz Koch), J. Min., BelL-Bd., i., 143, 1880.
The chemical composition of nephelite is discussed by Bammebberg (L c) and Bm£
(L c;. The former deduces the formula : 6 (Na,[Al,]Si,O0 + E,Al.u
Oi, ; the latter obtains : R -f Banff seems tc prove, contrarv to Rammelsberg, that the pure mineral contains some CaO (l'82-l'76p ci and perhans also a little basic water (0*12 14 p. c.) and a trace of chlorine. Bauix ajd discusses tne relation of nephelite (and elaaolite) to cancrinite and microsommite.
Nefhrttb, Min., p. 288, et al. ; App. II., p. 41.— Analyses of specimens frum KewZe> land, BcrweriK Ber. Ak. Wien, Ixxx.. 102, 1879 (see also J. Min., 1880, i., 170 (ref.X ind 1881, i., Si9). Several analyses quoted by Fischer, Z. Kryst, iu., 59-, 18T9. Siberii tremolite), Jannettaz and Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., ITO, 1881.
For a general and detailed discussion of nephrite and jadeite, in all their relations, but especially archaBological, see the works of Fischer, whose titles are given in the Bibliognphf (see Introduction); noticed in J. Min., 1876, 918, and 1880, ii., 819 (rel); also ib., Itf80. ii. 118. See also Annual Rep. Smithsonian Inst, 1876, 402.
Nendorfite. J. von SchrMsingcr, Verb. G. Reichs., 1878, 887.
A resin occurring in a coal bed at Neudorf , Moravia. Color pale yellow. Lustre wait Fracture conchoidal. G. 1-045-1 -060. An analysis by Dietnch gave : G 78*04, H 9'M. O 11-98, N 014, corresponding to C.,.H,Ot C 7826, H 1014, G 11-60 100. Fuses 280°. Dissolves in ether, leavmg a whitish-yellow resinous powder.
Newbersrite. O. vam Baih, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Jan. 18, 1879 ; BulL Soc Min., ii. 81, 1879.
Orthorhombic ; axes, c (vert.) : h:d= 0*9800 :1 : 0'9485. Observed planes: i-I, i-l, 0, J-1,2-1, 1. Angl€s:OAM=158'46', Oa1 126'26', 1A1 108*22'.
AFFBHDIX nL 85
ciyBtalB. Cleavage perfect ; basal imperfect (r, Bath). Optio axes in the brachydiagonal section. Acute bisectrix ( + ) normal to the base. Dispersion oonsiderar ble p <v. 2Ha 40' (red), 2Ho 142° 8' (red), Des aoizeauz. Analysis, Maolvor :
P.O. tr.) HaO
41-26 [28-02] 85-78 lOa
Formula : MgaHsPaO. -i- 6aq P,0 40*80, MgO 22-99, H,0 86*21 100. Loses its water about 110*" C. Badly soluble in acids. From the guano in the Skipton Caves, Victoria; first recognized as new by Ulrich (in a letter to vom Bath). Named after Mr. J. 0. Newbery, of Melbourne.
Niccoohromite. C. U, Shepard, Min. Contr., 1877. A canary-yellow substance, occurring as a coating on zaratite, rarelv on chromite, at Texas, Pa. On the ground of a partiafblowpipe examination, it is concluded to be a " dichromate of nickel " (r).
NiCGOUTB, Min., p. 60; App. II., p. 41. — AnaL, Colorado de Ghaflareillo, Chili, Dameyko, 8d ed. Min. ChiU, p. 186, 1879.
NiGftssciTK.— App. I., p. 12. NioBiTE.— See Columbite, p. 29.
Nitrobarite. Oroth (Z. Ervst, vL, 196, 1881) has described crvstals of barium nitrate (barytsalpeter), from Chili They are in apparent octahedrons, formed of tho + and — tetrahedrons; also in spinal-like twins. According to Wulff (ib., iv., 122), the species is tetartohedral. The crystals are colorless, in part covered with a thin brownish-black coating resembling wad. Exact locality unknown. H. C. Lewis (Amer. Naturalist, xvL, 78, 18:)2) has proposed the name nitsobajute for the species.
KrrBOGLAUBBKITE.— App. II., p. 41.
Nooerlna — Nocebitb. Announced by Seacehi in a preliminary note (Accad. Line. X'mns., III., V. 270, 1881), as occurring in volcanic bombs in the tufa of Nocera. In white aicular cr3r8tals, referred to the rhombohedral system. In composition regarded as a trouble fluoride of calcium and magnesium. Associated with fluorite, some brown crystals referred to amphibole, and minute crystals in hexagonal prisms, perhaps a variety of microsommite. The exterior of the bombs is covered wiu mica.
NOHLITB.— App. 11., p. 41.
NosiTE.— Min., p. 838; App. II., p. 42.
NoTTMEAiTE, NouMBiTE, NuKEiTE. — See Gamtertte, p. 60.
OcTAHEDBiTB, Miu., D. 161; App. IL, p. 41. — Oryvt., Memoir, Lercheltini Alp, Binnenthal (wiserine), Klein, J. Min., 1876, 887. Cavradi, Tavetsch, vom Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1876, 536 iPogg. Ann., clviii., 402. 1876). Wettin, LOdeeke, Z. gesammt Nat, III., iU., d94, 1878. Tavetsch, Brasdl, etc., Oroth, Min..Samml. Strassbuiv, p. 108, 1878. Binuenthal V, Zepharovieh, Lotos, 1880. Seligmann, J. Min., 1881, ii., 269. Bauris, Salzburg, Vrba, Z. Kryst, v., 417, 1881.
Occurrence in nearly colorless transparent crystals, Brindletown, Burke Co., N. C, bidden. Am. J. Sc., xxi., 160, 1881. In quartz at Nil-St. -Vincent, de Koninck, Bull. Ac. Koy. Belg., IL, xlvi., 245, 1878.
MaUard (Ann. Min., VII., x., 187, 1876) describes the optical peculiarities of crvstals from Brazil, and decides upon the monoclinic character of the fundamental individuals. See also Brookite, p. 18.
86 AFFKHDIZ m.
CEllachebitb, Min., p. 489.— Habftchthal, Salzburg. Occanence in mica schist (anal b7 F. BeigmoanX Sandberger, J. Min., 1875, 624; ib., 187, 867. See also Miea (Tmp, p. 77.
Okenite. — Min., p. 898; App. IL, p. 41. Oldhamite. — App. II., p. 41.
OuGOCLASB, Min., p. 846; App. II., p. 41. — Oryit, AnrigawR Andes, vom Saih, ZS.G. Ges., xxvii., ciOl, 1875 ; Bodenmais, Z. Kryst, iv., 481. Mt. Gibele, Pantellaria, Fdmner, Z. Kryst., L, 551, 1877. A7ein J. Min., 1879, 518. DtB ChiMeauz, fiolL Soc. Mk. iii., 157, 1880.
Anal , Darrmorsb&ch, ffauahofer, Z. Eiyst, iii, 602.
See aLso FMspar Oroup, p. 45.
Oliyinb.— See Chrysolite, p. 27.
Okphacitb, Min., p. 228. — See p. 100.
Onofbite, Min., p. 56.— From Marysrale, Southern Utah. Obserred by aeberryt in! described by Brush (Am. J. So., UI., xxi., 812, 1881), as follows : Massiye, without clesTage. H. 2*5. G. 7*62. Lustre metallic, brilliant on the fresh fractoie. Color ii streak blacJdsh gray. Fracture conchoidaL Analysis by Comstock :
Se S Hg Zn Mn
(i) 4-58 11*68 81% 054 0*69 99*42.
Formula essentially Hg (S,Se), with S : Se 6 : 1, corresponding nearly with the ODofnte of Haidinger, which has, according to H. Bose, S : Se 4 : 1 ; with which it also agrees in physical characters.
Brush gives an historical statement as to the occurrence of American mercuric siilpb> selenides. He also calls attention to the essential identity of adalcazoHie of PeUmn (App. II., p. 25, also liammelsberg, Min. Chem., 1875, p. 79) with the metaeinnabarUf (j blacK mercuric sulphide of Moore (App. L, p. 10), and shows that metaeinnabariU, HgS. G. 7-72. onofrite (Utah), 6HgS + li, G. 7 62 (calcuhited 7*64), onofriU (San Onofei. 4HgS + HgSe, and tiemannite, HgSe, G. 7*27, undoubtedly form an isomoxpbons sens. The specific gravity given in Dans Min., p. 56, for onofrite (5*56) is incorrect; that nunber belongs to a gray mineral of doubtful character also mentioned by Del Bio (sae Brush, 1. c).
A mineral partially described by D'Aehiardi as a ferriferous variety of gnadalmnritc. is provisionally caII leviouanitk by him. A qualitative examination showed that it contamed no selenium, and more zinc and iron than the orijnal mineraL From the mercniT mine of Levigliani, near Seravezza, in the Apuan Alps, Ualy, Att. Soc Tooc, iL, 112, 1878.
Ontaxiolite.— See SeapolUe, p. 106. Opacttb. — App. n., p. 41.
Opal, Min., p. 198; App. H., p. 42.— Artmdal opal, Bertrand, BulL Soc. Min., iiL, 57.
Formation of vein opal in the andeslte of the Gleichenberg, KxspaUc, Min. Petr. HlttL. iv., 122, 1881.
A variety of opal from Mt. Blackmore, Montana, has been called blagkmoutb by Peti Hayden's Keport, 1872, p. 189.
Omletite.— App. I., p. 12.
AFPBNDIX m. 87
OsFDfKMT, Min., p. 27. — Oocurrenoe in the tzachytic region of Tolfa, Borne, Sella, Trans. Accad. Line, III., i., 66, 1877. In Iron Co., Utah, W7F. Blake, Am. J. Sc., HI., zzL, 219, 1881.
Okthttb, Min., p. 286 ; App. IT., p. 42.— OryvL, Auerbach, in granular limestone, vam Haih, Ber. niecL Ges. Bonn, Jan. 8, 1881.
Microecopic examination of specimens from different localities, A, Sjligren, FSr. P6rh., iii., 258, 1877.
Discussion of composition with many analyses, JEngstrlhn, Inaog. Diss. Upsala, 1877 (Z. Kryst, iiL, 191, 1878). A much altered orthite (12 to 14 p. c. H9O), blackish brown to red, is called vasite by EngstrOm.
tt&kra, analysb by Gedervall and JOnsson, Blomairand, Minnesskrift Fys. S&Usk, Lund, 1878, p. 8.
Obthoclasb, Min., p. 852; App. II., p. 42.--Oryit Bellingen, Westerwald (sanidine), V, Rath, Fogg, Ann., clviii., 1876. Com waif, penetraticm twins (tin oxide pseudomorph), LcSpeyres, Z. Kryst, i., 204 ; L, 844, 1877. Albani Mts. (sanidine). Sella, Z. Kryst., i., 248, 1877. Fichtelgebiige, twins, Mauahofer, Z. Kryst, iii., 601, 1879. Warmbrunn, Silesia, twins, Klochmatm, ZS. G. G., xxxi., 421, 1879. Dissentis, vom Bath, Z. , Y., 492, 1881.
Relation between orthoolase and microdine, Mallard (Ann. Min., YIL, x., 1876); he regards them as essentially identical
Thermolectrical characters, Bankel, Wied. Ann., i., 279, 1877. Expansion on heating, Beckenkamp, Z. Kryst., y., 452, 1881.
Pseudomorphs after cassiterite, PhUlipi, J. Ch. Soo., Aug., 1876 (and see aboYe).
Made artificially, HauUfeuiUe, C. B., Ixxxy., 952, 1877, and xc, 880, 1880; Fouqui and Levy, C. R., Ixxxvu., 700, 880, 1878 ; Meunier, C. R., IxxxYii., 737, 864, 1878 ; Friedel and Sa/rasin, C. R., xcUi., 1874, 1881 (Bull. Soc. Min., Iy., 171).
See also Feldapar Group, p. 45, and Microeline, p. 80.
Oryzite (Orizite). Grattarola, Att Soc. Toec., iv., 226, Noy. 9, 1879.
In minute crystals, 1 to 3 mm. long, and 1 to 1 mm. thick. Prismatic with 184''- 138": 1-1 A 1-i 147". Triclinic, according to Grattarola, but the measurements are stated to be approximate only, and those giYen are not sufficient to determine the form. H. =6. G. 2*245. Lustre Yitreous to pearly. Color and streak white. Analyses :
SiO, AlaO, CaO H,0
1. 59-54 16-79* 8-67 14*84, MgO, alkalies tr. 99-84.
2. 59-20 15-71 10-81 14-88, " " " =99-60.
With lome CaO.
Soluble in warm HCl, with the separation of gelatinous silica. B. B. swells up ''and fuses easily." Named from opva, rxee, in allusion to the similarity of the crystals to rice grains, [Groth (Z. Kryst., iY., 641) calls attention to the similarity to heulandite in form and composition (with which the author regards it as being dimorphous), and justly remarks tmit the description is not sufficiently complete to establish its dependence.] From the granite blocks in the Foreei collection, which haYe popularly gone by the name of the " Four EYangelists,*' and which formed part of the granitic Yein of the " Masso Foresi," or Fonte del Preto, Elba. The same source has yiel£d tourmaline, beryl, castorite, poUucite, apatite, etc.
OSBOaNTTB. — App, I., p. 12.
Gttreutb, Min., p. 506; App. II., p. 48. — A Yanoiy of ottrclite is called YENAsnms by Damour (see BourhA, Bains et courses de Luchon, 1857, and Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 167, 1879). Occurs in masses haYing a lamellar and radiated crystalline structure. CleaYage in one direction. H. 5*5. G. 8*20. Color grayish black. Streak gray. Opaque. Analysis, Damour, 1. c. :
SiO, Al,Os FeO MgO H,0
44-79 29-71 20-76 062 4*98 100*80.
88 APPENDIX m.
This corresponds closely with the formula (Fe,Mg) + aq. B. B. fusible with difficulty on thin edges ; yields a magnetic slag on oliarooaL Not attacked by adds. ProoD ynasque, in the Pyrenees.
OxAMMiTE. A name given by Shepard (App. I., p. 6) for crystals supposed to be ammonium oxalate, from the guano of the Guanape Isltinds. Btnmondi, under the name d GUANAPiTE, has described (Min. PSrou, pp. 80, 88, 1878) what is apparently the same satstance examined by Shepard. Occurs m small flattened (4 to 5 mm. long) grains, with lamellar structure. Sometimes in elongated prismatic (oithorhombic) cz7Sta&; alaopu* Terulent Color yellowish white. Lustre silky. Transparent. Inodorous. Volatilues completely with heat. An oxalate of ammonia. Found with mascagnite, which it much resembles, in the guano of the Guanape Isles.
J. A. Tanner, Jr. (Chem. News, xxxiL, 1C2, 1876), has analyzed the Guanape miners], and obtained (after deducting 5*54 p. c. organic matter): NH 21-05, C9O4 58*30, H,0 '75, corresponding to C, + 2aq, which requires : NH4 22-60, CiO* 56-00, H,0 22-5U [flaimondi's name is base4 on a partial description, Shepard's name on a mere statemer.i m a single sentence; as, however, the name guanapite has been preTioosly used (App. L, p. 6), the other, though not free from objection, may be accepted.]
OzocEsiTB, Min., p. 782; App. II., p. Description of a reUted mineral wax froiB Utah, Newberry, Am. J. Sc., III., xvii., 840, 1879.
From Kinghom-ness, Scotland, anal., Macadam, Rep. Brit. Abboc, 1879, 800, or CIl News, xl., 48, 1879. Galida, Fiaul, Verb. G. Reichs., 11, 181.
Pachnoutie, Min., p. 120.— According to Oroih (Tab. Uebers. Min., 41, 1882), the tree relation of the species pachnolite and thomsenolite has been recently established by BrandL Pachnolite is monoclinic, with ytf 40', and c (vert.) :bidr= l-5b20 : 1:11696, and has the composition [Na,Ca] Fa + AlsFc. It is consequently a cryolite, with two sodium atoms replaced by one calcium atom.
Thomsenolitb, on the same authority, is monoclinic, with 89° 87|', and c (vert.): 1-0877: 1:0-9959; and has the composition -+- A1,P 4- H,0.
On eariier discussions of the relations of these species, see : Knop, Ann. Ch. Pharm.. cxxvii., 61, 1866 ; Wdhler, J. Min., 1876, 68 ; X9nw, Proc. Ac Nat. Sc. Philad., 1S7, 42 ; Krenner, J. Min., 1877, 604 ; Klein, J. Min., 1877, 808. Pybocokitb of WShler is the same as var. A pachnolite of Knop.
Palagontte, Min., p. 488; App. 11., p. 48.~, after an exhaustive study of many so-caUed palagonite rocks, concludes mat no such mineral exists ; that most of the matt rial, which has received that name and been examined, is a mixture of different snbetances, consisting largely of the glassy ejected bombs from a basaltic magma, ZS. G. Gea., zxxL. 504, 1879.
Pandermite. — See PrieeiU, p. 97.
Pabagonite.— Min., p. 487; App. II., pp. 48, 63,— See also Cosaaiie, App. II., p. 93.
Parailmenite. Same as the doubtful paracolumbite (Min., p. 148), from Taantoo, Mass., C. U. Shsard, Am. J. Sc, III., xx., 56, 1880.
Parankerite.~Seo Ankerite, p. 6.
Pabastilbite.— See EpistHbite, p. 42.
Pabistte, Min., p. 702.— Absorption bands in spectrtim (Oe,La,Di), Cona, Aooad. Line. Mem , III., iii., 29, 1878. See also BattndeiU, under Tysonite, p. 126.
Paroligocalse. Pabouooklas. B, E, Sehmtd, Jenaer. Denksch., 1880 (J. Min., 188i, i., 78 relj.
A problematical substance occurring In indistinct prisms, with calcite grains, imbedded
in th of a rock found between Ilmsenberg, (>ciftriberg, and Silberbeiig, in the
rock has a specific gravity of 2*666-2-677. and in thin sections shows
APPENDIX m. 39
an opaque gioimd-masB of ferrite, with the macrosoopio prisms of a pale yeUow color. Extinction parallel and perpendictdar to the axis of .
Anyses : (1) of rook entire; (2) portion soluble in dilute HCl; (8) soluble in ooncentratedHGl; (4) insoluble remainder.
8. 4-59 4. 41-15
Pe,0,t
CaO
MeO
Na,0 KaO
2-97 4-71
1. I
Co,
ign.
2-22 99-01.
0*22
0-19 0-09 2-66 4-46
0-28 14-44. 4-60 64-60.
With PjO,. t With TiO, and MnaO,.
The author gives for the ratio in the insoluble part of RO : AlaOs : SiOa 0-94: 8: 8*90 1:8:9, and calls the mineral jpafo/ioe2ae, m allusion to the fact that this is the ratio of oligoclase. [Rosenbuseh (J. Mm., L o.) sujagests that the substance may belong to the soapolite group; in any case, on the basis of so imperfect an examination, it has no claim to a place as a mineral species, and should never have received a name.]
Pabtzitb, Min., p. 188. — AnaL, Mine of San Lorenso, province of Huaylas, and mine des Italiens, province of Cajatambo, Peru, Saimondi, Min. Pu, pp. 88, 86, 87, 1878.
Pass3rlte.~See QuarU, p. 101.
Pattebsonite.— Min., p. 801; App. I., p. 18; IL, p. 48.
PXALTTS.— App. II., p. 48 (24).
Peokhamite. J. L, Smith, Am. J. Sc., m., xix., 462; xx., 186, 1880.
Occurs in rounded nodules in the meteorite of Emmet Co., Iowa. Shows a more or less distinct cleavage. G. 8*28. Lustre greasy, opalescent. Color light greenish yellow. Two analyses (1) on 0*1 gr., (2) on 0*85 gr., gave :
MgO
8301 98-89.
83-61 99-11.
These correspond to RSi80io, which Smith resolves into + RaSi04, that is, 2 molecules of enstatite and 1 of chrysolite. Named after Prof. S. F. Peckham.
Pbctoutr, Min., p. 896 ; App. II., p. 43. mineral, very near pectolite, is called WALKEBiTE bv HeddU (Min. Mmt., iv., 121, 1880). In radiating and interlacing fibres, resembling ordinary pectolite. H. 4-5. G. 2*712. Cream-colored, slighUy pinkish. Lustre brilliant, pearly. Phosphoresces on being broken, or on application of heat. Analyses : 1, Walker (anaL 10, Min., p. 897); 2, 8, Heddle :
SiO,
PeO
49*59
A1,0,
PeO
CaO
MgO
K,0 Na,0 5*55
H,0
98-86.
52*20
28*6Jt
6*81
undet. 0-85 6-50
99-92.
Calculated formula: NasMgCaiSiTOo, 2H9O or HaNa,MgCa4Si70ai + aq, requiring: SiO) 58-71, CaO 28-65, MgO 5-12, laiO 7*92, H,0 4-60 100. Found in the diabase of Con storphine Hill, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Described by the early English mineraloj Dr. w alker, as pectolite, after whom it is named. [The differenoe nom pectolite is so small as not to seem to require its separation.]
PaoANiTB.— See Varisaite, p. 128.
90 ASVESDVL m.
Pelagito. A. H. Church, Min. Mag., L, 60, 1876; OiMta, fier. Ak. Mttnchen, 1878, pi
A name given hj Church (1. o.) to the manganese nodules obtained by the " Challenecr' from the bottom of the Pacific, between Japan and the Sandwich Is., at a depth d 2140 ikthoms. Charaotere, as follows : H. 8*5. G. 1*89. Color brownish black. Strak ' somewliat shining. Powder between blackish brown and clove brown. Fracture oodcIk dal ; fragile. In the closed tube gives off water having a slight alkaline reactioiL B. 0. contracts, becomes black, and fuses on the edges. With HCT dissolves with the libentk of chlorine and separation of silica. The nodules have a concretionary structoie, coosisting of concentric layers, and having a core of indurated red clay, and, in one esse, cf piimico; the materiu was regarded as homogeneous. GCLmbel (L c.) describes noduksfnc the same source. Analyses: (1) Church; (2) Schwager (quoted by GOmbel).
SiO, MnO. Al.O. Fe,Oa H,0
1. 10-87 80-2$ 8-80 20*02 84-56*, 01 0'Tl, MgO, CaO, CuO, Na,0, CI, PaO, etc,(H5
r=m
2. 16-03 28-80 10-21 27-46 17-82, MgO 0-18, CaO 0*92, CuO 0-02. CoO, NiU (Ht [BaO 0-01. Na,0 286, K,0 0-40. TiO, 0-66, CI 0-94, P.O. 0-02. SO, 0-48, CO, 0-05=101 il.
At a red heat 10-0 p. c.
Other analyses by J. Y. Buchanan (Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., ix., 287, 1877; Ch. Neire, xHt., 268, 1881) of specimens from different localities, show a wide variation in compoatk (24-4-35*8 MnOa and 18-24*8 FeOs). [Although reat interest attaches to these nook they cannot in any sense claim to be a distinct mmeral species, but are doubtless oonposite.]
Pelagosit. K. Moaer, Tschermak, Min. Petr. ., i., 174, 1878.
A substance occurring as a thin, dark-colored incrustation on limestone and dolomite, (t the shores of the Mediterranean, as at the Iand of Pelagosa (Moser). In some esses look ing like varnish, and again resembling lichens. It consists of thin translucent UveR. exerting on polarized light the effect of aggregate polarization. An analysis br J. Ck on similar material from Cape Ferrat, afforded : CaCOa 91-80, MgCO, 0*90, Fe-OjO-i SiO, 1-22, NaCl 0-49, HaO 4*56, organic matter 0-71 99-98. It is regarded as produd by the action of sea-water on the dolomite.
Des Cloizeaux and Plain have observed similar coatings on the feldspathic rocb Corsica, on the coast of Oran, and on basaltic lava on the coast of Reunion Island, M Soc. GL, vi., 86, 1878. [Not a mineral species.]
Pelhamine. 0. U. STiepard, Contr. Min., 1876. — A serpentinous substance (altered is* boston), forming irregular seams and masses at the asbestos mine, at Pelham. Has&, sembling a black serpentine. Color dark greenish gray. H. 6. G. 2'9--8*2. B. ft infusiblo. Analysis : SiO, 88-40, Al.O, -80, FeO 15-62, MgO [89 88], H.O 8*40 100.
Pkncatite. — Min., p. 708; App. II., p. 48 (46).
PENxnoTE. Min., p. 495; App. II., p. iZ.—JfaUard (Arm, Min., VII., x., 151, 187). gards penninite (uniaxial) and clinochlore, or ripidolite (biaxial), as identical, bothhaTW a fundamental monoclinic form, but differing only in the method of grouping of the ipuyiduals. He calls attention to cases where a oiaxial chlorite encloses a nucleus of a unuxial chlorite, and explains the latter by the aggregation analogous to corundum. „
Analyses of penninite, ripidolite, and related species from Scottish localities, Beodu Trans. Soc. Edinb., xxix., 66 et seq., 1879. Anal, (by van Wervecke), pseudophite, kirch, Vosges, Groth, Z. Kryst., i., 609, 1877.
Ponwithite. /. R, CoUina, Min. Mag., ii.. 91. 1878; iu., 89, 1879.
Massive. H. 8-5. G. 2*49. Lustre vitreous Color dark amber to reddish - Transparent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Analysis : (J) SiOt 86-40, MnO 87-62, 2*52, 11,0 21-8), MnO, tr., U,0, 0'80. Cu tr. =9864. Formula calculated by antW- MnSiOa + 2aq, requiring: SiO, 86-9, MnO 42-5, H,0 21-6 100. B. B. fuses with dilculty. Occurs with quartz and rhodochrosite, in the district of Penwith (whence West Cornwall. [The author mentions, that if the coarse powder is dieeisrtd in fl'' T manganese is dissolved out and the silica left colorless ; he also menuona relate
Appkndiz Ixl 91
stances with SiOa, varying from 23 to 67 p. o., and G. as high as 8*4. It would seem; oonsequently, very doubtful whether this is to be regarded as a true mineral species.]
Pebotlitb, Min., p. 122; App. II., p. 48. — Belieyed to occur at Mina San Rafael, Gale- Tia al Norte, Boliyia, Gregory, Min. Mag., iL, 251, 1879. Mt. de Challaoollo, Tarapaca, Pera, Ravmandi, Min. Prou, p. 174, 1818.
Pkropskite, Min., p. 146; App. IL, p. 48.— Occurrence as a microscopic constituent of nephelite-pikrite, in Bohemia, Bwicky, Ber. B6hm. Ges., Oct. 13, 1876, p. 227. From the Val Malenco (anal, by Mauro), Striiver, Trans. Accad. Line, III., iv., 210, 1880.
The question of the crystalline system of perofskite has been discussed by von Kohseharof, Min Russl., vi., 888, 1874; viL, 875, 1878; viii., 89, 1881 (J. Min., 1878, 88); Dea CUnzeavx, ZS. G. Ges., xxvi., 982, 1874 ; J. Min., 1877, 160; ib., 1878,48, 872; Baumhauer, Z. Krysc, i?., 187, 1879. llie etching experiments of Baumhauer, supported by optical examinations, seem to prove that, as umd by yon Kokscharof and accepted by Des Cloizeaux, the mineral is orthorhombic, and owes its form and optical properties to a complicated tem of twinning.
An altered perofskite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, is called HTDBonTAiOTE by K9nig (Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad., 83, 1876). CSolor yellowish jnay. G. 8*681. Soft. An analysis afforded: TiO, 82-82, Fe,0, 7-76, MgO 2*72, (&0 0-80, H,0 5 50, V tr. =99-60. [Indeterminate decomposition products are not mineial species.]
Pbtalite, Min., p. 229; App. II., p. 48.— AnaL, Elba, ItaftimeUbergy Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1878, 9. Discussion of chemical compoBition and relation to spodumene, DSUer, Min. Petr. Mitth,, L, 529, 1878.
An alteration product of castorite, from Blba, has been called htdbocastorite by G. Grattarola (Boll. Com. GL, 1876, 823). Occurs as a mealy aggregate of fine cnrstalline needles, surrounding a nucleus of the orinal mineral. The microscopic prismatic crystals sometimes obliquely cut off extmction parallel the prism. H. 2. G. 2*16. Color white. Analyses: 1, Grattarola, on material not entirely pure; 2, Sansoni (Att. Soo. Toso., iy., 820, 1879).
SiO,
A1,0.
CaO
MgO
H,0
14-66 99-98.
15-96 98-46.
For the latter the not yery simple formula : Gai 4- 24aq, is calculated. [Needs further examination.]
. — Min. p. 146; App. II., p. 4S; see also BesaiUf App. III., p. 58.
Phlactinite. — See Amphibole, p. 5.
Phakmacolxte, Min., p. 5.>4 ; App. 11., p. 43.— Chyst., Schrauf, Z. Kryst., iy., 284,
Phaeuacosiderttb, Min., p. 578.— Prom Schemnitz, Hungary, Min. Mitth., 1875, 109. Prom Garonne, Dept. du Var, Pisani, C. R., Ixxxiv., 1512, 1877. Pseudo-isometric, according to Bertrand, BuU. Soo. Min., iy., 256, 1881.
Phznacitb, Min., p. 268 ; App. II., p. 48.— Oryst- with catalogue of observed planes, Seligmann, J. Min., 1880, i., 129. Prom Switzerland, perhaps Val Giuf, Webakv, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1880, 1007. y,
AnaL, Cerro del Mercado, Durango, Mexico, Cfhruetaehoff, Z. Kryst, iii., 684, 1879. Pheogite. — See Mica Ghroup, p. 77. PhiUdelphite.-ee Vermieulile, p. 129.
PUlUirita. /. Domeyko. Bth Appendix Min. Chili, 1878 ; Sd ed. BUd. CbOi, p. S4&
Compact, grannlBT, of with flbrnas structiue, tmnsrerae to Tsiiu id Um cbaloopjiitt ) vitreous. Color asuie blue, Tnuudnoent, uthngant. Compontioa anpnixiiiiaittT given by the fonuula, CoSO + [Fe,>iiO,, + naq. Aiutljaa n-n : SO. Z8-M, Fe,0. O-iv Pron subauiphate saS), CuO 14-89, MgO 0-86, H,0 48-72, Jtl.O, tr. lOO. SoloUe m water, but unaflectcd by eumosnn to the air. Found at the copper mines in the CordiUrns of Condes, province of Santiago, Cbili Produced from tbe deconipoeitiaii of chalcopyrite, found in sm&ll mnmini And buida iritb it In an argilUceoiu ochie.
Philupsttb, Min., p. 438; App. II., p. 48.— mtem mcnodinic, with bigba dree of peendo-ermmetrT, due to repented tvitming, anuoeoua to barmatome, SIratg, J. Um.. 1875. 585 : IWppfa, ZS. G. Gee., ixx., 178, fSTS (or J. Min., 1878, 681, BBO); Frtteniiu, Z. Krjet.. iii., 43, 187S ; v. ZphannMi, Z. KitbL, t., M, 1880. The motMKlinie ohancter of pbiilipBite wm first assumed bj &niU, TaoeU. Ueben. Hin., pp. 62, lU
liecent fonuatlon at Booibonne-lee-Bus, DavMe, C. R., Izxx., 468, 1875; do. in JUgien, ib., liuiv., 167, 1877.
PBOittcocHBorrB, Hin., p. 080.— Mode oitiflcdallf, JUmmier, C. B., IxxxriL, flS6, 1878.
Phlooofitx, Min,, p. 802.— See Miea Orovp, p. 77.
with the resalta of tr.
also Hin. Russl., viu., 118, 143, l'881.
Beoent formation at Bourbonne-lee-Bains, Saubrie, C. R., IxxzL, 183, 167S. Hade ortiflciaUr, Fritdtl and Sanuin, BulL Soc. Hin., iv., 175, 1881.
pHOflPflocHROiOTS, App. I., p. 13.— Pisani (BuIL Soc Hin., UL, 196, 1880) has onalned a phospho-chromate from Beresofak, which is near thephtaphoeromUe ot Hennann (App L, see laxmannite). It occun in mammillarr forms, having a CTTstaUine suiboo, Ccm leddiah orange ; powder jellow. The onaljais gave ;
The formula is Pb,P,0, +
Shepord has used the same name for a snppowd rahetaooe, the anstenoe of which ens ' b not proved; see Elrogatte, p. 41.
Phosphnraayllte. F. A. GaUh. Amer. Chem. J.. L, 98, 187B.
Ooours as a pulverulent incrustation ; shows with the miorcNCOpe leotangnlar loakt, with pearly lustre. Color deep lemon fellow, AnolTsiB:
P,0. UO, PbO H,0
11-80 71-73 4-40 10-48 ST-flt
1 M being praaent as cemssita, which was visible under the tokiv- 1 the ready becomea: P,0. 1208, UO, 76-71, H,0 II-SI 100. Fct duced; (UO,),P,0, + 6aq P.O. 18 76, UO, 77-56, H,0 aa ia water, and bocomee brownish tcIIow on cooling. BosilT aolnble is with other uranium minerals at the Flat Bock mine, HitoheD Co., iartx, feldspar, and mioa.
DojtpltriU, p. 68.
AFPBNDIX m. 98
Piolte. A. Nies Ber. Oberheas. G0. Nat. Heilk., xix., p. 112, 1880. A. Streng, J. Min., 1881, i., 116. . ., „
Amorphous ; in thin coatings, or in small stalactitic and spherical forms. H. 8-4, G. 2-&. Color dark brown. Streak yellow. Lustre vitreons to greasy. Translucent. Fracture subconchoidaL Anistropic. Analysis: Niee, after deducting 2*10 p. c. insoluble :
P,0 Fe,0, Al.Os n.O
24-47 46-50 100 2803 100.
Formula: PaOe + + 27aq [but, as Nies remarks, it is by no means sure that the mineral is homogeneous}. From the Meonore mine, near Bieben, and the Both- l&aachen mine, near Waldgirmes, m the neighborhood of Giessen. Closely related, as shown by Nies, to the Picites resinaceus of Breithaupt (Handb. Min., L, 897), and to a phosphate mentioned by Boricky (Ber. Ak. Wien, IyL, 16, 1867) as occurring at the Hrbek mine, St. Benigna, Bohemia.
PiCKEBiNOiTE, Mlu., p. 65d.~AnaL. Colorado City, Col., Ooldamithj Proc. Acad. Nat. 3c. PhiL, 1876, 888. Argentine Bepuolic (Schickenoantz), Braekebuach, Min. Argentin., 74, 1875.
A related mineral is called bonoicaitb by Goldsmtth (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1876,268). Crystalline. 6. 1*604. Silky lustre. Colorless. Analysis:
SO, A1,0, FeO MgO HO
(J) 88-54 801 1-78 7-88 [44-84] 100.
Formula: 8M04 + [AlsJSjOn + 88aq. From the neighborhood of the Geysers, Sonoma Co., California.
Picroallumogne of G. Boater (Boll. Com. (}eol., 1876, 803) is another mineral very near pickerinte. Stalactitic ; in nodiuar and fibrous radiated masses. Monoclinic or triclinic. Color white, with a rose-red tinge. Streak nearly white. Semi-translucent. Taste acid, bitter. Composition : 2aMgS0 -h [AlJS.Oi. + 28aq SO, 86*80, AlOs 9*48, MgO 7*86, HaO 46-36 100. Analysis:
SO, A1,0, MgO H,0
86-88 916 8-19 46-69, K,0 0-87, CoO tr. 99-79.
Fuses easily in its own water of crystallisation, and swells out, becoming opaque and porous. Dissolyes in slightly warmed water, forming an acid solution, from which oblique prisms resembling gypjmm separate on slow evaporation. Occurs with sulphur and melanterite, in the iron mine of Yigneria, Island of jQlba.
PiCBOHBRrrB.— Min., p. 642; App. II., p. 44. PiCROPiiABMACOLiTE.— Min., p. 555; App. II., p. 4.
PiCKosMiNE, Min., p. 405.— AnaL of a related mineral, Haslau, Pl5tzbachthaL Frmzti, Min. Petr. Mitth., iiL, 512, 1881.
PiCBOTBFHBOiTS. — See Tephroiie, p. 120.
PisDXOKTiTB, Min., p. 285. — CrystaUographic, optical, and chemical examination, peyreSf Z. Kryst., iy., 435, 1880.
Pllinita. A, von Lasaula, J. Min., 1876, 858.
Orthorhombic (on optical grounds). In minute (*005 to *01 mm.) prismatic crys*
94 AFPBHDIX m.
talB, having a rhombio section of aboat 120" and 60"; forming a fine felt-like maas, the needles often bent; resembles asbestos. Cieayage basal perfect, piiamatic distinct. G. 2*263. Lustre of needles silky. Color white to colorless. Needles pUable. Analjaa.
SiOi Al30>,Fe,0. GaO liiO HgO,NasO,E,0 H,0
65-70 l-64 19-61 [118] tr. 4-97 100.
The formula proposed is (Ca,Li,) [Alt] SiftOt* + aq. Fuses easily with strong intumescence to a sponge-like bead. Insoluble in adds, eren on boiling. Occurs with quarts, epidote, and stilbite in cayities in the granite of Striau, Silesia. Named from niXxroS, made o/feU,
PiloUte. Min. Mag., ii., 206, 1879.
Heddle has analyzed specimens of " mountain cork " (1, 2, 8, 4), and " mountain leather'* (6, 6, 7), from several localities in Scotland, with the following results:
SiO, A1,0> Fe,0, FeO MnO OaO MgO H,0* (total)
1. Portsoy 61-48 752 206 2-49 180 0*68 9-36 2504 99-76.
2. Cabrach 61-00 1288 0-09 2-68 0-08 7-64 24-74 99-73. 8. Tod Head 51-61 6-63 2-70 2-77 I'll 10-81 26-00 100-3. 4. Tay Port 64-37 11-27 0-21 1-09 0-33 098 9-49 22-41 100*16. 6. Tod Head 62*48 633 0-60 2*11 2-88 134 11-96 21-70 99*99.
6. Lead Hills 61-46 7-98 0*97 8-29 149 1*97 1016 21-70 98-99.
7. Boyne Bum 61-10 6-81 2-27 282 1-01 086 10-16 23-90 98-93.
H,0 at 100: In (1) 10'68. in (2) 10-64, in (3) 9*47, in (4) 9196, in (S) 5-90, in (6) 6-96, in (7) 9iL
The quantivalent ratio for the above is approximately, R : [Bs] : Si : H 4 : 3 : 20 : 15 and the calculated formula Mg [AliJSiioOsT, 15HsO.
The minerals have the characters ordinarily given under the names " mountain leather, and "mountain cork." Structure fibrous, more or less fiezible and tough. Color white to pale buff, gray, etc. They occur in granular limestone, in granite veins, and in veins in sandstones and slates. Heddle states that the above mineral is not an alteration product of a variety of hornblende, but a distinct species. Named from irlXo, felt. [Compare xylatUe, p. 406.]
Pdtitb, Min., p. 479; App. II., p. 44. — AnaL, formed from andalusite, San Piero, EIha, Qrattarola, BolL Com. Oeof., 1876, 383. S6dert6m, Sweden (rosite and polyargite), Baimgren, GeoL Par. F6rh., i., 188, 1878.
From Eastern Massachusetts, analyses, occurrence, etc., CVos&y, Am. J. Sc, HL, ziz., 116, 1880.
See also lolite, p. 63, KiUinite (under Spodumene), p. 112.
PiSANTTE, Min., p. 646. — Massa Marittima, Tuscany, optical ezaoL, etc, SOa 28*48, CuO 10-07, a Bintze, Z. Kryst., ii., 309, 1878.
PirnciTK. — Min., p. 689; App. IL, p. 44
Plaglocitrite. Sandberger; Singer, Inaug. Diss., p. 18, Wfirsburg. Monoclinic or triclinic. In microscopic crystals. G. 1-881. Color .emon yeUow. Translucent. Taste astringent. Analysis (after deducing 9*85 p. c. hygroscopic water):
SO, A1,0, Fe,0, FeO NiO CoO MgO CaO Na,0 K.O H,0
Formula BS04 + flUl S0 + 9aq. Easily soluble in water, the solution giving an acid reaction ; by boiling, FcaOs separates out free from SOs. Decomposes on exposure, beoomine orancfe yellow. B. B. swells up, fuses in its own water of aystallization, and leaves a brown spongy residue. Occurs with other related sulphates at the Banersbeig near Bischofsheim vor der BhOn; derived from the deoompoflition of pyrite.
AFPEKDIZ m. 96
Plagionite. — Min., p. 89; App. 11., p. 44.
Daubrie, C. R., litxx., 626, 1875.
Ural, associated with chrysolite, serpentine, chromite, Dauhrie, C. R., Ixxx., 707, 1875.
Nugget found near Plattsburgh, N. Y., analysis by CoUier, Am. J. Sc., III., xxi., 128, 1881. Weight 104*4 grams, G. 17*85 of platinum; G. 10*446 of mass consisting of 46 p. c. of platinum, and 64 p. o. of chiomite.
Pluhballophane. — App. I., p. 13.
Plumbioditb.— App. n., p. 44.
PLUMBOCUPBrrE. — App. U., p. 44.
Plumbomanganiie. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1., 161, 1877.
Massive, crystalline. G. 4*01. Color dark steel gray, with a bronze tinge when exposed to the air for some time. Analysis gave : Mn 49*00, Pb 80*68, S 20*73 100*41, lor which the formula SMnS + PbS is suggested. [An imperfect description of a single specimen of doubtful homogeneity and uncertain source is not a satisfactory basis for a new name.]
Flumbostannite. A. Baimondi, Minraux du P6rou, p. 187, 1878.
Amorphous; structure granular. H. 2. G. 4*5 (too low because of intermixed quartz).* Lustre feebly metallic. Color gray. Peel greasy, like phite. Slightly ductile. Intimately mixed with small crySals of quartz. Analysis (deducting 88*8 p. c. quartz) :
S Sb Sn Pb Fe Zn
B. B. gives on charcoal antimonial fumes and a lead coating; yields metallic tin. Dissolves completely in HCl to which a little HNO has been added. With concentrated nitric acid leaves a white residue of the oxides of tin and antimony and lead sulphate. From the district of Moho, province of Huancan6, Peru ; occurs with cassiterite and sphalerite. [Probably not homogeneous.]
PoLLUCiTE, Min., p. 2-19.— Orvst., Elba) Z. Kryst., vi., 200, 1881.
AnaL, Elba, Bammelaberg (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1878, 9, : Sid [4815], A1,0, 16*81, Cs,0
another analysis is given in ib., 1880, 669.
POLTABGYBFTE. — App. I., p. 12.
PoLYCBASE, Min., p. 528; App. 11., p. 44.— Oryst., Brdgger, Z. Kryst., iii., 484, 1879.
AnaL, Sm&land, Sweden, Blomstrand, Minnesskrift Fys. S&., Lund, 1878, p. 19 (Z. Kryst., iv., 524).
Polydymite. H Laepeyres, J. pr. Chem., II., xiv., 897, 1876.
Isometric; in octahedrons, frequently in polysynthetic twins, often tabular. Cleavage basal imperfect. H 4*5. G. 4*808-4*816. Lustre brilliant metallic on fresh fracture. Color light gray, easily tarnished. Analyses, 1, 2, Laspeyres, on 0*28 and 0-2 gr. :
S 40*27
Ni Co 68-51 0*61
Fe 8*84
4*12
Sb 0*51
As
1*04 99-78.
58*18
2*80 99*90.
96 APPivDiz m.
After dednctiiig impurities (gersdotfflte, uUmannite 6 p. c), anaL 1 beoomeB S ll'OS, 54-80, Co 0*68, Fe 100, and from this the ratio is obtained, R : S 4 : 5-OW, cotresponding to Ni4Si S 40*55, Ni 59*45 100.
Insoluble in HGl, soluble in HNOs with separation of sulphur. B. B. decrepitates, ii the closed tube gives a sulphur sublimate and fuses to a dark eileen magnetic bead. Occurs intimately mixed with gersdorffite, ullmannite, millerite, sidente, quartz, sphaleiite, ffalenite, bismuthinite, and other minerals, at Gr&nau, in Sayn-Altenkinmen, Westphak [Closely related to beyriohite (App. I., p. 8), if not identical with it.]
Laspeyres (ib., p. 406) egresses the opinion that the nickelwismuthglons, or von Kobsll (grilnauite of Nicol, Min. p. 47), from the same locality, isapolrdTmite, impfiR through the admixture of bismuthinite, aliso chaloopyrite, and galenite. This, considenBi the dStinct crystalline form of the mineral, seems, as urged by Kenngott (J. Min., lb'78, 180), to be doubtful, although perhaps true of the massive mineml analyzed oy von Kobe!
PoLYHAUTE, Min., p. 641; App. II., p. 44.— iVecW (Ber. Chem. Gea., xiv., 2138, W gives the following description of kbuoite, a supposed new mineral near polvhaUte, fbosd at the salt works of New Stassfurt : Crystalline. H. 3*5. G. 2*801. According tot miorosoopic and optical examination, a homogeneous compound. Analyses:
CaS04
K,S04
H,0
18*60
0-88 100.
68*85
4*20
Calculated formula : E,SO + MgSO + 4CaS04 + 2aq, requiring : CaS04 dS'Si MfiSO. 18*74, E,SO 19*90, H,0 412 100. In cold water the magnesium sulphate is disBohi andgrpsiun and the double mlt RtS04 + CaS04 + 2aq are iStt insoluble; in hot water magnesium and potassium sulphates are dissolved out, and only the gypsum is left beiuod. Named for the Mining Director, D. Krug, v. Nidda.
Po8epn3rte. J, van SehrHekinger, Verb. Q. Reichs., 1877, 128.
In plates and nodules, sometimes brittle, sometimes hard. Color generally dirt
Seen. G. 0*85-0*95. Separated by ether into two parts; analyses by Dietrich, (IW e portion soluble in ether ; (2), the insoluble portion:
H
71*84
9*95
18-21 100
84*27
11*74
8*99 100
The insoluble portion is regarded as being ozocerite, and for the rest the fonoiu C„H„04 is calculated, requinng, C 72*52, H 9*89, 0 17*59 100. From the Gwt Western mercury mine. Lake Co., CaUfomia.
Pbkdazzitb.— Min., p. 708; App. II., p. 45.
Pbehnite, Min., p. 410; App. n., p. 45.— Oryst., ZOptau, v. Bath, Z. Kryst, y.y
Pyro-electrical properties, HanktU, Wied. Ann., vi., 55, 1879.
AnaL (and cryst.), Tuscany, Gorsi, Boll. Com. Geol., 1878, 54; 1879, 155. Monte Catini (prehnitoid), Bechi, Z. Kryst, iv., 899; Trans. Accad. line. III., iiL, 114. l- Kuchelbad. near Prarue, Preis and Vrba, Ber. B5hm. Ges., 1879, p. 46& Between Hotfcavelica and Ayacucho, Prov. d*Angaraes, Peru, anal, (by Saldan), Raimondi, Min. 813, 1878. Templeton, Canada, Harrington, Geol. Canada, 1878.
ChlorastroUte (Min., p. 412) is shown by Hawes (Am. J. Sc., HI., x., 26. 1875) to be essentially an impure prehnite. An analysis gave him: SiOa 87*41, AUOa 24*63, FelS 2*21, FeO 118, MffO 8*46, CaO 22*20, Na,0 0*82 H,0 7*72 99*75. A microsocp* examination proved the want of homogeneity.
Zonochlorite (Appendix II., p. 68) is probably also an impure prehnite; Htxwes i'J: 8c., in., X., 24, 1875) obtiiined from an analysis of a dark green specimen: SiOtSS-H AUG, 19*41, Pe,0, 6*80, FeG 4*5 1, MgO 2*48, CaO 22*77, Na,0 tr., H,0 8*40 lOO-S*- Microscopic examination showed the presence of green earthy particles as impurities aJS' seminated through a white mineraL
APPENDIX m. 97
CaO
PeO
MgO
E,0
H,0
29*88
OlS
15-46 100.
17-9 100.
Pandermitb
line, resembling marble. Color snowwliite. M. M.r= S3'40. uaicuiatea composiuon, Ca,BeO,, + 3aq B.Oa 55-85, CaO 29-79, HaO 14-86 100. Analyses, 1, vom Bath; 2, Pisani, Min., p. 215, Paris, 1875
B,0. 1. 154-69] 3, [50-1]
Occurs in more or less irreg;nlar lumps or nodules of varying size up to a ton, in gray gypsum, at Pandemia, on the Black Sea.
A. Seaeehi, Att Accad. Napoli, tL, 1878 (Contrib. Min., ii, 65).
Silicon fluoride (SiFi), obseryed in the exhalations at Vesuyius at the time of the eruption in 1872.
Pboustite, Min., p. 96; App. II., p. 45.— Oryst, Chafiaroillo, Chili, Streng, J. Min., 1878, 900.
PsEunoAPATXTE, Min., p. 581.— Psendomorphous after pyromorphite, from the Chur prinz mme, near Freiberg; analysis : P.O. 89-28, CaO 56 66, SO, l-4i, CO, [2-64], CI or. 100, Frenzd, Min. Petr. Mitth., iiL, 864, 1880.
Pseadobrookite. A. Koch, Min. Petr. Mitth., i., 77, 844, 1878; Oanna/rd, Mem. Aa Lyon, xxiv., 161, 187-80; Schmidt, Z. Kryst, vi., 100. 1881. Orthorhombio ; in thin tabular (parallel v-C) rectangolar crystals, resembling some forms
of brookite. Planes (Groth, Z. Kryst., ill, 806), 1-4, M, /, i-5, 1-4, H, 1-1, 1-fi; f-l A 1 54', i-l A 1-4 138" 41'. Cleavage brachydiagonal, distinct; vertically striated. H 6. G. 4-98. Lustre adamantine on ciystaUine faces, on fracture surfaces greasy. Color dark brown to black ; the thinnest crystals red and translucent. Streak oohre yellow. Fracture uneven to suboonchoidal.
Analysis (on 01 gr.) : TiO, 52-74, Fe,0. 4229, ign. 069, AlaO,, CaO. MgO, SiO, tr. 95-72; the state of oxidation of the iron is in doubt. The author regards it as dimor-
Shous with menaccanite. B. B. nearly infusible; reacts for iron and titanium with the uxes. Decomposed in part by boiUng HCl, wholly so by HaSO. Found with szaboite, in cavities in the andesite of the Aranyer Ber, Transylvania; also with szaboite and tridymite in the trachyte of Biveau Grand, Monte Dore.
Groth (1. c.) shows that the crystaUographic determinations of Koch are faulty, and that the crystals may be referred to the axes of brookite by making i-l the basal plane, with which it maj be identical, only difleriuff in the large amount of iron. Vom Itath, however (Ber. med. Ges. Bonn, March 8, 18y9), thinks this improbable, on the und that, with this change of position, the analogy with brookite in the vertical striation would no longer exist; he also urges that, as yel no one of the three forms of TiOi has been found in ▼oloanio rocks.
Pseudoootonnite. A. Seaeehi, Att. Accad. Napoli, vi., 1878 (Contrib. Min, ii., 88). Observed in acicular yellow opaque crystals, destitute of lustre, accompanying cotunnite, at Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of 1872. Composition probably PbCla + KCl.
PSEunoKALACHiTE, Min., p. 568; App. II.. p. AS.Sehrauf (Z. Kryst., iv., 1., 1879) uses Bemhardi's name, lunnite, for the group of minerals which have beien included (see Min.) under PSEUDOMALACHrrE, on the hardly sufiftcient ground that the latter name suggests only the indistinctly crystalline or massive forms, which resemble malachite. For the crystalline varieties, which are pseudo-monoclinic (triclinic), have G. 4*4, and correspond mostly to CUftPaH40i3, he uses the name dihydriie (Dv, they show no loss at 200 . The names ehlUeOS) BkXii (P) he gives to the compounds CusPsHeOis and CuP9H0m, respectively, and regards the three as entering in varying proportions to form the different massive varieties; tne latter have a lower specific gravity, and lose water on ignition at 200°. Analyses: 1, '*dihydrite,"ory8talline variety from Rheinbreitbach ; 2, "ehlite," is
P,0.
CuO
G. 4 809
G. 4102
G. 4-175
G. 4166
69*11
98 Afpknbix Hl
light grayish green hemispherical forms, from Ehl; 8, pseudomalachite, xeaembling mala cmte in structure, from Nischne-Tagilsk; 4, spherical form, with oonoentric stractnre, doep emerald green, from Libethen.
H,0
6-76, FeO 019 100*06.
7-59, FeO 080, SiOi 8-01 99-94.
8-09 100-84.
8-02, FeO 0-22, SiO, 0-11 9982.
According to SchrauTs view, anaL 1 corresponds to a molecular mixture of 3D + IP: 2, after deducting 8-8 p. c. chrysoooUa (CuHaSiOi + aq), to simply "dihydrite;" 8, to D + E-f-P; 4, to4P + 2E + D; where the letters D,E,P nare the yalues explained above. [A more extended chemical study of these minerals, wiUi regard to the possible mechank mixtures in the massive varieties with concenMc structure, is needed to establish the value of this very artificial hypothesis.]
Pseadonatrolite. Graitarola, Att Soc. Tosc., iv., 229, 1879 (BoU. Com. GeoL, ISrit 284).
Orthorhombic(?). In minute, needle-like cqrstals, 0*5 mm. thick; cfTBtals not terminated, six planes in the prismatic zone. Extinction parallel to the axis. H. 6-6. LustR vitreous to pearly. Colorless, white in the mass. Analysis:
SiO, A1,0. CaO MgO LitiO,Na,0,E,0 H,0
B. B. fuses less readily than natrolite. Partially soluble in HCL From the granite d Sui Piero, Elba. [Needs further examination.]
PsBUDOFHiTE.— See PmntniUy p. 90.
PsiLOMiELANE, Miu., p. 180.— Salm Chateau, Belgium, analyses, discussion of oompoeition, LaspeyreSy J. pr. Ch., II., xiii., 1, 176, 1876. Laspeyres mentions especially the *'lithium-p8ilomelane," or LrrHioPHORFTE, as described by Frenzel (App. L, p. 9).
According to Weishach, the kakochlor, from Rengersdorf, near Grlitz, belongs with lithiophorite. An analysis by Iwaya is quoted by him (J. Min., 1878, 846), and a second is quoted by Frenzel, J. Min., 1880, li., 118 (see also J. Min., 1879, 65).
A variety of psilomelane, from Ealtebom, is called calvoniobitb by LaspeyreSj J. pr. Ch., II., xiii., 226, 1876.
PsitUcinite. F. A, 6, Am. J. Sc., III., xii., 86, 1876. New tellurate of lead and copper, id., Proo. Am, Phil. Soc., xiv., 2:?9, 1874 (Appendix II., p. 65).
in thin crypto-crystalline coatings, sometimes small mammillary or botryoidal ; also puL verulent. Color siskin-green to olive-green, sometimes with grayish tint. Analyses, Genth (1. c), on material more or less impure through admixture of quartz and limonite :
V,05
14*64
PbO
CuO
9*75 16*66
H,0 undet
undet. undet.
SiO.
A1.0,
Fe,0. MgO CaO 219 0-65 015.
2-72 undet
The mean quantivalent ratio deduced from the above for Pb: CuiY: H 1:0*99:2-25: 2-15 9:9 :20 : 18, corresponding to the formula 8Pb,V,0,. + CuaVaO. + 0CuH,O, + 12aq, which requires : ViO 19*82, PbO 63-15, CuO 18-96. H.O 8*58 100. Related to
APPENDIX m. 99
chileite, Min., p. 613. B. B. foses easily to a black, shining mass. Reacts lor lead, cop. per, and vanadium with the fluxes. Soluble in dilute nitric acid.
Occurs associated with gold, cerussite, chalcopyrite, and limonite, on ouartz, at the Iron Bod mine, and New Career mine, in the Silver Star District, Montana. Named from psittcicinus siskin or parrot green.
PucHEBiTB, App. I., p. 12; II., p. 45.Made artificially, Fremel, J. Min., 1876, 680. Occurrence at the " Anne Hilfe' mine, at Uilersrenth, near Hirschberg, Vogtland, and at the mine ''Sosaer GlQck," at Sosa, near Eibenstock, Weisbaeh, J. Min., 1880, iL, lia.
Ptrargtritb, Min., p. 94; App. 11., p. 45. — Ozyst., Audreasberg, vom JteUh, Pogg. Ann., dviii., 422, 1876. Chafiarcillo, Chili, Streng, J. Min., 1878, 918; also anal. (p. 916) showing 8*8 p. c. As. Andreasberg, Freiberg, etc., Oroih, Min.-Samml. StrassDurg, p. 62.
Ptbichbolite. — App. U., p. 46.
PTBrrE, Min., p. 62 ; App. U., p. 46.— Oryst. Waldenstein, Carinthia, SelmfMekert Min. Mitth., 1876, 18. V, Kokseharof, Min. RussL, viii., 190, 1878. Oroth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 81, 1878. Ordubad, Russian Armenia, Webt, ZS. G. G., xzxi., 222, 1879. Przibram, Vrha, Z. ., iv., 867, 1880. Btekstein, Salzburg, v. Zwharovteh, Lotos, 1876 (Z. Kryst., ▼., 270, 1880). Grystallo-genetio observations, SShorff, Abh. Senck. Oes., 1878.
Recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubrie, C. B., Ixzx., 605, 1876.
Analyses, Girard and Marin, Ann. Ch. Phys., V., yii., 229, 1876.
Ptbholamfiute. — App. IL, p. 46.
Ftboausite, Min., p. 179. — Described by Heddle (Min. Mag., ii., 107, 1878), from the island of Haaf-Grunay, Scotland. Occurs in thin seams in serpentine. Structure obscurely
Lvi, Oa
Xtoaj Aaa Ww.
MgO
HaO
COa
1-0:3 100-22.
1-08 100-56.
28*68
86-5?6
100-60.
B. B. infusible, becomes chocolate brown, and strongly magnetic. Soluble in acids. Heddle proposes to call this mineral lOELSTSfiMrrE (after the discoverer), instead of pyroauxite, on the ground that the golden color is not essential.
Ptboohlobb, Min., p. 612; App. IL, p. 46.— See Hcdchettoliie, p. 66.
Ptboohboitb, Min., p. 177. — Mossgrufya, Wermland, Sjfdffren, Geol, F5r. P5rh., ii., 681, 1876 ; iu., 181, 1876; ir., 159, 1878. NordenakiCld (anal, by Stahie), iy., 168, 1878. Oooiirs with manganosite (q. ▼.).
Pyroconite. — See Plaohnottte, p. 88.
Pyroldesine. C. U. Shepctrd, Cat. Meteorites, 1872. — substance near serpentine. Tha mean of two analyses gave : SiO. 42-46, MgO 88-07, FeO 6-86, H.O 16*40. De Begla, Cuba.
Ptrolusite, Min., p. 166 ; App. II., p. 46.— Formed artificially, Ednnay, Min. Mag., ii., 90, 1878.
Groth shows (Min.-Samml. Strassbnrg, p. 112, 1878), on the basis of measurements by Hirsch, that / A / 99" 80'.
Coinposition of the <'Braunstein group discussed, Laepeyrea, J. pr. Oh., n., xiii., 176 216, 1876.
100 APFDnnx m.
From Gosftlpur, Jabalpor distr., India anaL F. B. MaM, Bee GeoL Sorr. Indian zii 99. 1879.
Ptbomorfhite, Min.,p. 535; App. II., p. 45.— Orvit, Mine FnedrichaB. in Naaaui. SeligmaHfiy Verh. Nat. Ver. Bonn, zzzul, 257, 1876.
Baumhauer shows by the resolts of etching with solyente, that the crjstaJs are pyramid allv hemihedral, J. Min., 1876, 411.
On the relation of uniaxial pyromorphite to biaxial mimetite, Bertrtmd, BnIL Soc Hicl, iv., 36; JanneUaz, ib., p. 89, 1881; Jannettaz and MieKel, ib., p. 196 (see MimiU, p. 81).
AnaL, Dembach, Nassau, EQger, J, Min., 1879, 183.
Pyrophotphorite. (7. U. Shepard, Jr., Am. J. Sc. III., xr., 49, 1878.
Massive, earthy. H. 3-3*5. Q. 2*50-2*58. Color snow-white, dull; also in part bluish gray, witn small botryoidal structure. Analysea : Shepard (1. c. mean of tvc analyses; 2, same, after deducting impurities.
PiO. MgO GaO Fe,0s,Al,0s SO. SiO. ign.
2. 51*67 8*17 45*16 100.
From 2, above, the following formuU is calculated : Mg.PsOT + + GaaPAV which requires : P.Ot 51*57, OaO 45*20, MgO 8 23 100. Named in allusion to its appv eat composition as a pyrophosphate. From the West Indies ; exact locality unlmowiL [Was the material analyzed homogeneous ? Needs further examination.]
Ptrophtlutb, Min., p. 454; App. II., p. 46.— Analysei, Hdmhatker, Min. Petr. MittL. ii., 256, 1879. DewaUme, Bull Soc. Geol. Belg., yi., 150, 151, 1879. As petnrug rial, GerUh, Am. Phil. Soc. Phihid., xviii., 259, 1879. A related mineral fromDeisba Helsingland, JoUn, GeoL F5r. ., i., 237, 1873.
Ptrosmaute, Min., p. 414; App. II., p. 46. — Nordmark, anaL and discussion of compO' sition, Ludufig, Min. Mitth., 1875, 211. Occurrence at the Kogrufra (formerhr Bjtlkoi* flTufra), Nordmark, Sjdffren, Qeol. F5r. ., iL, 409, 1875. Diuinemora, auL. IJngstrihn, GeoL Ffir. F6rh., iiL, 116, 1876.
Ptbostilpnttb, Min., p. 98.— Probable occurrence at Schemnitz, Hungarr, Seeke Mia Petr. Mitth., iL, 94, 1879.
A mineral from Chaflarcillo, Chili, is described by Streng as pyrostilpnite (J. Min., 187 917) ; but Sehrauf shows that it has the same form as rittinsente, as determined bj hix 'J. Min., 1879, 144), and the true character of it is still in aoubt, Streng, J. Min.,'
S
Pyroxene, Min., p. 212; App. IL, p. 46.— Onrst. (angite). Bell, near Laach, Ldupeym, Z. Kryst., i., 203, 1877. Nordmark, Slfdgren, GeoL FOr. FOrh., iy., 364, 1879. Achmatoin UraL lamellar twin growth, vom Kaih, Z. Kryst., y., 495, 1881. Nordmark, Lekmamk, Z. Kryst., y., 1881. Vtm Kokacharrf, Min. RussL, yiii., 234, 1881.
Thermo-electrical characters, HanJcel Wied. Ann., L, 279, 1877.
Augite and biotite crystals, in parallel position, do. hornblende, Vesuyius, vom RatK J. Min., 1876, 389. Analyses of aute and hornblende associated together, Hiawea, Am J. Sc., III., xyi., 397 (Report Min. Lith. New Hampshire, p. 68).
Anal. (dioMide), Nordmarksberg, Nauckhoff, QtwH, F5r. F5rh., i., 167, 1878. lAi%ta3Bi (richterite), Engrdm, Geol. F5r. F5rh., ii., 469, 1875. Finhind (malacoliteX CEIt. FUisL Yet. Soc., xyii., 70, 71, 1874-5. Santorin, Fouqui, G. R.. Ixxx., Mar., 1875. Altered to uralite, Harrington, GeoL Canada, 1878. Kaiserstuhl (3*55 p. c. TiOy), Knap, Z. Kryst. L, 64, 1877. Wallenfels, near Dillenburg (chromdiopside), Oebbeke, Z. Kiyst.. ii./lOi Dun Mt., New Zealand, ffilger, J. Min., 1879, 129. Amherst Co., Va., Page, Ch. Nein. xlii., 194, 1880. Wiesenthal, Baden (diallage), PeUrwn, J. Min., 1881, i, 264.
Analyses of Scottish yarieties, witn discussion of the products of alteration, Heddk, Trans. Roy. Soc. Ed., xxviiL, 453, 1878.
Discussion of composition, with analyses, DlUter, Min. Mitth., 1877. 65; Min. FetL Mitth., L, 49, 1878; iL, 193, 1879; iiL, 450, 1880.
APPENDIX nL 101
Ardfldally made (augite), vom Bath, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, July 3, 1877 ; do., diopside, Oruner, C. B., IzzxnL, 07, 1878.
Ptbshitb, Min., p. 788; App. 11., p. 46.— See Microlite, p. 80.
Ptrbhotite, Min., p. 68; App. 11., p. 46. — Ozyst twin, Elizabethtown, Ontario (anaL by Harrington), E. S, Dana, Am. J. Sc., zi., 886, 1876. Bottino, Italy, OraUarola Com. QieoU 1876; IAehia/rdi, Att Soc. Tosc., iL, 114, 1876. Auerbach, Roih, Ber. Oberhess. Gee. Nat. Heilk., 1878, 45. Chafiarcillo, Chili, , J. Min., 1878, 925. Strong urges that pyrrhotite is ieomorphoos with stembergite, and shonld be regarded as orthorhombic, with pseudo-hexagonal symmetry due to twinning (see StembergiU, p. 116.
AnaL, Todtmoos (1*8 p. c. Ni), MuUekler, Ann. Gh. Pharm., clxzzy., 208. American specimens, containing Ni, Bow, Min. Mag., i., 124, 1877. Poison's Lake, N. S. (077 Ni), HarHngUm, Can. Nat, 11., ix., 807, 1880.
Analyses with discussion of composition, LindtMfm, CEfy. Ak. Stockh., xzxii., No. 2, 23, 1875; HabermeM, Ber. Oberhess. Ges. Nat Heilk., xyiii., 88, 1879.
QuABTS, Min., p. 189; App. n., p. 46.— OrysL, La Gardette, Dauphin, twin (P2) Chnnard, Yerh. med. Ges. Bonn, zxxi., 189, 1874. Japan, twin with inclined axes, vom J2a/A, Pogg.Ann., cly, 57, 1875. Twin (i-2), Pog. Ann., clyiii., 220, 1876. Oberstein, V. Lasaulz, J. Min., 1876, 264 On calcite crystals in parallel position, pseudo-twins i-2, E, 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., xii., 448, 18;6 (see also J. Min., 1876, 171, 406, 780). With basal pkoie, Lehman, Ber. Nat Gfes. Leipzig, March 12, 1875 ; Jfasyn, Z. Kryst , i., 67. Brazilian amethysts, CHroth, Z. Kryst, i., 297, 1877. Pyrogene quartz in laya, Lehmann, Verb. Nat. Ver. Bonn, xxziy., 208. 1877. Kremnitz, vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Dec. 8, 1877 Kiy , ii., 99, 1878). Oroth, Min.-Samml. Btrassburg, p. 92, 1878. Striegau, Silesia, Webskif, Z3. G. Ges., xxx., 874, 1878. Bohemia, Krefc%, Ber. Ges. B5hm., 1879, 80. Keichenstein, Silesta, Hare, Z. Kryst., iy , 298. Z6ptau, Morayia, vom Bath, Z. Kryst., y., 1, 1880. Dissentis, vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Noy. 8, 1880. Remarkable crystals from Alexander Co., N. C, Hidden, Am. J. So., IIL, xxiL, 28, 1881. Von Kokecharof, Min. RussL, yiii., 127, 1881.
Grystallo-ffenetio obseryations, Seharff, AbhandL Senck. Nat. Gee., 1874; J. Min., 1876, 168. Containing liquid carbon dioxide (COa), SarOey, J. Ch. Soc., II., xiy., 187, 287. Containing COa and NaCl, from pegmatite, in Norway, !&e2tofKl, Arch. Math. Nat. Christ., ii, 445, 1877. Middlefleld, N. Y., indosures, Hinchwatd, J. Min., 1879, 878 ; Lew%9, Pr. Ac Nat. So. Phil., 1880, 292. Inclosing much CO9, Branchyille, Conn., and other localities (smoky quartz), Hawee, Am. J. Sc., III., xxL, 208, 1881. Analysis of gases in BranchviUe smoky quartz (CO„N,HaS,SO,,H,N,P), A, W. Wright, Am. J. Sc., HI., xxi., 209,1881.
Rotatory effect for heat rays of spectrum, Deaaina, C. R., Ixxxiy., 1066; same for ultrayiolet, Soret and Saraain, ib., Ixxxiy., 1862. Accurate determination of indices of refraction for different rays, Saraain, C. R., Ixxxy., 1280, 1878. Circular polarization for different temperatures, Joubert, C. R., Ixxxyii., 497. 1878; Sohneke, Wied. Ann.,iii., 516, 1878; von Lang, Posr. Ann., dvi., 422, 1875. Pyro-electrio characters, Hankel, Wied. Ann., x., 618. Specific grayity determinations. Church, GeoL Mag., II., ii., 821, 1875.
Made artificially, HaiUefeuiUa, C. R., Ixxxyi., 1188, 1194, 1878; xc, 880, 1880 (Bull. Sou. Min., L, 1, 1878); also Friedel and Saraain, Bull. Soc Min., ii, 118, 1879.
A yariety of quartz, haying a "peculiar metallic pearly lustre," and forming a coating on ordinary quartz crystals, nas been called coTTEBm by Harkneaa (Min. Mag., ii., 82, 1878), from Rockforest, Ireland.
An impure yariety of silica, occurring in white earthy masses, is called pisstite by E, Marehand, Ann. Ch., Phys., V., i., 392, 1874
RAsmoNiTE. — App. If P- 18.
Rabdophane. — See Rhabdophane, p. 108.
Raimonditb, Min., p. 656. — Optical characters, Cloieeaux, BnlL Soc. Min., iy., 41,
Ralbtohits, App. I., p. 18; n., p. 47.— Analogous to garnet in optical character, biax
ia], tritli an angle 00° (see p. 50), Berirand, BulL Soc. Hin., ir., 84, 1681. Aa-ariiag toBr.aidi, ciuoted by Groth rTabell. Uebere. Min., p. &, 126, 188S), the true formula is + 8tAl,]F, + BH.O.
KEL8BEE0ITE, Min., p. 77; App. II., p. 47.- ), Chili, Domeyko, Min. Chill, 8d ed., p. 18(
Randite. A canopy-veUov incnutadon on gnnite, at Frankford, near Philadelplua. Penn., is described Ac. Nat. Sc. Philftd., 1878, 408) as a hydrous carbonate of calcium and unciiuni. He gives an analysis, made on a very small amoanE (0-MT gr.) of impure material : [CO, 26-84], U,0, 81 63, CaO 33-60, H,0 8-63 - 100. T. D. Rand (ib., 1880, 274) Bhowa that the coating consists largely of calcit, and after this has beeu removed by acetic acid, there remain the unattaoked tofts of acicutar crystals of landite; these, dissolved in hydrochloric acid, yielded largely of calcium and uranium, with a trace of phosphoric acid, alumina, etc. He justly adds, that further inneligatiou is needol to establbh the composition of the minenL
- RiDiTE. — App. n., p. 47.
Realoak, Uin., p. 28.— Oryat- Binnenthal, Groth, Min.-Samml. Stnuebnrg, p. 20. 187S. Fletcher, Phil. Mag., V., ii.. 189, 1880.
Occurrence in trachyte, of Tolfa, Bome, Italy, Sella, Accad. Line. Trans., UL, i., 0& 1677. In Iron Co., Utah, IF. i*. Blake, Am. J. Sc., UI., xxL, 219, 1881.
lUddlngltA J. Brush and K 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc, UL, xtL, 120. 1878; itwi, xvtU, 865, 1870.
Orthorhombio, habit octahedrsl. Axes, e (rert) :S:i I -OGSO : 1-1534:1. Observed plane* (see figure): Up), 1-2 (a), /a/=8°6', ji AJ lJ4°44'and 103° 10' (terminal) llu' 48' (basal); f A 0 144° 80'. Also granolar, maadve. Cleara distinct in one direction. H. - 8-35. G. 8 102. Lustre rimous to sub-resinous. Color pale roae-pink to yellowiah- white. sometimes dark reddish-brown on surface from altretioa. Translucent to transparent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Fim* mula: Mn.P.O. + 8aq. Percentage composition : P,Ot 8l'78, MuO 63-08, H,0 1330 100. Analyses: I, H. L. Wells, after dednc*- ing 13-08 p. o. quarti ; S, after deducting 4'43 p. o. quarts
P.O. FeO MnO CaO Na,0 H,0
1. (i) 84 53 6 48 48-39 078 0 18-08 100-4L 8. 8516 7 89 4823 0-71 127 99-25.
In the closed tube, first whitens, then turns yellow, and finally brown, but does not become magnetic. Fuses in the naked lamp-flame. B. B. colors the fiame palegreen.and fusee easily to a blackish-brown non-magnetic globule. Reacts fur manganese and iron with the fluxes. Soluble In acids. OccurKparingatBraDchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with flUowite, fairfleldite, dickinsonite, in a vein of albitic granite. Black octahedral crystala, pseudoraorphs attr reddinte, are also found. Named from Redding, the name of tne town in which the locality is situated.
In crystalline form, reddingite is closely related to scorodite and stiengite, bnt differs from them in composition, containing but three equivalents of water, and having the metals in the nmtoiide state.
., p. 13.
Epeomite, p. 43.
Uaeh, Z. gesammt. Nat. m., iii., 664, 1878; IMeeke, J. Min., 1879,
t.) — 1-279 (approi.). In octahedral crystals, with \-t as narro* 133° 8' (basal) 108° 88' (pyi.). deavage, /, indiatlnat B. 1.
nL 103
Q, 6'640. Lustre dull, sabmetallio. Color blackisli brown. Streak brown. Opaque, except in the thinnest splinters. Fracture uneven. Analysis, E. Schmidt :
WOi FeO
75-47 24-88 CaO, MgO tr. ©9-80.
Formula : FeWO* W0 76*81, FeO 28-68 100. Same composition as wolframite, but differs in form ; probably isomorphous with scheelite and wulfenite. B. B. fuses to a dark brown slaggr bead, which is not magnetic. With salt of phosphorus in 0. F., brownish red, in B. F., with metallic tin, grayish green. In aqua regia dissolves, with the separation of yellow tungsten trioxide. Occurs with large quartz crystals, from Kimbraan, in Kei, Japan. Named for Prof. Bein, of Marburg, who Drought the mineral from Japan. [A psendomorph?]
Beissite, App. L, p. 14— See EpiatiUnte, p. 42.
Besanite.— App. n., p. 48.
Besin.— AnaL Greenland, Ohydmius, Geol. FOr. ., ii, 549, 1876. Obersohlesien, o. Lauaulx, Z. Eryst., v., 845, 1881. For various fossil resins, see list on p. ziii,
Bestosmeutb.— App. L, p. 18.
BsTDnTE. Pitchstone (Des Cloizeaux, Min., p. 846), from Bossia, anal, Piscmi, Bull. Soc. Min., ii., 42, 1879.
Bhabdite. a mineral (anal, by Camot : Fc 84-28, P 1210, As 1-66, S 175, C tr. 99 78) formed by combustion in the coal mines of Commentry, France, is referred by Mai' lewd (Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 280, 1881) to the meteoric mineral called rhabdite by Bose.
Rhabdophane. Lettsom, Z. Kryst, iii., 191, 1878 ; L. de BoUiba/udan, C. B., Ixxzvi., 1028, 1878.
Named from two specimens in the Oxford University collection, which have for fifty years gone by the name of blende, from Cornwall : exact source unknown. By a spectroscopic examination Leiisom has found it to give the absorption bands of didymium and erbium, and concludes that it is a phosphate of those bases. Boiahaudran remarks that monazite gives the same results with tne spectroscope, so that rhabdophane might be a variety of that species. Berircmd finds that the mineral is uniaxial and positive (Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 58, 1880) ; an analysis gave : PaO 2770, CeaO,pi,0,,La,0) 67-20. In optical character, it is shown, consequently, to aree not with monazite, but with cryptolite and phosphocerite (Min., p. 529), with which it has the same oompositioiu
Bhagite. — App. H, p. 48. Bhodite.— App. XL, p. 48.
Bhodoohbostte, Min., p. 691 ; App. II., p. 48. — Oiyst, Daaden, Bheinprovinz, WeiM, ZS. G. Ges., xxxL, 801, 1879. Eleonore mine (Louise mine, according to Seiigmann), Horhausen, Sansoni, Z. Kryst., v, 250, 1880.
Pseudomorph after alabandite and barite, DdU, Verh. G. Beichs., 1875, 95.
Anad., MoSt-Fontaine, Ardennes, de Kaninek, Bull. Ac. Belg., II., xlvii., 568, 1879.
A variety of rhodochrosite has been called hanoakosideeite by Bayer (Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, xii., Mav 10, 1878). In appearance it resembles sphsrosiderite. An approximate analysis gave: MnCOs 54-0, FeCOs 88-8, CaCO. 6-84, MgCO, tr., corresponding nearly to 2MnC08 + FeCOa. FVom Dobschau, Fels6banya, Nagybanya, Kapnik, m Hungary.
Deposits of a ferriferous manganese carbonate, at MoSt- Fontaine (Bahier), Belgium, are described by Ftrket, Mem. Soc. Geol. Belg.. v., 88, 1878 ; Bull. Soc. Geol. Belg., vi., 152, 1879. Penjield has analyzed a variety from BranchviUe, Conn., with 16 76 FeO. Am. J, Sc.y III., xviiL, 50, 1679. For other intermediate varieties, see Siderite, p. 109.
104 m.
Rhodonite, Min., p. 925.— Orygt Pajsberg, Sweden (pajsbezgiteX ISfgr, CM. F5i P6rh.. v., 269, 1881. Occorronce in the Ural, Lebedef, Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet, IL, xiiL, 1, 1878.
AnaL (18 p. c. CaO bustamite), Langban, LMstrUm, (Bfy. Ak. FOrh. Stockh., ., 6, p. 67, 1880,
A variety of rhodonite from Franklin Furnace, N. J., is called KSATDram hj Shepud (Contrib. Min., 1876), it contains 6 6 p. c. ZnO fowlerite).
RiONiTE.— App. I., p. 14.
BiFiDoiJTE, Min., p. 497; App. n. p. 48.— See Pnnimte, p. 90.
RiTTiKOEBiTB, Min., p. 94; App. U., p. 48.— Oocuib at SchemnitE, Hnngazy, BeAe, BCin. Petr. Mitth., ii., 94, 1879. See also FyrodUpnite, p. 90.
RiYOTrrE. — App. IL, p. 48.
Rogenito. J. L. amth. Am. J. So., in., ziii , 867, 1877.
Massiye. As a thin mammiUaiT crust on samarsldte. H. 8 '5. G-. 8 '813. Golc? white. Analyses (stated to be oniy approximate) : 1, Gb,Oft 1810, Y,0, etc 60*12, H-O 17*41 96-63; 2, Gb,0 20 21, H.O 1684, Y3O, undet Considered as a deoompostioe
Sroduot of samarskite, with which, and with hatchettolite, it occurs in Mitch Co., K. C. Tamed after Prof. Wm. B. Rogers. [Needs further examination.]
RoBMEsiTE, Min., p. 666.— Oryst., LOdeeke, Z. gesammt. Nat IIL, ▼., 407, 889, 1880.
RoEPPEBiTE.— App. n., p. 49.
RoMEiTE, Min., p. 647.— According to Bertrand, the octahedral are formed br the grouping of 8 rhombohedral crystals of 90° about the central point, BalL Soc Min., iv., 240, 1881.
Roscoelito. ' J. Blake, Am. J. So., m., xiL, 81, 1876; Genth, ib., p. 82. M. S, Bottoi, Proc. Roy. Soc., xxv., 109, 1876. Genih, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., xvii., 119, 1877, or Z. Kryst, ii.,8, 1877.
Micaceous in structure: basal cleayage perfect. Scales minute, often arranged in stellate or fan-shaped groups. Biaxial, acute bisectrix native, normal to cleavage, (Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc Min., i., 61, 1878; iv., 66, 1881).
Soft. G. 2*902 (Rosooe); 2*921, 2*988, purest (Genth). Lustre pearly, indiniog to submetallic. Color dark clove brown to greenish brown, dark brownish green. Amy ses : 1, Genth (uEter deducting 0*86 gold, quartz, etc.); 2, 8, Roscoe.
SiOa V,0, AlaO. Fe,0, Mn,0 FeO MgO CaO Na,0 K,0 Li,0 H,0
1. 47-69 20-66 1410 1-67 200 019 7-69 tr. 4 96 98'71
2. 41-26 28-86 V,0. 14-84 104 146 1-96 0 61 072 8-26 0 94hyginec.
[water 2*12 101 51
8 28-86 V,0. 18-94 1-28 086 206 0-62 0-92 8%7 1-22 hygiwt
[water 2 42.
In his first paper, Genth gives five other analyses, made on material more or leas import He also announces the vanadium as present as VsOn 2V08 + VsOi), but in the Ister publication regards it possible that it is all ; he shows that the mineial is always looR or less impure through mechanical admixture, and on thisjnound questions the oorrectDes of Rosooes results. Genth deduces the formula +4Aq, whic3 requires: SiO, 49-33, A1,0, 14-09, V.O, 20-62, FeO 164, MgO 188, K,0 7-55, H,0 4M 100. Rosooe, on the other hand, mies the mineral a vwado-silicate, thus : 4AlV0i - K4SioO„ 4- aq, which requires : SiO, 41-18, V,0. 2768, A1,0, 16-59, K,0 14-24, H,0 100. B. B. fuses easily to a black glass. Gives with salt of phosphorus a dark yello* bead 0. F., and an emerald green bead R. F. Only slightly acted upon by acids.
iFPBNDiz m. 105
and flllin lo Co., Call-
California {ffanka Uin. Sc, Press,' June 25, 1881). Hanks remarks, that at the Granite Ciek locality, some 400 or 500 lbs. of the mineral have been discovered, which were wasted in the extraction of the gold.
Genth also describes (L c.) a mineral occurring in the Magnolia District, Colorado, as a thin earthy incrustation, of a grayish to olive green color on calaverite, also inclosed in auartz, and ving it a green color. An analysis of the quarts gave : Quartz 79 '88, Te 1*05, An 0'08 =80*40; the balance (19*5 p. o is assumed to belong to the green mineral which forms the coloring matter. An analysis of this, after the deduction of the quartz, gave (mean of 5 partial analyses) : SiO, 5674, A1,0 1902, VaO, 7-78, PeO 8-84 MgO 268, Na,0 0-94, KaO 8*11, MnO,LiaO tr., HsO undet. 99-66. Genth regards this as probably closely related to roscoelite, perhaps a variety.
BosEUTE, Min., p. 660; App. n., p. 49.— Analyses by Winkhr, J. pr. Oh. 11., xvL, 86 1877 (quoted by Weisbaoh Jahrb. B.-HHttenwesen, 1877).
GoO
CaO
MgO
H,0
885 - 100-72.
52*41
8-22 100*05.
These correspond to the formula : RsAstOs + 2aq (not 8aq, Schrauf); if Ca:Co:Mg 10:8 : 2, then the formula gives : As,0 52*89, CoO 1025, CaO 25-51 MgO 8*65, H,0 8*20 100.
Rosteriie. — See Beryl, p. 18. .
BOSTHOBNTTB. — App. 11., p. 40.
BnbisUte. ffeddU, Trans. Soo. Edinb., zxiz., 112, 1879.
A dark green compact granular or fine foliated aggregate. G. 2*44. Analysis : SiOi 87-85, A1,0, 10-92, Pe,0, 9*84, FeO 901, MnO 046, CaO 4-22, MgO 800, K0 8 83, H,0 16*18 99*70. Completely decomposed by hydrochloric acid. B. B. fuses to a brown slu. From the granite of Rubislaw, near Abenleen, Scotland. |To be classed with the alreaofy too large iSt of doubtful substances of the so-called " chlorite group."]
RuTiLE, Min., p. 159; App. II., p. 49. — Oryst., paramorphs after arkansite (brookite). Magnet Cvc, vom RcUhj J. Min., 1876, 897; pseudomorphs after hematite, Binnenthal, id., Z. Kryst., i., 18, 1877, and eightlings from Magnet Cove, Ark., ibid., p. 16. (Ilmenorutile), Wschiwoi-See, Ilmen Mts., Jeremejef, Verb. Min. Ges. St. Pet., II., zii., 284; ziii., 419; xiv., 289. Associated with magnetite in parsUel position, Binnenthal, Seligtnann, Z. Kryst, i., 840, 1877. In splendent crystals, from Alexander Co., North Carolina, Hidden Am. J. Sc., III., xxi., 159, 1881.
Mailard includes rutile among the peeudo-tetragonal minerals (Ann. Min.,yiL,z., 184, 1876); see also Brookite, p. 18.
As a microscopic constituent of rocks, Sauer, J. Min., 1879, 569 (see zircon); 1880, L, 94; 1881, i., 227.
Janovski/ (Ber. Ak. Wien, Izzz., 84, 1880) has given the name isebit to what he regards as a new titanate. It was found amone the black grains of the so-called "iserin of the Iserwiese, Bohemia. It is distinffuishea from the true iserin by the absence of conchoidal fracture and the brown color. In thin fragments it is honey yellow. Cmtalline form like rutile, occasionally in twins ; cleavage imperfect. G. 4*52. Analysis : TiOs 70 01 FeO 28-68 d), MnO 141, MgO 0-82, Cb,05,SiO, 0*44 99*78, corresponding to the formula : FeTiaOs. [Groth (Z ., v., 40n) justly remarks that the mineral is not far from the ferruginous rutile called nigrine, and that a more exact determination as to form, homogeneity, etc., is needed to prove its independent character. If it is an independent species the name is an unfortunate one, as tending to confusion with the distinct iserin, aiso called iserite.]
106 APPBXDix zn.
Sahzjts.— See p. 100. Sal Ammoniac. — App. II., p. 49.
Samabskite, Min., p. 520; App. II., p. 49.— Or3rit. deeciiption, Miteheli Go., N. Cm- Una, E. S, Dana, Am. J. Sc.. fli., xi., 201, 1876.
Analyses, Mitchell Co , N. C. : 1, Miaa E. H. SwaUoto, Proc Nat. HisL Best, rril, 424, 1875. 2, 0. D, AlUn, Dana's Text-fiook Min., 1877, p. 840, and Am. J. Sc, IIL, xiT., ISO, 1877. 8, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., III., xiii., 362, 1877. BammeUb, 2S. G. Ges., xxix., 817, 1877.
Ca,Os SnOa.WO, UO, CetO,(Di,Laa,0,) Y,Oa FeO MnO CaO H,0
, '
1. U-W 016 9*91 UO 6-nCeO 18-84 TO M-OS O-UgO 9%
[insol. residue from oerinm oxalate 1*25 IOINBl
100-17.
Anal, of Miask samankite, Bammdaberg, ZS. G. Qes., xziz., 817, 1877.
Examination of the earths contained in samarskite from North Carolina : J, L. Sm (" mosandrum "), C. E., Ixxxvii., 146, 148, 881, 1878. Delafontaine (terbium), Bibl. Univ., II., Ixi., 278, 1878 ; id. (decipium, phiUipium), ib., IIL, iil, 246, 250, 1880; C. R, 68, 1881. Same subject discussed by Mariffnae, BibL Univ., III., iii., 413, 1880.
Damour (Bull. Ac. St. Pet., xxiii., 463, 1877) shows that the yietinohofitb of r. I/m- noeaof essentially a ferruginous variety of samarskite. Amorphous. H. 5*5-6. G. 5*53. Color black, dull. Streak brown. Lustre submetaUic. Easily decomposed by An analysis gave: CbaO. 61-00, TiO, 184, ZrO, 0*96, U,0, 8 85, Y,0,6-5:, 1-57, FeO 23*00, MnO 267, MgO 0-88, ign. 1-80 99*09. Locality new Lake Baikal, in the Ural
Saponite, Min., p. 472 ; App. II., p. 49. — Analyses, from igneous rocks in Scotland, Heddle, Trans. Soc. Edinb., xx., 91 et seq., 1879. See also BowUngite, p. 17.
Sarawakite. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 1877, 1.00. Occurs in mmute crystals, with miny planes and rounded angles, "probably tetwgonal." Soft. Lustre adamantine. Golori or wine jrellow to greenish yellow. Transparent. Contains antimony, anhydrous. Foand is cavities in the native antimony of Borneo. [Needs further examination. Senarmontite ?]
Sabcopside.— App. L, p. 14
SAU8ST7RITE.— Anal., Midsftterfjeld, Beraen, Norway, HjortdaU, Nyt. Mag. NaL, xxiii. 1877. Analyses quoted, and discussion of the relations iJetween the different varieties, D. Dana, Am. J. Sc.. III., xvi., 340, 896, 1878.
Sayiotk. — See Pdydymitej p. 95.
ScAPOUTE, Min., p. 317; App. II., p. 60,— Analyses, Bossie, N. Y., Bipdas, Min. -Mitth., 1877, 266. Boxborough, Mass., Becke, 1877,267. Various Canadian localities, F,d. Adams, Am. J. Sc., III., xvii., 315, 1879. Bamle, Norway, Mich-IAvy, BuU. Soc. Mid,, i., 43, 1878. Monzoni, Kiepenheuer, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Aug. 4, 1879. MalsjC, Arena*)/ and Gouvemeur, Sipdcz, Min. Petr. Mitth., iv„ 265, 1881.
Adams calls attention to the fact that unaltered scapolite uniformly contains chlonn (up to 2 '48 p. c). The presence of this element is also shown by Neminar in ineiomtft and by SipOcz and Becke (L c).
See also Meionite, p. 74.
A scapolite from Ghilway, Ontario Co., Canada, has been called oNTAUOLrrE by €, Shepard (Am. J. Sc, III., xx., 54, 1880). It occurs in prismatic crystals in a limestone; the color is black or gray, from the presence of admixed impurities. The pure porUooi
APPENDIX m. 107
are transparent and colorless, H. 7-7*5. [The yalne of an aprozimate analysis given is destroyed by the impurity of the material analyzed ; thus ffu; it has no caim to be considered an independent species.]
ScHEEUTE, Min , p. 006; App. II., p. 60. — Gryst Untersnlzbachthal, etc., Froth, Min.- Samml. Strassburg, i>. 157, 1878.
Absorption bands in spectrum (Ce, La, Di), Cossa, Accad. Lino. Mem., III., iii., 24, 81,
Occurrence with gold. Charity mine, Warren's, Idaho, and Golden Queen mine. Lake Co., Col , Silliman, Am. J. Sc, III., ziii., 451, 1877. From the Victoria Reef mine, Adelong, New South Wales, Liveraidge, Proc. Hoy. Soo. N. S. W., Nov. 8, 1880.
SCAOCHITE. — App. II., p. 60. SCHTHWKRTCT. — App. 11., p. 60.
Schneebergite. A, Brezina, Verb. Gl. Reichs., 1880, 818.
Isometric ; in small (O'5-l mm.) octahedrons. Cleavage dodecahedral in traces. H. 6*6. O. (Weidel). Lustre vitreous to adamantine. Color honey yellow. Transparent. Fracture conchoioal. Brittle. Consists principally (Weidel) of ume and antimony, with a little iron, and traces of copper, bismuth, zinc, magnesia, and sulphuric acid. B. B. infusible, becomes slightly brown. Insoluble in acids. Pound by Lhotsky, at Schneebere, Tyrol, near the union of anhydrite (or gypsum) with chalcopyrite and magnetite. [Neeos further examination. Perhaps related to atopite, p. 10.]
ScHORLOMiTB, Miu., p. 890. — According to Knop, does not occur at Oberschaffhausen, in the Kaiserstuhl (Z. Kryst., i., 68, 1877); nut the mineral which has received that name is either a titaniferous melanite or pvrozene.
Intimately associated with melanite. Magnet Cove, Ark., Kdnig, Proc. Acad. N. So. Phil., 1876, 86.
Schraufite. J, von Sehrdekinger, Verb. Qeol. Reichs. , 1876, 184.
A mineral resin occurring in small masses and in layers, in the schistose sandstone (Car* pathian sandstone), near Wamma, in Bukowina. H. -8. G. =1*0-1 -12. Color hyacinth to blood red. Translucent. Fracture semi-conchoidal to splintery. Melting point 826 when decomposition goes on. Partially soluble in alcohol, oenzol, and chloroform ; completely soluble in sulphuric acid, the larger portion of the resin separating as a grayishyellow slimy mass, upon dilution with water. Analysis by Dietrich :
C H 0
78-81 8-8S 17-87.
Formula: C,,H,.0„ requiring : C 78*88, H 8*89, 0 1778 100. With this resin correspond also a resin ifrom Mizun and H6klein, and less closely others from the neighborhood of Lemberg. SchrSckinger proposes to include the several occurrences under the name Schraufite, after Prof. A. Schreuf, of Vienna. The same resin occurs in the Libanon, according to John (Verb. Q. Reichs., 1876, 255); see also Branner, WOrtt. Kat. Jahresb., xxxiv., 81, 1878.
ScHRRiBEBSiTE. — Mln., p. 61; App. II., p. 50.
SCHB6CKERIN0ERrrE.— App. II., p. 50.
ScHWARTZEMBEEGiTE, Min., p. 120.— Optically uniaxial, Bertra/nd, Bull Soo, Min., iv., 87, 1881,
ScoLBnrrB, Min., p. 428; App. II., p. 60.-— Oryst., LOdecke (J. Min., 1880. ii., 200; 1881, ii., 1) distinguishes between tne monoclinic (Iceland and Kandallah) and triclinic (from the
108 APPENDIX m.
Schattige Wicbel, Fellinen Alp, FarOe, and EtzUthal) varieties, and makes them iaoDo phous with similar yarieties of mesolite.
Pyro-electrical characters, Ilankel, Wled. Ann., vi., 66, 1879.
Anal. (Bcchi), Casarzia, Liguria, Isael, BolL Com. Geol., 1879, 530. £tzlithal ftim, Ber. Jenaisch. Ges. Med. Nat., July 0. 1880. Schattige Wichel, Fellinen Alp, IMck, J. Min., 1881, ii., 19.
ScoxoDiTB, Min.. p. 574.~Cr7st, Beresofsk, Ural, v. Kokaeharof, Min. BusbL, Ti,9; 1874. DemtMich, Nassau, v. LoMuix, J. Min., 1875, 629; wm Bath, J. Min., 1678,91 Anal., Distr. Lucma, Peru, BtHnumdi, Min. Proo, p. 238, 1878. Made artificially, Bourgeois and Vemeuil, Bull. Soc. Min., iii, 32, 1880. See also Strengtte and Beddingile,
An earthy mineral, formed from the decomposition of arsenopyrite, and refemd :i scorodite, has been called jogynaite by AT. v, NordenekiSUL Occurs with borl stiifai> Tschilon, Nertschinsk. See v. Kok&iharof, BuU. Acad. St Pet, xix., 671, 1878.
SooLOPSiTE.— See lUnmiUt p. 68.
Sesbachite, App. IL, p. 60. — See Bisneheltte, p. 67.
Sellaite, App. I., P. 14. — The corresponding compound, MgFt, made artificially, Cm Aocad. Line. Mem., IIL, i., 88, 1876, or Z. Kirst, L, 207, 1877.
Corrections of angles and symbols preyiously jpiven, StrCver Att Accad. Torino, u- 69, 1876.
SsLWYNiTB, Min., p. 609; App. L, p. 19.— According to a microscopic examinstiool? Ulrich, a mixture, consisting of a Isite-like bascL with hydrous chromic oxide sod ooa* sional octahedrons of chromite, Am. J. So., 111., xi., 236, 1876.
Bemseyite. Krenner, Ungar. Revue, 881, 867. Briefly announced as coutaining sulphur, antimony, and lead, and related to plagionite, from Wolfsberg, in the Hsn. ours in gray crystals, with diaphorite, sphalerite, and pyiite, at FelsOranya.
Senaemontitb, Min., p. 184.— According to MaUard (Ann. Min., VII., x., 108, pseudo-isometric, the crystals being made up of 48 triclinio individnala. The suot sd jeet has been investigated by A. Orosse-Bohle (Z. Kryst., v., 222, 1880); he conclude* tw the species is to be regarded as monoclinic, and the crystals made up of 12 iDdivifliuu- (including those parallel, 24X twinned parallel to 0 and 1 ; he however suggests, in sion, that the optical anomalies may nave another explanation, and the minend soli included in the isometric system. An examination of artificial crystals of arsenoute leo to similar results. '
Sepioutf, Min., p. 466.— A fibrous variety from Utah, analyzed by Cheater Am. J- III., xiu., 296, 18i7.
Srrioite, Min., p. 487. — massive muscovite, as shown by Xcupsyres (Z. K'T'lj 244), who explains the varying results of earlier investigators the greater or less imF rity of the substance examine. He regards it as having owed its origin to of feldspar. On the sericite from the Taunus, see Wiehmann, Verb. Nat ver. bo* xxxiv., 1, 1877.
SEnpBNTivE, Min., p. 464 ; App. IL, p. 51.— Description and analyses : ern, Schildt, (Efv. Finsk. Vet. §oc., xvii., 70, 1874-75. ZCblitz, Greifendorf, WftldW
lemberg, ZS. G. Ges.. xxvii.. 681, 1875. New Jersey, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., Vosges, Weigand, Min. Mitth., 1875, 188. Northern Norway, FttUraen, J. Mm., 613. Nordmark, Lundstrfhn, Geol. P6r. Frh., iii., 191, 1876. L&ngban, Wemlandj' p. c. MnO), PaijkuU, Geol. F5r. F6rh., iii., 351. 1877. Verrayes, Val d'AostM Accad. Line. Mem., III., ii., 933, 1878. Reichenstein, Silesia, Hare, Inaug. Diss. Biesu*"
APForDiz m. 109
1870 (Z. Kryst, iv., 294). Florida, Maas. (piorolite), anal by MelTille, Wadnoorth, Bost 8oc. Nat. Hist, xx., m, 1879.
Microscopic exainination, metaxoite, picroflnite, With, (Efy. Finsk. Vet Soc., xvii., 8,
A serpentinous mineral is called totaioite by JBeddle (Trans. Soo. Edinburgh, xxriiL, 466, 497, 1878). It appean as a pseudomorphous substance surrounding malacolite, in a flrranular limestone; resembles dimburite, from Danbury, Ct. Lustre weak, giimmerinff. Color pale fawn, sometimes blue-black. Oleavage distinct. Fracture eonchoidal. Soft. Often surrounded itself yellow sreen or dark gray serpentine. Analyses: 1, fawn-colored Tariety ; 2, dark blue yaxieij, on the surface ochre yellow; G. 2*84-2 '898.
SIGL ALPa 6,0, FeO MnO MgO CAO NSaO KtO H.O
Liocalit Totaig, Boss-shire, Scotland. The author justly does not regard this as in any fiefnae a mineral species [but why should it receive a name ?]. Its meSiod of occurrence that it is an intermediate product between the pyroxene and the final serpentine ; but the author calls attention to the fact that it contains more magnesia than the lastnamed species.
Smpierite. Des CknzMUX, Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 80, 1881; Bertrand, ib.
OrtnoTbombic ; in minute tabular (0) crystals elongated, often grouped in light tufts, and striated in the direction of the shorter diagonal. Obsenred planes: 0, /, 1, also 1-i, |-l, probable, and 8-1, all doubtful. / a 98° 42', 0 A 1 115' 82'. Opticaxial plane macrodiagonal, bisectrix negative. 2H 86'-44*' 20', and 2£ 66° 67 - 67" 10', red; dispersion p v. Color greenish bluish. iSransparent. Ii composition, according to Damour, a basic sulphate of copper and zinc. [Needs further examination on the chemical side.] From Laurium, Greece.
Biderazot 0. SihesH, Popg. Ann., dvlL, 166, 1876.
A product of volcanic eruption, observed at Mt. Elaia after the eruption of Aug., 1874, aa a very thin coating on lava. Non-crystalline. Lustro metallic, resembling steel. Slowly attacked by acids. An analysis save : Fe 90'86, N 9*14 100, which corresponds to FeN,, or that adopted by Fr&ny for the artificial iron nitride.
SiDBBiTE, Min., p. 688 ; App. II., p. 51.— AnaL, San GKovanni, Val d'Amo Italy, Oratiarola, Boll. GeoL, 1876, 8. Felsdbanya, anal, by Dietrich (27*7-44*4 p. c. MnCOa), Kapnik (8 98 MnCOs), v. Schrdekinger, Verb. geol. Reichs., 1877, 114. Newburyport, Mass., Misa E, H, Swallow, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvii., 464, 1875. Eartny variety (amorphous), easily soluble in cold acids, from the Schwelm mine, Muek Z. Berg. .Hfitt. -Sal.- Wesen, xxviii., 189, 1880.
Recent formation at Bourbonne-rArohambault, Da/brie C. R., Ixxx., 1300, 1876.
See also RhodoehroaiUt p. 108, for other intermediate compounds.
Sideronatrita. Raimondi, Minraux du Prou, p. 212, 288, 1878. Domeyko, 8d ed Min. ChiH, p. 168, 1879.
In crystalline masses. H. 2*5. G. 2*158. Color dark yellow. Streak pale yellow to yellowish white. Analysis :
60. Fe,0. Na,0 H,0 48*26 21-60 15-68 15'85, earthy matter 8*20, NaCl mechanically mixed 106 100-06.
Formula NatSO + [FeajStOt + 6aa. Insoluble in water, but decomposed on heating, with the separation of iron sesquioxiae. Soluble in acids. From the mine San Simon, Huantajaya, province of Tarapaca, Peru.
Another sulphate, almost identical with sideronatrite, has been called urusttb by A. Fren* zel (Min. Petr. Mitth., iL. 188, 859, 1879). Orthorhombic. Pulverulent, earthy; also in lumps, but consisting of minute prismatic crystals with pinacoids, and also J, 1, l-i and 0. Soft. G. 2*22. Color lemon to orange yellow. Streak ochre yellow. Transparent in
110 AFFEMDIX nL
minute crystals. Calculated formnla: + 8aq S0 48*78, FeiOs Zi'9 KbsO 16-58, H,0 19*25 100. Analyses, 1, 2; 1, after deducting 8 p. c insoittble:
SO. Fe,0, Na,0 HO
1. 42-08 21-28 16-60 16 80 99*66.
2. 41-64 22-00 17-24 [19*12] 10000.
Insoluble in water, easily soluble in HCl. Decomposed in boiling water, with sepuitioD of FcaOa. Found underlying deposits of iron yitnol (melanterite) on the Urns plate, near Sarakaja, on the naphtha island, Tscheleken, in the Caspian Sea. [Both of the afaovs sulphates are near the uncertain bartholomite of Cleye, App. U., p. 6.]
Siderophyllite-ee under Miea Group, p. 80.
SnEGBUBOiTB, App. IE., p. 51.— Full deicxiption by v. LaaatilXf J. Itfin., 1875, 188.
Bilaonite. — See CfiAonatMiHte, p. 68.
SilberwJBmnthglang. — See AUuikaite, p. 8,
SiLyEB, Min., p. 9; App. IL, p. 51.— Oryst., twins, vom Ra£hj Z. Eryst., ilL, 12, 163E Silyer ores from Orenburg, v. Beck, J. Min., 1876, 162.
#9. B. Wight describes a supposed alloy of silyer and copper (Ag 68 to 75 p. c.) of a lu brass color, and G. 9943, 9's80; from the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Co., £i Min. J., xzx., 158, 1880.
SiMLAlTB.— App. II., p. 51 (44).
SiMONYiTE.— App I., p. 14; II., p. 61 (8).
SipyUte. J. TT. Mallet , Am. J. Sc., IH., xiy., 897, 1877; xxii., 62. 1881.
Tetragonal; in octahedrons. 1 A 1 (pyr.) 100' 45' 12r (basal). Cleavage 1, distort Usually imperfectly crystalline, or in irregular masses. H. 6 nearly. G. =4f9. Lustre resinous and pseudo-metallic. Color brownish black to brownish orange ; in splinter red brown. Streak light cinnamon brown to pale gray. Translucent. Fracture untiTeo, and small conchoidal. Brittle. Analysis by W. G. thrown:
CbsOs WO SnO, ZrO, Bb,0, Ce,0, Lb,0, Di.O. UO FeO BeO ICgO ChO Na,0 K3O B,0
[MnO tr., Ll,0 tr., F tr.
With Ta,Oi aboat d p. c t With T,0| aboat 1 p. c X BitO,, tr. f €6,0,, tr.
Taking together the acid oxides of columbiimi (niobium), tantalum, tungsten, tin, vA
zirconium as MaOs, and reducing all the basic elements to the form RO, and negleetmg the water, the ratio RO : MaO* 221 : 100 is obtained, which corresponds to the formulA: RsMsOh + 4RaMa07. Mallet prefers to indude the water, making the hydrogen bASCr and deduces on this supposition the formula : RsMaOa. This yiow, as he shows, is sapported by the fact that m form sipylite is yery near feigusonite.
B. B. decrepitates, and glows bnlliantly, becomes pale greenish yellow and opaque; infusible. In the closed tube rives off acid water. With borax in 0. F. gives a yejlov bead, pale on cooling; in R. F. assumes a greener tint. Boiled in strong HCl partially dissolves, the solution reacting for zirconium with turmeric paper; when metallic tinjj added and the solution diluted, a sapphire blue color is obtained (columbium). Decomposed completely, though slowly, in boiling concentrated sulphuric acid. Occurs sparingly, bedded in, or more commonly adherent to, masses of allanite and magnetite, at the northwest slope of Little Friar Mountain, Amherst Co., Virginia. Named from Sipylvs, one of the CQildren of Niobe, in allusion to the names niobium and tantalum.
Delafontaine (C. R., Ixxxvii., 988, 1878) states that sipylite contains yttrium, erbium small quantities), philippium (see samarskite), and also the ytterbium of MarigQAC (see gadolinite).
▲VPKMDIZ m. Ill
Skuttkruditb, Min., p. 71; App. n., p. 61.— Anal., Bamaay, J. Ch. Soc., 1876, 158.
Smaltite, Min., p. 70; App. H., p. 51.— Bauer (ZS. G. Ges., xxvii., 245, 1875) oaestions the coliclusion of Grroth as to the hemihedral character of the species, while the latter gives further descriptions (Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 43, 1878) of hemihedral forms.
Foand in Zapotlan, Jalisco, Meiico, Navia, Naturaleza, iv., 41, 1877.
Discussion of composition, BammeUberg, Pogg. Ann., clx., 181, 1877.
SxiTHSoNiTE, Min., p. 693 ; App. II., p. 52.— 2c ore deposits at Wiesloch, Baden, Schmidt, Heidelberg, 1881.
Snabuxtte. — See AnthophyHite, p. 7.
Soda Nttre (Caliche), Min., p. 502. — In South America, occurrence, exploitation, etc., V. nOlMer, Ann. Gh. ., V., viL, 289, 1876. Anal., Tarapaca, Peru, Baimondi, Min. Prou, p. et seq., 1878. Machattie, Chem. News, zxzL, 263, 1875.
SoDALiTE, Min., p. 880; App. II., p. 52. — Oryst., Is. Laaven, Langesundfiord, Norway, Klein, J. Min., 1879, 534.
From Diti6, Transylvania, Koch, Biin. MittL, 1877, 832 ; J. Min., BeU.-Bd., i., 149, 1880. From Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, optical examinaon, Fcuaaner, Z. Kryst., v., 581. 1881 ; analysis, Bamberger, ib., p. 588.
Sommamgaite — See Chridorffiie, p. 51.
Sonomaite.— See Piekeringite, p. 98.
SPATmoFnwTB,— App. II.., p. 52.
Sphaleeitb, Min., p. 48.— Oryst, Oroth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 28, 1878. Sade* beck, ZS, G. Ges., xxx., 573, 1878. HauUfeuiOe, C. R., xciii., 774, 1881.
Effect on indices of refraction of change of temperature, and of curving of surfaces of prism, Calderon, Z. Kryst., iv., 504, 1880; Voigt, ibid., v., 113, 1880.
Fasorige blende," in part wurtzite, v, Laaauix, J. Min., 1876, 629. Christophite, St. Agnes, Cornwall, Collins, Min. Ma., iii, 91, 1879.
American blendes containing indumi, ComioaXl, Am. Chem., vii., 889, 1877; Norwegian do., Wleugel, Nyt. Mag. Nat Christ., xxiv., 838, 1879. Gallium in sphalerite, from the Pierrefitte mine, Vallde Argel Pyrn, L, de Boieba/duran, C. R., Ixxxi., 493, 1875.
Sphflsrocobaltite. Weisbaeh, Jahrb. Beig.*Hatt., 1877. In small spherical massea. Crystalline in structure, both concentric and radiated. Externally velvet black ; within rose red. Streak peach-blossom red. H. 4 G. 4-02-4*18. Formula : CoCOs COt 86 94, CoO 63 06. Analysis, Winkler:
CO, CoO Pe,Oi CaO HaO
84-65 58-86 8-41 180 1*22 99*94.
Iron hydrate is present in small (juantity, as an impurity. B. B. in closed tube becomes black. Attacked slowly by cold acids; rapidly with effervesoence when warded. Ocours with roselite at Schneeberg, Saxony.
SPHENE.->See TitaniU, p. 122. Spuutbeite,— 5ee Wurtziie, p. 182.
Spinel, Min., p. 147; App. II., p. 52.-<hr7st., Albani Mts., Italy, StrHoer, Z. ., L, 238, 1877. Polysynthetic twins, Strdver, Accad. Line. Trans., III., ii.. 1(,9, 187s. Taschkent, r. Jerem'ef, Verh. Min. Ges. St. Pet, II., xiii, 426; Z. Kryst., iv., G42.
112 AFBEJsmia. m.
DeterminatioDs of spedfio grayitj, Church, GoL Mag. IL, ii., 822, 1875. Made artificially, Meunier, G. R., xc, 701, 1880. AnaL, Monte di Tixiolo, mo, MaurOf Aooad. Line Tians., III., ill., 65, 1879. See also Gahnite,
SpodioBite. ff. V. Tiberg, Geol. Fdr. FOrh., i., 84, 1872
Orthorhomblc. In prismatic cryBtals, flattened parallel the braehypinaoaid, with the 2*94. Lustre dull porcelain-like, but vitreous. Color ash graji inclining to brown. Streak white. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Analysis by C. H. LnndstrOm :
P.O. CaO F Aii,Oft 00, 01 Fe,0, ALO, KnO MgO HaO ineol.
8SiW 49-81 [4-71] 0*224 018 I'M I'll 0*55 8-27 8*70 IIS lOCL
Inclading loas [bat the aitalysia nhoald show an ezoeaaj.
Disregarding the calcium carbonate, the mineral consists essentially of calcium phos-
Ehate and catoium fluoride, in the ratio of 6 :4 or SCaiPaOs + 4CaFs; but the anaijsj aidly gives a definite decision as to the true composition.
B. B. fuses in the thinnest splinters to a white enamel; does not decrepitate. Solofale in HCl and HNOa; with effervescence. From the Knmgrufva, Wermland, Sweden. Named from dfcodtoi, ash gray, [Perhaps a pseudomorph of apatite, after some other miDeral]
Spodumeste, Min., p. 228.— Analyses : 1, PUani, C. R., Izzxiv., 1609, 1877; 2, 3, DSUer, Min. Petr. Mitth., L, 624, 526, 1878 ; 4, 6, Jtdien, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc., i., 322, 1; 6, FenfiM, Am. J. Sc., UL,. xz., 259, 1880 ; 7, J. Z. Smith, Am. J. Sc., IIL, xxi., Ii8. 1881 ; 8, Genth priv. oontrib. The spodumene from Pennikoja, in Somero, Fluid, bai been analyzedrby Caja/nder, CElfv. Ak. Finsk., xvii., 70, 1874-.
BID. A1.0, FeO MnO CaO MgO ULO K0 Na,0 Iga.
8. Brazil 6884 87-66 1 16 0-60 7*09 . . . . 0"98 . . . . lOtrsO.
7. Alexander Co., N. C. MddeniU.
G. 8168-3-189 64-85 88*10 Fe,0, 0-85 7-05 0*50 015= Vm.
8. Alexander Co., N. C, HkUtenUe,
G. 8-166 63-96 86'68 Ml 6-88 0*07 1*54 KKtO.
All of these anal3rses correspond more or less closely to the true formula (DGltei) of tha species, viz. : Li9Al3Si40ii; note the chromium found oy Gtenth in hiddenite (anaL
The variety of spodumene from Alexander Co., N. C. (anaL 7, occurs in prismatic crftals from i inch to 3 inches in length. The crystals are oftcoi higUy modified, showing many {)lanes not before observed on the species; they are often twins; the forms hae been described by E. S, Dana, Am. J. Sc., ill., xzii., 179. Perfectly transparent, and color from pale yellowish green to deep emerald green; those of the latter color are highly valued as gems, having a peculiar brilliancy, as compared with the emerald, in coneequenoe of the pleochroism ; the largest stone cut thus far weighs nearly 2i carats. Theyoccnr in cavities in a gneissoid rock, with emerald (q. v.), quartz, monazite, mtile, mica. The name hiddenite was given by Smith, after W. E. Hidden, through whom they have been intn>< duced as gems, and who has succeeded in finding them in place ; those first found (by J. A. D. Stephenson) were of a pale yellowish-green color, and were obtained loose in the overlying soil.
The ALTERATION OF SPODUMENE at and Chesterfield, Mass., has been studied by Jtdien, Ann. N. T. Acad. So., i., 818, 1879 ; that of the Branchviile mineral has been investigated by G. J. Brush and JE. S. Dana, Am. J. So., III., xx., 257. 1880 (or Z. KixbL, v., 192).
According to Julien, the Chesterfield crystals are often of immense size, reaching a length of 85 inches, and a diameter of 10 or 11 inches (see above 4, 5, for analvm of unfQtered material). Julien describes pseudomorphs after spodumene of cymatolite, of killinlte, of muscovite, of albite, of quartz, and of "vein granite." The substance (see below) called cymatolite by Shepard, has a fibrous to wavy structure, silky lustre, white color; H. 1*5-2; G. 2*696-2*700. The cymatolite from Goshen was earlier (E. Ifin.
APi'KirDix in.'
¥exm, Qoaheui
SiO, A1,0, Fb,0. MnO MgO CaO Li,0 K,0 H,0
1. 68-51 ai-eo 0-8B 030 1-44 084 019 6-88 6-08 240 99-88.
2. AgloiU 6811 24-38 186 018 0-75 OW 009 2-57 8-38 8-01+ 90-61. 8, (J) 68-68 2228 177 0-W 0-45 0'8 0-10 9-08 448 2-Oet 99-9a
With DltngBiUMU orguile Brntta 0-M. t Do. 0-. t mule
The Idllinltfl baa the follojring chamoteis : H. 8-5; 6. 2033-2-853. Lustre doll nd greasT to vitreons. Cobr gnenish gny to olive green and gneuiEli blaok. AoAlysii, Chesterfield Hollow :
SiO, A1,0, FeO HnO CoO HgO CaO Li,0 N,0 E,0 H,0 40-80 8-63 3'88 0-04 0-04 0-48 0-77 083 ffTS 7-24 7-66, organio matter 1-14
100-12.
SniaK and Dana describe, from Branchville, Ct, peeodomorphs after apoduniene, of a Bobstance called fl spodnmene (mixture of albite and eacryptite) ol cymatolite (mixture of albite and mmcoTite), of lbite, ol microcllne, of kitlinite, of " vein groniU." The original crystals of spodumene (now mostly altered) were of great size, sometimea 4 feet lon, 13 inches wide, and 3 to 4 inchefl thick. The unaltered spodumene occurring aa a core in many large crystals is transparent, and either colorless or of a fine amethystine purple;
Li, is a substance called ff apodumene. Itlac,, indisUnot flbroUB to columnar structure. H. =5-5-6. Q. Color white, milky, or greenish white. Translucent. Puslbility, 3-26. Three analyses on material from diHerent crystals gave nearly identical results. It is decomposed by HCl into two portions, one soluble and the other insoluble. AnalvBee by Peofleld : 1, of the original material! 3, the soluble portion (8310 p. c, calcolated to 100); 8, insoluble portion (a7'Q0 p. 0., calculated to 100) :
SiO, 1. /Sapodumene 61-61 3. Soluble part 48-13
8. Insoluble part 6818
AI,0, L1.0 Na,0 K,0
36-36 S'60 8-14 0-16
40-50 10-00 0-47
30-07 11-7S
The whole has the composition (LI,Na),Al,Si.O,„ - insoluble part is albite (Na,Al,Si.O„): the soluble portion is a new mineral called eaen/plite (eJ, weB, Mpvxi6i,einKeaUd), and has the composition Li,Alt SigOi. Examined under the microscope in thin sections (1) parallel to fibres, the irregular interlaclne fibres of eucrrptlto are seen tmbecmed in albite; (2) transverse to Abrea, the eucryptite forms bonds with hexagonal outline (see figures, summnded by albite, like qnortz in a " graphic granite," See eiao Bttervpft(, p. 44.
The second stage in the alteration b eymateUU ; It results from ff spodumene, by the exchange of K for the remaining Li, that Is. the change of eucryptite to muscDvite, The cmatolite has a fibrous or wavy structure. 0, 2-o9-J~2 690; color white or slightly pinkish. Two analyses by Penfleld. of independent roecimem, gave eswntially Identical results; one of
+ Na,Al,Si,0,.. The
Tbis coTesponds to: (Na,K,H>,Al,Si.O,„ or (E,HkAIO. XaiAlSi,.. Tbt micnMCOjiic exftnunatiDn shows that cymstolite is not, as pnrioaaij' iiwiiiiiil ft sii.}'ii mineral, but, coTTespandiiig to tJi ftKiniila, m 07 naifocm il.- cfaanitai mixture ol nuMtiU and albiU. In snae oetioctf liu tranailioas from /! ffjodnmeDe to ejnufadite, i. c , from puTrp tile to mnacovits, are clearly seen. In otho' cases the modccmt tmd klbite bare each segregated togetlMr, so that are dL~ tincL For example, in the fignie, ( nnalteRd fi =fi Mdnmene, c cymatolite, y mica, a aititc.
As further steps in the alteration there Rcoh : albil. r-'A-zi flbroDS, like /Sspodomene, alao maaconte, and pamiUr n.io-- cline. Still again peendomorpha oocnr of killimie. Thif ' f'-i retains the structure of the qiodiiinaie. The ookr is liI t.l green, to oil green and dark gnasgimi. Analjses: I. Penf'.L of variety showing pnsmatio Btractnre ; 2, ', of combi TarJaty.
SlO, A],0, Pe,0. VtO HnO CaO K,0 Na,0 li.O H,0 I. -98 M-73 0-54 038 0-64 B-S4 0-85 6-04 lOd'.!. J. 63-47 W-S6 0-79 0-48 0-73 0-17 7-8 0-44 0-04 4-07 IwiS.
to be regarded as an impure compact moscovite, like most other membeis of tbe f-j-.
The allowing scheme explains the shore changes of the spodomeae, siqjpaeiiig an u- dange of the alkali metal :
% [Li,AlUO,.] [Li,A],Si,0. + Na,AtUO,.] P tnmeiw. Spodomene Albite
[(E.H),Al,Si,0. + Ka,Al,Si.O,.] cjmatoUte.
Moscorite Albite
-HTHiAl'in 4. J Na,Al,Si.O„ albite, - (K,Hi,Al,Si,0, + j KvAli.O„ micr Muscovite (or killinite.)
For further reference most be made to the original papen.
Stasmtk. — Min., p. 88 ; App. II., p. 63.
STAUitoLiTB, Min., p. 388 ; App. 11., p. G3.— Otysb, r. JToibeAanif, Hin, BnsL, Tii.. 159. 1875; viiL. 110, ifel.
New twins and drillings, Fsnnin Co., Ob„ E. 8. Dana, Am. J. So., IIL. xL, 3S(.
1 19 called XANTHOLtTE bv Seddle <Min. Hag., iii., 69. I81VV In lis rmonoclinic 7), imbedded in biotite. Cleavage in one direction dL latK Titieons to pearly. Color jrello wish brown. Practnre conchoida:.
8-64 e-91 0-53 S-67 4-41 2-88 OW 100 16.
lied was not free from biotite. The larr crystals oftt contsio tals, with one perfect clesvafre. and of a dan Ki-een color, which, il ii be the same Found with wollastonite, garnet, and zinQ. . Ness, Scotland.
of the mineral, as remarked by Heddle. is eeseotiallT that of stanio- t of perfect homogeneity in tbe mjiteiial analysed is admitted, and as
APPENDIX m. 115
stanrolitd is a species which is canspicnons for its inclosing impurities, no good reason can be given for separating this mineral from it. It does not deserve a name.]
Steatargillite. E. E. Schmid, fier. Med.-Nat. Ge& Jena, Jidy 9, 1880. A doubtful substance, filling, with ouartz and f errite, the small amygdaloidal cavities in the porphyritic rocks of the HdlleKopf , at Kammerberg, and of the Tragberg, at Langewiesen, near IlmenatL Massive, earthy. H. 1*25. G. 2*29-2*46. Color white to liht green. Feel greasy. B. B. fuses to a greenish eray black specked enamel ; yields mudi wider in the tube, becoming black, and giving a bituminous odor. Analyses : 1, green, HOllekopf (insol. 6 p. c); 2, green, Tragborg; 8, white, Hollekopf (insoL about 2 p. c.) :
SiO, Fe,0 AlaOs FeO MgO GaO H,0
1. G. 2-287 87-90 25-66 809 8-78 15-66 098 8"70* 99-86.
2. G. =2-466 82-77 17-78 11-12 12-51 14-19 0*91 9-77+ 99 00. 8. G. 2-307 88-67 2472 10-69 0-95 1295 1*86 9-65t 8-99.
In vacuo, at ordinary temperature 1*91 ; at 100 8*90. t Do. 4*6ft, S'fiS. t Do. 0-70, 7-87.
[The author justly remarks that the material analyzed was not homogeneous. This is not a mineral species. Compare delessite, hullite (this App., p. 60), etc.]
Stealeite — See MordeniUy p. 88.
Stephanite, Min., p. 106 ; App. II., p. 58. — Oryst., Freiberg, Saxony, Orothy Min.- Samml. Strassburg, p. 69, 1878. Frzibram, Vrba Z. Kiyst, v., 418 1881. AnaL, Przibram, Kolar, Z. Kiyst, v., 436, 1881.
Stesgobite, Min., p. 551.— Anal., Guanape Islands, jRatmonJt, Min. P6rou,p. 28, 1878. Stesunoite.— App. II., p. 68 (15). '
Sternbebgite, Min., p. 54. — Recent analyses of minerals identical with or closely related to stembergite: 1, Joachimsthal, Rammelsberg, Min. Chem. rid ed., p. 66, 1875; 2, Andre* asberg, Strong, J. Min., 1878, 794; 8, Joaohimsthal, Janovsky, Z. Kryst, ill., 187, 1878; 4, Freiberg (argyropjrrite of Weisbach, see below), Winkler, Jahrb. Berg.-HUtt., 1878; 0, Joacmmsthal (meseiteof Vrba, see below), Preis, Z. Kryst, iii., 187, 1878.
S
1. 29-10
2. 80-71 8. 38-14
4. Argyrapyrite, G, 4*206 82-81
5. Frieseite 83-0
6. Frieaeite 88-9
To the above analjrses, which show a continual increase in sulphur and iron, and a corresponding decrease in silver, Vrba (Z. Kryst., iii., 186) adds the argentopvrite of v. Waltersliausen, which gave him S 84-2, Ag26-5, Fe 39-3 ; Schrauf (Ber. AL Wien, bdv., 192, 1871) has shown that this is not a pseudomorph (Min., p. 89), but an independent species (G. 5'53) isomorphous with stemoergite. According to Streng (J. Min., 1878, 785), who describes crystals of *'Silberkies" from Andreasberg (anal. 2 above), the composition of the above series of mineAds may be expressed by the general formula AgaS + j9FenS i, of which the first member is acanthite, and the second pyrrhotite; on the ground of this relation he is led to suggest that the latter mineral may oe only pseudo-hexagonal (ortho* rhombic), and then it would be isomorphous with acanthite. Vrba regards this suggestion AS not improbable.
Weisbach's argyropvrite (anal. 4, above) occurs at the Himmelf mine, at Freiberg, in small crystals, orthornombic but pseudo-hexagonal, through twinning. Cleavage basal, perfect. H. =2. G. 4*206. Color on fresh fnu$ture yellow bronze. Not brittle. vTeisbach also found smaller orystalfl of similar form and color at Marienberg. H. 4 a. =4-06-412. BritUe.
Ag
Fe
85-97 100-84.
36-89. Cu 0-19 99-74
84-67, SiO, 1-32 9916
86-28 98-81
37-4 =99*5.
87-3 =98 8.
116 AmXDJX UL
Yrba's frieseite (anal. 5, 6, above) is from Joaohimsthal, Bohemia. In small, thick, tabs lar, and xeotangular crystEds; orthoriiombic, and very near stembergite in angle, also amilarlf twinned piurallel a / 118*" 20'). Cleavage basal, penect In thin laminr, flexible. Color pinchbeck brown to blackish brown. In very thin plates dark greenish gny, translucent. H. about 2. G. 4*217. Associated with dolomite, smaltite, prrrhotite, proustite, rittingerite. Z. Kryst, iL, 1S8, 1878; iii., 186, 1878; v., 426 1881.
Stblkteldtite. — Min., p. 188; App. n., p. 68.
Stibianite. E. Goldwnith, Proo. Acad. Kat So. Philad., 1878, 164.
An alteration product of stibnite, from Victoria, Austialia. MaasivB, prone Oblar reddish yellow, of powder pale yellow. Lustre dull H. =6. G. 37. Analysis by W. H. Dougherty (I.e.) : ,0. 81*21, H,0 4*46, gangne 18*56. After deductiaii of the impurities : SbsOg 94*70, HtO 5*21 100, which corresponds to the formula + HtO. [So obviously impure a material cannot rank as a species. It is near Btibiooiiit.e, but, according to Goldsmith, contains only SbsOg.]
Stibtconite, Min., p. 188. — Anal, (by Santos) of a related mineral from Sexier Ca, kansas, MaUet, Chem. Nevrs, xzxvi., 167, 1877. Borneo, Frenzel, Bfin. Mitth., 1877, 28& Chayramonte, Cajamaroa, Peru, Baimondi, Min. Prou, p. 196, 1878.
In extensive deposits in Sonora, Mexioo, JB. T. (7o, Am. J. So., IIL, xx., 421, 1860.
Stibiofebritb. — App. IL, p. 68.
SnBIOTBIABGBNTITE, StIBIOHEXABGENTITB. — App. I., p. 16.
Stibnite, Min., p. 29 ; App. H, p. 63.— Oryst., Amsberg, Westphalia, Sel%, J. Min., 1880, L, 185.
AnaL, Sevier Co., Ark., Dunnington, Amer. Assoc, 1877, 183. Seyeral analyvea, C. S. Wait, with description of occurrence in Arkansas, Trans. Amer. Inst Min. £ng., viiL, 43 et seq., 1880.
SnuuTE, Min., p. 442; App. II., p. 53. — Monodinic, aoooidinj? to v, Lamxulx (Z. Kryit.* IL, 576, 1878), and isomorphous witn hannotome and stilbite. On its chemical rclatioDs these species, Fresenius, ib., iii., 42, 1878.
AnaL (sphierostilbite), Annapolis Co., Nora Scotia, How, Phil. Mag., V., i., 184, 18?6. FaroS, Heddle, Min. Mag., i., 91, 1877. San Piero, Elba, Oraitarola and Scnutmi, An Ace. To6c., iy., 173, 1879 ; iS!(ifi#oni, ib., p. 812. Miage Glacier, Mt Blanc, Coach Aec Line. Trans., III., v., 86, 1881.
See also ForeaUe, p. 47.
Stilphomxlavb, Min., p. 460.— Microscop. exam., Fitcher, Z. Kryst., iy., 868 1880. STIBLINGIT& — App. n., p. 58 (49).
Btrenglte. A. iVtes, J. Min., 1877, B ; G. A. Kdma, Proc Acad. Nat Se, Philal, 1877, 277. Orthorhombic. Observed phones, i- i-S, 1. Axes, e (vert) :l:d 1*1224 : 1*1855 :1.
30' (basal). Cleavage i-4, imperfect. Crystals rare; in habit and ang near seoitiditc Generally in spherical aAd botoidal forms, aggregates with radiated fibrous stractore, and dmsy surface. H. 3-4. G. =2*87. Lustre vitreous, brilliant Color red, carmine red, and varioos other shades; sometimes nearly colorless. Streak yellowish white. Translucent to transparent Analyses : 1, Nies, uter deducting 0'15 maoL ; %, Kfinig.
PsOft Fe,Os H,0
1. Eleonoie Mine 87-42 4318 19 40 100.
Rockbridge Co. 80*80 4280 19*87 10147.
APPSNDIZ m. 117
Formiik (TetjPaOe + 4aq, which lequires : PsO 87*97, Fe,0, 42*78, H,0 19*25 100. The znineral is isomorphotis with soorodite, and closely related in composition to barrandite. In form also near reddingite. B. B. fuses readily to a black shining bead, coloring the flame bluish green. Iron reaction with borax. DissolTes easily in warm HOI; in HNOa jiaolable.
Occurs with caooxenite, at the Eleonore iron mine, near Giessen; also in colorless crystals with eleonorite, at the BothlAufchen mine, near Waldgirmes, in the same region. In distinct crystals, to red, in cavities in dufrenite, from Rockbridge Co., Va. ; the crystals are different in habit from tnose described by Nies, and allow of only approximate measurements. Named after Prol A. Strong of Qiessen.
SruooyiTE. — App. IL, p. 58.
Stbomstkritb.— Min., p. 54; App. n., p. 54.
SntomiANiTB, Min., p. 899; App. 11., p. 64.— Oryit description, new forms, twins like aragonitcL Hamm, Wes&halia, Lcipeyres, Yerh. Nat Ver. Bonn, xxxiii, 808, 1876. Mifflin Co., Fenn., A C. Lewis, Proc. Ac. Nat ScPhiL, 1876, 11.
Stbuyitb, Min., d. 651; App. n., p. 54— Oryvt, Sadebeck, Min. Mitth., 1877, 118, 221; vomBath, Ber. nieo. Ges. Bonn, Jan. 7, 1878; anaL by Mae Ivor, ib., Jan. 18, 1879.
Bt&tslte. Schrauf, Z. Kryst., ii., 245, 1878.
Monoclinic, with pseudo-hexagonal syinmetjy (dino-hexagonal). Crystals highly modified, 89 occurring planes; vertically striated in prismatic sona Isomorphous wfih dyscrasite and chaloooite, and in form near jordanite. Lustre metallic. Color lead gray, with reddish tin Streak blackish lead gray. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal.
Identified on a single probably Nt after Statz, ably identical with this, and called it tellursilberfolende.
STYPnciTB.— See IKbroferrUe, p, 47.
Bnlfuxioin.— See MelanophlogUe, p. 74.
Sulfiitallophane.— See AUophane p. 8.
SuLFSATTTB.— Blin., p. 614; App, II., p. 54.
SiTLPHUB, Min., p. 20 ; App. H., p. 54.— Oryst, v. Kokscharof, Min.Rn8sL, vi., 868, 1874. vom Both, Pogg. Ann., dv., 41, 1875. Sicily, Zepharavieh, Lotos, 1876 (J. Min., 1876, 561); Groth, Mm.-SammL Straasbuig, p. 8, 862, 18TO; Fletcher, PhiL Mag., V., ix., 186, 1880.
SusAmoTB, Min., p. 626; App. II., p. 54.— See LeadhmiU, p..67.
Stlvanttb, Min., p. 81; App. IL, p. 54.— Oryst discussion of the system (monoclinic), &Aratt/,ZKnrst.,1i., 211,878. J h
AnaL, Grand View mine, Colorado, F. W, Clarke, Am. J. 8c., HI., xiv., 286, 1877. Smuggler mine. Col., Jennings, Trans. Am. Inst Min, Bng., vi., 607, 1877.
Sylvite, Min., p. Ill ; App. II., p. 54— Vesuvius, Seaecki, Att. Accad. Napoli, vi., 1878 (Contrib. MfaL, H., 28). A salt from Vesuvius, yielded IT. SmUh. KCl 67-l NaC) Bl 01, K.SO4 1-86 100, Ch. News, xxxvi., 57, 1877.
118 APFBMDIZ m.
Stkoenite.— App. n., p. 54.
Suboito. A. Koch, Min. Petr. Mitth., i, 79, 850, 1878; wm Laaaubf, Z. KzTBt., SL, 288, 1879; Chnnard, fiuU. Soo. Min., ii, 150, 18i 1879.
Triclinic ; in minute (1 mm. lonff, '6 broad) thin tabular (y4) prismatu: ctystals, tenninated at one extremity and yerticaUy striated ; also acicolar. J a i' d?"" 15', i--% aI 183° 84'. H. G. 8*506. Lustre vitreoue; on some planes tending to meteUie and pearly. Color hair brown; in thinnest translucent crystals brownish red, hysdntfa red. Streak tending to copper red. Translaoent to opaque. Analysis :
SiO, Fe,0,(Al,0, tr.) CaqMgOtr.) Na,0 ign.
62-86 4470 8*12 tr. 040 10007.
The calculated formula is or BSiOa ; but y. Lasanlx remarics that the iron is probably mostly present as FeO. B. B. fuses with difficulty; with borax an inn bead. Partially decomposed by HGL Belated in composition to babingtonite, and in forai to the pyroxene group; most closely to rhodonite.
Occurs with pseudobi'ookite (q. y.) and tridymite, in cayities in the andesite of the Anmyer Berg, Tnmsylyania. Also on Mte. Calyario (Etna), near BiancayiUe, Sicily; also Kiyeau-Grand, Monte Dore. Named after Prol J. Szab6, of Budapest
Szmikite. T, von Sehrdckinger, Verb. Geol. Reichs., 1877, 116.
Amorphous, stalactitic, with botryoidal surfooe. H. 1-6. 6. 8*15. Color whitish, on the fracture reddish white to rose red. Fracture earthy, splintery. Analyaes: 1, Schiauf; 2, Dietrich, gaye:
So,
MnO
H,0
10*92 10018.
1119 99*91.
These correspond to the formula : MnS04 + HO, requiring: SO. 47*48, HCnO 42*01, H0 10*65 100. Exposed to damp air in small fragments becomes deeper red, and increases slightly in weight From FelsObanya, Transylyania. Named after Mr. Szmik, CounseUor of Mines.
Tachtlytb, Min., p. 246. — Ocourrenoe of a similar mineral in the basalt of Royat, Pay* de-Ddme, Gonntird, BulL Soc. Min., iiL, 211, 1880.*
Talc. — Min., p. 461; App. II., p. 64.
Talcostte.— App. I., p. 16.
Tahmite.— App. n., p. 66.
TANTALfFE, Min,, p. 614; App. II., p. 65.— Prom North Carolina, Mnig, Froa Aa Nat Sc. Phil., 1876, 39. Coosa Co., Ala., J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., lU., xiy., 823, 1877. Yancey Co., N. C , analysis, Ctmaiock (Am. J. Sc., III., xix., 181, 1880): (f ) Ta,0 59*92, Cb,0 28*68, FeO 12 86, MnO 8*06, MgO 0*84 99*81. Maasiye. G. 6*88.
See also Columbtte, p. 29.
A manganesian yaricty is called if akgantant alitb by A. E. NordenMSid (QeoL F5r. FCrh., iii., 284, 1877). In orthorhombic ( ?) crystalB. Cleayage in one direction distinct in two others less so; the last make with each other and with the first-named nearly nAx angles H. 5 '6-6. G. 6*3. Lustre yitreous. Color reddish to blackish brown; transmitted light a fine red.
Composition given bv the (approximate) analysis : 85*5. MnO 9-5, PcO Sil CaO t -2 99-8: Formula, which requires : TaOa 86*43, MnO 901, FeO 8*42, CaO 1*14 100. B. B. unaltered: gives a clear bead with salt of phospboms: with soda a mnnsranesc reaction. Occurs with tourmaline, petalite, lepidoUte, microUte, at Utfi. Sweden. [The specific gravity leaves little doubt that the mineral contains —
APPBNDIZ m. 119
coluinbic add (say SO p. o.), and is to be considered as a mere variety of tantalite or oolumbite. Compare Uie manganese columbite of Branchyille, p. 28.]
Tapaipite. — App. II., p. 65.
Tapioutb.— Min., p. 518; App n., p. 55.
'apacaite. JSaimondi, Mineranx da Prou, p. 274, 1878. Occnrs in minute fragments of a brilliant yellow color, in the midst of soda nitre (caliche). Essentially a potassium chroniate, but mixed with a little sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium and potassium sulphates. From the province of Tarapaca, Peru ; also (Domeyko, Min. Chili, 8d ecL, 447) in the natural salt deposits of the desert of Atacama, Chili. [Needs further examination.]
Taznite. Domeyko, C. B , Izzzv., 977, 1877; Min. Chili, 8d ed., p. 298, 1879.
Amorphous, more or less fibrous in structure. Eartbr. Color yellow. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Begarded as an arsenio-antimonate of bismuth, analogous to bindheimite, and believed to nave been derived from the alteration of some sulpharsenlte or antimonate of bismutht Very impure, from the admixture of varying (quantities of bismuth ochre. An analysis gave : BisO (sol. in HNOa) 42*00, BitiOs (umted with Sb and As) analysis gave : Bi,Oa 51*85, Sb,0. 1117, As,0. 16*54, FeaOs 8*70. H,0 4*54, insoL (silicates) 12-50 98*80. Obtained with other bismuth minerals from the mines of Tazna and of Cnoroloque, in Bolivia. [A heterogeneous substanoe.] .
Telaspyrine. C. U, Shepa/rd, Contrib. Min., 1877. Pyrite containing tellurium, from Sunshine Camp, Colorado.
Tellubits, Min., p. 188. — In cracks in native tellurium, at the Keystone, Smuggler mines, and as an incrustation at the John Jay mine, In minute prismatic crystals. Cleavable in one direction. Tellow to white. Composition, TeO. Tenth, Am. PhiL Soc. Philad., xvii., 118, 1877.
TKLLtmiUM, Min., p. 19 ; App. n., p. 55. — From various mines in Bowlder County, Colorado, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., xviL, 118, 1877.
Genth describes a peculiar variety from the Mountain Lion mine, which Berdell has called LTONiTE. It occurs in thin plates. H. 8. G. 4*005. Color dark gray. AppaS ently homogeneous in appearance, but in fact containing 86 p. c. SiO* and 6 p.c. AlaOt (Fe,0,).
TEXNArrrE, Min., p. 104. — AnaL, Wilhelmine mine, Seilauf, in the Spessart, JRs/erMn, J. Min., 1881. L, 262.
Sandbergerite, from several localities in Peru, Baimondi, Min. Prou, p. 115 et seq.,
A variety of tennantite is called fredbicitb by H, Sfdaren (QeoL F5r. F5rh., v., 82, 1880). Massive, compact. H. 8*6. G. 4*65. Lustre bruliani metallic Color and streak iron black ; sometimes superficially tarnished green, red, brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Analysis :
S As Sb Sn Cu Pb Ag Fe
Formula 4BS, AsSs, or that of tennantite, with, however, the unusual constituents, lead, tin. and silver. It also differs from tennantite in color and texture. B. B. decrepitates and fuses easily to a black shining mass, which gives a copper bead with soda. In the closed tube gives a sublimate of arsenic trisulphide. Attacked slightly by IICl ; decomposed by strong HNOs, with the separation of lead sulphide and arsenic tnoxide. Occurs in small masses imbedded in geocronite. Associated with galenite at Falu, Sweden.
ENOBms, Min., p. 1?6. — Tridinic, according to Kalkowshy, chiefly on optical grounds Z. Kryst., iiL, 279, 1879.
120 AppurDiz m.
A product of the alteration of tenorite is called atelxna (atelite) hy SeoeeKi (Att Aocbd Napoli, vi., Dec. 13, 1818). Observed as more or less complete peeadomorphs aftiv tenorite, and formed by the action on the latter of hydrochloric acid; as a zesiilt the Uack color is changed to green. An analjrsis gaye : CnO 45*69, CaClt 88*19, HsO and Joos 16*23 100. This corresponds to t;CuO 4- CnCU 4- 8H,0, or Caa. + + H0, which requires : CuO 45*76, CuCl 88*68, H,0 16*56 100. Found at Mt VesuTins, as a result of the eruption of April, 1872. [Not &r from ataoamite.]
Tephbotte, Min., p. 269; App. n., p. 65.~AnaL, Langban, Sweden, Pisani C. R,
Ixxxir., 1511, 1877. An analysis of picrotephroite, from L&ngban, Wermland, Sweden, gave S, M. FaijkuU: SiOt 88*70, MnO 51*19, CaO0*96, MgO 12*17, ign. 0 44 98 45; Geol. par. ., iii., 861, 1877.
Tbquesquite. Oorruption of Tequixquitl, a mineral substance fanned of mixtures d different salts, especially sodium carbonate, and sodium diloride ; from Tezooooi, Zumpango, in the Valle de Mexico, and elsewhere in Mexico. Katuralesa, iiL, 280-246 1875.
Tbteabtiotx. — Min., p. 80; App. 11. , p. 55.
Tetkahbdbitb, Min., p. 108; App. 11., p. 65. — Onrst., twins, , J. ICin., 1877, 62. Horhausen, Sigmann, Z. Kirst., i., 885, 1877; wvih, Hin.-Saniml SttBaebaig p. 66, 1878. Horhausen, vam Both, Z. Kryst, v., 258. 1880.
Analyses, Newburyport, Mass., Mias E, E. JSwaUow, Proc Bost. Nat Hist. Soc., zriL. 465, 1875. Clara mme, Schappbachthal, Muisehler, Ann. Ch. Pfaarm., ., Si GHlrdsjfln, Wermland (aphtonite), NUson, Z. Kryst., i.,417, 1877. Kahl, nearBiber, Heatt. with Co 0-50, As 26. Mutschler, Jahrb. Min., 1877, 276. Brixlegg, Tyrol, UnUhjundBeckf, Min. Mitth., 1877, 278, 274. Huallanca, Peru, occurrence described, ff. SetteU Am. J. Sc., III., XV., 817, 1877 ; anal, by Conuiock, ibid., xvii., 401. 1869. Hunnrf, HidegK Min. Mitth., ii., 860, 1879. Mine d'Araqueda, Gajabamba, Peru, BaifnondiMin. Pdron,p. 114, 1878. Arizona (16*28 Pb), Clarke and Ouwim, Am. Chem. Joum., ii., 173 1880.
Recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubrie, C. B , Ixxx., 468 1876.
A variety is called KALtNOFBKrne by (Domeyko, 6th Append. Min. Chili* 1876 : also Raimondi, Min. P6rou. p. 122, 1878). Occurs massive. Color gray with a metallic 9*12, Zn 1 -92 100. Remarkable for its high percentage of lead. From the mines Carpa and Llaccha (above anaL), district of Eecuay, Peru.
Another mineral, near tetrahedrite, is called rwoiDiTB by A. I/Aehiardi. Bai tallized ; generally granular, compact, massive, with a subconchoidal structure. H. 4. G. 4-8. Lustre metallic. Color grayish steel. Powder grayish black. B. R fwes easily, yielding copious antimonial fumes. Analysis by A. Funaro :
s
Sb
Cu
Pe
Ni
0*&
Zn
SiO,
19*82
12*67
tr.
2*20
£ 96-97.
This does not correspond very closely with ordinary tetrahedrite, nor with the minen! called coppTTE hjBeehi, from this same locality, and for which he obtained : S 27*01. Sb 29*61, Cu 80 10, Fe 18*08 9980 (referred to tetrahedrite by D'Achiardi, Min. Toec., iL. 841, 1878). [In view, however, of the incompleteness of Funaro*s analysis (8 p. c loss, i p. c. ganffne), the calculation of a formula has but little value.] From the mines in the Valle del fVigido, Apuan Alps.
Thaunuudte. NardenakiM, C. E., Ixxxvii., 814, 1878; Lindstrlhm, (Bfr. Ak. Stockh., Nov. 18, 1878. ,
Massive, compact. H. 8-5. G. 1 '877. Lustre greasy, dulL Color white. TimuFlucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Analyses by Lindstrflm, on material collected, 1, by Polheimer, about 1805; 2, by NbrdenskiSld, 1859; and 8, by £ngberg.'l878 :
SiO. CO, SO. CaO H.O Al.O, MgO Na,0 K,0 CI
1. 9-62 6-90 1312 27*48 4216 017 tr. 018 0-07 0*18 99*78.
▲FPBirDix m. .121
The formulA calculated bj LindBtrSm is CaSiO. + CaCOs 4- CaSO + 14aq, which requires : SiO, 9*98, CO, 7 28, SO, 18*25, GaO 27'8i, H,0 41*72 100. B. B. swells up, the flame red bat infusible. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton of silica. In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off much water.
Occurs filling cavities and crevices at the Bjellce mine, near Aarestnita, Jemtland, Sweden; at first soft, but hardens on exposure to the air. A fine fibrous chalk-white mineral occurs with ity and is regarded as a decomposition product; H. 1*5-2*6. Gompcsition: SiO, 11-85, CO, 6-86, SO, 13-31, CaO 25*74, A1,0, (Fe,0,) 2*58. Named from BavMaoa, to be surprised in allusion to the renuurkable composition.
Trvmebohm (quoted by LindstrOm) states that the material analyzed was homogeneous under the microscope, having a fibrous structure. Bertrand (Bull. Soc. Min., iii., 160; iv., S) states that he identified clcite, gypsum, and a third minml, probably woUastonite, in tbaumasite. and hence regards it as a mixture ; he states that chemical trials bv Damour confirm this conclusion. Nordenskidld, however (QeoL F6r. F6rh.. v., 270, 1880), claims that Bertrand's observations were not made on the pure mineral, ana that the mixture proposed would not have the above oomposition. FipaUv, Cohen confirms by microscopic examination the essentially homogeneous (J. Mln., 1881, ii., 21 ref.) appearance; he separated some gypsum and a carbonate soluble in acetic acid, but does not regard the matter as settled. A further critical examination is needed, in view of the seemingly very improbable composition deduced.
Thenardite, Min., p. 616. — Pxovinoe of Areqiupa, Peru, Raimondi, Min. Prou, 287, 1878. Balchaschsee, Central Asia, Bath, Z. Kryst., iv., 430; Ber. nied. CJes. Bonn, Aur. 4, 1879.
Occurs in large deposits on the Rio Verde, Arizona, B, SiUiman, Am. J. So., III., xxii., 204, 1881. An analysis of this by Dunham gave : SO, 56*86, Na,0 [48-021, CaO 012 0-02, CI 0-10, insol. 0-88 100.
From Aguas Blancas, Atacama, cryst. anal, BdrwcUd, 2L Eryst, vi, 86, 1881.
Thinolitar- See GayLuuUe, p. 61.
Thomssnoutb, Min., p. 129; App. II., p. 65.*See Pdehnoltie, p. 88.
TTbomsoxtte, Min., p. 424 ; App. IT., p. 55. — Oryst. form determined with accuracy*
2 A i 90° 26', e (vert.) : 5 : 1*0005: 1 : 0*9925, from Is. Laaven, Langesunfiord, Kor wav, Brdgger, Z. Kryst, ii, 289, 1878.
AnaL, Grand Marais, Minn., Kdnig, Nat. Leisure Hour, 1878, No. 8. Monzoni, John, Verb. Geol. Reichs., 1876, 805.
Btekham and HaU (Am. J. So., m., xix., 122, 1880) describe in detail the thomsonite amygdules from the diabase of Grand Marais, Lake Superior. These occur in place, and also as polished pebbles on the shores of the lake. Three varieties are distinguished : I., opaque white, resembling porcelain, with conchoidal or occasionally fibrous structure; II., in spherical or ellipsoidal forms, with fibrous radiated structure; sometimes with several centres, often fiesh-red, with zones of green, red, and white ; III. (called lintonite), structure fine granular, not radiated or crrtalline, and of green color; sometimes this variety forms a centre surrounded by either var. I. or II. Hardness of the different forms 5-6. G. =2*83-2-35; 2*2 in weathered pebbles. Analyses by Miss L. A. Linton : 1, var. I. ; 2, var. IL ; 8, calculated from 2, on the assumption that the true amount of SiOa is 40 45 p. c (as in 1), the remainder being due to free quartz; 4, var. III.
SiO,
A1,0,
Fe,Oi
FeO
CaO
Na,0
K,0
H,0
9 40*45
29*50
0*28
4*76
0*86
18-93 99-98.
0*81
0*89
12*80 99 90.
40*45
29*87
10*43
4*28
0*42
18*98 99 76.
80*21
0*40
10*37
0*49
13-75 99*89.
The analyses prove that all the specimens examined are the same species, thomsonite. The polished pebbles are often of great beauty, and are highly valued for ornaments.
THoarrE, Min., p. 413; App. II., p. 55. — Arendal, Norway, crystals in form of zircon (pseudomorphs), and analysis, NordtmMld, QtwL Fdr. F6rh., lii., 226, 1876. HitterS, JAndsMm, ib., v., 500, iwl.
123- ' APpmDix m.
A mineral related to thorite, but differing in tne laroe percentage of nraninm ,
has been described by Collier (Jouru. Am. CE. Soc., ii., 73, 1880) under the nameuKAXOTHo- BITS. Mttniye. H. =6. G. 4*126. Lustre resinous to subntreous. Cokr dark red brown. Streak yellow brown. Fracture subconchoidal. An analysis by H. B. Panoos yielded:
SiO, ThO, U.Oa Fe,0, A1,0. PbO CaO MgO*Na,0 H,0
B. B. infusible. From the GhAmplain iron region, N. T., exact locality unknown.
TmtOMBOLiTK, Min., p. 562.— jSbirau/ (Z. Eryst, iv., 28, 1879) obtained G. 8, also: this is a true compound or only a mixture is uncertain; if the former, the mineral beloBcs with the no less uncertain stetefeldtite, partzite (Min., p. 188) and riTotite (App. U., p. 4|)l
.— Oryi
1878.
Tincalconite. C. U, Shepard. Borax from Calif omia, pulverulent and effloreaoent, 38 p. c. water, BulL Soo. Min., L, 144.
TrrAKiTB, Min., p. 888; App. II., p. 66.— Or3rst, in mica schist. Lama della Spedalaocio, Uzielli, Accad. Line. Mem., III., i., 16S, 1877. Albani Mts.. StrHfjer, Z. ., i. 250, 1877. Tyrol, W, J. Lewu, Phil. Mag., V.. iii., 4V>, 1877. Zermatt (greenovite). mnUe, Z. Kryst.. ii.. 810. 1878. Finland. F. J. Wiik, 2. Kryst., li., 496; Groth, 3lin.- Samml. Strassburg, p. 252, 1878. ZSptau, 9oin Math, Z. Kirst., t., 255, 1880. Bmeo Mts., V. Jeremej'ef, verb. Min. Ges. St. Pet., II., xyi., *254, 1881.
Absorption of light measured photometrically, IkUfrieh, Z. Kryst, Yi., 165, 1881.
Optical determination in thin sections of rocKs, FouguS and Lwy, Ann. Min.. VTL. xxL. 437, 1877.
Anal., Waldheim, Saxony (0*88 YOO, Schmdger, ZS. G. Ges., xxviL, 204, 1875. - ville, Canada, Harrington, Geol. Canada, 1878.
In enormous crystals, with apatite, from Renfrew, Canada, sometimes weighing? 72 lbs. (Kunz).
A variety of titanite from Sm&land, Sweden, is called ALSHSDrrs by C, W. Blamstrami (Minnesskrift Fys. S&Usk. Lund, 1878, p. 7). Occurs in imperfect cryst sometiiDes smaU, sometimes 1-1*5 in. in length; also massive, imbedded in quartz. Form unootain, probably similar to titanite (TopsOe); two cleayages inclined 125. H. 8*86. 6. 5k Color pale brown to ash gray. Opaque. B. B. readily fusible to a black bead; soluble in HCl. Analysis : 1, mean of 5 more or less complete analyses; 2, mean of 8 analyses:
SiO, TiO, SnO, A1,0, Fe,0, ¥,0, CaO MnO MgO K,0,Na,0 H,0
The mineral consequently falls between titanite and keHhauite, and is not far from grothite Min., p. 886.
Titanomorphite. A, vonLaaaulx, J. Min., 1879, 568; Z. Kryst, iy., 162, 1879.
Monoclinic ; isomorphous with titanite, with corresponding planes and angles. Usoally in granular aggregates, often with fibrous structure, surrounding kernels oi rutile, or rutile and menaccanite (nigrin), or menaccanite alone, from the alteration of which it has arisen. Color white. Optically biaxial (microscope), with interference figorei resembling those of titanite (p v), 2E "-50*' ; positive. Analysis by Bettendorn:
TiO. CaO FeO
74*82 2527 tr. 99*69.
APPKNSix m. 12S
This oorrwponds to CaTisOi, or a calcium titanate. B. B. fusee to a my glass. With salt of phosphorus gives a reaction for titanium; by HCl partially, by UtbOi completely decomposed.
From the hornblende schists of the bohe Eule," Lampersdorf, Silesia. Lasaulx
Petr. Mitth., uL, 401, 1880. [According to Froth (Tab. Uebers. Min., p. 118, 1882), Knop states that titanomorphite is identical with titanite.]
TocoRNALiTE, App. II., p. 60.— Several chloro-iodides of silver and mercu are described by Domeyko, 5th 1pp., p. 40, 1876; 6th App., p. 80, 1878; 8d ed. Min. Chili, p. 430 et seq., 1879.
Topaz, Min., p. 876; App. II., p. 66.— OrysL, Framont, and optical exam., Bertrand, Z. Kryst., i., 297, 1877. Saxony and Bohemia, Loftpeyres, Z. Kryst., i., 847, 1877. Ilmen Mts., V. Jeremejef, Verb. Min. Qes. St. Pet., IL, xiu., 416. Durango, Mexico, Cloi' zeauxy J. Min., 1878. 40. Russian, Sdigmann, Z. , iii., 80, 1878. Mt. Bischof, Victoria, wm Both, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, Jan. 18, 1879. Mba, Corai, Z. Kryst, v., 604,
Pseudo-orthorhom})ic (monoclinic), according to the view of JUattard, Ann. Min., VIL, X., 156, 1876.
Crystalloenetic discussion, Scharff, J. Min. , 1878, 168. Specific gravity determinations. Churchy Qeol. Mag., II., ii., 822, 1875. Inclosures, COj, etc., Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., March, 1877, 241 ; Erhard and Stelener, Min. Petr. Mitth , i., 460, 1878; A. A. Jtdien, J. Amer. Oh. Soc., iU., 41, 1881.
AjiaL (pyonite), Cerro del Mercado, Duran|;o, Mexico, ChrustaeJiofff Z. Kryst., iii., 684, 1879. Loss upon ignition, BammeMterg, Wied. Ann., vii., 147, 1879.
Altered to muscovite (damourite), Frenzel, Min. Petr. Mitth., iii., 518, 1881. Pyrophy-
salite altered to massive damourite, K&rarfvet, Fahlun, Sweden, Atterbcrg, Geol. F5r. P6rh., u., 402, 1875.
ToRBAKFTE, Miu., D. 742. — Liversidge describes the so-called ''kerosene shale'' of New South Wales, and refers it to torbimite; this is the substance called woUongongtte, which name, however, is not appropriate, as the specimen described came not from Wollongong, but from Hartley, Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. W., Dec. 8, 1880.
Tobeniioxit. ffeddU, Min. Mag., iv., 119, 1880.
Massive, fine granular. G. 2 428. Color pale pinkish white. Translucent Analyses: 1, Tobermory; 2, north of Tobermory, toward Bloody Bay.
SiO, A1,0, Fe,Os FeO CaO MgO K,0 Na,0 HjO
1. 46-61 240 114 1-85 88-40 0-47 1'46 0-86 12 61 100-19.
2. G. 2-423 46-62 889 0-66 1-08 88-98 0-57 089 13 11= 99-81.
Occurs filling cavities in the rocks near Tobermory, Ishind of Mull. [Very near gyrolite, It not identical with it.]
TosBxaNiTE.— Min., p. 686; App. II., p. 66.
ToiTBMALiVE, Min., p. 866; App. II., p. 66. — In crystals as an outer shell, enveloping orthoclase, from Port Henry, N. Y., E. H. WiUiams, Am. J. Sc., 111., xi., 273, 1876.
Pseudo-rhombohedral, analogous to beryl and apatite, according to the view of Mallard Ann. Min., VII., x., 160, 1876.
Power of conducting heat and electricity, S. P, Thompson and 0. J. Lodge, Phil. Mas., v., viii., 18, 1879 ; ib., x , 67, 1880 ; same subject, Fitzgerald, Sc. Proc. DubL Soc., U., L, 870, 1880. Specific gravity determinations, Gh/arch, GeoL Mag., II., iL, 822, 1876. Relation of electrical conductivity to absorption of light, with raerence to Maxwell's theory, S. P. Thompeon, PhiL Mag., V., xii., 112, 1881. Absorption of light measured photometrically, Pulfrieh, Z. Kryst., vi., 161, 1881. Electricity produced by pressure, Jacques and IHerre Curie, C. R., xcii, 186, 1881.
124 AVPBHmz m.
AnaL, in dolomite at Campo Longo, Elba, Engelmannt Z. ., iL, 813, 1878.
Occurrence of red and green varieties at Saxonj, Credner, Ber. Gob. Leny zig, ii., 49 (J. Min., 1877, 528). As a contact mineral adjoining a gnuiite Tein, 1ft Wit lard, N. H., Hatoes, Am. J. Sc, III., xzL, 21, 1881.
Trautwinite. — App. II., p. 56.
Tridtmitb, Min., p. 805 ; App. 11., p. 56. — Pseudo-hexagonal through twinning (tri' clinic), as shown by an optical examination by Schuster, Min. Petr. Mitth., L, 71, 1878 am? nearly the same time inaependentlj by v. Lasaulx, Z. Kryst., iL. 253, 1878.
In white ashes ejected from the island Yuloano, Baltzer, ZS. G. Ges., xxTiL, 57, 1875.
Made artificially, ffautefeuille, G. R., Ixxxiii., 1188, 1194, 1878 (Bull. Soc. Min., L, 1, 1878). Found with zinc spinel in a zinc furnace, as products of the alteistion of the zine muffles, Sehulze and Stdzner, J. Min., 1881, L, 121.
See aJso Asmanite, p. 10.
Tbinksbitb.— App. I., p. 16.
Tbiphtlitb, Min., p. 541. — Analyiaa by S. L. Penfleld : 1, Bodenmain, BaTaria, solar light blue, G. 3*549; 2, Norwich, Mass., color grayish green, G. 8'534 (Am. J. Sc., m., XTU., 226, 1879) ; 3, Grafton, N. H., color %ht blue, G. =8*52, ib., xiu., 4, 1877.
P,0 FeO MnO GaO MgO LiiO KsO NatO H,0 gangue
These correspond closely to the formula : BRPO BtPO + RsPsO, which ia thus proYed to be the true composition of the species.
Tbiphtute— LiTHioPHiLrrB. 6. J. Bruth and K S. Ikma, Am. J. ScL, in., xtL, 118, 1878; ibid., xviil, 45, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Cleavage: basal highly perfect; brachydiagonal nearly perfect; pr9> matic interrupted, / A i 180*. Massive. H. 4*5. CK 3*424-8-482. liustre vitreous to resinous. Color, salmon color, honey yellow, yellowish brown, light dove brown. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Optio axial plane in the basal section; acute bisectrix, positive, normal to bracbypinacoid. Axial angle in oil (n 1*47), 74'' 45' red, 79° 30' blue. Axial ooIoib, d deep pink, e (vert.) pak
greenish yellow, S faint pink.
Composition : LiMnP04, or LiaP04 + MuaPaO*, with the manganese partly replaced br iron. Percentage composition : P,Os 45*22, MnO 45*22, LitO 9*56 100. Analyses: 1, a. L. Wells (ib., xvL, 118); 2, S. L. Penfleld (ib., xviiL, 47) :
P,0 FeO MnO LisO NaO HtO gangue
The composition is analogous to that of triphylite (q. v.), of which it is a variety peculiar in that it contains mostly manganese in place of iron In the closed tube gives traces of moisture, turns dark brown and fuses, but does not become msffnetir. Fuses in the naked lamp-flame, and B. B. gives an intense lithia-red flame, streaked with pale green on the lower edge. With fluxes reacts for manganese (0. F.) and iron (EL F.l Soluble in acids
Occurs at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., in a vein of albitic granite. In irregular masses intimat'ly associated with spodnmene (and cymatolite, q. vA, also with eohorite, triploidite, rhodochrosite, uraninite. Named from lUhium and qnXo, friend.
At the above locality there is found a larire quantity of a black mineral derived the alteration of lithiophilite, as shown both by its composition and by the fact that it retains more or less of the structure of the original mineral, and sometimes inckwwi a
Duclcos of it. It is gMunllr gnyiBli to pitch black. irlth Bometiiiue purple tiage. R.=S-i. Q. S-a6-S-40. Ah&Itmm : 1, F. P. Dewey, lb., xTii., sd?; Wells, ib., iTii., 868.
,,, P.O. FiuO, HiuO, JInO LLO AUO, CiO K,0 N*,0 H.O ln1.
i.a. S'a(>) tf'U u-M 1047 ii-m 6i6 oao O'ls oa Br ngou.
t.0. '38 U-e M-71 IB-aO 4-n (m 0-M tt. I-S7 OHO BS'Se
Finsk. Vet Soo., xvli..
Triploidlte. Q. J. Bru and E. S. Dana, Am. J. ficd., xtL, 48,
MonocUnic. AieM;(Tert,) :4;d 080887 :0-58846 rlj /5 71° 66. Obaerred planes (see flguie) : 1, 3-3 (p). ,
JA/=8r 0', flA/='68', eABlSS" 13', Ap= lOB'aB', a AP 1' 11'. CiTst*ls striated Tertically. Commonly in crystalline aggregates, paraUel-flbioas tocolnmuar; also divergent, or oonfosedly fibrous to nearly compact, manive. Cleavage : orthodiagonal
H. 4-5-5 Q. 8-eft7, Lustre vitnotu to greasy adamantiiie. Color yellowish to reddish brown, in isolated also topaz to wine yellow, occasionally hyacinth red. Streak nearly white. - parent to translucent. Fracture snboonchoidaL The axes of elasticity in the clinodiagonal section nearly coincide respeotiTel; with the TBrtical axis (3" lo 4° behind}, and a normal to the orthopinaooid. No oolor absorption.
Composition ; R,P,0„ H,0 or RiPiO, + If R Hn : Fe 8 : 1, percentage compwiUon: P,0, 8191, FeO 1018, HoO 47-86, B.O 4-00 10a Analyses ol two varieties by S. L. Fenfleld :
P,0. TeO MnO CaO E,0 1. (i) 89-11 1488 48-45 O'SS 4-06 80-85. 88-34 18'65 4'.'-0e imdet. 4-00, quarti 1-00.
In the closed tube gives att neutral water, turns black and becomes mognetio. Fuse*
aujetty in the naked lamp-flame, and B. B. in the forceps colon the flame green. Reacts )r manganese and iron in the fluxes. Soluble in scida.
Occurs at BranchviUe. Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with eosphorite, dictdnsonite, lithiojihilite, and other species, in a vein of albitic granite. In crystalline form triploidite is very similar to wagnerita, and as the formulas of the latter species and of triplileare closely analogous iRiPiOi 4- KFi), it is concluded that the three species ore isomor* phous; in triploidite, the bydroiyl (OH) takes the place of the fluorine. Named from triplite and EiSoi./orin, in allusion to the cloee similarity between the two species.
Trippksit*. Damow and vom Bath, Z. Eryst, r., 340, 1880 (or BnU. Soo. Hin., iii,
Tetragonal ; e (vert.) 0-9160. Obeerred planes : 0, t-i, /, 1, 3, 5-8, i-3, B-V. Cleavage parallel, i-i perfect, /a little less (vom Rath). Optically uniaxial, positive (Dee Cloiieaux). In small briUiaot crystals (1 to 3 mm,), of a bluwb-green color.
According to a qualitative examination by Damonr, essentially an arwnite of copper (CuO,Aa,0,). Easily soluble in HNO, and HCl, B. B. in the closed tube becomes emerald green on slight beating, then the green disappears and the color becomes brownish ; on continued iition the cor becomes yellowish green a second time. Puses eaailT to a green slag. In the open tube gives crtals of arsenic trioiide. Occurs with olivenite, as
older tormation, in dnises in massive cuprite from Ckipiapo, Chili. Named after the young mineralogist. Dr. Paul Trippke, who died June 16, 1880. [Needs further examination on the chemical side.]
TkttodtoritO'-See SvtgueMd, p. 44.
126 AFFKNDIX m.
Tritomite, Min., p. 412.— Bievig and Barkevig, Norway, complete analTses, JAmoM Inaug. Diss. Upeala, 1877 (Z. ., iii., 200).
TsooEKTTB.— App. I., p. 16; II., p. 56.
Troilite, Min., p. 57; App. II., p. 57. — Compositioii, FeS (notFetSs, Mennier, App. XL, p. 57), accordiDg to analyses of J, Xaufrence miith, C. R., Ixxxi., 970, 1875.
TscHEFFEmrns. — Min., p. 887; App. II., p. 57.
TscHEBMAKiTE, App. II., p. 57. — Conclusion of Hawes, that tschennakite is oiily aa ordinary tridinio feldspar, oonflrmed by Bauer, ZS. G. Ges., zxyii, 285 et seq., 1875.
TusGrrs. — Min., p. 167; App. IL, p. 57.
TusNEBiTE. — See Monaeits, p. 82.
TuRQUois, Min., p. 680.— Mioiosoopio examination, Bucking, Z. Kiyst, iL, 168; iiL, 81, Oocurrence in New Mexico, B. SiUimcm, Am. J. So., III., xxiL, 67, 1881.
Tyreeite. ffeddU, Min. Mag., iv., 180, 1881. One and a half hmidred weight of the camelian maible of Three, Scotland, dissolved in sixteen gallons of dilute HCI left aa a residue, thirty pounos sahlite, a little scapolite and titamte, and some ounces ot rtd mud. By decantation, 1*91 grams of a powder of deep brick-red color was obtsdned. Of this mud sulphuric acid dissolyed 78 gram, leaving 113 insoluble. The last was analyvd, and decided to be an impure talc. The soluble portion yielded : FeOa 88 22, AliO* 823, FeO 3-16, MnO 089. MgO 29 94. CaO 221, H,0 1247, PsO. 4-71, SiO 102 100'35. To this last obviously neteroseneous substance the new name is provisionally given. [Certainly no name ever given nad less claim for recognition in the Science of Mineralogy j
Ttbolttb.— Min., p. 570; App. II., p. 57.
Tsrsonite. AUen and Comstoek, Am. J. So., III., xix., 890, 1880.
Forms, the central portion of hexagonal crystals, sometimes an inch or more in diameter, showing the planes 0, /, i-2. The crystals are for the most part altered to bostnfisite {see below). Cleavage bad distinct H. 4*5-5. G. 6*12--6*14. Lustre vitreous to resiiious. Color pale wax yeUow. Streak nearly white. Analyses:
Ce* La,Dit F
(i) 4019 8087 [29-44] 10000.
Atomic weight 141-8. t Joint atomic weight, epectally detennlDed, 188.
This gives the ratio Ce + (Ija,Di) :F 504 : 1*547, corresponding to the formula (C B. B. blackens, but does not fuse. In closed turo decrepitates, changes colw to a light pink. Insoluble in HCI and HKOt, but soluble in H9SO4, with evolution of HF. Occurs in feldspar near Pike's Peak, Colorado. Named after Mr. S. T. Tyson.
The crystals, of which tysonite sometimes forms a central zone, consist for the most part or entirely of haetndsUe (App. I., p. 2, flJso called hamartite by Nordenskidld), which has arisen from the alteration of the original mineral. Cleavage wanting. H. =:4-4'5w G. 5*18-5 -20. Lustre vitreous to resinous. Color reddish brown. Streak light yellowish pay. An analysis gave : Ce,0, 41-04, (La,Di),Oi 84-76, CO, 20-16, F undet.
The joint atomic weight of the three metals was determined to be 140*2, calculating part of the oxides to form nonnal carbonates, the remainder as metals, and estimating the fluorine by difference, the result is obtained :
Ce,L8,Di CO, F
50-18 21*82 2015 7*90 100.
This corresponds closely to the formula : [R,]Fe + which requires : (Oe,Lai Di),Oi 49 94, Ce,La,Di 21-82, CO. 20*07, F 8*67 100. Compare paxisite, Min., p. 700.
APFBHinz m. 127
Ulvxitb, Min., p. 608; App. 11., p. 57.— Chemical composition disonased, JJow, Ghem. News, xxxT., 189, 1877; RevnMs, ib., p. 218.
AnaL, Tarapaca, Peru, Maimondi, lilin. Prou, p. 268, 1878. ProT. Salta, Argentane Bepab., KyU, Anal. Soc. Gientif. Aig., x., 160, 1880.
Occttis ia Keni Co., Cal., Blake, Am. J. So., UI., xziL, 828, 1881.
See also Franklandite, p. 48.
Ullmankite. — Min., p. 78; App. II., p. 57.
Urandiitb, Min., p. 154 ; App. II., p. 57.— Occurrence iix Mitchell Co., N. C, Eerr, Am. J. Sc., xiT., 496, 1877; JluOm, ib., xxU., 22, 1881.
Occurs in small brilliant octahedral crystals, G. 9*22-9*28, at Branchville, Conn., Brush and JS, S. Dana (Am. J. So., III., XTi., 86, 1878); analysis ($) by Comstoek (ib., six., 220, 1880) : U 81-80, Pb 8'97, Fe 0*40, 0 18*47, H.O 0*88 10022. Alter the determination of the amounts of UOa and UOi, the analysis becomes :
UO, UO, PbO PeO H*0
4008 64-51 427 0*49 0*68 100-28.
This corresponds to the formula: 8R0a + 2ROs, with B n,Pb,Fe, and R U. B.B. the mineral reacts with fluxes for uranium, and on reduction vieldis a globule of lead. In the closed tube gives off traces of water, which has a slightly acid reaction, the cause of which is not explained.
Uranoclroita. WeitibacK Jahrb. Ben.-Htlttenwesen, 1877, AbhandL, p. 48.
Orthorhombic ; form similar to that of autunite. CleaTaffe basal highly perfect; macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal distinct. G. 3*58. Color yellow green. Optically biaxiaL Acute bisectrix coincides with c (vert.); axial angle 15*'-20*'.
Composition : BaU,P,0, + 8aq P,0. 14-00, UO, 56-75, BaO leHW, H,0 14-18 100. Analysis, Winkler (L c.) :
15-06 56-86 14-57 18-99 10048.
Earlier analyses by Georgi, and Uwao Imai,gaye confirmatory results. Church Min. Mag., i., 234, 1877) finds, that in vacuo over HaSO, at 2o° C, 6aq go off; and the remamdei (2aq) at a red heat. Occurs in quartz veins near Falkenstein, Saxon Yoigtland. Formerly called autunite (iime-uranite).
Uranophane.— Min., p. 806; App. IL, p. 67.
Uranosphbitb.— App. II., p. 67.
Ubanospinttk, App. II., p. 68. — In tabular crystals, combinations of 0, i-i, and i-l, with
two undetermined domes. 0 A J-i A i-* 124*' 28'; c (vert.): 8: d 2*9128 : 1 (approx.) : 1. Wdsbach, Jahrb. Berg. HQttenwesen, 1877, AbhandL, p. 46 (Z. Eryst., i., m). Contains, perhaps, lOaq (not BaqX according to Church, Min. Mag., i, 286, 1877.
Uranothorite.— See Thoriie, p. 121.
UnAKorn*, App. I., p. 16; IL, p. 58.— Occurs at the " Weisser Hirsch" mme, at NeustAdtel, Saxony. In capillary crystals and crystalline groups, also massive, with fine fibrous fracture. G. 8*814-;i'898. Analyses : 1, 2, Winkler :
SiO, UO, Pe,0,* CaO H,0
1. 18-02 68-98 8-08 618 14-66 99*66.
2. 14-48 62-84 288 6-49 1879 99-48.
With tr. alnmlDimi and cobalt ozideB. .
The formula deduced (that of Boricky) is CarU1,Si,0i + 9aq, which requires : SiO, 14*26, UO, 68*46, CaO 444, HO, 12 84 100. WiUibach, J. Mfai., 1880, ii.. 111.
128 APPiNiux m.
Genth has obtained for nranoiU, from Mitchell Go., N. C. : 8iO, 18-73 UO. miFI, AlaO,, Pe,0, tr., PbO OfiO, BaO 0-28, SrO 0 18, CaO 6 67, P,0. 0-29, H,0 12-( 100*38, for which he calculates the formula : + ISaq, requiring: SiOs 18-9fi, UO, 66-08, CaO 6 61, H,0 12-56 100. Amorphous. H. 2-6. G. Amer. Cbem.
Joum., i., 88, 1879.
UrrSlgyita.— See Berrengrundite, p. 67.
nnuita.>-See SideronatriU, p. 109.
Vajilitb.— App. II., p. 68.
YALENTDnTB, HhL, p. 181— On barite from Nagybanya, Brun, Z. KxtbL, v., 106, 188QL
Vallsbiite. — App. II., p. 68l ,
Vavadinitb, Min., p. 184; App. 11., p. 69.~Or7st. Kappel, Carinthia, v. ZikanmeK Lotoe, 1876 (J. Min., 1876, 661); Kappd, Carinthia, Vrba, Z. Kryst, iv., 858, 1880. Cof doba, WebakyBer. Ak. Berlin, 1880, 799, and Z. Kryst, r., 542, 1881.
Analyses, Wanlock-Head, Dumfriesshire, Frenzel Min. Petr. Mitth., iii, 904, 1881. C!ordoba, BammeUbera, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1880, 661. Occurrence at B61et, Sweden, JVordenstrom, GeoL For. F6rh , iy., 209, 1878; anal. KordstrSm, ib., iv., 267, 1879.
Occurrence in brilliant Ted crvBtals at the Hamburg, and oer mines in the Silver District, Tuma Co., Arizona, B. SOliman, Am. J. So., III., xzii., 198, 1881. At the Gutie Dome mines, IT. P, Blake, Min. Sa Pxw, Aug. 18 (Aol J. Sc, zxiL, 410X 1881.
Yanadiolitb.— App. I., p. 16.
Vahaditx.— Min., p. 610; App. n., p. 69.
Vanuzamite. C, U, , Contrib. Min., 1876. A product of the decompontioii of sine ores at Sterling Hill, }f, J. Occurs in irregular patches in a firm ochery anrgat& Massive, with an even or conchoidal fracture. Color white ; dull. H. 2*5-8. O. 2 6. Does not adhere to the tongue, but emits a slight clayey odor on being breathed upoiL An analysis gave : SiO, 86*64, AltO. 11 70, ZnO 82'48-86*0, H,0 140-19'88. [ObTioualj a mixture of white clay with hydrous zinc silicate, and hence not a mineral species.]
Vabiscite, Min , p. 682; App. 11., p. 69.The mineral called peganitj from MontgomcfV Co., Ark., is shown by CTMter (Am. J. 8c, III., xiiL, 296; xr., 207) to be identical with the variscite of Breithaupt (Min., p. 682, and Petersen, J. Min., 1871, 857), and also with callainite of Damour (Min., p. 672). Occurs in crusts consisting of minute prumatk crystals, in sheaf-like aggregates; also amorphous. Observed planes: /, i-t, M, O; / a i 6'. H. 4. Lustre brilliant Color deep emerald green, bluish green to oolorieBBL Transparent to translucent. B. B. infusibla Analysis (alter deducting 70 and 60 p. c. quartz) :
P.O. A1,0, H,0
(t) 44-86 81-86 28*80 100.
This corresponds to the formula : Ai.P.O. + 4aq or the composition of vatiaoite, 90 cording to Petersen (J. Min., 1871, 867). AnaL, Belmhaeker, Min. Petr. Mittib., iL, 246 1879.
Vasito.— See Orthite, p. 87.
Vanasquita.— See OttrdiU p. 87.
APPENDIX m. 129
Veneirite. T. S. Euni, Trans. Amer. Inst Min. Eng., iv., 825, 1870.
OoBors as a greenish, earthy-looking "clay ore," in irregular layers in the schists oon- &cted with the magnetite of Jones mine, near Springfield, Berks Co., Penn. The purer portions have a pea-green, or apple-green color when moist; becomes greenish white on orring, and &lls to powder. Under the microscope is seen to consist mostly of minute, shining, transparent scales, with some impurities. Analysis by G. W. Hawes, on material puriflS by washing, gave : SiO, 28-93, A1,0, 13-81, Fe,0, 5-04, FeO 0*27, CuO 16-55, MgO 17-47, H9O 12 08, insol. 622 100-87. After deducting the insoluble portion, this beoomes : SiO, 80*78, A1,0, 1467, Fe,0. 6*85, FeO 0*20, GuO 1758, MgO 18-55, H,0 1288 100. Named in allusion to the alchemistic symbol for copper.
[The substance examined is so evidently wanting in homogeneity, that it cannot be regarded as a minend species.]
YBSMicmjTE, Min., p. 498 ; App. II., p. 59. — Analyses (hj Gooch) of varieties from Lemi, Delaware Co., Penn., and Pelham, Mass., and discussion of the relations of this group of minerals, P. Cooke, Amer. Acad. Sc., x., 458, 1875. Anal, Walney Ishmd, North Lancashire, England, Ftirke, Proc. York. GeoL PoL Soc., II., iv., 254, 1877.
A related mineral (decomposition product) is called PBOToyBBMicuLiTE by Kdnig (Pzoo. Ac. Nat. Sc. PhUad., 1877, 269). Micaceous structure. Optic-axial angle small. H. 2. G. 2*269. Color yellowish silvery to bronse. Analysis : SiO, 88*28, AUO3 14*88, Fe,Os 6*86, FeO 057, MgO 21*52, H,0 (combined) 8-86. H,0 (hygroscopic) 2054, MnO,TiO, tr. 100-51. Ednig (1. c.) has also analyzed the jefferisite 01 West (jhester, Penn.
Another related mineral, from Philadelphia, is called philadblphitb by H. C, Lewis (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Dec., 1879). Micaceous. H. G. =2-80. Color brownish red. Inelastic, feel greasy; axial angle. 81 °-:9 Analysis) : SiOa 85*78, AlOs 15*77, FeaOs 19-46, FeO 2-18, MgO 11-56, CaO 1*46, Na,0 0*90, K9O 6*81, H,0 4*34, TiO, 1*03, 7,0, 0-87, MnO 0 50, NiO,CoO 006, CuO 008, P,0 0-11, Li,O.Cl,SO„ etc. tr. =100*86. Another analysis bv Haines gave : 88*79 SiOa, etc. The mineral is veiy hygroscopic, and on heating (ISOMOO"*) expands to ten times its volume; a small fragment exfoliating raised 50,000 times its own weight. Lewis makes a series of careful experiments to determine at what temperatures the water is jven off. K5nig writes the formula for his mineral SisOia + H,0, and Lewis for his, + 2H9O; both are essentially the same as other varieties already described, except in the amount of water present. [As all the minerals of the group are, undoubtedly, decomposition products of otner micas, the multiplication of names seems most undesirable.]
Vosbine. A name given bjr Scacehi to the material forming thin yellow crusts on the lava of 1681, Vesuvius, which is supposed to contain a new element called by him vesbium, Att Aooad. NapoU, 18, 1879.
Ybsuvunite, Min., p. 276; App. n.,jp. 69.— Oryit., Albani Mts., showing variation in orystallographic constants, SeUa, Z. Kryst, L, 251, 1877. Ural, laraesof, Verb. Min. Ges. St. Pet., II., xiv., 189, 1879. Oroth and BUeking, Min.-SainmL Strassburg, p. 199,
Thermo-electrio character, Hdnkel, Pogff. Ann., clvii., 162, 1876.
According to MaUard, pseudo-tetragoiS, and analogous to apophyllite (q. v., also App. TIL, p. 189y Ann. Min., VlL, x., ift, 1876. See idso Brenna, Min. Mitth., 1877, 98. DSUer final, from a discussion of many measurements, no decisive evidence against the tetragonal character of species, that is, on the morphological side, Z. Kiyst, v., 289, 1881.
AnaL, Tschammendorf, near Strehlen, Silesia (1*77 p. c. TiOs). SchunMcher, J. Min., 1878, 817. JordansmUhl, Silesia (8*2-8*4 p. c. MnO, manganidocrase), Laeatdx. Z. Kryst., iv., 168, 1879.
Vmzbltitk, App. II., p. 59.— -i&Arai*/, Z. Kryst., iv.. 81, 1879. Tridinic, monoclinic in habit Incrustm, consisting of a granular aggregate of indistinct crystalline individuals. Occasionally m distinct crystals, combinations of the prisms and brachydomes; blue. Analysis (on 0*1 gr.):
A8,0, P.O. CuO ZnO H,0
10*41 901 87-84 85-20 17*05 99*01.
130 APPiNDix in.
Formula : + + 9aq; with Cu : Zn — 8 : 2, and As,0 : P3O5 1:1; this requires : As,05 1218, P,0. 7-48, CuO 87-68, ZnO S5-e2, H,0 100. Closely related in form and oomposition to libethenite and adamite. Oocnis aa m Incrustation on granite, and on limonite, at Morawitza, in the Banat.
VicTOWTE.— App. n., p. 69 (18).
Vietinghofite* — See SamarakiU, p. 106.
YiLLAKSiTE. — Min., p. 409; App. 11., p. 69.
VmiDiTE. — App. IL, p. 69.
ViYiAiTiTE, Min., p. 656; App. II., p. 69. — Anal white vaiiety from Ameis, Belgium, DewcUque, Ann. Soc. GeoL Belg., iiL, 8.
YoLBOBTHiTE, Min., p. 611. — Woakreasenakoi, Perm in the Fral, Genth analysed the coat ing on a quartzose rocK, finding 85*66 p. c. insol., and 14*46 p. c. soluble, with 4*49 H9O. The soluble portion yielded : YOfi 1869, CuO 8801, BaO 4*80, CaO 4*49, H,0 [81-601 SiO, 1-86, AUO, 4-78, FeaO. 0*46, 1 42 100. Neglecting the SiO,, Al,0,,Fe,O„Hg0, and a part of the water as impurities, Genth calculate : + dCaH,Oa + 12aq, requiring : 19*68, CfuO 8841, BaO 6 17, CaO 6'77, H,0 29*02. A eeoond analysis gave confirmatory results. Am. PhiL Soc Philad., zvii., 122, 1877.
YoLTzrrE, Min., p. 60. — Joachimsthal, optically uniayial, podtiyei Berirand, BulL See. Min., iv., 69, 1881.
Vreckite. — See Bhreekite, p. 16.
Wackenbodite. — App. II., p. 69.
Wad, Min., p. 181 ; App. II., p. 60.— AnaL, Londonderry, K. S., Lottta, Trans. N07. So. Inst., iv., 427, 1878. JNew Caledonia (asbolite), lAvtrMge, Proc. Roy. Soc N. S. W., Sept. 1, 1880.
A mineral near some varieties of wad, from Kamsdorf, Thuringia, is called ITB by We%8ha4ih (J. Min., 1880, ii., 109). Structure fine fibrous and scaly. Yerr soft, soiling the finds. G. 2*89-8*04. Lustre silky, dull. Color and streak reddish brown, the latter shinmg. In closed tube becomes black. Soluble in HCl with evolution of chlorine Analysis, Jenkins : MnO. 68*77, MnO 9*69, CuO 11*48, H,0 21*06 100*89, corresponding to CuMuaOia + 9aq, which requires : Mn0 68*20, MnO 9*60, CuO 10-82, H,0
Waonesite, Min., p. 688; App. II., p. 60.— Bau6r (ZS. G. Ges., zxvii., 280, 1876) suggests that KJERULFiNE (App. II., p. 81) IS probablv identical with wagneiite, but more or less altered; later he shows that the identity is oeyond question (J. Min., 1880, ii, 75). Analyses by Piaani (Bull. Soc Min., ii., 48, 1879), Jkammelaberg (ZS. G. (Jes., xxxL, 107, 1879\ Friederid (J. Min., 1880, ii., 77), agree in general with the wferite formula : MgaraOf. + MgFs. The form and optical characters have been studied by Brdgoer and Iteu8ch (ZS. G. Ges., xxvil., 675, 1875), and Brdgger (Z. Kryst, iiL, 474, 1879), and a general correspondence with wagnerite finally proved.
Walkerite*— See Ptdolite, p. 89.
Walpueoite, App. I., p. 16; II,, p. 60.— According to TTeMoM (J. Min., 1877, 1) the crystals arc triclinic, with pseudo-monoclinic symmetry, due to twinning. CfrUh oonflims this by an optical examination, Z. Kryst., i., 93, 1877.
Waltheaitb.— See BiamiMe, p. 16.
APPENDS m. 131
Waluewite.— See Xanthophyllite, p. 182.
Wapplerite, App. II., p. 60.— Orygt. and optical description, Schfxtuf, Z. Kryst., iv., 281, 1880.
Waewickitb.— Min., p. 600; App. II., p. 60.
Wattevillite. Singer, Inaug. Diss. WQrzburg, 1879, p. 18.
In very minute acicniar crystals, orthorhombic or monoclinic; in part twins; forms fine fibrous aggregates. 6. =1*81. Color snow white. Lustre silky. Taste first sweet, then astringent. Analysis, after deducting 83*60 p. c. hygroscopic water :
SO, AlaO, PeO NiO CoO CaO MgO KaO NaaO n,0 44-01 0-24 0-88 105 180 1687 249 ' 4-74 1046 17-73 90-77.
Calculated formula : RSO4 + 2aq, Tery near polhalite. B. B. swells up and fuses with difficulty to a white blebby enamel. Very soluble m water ; from the concentrated solution, crystals of g;p6um separate on standing, and still more quickly on warming. Found on lignite, associated witn other related sulphates on the Bauersburg, near Bischofsheim vor idem , Bavaria. Named after M. v. Watteville, of Paris. ,
Wayellite.— Min., p. 575; App. II., p. 60.
Wbrnerite.— See Seapolite, p. 106.
Werthemanlte. Baimondi, Min. Prou, p. 244, 1878 (Domeyko, 5th Append. Min. Chili, 1876).
Massive, easily reduced to powder. G. 2-80. Color white. Gives an argillaceous odor, and adheres to the tongue. Composition : AUSOa + 8aq. Analysis gave : SOs 34-50, AljO, 45-00, Fe,0, 1-25, H,0 19-25 100. B. B. infusible. Soluble in acids. It differs from aluminite only in containing less water. Found in a bed of clay near the city of Chachapoyas, Peru. Pyr. as with aluminite. B. B. infusible ; after ignition gives a blue color with cobalt solution. Insol. in HCl, HNOs and aqua regia.
Wbstaotte.— App. I., p. 16.
Whbelesite.— App. n., p. 60.
Whbwellitb.— Min., p. 718; App. 11. , p. 61.
Whitneyite. — Min., p. 87; App. II., p. 61.
WiLLCOXITB.— App. II., p. 61.
WiLLBMrrE.— Min., p. 262; App. 11., p. 61.
Winklbbite.— App. II., p. 61.
WiNKWOBTHrrB.--App. I, p. 17.
WiSBBiNB.— Min., p. 528; App. II., p. 61.— See OctaTiedrtte, App. III., p. 85.
WrmcHBNiTB. — Min., p. 98; App. II., p. 61.
W5HLERITB.— Min., p. 291; App. II., p. 62.
WoLPACHiTB. — App. I., p. 17.
132 APPBKDIX m.
Wolframite, Min , p. 601; App. 11., p. 62.— Chyst. description, FelsGbanya, Kramer, Min. Mitth., 1875, 9.
With at Inverell, New South Wales, LiverMge Proc Roy. Soc N. & W„ Nov. 3, 1880.
WoLLASTONiTE, Min., p. 210; App. II., p. 62.— AnaL, Santorin, Fimqui C. Ixzz., 631, 1875.
WoLLONGOKGiTB, App. I., p. 17.— See TorbamU, p. 138.
WooDWAEDiTE.— Min., p. 666; App. II., p. 63.
WuLFBNiTB, Min., p. 607; App. II., p. 62.— Occurrence in the silver district, Ynma (X. Arizona; sometimes in simple octahedral crystals, B. SUliman, Am. J. Sc, III., xxii. 203, 1881.
Schrauf has given the name chsomowulfenite to some red wulfenite ArtntAJwwg chromium, Ber. Ak. Wien, IxiiL, 1871.
WuBTZiTB, Min., p. 59.— AnaL, Prribram, Fremelj J. Min., 1875, 678. Description of artifical crystals, hemimorphic, like greencckite, Fiirttner, Z. Kryst, v., 868, 1881. See also Erythrozineite, p. 43.
Xanthiositb. — App. IL, p. 62,
Zantholite.— See Staurolite p. 114
XAHTHOFTLLrrE, Min., p. 508. — A variety is called waluewite by v. Eokscbapof (P. r. Jeremejeft Verh. Min. 6es. St Petersburg, II., xL, 841, 355, 1876; N. von AokaAarof, Z. Kryst., u , 51, 1877 (Min. RussL, vii., 346)).
Monoclinic in symmetry. Axes, e:h:d 3*2728 : 1 : 0*5768. /9 90° 0'. Ofaaer
planes :0,-i-f,i-i,-.i, -4, Oa -H 109' 28; OaM=109" 28; -Ma:4 109''28)':O Ai-4 0 A -i -4 a }-i -i -W 140''46'; theaeangtescorw. spond closely with the isometric system. Plane angle of the base 120*". Twins commoiL, similar to those of mica; twinning-plane /. Cleavage: basal perfect. H. 4*5. 6. SiXA Lustre vitreous ; on cleavage plane pearly. ' I'olor leek to bottle-green. Tranwrent to translucent. Strongly dichroic, parallel e (vert.) fine green, perpendicular to reddish brown. Optic properties (H. Backing) : axial plane the clinodiagonal secdoa; bisectrix negative, inclined 82" to the normal (probable error not greater than 13 w Axial angle about (20*'-40° Des Cloizeaux, p v). Analysis, P. v. Nikolajef :
SiOj AI2O3 Fe,Oa PeO MgO CaO H,0
16-90 43-55 231 0-33 1747 1300 5*07 98*63.
Found with perofskite and other species in chloritic schists in the mine Nikolaje-Maxhmilianowsk, near Achmatowsk, in the southern Ural. Named after the Russian Minister. P. A. von Waluew.
See also ClintoniUf p. 28.
Xenotdce, Min., p. 528 ; App. II., p. 62. — Chyst., Binnenthal, Klein J. Min., 1873 869; St. Gothard, ib., 1879, 536.
Occurrence at KOnigshayn, GSrlitz, Silesia, v, Lasaulx, J. Min., 1877, 174 Crystals compounded with zircon Alexander Co., N. C, W, E. Hidden Am. J. 8c, 111., xxi., 244, 1881.
AnaL, HitterOe, SchiStz, J. Min., 1876, 306.
Tounglte. Haimay, Min. Mag., i., 152, 1877; ii., 88, 1878.
A coarsely crystalline, apparently homogeneous mineral. H. 6. Lustre metallic, sembling fractimi cast-iron. A specimen of unknown source yielded Hannay, analyses
AFPBiroix m. 133
2, 8, 4 ; and a specimen, from Ballarat, Australia, gave Stewart and Hood, analyses 5 and 6 (mean of several) :
S
Pb
Zn
Pe
Mn
1. G. 63
11*18 100-97.
2. G. 8-59
88*46
6*98 99-94.
2*80
6-77 99-00.
7-00 l'9-06.
1*28, Sb 0-25, SiO, 0-18 99-69.
6. G. 4 66
26*78
8*78
1*80, SiO, 0*10 99*76.
Corresponds approximately to a simple solphide containing lead and zinc, with varying quantities of iron and manganese. Named after Mr. John Young, of Glasgow.
S?he description of Youngite" is very incomplete (note the disparity in the deterraions of the specific gravity), and the composition is improbable. Analyses 1 and 2, for which separate formula are eiven by the author, were obtained from the same specimen! Beyond question a mechaniccu mixture.]
Yttbocssitb. — Min., p. 625; App. I., p. 62.
Tttrogommite*— See Cleveite, p. 27.
YTTBOTAirrALiTE. — Miu., p. 519 ; App. II., p. 62.
Zabatite, Min., p. 710.~From the mines of Bapi, Provinoe de la Mar, Peru, Baimondi, Min. Piou, p. 206, 1878.
Zephaboviohite.— App. I., p. 62.
Zeuneeite, App. II. . p. 62. — Oryst., and association with uranospinite, WeidHtch, Jahrb. Berg.-Hatt., 1877, AbhandL, p. 46 (Z. Kryst., L, 394).
Znic, Min., p. 17. — Beported as found in the native state in north-eastern Alabama, W, D. Marks, Am. J. Sc. Ill,, xi., 284, 1876.
Zincaluminite. Bertrcmd and Danumr Bull. Soc. Min., iv., 185, 186, 1881.
In minute crystals, forming very thin hexagonal plates. Opticallv uniaxial, negative, and hence hexagonal, or possibly orthorhomoic with /a 120 nearly (Bertrand). H. 2*5-6. G. 2*26. Color white, or slightly bluish. Analysis, Damour, deducting a little clay associated with it :
SO, A1,0, ZnO CuO H,0
Formula : 2ZnS04 + 4ZnH,0i + 8Al3H,0 + 5aq, requiring : SO. 12*48, Al.O, 2412, ZnO 3812, H9O 25-28 100. B. B. in the closed tube gives off abundance of water. SliRhtlv alkaline. With cobalt solution on strong ignition, gives a greenish-y mass with blue at some points. On charcoal a zinc coating. Soluble in HNOs, leavmg 5 to 7 p. c. clay. From tne zinc mines of Laurium, Greece.
ZixciTE.— Min., p. 135; App. II., p. 68.
ZiNKENiTE, Min., p. 88. — Anal., SendtneTy from Adlersbach, near Hausach, ICinzigthal, Ann. Ch. Pharm., ., 205, 1877.
ZiNNWALDiTE.— See Mica Group, p. 77.
Zlrcarbite. C, U, Shepard, Contrib. Min., 1877. A massive, compact, or cellular, yellowish-brown, opaque mineral. H. 2-2-5. B. B. infusible. Chemical nature unknown. With cyrtolite, at the granite quarries of Rockport, Mass.
134 APPENDIX m.
Zircon, Min.p. 272; App. n., p. 68 — Supposed to occur in microscopic twin crjsta) Meyer, ZS. G. Gtes., xxx., 11, 852, 1878; Stapff, 1. c, xxx., Ib8 ; xxxi., 405, 1879; i?i3 Min. Petr. Mitth., i., 208, 1878; Hweak, Min. letr. Mitth,, i., 277, 1878; this conclusid questioned by Sauer, J. Min., 1879, 569; Bosenbttseh, Att. Accad. Torino, June 19, 1.
Large twin crystal (1-t as twinning-plane), from Kenfrew, Canada, W. E. Hidden, ia J. Sc, III., xxi., 507, 1881; same observed by L, Fletcher, Z. Kiyst., vi., 80, 1881. Tb? crystals from Renfrew occur with ngantic titanite crystals (p. 122), and are sometic*) very large. From Tarious Italian localities, UzieUi, Aocad. Ijinc. Mem., II., ill, .i
Mallard (Ann. Min., YIL, x., 143, 1876) includes zircon among the pseudo-tetrigooal minerals.
Specific gravity determination. Church, GeoL Mag., 11. ii., 22, 1875.
Anal., El Paso, Colorado, Kdnig, Am. Phil. Soc. PhiL, xvi., 518, 1877, or Z. .
Color due to state of oxidation of iron, and varied in R. F. and O. F., Spetia, Att Aer. Torino, xu., 87, 1876.
A variety of zircon from Ceylon is called bbccabite by OraUarola (Att Soc Tosc., It. 177, 1879). Color olive green. Optically biaxial, with apparently twinned structure; i basal section is divided into four sectors in polarized light. Form and other chAncteni Hke zircon. Analysis : SiO. 80*80, ZrO, 6216, AlsO, 2*52, OaO 8*62, ign. 0 80 982 Named for Dr. 0. Beccari.
See also CyrMUe, p. 88.
ZiAlite. — Appv II., p. 68.
Z5BLITZITE, App. II., p. 34.— AnaL (a white serpentine), Frenzd, J. Min., 1875, 680.
ZoisiTE, Min., p. 290; App. II., p. 63.— AnaL, Syra, LOdecke, ZS. G. Ges., xxviiL, 258, 1876. Leiperville, Delaware Co., Pa., Kdnig, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1878, 88.
Oryst. (thoulite), Souland. Norway, Brdger, Z. Kryst, ilL, 471, 1879.
Crvstallographically and chemically investigated by Tschermak and Sipdez (Ber Ak-Wicn, Ixxxii., 141, 1880). The measurements (of crvsteJs from Ducktown. Tenn., by Becke) confirm the accepted orthorhombic character. Tlie optical characters are peculiar, in consequence of the presence of twin lamelhe. An analvsis of transparent cirstals from Duck town, by Ludwig. gave: SiO, 89*61, Al,Oa 82*89, Fe0, 0-91, Fe 0-71, MgO014, CaO 24-50, H,0 2-12 100 - - -- -
rAljaSieOte, analogous the two vari<
various intermediate and aluminum respectively replace each other.
ZoNocHLORiTE.— See Prnite, p. 96.
ZoEoiTE, Min., p. 48.— Analyses of related minerals (Pb,Cu:Se, and (Cu,Pb),Sc„ from the Andes, Pieant, C. R., Ixxx., 891, 1879.
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