Underground treasures : how and where to find them. A key for the ready determination of all the useful minerals within the United States

Orton, James · 1922 · Historical

New ed. with appendix. "Note" is dated "1901, W.T.B." Noted in Gemology by J. Sinkankas, entry no. 4908. "Enthusiastical​ly written, oversimplified treatise…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

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Underground Treasures:

How And Where To Find Them.

A Key

POR THE READY DETERMINATION OF ALL THE USEFUL MINERALS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.

By James Orton, A.M.,

Late Prafessor of Naturaéi History in Vassar College, N.¥.; Cor. Mem. of the Acadenty of Natural Sctences, Philadelphia and of the Lyceum of Natural History, New Fork: Author of " The Andes and the Amazon," etc.

A New Edition With An Appendix

On Ore Deposits And Testing Minerals With The Blow-Pipe.

Illustrated.

CHICAGO, THE MODEL PUBLISHING COQ, 442 So. Deargorn Sr.

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by WORTHINGTON, DUSTIN & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C Copyright, 1922 by THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO.

Tus little work was not written for mineralogists, but expressly for the landholder, the farmer, the mechanic, the miner, the laborer, even the most unscientific. It is designed to enable such to discover for themselves, minerals and ores of use in the arts, and thus develop the resources and ascertain the value of any particular farm or region. It may save the owner from ruinous bargains, and may reveal a mine of mineral wealth, more sure and more profitable than any bank,

Still further, to enhance the value and popularity of the book, it has by the present editor, been deemed advisable to add an Appendix on Ore Deposits and Testing Minerals by the Blow-pipe.

W. T. B.

PHILADELPHIA, IgO!.

PROSPECTING THE GROUND., Frontispiece.

Fac-Simile Of Nugget Of

GOLD, (California,) Illuminated Title Page. PROSPECTING DIAMOND DRILL, 40 WASHING AURIFEROUS SANDS.,, 47 SEARCHING FOR DIAMONDS, 5..5. 121 LEE 'SAWeMILL-OF 'GOLOMA js tiiacdeca. vee 129

(The place where Gold was first discovered in California.)

Lable of Contents.

CCT Palaricg Ul

PAGE, Intropuction.—Money in the Kocks—The Undergrownd Wealth of our Country—Valuable Minerals Disguised— How Great Fortunes are Missed—Number of Minerals in the United States—Object of this Work and How to Use it--The Best. Mineral KRevions,, vo. WSs 4 Gis @) Qin ke Re

GBA ty eae DN.

Directions For DETEXMINING SPECIMENS BY THE KEY.— Sa to Test \linerals with the ceiipee st Means—Prospecting a Jack-knife and Common Sense— Use of the Key—How

as 'ell Pyrites from Gold, and Qua ate from Diamond—All the Useful Minerals Grouped According to Hardness and Color, 15

Chapter Iti.

Descriptive List or Userun Mineracs.—The Gems —Precious Metals—Valuable Ores and Useful Minerals of the United States from Agate to Zinc—Their Distinguishing Characters, Uses and Localities—A Mineralogy for Miners — Agate — Alur n— Amethyst— Anthracite — Antimony Ore— Asbe stus—Asphaltum— Azurite—Baryta— Bituminous Coal— lende—Boz fred Ore—Grittle Silver Ore—Brown Coal— Cc "alanine —Cannel Coal—Carnelian—Celestine—Cerussite— Chromic [ron—Cinnabar—Cobalt Pyrites—Copper—Copper Glance—Copper Nickel—Copper Pyrites— Diamond — Emery — Fluor Spar — Franklinite-— Galena — Garnet — Gold— Gr aphite—Gray C 'opper Ore—Gy psum— Horn Silver—lron Pyrites—Jasper—Kaolin—Lenticular [ron Ore—Limonite— Magnetic [ron Ore—Magnetic Pyrit es— Malachite—Manganese Spar—Varble—Mica—Micaceous Iron Ore—Nitre— Oxyd of Manganese — Platinum— Red Copper Ore—Red Hematite—Red Silver Ore—Rensselaerite—Rock Crystal— Rock Salt—Rutile—Serpentine—Silicate of Copper—silver — Silver Glance — Smaltine— Smithsomite—Spathe Iron — Specular Tron—Spinel Ruby—Steatite — Strontianite—Sulphur —Tin Ore—Topaz —'Tourmalineé—Variegated Copper Ore—Wad—Willemite—Zincite, . . 4 +. + + 20

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CUHUASP ES Vs,

PROSPECTING FOR Diamonds, GoLp, Sitver, Copper, LEap AnD [RoN.—Mineral Riches, how Discovered—Incications— Seaching for Diamonds, and how to Distinguish them—Paying Localities of Gold—* Fool's Gold "— Prospecting for 511- ver and Copper—Where to Look for Lead and Iron, . . 231

QR PLE RY Ws,

Assay OF Ornes.—When an Ore will Pay—Washing for Gold and Platinum—How to Assay Gold in the Simplest Way—To Test auy Rock for Gold and Silver—To Find the Purity of Gold—T'o Detect and Assay Silver Ores—Assay of Copper, Iron, Zinc, Tin and Lead Ores—Ready Method of Testing CT it Ae ee ee ee ae cae: Wparth "aoe ee ar

CA APT ER Vor:

MINERAL Sprincs.—What are Mineral Springs—General Location—Gas sige met Eee Se Springs—Alum Springs—Epsom Springs—Salt pee, arm Springs— Artesian Wells and Oil Wells, and Where to Bore for Them,

CHAPTER Worn.

Artiriciat. Jewetrv—How Mape axp How Detectep.— Mock Diamonds—* Paris Hrilliants"'"—The Manufacture of Pastes—False Ruby, Topaz, Sapphire, Emerald and Carnehan—How to Distinguish True and False Gems—Imitation Pear! and Coral—Artificial Go'd—List of Precious Stones, 114

CAH AvP RE Re Nopd:

Clap Tt Er Vde;

Discovery OF Sitver rs Nevapa, anp Unirep States GOLD AND Silver STATISTICS. 1. . s + 4334

APPENDIX? Ore Deposits. 2.0 a ee a ae pe oe 198 Testing Minerals with the Blow-pipe. . . . . 1. 2. os 992 Statistics of Gold and Silver. . 2 2 2 2 wee eee ee ss 198

TA Deke acc: ie} ak tee ae re de SUSU e foe yan ee

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s : FPNSCRIBED TO

ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, PH. D., UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF MINING STATISTICS;

Eritor Of The

Engineering And Mining Journal;

Author Of

"'The Mines of the West," etc.

/ j

A Kse Yy

FOR THE READY DETERMINATION OF ALL THE USEFUL MINERALS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.

—*es — ;Sab Tyee bE eligete beni INTRODUCTION.

MONEY IN THE ROCKS—THE UNDERGROUND WEALTH OF GUR COUNTRY—VALUABLE MINERALS DISGUISED —HOW GREAT FORTUNES ARE MISSED—NUMEBER OF MINERALS IN THE UNITED STATES—OBRJECT'OF THIS WORK AND HOW Tir USE IT—THE BEST MINERAL

Reta lis.

fVeINERALS head the list of the sources of our nation's wealth. Gold, iron, coal and marble have not only contributed largely to the enterprise and opulence of America, but at this very moment they exert a commanding influence in political circles No one can prophesy the greatness of the commercial power which Is sure to rise on their foundations.

No other country can boast of such

Underground Treasures,

vast and valuable mineral deposits. Yet our country is not half developed. Treasures lie undiscovered in our mountains and under our farms,—gems of "purest ray serene" and still more precious metals. Some will be accidentally brought to light ; but the majority are so disguised that their real nature is not seen. How unpromising are the best ores of iron, zinc and silver and the rarest gems! Then, again, there is "mimicry" in the mineral kingdom; worthless stones are often good imitations of the valuable, and fortunes have been sunk in mining pyrites for gold, mica for silver and slate for coal. But if we wait for mineralogists to develop our mineral resources, we must wait a millenium, our country is so vast and scientific laborers so few. Fortunately, however, nature has stamped upon each mineral some peculiar feature or assemblage of characters which enable any one with average common sense to distinguish those which are of value in the arts.

2 i ie de

Object Of The Work. Ii

The object of this work is to point out those distinctions so clearly and in popular language that those who do not claim to be scientific may determine specimens for themselves; in other words, to furnish @ key for the ready determination of all the useful minerals within the United States*

Two hundred and forty-four mineral

species have been found within the bounds of the Union. Of these only one-third are of any use to the practical man. These eighty have certain general charac-

ters in common, but always some specific differences. The object is to divide them into groups, as the botanist divides the plants, and then to separate the individuals by some properties or features peculiar to each. Only those minerals are mentioned which are useful: any specimen, therefore,

which does not fit any of the descriptions given, may be considered of no special

The useful rocks, as granite, slate, sandstone, waterlime, etc.. are not included. By "granite region" is meant one having rocks like New England, and there-

fore unlike Western New York or Illinois.

I2 Underground Treasures

value. By the term "color," 1s meant the color of a fresh fracture, for the exposed surface often misrepresents the true aspect. Exact color is not meant, but "red" stands for reddish, "yellow" for yellowish, "white" for a light gray up to the perfectly transparent. '" Magnetic" means that the specimen disturbs the needle of a compass, or that a magnet will take up fine particles. A mineral is "opaque" if the light will not pass through either the edges or a thin fragment. A "translucent" mineral is either clear as crystal or only allows light to pass dimly through a thin portion. '"Effervescence" is the bubbling produced by the escape of a gas, as in soda-water "Gravity" is the weight compared with that of an equal bulk of water. In the majority of cases the spectmen can be determined without it; but there may be several doubtful cases which can be settled only by obtaining the grav-

ity. This is done by first weighing a fragment of the mineral ina small apothecary @ Lita oft

How To Find The Gravity. 13

or jewelers balance, reckoning it in grains, Then by a thread suspend it below one of the scales in a tumbler of water, taking care that the specimen is covered with water and does not touch the sides. Subtract tne weight in grains as it hangs in the water froin the first weight, and divide the first weight by the difference: the re-

sult is the gravity. Five per cent. should

be allowed for impurities. Where exactness is not required, the gravity of a specimen may be judged by comparing it with well-known substances. Thus,

The gravity of anthracite coal is about 1.5 The gravity of brick is about 8 The gravity of clay 1s about 20

The gravity of marble and glass is about 2

a

The gravity of slate is about a8 The gravity of cast iron ts about 7.0

The gravity of copper ts about 90 The gravity of lead ts about 1f.o

If the gravity of a mineral is 1.5,a cubic inch of it will weigh about 3-4 ounce; if BO Z Wt 265¥ DA Oe eh oak, ees if 4., 2 02z.; if 5, 2 I-2°0z., etc.

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I4 Underground Treasures.

There is no section of our country that may not reward a diligent search for precious or useful minerals The rocks, however, between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic and between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific furnish the greater variety and abundance. Here are found the best ores. Gold and silver seem to abound more on the western than eastern sides of both mountain-chains. A trapregion, like the shore of Lake Superior and the Connecticut River Valley, is

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likely to be a good locality for copper and iron. The Mississippi Valley, or the region of Bituminous Coal, furnishes chiefly iron and lead; gold, silver and copper are seldom found. In general, where the layers of rock lie level and contain fossil shells, it is a locality good only for soft coal, (New York excepted), iron ore, gypsum and salt. The regions of granite, slate, limestone, marble, etc., offer the greatest inducement to search for useful

minerals.

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CHAPTER Tf.

Directions For Determining Speci- Mens By The Key.

HOW TO TEST MINERALS WITH THE SIMPLEST MEANS — PROSPECTING WITH A JACK-KNIFE AND COMMON SENSE— USE OF THE KEY— HOW TO TELL PYRITES FROM GOLD AND QUARTZ FROM DIAMOND—ALL THE USEFUL MINERALS GROUPED ACCORDING TO HARD- NESS AND COLOR.

®!|IRST see whether it will scratch

common window-glass. If it will

make the least mark, it belongs to division A; if not, it is to be found in group B. Next notice whether the light will shine through it: if it does not pass through even the edges or a thin splinter, it is opaque; if any light is allowed to pass, it is translucent. Witha knife see if it is harder or softer than pure white marble; then, noting its color, compare it with the descriptions of minerals referred to by the numbers. If it agree

OV - - ae &

16 Underground Treasures

with none, it may be considered of no use in the arts. To make doubly sure, get the gravity as described on page 12. Examples: Suppose we have an unknown mineral in hand. We first try to scratch glass with it and find it impossible. It therefore belongs to section B. Next we find it is opaque and yellow, and evidently heavier and harder than marble. It must be one of two: 44 attracts the compass-needle, and this will not; it 1s consequently 26 or Copper Pyrites, if it agree with the description. If not, it is something of no great value. You have found what you think is a diamond. Does the specimen scratch glass? Yes, easily, and is brittle. Can you see through it? You say it is clear as glass. Look now under section A, 'translucent " series, number 6 (for it is colorless), and decide which of the fourit is. The first one (27),is diamond; but do not let your wishes make itagree. Turning to the description, you read that it can not be scratched with

How To Use The Key. [7

a file or worn downona grindstone. This decides against it. Besides, the gravity (2.3) 1s too little. With the next (57) it agrees perfectly, and you need not go further. Should the specimen. however, agree very well with rock crystal, only that its gravity (3.5) is too great, then it is top - ftes> All minerals that scratch glass are brittle, and all (save 32 and 46) are infusible or melt with great difficulty.

cr 5! add.

Iegs> The following minerals will burn, evaporate or melt without a flux in an ordinary fire: Nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14,

18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33.35. 37; 44, a Bap W2yiOss, 7 Os gilguees COMA DEe lowing are heavier than marble: 2, 4, 6, 7, 14, 16, 34, 36, 40, 47, 48, 56, 60, 61, 69, 71, Nos 2, 50 and 58 alone dissolve in water

Kes In determining color, be sure you have a fresh surface, for the outside is often deceptive. By " blow-pipe" is meant the tapering tube used by watch-makers.

18 Underground Treasures.

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WILL SCRATCH GLASS. I. OPAQUE. (1) Black: 12, 20. 28, 30, 42, 43, 51, 54,67, 72. (2) Brown: 12, 25, 42, 59, 72, 77:

(3) Red: 39, 46, 54, 59, 67. (4) Yellow: 38, 72, 77.

(5) Gray: 22, 28, 72. (6) White: 64.

Il, TRANSLUCENT. (1) Brown: 32, 59, 72, 77- (2) Red: 17, 32, 46, 59, 68, 73, 74. (3) Yellow: 32, 59, 72, 73, 77- (4) Green: 74, 77: (5) Violet-blue: 3.

(6) White: 27, 57, 73, 77: (7) Banded or clouded: 1.

The Key. 19

B,

Will Not Scratch Glass.

I. Opaque.

Harder than white marble.* Softer than white marble. (1) Black: 11, 35, 47. 4, 7. 10,12, f3, 14, 16, 24, 34; 37: 49, 51, 55, 56, 76. (2) Brown: 66, 75. 12, 14, 21. (3) Red: 44, 53, 75. 21, 23 41,55 (4) Yellow: 26, 44, D2, 33, 86; (5) ¢ Green: 45 60, 61 (6) Gray: 35, 66 5. 24, 31, 34, 36, 49, 56, 63, (7) White: 6, 9, 11. 36 40, 56, 62.

Il. TRANSLUCENT. (t) Black: 11 55: (2) Brown: 9, 11, 65, 66 45. (3) Red: 9, 11, 18, 53, 78. 36, 55 (4) Yellow: 9, 11, 15, 29, 48, 71. 47, 78. (5) Green: 29 45, 65, 70. 48, 60, 61. (6) Blue: 8 18, 20, 47. (7) Gray: 19, 47, 65, 66. 37, 69 {S) White: 18. 47. 2 (9) Mottled or Banded: 47

" That ts, they are not so easily cut witha knife; they do not necessarily scratch marble.

en — EE

EArP Tk Re las

Descriptive List Of Useful Minerals.

The Gems—Precious Metals—Valuable Ores And

USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STArTES FROM AGATE TO ZINC — THEIR DISTINGUISHING CHAR- ACTI RS, USES AND LOCALITIES—A MINERALOGY FOR MINERS.

1.— Agate,

HIS stone is a mixture of several kinds of quartz, mainly the white. red, brown and black, disposed in layers or clouds. The layers are zigzaz, circular or in straight bands (onyx). Occurs in irregular rounded masses ; not very translucent; not altered by heat or acids; cannot be cut with a knife nor split into plates ; takes a high polish ; lustre glassy ; gravity 2.5.

VaLuE—Used for jewelry and ornamental work, mortars, vases, knife-handles,

Agate—Alum., 21

burnishers, etc. The colors are deepened by boiling in oil and then in sulphuric acid.

LocaLities. — Found in granite and trap regions, generally by the shores of rivers, lakes and the sea; as, north-west shore of Lake Superior ; Missouri, Columbia, Colorado and Connecticut Rivers ; Crescent City, Cal.; Hancock County, Ga.; near Tampa Bay, Fla ; Fulton, Penn. ; Yellowstone Lake, Wy.*

2.— Alum.

Occurs in mealy or solid crusts, often fibrous; dissolves in water; tastes sweetish-astringent ; melts and froths up when heated.

VALUE.—Extensively used in dyeing and calico-printing, candle-makin ing skins, clarifying liquors and in pharmacy.

LocaLities.—Found incrusting and impregnating dark slaty rocks, with yellow

ge, dress-

Only the best known localities in the United states are given. For these we are indebted mainly to Professor [)ana's great work on Mineralogy

22 Underground Treasures.

streaks. Cape Sable, Md; Cleveland County, N. C.; coal slates on Ohio River, and in caves in Sevier, De Kalb, Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tenn. ; also Esmeralda and Storey Counties, Nev.

3 —Amethyst.

Same as Rock Crystal, but colored purple or bluish violet. Generally in clustered crystals.

VaLue —When clear and finely colored, it is a favorite gem.

LocaLiries —Usually found with agate. Keweenaw Point, Pic Bay and Gargontwa on Lake Superior; Bristol, R. 1; Surry, N. H.; East Bradford, Aston, Chester, Thornbury, Edgemont, Sadsbury, Birmingham, Middletown and Providence, Penn.; Greensboro, N.C.

.4.— Anthracite.

Occurs massive ; compact; high lustre ; brittle ; breaks with a curved surface: will not scratch marble ; burns, but not readily, with a pale blue flame and little smoke ;

ba Zé — - —

ct

SS ae ANTHRACITE—ANTIMONY. 23

will not form coke by roasting; gravity r4tols.

VaLueE.—Used for fuel and sometimes

cut into inkstands, etc.

LocaLiries.—Found in beds between slates and sandstones, and east of the Alleghany range only, as Eastern Pennsylvania; Portsmouth, R. I.; Mansfield, Mass. ; North Carolina No workable beds will be found in New York.

The rocks in anthracite regions are tilted, bent and broken, never level to any great extent. Impressions of leaves are good indications.

5-— Antimony Ore.

Occurs fibrous or granular; color lead gray, often tarnished ; shining lustre, brittle ; but thin pieces can be cut off witha knife; melts in a candle, at a high heat passing off in vapor; gravity 4.5.

VaALuE.—The source of the antimony

of commerce, containing seventy per cent. LocaALities.—Found associated with Silver, Spathic Iron, Blende, Baryta and

ten TT

24 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. Quartz, Carmel, Me. ; Lyme, N. H.; Soldiers Delight, Md.; Aurora, Nev.; San Amedio Cafion and Tulare County, Cal.

6 —Asbestus.

Occurs finely fibrous, flax-like; flexible, not elastic ; silky lustre, sometimes greenish; gravity 3.

VaLure.— Used tor lining safes and steam-packing, and for making incombustible cloth, lamp-wicks, etc.

LocaLities.—F ound in granite-regions east of the Alleghanies ; often with Serpentine. Brighton, Dedham, Newbury, Pelham and Sheffield, Mass.; Milford, West Farms, Winchester and Wilton, Conn.; Chester, Mt. Holly and Cavendish, Vt.; Patterson, Phillipstown, Monroe and Staten Island, N. Y.; Brunswick, N. J.; East Nottingham, Goshen and Aston, Penn ; bare Hills and Cooptown, Md. ; Barnet's Mills, Va.

7 —ASPHALTUM. Occurs massive ; brittle; breaking with high lustre like hardened tar, and with

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Ce ras

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Asphaltum—Azurite.

curved surface; melts and burns readily with flame and smoke; gravity I.2, sometimes floats on water.

VaLur.—Used for cements and varnishes.

LOCALITIES. surface. Near the coast of Santa Barbara, Cal.; West Virginia, twenty miles south of Parkersburg.

Found generally near the

8.—Azurite.

Occurs in crystals and masses with glassy lustre, or earthy and dull; brittle ; crackles and blackens, and finally fuses by heat: dissolves with effervescence In nitric acid ; gravity 3°.

: Vatue.—A valuable ore of copper, containing sixty per cent.

LocaLtttes.—l ound chiefly in lead and copper mines. Perkiomen lead mine, Cornwall, Phoenixville and Nicholson's Gap, Pa ; near New Brunswick, N. J.; near Mineral Point, Wis.; Polk County, Tenn. ; Calaveras and Mariposa Counties, Cal. ; near Virginia City, Mont.

a4

26 Underground Treasures.

Se

g9.—BarvyTa, OR HEAVY SPAR.

Occurs in crystals, plates and masses ; powder white; brittle; crackles when strongly heated; not dissolved in acids ; easily distinguished by its weight; gravity 4.5, or twice as heavy as Gypsza.

VaLUE.— Used extensively as white paint and in pottery,

Locatir'zs.—Found in mining districts, often with lead, copper and iron ores, and in limestone. Piermont, N. H.; Hatfield, Southampton and Leverett, Mass. ; Cheshire and Berlin, Conn.; Pillar Point, Rossie, Carlisle, Scoharie, De Kalb, Gouverneur, N. Y.; Fauquier and Buckingham Counties, Va.; Union, Gaston and Orange Counties, N. C.; near Paris, and in Anderson, Fayette, Mercer and Owen Counties, Ky.; on Brown's Creek and Haysboro, Tenn; Bainbridge, O.; Scales Mound, ; Prince Vein, Lake Superior ; Mine-a-Barton, Mo.; near Fort Wallace, N. M ; Ingo County, Cal.

ax

Bituminous Coal. 27

10.— Bituminous Coal.

Occurs in masses, beds or seams; softer and duller than Azthracite; often a bright pitchy lustre; brittle, showing a slaty or jointed structure rather than curved surface; powder black; burns readily with yellow flame; by roasting forms coke; gravity 1.5 or less.

VatuE.—Used for fuel and the production of gas, coke. carbolic acid and aniline.

LocaALiriEs.——Found west of Harrisburg, Pa., in rocks (slates and sandstones) less disturbed than in the Azfhracite region. Western Pennsylvania; South-east Ohio; West Virginia; Eastern Kentucky

and Tennessee to Tuscaloosa; North-west

Kentucky; Illinois; lowa; Missouri; Kan-

sas; Arkansas; Northern Texas; Central

Michigan; Owyhee County, Idaho; Deer Lodge and Gallatin Counties and sixty miles north-east of Bannock. Mont. 11.—BLENDE, Occurs in crystals and masses; waxy lustre, but not always very apparent; usual

— —

ty

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28 Underground Treasures.

color, rosin-yellow to dark brown, brittle; the powder, which is whitish to reddishbrown, dissolves in muriatic acid giving off the odor of rotten eggs; by roasting gives off sulphur-fumes ; infusible alone, but on charcoal at a high heat gives off white filmes ; gravity 4.

VatuE—An ore of zine (containing sixty-six per cent.) and a source of white vitriol. Often worked for its Sz/ver and Gold,

Locauiries —Found with lead and otherores. Lubecand Bingham, Me., Eaton, Warren and Shelburne, N. H.; Sterling, Southampton and Hatfield, Mass.; Brookfield, Berlin, Roxbury and Monroe, Conn. ; near Wurtzboro', Cooper's Falls, Mineral Point, Fowler, Ancram, Clinton and Spraker's Basin, N. Y.; Wheatley and Perkiomen lead-mines, Schuylkill, Shannonville and Friedensville, Pa.; Austin's lead-mine, Va ; Haysboro', Brown's Creek and Poik Counties, Tenn.; Prince Vein, Mich. ; Dubugue, Ia.; Warsaw, Rosiclare and Ga-

O H +

Bog Iron Ore, 29

lena, Ill.; Shullsburg, Wis.; Stillwater, Minn.

12.—Boc IRON ORE.

Occurs in masses or beds, looking much like hard brown earth; loose or porous and earthy, rather than compact and nodular; powder yellowish-brown; when strongly heated becomes black and magnetic; gravity nearly 4. An earthy yellow variety is called Yellow Ochre.

VALUE.—An important ore, yielding thirty-five per cent.

LocaLities.—Found in low, marshy grounds; widely distributed. Lebanon, N H.; Berkshire and Plymouth Counties, Mass.; Columbia, St. Lawrence, Franklin and Jefferson Counties, N. Y.; New Limerick, Katahdin, Newfield, Shapleigh, Argyle, Clinton, Williamsburg and Lebanon, Me; Darien and Martin Counties, Ind. ; Monmouth County, N. J.; Somerset and

Worcester Counties, Md.; Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, etc.

'J

Per

30 Underground Treasures.

13.— Brittle Silver Ore.

Occurs. in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; tarnishes yellow, gray and finally black ; easily cut or broken; when heated gives off fumes of sulphur and antimony, affording a button of silver; dissolved in nitric acid, it silvers copper placed in it; gravity 6.

VaLugE.—A rich ore of silver, containing over sixty per cent,

Locatities.—Found in veins with other silver ores, in Nevada and Idaho.

14.—BROwWN COAL.

Occurs like Bituminous Coal, but usually brownish-black with less lustre, and often showing a woody or slaty structure ; powder always brown; contains fossil plants ; gravity between 1.2 and 1.5.

VaLue.—Inferior to No. 10. Makes no coke. Can be used in the manufacture of alum.

Locauities.—Found in thin veins or elliptical masses, never in extensive layers like Pennsylvania coal. Near Richmond,

Calamine—Cannel Coal, 31

Va.; Deep River, N. C.; Michigan, Mis-

sourl, Texas; Evanston, Utah; Coal

Creek and Bellmonte, Col.; Boreman, Dearborn River and Greenhorn Gulch, Mont.

15.—Calamine.

Occurs in crystals and masses; glossy lustre ; harder than marble; brittle ; heated it swells up, becomes opaque and emits a green light; dissolves, when powdered, in hot sulphuricacid without effervescence ; gravity 3.4.

VALUE.—An ore of zine yielding from forty to sixty per cent.

Locaitries.—Found in limestone rock with otherores. Friedensville, Perkiomen, Phoenixville, Lancaster and Selin's Grove,

Pa.; Austin's Mines in Wythe County, Va.; Claiborne County, Tenn.; Jefferson County, Mo.

16.—Cannel Coal.

Occurs in compact masses ; dull lustre; brittle, breaking with a curved surface;

Underground Treasures.

— eT

burns readily but does not melt ; does not soil the fingers ; gravity about I 2.

VaL_ue.—Used for fuel and for making gas, oil and ornaments.

LocaLiries —Found in the Mississippi Valley; Kentucky ; Lick, Ohio; Illinois ; Moniteau County, Mo.; Kenawha County, Va.; Beaver County, Pa.

17.—Carnelian.

Occurs in masses or pebbles; at first grayish, but by exposure to the sun becomes uniform flesh, red or brown, never striped,—a!lthough Carzelzan may form one of the bands of an Agate; brittle, breaking with a curved surface; very hard; takes a fine polish; glassy or resinous lustre; gravity 2.6.

VatuE.—Used for jewelry. When of two layers, white and red, ( properly called sardonyx,) it is used for cameos.

LOcALITIES.—Same as Agate.

1 —Celestine.

Occurs crystallized, fibrous and massive ;

color white, often faint bluish; glassy lus-

CELESTINE—CERUSSITE. 33 tre; very brittle; under the blow-pipe crackles and melts, tinging the flame red ; does not dissolve in acids ; gravity 4. VALUE.—The source of nitrate of strontia, used in fire-works. LOCALITIES.

Found in limestone, gypsum and sandstone. kRossie, Schoharie, Chaumont Bay, Depauville and Stark, N. Y.; Frankstown, Pa.; Strontian and Put-in-Bay Islands, Lake Erie; near Nashville, Tenn.; Fort Dodge, Iowa. 19.—CERUSSITE.

Occurs in crystals, in powder or masses ; glassy lustre; brittle; dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence; heated strongly on charcoal crackles and fuses, giving a globule of lead ; gravity 6.4.

VaLuE.—A rich ore of lead yielding seventy-five per cent.

LocaLities.—Found in lead mines Southampton, Mass ; Perkiomen, Phoenixville, Charlestown and Schuylkill, Pa. ; Wythe County, Va.; Washington Mine, N.-C.; Valle's Diggings, Mine-la-Motte

34 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. and Mine-a-Burton, Mo.; Davies and Rock Counties, Ill.; Blue Mounds, Wis.; Ingo County, Cal.

20.—Chromic Iron.

Occurs in compact masses ; powder dark brown ; small pieces sometimes attracted by the magnet ; brittle, breaking with uneven surface ; with borax melts into a green globule; not acted upon by acids; little lustre ; gravity 4.4.

VaLuE.—Used in making the chrome pigments.

Locauities. — Found in Serpentine. Bare Hills, Cooptown and north part of Cecil County, Md.; Nottingham, W. Goshen, Williston, Fulton, Mineral Hill, Texas and Unionville, Pa.; Jay, New Fane, Westfield and Troy, Vt.; Chester and Blanford, Mass.; Loudon County, Va.; Yancy County, N. C.; North Almaden, New Idria and Coloma, Cal.

21.—Cinnabar.

Occurs in granular or earthy masses ; resembles iron-rust, but is a yellowish-red ;

Cinnabar—Cobalt. 35

powder scarlet; easily cut with a knife; thrown on red-hot iron, evaporates, giving off odor of sulphur; rubbed on copper, 'silvers' it; gravity 9, or about as heavy as Copper.

VALUE.—The source of mercury (containing eighty-four per cent.) and vermilion.

Loca.Lities.—Found in slate and limestone rocks. Centreville, Coulterville, New Idria and New Almaden, and Lake and San Luis Obispo Counties, California ; Idaho.

22.—Cobalt Pyrites.

Occurs crystallized and massive; does not scratch glass easily; metallic lustre ; tarnish, copper-red; powder, blackishgray; brittle; heated on charcoal gives off sulphur fumes; heated with borax gives a blue glass; gravity 5.

VALUE.——An ore of cobalt, yielding twenty per cent.

Loca.itizs.—Usually found in slate or granite rocks with Copper Pyrites. Mineral Hill, Md.; Mine-la-Motte, Mo.

D +

36 Underground Treasures.

23.—COPPER. Occurs in irregular masses; metallic lustre; can be cut with a knife; malleable ; ductile; fusible; gravity 8.8. VALuE.—A source of copper and silver. Localities —Most abundant in the trap and "freestone" regions. New Brunswick, Somerville, Schuyler's and Flemington, N. J.; Whately, Mass. ; Cornwall and Shannonville, Pa.; Polk County, Tenn. ; Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior; Calaveras, Amador and Santa Barbara Counties,

Cal. ; on Gila River, Ariz.

24.—Copper Glance.

Occurs crystallized and massive ; color, blackish lead-gray, often tarnished blue or green ; nearly as hard as marble; brittle ; a splinter will melt in a candle, giving off the odor of sulphur; dissolved in nitric acid, it will coat a knife-blade with copper ; metallic lustre; gravity 5.5.

Vatur.—An ore of copper, yielding seventy-five per cent.

LocaLiriges.—Found at copper-mines.

NICKEL—PYRITES. 37 Simsbury, Bristol and Cheshire, Conn. ; Schuyler's Mines, N. J.; Orange County, Va.; near Newmarket, Md.; Lake Superior copper-region; La Paz, Arizona ; Washoe, Humboldt, Nye and Churchill Counties, Nev.

25.—CoPPER NICKEL.

Occurs in masses; metallic lustre; color pale copper-red ; tarnishes gray to black ; powder pale brownish-black ; brittle; on charcoai melts giving the odor of garlic; becomes green in nitric acid; gravity 7.5.

VaLuE.—An ore of nickel (containing forty-four per cent.) and arsenic.

Localities.

Found in granite regions. Chatham, Conn. 26.—COPPER PYRITES.

Occurs in crystals and masses; color brass-yellow ; tarnishes green; metallic lustre when freshly broken; can be cut with a knife; brittle; powder greenish black ; on charcoal melts giving off sulphur fumes ; dissolves in nitric acid, making a green liquid; gravity 4.2.

' std Bue — tie ol a,

'y

ier ie

na)

'&

38 Underground Treasures.

VaLue.—If of a fine yellow hue, it is a valuable copper ore (yielding from twelve to forty per cent.) and source of blue vitriol.

LocaLiTies.—Found in mountainous or granite regions with other ores. Lubec and Dexter, Me. ; Franconia, Unity, Warren, Eaton, Lyme, Haverhill and Shelburne, N. H.; Corinth, Waterbury and Strafford, Vt.; Southampton, Turner's Falls, Hatfield and Sterling, Mass.; Bristol and Middletown, Conn.; Ancram, Rossie, Wurtzboro' and Ellenville, N. Y.; Phoenixville and Pottstown, Pa.; Bare Hills, Catoctin Mountains, near Newmarketand Finksbury, Md. ; Phoenix and Walton Mines, Va.; Greensboro, Charlotte and Phoenix Mines, N. C.; Hiwassee Mines, Tenn ; Cherokee, Rabun and Habersham Counties, Ga.; Presque Island, Lake Superior ; Mineral Point, Wis.; Union, Keystone, Empire and other mines, Calaveras County, La Victoire and Haskell claims in Mariposa County, Amador and Plumas Counties, Cal. ; near Virginia City, Mont.

il my

Prospecting Diamond Drill.

gi" 7 Wt Feu', hs a u li hag 2 1 KI it BHI Il alee Ty rae sia So oe i, H 3 hee ' qn it - all i lf 1 Lae 11) 7 i Thi) it i ad i f , fis i li t "i dhs a : I)", J ti am iM

DIAMON D—EMERY. Al

27.—Diamond.

Occurs in crystals and irregular angular masses ; cannot be scratched by any other mineral or the file; brilliant lustre; feels cold to the touch; when rubbed on the sleeve exhibits electricity for hours ; retains the breath but a short time; often tinged yellow, red, or green; gravity 3.5.

VaLue.— Used for jewelry, lenses and for cutting glass.

IocaLities —Found in gold-regions, in river-washings of sand and pebbles; usually with coarse gold, but deeper down. Rutherford, Cabarras, Franklin and Lincoln Counties, N. C.; Hall County, Ga ; Manchester, Va. ; Cherokee Ravine, N. San Juan, French Canal, Forrest Hill, Placerville and Fiddletown, Cal.

25.—Emery.

Occurs in granular masses, sometimes with bluish crystals; looks like fine grained iron ore; breaks with uneven surface; scratches quartz easily ; very tough ; brittle; gravity 4.

Underground Treasures.

a

VALuE.—Used extensively as a cutting and polishing material.

Loca.ities.—Found generally in limestone or granite with Maguetic Jron Ore. Chester, Mass.; Newlin and Unionville, Penn ; Macon and Guilford Counties, NG:

29.—Fluor Spar.

Occurs in square crystals and in masses; glassy lustre; powder white; brittle ; crackles when heated and then shines in

the dark ; does not effervesce with acids ; is not scratched by marble ; gravity 3.

Vatue.—Used as flux in glass and iron works.

LocaLitTies.—[ ound in limestone, granite, slate, etc., often at lead-mines Blue Hill Bay, Me.; Westmoreland, N. H.; Putney, Vt-; Southampton, Mass. ; Trumbull, Plymouth, Middletown and Willimantic, Conn.; Muscolonge Lake, Rossie and Johnsburg, N. Y.; near Franklin, N. J.; near Woodstock and Shepardstown, Va. ; Smith County, Tenn.; Mercer County,

The Minerals Treated. 43

OO — Cm ———

Ky.; Gallatin County, along the Ohio, Ill. Castle Dome District, Ariz. 30.—FRANKLINITE.

Occurs crystallized and in masses; generally made of coarse grains; brittle; powder dark reddish-brown ; heated with soda turns bluish-green; dissolves in muriatic acid ; gravity 5.

VALUE.—An ore of zinc.

LocaALITies.—F ound in limestone with Garnet and Zincite. Hamburg and Stirling Hill, N. J.

31.—Galena.

Occurs in crystals and masses ; brilliant lustre; brittle; easily broken; powder, when finely rubbed 1s black; can be cut with a knife; heated it gives off sulphur and melts; dissolves in nitric acid leaving a white powder at the bottom; gravity 7.5—or a little heavier than cast-iron.

VALUE.—The main source of lead ( yielding eighty per cent), and also smelted for the silver it contains. Used also in glazing stone-ware.

44 Underground Treasures.

Loca.itirs.—Generally found in limestone with /roz Pyrites, zinc-ore, etc. That found in slate is richest in silver. Abounds in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Arkansas; Rossie, Wurtzboro, Ancram, Macomb and Ellenville, N. Y.; Lubec, Blue Hill Bay, Bingham and Parsonsville, Me. ; Eaton, Shelburne, Haverill, Warren and Bath, N. H.; Thetford, Vt. ; Southampton, Leverett and Sterling, Mass.; Middletown and Roxbury, Conn. ; Phoenixville, Charlestown, Schuylkill, Pequea Valley and Shannonville, Pa. ; Austin's and Walton's Mines, Va. ; Cabarras County, N. C.; Brown's Creek and Haysboro, Tenn. ; Chocolate River, Mich. ; Ingo County, Cal.; on Walker's River and Steamboat Springs, Nev.; Castle Dome and Eureka, Ariz.; Clear Creek County, Col.; Virginia City and Red Bluff Lode, Mont.; Cache Valley, Utah.

32.—Garnet.

Occurs in crystals with four-sided faces,

often nearly round ; deep red, which grows

THE MINERALS TREATED. AS darker by heat; rarely yellow; also in brown masses; melts ata high heat; brittle ; not scratched by a knife; glassy lustre; gravity 4.

VaL_uk.—The clear deep red and yellow varieties are used for jewelry ; the massive brown is ground for "emery."

LocaLITiEs.— Found in slate and granite rocks Bethel, Parsonsfield, Phippsburg, Windham, Brunswick and Kanford, Me.; Hanover, Franconia, Haverhill, Warren, Unity, Lisbon and Grafton, N. H.; New Fane, Cabot and Cavendish, Vt.; Carlisle, Boxborough, Brookfield, Brimfield, Newbury, Bedford, Chesterfield and Barre, Mass. ; Reading, Monroe, Haddam andl Middletown, Conn.; Rogers' Rock, Crown Point, Willsboro, Middletown, Amity, and near Yonkers, N. ¥Y.; Franklin, N. J.; Pennsbury, Warwick, Aston, Knauertown, Chester, Leiperville and Mineral Hill, Pa ; Dicksons Quarry, Del. ; Hope Valley, Cal ; near Virginia City, on Yellowstone and Madison Rivers, Mont.

46 Underground Treasures.

33.— Gold.

Occurs in scales, grains and nuggets, or disseminated through cellular quartz ; metallic lustre ; without tarnish ; can be cut and hammered into thin plates; not dissolved by nitric acid; gravity 19, when pure and of a rich gold yellow color. The pale or brass yellow specimens are much lighter, the gravity being as lows 13. A grayish yellow gold, occurring in small, flat grains has a gravity of about 16.

LocaLities.—Found in veins of quartz running through greenish or grayish slates, the quartz at the surface being generally full of cavities and rusted, and the slates below the surface often containing little cubic crystals of /ron Pyrites; also in the valleys traversed by mountain-streams and in the river sands and gravel below. /rox and Copper Pyrites, Galena and Llende frequently contain gold. Masses of quartz and pyrites from the gold-regions, which make no show of gold, sometimes pay well; the value of such specimens can be

mile

Sands,

Auriferous

Washing

aE

te

The Minerals Treated. 49

determined only by an assayer. Eastern range of Appalachians, as Habersham, Rabun, Clark, Hall, Lumpkin and Lincoln Counties, Ga.; Abbeville, Chesterfield, Union, Lancaster and Pickens Counties, S. C.; Montgomery, Cabarras, Mechlenburg, Burke and Lincoln Counties, N. C.; Spotsylvania, Buckingham, Fauquier, Stafford, Culpepper, Orange, Goochland and Louisa Counties, Va ; Dedham, Mass. ; Bridgewater, Vt ; Canaan and Lisbon, N H ; on Sandy River and Madrid, Me. Numberless points along the higher Rocky Mountains and western slope of Sierra Nevada, as near Santa Fe, Cerillos and Avo, New Mex.; San Francisco, Wauba and Yuma District, Ariz ; between Long's Peak and Pike's Peak, Col.; Comstock Lode, Nev.; Owyhee, Boise and Flint Districts and Poorman Lode, Idaho; Emigrant and Alder Gulches, Red Bluff and near Jefferson River, Mont. ; Josephine District, Powder, Burnt, and John Day Rivers, western slope of Cascade Mountains, and

as

50 Underground Treasures.

southern coast, Oregon; Tulare, Fresno, Mariposa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, El Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou Amador and Del Norte Counties, Cal. Rare in the coalregions and Mississippi Valley. 34.—GRAPHITE.

Occurs in foliated, scaly and granular masses ; can be cut into thin slices, which are flexible, but not elastic; impressible by the nail ; feels greasy ; leaves a shining trace on paper; metallic lustre; not altered by heat or acids ; gravity 2.

VaLuE.—Used for pencils, polishing, glazing, for making steel, crucibles, overcoming friction, etc.

LocaLitiges.—Found in granite, slate and limestone rocks. Sturbridge, North Brookfield, Brimfield, Hinsdale and Worthington, Mass.; Cornwall and Ashford, Conn.; Brandon, Vt.; Woodstock, Me. ; Goshen, Hillsboro and Keene, N. H.; Ticonderoga, Fishkill, Roger's Rock, Johnsburg, Fort Ann, Amity, Rossie and Alex-

rr

ta tt

The Minerals Treated. Si

andria, N. Y.; Franklin and Lockwood, N. J.; Southampton and Buck's County, Penn.; on the Gunpowder, Md.; Albemarle County, Va.; Wake, N. C.; Tiger River and Spartanburgh, S. C.; Sonora, Cal. (The soft black slate, often mistaken for Graphite, leaves a coaly trace on paper not a shining streak.) 35.—Gray CopPER ORE. Occurs in crystallized or granular masses; metallic lustre; color between steel-gray and iron-black; brittle; the powder dissolved in nitric acid makes a

brownish green solution; melts at a red heat; gravity 5.

VALUE.—An ore of copper, (containing thirty-three per cent.) and silver, of which Nevada specimens have sixteen per cent.

LocaLitTies.—Found with gold, silver and lead. Kellogg Mines, Ark.; Mariposa and Shasta Counties, Cal.; Sheba and De Soto Mines, and near Austin, Nev. ; Heintzelman and Santa Rita Mines, Arizona.

aL 4 dé - ew

52 Underground Treasures.

36.—Gypsum.

Occurs in plates, fibres coarse and fine, and massive; pearly or glistening; powder white, which if heated and mixed with water, turns hard; does not dissolve in sulphuric acid; may be scratched by the nail; gravity 2 3.

VaLue.—Used for stucco, manure, glazing, statuary, manufacture of glass, etc. A variety, called Satzx Spar, worked into necklace beads and other ornaments, 1s finely fibrous and compact, taking a polish (though easily scratched,) and then resembles pearl or opal.

LocaLiITies.—Found with marl or clay, limestone and salt. Camillus, Manlius, Stark and Lockport, N Y.; on the St. Mary's and Patuxent, Md.; Washington County and Lynchburg, Va.; Charleston, S C ; Poland, Ottawa and Canfield, O.; Davidson and Summer Counties, Tenn. ; Grand Rapids and Sagenaw Bay, Mich. ; Des Moines River, Iowa; Walker Lake and Six Mile Cafion, Nev.; Fort Dodge.

The Minerals Treated. 53

37-—Horn Silver.

Occurs in crystals, wax-like masses, or in crusts; when scratched shows a shining streak ; becomes brown on exposure ; quite soft, easily cut; a small piece placed on zinc and moistened, swells up, turns black and shows metallic silver on being pressed with a knife; dissolves in hartshorn; gravity 5.5.

Vatue.—An ore of silver, yielding seventy per cent.

LocaLItTies.—Found in slate with other silver ores. Lake Superior Mining Region; Austin and Comstock Lode, Nev. ; Willow Springs and San Francisco districts, Eldorado Cafion, Ariz.; Poorman Mine, Idaho.

338.—Iron Pyrites.

Occurs in masses and square crystals ; splendent lustre; color, bronze-yellow ; brittle; strikes fire with steel; heated it gives off sulphur fumes; powder brownish; gravity 5.

VaALUE.—Atftords sulphur, copperas and

54 Underground Treasures.

alum. When found outside of the coal region, it often contains gold and silver.

LocaLiries.—Il*ound in all kinds of rocks. Bingham, Corinna, Farmington, Waterville, Brooksville, Peru and Jewett's Island, Me.; Shelburne, Unity and Warren, N. H Baltimore, Hartford and Shoreham, Vt.; Heath, Hubbardston and Hawley, Mass.; Roxbury, Monroe, Orange, Milford, Middletown, Stafford, Colchester, Ashford, Tolland and Union, Conn.; Rossie, Malone, Phillips, Johnsburgh, Canton, Chester, Warwick and Franklin, Putnam and Orange Counties, N. Y.:; Chester, Knauertown, Cornwall and Pottstown, Pa.; Greensboro', N. C.; Mercer County, Ky.; Bainbridge, O. ; Galena at Marsden's Diggings, Ill.; on Sugar Creek, Ind.; mines of Colorado and California.

39.—] Asper.

Occurs in masses, either in veins or as rounded stones; dull lustre, yet takes a high polish; breaks with a curved surface;

The Minerals Treated. 55

not attacked by acids; is scratched by Rock Crystal; gravity 2.5.

VALUE —Used for mosaics and other ornaments when compact, fine-grained and bright color.

LocaLities.—Found everywhere. Sugar Loaf Mountain and Machiasport, Me. ; Saugus, Mass.; Castleton and Colchester, Vt.: Bloomingrove, N. Y.; Murphy's, Col.: Red Bluff, Mont.

40 —Kaolin.

Occurs in beds; it is a fine, white clay, plastic when wet; when dry is scaly or compact; can be crumbled in the fingers and feels gritty; adheres to the tongue; does not dissolve in acids.

V ALUE.—Used for the finest porcelain and for adulterating candy.

LocaLities.— Found generally with iron-ore and fire-clay. Common on the eastern slope of the Alleghanies; Branford, Vt.; Beekman, Athol, Johnsburgh and McIntyre, N. Y.; Perth Amboy, N. J.; Reading, Tamaqua and New Gar-

: 40 () A 56 Underground Treasures.

den, Penn.; Mt. Savage, Md.; Richmond, Va.; Newcastle and Wilmington, Del. ; Edgefield, S. C.; near Augusta, Ga. ; Jacksonville, Ala.

41.—Lenticular Iron Ore.

Occurs in beds or masses, consisting of minute flattened grains ; little lustre; generally soils the fingers ; breathed upon has a clayey odor; color, brownish-red, powder more red; dissolves in strong muriatic acid with some effervescence ; brittle; gravity 4.

VaLue.—An ore of iron yielding thirtythree per cent. Generally mixed with other ores at the furnace.

LocaALiTiges.— Found in_ sandstone Wayne, Madison, Oneida and Herkimer Counties, N. Y.; Marietta O.

42.—Limonite, Or Brown Hematite.

Occurs in masses, with smooth rounded surfaces and fibrous structure ; sometimes as hollow nodules, which are velvety-black inside ; its powder when rubbed is yellowish-brown; when strongly heated turns

The Minerals Treated,

black; scratches glass feebly; brittle; dissolves in hot aqua-regia; gravity 4.

VaLuE.—A common ore of pig-iron, containing sixty per cent.; used also for polishing buttons, etc.

LocaLities. — Found in heavy beds with mica-slate, quartz, limestone, etc. Salisbury and Kent, Conn.; Amenia, Fishkill, Dover and Beekman, N. Y.: Richmond and Lenox, Mass ; Pittsfield, Putney, Bennington and RKipton, Vt.; Hamburgh, N. J.; Pikeland and White Marsh, Penn.; Marquette, Mich.; Makoquata River, lowa: Iron Mountains, Stow and Green Counties, Mo.; Centerville, Ala.; near Raleigh and Smithfield, N. C. ; on Coal Creek, Col.; and in coal areas generally.

43 —MaGnetTic [RON ORE.

Occurs in granular masses, coarse or fine; attracted by the magnet, or affecting the compass-needle; powder black ; brittle ; dissolves in muriatic acid; gravity 5.

EE sas ED,

58 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. VaLue.—An important ore, yielding

sixty-five per cent.

LocaLiTies.—Found in granite, slate and limestone rocks. Warren, Essex, Clinton, Saratoga, Herkimer, Orange and Putnam Counties, N. Y.; Raymond and Marshall's Island, Me.; Franconia, Jackson, Winchester, Lisbon, Swanzey and Unity, N. H.; Bridgewater, Chittenden, Marlboro, Rochester, Troy and Bethel, Vt. ; Cambealon, R. I.; Hawley and Bernardston, Mass.; Haddam, Conn.; Goshen, Webb's Mine, Cornwall and White Marsh, Penn.; Hamburg, N. J.; Scott's Mills and Deer Creek, Md.; Mitchell and Madison Counties, N.C.; Spartanburg, S. C.; Laclede and Crawford Counties, Mo.; Sierra County, (Gold Valley,) Plumas, Tulare, Mariposa, Placer and El Dorado Counties, Cal.

44.—MAGNETIC PYRITES. Occurs massive; brittle; deep orangeyellow; powder grayish-black; metallic lustre ; tarnishes easily; slightly attracts

Ee —— see

The Minerals Treated,

the compass-needle; melts at a high heat, giving off sulphur-fumes ; gravity 4.5.

Vatue.—Affords sulphur, copperas and nickel

LocaA.ities.—F ound in granite regions, often with copper and iron ores. Stafford, Corinth and Shrewsbury, Vt... Trumbull and Monroe, Conn.; Port Henry, Diana and Orange County, N. Y.; Hurdstown, N. J.; Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pa.; Ducktown Mines, Tenn.

45 —Malachite.

Occurs in incrustations with smooth surface and fibrous; powder paler green than the mineral; brittle; by heat crackles and turns black; effervesces in acids; takes a fine polish, showing bands or rings; gravity 4.

VaLuE.—Used for jewelry and inlaid work.

LocaALities.—Found in copper and lead mines. Cheshire, Conn.; Brunswick and Schuyler's Mines, N. J.; Morgantown, Cornwall, near Nicholson's Gap, Perkio-

60 Underground Treasures.

men and Phoenixville Lead Mines, Pa.; Petapsco Mines, Md.; Davidson County N.C.; Polk County, Tenn ; Left Hand River and Mineral Point, Wis.; Falls of St. Croix, Minn.; Jefferson County and Mine la Motte, Mo.; Calaveras County, Cal.; Big Williams' Fork, Ariz.; Wild Cat Cafion and near Virginia City, Mont.

46.— Manganese Spar.

Occurs in masses; glassy lustre; color flesh or rose-red; becomes black on exposure; tough; melted with borax gives a violet-blue color; gravity 3.5.

VaLuE —Used in glazing stone-ware.

LocaLiTies.—Found in granite regions, often with iron-ore. Blue Hill Bay, Me.; Cummington, Warwick and Plainfield, Mass. ; Irasburg and Coventry, Vt. ; Winchester, and Hinsdale, N. H.; Cumberland, R. I ; Franklin and Hamburg, N. J.

47.—MARBLE. Occurs coarse and fine granular; frequently veined or mottled; brittle; can be cut with a knife; takes a polish; efferves-

sa! 6 ot eat

The Minerals Treated. 6I

ces with acids; reduced to quicklime by heat; a gray variety contains stems and joints of worm-like fossils; gravity 2.5.

LocaLtries —Brandon, Rutland, Dorset, Shoreham, Pittsford, Middlebury, Fairhaven, Cavendish, Lowell, Troy and Sudbury, Vt.; West Stockbridge, Egremont, Great Barrington, Lanesboro, New Ashford, Sheffield, New Marlboro, Adams, Cheshire and Stoneham, Mass.; Ciinton, Essex, Dutchess, Onondaga, Putnam, St. Lawrence, Warren and Westchester, Counties, N Y.; Smithfield, R. I.; New Haven, Milford, Conn.; near Philadelphia, NJ ; Texas and Hagerstown, Md.; Lancaster County, Pa.; Jefferson and Genevieve Counties, Mo; Knox and Sevier Counties, Tenn.; Joliet, Ill.; Cherokee and Macon Counties, N. C.; Marquette, Mich.; near Deep River and on the Michigamig and Menominee Rivers, Wis.

48.—MIca.

Occurs in masses, which can be split

into very thin, elastic leaves; pearly lus-

tLe ae

62 Underground Treasures.

tre; at a high heat becomes opaque ; gravity 3.

VaALUE.—Used for doors of stoves, etc.

Locaviries.—Found in granite regions. Buckfield, Freeport and Oxford, Me. ; Acworth, Grafton and Alstead, N. H. ; Chesterfield, Barre, Mendon, South Royalston, Brimfield, Goshen and Russell, Mass. ; Monroe, Haddam and Middletown, Conn.; Warwick, Edenville, Edwards, Monroe and Greenfield, N. Y.; Pennsbury, Thornbury, Unionville, Middletown and Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Jones' Falls, Md.

49.—Micaceous [RON ORE.

Resembles Specular Iron Ore, but consists of thin shining scales or leaves; powder dark red; a thin flake is translucent, showing red light; feels somewhat slippery.

VaLurE.—Used as an ore of iron and for polishing.

LocaLities.— Hawley, Mass.;_ Piermont, N. H.; Ticonderoga, N. Y.; Warwick, Penn.; Loudon County, Va.

The Minerals Treated. 63

50.—Nitre.

Occurs in thin crusts, delicate needles, or disseminated through the loose earth in caves; glossy lustre; brittle; cool, saline taste ; crackles and burns brightly on live coals; alittle harder than Gypsum.

VaLurE,—Used in the manufacture of gunpowder, fulminating powders, nitric acid, etc.

LocaLities,— Marion County, Ky.; White County, Tenn.; near Rosiclare, Ill. ; Silver Peak, Nev.

51.—OxyD OF MANGANESE.

Occurs in masses and little columns, often with small rounded surfaces; one ore is soft enough to be impressed by the nail, and soils; the other will scratch glass faintly ; heated with borax, makes a violet glass; dissolves in hot muriatic acid, giving forth a yellowish-green gas; gravity 4 to 5.

VatuE.—Used for bleaching and for obtaining oxygen.

64 Underground Treasures.

often with iron-ore. Brandon, Bennington, Monkton, Irasburg and Chittenden, Vt.; Hillsdale, Westmoreland and Westchester, N. H.; Plainfield, West Stockbridge and Conway, Mass.; Salisbury and Kent, Conn.; Montgomery County, Md.; Lake Superior Mining Region; Dubuque, Iowa; Deep Diggings, Mo.; Red Island, Cal.; Martinsburg, N. Y. 52.—PLATINUM.

Occurs in grains or lumps; metallic, silvery lustre; can be hammered out ; heavier and harder than silver; not dissolved in nitric acid; gravity 17.

VaLuE.— Nearly equal to Gold. Used for making chemical and philosophical apparatus, for coating copper, brass, etc.

LocaLitTiges.— Found in river-gravel with Gold. Rutherford County, N. C.; Klamath region, Cape Blanco, on Salmon River, South Fork of Trinity, Butte, Honcut, Cafon and Wood's Creeks, and on Middle Fork of American River, Cal.; at Gold Flat, Nev.

—s'5

The Minerals Treated. 65

53.—Red Copper Ore.

Occurs in crystals and masses; cochineal-red; powder brownish-red; nearly opaque; brittle; dissolves in nitric acid ; heated on charcoal yields a globule of copper; gravity 6.

VALUE.—Affords copper, (sixty per cent.,) and blue vitriol.

LocaLities.—Found in trap regions with other copper ores. Schuyler's, Somerville, New Brunswick and Flemington Mines, N. J.; Cornwall, Pa.; Ladenton, N. ¥.; Lake Superior Region. Not abundant.

54 —ReD HEMATITE.

Occurs in compact masses, with rounded surfaces or kidney-shaped; fibrous structure; color brownish-red to ironblack; but powder invariably red; when black, the lustre is somewhat metallic, otherwise dull; brittle; scratches glass with difficulty ; dissolves slowly in strong muriatic acid; gravity 4.5 to 5.

Vatue.—An ore of iron, yielding from

thirty-six to fifty per cent. In powder, used as pigment and for polishing metals.

Loca.ities.—Found usuallyin beds with granite or limestone. Aroostook County and Hodgdon, Me.; Antwerp, Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Gouverneur, N. Y.; Vernon, N. J.; West Whiteland, Pa ; Chatham and Orange Counties, N. C.; Marquette, Mich ; Shasta County, Cal. This mineral graduates into a soft, earthy variety, called ved ochre, and into a compact, slaty variety, called ved chalk, which has a clayey odor when breathed on.

55:-—Red Silver Ore.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre ; brittle ; powder cochineal-red ; easily cut; at a high heat yields a silver globule; the powder heated with potash turns black; gravity 6.

VALUE.—An ore of silver yielding sixty per cent.

Loca.Lities.—Found at gold and silver mines. Washoe and Austin, Nev.; Poorman Lode, Idaho.

Sees 5 6 eee

The Minerals Treated. 67 56 —Rkensselaerite.

Occurs in masses; wax-like; a trifle harder than marble; when fresh can be scratched by the nail; soapy feel; takes a polish; cleavable; gravity 2.8.

VaLuE.—Used as a marble and worked into inkstands, etc.

LocALITIES.—Found with sfeatite, serpentine, limestone, etc. Antwerp, Canton, Fowler, De Kalb, Edwards, Russell and Gouverneur, N. Y.

57-—RKock CRYSTAL.

Occurs in crystals and masses; transparent; glassy lustre; colorless; tough ; brittle ; not acted upon by acids or heat; electric by friction; gravity 2.5.

VALUE.—Cut for ornaments, lenses, etc. LocaLitirs —Common in sandstone, limestone and iron ore. Paris, Me.; Benton and Bartlett, N. H.; Sharon and Woodstock, Vt.; Pelham and Chesterfield, Mass.; Ellenville, Little Falls, Watervliet, Fairfield, Middleville, Fowler, Antwerp, Rossie, Lake George and Pal-

a ipa!

68 Underground Treasures.

atine, N. Y.; Minnesota Mine, Lake Superior; Ouachita Spring, Ark. 58.—ROCK SALT

Occurs in irregular beds or masses ; brittle; saline taste; crackles in the fire.

LocaALiTies.—Found with gypsum, clay and sandstone. Washington County, Va. ; Petit Anse, la.; Silver Peak, Nev.; Sal mon River Mountains, Oregon.

Occurs in crystals generally; metallic lustre; powder pale brown; brittle; unchanged by heat or acids; if powdered and fused with potash, then dissolved in muriatic acid, the solution boiled with tinfoil assumes a beautiful violet color; gravity 4.

VaLuE.—Used for coloring porcelain and artificial teeth.

LocaLitTieEs.—Found in granite and limestone rocks. Warren, Me; Merrimack. and Warren, N. H_: Bristol, Putney and Waterbury, Vt.: Windsor, Shel-

burne, Barre, Conway and Leyden, Mass.: yy ; : . I$

Cts Ae)

The Minerals Treated, 69

Monroe, Conn.; Warwick, Edenville, Amity and Kingsbridge, N. Y.; Sudsbury, West Bradford, Parksburg, Concord and Newlin, Pa.; Newton, N.J.; Crowder's and Clubb Mountains, N. C.; Habersham and Lincoln Counties, Ga.; Magnet Cave, Ark. 60.—SERPENTINE.

Occurs in masses; feeble, resinous lustre; color oily green; powder whitish; often yellowish gray on the outside; can be cut easily ; takes a fine polish ; becomes reddish by heat; gravity 2.5—same as Marble.

VaLuE.—Worked into mantels, jambs, table-tops, and many other ornaments

LocaLities.—Found as a rock in large masses. Deer Isle, Me ; Baltimore, Cavendish, Jay and Troy, Vt.; Newbury, Blanford, Middlefield and Westfield, Mass.; Newport, R. I.; near New Haven and Milford, Conn,; Port Henry, Antwerp, Syracuse, Warwick, Phillipstown, Canton, Gouverneur, Johnsburg, Davenport's Neck, New Rochelle and Rye, N. Y.;

7O Underground Treasures.

Frankford, Hoboken and Montville, N. J.; Texas, Pa.; Cooptown, Md.; Patterson, N. C.; Calaveras County, Cal.; Alder Gulch, Mont. Marble veined with serpentine is called verd-antique.

61.—Silicate Of Copper.

Occurs in incrustations and masses; color bluish-green; not fibrous; surface smooth; easily cut; does not effervesce in acid; blackens by heat; gravity 2.

VaLUE—An ore of copper, yielding thirty per cent.

LocaLitTies.—Found with other copper ores. Somerville and Schuyler's, N. J.; Morgantown and Cornwall, Pa.; Wolcottville, Conn.; Big Williams' Fork, Ariz.

62.—Silver.

Occurs in masses, or strings and threads penetrating rocks and native copper and galena; metallic lustre; tarnishes grayish black; can be cut in slices and hammered out; dissolved in muriatic acid, it turns black on exposure; gravity 10

LocaLities.—Chiefly found with cop-

7 "a %

THE MINERALS TREATED. 71 per near trap-rocks, and in fine grained galena and dark brown @élende. Gold contains from one to fifteen per cent. Bridgewater, N. J.; Davidson and Stanley Counties, N. C.; Lake Superior Region ; Poorman's Lode, Idaho; Comstock I.ode and Montezuma Ledge, Nev.; Alpine County and Maris Vein, Cal.; Clear Creek County, Col.

63.—Silver Glance.

Occurs in small lumps, plates and threads: color dark gray; cuts like lead; melts in a candle giving off sulphur fumes; gravity 7.

VaLuE.—The most important ore of silver, containing eighty-seven per cent.

LocaLities.—May be found almost everywhere, except in the coal regions; associated with other ores, quartz, limestone, baryta, etc. Most abundant where mineral veins cross one another. Comstock Lode, Gold Hill, Reese River, Cortez District and Silver-Sprcut Vein, Nev. ; Clear Creek County, Nev.

ee e——Ee

64.—Smaltine.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre ; color tin-white to steel-gray ; powder dark gray; brittle; gives off garlic odor ina candle; melted with borax makes a deep blue glass; gravity 6.5 to 7.

VatuE.—An ore of cobalt and arsenic, containing eighteen to seventy per cent.

Loca.itTies.—Found in veins in granite regions with other ores, Mine la Motte, Mo.; Chatham, Conn.

65.—Smithsonite.

Occurs in masses, often rounded, covered with minute crystals, or honeycombed ; color white, dirty yellow or stone color; glassy lustre; brittle; effervesces in nitric acid; barely scratches glass; barely translucent: gravity 4.4

VaLur.—Yields fifty per cent. of zinc.

LocaLities.—Found generally in limestone with galena and blende. Friedenville, Lancaster and Perkiomen, Pa.: Linden and Mineral Points, Wis.; Lawrence, County, Ark.; Ewing's Diggings, Minn.

The Minerals Treated,

66.—Spathic Iron.

Occurs in crystals or plates somewhat curving; also (in coal regions) in nodules with concentric layers like an onion; brittle: color varies from white to yellowishbrown or dark-brown; strongly heated it b'ackens and will then attract the compass needle; the powder effervesces in nitric acid; melted with borax makes a green or yellow glass; gravity 3.8.

VaLur.—Yields thirty per cent. of iron, well adapted for steel.

LocALiries.—Found in granite and coal-formations, often with other ores. Plymouth, Vt.; Sterling, Mass.; Roxbury, Conn.; Antwerp, Herman and Kossie, N. Y.; Fentress and Harlem Mines, N.C.; Coal Kegions of Western Pa, Virginia, Eastern Ohio, etc.

67.—Specular Iron Ore.

Occurs crystallized and in large masses , high metallic lustre; color steel-gray or iron-black; brittle; opaque except when very thin; the powder when very fine and

rubbed on white paper shows red; the powder dissolves slowly in muriatic acid ; by a strong heat yields a black mass which attracts the needle; gravity 5.

VaALuE.—Yields from fifty to seventy per cent. of iron.

LocaLities.—Found in granite regions. Marquette, Mich.; Pilot Knob and Iron Mountains, Mo.; St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Bartlett, Lisbon and Franconia, N. H.; Chittenden and Weathersfield, Vt. ; Sauk County, Wis.

68.—Spinel Ruby.

Occurs in pyramidal crystals; glassy lustre; powder white; scratches vrockcrystal; by heat becomes black; gravity 3 5;

VALUE.—A gem; clear specimens weighing over four carats, are valued at half the price of the diamond.

Locavities.—Found in granular limestone and clay. Amity and Gouverneur, N Y.; Franklin and Byram, N. J.; Bolton and Boxborough, Mass.

eral

The Minerals Treated. 75

69.—Steatite.

Occurs in masses, consisting of minute pearly scales or grains ; can be marked by the nail; hardens by heat; soapy feel; gravity 2.5

Vatue.—Used for fire-stones, tubes, in manufacture of porcelain, etc.

Loca.Lities.—Found in beds with limestone, serpentine and slate. Orr's Island, Me.; Francestown, Keene, Orford and Pelham, N. H.; Athens, Cavendish, Marlboro, Moreton, New Fane, Bradboro, Troy, Waterville, Westfield, Weathersfield and Windham, Vt.; Middlefield, Lenox and Westfield, Mass.; Manayunk and Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Albemarle and Loudon Counties, Va.; Staten Island and St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Bare Hills, Md.

70.—- Strontianite

Occurs in crystals and in fibrous or granular masses; glassy lustre; brittle; thin pieces melt before a blow-pipe tinging the flame red; effervesces with acids; gravity 3.6

76 Underground Treasures.

VALUE.—A source of nitrate of strontia used in fire-works LocaLiries.— Found in_ limestone. Schoharie, Muscalonge Lake, Chaumont Bay and Theresa, N. Y. 71 —SULPHUR.

Occurs in crystals, masses and crusts; brittle; can be easily cut; burns with a lue Hame and sulphur odor; gravity 2.

LocaLiTies.—Found in limestone and gypsum, and around geysers and sulphur springs. Springport, N. Y.; on the Potomac, twenty-five miles above Washington; Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie: Clear Lake, Cal.; Santa Barbara County, Col.; Humboldt County, Nev.

42,.—Tin Ore.

Occurs in crystals, grains and masses ; high lustre; powder gray or brownish; brittle; will strike fire with steel; unaltered by heat or acids; gravity 7,—being nearly as heavy as lead-ore

VALUE.—The only ore of tin, containing seventy-nine per cent. No gold-mine ever

THE MINERALS TREATED. af

paid such profits as the tin mines of Cornwall.

LocaLities.—Jackson, N. H.; Temescal, Cal.; Boonville, Idaho; near Fredericktown, Mo.

73,— Topaz.

Occurs in crystals; glassy lustre; brittle; scratches vock-crysta/ ; not acted upon by ordinary heat or acids; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.—A gem; the most esteemed are the rose-red and white.

Loca.ities.—F ound in granite. Trumbull, Willimantic and Middletown, Conn.; Crowder's Mountain, N. C.; Thomas's Mountains, Utah.

74.— Tourmaline

Occurs in crystals, usually in long, slender three-sided prisms which break easily , glassy lustre; brittle; becomes milk-white by heat; scratches rock-crystal and gar-

wet, gravity 3. VaLue.—Used for jewelry. LocaALIries.—Found in granite rocks. Paris, Albany and Hebron, Me.: Chester-

78 Underground Treasures.

field and Goshen, Mass.; Newlin and Marple, Pa. 75-— VARIEGATED COPPER ORE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; quickly tarnishes; color between copper-red and light-brown; powder pale grayish-black ; dissolves in nitric acid; at a high heat melts to a copper globule; heated on charcoal gives off fumes of sulphur; gravity 5.

VALUE.—An important ore of copper yielding sixty per cent.

LocaLities.—Found in granite, freestone, etc., with other ores. Bristol and Cheshire, Conn.; Mahoopeny, Pa.; Copper Mines of N. J.

76.—WaD

Occurs in masses; earthy and loose; can be broken by the fingers, and soils; no lustre; melted with borax makes a violet glass; feels very light.

VaLtuE —Used in bleaching and for making smalt.

The Minerals Treated. 79

Loca.ities.—Found in low places, generally in the vicinity of slate or iron ore beds. Warren, Vt.; Blue Hill, Hodgdon and Thomaston, Me.; Columbia and Duchess Counties, Austerlitz, Canaan Centre and Martinsburg, N. Y.; East Bradford and White Marsh, Pa.; Mine la Motte, Mo

77-—Willemite

Occurs in crystals and masses; feeble lustre; brittle; can hardly be cut with a knife; sometimes scratches glass; makes a jelly in muriatic acid; gravity 4.

VALUE.—Contains seventy per cent. of zinc.

LocaALITies.—Found in limestone with incite. Franklin and Sterling, N. J.

73,—Aincite.

Occurs in foliated masses or grains, powder orange-yellow; brittle; dissolves in acids without effervescence; gravity hee

VALUE.—Yields seventy-five per cent. of zinc.

80 Underground Treasures.

LocaALiries.—Found in limestone with Franklinite, Garnet, etc. Sterling Hill and Mine Hill, N. J.

CHAP EER Is

Prospecting For Diamonds, Gold, Sil- Ver, Copper, Lead And Iron.

MINERAL RICHES, HOW DISCOVERED—INDICATIONS— SEARCHING FOR DIAMONDS, AND HuW TO DISTIN- GUISH THEM—PAYING LOCALITIES OF GOLD—'' FOOL'S GOLD "—PROSPECTING FOR SILVER AND COPPER— WHERE TO LOUK FOR LEAD AND IRON.

Rte mineral riches of a country 4) are frequently discovered by attentively observing the fragments brought down by the action of water from the hills into the valleys ; and on tracing these to their several sources, the veins from which they were originally detached, are in many instances found. Water also acts in another way a very 1m- portant part in the discovery of mineral veins, as by closely examining the faces of the different gullies and ravines, which

On

intersect a country, a ready means is afforded of ascertaining whether its strata

$2 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. are traversed by metalliferous deposits ; and, therefore, in exploring with a view to its mineral productions, no opportunity should be lost of observing the various sections thus naturally laid bare.

When fragments of an ore are found on a hill-side, it is very evident that the vein must lie higher up. If the vein is horizontal and the fragments are found on the top of the hill, there is no probability of finding much if any of the vein, for generally it has been washed away. Ore-veins, however, are almost always nearly vertical; so that boring is of little use, as it might pass by the richest vein, or, striking it lengthwise, give a too favorable result.

As heavy minerals do not drift far, metals are always found near their source.

Horizontal beds can be worked at the least cost.

Pockets and nodules, or any detached masses of minerals, are soon exhausted. Veins, lodes and beds are most valuable.

Q

Boring a three-inch hole, which costs about $1 a foot, is a good method of testing a mineral vein or bed which lies more or less horizontally. A shaft may be sunk in sandstone for from $6 to $3 per cubic yard; in slate and gravel, at from $2

The existence of mineral springs, and the rapid melting of the snow in any locality, are no indications of ores.

SEARCHING FOR DIAMONDS. — Few things are so unpromising and unattractive as gems in thelr native state. Hence their slow discovery. There is little doubt that diamonds exist in many places as yet unknown, or where their presence is unsuspected. It is very difficult for the unpracticed eye to distinguish them from crystals of quartz or topaz. The color constitutes the main difficulty in detecting their presence. Theyare of variousshades of yellowish brown, green, blue and rosered, and thus closely resetnble the com-

mon gravel by which they are surrounded. 6 ; i]

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ry

84 Underground Treasures.

Often they are not unlike a lump of gum arabic, neither brilliant nor transparent. The finest, however, are colorless, and appear like rock-crystals.

In Brazil, where great numbers of diamonds, chiefly of small size, have been discovered, the method of searching for them is to wash the sand of certain rivers in a manner precisely similar to that employed in the gold fields, namely, by prospecting pans. A shovelful of earth is thrown into the pan, which is then immersed in water, and gently moved about. As the washing goes on, the pebbles, dirt and sand are removed, and the pan then contains about a pint of thin mud. Great caution is now observed, and ultimately there remains only a small quantity of sand. The diamonds and particles of gold, if present, sink to the bottom, being heavler, and are selected and removed by the practiced fingers of theoperator. But how shall the gems be detected by one who has had no experience, and who in a jew-

DETECTING DIAMONDS. 85 eler's shop could not separate them from quartz or French paste? The difficulty can only be overcome by testing such stones as may be suspected to be precious. Let these be tried by the very sure operation of attempting to cut with their sharp corners glass, crystal or quartz. When too minute to be held between the finger and thumb, the specimens may be pressed into the end of a stick of hard wood and run along the surface of window glass. A diamond will make its mark, and

cause, too, a ready fracture in the line over which it has traveled. It will also easily scratch rock-crystal, as no other crystal will.

But a more certain and peculiar characteristic of the diamond lies in the form of its crystals.' The ruby and topaz will scratch quartz, but no mineral which will scratch quartz has the curved edges of the diamond. In small crystals this pecultarity can be seen only by means of a magni-

fying glass; but it is invariably present.

86 Underground Treasures.

Interrupted, convex or rounded angles, are sure indications of genuineness. Quartz crystal is surrounded by six faces; the diamond by four. The diamond breaks with difficulty; and hence a test sometimes used is to place the specimen between two hard bodies, as a couple of coins, and force them together with the hands. Such a pressure will crush a particle of quartz, but the diamond will only indent the metal.

The value of the diamond is estimated by the carat, which is equal to about four grains, and the value increases rapidly with its weight. If a small, rough diamond weigh four grains, its value is about $10; if eight grains, $40; if sixteen grains, $640. A cut diamond of one carat is worth from $50 to $100.

The imperfections of the diamond, and, in fact, of all cut gems, are made visible by putting them into oil of cassia, when the slightest flaw will be seen.

es

Valuation Of Diamonds. 87

A diamond weighing ten carats is "princely;" but not one in ten thousand weighs so much.

If a rough diamond resemble a drop of clear spring water, in the middle of which you perceive a strong light; or if it hasa rough coat, so that you can hardly see through it, but white, and as if made rough by art, yet clear of flaws or veins; or, if the coat be smooth and bright, with a tincture of green in it,—it is a good stone. If it has a milky cast, or a yellowish-green coat, b:ware of it. Rough diamonds with a greenish crust are the most limpid when cut.

Diamonds are found in loose pebbly earth, along with gold, a little way below the surface, towards the lower outlet of broad valleys, rather than upon the ridges of the adjoining hills.

SEARCHING FOR GoLD —The paying localities of gold deposits are the slopes of the Rocky and Alleghany Mountains. Gold need not be looked for in the anthra-

ya

88 Underground Treasures.

cite and bituminous coal-fields nor in limestone rock, It is seldom found in the beds of rivers. The thing itself is the surest indication of its existence. If soil or sand is "washed" as described in Chapter V, and the particles of gold are not heavy enough to remain at the bottom but float away, the bed will not pay.

Along streams rather high up among the mountains, and in the gravelly drift covering the slopes of the valley below, are the best prospects. Where the stream meets an obstacle in its path or makes a bend or has deep holes, there we may look for " pockets" of gold. Black or red sands are usually richest. Gold-bearing rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty looking quartz veins, the latter containing iron pyrites or cavities Almost ail iron pyrites and silver ores, may be worked for

gold. When the quartz veins are thin and

numerous rather than massive, and lie near the surface, they are considered most profitable. Few veins can be worked with

SEARCHING FOR SILVER. 89 profit very far down. As traces of gold may be found almost everywhere, no one should indulge in speculation before calculating the percentage and the cost of extraction. Gold-hunting, after all, is a lottery with more blanks than prizes.

The substances most frequently mistaken for gold are tron pyrites, copper pyyites and mica. The precious metal is easily distinguished from these by its malleability (flattening under the hammer) and its great weight, sinking rapidly in water.

SEARCHING FOR SILVER.—This metal is usually found with lead ore and native copper. Slates and sandstones intersected by igneous rocks as trap and porphyry, are good localities. Pure silver is often found in or near iron ores and the dark brown zinc blende. The Colorado silver lodes are porous at the surface and colored more or less red or green. Any rock suspected of containing silver should be powdered and dissolved in nitric acid.

go UNDERGROUND TREASURES.

Pour off the liquid and add to it a solution of salt. If a white powder falls to the bottom which upon exposure turns black, there is silver in it. Silver mines increase in value as in depth, whereas gold diminishes as we descend.

SEARCHING FOR CoppER.—The copper ores, after exposure, or after being dipped in vinegar, are almost invariably green on the surface. They are most abundant near trap dykes. The pyrites is generally found in lead mines, and in granite and clay-slate. Copper very rarely occurs in the new formations, as along the Atlantic and Gulf borders, and in the Mississippi Valley south of Cairo.

SEARCHING FOR LEAD.—Lead is seldom discovered in the surface soil. It is also in vain to look for it in the coal region and along the coast. It must be sought in steep hills, in limestone and slate rocks. A surface cut by frequent ravines or covered by vegetation in lines, indicates mineral crevices. The galena from the slate

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;

Searching For Iron. Qi

is said to contain more silver than that from the limestone. The purest specimens of galena are poorest in silver; the small veins are richest in the more preclous metal. A lead vein is thickest in limestone, thinner in sandstone and thinnest in slate.

SEARCHING FOR [Ron.—Any heavy mineral of a black, brown, red or yellow color may be suspected to be iron. To prove it, dissolve some in oil of vitriol and pour in an infusion of nut-gall or oak-bark ; if it turns black, iron is present. If a ton of rich magnetic ore costs more than $4 at the furnace, good hematite more than $3, and poor ores more than $1 50 or $2, they are too expensive to pay, unless iron is unusually high. Deep mining for iron is not profitable. Generally speaking, a bed of good iron ore, a foot thick, will repay the cost of stripping it of soil, etc., twelve feet thick. Red and yellow earths, called ochres, contain iron. Magnetic ore is easily found by a compass

CD AP Tso. VG

Assay Of Ores.

WHEN AN ORE WILL PAY—WASHING FOR GOLD AND PLATINUM—HOW TO ASSAY GOLD IN THE SIMPLEST WAY—TO TEST ANY ROCK FOR GOLD AND SILVER —TO FIND THE PURITY OF GOLD—TO DETECT AND ASSAY SILVER ORES—ASSAY OF COPPER, IRON, ZINC, TIN AND LEAD ORES—READY METHOD OF TESTING GRAPHITE.

™|NE of the first questions asked . after the discovery of a metallic ore, is—' will it pay?" We propose to state in plain words a method of determining the character and value of the principal ores, so that any intellizsent man, however unscientific, may answer his own question. The chemical analysis or exact assaying of ores is too complicated, and must be left to profes-

sional assayers. "Will it pay?" is an important query ; for many ores of even precious metals, are

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A

Paying Ores, Q3

not "paying." Whether an ore is profitable depends not so much upon the relative value of the metal as upon the ease of separating it from the rock or "gangue ™ as it is called. Thus the minimum percentage of metal, below which the working of the ore ceases to be profitable is—

Of Iron, ; 25 per cent. Lead, : . beta' L Antimony, . kee ': Copper, . sey 43 doviee ; .) "Ore % Quicksilver, . wor é: Silver, . ; : SVU Platinum, - Torr a Gold, . : : Twists

That is, an ore of iron which contains less than 25 per cent. of metal will not pay for working ; for the reduction of iron in comparison with copper ore is very difficult. Gold is very easily extracted, and hence some quartz rocks which do not apparently contain a particle of gold, pay

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Q4 Underground Treasures.

well, a bushel of rock often yielding half an ounce.

Iron occurs in large masses or beds; but the other metals are scattered in fragments through sand or soil, or exist in veins running through rocks.

WASHING FOR GOLD AND PLATINUM.— This operation, called "panning," is the oldest and simplest method of extracting the precious metals. At the present time, it furnishes to Russia nearly all the gold produced in that empire. It is based on the principle that substances of different weights may be separated by means of water,—the heaviest going to the bottom first. To examine the bank or bed of a river, suspected to contain gold, fill a milkpan with the sands and carry it to a tub or pool of quiet water. Dip it under, stirring

the mass with one hand or stick. Then pour off the muddy water, fill with fresh water stirring again, and again pour off the light sand, clay, etc. Scales of gold will sink fast ; mica flakes will take their time.

WASHING FOR GOLD. 95 Repeat this process till all the fine particies are washed off; then allow just enough water to enter the pan as will cover the sand. By shaking the pan and gradually lowering the side by which it is held, the light sand will flow off, leaving in the corner a heap of coarse sand. Put ina small quantity of water and turn the pan around so as to create a gentle current, when the precious metal, if there be any, can be easily detected,—the gold by its bright lustre, the platinum by its lead color, and both by their malleability. Particles of gold are of uniform color and are either flat or rounded ; while other yellow grains are angular. Holding the pan in the sunshine, secure any glittering glassy crystals, and test them for diamonds or rock-crystals. A magnet will remove any particles

of magnetic iron-ore.

Assay OF GOLD ORE —Gold may be found in quartz rock, in iron and copper pyrites, and in silver ores.

To ascertain if any gold is present in

gO UNDERGROUND TREASURES.

quartz, reduce the rock to powder and sift it. A certain quantity, say half a peck. is then washed as above described, till a manageable quantity of sand is left. If there is any show of gold, dry the mass and put it in a bowl or glass dish, and add an ounce of quicksilver, stirring the mixture well with a wooden rod. The quicksilver, which will unite with every particle of gold which may be there, is then poured off into a soft leather (chamois) bag. This is squeezed to remove superfluous quicksilver, and a pasty amalgam is left, which is put into an iron vessel and heated red hot. The yellow powder remaining 1s mixed with saltpetre and melted, when a button of pure gold will be found in the crucible Quartz ores should yield $6 to the ton in order to pay

To test pyrites for gold, reduce a given quantity to powder and wash as before; then roast the residue ata red heat. Upon cooling, add quicksilver and treat as just

TESTING FOR GOLD. 97 described. Pyrites should yield $1 of gold to the bushel of ore to be profitable.

Native silver often contains gold. To separate them, carefully flatten the alloy with a smooth hammer on an anvil, and then boil it in strong nitric acid ina glass flask for about ten minutes. Carefully pour off the acid into a vial, and wash the powder in the flask (which is fine gold) with water and dry. To the liquid in the vial add a solution of common salt. The white powder which falls should be removed, washed with water, and fused with powdered chalk or iron filings; a button of pure silver is the result.

Any substance supposed to be or to contain gold may be tested by dissolving it powdered in aqua regia and then pouring ina solution of copperas ; if there is gold, the reddish-brown precipitate, by rubbing, assumes a bright metallic lustre.

To tell whether a globule of silver has any gold in it, put it on a white porcelain disn and moisten it with a drop of nitric

$i

98 Underground Treasures.

acid: if it is pure silver, it will dissolve and retain its white color; if mixed with gold, it will soon turn gray or black.

To test the purity of gold, rub some of it off on a hard black flint slate, and apply to the mark a drop of aqua fortis, If the gold is pure, the yellow streak remains unchanged, but if alloyed it partly disappears ; if it is only an imitation of gold, it vanishes altogether.

A ready method of finding the amount of gold in a quartz rock with considerable accuracy, 1s by taking the specific gravity of the rock (well cleaned) as given on page 13. If the gravity is not over 2 7, it com tains little or no gold. If it is 3, it very likely is gold-bearing, although pyrites may be present. But if it is over 5, it is undoubtedly auriferous, and if 12, it is very rich in gold.

It is generally considered that the sand of any river is worth working for the gold it contains, provided it will yield twenty-four grains to the hundred weight.

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Cis—

Testing For Silver. 99

ASSAY OF SILVER ORE —Pure silver 1s easily recognized But lead and copper ores often contain a large percentage of the precious metal.

To detect silver in lead ore, dissolve the powdered ore in strong nitric acid; pour off the liquid and insert a piece of pure copper. If silver is present, it will go to the bottom. Or, add to the liquid a solution of common salt, and it will instantly become cloudy or white. If lead ore yields three ounces of silver to a ton, it may be worked for the silver as well as the lead. In Colorado, the average value of silverbearing galena is $100 per ton.

To test the copper ores for silver, dissolve them in nitric acid; then adda few drops of muriatic acid, and if silver is present, a white curdy precipitate will fall to the bottom. Native copper, when polished, often shows white spots of silver

To estimate the proportion of silver in lead ore, reduce a known quantity of the

clear ore to powder, mix with a little dry

100 Underground Treasures.

soda and a few nails, and heat in a roundbottomed iron pot or crucible. The lead which is obtained should then be put ina cup having ashes at the bottom, and strongly heated in an open furnace. A globule of silver will be left, if any is present, and being weighed, the percentage can be found.

Rich silver ores may be reduced by mixing them with ten parts of common salt, and exposing the mass for hours in an open furnace, stirring it frequently. When cold reduce to powder and mix with an equal quantity of quicksilver and enough water to make a paste, and agitate the mixture for two days, when the amalgam will fall to the bottom The amalgam is then squeezed in a leather bag and washed.

Silver glance will yield its metal by heating it before a blow-pipe

Assay OF CoppER Orr.— When the ore is native copper and rock, as at Lake Superior, it should be pounded and the earthy matter washed away. Then mix

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Assay Of Copper. Ioi

with a little potash or soda and bring to a high heat in a crucible.

Other copper ores may be tested by dissolving them powdered in dilute aqua regia. The presence of silver will be shown by a white powder on the bottom. Then add considerable ammonia. If there is any copper a blue liquor will be produced. Strain this through tissue paper, and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in muriatic acid, and by putting in a piece of iron or zinc, the copper will fall down. Or, add to this solution pure potash ; dry and weigh the powder thrown down; every 5 parts of it contains 4 parts of copper.

Gray copper and red copper ores may be assayed by heating with charcoal, (both powdered,! in a furnace. Malachite and azurite should be smelted with borax: Copper pyrites and silicate of copper with soda or powdered marble.

A ton of copper ore which contains ten per cent. of metal, pays $25 at the furnace. The ore of copper when roasted, turns

102 Underground Treasures.

black ; and when thrown into nitric acid makes a sky-blue solution. A clean knifeblade put into this solution will be coated with copper.

ASSAY OF, [RON OrE.—Take a known quantity of the ore in fine powder and mix thoroughly with dry borax (or with one part of fluor spar, one of charcoal and four of salt,) and expose it for an hour in a covered crucible lined with charcoal to a white heat in a wind-furnace for an hour. A button of iron will be found at the bottom, which determines the percentage.

Assay oF Zinc OreE.—If the weighed ore is roasted with powdered charcoal, white flowers of zinc will be formed on a piece of cold iron held over it. After thorough roasting, the residue should be weighed ; the loss is the oxide of zinc, and every 100 parts of this contain 81 of metal.

All the ores of zine will dissolve in either nitric or hot sulphuric acid.

Assay OF TIN ORE.— Tin-stone will

or

Assay Of Tin And Lead. 103

yield up its metal if mixed with charcoal, borax and soda, and heated on the hearth of a furnace or before a blow-pipe.

The presence of tin may be tested by dissolving the metal thus roasted out, in aqua regia and adding a decoction of Brazil-wood: if the metal was tin, the liquid will be colored a beautiful crimson.

Assay oF LEAp Ore.— Both galena and cerussite are rich ores, and when abundant pay well. They are easily reduced by heat, the former being usually mixed with charcoal and iron filings. If a western backwoodsman wants shot or bullets, he kindles a fire in a hollow tree or an old stump, puts some galena on the charred wood, and melts it down. After cooling, he finds the metal at the bottom. The smelting of a ton of lead costs about $6. The average price per ton of galena is $30. When galena is dissolved in warm nitric acid, a clean plate of zinc placed in it will be coated with brilliant blades of lead ; if the galena contains silver, a plate

fy

104. ~UNDERGROUND TREASURES. of copper will be served in the sameé way. A solution of chromate of potash poured into a solution of lead ore in nitric acid will throw down a yellow powder.

To Tesr THE Purity oF GRAPHITE.— Its value depends upon the amount of its carbon. Pulverize and then dry at a heat of about 350 degrees, twenty grains of it; then place it in a tube of hard glass four or five inches long, half an inch wide and closed at one end Add twenty times as much well dried oxide of lead and well mix Weigh the tube and contents, and afterwards heat before a blow-pipe till the contents are completely fused and no longer evolve gases. Ten minutes will suffice for this Allow the tube to cool and weigh it. The loss in weight is carbonic acid. For every twenty-eight parts of loss there must have been twelve of carbon.

CBA Pol Es Rave

Mineral Springs.

WHAT ARE MINERAL SPRINGS—GENERAL LOCATION— GAS SPRINGS—IKUNS SPRINGS—SULPHUR SPRINGS— ALUM SPRINGS—EPSOM SPRINGS—SALT SPRINGS— WAKM SPRINGS—ARTESIAN WELLS ASD OIL WELLS, ASD WHERE TO BORE FOR THEM.

amount of foreign matter, as gas, salts and earthy ingredients, is

called mineral water. The special prominence of any ingredient gives it its particular name. Many iron springs contain salt, salt springs contain iron, and both may contain gas; the name is derived from the most prominent ingredient.

Our country is rich in mineral springs; there is not a State without one. But in general they are most numerous in hilly or mountainous regions, especially where the

106 Underground Treasures.

rocks are much deranged in position, or '"fauited," as the miners say. As for example, in Eastern New York and in the valley between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany from Harper's Ferry to the Natural Bridge. The Pacific States, also, are as remarkable for the number and variety of their mineral springs as for their metallic ores.

CARBONATED OR GAS SPRINGS — Springs of this class have peculiar sparkling character and are continually sending up bubbles of gas. When the quantity of gas is small, it may be detected by adding a little lime water which will give it a milky appearance and deposit a white sediment; or, dip in a piece of blue litmus paper (which can be had of most druggists), and if there is any carbonic acid gas in the water, it will be reddened ; or, pour in a little vinegar, stir well, and then add a little finely powdered sugar, when the gas, if it is there, will rise in small bubbles.

Iron Springs.

The most celebrated carbonated springs are the following: Saratoga and Ballston, N. Y.; Clarendon, Vt ; Sweet Springs in Shover's Valley, Pa.; Bladon and Bailey Springs, Ala ; " Boiling Springs" near Pike's Peak, Col.; Beer Springs near Bear River, Or. These springs contain salt, soda, magnesia, lime and iron, and are sometimes classed as sadie, soda or chalybeate springs.

CHALYBEATE OR IRON SpRiINGS.—The presence of iron in a spring may be ascertained by pouring into it an infusion of nut-galls, of logwood or of tan-bark, which will change it immediately to a black or dark color. If the water contains much iron, it may be recognized by its inky taste and by a yellowish powder on the border of the spring or at the bottom of a tumbler when allowed to stand awhile.

If waters have a cool but earthy taste, they contain lime; if bitter, they have magnesia. The 'soda springs," so called,

be

108 Underground Treasures.

are often only saline, carbonated or magnesia waters.

The most famous iron springs are at Saratoga, Sandlake and Catskill, N. Y.; West Bethel, Fryeburg, Eberne and Bethel, Me ; Schooley's Mountain in Washington, N J.; Bedford, Pittsburg, Frankfort and York, Pa.; Brandywine Springs, Del. ; Red Sweet Springs in Monroe County, Rawley''s Spring in Rockingham County, and Huguenot Springs in Powhattan County, Va.; in Bath County, Ky.; Yellow Springs, O.; twenty miles east of Knoxville, Tenn. ; Madison County, Geo. ; Raymond and Lynchburg, Miss.; near Ogden City, Utah; near Mt. Shasta, Col.

SULPHUR SPRINGS.—These are easily recognized by their unpleasant odor, resembling that of rotten eggs. The water blackens silver and a solution of sugar of lead.

Sulphur springs are very numerous. The best known are at Saratoga, Sharon, Clifton, Avon, Manlius, Chittenango, Dry-

cD)

Alum And Epsom Springs. [Oq

den and Richfield, N. Y.; Highgate and Newburg, Vt.; Togus, Bethel and West Newfield, Me.; Shovers Valley, Carlisle and Doubling Gap, Pa.; Winchester and Warrenton. Va.; Greenbrier and Monroe Counties, W. Va.; Bath County, Ky. ; White's Creek near Nashville and in Granger County, Tenn. ; Spartanburg, 5. C.; Butts County, Geo.; Tallahatta, Ala. ; Tampa, Fla.; near Bitter Creek and Great Salt Lake, Utah ; along the Yellowstone River, Mont.; Jackson, Cal.

Acip OR ALUM SpRINGS.—These waters have a more or less sour taste and redden blue litmus-paper.

They are found at Byron and Oak Orchard, N. Y.; Blossburg, Pa.; Bath, Richmond and Rockbridge, Va.

MAGNESIAN OR Epsom Sprincs.—These have a bitter taste. To test any water for magnesia, add to a glass of it a solution of phosphate of soda and some hartshorn ; if

magnesia is present, the liquid first be-

110 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. comes turbid, and finally minute crystals fall to the bottom.

There are Epsom springs at Harrodsburg and Perryvilie, Ky. ; Westport, O. ; Raymond, Miss.; Orange County, Ind. ;

Scott County, W. Va.

SALINE OR SALT SPRINGS.—These contain a large percentage of common salt, and are recognized by their taste. They generally contain many ingredients, (generally seven or eight,) but the salt predominates. A well should contain at least ten per cent. of salt to pay for working. The Syracuse spring yields a bushel of salt to every thirty-three gallons; while the Great Salt Lake contains 22 per cent. Among the most important salt wells are those at Syracuse, Salina and Liverpool, N. Y ; Lubec, Me.; Shannondale, Va. ; Bath County, Ky.; Athens County, O. ; Hartford, Ind. ; Saginaw, Mich.; Oneida, Idaho.

THERMAL OR WARM SPRINGS.— Any Spring is so called, the temperature of

WARM SPRINGS. Ii

which throughout the year is above that of the soil around it. They generally occur near the line of junction between the granite or igneous rocks and the stratified rock (slate or limestone) resting upon its flanks. The temperature of such waters in the United States ranges from 73 to 200 degrees, the latter being reached by the Geysers of Montana. Many iron and sulphur spring's are also thermal.

The most noted warm springs are at Lebanon, N. Y.; in Bath, Berkley, Monroe and Scott Counties, Va ;: Buncombe Counties, N. C.; French Brood River, Tenn ; Meriwether County, Geo : Washitaw, Ark.; Salt Lake Valley, Utah; near Pyramid Lake, Nev.; along the Malheur and Fall Rivers, Or.; Lincoln Valley, Idaho; on Gardiner's River, in Madison County, and especially in the Yellowstone Basin, Mont.

ARTESIAN WELLS.—To sink a flowing well with any reasonable prospect of success, it is essential that the spot selected

ce

I12 Underground Treasures.

should be lower than land in the vicinity, although those higher elevations may be several miles away. The layers of the rocks, also, should dip towards the spot rather than away from it. The best indication, but not a certain one, is a great basin-shaped valley, to the centre of which the rocks dip on one or more sides. Sandy, lime and slate rocks are more propitious than granite.

Or, WeELits.—Where there are marks of disturbance and misplacement of the rocks, there the experienced sink wells. Rugged hillsand sharply-defined valleys are, generally, signs of such dislocation. The line or 'break' from which the rocks dip like the roof of a house is considered most favorable. There is no such thing as an "oil rock,' for the oil 1s found at different depths, and the fissure containing it is more or less vertical. In Pennsylvania, the greatest flowing wells have been found in the third sand rock. No limestone has afforded any large supply of

ni a ce

4

OIL WELLS. rr3

ani

oil. Coal in no large quantities is ever found upon or in the immediate vicinity of the oil territory. The "show of oil" increases in value as a sign, with the depth at which it is found. Especially is the finding of a large amount of imprisoned gas, though no oil may be present, regarded as a good indication that oil is near. In the bituminous coal region, a gas spring Indicates the probable existence of oil in he rocks below. But generally, " surface shows' are seductive 'The great oil belt runs south-westerly trom Oil Creek, Pa, to Burning Springs, West Va. But Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Missouri, Texas, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Southern California are also rich in petroleum.

es Je aime é Cte ——— ——— as

Chapter Vii.

Artificial Jewelry— How Made And How Detected.

MOCK DIAMONDS—" PARIS BRILLIANTS "—THE MANU- FACTURE OF PASTES—FALSE RUBY, TOPAZ, SAP- PHIRE, EMERALD AND CARNELIAN—HOW To ODIS5- TINGUISH TRUE AND FALSE GEMS—IMITATION PEARL AND CORAL—ARTIFICIAL GOLD—LIST OF PRECIOUS STONES.

SING |RISTOL Stones," "Irish Dia-

1 monds, 'Cape May Diamonds,"

.}and 'California Diamonds," are skillfully-cut quartz crys-

tals. ther are easily detected by the file

and by their lightness.

"Paris Brilliants" are more dangerous counterfeits, and are very often sold for genuine. The great establishment of Boarguiguon, in Paris, is the most famous manufactory of artificial gems in the world, employing about one hundred hands. The gems are such perfect imitations that they can be distinguished from real

bo

He

IMITATION GEMS. PIs

stones only by the closest scrutiny of those experienced in such matters. They fail chiefly in hardness; in brilliancy and gravity they nearly or quite equal the genuine.

Nature has made the most precious stones with the most common materials. The diamond is purified charcoal; while the matter of clay and white pebbles is the base of all other gems

The chemist has imitated nature in the production of colored gems. The base of these imitations, called "pastes," is " strass''—a white glass compound of 300 parts of pure sand, 96 of potash, 27 of borax, 514 of white lead, and one of arsenic. The mixture ts put into a crucible and kept at a high heat for 24 hours. This is the philosopher's stone which competes with Golconda. The uncolored glass is used in making mock diamonds and white topaz Another paste which has very great brilliancy, and, unfortunately, the same gravity as the diamond, is made by melting 100 pa of pure sand, 159 of red lead, 30

—- a

116 Underground Treasures.

of calcined potash, 10 of calcined borax and one of arsenic, keeping the mixture melted for two or three days and then cooling very slowly. Each ingredient is separately reduced to a fine powder.

FatseE Ruby is made by fusing together of strass one ounce and "six drams, glass of antimony 37 grains, and purple of cassius one grain; then add eight parts more of strass and fuse for thirty hours: cool and remelt pieces ina blow-pipe. Or, melt five ounces of strass and one dram of manganese.

FatseE Topaz can be made from 1008 grains of strass, 43 grains of glass of antimony and one grain of purple of cassius.

FALSE SAPPHIRE —Add to eight ounces of strass 52 grains of pure oxide of cobalt.

FALSE EMERALD —To one pound of strass add one dram of verdigris and fifteen grains of crocus martis. Or, take 2304 grains of strass, 21 grains of green oxide of copper, and one grain of oxide of chrome. Or, take an ounce and a half

Dey

FALSE CARNELIAN AND OPAL. iy

of rock-crystal, six drams of dry soda, two drams of dry borax, two drams of red lead, one dram of nitre, twenty grains of red oxide of iron, and ten grains of green carbonate of copper.

Fatse CARNELIAN.—Strass two pounds, elass of antimony one pound, rouge two ounces, Manganese one dram.

FaLts—E AMETHYSTS AND OPALS are manufactured ; but the fine opal defies imitation, and the amethyst is too common in nature to allow much margin for the "pastes.

In distinguishing true and false gems, no one character should be depended upon. All genuine stones will bear rough handling; if the merchant says "hands off,"

refuse to purchase. Any gem worth buy-

ing is worth testing.

First: try the Zardness. The file will make no impression on the diamond and ruby, and will with difficulty scratch the other gems; while the " pastes" are easily marred. All the precious stones scratch

118 Underground Treasures.

ee

window glass, although opal will not attack common bottle glass. All imitations easily yield to sand. The sapphire is the hardest of colored gems, and opal is the softest The emerald will hardly scratch rock-crystal; its counterfeit not at all. Topaz will scratch ordinary ruby, but will not touch sapphire.

Secondly: as to weight. This is the most accurate method, but the stone must be taken from its setting. The mode of taking the gravity has already been given (page 13),and the amount of each is stated in Chapter II. Garnet is the heaviest of gems; weighed in water it loses only one-fourth of its weight; 7 e. if a red garnet be suspended by a fine thread from a delicate balance and immersed in a glass of water under it, one-quarter of its ordinary weight in air must be added to the pan from which it is suspended to restore the equilibrium. In like manner, ruby and sapphire lose a little more. The diamond and white topaz lose two-sevenths

mle

a)

How To Tell False Jewelry. Iiq

of their weight Rock-crystal, amethyst, carnelian and agate lose five-thirteenths ; and opal about one-half, being the lightest of gems. The emerald loses more than one-third.

As "paste" can be made so as to have the same specific gravity as the genuine article, this test alone can not be relied upon; but very few of the imitations are so carefully made. The test is very convenient in distinguishing gems of like color from each other, as oriental ruby, spinel ruby and red tourmaline, and green tourmaline and emerald.

Thirdly : characteristics depending on fight and electricity. It is not easy to look through a diamond of the first water, while imitations readily permit objects to be seen through them A very delicate and perfect test of a diamond, distinguishing it from all colorless gems, as white topaz, white sapphire and white zircon, but not from '"' pastes." is to look through it at a pin-holeinacard. This requires some dex-

O fa?

120 Underground Treasures.

terity, and the gem should be fixed toa steady object by a bit of wax at a proper distance. A true diamond will show but one hole, all the others will showtwo. As white topaz, when large, is a magnificent stone, it is often palmed off for a diamond of great value; but this test is invariably certain.

A true diamond retains its brilliancy under water.

When a colored stone is placed in the path of the solar spectrum (the row of seven colors into which sunlight 1s separated by a prism), its color will vary with the portion of the spectrum which falls upon it; and two stones of the same color, but of a different nature, will exhibit different effects. Thus, a paste placed beside a fine colored gem, betrays its worthlessness. A simpler method of testing stones is to look at them through a bit of glass, colored red, yellow, blue or green. Every stone will exhibit, under this test, properties peculiar to itself, and by which its na-

Searching For Ditamonds.

REAL GEMS DISTINGUISHED. 123 ture may be recognized. This is also a severe test for the purity of tint; for if pure and unmixed, the stone will appear completely black in every other light but its own color. Milky and turbid stones can not bear this test.

A first-class ruby has the color of the blood as it spirts from an artery. The deeper the hue of the emerald the more it is valued ; it loses none of its brilliancy by artificial light. The pale rose topaz, the kind most esteemed, is artificially colored by heating it.

If topaz or tourmaline be gently heated, it becomes electric and will attract a thread or suspended pith-ball. No imitation will do this. All real gems when rubbed will attract the pith-ball, and retain the power a long time; the pastes also become electric, but soon lose their attraction. Rub a glass tube with a piece of flannel and bring it near a suspended pith-ball; the latter will be strongly attracted and then repelled. Immediately rub a genuine dia-

124 Underground Treasures.

mond and bring it near the ball, and it will be attracted. A paste diamond thus rubbed would repel it.

'inally : the breath remains much longer on the pastes than on real gems. The former also betray under a magnifying glass small air bubbles. Diamonds and other first-class stones are always cold to the touch.

FALSE Pe&arts.—These are glass beads coated with a mixture of three ounces of scales of the blay or bleak fish, half an ounce of fine glue, one ounce of white wax and one ounce of pulverized alabaster. Powdered opal is sometimes used; also the

powdered pearl of the oyster and other

shells soaked in vinegar, and made up with gum tragacanth. Artificial pearls are usually brittle, and do not weigh more than two-thirds as much as the genuine.

FaLts—e Corarts.—These are made of resin and vermilion ; or of marble powder made into a paste with varnish or soluble class and a little isinglass, colored by Chi-

el a

a ee

IMITATION GOLD. 125 nese vermilion, and then moulded. They are used for setting in cheap jewelry. The knife shows it to be too soft to be genuine.

ArvriFiciAaL Gotp — The following oroid or imitation gold is sometimes sold for the genuine article which it closely resembles. Pure copper, 100 parts by weight, is melted in a crucible, and then 6 parts of magnesia, 3.6 of sal-ammoniac, 1.8 of quicklime and 9, of tartar are added separately and gradually in the form of powder. The whole is then stirred for about half an hour, and 17 parts of zinc or tin in small grains are thrown in and thoroughly mixed. The crucible is now covered and the mixture kept melted for half an hour longer, when it is skimmed and poured out.

Any imitation of gold may be detected by its weight, which is not one-half of what it should be, and by its dissolving in nitric acid while pure gold is untouched.

a

Limpid. Yellow. Diamond, Diamond, Sapphire, Topaz, Topaz, Fire-Opal. Rock Crystal.

126 Underground Treasures. Precious Stones.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO COLOR AND IN ORDER ! Red.

OF HARDNESS. Blue. Sapphire-Ruby,

Sapphire, Spinel-Ruby, Topaz, Brazilian- Topaz, Spinel, Hyacinth, Aquamarine, Carnelian, Indicolite, Rubellite,

Turquoise, Garnet. Kyanite.

Violet. rYEEN . Cre Oriental Amethyst, Oriental Emerald, Amethyst. Chrysoberyl, I'merald Black and Brown. Chrysoprase, Diamond, Chrysolite, Tourmaline, Amazon Stone, Hyacinth, Malachite. Gar: et

ie)

fart

CELAIPAT Eke Vile,

Discovery Of Gold In California.*

ary, 1848, that James W. Marshall, =H) while engaged in digging a race -—=J for a saw-mill at Coloma, about thirty-five miles eastward from Sutter's Fort, found some pieces of yellow metal, which he and the half-dozen men working with him at the mill supposed to be gold. He felt confident that he had made a discovery of great importance, but he knew nothing of either chemistry or gold-mining, so he could not prove the nature of the metal nor tell how to obtain it in paying quantities. Every morning

*From Simonin's "Underground Life," page .346

See ee ee

128 Underground Treasures.

he went down to the race to look for the bits of the metal; but the other men at the mill thought Marshall was very wild in his ideas, and they continued their Jabors in building the mill, and in sowing wheat and planting vegetables. The swift current of the mill-race washed away a considerable body of earthy matter, leaving the coarse particles of gold behind; so Marshall's collection of specimens continued to accumulate, and his associates began to think there might be something in his gold mines after all. About the middle of February, a Mr. Bennet, one of the party employed at the mill, went to San Francisco for the purpose of learning whether this metal was precious, and there he was introduced to Isaac Humphrey, who had washed for gold in Georgia. The experienced miner saw at a glance that he had the true stuff before him, and, alter a few inquiries, he was satisfied: that the diggings must berich. Hejmadeimmediate preparation to go to the mill, and) tried

— a i'.

a mein Palit. een aT Lil a allh TAT a 1 Link UT ; Ie ad bi 'ie

HH i iH 71 i x tla

, TRL elie! falta Bll Billite|

Wu 4 I WS bill

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WBE eMac ecesges rac Nit oa ie sete yes inctea iad MMH sccrtesrereceseciescmt By

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Coloma.

Of

The Saw-Mill

The Place Wh!

[D In Californta.

Was First Discovere

Re Gold

a

Um

First Washing For Gold. 131

to persuade some of his friends to go with him; but they thought it would be only a waste of time and money, so he went with Bennet for his sole companion.

He arrived at Coloma on the 7th of March, and found the work at the mill going on as if no gold existed in the neighborhood. The next day he took a pan and spade, and washed some of the dirt in the bottom of the mill-race in places where Marshall had found his specimens, and, in afew hours, Humphrey declared that these mines were far richer than any in Georgia. He now made a rocker and went to work washing gold industriously, and every day yielded to him an ounce or two of metal. The men at the mill made rockers for themselves, and all were soon busy in search of the yellow metal. Everything else was abandoned; the rumor of the discovery spread slowly. In the middle of March Pearson B. Reading, the owner ot a large ranch at the head of the Sacramento valley, happened to visit Sutter's Fort, and

is

J)

(

132 Underground: Treasures.

hearing of the mining at Coloma, he went thither to see it He said that if similarity of formation could be taken as a proof, theré must be gold-mines near his ranch ; So, aiter observing the method of washing, he posted :offj and in a few weeks he was at work on the bars of Clear Creek, nearly

two hundred miles north-westward from Coloma. A few days after Reading had left, John Bidwell, now representative of the northern district of the State in the lower House of Congress, came to Coloma, and the result of his visit was that, in less than a month, he had a party of Indians from his ranch washing gold on the bars of Feather River, twenty-five miles northwestward from Coloma. Thus the mines were opened at far distant points.

The first printed notice of the discovery of gold, was given in the California newspaper published in San Francisco on the 15th of March. On the 29th of May the same paper, announcing that its publication would be suspended, says:—'" The

First Quartz Mining.

tr na

whole country, from San Francisco to Los Angelos, and from the sea-shore to the base of the Sierra Nevada, resound with the sordid cry of gold! gold! gold! while the field is left half planted, the house half built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of picks and shovels, and the means of transportation to the spot where one man obtained one hundred and twenty-eight dollars' worth of the real stuff in one day's washing; and the average for all concerned, is twenty dollars per diem."

The first fo commence quartz mining in California were Capt. Wm. Jackson and Mr. Eliason, both Virginians, and the first machine used was a Chilian mill.

The Reid Mine, in North Carolina, was the first gold mine discovered and worked in the United States, and the only one in North America from which, up to 1825, goid was sent to the Mint.

—

Chap Ter Ix:

DISCOVERY OF SILVER IN NEVADA, AND UNITED STATES GOLD AND SILVER STA- TISTICS.

CA EPARATED from California by kN the snowy chain of the Sierra, . the State of Nevada has been celebrated, since 1860, for its silver mining. In November, 1859, the news of the discovery of silver mines near Lake Washoe was confirmed at San Francisco ; and in June, 1860, the mines of Washoe, the central western portion of the State, had already sent such rich results to Europe, that the French Ministers of Finance and Commerce despatched a mining engineer to Nevada to make a close inspection of these wonderful mines. It seemed as if the world were about to be inundated with silver. as it had been by gold ten years previously ; and what would

1 O

te

a

Silver Mines Of Washoe. [35

those economists now say, who had only recently counselled that the value of gold coin should be lowered or that gold should be demonetized on account of the disturbed relation of these precious metals—the bases of the standard of payment throughout the world generally. Whilst the French engineer visited Nevada and prepared his report, the miners of Washoe continued working their veins of metal. At the present time, 1881, the mines on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada annually produce about $12,500,000 of silver, chiefly from the Comstock lode; the total yield of gold from the quartz mines of California is about $17,000,000 per annum. The Comstock lode, in the State of Nevada,

may be ranked among the most productive

metalliferous deposits ever encountered in the history of mining enterprise; its pro-

ductive capacity, as now being developed, surpassing, if the mass of its ores do not in richness equal, those of the most famous mines of Mexico and Peru.

136 Underground Treasures.

The known limits of this lode cover a space of 22,546 feet ina nearly due north and south direction (magnet'c). The variation of the needle in that locality is 16% degrees east. Upon this extensive seat of metalliferous deposits, the mines are divided into three groups: the Virginia Group, seventeen mines, with claims of 13,549% feet; Gold Hill Group, nine mines, of 6,397% feet; American Flat Group, three mines, of 2,600 feet. The three groups of twenty-nine mines thus occupy a total length on the lode of 22,546 feet. The Comstock lode was discovered in 1859, by a pit sunk for a water hole on the ground of the Ophir mine; milling the ore began in October of the same year, but the amount of bullion taken out in 1860 is estimated at but $100,000. Since then the Comstock has become the greatest gold and silver mine in the world. To the end of 1878 the yield was estimated at $291,162,205, as follows: From 1860 to 1870 inclusive, of

At

Yield Of Precious Metals. 137

sold and silver together, unclassified, 102,466,240; 1871 to 1878 inclusive, Sold. $88,691, 498, silver, $91,278,023; 1877 and 1878, gold and silver, redacted $1,725,- 844. Making allowance for the loss by slimes and tailings, the gross contents of the lode, as worked up to 1878 are estimated at $363,961,205. About 6,500,000 tons of ore have been extracted in this time, which a good authority estimates of an average value to the company of $45 per ton of 2,000 pounds."

Church. The Comstock Lode, its Formation and History, N. Y., 1879, pp. 1-5.

Appendix. Ore Deposits.

=an}(1E primary source from which "i! metalliferous veins have been derived, and the causes which determined the peculiar metal or metals in each case, are matters about which we know nothing, But the manner in which these deposits have been formed comes within the bounds of reasonable conjecture and has an important bearing upon the commercial value of the deposit, especially as regards its bulk and permanence,

There is abundant evidence in favor of the opinion that all the principal accumulations of useful ores are due to the precipitation of material collected by water in its passage through rocks at various depths, the mineral being very sparsely and widely distributed, dissolved by the water under the influence of considerable heat, and sub-

Ore Deposits.

sequently concentrated and precipitated in favorable situations. These latter were less likely to have been large cavities than narrow spaces, though occasionally there may have been wide areas awaiting the influx of vein matter. But it seems quite as likely that where large veins occur, these are in great measure composed of altered country rock, and owe only a small portion of their contents to extraneous sources. Assuming this origin of metallic veins to be correct, then a knowledge of the geological structure of the district, as bearing upon the formation of the water passages which introduced the metalliferous solutions, is of great significance to the prospector.

This subject has been very thoroughly dealt with by S. F. Emmons, of the United States Geological Survey, and the following remarks are condensed from his published papers. The three principal structural conditions which would produce natural water passages in the rocks forming the earth's crust are:

140 Appendix.

a. Sedimentation or bedding,

6. Intrusion of eruptive masses. c. Dynamic movements producing frac-

tures across rock masses of different origin or composition,

a. By the first of above causes, by the deposition of alternating strata of varying degrees of permeability, or by successive flows of igneous rocks, natural channels will be afforded parallel to the stratification or bedding planes, and more or less coincident with them, according to the nature of the material of which the boundary beds

are formed. These primary water channels may be interrupted by either of the two causes, 4, c. 6. Eruptive dikes or cross-cutting intrusive bodies of any form may interpose

eee -

relatively impermeable masses across their course, or intrusive bodies running parallel with the bedding may render the plane of contact a more ready water passage than it otherwise would have been.

c. The interruption of these primary

eae aie ae

ORE DEPOSITS. I4l

ees

water channels resulting from the varied forms of rock-fracture caused by dynamic movements are manifold and numerous.

The greatest number of underground water channels, though perhaps not those carrying the largest yolumes of water, will be afforded by the multitudinous fractures in the crystalline or eruptive rocks, and in the older and more metamorphosed sedimentary strata.

Another possible class of division-planes in rocks are contraction-planes or joints, notably the more prismatic of more recent eruptives. Contraction-planes must be confined to one rock-mass or bed, and cannot cross several of them, as do most mineralbearing fissures. sAlso, as_ contractionplanes alone, there would have been no movement or pressure along them. Hence planes where evidences of movement or pressure are found cannot result from contraction alone.

Ore deposits along bedding planes. Most ore deposits are found in mountainous

142 Appendix,

regions where eruptive and dynamic action have been energetic, consequently, deposits resulting from the flow of water along bedding-planes alone, unconnected with the other classes of water channels, form but a small proportion of the whole. Moreover, deposition will take place more readily from a comparatively sluggish, than from a rapid flow; hence conditions that tend to retard the flow, or cause a partial stagnation at a given point, will favor precipitation at that point. Such would be the actual contact of an impervious stratum, ¢. g., a body of clayey material—with a readily pervious one like a loose sandstone. Again, in plicated strata, points where by sharp folding the beds are closely compressed together—as on the side of the fold—are often found to carry large bodies of ore. The chemical composition of the beds is also a most important factor. In some regions where thin beds of limestone are scattered through considerable thicknesses of sandstone and shales, the ore is almost

as

Ore Deposits. 143

exclusively confined to the more attackable limestone.

Deposits along contact-planes, Mineralbearing solutions gathering in, or flowing along, the planes of contact of eruptive bodies with rocks through which they have been forced would have a tendency to deposit their contents along such planes, whatever the direction of their flow. If they were ascending currents, it may be conceived that they were coming from a hotter region, or from the vicinity of a larger and not so thoroughly cooled mass of igneous rock, where their solvent power was greater, to a cooler region in which this solvent power would be relatively less. If lateral or descending flows, gathering

from the mass of one of the walls of the fissure, precipitation might be induced from the solutions thus brought in by a retarda- : tion or temporary stagnation of the flow, by dilution through mixing with other waters already circulating in the fissure, or by some chemical interchange resulting

a EEEEEEEEE—E— EE s5

144 Appendix.

from contact with the other wall, if a rock of different chemical composition from that through which the solutions had been passing.

Contact-planes as defined above will more frequently be found to coincide or connect with planes of rock-fracture, since one can hardly conceive of sheets of eruptive rocks being forced through existing rock-masses in the form in which we now find them, unless they had followed some already determined line of fracture, or at least of readiness to be forced open, and it is well known that eruptions of lava at the present day are generally preceded by earthquake shocks, which probably involve a very considerable shattering and fissuring of the earth's crust in the vicinity of the eruption.

Ore deposits along contact-planes are very common. Of deposits along the contacts of dikes or cross-cutting bodies of eruptive rock, hence generally occupying a more nearly vertical position, abundant ex-

a

Ss

Ore Deposits. 145

amples are found, most of which are commonly classed by the miner as fissure-veins, because of the prevailing prejudice in favor of the supposed greater value of that type of deposit. It may be that the whole mass of a narrow dike is impregnated with mineral, and thus constitutes the ore-body ; but in the structural sense, it is none the less a contact-deposit, since the deposit has been made by water acting from the contact-planes outward.

Deposits along planes of rock-fracture or fissures produced by dynamic movements. The most prominent and readily remarked of these rock-fractures are the great faults which have played so important a part in determining the orographic relief of our globe. The greatest of these faults often extend for miles in length, and the displacement of the opposed rock-masses on either side of the fault may amount to several thousand feet. Minor faults, or displacements, which are found in infinite variety, especially in regions of great dynamic dis-

a i ) eS —SSSS EES Se ee

asa

146 Appendix.

turbance, may not produce any readily apparent effect upon the surface-features, and yet may be recognizable as determining the flow of springs, or be detected by the underground workings of mines. They have been most thoroughly studied in the workings of coal mines, where the importance of careful underground mapping is most generally appreciated, since the determination of the direction and amount of throw of such faults has an actual money value. In all these rock-fractures the evidence of a movement of displacement, as disclosed by the discrepancy or want of correspondence in the adjoining walls, is usually very prominent. There are other and much more numerous. rock-fractures, in which there is either no movement of displacement, or it is so slight as to be with difficulty detected. Among them certain classes are characterized by their frequency and their general parallelism in two or more co-ordinated directions, and at angles often approaching a right angle with each other.

ym

Ore Deposits. 147

Causes of fracture —It is hardly necessary to state that the force which produces the folding, faultings and rock-fractures, in short the mountain-building force, must be considered as a result of the secular construction of the earth's crust, the forces exerted resulting from the attempt of an already consolidated crust to ft itself more closely toa shrinking nucleus. Their effect is felt probably only upon a comparatively thin outer portion of the earth's crust; at any rate it is a very thin portion of this crust which comes under our observation. This crust may be conceived, therefore, as having been since its first formation in a condition of tension, a gradually increasing force, which from time to time found its relief in earth-movements producing corrugations on its surface, and hence relative

elevations along certain orographic lines, which for some reason or other were lines of least resistance or of weakness. Such lines, once determined, have been the scene of most marked expression of these con-

148 Appendix.

stantly recurring movements of relief from tension. Closely connected with such movements have been the eruptions of igneous material, forced up from below, either from a region of permanent fusion of the earth's crust, as was formerly and most generally maintained, or, according to later views, from local reservoirs, brought into a fused condition as a more or less direct result of these movements, by the disturbance of the equilibrium between the various forces involved in the general condition of tension. Whatever their source, the eruptions of igneous rocks have unquestionably had a very close connection with orographic disturbances, and further have indirectly played an important part in the formation of most ore-deposits.

Observation teaches us that these successive periods of dynamic disturbance, or of mountain-building, must have been followed by periods of relative quiescence, during which the regions elevated into land-masses, were worn down by atmos-

: ORE DEPOSITS. 149 pheric abrasion, and their comminuted debris carried into the adjoining oceans to form a new series of sedimentary beds, Each successive series of dynamic movements would involve not only this newer series, but also the older and already plicated and fractured series of rocks; and thus the structural conditions are found to be more complicated and more difficult to decipher, the older the rocks in which we have occasion to study them.

Common characteristics of compression- Fractures.—There are three phases of structural evidence of rock-fractures and displacement resulting from compression, one or more of which characterize the various types of fissures carrying ore-deposits. These are:

a. Striations and "slickenside" surfaces.

6, Breccia or fragmentary material in the fissure itself, or zones of crushed or broken rock-material included between intersecting systems of fissures.

c. A sheeting of the country rock parallel with the main fracture: in other words, the

150 Appendix.

occurrence of a system of minor fractures which divide the country-rock up into a system of approximately parallel plates or sheets. The distance between these parallel fractures, or the thickness of the sheets, may be reckoned by inches, by feet, or by hundreds of feet, according to the varying texture of the rock-masses involved, or the different dynamic conditions which have produced the fracture.

It will at once suggest itself that these are all phenomena characteristic of faults. But they are also found, at times, where there may be no recognizable evidence cf actual displacement of the rock-masses on either side of the fissure or fracture. On the other hand, it will be equally evident that fissures characterized by these phenomena can hardly be the result of contraction, or shrinkage-cracks. Striations are not confined to well-defined fissures, but are found on smaller planes within rock-masses; but in any case they seem to necessarily give evidence of move-

oie ee ee.

Ore Deposits. Isi

ment under pressure, be the amount of that movement never so small.

Fragments of country-rock are often rounded. These have less probably fallen into the fissures from the walls, and become rounded by attrition either against the walls or against each other, than been produced by the rubbing or dragging of one wall against the other. The greater or lesser size of the fragments would, in a measure, prove a greater or less distance between the walls, but it seems that under the enormous pressure that must have accompanied these rock-fractures, the spaces between the walls must have been more or less completely filled with attrition-material, only part of which would be actual rock fragments, and the rest finely comminuted material which, under the dissolving agency of percolating waters, would finally result in more or less impure clays. The rounding of the fragments, on the other hand, is readily accounted for as the action of these same percolating waters, it being a well-

: tLe te @) SS SS SS SSS

152 Appendix,

recognized fact that the decomposing action of moisture in any form acts more rapidly on the corners or angles of a rock-mass than on its flat surfaces, and the sharper the corner the more rapidly is it eaten away.

Crushed zones are merely larger phases of the same actions as produce the breccia material, and are subject to the same general laws, only differing in their greater dimensions and the more irregular shape of the enclosing walls.

The sheeting of the country-rock in faulted or fractured regions where ore deposits abound is a phenomenon to which too little attention has been paid. Its importance as a feature of fissure-veins is, however, great, both from a geological and practical point of view. That it has hitherto escaped due recognition is probably due to the prevalence of the old idea that veindeposits are necessarily the filling of open fissures, and to the failure to appreciate to how great an extent they are actually the replacement of rock-material rendered more

I—_

Ore Deposits. 153

— a ES GD

readily accessible and attackable by the dynamic movements which produced the fissure.

From individual fissure faults there is a gradual transition into co-ordinated fractures, as a rule, greater in number in a given area, but of less individual extent, which form a sort of fractured zone with two or more prominent directions of fracture, apparently of nearly contemporaneous formation. These Emmons calls compression quints, because they always show one or more of the evidences of compression, viz., striation, brecciation or crushed material, and sheeting of the country rock. Such complicated systems of fracture would appear to involve the action of more than one system of dynamic movement; that is. a force of compression acting at the same time in different directions, and hence combining with the direct plicational strain more or less strain of torsion.

In the larger joints or fractures observed in mining districts the effects of direct com-

154 Appendix.

pression have been more marked, and the effects of the torsional strain are probably more seen in the minor fractures, or stringers and leaders, as the miners call them. In the map of a mining district characterized by a multitude of small veins, it will be found that the more detailed the map, and the more thoroughly the veins have been explored and represented thereon, the more regularity and uniformity in their directions are shown. It must be borne in mind, however, that such a map never represents the totality of the fissures in the district, but only such parts of them as have been found sufficiently rich to exploit for ore.

It is an evident fact that by a succession of dynamic movements, especially when accompanied by torsional strains, an almost infinite variety of fissures and passages for mineral-bearing waters may be produced, and that it would therefore not be possible beforehand to describe all the various structural conditions under which oredeposits may occur. But certain condi-

Ore Deposits. 155

tions suggest themselves as a result of the structural method of considering them that would seem to have a general application.

Structural generalizations. — Extent of fissures. Since the dynamic movements are confined to the crust of the earth, it is evident that the fissures produced by them cannot literally have an indefinite extent in depth, though in certain cases it is very possible that the extent may be practically indefinite, as it may go beyond the limits at which mining is practicable. It is fair to assume that those fissures which have the greatest horizontal extent will have the greatest extent in depth; in other words that their vertical and horizontal dimensions bear some sort of proportion to each other. If, therefore, as some have maintained, the vein-filling has in all cases been brought from some source at great depths in the earth, the greatest fault-fissures would be expected to be the greatest and most frequent ore-producers, since they would reach nearer to this unknown source.

156 Appendix.

But rather the reverse is the case, which, as far as it goes, furnishes an argument in favor of the view that the vein-material has been derived from the surrounding though not of necessity absolutely contiguous rocks. On the great fold-faults are found no considerable deposits of ore, and it is comparatively rare that continuous deposits are found along a single well-defined faultfissure. Lhe majority of deposits seem to occur where there are a series of fissures, more or less regularly co-ordinated, in which several of the series are prominently accentuated. In such systems there seems to be a tendency for the rich ore-bodies or bonanzas to extend in a direction which lies at an angle with that of the main fissure, or to continue for a certain distance along one fissure and then to pass into another fissure, set off at a little distance from the first. It would seem probable that there must be some structural reason for the concentration of the ore in this way. The practical lesson to be learned is that

Ore Deposits. 157

the prospector should not confine his explorations to the single fissure in which the ore occurs, but when he runs out of bonanza in that, he should seek a continuance of it in some adjoining fissure or plane, in a direction to be determined by the study of the system of the fracturing of the region and of the general direction of the bonanzas.

Vein walls. Vhe second generalization is in regard to the wad//s, which have generally been considered an important and almost indispensable characteristic of a true fissure-vein. The typical wall which the miner considers an evidence of a strong and well-defined fissure-vein is a comparatively smooth, generally striated rock-plane, and frequently coated with a clay-selvage—a band of decomposed argillaceous material which itself generally shows evidence of pressure and movement. From the above structural point of view of the origin of vein-fissures, it is evident that the character of the wall and selvage is dependent on the composition of the rock and the amount of

158 Appendix.

displacement and pressure. The grinding of one face of rock against another will undoubtedly tend to plane both off and to produce a certain amount of fine attritionmaterial; but this attrition-material will not necessarily be reduced to clay unless it has further been subjected to the decomposing action of water, which has carried off certain portions and left an argillaceous residue. The extreme instance of such decomposition is found in the muddy accumulations at the bottom of caves in limestone, which are simply the less soluble residues, mostly silica and alumina, resulting from the dissolution of large quantities of more or less impure limestone.

These walls and selvages are a frequent accompaniment, but by no means an essential characteristic, of an ore-bearing fissure. It is quite conceivable that one or both may be wanting; and such occurrences are not uncommon in nature. Take, for instance, the veins of Butte, Montana. There area series of co-ordinated fractures or compres-

Ore Deposits, 159

sion-fissures in a remarkably homogeneous mass of granite. Apparently there has been little or no displacement of the walls of these fissures relatively to each other; hence, but little attrition-material has been produced; and for this reason—and probably, also, on account of the character of the rock and because it was not much decomposed along the fissure-planes before the advent of the ore-bearing solutions—no clay-selvages have been formed, and the ore-bearing solutions have eaten into the wall-rock to varying distances, replacing it more or less completely by vein-material, and leaving no definite boundaries or walls to the deposits. There is no reason, however, for considering them any the less true fissure-veins or less valuable ore deposits on this account.

On the other hand, under certain conditions, instead of an absence of well-defined walls there may be so many as to mislead the miner who depends too implicitly upon them as a boundary of his ore-body. In

oa

Nu

Aif Pendix.

—— —

the Gunnison region, for instance, where, owing to the plasticity of the country-rock, it has been divided along the main fractureplanes into a series of very thin parallel sheets, the space between these sheets has frequently been filled by quartz, which thus forms a thin sheet often so completely reproducing the form of the fissure as to present a cast of the striation-surface. Sucha sheet of quartz, when the adjoining bands of country-rock have been replaced by veinmaterial, forms a hard, well-defined wall to the ore-body, which delights the eye of the honest miner and enhances in his mind the value of his property.

Ore may be found as well on one side as on the other of such a wall, and not unfrequently is apparently confined to one side for a considerable extent along the length of the vein, and then is found almost as exclusively on the other side. In one prominent instance a new body of rich ore was struck by cross-cutting into the foot-wall country. The moral is that judicious cross-

Ore Deposits. 101

cutting forms a very important part of vein mining, but should be conducted with due regard to the fracture-system of the adjoining country, and to the evidence to be obtained as to the course followed by the orebearing currents, or it may involve an unnecessary amount of dead work.

Banded structure. In most of the deposits of the Gunnison region, there is a noteworthy appearance of banded structure parallel with the walls of the fissure. The evidence of faulting and of the thin sheeting of the country-rock is there so clear that the explanation at once presents itself that this appearance arises from the fact that the deposits are partly a filling-in of interstitial spaces, and partly a replacement of thin sheets of country-rock, the differing composition of the bands resulting rather from the necessary variation in the process of deposition than from essential differences in the ore-bearing solutions. Were one to examine there only a large body of rich ore, and neglect to examine the adjoining poorer

162 Appendix.

deposits, amd to study the structural conditions of the region, one might be led to adopt some of the complicated explanations set forth in books on ore-deposits, such as successive reopening of the vein, to account for the conditions found, instead of the simple one given above.

Crushed zones. Cases occur where the systems of rock-fracture intersect each other, and under suitable conditions considerable portions of the country-rock included between such intersecting fractures may be broken up or crushed to such an extent as to admit a relatively free passage of percolating waters. Where such waters are mineral-bearing, the interstices between the fragments will offer spaces for the precipitation of their contents, or where the rock is readily soluble the fragments themselves may be replaced by vein-material.

Where three or more nearly vertical fracture-planes intersect each other near the same point, the prismatic body of rock included between the intersections may be so

Ore Deposits. 163

crushed and broken as, in a district rich in mineral-bearing solutions, to give rise to what are generally known as chimney deposits. Where the fracture-planes are merely joints along which there has been but little movement, and no clay-selvages have consequently been formed, the oresolutions will eat out the rock in sucha way that the ore-chimney may appear to have a rounded instead of an angular horizontal section, and the fracture-planes themselves may have become, by the decomposition of the adjoining country-rock, so obscured as to be with difficulty traced in the immediate vicinity of the ore-body. Repeated movements along fissure-planes. It is a well recognized fact of structural geology that in successive dynamic movements in the same region there will bea tendency for fractures to follow already determined planes of fracture. Furthermore, it appears that the faulting of a rock-mass is not necessarily a geologically instantaneous movement, but that the displacement

164 Appendix.

may continue for some time after the first fracture has been determined, probably dying out very gradually. Some such continued movement seems necessary to give time for the reduction by the action of water of the attrition-material to the clayey condition in which it is often found. We may expect therefore, to find evidence in

large fissures of repeated movements.

Cross-fractures and even apparent displacement of one fracture by another, may be produced by one and the same strain. Hence, in studying a system of fissures, one must not too hastily conclude that each direction of fracture means a distinct movement, or even that displacement of one fissure by another necessarily proves that the latter was produced by a distinct and later movement; to be sure of this some of the other evidences of movement must be found.

Some very interesting facts in connection with two adjacent properties in Boulder Co., Colorado, are worthy of notice. The vein

Ore Deposits. 165

A runs first in porphyry, then in contact between porphyry and granite, and sometimes wholly in granite. The vein-stone is a hard, flinty, white quartz. The gold is free and often very coarse; rarely accompanied by pyrite and chalcopyrite, increasing on entering the granite, when blende and galena also occur, but as tellurium minerals.

The vein B is a bluish quartz, with chalcedony and finely disseminated pyrites.

The value is in metallic gold, petzite, and sylvanite. While most of the metallic gold was deposited as native gold, a certain portion has evidently been rendered free by the

partial decomposition of the telluriumminerals. The richest ore usually occurs in two narrow seams or streaks often only one foot, but at times as much as ten feet apart; the intervening space being more or less mineralized rock. The miners working as lessees on this vein consider it richest in the schistose rock, and poorest when it is in the porphyry, on its course through

166 Appendix.

the dyke. Though the openings on the vein, in the dyke, are limited, this opinion appears to be correct.

So distinct are the characteristics of these veins that the crossing of B through A is plainly marked and confirms the opinion that the gold mines of the country belong to at least two distinct periods of veinformation.

That the ores from B (the tellurium vein) are of a lower grade where the vein passes through the porphyry dyke than elsewhere may be due to the formation of the A vein first. This vein probably drained the dyke of much of its disseminated mineral values. B doubtless received its mineral through the schistose or gneissic rocks, and is consequently richer where enclosed in those rocks than in the dyke.

Prospectors, as a rule, look for richer or larger bodies of ore where veins unite or cross each other. In this property there are two interesting occurrences of this kind. The A veins unite at a point roo feet below

Ore Deposits. 167

- — SS ee —

the surface. These are similar veins of the same age. 'The result is seen in larger and richer ore-bodies mined in the stopes ad jacent to the junction of the veins. In the other case the crossing of the B (tellurium) vein through the A vein, which was the passing of a later through earlier veins, produced no local enlargement or enrichment of the ore-bodies. It may be inferred with probability as a general rule, subject of course to local exceptions, that for the production, by the junction of two veins, of ore-bodies larger or richer than are characteristic of either vein separately, the two veins should be of contemporaneous origin.

Perhaps the last proposition may be both confirmed and explained by restricting its application to such cases of enrichment as result from the simple enlargement of the space available for deposition, and the consequent diminution of the speed of percolating currents—both of which conditions are observed to produce similar effects in veins which vary in dip or width but are not inter-

168 Appendix.

sected by other veins. Practical miners look for the larger ore-bodies in the flat places and the wide places of the vein ; and the pinches, though they do now and then compensate by special richness for their contracted size, are usually as "lean" as they are thin.

The theory of the formation of oredeposits by replacement, as opposed to that by the filling of pre-existing cavities, may be applied to deposits in rocks which are not so readily soluble as limestone, in which cases the percolating solutions would have first attacked the relatively more soluble among their constituents. Very many so-called fissure-veins in crystalline rocks are formed by percolating water circulating along joints, shrinkage cracks, fault- planes,

or zones of crushed rock, which have filled the interstitial places and replaced the materials of the adjoining country-rocks to a greater or lesser extent by the materials they held in solution, but are not the filling of any considerable open cavities. The comb-structure of veins, on which the early

a SS -- - - —

Ore Deposits. 169

geologists founded their theory that a vein

was necessarily the filling of a pre-existing cavity, is of comparatively rare occurrence, Cracks or fissures must undoubtedly have existed, which determined the concentra-

tion of mineral solution along their course;

but whether such cracks were to any great extent fault-planes, whose movement might have left large open spaces between the irregularities of their walls, seems question-

able. In Leadville one of the most notice-

able facts 1s that the fault-planes which may

be supposed to reach to great depths have been found barren of ore except by second-

ary infiltration from surface-waters, or as attrition-material from pre-existing deposits, when the fault-line cuts across such deposits. The idea that a fissure-vein necessarily extends to an indefinite depth is another popular error, and is not founded on good geological reasoning. Whatever the nature of the fissure along which the deposit has taken place, whether fault-plane, joint or shrinkage-crack, there must be some mutual

ae — — — SS

170 Appendix.

relation between the horizontal and the vertical dimensions. In other words, the study of structural geology shows that the length of such a fissure or crack must bear some proportional relation to its extent in depth, and the probability is that the latter must be less than the former.

The present tendency of the results reached by careful and well-authenticated determinations of the origin and manner of formations of ore-deposits is in favor of a continually-increasing applicability of the following conditions:

That they are deposited from solutions made by percolating waters.

That the deposition takes place very rarely in actually open cavities, but most frequently by metasomatic interchange, or by replacement of the more soluble or more accessible portions of a rock or members of

a rock series.

That these solutions do not necessarily come directly upward, but simply follow the easiest channels of approach.

Ore Deposits. 171

That these materials are not immediately derived from sources at some unknown depth, but from neighboring bodies of rock within limited and conceivable distances.

That where, as is often the case, oredeposits are associated with, or in the vicinity of, bodies of eruptive rock, especially the older intrusive rocks, there is a reasonable probability that these materials have been derived from these rocks,

If the solutions came from the countryrock, at or above the level of the oredeposit, it is most likely that the hangingwall will be more or less obliterated, and the foot-wall relatively distinct. This follows from two considerations: First, because the rock of the hanging-wall is in such case the main source of the watersupply for the fissure, the natural effect of gravity (apart from special water-channels) being to carry the waters of the foot-wall away from the vein, and to some other vein below it; and secondly, because the disintegrated rock of the hanging-wall would

172 Appendix.

naturally deposit debris on the foot-wall, protecting it from disintegration, and thus preserving its definite form. The only "boundary" of such a vein would be a commercial one, viz., the line at which the ore ceased to pay.

Testing Minerals By The Blow-Pipe.

\ewaaa ascertain the effect of heat on PS minerals, a small instrument, called the blow-pipe, is used. In its simplest form it is merely a bent, tapering tube of brass from 7 to 10 inches long, with a minute aperture at its smaller end. It 1s used to concentrate to a point the flame of a lamp or candle, and this is done by blowing through it while the smaller end is just within the flame. After blowing awhile, the moisture of the breath often condenses in the tube, and to receive this moisture some forms of blow-pipe are provided with an air-chamber.

When the blow-pipe is made of brass it

a ee Oe ee ee ee"

Testing Minerals, 173

is usual to have an ivory mouth-piece, as it is more agreeable to the mouth. Silver, however, is the best material, and the point should be of platinum.

Operations with the blow-pipe often require an uninterrupted heat for a considerable length of time, and always longer than a single breath of the operator. It is therefore requisite that breathing and blowing should go on together. This may be difficult at first, but the necessary skill or tact

is soon acquired. Let the learner attempt first to breathe through his nostrils with his cheeks inflated and mouth closed. This

accomplished, if the blow-pipe 1s now put to the mouth, he will find no difficulty in continuing his respirations while the muscles of the inflated cheeks are throwing their contained air through the blow-pipe. When the air is nearly exhausted, the mouth may again be filled through the nose without intermitting the process of blowing.

The élow-pipe flame consists of two cones —an inner of a blue color, and an outer,

174 Appendix.

yellow. The heat is most intense just beyond the extremity of the blue flame. The inner flame is called the reduction flame, and the outer the oxidation flame. A mineral reduced to the metallic state by the inner, may often be oxidized, or combined with oxygen, in the oxzer, flame, where it is in contact with the atmosphere. For oxidation, the beak of the blow-pipe should have a large aperture, and the wick of the lamp should also be large. The heat may be that of incipient redness.

When it is desired to produce a reducing action, the point of the blow-pipe is just allowed to touch the flame, which should completely envelop the assay, as the substance to be tested is called. To produce an oxidizing action the point of the blowpipe should be inserted a little into the flame, and the assay should be placed at or a little beyond the point of the flame.

The best flame is that of a lamp with a large wick fed by olive oil. A common candle with a large wick will answer for

Testing Minerals. 175

most of the purposes of the prospector, and is most conveniently carried about. When used the wick should be bent in the direction of the flame.

To support the mineral in the flame, either charcoal or platinum forceps or wire may be used. The charcoal should be well burnt but firm; that from pine wood is best, as it burns with least ashes. The reaction of the carbon of the coal aids in reducing or decomposing many mineral species. The mineral kyanite, and also mica, are sometimes used for a support when more convenient means are not at hand.

To test the presence of water or of a volatile ingredient, the mineral may be supported near one end of a test-tube which may be three or four inches long and the bore a little larger than a quill. The end is then heated with a spirit lamp, or the flame is concentrated on the exterior of the tube beneath the assay, and the volatilized substance usually condensed in the upper part of the tube. By inserting into the

176 Appendix.

upper end of the tube a strip of litmus paper or other test paper, it is ascertained whether the fumes are acid or not, the color of the paper, if so, changing to red.

The specimen subjected to the flame of the blow-pipe should bea very small, thin fragment, especially when the mineral is not very fusible, fusion being often thus obtained, when impossible with a fragment without thin edges. A fragment as large as a pea might afford a score of pieces, large enough for a blow-pipe trial.

Many minerals remain unaltered before the blow-pipe unless some substance be added to aid in the fusion or reduction. These substances are called fluxes. Those in common use are borax, carbonate of soda (calcined) and microcosmic salt.* Care

This salt, a phosphate of soda and ammonia, may be made by dissolving 16 parts of sal ammoniac in a small quantity of boiling water, and afterwards adding 100 parts of crystallized phosphate of soda, boiling gently the whole,

and then setting it away to cool. The salt of phosphorus is deposited in small crystals. If the heat is too great

during ebullition, decomposition takes place.

Testing Minerals.

should be taken to obtain the fluxes pure, and for this purpose it is well to dissolve and recrystallize the borax. The soda should be tested for sulphuric acid, as any adulteration with this acid will give the glass obtained with silica a brown or reddishcolor. The fluxes should be powdered and added to the mineral, and the whole assay should not exceed the size of a small pea. One-fourth this size is better than larger. The soda should be added in small successive doses. This flux is often absorbed by the charcoal, but generally reappears when the heat is sufficiently raised.

Besides the fluxes mentioned other tests are sometimes used of which the following are the most important:

Nitrate of cobalt in solution for distinguishing alumina and magnesia The solution should be pure, free from alkali and slightly concentrated, It is advisable to have a bit of platinum wire in the cork stopper, in order to take out a drop upon it when required for use.

178 Appendix.

—

Boracic acid and tron wire, used in testing for phosphoric acid.

Tin foil, for using with certain peroxides of metals to reduce them to protoxides. The assay previously heated in the reducing flame should be touched with the end of the tin foil, a very minute quantity of a metallic oxide being often thus detected.

Gypsum and fluor, used as tests of one another. When two parts of the former rendered anhydrous by heating, and one of the latter, are mixed and heated, they fuse to a clear glass, which forms a milk-white enamel on cooling. The globule from fluor and heavy spar is transparent when cold; and that with sulphate of strontium is more or less frothy.

e. Saltpetre is employed in discovering manganese, bringing out the characteristic amethystine color when the quantity of this metal is too small to color glass without this reagent. The heated globule is touched with the point of a crystal, just at the moment of suspending the blast. The

TESTING MINERALS. r79

melted mass swells, foams, and either becomes immediately colored, or upon cool-

f. Anhydrous bisulphate of potash, used for detecting lithia. It is kept in a coarse powder in a bottle well secured from moisture.

g. Oxalate of nickel, or nitrate of nickel, used to detect potash. The nickel should be quite free from cobalt. It may be tested by treating it with borax, with which it should give a brown, not a blue bead.

The examination of an assay with borax and salt of phosphorus is generally made on platinum wire where the color of the bead is more readily observed. Make a small loop in the end of the platinum wire, heat it to whiteness in the blow-pipe flame and dip it into powdered borax or salt of phosphorus. Heat again in the blow-pipe flame—adding more of the reagent if necessary—until a clear glassy bead is formed. While the bead 1s hot, touch it to a minute

speck of the assay, and Peat again in the

oxidizing, then in the reducing flame. If no distinct color is produced, add a little more of the assay to the same bead, and heat again, repeating the operation as many times as may be necessary.

The examination with soda is generally performed on charcoal in the reducing flame. When the result looked for is the production of minute globules of metal, care should be taken that they do not escape observation. If necessary a portion of the charcoal around the assay may be cut out, ground up with a little water ina small mortar and the charcoal and soda washed away. Any shining particles of metal may then be readily detected. When two or more metals are present an alloy is usually formed.

Below, some of the reactions with the fluxes or reagents are given:

Silicon, silicates. Silicon dissolves with effervescence when fused with soda on charcoal, forming a glass which is transparent when hot. The silicates are decom-

J ia a eee

Pe wm

Testing Minerals. 181

posed by salt of phosphorus on platinum wire, and the silicon is set free, often remaining as a skeleton of silica in the globule. Potassium, sodium, within. Sodium gives an intensely yellow color to the flame, even when in combination; yet this color may be otherwise produced. Potassium often gives a violet tinge, and lithium a purple-red color to the flame; but the presence of sodium vitiates the test by communicating its own color. A glass of borax containing potassium becomes blue when a little oxalate of nickel is carefully added, while a glass of soda becomes brown; and this holds good for potassium although sodium be present. A lithium salt fused on platinum foil, if sodium be present, produces a yellow stain; but this stain is also produced by other reagents. Ifa lithium mineral be mixed with one part of fluor finely pulverized, and one and a-half parts of bisulphate of potassium, the flame 1s red; if no lithium is present, it is faint violet, Calcium and calcium salts impart a brick-

182 Appendix.

red color to the flame, and the substance glows with the white look of alkali earths, Magnesium. Magnesium and many magnesian silicates afford a clear rose-red color with cobalt solution after long heating. A fragment after heating should be moistened with the solution and then heated again. The color deepens on cooling. Magnesium is not acted on by soda. Alumina, If a fragment of alumina, or if an aluminous silicate, after heating to redness, be moistened by cobalt solution and again heated, but not to fusion, it assumes a fine blue color. The harder species should be finely pulverized. The test is sure except when oxides of certain metals are present; and also when saltpetre is present, since it gives a blue color with silicon and zirconium, and in some other cases. Arsenic and arsenical compounds give off usually arsenical fumes having a garlic odor when heated on charcoal or with soda. With many of the compounds heated in an open tube a white sublimate of arsenious

Testing Minerals. 183

oxide is produced and the characteristic garlic oder given off. Arsenic and some of its compounds when heated in a closed tube give a sublimate which has a metallic lustre. If the mineral contains sulphur as well as arsenic, a red or yellow sublimate of a sulphide of arsenic may be formed. . Some compounds of arsenic impart a light blue color to the outer blow-pipe flame. Sulphur. Sulphides yield fumes of sulphur when heated in charcoal, in a closed tube or in an open tube. A compound of sulphur when heated on charcoal with soda yields a mass which stains a silver coin black or brownish black when moistened and placed upon it.

Tellurium and tellurides give fumes but no odor. Heated on charcoal the oxide covers the charcoal with a brownish yellow coating and the inner flame directed upon this coating is tinged bright green. In an

open tube a white or whitish sublimate is produced which before the blow-pipe fuses to clear colorless drops.

0 Oe —SS—S ts

154 Appendix.

Chromium. ith borax both in the oxidizing and reducing flame chromium gives a bead which is green when cold; but on platinum wire in the outer flame the color nearly disappears. Chromic iron gives the same color, and it is brightened on the addition of tin-foil.

Antimony. The ores of antimony afford on charcoal dense, white, inodorous fumes which partly escape and partly condense on the coal. The oxides form with soda, on the platinum wire, a clear, colorless bead, which becomes white on cooling; on charcoal they are reduced. In an open tube antimony gives white fumes, which coat the glass and vaporize easily on a new application of the heat, without fusion to globules.

Titanium yields with borax a colorless glass which becomes milk-white on flaming. In the inner flame, the glass with little of the assay is first yellow and afterward amethystine and transparent. With more assay on charcoal in the inner flame, it becomes dark blue or nearly black on cooling; but

Testing Minerals, 185

it is pale blue afterward on flaming. On platinum wire with salt of phosphorus it forms in the outer flame a clear, colorless glass; in the inner flame, a red or violetblue glass, when cold, especially if tin be added. When iron is present the color after heating in the inner flame is deep red on cooling. Silicious titanic minerals, such as ephene, do not give the reaction with borax, except after long heating in the inner flame with salt of phosphorus, and it is apparent only on cooling.

7in. Fused with soda on charcoal in the reducing flame, compounds of tin yield a globule of the metal, and at the same time a coating is formed on the coal which is slightly yellow when hot but is white when cold. The reduction of tin is much assisted when a little cyanide of potassium is used with the soda. This coating, moistened with the cobalt solution and heated in the oxidizing flame, assumes a bluish green color.

Lead. Fused with soda in the reducing

186 Appendix.

flame on charcoal, compounds of lead yield a globule of the metal. When heated on charcoal a coating is produced which is lemon yellow while hot and sulphur yellow when cold. The coating imparts to the reducing flame an azure blue color.

Zinc. Oxide of zinc with borax gives a clear glass, which is milk-white on flaming; or with more assay is enamel-white on cooling. In the inner flame on charcoal, fumes are given off and a white coating surrounds the assay. With soda on charcoal, the ores, even when containing little zinc, afford the peculiar bluish flame of burning zinc, and the oxide is deposited on the coal. With cobalt solution zinc gives a green color, while tin yields a bluish-green color.

Cadmium. Oxide of cadmium, even when in small proportions in other minerals, when heated on charcoal deposits a reddish brown color. The test is more delicate when soda is used.

Copper. Oxide of copper gives a fine

Testing Minerals. 187

green glass with borax, which becomes cinnabar-red on cooling. Lhe ores are reduced on charcoal with soda and a malleable copper-colored globule is obtained. When the copper is combined with oxides that are reduced together with it, borax and tin should be used. If iron be present, the copper and iron are obtained separately.

Manganese. Oxide of manganese gives with borax in the outer flame an amethystine globule which becomes colorless in the inner flame. With soda on platinum foil, the oxide gives a green color which is bluish on cooling. When other minerals are present, soda should be added, and then the bluish-green color is obtained, even with less than one per cent. of manganese.

fron. With borax on platinum wire, iron in the outer flame gives a dark red elass which becomes yellowish or colorless on cooling. In the inner flame it affords a bottle-green color, or a bluish-green in a more perfect reduction. With tin the green color is hastened. Minerals containing

188 Appendix.

much iron become magnetic when highly heated in the reducing flame, especially if soda is used.

Cobalt. With borax on platinum wire, minerals containing cobalt give a clear blue bead which does not become opaque on flaming. If arsenic or sulphur is present the assay should first be heated on charcoal until fumes are no longer emitted. If a small quantity of iron be present the bead will be green while hot, but blue when cold.

Nickel, ith borax on platinum wire, nickel yields a bead in the oxidizing flame which is violet while hot but reddish brown when cold. In the reducing flame the bead becomes gray and cloudy, and sometimes opaque, from a separation of metallic nickel. With continued blowing the metal collects together, and the bead becomes colorless. The reaction is obscured by the presence of iron, cobalt or copper.

Gold, When gold is in combination with metals which are volatile at a high temperature, such as tellurium, mercury, antimony,

TESTING MINERALS. 189 it is only necessary to heat the alloy on charcoal with the oxidizing flame, when the sold remains behind in a pure state, and may be recognized by its physical properties. Lead is removed by the process of cupellation, as will be explained under " Silver."

When associated with copper, the presence of which is easily detected by salt of phosphorus on charcoal, the alloy, for instance, gold coin, is dissolved in pure melted lead, and the new compound subjected to the process of cupellation on bone-ash. Copper is by this means entirely removed. To test the remaining globule for silver, it is treated with salt of phosphorus on charcoal in the oxidizing flame; the silver ts gradually oxidized and dissolved by the glass, which, when cold, assumes an opallike appearance. To determine approximately the relative proportions of the two metals, the metallic globule is taken from the cupel, placed in a small porcelain dish containing some nitric acid, and heat ap-

190 Appendix.

plied. If the alloy contains 25 per cent. of gold or less it turns black, the silver is gradually dissolved, and the gold remains behind as a brown or black spongy or pulverulent mass. If the alloy contains more than 25 per cent. of gold, the globule turns also black, but the silver is not dissolved. If both metals are present in about equal proportions, the globule remains unaltered. If the amount of gold is considerable it is indicated by the color of the alloy.

In both of the latter cases it must be fused on charcoal with borax and at least twice its weight of silver, free from gold, and then treated with nitric acid, when the separation will be complete. To form a gold button, it must be well washed with distilled water and fused on coal with borax, and it will then have the pure gold color and bright surface.

When associated with metals which fer sé are infusible before the blow-pipe, such as platinum, iridium, palladium, the metallic globule obtained by cupellation shows much

TESTING MINERALS. gl

a

less fusibility than pure gold. The exact nature of the foreign metals cannot be ascertained before the blow-pipe, and the wet method of assaying must be resorted to.

Silver. Many compounds of silver yield a globule of the metal when fused with soda on charcoal in the reducing flame. When treated for a long time with the reducing flame, a slight, dark-red coating 1s produced.

When in combination with metals which are volatile at a high temperature, such as bismuth, lead, zinc, antimony, the substance is heated alone on charcoal when, after the volatilization of these metals by long blowing, a button of pure silver remains behind, and a reddish coating is deposited on the charcoal. If associated with much lead or bismuth, these metals are best removed by cupellation, a process which is executed as follows:

Break off the bowl of a common claypipe and make a suitable upright holder of twisted wire. Fill the pipe three-quarters full of any kind of dry earth or pulverized

Bs

yi'

1g2 APPENDIX.

rock, fill the remainder of the pipe with finely pulverized bone-ash, with which previously may be advantageously mixed a minute quantity of soda, and then dampened to an almost imperceptible degree. The top is made smooth and slightly concave by pressing on it with the head of an ordinary carriage bolt. The cupel is then dried by the blow-pipe with the flame of a candle or spirit lamp. On this little cupel the assay is placed, and heated with the oxidizing flame until the whole of the lead or bismuth is oxidized and absorbed by the cupel. When the assay is once fused the blue point of the flame can be held well away from it, the operation will proceed rapidly, and there will be less loss of silver than if greater heat be used. The silver, or if gold is present, the alloy of silver and gold, remains as a bright metallic button on the cupel,

When combined with metals which are not volatile, but which are more easily oxidized than silver, the presence of this metal

4—

aa ———

Testing Minerals. 193

may in some cases be detected by simply treating the alloy with borax or salt of phosphorus on charcoal. Copper, nickel, cobalt, etc., are oxidized and their oxides dissolved by the flux, while silver remains behind with a bright metallic surface. But when these metals are present to a considerable extent, another course has to be pursued, a course which may always be taken when a substance is to be assayed for silver, or silver and gold.

The assay-piece is reduced to a fine powder, mixed with vitrified borax and metallic lead (the quantities of which altogether depend upon the nature of the substance, and for which, therefore, no general rule can be given), and the mass placed in a cylindrical hole of the charcoal. A powerful reducing flame is given until the metals have united to a button, and the slag appears free from metallic globules. The flame is now converted into an oxidizine flame and directed principally upon the button, Sulphur, arsenic, antimony, and

oh Hi ee Be

194 Appendix.

other very volatile substances are volatilized; iron, tin, cobalt, and a little copper and nickel become oxidized and absorbed by the flux; silver and gold, and the greater part of the copper and nickel, remain with the lead (and bismuth if present), When all volatile substances are driven off, the lead begins to become oxidized and the button assumes a rotary motion. At this period the blast is discontinued, the assay is allowed to cool, and when perfectly cold, the lead button is separated from the glass by some light strokes with the hammer. It is now placed on a cupel of bone-ash and treated with the oxidizing flame until it again assumes a rotary motion. If much copper or nickel is present the globule becomes covered with a thick infusible crust which prevents the oxidation aimed at; in this case another small piece of pure lead has to be added. The blast is kept up until the whole of the lead and other foreign metals, 7zz., copper and nickel are oxidized.

This is indicated by the cessation of the

Testing Minerals. 195

rotary movement, if only little silver is present, or by the appearance of all the tints of the rainbow over the whole surface of the button, if the ore was very rich in silver. After a few moments it takes the look of pure silver. The oxides of lead, copper, etc , are absorbed by the bone-ash, and pure silver, or an alloy of silver with other noble metals remains behind, and the button may be tested for gold, etc., after the method given under "Gold."

Fluorides. 'When fluorides are heated with salt of phosphorus previously melted in an open glass tube, the glass is corroded and Brazil wood paper, placed within the tube, is turned yellow. The salt of phosphorus used for this purpose should be free from all chlorides. If fluorine is present only in small quantity, the assay may be heated in the same way without the salt of phosphorus.

Phosphates. fa phosphate be fused with boracic acid, and the extremity of a small iron wire be inserted into the melted globule, and the whole be heated in the reduction

196 Appendix.

—

flame, the globule formed at the extremity of the wire will prove to be more or less brittle when struck with a hammer on an anvil. As the bead cools a flash of light is usually seen. Before this trial it should be ascertained that no sulphuric or arsenic acid is present which may also form a globule with the iron; nor any metallic oxide reducible by the iron.

Boron imparts a bright yellowish green color to the blow-pipe flame. This is heightened by moistening the assay with sulphuric acid before heating. If the result is not satisfactory, mix one part of the powdered mineral with one part fluorite and three of bisulphate of potassium, and fuse on platinum wire. Boron, if present, will impart the green color to the flame at the instant of fusing.

Mercury. Compounds of mercury, when heated in a closed tube with soda, yield a sublimate of metallic mercury, which may be rubbed into globules with a piece of copper wire.

—-

Testing Minerals, 1Q7

Tungsten. On platinum wire with salt of phosphorus in the oxidizing flame, a yellowish or colorless bead is produced which, treated with the reducing flame, is green while hot but blue when cold. On charcoal with salt of phosphorus in the reducing flame the bead becomes a deep green if treated with tin. The reaction is obscured if iron 1s present.

In addition to the instruments already described the following are of importance: A small hammer, with a slightly rounded face and a transverse sharp edge at the other extremity. Ax anvil, or piece of steel three inches long, one broad, and threesixteenths thick, to be used for pulverizing minerals, for which purpose the specimen should be first wrapped in a piece of paper. Platinum fowl, for enveloping minerals that decrepitate. fine platinum: wire, bent at one end into a circle one or two lines in diameter; it very conveniently holds the assay infusion. Cutting pliers, for separating small fragments of a mineral for assay.

Appendix.

PRODUCT of GOLD and SILVER in the UNITED STATES from 1792 to 1844, and Annually from 1845 to 1899, inclusive.

[The estimate for 1792-1873 is by R. W. Raymond, Commissioner, and since by Director of the Mint.]

Years Gold. Silver, Total. Apr. 2, 1792-July 31, 1834 $14,000,000 Insignificant $14,000,000 July 31, 1834-Dec. 31, 1844. 7,500,000 $250,000 7,750,000 Caan, Pee eee 1,008,000 5,000 1,058,000 1846 : - 1,140,000) 50,000 1,190,000 1847 - a 2 889,000 50,000 o39,000 1548 he aap ee 10,000,000 59,000 To,050,000 1849 Frahuriv'a' #& 40,000,000 50,000) 40,950,000 Th50. , ge atta 50,000,000) 50,000) 50,050,000 ocr. Fi "ae F 55,000,000] $0,000] 55,050,000 4 ee Ars ee 60,000,000 50,000) 60,050,000 mus3 Ct; AHP one 65,000,000 §0,000| 65,050,000 tT Wee Pe tre oe, 3 60,000,000 50,000! 60,050,000 Toss . a) ae tow ws 55,000,000 50,000} 55,050,000 TRG nase Ste oho a 55,000,000] 50,000) ISS at ls i eae], Se ;o0U,000! §0,000! 55,050,000 rm58., boom 5 CD Oe) 500,000 5a, 500,000 RRO Nate ete eee) Sng sa §0,000,000 100,060) 56,100,000 800. we ko sae as 46,000,000] 150,000! 46,150,000 THOU gom sea face fat ee 43,000,000 2,000,000) 45,000,000 1862 , . he + ar) 39,200,000 4,500,000! 45,700,000 1863 . ms ytd fe, Get a ge 40,000,000 8,500,000] 48,500,000 1564 . ; Panes 46,100,000] 1,000,000) §7,100,000 THOS cy we piial as ol eee ee 53,225,000) 11,250,000] 64,475,000 1866 . re ere 59,500,000] 10,000,000) 63,500,000 1067. . +++] 51,725,000] 13,500,000] 65,225,000 Te SL ern eee Fae 48,000,000] 12,060,000) 60,000,000 ASH, ofS a hp : 49,500,000] 12,000,000) 61,500,000 1a70 =O, ren Gs oe: 50,000,600] 16,000,009) 66,000,000 7 as on : wees 43,590,000) 29,000,000) 66,500,000 1B72. . ota 36,009,000] 28,750,000) 64, '750,000 1873-4... Ets 36,000,000] 35,750,000) 71,750,000 1874 - + + ++ 33,500,000] 37,300,000] 70,800,000 TA75 a ss Se we 33,400,000) 41,700,000) 65,100,000 WH46 es eh wl waked oe 39,900,000) 38,800,000) 78,700,000 1877 : + +++] 46,900,000] 39,800,000) 86, 700,000 1878 Sr eee ee 51,200,000] 45,200,000) 96,400,000 et at Gtaie Seca 38,900,000 40,800,000 79,700,000

8. !. . .2.:°¢°05°50

Product Of Gold And Silver. 199

PRODUCT of GOLD and SILVER in the UNITED STATES.— Continued.

Years. Gold. Silver. Total,

BOCC's loin se ee aS 36,000,000) $39,200,000) $75,200,000 TEGO? ves dopevm's: eulel san 34,700,000 43,000,000 77:700,000 BSES 5c chs Anal ot ta whet 32,500,000) 46,800,000] 79,300,000 TSGSi RAD Buco a) ee 30,000,000) 46,200,000) 76,200,000 2000, 2.0.4 fp ede epee 30,800,000] 48,800,000} 79,600,000 TESS 5 6 5 He 6 6d 4 0% 8 31,800,000) 51,600,000} 83,400,000 Se eee a 35,000,000] 51,000,000) $6,000,000 (eh 33,000,00¢ 53,350,000| 86,350,c00 SOR a, 3. S re. 4a OE Bee 33,175,000} 59,195,000] 92,370,000 ESO's cy corn ete Versi es 32,800,000} 64,646,0c0} 97,446,000 000.) ¢ 6 Ss 6 & 0 2 eh we 32,845,000] 70,465,000] 103,310,000 BEOT, ake carta, OT) ap.0( Sree 33,175,0c0 751417,000) 108,592,000 YGOBis!.o 0 be. th ee eee 33,000,000] 82,101,000) I1s,101,000 1BQ3\. ee se: oye in ae ee 35,955,000] 77,576,000] 113,531,000 TOGA a i oie 4 od 0 feb aoe 39,500,000) 64,000,000) 103,500,000 WHS. ww ete vee ee 46,610,000; 72,051,000) 118,661,000 TOGA ae eae be whee 53,088,000 76,069,000) 129,157,c00 1897... Js & o Sir aos 57,303,000 69,637,000] 127,000,000 3598. we we we we ee 64,463,000] 70,384,000] 134,847,000 BUGO wus as me ote a ies 71,053,000] 70,807,000] 141,860,000

WOME Vuuet aes, eases '2,305,914,000 1,655,798,000!3,961,712,000

The following tables show the amounts and the classification of Gold and Silver used in the Industrial Arts in the United States each year from 1880 to 1899 inclusive:

, ae

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Gold And Silver Bars.

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Index.

PAGE Acid or alum $prings 109

APAlG tres ene sieeeneeee BO, ZI localities.wavevrereeae? 21 ai WN reece renee ee ae ast, AllePHGnieS...ccceececannas Td PT ee See Se

localities, c.encrweane se 2T, 22 SPTINGS oc ace ees ge eaeaa © VALIE SN; aeieeeas bag eleataie © EET American Flat group, silver MINES... ae ass AMGCHYSE. ask cae ema eee false, how made 2... localities... TRE? Le value oe Anthracite, 22 LGC ALTLES pe eae ae caleernn value, . ANlIMONY OF€...es0.5.0 24, localities value : Artesian Wells 11%, 112 Artificial gold, how made.. 125 jewelry, how made and detected es.005 TI4-125 Asbestiis. oc ccccevesnc z4 localities cece Gesat Walle icies Gea Saas led Asphaltum .¢.ccee8. 220d, 95

Low)

ma oh

Pre Rbhp Rr Hhs

H HR Roe Boo co

I Fa

ee ee ee

fo bo

Be

L*]

hed ed oe Lad he Lad

td

sea @re thi face wet & 8 8 Et

oe oe

SOCAMEICS) Sage, chon eer nc ae

value. . ' Assay of copper ore... 100-102 Fold Ore... c.ceesces wees G5-OS LEG eS ace ete ee Tod lead Of@s. cccec.ecrce TOF, TO4 OTES ce eeeur ee ecereeee Q2-104 SILVER OFG. ccseese cn an Qs Li] OTG. .. ee eee eet roz, FING OTGip as ends Atlantic coast Azurite . localities smelting

ee ee ee ee

Too tog 1o2 T4 z5 tol

ope Peewee hit + a oe ee

Bowe eee

Blow pipe

Page

Azurite value 25

ah

ee ee oe ee:

aie

Baryta, localities. or heavy spar : WEES. wale Leeann ak. athe

Bidwell, John... 130-132

Bituminous coal 0.8 27 localities ... region

Blend... 2c: eccd localities. eit ee

Ue To casi a

ona

ee ee

oe ee oe

+h PGs

of fe ee ee 8 a ee ee

Bog iron ore localities. 0 VRC) sotcuncheehactee ear 2G

BONE ype e bee a aeeiee (eh

Brazil, diamonds in

Bristol stones,

Brittle silver ore. e0+.- WOCALILIG@S odaus ee te ee WUT gig: Grae dae oko pea

Brown Coal. .iaseccsceeees 30 fipe dd Cee eee eae ers value stveeae 50

Frown Hematite or Lim-

ONte ceases ees see SOY

ee ee RR eRe

ee ee

oF

Calamine scseseseerecee hora ENES ap seen cee as value 31

California diamonds 114 discovery of gold in. 127-133

Cannel coal ceeeees 3%, 32 localitiesiaseherss tees 222 value .. 32

Cape May diamonds 114

Carbonated or gas

SPring ses-s.++ 106, 107

Carnelian s Exketere false, how made... localities ae walué.. se erset eens

(203)

al

oe @e cee eee

ee ee ee

Ma

Celestine... s+-cseeens 32, 33

Jocalities..ccccvenseeres 33 Value... es peetaan a Cerussite. . ce aiewten te east Ua anc Galena, reduction of. 103 localities +.2.:sesee: 33 Wetlilbve ce deed Chae v eee Era Chalybeate or iron springs 107, rod Chromiciron e..-e-2-++ 34 localities value .. fawepes ) ad (Cia et. cvs raeeteeres ek 345035 localities. caacece cera aeus 35)| value iisetate en aS Clear Creck, Cal., gold in.. 132 Coal, anthracite, fay Pee DEUTTOUS oes cs eee ese a ET TOWED 2a ase pea ae ees cannel..ccciees Seis BEy Cots le pyritesedssssccsen © localities... 24. WHELIES ua yic teem Rees Coloma, Cal., discovery of fre id there ate 6 we 4 27 Colorado silver lodes, ... ag Colors, distinction of minerals by re Sha at Comstuck Lode. 135-137 gold and silver produced from 136, 137 Connecticut river valley 14

es

oe

ee Pee me

Ce a

fab bad Lad fa

h

Se weeks wee

Copoete- Gates: fsesae ee 0 PISCE toa heckeeasees AO

lOCalitieS. .ceeeereueres 3 VALUE wantalateeeaaeere 70 gray copper ore, assaying 101 localities... .seeeeerees 36 nickel Paneheagnitee Oat IGGALMES a ceele ie tar FF VANE tales aacakivtace ot ore, assay Of..i.4..5 1od-1o2 gray seem OSH rel Cj}, paudedecee aes Wee Ted ASSAYING .se.eeeas IOI Variegated 2... cecsers 78 ores, test for Silver 9 testing . 1OO-102

oe eee em ee

fh es te &

silver in. is et wea DR OOES

Page

Copper, percentage of in ores, which will pay... tor PYTIES cocks es FF, 30, 6

localities. .

SMe 2s ecacnes eee BOL SE itshes ween eae 38 searching for seldom in new formations go silicate Of..ic.ccijeeaeee, FO smelting': ...s.se00 +5 101 WUTC ad phe w-eig aidintahy sx cten "Ot where found I4, go Corals, false, how made 124

'oo

ee ee ee ee a

a 25g, ate ht

Descriptive list of useful minerals, -sec.s..0.. 20-86 Diamond se. ccancicce 1

estimation of the value OL. Cveeare eee cho imperfections of 86 localities. trav Geen a THEIGT © Gnd Ips ies ciao aE Diamonds, characteristics Civ arises cide ore colors of FINGSt csc ete eee Tee ee ote se a ee dete in their native state mode of discovering in

seen te

LF 1 ta Cait

f

eee ko .o

Ce

60 00 66 60 LAs of its edi

Pea) Posen kas oe oa BA prospecting for 83-87 where found..:.2... 0. BF

Directions for determining specimens by the key 15-19 Discovery of silver in ss

Effervescence in minerals. 12 Eliason, Sir. 133 Emerald, false, how made... 116 to test.. Sia de 118 EMeryigsscsn eee erreur GE, ag? Localities - yiler ts wal ete ter WAIUE ...4s4008- io 2eh) Az Epsom springs 109, 119

Sa, ek oe se &

ee

Bn wee

False amethyst, how made. carnelian, how made corals, how made :.

a4

Index.

PAGE False emerald, how made... 116 opal, how made 2.+<+ 217 pes arls, how Ml: ide, 7 ae iz4 ruby, how made 716 sapphire, how made , 116 topaz, how made 116 Feather river, Cal., gold in, 132 Fluor spar -..cee--2e-e2022 42 JOCANIIES. pas eceinereenas 2 valti@ijsws eek Pe er ee ae Remikinienst ae. pac aee 9 localities... .eessecen see 43

VWHIMWG. cee ee ES

(salena +- 43, 44 and Cerussite, reduction of 103 localities OE ataplcate TAM purest specimens poorest

in silver - g wale. +.

Dated me ae

(garnet, . 44, 45 localit 125 aoe te 2 nee As the heaviest of § gems see 110

es ee oe we

aa emme a a ae

to test ae ae (oschin ome io value @e@ Hae Le ss 45 (Gas spring eS ee ed eee 1 ie oF

Gems, to rest by weighing it Waited: — les es Be see hs true and false, how to distinguish ... Glass, minerals wh mot scratch... eves: minerals which will SCRALCM Oe ec and ee Gold feed eee 46-50 and platinum, washing for. Oty 95 and silver consumed in the arts in the United States a ea) ete ca Sz, and silver, production of

rene eee ee

the United States. 137, 136 and silver where they

abound, .. af jace Td aitifici: al. how mi ide. np Se. Ee bearing rm (acess ee hemes, Oe bearing sands ::.s 658

extraction of ... Hill group, silver mines.. 1

oo 8 os @

Les SOD Chit

—

'oo

—

PAGE Gold how distinguished 8g imitation, how to detect.. 125 int pan rDles discovery Cle Wau. Gee Gewese alt 127-133 in Calif hia, first announcement of disih Wa re au or eee in quartz rock, to find the amount of, localities. .i 8. 2: 44-50 mine first worked in the United States. ccs. os ore, assay of g5-98 searching for , 87-89 substanc-s mistaken for.. eg testing any posed to Contain 97 to separate from silver 97 to test the purity of 93 where found, .. 87-89 Granite regions s.. 14 (graphite . 50, 51 localities. . to test the "r alue lah i Gravity, mo de o its cetermi- ATOM OE gov eu aera x Gray Copper OTre ++ localities c<..ct cee 6 aren Vale, 5. sca seek Gypsum localities. Value, . cae aes ens

go

se meae

sulrsta Dio Sa

Ls

oa Gen iy eats) eke ee

purity Os be

J fa)

bl

ce

Td,

ee ee

td

eu nee &

LALA A ar Cr et h a

Heavy spar or baryta. Hematite, brown, 56, Horizontal beds Ae ae Horn silver, . 1600024258 localities, .¢s. a. value Humphrey, Isaac.

Ba

(CxS Ler By Ch

tees & ee &

oe oe ee ee ee

LA ue Oe Ons Gis Lad

oe ees te eS

Indications for minerals... 6 Irish Diamond Tron; Chromic... ccna ss ao 34 how it OCCUrS...2.. .e++. O4 ee ror erry eb rt te ee assay Of .c0-ae<+s ewes

hog eer ern ee ke] 29

es e @ ee

PAGE Iron ore, brown hematite 56, 57 WebiGdIAT,. cect ea ee MAQNEC..c..6s0.. 57, 58 Magnetic, found by the compass Ta GE OWS. corte ws etaee eat ¥2 red hematite, . 65, SPECUAE ce neers eee pyrites. 535 localities efisss sessed Value .. 535 searching for :.. SHAG <br ieni sae es ha rd Springs 107, 108 testing minerals for 91

eye gy Sete 1a

oh

ee ee se ee Ree oe

a

Coee eee eee

LO in in LA 9

Bie Te ee

Jackson, Captain Wm. ... 1 Jasper ov... creceveensnee Leas Sie ats tater io ERIC Tut ai alee s kiewinsnes Jewelry, artificial, how

made and detected. rrq—125

tr tm in ta fon RA ie Ca

Kaolin ae o localities value.

Oh

one % @

a ee Lr Ori

bP Pete eee ee eee

Lead ore, assay of... 103, 104 to detect silver in 99 searching for. +.++ go veins, thickest 1 where found.,...cs.se00. gO Lenticular iron oré 56 localities. cces cess as vested, 50 Walle. Ascites cetieae aes 25 Limestone regions 4 Limonite or brown hema- Hteeyacae trateteare aos ST LOCAMITIGR eles ad eee eee EF MilllGvs wales ahvet potash an saat St

MM: eet 8 Sep AS o=+ 309, To MapietiCny Sr eene-4. ee bts iron Ore. 57, 50 found by the compass.. 91 localities: ci c.csccerea. 58 Walu@ ..<0-s:s "indy twee. ae PIPES hook Sis Setanta oe CSO

Mo acalices. fie faksers=: "EG eT aa lp toe tee ee

Index.

PAGE Malachite +. 59, 60, pe localities... .+..-+,... 59, 60 Wolds sect ee 2 Manganese, oxyd of 63, 64 SPAN: wes Hereetetens eee OG localities. 5.:.. 66 WN? Gtesata sw athia wats i Mable ea ee bo, localities. gets 255 cay 5 6 recions. Pia ee ee ry Marshall, Jas. Ww. - discov ery of gold in California Discus te se eda T2797 Metals, found near their SUES baie as aseceatn a eae ee how they otter .;..+-..: 4 Li ee: Seda ives on otek was Og OS IOCAIITICS. os Ate eaees ane (OF value,

oo

oz

if t

Micaceous iron ore 62

localities... .0.c0.- : value DP Stem sate ae Mineral riches, how dis- EOVETOG: osii'sixty ole anion 4 I springs siekeees TO5—112 location Of... secs seeee TOS no indications of ores.. 83 what are they 105 Nlinerals as a source of our nation's Wealth. 0:. 9g descriptive list of 20-Ho regions which offer best inducements to search TOE: ack am, oats cee ike sections of the United States, richest in i4 species in the United States, how many 11 specific gravity of 12, 13 useful in the United States 11 which will not scratch PlaSS eer mes, pata, 0 which willscratch glass 15, 18 Mississippi Walley 4 Money in the rocks 9

ih oA Bo

owns

oo

Nickel, COPDEY is. sss saee ee Nitre an cure had ee Oe lpcalitiessslcnp celles: Gey

Index,

PAGE seovesre OF

Nitre, value... Wéruled'schecacdracaceattale 1-00

"see.

Ochres Oi] wells... .. vie aiiawel hase S2R pal, false, how made 117

the sof.estof coloredgems 118

QOpague minerals e-.+. 42

Ore on a hillside, indica-

HONS OF y od 20.0.8 eps So veins generally vertical... 62 when it will pay g2

Ores, assay of Q2-104 minimum percentages of

metal in which will pay 93

Oxyd of Manganese ... 63, 64

Pacific COaSt i. iscasGands 34 Panning Paris brilliants Ae Pastes, composition of, 115 Pearls, false, how made 124 PIRUWUGE 54 9275 eseye Bees ho, 04 IOCSIN OS 2 oa oa 2 eaee date cs c value washing for e..++ 94, 9 Pockets Kddia oe wh . Precious color and order of hardness 126 Prospecting for

coseenrnnecs EC

nn

stones,

dia-

MONGS .osccrscarynse OF°07 Pyrites, iron +55 53, 54 COR Grs ad bch aeewereee seh ss COPPCE .carusvcee 37s 38, Go MawWnetic. -..6 cacoece 58, 59 testing for gold 96

yield of gold by. Q7

Quartz mining in California, commencement of 133 ores, yield of ... rock, to find the amount OR Gala in. vesc ha sc< 0 tenting for gold 95, 96 Quicksilver, use of in assay- UF. na din dees dad datemas epee

Reading, Pearson B 131

Page

Read mine, first gold mine worked tn United States 133 Red copper ore + 65 localities value saotse "BS hematite... iFancs OS, 06 localities) <cccesucrs-ess 160 value silver OTC .ccvecceeaes ISCAlICIES. on ac doscie casa (06 value... Lawes sus S00 RSTUSCIACIILE.< des nbavenes OF

localities 67

a bd be Daw pO. 65

dae kaatteee. OS

+e wee

ees eee oe

VAIRG ce cceis erential ec 1OF River sand, worth working

l6rigoldu dest. seve bees OD

Rook C¥¥Stall ncaa dede as ies . 67

localities esse.

suspected of containing silver, treatment of 89 Rocky mountains 14 Ruby, characteristics i f. : o5 false, how made, ea 210 spinel CO HGSE ns arén.a es cdaaaa 118, 323 Russia, gold how obtained MM ccatasav tie DWN MAy eB. "OE ROUl6fewer acedete: 4 en LOCAIES. 5.62 Seta: Swees O8 Vallit. 23. ,tcoePesakcetee (6S Saline or salt springs.. 109g, 110 Salt springs Sled ca utas + Ito Sapphire, false, how made, 116 the hardest of colored POCITIS. cece cscvcevessrinve 118 Searching for copper go diamonds, ..+0+.+ 83-87 POU) os. e dp bn ode see 87-89 ITO) cece csscves eeerere gt lead 0- 1h Ace a pope eee . 89, 90 OSTPENUIME. os s- eeviss.trend. OD localities value

IO test.

peace 6 tae bee. IOC

copnerase cesses OD

-+ 69

"eee @ee ee.

Shaft, cost of sinking Silicate of Copper localities smelting Vee: oa Silver and gold, consumption in the : arts in the United and "pe at: i, Production the United States. PIANCE 22. ee eee er eeaes jon EVES a aes reducing 1m ey Wee ey pe ncder? or oe ae FOF 5 sce eae IN COPPEr OFES sca. . seas in lead and copper ores.. in lead ore, to to estimate the bon HE ia tsnerers ink, NEVA) sos aSe ees JOCAIIIES. eae eres native

sb ean es hb ®t et ee ee el ee a.

PPpierestee cles

ot

auawe oy

reese

eee eee

detect pr IPO

wold im,.s.-.:..5:5 ore, Dre tips tate ae ake red . anh ores, rich reduction of pure easily recognized... searching for... Seats! to testa glo sale: £ fo gold ta test c ipper ores for cB a, een Pee Rlgie beslanesoni, "ee SITE ces ae s [oe abts squads me ae or NPL Lite: 226 pce ates whoa Smithsonite, (feet a tcc Wale caricciel oe wWolue ... aa aa) ake eee Par MANZTANESS 0--2% SPAchic (POM ve eases ee ee eee localities ag he le Sani, cats at Gitae pe ato VALUG oon oo

oe ee le Be

nel. Pee ee eee

rw ee

Specific gravity, mu de of

determination of 12,

Specular iron ore,. .. 73, fiteri th] 299) ore eed: Oe toe

APU 4 So NS ee ae ark es we

137; 13

137; 1

J, J 134-137

oe a

ee Oo

aa] ae

Lio

[ul og

Ww

7a

oy assay Of 99, 100

cn

te om)

Oo

mre Se

oor

ee

hol ha

a he dy &

Clad

"4 ab td.

Cad if

a4

Spiel fubviice sacsc05c0% + localities. Vale, oo, DERE os localities s NINES Pe ann epee tak Coates ea gee Stones, precious, color and order of hardness Strass for making false Jewels et Sarena share

ofc kee eee

ft Gi LS fe

r26

Strontianite av 75, 70 localities verte eta ats eticrs ated suai 76

VALE SiG asia pee eee TY SUNG (ake pe Cees localities SPINES) ec ete os ee Testing minerals Thermal springs 110, AT hpivtecor eters eas may it eee SRSA AM sisters Ga aed CANES: o eeirewanase VALIGG Space iets cee tO presence of, testing for... 10 LOpaz characteristics of false, how made 1 localities... .. bo test. Tourmaliné... ...42 2s4.s4% LOSITEIeS Paes wareiee ee io test value 77 Translucent minerals 12 DTA TERIONS: crag ae vee es! 104 True and false gems, how

to distinguish + T17-

United States, consumption of gold and silver in the "TTS. . 37

gold and silver statistics of innenees IY, Lae

Useful minerals, HEU YE, Stee eee 1the United States

Ce ee

uu tal

My cd

he eee ee

bone be ee Oe

ois Bot Bee

ee rae secant mee

i]

aoue eg i tk tk Rw

enews

Valuable minerals disguised 10

Page

Variegated copper ore, 78 localities...sseesenssanss 78 VALE ct cerry ee etka gee, FO

Veins, lodes and beds most

Valuable .csecctecsses 22

Virginia group, silver mines 136

NV SUT 6 Graders 3 <teew web agente Pee a localities. 1225. jetecstaee FQ ValiG:s piteussseaGatrerk TC

Warm springs +.-. 210, £11 Washing for gold and

PIALINUM .s.ececeess G4, O5

Index To Appendix.

Page

Washoe lake, silver mines THAD waa eee ees 134 Wells, artesian 111, 112

Index To

. PAGE Alumina, testing for +... 182

Willemite :cseeseesss. 79 localitieS..cc.scecessecan FQ VALUE. ce ecescrseecstensss FG

ZINCHE. + escsaveveanses FQ, 90 localities <-<cceec, Bo Vali@sa.G Daiwiee: tener 70

Zinc ore, assay oOf 0.. TO

Appendix

a . ree " tie

Page

Antimony, testing for 184

Arsenic, testing for 182, 183 Arsenical compounds, testing for-..++s.+ 182, 183 Assay, ¢xamination of an, with borax and salt of phosphoruS.+--+2s 179, 150 Banded structure, ..:2e. T61, 162 Bedding: to. -se0e-eeeFe0ee T40 Bedding-planes, iré deposits along Beds, chemical composition Ole seewrepeseteew 142, 143 Bisulphate of potash, anhydroustees reste eeae THQ Blow pipe lame, constitution OP TNE es ee ee eee ee 173) r74 form Gh. L72, 173 operator 15 with the 173 testing, instruments used

IMsees See Gh GRR RE HEE

L41-143

testing minerals by the. 172-107

trial, spe cimen for the --- 176 Boracie acid-aisseeasssiens 278 BOTAN wise) sAlevtwass 176

Boron, testing WOtetaee eee tg6

Boulder Co., Colorado, facts

in connection with two

adjacent properties in164-167 Breccia isascesreceeancsees TQ Butte, Montana, veins

Cia ate a each Ta eee 158, TS

Cadmium, testing for +. 186 Calcium alte: testing (OF. ceteeesdiceseun DBly 102 Calcium, testing for 181, 182 Charcoal for blowpipe use .. 175 Chimney deposits..++. 163 Chromium, testing for + 184 Coal mines, faultsin 146 Cobalt, nitrate of secscesees 197 Cobalt, testing for ++++.+ 188 Compression-fractures, commen characteristics Cases see eee agli a Compression-joints,.--+. 153, 154 Contact-planes, deposits along ere ee eee ee T4a37T4s5 Ppabecond planes. ee ee I4t Copper, testing for 186, 187 Country-rock, cause of the rounding of fragments Of .2s0s eesee I5I, 152

-s eo

Page

in the United States, 1792 tO 189g, --+.5s 198, 199

210 INDEX TO APPENDIX. PAGE : Country-rock, sheeting Gold and silver, product of, of Pe Tee eee ee T52, 153 Cross-fractures assess-seee-s TO Crushed zones + 162, 163

Cupellation, process of. 191 192

Deposits alvung contactplanes. vecseceneees 43-145

along planes of rock-frac-

ture or fissures produced

by dynamic movements. T45, 140

Dikes, deposits along the contacts Of e.e+. 144, 145

st # & shinee 6

Earth's crust

Eruptive masses, intrusion

ee

Of ences eee eeseeeenes THO Faultings, force which pro- CLUES as cele eee ee ee ee T47 Faults, characteristics of 150 extent Of sacerceceeevcees IG5 Fissure, ore-bearing, walls and selvage of an++ 158 -planes, repeated movements along.,++-+++ 163-172 -yein, evidence of a strong and well-defined. 159

Fissures, extent of 155-157

produced by dynamic MOVEMENTS. sss LASy 146 types Of veces eeeeeaneeys Td Taree eee ers eres, Fluorides, testing for +.. 195 FUxCS oc cveeeccuvececs EFG=179 reactions with r8oa=-197

Fold-faults, great, deposits

OM seeesteeneas: Pe ee Ts Folding, force which pro- GUCOS ease eee ee ee atecee TAT

Fracture, causes of 147, 149 Fractures, co-ordinated 153 MINOT ssee eee ee eee i 150

Gold and silver bars used in manufactures and the arts, 1880 to 18gg-. 200, 201

testing fOPeee ene ee eee 188-191 Gunnison region, characteristics of the Gypsum

eee eee 178

Igneous material, eruption ol.

JOINS. see ccceeresessuseeee TAT

Lava, eruptions Of eseesss. [44 Lead, testing for 185, 186 Lithium, testing for r8z

Magnesium, testing for 182 Manganese, testing for 187 Mercury, testing for 196 Microcosmic salt 176 Minerals, testing of, by the blow pipe tone ee Ree [72-197

Nickel, nitrate of Se r7g

oxalate Of.. veceseceesens IF testing for +e000. ss 78 Nitrate of cobalt,, +-+.5 177 of nickel, a net a 179 Ore, bodies of, in plicated Strata 2s 2se-5 Pe ee T42 CepositS...cereeewens 138-172 deposits along bedding planes s050 ses I4I~TQZ

deposits, formation of, 168-172 Ores, useful, cause of ac-

cumulations of 138, 139 Oxalate of nickel faa R20 Oxidation flame seus OPE

Phosphates, testing for. 195, 796 Phosphorus, salt of 176 Potash, anhydrous bisulphate ella ae ee r7g Potassium, testing for: ieee 1ht

INDEX TO APPENDIX, zit

PAGE PAGE Reagents, reactions with. 180-197 Striations - 149, 150 Reduction flame +-++. 174|/ Structural generaliza- Rock-fractures, deposits HIONS: 6 -see eee eees . 155-157 along planes of ... 745, 146 Sulph—, testing tor 1s 283 -fractures, evidence of a movement of displace- Tellurides, testing for 183 MENt IM sseseneseeasane 146 'Tellurium, testing for 183 -fractures, force which in foil; every weweweces koa 178 POCUCES ---eeeeee ee ees 147 testing fOpesecsesen aaa ee 185

Masses, fractures across.- 140 Titamum, testing for... 184, 185 Rocks, conditions which pro- Vungsten, testing for 196 duce natural water pas-

and silver in the years

Sedimentation sccssse. I40 T7927 tO 1899 ++e5. 198, 199

silicates, testing for...+. 180, 182 silicon, testing for. ... 180, 181

Sages in the + 139,140) United States, gold and division-planes UMssrees++ 14% silver bars used in manufactures and the arts Salt of phosphorus + 176 in the eee 200, 201 Saltpetre RARE tS 178, 179 states, product of gold

Silver and gold bars used in Vein-walls sereenae 157-161 manufactures and the Veins, large, composition of. 139 arts, 1880 to 1899 ...200, 201 Volatile ingredient, to test

and gold, product of, in the presence of a... 175, 176 the United States, from 1792 to T8g9 +s 198,199 Water channels, primary testing for +.s0e8 191-195 interruption of 140, 141

Soda, carbonate of ssee. 176 to test the presence of. 175, 176

podium, testing fors..s.s.se0e EBT

Strata, plicated, bodies of Zinc, testing for...s.+se++s+ 186 OFE IM .--sseceeeceesens THQ! ZONES, Crushed 4) 162, 163

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443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

The Miner's Compass Dip Needle

Single Bearing Instrument 00eee8. te PE eS $25.00 New Improved Instrument, (Double Bearings) cceceeu05 $35.00

This is a substantial and reliable instrument designed for locating Iron. And owing to the well known fact that the buried money and valuables which have been recovered have generally been found in a heavy Iron pot or kettle of some kind, this DIP NEEDLE will evidently prove valuable to persons looking for such treasures. Understand, : we are not contending that YS. YYAb a money or jewelry will attract it, Re heal ee i but are reasoning that few peo- , le ny WY Viz ple would bury valuables in .o ' cloth, paper, wood, tin or other perishable containers, but would use a heavy Iron vessel to protect it. And in which case only the instrument we are offering here would reasonably assist in locating it.

"4 ri. '

serine

mm , ee, f-3es" nd Za:5 —S Se

This instrument is made by a large and repu- a table Manufacturer of Miner's Supplies and other similar goods, who have had many years' experience in this line. Therefore we have every reason to believe that we are fortunate in obtaining this article for our customers. A large number of them have been sold, and we have heard of no one being not satisfied.

We offer you every reasonable assurance that we endeavor to do business on a strictly honest and legitimate principle, and if you wish to first see that the instrument offered here is just as advertised, only send us half of the price of the instrument you want, to indicate that you are sincere, and we will promptly send it to you by C. O. D. express, then, after seeing for yourself that it Is just as represented you can pay the express agent the balance and take it home. Otherwise if not satisfactory in every way have the express agent return it to us and we will return your deposit.

If you are looking for an instrument of this kind order our MINER'S COMPASS DIP NEEDLE and get results.

THE MODEL PUBLISHING COMPANY 443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL,

The Magical Sciences Of

Black Arts

All who are interested in the study of the hidden Mysteries of the BLACK ARTS, will find that this rare book contains all that is known upon Spit Rappings, Witchcrait, Magnetism, Astrology, Palmstry, Mind Reading, Spiritualism, Table Turning, Ghosts and Apparitions, Omens, Lucky and unlucky Signs and Days.

Electrical Psychology, Alechemy, Dreams, Magical Forms and See Spirit Mysteries, Spirit J mirrors.

Price, #1.

BLACK: a TS|

no LA

You will also read about the Wonderful Arts of Transmuting Base to Precious Metals and how to Charm Those Whom You Meet and Love.

No medium, spiritualist or student will ever be on sate e¢round until they have studied this great work. No better book on BLACK ARTS was ever written and you cannot get on well without it.

ORDER BY N®. 616 Price $1.00 send all orders to The Medel ae Co.

A438 South Dearborn St. Chicago, Il.

Pow-wows or The Long Lost Friend

CONTAINING A COLLECTION OF THE Most mysterious, wonderful and valuable arts and remedies for man as well as animals ever discovered. With many proofs of their virtue and efficacy in healing dis-

eases, etc.

eS ee a JOHN CEORCE HOMAN'S

' Pow-Pows Or

ay

The greater part of which was never published until they appeared in print, for

: : 4 WANT ly the first time in the United Wiel Mrserns Aad Valeste Coteesen OF fu States by the celebrated HI] vonsas as wait as ammeats

John George Hohman, who claims that whosoever carries this wonderful bock with him is safe from all his enemies, visible or invisible and whosoever ha> this book cannot die without the Holy Corpse of Jesus Christ; nor drown in any water; nor burn in any fire, nor can unjust sentences be passed upon him. Here are a few of the contents of this rare work: How to Compel a Thief to Return Stolen Things; How to Extinguish Fire Without Water: How to Stop Blood; Hew to Destroy Witches: How to Find All Kinds of Metal: To Banish All Kinds of Pain; How to Make Cattle Return to the Same Place: To Win Every Game One Engages In ; Lucky and Unlucky Days: How to Compe! a Thief to Stand Still; How to Fasten or Spellbind Anything ; And Hundreds of Rare and Valuable Secrets Never Before Disclosed,

Faith in Hohman—tThis Work is reissued at the request of a large number of people who place implicit faith in Hohman's writings. We do not, of course hold ourselves responsible for any statements or errors made in this book, but simply give the author's version.

Order by No. 608 Price $1.00 THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO.

443 South Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL.

ered

How To Read People'S Minds

Or, The Mystery of Mind Reading Revealed By H. J. Burlingame

While no end of mystery attaches to the exploits of mind readers, a knowledge of their most difficult feats

HOW TO is so easily acquired as to almost READ PEOPLE'S MINDS challenge belief. Take for instance, ee such tests as Brown, Bishop, Johnstone and other noted men in this line have been subjected to, and ordinary performances of mind reading pale into insignificance beside them, while, as a matter of fact, the simplest rules of procedure apply to the seemingly most difficult of performance, and are readily within the comprehension of the yeriest tyro.

Sire Ms Mind Reading In Animals

. 4

MIND READING REVEALED lhe much mooted question as to

Price, 31.00 whether members of the brute crea- SSS tion possess reasoning powers is very

apt to be revived, when such seemingly impossible feats as How To Train A Dog to Pose as a Mind Reader, Magician and Mathematician written of in "HOW TO READ PEOPLE'S MINDS" are brought to the attention of profound thinkers, but a careful study of these methods employed in achieving these wonderful results will interest all lovers of animals, and do much to disperse the superstitious impressions created purposely by many modern trainers.

This valuable book is intended for those who feel an attraction in 'How To Read People's Minds," it has received the highest praise from every one who has read it. Written so simply that anyone an understand it

Order by No. 684 2000... cccpeccseessscceesceseeeeseee Price, $1.00

Special Good Luck Outtit — No. i

1— Pair Liscky. Lo destisties ocicecssscseyescrtvectveyvasseeeseemeyeee Dechealll siete valaae ih ds teagasi al .-0 1,00 1—Bank of x ck... Cate ee eee steer meee ered et eee ar eae RH [—6t th and 7 i ook ne ce aes Fra cacabendcenGk Pol Oe UCR Un gece eoecia eee ; nee the "Cx ngweror Rock... wo re a rake gate eee eee, nine IGS I—Lucky Number Dream Baok:.. Esrept sesaioescyepemee ss ween eee Uy 1—Package Lucky Powders (Perfume d)... jPPeTEe nn ness pee onseens pe Me SRnCSe AE ORDER TODAY—SPECIAL PRICE. co.cceccsseccss-. $2.76 Value $7.00

Send All Orders To THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO., 443 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.

Make Your Dream Castle Come True

Be Lucky In Love—Fortune—Fame—Cards And Everything You Undertare

i ier

Pe wn nr Hie iD. is Heh

ANY ita A

Cards

Learn the art of CRYSTAL-GAZING, which is as old as the world, Many people have the "PSYCHIC POWER" in an undeveloped state, said to SEI EB coming events in advance, and jit is a well known fact that CRY ep, AL "GA ZING is i great aid m the development of the mind, power and concentration.

Made of solid glass thro shout, objects are reflected in a most beautiful manner, and hi: iving a CRYSTAL in your home not only lends distinction but is evidence of your advanced ideas and culture,

To those who vorh te avail themselves of the opportunity to learn Lhis wonderful art, we are offering FREE one copy of our new book,

"THE CRYSTAL GAZERS ART" By PROF. ROYAL GORDON

with every GAZING CRYSTAL ordered at the regular price. The price of this fine book alone is $1.00, but we include it FREE if you order one of the CRYSTALS.

A stand for your crystal is advisable, we therefore urgently suggest that you order one with it, as a crystal is hardly complete without a suitable stand to rest it on,

Prices Of Gazing Crystals And Stand

#15 inch in diameter, clear glass (W ITH FREE BOOK) $3.00 $15 inch in diameter, clear gass ( j 9.00 4 inch in diameter, very fine glass_.( ™ a ) 6.00 5 inch in diameter, extra fine Bk ass__( ? at eat Pr STAND ite fithany size 'crystal 22. a. newb epee eee reese 1.00

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

Gypsy Fortune Telling Cards

By MADAME LE NORMAND

These fine Fortune Telling Cards enable any one to foretell the future. Madame LeNormand left behind a remarkable reputation and a memory of unusual talent.

With these same kind of cards she prophesied many important events. Thousands of great men recognized her wonderful talent, and often confessed that her method was full of truth and accuracy.

You ¢an also learn this interesting method, for we give the ful) explanation as left behind by Madame LeNormand. It is arranged in such manner that any lady or gentleman can lay the Cards without help from any one else,

Each Deck contains fifty-two Cards in Colors, with inscriptions for many important questions, Wealth by Inheritance, Love, Business, Health, the Past, Present and Future. Can also be used for playing any Card Game. Full Directions in Engli: sh and

a le is n with i : P : 1 oe $j 00 Fortune Telling by Cards Book

Hy The Crystal, With Dice, and The Oraculum

Learn This MASTER METHOD To ret Fortunes By Cards. This new book teaches you ha It also teaches "Fortune Telling By The Magic "Cyst 44" giving all the symbols for correct divination of th Future. "The OGraculum! Or Napole on Bonap ar to's Book of Fate"; (Specially Trane lated) is given hers perhaps, for the first time in the Ei cele h language

A table of questions generally applicable has been compiled, and many pages of answers to suit any temperament or indh Widuality are given,

"Fortune Telling With Dice" is very complete, giving an assorted list of many answers to questions for every possible throw of two dice.

Get this book and study it. You will find it is indeed the most complete book ever written on this subject. It is very simple to read and easily under-

with your friends. Order ie No. 767. i .00

Lucky Lodestone Free

SPECIAL OFFER—It is urgently suggested that you send for both the Deck of Cards and the FORTUNE TELLING BY CARDS BOOK. We are making a special price of $1.89 for both. If yoy order at once, we will also include entirely FREE a pair Lucky Lodestones, one piece believed to drive away evil and the other to bring Luck. You are getting $4.00 worth for only 21.89

Order Complete Outfit by No. 768. ee OD

The Model Publishng Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

600 Ways To Get Rich

When Your Pockets Ar! Empty An Easy Road To Wealth Without Capital

Reader are you Poor? Thousands of people might have been RICH. There is a lot of money in this world— only waiting for vou to stretch out your hand and receive it. 600 Ways to Get Rich may be your stepping TO GET stone to become WEALTHY.

RICH This collection of the surest

secrets and discoveries for MONEY-MAKING is now available to YOU. With just a little pluck, you will be enabled with any of the 600 receipts to make a start on the sure road to Wealth and Luxury. Why not place your order TODAY and get started right.

Order by No. 600 1 00 Price'... + : FA SEND ALL ORDERS TO

The Medel Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL.

'Prics, aioo

Aunt Sally'S Policy Players Dream Book

Lucky Numbers

In GAMES, LOTTERY, DREAMS, DAYS, MONTHS, CARDS, SIGNS, DOMINOS, FLOWERS, ETC.

Win in Games. Have all the Money you want. Let the Magic Secrets of AUNT SALLY'S Policy Players Dream Book give you the Lucky Numbers.

It gives the True Interpretation of Dreams, also the Lottery Numbers to which they apply. Combination Table, Saddles, Gigs and Horses. The meaning of cards dreamed of and their Numbers. Table for finding Lucky Numbers. Good Combinations to Play.

This fine book is so arranged that when a Dream occurs, it can be easily interpreted. Let "AUNT SALLY'S" tell you the Lucky Num-

bers. Be a Winner.

send all orders to

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. Chicago, Ill.

Master Key to Luck and Pus ness

ai. This wonder-

m ful MASTER — KEY reproduced on gen- 2 ulne imported : Parchment is carried by thousands of people who ae y. POSSESS an inwes 3 See ible Hope and

a AS lave constant Faith Te Vi MTN In this mysterious oe fi! MASTER KEY. They claim that it brings Good Lueck and unlocks the Door of Success in Love, Business, Games, and brings Happiness in everything they undertake.

All around you there is We alth—just follow the Secret Rules that we send FREE with every order and you will wonder at the change in everything.

Book of Great Secrets and Genuine Magnetic Lodestene FREE

Send your order at once for the MASTER KEY and receive FREE this rare and much sought after Book of Great Secrets, also one large piece of Genuine Marnetic Lodestone, that wonderful Luck Bringer. Make your home happier. Make everything come Your way. Why wait? Order your outfit Now!

Order Complete Outfit by No. 614. Gnly $2.29

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. Chicage, II.

Mystic Lucky Ring

Magic Crystal Ball Free

All around you there is abundant SUC- CESS, WEALTH, LOVE , POWER and HAP- PINESS. Get your share. The "LUCKY SEVEN" Secret Rules are FREE to all who wear this rare and beautiful Talisman Ring. On each side of this odd and charming ring is moulded the figure of Fortuna—the "Goddess of Luck" symbolic of SUCCESS TRERI- UMPHANT. Ancient belief that her emblem brings success to wearers in Love, Games, Business, Health and everything. Genuine Antique Gold Filled ring mounted with a 32 facet, one carat diamond type gem. Wonder- f ful reproduction of a $500 GENUINE DIAM-

OND in Brilliancy, Cut and Flashing Rainbow Whi Fire, Wear 7 days and 7 nights. Follow the 7 rules that we send you.

Free Gift Offer

With your order for one of these "Mystic Luck Rings" and "Lucky Seven" secret rules, we will include FREE one MAGIC CRYSTAL BALL. Let the Magic Crystal Ball tell you your Lucky Days, Lucky Numbers and everything you want to know. Learn the truth about yourself, your sweetheart, friends and enemies. Let it tell you the truth and the answers to all your questions on Love, Marriage, Wealth, Your Wish, the Home, Luck, Surprises.

Order this genuine antique ring today, mounted

with $2 facet one carat diamond type gem.

ceive FREE—the Lucky 7 Secrets and the Magic

Crystal Ball, with complete instructions. Place

your order at once and join the Lucky ones. Order by No. 756—_ $3 48 Complete outfit. Price ad

JACOB'S ROD BOOK The eminent author of this rare old book devotes SROD gi many chapters on how to find all kinds of minerals, Ores, Lost and Hidden Treasures. The quality of the Jacob's Rod: on the Form of the Rod; on the matter of holding the Rod, and how it turns; how one may know in general how to distinguish hidden things by Jacob's Rod; by what means one may know the depth of sources or metals. Study and follow the directions given in this wonderful book. $1 00

Order by No. 610 Pricé...nen< T

Oriental Lucky Ring Outfit

Let the magic power of these world's greatest Good Luck Symbols make you successful. Be a leader amoug your friends, have money, be 2 winner in games, love and everything.

em Drive away evil and be LUCKY.

Good Luck Ring, (sterling silver, adjustable size) $2.00 Genuine Magnetic Lucky Lodestume 1

Black Cat Lucky Powder, used against all kinds OR Pel ee ee eet an ee eee The Great Lucky Number and Policy players Dirtanmt Bony 5. oe ot oe eae ee Se sa Tatal value... _33.00

Order Any Articles You Want At The Above Prices

S e ] Off Order today and get this 2 pecia er wonderful LUCK OUTFIT for only 32.98. You will also receive FREE our Liicky seven secrets with every complete outfit. Just think of the saving. Don't delay,

we know you will be satisfied.

Silent Friend, Marriage Guide and Medical Adviser

Do You Want Luck? Do You Want To Be Successful in Love? Do You Want Others and Make Them Care Fer You? Why Envy Others When You May Be Happy and Prosperous Yourself?

CURIOUS SECRETS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED, ey NOW YOURS! bs The wonders of the Cabala, copies fram the old and rare m.nusecripts, many of them hidden in tombe, caves and monasteries and zealously guarded from the people for hundreds of years, together with the Great seventh Book under the Great Seal, collected at immense cost of money, time and labor, will be found in this wonderful book, "The Silent Friend, Marriage Guide and Medical Adviser'—a gold mine of moneysaving, money-making secrets; manufacturing and beauty formulas: home remedies: household recipes; farmers' and trappers' secrets; exposes gamblers' secrets; the $50,000 secret; many ways to wealth; guide for lovers: exposes magic, tricks, conjuring, curious charms, seals, talismans; occult arts, animal training: hundreds of amazing secrets, fascinating Pictures, ete. Over 900 pages, many illustrations, and the price is only $1.00,

THIS IS ACTUALLY YOUR GOOD FORTUNE IF YOU GRASP IT NOW. Order by No. 765—Silent Friend, Marriage Guide and Medical Adviser 31.00

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL,

Sous: Faro, Mertiace Guise ano Pur ae Asari

a4

be

and 7 nights. Follow the

See next page for FREE Gift Offer

with this beautiful ring

Mystic Lucky Ring

Magic Crystal Ball Free

All around you there is abundant SUCCESS, WEALTH, LOVE, POWER and HAPPIN- ESS. Get your share. The "LUCKY SEVEN" Secret Rules are FREE to all to all who wear this rare and beautiful Talisman Ring. On each side of this odd and Fe ale ring' is moulded the figure of Fortuna —the "Goddess of Luck" symbolic of SUC- CESS TRIUMPHANT, Ancient belief that her emblem brines success to wearers in Love, Games, Business, Health and everything. Genuine Antique Gold Filled ring mounted with a s2 facet, one carat diamond type fem, Wonderful reproduction of a $500 GENU-

INE DIAMOND in Brilliancy. Cut and Flashing Rain- Guaranteed twenty years. Wear 7 days ' rules that we send you,

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With your order for one of these "Mystic Luck Rings" and "Lucky Seven" secret rules, we will include FREE one MAGIC CRYSTAL BALL, Let the Magic Crystal Bali tell you your Lucky Days, Lucky Nuimbers and everything you want to know. Learn the

truth about yourself, your

Gift Offer!

sweetheart, friends and enemies. Let it tell you the truth and the answers

to hall your questions on

it aaa i" iT a. Love, Marriage, Wealth,

Home, Luck, Surprises.

Order this genuine antique ring today, mounted with 32 facet one carat type gem. Receive FREE—the Lucky 7 Secrets and the Magic Crystal Ball, with complete instructions. Place your order at once and join the Lucky ones.

Order by No. 756— 2 48

Send All Orders To

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL,

Spirit Life

or Do We Die? A Subject Everyone Should Know About

OULD it be of interest to know where Ce your friends, neighbors and loved ones

are, who have died and gone hetore you? You have probably experienced the baneful effects of the great enemy—death, and probably have asked why cannot our loved ones remain with us, or when will we meet again? These deep and strange questions and many others are answered in this inost- advanced and wonderful book by the author, who has made a thorough study ol this subject For over thirty years, and accounts farth e bc assibilities of his really wondertul experiences

He describes the Secret Phenomena of spiritualisin better than any writer known Spiritualism and Materialization are one of the Greatest Alysterics known to mankinel These teachings mean to tram one's soul

vibrate with the Hieher Occult Forces

Ik OLIVER LODGE, the reat scientist, stated) his belief before the Swcie ty of

Physical Research of Londo

5 fh, geil larine

Without reserve that not only the spirits of Lhe so-called dead can, under zhi conditions, commiimicale and imaniiest themselves to the living, bul that ne ha had auch communications with them under circumstances which absolutely pre- - Tented any Nese Hilities of doubt In the sclentihe World no man stands higher than Sir Oliver Lodge, and he has edited part of this book

A Thrilling And Marvelous Book

"SPIRIT LIFE" explains many extraordinary things—The Power of Prophecy —Superior Occult Powers—Death and Old Age as Studied at the Rockefeller Institute—Reading the Future—A Natural Body and a Spiritual Body—Sir Oliver Lodge on Ethereal Bodies—W etching of a Soul—What Happens. When You Die— Ouija Manifestations—Telepathy—Materialization Seances—Spiritual Teaching— Higher Attributes of Lower Animals, ete.

The world advances in cycles. At the right time in the history of the race, same one brings forth an advanced idea and the time is at hand when old things shall pass away and the world shall be made anew.

Every one possesses in the latent state the wonderful faculty as described:in "SPIRIT LIFE" of Do We Dic? 'This can be developed. YOU can train yourself to make the most of yourself both in Human and Divine sense.

The most profound and conscientious occult work published in vears. Teaches you the things vou want to know most and the door ts open to a world beyond a—world. Then there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor pain, for the cause of these shall have passed awav.

The book is handsomely bound in Silk Cloth, stamped in Gold, has handsome Imported end sheets in Brown and Gold. It is printed on high grade book paper and contains 272 pages. A book that lends distinction to your home and ts

evidence of your advanced spiritual ideas and culture. Mail your order for a topy TODAY.

Order by No. 676 oinscccsccsccccoccssesecsee Special Price, SR BS

Send all orders to THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO., 443 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, IIL

Lucky Lodestone FREE with Five Rare Books /

Why) Wy,

Ge Bs . : SS Lyf MINN

HERE IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET FIVE WELL KNOWN BOOKS YOU HAVE ALWAYS WANTED

THE SIXTH ASTD SEVENTH BOOK OF MOSES, contains exact copies of over 125 peak, elem and emblems, etce., weed by Moses, Agron, leralites, in their Astonishing Magical Arts. tives methods used by the oll Egyptians for the Conjuring and Citation of Spiris. The Spirit in the

Burning Bush, How they made Healing Amiulets, Charme and Taliamans, leo gives the use of the Psalms for bodily welfare of Man. Prict ccersccartr steer tebe Shap dad ene weve T.00

POW-WOWS, or THE LONG LOST FRIEND, the author of thie wonderful book makes many claims. How to compel a Thief to return Stolen Things; How to extinguish Fire withowl Water; How to destroy Witches: How to find all kinda of Metals; 'To banish ull Pains, tee many valoeble secretes never before disclosed. Price... ccceee ete edt peed eee eee PR eet ee wi 0

600 WATS TO GET RICH. Reader are you poor? This may be the stepping stone to become wealthy, This collection of the surcet toereis and discoveries for MONEY-MAKING i, now available to ¥C i With just little pluck, you will be enable! with ans of the 600 recempis to make start on ibe sire road to Wealth and Luxury. Order your copy Now. Price 22 -$1.00

BLACK ARTS or THE MAGICAL SCIENCES OF, the bet Known book on the Scienre of Witcheraft, Astrology, Palmistry, Mind Rending, Spiritualism, aleo wonderfirl, information of. the Lransmuting of base to Precious Metals, mired pelual manilacture of PRECIOUS CEMS, ele, You cannot afford to be: without thie book, Priee,..,..6--+-t-ss-abendaas "ae Lee st 1 e100

THE GREAT LUCKY HUMBER AND POLICY PLAYERS DREAM BOOM. 'Thin Somtde book gives you the True Interpretation of Dreams, Lucky Days; Licky Bombers, Good Combination' to Play: Lottery Numbers; Tables for Saddles. Gigs and Horses. A tiuide to numbers of Drcams for the Day, Week or Month; abo include napoleon's Oroculom. Prict..sessseeseeess ere

Lucky Lodestone Free

These fine books cell regularly for $1.00 each, order as many as you want. PRICE FOR THE ENTIRE FIVE BOOKS, IF ORDERED AT ONE TIME, ONLY $3.98. If you send your order at once, we will also include a pair of GENUINE MAGNETIC LODESTONES, FREE, believed by many to drive away evil and bring Good Luck. Do not pass this wonderful price offering, just eend us money-order for $2.98, and we will send the complete outfit $3 98 by return mail. ACT NOW. Order complete outfit by No. 763. Price .

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Company

449 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, TLL.

Make Your Dream Castle Come True

Be Lucky In Love—Fortune—Fame—Cards And Everything You Undertake

em

ian

iy

cadet

? aft

Cards

Learn the art of CRYSTAL-GAZING, which is as old as the world. Many people have the "PSYCHIC POWER" in an undeveloped state, said to SEE coming events in advance, and it is a well known fact that CRYSTAL-GAZING is a great aid in the development of the mind, power and concentration.

Made of solid glass throughout, objects are reflected in a most beautiful manner, and having a CRYSTAL in your home not only lends distinction but is evidence of your advanced ideas and culture.

To those who virh to avail themselves of the opportunity to learn this wonderful art, we are offering FREE one copy of our new book,

"THE CRYSTAL GAZERS ART" By PROF. ROYAL GORDON with every GAZING CRYSTAL ordered at the regular price. The price of this

fine book alone is $1.00, but we include it FREE if you order one of the CRYSTALS.

A stand for your crystal is advisable, we therefore urgently suggest that you order one with it, as a crystal is hardly complete without a suitable stand to rest it on.

Prices Of Gazing Crystals And Stand

21% inch in diameter, clear glass (WITH FREE BOOK) 57.00 3% inch in diameter, clear gass ( " 7 ene 00 4 inch in diameter, very fine glass..( " + ).-2- &.10 5 inch in diameter, extra fine glass_.( " " eo Poca 1e.aG STAND to fit. any size crystal] er Btn

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL..:

7 ARSONAL, oe For Vout

s

N your business and social affairs—meeting and dealing with other people—have you the cold, that constantly repels others and keeps them at a distance?

'ieicle"' type of personality

Or are you that glorious type flooded with the warm fires of Magnetic

Intensity—burning in HEART, BODY attracting friends, opportunities, fortune?

vou a live Magnet

What Magnetism Will Do For You

It is personal power.

It is the origin of life.

It will revolutionize you.

It will make a new being of you,

it is the most powerful force in nature. it is the highest known force in human life.

it will restore your vitality and add a new force that you do not now even dream exists

Within you

The exhilaration is indescribable,

Your mind can be made clearer, stronger.

Your body can be given a new inheritance

You can easily learn to develop the NEW POWER.

There are no medicines, no apparatus, and no expenses of any kind except the cost of the course of training which is plainly statod tn our offer to you.

From the first lesson te the last the course is full of surprises, of pleasures, of fascinating attractions that give the highest satisfaction all along the way.

As Magnetism in men and women—in body and brain—is a natural power, so its acquisition will come about by a natural process. There are no unnatiiral exercises, nO tax on your time and patience.

The wonderful results are obtained —

—by showing that you possess great stores of magnetism or vital foree—but that you have not been using it.

brighter,

and SOUL—which makes

—hby showing you what this secret Power consists of

—by making its presence niistakable evidences.

—hby quickly increasing its Will declare that you are POWER.

A Work That Will Really

Develop Your Personality

AND THE PERSONAL POWER THAT SWAYS AND COMPELS AND GIVES YOU A POWERFUL INFLUENCE OVER THE ACTIONS AND MINDS OF OTHERS

PERSONAL MAGNETISM teaches in startling detail the highest powers of MAGNETISM,

felt through un-

energy ullil you

full of MAGNETIC

, tis the most majestic, vibrant, personal power

building system ever given to man.

"Worth Its Weight In Gold"

It shows you how to build a personality that commands the big rewards in life.

It shows you exactly what you ought to d and how to do it.

It shows you how to develop that wonderful

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PERSONAL MAGNETISM is in one large volume, is beautifully bound in red silk cloth,

stamped in Gold, and printed in large clear type, 372 pages.

Order by No. 787

Price only, SZ. &@

THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO., 443 So, Dearborn St., Chicago, IIL

Jacob's Rod Book

The eminent author of this rare old book devotes many chapters on how to find all kinds of minerals, Ores, Lost and Hidden Treasures. The quality of the Jacob's Rod; on the matter

of holding the Rod, and how it turns: how one may know in general how to distinguish hidden things by Jacob's Rod: by what means one may know the depth of sources or metals. Study and follow the directions given in this wonderful book.

Order by No. 61( Si 60

Sn Eee

Send All Orders To

The Mode! Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL.

Get This Model Earth Magnifier

(Powerful Lens)

THIS WONDERFUL GLASS WILL AID XO TN NsOuu ax PROSPECTING WORK.

Price

$7.50

THE MODEL PUBLISHING COMPANY 443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

SPECIAL OUTFIT No. 2

GOOD FOR LIMITED TIME ONLY aa)

Ladestoe.

1NEW IMP ROVED MINERS COMPASS DIP NEEDLE. %35.00 1 Copy of The Wonderful Book, "LC NDERGROLND TREASL RES—HOW

AND WHERE TO FIND et Sete cue ee 1 Four Foot PROSPECTOR'S AUGER, in Three Sections i Genuine MAGNETIC LODESTONE (iteky Lodestone) d Parked SAGE DIG SA Deas see SS ees ees ee we, EOE

"Special Price For "His Complete Outfit $38.50

TERMS—send us a money order for $20.00 and we will ship the complete outfit C. O. D. $18.50, subject to your examination at the express office, and if you are satisfied with your purchase you may pay the express arent the balance and take the outfit home Full directions go with every instrument ordered.

Write Name And Address Plainly

Name Se a a oe [2a Se" S28 8 i=. ; all. - I+ BB: ih 2222cs2= Box sce plreetv Addres=sc-<--:=- -

Post Me? 2e5 se So sce soe tes wee .. State Sd My nearest Express Office is

Name of paner you saw "Underground Treasure" Ad ia- ee

The Model Publishing Gonpany

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

"New Magnetic Rod

With the Wonderful Twin Point

Made in sections so you can easily take it apart and fold into a small package. You can use it any time.

PRICE Large Size ... : eh pee SMALIZe. Gwe 91250

This NEW MAGNETIC ROD can be used in many dif-

ferent ways, and was designed to meet the numerous inquiries and demands from our customers all over the world for a truly MAGNETIC ROD. It has the latest improvement in this line, having the new powerful Magnetic Twin Point, which is attracted by all but non-magnetic metals, ete.

Owing to the limited space, we can name only a few of the ways THE NEW MAGNETIC ROD can be used:

1—F or re-magnetizing any other needle. or steel instrument, etc., by whetting or rubbing it on the magnetic twin point,

2—For locating and picking up small pieces of

metal, or small tools, pins, ete., that are not nonmagnetic, in various out of the way and dark places, which cannot be located in the ordinary

way, etc., etc. With ordinary care, THE NEW MAGNETIC ROD will last a long time, but should the point finally become weak,

send it to us, with $3.00, and we will .re-charge it.

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO ILLINOIS

GENUINE SUPERSTRENGTH MAGNETIC LODE S TONE A" Ml MM,

SANT Whit, Ge SS Som 22

iy,

My

My

Mi} Nw,

sy

i's

Ziy fm mat AWS

A Ko

There is something mysterious and attractive in the magnetic power of this SUPER STRENGTH LODE- STONE. Many people call it the Luck Bringer. They carry it as a Luck Piece, claiming that they are Lucky and Successful in Everything they undertake and would not be without it for any price.

Qur customers have bought lode&8tone from us for many vears. They are Satisfied. They are Pleased and believe they derive Great Benefits from it.

SUPER STRENGTH LODESTONE is Real Magnetic, 1t 1s Powerful and will hold its magnetic power for some time—the real test of genuine lodestone.

If you want the Genuine, order SUPER STRENGTH LODESTONE Today—you will be Delighted. We have made the price low enough so that anyone can afford

to buy it, ORDER BY NO. 615

Three Pieces 2 er ee ae ce 250

THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO. 443 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Iil.

Be the First Lucky One The New Good Luck Ring

Health Happiness Prosperity Long Life

Through the ages this Mystic Oriental Good Luck Ring has been surrounded with deep superstition believed to be almost uncanny in its power to bring each and every wearer Good Luck, Health, Happiness, Long Life and Prosperity.

Be first among your friends to wear this curious talisman, a sure symbol of luck in love, games, business, UNDERGROUND TREASURE SEEKERS.

The popularity of this ring has been instantaneous and widespread. State whether you want men's or ladies' size. Ring can be adjusted to fit exactly.

Price: Sterling Silver, $2.00 each, or have two of your friends go in with you and send us $5.00 for three.

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

Under What Sign Were You Born ?

Will you win in Love? Will you inherit Money? Will you be successful in Business? Will you be Lucky in Games, Cards and everything you undertake? Would a change in your daily work bring you a much Larger Income? Are you lonely, blue and unhappy? Will your Loved One return to vou? What will be your LUCKY DAYS?

Miuny of these questions you ask yourself and are doubtful as tu the outcome, but this year may be a turning point in your life.

You Can Now Have Luck In Love And Everything

World's Foremost Astrologer, Prof. Royal Gordon, has just completed a special Astrological Reading based on Your sign of the ZODIAC,

This remarkable Forecast gives predictions—month by month—with exact days, dates and happenings for the year. Covers business and social affairs 6uch as #'s cing papers and contracts, seeking employment, health,'love, nuarriage, "Lucky Days," ete.

Make No Decision Until You Have Consulted Your Reading

Let Astrology reveal your future and profit by its predictions, many thankful people who have followed these wonderful Readings claim uncanny accuracy and astounding results.

The Price Is $1.00 Each, Or $2.00 For Three

This is your opportunity to learn what the future holds in store for you— Don't Delay. ACT NOW—Oriler one for yourself, also husband, wiic, sweetheart or have your friends order with you.

Write plainly the date of birth with name and address of each person and send it with your money order to,

Order By No. 757

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ITLL.

Wily Mystic Lucky Ring

SY" og SAE MAGIC CRYSTAL BALL FREE

CORA All i

ANE ie around you there is abundant SUC-

YEE Cc aSS, WEALTH, LOVE , POWER and HAP-

PINESS. Get your share. The "LUCKY SEVEN" Secret Rules are FREE to all who wear this rare and beautiful Talisman Ring. On each side of this odd and charming ring 1s moulded the figure of Fortuna—the "Goddess of Luck" symbolic of SUCCESS TRI- UMPHANT. Ancient belief that her emblem brings success to wearers in Love, Games, Business, Health and everything. Genuine Antique Gold Filled ring mounted with a 32 facet, one carat diamond type gem. Wonderful reproduction of a $500 GENUINE DIAM- OND in Brilliancy, Cut and Flashing Rainbow Fire. Wear 7 days and 7 nights. Follow the 7 rules that we send you.

Free Gift Offer

With your order for one of these "Mystic Luck Rings" and "Lucky Seven" seerct rules, we will include FREE one MAGIC CRYSTAL BALL. Let the Magic Crystal Ball tell you your Lucky Days, Lucky Numbers and everything you want to know. Learn the truth about yourself, your sweetheart, friends and enemies. Let it tell you the truth and the answers to all your questions on Love, Marriage, Wealth, Your Wish, the Home, Luck, Surprises.

Order this genuine antique ring today, mounted

with 32 facet one carat diamond type gem. Re-

ceive FREE—the Lucky 7 Secrets and the Magic

Crystal Ball, with complete instructions. Place

your order at once and join the Lucky ones.

Order by No. 756— eed penser tm 30 9 Spe ves on $3.48

Complete outfit.

"ats an

Jacob'S Rod Book

The eminent author of this rare old book devotes many chapters on how to find all kinds of minerals, Ores, Lost and Hidden Treasures. The quality of the Jacoh's Rod; on the Form of the Rod; on the matter of holding the Rod, and how it turns; how one may know in general how to distinguish hidden things by Jacob's Rod; by what means one may know the depth of sources or metals. Study and follow the directions given in this wonderful book, 3 00

Order by No. 610 "TIC. enconcenaune't

Oriental Lucky Ring Outfit

Let the magic power of these world's £reatest Good Luck Symbols make you successful. Ee a le ader among your friends, have money, be a winner in games, love and every thing.

Drive away evil and be LUCKY.

Good Luck Ring, (sterling silver, adjustable size) $2.00

Genuine Magnetic Lucky Lodestune 1.00

Black Cat Lucky Powder, used against all kinds EEE ot tee es 2 ae ns Se ney eee Ce

The Great Lucky Number and nous players

Drbani. Rogl. 2-52 2525 90s eS eet

Total value $5.00

ORDER ANY ARTICLES YOU WANT AT THE AROVE PRICES St - l Off Order today and pet this pecia er wonderful LUCK OUTFIT

for only 32.98, You will also receive FREE our Lucky seven secrets with every complete outfit. Just think of the saving. Don't delay,

we know you will be sati isfied. Order entire outfit by No. 760 2S ees $2.98

Silent Friend, Marriage Guide and Medical Adviser

Do You Want Luck? Do You Want To Be Successful in Love? Do You Want Others and Make Them Care For You" Why Envy Others When You May Be Happy and Prosperous Yourself?

CURIOUS SECRETS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED, ou NOW YOURS! A

aad ai rege ; 7

The wonders of the ¢ abala, copies from the old and if j 1 rare m.nuscripts. many of sip m hidden im tombe, 9 Sese Fern Maprsce Guus)

4 wea Mugecke Asst

cave: ; and monasteries and zealously guarded from the i : people for hundreds of Years, ti gether with the Great seventh Book wnder ihe Gre Seal, collected at immense cost of money, time ar 'd Ja bor, will be found in thia Wonderful hae ok, "The Silent Friend, Marriage

Guide and Medica) Ac IV iser''—a call mine of moneysaving, monev-making secrets: manuf icturing and beauty formulas; home remedies: hou sche old recipes; farmers' and trappers" secrets; exposes gamblers secrets; the $50,000 secret; many ways "to wei Ith;

guide for lovers; exposes magic, tricks, con juring,

curious charms, seals, talismans; occult arts, ammal : training; hundreds of amazing secrets, Tascinating % Lee Absa} sy ASD eT ALT Pictures, ete. Over 300 pages, many illustrations, and — : :

the price is only $1.00.

THIS IS ACTUALLY YOUR GOOD FORTUNE IF YOU GRASP IT NOW, Order by No. 765—Silent Friend, Marriage Guide and Medical Adviser $1.00

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

Spirit Life

or Do We Die? A Subject Everyone Should Know About

OULD it be of interest to know whe Sean ur trie eae neighbors and lov vee Ones

who have diced and vone belo bp ave probably experienced the 1e handful ciel of the great eneni death 1) ee and probably have asked why cannot ou loved ones remain with us, or when will a meet again? These dcep and strange ques tions and many others are answered in this

most advaries d and woiel rhul hook bv thy author, who has made a thorough study ol this subiect for over thirty years, and ac counts tor the possibilities of his really won derful experiences

ys 7

He describes the Secret Phenomena of Spiritualism better than any writer known Spiritualism: and Materialization are one ot the Greatest Alysteries known to mankind These teaching "Ss 1nean (oO train one's s ua] vibrate with the Higher Occult forces

ea [kt OLT\ Kk LODGI treats nis

Passe i$ ' : A : ; :

Ty oe eR . S stated his belief before the Si city

Physical Research of London, declaring

without reserve that not only tae spirits of the so-called dead can, under right

condilons, communicate and manifest themselves to the living, but that he had

had such communications with them under circumstances which absolutely pre-

rented any possibilities of doubt. In the scientific world no man stands higher than Sir Oliver Lodge, and he has edited part of this book

A Thrilling And Marvelous Book

"SPIRIT LIFE" explains many extraordinary things—The Power of Prophecy —Superior Occult Powers—Death and Old Age as Studied at the Rockefeller Institute—Reading the Future—A Natural Body and a Spiritual Body—Sir Oliver Lodge on Ethereal Bodies—Weighing of a Soul—What Happens When You Die— Ouija Manifestations—Telepathy—Materialization Seances—Spiritual Teaching— Higher Attributes of Lower Animals, etc.

The world advances in cycles. At the right time in the history of the race, some one brings forth an advanced idea and the time is at hand when old things shall pass away and the world shall be made anew.

Every one possesses in the latent state the wonderful faculty as described-in "*SPIRIT LIFE'® or Do We Dice? This can be developed YOU can train yourself to make the most of yourself both in Human-and Divine sense

The most profound and conscientious occult work published in vears. Teaches you the things vou want to know most and the door ts open to a world beyond a—world. Then there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor pain, for the cause of these shall have passed away

The book is handsomely bound in Silk Cloth, stamped in Gold, has handsome Imported end sheets in Brown and Gold. It is printed on high grade book paper and contains 272 pages. A book that lends distinction te your home and is evidence of your advanced spiritual ideas and culture. Mail your order for a

copy TODAY. Soler Bs ysING: 167 G's. caccscxcaccssteovsscavepsie Goes Special Price, $2.28

Send all orders to

THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO., 443 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, ILL

The Sixth and Seventh Book of Moses

or Moses' Magical Spirit Ar Price S100 THE MYSTERY OF ALL MYSTERIES

ew Titl

Contains exact copies of over 125 Seals. Signs 4 +, Ld a tals WW Co be Tre Sth_ and 7th Emblems, etc., used by Moses, Aarons, Israelites,

Egyptians, etc., in their astonishing magical and other BOOKS arts. Moses, the great law-giver of Israel, acquired during his residence at the court of Pharoah, many

Egyptian arts and secrets in his constant intercourse with learned men. He wrote the first five books of Holy Writ, known as the Five Books of Moses. It is believed, and known to very few, that there were two more books written by him known as the SIXTH and Moses' Magical Soisit-Art SEVENTH BOOKS of MOSES,

Writing, manuscript, ete., of precious worth have existed for ages that could be traced to the time of Moses, but few of these have been published, except in smal] portions. This is accounted for by the fact the high priests, clergy, and heads of various religious bodies were unwilling that the people should be given those deeper mysteries and valuable secrets, being fearful of losing their hold on them. The SIXTH and SEVENTH BOOK of MOSES is pronounced the most wonderful work ever published. So true is this that millions never undertake any important step in life relating to finance, exchange, health and the general welfovs of man without seeking from its pages advice and guidance.

Volume 1 of the SIXTH and SEVENTH BOOKS of MOSES as translated from the original writings, contain all that is embraced by the White and Black Art, together with the ministering spirits which were hidden from David, the father of Solomon,

C opies of 125 seals are given: Fig. 1, The Sea] of the Great Breastplate of Moses. Fig. 2, Special Seal of Treasure, Fig. 3, Seal of Long Life Fortune. Fig. 4, Love, Respect and Affection, etc. Fig 5, Seal of Long Life, Pleasure and Health. Fig. 6, Seal of Power, Fig. 7, Seal of Dreams and Visions. Fig. 8, Seal of Earth's Treasures, etc,, etc. The Four Great Divisions of the pao of the Air, Fire, Water, Earth, are given, with their uses, powerful secrets and full explanatory tables. There is also given an exact engraving of the Magical Circle, ete.

Volume II of this wonderful book contains illustrations representing the signs used by the Isralites, such as the Breastplate of Moses, Magical Laws of Moses,

Chalice of Holiness, Conjuration of Eleazor, the Son of Aaron. Fig. 22, the Great General Seal of Citation. Spirit in the Burning Bush, S Spirit in a Cloud,

Signs of Frogs and Pestilence, Signs of Cattle, Black "Small; 10x and Hail, Pillar of Fire, and the Staff Changed into a Serpent. How they made Healing Amulets, Charms and Talismans. ,

These engravings are exact copies of those used by the Israelites and Egyptians to accomplish their designs for good or evil, and are separately explained. This wonderful book is sure to educate and please you. Send order today. Order by No, 607 A Price, Cloth Cover $1.50 Paper, $1.00

Seals on Genuine Parchment

The Mysterious Seals contained in the Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses can now be bought from us, They are reproduced on Genuine Old Time Parchment, There are no others like these. They are the only Genuine. See circular with complete list of seals we carry "Order by number of Seal, Price, 50c; each, five for $2,00,

Send all orders to

THE MODEL PUBLISHING CO., 443 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL

ORIGINAL SEALS ON GENUINE OLD TIME PARCHMENT As contained in THE SIXTH AND SEVENTH BOOKS OF MOSES

Luck Health jess, ch Ree ths Influence ; s\¢ Pd sh i enc Power PN eras. Fortunes Sart wo) IS, Spiritual Help

These Mysterious Seals are finely mounted on Genuine Old Time Parchment. There are no others like them.

Fig. 1. The SEAL OF THE BREASTPLATE OF MOSES, from the Magical Kabala,

Fi. 2. The SFECIAL SEAL OF TREASURE, Buried in the Earth, fost, ete.

Fig. 3.. The HIGHEST SEAL OF GOOD FORTUNE, Family, Friends, Busines.

Fig. 4. The SEAL OF LOVE, To Gain and Hold the LOVE of another, Both Sexes.

Fig. 5. The SEAL OF LONG LIFE and GREAT FORTUNE. Proctector from MISERY and

MISFO RTUNE. ' The SEAL OF POWER, Good Health, Inuuence, Faith. The SEAL OF DREAMS and VISIONS. The SEAL OF TREASURES, and the Precious contents of Mine, Freld, ete. The SEAL OF SAFETY and RELIEF from Necessity and Want. The SEAL OF INFLUENCE, Popularity and Power. For Might and Obedience. The SEAL TO GREAT FORTUNE, ty Water and Distant Treasures. The SEAL TO ALL TREASURES, by Friendly Spirit. SEAL OF SPIRITUAL GOOD LUCK in Flay and Game. The SEAL OF MYSTICAL ASSISTANCE, In Dispute and at Play The SEAL OF MARS, Good Fortune in case of (imrrels. The SEAL OF HONOR and Richness in Gold and Treasure The SEAL OF MERCURY, for Wealth in Chemistry and Trensures of the mine, Fig. 19 The SEAL OF MERCURY. for Wealth in Chemistry and Treasures of the mine Fig. 20. The SEAL OF GOOD LUCK and FORTUNE, Treasure: of Seas gna Distant Lands, Fig. 21. The SEAL OF THE SPIRITS, For quick service and Help in all things Fig. 22. The SEAL OF GENERAL CITATION, (Oriens-Occidens) Fig. 23. The GREAT GENERATION-SEAL OF CITATION. Fir, 24. The SEAL OF MAREUELIS, (Ortens-Occidens Special Citation). Fiz. 25. The SEAL OF AZIELIS, for Coercion and Obedience. Fir. 254. The SEAL OF ARTELIS for Coercion and Obedience. Fic. 26. The SEAL OF MARRBUETIS for Coercion and Obedience, Fir, 264. The SEAL OF MEPHISTOPHILIS for Coercion and Obedience. Fic. 27. The SEAL OF BARBUELISS for Coercion and Obedience. Fic. 27A. The SEAL OF AZIARELTS for Coercion and Obealience. . The SEAL OF ANTOUELI!S for Coercion and Obedience. : sy Fic. 29. The SEAL OF TREASUPE ELEVATION and SPIRITUAL REDEMPTION Fic. 30, The SEAL OF SCHEMAFORAS, No. 1, said to bring to Light the Tremsures of the Earth if burled in the 'Treasure Earth. Fig. 31. The SEAL OF SCHEMAFORAS, No. 2.

bel ed ee . o . . " a a cr]

Price—50 cents each; five for $2.00. Price for the entire set of 33 seals complete, only $10.00. Upen receipt of price we will mail them free to all parts of the world.

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, TLL

Lucky Lodestone FREE with Five Rare Books

HERE IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET FIVE WELL KNOWN BOOKS YOU HAVE ALWAYS WANTED

THE SIXTH AND SEVESTHA EBOOK OF MOSES, contains exact copies Of over 125 eenk. sign and emblems, ete, tsed be Motes, Adron, leralite, in their Astonishinic Majtieul Arts, (Gives

Tmicthods tired by the oll E¢gyptoins for the Conjuring and Citation of Spirits. The opurit ift thu Burning Hush. How they made Healing Amulels, Charms wand Talismans, Glso gives bie Get the Psalms for bodily welfare of Man. Price 002 rere ee eee eae Pa) ee

POW-WOWS, of THE LONG LOST FRIEND, the author of this wonderful bogk make. many claime: How tu compel a Thief to return Stelen Things: How to extinguish Fire without Water Hew to destroy Witehia; How to find all Kinds of Metal; To banish wll Pays, abo mony vali eblé secrets wever before disclosed, PYit@...0 i ees eee ee et peeks e ead ce ee eee eee 21.09

600 WATS TO GET RICH. Header sre you poor? This mar be the stepping stone tw become wealthy. his collsetion of the surat secrets and di coverie: for MORET-MARLSG ts new frail-

able to ¥5.7, With just. a lithe phivk, you Will be enabled with ony of the £00 receipie to oko a SiarL on tha re rood to Wealth and Luxury. Order your copy how. Prigt :2s0+ : 31.00

RLACK ARTS or THE MAGICAL SCTESCES OF, the best Gaown beok on the Seienre of Wittheratt, Astrology, Palmistry Mind Reading, Spiritiializm, oldo werdlert) iitarwintian of tne tranematine of Gdee to Precvoiia Metals, tint dectunl manufuctire of FRECIOUS GEMS, ett: You cannot afford 46 bo without this book, Piet... penne ena tee pee eee ses ae et

THE GREAT LUCKY SUMBER AND POLICY PLAYERS DREAM MG@Ce. Tah) tein anak Fives yan the "Prine Interpretatuin ot Drea , Lucky Livi Luaicky Muir Eats - toed font Ln ra bot ha Play: Lettery Numbers: Tables for Saddle. Gigs and Horses. A Guide to numbers of Dreams for the Day, Week or Month: alo includes Napoleon's Oroculum. Price 0.-5- ; 31,00

Lucky Lodestone Free

These fine hooks sell regularly for 31.00 each, order as many as you wank, PRICE FOR THE ENTIRE FIVE BOOKS, IF ORDERED AT ONE TIME, ONLY $3.98. If vou send vour order at once, we will also include a pair of GENUINE MAGNETIC LODESTONES, FREE, believed by many to drive away evil and bring Good Luck. Do not. pass) this wonderful price offering, Just eend us money-order for $3.98, and we will serid the complete outfit $3 98 by return mail. ACT NOW. Order complete outfit by No. 763. Price .

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Company

443 South Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL.

Roots — Model Curios — Heres

NOTICR—AU down through thy oes RUOTS and HEARS Faro leon teu bs nih for Virious puro, cone bare died them for their midieinal salu, ovheri for GOUL LUCK, cle, oH there ct ao (iiction Lut what they have been of vita) help 10 the Aunidin berth Woe ell them only a4 curidgs and

Of lor (hearomedicinad or migucal viiuo. As they are furnished by n EF Mn tab ejonnl HERBALIST, wk CAL

Hire Mir io be open and clean anid turnih FREE DINECTIONS WITH BAGH /ACKAGE OP RUGCTS ORDERED.

SOUTHE RN JOHN THE CONQU EROR—thi is 2 considered the most valuable of all the

al hnriy Foray CPLT Pisabs lt> ihe one mont resembling the find of Joha The Congueror of Herourns ol We Romerdis roojte This belewed by certain woodees and high priests that & person cere Ps, go of thine Petts ih their pocket, wil] always fool or ve sad powerful and obtain anrihinc ha dissing. he will fitted be without money ond have much LUCK ¥ No. 791. Price:50 cents —. ooo ee ce cw ces ceescceccesccccscceca oh SOF $1.00

ADAM AND EVE ROOT— Apair of past< un one, namel Adam and Eve. The upper one is Adam pnd ihe lower one Eve Valued for tts magical ylalilies to phe penurative orcuns, old to bring back ame hold the love of a Husband, wife o: ~weetlicaort,

iL gies ete on ae Se fe eee weed oe re ee od ee ee LO Le MASTER OF THE WOOD HERB— the is an olf German GOOD LUCK TALISMAN. The old Tetons affrid a smal! amount of this herb with thew in battle for Good Luk In fumes al bite they place oS bandfel of the atrial Fer if a eolion of wine to impart to Wm oa fine Maver : It 8 indeed excellent fier this purpose, Try al Lit it teniain ihrer hoes to strain . NO. 713. Price 50 cents... 4-ne0s-meccuce eS Se oe Se Soe Pe eee ae Ee

DRAGON'S RLOOD—1. a sintanetis heinous extdation from the ripening fruit of oo plank

nfiives of Uortvo rad Sumatra, Tt has for sya bboen wied in magical sad religious superevitsoue practicum it a generally Bilrnicd os of incense

if ae PM ey ttre a ae Pa ee: a a ae for $1.00 LOVEAGE OR ORRIS ROOT—thi root is valued for its delightful violet odor. If placed in

clothes closet tnd +. ser iirawers i imparts o@ lovely odor to the clothes, Fur this reason that Tent 2 called "LOVE ROOT" No, 715. Price 50 cents SpE Eisconasnisas gascasdasyseaneeesaso RUD aloe

LESSER PERRIWINK LE—p- Culpepper, on ®old Enelwb herhali t, wr itis of this herb a fellows: "The leaves of Lesser FPerrivinkle, of caoten by man and wife together will couse love between tacm

NO eo rick eens. 22 cs op seek eae act dee robes aneseabaadscase one ...3 for $1.00 DEVILS SHOE STRIS G—tThiz rool i long and sendér ond somewhat rewcmble: a chow etrine

An eld colored mamimi ex lined what dhie Ford if plac Rreemil Ge fina bee & neck, will drive evil Spirits iway and -fep it from erring, perils Wiring teothane. z iG. TEs Prich PO Cente eps nes cok ake nan es tees eee -..3 for $1.00

FIVE FINGER GRASS— This plant has oa foal duaided inte five sermenia which denote five fingers. Ly hovinei ony of three plants in the Aware er hung goer the bed-tead it will bring restful sleep ond ward of any evil than any five fingers could bring about. ft ts of very little medicinal Value and fild only ae a eabrioesahy,

Wo. TEE, Price 50) cents. Joke cee re eee eee eaten Ck ee --ea 4 for $1.00

HOLY HERG= An herb held cnecred by the Indians for as remarkable ¢ahio in asthma and dune

trout. fa oo fTRRErang ond ver¥ pleasant tea 719 Price 50 cents oof e See SEs Se Sas ss weet ease see 3 for $1.00 SSA SPIRIT=Moet wonderful and peculiar Curiteite PFlacesd in a itle of water to which a small

quantity of borax if added te herp al irom fermenting, and placid on the table for GOOD LUCK and as an abode for friendly =pirita Indes' it hes reach the fpperesce of a ghost os floats in the Waller 1t is Mush. transparent ond quite mystical in appearance

Pte a a fee et hg ee ee ears 3 for 51.00 QUEEN ELIZABETH ROOT—fragrant ang aromatic Wield in hich teem be the colored falke

of our southern talons Many people consider at to be og reet al nuanw theo Le ifipreera ta cle heh

evil ond bring Good Litek, and wf torres) oon ther per-en wall ail fher an Af ract. ing the oppaite sex. Nia tele price oo fPnte ce ob 2 sok ses oc ap wark dk a Waawetw'ebts 3 for $1.06

MYSTIC CONTROLLING BAG— this controlling Luck bar ron eis of fama ond well knewn roots believed by mon¥ to control Tack and bring jour toad one Undin ¢onteel Faagay all $2 AQ

the ceaod things in life Have Lock. tbe a winner. always kare menev and be Lucky in everything vou do Price saeece te iee 4. lees op cai

Lucky Lodestone And Lucky Number Rook Free

lf vow eend vour order at once. vow will pescave stun BMASTIC CONTROLLIXG MENT BAG, oko e late MAGKRETIC LODESTONE,. said to fern peck aval and bring Cord diygk and one copy of the Wonderful LUCKY KUOIRER HOOK showing JVCRY DAYS, LUCKY BKUMVERS, efc., sou receive ell this for ony 249, so don) delay

Order complete outfit at te Teen Ce ee ween eadneaweptcs aednd ween OOS

The Model Publishing Company

442 So. Dearborn SL CHICAGO, ILL

Mystic Attracting Incense LUCKY INCENSE BURNER FREE!

Since the beginning of the world, incense has been used in some form or other by people of different beliefs, to attract and hold Good Luck, to draw to you and control the opposite sex, to drive awav ine evil spirit of misecontent and quarrel, and establish peace, unity, friendship and love among families, sweethearts and friends, To attract Success and Good Fortune in all your undertakings.

There are few things so characteristic of the faseination and mystery of the beautiful lands of the Orient, as the soothing fragrance and subtle, langorous sweetness of MYSTIC ATTRACTING INCENSE. It will bring to mind the rosy dawns, the brilliant sunlight — the enchantments of strange, Far Eastern eountries. You will marvel at its pleasing effect—said to attract and hold the one you love. Be a Winner with Every one and in all you undertake. Be Lucky!

Lucky Incense Burner Free!

This wonderful Lueky Incense Burner is FREE to all with every order for MYSTIC ATTRACTING IN- CENSE. Something entirely new in this line, and only offered Free while our supply lasts. Order today and receive Free in addition oriental "Lucky Seven Seerets'' How to Succeed.

Order Complete Outfit By No. 612

Price $1.98

Send all orders to

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. Chicago, II.

Southern John The Conqueror Root

Considered by far the most valuable of all the John the Conqueror roots. It is believed by certain voodoos and high priests that a person carrying several of these roots in their pockets will alw ays feel strong and powerful and obtain any thing he desires; he will never be without money and have much luck. ORDER BY NO 711 PRICE, 50c. THREE FOR $1.00

Eve Root Adam And Ek Roc

A pair of roots in one, named Adam and Eve. The upper one is called Adam and the lower one Eve. Valued for its magical qualities to the generative organs, also to bring back and hold the love of a husband, wife or sweetheart.

Order By No. 712

PRICE, 58e. THREE FOR $1.00

Send All Orders To

The Model Publishing Co.

443 South Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL.

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