Annual Report for ... on Reforms and Progress in Korea

Japan) Tōkanfu · 1908 · Historical

The Organic Regulations of the Residency General and Residencies. 1 1 1 The Organic Regulations of the Residency General and Residencies.

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

Annual Report

For

On

Reforms And Progress

In Korea

Compiled

H.U.M/S Residency General

Seoul. December, 1908

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1

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Contents.

T TXTTCOnTTfmO\ T

Vac.e.

1. The. Relations of Korea with Japan 1

3. The Residency General 6

4. 1'ii<leiu-!c- 8

5. Expenditures of tlio Resiliency General and its Subordinate

office* 10

fi. Guarantee of Alien Rights 11

Tt. Administration'.

T. Tli Tmporial Household 13

Thr ( 'rlil rial A'mini-1 rat i' n ]

The Local Administration 18

nr. .irmcrARY.

10. Judicial Reforms 9.2

1 1. Codification of Laws 24

1 -J. ( 'ini-iilar -I iiri.liH ii'ii 2fi

lid'Tiiiy in I'ri-'Hi Adimiii-I r;i I imi ..

1 4. Police Force 31

IT). Military Defence* 33

V. Fin Ante.

1C I\:l,lif Finance 3G

v,' A MARi::-?324 3533

17. Reforms in Financial Administration 38

IS. Establishment of National Treasuries 40

10. Improvement of Taxes and other IlevcnucH 41

a. Land Tax 41

1. Ifi'iisc Tun 42

r. Kfvt-Tini- ff"in Stamps 43

20. "Measures for incrrn- iiiL r ihc Revenue 43

<1. Tax Salt 43

e. Tax on Marine Products. . . 44

/. Excise Taxes Prinking and Smoking 45

if. Customs Receipts 45

h. (iin-eiiu T,-i\. ' 4-"

21. PnMic Loans 4fi

vr. (trrkxcv.

22. ( 'urn uev n'!ii- 4 s

23. Withdrawal of Old Nickel Coin* 50

24. Withdrawal of copper Cftxh 50

2.">. Circulation -if new Coins ami Hank Xotcs 51

VII. HAXKlXCi. ETC.

2. Monetary Organs 52

27. The ' Vinnd II: nh Iht! I, I:', t, , W1

2S The X.Hi'.,- Ilj.nks 54

2!>. Agricultural and Industrial Hank* 56

3". .1 a i;un liank- o?

W. Warehouses ~,S

a. Coveriinient Warehouses 5ft

I."e;i1 W;i"eli-ii;-. - fV<

r. The Sonl Co-ope rat ive Warehouses Company. . - . 50

32. Xoie Associations 50

33. "Local Association for Money Circulation*' 60

Viit. Commkrck.

34. Foreign Trade |j[

a. Imports 62

b. Exports 62

c. Trade, Arcurding to Cumurica 63

d. Shipping 63

c. Specie 64

/. Balance ot Trade (4

35. Cu stoma Maritime Undertakings C6

30. Light-houses (j7

Ix. Communications.

37. Public Highways

38. Posts ?Q

Telegraphs and r l\<Ii-pln >ik 72

40. Bailwav- 74

pitiu.k; rxi)KKTAKi\<'s.

41. Construction of Public Buildings 77

42. Brick Manufacturing 77

43. Printing Burcan . . 78

44. Ping-van:; C"al Mines 79

45. Forestry Undertakings Station 80

XL ; mci'LTt'UAL. and industrial.

47. Agricultural and Industrial Model Farm . . . . 83

4& Cultivation of Cotton u u u 8a

40. Industrial Training School 86

Xii. Sanitation.

M, S.iiiiiarv AlTaii- in Ki-ra

".2. T;ii Han Ib*viral iMI

o-). Medieal School ',)]

r>4, Water-works 02

g. ChcnnilpLo Water-works 93

b. Ping-yang Water- works 94

v. Fusau Water-works ( J4

Xiii. Edf Cation, Etc.

oo. Educational Affairs in Kcrea 05

Till. lie Sehools ;u>

."'7. Normal Sehool 07

OS. Other Schools <)8

">0. Freedom of Religious Teaching 9&

A PlM'A'DrX.

A. Protocol concluded between Japan ami Korea on February 23.

1004, regarding the Situation of Korea 101

B. Agreement between Japan and Korea, signed August 22, 1904,

relating to Financial and Diplomatic Adviser* . . . . 102

C. Agreement liehvccn Japan and Korea, signed on April 1, 1905,

regarding Communications Services 203

1). Au iin-ut Kegarding ( '"M-t Trade l' -rt-a ]D3

K. Agreement between Japan r.nd Korea, signed on Novcmlier 17,

1005, by wliich Japan ass tuned charge of the Foreign Relations of Korea 107

F. Declaration of 1 lie Japanese Government Concerning Foreign

Affairs of Korea, made November 22, IOOj. 1(i9

G. Agreement between Japan and Korea, sigtud on July 2+, 1007,

relating to ibe 1 menial Administration of Korea 110

II. The Organic Regulations of the Residency General and Residencies. 1 1 1

I. Agreement between the Government* of Korea and Japan concerning the Management of Fore ts in the District* along the Yalu and the Tmnen .. 115

J. Mining Law no

K. Placer Mining Law 123

Tables.

Xo. 1. Population and Domiciles (Exclusively Korean) . . . . 127 Xo. 2. Revenue of the Korean Government, fiscal years 1905-

Xo. 3. Expenditures of the Korean Government, fiscal years

1905-1908 . . 129

Xo. i. Imports (net ) of Foreign CummIs from Foreign Countries

for the years 100:1-1907 130

Xo. 0. Exports of Xalive Goods to Foreign Countries for the

years 1903-1907 133

Xo. 0. Xet Value of the Direct Foreign Trade, for the years

1903-1907, according to Countries 134

Xo. 7. Comparative Table of net Customs Receipts collected

for the years 1SS7-1907 .. 135

Xo. S. Xumber and Tonnaire of Vessels entered for the vears

1903-1907, according to Countries I3ij

Xo. 9. Exports of Gold to Foreign Countric-, 1903-1907, according to Ports and Countries 128

Xo. 10. State of Business of Agricultural and Industrial Banks

(December 31ht, 1907) 139

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No. 11. General Statistics, of Various Schools (December olst,

1007) 140

Maps.

No. 1. Plan of Fusau Harbour

~Sv. 2. Plan of Chemulpho Harbour.

Xo. 3. General Plan of Road construction.

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List Of Illustrations.

Facing Page.

1. The Court of Cassation 24

2. The Printing Bureau and its Book-Binding Section . . . . 78

3. The Industrial Training School with its Six Sections, namely,

Manual Work, Applied Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Dyeing and Weaving. Metal work and Keramies . . . . 80

4. The 77//' Han TTospitnl and its third class ward 90

f>. A Common School at Seoul and its class room <)(j

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vnr

Weights, Measures and Moneys, with English and French Equivalents.

Japan.

A7. (Marine)

Square AY.

Cho 10 Tan.

Koku 1 0 7l> 1 00 Sho (Liquid) ., . (I)ry i „ Cajwcity of ve-sel )

Afomnt?

Ym-\m S,,t

Cheat Britain.

2.4403382 Mites

1.1508873 Milc<.

5.1>55250fi .Square Miles. ...

2.4507204 Acres.

3.953H20O Square V.irds.

.!1>.7033130 Gallon*. -,'„ of one Ion.

S.2073207 (Avoir.) HMHTl.ril ,. <Troy>

1.3227727 lbs. ( Avoir.)

UWiW.m „ (Troy)

2 11fM3fi4 Drams (Avoir.) 2.1113045 Dwts. (Troy)

3.0272727 Kilometres.

1.8518182 Kilometre*.

15.4234711 Kilometres Carre*.

99-1735537 Ares.

3.3057851 Mitres Carres.

1.8039068 Hectolitres.

de Tonne.

3.7500000 Kilogrammes.

6.0000000 Hectogrammes.

3.7500000 Grammes. 2.583 Francs.

Prinit'.l at tin- " .L.pan Timr, " OfTio'. Tokyo.

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Introduction.

1. The Relations of Korea with Japan.

During several debates, many suggestions were offered and sinecre efforts exerted by Japan with a view to reforming tlie maladministration in the neighbouring Kingdom. The latter** gracious Sovereign and patriotic statesmen also attempted on several occasions to improve the condition of the eountry, and many enlightened laws and ordinanees were enacted. But the jealousies prevailing among political parties, which were often entangled with the interests of rival foreign Powers, not only hindered reform measures but also retarded the progress that had l>een partially initiated. After the conclusion of the war with Russia, Japan's paramount position in Korea was gradually defined, and subsequently received recognition at. the hands of the civilized countries of TCast and West alike. "More recently, a Xew Agreement with Korea waconcluded, by which a Resident General, representing the Japanese Government in that eountry, was made the distinctly legalized repository of power to reform the Korean administration. It is now hoped that, the progress of Korea, unhampered by political jealousies and international rivalries, which have been productive of much harm in the past, will continue uninterruptedly, under the guidance of the Resident General, aided by the united efforts of the Korean Government and its patriotic subjects; and further, that the Koreans, whose condition was greatly imjKA-eri-hetl, will gradually enjoy prosperity and will assimilate the advantages of modern civilization.

Tt may not be altogether useless to make a few remarks here upon the history of Korea's relations with Japan in the past, so as to render clear the inevitable character of the hitter's present rcsponsibilitv.

From the very beginning, it has been the unbroken policy of Japan to open "th( Hermit Kingdom"' to the world, to establish terms of

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—

iH-itrlilMiiii'lv friendship with the peninsular nation, in strengthen the Korean lr>i>erial House and to maintain the independence of the country. After ill- attempts hreak dovn Korea's seclusion — made hy I'Yan-v. in ISCC, |,v tlx- I'nited State-., in 1*71, and later hy Japan, in :;ll failed. (icncr.il Takamori Saijro nrtred the immediate

despatch i if expedition in Kihtm in rive effect to that police. Bnl Mr. Ilo now IVinc- and Resident General) haviutr hceii commissioned, toircilier wiili M. I!oi>onailc (a Kreiich juri-t. ihcn legal adviser tin* Japanese (tovcrumcut ). in investigate the conditions existing in Koiva a majority tin- Cahine! vnied to try conciliation and diplomacy in preference to .1 display of force. Accordingly. Japanese envoy-, were despatched. ;;u<l. ill I he scone I of patient efforts, they succeeded in concluding a i real v of nniilv ami commerce on l-'ehrn.irv I'll, in which Japan reeno ni/.(l "Korea, hcintr .in indc|>cndont country, enjoys the sinne sovereign rights a- Japan." Western Powers were not slow to follow this c sample.

With the hope of .making Korea's independence a reality. Japan employed all the resources ,,f fricndlv suggest ion to imliice the former to adopt modern civilized methods, to reform her corrupt administration, to reorganize lier police system and to strengthen her military defences, ,<o In lie ahle to fulfil her treaty obligations. In eonsecpienec. however, of jealousy In 'tween political parties, nothing resulted hut plots and counterplot, ('tnifis th'tl and insurrections came in rapid succession. The Japanese Legation was twice -it tacked: once, in lSS-_>. the moh combined with the soldiery, wlio .ire hahitnally :ised in Korea as political tools; and

once, in lss4. hy Korean ti ps co-operating with Chinese. On each.

asiou the Japanese Minister, with hi- wife and children, had to Hy from

Seoul for safety. Nevertheless the differences hctwccii Japan and Korea, in which China was inestricahly mixed up, were settled without any -erioiis conflict hy convention- concluded at Cheinnlpho. in ISs-.'. :l nd at Seoul and Tientsin, in lss.Y Thereafter, however. Japan's endeavours in maintain Korea's independence and to carry out reforms in her corrupt administration were so trre.it ly ohsiruded hy China that the two countries

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drifted iiiln war, with t lu- result that ('liiiui had to recognize Korean imhqieudencc Uy tin- treaty of Shiuiotioseki, in 1M>.". Japan then reverted In her programme of friendly advice. She urged Korea to reform her corrupt administration, which endangered life and properly and which

must cause foreign lplications calculated to ultimately imperil the

integrity of the Kingdom. Following these sincere counsels, the Korean (Joverinnent engaged a nnmlier of Japanese advisers in several branches of officialdom, and enacted various laws for the improvement of internal administration. I>ut. alter a brief period of service, the Japanese advisers wen- dismissed owing to political intrigues as well as to the foreign complication of 1 Thus all the reform measures hitherto initiated

wen' arrested. Korean political history was a perpetual repetition of tinsame tale: plot, counterplot, insurrection and foreign complications,

Japan was again compelled to engage in a costly war. this time with liiiftsia. largely on account of Korean affairs. lint Japan had now realized that Korea was not capable of governing herself, and that the policy of maintaining her imlependeiiee could not he pursued without, certain modifications. Indeed, as the Kesidelil (ielieral declared in a s])eeeh made in July "the identity of Korean ami Japanese interests in the Far Fast and the paramount character of Japanese interests in Korea, will not permit Japan to leave Korea to the care of any other foreign country: she must assume the charge herself."

Thus Japan took the responsibility of intervention in Korean affairs, after having given the Koreans ample opportunity to prove their fitness for self-government, and after having found them wholly unprepared for the task. Subsequently to the outbreak of war with Ku-sia, Japan, by successive agreements obtained entire control of Korea's foreign affairs. This fact l>eiiig afterwards recogni sed by I he other Treaty Powers, they duly withdrew their diplomatic representatives from Seoul. With resp<rt to domestic affairs, Japan has assumed advisory supervision of the general administration, but. in military matters, if "the welfare of the Imperial House or the territorial integrity of the Korea is endangered by the agression of a 'bird Power, or bv internal disturbances, Japan

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is to have direct control. Further, the "control an<l administration ot the post, telegraph and telephone services in Korea (except the telephone service exclusively pertaining to the Department of the Imperial Household)" have l>ccn transferred to the Japanese Government.

2. The New Agreement.

In addition to assuming direct control of Korean affairs, the Resident Geueral, representing the Japanese Government, commenced faithfully to exercise his advisory functions in the general administration. As to the details of his procedure, he caused the Korean Government to engage a nutnher of Japanese advisers, councillors, or assistant-councillors, both for the Imperial Household and for the various Departments of State, in addition to a financial adviser and a diplomatic adviser, who had been engaged before the establishment of the Residency General. Technical experts were also engaged for the public works and for the model experimental farms where instruction was given in industry, agriculture and forestry. In matters relating to the reform of local administration, it was arranged that the Vice-Residents of the Japanese local Residencies should act as councillors to Provincial Governors; and Finance Councillors were distributed among the thirteen provinces to act as advisers to the Provincial Tax Supervisors. Assistant Councillors were stand in the same relation to Tax Assessors in important districts. As to police administration, in addition to a Police Advisory Hoard, having its head quarters in the Central Government, there were attached to each of the thirteen provincial capitals similar police advisory boards, under which were branch boards, the Japanese advisory police working with the Korean police side by side. For the administration of justice, a Japanese legal councillor, or assistant-councillor, was attached to each of the courts, local aud high, in Seoul, and to each of the courts in the Provincial Governments ns well as to magistracies of prefectures and districts. Thus no radical changes were introduced into the old Korean administrative organization. On the contrary, the Resident General tried to improve

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the existing Korean administration by general guidance under the various Japanese advisory bodies. Tin; Central Government bad competence to enact any necessary hiv.s and ordinances for reform measures, and to instruct Local Governments to act in accordance witb advice, while local officials were expected to pay due attention to advice given by tbe Japanese councillors.

But the operation of this system proved unsatisfactory, owing to the fact that the Korean officials paid little respect to the advice given, so long as they were free to adopt or reject it at will. Moreover, the incapacity of Korean officials and the habitually crooked methods of the Korean Government greatly handicapped the success of the projected programme. Thus k resulted that advisory guidance had practically little or no effect in bringing about the desired changes in the old-time maladministration of affairs. So many evils and abuses had taken deep root that more direct management on the part of the Resident General, together with some modifications hi the Government organization and the employment of capable officials, became vitally important, since otherwise the welfare and prosperity of the Korean i>eople could not be promoted. These experiences and considerations compiled the conclusion of a new Agreement It was signed on July 24th, 1907. it the Resident General was given more direct participative power in the general administration. He acquired initiative as well as cousultatory competence lo enact and enforce laws and ordinances, to appoint and remove Korean officials, and to place capable Jupaue.sc subjects in the ranks of Korean officialdom. Tho Agreement provided specially for differentiation of the Judiciary and the Executive, as much corruption existed under the old system which invested l>oth the provincial governors and the district magistrates with judicial functions.

So important was this Agreement that it should be regarded as the new and fundamental principle for the reform of the Korean Administration, in pursuance of which object so many measures had hitherto proved abortive. Therefore it will he well to quote at length the provisions of the Agreement : —

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"I. The ( tovcriiiiii'iil of Korea -hall act under the guielane-e of the Resident General in resjicct to reforms in administration.

J. Tin.' Government of Korea engage' not to enact any laws ordinances or regulations, or to take any iui|>oriant measures of administration, without the previous assent of the Resident General.

.5. The judicial affairs in Korea shall Ik- set apart from the affairs of ordinary administration.

I. The appointment and dismissal of all high officials in Kor.'a shall Ih- made upon the concurrence of the Resident General.

The Government of Korea shall appoint as Korean officials Japanese suhje'rfs niuiended hy the Resident (Ieiieral."

3. The Residency General.

I>y tin- Convention concluded on Novemher 17, \'MK>, the Japanese- (Jovernnicnt was to represented at the lni|>crial Korean Court hy a Tohnn (Resident (Ieiieral) "priniarilv for the pur|>ose of taking charge of and directing matters rehitiuir to diplomatie- affairs." and this Tokan was to have "the right of private ami personal audience" with the Korean Kmporor, while liijiinn (Residents) were to In- stationed at the several open ports and at such other important places in Korea as the .lapanese Government might deem necessary, in order primarily lo exercise '"the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Korea. The detailed organization and functions of the Toh'mi-Fii (the Residency General) and the lliji-rim. (Residencies) were tirsi set forth in Imperial Ordinance No. :M>7. i--ued mi Deceiulw r i'n. |i)t>:., ami wen amended hy imperial ordinance No. i"'"<. issued sr.ni after the conclusion of the New Agreement "t VM)1. Directly ap|>ointcd hy the .lapanese KnijX'ror. ihe Resident General is responsihlc to none hut the Sovereign of Japan, lie addresses the Japanese Throne and seeks Imperial sanction for all matters through the Prime .Minister, hut in matters relating to Foreign Affairs, he must first, communicate with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the first Imperial Ordinance, he hud "general control of all hnsincss relating to fore igners mid fore ign consulates in Korea, with

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the exception of such us pa<s through rlic foreign Representatives resident" in Japan: lie had to "oversee all administrative hu*iness carried out I iy liic Iii|H'i ial (Japanese) authorities and officers in Korea" which falls within the purview of the treaty stipulations, and he had to "discharge all functions of sujiervision hitherto devolving the hnjH'ria! .inflioritie-." Tin- New Agreement confers on the Residency General nore direct powers over the internal affairs of Korea, and the functions of the Resident General are provided for in general terms and in a wider sense in the amended Ordinance, which reads as follow-: — "th" Resident (Jeiieral shall represent the Imperial Government of Japan in Korea and control general political affair* in accordance with treaties, laws and ordinances." The militprv jM.wer is also vested in the Resident General, and he has competence to issue orders direct to the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese garrison troops in Korea for the employment of military force, if he deem 'such a course necessary for the better preservation of peace and order in Korea." In discharging his functions, the Resident General had originally under him a Director General, a Director of Foreign Affairs, a Director of Agricultural Commercial ami Industrial Affairs, a Director of Police Affairs, a Private Secretary, seven Secretaries, two Police Inspectors, five Engineers, ten Interpreters and 4."> uhordinaic officials. Ry the amended Ordinance, the organization of tin- Residency General has lwen modified, so that the offices of Director Foreign Affairs. Director of Agricultural Commercial and Industrial Affairs and Director of Police Affair* have liecn aholished: while a i'<il. 'r<~>l,tin Vice-Resident Genera h and two |x>rruancnt Councillors have Ih-ou created. Th -re are also sliirht change, in the mimher of the other official*. Rut there is no alteration with regard to the Director General : his function continues to le the direction of irencral affairs in the Residency General. Ry the New Agreement the functions of the Resident General h-. ing largely increased, the creation of the office of Vice-Re-rent General, to a.si-t the Resilient General and to act in ihe hitter's stead in ca*o of aiisenec or inahility. very important. The Y ice- Resident General al*o is appointed direct hy th.- Kniperor. One of the

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permanent Councillor* to 1k i Chief of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the other, Chief of the Supervisory Department. In addition to these officials the Vice-Ministers of the Korean Cabinet and of the Imperial House-hold are ra-officio Councillors in the Residency General. Under the Resident General are the Resident General's Secretariat, the charge of which is taken hy the Director General; a Department of Foreign Affairs, a Supervisory Department, and a Department of Local Affair?. The Resident General's Secretariat is again divided into three sections, which deal respectively with Documents, Accounts and Personnel.

Moreover, under the Resident General are a Bureau of Communications, a Railway Bureau, a Forest Undertaking Station and an Appeal Conn of Japan in Korea, the la-t of which entertains all cases appealed from the courts maintained l.y Jaoance Re-idciM-ie*.

The Japanese Consulates, or their branch offices in Korea, were converted into Residencies i n January, 11KH>. The Residents stationed at Seoul, the open ports and other important places, are to discharge, under the orders and supervision of the Resident General, "the duties originally pertaining to Consul-; in Korea, together with such duties as the treaties and laws require IJo*idont* to perform.*'

The control of Korean foreign affairs having been transferred to the Japanese Government, the functions of the Korean local authorities relating to foreigner? and foreign Consuls, have len assumed hy the Resident. That is to say, the inning of title deeds of land, and the collecting of rents or land taxes in the foreign settlements, hitherto done by Korean Superintendents at treaty ports, have all been entrusted to the Japanese Residents. The Residents may issue passports to foreigners who desire to travel in the interior or outside treaty limits, and to Korean officials or private poison* proceeding abroad. The Resident is also concerned with forugneis claiming proprietary rights of real estate or mortgage rights in regions outside treaty limits, under "the Regulations for certifying the Proprietorship of Lands or nouses." These

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.Regulations wont into force from Dccemltcr 1st. 1900. They provide that, if one of the parties concerned in a contract of sale, gift, exchange or mortgage of real estate, is a foreigner, the contract should be first Ik' certified by the Korean local authorities, and again examined and certified by the nearest "Resident, otherwise the contract can not be regarded as valid. When l>otli parties are foreigners, the Resident certifies the contract and gives notice of the same to the local authorities for registration. By "the Kegnlations for the Enforcement of Foreclosing Mortgages upon Lands and Houses,'' which have l)cen m effect since February 1st. 100". the Korean loeal authorities, when a dispute arises lietwecn a native debtor and an alien creditor with regard to foreclosing a mortgage, are to settle the ease with the approval of the nearest Resident. If the debtor is a foreigner and the creditor a native, the Resident settles the question with the approval of the local authorities. "When both parties are foreigners, the Resident settles the question by himself and then notifies the Korean authorities of his decision.

Concerning the improvement of local administration, a branch office of a Residency was established in .September 1900, at each place where a seat of provincial government was located, and a Vice-Resident had to act as adviser to the Governor in reforms of loeal administration. P.ut as a result of the New Agreement, a Japanese subject being now appointed as secretary to each provincial government, the above branch office of the Residcnev lieeamo unneccssarv. and ceased to exist on the 01st Deeomlicr, 1907.

Again, as results of the New Agreement, the Korean Government reorganized the police administration, appointing Japanese subjects as Chiefs of Police Bureaux and as Inspector General of the Metropolitan Police Hoard; while the Japanese police, formerly engaged in police advisory ImmUo-, became Korean police, and the Japanese police force hitherto maintained by the Residencies was amalgamated with the Koro.tn police on the 2nd f September, 100(5. Residents, however, still retain powers of command and superintendence over the police appoint-

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od by the Korean Government. s<. fin- as concerns affairs relating to Japanese subjects in Korea.

In the place of Chief Police Inspector, each "Residency has created an office of Chief Prison Inspector, who has charge of prison affairs relating to Japanese criminals in Korea.

5. Expenditures of the Residency General and Its Subordinate Offices.

Tn the first fiscal year (lOO-i-IOOO) of the administration of the Residency General, covering the period from December 20. 1005, to "March 31, IOO, yen 27o\ 2020 was expended for the general upkeep of the Residency General and ten local Residencies. The total expenditures of the Residency General in the second fiscal year. 1000-1007, amounted 1o 2,012.. r >r.O yen. including the cost of building new offices for the Residency General : establishing two Residencies in Tai-kn and "New AViju, respectively, as well as eight branch Residencies in important provinces where provincial Governors* offices are located; establishing the Agricultural and Industrial Kxperimental "Model Farm in Suwon : building various official residences, and establishing the A])pcal Court of Japan in Korea. The Budget the Residency General, which had been hitherto included in the Imperial Exchequer as an extraordinary outlay, was transferred In the ordinary finances from the fiscal year 1007-1008. A sum of 1,007, I V.) yen was alloted in this Rudgct for the gener:d expenses of the Residency General, the Residencies and the Appeal Court of Japan in Korea, and for the cost of erecting a Meteorological observatory: .'500.000 yen was also appropriated as a special fund for the Forestry Undertakings Station, to be conducted in co-operation with the Korean Government on the banks of the Yalu and the TV-men Rivers.

Tn addition, the Japanese Government spent .'5..~>72,r>44 yen in the fiscal yen 1000-1007 on the maintenance of the military garrison in Korea, and on quelling the insurrection: and ",441.028 yen were appropriated in 1H07-100S for the same purposes. For the maintenance and improvement of the post, telegraph and telephone services in Korea, the

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Communications Bureau of tin: Residency General was subsidized to t lie extent of 2,581,02;* veil, in the year 1005, by tlie Home Government, 2,200,078 yen in 1000 and 2,2<>:j,8:)l yen in 1007. The returns obtained from these serviees were 7(50,050 yen in the year 1005, 1,111,155 yen in 1000 and 1,398,02:} yen in 1007. As for the railways in Korea, the Japanese Government spent 7,787,225 yen in 1900 for improvements, construction, repairs ete.. and 1 1,*'01 ,375 yen in 1007, receiving a net profit of 210.200 yen in 1000 and incurring a loss of 70,088 yen in 1907 in the traflic account.

6. Guarantee of Alien Rights.

The so called "Open door policy" in Korea ha.s Wen from the very beginning maintained by the Japanese Government. In both the treaties of alliance between England and Japan, concluded on January 30th, 1002, and on August 12th, 1005, respectively, adherence to that policy was a fundamental key note of the engagements. In the latter treaty especially Japan solemnly and explicitly pledged herself to observe "the principle of equal opportunities for the eommeree and industry of all nation*/' while Great Britain recognised the right of Japan to take measures for u the guidance, control and protection of Korea/' Although Japan, in accordance with the Convention concluded on Xov. 17th, 1005, assumed the entire control of the foreign affairs of Korea and undertook the dutv of watching over '"the execution of the treaties actually existing between Korea and other rowers," live days after the conclusion of this Convention, namely, on Xov. 22nd, 1005, a circular note was addressed to the Treaty Powers, in which the Imperial Government of Japan declared that "in assuming charge of the foreign relations of Korea and undertaking the duty of watching over the execution of the existing treaties of that countrv, tbev will see that those treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice in any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of these Powers in Korea."

Since the establishment of the Residency General in Seoul, the Kesident General has faithfully observed this principle of his Govcrn-

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nient, and exerted his power and influence along the line of the "Opcndoor policy.'' For example, the privilege of mining in Korea was not previously given to aliens, except by special grant in rare cases. But as a result of the operation of the mining laws and their detailed regulations, enacted, in 1JKM5, hy the adviec of the Residency General, mining concessions became open to any alien on making due application; and the right of transferring the concession by sale, gift, succession or mortgage was fully secured. Such was also the case with the holding of real estate. A provision in the Korean criminal law prohibits Koreans from selling real estate (privato or public), or any forest land outside the treaty limits, to aliens, either directly or indirectly. Nevertheless the laws for certifying the proprietor-hip of houses ;md lands and the foreclosing of mortgages, create competence to recognize the right of aliens to own real estate under certain conditions.

Debt claims and complaints by foreigners against the Korean Court or Government were not promptly or satisfactorily settled until the Resident General began to take charge of matters concerning foreigner:. This may be illustrated by reference to a claim fur a large sum preferred by a foreign tirm in Seoul against the Korean Court on account of imported rice, railway material and ammunition. The affair had boon long outstanding when, application having been made to the Residency General, the latter proposed to have it settled by a commission of inquiry, consisting of members of the Finance Bureau of the Imperial Household, of the Residency General, and of the Consulate whose national was concerned. The investigation lasted several months, and it was finally decided that a due amount should 1o paid to the firm. Moreover, claims for salary made by two foreign engineers in the service of the Imperial Household, and by an employee; a claim by a foreign bank in connexion with a discounted note, and a claim on account of provisions supplied to the Imperial Household by a Chinese Firm, were all satisfactorily settled through the good offices of the Residency General.

Ii. Administration.

7. The Imperial Household.

Although Japan has assumed protectory responsibility in Korea, yet the strengthening of the Imperial House and the maintenance of its dignity have ken, and ever will be, one of her fundamental principles. In the Protocol concluded on February 2:Jrd, lt04, the Japanese Government guaranteed "the safety and tranquillity of the Imperial House of Korea.*' Again, in the convention concluded on November 17, 1905, when the right of establishing the Residency General at. Seoul was secured, the Japanese Government declared that it undertook "to maintain the welfare and dignity of the Imperial House of Korea." Soon after the Resident General had assumed his duties in Seoul, he repeatedly advised the Korean Court to clearly differentiate the functions of the Court from those of the State, their confusion having been a chief cause of the weakness and corruption of the Korean Government and of the Imperial Court as well. i

The separation of the Slate from the Imperial Household had been attempted previously soon after the Sino-Japancse war, under Japanese advisers, by the enactment of regulations for the Cabinet and for the Department of the Imperial Household. As a result of these measures, the Imperial Household Department was created for the first time, the sphere of its activities being confined purely to Household matters, administrative functions bcini: left entirely to the Cabinet, and the Minister of the Imperial Household not being included among the members of the Cabinet. Put these reform measures were rendered wholly inoi>crative by the coup d'elat of 11)5-181)0, which resulted in the Imperial Household soon again becoming confused with the Executive. Administrative officials were appointed through the Minister of the Imperial Household; offices were often sold by him, or by influential officials in the Imperial Household, without reference to the Minister

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(ti* State eoucc rued, ami not only were taxes collected by officials despatched from the Imperial Household, but also the sphere of national finance was in other ways frequently invaded by them. This confusion produced innumerable evils and abuses in the Imperial Household. Many thousands of incapable officials were appointed and many superfluous offices created, some of the latter keeping separate accounts and collecting revenue and paying expenses independently. Sales of offices, bribes, and confiscations of private property were quite prevalent among influential officials in the imperial Household. Further, although theoretically the Minister of the Imperial Household controlled all officials under him and alone had com- }>etenee to address the Throne and obtain Imperial sanction, yet many officials, favorites of the Emperor, independently and freely approached the Sovereign and irresponsibly gave counsel to his .Majesty. The Imperial Palace was moreover frequented by diviners, fortune-tellers and other persons, men and womeu, of obscure origin and questionable character, their sole object being to cheat and extract money from the Imperial purse,, in co-operation with native smd foreign schemers. Political as well as personal dissensions occasioned plots and counterplots even within the Palace itself. In the face of these perilous conditions the Kesidont General could not remain silent. Hence, as stated in the report fur l'JCMi, the Residency General, having obtained the imperial consent, caused, in 1 IK Mi, the Police Adviser to station constables at each gate of the Palace, in order to keep off jicrsons of questionable character, and at the same time "the Palace Precincts Ordinance'' was promulgated, by which passes were to be issued only to known persons who had legitimate business with the Court.

Thus the Kesident General used his ln-st exertions to purify the chronic state of corruption which had became so deeply rooted in the imperial .Household, and to improve the management of Court affairs, through the intervention of advisers and councillors. J!nt inasmuch as tin Court was free to accept or reject this advice at will, the reform- in the Imperial Household were not satis-

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factorily carried into effect mil il the conclusion of tlio Xow Agreement. As a result of the latter, the Resident General acquired the right of more direct intervention in the affairs of the Imperial House, and Japanese officials were nominated to important offices in the Court. New regulations for the Imperial Household were promulgated on Novcmlier 20th, 1007. By them the Minister of the Household alone has the right to address the Throne and obtain its sanction in matters concerning the Imperial Household, and. whereas twenty four oflb-es had existed in the previous organization, these were consolidated or reduced to thirteen, an establishment of several thousand officials being cut down to, at most, onethird of that numW, while accounts hitherto kept independently at various offices were brought under the sole management of the "Xni-rhan Won" (Bureau of Accounts).

As the properties owned or controlled by the Imperial House had fallen into a disordered condition, a "Bureau of Re adjustment of the Imperial House Property," under the superintendence of the Minister of the Household, was also established in "November, 1007. This Bureau is to conduct all business relating to the ro-adjusfmont, maintenance and management of properties movable or immovable, of the Imperial H<u<c.

Again, the pro|>erties owned or managed by ihe Imperial Ho ;se, being much confused or confounded with those belonging to the State, an "Imperial and State Property Investigation Committee" has been established to examine into the condition of the properties of the Imperial House and the State, to define their respect are ownership and to settle matters relating to their readjustment. Its r.r-offJrio committee consisted of the Vice-Ministers of the Imperial Household, and of the "Department of Finance' and ihe Inferior, under th-- Presidency of the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry; but as this has some relation to taxation, the detailed results of the Coinmitlee's investigations will be given later on.

8. The Central Administration.

The Korean administrative system in the Central Government, like the Central Government in China, was conducted bv a board consisting

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of Ministers of State and other influential personages in the Imperial Court. It was called the W <-jomi-pu (deliberative board). Being essentially what its title implies, namely, a delil>orative l>ody, its head Minister ( Wi-jong) had no adequate power to control the administration of the various departments or to maintain uniformity or harmony among them, his duties being little more than to preside at the eouneil meetings. 1'nder sucli a system, even llie detailed regulations <.f a particular administrative department having to he submitted for approval hy the W'i-jimif-fiii. i-ach Minister of Slate had little discretionary power, that promptness and efficiency were hardly to he expected. Tt naturally resulted that many superfluous office* came info existence and incompetent officials were appointed. Furthermore, the confusion lietwcen the State ami the Court, mentioned above, constantly hampered the execution of administrative measure*.

Tn the reforms of 1S n modern system of administration was irst inaugurated by establishing a Cabinet, in which the Minister of the Imperial Household was not included, the object being to draw a clear line of demarcation U-tween the Court and the Stale. Tint ibis reform was defeated by the Coup tl'rfat of IS'lfi. (he Cabinet being then abolished and the old syslem of del iterative government restored hy an Imperial edict issued on SoptemW 2-ltli of that year. Thereafter, according to a body of amended regulations for the organization of the TVlilterative Hoard, issued as an Imperial edict on .In no loth. lsl>s, ih,. "Minister of tlx 4 Imperial Household Ava* again included among the mciulior* of the Cabinet, the old confusion between the affairs of (he Slate and those of the Imperial Household being thus recreated.

After the Uusso Japanese Avar, the Japanese Financial Adviser to the Korean Government tir*l suggested reforming the administrative organization from the fiscal side. That to say, reforms were confined to reduction of unnecessary officials: the abolition or amalgamation of different parts of the State establishment, and the re-distribution of official functions Wing relegated to the future. Thus, under the provision* of regulations relad'uu to the eslablislnueiit ,,f the Central (iovernment.

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which wore issued in March 100.1, the number of officials was reduced 1 front 7.11 to 171, and although the State saved only 40,000 yen by tliis reform, the honesty of tlie officials was secured to a large extent by increasing their salaries. Moreover, the functions of the Minister of the Imperial Household were by regulation confined to affairs of the Household only and thus the separation of the State from the Court was attempted.

Acting on the advice of the Residency General, the Korean Government improve] its central administration by the operation of new regulations relating to Cabinet organization ( issued on dune loth, 1007). The term "Cabinet" was substituted for that of Wi-jntuj-jni. Tt consisted of a Minister President of State and Ministers of (Tome Affairs, Finance, Education, War, Justice, anil Agricultural. Commercial and Industrial Affairs. As for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was transferred to Japan by the convention concluded on November 17th, 100.1. The Minister President of State (Prime Minister) is empowered to control the Ministers of the several Departments and to maintain harmony among them. Every law or Imperial Ordinance has to l>o countersigned by the Prime Minister and the Minister, or Ministers, of State concerned in the matter, and the signatories are responsible to the Sovereign for the measure.

According to the regulations for the organization of the various Departments of Stale, promulgated in Dccemlier, lt>07, though the Minister of each Department is under ihe control of the Prime Minister and must obtain Imperial sanction through the latter in appointing or rnmoving high officials in his Department, he has ample discretionary power to is*ne administrative decrees within his jurisdiction and to appoint or dismiss snliordinate officials. The function of the Vice-Minister of State, who is to be a Japanese and from whom administrative efficiency is expected, is "to assist iiie Minister of Slate, to take charge of Departmental affairs and to snrporvise all business of the Department."

In regard to the organization of the various Departments, all matters relating to the amalgamation and abolition of offices previously existing, the creation of new offices and the read justment, of administrative business.

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Is

arc to lie in accordance with the provisions of the now regulations, in order to secure uniformity and efficiency in the administration of the country. The customs administration, hitherto independent of the Finance Department, has became a bureau of the latter. The Bureau of Water Works lias been transferred from the Finance Department to that of Homo Affairs, whore it has been amalgamated with the Bureau of Public Roadunder the name of ''Bureau of Public. Works.'' The prison administration has been moved from the Home Department to the Department of Justice. The experimental station for the manufacture of salt, hitherto managed by the Finance Department, has been brought tinder the management of the Department of Agriculture. Industry and Commerce; and so on.

As a result of the conclusion of the Xew Agreement, two Secretaries and four Clerk? in the Cabinet office, the Vice-Minister and one third of the Secretaries and Clerks in each Department, the Chief of the Bureau, of Police Affairs, the Inspector General of the Metropolitan Police Board ami the Chief of the Customs Bureau are to be Japanese, by whose aid it is hoped that administrative efficiency will 1m* obtained and from whom Korean officials are expected to assimilate administrative routine.

Owing to the political jealousy hitherto prevalent in Korea, the instability of the Ministry was so great, and changes in the Cabinet were -o frequent, that reforms otherwise feasible were often hindered. But the Resident Geivral. as soon as he assumed office in Seoul, urged the Emperor to support the existing Ministry as far as possible. Ever since that time the Cabinet has been unchanged, and many reforms accomplished by it under the guidance of the Resident General are earnest of the good workto be hereafter done in improving the condition of the country.

9. The Local Administration.

The degenerate state of the local administration and the extortion practised by its officials in Korea were even more prominent than the corruption of the Central Government. The first measure of reform in local administration took place in I*!*.", when Pak Vonghyo, then

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Minister of Home Affairs, divided the country into 20 administrative prefectures and 331 districts, by Imperial edict Xo. OS. This reform was abrogated in the next year, and the former conditions were practically restored: viz, ;i division into 13 provinces, three prefectures and 341 district*, with a Knan-chal-sa (governor) for each province, a l'u-t/iin (prefect ) for e:icli prefecture, a Kun-su (magistrate) for each district, and a Kum-ni (superintendent) for each treaty port. They were nominally controlled by the Central Government, and their jurisdiction was also defined by law; but in really they abused their powers, collecting more thau the legal taxes and administering justice at their own pleasure. In 1905, as a preminary step to the improvement of local administration, Japanese advisers in finance and advisory police were attached to the provincial governments, as councillors in affairs of local adminis tration. In order to economise the expenses of local administration and to establish uniformity, it was further proposed Unit the 13 provinces should be reduced to S, the treaty ports converted into prefectures 'making a total of 12 prefectures), and the districts reduced to 17:}. Cut this reform was not carried out.

Soon after the Kesident General had assumed his duties in Korea, he was confronted by the question of local administration, among nciny others. As stated in the report for 1900, a sj>ccial commission, consisting of several Korean officials and two Japanese from the staff of the llcsidency General, was established under the direction of the Kesident General in order to draft measures for the improvement of local administration, by thoroughly investigating the root of the evils and abuses incidental to the old system, while, at the same time, being careful to avoid radical changes such as might provoke needless popular antagonism. This investigation found expression in the organic laws of the local administration, embodied in Imperial edicts and decrees of the Department, of Home affairs, issued in September, 1000. According to these laws, the offices of crown commissioner and of superintendent in the treaty ports were abolished, and districts containing open ports were elevated to prefectures, making the total administrative divisions of the country 13

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province-", 11 prefectures and :>.'5.'> districts. Although, under tliis system, provincial governors were to 1k> controlled by 'lie Central Government, and prefects and magistrate* ly tlie provincial governors, a certain measure of local autonomy was recognized, such as a governor's power to levy local taxes and to issue administrative decrees, the same authority l)eiug given to prefects and magistrates within their jurisdictions. As corruption in connexion with the sale and purchase of offices and the appointment of unqualified officials cried aloud for remedy, a "Local Civil Service Supervisory Cominitte" was established: and it was enacted that the appointment of all local administrative high officials must be subject to examination and approval by this Committee. In order to encourage honesty among officials, salaries were increased all round, and an entertaining allowance was given to principal officials.

liy the reform measures of 1 1M M. the local administration under the Japanese advisers was expected to improve gradually as compared with its former condition, and was also expected to prepare the way for a system of local autonomy, the old idea of decentralization being preserved. It was soon found, however, that a more centralized administration was needed for the practical welfare of Korea. long as her political, social and economic conditions were in a primal ivc stage: and that, for purposes of local administrative reform, guidance more direct than mere advice was neee-arv. Hence, after the conclusion of the N'ew Agivemciit. well qualified Japanese suhjeHs have been appointed to the posts of Secretary (one), Chief Police Jn-|K.-ctor (one) and Cleiks (three) in each provincial government. Further, by the provisions of the new regulation- for the organization of the local administrations, issued on the L'Mh of Deecmb-r. the provincial governors' power of levying local taxes. Avhieh had lx-en conferred by the previous regulations, \va- rescinded; their jurisdiction in matters relating to weights and measures and mineral products was transferred to the Central Government; and the power of prefects and local magistrates to issue administrative decrees was also revoked. The functions of the Secretary (Japanese) in the provincial governments, by

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whose efforts large improvement in the efficiency of local administration is hoped for, arc primarily to assist the Governor, to act in the hitter's capacity in case of his absence or temporary inability to discharge fluty; and to have charge of all matters relating to local administration, charity, religion, ceremonies, public works, education, foreigners and the encouragement of industry. The functions of the Chief Police Inspector (Japanese) are to have charge of matters relating to police, sanitation, census and emigration.

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Iii. Judiciary.

10. Judicial Reform.

In Oriental countries, generally speaking, the judiciary is not separate from the executive, and this used to be specially true in Korea, where provincial governors and local magistrates commonly discharged judicial functions in their executive capacity. Judicial reforms were begun first under Japanese advisers soon after the China-Japan war. A code for the constitution of law courts was promulgated on March 25th, 1895. It provided for the establishment of a special court to deal with crimes committed by members of the imperial family, a court of cassation, circuit courts, "treaty-port courts" which should administer justice in cases of an international nature, and local courts. At the same time, a law school was founded for the purpose of training judges, public procurators, and clerics. This organization existed on paper only: the work of putting it into practice was largely neglected. Excepting the establishment of the court of cassation and the Seoul local court, the other courts mentioned above never came into actual existence. The provincial governors, prefects, superintendents of treaty [torts, and district magistrates continued to assume the name, and discharge the functions, of judges in administering justice. Civil cases were for the most part determined according to the amount of the bribe offered by plaintiff ur defendant, and criminal cases by the abitrary will of the judge. Until very recently there was no such thing as a barrister to defend a suspected criminal; a witness was in many cases considered a part ice ps criminis; and torture was commonly resorted to as a means of procuring evidence required by the magistrate. Under such a state of things the conviction of innocent people ami the confiscation of their property were common occurrences. Even in such independent tribunals as the Court of Cassation and the Seoul Local Court, judges and procurators, being utterly deficient in legal knowledge and training, often delivered wrong judgments. Under the treaty stipulation.- Korean courts

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can entertain actions brought by foreigners against tlie people of tlie country, but as the judicial tribunals are held in ridicule by foreigners, cases against Korean subjects were almost sure to be made international questions, and thus carried into diplomatic channels.

Impressed by the urgent necessity of protecting life and property, the Resident General, while avoiding any introduction of radical reforms in the organization of the Korean Courts, caused the Korean Government, a? stated in the last report ("i.e. for 1900), to engage a Japanese councillor and assistants in the Department of Judicial affairs, who should take an active part, in the administration of judicial business and superintend the revision of laws and ordinances. Tn addition to increasing the number of judges and clerks in the Court of Cassation and the Seoul Local Court, a Japanese legal assistant Avas attached to each of these courts, to aid in the proper administration of justice. A Japanese legal assistant was also appointed to each court connected with the offices of governors or prefectures, though governors and prefects still retained their judicial functions as heretofore: and a .Japanese Assistant Police-Adviser was stationed in each district to act as legal assistant, in the court of that district magistrate. These appointment-* of Japanese with advisory powers to Korean courts produced some good results. Thus the system of torture was abolished; the arrest of a person on a civil charge was suspended: the detention of alleged offenders in the courthouse was stopped; and all judges were strictly .-barged to keep the records of decisions rendered by them.

But so long as the judicial branch of the Government was not separated from the executive, the evils and abuses f.f the old system, which are so deeply rooted, could not be fully removed.

"By the Xew Agreement the Resident General secured from the Korean Government a pledge to separate the judiciary from the executive, as the first step in the direction of complete judicial reform. The Korean Government agreed also to appoint Japanese subjects to the following offices in the Korean courts which were to he established:—

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1. A chief justice, a chief procurator, two judges and five clerk* in the Court of Passat ion.

2. A chief justice, two judges, n chief procurator, an assistant procurator ami five clerks in each of the three Courts of Appeal.

Tn the eight Local Courts. tlu> chief justices, the senior procurators, thirtv two judges ami oihtv clerks.

4. A judge and a clerk in each District Court.

'Regulations relating to the organization of the law courts were finally emi'-tcd on Deeeiulter 27th. 1!M>7. According to these Regulations the country is to have 12." courts altogether, viz: — A Court of Cassation, or Supreme Court, in Seoul; Courts of ApjM-al in Seoul. Tyiing-yang and Taiku. respectively; & Local Courts, one at Seoul ami one in each of the capitals of the other seven provinces of the old administrative division: and finally. 11. District Courts in the principal districts throughout the Country. Korea has adopted the so-called "three trial system," which is that in practice in Japan a- well as in continental Kurope. The District and Local Courts are to hear civil and criminal cases in first instance. The former trihunals deal with minor offences and with civil suits involving sums not exceeding two hundred Yen, hut with the right of appeal to a Local Court. A case originating in a Local Court goes up to a Court of Appeal, while a case hronght up from a District court to a Local Court must lie referred direct to the Court of Cassation. The Court of Cassation 1ms jurisdiction also in matter- carried up from the Courts of Appeal, and has >ole jurisdiction in first and hist instance over all criminal cases hronght again-t any member of the Imperial House. Tn the District Courts the hearing is to he hefore a single judge, hut in the other courts ihe hunch is collegiate.

11. Codification of Laws.

The Koreans had Utile or no conception of private rights -,s these were understood elsewhere in the Orient. Thus such maladministration existed for a long time that public officials were accustomed to pay only scant respect to the private rights of the people, und the latter, on iheir

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side, dared not complain against official extortion. In short, civil law guaranteeing private rights had practically mo existence. This is undoubtedly one of the main causes of the people's impoverishment Although the existing code of criminal law was enacted as late as April 1005, it is still intolerably severe in the punishments it prescribes, nor is it free from defects in many other ways. The death penalty is not confined to wilful murder, but extends even to the case of thieves who enter the Imperial Palace or a temple, and treason, manslaughter and desecration of graves are the offences most commonly visited with capital punishment. On the other hand, many penalties may l>e lightened or commuted on payment of money. Moreover, in the administration of these laws, so little independence is enjoyed by the judiciary that, in ciise of doubt as to proper application of the laws, the judges in the Court of Cassation or any other Court must consult the "Minister of the Department of Justice nnd decide in accordance with his opinion, which is final.

Among the various administrative reforms the Kcsidcnt General soon felt the necessity of codifying the Korean law so that it should l>eeonie competent to protect life and property. To that end Dr. I'me, Professor in the Law College of the Imperial University of Tokyo, one of the leading framers of the Japanese Civil Code, was invited to proceed to Korea. Laws regarding real estate in Korea, where the ownership of land very ambiguous, being primarily important, iht Korean Government, by the advice of the "Resident General, appointed

a committee, under the presidency of Dr. Ume, for the purpose of drafting au ''Immovable Prosify Law." This was in July 1000, and, as stated in the report for that year, the result of the work done by the Committee finally became binding under the title of "Land and Building Certification Regulations,'' which were promulgated by Imperial Kdict No. fi5 on October .11, 100(1, the law going into operation on and after the 1st of December of the same year. The fundamental object of this law is to guarantee to natives as well as to foreigners, legitimate rights of ownership of real estate, on certifying, at a local magistracy

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or :i -Ta}>:uw<c Residency, contracts for (lie transfer of lauds an<l buildings by salt*, exchange, gift or mortgage, and also to prevent any fraudulent transaction in matters of this kind. Soon afterwards, regulations governing procedure in the foreclosure of mortgages on lands and buildings wen- promulgated by Imperial Edict "No. SO on the 27th of December. Further, in December, 1907, the work of drafting other laws was transferred from the Real Estate Investigation Committee 1o the Code

Investigation Bureau, which was established by Imperial EdiH CO under date of December 23rd, 1907. This Bureau was instructed to compile Codes of Civil and Criminal Law and Procedure. Dr. Kuratomi, the Vice-Minister of Justice, is r.roffirio Chief of the Bureau: Dr. Prof. Time is attached to the Bureau as Counsellor; Mr. Kim, Chief of the Section of Criminal Affairs in the Korean Government. Mr. Matsudera and Mr. Anzn. Secretaries of the Judicial Department, form the rest of the

Bureau. The drafting of Codes of Civil Law and Civil Procedure has l>ecn assigned Dr. due. and that of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure to Dr. Kuratomi. Meantime, to meet the immediate needs of the new Courts which will Iv soon, the Criminal Code hitherto existing in Korea is under revision by Dr. Kuratomi. and a Code of Procedure applicable to both criminal and civil cases is rapidly being compiled as a temporary measure.

12. Consular Jurisdiction.

Consuls or Residents in Korea have civil as well as criminal jurisdiction over the lif? and property of their national* by virtue of the treaty stipulations. That is to say, foreign offenders in criminal cases, using their consular courts, are protected against any arbitrary proceedings of the local courts and against the severe punishments of native laws, while foreign defendants in civil cases are guaranteed against any arbitrary decisions of native courts. Subjects n r citizens of the Treaty Powers are also exempted from certain forms of taxes, and from other administrative control by native official-. Taking into eon-

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sideration the historical conditions which existed in Korea at the time when the treaties were concluded, it was quite natural that civilized nations should have wished to make their consular jurisdiction as extensive as possible, even though they pushed it beyond the limits of treaty stipulations.

Such privileges and exemptions, however, are not free from disadvantages. These were hardly noticed during the period when the number of foreign residents was small, and their requirements were relatively simple; whereas the importance of maintaining adequate safeguard* against the arbitrary proceedings of the native Government was very palpable. But with the progressive tide of reforms, the conditions of Korean life are changing year by year. Improved methods of government, central and local, are gradually taking root throughout the country; modern law courts, with competent Japanese judges and procurators associated, are steadily replacing the old tribunals. It is a recognised fact that under the guidance of the Resident General, with the co-operation of Japanese subjects who have been recommended for their special fitness, the Korean Administration is changing the situation heretofore existing. The importance of maintaining consular jurisdiction has thus greatly diminished ; and it is now rather the case that certain inconveniences resulting from its continuance are becoming palpable.

Many missionaries, some of them helping to maintain schools and hospitals, arc residing in towns and villages in the interior quite outside treaty limits; many hundreds of miners — Americans, Chinese and Japanese—arc employed in mines; several foreigners now own real estate in places even outside treaty limits; more particularly, a number of Japanese and Chinese arc engaging in agriculture in the interior of the country. So soon, however, as the Korean Government ceases to be arbitrary, law-abiding subjects and citizens of foreign nations should desiderate its positive protection in their activities, in lieu of the purely negative preventive system now prevailing. Futhcrmore, tho differences of procedure observed by different nationalities in their consular courts discourage native as well as foreign plaintiffs from having recourse to the

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laws administered there. Again, in appeal cases, tlic inconvenience of recourse to appeal courts constitute-? a similar discouragement, seeing that an appeal ease under British or American consular jurisdiction in Korea must Ik? carried to" Shanghai, and, in the case of the French tribunals, to Saigon.

The Japanese Government, .since the reform of the Korean Police organization in September, 11)07, has relied upon the Korean Police force, and abolished its own, hitherto maintained in the former consulates and subsequent Kesideneies. As .Japan has predominating interests in Korea, she should take the lead in withdrawing her Consular jurisdiction. The United States, at the very outset of her entrance into treaty relations with Korea, in May, 1882, generously encouraged the Korean Government by promising to withdraw her consular jurisdiction under the following stipulations: —

'It is, however, mulually agreed between tin- Jligh Contracting Powers, that whenever the King ot Chosen shall have so far modified and reformed the statutes and judicial procedure of his kingdom that, in the judgment of the United States, they conform to the laws and courts in the United States, the right of extraterritorial jurisdiction of the United States' citizens in Chosen shall be abandoned, and thereafter United States citizens, when within the limits of the kingdom of Chosen, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the native authorities."

A similar provision is made by treaty, declaration or protocol with Great Pritaiu. France, Germany, Italy. Pclgium, Austria Hungary and Denmark.

13. Reforms in Prison Administration.

Prison administration as heretofore carried out in Korea is a malleialmost too unsavory to dcscrilc. The most common forms of punishment were hcutiug, imprisonment, and eontiueiucut in the stocks. The Penal Code is full of directions for administering floggings, which were often so severe as to render the victim a cripple for life, if he did not die under the infliction. Major offences, even

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robbery, are fur the most part regarded as punishable by death, and although capital punishment, which formerly mount decapitation, has recently been replaced by hanging, yet even this latter form of execution ha.s been most cruelly carried out, being in fact slow strangulation, so that the victim is in pain for half an hour or more. Women convicted of major crimes were often executed by poisons calculated to inflict terrible agony before death ensured. Although regulations for prison administration more or less on the basis of modem principles were enacted in .January, 1898, yet their enforcement was not separated from the functions of the ordinary executive, being left under the control of the Inspector General of Police in Seoul and of the Provincial Governors in the provinces. Consequently, prison administration, instead of aiming at the punishment of criminals in the interest of public safety, was often prostituted to private ends so that innocent jicoplo were frequently throwni into jail simply at the dictates of political or personal vengeance. The new regulations provided that the treatment of prisoners awaiting trial should be differentiated from that of those already convicted. But in practice no such discrimination was made. Again, injustice in the treatment of convicts of the lower classes was very marked, so that while an offender of high official rank or the better class of civilians could have the company of his family in the prison yard and could order any luxury in the way of food or bedding, a convict of the poorer class could hardly obtain two meals a day, and often died of actual starvation. As to sanitary measures, nothing was provided. Most of the prison buildings in the provinces were mere shelters, often with earth floors. In winter, when the thermometer fell below zero, there were

many cases of death from cold. In hot summers, on the other hand, prisoners often fell victims to epidemic diseases. Even the prison compound in Seoul, which was established in 1002, bas no separate building for the sick.

When judicial reforms were commenced in 1906 by introducing Japanese legal councillors in the various courts, tho Resident General caused the advisory police inspectors attached to the provincial govorn-

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inent offices to improve the prison administration as far as circumstancemight permit. Efforts were made to differentiate the treatment of prisoners awaiting trial from that of convicts; three regular meals a day wero given to all prisoners; rigorous sanitary measures were prescribed for times of epidemic disease; special rooms were to be set apart for the sick; outdoor work, such as street cleaning, was introduced to give air and exercise to prisoners. For moral purposes, religious teaching was to be given to the prisoners and convicts on Sundays by Christian teachers, and, on Wednesdays, by .Buddhist*.

Under the New regime, nine prisons were to be established throughout the country, one on some island and the others in places where Local Courts are situated ; the head warden and half the warders in each prison being Japanese. According to the liegulations for Prison Administration, which were promulgated by Imperial edict No. on December 12th, 11)07, the prison administration has been brought under the control and supervision of the Minister of Justice; one or more physicians are to Ikj permanently attached to each prison, and women jailors are to be in charge of female prisoners.

The new prison for Seoul has been built outside the West (iate. The compound is 7,1"/.) laubo acres) in extent; and the building, begun on January 10th, U07, was finished on December 20th, the whole cost being -is.Jj.Vs yen. Although all the structures are of wood, they arc arranged from the point of view of sanitation and so as to facilitate general oversight. In addition to the office buildings, to which are attached the medical quarters, there are three prison edifices — one each for male convicts, for female convicts and for prisoners awaiting trial. Of the two hospital buildings, one is for ordinary patients; the other for the isolation of contagious eases. The building where capital punishment is carried out. has arrangements for hanging in the speediest way.

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14. Police Force.

The Koreans formerly had no administrative branch of police. The P'o-do-ch(m<j ("Burglar Capturing Office'') in the Central Government discharged the functions of police in the capital, while provincial governors were allowed 1o exercise jiolice powers in connection with prison administration. Owing to abuse of these police powers the people enjoyed little security of life and property.

After the conclusion of the war with China. Japanese advisers were engaged to reform the Korean police administration, and Regulation* for a Metropolitan Police Board were issued in April, 1305. According to tiles' 1 "Regulations, the Inspector General of the Board was entrusted with the functions of administering and superintending police and prison affairs in Seoul and its neighbourhood. Tinder regulations for local administration which wore promulgated in May, an office of Police Inspector was attached to the Governor's office in each province, this Inspector's duty being to carry out the local police administration ; and thereafter various laws and edicts relative to the duties and uniform of police officers Avcre issued. All were founded on the Japanese system. But. like the reform measures in other directions, nothing was actually done to improve the Korean police administration.

Meanwhile, the Japanese police attached to the Consulates gradually grew in number, as the Japanese residents in Korea steadily increased. In XovemlHT, 1900, there were one Chief Inspector in the Legation, and 20 captains and 250 constables distributed among the Consulates; but. as a result of the establishment of the Residency General and the Residencies, the constitution of this police force was changed to one Director of Police Affairs and two Police Inspectors, attached to the Residency General; Police Inspectors to the Residencies, and fifty Police Captain-' to the Residency General and the Residencies; the total

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number of constables being rixed at :>00. The Japanese gendarmerie stationed in Korea, primarily for tlio protection of lines of telegraph after the China-Japan war and subsequently for guarding the railway as well, steadily increased after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. and on the establishment of the Residency General, they were entrusted with the functions of both ' high and ordinary police." which measures contributed much to the safety and good order of the country. On the other hand, the Korean Government, in 100.", engaged Japanese advisory police a preliminary step to improving the native police administration. Tn accordance with the advice of the Resident General, the Korean Government, in 1000. appropriated M00, 000 yen for the establishment of a Police Advisory Board in each of the thirteen Provincial Governments, under which 20 stations and 122 sub stations wore to l>o created. When this programme was completed in XovoiuImt, 1000, the nnmWs of the Japanese police engaged by Korea as "Advisory Police** were, in all, 21 Inspectors, 5 I Captains. 40 Interpreters, and 01" constables, while those of the native force numbered 22 Inspectors, 4."> Captains, and over 2,000 patrolmen. As stated in the reports for 1000, thee three independent police systems - ( 1 ) the gendarmerie. (2 the Japanese Residency Police, and (X) the native police force assisted by Japanese advisers — were brought under the control of the Resident General.

Under the new regime Japanese subjects have been appointed to the posts nf Chief of the Bureau of Police Affairs in the Home Department and Inspector General of the "Metropolitan Police Poards ; while most of the Japanese formerly engaged in the various Police Advisory Boards have been made inspectors, captains and constables in the Korean police. T'nder an agreement signed on October 20. 1007. by the Resident General and Prime Minister of the Korean Government, the Japanese police force attached to the Residencies ha* been amalgamated with the police force maintained by the Korean Government. But it is stipulated that police a {fairs relating to Japanese subjects in Korea shall, under the command and superintendence of the Residents or other Japanese authorities, bo conduct. .] by Police oliicct-s appointed in accordance with the provisions

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of this agreement. Further, a- provided hy the Organizat ion Regulations of the Homo Department, issued in Deeemher, 1007, a Puroau of Police Affairs has Ix-en created, whose functions are to have charge of general police administration, of higher police functions, of the censorship of printed matters, and of husinoss connected with domicile, census, and emigration: while the Organization Regulations ,f the Metropolitan Police Poard. issued in I Vcemher 10<>7, assign to Inspector- General the charge of all matters relating to ordinary police, fins and sanitation, in the Imperial Palace, in Seoul, and in the province of Kyeng-ki. The Chief Police Inspectors of the Provincial Governments have charge of ordinary police affairs, as well as of sanitation, the census and emigration.

Under these new Peculations, the police system of Korea has Leon reorganized as follows: S police stations. hranch stations and 40 suMtranch stations, under the charge of tlie Metropolitan Police Poard; and 20 stations. 30 hranch stations, jind 207 suh hranch stations in the , other provinces. The nuin Iters of Japanese who have heen appointed to the Korean ]K)lice force are in all 24 inspectors. 115 captains. l.P0S constahle. "i4 physicians and 12 interpreters; while the Korean menders of the force numher 17 inspectors, 07 captains, 3,0.". 7 constahles and 40 interpreters Tudor (lie present system the Koreans have one Japanese police official for each 2,727 units of the population, the total Korean population lning 0.7*1. 071.

15. Military Defence.

When Korea entered into treaty relations with the outer world, her military condition was one of total incompetence, not only for ourpi.seof defence against outward pressure, hut even for maintaining peace and order at home. The Korean Government first introduced modern discipline in 12 and engaged two Japanese officers a- iu-t rnetm>. 1 in t i'i the dislnrhances which occurred during the -aim- vear. the new military fore** was overwhelmed hy the moh; Japan's Legation was hurt down and her Minister had to lly from Seoul for safty. In the seiptel ,,f this husinr ss Japan secured the right of stationing a guard at the Legation

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to protect it in case of emergency. Tint when again tlic Japanese Legation wns attackoil in 1884 by Korean and Chinese soldiery, a convention was negotiated (1885) in Tientsin, by wbieb Japan and China undertook to withdraw all their military forces from Korea, and agreed that if, in the future, either of the high contracting parties should deem it necessary to send troops to Korea in defence of its own interests, the step should not l>o taken without formal notice to the other party. The weakness of the Korean military force was the real ultimate cause of the China-Japan war in 1804. and after that war the Korean Ciovemmont inaugurated reforms in the military organization with the object of placing it on a sound basis like that of Japan, Put this innovation, in common with other measures of reform, was interrupted by the Queen's murder in 1800, in consequence of which Japan and Russia, by memorandum signed on "May 14th 1800. mutually agreed to station guards in Seoul and at the treaty ports to protect their respective Legations and Consulates.

Soon after the outbreak of war between Japan and 'Russia, the Korem Government, by a Protocol dated February 23rd. 1004, granted to the Japanese Government the right to take such military measures and to occupy such places might be considered necessary for strategical purposes, in case the welfare of the Imperial House of Korea or her territorial integrity wen- endangered by the aggressions of a third Tower or by internal disturbance*, (treat. Pritain and Russia suWquently j:cknowledged Japanese "paramount" military interest in Korea, and 'ngaged. by the Anglo-.Iapanese Alliance and the Treaty of Portsmouth, respectively, not to interfere with Japan's position as guide, protector, and controller of military measures in the Peninsula. Accordingly, Japan, having assumed military responsibilities in Korea, has maintained in that country, since the war with Russia, a force varying from one Division and a half to two Divisions. ,md disbursed ym .'J.;772,r44 as ordinary and extraordinary expenditures ,' n IsOO. ami ym : , .444.r,28 in "1 007.

Although the Japanese Government took over the military control of Korea, the reform of ihe country's native forces was not neglected. Japanese military advisers introduced many improvements in the Korean

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Army, and ;it their suggestion, the Korean Government enacted a coiuscription law mi July 2nd. l'.'OT, by which all males from 17 to 40 became liable for military service. Soon, however, it. was found impossihle to instil ideas of modem discipline into troops, who had been accustomed to receive fixed pay lured sodiers. Recourse was therefore had to training the young generation iiy means of proper education. Hence it was thought that the sum spent on the Army, namely, a million and a half yen annually, might 1m* devoted with greater advantage to productive purposes for augmenting the national welfare, and the Korean Government, appreciating this view, disbanded all the troops, except tlic Imperial Guard, by an Imperial Resciipt promulgated on August 1st, 1U07. which read as follows: —

"We regard it as an urgent need of the day that at this time when State affairs are multitudinous, every effort should 1k> made to practise economv with the view of devoting funds to the prosecution of useful enterprises. Reflection shows that as our present Army is composed ot hired soldiers, ciiojieration has ir.i In-cn assured bctweeu the ranks nor does the force constitute a perfect instrument of national defence. We intend henceforth to institute sweeping reforms of the military system, devoting attention mainly to the education of officers, with the purpose of subsequently instituting the conscription system and thus furnishing the country with a strong army. We therefore hereby order Our officials to select men necessary for guarding the Imperial Family, and temporarily to disband all the rest. We appreciate the loyalty and industry shown by you, officers and men, and grant you gratuities according to your ranks. Officers and Soldiers, take due cognisance of Our wishes, and devote yourselves without error to your own business."

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V. Finance.

16. Public Finance.

Putting aside tin- social ;iti<l n-oin unit- aspects of 1 1 - question, the impoverishment tin- Korean people .t 1 I tlic dchililation their Government nifty ho altrihuled principally to want of differentiation U'tween the Stale and the Court, to corrupt administration of the juil tinunees and to tin- s-onf used eurreney system.

Although i lie Finance ] )cpar1 tueiit of the State nominally chut rolled all tin- tiuaneial affairs of die country, yet many important financial matters o-aped its control. The ii>tons Administration, originally under the control of Sir Kohcit Hart. Inspector General of the Chine-e Imperial ('it>lone, hut rc-lored again to the Korean Government from was independent of tin- Finance Department. The mining lax, courierservice tax. franchise tax. income from the sale of public offices, etc. were collected hy the K i/oiKj Ii-iroii. a Financial Hoard of the Imperial Household. The mint, again, was iiihIit the control of the Imperial Ilon-hold. which relainod it- proiits. The <ji i,(/sr>i<! monopoly, originally conducted hy the Finance Depart men t. pas-cd later into the control of the 7\' i)tnuj-h-irot> , and the imperial Household not only ohtained from the Finance Department extraordinary appropriations, hul often encroached upon the revenue In-longing properly to thai Department. Moreover, compulsory contrihuiions levied hy the Government well a- hy the Court, and extortions h v individual otlicials engaged in the liuaneial affairs of the Court and the State, were very common. The Focal; Government had hudgeiary regulations inihcir national tiuance law. enacted in I which was moilclled on the finance law of .la;aii. The>e regulation-, had served merely to hi pigeon-holed. A so.-;dl. d annual hudgel. or State account, having its expenditure and revenue arhilrariiy ha!;. need, was formally puhlidtcd each

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year, lint not until several mouths afi.r tin* l>oginning of tin- fiscal term; nor had tlic apparent items of outgoings and incomings any connection with tin* true tigurc>s. Their subdivisions, again, were very irregular, inasliiuch as every tiling was based on a confused system of currency, so that the totals were of a most doubtful nature.

On investigating the actual condition of the iinaucial .administration of Korea, (lie Japanese Financial Adviser, soon after his arrival, on Oct. 14. I!>04. decided to form a hudgct for ]!>0.">, and request<*d all tlie I Vpartniciits of State to present their rcsj>cctive estimates to the Finance Department. lint these Departmental returns were not submitted until throe week- before the beginning of the fiscal year, and were then found to be in no case reliable. The Financial Adviser revised them according to the following bases: — salary expenses wore put at the average amount previously paid under this heading Jo the total number of officials; general supplies were estimated by the average cost ; every expenditure was limited to those essential to the national requirements; new undertakings were limited to those of most urgent character; and all conversions of expenditures were estimated by taking the Korean dollar as the. standard, and calculating the gold amount in Japanese yen at the rate of two Kovoau dollars to one gold y u ; the divisions of the budget Wing furthermore ro-arrangod in their correct order. As to the estimates of revenue, there was no more reliable way than to compile them according to the very unsatisfactory items of former budgets, until such time as. the national taxes having been placed upon a proper footing, the state of the revenue could be accurately ascertained. Thus compiled, the national budget for the year ]!Uo was published at the close of the year 1!>04. In order to cnriy the budget into effect, the Financial Adviser summoned the officials of the various Departments who were in charge of the State accounts, and minutely explained to them how the budget should be operated, impressing upon ihcni the urgent necessity of strict

adherence to the amounts c tained in the doeumcnt. They were

soeeiallv instructed 'hat every application for money in expenditure

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accounts would l>c iv filled unless approved by the seal of (lit- Financial Adviser.

17. Reforms in Financial Administration.

J 11 order to establish a fixed method of dealing with tlie State revenues and expenditures and to exorcise adequate .supervision over them, the Financial Adviser caused the Korean Government to carry into effect the general financial laws which, though already existing since had been scarcely noticed hy the Korean officials. On dune iMith. J!0.", detailed regulations regarding revenue and expenditure were promulgated. L>y these the operation of the budget, the balancing of the accounts of each office, the jurisdictional districts of the central treasury and its branches, a- well as definite forms for drafting documents and for book-keeping, were prescribed.

With a view lo checking fraudulent transactions in dealing with public works, and in selling, purchasing, leasing or renting Government properly, the public-tender system was introduced by a decree of the Cabinet, issued on -July 11, 1 and restrictions were imposed upon the selection of Government contractors by requiring them to furnish a certain amount of money as a guarantee.

Further, in order to permanently preserve the Government properties, and chattels, keeping them in good order and preventing their private appropriation by individual officials, a so-called "properly account" was ordered to be kept in each Government office.

The carrying out of special undertakings often rendered it impossible to conform with I he laws and regulations of the general budgetary account. Therefore a system of special accounts was introduced with reference to I he making of public roads, the construction of water works, the building of a printing bureau, the extension of education, the establishment of stations for examining weights and measures, the creation of an experimental model farm for cotton planting, etc.. by various ordinances issued in JIMKi.

Korea had no institution for auditing the Stale accounts until the

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Bureau of Audit was established in the- Finance Department in April 1!)0(5. In July, regulations for tho Bureau of Audit ( Imperial Ordinance No. 34) were issued, by which tlie functions of this Bureau are to examine and verify the budgetary accounts, tho*- relating to each government office, to public undertakings and 1o public properties, as well as the accounts -of any corporation* in receipt of subsidies or guarantees from the Government, and to administer justice in disputes concerning the Treasury's accounts.

The taxes and other State revenues had hitherto 1>oen collected by the local magistrates, on the one hand, and by commissioner* independently despatched by the Imperial Household, on the other, in addition to the imposition of taxes by officials of the Central Government. 1'nder this; irregular and confused method of tax collection without any uniform supervision, official extortion in Korea was a natural result. By ihe organic regulation* for the collection of taxes, promulgated in September, 1000, Tax Assessors were stationed in 3t! important place* throughout the country, and Subordinate Tax Assessors were stationed in almost every district under the Tax Assessors. The officials above mentioned were under the dimMioii of Tax Supervisors, stationed in the provinces and directly responsible to the Minister of the Finance Department. 'Provincial governors were temporarily appointed to Ik- e.r-oftirio T:ix Supervisors. Officials engaged in the dutv of collection were required to wear uniform, so that they could l>c easily distinguished from ordinary officials. For carrying out this financial administration according to proper procedure, .Japanese financial councillors we iv attached to each Tax Supervisor and Japanese assistant councillors to the Tax Assessor*. Further, five Japanese Supervisory Councillors were posted in special important parts of the country and in Seoul.

In the se<piel of the New Agreement, the Japanese advisory bodies were abolished in Peeemlicr last, and Japanese councillors have Wn appointed to financial po.-t* Korean officials, their function lieing to

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actively conduct the financial administrat ion. hand in hand with the native officials.

18. Establishment of the National Treasury.

Up to quite recently, public funds in Korea wore handled hy means of a ela*s of privileged trailers, callcil rha-in. through whom officials not iufretpiently effected dishonest practises. Large outstanding sums of Stale revenue continually existed, and were not a little responsible for the deficiencies in 1 lit- Treasury. I'tiger the provision.* of an ordinance of the Finance Department, issued mi December 00th, 11)05. and by a contract concluded with the Branch of the Dai-Ichi (linko in Seoul, the latter was authorized to act as the central treasury of the Korean (lovemincnl. and its branch office-: in the open ports and other important places were also authorize d act suWdinatcly in the same capacity. Tlie Hank eommenceil litis business from duly, 1005.

Tn addition to the altove. the business of (lie Government Treasury has liocn materially assisted since OeloW, 1000, by the post office--, at the suggestion of the Resident (ienoral. The Korean (iovernment made an agreement with the Bureau of Communications of the Residency General in July of the same year, I y which 100 po>t offices wer to act as treasury agencies in places when- branch treasuries were not yet established. At the outset, the Koreans regarded tbi- procedure with suspicion, since the post offices wvrc controlled by the Japanese ("iovernment: but. they soon came to understand the nature of these treasury agencies nd learned to appreciate their convenience. The post office treasury agencies handled T..*{fM-,7l2 u>ii in 1007. as against 77.nss in 1000, while treasuries proper handled 27.2.VJ.O:>:; itrn in 1 as against 17,*11.12:1 in 1000.

Owing to multiplication of functions and increasing volume of lmsine-s devolving the Treasury in the near future. Agricultural and Industrial Hanks are further expected to be inaugurated in order to afford f.ssisiance to the ( Jovernnietil t a-nrie>.

19. Improvement of Taxes and other Revenues.

The uncertainly of the Stan 's revenue in Korea is due principally to rudimentary and confused systems of taxation, n- well as to lack of -mindly organized methods of collect ion. I Jut. as shown above, various tax-collect bur organizations have I won already created, incidentally to reforms in the financial administration. As to amendments of the taxation system, tin* Japanese financial advisers at the snaire-tion of the TJesidenMioneral, confined tlieir reform measures to preventing evasions of tlie tax-payinjr obligation, and to insurini; justice and equity to taxpayers as far as possible: they enacted new regulations only when necessary in consequence of some lack in the exist im: tax system, and they avoided introducing any radical ehanae or establishing any new taxes, lest, these niitrht irritate I - jn-ople and brim-; ahout popular agitation.

The most significant item in the State revenue is the land tax. Trs amount represented 70 per cent of the 7, 180,2*7 yen const i tut inir the total revenue in the fiscal year 100.'. Next stood rhe euMoins r.vipts. represent inir per cent. The house-tax followed, hut was a mere fraction,

in). Land Tax.

The land tax is levid on the wld unit, the so called 'in/rl" which is divided into sis -Trades accordim; to t lu- natnial fertility of the -oil, the facilities of irrigation, the lay of the land. etc.

The first irrade of the "1,-ycr represents one hundred man loads of nnhullcd rice, each man-load Ikmuji compwed of ten sheaves: the second represents eighty five man-loads, or less by fifteen inandoads than the first jrradc : and so on to the sixth irradc which represents twenty-five manloads. Airain. the measuring of land is exceed inirly rudimentary. The mi it in moasiirhnr rice-liehls is the area that r-quiro- one In of seed, called lt<!)i-maji!;i ; and the unit in the ca-o of ordinary land is the area that can Ik- ploughed by one man ,md one in oiv day. called li'ir-- hirl. The numher of |;veb in the country is. however, ha<ed on inv. -- tijratiou and mi surveys made ahont live centuries ao. at which time it

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was found to be 1 .ir.ri.10f2. For the correct imposition of the land lax. the numltor of kyrh had to bo revised ovory twenty years, according to the law of the country, as arable lands often became waste by tbe operation of natural causes and waste lands were often brotight under cultivation. But as administrative corruption grow in later times, local magistrates purj>osoly neglected to register new kyds, concealing tliem for their own advantage, while, at the same time, exemptions from Taxation were granted on account of the ravages wrought by natural alainitics. the result being that the number of ki/eh gradually decreased, until the total standing in official records amounted to only 9RS,H7 in 1902. Tn connexion with the reform of the financial administration, many ''concealed kycLs'' have lion discovered, and it is now figured that Iho total number in the country readied 096.155 in 1007.

Still other reforms in the land fax are needed. The present tax being levied on land- ima-ured with the very crude unit do<bribed above, cadastral surveys are primarily important. For this purpose, the Finance Department is actively training Korean students in the theory and practice of land surveying, under the guidance of Japanese civil engineers. Tf the land tax 1k> extended to all urban districts, the State revenue will be largely increased, as Seoul and other important cities are still enjoying exompl ion from this im)>ost. Regarding the tenancy system, tenants are often made liable for the land tax by virtue of an agreement with the land-owner or by usage; but there is frequentely no remedy in cases where a tenant has failed to pay. All these reform measures in the domain of hind taxation will be gradually carried into effect.

(b). House Tax.

With regard to Notice Tax. every house in Korea, except in the capital and its western and southern suburb-, was liable to pay from 17 .sew to 15 sen. But a number of houses escaped this payment owing to absolute lack 't <vn*us registration. Furthermore, the hou-e lax in some localities was aws-sed on a land-ownership basis. NTo matter how many domiciles

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stood within a certain area of land, they were all counted as one house. The number of bouses from which the tax was previously collected totalled 1,384,493, but in the sequel of investigations by the advisory police bodies, the number really liable was found to be 1,033,102. By an order of the Finance Department, issued in Tune last, each house is to be taxed from 15 to 30 .sen. beginning with the last half of the fiscal year 1907. but extremely poor families have been exempted from the burden. Like the land tax, should the house tax be levied in the Capital, a considerable addition will result to the revenue of the State.

(c). Revenue from Stamps.

The method of collecting minor taxes, licences and fees by means of stamps was formally unknown in Korea. But since December, 1905, die Printing Bureau has been authorized to manufacture stamps, and the result is that tax-s on business, licenses, Hues, charge* for .->1 orcein th) warehouse of the Government and of the Customs, imposts on public slaughter houses, fees in civil law-suits and for certificates of transfer of lands and houses, are now collected by means of stamps. The revenue from stamps amounted to 1,800 yen in 1905, 52,312 yen in 1900 and 123,748 yen in 1907.

20. Measures for Increasing the Kevenne.

Measures for relieving the impoverished condition of the country aim chiefly at improving the primitive methods adopted in the various native industries, and if this were effected, it would afford an increase of State revenue in the long run. The Resident General bus often suggested to the Korean Government and to the Financial Advisers that they should take steps for augmenting the sources of the country's income.

id). Tax mi Salt.

The taxes collected on salt, lidi, sea-weed and boats altogether did not aggregate even 45,000 yen up to 1900. Vet the Koreans consume salt valued at 3,000,000 yen per annum, and the marine

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prodiicl,, of tin- whole country can not Ik- estimated at less than 5.000,000 i/c;/. J i) order to increase l he revenue from salt, steps have already heen taken to prevent the -limirirl i nr of Chinese sail, on the one hand, ami, on the other, the Korean (ioveruineut lias cslahlished sail manufacturing stations at Ymi'i-lw-u't near Kusan. in order 1o introduce Japanese boiling system, so as i in prove the primitive native methods. Another experime ntal model station for producing sill hy evaporation, which method prevails in China, has ,d~o Ik-cii etahlished at f'lit/n-an near Cheinul]ho. The sail tax has hitherto ln-en levied upon the nnnilter of kilns, the average charge per kiln 1 k i 1 1 ir at the rate of If. sen per Lin (catty) of annual manufacturing ea|iaeily. An extra lax has also heeu imposed hy the local magistrate for some ohseiire reason, and this naturally l)-can:e a means of evading payment of the regular tax. A new law, i-.iied Nov. l.'lih. Hum;, hv Imperial edict, enacts that the salt lax is hereafter to he levied upon ii<-tral production, and it- rate is lixed at six sen per hin. Tims hy introducing new methods to encourage the production of s:ill ami hy adopting a liheral policy a- lo the rate of the lax, this resource wili hecoiiie an adequate item of revenue in the near future.

{r). Tax on Marine Trod nets.

.Marine product- are ahiuidant in Korean waters, and I he demand for them is equally .real in .lapan and China. Should the native Hshing industry he improved, and should the tax on ils products he properly administered, another a|j>reciahle source of increased revenue will he found. The tax on lish ami sea-weed has hitherto ln-cn imposed accord inn to the nature of the fishing nets and tools, or the locality of the fishing ground, without ret:. mi to the actual production, so thai there was no uuif nnily of h vy. Uy an Imperial edict, issued 1 )ecemher L'VUii. HIOC, marine products are lo he taxed at the rale of one per cent of their mark. t price. At the same lime, the Finance Department has caused the Cu-'oin House- in Kigali, Chemulplio and W'oiisan to provide cold storage in order lo all'ord hetter transport facilities; for marine products. Tin; -Japanese railway also h.is U-gau to provide refrigerator cars.

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Fxeise Taxes Ihinkiii .Hid S kin-.

In the most civilized coiui'ries, excise taxes mm I r i i i k u iir and smoking constitute a very considorahle item revenue; hut in Korea such taxes are enlirely unknown. Yet 1 1n- Koreans consume as nmeli home-made tohacco ami liquor as other nations. Since the Financial Advisor commenced to re form the sources of revenue, this question has lteon receiving careful investigation. Al< .. measures for improving the Korean process of tohacco ciillnre have h un.lerlakeli since N'ovcmhor, I Six tohacco improving stations have hcoii e>iahli<lie<l in important parts of the country, for the purpo o of iuve-tiiialiuir the climatic condition* ami the native method of cultivation ami for distri hut-in*; amonir the people Japanese and American seed-. .

Modern tohacco-t Iryinjr chauihcrs have also Urn huill at the Sonir- (lihon station, where yellow Orinoco tohacco of American oi-ipn has proved to Ik.- of excellent quality.

(t/t. ('list on is Uccoipts.

For tin- purpose, of maintaining uniformity in the Stale revenue, the customs receipts, which had previously heeu Incited as an iudepeudelit account of (he Custom lior.se. were transferrel to the national hudiret under ihe control of the Finance Department from the fiscal year r.-<>7.

(it ). (lin-eny Tax, etc.

As a r sidi of researches hy the " Imperial and Stale Properly Investigation ( 'omiuinef," tlic srinseii tax and its monopoly, hitherto controlled hv the hoard Kyuinj-li-irun of the Imperial Household, were transferred to the Finance I department, hy Imperial Kdicl No. i--ued in Decerning, lt07, and taxes on the hand mo. the pine, (he niulheriv and various oilier lrvs, as well :is taxes connected with the laud, which similarly constituted a part of the Imperial House revenue, were also transferred to the Finance

Department. In the same way, taxes on slauiditei-hoiise-, on copper and iron ores, on hrass manufactures Are., have hen traiisfei n-d from the control

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of the Court to the Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry as State revenue ; while sundry imports on salt, marine products, boats, paper and various trades, formerly collected by the Court in addition to and independently of those imposed hy the Finance Department, have been aholishtd.

21. Public Loans.

The Korean Government had paid little altentiou to floating Slate bonds as a means of carrying public works, reforming the administration, improving tinaneial conditions or encouraging productive industries, until treasury lions were first issued in June, lOOo, at which time the debts of the (iovernmeut and the Imperial House amounted to :.\000,000 yen. These bonds were floated by the Dai-ichi Ginko in Tokyo, as it was quite hojx'less to rabe a loan in Korea, the country being so impoverished and the people having little appreciation of the nature of such securities. The Japanese being much interested in this first Korean public loan, subscriptions for it aggregated more than five time the amount, in -pile of the tightness prevailing 1 in the money market owing to the war then raging between Japan and Kussia.

In the same month, for the purpose of re-adjusting the currency system, the Korean (.Iovernmeut made a loan of 21,000,000 yen from the Dai-Iehi (iinko. The rale of interest was six per cent, jht annum; and repayment was to be made gradually within four years after the lapse of six years from the date of issue.

In DeeeiuK'r of the same year, the Korean ( Joverument raised another loan under the name of money circulation loan," amounting to J.oOlt.dOU its purpose 'n-ing to subsidize Public Warehouses, Xote Associations and native Hanks. This loan was granted by the Japanese Government without iniere-i. and is to he repaid by December of V.n

.Finally, as stated in die previous report, another loan of 10 million yen has been contracted f..r various public works, for sanitatry measure?, for extension of pnUir ncation as well as industrial training; for con- >truciion of highw..\-; i r subsidizing Agricidt ural and Industrial blanks,

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.md finally for constructing various public buildings. One half f this loan was taken over immediately, ami the balance is to he paid whenever necessity arises. The terms of tho loan are as follow: the security to he the Customs receipts; the price of issue. DO jmt bond (100 yen); the rate of interest per cent per annum, and the loan to l>e redeemable within five years after the lapse of five rears from the date of issue. This Public Undertakings Loan to he spent for tin* following pur- ]<oses during several years, l*erinning with the fiscal year 1900:-—

K\fensinii nf Printing l.mcau +:8,t:V t

Kstablislnucnf of Industrial Training School. . 149,054

Construction of four highway* 1.41)0.000

Cheinulplio Water Works 2,170.000

Pyeng-Yang 1.300.000

Subsidy to Fusan Water Works 100.000

F.xtensinn of Kducational system 500,000

Subsidy to Am ieultuial ! nd Industrial Hanks. . l.:>95.000

to Money Circulation Associations .. 40.000

Construction of Hospital 3.17,577

Construction of Court of Cassation .. .. 80,000

Construction of Brick-manufacturing Station. . 2:14,000

Cement Works .'100.000

Funds for Forestry Undertaking Station . . . . 000,000

Total aim nut 9.100,009

The national debts which were outstanding at the end of 1907 aggregated ! 1.500.000 yen ; namely. 2,000,000 yen of Treasury bonds; o,000,000 yen of Currency Adjustment Loan; 1 ..100,000 yen of Money (Circulation Loan, and 5,000.000 yen of Public Undertaking* Loan. Further, the Budget ilefieit for the fiscal year 1007, amounting to 1.700,050 yen to Ik- borrowed from the Japanese Covernment without interest.

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Vi. Currency.

22. Currency Reforms.

As already stated, (.in- of the chief cause- which have impoverished the Koreans li.i- heen the chaotic state tin- currency system. The metallic currency consisted of silver coins in the form of Korean dollars and nv pieces, together with a nickel coin of sen and ouc-nch copper m/.v//. Although the silver standard nominally existed, tlic two last coins were used niosi cxteiisively. the copper rash pieces dominat itifr in Ki/rnr/- S<ni>i and ('holla province-, and in parts of Knmj-wuH ami Ifaaiff-t/nai provinces, and tin- nickel in tlic rest of the country. Tin- Korean Ciovernment, caring mainly for die profits derived from mintim; nickels, and paying little attention to the quality of the coin, issued them in great amounts. On the other hand, counterfeit nickels were sninsrirled into the country from Japan, and these, together with those privately minted hv ihe natives, added very considerably to the already enormous issue, so that ultimately the market value of the coin fell n;,,t for tjra in jrold Japanese cnrreticy. Although the copper rash eonhl not he called a dchascd coin, since its facc-valno represented its intrinsic value, still in si/e and weight were most inconvenient for monetary transactions. To illnstra'e this the fa< ! may he mentioned lhat when the Japanese army hoiirht linilu r up to 10.000 a in the interior where the payment of sums was hahitnally made with rash, the army had lo charter a small -learner and fill her comph-tely with rash to finance the transaction. Moreover, this copper rash often fluctuated from 100 per cent, to 00 per cent, premium. If the country had heen left with its monetary system in -ueh a chaotic condition, the whole nation must have heen mined.

Soon after his arrival at Seoul, ihe Japanese 'Financial Adviser, taking up ihe currency <piosii.>n mo-t seriously, caused the Korean Coverimicnt. on Xnvemher r.o|. to eh is,, die Chijua-Tlonn-Kalu

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(government mint) by which the country had heen flooded wilh nickel coins, this being done as a primary step towards currency reform.

Xext, with the object of establishing n sound currency, the Korean Government announced hy Imperial edict, on January Sth. 100r>. that the gold standard, which had been promulgated in 1001, should be carried into effect from the 1st of June of the same year; it being deemed advisable to put these regulations into operation on account of the similarity of their provisions to those of the coinage law of Japan, which has a gold basis, and on account of the growth of close commercial relations between the two countries.

The Dai -Teh i Ginko ("First "BnnkV which bad been authorized to act as the Korean central treasury, was. at tho same time, entrusted with the duty of managing the re-organization and re-adjustment of the Korean coinage, by an agreement concluded on January ?A. 100.".. The Korean Government also placed at the Bank's disposal a sum of H.000,000 yen, to serve as a fund for defraying expenses in connexion with currency re-organization: and, at the same time, official recognition was given to the Dai-Tehi Ginko's notes, which were to l>o thenceforth employed without restriction in mow-tary transactions, public as well as private.

The result of the various measures above enumerated is that the Korean Government to-day maintains the gold standard, represented by gold coins of three denominations (five, ten and twenty /ch). and by bank notes of six denominations ( ten. five and one i/oi as well as fifty, twenty and ten w/i'l and also by subsidiary coins of six denominations Cfiftv. twenty and ten s<-n silver coins, five n nickel, and one urn and a half-xc/i copper pieces). All the Korean metallic coins are similar in quality and appearance the Japanese coins of the same denominations, except that the Korean national emblems are substituted for the Japanese. Japanese money also is legal tender throughout Korea, the Korean Government having agreed that any foreign money which has the dimensions and quality required by the new Korean coinage law. shall circulate on the same footing as Koreae currency,

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23. Withdrawal of Old Nickel Coins.

Tim*, having prepared for tlio circulation of tlic new currency, prompt, measures /or withdrawing the old nickel coins and copper msh from circulation have hoen rigorously carried out since July, 10O.">. the old coin* hoing exchanged for the new, received in payment of raxes, mid ultimately thought. The rate of exchange for the old nickels was hV'd follows :— ( i) The nickels minted hy the Korean Government, or those considered as such, were to ho exchanged for one half of their facjo value in the new coins; (h) nickels judged to he counterfeit vere to he exchanged for one sen of the new coins; and (e) nickels not neceplahle at all as currency were to he confiscated. Tn Seoul. T'yingyang. ( 'hinnampho and Kuiis;m, where nickel coins predominated, exchange stations w-ic specially estahlished in lOOr.. These measure* hrought ahout satisfactory rr'sults. The total nnmher of nickels withdrawn up to Decoiiilvor .'5 l>t. l'.>07, namely, during years. reached 20$,* 70,000, representing a value of 7.21 ".500 yen in the new currency. The remainder of the old nickels in circulation may he roughly estimated at 2,000.000 yen on DecenilH-r ol, 11)07. treasures for withdrawing these coins are still rigorously continued, and in the near future the Government will l>e aide ahsolutolv to a hoi i shed the circulation of the old nickels, without causing any financial disturhance.

24. Withdrawal of Copper W/.

The copper rash utidonhtodly hctter currency than the old nickel, hecause its face valie 1 represents its actual value. Its withdrawal from circulation was desirahle solely Iwausc its inconvenience as a medium of exchange hampered ihe development of the economic condition of the country. At the same time, it wa apprehended that sudden artificial withdrawal would disuirh economic conditions in the localities where these tokcn< circulated widely. The hope was thai the increase of the now currency would naturally drive copper coins out of circulation, especially as die high market price of copper ahroad encouraged the ex- iM>rt of nish. lint ihi* natural process proved too slow in practice, so

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that artificial methods, as in 1 lie case of 1 lie* nickel, had to Ik; adopted from XoveinlxT, 1000. I'p to December "lst, 1007, a spaa- of '2, j years, the total anionnt of copper ensh withdrawn from circulation reached 1 ,."jM>,:> 1 2 yen: made up of 1,100,041 yen hy ex porta t ion, i\">,040 yen receipts from the payment of taxes, and 170,(!:jl yen by exchange or purchase.

25. Circulation of New Coins and Bank-Notes.

W'hik- the withdrawal of the old nicked coins and clipper enult has been actively carried out, every effort, has hcen made to encourage the circulation of the new currency. To trustworthy merchants or commercial guilds eond netting grain transactions in remote districts in the interior, the expense <if carrying the new coin has been paid by (lie Government. The new currency has al-o been lent at a low rate of iuterost to "Local Associations for .Money Circulation," which have been established for the purpose of extending the benefits of sound currency to farmers in places where Agricultural and Industrial Banks, are not yet established.

To the Agricultural and Industrial Banks auxiliary coins have been lent without security or interest. In addition, models of the new coins have been printed and distributed among the people in far remote villages, and the nature of the currency has been minutely explained to them by local officials.

The results of these measures have been to bring about a much brighter condition in the financial world of Korea. The circulation of the la w Korean coins reached 4,100,17.*) yen at the end of December, 1907, as against i , ,137,j4'J yen and :J 07,080 yen at the corresponding date in 1000 and 1005, respectively; while the bank notes of the Dai-Ichi (Jinko in circulation amounted to ]i*,805,:00 yen :iL the end of 1007, against 0,:?:.'L IOO yen and s v l-<V' ,; " the end of the years 1000 and 1005, resiH-etively. On the other hand, the circulation of Japanese coined money as well as bank notes was estimated to have been l,:)08,0b0 yen at the end of the years 1005 and 1000, and to have decreased to 050,500 inn at the same date in 1007.

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Vii. Banking Etc

26. Monetary Organs.

The Koreans until very recently hud little or no conception of regular banking business, and the Government paid hardly any attention to this Jitattt-r. Vet private individuals, who had more or less means and credit, engaged in Itanking business of a rudimentary nature on a small scale. I'awn-brokors, Mutual Money Accommodating Societies", or i n keepers, were aeenstomed to make loans, to receive deposits at interest or to discount, promissory notes. This deficiency of monetary organs was also one of the chief causes of the financial confusion in Korea. Sim.dtat.eons- W with the currency reforms, various monetary systems were started from and Korea. on J )c< vmbor :il. r>07, had one Central Jknk. ordinary hanks with i agencies, i) Agricultural and Industrial Jianks with 17 branches and agencies, 7 Note Associations. 21 Local Associations for Money Circulation and S warehouses with various branches and agencies.

27. The Central Bank (Dai-ic-hi Giuko).

As already stated, the branch ofhee of the DaiTehi-Ginko of Japan in Seoul has been authorized by the Korean Government to act as the central bank of Korea since H>0">.

The relations of this Jiank with Korea have, however, existed from quite early times; namely, when the Jiank first, opened a branch office at Knsan in !S7 vi . According to a contract concluded with the Jvorean Government, the JJank was authorized, in is*!, to issue "Custom House botes'" in the treaty ports, the object being to enable customs duties to l>c paid readily with notes Increasing commercial relations between Korea and .Japan, and inadequacy of tile monetary >y>tcm in the former country caused the Dai-lehi Ginko, in lf.t01, to issue notes payable at sight, with the sanction of the Japanese Government, these notes being secured by reserves according to a .special regulation. The amount of notes thus issued

readied, at one time, ,'J.o7l,S l<s yen, before the Bank bccaiine the central bank of Korea. This Bank has also, from time to time, given monetary accommodation to the Imperial House of Korea ami to the Government as well.

Having already such intimate relations with the Korean financial world, the Bank occupied a responsible position in the re-adjustment of the Korean Coinage when currency reform was inaugurated by the Government in 1805, and, at the same time, the Korean Government officially recognized the Bank's notes as legal tender in all circumstances. The. Bank was also authorized to receive and disburse the national funds, but. in consideration of enjoying such privileges, it was placed under the direction and supervision of the Korean .Minister of Finance. These privileges of ihc Dai-lchi Ginko were endowed by a .Japanese Imperial Ordinance issued in March, 1!>05. At the same time, the Bank was placed under the joint control of the Japanese Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of Finance. After the establishment of the Besidency General in Seoul, this control of the Bank was handed over to the Besidcnt General. According to the above Ordinance, the Bank has to provide special capital for its business transactions in Korea, the amount of such capital being approved by the Besidcnt General. The Bank is also required to hold, as a 'conversion reserve," gold coins, gold and silver bullion, or convertible notes of the Bank of Japan, equalling the total of the notes issued; but silver bullion must not exceed one fourth of this reserve. In addition, the Dai-lchi Ginko's notes may be issued to the amount of 10,000,000 yen on the security of state bonds, commercial bills, and other valuable securities. In case economic considerations render i-ueh a course necessary, the Bank may issue notes Iteyond the above mentioned limits, in accordance with conditions laid down bv the Besidcnt General. The Bank is also required to set aside, each year, at bast onetwentieth of its annual profit as a reserve fund, until such fund reaches one half of the capital invested by the Bank in Korea. Should the Resident General consider that the Bank has violated any provision of law, ordinance or regulation, or that it has taken any step opposed to

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public interest. Ijc may order tin- officials of tlx- Hank to U- removed, may cancel its chart* r. or hihv susiiend its hiisiness cither partly or wholly.

The notes of the .Dai Ichi (Jinko. steadily jraininjr the eonridenee o r Ihe people, and in eonsomtnec with the economic expansion of the country as well as the e-tahli.-lniu-nt of various monetary oruans. attained a circulation of if/ it U,SOo,:;<MI :it llie end of DeeeiiilK.'!-. 1!M7.

UKTAII.S OF II.WK NO'IKS 1SSUKI). p

Denomination of note. Amount issued.

yen

1 1 1 i % dtt ... ... . . . . . fio®

►

I wenly „ .. 14,800

'ten „ ... -21,550

tot.lt 12,805,30°

DKTAII.S (l TIIK CONVKKSION UESKKYK AGAINST NOTKS ISSUEI>.

Name of Ihc Reserve. Amount of the Reserve.

yen

Reserve 1 -mid 111 Specie or Nullum, Total 4,582,506

Note* of Rank of Japan 3)635,000

Gold Bullion 875,506

Reserve Fund in Securities, Total 8,222,792

Consolidated Rut. lie Loan |5onds (Japanese). 1,328,000

Treasury Itond.s (Japanese) 920,000

Korean Treasury Uonds ... 276,000

Cash l oan to the Korean Government 4,000,000

Dclieulures of the Seout*Ku&an Railway Co 450,000

Five per-cciit Public Ivoati (JajaiR-ie) 765,000

l oan to Japanese Municipality 483,793

Grand Total 12,805,298

The ratio- of the lie-crve Funds to the total amount of notes i-stied are 'M and I per cent in sp.-chj ;ind securities, roped ively.

28. Native Banks.

Defore the commencement of th(> linaneial reforms, there were two native hank-: the llun-->u<j, *-t al i-I ttcl at. Seoul in I '.H 1:1 and having

r>5

the form of a partnership with n capital of 10.000 y,n mid the Clmn-U, established in lOu as a joint stock company with a capital of .10.000 yen. The capitals of these hanks were so inadequate, their organization was so defective ami their management so far from commanding confidence, that their business could not be carried on without Government aid and supervision. Tlie share-holder? of the Chon-il "Hank, especially, squandered the proa tor part of the capital smd even of the deposits, so that the "Bank was compelled to suspend payment in August, 100.1. At the suggestion of the Financial Adviser, the Unn-sony Think was changed info a joint stock company in "May. 100.1. having a capital of 1,10,000 yen, which, however, was increased to 000. 000 yen in January 1007. The reform of the Chon-il "Bank also was carved out in June, 1000. its capital being increased to 1 .".0,000 yn and its old debts being paid off by issuing dclicn hires. In order to encourage these banks, thr Government, in 1000, accommodated the Unn-sony "Bank and the Chon-il Bank with loans of 100.000 and 240,000 yen. respect ively, without interest. The Dai-Tchi Ginko also is rendering them assistance in conducting their business, A third bank, the Ilnn-H. was organized in "May. 1000, with a capital of 1.10,000 yen. This bank is fully able to carry on business without aid from the Government.

At the instaner of the llesident General. Ordinary Banking "Regulations were first promulgated by an Imperial F.dict issued on "March 21st, 1000. According to the-e regulations, ordinary banks are placed under the control of the Minister of Finance, so that his approval is required for the establishment of a new hank, for the tloating of del>entures, and for the establishment or abolition of a branch office or agency. Tie is further empowered to order investigation into the business condition and property of a bank, whenever his judgment suggests such a course. At. the end of each half year, every bank must prepare, and present to the Finance Minister, a balance sheet and other business report-, and must publish the balance sheet in the newspapers or by other means.

Under this protection and supervision by the Government, the Han-song Bank paid a dividend of 1.1 per cent for both the first and

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second halves of la<t year: the Chon-il "Bank, a dividend of 10 jx>r cent, for each of the same tonus; awl the llan-il Hank, dividends of 1 1 and 10 per cent., respectively. Moreover, the faet that the shares of these banks now rule in the open market at prices higher than their face value, is a sign that the hanks are gaining the confidence of the people dav hv da v.

29. Agricultural and Industrial Banks.

For the improvement of an impoverished country, nothing is of such vital importance as the encouragement of productive enterprises, especially agriculture. To achieve these aims the establishment of a special bank for supplving capital to agricultural enterprise in general has been found necessary.

When, by the advice of the Resident General, the Korean government raised a "Loan for Public Undertakings" in March. 190(5. 1,200,000 ,,m was allotted for the purpose of establishing and subsidizing Agricultural and Industrial Ranks, and this amount was increased later on to 1,oOO,000 .yen. Regulations for this class of bank were immediately enacted by Imperial Edict Xo. 13 of 1000. Although these regulations are generally modelled on ihose of the same kind in Japan, (lie Korean Agricultural and Tndustial Ranks differ front the Japanese in the following respects: in the first place, owing to lack of any banking system in country districts, the Korean institutions have to be authorized to engage in ordinary banking business in addition to their principal functions, and this requires the special permission of the Minister of Finance; secondly, they are organised as joint stock companies with a capital of not less than 100,000 /yen; and, lastly, the Government grants them loans without interest. The main functions of the banks are to give accommodation for the following purposes under certain conditions :-

1. Cultivation, drainage, irrigation, or improvement of the soil.

2. Construction or improvement of road*. Forestry undertakings.

4. Purchase of seeds, young plants, manure, or materials for agriculture or manufacture.

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ii. Purchase of agricultural or manufacturing implements or

instruments, boats vehicles, or livestock. 0. Construction or improvement of buildings for agricultural or

manufacturing purposes. 7. Any improvement in apiculture or manufacture not mentioned

in the above classes. Tudor these regulations S banks with 11 branches and agencies were established in important parts of the country, and the number was increased to 0 banks with 17 branches and agencies up to the end of 1007. At the end of Poceinlx'r, 100(5, the aggregate capital of these banks amounted to 1,000.000 yen, of which 400,210 yen was paid up. The Government subsidy consisted of subscriptions for shares in ihe banks, amounting to 277,710 yen, ami the loans without interest, aggregated 002.100 yen. liv the end of 1007, the capital had increased to 12,000.000 yen: the paid up capital being ."50,010 yen: the Government subsidies by subscription wore 335,000 yen, and by loan without interest 1.O5S.0SO yen. The banks balanced their accounts for the first time at the end of June. 1007. Tt appeared then that they had an aggregate total of 274.71 1 yen on deposit, and 1,571,400 yen on loan; whereas the corresponding amounts at the end of the second half of 10O7, were 520.073 yrn and 2,253,525 yii. respectively. Their average dividend was 7 per cent, in the <irst half year as against 1 I per edit, in the second half.

30. Japanese Banks.

lies ides (he Pai-ichi Ginko. three Japanese banks — the Pai-jnhnehi Ginko, the Pai-gojuhachi Ginko and the Ko-gvo (iinko — maintain branches and agencies in Seoul and the treaty-ports and other important cities of Korea. Although thes banks enjoy extraterritorial exemption from Korean jurisdiction, they have been simultaneously brought under the strict control and supervision of the Resident General by an Imperial Ordinance (Japanese) issued in larch 1007 and by decrees of the Tiesidoney (ienernl issued in May 10<7.

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r.s

31. Warehouses.

Hitherto the Korean local magistrates have lent to fanners or traders tlie mney collected t'p'in the people as tuxes, (in (It:- security of .train or other product-. This sy-P-ni of loan- was a hoi i shed recently as :i re'.-it of the tinaneial reform-; and the farmers thus hciran to experience in-oat difficulty in selling iheir crops, as well as in tidimr over seasons of had ham -t.

(a) Ciovernmonl Warehouses.

For the purpose of easing the money market in the country districts hy jrrantinpr loans to fanners on the security of irrain and, at die same time, facilitating the eireulation of the new currency, the (lovernment, in CK-toW. 1!H).%. ordered the Financial Councillor-, stationed in several important places throughout the country, to carry on warehousing business until the estahlishmr nt of Ajjruullural and Industrial "Hanks. Accordingly, hv A|>ril, 1000. ])rovineial warehouses were, esfahlishcd in Pviniryanir. Chon-iu. ( 'luniti- jii. Taikn, Su-wou. Kwan-ju and Chinnanipho, and the Government furnished lliem funds totalling ."HiO.OOO j// ii. The aiuouiii the loan- granted ihroudi this warehousing sysleni reached OS.'LOOO )/r;t. On the ostahlMnueut of Agricultural and Industrial Banks in tho ahove mentioned places the business ,,f the Ciovernment provincial Warehouses was -raduallv abandoned. and the loans irrantod hy them were called in: so that only 47 L yen reniained outstanding on DcccmVr '11, 1007, which, residue is expect --d to h repaid within the next fiscal year.

(h). Local Warehouses.

As soon as the Financial Councillors -topjied the warehousing business, the Government huilt local warehouse- in several business -eenter.s throughout the country in order to help ihe trading class, as well as to facilitate the circulation of money. The use of ihe-e warehouses Iuh heeu iriven. rent free, to the Agricultural and Industrial Hanks and to the Seoul Co-operative Warehouse Company, hut they are under Government

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stipewsion. It is tin- intention of tin- Government to establish similar warehouses wherever necessity arises.

(c). The Seoul ( Voperat ive Warehouse Company. When llie Government Provincial Ware-houses first; began business in P.Mi;.. ilu- Finance Department issued regulations for Co-operative Warehouse Companies, in order 1o encourage the establishment of subsidized private warehouses under Government supervision. In aeeordanee with these regulations, the Seoul Co-operative. Warehouse Company was established in December, I with a capital of i':>0,000 n, of whieh 100,000 yen was in the form of a subsidy from the Government. When the business of the Company was increased a further subsidy of 00,000 yen was granted, to enable it to establish brandies in Cliemulpho and two other places, and, at the same lime, it opened bonding warehouses , u Seoul and Chemulpho. The amount of the loans transacted by this Company reached l.-MO.T.Vi yen at the end of December l'.M>7, of which i':57, yen was still out-standing.

32. Note Associations.

In quite early times. Korean merchants began to issue promissory notes of a rti'.liiuentary form as a medium exchange. They were called 'Ouni-pho.'* The note was a piece of paper, about one inch broad and several indies long, en which were written the sum, the date of payment and the name of the payer and payee with their seals. This paper being then torn down its length, one half was given to each party, and the debtor was obliged to pay the amount at due date whenever the missing half of the note was presented. Therefore notes issued l, v a creditable parly passed from hand to hand as currency. The great simplicity of such a form of negotiable instrument, untrammelled by any regulations, led in time to abuse. Indiscriminate issue of notes without proper security was to a great extent responsible for a commercial crisis which took place in Seoul in August, r.Mi;.. Consequently, regulations for Promissory Xoles and Note Associations, respectively, Ave re issued on September I'.MC. i'.y iht -e Regulations the several obligations of the

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Co

noted rawer and the endorser were dearly defined: the blank form of the notes had to he printed by the Government; and the privilege of issuing them was limited to members of the Associations. According to these Regulation*, the members have to insure their credit by mutual guarantee under Government supervision.

Subsequently to the establishment of a Mote Association at Seoul in accordance with these Regulations, on December Hi. 1005, the number of Associations increased to 7 in various important provincial localities, and the membership grew to :51, loans aggregating ooo.OOO yen king granted by (h Govcrnmcu, to the Associations on the same day of 11107. The amount of hills issued by the members and guaranteed by the. Associations reached as much as ;{,10l',0o1 yen by the end of December, 1007, and of these bills 72 s ,!S."i yen worth were outstanding.

33. "Local Associations for Money Circulation."

In order to facilitate the circulation of money as well as the development of agriculture by small farmers in remote districts, "Local Associations for Honey Circulation" are to k established in places where Agricultural and Industrial Hanks are not yet in existence. Uegulationss for these Associations were enacted by Imperial Edict No. oo issued on Hay 1007. The business to lie carried on by the Associations is principally, (1) to accommodate memkrs of the Association with loans for purpo-es of agricultural undertakings; to provide warehouse accommodation for grain bck-ngiiig to the memkrs: (o) to distribute or lend seed, manure and ag.icultura! material or instruments; and to make consignment sales of products on behalf of the memkrs.

Fifty associations of this kind are to be established throughout the country in places where "Local Financial Committees' 7 arc situated, and each association is to lie subsidized to the extent of 10,000 y.-n. Owing to mob disturbances in the interior of the country, these associations could not be established in more than JO places during 1007.

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Viii. Commerce

34. Foreign Trade.

J n this report a minute account of (he commerce of Korea will not be given, but merely a general statement of foreign trade, as the Chief of the Customs Bureau publishes annually a complete statistical anil itemized report. The trade conditions of the country for 11)07 were remarkably bright, so much so that it const itutes a record. The following table shows the imports and exports during the five years from 1000 to 1007, inclusive.

Imports Exports Total

18,219,183

27,696,786

26,105,380 6,933.SoS 33,038,885

31,959,582 6,904,301 38,863,883

29.5 21 >799 8,132,844

37-654.643

40,893,801

16,479.834 57.373.635

As compared with the trade for the preceding year, that for 1007 increased by 51.14 per cent; the imports growing by 135.78 per cent and the exports by 10C.S7 per cent. If this result be compared with the figures for 1903, the year l>cfore Japane-e intervention and the outbreak of the Jinsso- Japanese war, a total expansion of 105. IS per cent, is found, the expansion of the imports being 120.0-2 per ecu I, and that of the exports 77.5o per cent. The main reasons for such a large increase of Korea's foreign trade for 1007 arc:—

1. The political and economic relations of Korea with Japan are becoming closer and closer.

Under the new rcjime the Koreans are changing their old condition and being stimulated to new life.

y. The National resources are increasing by various works of improvement and exploitation.

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1. Monetary circulation is becoming smoother by reason of curivii.-v vet'.)!'!!! and the establishment of sundry luniks.

((/). Imports.

If a more coin-rote analysis Ik- made, the per cent, increase of import, for l!M)7 against the preceding .war was duo, in the lirst place, to a larger iiuiihI for cotton good-, i 1 m- chi-f staple of import. inasmuch as the people's purchasing power had been augmented by a good harve-t and by earning belter wage- in the various public undertaking-. Tintotal import- of all e.tt.on ood- diirtings, shootings, yarn. threal.

ele amounted 1 1 ! )7 yn, -honing an increase of :;.i;t>S,0Sl

yen as compared with 1 !HM. Jn the second place, the substitution of uk d i u in - weight for light rails and other improvement- on the Se-Mil-W'i jn line and ihe Masampo line involved import- of railway mat -rials to the amount of 4..;"C.. ."..V.I I/in, heing an addition of 2.21m. 10:5 i/m to ihe figure for the preceding year. In the third place, owing to increased construction of Japanese houses and public buildings, hinder was imported to the amount of 1.7o,7."il yen as against. 1 . 1 ,040 yen during the previous year, the incrca-e under this heading U-ing 722.1 1 I n. In the fourth place. imports of iron materials and machinery jumped from '!m;.s7:! $j nt to l,|.V.i,_';il yen. an increase of 1,15,4 Is yen . owing to the growth of a demand among the Koreans and .lapanes;- M - agrieullural and building purposes. Finally, general increase- in many oth -r items contributed to swell the bulk of the imports in

This immense increase of export-, amounting, as iudiealed above, to Kti;.s7 per cent for 1!M7 as against l'.iiiC,. was principally due to a vigorous trade in net and ginseng with .1 a pan and China. The export of rice amounted to 7,1'., I<;:, )t against ] y,n for ihe preceding an increase of r>.M'.i'..M7 if en or .'500 pot" cent owing to an unusually good crop and to the favourable prices ruling in Japan. Ibis mai'kable inerea-e >-i rice expert v. a- also t. -o: : :,. e\i ul can- -d by

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n keen demand for flic Korean cereal in south Manchuria, not only because of its consumption by Japanese soldiers and immigrants but also because there had Ven an increasing demand for the grain on the parr of the Chinese, ever since they ttrst purchased from the Japanese Army ihe latter's .surplus stock after the war. A steady growth took place in the export of means also, and this increase was partially owing to the steady development of soy manufacture in Japan. The export of ginseng, amounting to 2,7'>2.0t;.', ifi>„ for 1007. does exactly represent the crop of that year, as the greater portion of this staple produced in 1000 — with the exception of a small quantity, amounting lo K>,40 f/en— had heen warehoused and was not ox|>ortcd until l!M>7. Cattle and live stock were exported to ihe value of 7G0.S1S i/ni, against 11.004 for 1000, which shows thai there is a good market for Korean cattle in Japan and Yladiosioek. Kx ports of .try fish (used for manure) for 1007 amounted t.) 4 2o7 i/iii, the double of (he preceding year's tignre.

(r). Trade, .Wording to Countries.

Owing to elose economic and political relations with Korea and the gei graphical proximity of th IVniusula, Japan naturally leads all countries in the Korean trad*'. The share of Japan represented 70 per cent, of the total trade of Korea for the hist year ( 1 !H>7 ) and she bought Korean products to ihe value of 1 2.0:i0.2<I I selling in return to Ihe Peninsula goods to the value of 2S.022, 1 .12 yrn. China came -proud, with 400,014 in imports and .'.o:!2, 110 j; in xporl>.

Western I'vcrs generally purchase Korean products very little, except Knssia. which imported those products to Yladivosioek to the amount of 770.4:50 yen during 1007. Hut the imports from Western countries to Korea an- rat hot* on the incre:>e. Thus (ireat Uritain so!,] .j.-ods to her aggregating 4.214.20s i/nt against :;.000.n00 ,j IH in 1000; the T'nited Stat.-. 2.017.710 again-t 2.:,:. 7. .11 I Cenuany l.l.-IIJ against 2,072 i/ni; Asiatic Kussia 00. 1:0; ym again-t 07, .110 yn\.

01). Shipping.

The number and tonnage of ihe steamers entered during 1007 at

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the open ports of Korea were 5,605 vessels and 2,065,210 tons, as compared with 5,540 voxels and 2,661.100 tons in tlie proceeding year, showing an increase of 50 vessels and 304,020 tons. This small growth in the numher of steamers and considerable increase in tonnage was due to tlx? replacement of small vessels by large, which must be regarded as a wholesome tendency from the shipping point of view. Turning to sailing vessels or junks, there was an increase both in number and tonnage, as 5,465 vessels of 12."., 611 tons enteral Korean Torts in 1007 against 4.725 vessels of Wrt.fi in tons in 1006.

(c). Speeie.

The export of gold declined from 4,666.130 t/m in lOOrt to 4.617,050 urn in 1007. a fall of 4*. 1*0 yen. Of this total 4,107.050 yen was exported to Japan and 150,000 yen to China. Imports of specie rose from 1,320,042 yen in lOOrt to 2,701.063 yen in 1007, an increase of 1,101,121 yen. which was due to large shipments of subsidiary silver coin from the Osaka mint in connexion with currency reform.

(/'). Balance of Trade.

The imports of Korea for 1007 exceeded the exports by 24,413.0*57 ven. Tin's preponderance should not l>e regarded pessimistically as an adverse balance, seeing lhat imports j n this case have little direct connection with exports.

A historical review shows that, for some years prior to the Kusso- .Tapancse war. the imports to the Peninsula exceeded the exports by several million yen annually, which however, counter-balanced chiefly by the export of gold. Monov spent by foreign missionaries and residents was also responsible for some of this excess of imports. Again, the exce-s of imports to the extent, of St.j million ym for 10u3, the year prior to the war. wa< caused mainly by expenditures mi the rapid construction of the Seoul- Fusan railway and on other preparations made by Japan. Further, the abnormal execs-; of imports during the war (1004-5) undouhfedly du to the faet that the Koreans had extraordinary

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purchasing power owing to the great sum* spent by the Japanese array and to the continuous railway construction. This excess of imports was accentuated by the decrease, in the exports of rice, all available stocks of the cereal being used by the Japanese army in Korea. After the war, the excess of imports, amounting to 21 million and 2"> million yen in 1900 and 1007. respectively, was due 1o the following facts: —

1. The purchasing power of the people was augmented by the receipt of good wages in connexion with various public works which wen' commenced soon after the end of the war by the advice of the "Residency General, such as the construction of roods, the extension of the custom compounds at several ports, water works, erection of various public buildings, thorough improvement of the Japanese railways, and development of the posts, telegraph and telephone services.

2. The materials m-edod for the above mentioned undertakings were mostly all imported.

3. The growth of the number of foreign residents (especiallv of the Japanese garrison army, officials and immigrants) caused an increase of imports in the shape of food-stud's, clothing, lumber, and other building materials.

The influx of foreign capital (especially from Japan) into Korea.

Thus, <ince it apparent that the imports increased independently of the exports, the balance of trade should not 1k> regarded as altogether unfavourable. .Neither should the continued increase of imports since the war be counted a merely temporary incident, for such a state of affairs is not likely to cease so long as the public works above mentioned are in progress, or other public works, such as further road construction, irrigation, etc. are undertaken. Meanwhile, in view of administrative reforms and agricultural and industrial enconragment and protection, the country will develop and the ]>eople will gain purchasing power ; while the greater the numl>cr of Japanese immigrants arriving, the more will the demand grow for imported staples.

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35. Customs Maritime Undertakings.

In October, 1005, tbe Financial Adviser was appointed to succeed r.r officio Mr. Brown, Chief ( 'ommi*sioner of the Korean Imperial Customs. Among many works of progress undertaken by the customs administration, tbe extension of tlie compounds, tbe improvement, of harbours and the enlarged provision of light-house facilities are the most noticeable. The growing foreign trade, especially its sudden increase since the last war, necessitated improvements al the Korean ojk-ii ports. The Government consequently decided to expend upon the extension of al! customs compounds and the erection of light houses several million yen, which had been previously set apart as ;i special fund out of the customs receipts.

Tn March 1000, 1( "Department of Customs Maritime Undertakings"' with a Light. .House Bureau was established at Seoul under the Control of the Chief Commissioner of Customs. Its engineering staff is composed of several competent Japanese experts. Branch offices have been opened at, the ports of Chemulpho. Fusan, Wonsan, Mok-po and Chinmmpo. to take charge of the reclamation works necessary for tbe Customs compounds, and as well as to oversee the construction of office buildings, ware-houses and sheds. Moreover the work of providing Customs compound.- tit Shin Wiju. and Chhyong-jin was commenced in ihe fUeal year 1007.

The fund appropriated for those Customs premise* is to be expended during five years begun in 1000, in the following proportions:- 1,400,813 yen for Fusan; S31.550 yen .for Chemiilpho; 4*3,042 yen for Wonsan ; 101,500 yen for Chhyong-jin: 141-712 yrn for Chinnanpo; 02,330 yen for Seoul: s3,*50 yen for Kusau ; 20.5*0 y,--n for Mok-po ; and 23,500 yen for Shin-Wiju. the agn>gate amoiinl being 3.044.540 yen.

The reclamation works in Chemulpho and Fusan are particularly extensive, the intention being that those harWs may offer full facilities for connecting land and water traffic. The areas reclaimed at Chemulpho and Fusan are to he 17,07s (15 acres) and 12,104 Isttho (10 acres), respec

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lively, the former requiring oi>5 ken ( T 7 0 yards) of retaining wall and the latter 20 ken (590 yards). The Chemulpho harbor is to have a main landing pier beside four piers for small cargo steamers and large junks; and the Customs compound at Fusitn is to have a large wharf for ocean steamers, on which wharf live sheds will bo built and conm-eted with the railway, while there will also U; piers for lighters and fishing boats. In the basin for fishing boats at Fusan provision will l>e made for coldstorage and other sheds; while in the Chemulpho compound there will lie three warehouses and six sheds, all connected with the railway- Five improved cranes are to be erected in the customs coui)>ounds at l>oth Chemulpho and Fusan. With reference to quarantine, an inspection station is to be built on an island near the harl>ors of Chemulpho. Fusan and Wonsau respectively, and each station will include a quarantine ofliee, a disinfecting chamW and a hospital ward.

When this work of extending the Customs premises is fully completed, much greater facilities will be afforded for foreign trade in Korea. Especially the harbors of Chemulpho and Fusan, having land and water communications, will undoubtedly be among the best in the Orient.

36. Light-Houses.

In spite of the fact that the Korean coasts are exceedingly unsafe for navigation, the Korean Government paid little attention to the erection of light-houses until 1901, when the Japanese Minister at Seoul called the attention of the Korean Government to article 31 of the trade regulations concluded in 1SS3 between Japan and Korea, by which it is stipulated that '''the Korean Government shall improve each commercial harbor and establish light-houses and buoys in connection therewith/' In consequence of this representation, Mr. Ttrown, commissioner of Customs, agreed to make a beginning by allotting 245,000 yen out of the funds of the Customs revenue for survey purposes and for the construction of light-houses. The services of several Japanese experts were obtained, and, later on, an English engineer, Mr. Harding, was engaged for the work. Thus the construction of five light-houses on islands in the vicinity of

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Choinulpho harbor was eoiuplcled by 1903. During the nwitt war,, the Japanese Military Staff established light-lioiisc-? and placed beacons and buoys at Uie mouth of the Ytdu river and on the eastern and southern coasts of the Peninsula.

Side by side with the work of ixtending the Customs compounds, lie Korean Government decide*], in .March, 1900, to make considerable improvement- in light -house facilities along the several water-routes, and to allot for that purpose one million and a (piarter yen out of the Customs revenue. The Bureau of Light-Houses, after careful survey, mapped Korean waters into ten navigation lines, and planned to establish 35 light- . houses, 5 light-buoys, 3 beacons, 50 buoys and 11 fog-signals, making 101 in all. This plan, however, was subsequently modified so that the numbers now stand as follow: — 50 iiht-hoitscs, 5 light-buoys, 5 be icons. ."1 buovs and 10 fog-signals, making 1 :i0 in all, for which .1,200.272 yen is to be expended during 5 years beginning with 1900.

By December 31st, 1007, the construction of 35 light-houses. 5 light-buoys, 3 beacons, 50 buoys and 11 fog-signals was completed.

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Ix. Communications.

37. Public Highways.

Although 1 lie; Koreans an ancient civilization of their own. lie country hitherto po: sessed hardly any public roads, except the .so called "grand road" from Seoul 1o tin* Chinese' border, and a few roads between the capital ami sonic provincial cities. The Government used to distribute a certain amount of money among the various districts for putposis of road iv]i : .ir. Not only was this sum, even in its integrity, quite inadequate to maintain the roads, but also three-fourths of it went into the pockets of local magistrates, and practically nothing was done lor the roads. Kveii stone bridges were suffered to lie hroki-n. and the road-beds were gradually beaten down Mow the level of the adjacent ground. Thus in time of rain the roads became almost impassable.

During the China-Japan war. the Seoitl-Chemulpho highway was constructed by the .la pan eye army, and two trunk roads from Seoul to Wonsan ai d Wiju respeetively were similarily made by the Japanese troops during the war with Russia.

Tn order to facilitate transportation, the Korean Government (as stated in the Report for 1 1)0(5) allotted 1 ,500,000 out of the Loan for Public Undertakings ;o construct four roads, namely, one between Chinnampho and Ping-vang; another from Tai-ku to Va-nil Ray. by way of Kyang-ju; a third from Von-san-kang to Mok-po; and a fourth from Kcun-kang to Kun-an. These roads arc to connect the principal open ports with the railway centre- and agricultural districts. Snrvevs of the routes wore commenced in August. ItiOo, and completed by December of that year, the total length being o01.."> kilometres. The width of the Taiku-Yan-il and Von-san-kang- .Mokpo roads is to be 0 metres. But the Chinnampho-Ping ynng and Keiin kang-Xunsan width is to Ik? 7 metres, the

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idea hoing tluit these roads may Ik; used for tram-car lines hereafter. The appropriation of lauds for tho construction of those roads occupied almost a year (Xovomhor .ll0ij-\oveml>or l'.Mj") and the market price was paid, according to the Land Appropriation Law. Many of the Japanese owners gave their land gratis; an example followed to some extent hy the Koreans The actual work of construction was commenced in -May, 11)07, and kilometres had he en finished hy the end of Decemkn- in this year.

As a secondary stage of conununications construction, seven other roads an* planned for different provinces. These highways are expected to serve as models for similar work undertaken in future hy local governments or municipal i lies.

38. Posts.

Ly the Agreement concluded on April 1st, ISM)."*, ihe Korean Governmeiit transferred to the Imperial Japanese Government "control and administration of the post, telegraph and telephone services in Korea (except the telephone service exclusively pertaining to the Department, of the Iui[erial Household).*' Xeverlheless the opening of ihe Japanese- postal service in Korea dat<il from XovennW 1st, 1S70 several months after the opening of the port of Fusau. Later on, J japanese post offices were opener I in Seoul and in each treaty port. During the KiissoJapauose war postal service* were also conducted hy the Japanese in important cities or towns alonsr the Japanese railways-. Ik' fore the Korean Government assigned their communications system to Japan, there were altogether til Japanese post offices.

With regard to postal administration, the Korean Government made its first effort in 1$ ( Mt to operate a modern postal system hy engaging Mr. Vamada, Post master of Osaka, ind hy enacting various Herniations relating to postal administration on the model of the Japanese system, lint nothing was carried out after his dismissal. In 1SDS. .Mr. !Miu San-ho, theu Vice-Minister of the Department of Agriculture, Industry and Coinmcm', proceeded to Europe and America to investigate Western systems of postal administration, and hrought hack with him M.

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Clemenccnu, a French gentleman, who was then engaged as adviser to the Post Office. Again the introduction of a modern postal system was commenced, and Korea formally joined the universal Postal Union in January, 1001; a Board of Communications being established in March to control the postal and telegraphic atTairs of the country. Post-office? were opened r.t the treaty ports and in the principal towns ami cities. But the operation and management of this postal sen- ice was so poor that the State lost annually from 140.000 yen to 200,000 yen, without any prospect of improvement. Had the postal administration been continued by the Korean Government, the Treasury would have suffered even more. Thus "finding it expedient from the standpoint of the administration and finances of Korea." the Government finally decided to transfer the entire management of communications to Japanese control.

The Korean Postal system, amalgamated with the Japanese fystem, was thus brought under the charge of the Communications Department of the Japanese Government, and l)ocnme subject to the control of that Department's Minister. But on the establishment, of the Residency General in Seoul, the charge of the posts, telegraphs and telephones in Korea was transferred to the Bureau of Communications of th: "Residency General and its final control fell to the Resident General. For the maintenance and improvement of the system the Japanese Government, spent 2.f>Sl,02.'5 yen during the fiscal year which l>ogan on April 1st. 100:>; 2,20G.O7S yen in 100<>, and 2,20:],s:u y,n (estimate) in 1007; while the earnings of the system were yen in the fiscal year 1005; l,ll1,i:r> yen in 1SMHI. and 1,:]!>S,02.°, yen (estimate) in 1007. Thus the subsidy granted by the Japanese Government decreased year by year and the earnings increased, so that, according to present prospects, the postal, telegraphic and telephonic services in Korea will some day become self-support ing.

The number of post-offices, including those newly built, was 40$ at the end of the fiscal year ended March 31st. 1006 and it became 48." by the amalgamation of some small offices at the end of the next fiscal year. The total number of letters and post-cards handled by post-offices

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was 42,0O2.4.'i4 durinc the fiscal year ended "March :',lsr, 1000, as against 1,082 durihjr tin- year foil. win-, an increase of 20,722,248, or nearly 4!) per cent. ; and tin- total minder of parcels sent through the post was 286,734 ami r1 2,230 ?n the same years, respectively, an ineivase of nearly SO per cent., while the lutmhcr of post-otHecs issnin<r money -orders increased from 125 in th~ former year to 20 J in the latter.

The nroirre made in postal matters in Korea under Japanese control dimvu hy the following tahlc:—

Ordinary Mail Posts And Parcel Iy>Sts Iv Korea.

Fiscal Years,

W5-6

Ordinary Mail Posts.

Number of offices open to Public.

48;

Length of Postal Routes.

Number (if Mail Matter*.

Miles

5,983 42,90 ',434

"775 63.624.6S2

Parcel Posts.

Number of offices open to Putilic.

>59

aS3

Number of Parcels.

286,734 512,230

Fiscal Years.

POSTAL MONF.Y ORDERS. Domestic Money-Orders.

Number of offices open to Public.

Issued.

6,052,29* 10,645,819

Paid.

3.581,123 f',27°.554

Foreign Money- Orders.

Issued.

21,840 2J.545

Paid.

25.55"

Post Office Sayings Ranks.

Fiscal Years.

Number of offices open to INiblic.

Number of depos:ls at the e nd of 1 he fiscal year.

25,808

Amount withdrawn.

Yen 35o,239

39. Telegraphs and Telephones.

The tir-i teleTaphie service in Ivor -a was eond.ieled hv a Japanese post office at Fn-an in Fehrnary. when the (treat Northern Telegraph

Company of IVnmark laid a -nhmirine eal.le between Nagasaki and Fn-an. In .November of the. next yar, the Korean Co.vernment eonstrueted a line between Seoul and Wijti with nion v borrowed from China. Then, in e.mpienee .if rep:v-entati..n< made hv the Japanese

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Minister at Seoul, the same Government, construetctl the Soonl-Fusan line in 1SSS. and a Seoul- Wonsnn line was built in IS!)".. Hut the maintenance and jnanagemrnt of these lines were so bad that telegraphic eommunieation was easily interrupted in inclement weather and th> service; could not lie relied upon. When war broke our with China, the Japanese army built its own telegraph lines between Fusan, Seoul and Chemulplio, and the ritdit of maintaining those lines was reserved to Japan with the consent of the Korean Government. Further, by the Kuo- Japanese Protocol concluded ou June Dth. ISiKl, the Russian Government obtained the right of constructing a line from Seoul to 1he Russian frontier, and in addition to these various trunk lines, there were several branches connected with sea-ports and gold-mines. When the whole system of communeations was transferred to Japanese control, the Korean Governments possessed about r24 ri (1,310 miles") of telegraph lines, including a few telephone lines.

As to telephones in Korea, the Government had services at Seoul. (Vmulnho. Snwon and Yong-tengpo to a limited extent; but the total number of users of these telephones did not exceed .10. After 1002, the Japanese post-offices at Seoul. Chcmulpho, Fusan and other places also operated telephone services.

Since the transfer of the instruments of Communication by the Korea Government to Japanese control, the progress of the telegraph and telephone services made in the last two years can 1h> s.x*n from the following tables: —

Telegraphs.

years.

Number of offices open to public.

Length lines.

wires.

Number of domestic messages.

Number of international messages.

Number of in transit

M77

2,409

9Is.327

654,327

I,386.9t5

",455,794

578.S57

1,916.706

Telephones.

fapanese Number of Number of autoin- length Length Number .. . (>f

fiscal Exchanges open matic Telephone of of of

years. to the public. Poxes. line. wires. users. s e

1005.6 1 j 8 42 277 1.065 3.748.307

1006-7 2-' 8 53 ",242 2.362 8,489,530

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40. Railways.

The railways iii Korea are of improved standard gap', while all those in Japan arc of the narrow cairc

Soon af'er the war with ('lina had broken out, Japan expressed her intention of obtaining concessions for Seoid-f 'hemulpho and Seonl-Fus.tu railway-. indicated in tic Agreement concluded witli Korea on Annst 2_>nd. 1*0 !. baler on. in I s 00. Air. James K. "Morse, an American citizen, s-nrod a ilelinite concession from tlie Korean government for die S(oul-( licmnlplio line and this eoncc—jon was pnreliased from liiin in 1S!S by a Japanese syndicate 'I'lie coiislrnelion of iho railway having been complet- d in 1 '. 1 , it w i- opened to traffic- in October of (lie same year, hcing thus tin- fir-t railway in Korea. Tn a definite oncc-sion for tlie Seoul Fu-nii line was given to another Japanese syndicate, called the Seoul Fn-an Kailvvay Co. With an authorized capita' of 000.000 n, to be rai-cd by annual installments of five million-. and with the .lapane-e JovernmcnCs "iiarantee of infere-t on the debentures isiii, .1 by the Company, the work of construction was begun in August. 1001. l?ut. when the relit ions with Knssia became strained at the -end of 100'!. the .lapane-e Covennn nt granted an additional subsidy of 2. 200.000 ;t ,-u as well a- a loan of 1.J>0.000 without interest, in return for which the "oinpany undertook to push the C'-n- -t met ion rapidly. The railway. miles in legfh. was completed by Xovendn-r, 1001. and opei -d to traHie on January 1-t. l°-0.">. When the Japanese ( h.vernnienl nationalized tlie principal private railways in Japan, thi- policy was extended to Korea, and the Seonl-Fiisan and Seoul Chemulpo line- were purchased for 20,0 ] .V.O0 i/m in .lime, 1000. 1 k inii" brought under tlie charge of the Railway Unreaii. which, under the control and >uper\ i- ion of the Kesidein Oeneral. maiiair matters of const ruction, maintenance. ;.:wl inipi'ovcni nt. transportation and business connected therewith.

As to the Seoul Wiju line, the first coiice-s ion was given to ,i French syndicate, La (\<ii>p<t<ii,!r Fiii'\< vitlr, in ivm. but owing to *blny in

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coinineneiug construction, tin- Korean Government- il>elf, in .1 90s, decided to undertake tlx: work. This project, however, was subsequently subtended for lack of funds. Jmmcdiutely after the war with Russia had broken out, (lie .TapancM.- army began to Ituild the Seoul-Wiju railway and the Masampo line- in Mareh md August respectively of 1901, according to (!u- provisions of a treaty empowering the .l;ipan< se Government lo take Mich measures as (lie cireum.-tauces might require, or to occupy Midi places as might be needful from a strategical point of view, in ease "the Imperial Household or the territorial integrity of Korea be endangered by the aggression of a third Power or by internal disturbance.*' The Masampo line, 25 miles in length, was completed in May 1905, and the Seoul - Wiju line of '-iS-j miles in .March, 1900. The cost, of ihe> - two line* aggregated 5.:97,o57 ym, and they were transferred lo the charge of the Kailway Bureau of the Kcsideucy General in September, 1900.

Up to the close of the fiscal year eiuled Mareli '51st, 1907, then) had been expended 1,910 yen for the Seotil-Fusan line, ol, 000,110 yen

lor the S.-oiil-W'iju line, and i'J.s.d.M yen for the Masampo line, making a grand total of 07, 1 ::i,t>7ii yen. In February, 1907, the Imperial Diet authorized die Kadwuy l'.iir -an of the Residency General to e-tablish -i s-peeial aeeount for the construction and improvement of railways in Korea, and granted a sum of 2l,>7o,1 11 yen for these purpose*, thus addiug S ; 179,00: yen to the sum of i:>. 094,141 yen which had been already appropriated for military objects. This fund is to be expended during the eoming four years in the following amounts :-10,100,020 yen for the fiscal year 11)07; 7,257,5*7 yen for 190S; 3,241, Sift yon for 1909; and l,i:jJ,000 yen for 1910. The following fable shows the progress made during the la4 two year-:— ,

(A)

Rolling Slock.

Length of Number Fiscal year. open lines of Knnincs. I'assengcr Freight

miles. Stations.

19067 637,9 98 93 55 636

1907.S 641,5 101 104 158 955

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Passenger*. Quantity of Goods carried.

Fiscal year. Number. Fares. Yen. Tons. Freight paid.

1906- 7 1,246,626 697,521

19 07- 2.62S.772 t,99o,265 391,175 981,607

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X. Public Undertakings.

41. Construction of Public Buildings.

In the course of administrative reform- 5 , industrial encouragement, ami educational extension, the necessity of improved public buildings has been felt. Tudor the pressure of this need, "a Special Section." dealing with the construction of public buildings, was established in the Finance Department by Imperial Kdiet No. issued on September 24-th, l'JOO, the staff of the new Section being composed of several Japanese engineers and architects. As already stated, 387,221 yen out of the tirst ''Public Undertakings Loan" was allotted for establishing the Tai-llan Hospital, the Seoul Court House and Industrial Training School. Of that s>i,m i'K'., y t n wns expended for building the hospital, 78,000 yen for the Court House and 7">,20'J yen for the school, making a total of 4t<>,77"> yen. In addition, the National Treasury spent 80,000 yen for the construction of a Cabinet building, and :Ji),279 yen for the new Seoul Prison. The Cabinet building, the hospital and the jjr court house are of a permanent nature, being built of brick or stone M ' and it is hoped that they will serve as a model for public buildings in theV

The Kuiieatioual Department, al-o. ha< pent 01>,J.">0 yen for building the Seoul Normal School, and .*j:iN.<l7 yen for II' new common schools.

42. Brick Manufacturing.

Th 1 winter in Korea being rather severe, public- buildings made of wood are not suitable-. .Moreover, Korea is outside the earthquake zone. For these reasons the Government decided to contract substantial brick buildings of a permanent type. But the supply of bricks made by private companies, being found inadequate, while I hoses imported were very ex-

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pensive, r lie (b.vcrnniciit itself undertook to manufacture this commodity, and Xl-lAHm >/nt \v:is appropriated for the establishment of a brick factory. The site selected is at Ma-ho near the Han river, and .~>0.00O Isfiho acres) of laud was obtained for t lie erection of buildings and to supply ( lav. The actual making of bricks ljegan in April. l'-MlT: the setting up of the latest model of Hoffman's brick-making machinery was completed by Septoml>cr of the same year: and the station thenceforth became caj)ahlc of turning out more than :JO,000 bricks a day. The cost of hrick.s made at this station is much cheaper than that of those imported.

As a branch of this enterprise, a factory for making drain-pipes and tiles has been established at The whole of this department was not completed by the end of December. 1!H7. though 1 pipes and ;>7,<M.") tiles were made in the several kilns already completed during the: last four months of the year.

43. The Printing Bureau.

In the course of tinaneial and administrative reforms, the Korean <iovernm: nt felt the pressing necessity of printing various blank forms of olhcial documents, certificate*, stamps, otlicial reports etc. kbit private enterprise in this line being in its infancy in Korea, and consequently inadequate for the pto'poso, the Finance Department, in November, l'.'Ol, decided to establish a Printing Bureau. To that end advantage was :aken of the fact that the mint, which had been closed in October T.MH owing to the tinaneial reforms, was lying idle, ami all its machines were utilized for the Printing Bureau.

Besides ordinary printing business, the Hunan undertook the engraving of copper plate*, a-' well as designing and painting. Bui owing to a lire in .March, linn;, more than half of the buildings was destroyed and business, had to be suspended temporarily. It was soon resumed, however, and further extended as follows:

1. .Making of .stamps, bonds and shares.

2. Designing, engraving, and modelling.

j. Printing from type, copper plates, photolithography, and so forth.

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4. "Mnkimr of ink and ink-rollers for printing purpose*.

5. Manufacturing paper for official certificates, bonds, and other securities.

For the further development of the business, 4*0,000 yen, appropriated from the "Public Undertakings Loan/' is to ho spent in extending 1 the building, buying improved printing machines, providing motor-power and electric light, ami constructing i -si deuces for employees, clc. This extension work was liegun in September. 1007. and is exited to he completed by the end of 1008.

Various efforts have lven made to train native labour. Thus several young Koreans were sent to the Printing Bureau in Japan, in 1000, to study improved systems of printing. "Moreover. Korean girls, who are habitually confined to domestic duties, were encouraged to work in the Printing Bureau and are now engaged in various sections of the bookbinding, paper manufacturing, and lithographic works. Japanese engineers and foremen are also engaged instructors or to undertake speciallv difficult and delicate work.

The progress made by the Bureau in the lat three years is shown the following table: —

State Of The Business Of The Printing Bureau.

Vear Expenses. V Endofe.chyea,.

Vcn. Koreans Inpanesc. 1005 4°,5' 492 162 32

1906 98,817 7,641 203 58

1907 162,841 76,440 256 7S

44. Pyingyang Coal Mines.

Along the main-stream of llie To-dony river juid its tributaries, in the neighbourhood of Pyingyang I*-ds of autbraetite coal arc extensive, the veins being about 1:5 ri (:)'2 miles) in lemrlh and :5 ri (T' j miles) in width. Their position forms the ticrure V. Tt is said that the Koreans did not pay any attention to these rich deposits until the sailors of a Chines*, junk first used Pyingyang coal for tires, some years ago. After th" China-Japan war. a French firm. vs. I'nti'lmi. l'laisan ri Cio. obtained

Number of Emproyccs at the

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a mining lease from the Tmpovi.il Household, and another Company (n Korean and American partnership) engaged in the enterprise of coalmining for si time at. different, places, paying the Imperial Household 25 per cent, of the profits as a royalty. The Imperial Household is said to have furnished 300,000 yon to each company as a part of their capital fund. In addition, private individuals, native or foreign, freely mined the coal, without regard to the public interest.

With the object of establishing a model coal-mine as well as to increase the national revenue in the future, the Governni ul assumed complete control of the Rvingyang coal mines, and by Imperial Edict 10. issued August 22nd. 1007, (he 'Tyingyang foal-mining Stalion" was established under the siqiervision and control of the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, the organization of the Station being subsequently modified by Imperial Edict Xo. 07 in December, 1007. The staff is composed' of a presiding engineer, two managers, two chief engineers, several assistant engineers and clerks. In addition, there are 27 engineers engaged in the actual work of mining, seven of them l>eing Koreans. At the end of December. 1007, 05 foremen and 42.". miners were employed, 00 per cent being Koreans. Up to that month, 04,415 yen had been expended on developing the work ami on plant, and 2.150 tons of coal had been sold for 5,700 yen.

The budget for 100S contained a special grant of 000,000 yen for this coal-mining statin. to moot expoiivs and 1,1 1 cost of extending the mining equipment.

45. Forest Undertakings Station.

There rich forests along the banks the Yalu and the- Tn-men Rivers, but they wore never properly exploited, except in a temporary manner by tin- Russians prior the recent war, and later by the Japanese army in turn Proper exploitation with adequate capital should undoubtedly yield a considerable revenue to the Treasury. Rut being unable without foreign aid to open up this large -oureo of wealth, the Korean Government concluded an agreement, with the Resident General

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in October 1900 to conduct; forestry undertakings along tho Yaln and Tuiuen Rivers as a joint enterprise of the Japanese and Korean Governments, with a capital of 1,200.000 yen, each party contributing one half. Work actually began in May 15107 with a paid-up capital of (500,000 yon, and the "Forestry Undertakings Station" was established at Antung in Manchuria, near the mouth of the Yaln river, opposite Wiju. The business hitherto carried on in Korean territory at a ' Timber Station" maintained by the Japanese army was then transferred to this new Forestry Undertakings Station. In the Ilyoi-Sau-dhln mountains, the centre of the forests on the upper reaches of the Yaln Kiver, a branch station was erected to manage the work of felling, transporting, and rafting the timber, Along the river three sub-stafions were created to watch the rafts. The distance from the place where the timber is felled to the main station at Antung is 150 r! (375 miles) and the rafts take 40 days to make the journey. During the Japanese fiscal year ended March 31st, 190S, 74.112 cubic shol-u of timW was felled, of which 71,000 cubic shaku was rafted and 45,301 cubic xlinkii arrived at the main station, 19.S55 cubic rftakn lieing sold for 70.500 yen.

hi accordance with the experience of the .Japanese troops who conducted the timber undertaking for a time, tli- following estimates were compiled:— a loss of $2,970 in 1907; lessening to 11,070 yen in 1908: becoming a profit of 119,030 yen in 1909 ami so on. P.ut tho actual loss in 1907, namely, the excess of exjwmses over sales of timber, did not exceed 40,000 n, instead of *2,!*70 yin. This was mainly owing to the good market that prevailed in China and Korea. A possible profit of 90,000 yen is expo-tod for 1 90S instead of the ox|>acted loss of 11.070 yc-ti.

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Xi. Agricultural And Industrial Encouragement.

46. Model Forests.

The mountain ranges in Korea cover more than half the total area of the eountry. Owing to indiscriminate felling of tree.* without public supervision, which was practised for a long time past, most of the mountain slopes except along the Yalu ami Tumen rivers, the Chili-san range, dividing the provinces of South Kyongsyang and South Chyolla, and the island of Quelpart, have became denuded of trees. Thus the people not only suffer from lack of fire-wood, but also are unable 10 build better house* than mere huts. Furthermore, this general deforestation of the mountains is a principal cause of injury to agriculture, owing to floods in the rainy season and lack of water for irrigation purpose in the dry season.

The Korean Government, appreciating the urgent, advice of the Resident General, established, in lOOtl, three modal forests in the mountains near Seoul. Pingyang and Taiku. The total area of these covered 0*3,320 chn (S3.300 acres ) and the number of young trees, comprising pine, oal.\ larch, chestunt, and crypfomcria imported from Japan and planted, amounted to 17.0,000 at a cost of 203.000 yen.

In 1007, three .Nursery Gardens were established in the vicinity of the Model Forests near Pingyang and Taiku. and also at Suwon. In the*' Gardens sivds of various trees were sowed in the spring of 1D07, and promising results were obtained.

In addition 1o these model forestry stations, the Government is making every effort to afforest the bare mountains throughout the eomifry. In a school attached to ihe Agricultural and Industrial model

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Station at Suwon, a short course in forestry was added to the curriculum, and the first graduates, 12 in number, are now actively engaging in forest administration under the Government, and at the Model Stations.

Hitherto the administration of forests has nominally l>oen conducted hy the agricultural section of the Department of Agriculture, Conuneree and Industry, hut in order to grow timber on the barren mountains, to encourage private enterprise in forests, and to effectively supervise the management of forests, a Bureau of Forestry was established in the Department in 10U7, and suvcral Japanese experts in forestry were engaged for service throughout the country.

Thus having established model forests, a forest, school, and a Bureau of Forestry, the Government is now preparing comprehensive laws which will provide, among other things, that certain mountains and forests, both public and private, shall be preserved as protections against landslides, Hoods, and drought. On the other hand, public lands or their products are to lie sold, leased, or granted to private individuals under certain limitations and conditions in the interest of forestry improvement.

47. Agricultural and Industrial Model Farm.

.Nothing is more important, for the advancement of material prosperity in Korea than to give the people every opportunity of improving the old-fashioned methods of agriculture and industry.

For this purpose the Residency General established, in dune, li0i. an Agricultural and Industrial Model Farm at Suwon, about 2." miles from Seoul, at a eo>t of ]t;s,r>20 yen. This farm was transferred to the control of the Department of Agriculture, Commerce and industry of the Korean Government in April 1007. Eighty seven cho of land (217 acres) have been appropriated for the purpose, and there are attached to the farm seven competent Japanese exports with 12 Japanese and Korean assistants, all under the charge and superintendence of Dr. Honda. Experiments in the cultivation of rice, barley, sugar-beet, tobacco, cotton and other staples arc made; sericulture is undertaken; and the raising

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of live stock is tried. Tlie work done during the last two years is worth attention.

liiec. The Farm has paid serious attention to rice cultivation, as this cereal is one of the major agricultural products in Korea. In 15)0(5. experiments were undertaken in several fields near Kit won and Kunsan, where Japanese and Koi-ean seed was sown; and it was proved thnt the Japanese seed generally produce* I more than the Korean. In l'JO", several kinds of Japanese rice were tried at the Farm, and that known as u $hin- t'iki" was found to he best adapted to the Korean soil and climate, while being also the most productive. Of upland rice, the O'nav proved the best.

Sugar beet. The climate of Korea being somewhat similar to that of Europe, where the sugar Iteet is generally grown, the Farm, in 190G, distributed the German seeds, klein-wanzlek-nvr and. braune, for trial at the Horticultural Model Station at Tuksan, the Industrial Under taking Co. at Huang- J u, and the Aichi Agricultural Garden at Wons.m. Of these kinds of .seed ihv klein-waiizlelK'iier proved the more adaptable to Korean soil. The results obtained with this seed at the Farm in 3 DO" were satisfactory: they gave the following-average figures: — weight per root, 4:J5 gramme*; sugar contained in liquid, lo,iMS {K-r cent., the purity being SS by chemical analysis. The climate in Korea being drier than that of Japan, the production of sugar beet is more promising than in Hokkaido, where the cultivation "f the root is carried on a limited extent.

Sericulture: The Japane>e originally learned sericulture from the Koreans, yet the silk industry in Korea is to-day very limited and its product so crude as not to he comparable with the Japanese staple. The Farm experimented with silk-wormeggs and mulberry trees brought from Japan and found that they are well adapted to the conditions existing in Korea. A great many years will le required, however, to carry the silk industry in Korea to a state approaching perfection as long as Korean houses are so low and dark that they seriously interfere with the growth of the worm, whereas Japanese houses are almost ideal in this respect.

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On the other hand, the cultivation of wild silk worms, as carried on in the Aiming districts beyond the Yalu, should 1x3 capable of being transplanted to Korea, as the conditions in north Korea and in Autung are much alike, and the "Quereus Mongolia,'' on which these wild silk worms feed, abounds in both regions. The eggs of this wild variety of silk worms were brought from the I loo- sun mountain in north Antung and tested at the Paingma Mountain in north Korea, also at Suwoii. At both places the results of two years' experiments, alike with spring and autumn broods, were satisfactory, the worms proving themselves adaptable to Korea when proper care is taken to prevent destruction by magpie* as well by as flies and other insects.

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Live stock. Specimen ts of Berkshire pigs have heon brought to the Farm, and are proving so satisfactory that a pig of seven months weighs IS l-an (150 lhs. av.).

Willi regard to poultry, the Xagoya Cochin China and other stock of foreign origin are being bred at the- Farm. The Cochin China do particularly well in Korea- They keep very healthy without any special care during winter and their eggs average . r >S.5 grammes.

Besides the experimental works above mentioned, the Farm distributes seeds or young plants, eggs or young live stock to farmers who apply for such things, or sells them at cost price. Any necessary instruction or information in regard to agricultural questions, is also freely given.

48. Cultivation of Cotton.

The climate and soil in the southern part of the peninsula arc well suited to the growth of cotton, but the native method of cultivation being primitive, Koreans aud Japanese interested in this industry formed an ''Association for the Cultivation of Cotton"' (as stated in the report for 100(5), with the ohjfct of introducing an improved system of planting. The Korean Covernment also decided to subsidize this Association to the extent of 100,000 yen, distributed over three years, begining in 1!)0(5, on condition that American upland cotton be introduced; that tho seed obtained from the crop be distributed among planters at large, and that

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11 ginning mill he established, v.i'Ji t he special object of preventing tlie seed from k-ing wastofully thrown away. The charge, and .superintendence of ihe Association liave been entrusted to the Agricultural and Industrial Model Farm at Suwou, and a branch .station for experimenting in cotton cultivation was established at. Mokpo in dune, 1'JOti.

This branch soon selected ten sites for cotton Iscds, and erected a ginning mill near Mokpo. The total area under cotton cultivation, including the ten beds managed by the exjicriineutal station, increased front tan in I'.HMi. to <;i.L ) tan ( U',<; acres), in 11)07, with a production of 77.07-1 kin (Vej,7o."> lbs. aw). The number of Koreans planting cotton increased to in IU07 against ,H* in 1 while a places where Japanese earned on the enterprise in 100(1 became Hi in 1907.

49. Industrial Training School.

In past ages Korea reached an advanced stage in various arts and industries, so that the Japanese obtained from her the arts of weaving, keramies, metal-casting, architecture, etc. Since media'val days, however, Korean industry has been on the decline, and to day it is in a state of decay. Should the young generation of men whose ancestors exhibited remarkable talent in the various arts be brought under uniform guidance, and be properly trained, l hoy will undoubtixlly show once more their old industrial activity.

To establish a special school for carrying out the above idea was one of the principal objects in obtaining a "Loan for Public Undertakings" in li>00, and 141U554 yen out of the loan was alloted to establishing an Industrial Training School in S oul. l!y the recommendation of the Resident (iciieral, Dr. lliraga, one of the leading technical engineers in Japan, was engaged by the Korean Government to prepare general plans of the school. The following six courses of industrial training are to be given at this institution viz:

1. Dyeing and weaving Bleaching : plan dyeing and printing; weaving of cotton, hemp, silk and wool.

2. Keramies: — IJ-ide the original Korai faience, the making of modem porcelain has been introduced.

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3. Metal work:— Casting, tempering and finishing.

4. Manual work: — Carpentering, joinery, ami wheelwright work.

5. Applied chemistry: — Paper making; skin dressing; manufacture of soap, glue, gelatin and artificial manure; oil extraction and chemical analysis.

fi. Civil engineering:— Surveying and drawing.

In addition to the ahove, the following subjects will he taught in all courses alike: —

The Japanese language; elementary English; arithmetic; free-hand drawing; physics and chemistry. The construction of a main building and 0 buildings for the separate courses, as well as two dormitories, was completed in March, 1907, at. the. cost of 75,200 yen. For machinery and apparatus of various kinds "0,000 yen has len spent.

The object of the school excited much interest among the Koreans, and at the first entrance examination, held in April, 1907, there were 1,100 applicants, of whom only 71 passed. Tn addition to free tuition and lodging, an allowance of six yen per month is given to each student.

For the maintenance of the School, "0,170 yen was appropriated in 1907, ami 11.799 yen in 190*.

50. Seoul Exposition.

While the Korean (Joveruincnr and the Residency (ieneral employed their utmost efforts and influence in promoting various agricultural industrial and commercial facilities, they did not neglect to afford every available encouragement or opportunity to the Koreans at large, with a view to improving the lat tor's standard of living. Thus a Seoul Exposition was held in 1907, primarily to impart general knowledge to the Koreans, and 1o stimulate their interest in modern industrial life. This enterprise was under the an-pi, -is of the Korean (Jowrnmcnt and ihe Kcsidcncv (ieneral, and received pecuniary aid from them, its details, however, In'ing managed by a private joint association "f Koreans and Japanese. The total numlHT of exhibitors was 1.49:1, among whom 19:1 were Koreans, the rest being Japanese; and the total number of articles exhibited was

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70.021. namely 4,000 by Koreans and the rest by Japanese. The Exhibition was opened on the 1st of September, 1007 and remained open for two months and ten days. At the l>eginning, only a few Koreans, drawn mainly by furiosity, visited the place, but the popularity of the Exhibition soon grow, and a large concourse of Koreans at (ended, their interest l>oing particularly excited by the contrast Jictwcen the comparative crudeness of their own exhibits and the superior qualities of the Japanese articles. It was originally estimated that the number of visitors might not reach more than 50,000 during the whole term, but this forecast was quadrupled, the visitors aehmlly aggregating 20S.417. The largest attendance on any one day reached 12,710, the smallest, being 2215. and the average was 2.77-S per diem for the whole 70 days. Seventy-five per cent, of the visitors were Koreans.

In view of these results, the Seoul Exhibition must undoubtedly Ik* held to have served as a great object lesson to the Koreans, and to have materially stimulated their industrial and progressive ideas.

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Xii. Sanitation

51. Sanitary affairs in Korea.

Although Korea is tint t 1 v a tropical country, yet various plasues have often threatened hoth liiunan hcinss ami rattle. Proper sanitary measures havins hitherto heen neslerted. the population lias Ihvii at a stand still f..r a Lmir time. A hospital ami a medical school to promote vaccination were *iist estahlished in under the advice of a Japanese, Dr. Kojo. ami. (lire;- years later. SI medical students havins Sradttatcd, they were distrihnied niimii-r vaeeiual u station.-, which were estahlished thmushnut the provinces, hy a decree of the Homo Department, issued on June '27, 11*7. The regulations provide also for sencral compulsory vaccination: and, in addition, several laws and resulalions wore enacted for the prevention of cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and diphtheria. Those laws were not carried into effect: they were pigeonholed.

In .March, P.ion. the Advisory Police Hoard ciura<red ahont Japanese physicians and distributed thni anions the police stations in the various provinces. They had chaise of vaccination and other sanitary measures. Sime these measures have heen taken, the uuniher of small pox case- lias decreased comparatively, allhoush an ao-nrate estimate has not yet heen obtained.

In ihe later part of the Summer of 11*07. when several case of cholera appeared anions tin* Koreans, Chinese and Japanese in t In- vicinity of the Vain Kivcr. a liiporarv Quarantine Station, with a personnel of several Japanese and Korean commissioners, was estahlished in Shin- W'iju. and when the disease made its appearance in Fiis.au, Clienmlpo. Pinsyjins and Seonl, the Police Advisory Hoard estahli>h d hranch <piai'i<ntine stations in these places also. Prior to the visit of the Crown Prince of Japan to Seoul, the '{evident ( ieiieral issued a special order

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for llit? establishment of :i "Plague Preventive Staff." (principally consisting of the mcideal corps of the Japanese irarrison and advisory police').' and thorough measures for disinfection were rigorously carried out in the city of Seoul. The result of these precautions was that any serious spread of the epidemic was checked. Official reports give the following statistics; .101 cases of cholera C 1 OS Koreans, 1.12 Japanese and 11 Chinese"): 270 deaths C 1 Ti 0 Koreans, S Chinese and 10C. Japanes A.

Tn connexion with the organic regulations for central and local administration, issued in December. 1007, various sanitary organizations were established. With regard to central administration for sanitary purposes, the Sanitary Bureau of the TTome Department is to control and supervise the sanitary administration of the whole country: the Sanitation Experimental Section of the Tai-Han Hospital is to take charge of experiments alon* the line of sanitation; while the local sanitary adminitsration is to be conducted by the second s -cliou of the Metropolitan Police Office, by the sanitary sections of the Provincial Police Stations, and by the provincial governments. Municipal organization for sanitation was inaugurated by the Seoul Sanitary Association, organized as a joint undertaking of the Seoul municipality and the Japanese settle ment municipally, it being arranged that the ex pern s of this association shond be met bv a mbsidy from the Korean C.overnmem. and by fee* collected from the Korean and Japanese resident- in Seoul.

52. Tai-Han Hospital.

1 nt i 1 very recently Iv-r a po--<--(d no adequately equipped hospital on a large scale, though there were two small hospital* and on:' attached to a medical school in Seoul: as well several other hospitals organized hy foreign missionary societies or by the municipalities of the various Japanese settlements. These hospitals, however, were irregularly managed and did not possess any n.inpetent eoninineut or ttccouimoda'io-:. thon.di ,.ne of tlx in w is controlled by the Home 1 Vpartincnt, another by tlie Imperial

Household, and a third- -which was .itraehrd to ihe 'Medical ColIe by

the Kdueational Department.

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The Tax-Han Hospital and its third class ward.

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J n sic -ordaince w ith the iidvico of the Resident (Jciicral, the Korean Government decided, in Jtmc, to establish one largo now hospital, by amalgamating the above mentiom d three institutions. For tliis purpose :.I."7,r77 yen, out of ihe "Public Undertakings Loan," was allotted for construction ;iiid maintenance, ami the hospital was placed under the control of the Home Department: Karon Dr. Sato, a prominent Surgeon General ni Japan, being invited to act as councillor in the establishment of this Taihan Hospital, and later being made its President. Madzusan Hill, tlie most hesdlhy location in Seoul, was selected for the Hospital. Most jf the buildings are of brick, and the Hospital has been divided into five sections, namely, medical, surgical, gyneacologieal, and ophthalmologic, together with a section for diseases of the car, nose, and throat. The medical faculty is composed of the President, 6 Japanese and 2 Korean doctors, with J Japanese, and 5 Korean assistants; 1 Japanese pharmacists and 10 Japanese nurses. Six buildings of one-storey construction have been provided as wards for the patients, and these are divided into three classes. Hi'side these an isolated building has been erected for patients with infectious diseases. Jn the iim class wards a charge is made of I' 1 .-; //ni a day; in the -ec-uid class, 1.25 yen, and in the third, 75 sea) but Japanese or other foreigners are charged double these fees. As for inedicino for out-patients, foreigners (including Japanese) have to pay 50 per cent, more than Koreans do. For extremely poor patients, free Ireatnieiit is given.

During 1907, the number of out-patients treated in this Government Hospital was 2,707 ; among whom !,92S were Koreaus; and 175 inpatients were receive !. The number vaccinated at the hospital was 201. of whom 102 were Koreans; and free treatment was given to 2,971 Koreans.

53. Medical School.

The medical .school attached to the Taihan Hospital succeeded the Seoul .Medical School which belonged to the Educational Department. The new Medical School was reorganized on an improved

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modern -\-lfin. lis teaching force consists of three Japanese professors, three Korean doctor- iii tf 1 one American physician. The School is exclusively designed lo train Koreans as physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, niidwivcs, an.l nurses: and the course of study extends over f.<nr years for medicine; three for pharmacy; and one for midwifery or nursing. In the Medical Department the ciirricidnm includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, pharmacy, practice of medicine, pediatrics, surgery, gonito-urinary treatment, gynaecology, mid wi fry, sanitation, haoteriology, medico-jurisprudence and clinical practice. In addition, arithmetic. physics, chemistry and Japanese an- tanghl. in the lirst year, hecan.se the Koreans :ire still deticiviif in the common hranehos of education. Those who pass the entrance examinations with good marks are received as government students, all their expenses for domitory. clothing and tuition heing given to them, while in the ease of other students the fee- only are remitted and textd>ooks . Ire lent.

54. Waterworks.

The well water in Korean towns is often a cause- of epidemic diseases, owing to inli!' ra' ion from xlajinant drain* and unclcnucd ue<<s- saries. In spite of the fact that water works for the large cities are tints of vitid importance, attention was never seriously paid to tin- matter until the Japanese municipal council in Seoul hold a meeting to discuss rhi" subject on -January l".MIi, 1 1M) t, and decided to htiihl a reservoir on Nam San, for the purpose of supplying the Japanese Settlement with water at a cost of 100,000 yen. The measure was not carried out. however, owing to a protest from Messrs. ('ol)hran and l!ostwick. an American iirm, which claimed the exclusive privilege of const rueling water workin Seoul. Meanwhile, in March, it0<;, on the urgent advice of the Ilc-idenl (ieneral. tin Koj'ean ' vermin nt deci<led to appropriate funds for wafer work- out. of the "Loan for l'uhlie I'ndorUkings." and to npp'y <i"'in f'V th'" const ruction of wai'r works at Chentulpho. and Pimryang, as well as to sul-.-idize the water works at Fir-an, wliich ha-1

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already been commenced by tin- Japanese Settlement there. Thr amount 'has alloi.d t.. Cheiuulpbo is J.lTiUHKt ijcii: to Ping-yang 1 ,'500,000 t/riK and as a subsidy to r'usan. :i:>0.000 y.<n. A Bureau of Water Works was established in June under the control of the Finance Departmcnl. but amalgamated with llie Hunan of Public Works of tile .Home Department in Deeeniber, 1007.

(//'). Clieinnli>lio Water Works.

The site chosen I'"' tin* pumping station is at Xo-Yang-jin on the hunks of til-* I Ian river above Yong-san. All the necessary surveys for the pumping station, including settling reservoirs and filters, a clear water basin, the route of the pipe line, and a distributing reservoir, wen' completed by Oc.oIht. IuOo, but, owing to the severity of the winter, work was not actually lvirun till March, 1!M>7. 'I he capacity of the water works has I .veil calculated as furnish a supply of 2SO,000 cubic sluiku of water a day, on a basis of 4 cubic shaku per head of 70,000 inhabitants, the possible population in the near future being estimated as follows; Koreans, *)o,ooo ; foreigners, -.'5,000; and 15,000 for ships watering at the port. The intake is to be in the Han river, a mile sdtove th:- railway bridge, where the water is free from contamination and altogether suitable for drinking purposes. The pumping station is connected with the settling reservoirs and filters, which have respectively a total capacity of 500,000 cubic shaktt, sutlieient for two days' consumption by a population of 70,000. A clear-water basin is to be built on a hill at Xo-Yaii'j-jin, oOO shaku above .sea level, having a capacity of 110,000 cubic shftkii, or sufficient for half a day. The distributing reservoir is t" be built on a hill 200 tlitiku above sea level to the north east of Cheniulpho. and will have a capacity of 500,000 cubic xlt<tl>n, two days' numniuni supply. The length of the main pijK- bet-ween the clear water basin and the distributing reservoir is to be S ri 11 cho, and its diameter i'O inches.

The work of onstriictioii is to In? completed within years, beginning from J 000, when the preliminary surveys and the purchase of no-.

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cessary materials were commenced. J>y I lie end of December, 11)07, one tliii-cl of the construction had been finished.

(b). Ping-yang Water Works.

Tlie .survey of the Water Works Pingyaug was completed by Defender, 1000. It has U-eu planned on the basis of a population of 50,000, namely, Korean- :'0,000; foreigners, 1:2,000; military 4,500: ami 4.000 for railway 1 1 so. The pumping system is to similar to that at Chemulpo, ami the water is 1o eome from a point in the main stream of the Ta-JJony Www to the pumping station on Islam!, with which settling reservoirs ami filters are connected. Thence the water is to he led across a hranch stream of the Ta-Dony Kiver to the distributing resrrviors, which have a total capacity of o,400,0()0 litres for 12 hours. Half of the work of construction was done by the end of Ueceud)er, 1007, and the whole is expected to be finished by the end of 1000.

[c). Fusan Water Works.

The Water Works at Fusan are under construction as a joint enterprise of the Korean (iovernment and the .Japanese ..Municipal Council, at a cost of 1,170,000 yen. out of which M'O.OOO yen is to be subs-rita-d by the Municipality and the balamv of IJ50.000 yen by the Government, and the work of construction is to b_- carried out under the control of th;* Pmreau of Public Works. The plan for the works at Fusan is to improve the old reservoir hitherto maintain d by the Japanese, Municipality and to build a large new one, with a capacity for 55.000 people. The gravitation system has lieett adopted, ami the old in pound ing- reservoir on Ko-uoii-kyoii moiiniain expanded to contain a supply for 10,000 persons, while a new inpounding reservoir i- to U: constructed on a mountain two ri from the city, capable of supplying 15.000 jtcoplc. The water from the two hipouiiding-rosorvoirs is to be conducted to a distributing reservoir, constructed on a hill behind the present customs oiliec The work was begun in April, 1007 and is tv. V completed within three years and a half.

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Xiii. Education Etc.

55. Education in Korea.

Prior to the ( "hina-Japan war. there was no real public* school system in Korea, nor any institution for giving modern education. In fact, education li.is never been regarded as a matter of public interest, but only as a privnf affair. A literatcur in a village gives lessons to hoys in the writing and reading of Chinese characters and in domestic etiquette, this kind of school being known as cln-pitiui. For a more advanced study f Chi 110*0 Korean hoys go to the Unv-nijo. where the image of Confucius is venerated, and this Tfmi-r/ifo is maintained in each district with income derived from rice-fields "ranted hy Government, or donated by private individuals. One candidate selected from each TTan-f/ifo eligible to enter the Snn-fjijuu-l-uav at Seoul, which is merely a high educational institution for the study of the Chinese Classics. Within recent, years, how<-ver, general history, g ography and mathematics have Wn included in the curriculum. Graduates from the Soii-fif/im-loai) are eligible for the lower grades of the civil service.

Although several law- and ordinances relating to common, middle, normal and technical schools, were promulgated in the course of the general administrative reforms in 1M>r, afier the China-Japan war, these regulations were largely ineffective. Common schools and others were indeed established in Seoul and some provincial cities, hut they may be said to have confined themselves to the irregular teaching of Chinese ideographs, other important studies l>eing neglected for the most part. There are schools maintained by various foreign missionary societies, Wide* several schools under Buddhist missionaries from Japan.

For the sake of the general welfare of the young generation, reform in education is of vitr.l nnpor- awe. The educational affairs of the coimfr;.

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can not he entrusted wholly to foreign missionary schools, or ahandonod to the imperfect system hitherto pursued hy rho Korean government.

56. Common Schools.

Tn accordance with the advice of the Fesidmt General, the Korean Government appropriated r.00.000 out of the - Loan for Puhlie Undertakings." in "March, 1000. for the extension of education: fh'0,000 yen hoing nlloted for improving and esiahlishing common schools, and the balance, 150.000 t/rv. for expanding and improving normal schools, high schools, and foreign language schools.

"Based on the educational system of advanced countries yet car fully adapted to existing conditions in Korea, general regulations for couunon schools wore issued hv Tni|>orinl Edict and hy a decree of the Minister of Education in August, 1000.

While couunon schools in Japan are maintained hy municipalities' or local government in Korea the Central Government also takes a leading part in supporting" such schools, municipal and local administration not l>eing vet developed. Instead of eompulsnry education, a voluntary system of attendance has lven adopted, as the present scale of living among the Koreans is not compatihle with eompnlsorv attendance. However, in order to encourage children to come to school, tuition and text hnoks are five. While the course of studv in Japan S years — 0 years in the lower grade and 2 year- in the upper — a four years' course has lvon adopted in Korea, hv continuing parts of the upper and lower Jnpane<e grades, and the village r1n-/>>>)i'i are to connect with the common schools as preparatory to the latter.

The course of instruction includes moral teaching, the languages of Korea. China and Japan, arithmetic simple geography and history, physics, drawing, and physical exercises. Sewing and other domestic accomplishments- are added for girls; whil music, manual training, and lessons in agriculture and industry can he given as vnjniitarv courses.

Text looks are to lie user) in teaching nioralitv, I. manages ('Japanese. Kore-nt and Chinese''!, pln-ies ., n writing. The i.-m for geography

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A Common .School ai Seoul and its elias room.

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and history have not yet been issued separately, but they are included in the Korean and Japanese reading books.

By the end of December, 1907. the number of common schools established under the n<-w regulations was 49 t S in Seoul and 41 in the various provinces) with Japanese teachers nnd H2 native teachers, 4052 boys and 40 girls. Besides thes\ there ore 35 common schools established in accordance with the old regulations, but their management is so poor that they can scarcely said to have any system, and the exact, number of teachers and pupils is unknown.

Ther- are also 271 private schools recognized by the Government, but in their east- also the exact number of teachers and pupils is ulcnown. The Government is working to bring them gradually into harmony with the public schools, as far as possible.

57. Normal School.

Nothing is more important for the improvement of general education in Korea than the training of native teachers. Therefore the Government has given most serious attention to establishing a new normal school. In order to train uniform and competent teachers for the common schools, the new regulations f r the normal school, promulgated by Imperial edict No. 41, on August 27th, 1900, do not recognize any private normal school; every normal school must be founded by the central, or provincial, Government. 1 lie course of study in nearly the same as that of the normal school in Japan, except that the Japanese language constitutes one of the most important subb-ets in the Korean normal school. The curriculum include" moral teaching, pedagogy, the Korean, Japanese and Chinese languages, history, arithmetic, physics, chemistry, natural science, drawing, music, and gymnastics. By permission of the Minister of Education, one or more courses in agriculture, commerce, and manual training may lw included: and for practical training in t-nehing, a common school may lie attached to the normal school. The term of the regular course is three years: but a preparatory course, a short-term course, or a lecture cours for special students may l>e completed in

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as

one year. Tuition, board, and clothing arc given by the Government to all regular students.

The construction of the new normal school was completed in December, 1007. By the end of that, month, there were 100 students with 5 Japanese and " Korean teachers.

58 Other Government Schools.

In addition to the foregoing, there are two kinds of schools maintained by the Government under the new regulations, one the High School, the other the Foreign Language Schools.

The object of the High School is to give a liberal education to Korean boys above 12 years of age, who have passed through the common schools or who have corresponding attainments. The course includes history, geography, mathematics, natural science, physics, chemistry, ethics, the Korean, Japanese and Chinese languages, drawing music, and gymnastics. Elementary law and economics are also given as voluntary subjects, and the course of tudy occupies a period of four years.

At the end of Deecmlx r, 1007, there was only one High School with 120 students, 10 Korean and 5 Japanese teachers.

In Seoul there are five Foreign Language Schools for teaching Japanese. English. Chinese, German and French respectively; besides a Japanese Language school nt Chemulpho and two at Ping-yang.

For children of the Imperial Family and the nobility Peer' School, called the Su-hak won, wa- established in 1000. It ranks as n common school in educational grade, and although controlled by the Minister of the Imperial Household, the Minister of Education i? freely consulted in all matters relating to the educational work.

59. Freedom of Religious Teaching.

Trior to ihe entrance of Korea iu1< irenty relation* with tin- Western Powers, the Government rigorously maiutaineil an anti-Christian policy, and a number of French missionaries were put to death or hani-hed. The Western Powers:, however, secured freedom of missionary enterprise

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within the treaty limits, ami, later, the work of American, French, ami English mission societies was extended, so that now a number of missionaries arc engaged in preaching the gospel of Christ in the interior and many schools and hospitals have been established under Christian auspices. When the Japanese Government assumed control of the foreign affairs of Korea, they promptly noli tied the Treaty Powers that the treaty rights of all nations would be respected; and although the Resident- General has charge of matters relating to foreigners in Korea, the Japanese Authorities have never interfered with the activities of the Foreign missionaries; on the contrary, all necessary protection has promptly been given to them. A report was circulated journalisticaDy in 1907 to the effect that certain missionaries were not in sympathy with the reform measures taken by the Korean Government under the advice of the Resident General. Thereupon the leading representatives of one of the Missionary bodies called on tin* Resident Geueral, and gave assurances that missionary activity was confined too religions and educational lines, so far, at least, as their own mission was concerned.

At the time of the abdication of the Emperor, which was followed by riots in Seoul, it was alleged that the Young Men's Christian Association had instigated a movement against the Government, but the General Secretary of that Association in Korea promptly made known its status ami explained that it was a non-political society, purely religious and educational. Nevertheless, the fact is notorious that there existed a widespread tendency among the native believers at the lime to make unwarranted use of the names of their churches and of the above association for purposes of political agitation. The Korean Government, however, :<s weil as the Residency -General, knew well that United States' citizens engaged in missionary work in Korea hail received more than one official warning by their Government to strictly "refrain from any expression °f opinion, or from giving advice, concerning the internal management of the country, or from any intermeddling m political questions," and conesqueutly there was never any doubt that American mi-.-ionaries would appreciate the disposition of their Government and devote their activities to religion*

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and educational propanganda alow. The .Resident General more than once made known his favourable appreciation of the religious and educational efforts of the foreign missionaries, believing that they would co-operate with him in promoting the welfare of the Koreans, and Ik; further intimated that he would exercise his influence to protect their work, so long as their activities were confined to roligious and educational matters. Finally when, in December, 1907, the Educational Committee of the General Council of Protestant Kvnugelical Missions approached the Korean Government with a request that the measures udertaken for establishing new public schools should not interfere with the work of the missionary schools, the Vice-minister of Education gave assurance that the Department of Education would render every possible assistance to the educational efforts of the missionaries.

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Appendix.

A

Protocol Concluded between Japan and Korea on February 23, 1904, regarding the Situation of Korea.

Ilnvasbi Gonsuke, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, and Major-General Ye-tchi-yong, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs ad interim of His Majesty the Einperor of Korea, being respectively duly empowered for the purpose, have agreed upon the following Articles: —

Article J. For the purposes of maintaining a permanent and solid friendship Ulwceu Japan and Korea and tinnly establishing peace in the Far Fast, the Imperial Government of Korea shall place full eonjidenee in the Imperial Go\ eminent of Japan and adopt the advice of the latter in regard to improvements in administration.

Article -'. The Imperial Government of Japan shall in a spirit of firm friendship ensure the safety and xeposc of the lmi>erial House of Korea.

Article Li. The Imperial Government of Japan definitively guarantee: the independence and territorial integrity of the Korean Empire.

Article 4. In ease the welfare of the Imperial House of Korea or the territorial intearilv of Korea is endangered bv agression of a third Fewer or by internal disturbances, the Imperial Government of Japan shall immediately take such necessary measures as the circumstances require, and in such cases the Imperial Government of Korea shall give full facilities to promote the action of the Imperial Japanese Government.

The Imperial -Government of Japan may, fur the attainment of

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the above-mentioned objects, occupy, when the circumstances require it, such places as may l>e nocessaiy from strategical points of view.

Article 5. The Governments of the two countries shall not in future, without mutual consent, conclude with a third Power such an arrangement as may he contrary to the principles of the present Protocol.

Article 0. Details iu connection with the present Protocol shall lie arranged, as the circumstances may require, between the Kcpresentutivo of Japan and the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Korea.

IIayahiu Goxsuke, (Seal). Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The JJid day of the Jnd month of the 47th year of Mciji.

Major-General Ye Ten i-vo.no, (Seal). Minister of State for Foreign Affairs ad intnim. The niJrd day of the nd month of the 8th year of Kicany-ma.

B

Agreement between Japan and Korea, signed August 22, J 904, Relating to Financial and Diplomatic Advisers.

Article 1. The Korean Government shall engage as linancial adviser to the Korean Government a -Iapane.se subject recommended by the .Japanese Governmnt. and all matters concerning nuance shall be dealt with after his counsel has been taken.

Article -. The Korean Government shall engage as diplomatic adviser to the Department of Foreign Affairs a foreigner recommended by the Japanese Government, and all important matters concerning foreign relation? -hall lie dealt with after his counsel has b.-en taken.

Article. The Korean Government shall previously consult the Japanese Government iu concluding treaties and conventions with foreign powers, and in dealing with other important diplomatic affairs, such as the grant of concessions to or contracts with foreigners.

II. WASH l Go.NSl Kl, (Seal). F.nniy h'.rlr:t ordinary and Ifiuishr I'lcni }>oi,-nt iory.

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The 2?nd day of the Sth month of the 37th year of Meiji.

Ycx Oin-iro, (Seal). Acting Minister of State for Foreign Affair*. The ;},2nd (lay of thr SV/j month of the Sfh year nf Ktmtuf-mu.

Agreement between Japan and Korea, signed April J, 1905 regarding Communications Services.

The Imperial Governments of Japan anil Korea, finding it expedient from the standpoint of the administration and finances of Korea, to rearrange the svstem of communications in that country, and, by amalgamating it with that of Japan, to unit the two systems into one common (o the two countries, and, having seen tho necessity, with that object in view, of transferring the post, telegraph and telephone services of Korea to the control of the Japanese Government, TTayashi Gonsnke, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Japan, and T ITa-yeng, Minister of State for Eoreign Affairs of Korea, each invested with proper authority, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles : —

Article 1. Tho Imperial Government of Korea shall transfer and assign the control ;ind administration of the post, telegraph and telephone services in Kor.a (exeepi the telephone service exclusively pertaining to the Department of the Imperial Household') to the Tni])erinl Japanese Government.

Article 2. Th land, buildings, furnitures, instruments, machines and all other appliances connected with the system of communications already established by the Imperial (Government of Korea, shall, by virtue of the present Agrccnu nf. be transferred to the control of the Imperial Japanese Government.

The Authorities of the two countries acting together shall make an inventory of the land, buildings and all other requisites mentioned in the preceding paragraph, which inventors' shall serve as evidence in the future.

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Article 3. When it is deemed necessary by the Japanese Government to extend the communications system in Korea, they may appropriate land and buildings belonging to the State* or to private persons; the, former without compensation and the latter with proper indemnification.

Article 1. Tn respect of tlie control of tlie communications service and ihe custody of the properties in connection therewith, tlie Japanese Government assume, on their own account, the responsibility of good administration.

The expene<; required for the extension of the communications services shall also lie borne by the Imperial Government of Japan.

The Imperial Government of Japan shall officially notify the Imperial Government of Korea of the financial condition of the system of communications under their control.

Article 5. All appliances and materials which are deemed necessary by the Imperial Government of Japan for the control or extension of the system of communications shall be exempt from all duties and imposts.

Article fi. The Imperial Government of Korea shall be at liberty to maintain the present "Board of Communications so far as such retention does not interfere with the control and extension of the services bv the Japanese Government.

The Japanese Government, in controlling and extending the services, shall engage as many Korean officials and employees as possible.

Article 7. In respect of the arrangements formerly entered into by the Korean Government with the Governments of foreign Powers concerning the post, telegraph and telephone services, the Japanese Government, shall in behalf of Korea exercise the rights and perform the obligations pertaining thereto.

Should there arise in the future any necessity for concluding any new convention between the Government of Korea and the Governments of Foivigu Powers concerning the communications services, the Japanese Government; shall assim:e the responsibility of concluding such convention in behalf of the Korean Government.

Article s. The various conventions and agreements respecting the

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communications services hitherto existing between the Governments of Japan and Korea are mutually abolished or modified by the present Agreement

Article 0. When in the future as a result of the general development, of the c iiimuniciitiniis syslem in Korea, there is some adequate profit over and nlxtve exiienditurcs defrayed by the Japanese' Government for the, control and maintenance of the old services and for their extensions and improvements, the Japanese Government shall deliver to the Korean Government a suitable percentage of such profit.

Article 10. When in the future an ample surplus exist9 in the finances of the Korean Government, the control of their communications services may be returned to the Government of Korea, in the sequel of consultation between the two Governments.

Hayabhi Goxsttce, (Seal). Envotj Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The 1st day of the Jfth month of the 38th year of Meiji.

I Ha-yexg, (Seal) Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. The 1st day of the jth month of the Oth year of Kwnnrj-mu.

D

Agreement Respecting the Coast Trade of Korea.

The Imperial Governments of Japan and Korea, deeming it necessary, for the purpose of improving the trade, and proniotiing the development of the resources of Korea, to allow navigation by Japanese ves-els along the coasts and in the inland waters of Korea, Hay ash i Gonsuke, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Japan, and I TTa-yeng, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Korea, duly authorized by their respective Governments for the purpose, have agreed upon the following Article*:

Article 1. Japanese vessels shall l>e at liberty to navigate along the coasts :'nd in the inland waters of Korea for the purpose of trade in

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accordance with the stipulations of the present Agreement, which, however, shall not. lie applicable to navigation between the open port*.

Articlce 2. Licenses shall he obtained for all Japanese vessels to lie employed in naviir.it ion of the coasts and inland waters, upon reporting through llie Japanese Consular Officers to the Korean Customs tlie nanu s and residence* of tlie owners, tlie name-, tyjies ami carrying capacity of tlie vessels, as well as the limits within which such vessels are to navigate.

Licenses shall ho available for one year from tlie date of their issue.

Article .'!. Cpon receipt of a license, fees -liall be paid to the Korean Customs according to the following rates;

For a vessel of foreign type lielow 100 tons. 1 5.00

For a vessel of Japanese type, 1 5.00

For a vessel of foreign type above 100 and below

500 tons. 50.00

For a vessel of foreign type above 500 and below

1,000 tons 100.00

For a vessel of foreign type above 1,000 tons 150.00

Articles 4. Japanese vessel- may freely navigate within the limitspecified, but shall nor proceed to any place not. in Korean territory, except in ea*e of stress of weather or other emergency, or in ease special permission has been obtained from ?he Korean Customs.

Article 5. The liceiM's shall earried on board tlie vessels during their voyages, and -hall lie shown wliem-wr requested by the Korean Customs, or by local officials of Korea, or by Chief- of villages duly authorized by such Leal officials.

Article (i. Japanese shipowners .-hall have liberty to lease land for the purpo-e of building warehouses at the places where their ve-sels call.

Such owner- may also struct piers or wharves on the banks and

coa-ts with the pormi->ion the Korean Customs.

Article 7. lu ease in fraef ion of the pre-eiil Agreement by a Jupane-e ve-sol, the Korean Cii-loin- may cause the lieeiise of such

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vc.-se] to confiscated. .r may rrl'n-c to isie a new one, if the offence Im, 1 found, upon examination, to It of a grave nature.

Article 8. When a Japanese vessel, .r the crew thereof, infringes tho stipulations of the pivnit Agreement or .>i" other treaties, or when a member of the erew commit any crime, the .Japanese Consular Otlieers -hall d<-:d with the ease in accordance with ihe provisions of the treaties and tlie laws of Japan.

Artirle IX. The piv-eiii. Agreement shall remain in force for a period of fifteen year- from the date of its signature, and, after the expiration of such period, further arrangements may he made hy mutual agreement.

The two Governments may, however, conclude an agreement by mutual consent even before the expiration of the aforesaid term, when in future the navigation of Korea shall be further developed.

JIayasiii Goxsi'kk, (Seal) Envoy Extraordinary ami M intuitu- Plenipotentiary, lie- J-Uh day of Hit ,S'//( month of (he .'.Sih y, ar of Meiji.

I Ha-vj xo, (Seal) Minister of Slale for Forciijn Affairs. Tit- /..;//( day of (hr t S//t month of the Uth year of K nany-mu.

E

Agreement between Japan and Korea, signed November 17, 905, by which Japan Assumed Charge of the Foreign Relations of Korea.

The Governments u[ lap;'n and Korea, desiring to strengthen the principle of solidarity which 'inite- the Iwo Kmpircs, have with tint object in view agreed upon and concluded the following stipulations to serve until "die moment arrives when it is recognized that Korea has attained national strength: —

Article 1. The Government nf Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of

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10S

the external relation:- ami affairs of Korea, ami tlie diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have charge; of the suhjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.

Article -2. The Government of Japan undertake to sec to the execution of the treaties actually exiting Utween Korea and other Powers, and the Government of Korea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.

Article 3. The Government of Japan shall Ik- represented at the Court of His .Majesty the Emperor of Korea by a Resident General, who shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affair-. He shall have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea. The Japanese Government shall also have the right to station Residents at the several open ports and such other place- in Korea as they may deem necessary. Such Residents shall, under ihe direct ion of die lie-idem General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanoc Consuls in Korea, ami shall perform such duties as may he necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.

Article 1. The stipulations of all Treaties and Agreements existing between Japan and Korea, not inconsistent with the Provisions of this Agreement, shall continue in force.

Article The Government of Japan undertake to maintain the welfare and dignity of the Imperial House of Korea.

In faith whereof, the rndorsigned duly authorized by their Governments have signed this Agreement and atHxed their seals.

Havasih Gunsikk, (Seal) Encvj E.draonluinnj ,ui<! Minish-r Pleitipotenti'ir;/.

The r.lh duij uf thi: Ulk nautili of lie -ISlh ijmr of Mciji.

l'.vK Oil-soon. (Seal) Minister of Sditr for Foreign Affairs.

Tlir <l'.i;/ vj Ike Ulk nt>>itfk of Ike Ulk vj Ktr,.t„<j-M

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10U

F

Declaration of the Japanese Government.

November 22, l'JOo. The relations of propinquity have made it necessary for Japan to take and cxorei.se, for reasons closely connected with her own safety and repose, a paramount interest and inlluencc in the political and military affairs of Korea. The measures hitherto taken have been purely advisory, but the experience of recent years has demonstrated the insufficiency of measures of guidance alone. The unwise and improvident action of Korea, more especially in the domain of her international concerns, has in the past been the most fruitful source of complications. To permit the present unsatisfactory condition of things to continue unrestrained and unregulated would be lo invite fresh difficulties, and Japan believes that she owes it to herself and to her desire for the general pacification of the extreme East to take the steps necessary to put an end once for all to this dangerous situation. Accordingly., with thai object in view and in order at the same time to safeguard their own position and to promote the well-being of the Government and people of Korea, the Imperial Government have resolved to assume a more intimate and direct inlluencc and responsibility than heretofore in the external relations of the Peninsula. The Government of liis Majesty the Emperor of Korea are in accord with the Imperial Government as to the absolute necessity of the measure, and the two Government?, in order to provide for the peaceful and amicable establishment of the new order of thing-, have concluded the accompanying compact. In bringing this agreement to t lie notice of the Powers having treaties with Korea, the Imperial Government declare that in assuming charge of the foreign relations of Korea and undertaking the duty of watching over the execution of the existing treaties of that country, they will see that those treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice in any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of those Powers in Korea.

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G

Agreement between Japan and Korea, signed on July 24, J 907, relating to the Internal Administration of the Korea.

The Govcrnnnnt of .la pan and tin- Government of Korea, desiring fc attain the *Jy development of t lie .strength and iv-outvcs of Korea aiuL lo promote llif welfare of her people, have with that ohjeet in view agreed upon the following stipulations:—

Article J. The Government of Korea shall aet under the guidance of the Resident (ieiieral in respect to reforms in administration.

Article i'. The Government of Korea engage not to enact any laws, ordinances or regulations, or to take any important measures of adminis- t ration without the previous assent of the Resident General.

Article o. The judicial affairs in Korea shall he set apart from the affair.- of ordinary administration.

Article 4. The appointment and di-.ini--;d of ;dl high oHiciah in Korea shall lie made upon i lu> concurrence of the Resident (ieiieral.

Article The Government of Korea shall appoint a- Korean oilieials the .Japanese suhjeeis recommended hy the Resident (ien tal.

Article o. The Government of Korea shall not engage any foreigner without the concurrence of lhe Resident General.

Article 7. Article 1 of the Protocol he t ween .Japan and Korea signed on the llwil of August, 1 !K).~>, shall hereafter cease to Ik- landing.

In witness whereof lhe 1'ndersigiicd. duly authorized hy their rcspoctive Governments, have signed this Agreement, and have allixed thereto their seal

Marquis If uioiu Ml I t o. II. l.-f. M.'s Ji siilnif (JtncraL The ."/Hi tin if of Hf i.ioitth of the <j"ir of Mciji.

Minish:,- I'n shl, nt of S(nU\ The ' /Hi thi/ of II,'.- Wi no ih J 1 Hi ni :>f A" a-oioj-m u.

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H

The Organic Regulations of the Residency General and Residencies*

Article 1. A Residency (icucral slinll l>o established in Seoul. Korea. Article 2. A Resident General shall lie appointed to the Residency General.

The Resident General slinll lie an official of Shinnin rank.

The Resident General shall he directly responsible to the Emperor. Tie shall address the Throne and obtain sanction for all matters through the Minister President of State, hut in the ease of foreign affairs he shall first communicate through the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs.

Article 3. The Resident General shall represent the Imperial Government of Japan in Korea, and shall control general political affairs in accordance with treaties, laws and ordinances.

Article 4. In ea-e the Resident General deems such a procedure necessary for the better pres.. nation ,.f peace and order in Korea, he may order the Commander-in-chief of the Imperial army stationed in Korea to employ military force.

Article Annulled.

Article Annulled.

Article 7. The Resident General shall issue Ordinances of the Residency General, il.e violation of which may lie punished with imprisonment for a period not. exceeding one year or a fine not exceeding 200 yen.

Article When the Resident General consider- any orders or measures of the Authorities under him to lie inconsistent with the treaties, laws or ordinances, or to lx- detrimental to the public safety, or to exceed

The Imperial Ordinance No. 267, issued on the 20th December, 1905, in regard to the organization of the Residency General and Residencies, which was modified by Imperial Ordinance No. i$ on March, 1007, and again by Imperial Ordinance No. 295 on the 19th of September.

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llic proper jurisdiction of such Authorities, he may suspend or abrogate such orders or measures.

Article 0. The Resident General shall control all officials under him, and address tlie Throne through Iho Minister President of State as to the appointment, promotion ..r dismissal of officials of So-nin rank. an<l shall independently appoint, promote and remove officials of Jfan-nin rank.

Article 10. The Resident General shall address the Throne through ihe Minister President of State on matters relating to the conferment of court rank and decoration on officials under him.

A Vice-Resident General shall bo appointed to the Residency General. The Vice-Resident General shall he an official of Shin-nin rank. The Vice-Resident General shall assist the Resident General and act in the latter'a capacity in case of absence or temporary inability.

Article 11. The Residency General shall maintain the following officials : —

A Director General of Cftoku-nin rank. Two permanent. Councillors of ChoJcu-nin rank. Two permanent Private Secretaries of So-nin rank. Six permanent Secretaries of So-nin rank. Four permanent. Technical Expert*.

Xine permanent Secretary Interpreters of So-nin rank. Forty three officials of TTan-nin rank, including clerks, assistant technical experts and student interpreters. In addition to the above, the Vice- "Minister of the Imperial House of Korea and the Vice-Minister of all Ministerial Departments of the Korean Government shall l>e rx-offirio ( 'otmcillors.

Article The Dim-tor General shall, in accordance with

orders of his superior officials, dim-1 the general affairs of the Residency General.

Article 1.".. The Councillors shall, in accordance with the orders of iheir superior officials, supervise the genera! affaiiM of tlie Residency General.

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Article 14. Annulled. Article 15. Annulled.

Article 16. The Private Secretaries shall, in accordance with the orders of tlieir superior officials, manage affairs relating to secret matters.

Article 17. The Secretaries shall, in accordance with orders of their superior officials, manage the general bnsine-s of tlie Residency

(General.

Article IS. The Technical Experts shall, in accordance with the orders of tlieir superior officials, have charge of all technical affairs.

Article 10. The Secretary Interpreters shall, in accordance with the orders of their superior officials, have charge of all matters relating to translation and interpretation.

Article 20. The Assistant Technical Exports 9hall, in accordance with the directions of their superior officials, attend to technical business.

Article 21. The Resident General may assign Technical Experts. Secretary Interpreters and Assistant Technical Exports to any "Residency.

The officials mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall, in the execution of their official duties, he under the direction and control of the Resident concerned.

Article -J -J. Residencies shall he established at important places in Korea.

The location of the Residencies and tlie districts under their jurisdiction shall be determined by the Resident General.

Article 20. Each Residency shall maintain the following officials:

A Resident of So-nin rank.

Vice-Residents of So-vin rank.

Clerks of lltm-nin rank.

A Chief of Prison Inspectors of Han-nin rank.

Student Interpreters of Ifon-nin rank. Tn ease of a Residency maintaining more than two Vice-Residents, one of them shall principally devote himself to the management of legal matters.

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The fixed number of the staff of a "Residency shall be separately provided.

Article 24. The Residents shall, under the direction and control of the Resident General, discharge the duties originally pertaining to Consuls resident, in Korea, together with such duties ;is the treaties, laws and ordinances require them to perform.

Article 2.">. Tn case a Resident deems that there is urgent, necessity for such a step in order to maintain peace and order, he may. should there not l>e sufficient time to obtain instructions from the Resident. General, communicate with the military officer commanding the Imperial Troops stationed in the district under his jurisdiction, and may require him to employ troops.

Article 20. Tn case the Resident deems that there is urgent necessity with regard to discharging the treaty duties connected with any administrative function of Korea, and in case there is not sufficient time to obtain instructions from the Resident General, the Resident may immediately communicate with the Korean local officials concerned, and may came them to discharge the function in question, and shall subsequently report the facts to the Resident General.

Article 27. A Resident .-hull issue ordinances of the Residency and may enforce them by means of pemd regnlaiions, including tines not exceeding ten yen or police detention.

Article 2 N v A Vice-Resident shall, by order of the Resident, manage the General business of [he Residency and act in the capacity of the Resident in ca-o of the bitter's iilwence or temporary inability.

Articlo 2'.K Annulled.

Article The Clerk- of the Residency General and of Residencies shall, in accordance wit.h the direction of their snporior officials, engage in the general business.

Article :'.]. Annulled.

Article The Student Interpreters of the Residency General and of Resiliencies -Imll. in accordance wiili i!)e directions of their superior officials, engage in matter rela'iiig to translation ;nxl interpretation.

A r! irlr Animllt'd.

Article o4. The Chief of Prison Inspectors in a Residency shall, in accordance with the directions of his superior officials, have charge of prison affairs.

Article Prison Inspectors shall Ikj maintained in a Residency and will enjoy the privileges. appertaining to Jlan-iiln rank.

The regulations concerning Prison Inspectors shall he separately determined by the Resident General.

Agreement between the Governments of Japan and Korea concerning the Management of the Forests in the Districts along the Yalu and the Tumen.

The Governments ,,f .la pan ami Korea, regarding tlie forests in the districts along the Yalu and Tumen Rivers to he the richest source of timber on the Korean frontier, hereby agree on the terms mentioned below as to ihe management of thoe. forests: —

Ar'icle 1. The forests in the tlistriels along the Yalu and Tumen Rivers shall bo under the joint management of the Governments of Japan and Korea.

Article ± The fund for Hie management shall be yen 1,L'00,000, one half of which shall be invested by each Government respectively.

Article As to the management of the forests and the income and expenditure, a special account shall be created in order to make them clear.

The details of the account shall be notified to each Government once a year.

Article -t. The profit or loss of the undertaking shall be divided between the two Governments in proportion to the amounts of their investments.

Article In case mve-oly ari- to increase the investment stated in Article 2, it shall be done with the approval of both Governments.

Ari tele (J. In case necessity arises to enact detailed rules in order

/

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to oil fore*? tlio present Agreement, the duty of compiling such rules shall bo submitted to the hands of commissioners appointed by boih Governments.

Article 7. If, I lie cut; -rprise progresses, a necessity arises to change its organization into a company, so as to enable the snhjccis of both the countries to join the undertaking, the required process shall be fixed by agreement between both Governments.

IliiiouLMi I to (signed). Itesidcttl (icncral of tlw Empire of Japan.

Tak Ciik-soon ( signed I. Prime Minister of the Empire of Korea.

Min Yl.\o-ko (signed). Minister of State for Financial Affair* of the Empire of Korea.

Kwax CiltL No-JlYKX ( siirned ). Minister if Stale for A n!f a rat , Commercial aiul I ml >ist riot Affairs of llo 1 Empire of Korea.

The IDih day of Uetuber, lVOti.

J

The Mining Law.*

Article 1. The term mining shall be construed to mean the extraction of minerals and all work incidental thereto. The kinds of minerals shall he specified by Ordinance.

Article 2. Minerals not extracted, mineral refuse and slag shall be the property of the State.

Article Any person desiring to cnat:c in mining operations shall apply for permission to the .Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry, submitting a written application jiceiirawly specifying the kinds

The Mining I -aw was Sanctioned on June 29, 1906, at.J IYoumlgatcd on July 12. 1 906.

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of likinuiids for which he intends to mine, together with a plan of the intended mining- claim.

Applicants for mining rights shall prove the existence in the claims applied of lite minerals for which they intend 1o mine.

Article 4. The boundaries of milling claims shall he limiled by :traight surface lines extending vertically downward. Their area in the case of coal shall not le l.-ss than fifty thousand tsubo, and in the ea.se of other minerals not less than rive thousand bsubo ; and in neither case shall it exceed a million tsubo. The latter limit may, however, be exceeded in case it is absolutely necessary for the protection of public mining interests or for the amalgamation or division of miuing claims.

Article Nu land within three hundred ken of an Imperial Palace or Imperial Detached Palace or within the "Pasun'' (wooded precinct) of an Imperial Crave or of a Crown Prince's or Crown Princess' Grave shall be turned into a mining claim. So person shall make use of such land in connection with mining operations; unless with the permission of the proper Government Office concerned.

So land within three hundred ken of any fortress or fortification, .Naval port, powder-magazine or ammunition store klonging to the Army or -Navy, or of any Government Otlice shall be turned into a mining claim or used for mining purposes unless with the permission of the Government Olrice concerned.

Article (J. Within a distance of fifty ken in all directions, whether above or beneath the surface, from railroads, tramways, roads, canals, rivers, lakes, ponds embankments, temple or shrine enclosures, public parks, graves or bulidings of any description, no person may carry on mining operations or make use of laud in connection with such operations, unless with the pcrini--i>n of the proper Government Otlice concerned or with the" consent of the owner of the property or of the persons having an interest therein.

In ease the owner of such projH-rty or the persons having an interest therein refuse consent without proper reason, the holder of the mining

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Us

right nisiy submit the niutUT to the decision of the Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry.

Article 7. 'J'lie .Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry shall have the power to iviuse jienuissioii for mining, in eas:* lie considers sneh a step to he necessary in the public interest or for any other reason.

Article S. In ease there is more than one applicant for one and the same mining claim, permit-ion shall he given according to tli;' priority of the dates of receipt of the applications. As regards applications received on the same date, permission shall l>e given to the applicant whom the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry may consider to be most worthy.

Article 0. When the holder of a mining right desires to make an amalgamation or division or any other modification of his mining claims, he shall obtain the permission of the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

In case the location or configuration of a mining claim is detrimental to public mining interests, the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry shall order the necessary alterations.

Article 10. No mining right may Ik- sold, assigned ->r mortgaged without permission of the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

A mining right may be acquired by inheritance.

Article 11. In case the holder of a mining right ih-es not carry on operations properly or when his method of work is considered to involve danger or to be injurious to public interc.-ts, the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry shall order the required improvement or precautionary measures or the suspension of operation-.

Article J'j. The Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry may revoke the permission to carry on mining operations in the following cases:— -

A. When it is discovered that the permission was obtained by fraudulent means or granted by mi-take.

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B. When work has been stepped for one year or upward without adequate reason, or when work has not been commenced within one year from the date when permission was obtained.

0. When t ho order mentioned in the second clause of Article 9, or that mentioned in Article 11, lias not born ol>eyed.

D. "When the niinimr o]>cralious are considered to be injurious to

public interests.

E. When the land to be used for minim; operations has been

utilized for some other purpose.

F. When the royalty or ground tax has not been paid within the

specified period.

C4. When the holder of a mining right mentioned in the third clause of Article 25 has not. paid the contributions within the specified period.

If. When a fine has not l>cen paid within the specified period.

Article 13. When permission to carry on mining operations has been revoked, or when a mining right has lapsed, or when the working of a mine has l>een abandoned, such works or structures on the surface or under-ground as may V deemed by the .Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry lo be necessary for the sake of safety shall not he removed.

Article 14. When the holders of mining rights or applicants therefor find it necessary lo enter lands l>elonging to another person, for the purpose of surveying or examining, they may apply for the approval of the Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry.

The proprietor of >ueh land or any person having an interest therein may not refine the request of persons possessing the above mentioned official approval. I bit in case any damage is done by such survey or examination, due reparation shall be rendered by the responsible part.

Article When the holder of mining right finds it necessary to rent land for the purpose of carrying on mining operation.*, he may make demand lo that end of the proprietor or persons having an interest

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in the land. Ho may not, however, use such land unless he pays the rent in advance everv vear.

When any damage has Wen caused to the proprietor of the land or prisons- having an interest therein hy the use of such land, the holder of ihe mining viirli* shall make due reparation.

Article H>. When ihe holder of a mining right has either intention of using, or lias actually iwd such rented land for not less than three year.*, the proprietor thereof may demand that the holder of the mining right shall purchase the land.

In case the purchase of a portion of the land would make the remainder unfit for the purposes for which it was hitherto used, the owner may demand the purchase of the land in its entirety.

Article 17. In case the parties concerned fail to come to an agreement concerning the renting of land, the rate of rental, the purchase of land, the price there of or the reparation for damages, mentioned in Article I I. Article 1 and Article 1". the matter may be referred to the Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry for decision.

The amount of the costs involved in such decision and the party responsible therefore dial be determined by the Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry.

Article IS.- -Persons presenting applications, petitions, or reports concerning mining, shall pay fees jici.rding to the schedule determined hv Ordinance.

Article lit.— Holder- of mining rights shall pay royalty and ground

tax.

The amount of the royalty shall be onc-hundredth of the market value of ihe output. The ground tax shall be at the rat" of fifty a per thousand fsulu per anniiin. any fraelion of a thousand fs\iln> being calculated as a thousand

For the tir-1 year after the v n t.i — ion to mine has been obtained, tlie ground tax - hall be paid at the rate of one half of the above mentioned amount.

Article l'O. Holders of mininir righls shall pay in the month of

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March every year the royalty for the previous* year. But iu case of the lapse, the sale or the assignment, of mining rights, it shall he paid at onee.

.Holder* of mining rights shall pay in Deceml)er every year the ground tax for the eoming year. For the first year in which permission to mine has been obtained, the ground tax shall Ikj paid at once for the number of months remaining in the year.

The ground tax already paid shall in no ease he returned.

Article 21. The Government shall not be responsible for any damage that may be caused by any measure taken by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry by virtue of the present Law or of the Detailed Regulations for carrying it out.

Article 22. Any person who has carried on mining operations without holding mining rights, or who has obtained mining rights by fraud, shall be subject to a tine of not less than fifty yen and not more than a thousand yen, and any minerals which may have Keen extracted by him shall be confiscated. In case the minerals have already been sold or otherwise disposed of, an amount corresponding to their market value shall be recovered.

Article 23. Persons violating the provisions of Article 5, the first clause of Article G, and Article hi, shall be subject to a tine of not less than twenty yen and not more than five hundred yen.

Article 24. The measures mentioned in the preceding two Articles shall he decided upon and carried out by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

Article 25. The list of the mines belonging to the Imperial Household Department shall be notified by Ordinance.

In case any mine belonging to the Imperial Household Department is worked by the said Department, the provisions of Article 12, Article IS, Article ID, aud Article 20, shall not be applicable.

In the case of any person desiring to work a miue Wlouging to the Imperial .Household Department, the stipulations of the present Law shall apfhy, except as regards the provisions mentioned Kdow: —

1. In the ease mentioned in Article 8, permission shall be given

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(lie party considered by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce ami industry to lie most worthy. 2. Tlu- holder of a mining right in one of the Household mines shall ]iay to the Imperial Household Department, through the .Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, contributions corresponding in amount to what are mentioned in Article li). As for the method of payment, the provisions of Article 20 shall apply. Article 2<;. Such Ordinances as may he required for carrying out the p;vscnt Law shall be determined by ilie Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

Article 27. Inasmuch as the measures to 1m? taken umler the prestmt Law and the Detailed Kegulations for carrying out the same will in many cases concern foreigners, no tueh measure shall he decided upon or exeeutrd without the previous consent of the liesident General. This stipulation shall also apply with regard to the mines belonging to the imperial Household Department.

Article 2>. Any Korean subject who is actually engaged in mining operations under permission obtained prior to the promulgation of the present Law shall make application according to the present Law within two months from the date when it comes into force.

With regard to such applications, permission may be socially given according to the progress of the work and regardless of the provisions of Article 8 of the present Law.

Article 2'J. In case the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry considers that any measure taken under the provisions; of the present Law causes damage to any Korean subject who was actually engaged in mining operations ln'fore the present Law was promulgated, and is .still engaged in such operations, the -aid Minister shall order the holder of the mining right concerned to make due reparation.

Article oO. Foreigners who have been granted mining rights and have begun oj>cra lions in connection therewith before the promulgation of the present Law and are still carrying on >ueh operations, shall observe

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the provisions hereof in so far a? they do not conflict with the terms of the

grant* marie to them.

Article "1. Tlie present Law shall come into force on and after th:>

fifteenth day of the ninth month of the tenth year of Kwang-mu.

Article 12. All Laws and Ordinances conflicting with the present

Law are hereby revoked.

K

The Placer Mining Law,

Article 1. The placer minerals mentioned in the present Law comprise placer gold, stream tin, and iron sands.

Article 2. Persons desiring to engage in placer mining, shall apply for permission to the .Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

Article .". The provisions of Article of the Mining Law shall apply to placer mining claims.

Article 4. Within a distance of five ken in all direction*, whether ahove or ltoneath the surface, from railroads, tramways, roads, canal*, ombankmonts. temple or shrine enclosures, pnhlic parks, or hnildings of any description, or within thirty ken from grave*, no ]>er*on may carry on placer mining operations or make nse of land in oonno-tion with such operation*, unless with the permission of the proper (Jovernntent OfKc cone rne.l or willi the coii-< nt of the owner of the property or of persons having an interest therein.

In ca-e the consent mentioned in the foregoing clause is refuserl without ] n jer r. ason, the hohler of the placer mining right may snhmit the maitr to the decision of the Mini-ter of Agriculture. Commerce ami Jndn-trv.

Article o. As regard* the granting or refusal of application* for placer mining, tin- provision- of Article 7 and Article of the .Mining Law shall he applicable.

The I'l.ic.r M ilium I .aw was Promulgate! on ;ly 28, 1906.

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Article 0. As 'regards the transfer or mortgaging of placer mining rights, the provisions of Article 10 of the Mining Law shall be applicable.

Article 7. As regards the suspension or improvement of placer mining or the prevention of dangers in connection with such mining, the provisions of Article 11 of the Mining Law shall he applicable.

Article S. As regards the revocation of placer mining rights, the provisions of Article 12 of the Mining Law shall ho applicable.

Article As regards the use or purchase of lands belonging to another person in connection with placer mining, the provisions of Article 14, Article l'i t Article 10. and Article 17 of the Mining Law, shall l>e applicable.

Article 10. Persons presenting applications, requests, or reports in connection with placer mining, shall pay fees as determined by Ordinance.

Article 11. Holders of placer gold mining rights shall pay a placer mining tax. No tax shall be required in the case of stream tin or iron pa nds.

The placer gold mining tax shall be levied at the rale of one yen per annum for every one thousand tx>iln:> of placer mining claim or every i ne tlu in length of river beds, any fraction of one thousand tsubo or one cho Icing t:iken as one thousand fyubo or one rim.

The placer mining tax for the coming year shall lie paid in the month of JVcemlier every year. Yor the first year in which permission to engage in placer mining has been granted, the placer mining tax shall he paid at once for the number of months remaining in the year.

The plar.-r mining tax already paid shall not be returned.

Article 12. The Government shall not be resjxinsble for any damage that may bo. caused by any measure taken by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry by virtue of the present Law or of the Detailed Regulations for carrying it out.

Article l:'. Any person who has carried on placer mining operations without holding placer mining rights, or who has obtained placer mining rights by fraud, shall be subject to a fine of not less than fifty ;/nt and not more than fi\e hundred and any placer minerals which

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may liavo been mined by him shall bo confiscated. In the minerals have already been sold or otherwise disposed of, an amount corresponding to their market value shall be recovered.

Any person violating the provisions of Article 3 or the first clause of Article 4 shall be subject to a fine of not less than twenty yen and not more than two hundred yen.

The measures mentioned in the foregoing two clauses shall be decided upon and executed by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry.

Article 14. The placer mines belonging to the Imperial Household Department shall be made known by Imperial Ordinance.

In case placer mines belonging to the Imperial Household Department are worked by the said Department, the provisions of Article S, Article 10, and Article 11, shall not be applicable.

In the case of any jktsod desiring to work placer mines l)elonging to the Imperial Household Department, the provisions of the present Law shall be applicable, except as regards the stipulations mentioned below: —

1. Tn the case mentioned in Article 5, permission shall lc given

to the party considered by the Minister of Agriculture. Commerce and Industry to le most worthy.

2. The tax mentioned in Article 11 shall paid to the Imperial

Household Department, through the Minister of Agriculture,

Commerce and Industry. Article 15. As regards the promulgation of Ordinances required for the enforcement of the present Law, the provisions of Artiele 20 of the Mining Law shall be applicable, and as regards the measures to be taken under the present Law and the Detailed Regulations for the enforcement of the same, the provisions of Article 27 of the Mining Law shall bo applicable.

Article 16. The provisions of Article 2S, Article 29, and Article 30 of the Mining Law, shall apply to placer mining.

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Supplementary Rules.

Article 17. Th" pre-nf Law shall come into force on and after the fifteenth day of (lie ninth month of the tenth year of Kwang-mn.

Artirle 1>. All Laws ;ind Ordinances con flirting with the present Law .ire hen hy revoked.

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Table 1 —Population And Domicile (Exclusively Koreans).

(May 28, 1807)

Provinc.-.

Domicils.

!

Population.

Kyong-geui, including Seoul

1,068,345

North Chhyung-chbyong

11.1,020

401,717

South ,, -

104,065

640,750

North Kyfing-sang

274,338

1,062,001

South

283,817

1,270,258

North Chy&l-la

157,412

507,303

South f t

235,530

208,466

001,090

Tift Ml

(icq 017

Sollt ll if ... ... ... ... ... ...

138,071

000,110

North Ham-gong ..

72,025

300,045

SOltt ll ... ... I ... ... .-.

127,076

582,463

Kang-Ufm ...

138,074

027,833

2,333,087

0,781,671

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TABLE 2 —REVENUE OF THE KOREAN GOVERNMENT, FISCAL YEARS, 190S-1908. (December, 1907)

Items.

]0'"is

hi,:; in,i;i 1 1 0.4liO.SOO .vi: ;,'.M 7

" 'Is.

)r<l;u:'.rv Rcvc-nir.

law-.

l.aixl T;ix

Hoiue Tnx

Ononis U. v.

T<nin;ii;e ,' im> Tnx N r T r 1 1 I'm) ilk:: s S:iU M;itnii;iU'.!i.- 1 :i\ .

Bo.it T.irc

Mining "I'.ix

Hutclier, TuX ... .

T;i-.i IKl 1V.V.TI -J

R. V . ;"i<;i;i lY-vu.-ii. v.v.r's -„,.-.,.,.

Courier Service I Revenue from Sumps . . Revenue from G'vnn;.c;H t.'n-

Revenue frnn: 1 1 .v; . t ;i ' Revenue f:,i;n Mil. ia: ( . i/. I '.c Revemn- iioui WVVn:- Mi-.X'tirc- I ml, r:;ik:n:; Ki'VC-i.ue If . .111 M.fi-u I 1 1 1 1 t . ...

t.akint; ...

Krvcniir 1 it 1 'i in I I).' tv.ni R..'Viiiur (r>.'n I'.i-l-- :i!ni I

ion?

L20IMh|. 10.-i.0i i.

105,000 i.-<..tii.v

.")2,0.VI 5,0 jr.

;r.i:?l -

' UU r Mi-icsl-vo-i:-. Is. '

Fees

( i-Mii-., :.l l'r..|-nv t' .i;. - .i j.l '. i . i — .-. - i . . 1 1 - : Om.H'H

Miscellaneous l-i i- i : i: from Customs

i Ir.binary 10 v,:nk\ J v

K. I t. 1 ti.i: v .-i:ih.

K o :pi l'..l..L-l:i. I.;.,:,. ,-, -,„,

I.T9M0Si

] ; I : t 1 Ull.lt' I I

M.i::umc V.,,,!, .

Uiv.-i.:t !":.mi l ; :iii.| I t I'ii'.Ii. Undertakings ...

C.n ii '. i " i. ii 1 ...i. ,

U . I : i : ' I 1 . .i : i

I i ..i:- 1", i . I 1 1.. 1 '..! I i

taktn'i Funds

rum;

Vmk,

!kT.-i-_'.s;L i,7 t 7,:i5o.o sim.iuo :..-jns,-j-jS4,s:i i-v.t.in-i

'.' ' -2:il,5t;i 12.< .21-J

luo.n,.., 5,2or I .

lu-j/'un i:..:.ir/ 1 I 12.51;

1 5.000 ]j.:;:n i2.:;on!J

1 .07.". 40.I..H:

2;!,hu l.lor.

Increase (f)or drcrense (- pn 1908

A.iuisl

r tin,,, :i2 i;ii.;.:si

0. 45' :

1. Dm.

'.irw.i kh> i.jr.o.noo -r.im.'i >i-

ln.-.ijoi. 1ii.-,,oimi - 105,0oi: :nw —

74,n.n' 12S.7.V)

i.odi.i i.-i.imo

r '14.70;. . s.s.n:n r 2,010

T Hi l,!OI

loor.

loor.

t-,'. , r>">..soi ij t 2.oso f iii2

t -jOO.H:,]

1 1.41)4,4:51

|-t IS8,07i

t 2,Hi! i SI. '17;: + SI. 072

' l.IOl! - t,ll>0

2,c',0h: - .-,.-,0,000

- 10.-,.OmO - 1 lor.jxm

t 37,001 :

tl0.-,.ll(l - 44.--II10 -

t JJj'.i: :.2.'>.vi

1,041'

' l.''4t r -,i in

j.i .ii.

' j.i ii i

i. i h 1 i :

;.im,; i ;

- ir..7li)j

02.'t t ' I . 7

7'.:;.S44 i loii.nor

: H.l.ljT

M,:.0S.12:i - 272,317

2a. 16 1

- 105,000 + 195,000

+ 52.054 t X.'.Ufi

1 :i5..v;i-. x :i.- v -, ( ;o t 2:>.nor.

r 25.000

.. i;.,ooo

- 111.750

t 7*10.210 t 45.740

, Io0.Ikmi

; 15 I0

)iii'.5r.2 ;!,oi::.721

201.1,'. 5,250..',-'

Kxtr.i.ir.linrv Rcvcrme.Tolalsl 8,' 2.724

Cirnml Trials ..

..2n,2H ivr:s2

5,:."2. J .3Sj

080/MHl

I .M ; ..(. ioiM-ii ;(,(;o:i,U4

171.7 : I7I.7.M- ] 71.7i i.)

,, 111 ."Jl I , I 1 1 1,' i' 1 1

i<; i;,s,t<K)|7,-isi.;m ;.-iso.-:s;

- MS' i.

2,.T2".J'-;

i;t,s2-.'"_

1S,S(i J . . J I

i uin/nu i 1.7.U-.IOS

1 20 1.155 ' 5.250..-Wu

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TABLE 3.— EXPENDITURES OF THE KOREAN GOVERMENT, FISCAL YEARS IHOo-PJO*. i iWmlwr, 11)07.)

I'.rancl'.cs of Mxpcril liinv

( irdixitv.

1 1 1 frlal I ini.-taol . i lc ovii- 1 'r :i r. mkt;

p

I I i:i r : c: l- [ >i; ;irt:i,cM Army ] >rj ;i< tt un.n I , .. ... Ih-i.artnu nl of >5l'cc ...

I c] art merit <,f julia:;..! ion

lJ(j]vLf(:iiLiit u:' Ai;r., Intl. a:jil Com

] i.. |iart aivnl I i :arl;,!

1 '.|i.i:tniMi' mI J.i ... :-r. AIL. I-

I. iui:M.::'tn.(n

Ai;.liii-1

i'.IHT

i r . 1 - 1 :l : T..I..I .

1' i.-i-n I ai.u

Ii:.; r al M nielioM

1 Imdh. I y.n ; an Hi I aiaii'.v ' >j[ aruiu ti I

Aiaiy 1 .uL:..taii

I V|i:irlra :,l of ' sic ... I k" v a 1 1 a ii. ..I' la lav ; a . a

I i. IT III.'. ' 1 1 ill. 1 ..': I I., if.-!

I i." I i r 1 1 .. a I ' ' t , a : M l l ' 1 1 1 1 - ' I, . I

mil

.).:;rssi7iV-M<v::.v.v.ci..-,n:

;s7

—I

aj.aii'i

-'S..V.4

1C1.77S 2 "..4 17

L'.ni. L:;r.-_:n

r.'.'al I v 17 i-iv.r-J ,-.,'i->,;.hi ijcvi'ivi i,:;ji;.'i7{ .. 1.733 Mir.

I'/.ii'n L-S/.iv. |.:r,

1 1..1.U.M,

ri.i- '

I l,ss:o>'i, -],mn;,.vi t !iSl 1 77!

t uo.ods

r 1;S4,355

t i:iM.oi.u

t 14:!,7!i-2 + 3jj.-i,l.'o0

- It.'ll-J

Ai;a nst I'M.".

t :72,oo.i

-2.Iol.4io tl,l33.lH0 + 18!i,:l.,7

- o8fl,0W2

- l*il,77S

i.'..7.v, i7,:;;>.i.i:h;; h;..i:..YiM<;

I 1 1 a

1 ii t.

j 1 j ' 1 1 . 1 1 7 - i

17 ,:r,,\m

i sc.L>.s!] ."..7iH..',:.<.

sjl; lns.-HiN ;

1 :,o:!3

.'.r'7:i l:;.'i

-'1,11. ; . c-jrii;

LV.iJH l-.vs.cs., 1 h>.7:>l'.-J:i7

1 . i s I .' i - 1

Digitized by Google

TABLE 4.-IMPORT (NET) OF FOREIGN GOODS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES FOR THE YEARS, 1903-1907. (July, 1908.)

I '.Hi:.

l.escnjnio.i e>i i_/i...km.

V.ih.e,

\7il.e,

V.ilur,

Y~'

— v -

CO! tl>n tiiK.lls.

Shillings. (Jftv. i: ti j.1 1

1 ,t:il.:.7 :

L'.L'.'ll .SIS

!i;:l,lS)

l,S4.'i.7i07

1 x"u:e

:i; 17:

1 r

Im.Iksh

j'l.isi;

While. Kt H Mi

f j J v i i

l.u.vnr;

77:i.i)it7

1,jT;s..vss

s.'.l

:t,i'l7

S.277

h lureii. Hfc.Civle.). S;x:llu ! ., vW .

l!C-'i:;n

j;.i.:.j.s

:iS'.i,iis

! ivctl. Mr. ii

I . n-.

[i

:i.!7 1 1

J1.:5H

,[ 1 I i- KinJ.vli

1H.J7I

I.I'M

.V..Si17,

1 12.2s i

M 1 ,4 Is

J'.' l.-'SLt

Lli'ljMl

DrilN. ,. Knliili ui-A A ti k - ru.nr.

17T-Vi7

Sj.4.'.S

„ „ f>[.;inr.c

1.7s i

HIJM.'l

O.inU Fiuriitiirv*. an i ( 'niton I'r.nts

2l,4;i'

H.77.'<

:;-2.i'-2ri

[, ; nns and Twill-

I'M:

1.7 "-S

Turkev Ucii l.'icllir-, Knlisli

H.SiMi

'I'.S.Ui

".'{.424

, J;.p:.in'-e

JlJlJ.J

ji'.'i';i'

4. .".So

I .in I Mril ns

s:.. i:r

;:i ,i;s

ri. j-j

1 i>n,s7(t

! .i'.JiJ

SI'.reliii'.;-, I\i;'.;i'.-li :i:>.l Auirr ir.n

1 ! .0:1-

s-;i

l.'iH'..1'i:

4J:;.J 1l

;.nr.i.-iii

! I'Sj.Tj:'

1 .hn'.jJl

2,0lMi,l l ii

riniii-T.'

1 1t'

: i . 1 1.

j. i,i i::i:

1 Jii.J 1

CuUmi Fl'iir.-'

In. (Hi

1.7s 1

7."l 1

l.i.l-il)

[ AJijI'K -l'

,Mi,'.I:I.">

: 1 1 , : 1 : 1 1

I7.H74

r.4,2si;

( 'i 1 1 1 Oil I s J ui ... . . ,,, ...

lj'l.l i-

i : . ] r7

7 .7'."i

J.:"ij

:;i.ss;i

J.'i.S 1 s

:i..J72

( t u n t m m ' ' -. ... --i i>,i

i;.s.v

t i i - i i i i i i ... ...

.i.ii'i;

.7. Ii'7

jr.. inn

.V_'.H24

J.l. -V'

11;hiiu:.l: l:hc.I- .. ...

Towel-

1' J n i

( ..u.,i) I 1 ':ic l.i*'- 1. lapams

1 HXi.DM

i.nS7/!21

1.'.71. J' '.'

N l 1 1 - I l ['I'M

4.V!")1

J'M.'.I

1 r J J7 s

;.i i'

1 "1 1 '. 1

'Xi 1 . 'In

' . . i " .' 1 7 J

J'.'J'iJJ" 1 ♦

C-iiiiii ( '. hi..K TfM) ...

i..j 1 1

': 1 ) i.l J."

7>.-.i.j-ji

1 :'. 1 rji.je.J

,,1 , v [ .. i J L in, 1

1.77.S

i „h..!-, N'.'i 'I -

7,87>l,22n

12.1 7,1,. ,i>7,

WmmII.T: '.I .1

1U.2!>!1

l:i.2H2

f I:., Urine.. ("it. Ku--:..n

Ji' Jl I

-iJ'Jn

1Ihi..Vk

I'Jiml.l

j : v

I.m.7

1 I

Mist

Luting*

1 J..70M

Italians ...

;uaa

-.77'

22.202,1

-u.'i r:

.;,u-h.7

Woollen Yarn

J.I I'll

J..747.

Woollen GuoUa Tolals

77.ro:,

1 l;',S!H

Mi,iis:.

.V'1,1 17,

M - r lliiofijus, Piece Good*.

W ill. i 1 i 'i.tlotl Mixluics

4,21 1

j;.isr

n;.)s2

i.ij'.-j

Silk and ("oiion Mixture*

107,10:.

11 1 22.;

Miscellaneous Piece Goods, Unclaisi-il

it.: 122

:i2.0".8

Miscellaneous Piece Goods, Total*

l.i2,iiii;i

1 17.1 Hi

Digitized by Google — .

( Commucit)

1 Hi, .

] !H U

llH.i.i

H'l H',

lV'-criplion ..f (li.o.K

Vaju-.

V.nut .

V.nln.-.

N'alttf.

Y

Y

Mr.nlv

'"P;-'T 1' : r i, I S'nii, '

'.'.Vi Kit

2I.S7"

'U1Th

Sii<-,.'L, N.rU. M;::i'/ M l.i', V7 n:

L'l.'.'L'i

2i>.l'i.';

:iii,o!>o

n- I ctclilif.: . ...

22A21

Jlt.lt!'.'

i-.J.'io

S.I7S

10,77(7

Iri.'i. N>.:lro<l ..

17>,H 12

7>.J. Is

finr, 1 Win-, Sii-.'M-. ; ) An Vmrs

7li.,">[i:

]Jii.07i:>

''1.H77

!4S.'S2

223,7 i ; S

7.S.1Mh I

i:s t;.".:s

! 1 1.7.2 i

im.,7*; t

„ Old

iM.ti i'.'

1 l.t 1"

2S.72,;

4S.27S

.. s-it a-, i ; ; iu J,,..-, ,i

r.'.l:

l'UI.!i l(

2.'iti,.,;ti

2i:!.lil7,

2.1.1,7.11

U;i 1 ii Pi,.

iv")->T

1h.<;:ki

l'.7itll

Isjiic.

Qnidwlrer ...

I ) .:: 1 1

i-.'.a j

iii.-2'.n i

14, mi

1 7.,.V K)

l-p-Jn-r mi. 1 7.:k ..

K.l'.M

.'i.itn'. 1

4,li"-l

2-1 .1212

12.47(4

Steet

nr.o:.-

.MVlU.'i

J IHi.'.'SV

I.H2.H7

122,il:<:i

rill m Stabs ,

1 1 1 1 ( ' 1 .1,1 1 1 l

'.'.1 "i7

,. 'oinpnund .,

uvu..

J-'.7S7

I'.MlTl

2I.7(2(

;i.:{.v.i

S,i7i4

'. 1 I'tl'

"oil 1

r.-m . ) ,

MS .1 1 .s

l-2.tir.-j

11 Ml"

— "It

t

:',vis

7.7'22

1

111 1 Sll

1 .'Ii rru "r nr-.-w ii' I;, ii. I'-'il.,-.

1 (' 1 oo

-ii- .;- 1 . J 1 i 1

° 1 1 . 1 . , Ii A 11, 1 1 . . .

Metals Totals

0171.7 li

i — i — .

l.(2.>.inii

i ,:.i vi 1 ..

l.'H'l.'j

; M J 1, .

1'

1 ,122. .

7Hh

hi ns. and Ammunition ..

:.:i,ti.—

2 t.:m: :i7.".. ll 7i n::.r.i,7

Si '.,11.12

:'T,r>! if

;;s,:ii:

7-1 .7 ' ►! i

Ii7,0.S1'.I

1 Jm|..-t-. I'i i.: h ... ..

12.'!,C.2.'1

1)0.7, 14

IlirM'.l ; M.:-.- r..i -

IM.'lSl

2. 227

72i.iH7

Candles

77.2H1

S1.-.7S

Cement and Lime

Hill. 1 17,

!.'i,27"

:.u,i27

Charcoal

..."i.llSw

Sif.r.M.;

I '2.l<7 ii

7!, 2 22

Clo i.i I - .-.n ' il-. .„ ,

;;Mi'i

!

l is.ni.'i

1 1S.0S7

-77.- 1 1

i:i.:;,(isi

Ill l.l'il

i iiini.'>;;s

l i:i'.i,7iti!i

Coal and Coke

]m.:.-ji

lli.i.il'i.-

H.-.2.I ):c

7!2,7'2li

77..M.H

21.1)47.

11.S21

C'uUon Raw

1 1 ),Sss

21 1.21 i[i

2' i:;,077

2ii'".7flli

2S2.S(I4

I 'vl- a... I . : ill-, j, ;li' .\:,il.:. )

121. t'M

1 7.7.2 1'.'

Earthenware

i;a

Firewood ...

1 "2 .'. i 1 '

2n.ii I'I

:i:t.on;

Fish, Fresh, I'ricd, and .Salt

II l.l.";i

Ss..Mhi

Flour

Ijl IS.I IS'

1 .1 1' *,l I'.'.i-

217.''7.S

Fruit, Fresh anil l>ricd ...

i:.i.n;i

1 l'i,i:r-.'

7Mi,:;t-

2-'-12>.2"-l

224 ,7 111

Furniture ...

1 l.js-

;7.i>l-

) 17.s:11i

111 .V "2d

27>s,ri-ii

.) ji

Gu.s*, Window

7'v ; il )

i'7 . 1 1 "'

Grain and VuUc

22.717

"i 1 1 i.7- 'i

2'.'ivn:77

Grassctolh

.W7.il 1 s

1 .n. HI. !2-l

7 7 '. i.ll"s

'.iU-.,721

Ilurwdiair ... ,,, '"

2'.i.<k;:i

r.i,in7

Lighthouse Materials

l .7 ;

1 .2.-1

7,n7

'.I.V2H1

[juokhIas. an I Mirror*

37,47 1

! 1.222

1. 1.7.1

Machinery

3-1 7

-i 10,-10*;

.'.Si12U7.

Ma 1 I iii , Wtncs, and Shirks ...

12S,04(j'

2..'22' , 7 I I

;,s:i.7ss

Matches

;;.i2.'i:;n

21 -.27'.

:;2:., I7< 17, -in.-

2S..I.7U4

Medicines

Mining Supplies

r;i'.77<;

2 2 7. 'la-

Needles

! 7' iv.

2 1.2.:.:

in.- 12',

Digitized by Google

(Continued)

Description of C(H.ds.

Sundries. (C H/riw s. /.)

Oil, Kerosene. Amoricmi „ Russian

., ' Klu-r kinds ...

I'iiper

l'eppcr, Hlauk and W Sr.tr

I'urcekim

lol.ltoes ... ,

i'ruvi.sinrin, TaUe

Railway I 'I .ml f.nd M.iUt:.i',s

Rice

Sake and S.nioln.

Silt

Shoes. I'll' 'opr.-in

Silk Rico; (i od.s .

Skins and Skin Jmi- ... ...

Soda ail kinds

Soy and M:m>

Stationery ... ...

Sutrut

Tedfi; rapine and '1 ..lqiiiojiic }].i'.ti : ;.]s Timber, ad kui.i-

"1 Tiac:c<>. a'd kiinls

loni'tellr.-. i.ll kin.lv . .

Willi He,li a:,d l;l,i|,;,r ...

Wcodw.ir.

SiMidrit"-, l'i...i:"iiu-raU'<:

Si;:idr.e> 'J*. .1 . .

Sundr.cs Net 'I'm:. us

( ir.-nd T.r.ds ... ..

mod

Vain.-.

Vaim-.

::t.i4f

0,441

do.oii;

I it

ii(ii,i'.t;

1.74s.-i.'j;

77:i,o7t

lol/.ms iti,o7-i

S 17,911 24,o*! : ll'i.lk

."o.lktS

n:.is;

M.tklsi

:if..-J'H

loor.

Value.

ll.:..M.ln:

K2iO-lS.

1 -1 7 .-' I

.'.7 Tin

2'.t!i.;.is:2 7 .11' i,;

I.il ,7 is

I 0,Si Ii I

1,1 : i

4T.'>2.00-1

'7t'.7.".l j :2,01a,

1.o1o,2t; 1 1.4:12

172,000'

02, mo

;.ln2,2t>0 JS.l.Ml

kio,:;'>-i

Mi-.7'M

l.i.ni'.i

!.2:!i:,o2l

Vat,,,-.

— r

LiUn:-.:;-i

7ts,f-J 1 I 1.-41*

70;

04,4 I.

l7-"'.ii:i

1 :<,imi. lls.-i-j:.

j'i,-i.'i;. r:,:.;r_M

-.I'.Hkl 1'

;2i2,:. U sn.si I

J ;>;i.-i7t

l,17i.-.074 TI.2C1.

ios.io; J47,o:;: .V!'i,-:-jt

4o,-l22

1.Ht.7M I 10. 1. V

7 .'..i.7 I i . :iv!i|t

ls.7-ir.-sl'

is.Tiicsi:

I'.ior

077,2 17

12.S2.'< 1.2(17, 10S,4<i2

4.I.X id 20S,U<M

d'i.:ii;i

2.1 )s,i.-,<: :;2S,Ki!i 700, n>2

.'107,010 S7.24U

Wit ,07 2 0,1 08 2lt.50t:

2tW,040

107.. >4d

000,02.".

i:,/.H(2

ll."d,l:4ll

l.!'ik7',o

101. 1. ". I l't-t.7.17

So.,2t l.r.io..-,:::

Value. v—

(o;t.42o

120,010

241.SS7 2l.:i74

020..V1S -1.lJ47.-K 0 7i'7 77:i.:<r,:! ;i.Mi, .*j.')it

82.,">S4 S.218

2-2,0 Hi

84, lot', l.i!M77i I SI .870 70S.879

o 1,822 128,54*

it i

1.2M„'i!>l 114,111

OS.IilS

.'o.r. i.:>ss 2.M :w.

n.itii

lii.'.i 12.02,

2tkt .;2,lo(J

I"-'' '.sol

Digitized by Google

TABLE o.-KXPORT OF NATIVE GOOD3 TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES

For The Years, 1903-1907.

(July, 1908)

Descniitioii of Cods

lltir,

10H7

Y

Y

Y

A wnl 'i, I)rn>i ...

1,1 Mu

O.StHi

2,.isi

2.ns i

2,7*1

12,172

1.U7 .1.971

2,(i91,.1H1

3.002,70:!

.'5,01-1,(1.12

] niche I'll.* Mcr ... ... ...

IOll.UO

41,01s

71.11(17

01,927

I j k;ih=, V>w , , ...

20,;sio

11.97s

iihlm

21,718

20,1.11

Ih.117

20.4S.1

.12.S91

Caitlr an-i I.ivt- Stoclc , .

27 ,'il2

iMl.2.1'.'

m 1.004

777.2i(i

2S,<iii:i

I.I.'.Igs

Copper. UttretJi<f'4 ... ...

44,420

12,7 Ic

lHi.,V27

Coilon I'ifce Grxi Is ...

Is.".

Cotton Raw

171,844

19-1,940

00,090

!Kt,207

30,883

Cu r 1 04 . . , . , ... . . . . .

2. .'.77

FtntiiL-rs, Il.iIo. IJer. ii. etc

2,1.1.1

I'Vti, Uric I, Sa>, a:vl Msmiri."

1.11. Ml

140,701

llM.Silf.

212..1.V1

471,822

Man-. ...

l.iWM

1,1*01

7S7

.1,257

.1,442

(jiiHrnLI. Kci!. w'idV- ;ir:<l ii i r S

!K|."7!i

i.ioo.iso

(1,110

1 ,200.ow;

Whit./ .. ,

2,:isn

(i.104

2,S!i7

( ioUl i >r..- .

1.1lk<171

91.9(0

449,30.1

11ii.1S7

21,0Of

2,102

Unity G.w ...

1.07.1 .'Ik 1

097,001

IkVH.HlS

fi7fi,527

Iran )n: . ..

.i:.,.k;o

.11,7.11!

M.ns

H4

1.14a

M-.-fl ic in..". ,..

.ixg

21. , ''1 1

1S.S11

Hi.".

2.. 17*

Nuty.il'.s ...

1 1,01 1

i;,n:,,"i

7.10(1

i i.'i.-.t

1I,2.V.

I'M'.'S

SJj'.lS

40, HI Ml

42,104

I'.i;vr ... . .

sii.-V.t

">0. Ill

1 12.(12:;

C.1.S1.1

I'lni'Mnrr: .r,.| V. i.J.'.r-

lS.OSO

72 f V,l

20,711

Rape Seed ... ™ ...

22.Ss7

s:i.2.s2

.11,21.1

cc ...

t. -'-24,7 21

ssi.27a

l,in>;i,tvis

7 , '). r iS..10."i

Si"lWfi'<l

!>'k!i!lli

40,1-G

4d.l 1"

S2.4H)

!)s.i;.ii

Kcaiaum .-p-,- 1

1.1.7 m

sot

IS.i.Hd

S.710

Sharks I' .ii- ...

lli.-Vjl

s.,17.1

14,i;io

Silk, K:r.v

1(1,7 1 1

mil

Sk lis Ol kii ... ...

2H.04.S

2>.S2:;

It. 121

2S.7I.

lti.2'.t:l

20.41.'

:to7

J'l.ti'K

;{,i.2o.i

Timber

17S.472

T.-Imcvo. li-.if

1 1 i,os7

121.7-.H

lis .2 si:

2.40H

29.0ns

T'kr.in

1

99:

7;i* i

Wheal

:;.i>7s

107,2(K.

Is I... Oh

Svinlrir., Cn, M l I m .1 ...

i.tit-i

41,112

l.V.i.lil)]

12.Vu27

Total* ...

♦

Digitized by Google

or

'r-

pa

x"

I'

5 ?! c

is" ti

In

2

ti -r i- — 11

-r

8

— 1" i- r.

n

Tp "T

"j

erf

'J

-:1

Ps

e r

X T

?!

55 n

T — T

X

55 3?

I,

f

W 1

— 13 I I

I l — I

'S

— "J

Ssi

x irj

?

-

x!

r

—

J:! 1

—

5 S t ' c .

! 0

Digitized by Google

TABLE /.-COMPARATIVE TABLE OF NET CUSTOMS IiKCEIPTS COLLECTED FOR THE YEARS 1887 TO 1007. (July, 1908.)

Years.

Imjort Dutie*.

Export Duties.

Tonnage Dues.

Totats.

v'

Oao 071 Aq

4U,oo4.i)£

Of A to m oo 1:40, ( UI .Mi

-Of ,Z14.Un

£lO,4Df AV

fl 1 C) .J 'J

4,<U( ,Im

-

j£ t ,4uu. 1 i

I "fi \Z.O 1 A

rji AAA 1 1

l"0 noo a7

1 AO AfUl OA

iuts,inw.ito

fi A4A OA

.JA flKO (T\

OWil'-H. J o

lOQ A144I l£0,£l£.Z4

fi 07 nt;

ti,Z4:f .IK)

if OO f 11 ,A

4Js,41 J.42

qao /t7n oo

ZO£,Of V.ZJS

o e ~OA OO

1717 1 A

O KA llAAfi

354,110.06

Ofc7 QOO 1A

lie 7ta oo llo,7<0.dJ

fQI AAA Ol

481,000.31

1AJ Old oo

1 1t A Jfl OA

m A i on" A Q 1 41,20* .48

180fi

448,1.]/. 10

If ,J04.<o

ftn i "o i oo

00 1,1 84. 30

673,187.90

420502.09

10,088.75

1,113,178.74

740,421.38

237,732-08

22,205.05

1,000,450.01

654,073.51

227.467.70

992,955.77

688,806.73

384,252.37

23,885.39

1,007517.43

012576.73

387,181.63

25,055.75

1,325,414.11

813,620.70

354,069.87

36,185.75

1,204,770.38

1,010,488.17

41315.30

48,301.25

1,181,004.72

1,500,103.20

292,010.15

1,845,350.10

1,066,704.23

263,919.69

62,53655

2,203550.17

1,714,764.34

397,840.18

77,632.50

2,100,237.02

2,312,151.00

753,715.31

80,835.85

3,130,271.70

Digitized by Google

Table 8 —Number And Tonnage Of Vessels

According to Flags.

No.

'1 on*.

Total.

Tons.

Total.

Wo.

1 ons.

No.

Tons.

American. j

Steamers

Sailing Vessels ropean Type

of

Eu

3,202

4,231

3!

32,417 1,043

33,400

Austrian

Steamers

—

nritifch

Steamers

Sailing Vessels ropean Type

, . ,

of

Eu

—

1.-1,11.-.

—

:

13,113

t

100,004 2,324

Ot

111 "18

Chinese

St pimpN 1 links

10,010

H4

20,300 0,037

30,207

Danish

.Steamers

—

Steanie'i>

Sailing Vessels 1 rupean Type

. f

Eu-

o

1,800

M

2,001

German

Steamers

s.oor-

S.003

133,340

133,310

Steamers .

-'.507

1,203,22.)

2,4S1

707,731

Japanese

Sailing Wsels ropean 1 ype

of

Fu

31,834

72.72S

33,000

Junks

18,044

4,303

1,303,701

1,322

20,080

784,430

Steamers

Si 2

182,273

Korean

Sailing Vessels ropean Type

of

Iai

is.h:.<

Junks

i.>

li.i i,S04

1,043

1,331

Norwcpau

Steamer- . ...

A, "-22

4,022

]0|

88,012

88,012

Rlls-ian

Meauei-

Sailing Visjrlj ropean Type

ot

in

17:us<:

Ho

i73.ooti

10,03(1 0(1

10,710

Swedish

Steamers ..

2,007

2,007

Stca iier- ... ...

3.3 Js,

],04xot::;

3,700

1,204,381

Totals

Sailing Vessels rope, in '1 'j pe

of

Eu

72,'Jll

1,181

lunl.s

-"Mil

1.7 lo.otd

2.2S'J

7.302.473

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ENTERED FOR THE YEARS 1903-1907. (July, 1908.)

No.

Totals.

Totals.

No.

Totals.

Total*.

No.

Tons.

Totals.

No.

Tons.

No.

Tods.

No.

Tons.

a:

11430U

r,

3D 1.13S

31."

1,4.34

101,451

25] it

141,0211

1,060

1,117

1,11?

4,084 02,002

5,1 Of 40,74f

73,010

4,084

5,190

01,1)77

43,010

—

—

14,149

±1 1,085

1,433

1*021

A

a

1,050

10,033

1,410

1104S4

1,3110,322

m

7,488

22,338 82,080

07,420

a

4O0

—

12£

07*420

2.000,003

3,721

1,282,800

4,504

2.188,185

4,741

500,047

2,705

2,177

40,050

47,581

2,30f

38,003

33,461

51,475

1,000

"..100 1,074

05,043

03,735

108,712 100,474

2O0

4,002 2,302

0,015 5,058

9,048

44,070

41.00(1

44,070

20,848

1,143

1,143

in

U

4,083

2,000,024

2.707.500

3.O88.071

3.7.'0

5,243

1334,051

5,005

2,905,210

4,314

55,015

3,583

53,035

51,444

08,444

Table 9.— Export Of Gold To Foreign Countries.

1903 to 1907 A.— According to Portg. (July, 1908)

From

Hum

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Chinnamjx)

1,732.200

1,080,201

2,0*2,000

Shinwiju ...

Yongampo

- -

Chemulpho

2.128,704

2,01)4,450

2,082.200

3,270,050

3,810,524

Kunsan ...

.

0,840

13,490

8,425

11,050

—

Mokpo

3,15f

3,490

4,400

11,080

10,085

Fiaan

117.081;

434,185

149,412

85,53.-)

50,194

-

Wonsan ...

1,407,111

433,780

Ss0.30S

719,189

740,547

Songchin ...

Totals

5,450,397

5,000,590

5,200,805

4,000,131.

4,017,950

B— According to Countries

To

I1Mi4

10Oo

China

21(

10,050

1,800

1)4,242

150,000

Japn

5,150,187

4,0<N,04I-

5,205,005

4,001. Ss*

4,407.950

I olal

5,45n,.T97

5,000,59(

5,20tl.S():.

4,Hoo,13(

4,017,950

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TABLE ll.-CJENERAL CONDITION OF GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.

(December, 1907)

Names of Sclmoh

uiiiDcr of Schools

Number of Students

Number of Teachers

Academic

Male

Female

Koreans

Foreigners

Years

Songyun koan

—

—

isormai 5>cnooi

Common Scliool, attached to Normal

no

High School

Foreign Language School

Japanese ... ... ...

English ...

Chinese ... ... —

4(5

—

Off man

Japanese j' Chemulpho

language

School ( Pingyang

New Common School

4,052

Common School under old Regulations.

1,202

i

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May 1 2 19

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