Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of ...
Section 4. Jhe Secretary of Internal Affairs shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties which, at the time of entering upon his office
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Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of ... is an 1884 historical mining reference by Pennsylvania Dept. of Internal Affairs, preserved in the Mountain Man Mining research library, focused on mine ventilation. Section 4.
This 1884 document, Annual Report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of ..., is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.
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Legislative Document, No. 7.
Communication.
Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, Jfay 6, 1884, To His Excellency Robert E. Pattison, .
Governor of. Pennsylvdifiia : In compliance with the requirements of the Constitution, I have the honor to present you herewith, for transinis&iou to the General Assembly, a report of this Department, Part JLII, Industrial Statistics, Vol. XI, 1882-83.
I am, very respectfully.
Your obedient servant,
J. SIMPSON AFRICA, Secretary of Internal Affairs.
Legislative Document, No. T.
Table Of Contents.
Page. of Transmittal, I-XI
Coal, Anthracite and Bituminous and Gokb, 1-2
Iron Orb, S- 4
Iron and , 5-18
Iron Foundries, 19
Glass, 20
Pbtrolbum, , . . 21- 31
Lumber, 82-87
Tanneries, 88
Textile Industries, 89- 62
Flour and Grist Mills 58-68
Brewers and Distillers, 64, 65
Slate Industrobs, 66- 72
Manufactures, Miscellaneous, 78- 94
Street Passenger Railways, .' 95
Total Number of Employees Returned, 96- 98
Employees' Waoes,: 99-106
Testimony of Employees, 107-182
Labor Troubles in Pennsylvania during 1888, 184
The first Bandage, Instructions for the Injured, 155-157
Mine Inspectors' Report, la-153a
Labor Laws, 164a
Index,
Report
Of The
Bureau of Industrial Statistics.
Letter Of Transmittal.
Department of Internal Affairs, BvREAir of Industrial Statistics, May i, 188J. Honorable J. Simpson Africa,
Secretary of Internal Affairs:
Sir : I have the honor to present herewith the eleventh annual report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, being the first during your official term as Secretary of Internal Affairs. The duties pertaining to this Bureau, which is created by the organic law of the State, have been defined in an act of the General Assembly entitled 'An act regulating the election of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, defining his duties and fixing his salary," approved the Ilth day of May, 1874, as follows, to wit :
Section 4. Jhe Secretary of Internal Affairs shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties which, at the time of entering upon his office, shall appertain to the office of Surveyor General. His department shall embrace a Bureau of Industrial Statistics, the business of which shall be to impartially inquire into the relations of capital and labor, in their bearings upon the social, educational, and industrial welfare of all classes of working people, and to offer practical suggestions for the improvement of the same.
The said bureau shall farther collect, compile, and publish such statistics in regard to the wages of labor and the social condition of the laboring classes as may enable the people of the State to judge how far legislation can be invoked to correct the existing evils ; and in order to facilitate the duties herein imposed, all corporations, firms, or individuals engaged in mining, manufacturing, or other business, and all persons working for wages within this Commonwealth, are hereby required to furnish such statistical information as the chief of said bureau may demand*. The chief, or duly authorized deputy, shall have power to issue subpoenas, administer oaths, and take testimony in all matters relating to the duties herein re- A — Leg. Doc. No. 7.
ii Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t,
quired of said bureau. Any corporation, firm, or individual, doing business within this Commonwealth, who shall neglect or refuse, for thirty days, to answer questions by circular, or upon personal application, or whohall refuse to obey the subpoena and give testimony according to the provisions of this act, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, to be collected by order of the commissioner of statistics in an action of debt, in which the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shall be plaintiff. This bureau shall also be required to collect, compile, and publish annually the productive statistics of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, commercial, and other business interests of the State; and the act of the twelfth April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, entitled An act to provide for the establishment of a bureau of statistics on the subject of labor and other purposes,' is hereby repealed from and after the first Tuesday of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five."
It will be observed that the duties to be performed by this Bureau are comprehensive in their nature. The object to be accomplished is in connection with kindred departments in other States, to obtain such reliable information as will enable a just mode of settlement to be devised, of the many problems arising in the relations of capital and labor. To this end practical suggestions are requested as to the social, educational, and industrial wel£are of all classes of working people. With a full knowledge of facts as they may be derived from statistics carefully prepared, practical suggestions will not only be made under the terms of the law, but recommendations of real value will be presented, based tipon the facts, by many to whom the subject is one of vital interest. The problem to be solved, viz : The true relations of capital and labor to each other, and especially upon the welfare of the working people, has engaged the attention of our ablest thinkers for many years. Important as the problem has been in the past and as it is at present, the unprecedented growth of the country, not only in population but in industrial pursuits requiring the employment of large masses of men, renders its correct solution imperative to the happiness, prosperity, and welfare of the Nation in the future. Many of the difficulties which have heretofore presented themselves have arisen from a want of knowledge of the facts as they exist. When specific knowledge is wanting, mere intellect is of no avail, and can at best but devise specious theories. It is now generally appreciated that disaster to capital, suffering to the working classes, and misunderstandings resulting in bloodshed and loss of life, might have been averted had the whole truth been understood and wise counsel prevailed. It is for this reason that the Bureau of Industrial Statistics and similar organizations have been created under the laws of this and other States. Practical suggestions of value will only be accepted with confidence when based upon and in accordance with reliable information. I have, therefore, as chief of the Bureau deemed it to be
Repobt.
be my first duty to exercise great care in the collection of statistical information of a reliable kind. I have endeavored to maintain the organization of the Bureau as it existed, and to extend and perfect it in its details as far as practicable. The productive statistics of agriculture have been deemed of such great importance as to induce the creation of a Board of Agriculture'* independent of this Bureau* which collects agricultural statistics and publishes a report annually. I have, in consequence of the establishment of such board, followed the course adopted by my immediate predecessor, and directed specia) attention to the mining, manufacturing, commercial, and other business of the State. In making a compilation of a directory of the business interests of the State, great labor and care were required for the proper arrangement of the same. Blank forms have been drafted applicable to the character of the business investigated so that intelligent answers could be more readily obtained. Inquiries have been extended to additional industries, among which are included flour and grist-mills, slate, petroleum, and petroleum refineries. Nearly twelve thousand blanks were required and issued to those addressed on the 1st of January last. Returns in the majority of cases were promptly made with answers complete and satisfactory. In some cases, however, the answers were delayed, whilst in still others the information contained in the replies was meager. During the month of February about four thousand additional circulars were issued to delinquents to which prompt replies were made either by return of the blanks properly filled or by letter explaining the cause of neglect. The returns are now almost complete, as will be seen by the following:
Table showing the number of blanks issued and returned.
Industries.
AKricaitural implements, . .
Air-brakes.
Axes and sawe,
Baskets, .
Bath-tubs and bath-boilers, .
Belts and hose,
Bobbins and spools, . . . . Bone and pearl goods, . . . Boots and shoes, ... Box mannfaotarers and boat builders, . . . .
Brass and bronze,
Breweries,
Bridee builders,
Bricks, common,
Bricks, fire and terra ootta, .
Brick presses,
Britannia ware,
Brooms, . . .
Brushes and brush blocks, .
wC
9
-Q c
ag
as
p
o5
M
Burr mill-stones,
Buttons,
Bull wheels,
Car builders,
Carriages and wagons, . . .
Chemicals,
Cigars,
Clothe-pinB and shoe-pegs, .
Coal, anthracite,
Coal, bituminous,
Coffins and caskets,
Combs,
Cooperage,
Corks,
Crucibles,
Cutlery,
Cordage,
Copper, .
Distilleries. ...
Emery A grinding machinery,
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
TABI.E— Conttnaed.
Industries.
Envelopes,
Employes
Fancy leather goods,
Files,
Firearms,
ivalvanizing,
Gas-metres, gas-tanks, Ac, .
Gold beaters,
Wlass, flint and green, . . .
Glass, window,
Glass sand,
Glue,
Haircloth,
Hair-pins,
Hardware,
Harness and trunks, Hosiery needles, . . .
Hubs, spokes, felloes, and
handles,
Hose reels,
Iron —
Blast ftirnaoes,
Bloomaries and forges, . .
Boilers, ...
Chains, . .
Fences and railings, . .
Foundries, foundry-facings, and machine-shops, . .
Malleable iron, . .
Nails, spikes, and rivets, .
Nuts and bolts,
Pipes and tubes,
Rolling-mills,
Wire and wire goods, . . . Knobs and handles, Jjasts,
Lead and lead shot,
Lightning-rods,
Locomotives,
Looks and safes, . .
Lumber and saw-mills, . . .
Mantels,
Matches,
Malsters,
Milling, flour and grist, . . . Morocco,
Musical instruments, . . . N it ro-gly oerineand torpedoes,
Oilcloths,
Oil and lubricants,
Paints, . ...
Paper, straw-boards, Ac, . .
Paper hangings,
Pens,
Petroleum producers,
Petroleum reflners,
Petroleum pipe lines, . . .
Planing-mills,
Potters, . .
Powder and Aises,
n
Refrigerators,
Rubber goods,
Salt, .
Staves, shooks, heads, Ac, Sash, doors, and blinds, .
Screws, brass and Iron, . . Ship builders, . .
Shoe blacking and stove polish Shingle-mills, . ...
Shovels, spades, Ac., Show oases, ... Shafting, springs, and axles, oiaie, ... ..
Soaps and candles,
Spring mattresses,
Smelting,
Stair-rods,
Sugar refineries,
Surgical splints and elastic
goods. Silver and silver-plated ware, TanRs, wood and iron, . . .
Tanneries,
Tannique,
Textiles- Carpets and mats,
Cotton,
Cottons and woolens, . . .
Hosiery and knit goods, . .
Hate,
Woolens,
Yarns, cotton and woolen,
Bleaching and dye works,
Carders and fullers,
Coverlets,
Clothing
Braids, tapes, <fto.,
Felt goods,
Flax,
Jeans,
Lace and lace goods, . .
Printe,
Quilts,
Reps and berries,
Shoddy,
: Silks
Towels, ,
I Upholstered goods, . . .
Window shades,
Neckwear,
Textile machinery,
Tiles
Tinware,
Tools
Toys and traps,
Type,
t.
h'd
mbe sned
u
P
Repobt.
TABIE— Continued.
Industries.
Umbrellas, parasols, &o., .
Velocipedes, . .
Watches and watch-oases, .
Whips,
White lead, litharge, putty,&c. Total of blanks issued, Total of blanks returned.
mber sued.
mber limed
a
a
Zi
Industries.
Wooden ware, Wringers and washing machines, . . . Zinc, spelter, and nickel, .
a
s
NoTE.~Blanks were not Issued, as a general rule, when it was known that the raanufiiotnrer or operator was engaged in a business rated below 95,000. Exception to this rule, however, was made when the industry, by reason of its almost universal existence throughout the State, though small In the individual sense, yet presented an aggregate of too much importance to be igpiored.
About four hundred blanks containing inquiries were sent to workmen connected with various industries, and residing in various parts of the State. The inquiries made were in relation to the hours of labor; the healthfulness of the occupation ; the danger, if any, to which they were liable; the number of days lost by sickness during the year; the combined outlay and loss of pay by reason of sickness in the family ; the number of days unemployed in their regular business and the money loss in wages; the kind of workmen's houses and the sanitary condition of the surroundings. Inquiry was also made as to the strikes in their trade or occupation during the year, and the cause and outcome of the difficulties; also as to arbitration and the result. The inquiries made were answered promptly and intelligently. They will be found compiled under the proper heading in this report, together with a brief sketch of labor troubles within the State during the year 1883. My predecessor in previous reports published a history of the strikes in this State from their commencement down to and including the year 1882. The present sketch is made with a view of continuing such history during the year 1883. The strikes and lockouts, which more frequently occur in large mining and manufacturing districts, chiefl}' arise ft'om disagreements, either upon demand for increased wages on the part of the employes or attempted reduction on the part of the employers. Both employers and employed are realizing that such method of settling difficulties or controversies not only entails great financial loss to both parties, but creates and nourishes feelings of bitterness and ill-will between those whose interests are dependent one upon the other, and who, if influenced by reason and common sense, should work harmoniously. The appreciation of a common interest by intelligent and thinking men — representatives of employer and employ — has resulted in efforts to compromise mlitters in dispute by amicable conference and mutual concessions. Where differences cannot be so settled the effort is being made to adjust
vi Internal Affatbs — Industrial STATisrica [No. 7,
such differences by arbitration. The conferences which are being established between employer and employ, whilst they are not always effective in the settlement of the points at issue, nevertheless tend to produce kindly feelings instead of the bitter antagonisms which formerly prevailed. Through such intercourse each side acquires a knowledge of the causes and influences which operate on and actuate the other, and a desire is engendered on both sides to arrive at a fair understanding of the points at issue. In arriving at such understanding the labors of this Bureau and kindred organizations are of great importance. The statistical information thus obtainable of t-e condition of business and of labor throughout the country may dissipate the points in controversy, and be a complete answer to the arguments based oftentimes on mere conjecture and sometimes on gross misrepresentation. I find a great misapprehension exists among many persons as to the duties to be performed by this Bureau. It appears to be assumed that its chief business is to battle with corporations, and to expose the operations of assumed monopolies. I do not so understand its duties, nor do I propose that it shall be the instrument for the settlement of private pique or the gratification of personal animosities Partisanship is no part of the duties of this Bureau. The effort to be made is the compilation of reliable statistics ; the object to be accomplished is that through the knowledge thus obtained the interest of both labor and capital may be harmonized and promoted.
5t The Coneolldatlon of the Reports ot the Anthracite and Bltuminoua Mine Inspectors in One Volume and Issuance from One Department*
The work of the mine inspectors in both the anthracite and bituminous regions is of great importance, and the reports of both regions contain matters of interest to all concerned in coal mining. But under the present condition of the law the best result from the expense incurred and the labor done is not attained. In the bituminous region there are six mine inspectors, v?ho are required by law to make a record of such matters as are detailed in the act of Assembly prescribing their duties. Such record is to be made on or before the first day of November of each year, and is to be filed in the oflSce of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, to be recorded and included in the annual report of his department. In the anthracite coal regions there are also six inspectors, who are required to make annual reports to the Governor of the Commonwealth at the close of every year, which reports are published by the Executive Department. The duties of the inspectors of both the bituminous and anthracite regions are substantially the same, or only so varied as is required by the difference in the methods of mining. Our coal-mining interest, whether bituminous or anthracite, so far constitutes one great industry as to render full information as to the workings ol the one of great and practical importance to those interested in the other. It can be readily' seen that to best effect a useful purpose the several reports from both sections should be published together in a single volume, (which would contain about four hundred and fifty pages,} and a sufficient number
printed for distribution among those specially interested. There are no
valid reasons that I can conceive industries so nearly identical as those of mining bituminous and anthracite coal should be under different departments, and the reports as to the one be embodied in the report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, whilst the other is embraced among the documents issued by the Executive. Nor is there any reason wh}' the records of bituminous coal-mining for the year should be ended on the first of November, whilst the reports as to the anthracite region are extended to the first of Januar3'. As the reports are at present printed, there is no arrangement for distribution even among the mine inspectors. There is a general and growing demand among pailies interested for these reports, which, embodied as they are among documents of a general character, limits the supply by reason of the mode of printing, and thereby narrows their field of usefulness. The whole subject seems, under the organic law, properly to belong to the department of Internal Affairs. I would, therefore, respectfully suggest the propriety of bringing the subject to the attention of the Legislature, with a view of having the law so amended that the inspectors of both regions be required to report at the same time and to this department; such reports to be there filed, compiled, and published in one volume, and that they may be properly distributed among those for whose bene 6 1 they were designed.
Sugestions to Mine Inspectors.
Prof. James P. Kimball, geological rooms, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., has suggested that if the mine inspectors would include in their circulars to coal operators the following directions and questions, and include the answers to the same in their annual reports, such reports would be greatly increased in value and importance, viz :
First. To letter the coal seams according to the notation in the Second Geological Survey.
Second, To give the thickness of the coal seam.
Third. To give the thickness of the roof bench not mined.
Fourth. To give the thickness of the bottom bench not mined.
As most of the accidents ft'om fall of slate and roof have reference to the third heading, the element of thickness is requisite to give value to facts otherwise presented. The information is indispensable to enable one to form an idea from these reports of the actual practice, and underlies in fact all the rest of the information given. I regard the suggestions of Prof. Kimball as valuable, and advise their adoption by the mine inspectors.
4. Complaints of Miners In reference to the Opposition to Clieck-weiglimen.
It is alleged by a number of miners from the bituminous coal fields that opposition is made to and obstructions placed in the way of the checkweighman. The check weighman is an agent of the miners, authorized by law, and is paid by them. It is part of his duty to balance the scales, and to oversee the weighing or measuring of coal as it comes from the mines. Interfer-
\'iii Internal Affairs — Industrial SrATisTioa [No. 7 ,
ences with such officer is manifestly unjust. The miners are not only entitlied to payment for their labor according to their contract, but are entitled to know that they are receiving justice.
It is charged that large contractors, through their agents, contract in Europe for labor.to be imported, to work at a price much below the minimum price paid to our own mechanics and laborers. The evil effects of such a system are manifest. The spirit of our institutions, whilst it protects capital, is to elevate labor. The importation of pauper labor is not only rank injustice to our own working people, but it is an unfair advantage taken of by legitimate contractors who are willing to pay fair wages for fair work. The social and moral position of the working class has heretofore been the pride of the Nation. It should be the endeavor of the Commonwealth to elevate it, not to lower it, as the competition created by the importation of ignorant and degraded paupers must necessarily do. To the contractor the gain is but for the moment, while the evil to the community is lasting. Under our system of government, the blessings springing from general education of the masses of the people are sought to be attained. The importation of paupers under the contract system is a blow at the interest of both labor and capital, and all just means should be adopted to prevent it.
The same objections are urged against the system of convict contract labor in our prisons and penitentiaries, and is a subject which has agitated the minds of the working classes in a number of the leading manufacturing States for a number of years. It has, in fact, the same effect in lowering the standard of wages and depriving the honest workingman of the just reward of his labor, whilst there is not the same appearance of reason to justify it. Two reasons among others have been given in justification of contract labor : Ist. The reduction of prison expenses, and the relief from general taxation to that extent ; and 2d. The elevation of the criminal by occupying his time in a useful and honorable pursuit ; by promoting in him habits of industry, and in so educating him that at the end of his term of imprisonment he will have acquired the habits, knowledge, and disposition which will enable him to earn an honest living. It has been found, however, that the convict-contract system tends to degrade, not elevate the prisoner. The contractor, holding his labor in contempt, and actuated solely by his own selfish purposes, treats the prisoner as outside the pale of humanity. The direct expense is saved to the State, but the degradation of the prisoner is increased.
The practical effect of prison competition has been found to be the production of articles at so small a cost as to defy the competition of honest and law-abiding labor. The standard of honest wages is prejudiced, governed and controlled by criminal labor. Under the convict-contract system, capital which regards labor as a brutal machine obtains an advantage over capital which employs honest men and seeks to elevate and benefit the
working classes. The evils resulting to the working people by the introduction of the unfair competition of imported pauper labor are the same as from contract-convict labor, whilst the objection of such importation is solely a temporary advantage gained by the contractor.
The contract-convict system was abolished in Pennsylvania by the enactment of a law under the General Assembly, and which was approved June 13, 1883, requiring that wages fixed by the authorities of the institution shall be allowed the prisoner, from which board, lodging, and clothing, and the cost of trial shall be deducted, and the balance paid to their families or dependents. In case none such appear, the amount shall be paid to the convict at the expiration of the term of imprisonment.
This law was to go into effect at the expiration of existing contracts. In connection with the above, a law was also enacted to require a brand upon all <2:oods, wares, merchandise, or other article or thing made for sale by convict labor in any penitentiary, reformatory, prison, school, or other establishment in which convict labor is employed." Dealing in convict-made goods not branded, whether made in Pennsylvania or any other State, is strictl}- prohibited under a penalty "of a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and undergo an imprisonment not exceeding six months or both or either at the discretion of the court."
Employer's Iilablllty*
Representatives of trades-union and other labor organizations have called my attention to the subject of the liability of employers to workmen for injuries received while in discharge of their duty, and have requested me to caU the attention of the Legislature to the matter in the consideration of the existing laws relative to such liability.
To so frame the law as to afford justice to all parties is undoubtedly a work presenting difficulties. It requires patient investigation, a full understanding of the law as it exists at present, its construction by the courts, and its practical application. But it is a subject of great importance to the well-being of our working people, and whilst the rights of the employer should be fairly considered, the life and fortune not only of the emily, but also of his family, are at stake. The subject should receive the careful consideration of the Legislature. Upon this question I present, with approval, the views of Charles G. Fall, Esq., to the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics, where he ably discusses it, viz : That the dictates of humanity, as well as the promptings of self-interest, stimulate employers of labor to do a great deal towards protecting the lives and limbs of their workmen there is no doubt. That they would not intentionally allow any neglect in the selection of workmen, of the materials used in the machinery worked is equally certain. But notwithstanding all this, there are doubtless many accidents and injuries occurring daily, which, with a little more precaution in the particulars mentioned, might have been prevented. Workmen generally are not in a position to say with whom they will work, or
X Internal Affairs — Industrial Statispics. [No. T,
what materials or machinery shall be used ; and if greater precautions are to be taken, they must be provided for by employers. If the ordinary dictates of humanity and self-interests are not sutflcient to make life more secure, ought not their interest in the welfare of their workmen to be increased by imposing a heavier peculiar}' responsibility'? Where an appeal to the generous impulses of the heart is not sufficient protection, should not an appeal be made to the more subtle instincts of the pocket?"
Convention ot Commissioners ot Iabor Statistics.
A meeting of the commissioners of labor statistics was convened September 25 in the office of the Ohio Bureau of Labor Statistics, at which the representatives of six bureaus of the eleven in existence were in attendance, representing the following States: Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Xew Jersey, Illinois, and Missouri. The object of this convention was to consult as to the best means of collecting information, and to propose some method of procedure by which the purposes for which such bureaus were created may prove the most beneficial. Upon the matter of keeping up the efficiency of the bureaus, it was unanimously agreed that everything of a partisan character should be entirely excluded, whether of a political, business, or a social nature. In maintenance of this view, the convention was addressed by the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, chief of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Massachusetts, an acknowledged authority throughout the United States on labor statistics, and whose large experience and undoubted ability entitle his opinions to great weight. He asserted that there was no office of the Government in which civil service reform was more applicable than in these bureaus inasmuch as the duties incumbent upon its officials were of such a character that the citizen and not the partisan of any party had to be dealt with ; and the subjects that would require investigation were not in the interests of any distinct class, but pervaded society from the highest to the lowest, and that he thought the removal of an official who was educated in the details or duties pertaining to the office was to seriously impede the progress of the work. And in this connection I will here add what has been so well said by a distinguished statistician of the United States, that a " bureau of labor statistics should be so distinctly and decisively disconnected from politics, from dependence on organizations, whether of workingmen or employers, individual views or class interest, as to command the moral support of the whole body of citizens and receive the cooperation of all men of all occupations and all degrees, without reference, however, either to their degrees or their occupations."
Tlie Necessity ot Iieislative Encouragement towards Promotinf the
best Interests ot tbe Bureau.
The reports of the Bureau are becoming more sought after every year, so that the limited number of reports allowed your department are entirely inadequate to supply one half the demand. The supply of all previous issues was long since exhausted, except such as are necessarily kept in the library
of the Bureau. Literature of a statistical character is attaining such impoitance with the public that communications desiring special information on various subjects relating to the industrial classes of the State are so frequent that it entails a large correspondence upon the Bureau, requiring from the Chief close attention and considerable research. A State of such magnitude as that of Pennsylvania should show, at least, as much liberality as the States of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and others in appropriating funds that her industrial pursuits may be correctly gathered. The State of Massachusetts appropriates, annually, for contingent expenses, the sum of five thousand dollars for the use of the Bureau exclusive of the large amount appropriated each decade for census work. New Jersey appropriates three thousand dollars, and Michigan five thousand dollars, while the State of Pennsylvania, with its large extent of territory and its enormous industries in coal, iron, glass, lumber, leather, textile fabrics and numerous others, is allowed but the meager sum of two thousand dollars per annum, which is inadequate to carry out, as fully as should be, the work designed by law. While it is not intended that the Bureau should make a complete census of the State, it is required, however, that the productive interest of the State be published, and that the relation between capital and labor be shown in a clear and concise manner. To perform this duty as it ought to be done, necessitates the employment of experts to investigate thoroughly and impartially such questions as may come before it from time to time.
The following gentlemen : James M. Swank, Esq., " Secretary of the Iron and Steel Association of the United States;" T. C. Search, Esq., of Fairmount Worsted Mills, Philadelphia;" 8. L. Fisler, Esq., Secretary of the " Slate Exchange of Lehigh and Northampton counties," and Thomas Mc- Feely, Esq., of the firm of Griscom & McFeely, Philadelphia, who have attained eminence in their respective spheres as statisticians, and whose practical knowledge upon the subjects upon which they have written for this report, are entitled to our thanks.
The Bureau is under special obligations to John 0. Edwards, whose experience and energy entitles him to our commendation ; and also to John L. Butler, Esq., attaches of this office.
JOEL B. McCAMANT, Chief of Bureau,
Lsgtslatiye Document,
No. 7.
Anthkacite Coal.
TABLE showing the number of collieries number of persons employed production, etc'in the several counties of the Anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania compiled from returns mde to this office for the year ending December Slj 1S83.
County.
Carbon,
Oolumbia, Daaphin, Iokawanna, . . liiueme,
Northumberland, Sohuylkill, . . . Soilivan,* Sii8qnehanna,t .
o
ao
9 M
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s
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9
it nj
Beml- Anthracite.
t Included In Lackawanna.
1 Leg. Doc. No.
Internal Attaibs — Insubtrial STATimos.
Bituminous Coal And Coke.
TABLE growing the number of collieries, number ofperBons employed, production, etc., in the several counties of the Bituminous coal and close yields of Penneylvania, compiled from the returns made to this office for the year ending December SI, 188S.
GUilon
Bk.
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Bi,n71 a
i.uTTS ax
u,nt,t7l 10,117
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Internal Apfaibs — Industeial Statistics.
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Blast Furnaces.
Blast Furnaces.
TABIiE showing the number of JPkumaees in and out of blast, the production, etc., in the several counties of Pennsylvania, compiled from returns mode to this office for the year ending December SI, 188S.
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Allegheny, . . . . Armstrong, . .
Bedford,
Berks, . . - . .
Blalr,
Backs,
Cambria,
Clarion,
Carbon,
Centre,
Chester,
Clinton,
Colombia, . . . Cumberland, . . Daaphln, Delaware,
Erie,
Tayette,
Franklin, Huntingdon, . . Lackawanna, . . Lancaster, . . Lawrence, Lebanon,
Iehlgta,
Lyoomlng,
Mercer,
Mifflin.
Montgomery, . . Montour, . .
Northampton, Northumberland, Perry,
PhUadelphla, . . Schuylkill,
Tioga,
Union,
Westmoreland, . York,
U
2B0
2S64
ask
Sz84
Hi 1,110
EOLLIifGK-MILLS.
TABIiE showing the number of rolling-millet number o/fumaees, produeiiont in the several counties of Pennsylvania compiled from returns made to this ojjlce for the year ending December SI, 18S8,
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Armstrong,
Beaver,
Berks,
7B
Blair,
M
Bradford,
Bucks,
Cambria.*
Carbon, . . .
Centre,
Chester,
Crawford,
Colnmbia, . . .
Cumberland, . .
Dauphin, . . .
1D8 ' 206
Delaware, .
Erie,
Fayette, .
Lackawanna, . .
Lancaster, . . .
Lawrence,
U
Uo
Lebanon,
Lehigh,
Lycoming, . . .
Mercer,
Mifflin,
'
Montgomery, . .
Montour,
Northampton,
Northumberland,
Si
Perry, . .
Philadelphia, . .
Schuylkill,
Washington, . . ,
Westmoreland, . ,
York,
i,2n
See Bessemer.
BXiOOMEBIES — CrUOIBLE StEEL.
Bloomaeies.
A STATEMEHT showing tite produetioii, dtc, of Bloomaries in the several counties of the State, compiled from returns made to this office for the year ending December SI, 188S.
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tl47,llS61
Ceucible Steel.
A STATEMS'Brr showing the production, dtc, of Crucible Steel in the several counties of the State, compiled from returns made to this office for the year ending December SI, 2S8S.
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Internal Affaob — Indubtbial STATisnc&
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The Production op Pio-Iron.
THE PRODUCTION OF PIG-IRON, BESSEMER STEEL, AND IRON AND STEEL RAILS IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 1883 AND YEARS IMME- DIATELY PRECEDING.
By James M. Swank — Secretary of the American Iron and Steel
Association.
In Israel Acrelioss' History of New Sweden (the Swedish settlements on the Delaware,) published in 1759, the statement is made that Pennsylvania, in regard to its iron works, is the most advanced of all the American colonies.' How well the Keystone State maintains its prominence of a century and a quarter ago in the manufacture of iron is shown in the following statistics of the production in all the States of leading products of iron and steel in 1883, and in immediately preceding years. Pennsylvania's leading position as a producer of iron and steel will be better understood after a study of these statistics than it has ever been, and it may also be added that its interest in the maintenance of the protective policy, which has built up these industries, will also be better understood. If the iron and steel industries of our great State are to be maintained in their present vigor, the tariff barrier to foreign competition which now exists, and which economic theorists would now remove, must not be weakened at any point.
The Production of Plg-Iron In 1883.
The production of pig-iron in the United States in 1883 was obtained in twenty-four States and one Territory (Washington.) The following table shows the total production of all kinds pig-iron by States in 1883, in the order of their prominence :
States.
Net tons.
Net tons.
Pennsylvania,
Ohio,
2,As8,891
Colorado,
New York,
Conneotiout,
Massachusetts,
Indiana,
niinoii,
Miohifran
Alabama,
Minnesota
Vinrinia.
Oreflron,
California,
Maine,
Texas, . . . Vashington Territory, . . .
Total,
New Jereev
Tennessee
Missouri,
West Virgrinia,
ICentnckv.
Wisoonsin.
Maryland,
Intbbnal Affajrs — Industrial Statisticb.
The following table shows in detail the production of bitumihoas coal and coke pig-iron in the United States in 1883. Fourteen States made this quality of pig-iron in that year :
States.
Net ton&
States.
Net tons.
Pennsylvania,
Ohio,
Kentnoky,
Georgia,
Colorado,
Illinois,
Vireinia,
Alaoama,
Wisoonsio,
1 Indiana,
1 Maryland.
West Virginia,
Total,
The following table shows in detail the production of anthracite pig-iron in the United States in 1883, four States only using this fuel in that year :
Net tons.
States.
Net tons.
Pennilyania,
New York
Maryland
Total,
New Jersey.
The following table shows in detail the production of charcoal pig-iron in the United States in 1888. This is the most widely extended branch of our pig-iron industry, nineteen States and one Territory (Washington) having made pig-iron with this fuel in the year named :
States.
Net tons.
States.
Net tons.
MJohiflTfn, r w ,
Kentnoky
Alabama,
Georgia,
Ohio,
Massaohusetts,
Minnesota,
Wisoonsin.
Oregon,
Tennessee,
Galifomia,
Maine, . '.
Texas,
Wasliington Territory, . . .
Total,
Maryland,
n fMtinn fc
Yinrinia
Of the total production of all kinds of pig-iron in the United States in 1883, Pennsylvania produced oyer 61 per cent. Of the total production of bituminous coal and coke pig-iron, Pennsylyania produced 44 per cent. Of the total production of anthracite pig-iron, Pennsylvania produced 75 per cent. In the production of charcoal pig-iron, Pennsylvania was exceeded by four other States — Michigan, Alabama, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Leg. Doo.1
The Pboduotion of Pio-Iron.
The following table shows the prod action of all kinds of pig-iron in Pennsylrania, by district, in the last four years :
Nbt Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Lebiffh Valley
Schuylkill Valley,
Upper SuBquehanna,
Lower Susauehanna,
ShenaniFO Valley
Allegheny Countv,
MifloellaneouB Coke,
Total,
The production of the three different kinds of pig-iron in Pennsylvania in the last four years has been as follows in net tons :
Kind OF Pio-Ibon.
Anthracite, Bitaminoois, Charooal, .
Tbtal, .
NxT Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
The production of both anthracite and bituminous coal and coke pigiron increased in 1883 as compared with 1882, but there was a slight decrease in the production of charcoal pig-iron in 1888 as compared with 1882.
The following table gives the production of anthracite, charcoal, and bituminous pig-iron in the United States ftrom 1854 to 1883 :
Nbt Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Anthracite.
Charooal.
Bituminous
Total.
Internal ArrAiBb — Industrial Statistics.
Years.
Net Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Anthracite.
Charcoal.
Bituminous
Total.
l,603O0O
The following table gives the number of completed furnaces in the United States at the close of each of the twelve years from 1872 to 1883, allowance being made in each year for furnaces abandoned or torn down to make room for more modem structures :
The following table shows the number of furnaces in blast and out of blast at the close of 1882 and 1883 in the pig-iron districts of Pennsylvania:
Districts.
In blast
Out of blast.
Total.
In blast.
Out of blast.
Total.
Lehigh Valley
Schuylkill Valley,
Upper Susquehanna,
Lower Susq aehanna,
Shenango Valley
Allegheny County,
Miscellaneous Coke,
Charcoal
The Production op Pig-Iron.
The following table shows the number of furnaces in the United States in and out of blast at the close of 1883, as compared with the close of 1882, separated according to the fuel used :
Kind of Fubl.
BitumiiiouB, Anthracite, . Oharooal, . .
In
blast.
Tbtal,
Out of
blast
6#
Total.
In
blast.
Out of blast.
Total.
The Production of Iron and Steel Rails In 1883.
The total rail production of the United States in 1883 was as follows, in net tons, compared with the production of 1880, 1881, and 1882:
Kind op Rails.
Iron rails,
Bessemer steel rails,
Open-bearth steel rails,
Total,
The following table shows the total production of rails of all kinds in 1883, by States, in the order of their prominence :
Net ton&
States.
Net tons.
Pennsylvania,
Illinois,
New York,
Ohio,
Wyoming Territory
Tennessee,
Wisoonsin,
West Virginia,
Alabama,
Miasonri
Colorado,
New Jersey,
Total,
Indiana.
Maasachuetts,
Oalifomia,
Pennsylvania's share of the total rail production of 1883 was 63 per cent. ; Illinois made 17 per cent. ; no other State produced 6 per cent. The production of iron rails in 1883 was distributed as follows :
States.
Net ton&
States.
Net tons.
Pennsylvania,
Indiana.
West Virginia,
Alabama,
Wyoming Territoiy,
California.
Ohio.
Illinois,
New Jersey,
Missouri,
T'AnnAMIAA
Total,
Colorado
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statibtic . [No. t ,
Pennsylvania produced 46 per cent, of the total production of iron rails in 1888, and Indiana produced 25 per cent.
The production of Bessemer steel rails fom 1874 to 1883 was distributed as follows :
m
Nbt Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Tbabs.
Pennsylvania.
Illinoia
Other States.
Total.
The above table shows that there was a decrease of nearly 11 per cent, in the production of Bessemer steel rails in the United States in 1888, as compared with the production in 1882, but the production of Pennsylvania increased nearly 8 per cent, in 1883 over the production in 1882. Pennsylvania's share of the total production of Bessemer steel rails in 1888 was over 63 per cent.
The production of iron and steel rails in this country since the beginning of the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails in 186T has been as follows, in net tons :
m
Net Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Tears.
Iron rails, all kinds.
Bessemer 'steel rails.
Open-hearth steel rails.
Total steel rails.
Total iron and steel rails.
lool,
'9,897* 9,149 13,616 26,217 22,766 9,186
Leg. DoaJ
Thi Production or Piq-Iron.
The total rail production of Pennsylvania in the last four years, in net tons, is shown in the following table :
Kind of Raii.
Iron rails,
Beeaemer and open-hearth stelrall8, . . .
Ibtal,
The Production of BoMemer Steel In 1883.
The production of Bessemer steel ingots in this country from 18T4 to 1883, by States, has been as follows, in net tons :
Net Tons of 2,000 Pounds.
Pennsylvania.
Other States.
Total.
Pennsylvania produced 63 per cent, of all the Bessemer steel ingots produced in the United States in 1883. As will be seen from the above table, Pennsylvania increased its production of Bessemer steel ingots in 1888 as compared with 1882 nearly 12 per cent., but the production of Illinois in the same period decreased over 31 per cent., and the production of other States " decreased nearly 8 per cent.
The total production of all kinds of pig-iron in Pennsylvania in 1888 was greater than the total pig-iron production of the whole country in either of the years 1875, 1876, 1877, or 1878. The production of all kinds of steel rails by Pennsylvania in 1883 exceeded the total steel-rail production of the whole country in 1879, and was in excess of the total iron and steel-rail production of the whole country in 1877.
Produetlon of Rolled Iron in 1883.
The following table gives the production by each State in 1883, in the order of its prominence, of all forms of rolled iron, including bar, shaped, bolt, rod, skelp, and hoop iron, and rolled axles; cut nails and spikes; plate and sheet iron, and all sizes of iron rails. Pennslvania produced over 46 pet cent, of the total production of rolled iron in 1883:
Internal Affairs — Idustrial Statistics.
States.
Net tons.
States.
Net tons.
Ohio,
Illinois.
Tennessee,
Gonneotiont,
Missouri,
New York
Rhode Island,
Michigan
Wyoming Territory, . . .
Maine,
Alabama,
Colorado,
West Virginia,
New Jersey
Kentucky,
Indiana. '.
Wisoonsin,
Delaware,
Yinrinia,
New Hampshire,
District of Columbia,
Total,
California.
Maryland
The production of bar, rod, bolt, skelp, hoop, and shaped iron, and rolled axles in the United States in 1888 is shown in the following table. Pennsylvania's share of the total production of this class of rolled iron in 1888 was nearly 45 per cent.
States.
Net tons.
Net tons.
Pennsylyania,
Ohio,
Rhode Island,
Tennessee,
New York. . .
Missouri,
Illinois,
Maine,
New Jersey,
Massachusetts,
Wisconsin
Michiiran
Alabama,
West Virginia,
Wyoming Territory,
Colorado,
New Hampshire,
District of Columbia,
Total,
Kentucky
Delaware,
Virirfnia,
Galiiomia,
Oonnectiont
Maryland.
The production of cut nails and spikes from nail-plate in the United States in 1883 was as follows, in kegs of one hundred pounds. Pennsylvania produced over 31 per cent, of the total production of cut nails and spikes in the United States in 1883.
Kegs of 100 pounds.
States.
KegsoflOO pounds.
Pennsylvania,
West Virginia,
Ohio,
Massachusetts,
Illinois
Kentucky,
California,
Nebraska,
Colorado, . .
Alabamal
Indiana,
New Jersey,
Tennessee. . . .
New York,
Maine,
Vinrinia,
The Pboduction of Piq-Ibon.
It
The following table gives the production of plate and sheet-iron in the United States in 1883. Pennsylvania is the leading plate and sheet-iron making State in this country ; producing in 1883 over 66 per cent, of the total quantity produced.
States.
Net tons.
Net tons.
Pennsylvania,
Ohio,
J 4, 498
New Jersey,
Maine,
New York,
Kentaokv,
California, .
Conneotioat,
New Uanipshire,
District of Columbia, . . . .
Total
Delaware, ...
Maryland.
West Virginia,
Miwoari.
Miobisan,
The total production of each class of rolled iron by Pennsylvania in 1883 is shown in the following table, compared with the total production of the whole country in the same year :
Artiolbb.
Production in 1888. Tons OF 2,000 Pounds.
Pennsylvania.
United States.
Bar, rod, bolt, eta, . Plate and alieet-iron,
Cut nails,
Iron rails,
Total,
The Iron and Steel Production of Alleflieny County, Pennsylvania.
The following table gives the production of iron and steel in Pittsburgh and the remainder of Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, from 1874 to 1883, in net tons. Allegheny county is well known to be the leading iron and steel producing county in the United States.
2 Lio. Doc. No. 7.
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Stati8tic&
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1874, 1876, 1876, 18n, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883,
Bessemer steel inoladed ; five of these works are also iron roUinK-mills.
Iron Fodndbie&
TABIjE ahoiving the number of Iran Foundries the production, etc,, in the eeveral counties of Penneyloania, compiled from returns made to the Bureau, /or the year ending December SI, 188S
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Adamft,
Allegheny,
Armstrong,
Beaver
Bedford,
Berks,
Blair,
Bradford,
Backs,
Butler,
Cambria,
Cameron,
Carbon,
Centre,
Chester,
Clarion,
Clearfield,
i;llntoD,
Culumbla, . . . .
Crawford,
Cumberland,
Delaware,
Erie,
rayette
Franklin,
Greene,
Huntingdon
Jefferson,
Juulata,
Lackawanna,
Lancaster,
Lawrence,
Lebanon,
Lehigh,
Luzerne,
Lycoming,
Mercer,
Mifflin,
Monroe,
Montgomery,
Montour,
Northampton,
Northumberland,
Perry,
Philadelphia,
Potter
Schuylkill
Snyder,
Somerset,
Susquehanna,
Tioga,
Union,
Venango,
Warren,
Washington,
Westmoreland,
Wyoming,
York,
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Intkbnal Affaibs — Industbial Statistics.
Glass.
TABIjE showing the number of Qlaee WorkSf the production, etc,, in the eeveral counties of Pennsylvania, compiled Jrom returns to the Bureau,/or the year ended December 31, 188S.
Countt.
Window*
▲Uegheny,
Crawford,
Fayette,
Lawrence,
Montgomery,
Tioga,
Flint and Qr4en,
Allegheny,
Centre,
Konroe,
Wayne,
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P£TBOriEUM.
Petroleum Producers.
TABIaB showing ilu numhtr of Petroleum Producere production etc., compiled from returns
made to the Bureaufor the year ending December 31 1S8S,
SAxm or Opbrjltor
By M Umbbb On Blarx.
o
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Aaa
prodactng berated at
A
killers and essers em-ally
wages pampers.
ally wages killers.
cost to irell.
cost to e one bar-cost
per for ptpewells
tbal Ui
0. of wells presen
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0. of d tool-dr ployed
verged paid to
▼erage prodae relof €
▼erage
barrel
age.
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♦2,fi00 8,000
8.O0O 2,800
' 60
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' 70
23
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85
C7f
Lubricating oil.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
PETROIiEUM PRODUCERS.
28S2, 2881, 2880, 2885, 2886, 2887, 2889, 2342, 2843, 2845, 2346,
3451,8, 3451, D, 2451, E, 3451, P, 3451, J,
so
Bankrupt.
Better.
Improved, . . .
Worse.
Worse.
Worse.
Do uot know, . .
Much poorer, . .
Much poorer, . .
Poor.
Very poor,
Very poor,
Very poor, . .
Imporerished, .
Farorable, . . .
Worse,
Better,
Do not know, . .
Poorer.
Good,
Belter.
The same, . . . .
Worse,
Better,
Better.
The same, . . . .
The same, . . . .
Better, ..'.!. Worse,
Better,
Better,
Better, . ! . ! .
Iroproyement, The same.
Worse,
Worse,
Worse,
worse, . .
Worse,
Worse,
Poorer, Very poor. Wretched, . . .
Worse,
Worse,
Better fixed, . . .
Same.
Very worse,
Not good, . . . . 50 per cnt. worse.
Remedies saffgested by oil producers for oorreetlon of existing
evils In the oil trade.
A limit of the production to the demands of trade.
A law to fine and confine for life all persons now speculating in oil.
The methods of the business are now better than ever before. They all speculate too much. Increase of consumption.
Think all In the business should make an assignment.
Suppression of wild-cattlng and speculation.
Suppression of wild-catting and speculation.
Antl-discrimination measures against transportation companies.
Enforcement of existing laws. No rebates or drawbacks to railroads, pipe lines, companies, or indiyidnals.
The Standard Oil Company is a merciless incubus upon the business. For fifteen years it has dictated the price of crude and refined. Kill or crush it.
Less speculation.
Destroying of the monopolies.
Decrease of production and increase of consumption.
Free and unobstructed transportation of oil. No discrimination in freight rates, and law making pipe line companies common carriers.
A reduction in storage apd pipeage charges, and competition in the refining and transporUition interests which are and have been monopolized by the Standard.
It is working out Its own salvation. Too late to legislate on the subject.
Stop the drill.
The State should encourage Congress to pass a bill to regulate inter- State commerce, preserving Aree competition, and prohibiting discrimination of any kind.
Equal rights and same protection for all men engaged in the business.
The enforcement of the common carrier laws;
Put down less wells.
Hire £. O. Patterson to damn the Standard.
Think they cannot be remedied.
Do less drilling and curtail production.
Give every man equal rights as regards transportation on railroads at uniform rates.
There must be less wells drilled.
Curtail the Standard Oil Companys influence as a monopolist.
Higher prices for the crude product.
Pass an antl-discrimination bill, one that cannot be misunderstood, giving all an equiU share in the transportation of oil.
Pass an antl-discrimination bill giving individuals an equal right with corporations and no monopolies.
Put down monopolies.
That no rebates should be granted any person or company for transportation on ctecount of large thipmentB or for any other cause.
Drill fewer wells. The pipe lines now absorb all the profits.
Less drilling and production.
Anti-discrimination by railroad companies.
Free competition and no discrimination In freight rates.
Better prices and d — n the Standard.
Free pipe laws and no discrimination by railroad companies.
More Pattitona like the present Governor and less corporation lawyers at Harrlsburg. Appoint a committee of loyal produeert to investigate.
Competition in buying.
Democratic administration.
Not to drive the drilling; find a better market for the oil and prevent the Standard Oil Company from squeezing the producer.
Prevent combinations between railroad and pipe line companies. Prevent combinations between different refineries.
Destroy the monopoly of the refining corporations.
A reduction of present carrying or storage charges by pipe lines to an equivalent of its actual cost.
Pktboi.Eum Bkfinib&
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Ah
tt
!
s
Ts
S
&,
M
s
Cost includes barrel.
Lubricating oil— cost includes
barrel. Cost includes barrel.
Oil made Arom the refuse of other refineries.
Cost includes barrel.
Cost includes barrel.
Mannfkoturing paraflne oil and wax.
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Intebnal Affaibs — Industkiai. Statistics.
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A general history of the petroleum oil trade of this State cannot be given in this volume of our reports ; the business is large and diversified, so much so, indeed, that with the limited time and means at our disposal it was deemed impossible to obtain full and complete statistics. As early in the year as possible, we prepared blanks suited to the producing and refining interests. To the producers one hundred and fifty-four blanks were mailed, out of which number we received in reply one hundred and eleven. Many of these replys were either indefinite, or else to the effect that the party addressed had abandoned the business.
Complaints having been made by the producers and small refiners regarding the condition of the oil trade, the blanks were prepared in such a form as would en'able them to state the condition of trade, the causes, and the remedy.
As many of the producers advanced the theory of over-production being the cause of low prices, we had a table of prices and production, from 1859 to 1884, prepared, and which accompanies this report. To this was added a valuable table on the exports of petroleum and its products, prepared from the reports of Mr. Nimmo,and the geological reports of this State. To the refiners were mailed sixty-eight blanks, fifty-five of which were returned. It is not pretended that our report on the refining industry is complete, but' we trust that such as it is it will, in a great measure, assist in determining the amount of oil refined in the State, together with the average cost of refining a barrel of crude petroleum, and the percentage of refined oil and other products derived therefrom.
In some cases, in order to determine the average cost to refine, it may be necessary to add or subtract the price of the crude petroleum together with the price of the wooden barrel, the average of which latter is $1 25. The reports from the pipe line companies are very nearly complete. Of the two thousand three hundred and ninety-three miles of line pipe reported by the United Line Company, one thousand seven hundred and ten miles are of two-inch diameter, three hundred and seventy-one are of three-inch, one hundred and twenty are of four and five-inch, and one hundred and ninetytwo miles are of six-inch. Tide- Water Pipe Company reports six hundred and forty-six ninety-seven one hundredth miles of line pipe, but does not furnish the dimensions in diameter. These two-inch lines of pipe are connected with the oil tanks of the producer, and enables him to transport his oil into the large receiving tanks of the pipe line companies. For this he is charged twenty cents per barrel, besides per cent, for leakage and evaporation. Whether this system of transportation is of a more pecuniary value to the producer than the old system of hauling by means of wagons, is not so certain. Before the general introduction of the pipe line system, the average charge per barrel for hauling oil in wagons was fifty cents ; thus it would appear at first glance that the producer of to-day was having an advantage owing to the pipe line system of transportation of
26 Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
thirty cents per barrel. But if we view the matter in the ratio of cost to selling price, it will be seen that the average price paid under the pipe line system for transporting oil has been about one fourth the selling price of the oil as against one eighth the selling price when hauled away in wagons.
The present pipe line system is complete in nearly all its details, with its vast machinery of pipes, pumps, boilers, and tanks, with an army of linemen and clerks, with its management divided among transporters and refiners, it has been enabled to hold complete control of the entire production.
The labor product for one day for the United Line Pipe Company has been estimated as follows: Oil handled, 60,000 barrels; iron tanks built and repaired, 90 tons; number of tin vessels manufactured, capacity five gallons each, 100,000; together with 25,000 oak barrels manufactured, requiring the use of 150 tons of hoop-iron. The railroad, once an important factor in the transportation of oil, has been superseded by the introduction of the six-inch conduits, which convey the greater portion of the oil to the sea-board, and in this connection it may be remarked that of all the vast stores of oil which this State produces, three fourths of it is taken to New York, Cleveland, and Baltimore, there to give employment to thousands of workmen and to enrich the coffers of three several States, two of which never aided in its development. One needs but to examine the statistics of exports to see that petroleum and its products rank second in the list, King Cotton being first. The same table will show that the exports from the port of Philadelphia of petroleum and its products are very insignificant. At some future time we may be able to give more full and important data bearing upon this question, and to that end we hope to have the cordial support of all those interested, especially since now they may know for certain that their private affairs are not made public in this report.
United Pipe Lines.
2T
STATEMENT made by the United Pipe Lines February I884, ehovnng gross stocks, sediment and surplus net stocks, outstanding acceptances, and credit balances at the close of each month; also receipts from all sources and total deliveries for each month, beginning tpith April, 1877,
1877— April, May. Jane, July, Ang., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.,
1878— Jan., Feb.. . March, April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec,
1871>— Jan., Feb.. . March, April, May. June, July, Aug, Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec,
1880— Jan., Feb., March, April, May. June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec,
1881— Jan., Ifeb., March, April, May, June, July Aug. Sept. Oct., Nov. Dec. ,
1882— Jan., Feb.. March, April, . May, . June, . July, . Aug., . Sept., . Oct., . Nov., . Dec, .
Cm
fl,8K,168 71
l,Se0,aB7 68
65a860 88
s
Bo
Oq
2i060 89
aM.898 67
8S2 388 71
11,817,787 01 1,687,287 77 1,488,112 28 1,400,692 01 1,407. 907 '90 1,271.868 60 1,387,956 79 1,651.98152 2.761.685 78 8.062,187 72 8 857.074 82 8,817.087 SO 4.201.810 08 4 459.568 69 4.687.889 22 4.656.770 94 4.854,678 40 4.184,972 06 8.888 576 54 8.887,817 12 8896,780 62 4,876,823 61
10,789 840 08 11,668.563 44 12,286,686 00 18.286,827 82 18,629,545 84 14,815.628 88 15,008.678 84 15,980.618 89 16 968 868 84 IS 066 172 75 19,048 828 85 19,960,456 80 20.641,286 68 21,207,758 48 21.678.762 IS 21.907.806 18
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11,868,126 87 1,006,574 06 828 825 69 738,825 ffi 784 626 44 719.192 88 714.106 74 994.890 16 2,007.847 48 2,187,476 81 1.952,782 19 2,860,608 09 2,685,548 89 2,894,280 38 2,587,478 41 2.578.801 8S 2,288,982 64 2,479.119 03 2.821,092 27 2.082,878 77 2 156,419 56 2. 422.569 78 2.688.718 IS 2,828,068 07 3,029.416 82 8 842,864 19 8.182,424 04 2,772 828 47 2 407,087 46 2.4S1,015 60 2.618,660 55 2 675.192 82
2.832.878 90 8 002,961 28 8,282.157 07 8.458,072 81 8,427,258 88 8.400,566 01 8,882.208 19 8 488,822 19 8,661,241 20 8 949.138 38 4,180,980 07 4,2SL804 80 4,006.290 85 4.258 085 28 4,984,274 49
a
1200,670 81 498,200 68 588.906 96 615 145 46 678 408 04 624 225 87 687.C94 69 918 644 16 1,666.150 87 072.681 18 1,080,688 44 1,196,251 26 1,187.850 40 1,104.352 40 1,092 604 02 1.268 648 45 1,195,288 67 1.182,118 67 1,271,174 78 1,159.623 71 072.8SS88 1,281.287 19 1,065 877 96 1,888,512 17 1,879,849 76 1,488,514 81 1,487.250 90 1,472.651 01 1,714 620 11 1.601,863 41 1,646.725 06 1,600,961 29 1,771,781 24 1,882.963 04 1,607,668 89 1.815,188 31 1,738,287 87 1,562,240 91 1,781.987 29 1,890 16144 1,904.482 70 2,075,106 28 1,999.487 98 1,859.99150 1,967,283 54 1,876.626 60 1,828,718 46 2 222.812 39 2,182 636 96 2,278 682 78 2,818,445 18 2.889,472 50 2,627,888 69 2,288 085 37 2452.428 68 1,996,896 88 2.255 258 50 1,984.82b 23 2,062,742 98 2,805,638 80 2,145 965 63 2,839,170 89 2.419.984 81 2,609,606 49 8.176,058 89 2 569.086 20 2 869.517 85 1.970,99100 2.018,996 86
1.228.048 27 1,204.757 54 1.465,518 06 1,728,940 81 1.455,811 45 1.508,991 80 1.328,621 19 1,381,822 12 1.456,194 96 l,178,m 92 1,896,067 88
0ni,061 26
InTEBMAL AFFATB8 — INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS.
STATEMEVT-Coiitiiiiied.
s
as
1 from
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fl, 143 218 09
March,
April, .
May, .
Juoe, .
July, .
Aug., .
27M7,802 62
Spt., .
Oct., .
Not.,
Deo., .
The abOYC figures are In barrels of forty-two gallons each.
Petroleum.
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80 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Geographical range of the several Divisions, with names and dates ot
Pioneer wells.
Oil Creek Division. — Oil Creek Valley and borders, Cherry Run, Keech Farm, West Pit-Hole, Pleasantville and surroundings, Enterprise, Shamburg, Octave, Titusville, and Church Run. Commenced producing. — August 28, 1859, from Drake well, near Titusville, well 69 feet deep ; production about 10 barrels a day.
Central Allegheny Division. — Allegheny river, from Scrubgrass to East Hickory, including East Sandy, Bully Hill, Franklin, Reno, Slate Run, Walnut Bend, Henry's Bend, and mouth of West Hickory. Commenced producing In fall of 1860, Evans well and others at Franklin.
TiDiouTE Division. — Tidioute, Economy, Dennis Run, Triumph, New London, Colorado, and Fagundus. Commenced producing. — In fall of 1860, Island well, at Tidioute; Economy well "A," or flowing well, struck December 25, i860.
Beaver Division. — Smith's Ferry, Ohioville, and Slippery Rock. Com,- minced producing. — December, 1860, Patton, Finlen, Swan & Co. 's well ; oil at 180 feet.
Pit-Hole Division. — Holmden, Morey, Ball and Hooker farms, and the Cashup pool. Commenced producing. — January 7, 1865, United States Oil Company's " Frazer Well."
Butler and Armstrong Division. — Embracing all the oil territory in those two counties. Commenced producing. — October, 1866, Tom's Run well, near Parker's ; January 8, 1866, Brady's Bend well, No. 1 ; March 23, 1878, Troutman well, at Modoc.
Clarion Division. — Foxburg, Richey Run, Emlenton, St. Petersburg, Edenburg, and Shippensville. Commenced producing. — In 1866, name of first well not ascertained.
Bradford Division. — The " Northern Oil Field " of McEean county, Pennsylvania, and Cattaraugus county, New York. Commenced producing. — In summer of 1868, Moses well. No. 3, about 5 barrels ; November, 1871, Foster Oil Company's well, No. I, about 10 barrels; December, 1874, Butt's well, No. 1, about 70 barrels; summer of 1875, Olmstead well.
Warren and Forest Division. — Warren, Stoneham, Clarendon, Cherry Grove, and Sheffield, in Warren county, and Balltown, Blue Jay, and Cooper districts, in Forest county. Commenced producing. — March, 1875, Beatty well, No. 1, at East Warren ; April, 1877,Grandin & Berry, No. l,at Balltown ; summer of 1877, Hulings well, Blue Jay district ; January 12, 1878, Tolles, No. 1, Stoneham; June 24, 1880, Eagan, No. 1, Clarendon; April 1881, Magee A Horton, No. 1, south of Sheffield ; May 17, 1882, The Mystery,"Cherry Grove ; September 15, 1882, Shannon well, No. 1, Cooper tract.
Bullion Division. — Bullion run and its surroundings, in Yenango county. Commenced producing. — May, 1876, Phillips Brothers' well, No. 1.
Alleqant County Division. — Richburgh, Bolivar, Genesee, Alma, &c., in Allegany county, New York. Commended producing. — June, 1879, Triangle well, No. 2, about 4 barrels ; July, 1880, Triangle, No. 8, about 15 barrels; May, 1881, Richburgh, No. 1, about 35 barrels.
Leg. Doc.l
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Lumber.
Bee.
in the several countie8f aa compiled from reporte to the Bureau, /or December 81, 18S3.
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Oak-feet.
Other lumber— feet.
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3 Leo. Doc. No. 7.
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics
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18. Clinton, . . . U. Columbia, .
22. Dauphin, . . 28. Delaware, .
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29. Fulton, . . . 80. Greene, . . tL Huntingdon,
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Continued.
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Internal ArFAiBU — Industiual Statistics.
Tanneries.
TABIiB ahovying the number of Tanneries the produetiof, in the several countiee of Pei eylvania compiled from returns mcuie to the Bureau for the year ending December Sl tBS$,
County.
Adams,
Allegheny, . . . . Armstrong, . . .
Bejtver,
Bedford,
Berks,
Blair
Bradford,
Bucks,
Butler,
Cambria,
Cameron, . . . .
Carbon,
Centre,
Chester,
Clarion,
Clearfield, . . . .
Clinton,
Columbia, . . . . Crawford, . . . . Cumberland, . . .
Dauphin,
Elk
Erie,
Fayette,
Franklin, . . . .
Fulton,
Greene,
Huntingdon, . . . Indiana, . . . . .
Juniata,
Lackawanna, . . Lancaster, . . . . Lawrence, . . . . Lebanon, . . . .
Lehigh
Luzerne,
Lycoming, . . . .
Mifflin,
Monroe,
Montgomery, . . Montour, . . . Northampton, . . Northumberland, Perry, . . . .
Philadelphia, . .
Pike
Potter
Schuylkill, . . . . Snyder, Somerset, . . . . Sullivan, . . . . Susquehanna, . .
Tioga
Union,
"Warren, . . . . Washington, . . Wayne, . . Westmoreland, . Wyoming, '. . . . York.
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83
5, 2, 115,843 52 taO,419,197 36 223,778 199, WD
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Textile Industries.
T!ie following article on the textile interests of Philadelphia for the year 1883 was prepared for the Bureau By T. C. Sbaech, Esq., of thb Faib- MOUNT Worsted Mills, Philadelphia.
Probably not since the panic years of 1872-73 can the history of our textile industries show such a variety of changes as have occurred during the past year; probably no year since that time has shown more gloomy periods and certainly none has had more disastrous changes.
The close of 1882 found our manufacturers well employed at profitable work, and general harmony prevailed throughout our industries. Our markets, both for raw and manufactured materials, had been more than ordmarily free from violent fluctuations; the margin of profit, though small, was constant, a condition of affairs which has grown to be welcomed by the entire trade as the one most conducive to wealth and happiness.
The advent of 1883 was destined to change ail this. The effort to pass a new tariff bill unsettled the foundations of trade, and created general distrust thoughout the country ; prices drooped in sympathy with the general condition of affairs, and from the beginning of the year our manufacturers were vexed by circumstances which were more aggravating because the possibility and extent of their injurious effects were absolutely unknown.
The tariff bill of March 3 passed into law, and serious reductions had to be made in consequence ; as soon as the amount of these reductions could be comprehended, they were met b}- fixing corresponding rebates to stocks on band, and by the effort to purchase supplies at the correspondingly low rates. July 1, the date on which the new rate of duties went into effect, found the trade taking a hopeful view of the future, notwithstanding the heavy losses entailed by the reduction above described. Subsequently, many orders for woolen cloths were cancelled by the purchasers because of the change of duty which now enabled them to purchase at greater advantage, and the manufacturers were compelled to sustain another serious loss ; one which thej' should never have been called upon to meet, since the goods had been fairly contracted for ata definite price, to be delivered at an appointed time, and should have been taken by the purchasers, no matter what tariff or other changes not affecting the quality of the goods might have occurred prior to their delivery. In this case the manufacturer, acting in good faith, was compelled to buy his supplies for filling his contracts so as to insure their prompt fulfillment without regard to possible tariff changes.
This practice of cancelling bona fide contracts has grown to be such an abuse that it would seem the time cannot be far distant when manufacturers must unite for mutual protection, and institute some means, to not only save themselves from loss, but to protect those of their customers who consider their contracts sacred and always abide by their issue.
40 Internal Affaiks — Industrial Stati8tic& [No. 7,
The Carpet Trade.
Surface indications to those not specially interested in this branch of our industry would seem to show that the year had been a prosperous one to our carpet manufacturers. Several new mills have been erected, and the ability to turn out a larger product has marked the progress of several firms, but these changes were, in most instances, pre-determined and based upon the material prosperity which marked the trade at the close of 1 882, and it was largely from the profits of preceding years that the cost of these Improvements was paid.
The system of conducting business which is in vogue among the carpet manufacturers, to a very large extent, is no doubt one great cause of their prosperity. Their goods are very largely sold direct from the mills, and the consequent sang in commissions affords a fair margin of profit. Yet, notwithstanding this, some of our most prominent firms assert that the past year has been the worst in their experience.
For some years the manufacturers of this country have held the home market, but since July 1, 1883, the foreign manufacturers have shown their ability to enter our market and compete for a share of this trade.
We believe that in this competition our superiority will be maintained, but it is fortunate for the country and for the carpet manufacturer here that the latter had attained a strong position before the contest came.
In no other branch of textile manufacture, nor perhaps in any other industry, can Philadelphia take so much pride as in her carpet trade, certainly no other industry has so completely met the demands of the people ; the best cultured tastes can alwa's be satisfied, and there really remains no reason for importations of carpets as general floor coverings.
It is true that in the rug novelties there is yet a very considerable amount of importations, but even these have been steadily reduced by the con> tinned efforts at their reproduction here, and we have to-day some very prosperous establishments engaged in this branch of the industry.
As previously stated, the year has been one of general improvement in the means employed and consequently in the ability to manufacture, and we cannot do other than chronicle a general advance of this great interest.
No branch of our textile industry entered the year in a more depressed condition than this one. Competition, with the cheap labor of Germany, had long since driven our manufacturers into the production of that class of hosier 3' which is so largely dependent upon machinery, thus reducing the cost of labor to the lowest possible point, and, on the other hand, multiplying the production enormously ; this rapidity of production soon stagnates the market, and for the time creates general dissatisfaction with ruinous prices, and balances of loss instead of profit.
Under such circumstances the condition of this trade was anything but prosperous, and had not the Jersey "craze struck the country early in the
year and turned many of our mills to the ])roduction of that garment, the season would have been one of bitter disappointment. As it was, the knitgoods trade passed from a long period of depression into unwonted activity on account of the introduction of the fashionable Jersey.
This garment is produced almost wholly from fine worsted yams, and when our knit-goods manufacturers, who use largely of woolen and cotton yams in the production of their ordinary fabrics, entered the market for worsted, for a time the trade in these yams was enormous, and prices advanced daily ; on the other hand, makers of the woolen and cotton yams suffered to a corresponding degree. Our knit-goods manufacturers, in many instances, doubled their force of workmen ; night and day work became a matter of common occurrence. Contracts for yams and contracts for goods were made for extraordinary amounts ; many predicted ultimate loss to the parties interested ; at last the climax was reached, and almost without warning the trade became as lifeless as It was animated before. The year closed upon this new industry without its revealing any signs of life ; doubtless the Jersey " has retired from the line of novelties to hereafter take its place as one of the standard productions of the trade, and in this capacity is probably destined to be of immense value to this interest and to the country.
Owing to the recent dark periods in this industry, we can chronicle but few additions to the hosiery mills during the past year as compared with the years preceding, but on the whole, the manufacturers are in much better shape than at the beginning of the year.
The Yarn-Spinning Industry.
This branch includes the spinning of three kinds — worsted, woolen, and cotton yams — and of the three, the first is the only one that has shown any spirit during the year, the main cause of its activity being largely the cause of so much depression in the other two as before shown in the article on hosiery. The attention of our knitters was so largely drawn to the worsted Jersey fabrics that comparative neglect attended other fabrics for the time.
Philadelphia is now considered as much the home of the fine worsted yam trade in this country as Bradford is its native place in England.
The systems in use here are practically those in use there. The industry has shown a wonderful activity during the year, and a very large increase in machinery has to be chronicled with a prospective addition that cannot yet be fully estimated, but is known to be of great importance.
The English system of spinning has hitherto been used, and is the best understood by American manufacturers. Its productions are largely consumed by the manufacturers of men's wear and ladies' cloakings and by the hosiery trade. Only the longest and strongest wools are used of the various grades extending from the very finest down to the coarser qualities.
The year has witnessed the introduction of some verj fine worsted plants of French machinery — this is a new departure for our manufacturers, but
42 Internal Afvaibs — Indubtbial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
is a welcome one, as it diversifies our production by giving us a product from fine short wools that would otherwise pass into cheaper grades of goods. The yams of this manufacture have their special adaptation and uses for which there is no satisfactory substitute. Such goods, representing mainly soft stuffs adapted to ladies' wear, have hitherto been imported, but, with the advent of these new and admirably equipped spinning plants, we confidently expect to see these line of goods produced in our city and vicinity, and thus a new trade seems within the possibility of the near future.
It appears certain that when the mills now approaching organization are fully completed that this industry will enter into a very sluggish existence, as the supply will be so large that for a very considerable time there must be an ability to produce more than the markets can consume, and more particularly so inasmuch as the hand-knitting zephyr trade which had grown to be of very considerable importance under the operation of the old tariff, has almost wholly reverted to Europe since the change with tariff cut off by one of its unequal thrusts, twenty'-six cents per pound protection that had been formerly allowed on this article.
The Cotton Goods Trade.
The mills engaged in this line of goods have, during the year, shown varying degrees of activity. In the aggregate there has been a large number of looms idle, owing to the plethoric condition of the market and the unsatisfactory margin of profit.
The branches of this trade probably most notably effected have been ginghams, cottonades, and low grades of cloth. In the higher grades a better condition of affairs has existed, but the absence of a strong, healthy life was more or less apparent throughout the year.
Greater Variety of Products and Textile Schools now Seeded.
The textile industry of Philadelphia is passing through a transition period.
For some years American manufacturers have been making nearly all the fabrics of lower grades that the country needed — few have been imported ; and it is in these branches that over-production most frequently occurs. Some of our most progressive manufacturers have turned their attention to the better grades ; and it is a significant fact that these are the ones who have been the most busy, in some instances running their mills day and night. On the other hand, wherever idle machinery was to be found, it was of that class which produced low grades of goods.
The South and West have made a strong bid for this latter class of trade, and in doing so they are only following the natural law of attempting to introduce in their home markets those trades requiring the least skill and most simple machinery. Thus there is an outside competition that has grown to be of wonderful strength, and which supplies a large market for cheap goods. Change of our labor direction is, therefore, urgently demanded, and whether or not Philadelphia shall pass successfully through
this transition depends upon two conditions : Ability to obtain skilled labor and proper protection. In the best fabrics the great element of cost is skilled labor. The foreign manufacturer has this at a low price, and he has it trained for him in schools where ail his processes are thoroughly understood and systematically taught. Again, the cost of labor is so much higher here that we must have wise and proper protection afforded through our tariff laws. Unless the Philadelphia manufacturer can be placed upon an equal footing with his foreign competitor in both these particulars he wages an unequal contest. Whether or not he shall have a fair fight as regards the second depends upon Congress. That he shall not fail for want of the first depends largely upon himself; although we see no more reason that he should be called upon to bear all the expense of establishing schools for the training of his workmen than that those with whom he has to com* pete should bear the expense of the schools in which their labor is trained. Of course the textile manufacturers of Great Britain and Europe have contributed largely to the establishment of these schools, but the governments and municipalities in which they exist have also contributed, and in some cases more largely than the manufacturers themselves. The public good is too largely concerned to require that a school of instruction and practice in all that pertains to the textile arts should be established entirely by those, and those only, who are engaged in textile manu&cture.
Without this transition can be made Philadelphia, will not expand in the line of textile manufacture in the coming decade as she has in the past. Many of our manufacturers in the past year made no improvements. They ran their mills with as little expense as possible for repairs or for new machinery. It has been a year of economizing, endeavoring in many cases not to make a loss and not always succeeding. Some have been forced to retire; others have voluntarily done so.
It is very likely that the textile interest has suffered no more than many others, and it is hard to believe that the same energy and pluck which established and built up an industry which now produces nearly $100,000,000 worth of goods will not find a waj' out from under the depression which seems to have settled on many branches of it.
Social Condition*
Philadelphia holds a high rank as to the social condition of its working classes. Nowhere is good order and obedience to the laws of civilization more conspicuous than in our textile districts. If our city has marked merit in this respect, the reasons for it must exist, and they are very apparent.
Philadelphia is known throughout the world as the City of Homes, and the appellation is properly bestowed, for it is onl}'' here that one can see the laboring man in possession of a house which is, in almost every instance solely inhabited by himself and family. This trait has grown so strong with the present generation that it is very difficult to induce one family to share the building occupied by another. The result of such developments.
44 Intsbnal Affaibs — Industbial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
after a long series of years, dunng which the individual home has come to be considered a consecrated spot, has been .to strengthen the &mily tie, and, at the same time, to render possible home culture and proper development of a moral character rich in its constancy towards all that pertains to the making of good citizens. Their schools are well attended, and the grade of scholarship in them will compare very favorably with those of any other section of our city. The promotions to the advanced classes from, these districts are as frequent as from any other, while the senior classes stand high and invite comparison.
We believe that in no other city can so large a proportion of its workingmen be found as actual owners of their own homes. A very large number of our one hundred and fifty thousand houses are owned by their occupants.
The building association has found here its most earnest advocates, and the strongest believers in its efficiency. Failures of these societies are rare indeed, which, of itself, speaks volumes for the judgment and intelligence of our working citizens, inasmuch as these organizations are, almost absolutely, managed and controlled by them. It is here the first principles of saving and economy are taught, and it is here that the first fruits of investment of hard earnings looking for a stead}" income in the near fiiture are made apparent. Every man connected with these institutions, (and they are counted by thousands.) becomes a bulwark of strength to the community ; to him his duties as a citizen are presented with a power and forcibility that only can be understood by those who own property within our corporate limits, and who feel that law, and order and enhanced security, must exist in a community which has so many representatives of tangible wealth.
Not a little of the great advancement before referred to, is directly due to the variety of labor needed and the great opportunity for its use, both made possible by our textile interests.
Baltimore gives employment in her shops and mills to 15 per cent, of her population; Boston, cent. ; Brooklyn, 16 per cent.; New York, 17} per cent. ; while Philadelphia flimishes such work to 20 per cent, of her people. We attribute the difference to our large textile manufacturing interests, which afford so many opportunities for the employment of the younger members of families, making them producers instead of consumers, and their not inconsiderable earnings, united with those of the head of the family, enable all to enjoy the solid comforts of a home, while, at the same time, the children are trained in habits of industry and in an occupation that shall afford them a livelihood in the future.
Instances there are without doubt of injury wrought in consequence of the variety of employment and the facility with which it is to be obtained. Children are sometimes found in mills that should be at school, but this is the exception rather than the rule, and as an objecting factor certainly is but a poor argument against the manifest blessings that are everywhere
apparent. Crowded tenements are a curse to humanity, and wherever they exist the tendency is to lower> respect for mankind and for the laws that govern them. Crime and brutality necessarily increase, and the pages of local-government history are stained by the very persons that in other conditions of home-life would have constituted a great source of strength.
The factory system is certainly not an unmixed good, but taken in connection with such a thoroughly appreciated home-life as we see exemplified in this city, it certainly appears in its most favorable light ; and since work is a necessary condition for civilized man, perhaps it cannot be obtained by the masses under conditions more elevating and enabling than are presented here.
The greatest blessing that a nation can secure is abundance of employment at remunerative wages for the entire number of its able-bodied citizens. Our Government has acted wisely in legislating so as to build up her industries, and this legislation should be continued so as to still further diversify her products and secure for her laboring people the ability to manufacture those articles in which labor forms the chief element of cost.
This city has been, and is yet, engaged in the production of those fabrics in the cost of which material enters more largely than labor. This policy has restricted the field for labor and rendered the demand for it more fluctuating.
It is comparatively easy, with the abundance of improved machinery, to flood the market with goods requiring but little labor in making them, and both manufacturers and laborers have, in many instances, suffered very greatly from over-production. Let labor receive the proper amount of protection while producing the best grades of fabrics, and this city could very soon add to its great diversity of products another potent factor in securing employment of a permanent character to a much larger per cent, of her and thus multiply those favorable features which now so distinguish her from some other great cities.
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Flour-Milling Industry.
The following article on the Flour-Milling Industry of Pennsylvania toae prepared for the Bureau by Thomas McFeelt, Philadelphia.
The flour-milling industry of Pennsylvania, at a very early date in the history of the State, took rank as one of the foremost manufacturing interests, and in that one particular placed our State second in the Union ; although the statistics are so incomplete that we cannot give any correct idea of how much flour was annually produced by the mills.
After the days of Oliver Evans, the manufacturing of flour continued for many years without any marked changes or improvements, and consisted in general of the following-described machinery and process :
The wheat from the gamers was taken to a rolling screen, made with a woven wire cylinder revolving slowly, the wheat passing in at one end and out at the other, the dust, dirt, &c., passing through the wire. This, at a later date, was followed by a shutter or scourer, which was generally constructed with a perforated steel or iron cylinder, inside of which were revolving arms or beaters that scoured the wheat and broke the smut grains, and the dust and scourings were removed by a fan connected with the machine. From this the wheat passed to a French burr mill-stone and was ground fine; then passed through revolving reels, covered with silk cloth, and the finest and whitest of the flour taken out, while the coarse part often was sent off with the bran or hull of the wheat for feed. In some cases this coarse part was separated from the bran. It was then called shorts or middlings, and was again ground and bolted and made a low-grade or what was generally called superfine flour. This system continued general throughout the State until about 1860. Brush-machines or bran-dusters came into use in a few of the larger or better class of mills. These machines were constructed somewhat like the smut-machines, using revolving brushes inside the cylinders, the former to more thoroughly clean the wheat and take the beard or fuzz off the blossom end of the grain, and the latter to take off the fine particles of fiour that the mill-stone left adhering to the bran.
Following the introduction of these machines came a revolution in the entire process of manufacturing flour, while the credit is properly due to one of our Lancaster county millers for one of the most important of these improvements, he, as I am credibly informed, having constructed and used successfully for a number of years what is now universally known as the middlings purifier. These machines are used to cleanse or purify the before-mentioned coarse particles, (middlings,) and they are then reground and bolted, and instead of making the so-called superfine or low-grade flour they make a high grade or what is now generally called patent flour. Notwithstanding that this machine was used in this mill success AiUy, the
64 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
neighboring mills did not adopt them, and it was left for the north-western mills to carry out and perfect these improvements. In I8Y0 and 1871, what was known and recognized as the new process was adopted by a few of the Minnesota mills, and from this it rapidly spread throughout the Union, and in a few years all the more progressive of the millers had adopted it. The process or system consisted of the same machinery used in the old process or old style milling, "now generally termed the lowgrinding system;" and in addition the middlings purifiers were used. The rapid introduction of these machines had the tendency to stimulate invention to such an extent that in 1880 hundreds of patents had been issued for improvements in this class of machines, and there were upwards of forty different machines on the market.
By the use of the purifier it was found that a large proportion of the middlings that formerly went into the low-grade flour or feed could be made into a high grade or patent flour, that was considered far better than the white starchy flour that was made from the first grinding of the wheat. Then followed a change in the mode of grinding. A new diamond machine was invented, and by its use the face and furrows of the mill-stone were dressed and planed perfectly true and smooth ; and instead of grinding the wheat fine, so as to make a large quantity of flour at the first reduction or grinding, the stone were set farther apart and what is known as high grinding adopted. By this method a much larger quantity of middlings or semolino was obtained, and it being coarser it was much easier to cleanse or purify, and a much greater percentage as well as a better quality of high-grade or patent flour was obtained.
About 1877 some of our millers began experimenting with rolls on what was then known as the Hungarian or gradual-reduction system, and what is now termed the roller system ; and this is rapidly taking the place of all other systems of milling among our more progressive millers, and is used in about three thousand of the best mills in the United States. In the roller process the wheat is first thoroughly cleaned. It is then passed between a pair of grooved or corrugated rolls. These are generally made of chilled-iron. These crush or split the grains. They are then passed through a reel covered with wire cloth and all the finer particles separated from the coarse. The latter is then passed between another pair of grooved rolls. This is called the second reduction, and the rolls have more or finer corrugations than the preceding pair, and are set a little nearer each other.
The product from these rolls is again passed through a reel and a separation made as before. The coarser portion is again taken to third pair of rolls with still finer corrugations and set still nearer together, and so on the process continues to the sixth or seventh pair of rolls, or until the flour and middlings is nearly all removed from the bran, and it is then finished by passing from the reel following the last pair of rolls to the bran-duster. Returning to the finer particles that have been separated by the reel following each pair of rolls or reduction, as the miller terms it, this product
ia Bent to what is called a ecal ping-reel, which separates it into three parts, the coarser of .which is passed between what is called the sizing-rolls, which are usually smooth chilled-iron or porcelain." This is again put through a wire or silk-covered reel, and the coarser part sent to the last reduction-roll or bran-duster, while the finer portion is returned again to the seal ping-reel. The second or medium product from this reel is sent to what is termed the first or coarse purifier ; the Soeat part is sent to the flouring reels proper, and all the finest that passes through the silk goes to the bakers or family flour. The coarser part, or middUugs.is now sent to a dusting and grading reel covered with silks to take out the fine flour that may still adhere to the middlings, and to separate the latter into the proper grades for the purifiers. After purifying, the middlings are sent to porcelain-grooved chillediron rolls, or to a smoothly dressed mill-stone, where it is ground or reduced to flour. It is then sent to silk-covered reels, and any specks or impurities remaining are separated from it, and the product is the high-grade or patent flour.
66 Internal AwAitte — iNDnsrarAL Statibtics. [No. 7 ,
In describing these different processes of milling, I have mentioDed three of the newest and most important machines uaed in the improvement of the system, viz: The purifier, the diamond stone dressing-machine, and the rolls, or, as they are generally called, roller-mills.
The purifiers are usually made with a sieve connected with a rapidly revolving shaft and eccentrics that give the sieve a re.iprocating motion. The middlings are fed to tlie sieve, and as it passes over it a current of air, supplied by a rapidly revolving fan, is foi-ced or drawn through the sieve, and this carries off the impurities and leaves the middlings comparatively pure. The process is much the same as the wind-mill seed-cleaning machines commonly used by farmers for cleaning and separating grain, except that the dust and fuzz the purifier is blown into a dust-room or dust-catcher, and is used for feed or the better portion put into the lowgrade fiour.
The diamond dressing-machine is used in the place of the old-time pick or stone hammer, and instead of leaving the mill-stone rough, it gives it a true smooth surface, which granulates more evenly than the rough unevenly dressed stone, and when the stone is used for grinding wheat it cuts tbe bran much less, thus insuring a whiter and more uniform flour. These machines are hand planers, and the tool or cutter used is carbon or black diamond.
Some idea of the difficulty of getting a machine accurate enough to do this worli can be formed when it is known that of over fifty machines that have been placed on the market only one proved satisfactory to (he Minneapolis millers, and was adopted by all the mills in tbat city in 1878-9, and is now used by most of the merchant mills in our State.
Tbe roller-mills ircre originally a Swiss or Hungarian invention, and have been used by the larger mills in Buda Peath, Hungary, for a number of years. But it is only since they have adopted by the millers of the United States that they have reached anything like a perfect machine.
The object to be obtained in a roller-mill is simply to get one or more pairs of rolls in a ftme. With a driving device to revolve each of the rolls of a pair towards the other at the top or upper side at varying differential
Speeds, sad to have them at all times true, round and perfectly parallel. They muBt ako have an adjusting device by which they can be kept the proper distance apart, and a device for allowing them to separate quickly, in caae of a nail or any hard substance getting between them. For this pQrpoBe a spring is in nearly all machines a spring is placed against the bearings at each end of the roll. They also have a device for adjusting at each end. To the practical mechanic the inefficiency of these devices will be at once apparent. As it would be almost an impossibility to get two springs set and controlled by lock or Jam-nuts to have the same uniform resistance; and if that was possible, it would require a skillful mechanic to adjust the rolls at each end separately and get them exactly the same distance apart, and keep them so when in operation. But, happily, these difficulties have been overcome, and the machines so improved that any ordinary miller can operate them.
The machine shown in illustration is a double-roller mill, that is, two pairs of rollers in one chime. It is a model of simplicity, and a glance will suffice to show the forked lever that carries the movable or adjusting roll and that only one device or screw and one movement is required to adjust thr rolls to a degree of nicety that is utterly impossible with rolls having separate bearings, springs, and adjusting devices. It will also be
58 Internal Affaib6 — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
noticed that the bearings in the machine, if made in line, must remain so, thus always insuring a cool running journal and a great saving of power. The bearings of the back roll being in one casting, with a heavy connecting bar, keep them in line the same as the bearings of the adjustable roll.
In the foregoing [ have given a short description of three systems <tf milling that have been in use in our State during the past century, and in nearly, if not quite, all the mills the motive power was either water or steam. The oldest mill now running in the State is supposed to be that of A. J. Rice, near Jenkintown. This mill was built some time prior to 1715, and has been in continual operation as a flouring mill ever since, and in the summer of 1883 was remodeled to the roller system.
In the absence of any information in regard to the more primitive systems of milling formerly in use in our State, I will give a short description and illustration of the mill where I received my first ideas of milling. This mill was built by my father about the year 1838 in the (at that time) wilderness of Darke county, Ohio. It was situated at what was known as Seven-Mile prairie, and, when located, was supposed to be seven miles from Port Recovery, the scene of General St. Clair's defeat by the Indians.
The fort was so named from the fact that it was retaken by General Anthony Wayne, known in history as Mad Anthony Wayne. At the time of the building of this mill there were no settlers within two miles of it, and to the east and west was an unbroken forest for from ten to fifteen miles, and often at night in winter the hungry wolves would come, and, standing on their hind feet, look into the cabin window to see what the miller and his family had for supper.
The mill was a one-story round-log building, without any floor other than the earthen one, and on a raised platform in one corner was a millstone of the kind known as nigger-head or corn-crackers. This stone was about two feet in diameter, and was driven by a pinion gearing into a large wheel that was built around a white oak shaft that stood upright in the center of the mill. Through this shaft passed a lever to which were hitched the horses or oxen, as the case might be, to supply the motive power, with the addition of a box placed below the ston to catch the ground grain, and a ladder to enable the miller to carry the grist up to the hopper. The machinery was complete, and the system was carried out by putting the grain in the hopper, starting the oxen and persuading them to keep going until the grist had passed through the stone and into the box below. If it was the miller grain, either com or wheat, rye or buckwheat, it was taken to the cabin near by, and my mother would sift or bolt it through a handsieve, and the finer part used to make bread. My aged mother has said to mc in the past year that the bread she made from that flour was as good and white as any we now get from our new process or roller-flour.
Some years after the erection of this mill an enterprising neighbor put up a bolting-reel at Fort Recovery, and the settlers would bring their grist of wheat, rye, or buckwheat to the mill, get it ground, put it on their
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horses, take it to Fort Kecoverj, and there feed it into the bolt with one hand while they would tarn the reel with the other. What toll the proprietor of the bolt exacted I am unable to say ; but the fact that some years later he was the owner of a more modem flouring mill would indicate that the business had been profitable.
From this picture we turn to the illustration of one of our modern mills, that of George Levan & Sons, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. This is one of the finest mills in the State, and has within a few years been operated under what is known now as the old style milling (the first mentioned in this article) and the new process, the mill having been entirely remodeled inside and refitted with new machinery in 1880, and again changed to the roller process in the present year, 1884. The gentlemen comprising the firm are among the most enterprising millers of the State, and in improving their mill they have taken great pains and care to thoroughly post themselves as to the best system and the best machinery for carrying it out and have made their purchases accordingly. Their mills are well worth a visit from any one interested in machinery or the manufacture of flour. The reputation of their flour has alwa3''S been good.
Mr. Landis Levan of this firm is the Secretary of our State Millers' Association, which has the largest membership and its meetings are more largely attended than are those of any other State association. This is in a great measure due to the efficient and unremitting work of the secretary and president. Mr. B. F. Eisenberg, of the firm of Henry & Co., of Huntingdon, has held the latter office for several years, and is also a thorough practical miller.
Until the past few years the flour from our mills had a world-wide reputation that was second to none. But the rapid improvement of the western, and north-western mills for a time placed them in advance. Our millers being more conservative, were slow to adopt the improved methods, but finding the flour from the West gradually encroaching on their home trade, a few of the leading mills were remodelled or new ones built on the roller system, and their success has demonstrated the fact that as good flour can be produced from our wheat as that from any State in the Union, if properly manufactured. I am satisfied, from personal observation, that our wheat, for the past ten years, has averaged far better and more uniform than that of any of the western or north-western States, and we especially have far less of damaged wheat, there being two good reasons for this : First, We do not have as many storms during harvest time, and when it does rain, the land, being generally rolling, soon dries. Second, The farms are smaller, and our farmers are well supplied with bams, so that they have every facility for taking care of their crops.
Our mill owners are now fully awakened to the fact that they must improve their mills or lose all their trade, and the changing of their mills to the roller system is rapidly ;oing on, so that in. a yearpr two, at farthest, we may expect the bulk of our flour to be again equal to any in the market.
60 Internal AffAiBS — Industrial Statistics. [No. T ,
The facts that we have fw very large mills like those at St. Louis and Minneapolis, and the price of the offal being about three times hfsrQ what they get in the West, and the supply of home-grown wheat being nearly equal to the demand of the mills, make the outlook exceedingly bright for those that have their mills fitted up to make a brand of flour that will secure to them the local trade of their neighborhood and give them a chance to compete in the markets, so that they may be able to sell their surplus at a profit. Our mill buildings are generally substantial stone and brick structures, and are well adapted for the placing of the new machinery necessary to place them on the roller system.
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§l8iSSSi83Si9S8SSgi888§8Si§§SS8g8
8S888SS8SeSSii9iS8S§§&8§§i8iS§l8S
'mnM
Sa8iil8S8838i§§8S§a88i9§88S8g8ig8
'JiUML pm nnas
'Miiod-ma98
-aatvii aain snia> JO jaqmnjK
JO S10S JO jaqnraK
'sands JO jo aaqmnir
SSS*aS§SaS-5g888S8gSflS8S-36SI5S3
8ti8a8g88flna'a8g88atsa8a**8is '81189914
Adams, . . Allegheny, Armstrong, Bearer, Bedford, . Berks, . . . Blair, . . . Bradford, . , . . Bntler, . , Cambria, . Cameron, . Carbon, . . Centre, . Chester, . , Clarion, . Clearfield, . Clinton, . . Colombia, Crawford, Cnmberlan< Dauphin, . Delaware, . Elk, . . . Erie, . . . Fayette, . Forest, . Franklin, . Fulton, . , Greene, . Hnnttngdo: Indiana, . . Jefferson, .
Internal Aftaibs — Industrial Statistics.
s
a e
H
Q pes
— SaioSaioj aq ii| popup I -ni pa 99m6 aaqto mojj JO uonodoji
'poXoid -ma laosaad jo jaqmau iiox
bXp jo jaqoina aSvaoAy
'siaxraq paint -oijnuvax aaog jo tunomy
' hO OK
I So
I '5 po
I
jaqto iiy
@S§i§8SiSS gfggS g8§§§8g§l8gg
ii8a§g888S§§§gSgSgSEgiS88§
SiS8i8§§SS§SSSgi§§8ii8SiiSSg§g
S§gSI8g§g8§il§S8gSgg8S8i§8§3§8
a
I b
*2aiiod nvag
'jaitiM. Saitn Bnim JO jaqoin k
JO JO joqaiiK
saaoB JO ffQiij JO jaqmii K
'inni JO jaqmnii
!S
i£i8§S&8ggS83SgSSgSS8Sag89a&SS&8g
a
Floue-Milling Industry.
si S ®
go
S
S
9S8g
8§Si
S8§g
at
If
Ses8
§
S
Sesas
§
S8S§
g
S
a M
I: o
o
Co.
I O 9
o
go
hot! ► £
Intkbnal ArFAiKS — iNDUsraiAL Statistics.
Breweries.
shofoinff the number of BrewerieSt the production, etc,, in the eevercU counties of Pennsylvania, compiled from resume made to the Bureau for the year ending December SI, 188S,
a
%
t
o
So
la
80O
Total number of persons employed.
Total amount paid in wages during the year.
Amouitt of Raw Matbxtal
o
§1
Allegheny, . . Beaver,
Berks,
Blair, Bradford, . . . Osmbrla, . . . Carbon, Centre, Clarion, Clearfleld, . . Clinton, Crawford, . . Dauphin, . . .
Elk, .
Erie,
Franklin, . . . Indiana, Jefferson, . . . Lackawanna, . Lancaster, . . Lawrence, . . Lehigh, Luxeme, . . . Lycoming, . . McKean, . . .
Mifflin,
Monroe, Montgomery, . Montour, . . . Northampton, Northumberlai Philadelphia, . Potter, . . . Schuylkill, . . Venango, . . . Warren, Washington, . Wayne, . . . Westmoreland York
1
|3B1,968 60 8,604 00
' 4,287 00
' 18,661
' 05,600
' 28,080
' 21.200
i.m
' 11,804
a .
no, 896 3,460
U,985
'S
Total
'
Distilleries.
TABIiE showing the number of Distillerieaf number of employ amount of grain used, number of barrels of liquor manufactured, etc., compiled from returns made to the Bureau for the year ending December SU I884,
County.
A
%
u
a
►t a o
5S I 04.
u
p fl
Ps
a
p
Si
s
a
Ph
erP
a
s
Allegheny . . . Bedford* . . . . Berki,
Centre, . . . . . Camberl&nd, . . Dauphin, . . . Fayette, . . . . Franklin, . . .
Greene,
HantlDgdon, . Indiana, . . . , Lancaster, . . . Lebanon, . . . .
Letalgh,
Lycoming, . . . Montour, . . . . Fblladelphla, . Somerset, . . , Union, . . , Washington, . Westmoreland, York,
Total, ...
U
f41,908 75
4S7 00 1,885 00
fll7,225 70
Apples, 889
M4
U,818
Apples, 889
Bye whisky. Rye whisky. Whisky and co<
lone spirits. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Apple brandy. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. Whisky. WhUky. Whisky.
Bottles used, 1,224
6 Leg. Doc. No. 7.
66 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T ,
Slate Iisdustry.
By S. L. FiSLER, Esq., Secretary of Slate Exchange of Lehigh and Northampton countieSj for the Bureau of Industrial Statistics.
I have the honor to submit the following report upon the slate mining and manufacturing industry of the State :
This industry, if reference is made to the date of its birth, is almost an octogenarian, yet it is merely in its infancy as to recent phenomenal development and its promise of future growth.
The tentative character of the earlier efforts at slate mining, the imperfection of records, and the lapse of time render the securing of accurate data well nigh impossible. All that can be done now is to approximate the truth and look to future investigation for greater accuracy relative to its early history.
The slate formation, which is destined to prove a source of immense wealth to the State, lies immediately south of the Blue Ridge and almost parallel with the mountain, extending from the Delaware river, on the east, westward to about the center of Lehigh county. The surface of the country through which the slate-beds pass is thrown into ridges parallel to the mountain, which are broken through at intervals by small streams whose sides reveal the outcrop of the slate-rock. The entire dimensions of the formation are about forty-five miles long by from six to thirteen miles wide, the southern side of it, most distant from the mountain, sloping and shading off into the contiguous limestone formation.
Of this slate formation, the best informed of the practical and observing operators are inclined to the belief that thirty miles in length and from two to three miles in width include the cream of the easily -worked and profitable roofing and school slate-beds. That part nearest the mountain, as well as that nearest the limestone, has either lost some quality or received some admixture of foreign substances which interferes with the reed or fine splitting qualities, which are the essential of good slate.
The region thus outlined is divided into three districts known, respectively, to the trade as Bangor, Pen Argyl, and Slatington districts. The first has for its commercial center the borough of Bangor, a thriving and rapidly growing town, whose almost marvelous development reminds one of the mining towns of the western States, with the exception that everything about it indicates that it has come to stay, and that it will not, like so many of its sister cities of the west, fold its domestic tents and, like the
A.rab3, steal away under the cover of a night. The second or Pen Argyl district has for its commercial center the flourishing town of Pen Argyll whos3 growth within the past year fairly rivals that of Bangor, houses, stores, churches, schools, springing up as by magic, indicative of its present and promise of future prosperity. The third district has for its commercial center the town of Slatington, on the river Lehigh, whose past development, present growth, and domestic comfort are alike due to the surrounding slate industry.*
These districts are not merely artificial divisions for the convenience of the trade, but are more or less sharply defined by the topography of the country. The slate in each is also marked by certain definite characteristics, which it does not come within the scope of this report to discuss. SufiQce it to say that each is good in its way, and no one of them can claim a monopoly of the market, since the entire product of each is consumed.
The first slate mined in the region was near the Water Gap, on the Delaware river, in 1805. The enterprise did not prove a success from the fact that shingles were plenty and cheap, and habit and prejudice had to be conquered ere the mining could become remuneratiA'e. As coal, when first mined, found but few friends, and those to whom it was offered were indignant that they should be expected to use stone as fuel,' so there were those who scouted the idea of roofing with stone shingles.*'
The failure of the first effort, however, did not deter others from pursuing the new industry, and one opening after another was made, and the manufacturing tried with varying degrees of success for a period of nearly forty years. The want of experience in developing the openings, the lack of skill in manufacturing and properly applying the material, the prejudice against it and the absence of a recognized necessity' for anything other than shingle roofs, rendered all these early enterprises more or less abortive, thus paralleling the experience of most industries in the earlier stages of their development.
In 1844. some Welsh miners opened a quarry towards the west end of the slate belt east of the Lehigh river near Slatington, and by dint of effort secured a market for their slate. Other openings soon followed in this locality, and were operated with varying degrees of success. The want of an active stimulating demand, and the difficulty of either reaching or securing an extended market in those days, were the chief obstacles to remunerative operations. The Lehigh canal, and the Lehigh Valley railroad, however, gave the Slatington district the advantages of transportation, at a much earlier date than were enjoyed by the other districts, and consequently stimulated development there much more rapidly than elsewhere.
The first quarry in the Pen Argyl district was opened about the year 1854. A little subsequent to this an opening was also made at East Ban-
Note. —This district is regarded, for the purposes of this report, as embracing the quarries about Chapmansyille, which is another prosperous center of slate-mining and manufacturing interests.
68 Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T ,
gor, and the rich deposits of these districts thereby revealed. Other openings soon followed, bat the want of transportation facilities retarded the development of those districts for a long time. The product of each had. to be carted many miles in order to reach either railroad or water transportation, which added materially to the cost of putting the product upon the market.
During the period of the war, the high price of slate, in common with other commodities, measurably reduced the difficulty of placing them upon the market at remunerative rates. Under the stimulus thus received, the attention of capitalists began to be directed to these regions. The want of railroad facilities was recognized, and the construction of one had, in fact, been determined upon, when the panic of 1873 arrested all further progress for a time. As soon, however, as business revived, the old interest was awakened, many new quarries were opened, and the necessity for railroad facilities was again agitated. The result was the construction of the Bangor and Portland road, extending from its junction with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad at Portland, westward through both the Bangor and Pen Argyl districts, and the construction of the Lehigh and Lackawanna road, extending from its junction with the Lehigh Valley and the Philadelphia and Reading railroads at Bethlehem, through the Pen Argyl into the Bangor district, thus opening up to each transportation by two different routes, connecting them with the great slate markets of the country, and placing them, for the first time in their history, upon an equal footing with the Slatington district.
The effect of this access to the outside world has been most marked in those districts, causing a large influx of capital, the development of numerous new industries, the accession of large numbers of people to their respective populations, and great development of the material resources of the State.
Turning from these generic statements and fixing our attention upon the individual districts, we note, in contrast with the small beginnings indicated, the present state of the industry in each. The whole number of quarries or openings in the Slatington region, in a greater or less state of development, and producing a marketable product each 3'ear, is about fifty, having an invested capital of not less than $2,000 ,000, and employing about one thousand men. Their joint output for the past year, as near as can be ascertained, was about one hundred and fifty-five thousand squares of roof ing-slate, three thousand two hundred cases of school-slate, three thousand four hundred cases of blackboards, together with large quantities of flagging, mantels, &c.
In the Pen Argyl region the number of quarries is from twelve to fifteen, with new ones constantly being opened. The capital invested aggregates upwards of $650,000. About four hundred and fifty men are employed in mining and manufacturing. The output from this district, during the past year, was fifty-three thousand three hundred and forty-seven squares of
Slate Industry.
rooflng-slate. But little has been done there, as yet, in the manafacture of school-slate, blackboards, and flagging.
In the Bangor district there are some twenty quarries, with more or less development. These represent an aggregate of $1,000,000 of invested capital, and employ seven hundred and fifty men. The output, during the past year, was one hundred and thirty thousand four hundred and twenty-eight squares of roofing-slate, and one million five hundred thousand school-slates. But little has yet been done in the manufacture of blackboards and flagging, though machinery for the purpose is now being introduced.
To summarize briefly the foregoing, as to the facts and product common to each district, we have the following exhibit of the quarries in operation, the capital invested, the men employed, and the output of manuctured material during the past year, viz :
NUBfBtoR QUARRIES.
Amount of oapltaL
Men employed.
Roofln-slate output, 188S.
Slatington district,
Pen Argol district,
Bangor district,
Total
The average wages paid to the different classes of employ in the mining and manufacture of slate is about as follows : To boss-quarry men, A-om $2 25 to $2 75 per day ; to block-makers, from $1 80 to $2 00 ; to splitters, from $1 75 to $2 25; to laborers, from $1 20 to $1 50.
The prices for best Xo. 1 roofing-slate at the quarries during the past year were as follows :
Such, in brief, is the past history of the slate industry of the State and its present healthy status.
It is scarcely the province of reports to indulge in prophecies, yet it is hardly possible to refrain from indicating what will be the probable future developments of this great industry, which, from small beginnings, has attained such marked prominence within the past few years.
Whatever may have been the prejudices against slate as a roofing material in the early days of its discovery in this country, they have now practically vanished. Its cheapness and durability, since it costs less and lasts longer than either shingles, tin, or iron, commend it, upon the score of economy, to thoughtful observers wherever it is introduced. Its deep, rich, uniform blue color contributes much to the beauty of all buildings,
70 Internal A.ffaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
the roofs of which are exposed to view. Its resistance to fire renders it preferable to tin, the soldered joints of which melt under excessive heat, or corrugated iron which warps and curls, whilst slate resists both heat and flames. This latter quality so commends it to fire insurance companies that a very considerable reduction of prenyum is made in favor of slate roofs. Then the maintenance of repairs on a good slate roof is much less than that upon roofs of any other material. It is not rusted by the moisture of the atmosphere, and hence does not need the frequent application of paints for its protection, like metal roofs. Being itself a mineral rock, it stands in no need of artificial aids to prevent its decay.
Then, in those regions which are dependent largely upon cisterns for their supply of water for domestic purposes, it is growing in constant appreciation. Water gathered from slate roofs being entirely free from the paint deposits which come from iron and tin roofs, and from the decayed wood and vegetable matter incident to old shingle roofs, is always clean, pure, and sweet.
The foregoing qualities, which are the 6b\ ious characteristics of good slate, commend the material more and more to public favor, and are opening up for it extended markets in the far West where, as yet, there is no scarcity of timber, and where wooden shingles are still in abundance. Each year marks a growing demand for slate, and all the quarries are taxed to their utmost capacity to meet the requirements, whilst new markets, that might be opened for it, are left untouched.
Nor is it simply for roofing purposes that the demand for this material is growing. Its close-grained texture, rendering it impervious to water or moisture, is bringing it into prominence for lintels, window-sills, pavements, tiles, steps, &c., whilst its resistance to heat commends it for mantels, hearths, register frames, and all that class of architectural work where buch absolutely incombustible material is required.
Nor is the demand for it confined to domestic consumption. The exports grow larger year by year. When the freights admit, slate are frequently shipped to England, notwithstanding the wealth and extent of her own slate mines in Wales, and to the various commercial ports in Europe. The shipments to Australia are constant. Japan is recognizing the superiority}' of slate as a roofing material, and a number of shipments were made the past year to Yokohama, so that it is not an exaggeration to say that the civilized world is opening up to the slate trade.
With a growing home market, which is destined to develop with an everincreasing rapidity, as the country becomes more thickly settled, and the supply of timber constantly diminishes, it is scarcely possible to set a limit to the future demand for slate, for roofing purposes alone, in our own land, to say nothing of the growing demand in foreign countries.
If we consider the comparatively limited area of the slate formation, so far as it has yet been discovered, it being confined chiefly to the Atlantic seaboard of the country, along that mountain chain designated in our own
Slate Industries.
n
State an the Blue ridge, and note that its workable areas are confined chiefly to the States of Maine, Vermont, and our own, Pennsylvania, and further recognize the fact that the areas in these States are quite limited, it requires no prophetic knowledge to see that the course of the slate industry is going to parallel that of coal in the later as well as in the earlier history of its development. Its workable deposits are going to grow more and more valuable, and as the demand for slate becomes greater, the remunertion to invested capital will constantly increase. Nothing is hazarded, therefore, in the prediction that the time will speedily come when the Keystone State will be quite as proud of her slate deposits as she now is of her coal, and her wealth will be augmented by the one quite as much as by the other.
Th£ following table is compiled from the returns tide to the Bureau for
the year ending December Sl 1883,
County.
LehlRh, . . . Northampton, York,
S
a
o
B
ja
s
o
a
fl
d
o
K
O
Wi
hi
o
Js
M
a .
Ss
sk
SfS
Bo
Vq,
S"
2M
-a
fit
a
d o
a
d w
S,
H
xa
d
Si
s
k
d
o
§-3d 7S
Fence posts, 600 1,888,101
o
s
d
Hi
Pieces. 1,000
Pieces, 1,000 Feet, 144,401
The Slate Quarries of Southern Pennsylvania.
The Slate industries of Southern Pennsylvania is confined exclusively to the southern border of York county, on the Maryland State line, near the right bank of the Susquehanna river, in the immediate vicinity of the town of Delta, Peach Bottom township, York county. This borough is situated about thirty-three miles south-east of the town of York. The quarries do not extend to the river bank, but are located in the region that is commonly known as the " Peach Bottom Slate District." This district includes part of Lancaster county, bordering on York, and also Peach Bottom township, in York county, and Dublin district, Harford county, Maryland. The Lancaster county quarries have generally been abandoned, but in York county there are five in operation at present, and eight on the Maryland side. The ridge extends three or four miles in a south-westerly direction, and about one half mile south of Delta. This borough lies on
72 Intebnal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T 9
the slope of the slate ridge, which is neither high nor steep, but preserTea a rather uniform outline as far as it can be followed by the eye from the valley below. Delta, at no distant day, is destined to be a considerable town. Its inhabitants are progressive and intelligent, and are fully alive to the importance of the slate industry; but, unfortunately, do not possess the capital commensurate with their energy and pluck. The Delia Herald an excellent paper, has been efllcient in advancing the slate industry in this locality. The Peach Bottom railroad (narrow gauge) passes alongside of the town, and extends to the village of Peach Bottom, on the Susquehanna river ; and a narrow gauge road from Baltimore, has recently been completed, which forms a junction with the above at Delta, affording ample facilities for the shipment of slate. The village of West Bangor, also in York county, contains about two hundred inhabitants, and lies on the ridge between the Pennsylvania and Maryland quarries, and the majority of the operators and employ reside in this State and in the towns above named.
The slate mined and manufactured in this district is only used for roofing purposes, and has the reputation of being the best in the country, if not in the world. It retains its color uniformly until it is worn out, and is said to be so ductile as not to splinter when being punched, only sufficient to leave a countersink for head of nail. Another advantage claimed for this slate is that it has the power of resisting frost and sun. It has been found on houses that had been roofed upwai'ds of sixty years in as good state as when put on, excepting that it had worn thinner.
The accompanying lithographs show a description of Moore A McLaughlin's quarry, in York county. No. 1 shows the surface, with derricks, engine-house, and shop where slate is split and manufactured for market. No. 2 shows the quarry at a depth of forty-five feet, through a solid rock, or " Big Joint," as it is termed, which covers the slate formation. The slate is described on the plate, beneath where the men are standing, and dips in a southerly direction from north-east to south-west. The bureau is indebted to Mr. Robert L. Jones and Messrs. Mooi*e & McLaughlin for their courtesy in furnishing much valuable information and in exhibiting their works.
Cd.
Manupaotukes — M1Bcxlianbod8.
Man Ufact0Ebs— Miscellaneous.
A STATEIMENT 0/ Sfiaeettaneoai TndtulrUt, ahoutnff the number of pertoni em . ployed, value of produelxon, etc., compiled from relume made lo lAit offiee, ele., forthe year ending December SI, 1S33.
Acrlsaltaml laktileBunt*.
Oocwtt.
S
at
S
g
Armalrani, .
g%5W::: Buok., : . . .
.
FrmnkUB. . . . Lancuwr, . .
Tori,
MB Ml
n
Kl
m
Ob
a
w
in
n.MOM
akwod M.nsu
i.mas M.iniiw
1Mi7H3
low TO
solsaoao i>.Moao
Iossoo
mi, wo 00
I.M tana; plow*, plow*.
doun forki.
Alr-Bnka*.
"7
M
n7
poo. m TO
tes-mn
i!i
UWl.
"
|Mt,fXM
Intebnax Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
MANUFACTURES— MiaCEIiliANEOUS—Coutinaed.
Baskets.
County.
g
sr
a
o
B
u
%
t
number employe
a
s
-a
►
o
H
©a
3!
Amount of goods manufketnred, not otherwise accounted for.
PhiladeipbU, York
im
|i,flaooo
Batlk-Tv,lBS and Boilers.
Philadelphia,
flOO.OOO 00
Belts and Hose.
Allegheny, . Delaware, . Lycoming, . Philadelphia,
fU,700 00
2B,207 00
f45,080 87
Delaware, . Philadelphia,
Bobbins and Spools.
Allegheny,
Berks, .
Lancaster, . Philadelphia,
Bolts and .
2,452 tons of bolts and nuts and 780
tons steel. 8,000 tons of bolts and nuts.
6,282 tons of bolts and nuts and 750 tons of steel.
Bone and Pearl Goods.
Philadelphia,
Boots and Sboes.
Allegheny,
Bradford,
Bucks,
Cumberland, . . .
Dauphin,
Erie,
Lancaster, . . . .
Lehigh,
Mifflin,
m
Ma.Ntjfactube8 — Miscellaneous.
t5
Boots and Sltoes—
Couhty.
a
fl
a
K
M
a
Z
s
bero tlon.
S2
as.
mbe
h
P3
S
p
o
►
s -si
O
Amount of goods manaraetared, not otherwise aceonnted for.
MontfTomery, . . Northumberland, Philadelphia, . . . Schuylkill, . . . .
Wayne
York,
80O
I1.20Ooo
Box Mannfinctiirers and Boat Bnlldersi
Allegheny, . . Armstrong, . Clarion, . . .
Lycoming, . .
Philadelphia, Srhuylklil, . . Wayne,
fl06,680 28
147,756 boxes, 4,000,000 feet lumber. 6,000 boxes and 250,000 feet lumber.
$ 6,989.000 box shooks. 4,768,000 feet lumber.
8 barges. 12 boats.
162.755 boxes, 6.980,000 box shooks. 20 boats and barges and 9,018,000 feet lumber.
Brass Mannfactores.
Allegheny,
£rie
Northampton, . . . Philadelphia,
32,000 pounds brass. 7,800 pounds brass.
Allegheny, . Bradford, . Chester, PhUadelphla,
13.986 tons. 8,600 tons.
Igh286 80
Brlelcsy Conunon,
Allegheny, . . . Armstrong, . .
Bearer,
Bedford, . . . . Berks,
Blair
Bucks,
Carbon,
Chester,
Crawford, . . . Cumberland, . . Dauphin, . . . . Delaware, . . .
Krle,
Franklin, . . .
,
t
M
Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number
of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks.
U, 680, 000.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
MA1fUFACTURESI~MI8C£t.IiA!iEOi;S-Coiltlnacd.
a
s
o S
&.
S
ber of ployed
B6
fl
a
a
a
►
o
H
a
'1
"5
e
-a
Amount of iroodt manaAictnred, not
otherwlee sccoanted for.
O
H
Greene, Hnntlngdon, Indiana, . . Lackawanna, Lancaster, . , Lehlirh, . . . Luzerne, . . . Lycoming, . . Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumberland, PhUadelphla, Schuylkill, . . Venango, . . WeBtmoreland, York,
Uo
Uo
2S.884n
Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Tile, ft.. Number Number
of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, of bricks, 17, 000, bricks, of bricks, of bricks.
Number of bricks, 282,512. 740.
Brlelc>-Fire and Terra-Cottsk.
Allegheny,
Armstrong,
Beaver, .
Berks,
Cambria,
Oentre, .
Chester, .
Clarion,
Clearlleid,
Clinton, .
Dauphin,
IXelaware,
Fayette,
Indiana,
Lejiigh, .
Luzerne,
Philadelphia,
Somerset,
Fire bricks. Fire bricks. Fire bricks. Fire bricks. Fire bricks. Fire bricks, Ac. Fire bricks. Fire bricks. Fire bricks.
Fire bricks. Fire bricks.
8,751,728. 1,100,000. 2,844.000. 8.8So.000. 5.000.000. 5,000,000.
Firebricks, 4,084,871. Chimney tops, sewer pipes, Ac. Fire bricks and
terra-cotU, 2,660,000. Firebricks, 10,000,000.
Fire bricks, 68, 680, 700.
Brltaimia Wsure. 4ke.
Allegheny, . Philadelphia,
Brooms.
Adams, Allegheny, . . Armstrong, . Bedford, . . Huntingdon, Philadelphia, .
S
1,000 brooms. 171,972 brooms.
t88,864 80 177,658 70
MANUFACTURES- MIBCBl4liAIIEOV8-.Contlnued.
Oouhtt.
o
m
a
a
H
a
ta
B
"S V,
A
k0
S
3%
s.
o
n
a*-
r
s
t
►
Sq
S
©Is S
a
S
-a
Amount of goods manaratftured, not otherwlBe accounted for.
Allegheny,
Berks,
Delaware, . .
Itaekawanna,
Lehigh,
Northampton,
Venango, . .
Is
aoo
10 000 pounds curled brushes.
hair and 86,000
88, 000 brushes and 10, 000 pou nds curled hair.
Northampton, . .
MUl-Stones.
Philadelphia, . .
Allegheny, . Bradford, . . Bucks, . . Cumberland, Dauphin, . .
Erie,
Lancaster, . Lehigh, . . . Luzerne, Lycoming, . Mercer, . . Montgomery, Northampton, PhiUdelphia, BchuylkiU, . . Union, Venango, . . . Washington, Westmoreland, York,
CarrlaKca and "Wmfgonu,
80O
8no
' 4,82800
Oars— Railroacly Car-lVheela, etOi
Beaver,
Btalr
Oolnmbia,
Dauphin,
Fayette,
Lehigh
Philadelphia, . . . Westmoreland, . . York,
2U
Internal Affai&s — Industbiai, Stati8tic&
Cbemleala.
. County.
a
o
%
a
as
Ayerare number of days in operation.
Total number of persons employed.
Total amount paid inwages during the year.
Value of annaal product.
Amount of foods manufactured, not otherwise accounted for.
Allegheny,
Erie,
aio
S80
|t69,161 88 8856 18
"Acids, tons, 4,868; alum, tons, S,961; sodas, tons, 20,686; salt, tons, 140; Ume, tons, 4,101; salt cake, tons, 406; calcium, tons, 88; liquid salt, 733; glauber salts, tons, 8,072.
Salammonlca, 20 tons; fertilizers, TOO tons.
Black liquor, M barrels; glanber salts, 824 barrels.
ao8
Cbalna.
Allegheny, . Berks,
PhlladelpbU, York, . . .
.l
f76,978 85
f50,000 00 1,200 tons, prison contract labor. 8,000 00 I
2, 087 tons. 59,700 00
Adams, . . . . Allegheny, . . xserKs, .
Blair,
Bucks, . . . .
Erie,
Lancaster, . . Lebanon, . . Lehigh, . . . Montgomery, PhUadelphia, Snyder, . . . . Tioga, . . . . Tork,
Bradford, Lackawanna, Monroe, . .
aoo
80O
Olotlica-Plna and SUoe-Pesa.
C ! 209
|2S,080 00
20.260 bushels shoe-pegs. 25,000 bundles clothes-pins. $14,704 00 ; 29 000bundle8clothes-pins;19,400bushcls shoe-pegs.
54. 000 bundles clothes-pins; 89,650 els shoe-pegs.
Cooperst
Allegheny, Beayer, . .
Bedford, . Oolambla,
80O I
125,000 barrels and 25,000 kegs. 7,000 oil barrels and 25,000 white-lead kegs.
Manufactures — Mibgellaneous.
MAIiUFACTURBS—MISCELlANEOUS- Continued.
CMperm— Continued.
Oouktt.
a
a
o
s
k o
Oi
2s
O
t4
o
s
sr
c:
S
aq
H
Amount of goods manufactured, not otherwise accounted for.
Erie, Mercer, . . PhUadelphia, Tioga, Venango, . . Wyoming, .
Butter tubs. 161, 935 nail kegs.
eOfOOO powder kegs.
182,000 barrels. 821,086 kegs.
Allegheny, . Daupbln, . .
Erie,
Lackawanna,
ColBna and Caaketa.
f 116, 000 00 10,407 09 18,600 00 17,144 83
Combs.
Lancaster, . Philadelphia,
Allegheny, Philadelphia,
Lancaster, . Philadelphia,
Copper.
Allegheny, . . Beaver, . . . . Berks, . . . .
Bucks
Lancaster, Northampton, Philadelphia, York,
Cordafle, Rope T'vrlne, Sbe,
,
8U0
' 9.875 00
Corka.
Internal Affaibs — Industrial STATiSTica
MAHUFACTURGS-MISCEIiliANGOUS— Continued.
Cmelbles.
Couktixs.
a
o
Average number of days in operation.
Total number of persons employed.
Total amount paid In wages during the year.
Value of annual product.
Amount of goods manufactured, nol otherwise accounted for.
Allegheny,
Philadelphia, . . .
185,281 96 tW.000 00 12,500 00 06,000 00
Glass-house pots.
Oistierjr.
Beaver,
Philadelphia, . .
186,000 00 I |100 000 00 2,200 00 , 4,500 00
f 104, 600 OO
Smery and Orlndliiflf SKiacliUierjr.
Carbon, Monroe,
Bn-reiopesy
Philadelphia, . . . .
Faney I*eatl&er Goods.
Philadelphia, . . . .
Beaver, . . . Berks, Erie, . . Philadelphia,
Files.
8M,'28190
Recutting old flies.
Fire-Arma
Berks, . Lebanon,
IISOOO I I 1,600 rifle barrels.
Adams, . . . Allegheny, . Bradford, . . Cambria, . . Clinton, . .
Furniture.
t
Manufactubes — Miscellaneous.
MANUFACTURES— MISCEIIAHEOUS-Coiitlnaed.
Gouxtixs.
a
a
a
sa
so
a
o
I'
a e
b
a a
o
Amount of iroocli mannfictiirecl, not otberwUe AccoanteU for.
Crawford, .
Erie, . . .
Jefferson, .
Lackawanna,
Lancasfcer,
Lycoming, . . . .
Mercer,
Northumberland,
Philadelphia,
Saiqaehanna,
Tioga,
"Warren,
Washington,
Wayne, . . .
aoi
ao6
fl6, 85, 47, 80, 12,
a,
66S70
One burned down Febrnary, 1884.
McKean, Philadelphia,
Gas-Metersy Tanlcsy 4tCi
f8.000 00 844,028 82
Gold-Beatera.
Philadelphia, . .
Glass 8and
Huntingdon, . . . Mifflin,
15, 888 tons. 28, 500 tons.
4 2S8l 84' 134 20000 '44436 tons.
I ' '
Glue.
Lancaster, . . . . Philadelphia, . .
IGOOOOOO f 1,600,000 00
3 283 470 1176,600 00 fl, 600,000 00 , 80,000 pounds and 160 barrels.
Halr-Clotb.
Hair-pins.
Philadelphia, . .
1 I 800 I 11 I 93,250 00
I 25.000,G00.
6 Leg. Doo. No. 7.
Intebnai. Affaibs — Inbustbtal Statistics.
BtANUPACTURES— MISCEX.I.ANEOU8— Conttnued.
HArdmrture.
m
a
W4
e number n operstlo
A
Couiitt.
o u
umber employ
▲mount of goods mnnnfaotured, not otherwise accounted for.
Js
r
a
o
s
Sq
s
H
Allegbenj, . .
Berks,
Chester,
Erie,
Franklin, . . Northampton, Philadelphia, SchnylkUl, .. .
lao
fZ48,61100
7,S2S00
97
H
Allegheny, .
Berks, . . .
Bradford, . .
Clinton, . . .
Dauphin, . .
Lancaster, . Philadelphia,
Wayne, . . .
Hosiery Neodles.
Chester,
2S0
Hubs, Spokea, Felloes, Haadlee, Slc,
Berks,
Bucks, Chester, Columbia, . . Crawford, . . Cumberland, . Erie,
Fayette, . . . Franklin, . . . Lancaster, . .
Lehigh, Monroe, Philadelphia, .
Pike,
Somerset, . . . Venango, . . . Warren, . . . Westmoreland,
az
80O
fU,188 89
1,706,000 handles, Ac, and 800,000 feet lumber.
200 dozen pairs shafts and 5,000 set of rims.
11,660 set of hubs and 75,000 spokes.
10,000 set hubs and 400,000 spokes.
2,672,600 handles, 785,000 spokes, 21,660 hubs, 1,000,000 feet 2Q0dosen pair shafts, and 6000 set rims.
Philadelphia, . . .
|1S,7B8 76
fS7,109 00
LSQ. DOO.] MANtTFACTtTBEB — MtSGELLANEOUS.
MANITPACUTURKS— BIISCEIIAirfiOUS-Coiitlnued.
liMtd and Iiead 81iot
8S
t
a
s
o
a
"9
Co
g§
g
aQ
.
H
§1
a
b ft
a
o
d
AmoQiit of food maiiiifkctard, not otherwlae aooonnted for.
Allegheny, . PbiladelphU,
s
M
Im
H2,880 7D 20,212 18
2,680 tons lead and 1,626,106 lbs shot.
17,880 tons lead and 1,628,286 pounds sbot.
Allegheny,
Allegheny, .
Itackawanna,
Philadelphia,
Itoeomotl-rea.
7W
f886,866 82
1,M6,286 68
00 , 80 locomotives. i;447,5aO 00 6,716,780 48
740 tons grate bars and sash mounts.
80 locomotiTOS and 740 tons castings.
Allegheny, . . Lancaster, . . Northampton, Philadelphia, York,
liocka sund Iftafes.
Hftllemble Iron*
Allegheny, .
Erie,
Philadelphia,
Iso
fl66,000 00 I 8,000 tons.
Mantlea.
16,887 66 ' 80,000 00
Berks, Philadelphia, York,
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
MANUFACTURERgU-MISCELliANBOUS-Contlnned.
Maltsters.
Cjountt.
o
a
'O
tt
d
Wl
d
s
®d
a .
berof ployed
S
as
o
o
aa
h
9 a
P V
&c£
a
fit
a
►
o
H
o H
Amount of goods maniifketared, not otherwise accounted for.
Allegheny, . . Erie, . . Lancaster, . . Northampton, Philadelphia, York
U I
H800 00
98.000 bushels malt. 350,000 bushels malt.
61,100 bushels malt. 626,000 bushels malt.
Sloroeeo and other Iteatl&ert
Delaware, . Philadelphia,
Nails, Spllcest d&c.
(Not included in rolling-mills,)
Allegheny, . Philadelphia,
f 101, 246 16
Nltro-Glycertme and Torpedoes.
Oil Cloths.
Delaware, Philadelphia, . .
fl4,854 06 149,000 00 256,688 96 1,892,216 89
Oils and Ijnbrleants.
Allegheny, . .
Paints.
Allegheny,
Carbon,
Columbia,
Cumberland, . . . .
Lawrence,
Luzerne,
Lycoming
Philadelphia, . . . York,
f 141, 000 00 16,000 00
600,000 pounds paints, and 100,000 gallons varnish, Ac. 7,018,000 pounds metallic paint.
400,000 pounds yellow ocher. 850.000 pounds French umber filler. 6, 000, 000 pounds yellow A brown ocher. 4,100 barrels ready mixed asphaltum liquid paints.
16, 868,000 lbs., 100.000 gal. varnish, and 4,100 barrels asphaltum liquid paint.
Manufacturers — Miscellaneous.
MANUFACTCJRBRS-MISCEIiliANEOUS-Contlnaed,
Paper, Stra-vrboardSi Slc.
Coumtt.
o
a
.
s
J!
ft.
O
mber of mplojed
U
►
o
-J
H
s
o
d
a
o
Amount of eoodt manofactared, not otherwise aecoanted for.
Beaver, . . Berks, Blair, Bocks, . . . Chester, . . Clinton, . . Colnmbia, Cumberland, Delaware, . Erie, . . . Franklin, . . Indiana, . . Lancaster, . Lnzerne, . . Lycoming, . Monroe, . . Montgomery, Northampton, FhUadelphta, . Washington, Westmoreland, York,
aoo aoo
ao8
aoo
2B6 80O
pounds, pounds.
pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds.
pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds, pounds.
Bucks, . . . Philadelphia,
Paper IIancina.
f040,884 06
Philadelphia, . . .
Pena, Steel.
Adams,
Erie,
Lebanon,
Northampton, Northumberland, Philadelphia, . . . York,
Planoe-y Orflfane, and Mualesbl Inatniments.
16 pipe organs. Guitars.
Berks,
Danphin,
Lehigh,
Philadelphia, . . .
Pipes said Tubes, Iron.
|2U,094 75
16,866 gross tons. 87,600 gross tons.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
a
q
a
B
m
berc tlon.
o
g&
ft
%
s?
a
g
fi
►
t4
o
&
o
d
u A
-a
s a
o o a
Amount of oods manudhetared, not otherwise aooounted for.
Allegheny,
Armstrong, . . . .
Beaver,
Berks,
Blair
Bradford,
Bucks,
Butler,
Cambria,
Carbon, . . . .
Centre,
Chester
Clearfield,
Clinton,
Columbia,
Crawford, . . . . Cumberland, . . . .
Dauphin,
Delaware,
Fayette,
Franklin,
Greene,
Huntingdon, . .
Indiana,
Jefferson,
Juniata,
Lackawanna, . . . Lancaster,-
Lawrence,
Lebanon,
Lehigh,
Lnxerne,
Lycoming,
Mercer,
Montgomery, . . . Korthampton, Northumberland, . Perry. . . . .
Philadelphia, . . .
Potter,
Schuylkill
Snyder,
Somerset,
Susquehanna, . . .
Tioga,
Venango,
Warren,
Washington, . . . . Wayne, . . .
Westmoreland, .
Wyoming,
York,
S
Iso
S
8D0
Z
a
s
b
2D8
t
U
z
z
z
Z
U
' 10,800 00
U. 904 81
Us, 266 00
' i,400 00 72,012 58 81,600 00 9,000 00 8,790 00 71,498 98 63,500 00
' '42,00000
1, 150, 000 ttl lumber. 250, 000 feet lumber.
1,200,000 feet lumber. 275,000 feet lumber.
1, 600,000 feet lumber. 4, 000, 000 lumber.
1,700,000 feet lumber. 125,000 feet lumber.
2,800, 000 feet lumber. 60,000 feet lumber.
135,000 feet lumber. 1,700,000 feet lumber.
866,000 feet lumber. 885, 000 feet lumber. 800,000 feet lumber.
726,500 feet lumber. 1,100,000 feet lumber.
144,000 feet lumber. 1,500,000 feet lumber.
5,142,000 feet lumber. 1,060,000 feet lumber.
450,000 feet lumber. 200,000 feet lumber. 400,000 feet lumber.
1, 100, 000 feet lumber. 100,000 feet lumber.
Potters*
Allegheny,
Armstrong, . . . .
Beaver,
Bedford,
Berks,
Cambria,
' 8,500 00 18,000 00
104, 420 gallons. gallons.
MAKlJFACTURESMISCEIiIiANGOUS-Contlnued.
ottmrm— Continued.
Oouhtt.
a
s
jet
timber of per mployed.
h
oo
a
g
►
a
aq
<4l
£
H
o
e a
-a
O
P
-a
Amount of Roods manolbctnred, olbervrlse accounted for.
not
Centre, . . . Chester, . . . Clearfield, . Dauphin, . .
Erie,
Greene, . . . Indiana, . . Jefferson, . Lancaster, . Lycoming, . Philadelphia, Schnylkltl, . Union, . . . Venango, . . Toik, . . . .
m
aio
00
Uo
aoo
f281,022 55
eootues.
87,000 gallons. 160, 000 gallons. 600,000 gallons.
064.420 gallons, 70,000 crocks, and 600 Ules.
Povr4er said Fuseea*
Erie,
Lackawanna, . . . . Lnzeme,
Northumberland, . Schuylkill, ... . York,
f7,000 00
888,726 kegs powder and 41,000 boxes of
. 17,628 kegs powder. 9,000 kegs powder, 4,000 cases squibs. 2,463 kegs powder.
658. 166 kegs of powder,6,988gros8 safety fusees, 45,000 boxes squibs.
eifti
Erie, . . . . Wyoming,
BAillAa— Iron.
Allegheny, .
Erie,
Philadelphia,
f66 000 00
Berks, . . . Philadelphia,
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.
Rubber Goods.
mm
m
K
a
s
sl
County.
s
o
Os.
h
M
a
Erie, . . . Lycomlngt
A.moant of goods m&nafactured, not otherwise aocoanted for.
lOS
Uo
flO,000 00 10,000 00
Allegheny, . Washington,
Salty Etc.
87,070 barrels, and 8,729 tons of salt; 43,000 lbs. bromine, and 419 ions fertilizers.
1,AJ0 bushels salt.
Saab, Doors, Bliuds, Ae*
Allegheny, . . Bucks, Chester, . Crawford, . . Cumberland, . Dauphin, . . . Erie, . . . Franklin, . . Lackawanna, Lancaster, Montgomery, Philadelphia, . Schuylkill, Somerset, . . Susquehanna, Wyoming, . . York,
U
A
m
2S0 2S0
fl5,000 00
2Z.648 98
f282,463 95
' 70.000 00
87,000 screens and 82,000 square yards. 5, 000, 000 feet.
5,600,000 feet, 87,000 screens, and 32,00? square yards.
Scales*
Lackawanna, . . . Philadelphia, . . . York,
2U,986 00
Screws— Iron and Brass.
Philadelphia, . . .
-Bull dins*
Philadelphia, . . .
Leg. Doc."1
MaNUFAOPUBEBS — MI8CELLANSOD8.
MANUFACTURERS-MISCBIiliANEOUS— Continued. Sl&oe and Stove PoUslfc*
Oouhtt.
Phlladelpbla,
a
d
d
s
g
s
d
i4 e
Ou3
-a
s
B
i§
d
Dtal amount during t
d
s
s
-a
%
S
H
Amount of goods manufactured, not otherwise accounted for.
aoo
Sboxelay Spades,
Allegheny, . . Bearer, . . . Luzerne, . . Montgomery, Northampton, Philadelphia,
aoo
am
2ffi
186,000 00 I 1200,000 00 25,684 02 . . 7.937 02 , 28,774 76 60,000 00
f254,484 04
11,488 dozens. 40,000 dozens. 14,600 dozens.
Slio-vr Gate*.
Silver and Silver-Plated UTare.
Allegheny, . . PhUadelphla, .
fl76.461 00
Soapa and Candlea*
Allegheny, . . PhUadelphla, . Schuylkill, . .
Allegheny,
Bradford,
Chester,
Brie,
Philadelphia, . . . Washington, . . . .
87 tons. 2,864} tons. 19,070 tons, and 15,100 sets of axles.
25,821} tons, and 15,100 sets of axles.
Internal Avfaibs — Industrial Statistics.
MANUFACTURES-MISCEIIiAIIEOUS— Continued.
Spring If AttrewMSy 4be.
Oouhtt.
Brie, Lackawanna, Philadelphia,
o
B
a
§
m
sa
O H
aoo
aoo
ta
3?
fl8,20OO0
S
s
p.
d
o
-a
Amount of goodi mannfaotnred, not otherwise accounted for .
Philadelphia, . .
U
H800 00
Philadelphia, . . .
Philadelphia, . .
Philadelphia, . . .
144,007,149 pounds refined sugar. 1,882,080 gallons syrup.
Snrflrieai Splints and Blastle Goods*
fie; 460 26
Tanks -"Wooden and Iron
Allegheny, McKean, . Warren, .
f8i226 22 6,000 00 6,840 00
Tanntqne*
Huntingdon,
Textile If aelklnerjr.
Philadelphia, . . .
Us.
Tile.
Adams, Erie, .
Coditty.
a
ATerace number of days In operation.
Total number of persons employed.
a
s
Amount of goods manufactured, not otherwise accounted for.
Allegheny,
Berks, PhlUdelphU, . . .
Wo
Tools.
Allegheny, . . . .
Butler,
Chester
Delaware, Lancaster, . . . . Lycoming, . . . . McKean, . . . . Montgomery, . . Philadelphia, . .
80O
i.m
Toys and Tampa
Bradford, . . Philadelphia, . Susquehanna,
n
Tjrpe.
Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, . . . Susquehanna, . .
l7nabreUM,Prsiaolasuad Matoriftl.
9648,760 61 '98,190,918 92 1,625 00 I 6,000 00
Philadelphia, Pike,
'Wsttobea and lVatls-Caes
mri&ipft.
Philadelphia, York,
Internal Affaibb — Industrial Statistics.
Wlklte TjemAf latlkarip*, Patty, 4t.
"
S
1 B
S
a-
a
e
§
o
s
A
at*
o
O-
sx
—
h
. fl
4
a
"3
oyed
-a
Amouiit of floods maniifketnred, not
©5
otherwise aeconnted for.
a
r
O
o
%
H . H
►
Allegheny,
Berks,
Philadelphia, . .
U
aoo
6fl8
6,660 tone white-lead, 750 tons oil-cake, 182, 100 gallons linseed oil, 62,886 gal- Ions mixed paints, and 348, 900 pounds colors in oil.
White-lead, 12,485 tons; brown sngar of lead, 202 tons; and crude pyroligenons add, M4,S2e gallons.
HTlre and IVlre
Allegheny, . . . .
Beaver,
Lackawanna, . . Lazerne, . . . . Northampton, Northumberland, Philadelphia, . . . Schuylkill, . . . .
Vtk
1 Kvk 1
' 11,000 00
21,744 tons wire. 8,000 tons wire.
7,5464 tons wire. 1,000 tons wire.
IVoodeik "Ware.
Erie,
Lancaster, . . . .
Lebanon,
Lycoming, . . . . McKean, . . . . Philadelphia, . .
Warren,
Wayne,
York,
|S2,848 25
800 gross bay-wood smoking-pipes.
"Wrlikgttrtf lUTaalilnif Maclftlneay 4to.
Erie, Lehigh, Philadelphia, . . . York,
25,000 mops. 3,000 washing-machines.
25, 000 mops. 3,000 washing-machines.
Lehigh,
Zlne and Spelter
4,600,000 pounds spelter. 6,000,000 pounds oxide.
Manufactures — Miscellaneous.
MANUFACTDRES-MISCEIiliANEOUS— Continued.
Reeapltitlatlon.
s
a
§
.a
M
of p yed.
S
o
a
u
z
Zk
►
Agricnltnral implements, .
Alr-bntkeSf
Axes, saws, etc.,
Baskets,
Bath-tabs and boilers, . .
Belts and hose,
Bobbins and spools, Bolts and nuts, Bone and pearl goods, . . . Boots and shoes. Box manufactures and boat builders,
Brass manufactures, . . . . Bridge (iron) builders, . . Bricks, common, Bricks, Are and terra cotta, Britannia ware, etc., Brooms, .
Brushes and brush-blocks,
Burr-mill stones,
Buttons,
Carriages and wagons. Cars, railroad car wheels, Ac.
Chemicals,
Chains,
Cigars
Clothes-pins and shoe-pegs.
Coopers,
Coffins and caskets,
Combs,
Copper,
Cordage, rope, twine, etc..
Corks,
Crucible,
Cutlery,
Emery A grinding mach*y,
Enyelopes,
Fancy leather goods, . . . .
Files,
Fire arms,
Furniture, . .
Oas meters, tanks, etc., . .
Goldbeaters,
Glass sand,
Glue,
Haircloth,
Hair-pins,
Hardware,
Harness, trunks, etc.,
Hosiery needles,
Hubs, spokes, etc.,
Lasts,
Lead and lead shot,
Lightning rods,
Locomotives,
Locks and safes,
Malleable Iron,
Mantles, . . . .
Cm
s
Amount of goods manufactured, not otherwise accounted for.
U
lao
6,203 909 pounds saws, steel. 86.900 doz. axes and edge tools.
20 boats 9l barges, 182,755 boxes, 6,989,000 box sliooks, and 9,018,000 feet of lumber.
44 486 tons. 160 barrels. 80,000 pounds.
17,980 tons lead. 1,626,295 pounds shot.
80 locomotives. 6,096i dozen locks. 8, 000 tons.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Ikdv8Tbix0.
g
S
a
§
.a
z
o
S
d
g
p SQ
£
flM
Ot*
fl
o
H
►
Amonot of goods manufkctared, not otherwlM eoonnted for.
Matches,
Maltsters,
Morocco and other leather, , spikes, etc., . . . . Nttro glycerine, etc., . . .
Oilcloths,
Oils and labricants, . . . . PalnU,
Paper strawboard, etc., . .
Pager hangings,
Pens, steel,
Pianos, organs, etc., . . . Pipes and tabes iron, . . .
Planing-miUs,
Potters, .
Powder and fusees,
Pumps, wooden,
Railings, iron,
Refrigerators,
Robber goods,
Salt, etc,
Sash, doors, blinds,
Scales,
Screw, Iron and brass, . .
Ship buildings,
Shoe blackening, etc., . . . Shovels, spades, etc., . .
Show cases,
Silverware, etc., . ... Soaps and candles, Springs and axles,
Spring mattresses, etc., . .
Smelting,
Stair rods,
Sugar reflners,
Snrsieal splints, etc., . . Tanks, wooden and iron, .
Tannique,
Textile machinery,
Tile
Tinware,
Tools,
Toys and traps,
Type,
Umbrellas, etc.,
Watches and watch cases, .
Whips,
White lead, etc.,
Wire and wire goods, . . .
Woodenware,
Wringers, etc. ,
Zinc and spelter,
' 646,054 75
' 125,813 86 3,000 00
64. 800 gross. 1,000,100 bushels.
S88 900 pounds.
5, 928 barrels. 272.200 gallons. 16.888,000 pounds. 48,284,801 pounds.
58,865 tons. 80,728,600 feet lumber.
1,600,000 pounds. 65,968 dozen.
16,285,215 pounds. 15,100 set of axles. 25,821itons.
1,882, 680 gallons syrup. 144,007,149 pound refine sugar.
2,400, 000 pounds. 4,137 tons. 4,000 pounds.
StSEXT PASSBNGEB RAILWATa
Steeet Passengee Eailways.
A STATEMENT showing the number of lines operated, averctge number of hours operated each day, average number of persons employed, and the total amount paid in wages during the year.
LOOATIOM OF LiNBB.
hours
y-
P4
o
s
,Q 9
It
a
ti
So.
H
o
►
Pittoburgb, . Reading, . . . Johnstown, . Harrisburg, . Chester, . . . Erie, Scranton, . . Wllkes-Barre, Pittston, . . . AI lento wn, . Williamsport, Strondsburg, Baston, . . . Pniladelpbia,
Total, . .
18J
16A
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Employes.
AN EXHIBIT of the number of Employ engaged in the variotis indueiriea in the State, compiled from returns made to the JBureau for the year ending December
Coal— Antlkracltc.
Miners,
Miners laborers, . . Company men, . . . DrWers and runners,
Door-boySf
All others,
Engineers,
Firemen,
All other mechanics, Company laborers, . Slate-pickers, All others,*
Inside employees.
r
J
Oatalde employees.
22,062 U,841 8,778 6,021 2,480 1,753 1,M8 9,724 15,800 4,147
Total, 87,808
Coal— Bltuminoits*
Miners,
Inside laborers,
Outside laborers,
Male-drivers,
Blacksmiths and carpenters, Oyersecrs and clerks, . . . ,
Boys,
Coke-oven employees, . . . . All others,
Total, 45,454
Blast-FnmsMes.
Foundrymen, 140
Keepers and helpers, 1,188
Fillers, 2,025
Clndermcn, barrowmen, and hot-blast men, 1,483
Metal carriers and laborers, 4,207
Engineers and firemen, 651
Other mechanics, 717
All others, 2,676
Total, 18,082
Bloonaarlcs.
Run-oat men and helpers,
Forgemen and helpers,
Hammermen and helpers,
Engineers, blacksmiths, and carpenters.
Laborers,
Boys,
All others,
Total,
Bessemer Steel.
Converting department,
Blooming department,
Rail department,
Gas-prodndng department. Steam-producing department, . .
Forge department,
Locomotive department,
Miscellaneous department, Not classified,
Total, 7,502
Cmelble Steel.
Heaters,
Rollers and helpers,
Steel-melters and helpers,
Hammermen and helpers,
Engineers, blacksmiths, carpenters, miU-
wrights, and mechanics,
Straighteners, shearmen, helpers, firemen,
Ac,
Laborers,
Boys,
Not classified,
Total,
RolUns-Mills.
Puddlcrs and helpers,
Heaters,
Rollers,
Roll-hands,
Nailers and feeders,
Engineers, -wrlghta, blacksmiths, carpenters, and mechanics,
Laborers,
Boys,
All others,
Total, 86,503
Glass— IVindovr.
Blowers,
Gatherers,
Flatteners, cutters, and assorters, . Employees in fiattenlng department.
Batch-mixers,
Teasers and helpers,
Potmakers and assistants,
Laborers,
Not classified,
Its
1D4
Total, 1,607
k.
Glass— Flint and Green.
Presseri,
Handlers, flnlBtaers, and foot-flnishen, . Blowen— mold, chimney, and other, . .
Gatherers,
Mixers,
Teasers,
Cutters, grinders, and stopper-makers,
Iaborers,
Boys — snapping, carrying, and other, Kot classified,
2S0 Iso
Sawyers,
Setters, edgers, and fliers, . Lath-sawyers and handlers,
Laborers,
Boys, ...
Kot olasslfled,
Iron-Fonndrte* and Macliini Sl&ope.
Molders,
Machinists,
Pattern-makers and carpenters,
Blacksmiths and helpers,
Boiler-makers and helpers,
Laborers,
Boys,
Not classified,
Total, 6,600
Masons and quarrymen, 900
Apprentices, 500
Notclasslfied, 14,110
Total, 75,742
Bllseellaneona*
Foremen, 1,417
Skilled workmen, 41,001
Unskilled workmen, 16,466
Boys, 8,687
Notclasslfied, 6,888
Total, 68,
Tanneries.
'I
Railroads.
Master mechanics, 54
General foremen, 84
Foremen, 819
Boad foreman of engines, 29
Clerks In all departments, 2,777
Telegraph operators, 1,749
Passenger and freight agents, 1,777
Depot and train-masters and dispatchers, . 562
Conductors— passenger and Arelght, 2,669
Brakemen, 8,827
Baggage-masters and porters, 844
Locomotive engineers, 2,515
Locomotive firemen, 2,648
Stationary enginemen and firemen, 268 Distributing and yard enginemen and firemen, Ittro
Blacksmiths and helpers, 2,816
Machinists and helpers, . .' 8,113
Tinners, coppersmiths, and helpers, ... 877
Carpenters, 4*003
Painters, 7M
Trackmen and laborers, 22,867
7 Leg. Doc. No 7.
Tanners,
Beam-hands,
Tard-hands . . .
I Curriers, splitters, and shavers, . I Scourers, blackers, and finishers, I Laborers,
Notclasslfied,
Total, 6,620
40O 2,268
Total, 6,087
Textile Fabries.
Overseers,
Skilled workmen,
Unskilled workmen,
Boys under sixteen years of age,
Women and girls over fifteen years of
sge.
Girls under fifteen years,
Engineers,
Carpenters,
Laborers,
Notclasslfied,
Iron Orei
Miners,
Miners' helpers, . Foremen, Engineers, Blacksmiths, . . Laborers and boys, Notclasslfied, . .
2S
Iilqnors-BIalt and Distilled.
Breweries, employees, Distillers, employees,
MlllingFlonr and Grist.
Millers and other employees,
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.
Quarrymen,
Sawyers, planers, splitters, dressers, and
blockmakers,
Engineers,
Laborers,
Not classified,
aso
as
Street Railirayv.
Superintendents and assistants, . . . Stable foremen, hostlers, and feeders,
Drivers, 1,128
Gar-housemen, ... 118
Teamsters, 82
Harness-makers, 24
Collectors, 6
Watchmen, 69
Not classified, 485
Total, 8,827
Grand toUl, 450,206
Employees.
AH EXHIBIT of the average daily wages paid to employ ia of various occupations throughout the State from 1875 to 1884, compiled from manufacturers* and operators* returns to the Bureau,
Occupations.
Anthracite eoal, on contract, . . . .
Miners on wage,
Laborers, Inside,
Ltaborers, ontslde,
Platform men and others. Slate pickers, boss, Slace pickers, bojs, lioor and fkn boys, . . . Drivers and manners, . . .
£og:lneers,
Firemen,
Carpenters,
Other employees,
Bituminous eoal.
Miners, .
Laborers, inside,
Laborers, outside,
Mule drivers,
Carpenters,
Mining overseers,
Coke-oven chargers, . . . Coke-oven drawers, . . . Boys,
Btatt'fumaeet,
Fonndrymen,
Keepers,
Keepers* helpers,
Fillers
Cindermen,
Barrowmen,
Hot-blast man,
Welghmen,
Metal carriers,
Engineers,
Firemen,
Blacksmiths* helpers, . . .
Carpenters,
Laborers,
Foremen,
Other employees,
Bloomariea,
Ran-oat men,
Forgemen,
Helpers,
Hammermen, . . . ,
Hammermen helpers, .
Engineers,
Carpenters,
Laborers,
Boys,
Other employees, . . . .
28S
H
2U
f2 00
To
f2 70
b2
Internal Affaibh — Industrial Statistics.
EASTERBT DISTRICT, comprising the counties of Berks, Bucks, Chester, Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Mifflin, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, and Schuylkill.
Occupations.
Sollinff'MUU.
Puddlera, ,
Puddleri* helpers,
Heaters,
Heaters* helpers
Rollers,
Roughers,
Catchers,
Hookers,
Shearmen,
Stralghteners,
Engineers,
ill' 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. ' 188L 1883.
Machinists,
Carpenters,
Nailers,
Feeders,
Firemen,
Laborers
Boys,
lYESTERIi DISTRICT, comprising the counties of Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver,
JErie, Lawrence, Mercer, and Westmoreland.
Occupations.
U78.
2 no
' 315
18S8.
Puddlers* helpers,
Heaters,
Hesters* helpers,
Rollers,
Rottghers,
Catchers,
Hookers,
Shearmen,
Stralghteners,
Engineers,
Machinists,
Carpenters,
Feeders,
Firemen.
Laborers,
Boys.
Employees.
BESSBMER STEEIi WORKS.
Occupations.
Converting Department. Superintendent, Foreman, . . . Blowers, . . Metal handlers, . Metal wheelers, . Welghmasters, . Hoist, hydraalic, Stockers, Iron, Ac.
Chargers
Iron melters, . . Spelgel melters, Speigel melters* helpers, Iron melters* helpers,
Clndermen,
Runner hands, Converter hands, . Converter-bottom builders, Ladle hands and pit men, .
Regulators,
Engineers,
8G0
Blooming Department,
Foremen,
Heaters,
Heaters* helpers,
Door-hands,
Buggymen,
Markers,
Rollers,
Assistant rollers,
Screwmen, . .
Catchers,
Shearsmen,
Levermen,
Hammermen,
Engineers,
Drillers
Chip and fliers,
Telegraphers, Btralghtenlng-press hands.
Inspectors,
Recorders,
Rail-loaders,
Engineers,
Sail Department, Superintendent, . . . . Heaters, . . . .
Heaters* helpers, . . . .
Chargers,
Drawers,
Door-bands,
Recorders,
Stockers,
Buggymen,
Ronghers,
Second ronghers, . . . .
Catchers,
Extra catchers,
Hookers,
'2 10
fsoo
31S
f8 00
JRail Department—Con" tinued.
Hot clippers,
Strikers,
Drag-outs,
Hydraulic hands, . . . . ,
Clean-ups,
Hot-bed hands,
Stampers,
Cold stralghteners, . . ,
Gaggers,
Firemen, ,
F&rge Department.
Foremen,
Heaters,
Heaters* helpers, . . .
Door-hands,
Buggymen
Hammermen,
Tongsmen
Hookers, Ac,
Engineers,
OcU'Prodwsing Department,
Foremen,
Ashmen,
Firemen,
Locomotive Department.
Foremen,
Welghmasters,
Hostlers, ,
Engineers,
Brakemen,
Steam-Produeing Department.
Foremen,
Water-tenders, . . .
Assistant water-tenders, .
Monkeys, . . .
Ashmen,
Coal-heavers,
Firemen,
Mieeellaneoue Department.
Machinists,
Machinists* helpers, Blacksmiths, . .
Blacksmiths* helpers, . .
Carpenters,
Foundrymen,
Painters,
Masons and bricklayers. Masons* helpers,
Laborers,
Horses and carts,
Boys,
m
f8 23
B2
102 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t,
AVCRAGE DAIIiY WAGES OF EMPIiOYEES— Continued.
Occupation'S.
Chrueible and other SUel.
Steel melters,
Steel melters helpers,
Hammermen,
Hammermen M helpers,
Engineers*
Carpenters,
Machinists,
Firemen,
Laborers,
Shearsmen, straightrs, ft handlers.
Boys,
Wire drawers,
Other employees,
Miners, Miners* helpers. Engineers, . . . Foremen, Blacksmiths, . . Laborers, . . . Boys, . . . .
All others, . . .
Iron Ore,
Iron Foundries,
Foremen,
Ironmolders,
Boiler-makers,
Riveters,
Holders-on,
Flangers,
Blacksmiths* helpers, . . .
Engineers,
Pattern-makers,
Carpenters,
Laborers, .
Other employees,
Boys,
2tff
Window Glass,
Foremen,
Blowers of double strength glass, . Blowers of single strength glass, . Gatherers of doable strength glass. Gatherers of single strength glass,
Flatteners,
Cutters, 1
Assorters of glass, . . . .'
Layers-ln— flattening department, j Layers-ont— flattening department, ' Leer-tenders-flattening departmU, j
Batchmixers, . . '
Lime-sifters, I
Sand-sifters, I
Master teazers,
Master teazers* helpers, '
Teazers, I
Coal-wheelers, !
Pot-makers,
Pot-makers* assistants,
Glass-packers, .
Glass-packers* assistants,
Laborers,
Teamsters,
Other employees,
H
Flint and Green Glass,
Pressers, first-class,
Pressers, second-class,
Pressers, third-class,
Handlers,
Finishers,
Foot-flnlshers,
Mold, chimney, and other blowers,
Go
f2 6o
8U
T9
2S7
G2
To
Si
AVERAGE DAIIiY WAGES OF EMPIiOYEES- Continued.
Occupations.
1W7.
Flint and Qrten Qlcus—Oontin%ud.
1
fl64
Mold-maken,
Mold cleaners, greasers, holders, IftixAra
Cutters,
Honvliepfl.
Mold papering, packing, and other
iMITa. .- a.
liAbord*fl ...
Othsp emnloTses.
LiquoraMalt and Dietilled. TMBtlflem
'Bckttlara
Millers
Book-kAAnArfl.
Drivers,
All others.
Lumber. foremen.
1 So
BfittArft. AilffArs. And fllfira.
Snglneers,
Liaborers.
Boys,
Lath sawyers and hinders, Other emnloTees.
9
Millina— Flour and Orisi, Millers
Teamsters.
Tj.borers
All othAra.
Fetroleum-'Orude and Bejtned.
Pninners.
Drillers
Tool— dressers.
Plne-llne men.
Cooners.
Liaborers.
All others.
aiais.
Planers.
Dtaabah. .
Block-DiAkfirA.
Stone-cutters.
Bndneers.
Ijahorers.
All others,
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
AVERAGE DAI1.Y WAGES OP EMPLOY EESContlnued.
Occupations.
Tanneries.
Tanners,
Beam-bands,
Yard-bands,
Boilers and spongers. Bark grinders,
Laborers,
Engineers,
Curriers,
Splitters,
Sbavers, Table-hand scourers,
Blackers,
Finishers, . . .
Other employees, . .
Textile Fabrics.
Overseers,
Skilled workmen,
Unskilled workmen,
Boys under 16 years, . Women and girls over 16 years,
Girls under 16 years,
Engineers,
Carpenters,
Laborers,
Other employees,
Miscellaneous.
Foremen,
Skilled workmen, . . . Unskilled workmen, . . Boys,
♦1
7B U
n
fl46
fl45
Zl
18S8.
7S
AVERAGE MONTHIiY WAGES OP EMPI.OYEES.
Bailroads— Conducting Transporiation.
Chief telegraph operators,
Telegraph operators, . . .
Passenger and Areight agents, . . .
Depot-masters,
General dispatcher A train-master.
Train -dispatchers, ...
Conductors, passenger,
Conductors, freight,
Brakcmen, passenger,
Brakemen, freight,
Janitors,
Watchmen,
Baggage-masters,
Switch-tenders,
Baggage-porters,
Policemen,
Gate and llagmen,
Cleaners,
Messengers,
Weigh-masters,
Laborers,
Blacksmlths helpers,
Warehousemen,
Oargo-inspector,
Maintenance of Way.
Sttpenrisors,
Track-foremen,
Trackmen,
Switchmen,
Conductors, work trains, . . Flagmen, work trains, . . Brakemen, work trains, . .
Pumpers,
Master carpenters
Foremen Carpenters,
f47 81
71fi
4B21
19U
Employees.
AVEKAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF EMPXOYEB9-.Coiitiiiued,
Occupatioh8.
Maintenanet of YFay—
Toremen, laborers,
Laborers,
Foremen, masoiis,
Masons,
Foremen, quarrymen,
Quarrymen,
Blacksmiths* helpers,
Painters, . .
Telegraph repairmen,
All others,
Mo%iy
Master mechanics,
General foremen,
Foremen,
Road foremen of engines, . Motive power clerks, . . . . Engine preparers, . . . . Assistant engine preparers,
Car Inspectors,
Oar cleaners,
Riggers,
Watchmen,
Machinists,
Machinists* helpers, . . . Machinists* apprentices, .
Blacksmiths* helpers, . . Blacksmiths* apprentices, . Boller-rockers, . . .
BoUer-makers* helpers, . .
Tinners,
Tinners* helpers,
Tinners* apprentices, . . . .
Coppersmiths,
Carpenters, . . . . .
Carpenters* apprentices, . Laborers, carpenter shop, .
Trimmers,
Painters, ... ...
Painters* apprentices, . . . Laborers, paint shop,
Oil distributors,
Coal men,
Grinders, ...
Laborers,
Engine cleaners,
Stationary engineers, . . . . Stationary firemen, . . . Passenger englnemen, . . .
Passenger firemen,
Freight englnemen, . . . . Freight firemen. Distributing englnemen, . Distributing firemen, . . . .
Yard englnemen,
Yard firemen,
All others,
t85 66
Sb 68
1S7 82
t80 87 45 so'
'44 60
fnoo
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
AVERAGE NUMBER OP HOURS WORKED, AND AVERAGE DAIIiY
Wages Per Day.
Street Railways.
Average hours worked per day.
Average
daily wages
Saperintendents, . . .
Aflsistant superintendents, .
Stable foremen,
Gonduotors,
Drivers, . . ...
Drivers, fare-box oars,
Hostlers,
Feeders,
Car-honsenien,
Teamsters,
Harness-makers,
Watohmen,
Fare-box oolleotors,
All others,
Employees.
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Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.
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9i tdJHM. uaqjo moh
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Intkbnal Affaibb — Statistics.
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Internal Affahus — Industrial Statistics.
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8 Leg. Doc. No. t.
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistich.
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116 Intebnal Affaibs — Inditbtbial Statistics. [No. T,
REMAEKS BY EMPLOYEES 0:N THE HOURS OF LABOR AND THEIR ADVOCACY OF EIGHT HOURS FOR A DAY'S WORK.
11,661. Beamer, Delaware county. — It is my impression that, if there was a law limiting a day's work to eight hours, the same to be strictly enforced, it would, in a great measure, do away with the periodical depression in the cotton and woolen trade. The main trouble, it appears to me, is, that as soon as times become a little brisk and orders are plenty, a great many mills commence to work over-time, and, as a result, the orders are filled and the market over-stocked and dull times are thrust upon us again. If the law regulating the day's work was enforced, I believe it would benefit employer and employ.
11,650. Locomotive engineer Lackawanna county. — The majority of engineers work about twenty days a month, and average about thirteen hours each day. They have to double the road each trip, which takes about twenty-six hours, without sleep or rest, which leaves about twenty-two hours at home out of forty-eight. When working full time, three of these trips are made each week. I think nine hours long enough for an engineer to watch ahead and control his engine.
11754. Goal miner Luzerne county. — On an average we work about three days a week, whereas, if eight hours was adopted as a rule for a day's work and strictly lived up to, steadier work and general satisfaction would be the result. Eight hours is long enough for a man who works in the mines to inhale the dust and foul gases that he is subjected to. A miner, at present leaves his home at six, a. m., taking his cold lunch along with him, and does not retui*n to his house until after six, and sometimes as late as seven o'clock in the evening.
1146. Machinist, Delaware county. — By reducing the production, I think the operator could get better prices for his goods, and could afford to pay better wages at a very slight advance to the consumer. At present we are not working full time, which is sixty hours a week, but reduced to fifty hours. Unless there is a reduction of production, we will have to submit to a cutting in wages, and I think that the means to prevent this is to reduce the hours of labor.
1174. Puddler Allegheny county. — A puddler makes five heats for a day's work, converting pig metal into muck iron. He produces on an average about two thousand three hundred and seventy'-five pounds, which requires about ten hours' time. During the summer months it requires three men to perform the work, so that the wages made at a puddling furnace have
to be divided among them. During cold and moderate weather he employs but one helper, to whom he pays from $2 10 to $2 30 per day, leaving from $3 50 to $3 65 per day to the puddler. In the summer months each of the two helpers earns about $1 60 per day, which will leave about $2 60 to the puddler. It is my opinion that four heats, or eight hours per day, is as much as a puddler ought to be required to do. An effort was made a couple of years ago to establish such a rule, but it met with such strong opposition that the idea was abandoned, for the reason that many could not support their families by reducing the amount of work, as it would be a reduction of one fifth of their daily earnings. The work is not especially unhealthy, except in the extreme hot weather, when there is a liability to be overcome by the heat, and, unless great care is taken, there is some danger from explosion.
11878. Puddler Mercer county. — The hours of our labor can only be reduced by making one heat per day less, five heats being the present custom, or by getting metal requiring less labor.
11879. Puddler Mercer county Five heats constitute a day's work
where a double turn is the rule, and six heats on a single turn. We are now working six heats per turn, hence we work twelve or thirteen hours each day. Our work is very laborious and very exhausting during hot weather, sometimes surrounded by an atmosphere of two hundred degrees Fahrenheit.
11892. Plasterer Philadelphia, — Believing in the greatest good to the greatest number, I am of the opinion that more than one half of the misery and discontent, to say nothing of the idleness, crime, and pauperism, (and in many instances pauperism and tramps are unemployed labor driven mad,) might be avoided by reducing the hours of labor, as many who are now idle and willing to work, would find avenues of employment, and the merchants and others would reap the benefit of their earnings ; besides, those who are already toiling would have an extra hour or so, which would prove beneficial to their health and the general comfort of their families.
llfijfi. Upholsterer, Philadelphia. — I have no cause to complain under my present employer, but there are a great number in my line of business who have. One half of the upholsterers are out of employment four mouths in a year, and during the months of November and December are compelled to work most of the time fourteen hours per day, and also on Sunday. If we worked but eight hours a day, and were not compelled to work over-time, we would have work all the year. Our wages are as good as that of a majority of mechanics, ranging from $15 to $18 per week; but when we deduct our lost time, while rent and expense of living still go on, we fall short of most trades.
11710. Goal miner Allegheny county. — In my opinion the hours of labor ought to be reduced to eight for a day's work, so that a workingman could have sufficient time for rest, and allow him time for moral and mental improvement and cultivate social qualities that would revert to the mutual
118 Internal Affaibs— Industrial Statibticjs. [No. t,
benefit of himself and co-laborers and society in general. Not having time to improve the mind, and the system exhausted from over-work, there can be nothing done to raise him ou€ of the slough of ignorance so long as the eight hour law is a dead letter. I do not desire a penalty attached to the law as some propose, but let ever' man do his part towards bringing about that end. I believe God intended that the day should be divided so as to allow eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for recreation and cultivation of the mind.
117 66. Ooal miner Luzerne county. — If the hours of labor were reduced from ten to eight per day, it would tend towards dispensing with those temporary suspensions of three days per week for seven or eight months each year in the anthracite coal region. The anthracite ccal operators periodically close their works three days a week for the purpose of curtailing the supply and keeping up prices, and it is the firm belief of the majority of miners that if two hours were taken from each day's labor, it would result very much to their benefit by furnishing them work throughout the year and keep the production within the bounds of demand.
llfiH, Carpenter Philadelphia. — In my opinion the hours of labor should be reduced to eight for a day's work. But perhaps if we look a little deeper into existing conditions of society in general, a lesser number of hours might be sufficient to produce all and even more than what is now produced. I lost during last year thirteen weeks which, if distributed throughout the year, would give me steady employment at an average of seven and a half hours per day, which argues strongly in favor of a reduction of the hours of labor, and I know 1 worked as steadily as most mechanics who work for wages ; and in addition to the fact that producers who are compelled to work an excessive number of hours each day, and thereby create an over-preductlon that deprives them of employment throughout the year to the extent of a loss from sixty to one hundred days per annum, while consumption, wear and tear, rent and fuel still go on, although his earnings are stopped, there are besides an army of non-producers standing in front of tailor shops peddling trifles, distributing hand-bills, and such like, who could be induced to take to some more useful avocation of producing, if the hours of labor were so regulated by law that all men could find a fair share of employment, precluding the necessity of their being hired to such miserable pursuits. All men must live and be supported hy those that toil, and all prisoners, burglars, pick-pockets, gamblers, paupers, tramps, and worthless characters of all descriptions are a tax upon the honest wage worker. Should it not be the duty of the Government to watch the health and condition of its people, or is it the duty of Government to tax labor and give nothing in return in the way of protection ? I deem that the time has come demanding the hours of labor be limited by law, as the strain upon the vital force is too great, having the effect to weaken mind and bod3% ruining health, and shortening life.
Payment of Waives.
llfifn. Coal miner Clarion county We had a company store here
until September 1 , when it was sold. It was as good, I may say the best, company store I ever saw ; but if I was paid weekly, and permitted to deal where I could do the best, it would be much better. We are now given orders upon the man who bought the store fom the company. In about ten months we are promised orders where we choose to have them. This compels him to sell goods equal to any merchant in the place and for the same prices.
11JS7. Coal miner Bradford county The employes in and about the
mines where I work are compelled to deal in the company store, and have to pay a very high price for their oods. They are as good in quality as can be purchased elsewhere, but higher in price, and we are not treated with the same courtesy and accommodation as we would be in purchasing for cash.
lly76S. Coal miner y Allegheny county. — If we do not deal in the company store we are not wanted at the mine, and are given a poor place to work. The company-store system is a blot on the liberties of this country, and should be the concern of all whether in or out of the mine.
11772. Coal miner Clearfield county. — We are compelled to take a part of our wages in store goods. I have been dealing at the store connected with the mines, at which I am employed, only to a small amount for some time, and have been given to understand that my services are no longer required. My son was treated in the same manner last summer. The stores are not in all cases owned directly by the coal companies, but by a combination of Jews, which are worse than if owned by the companies. The company stores, or the stores appointed to serve the same purpose, send a list of those not dealing with them to the operator, which is sent to the superintendent in charge, directing them to notify the delinquents, and in some cases they are told plainly that they must deal in that store or no work. We are not treated with the same courtesy and accommodation as we would be were we to purchase with cash where we pleased. They are assured of our custom and treat us accordingly.
1174,6. Coal miner Washington county. — If we do not deal in the company store we are reminded of the fact, and are expected to do so or go elsewhere. The quality of the goods is equal to those that can be purchased at other stores, but about ten per cent, higher in price. The miner is treated with as much courtesy and receives as much accommodation as any one else while he has anything coming to him.
On the Danger or Unhealtblneaa of OccupatlonB.
llfi2L Carpenter Lackawanna county. — Our business is not unhealthy only from want of proper drainage of the shop where we work. The water laying under the floor of the same until it becomes stagnant, producing malaria, and there is a general complaint among the workmen concerning
120 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
it, but the company appear to be indifferent; besides we have not sufficient shop room, and ofbimes are exposed to the weather in consequence.
Ilfi86. OlasS'packer Allegheny county, — In our business we use baled prairie hay, and in some cases it is put up damp, and spontaneous combustion is the result, and when opened up and shook out, the fumes of the dust subjects us to all diseases caused by obstruction and aggravation of the air passages by the inhalation.
. ll,74fB. Coal miner Allegheny county. — We are exposed to considerable danger from the falling of roof and slate and sometimes the coal, but with the exception of coal digger's backache we are, as a rule, healthy. The air in a coal mine, however, is not as pure as it ought to be ; great improvement in this respect could be made with very little cost if those who have charge of mines understood their business, which they do not in all cases, and could be remedied by legislation in requiring competent men to hold these positions. Imperfect drainage and a lack of knowledge as to where and how to hang doors in the mine are two sources productive of much impure air and stench. The new law directing that break-throughs across the pillar between rooms shall be made every thirty yards has imposed a fresh burden upon the miner in his being compelled to do the work without compensation.
110. Heater Allegheny county. — Those employed in mills and factories are exposed to great danger in consequence of unsound boilers, and in man}' instances boilers that ought to ba condemned are constantly used without regard to the danger to human life, and of times incompetent men are in charge of the same.
On a more Equitable Mode of Compensating Labor.
In reply to the following questions the subjoined answers were given, and are numbered by letters a, b, and c, corresponding with the questions:
a. What way, if any have you thought of by which you could be paid more fairly and equitably for your labor f
b. In whai way if any do you consider your employer unfairly profits by your labor f
c. How much yearly do you consider yourself unpaid f
11573. Blacksmith y Bradford county. — "a." By cash payments as soon as work is done, 'c." Three hundred dollars. I think there is too much odds in favor of capital for a man in my occupation. Twenty-five years is as long as a man should be obliged to follow it.
IIJIO. Goal miner Allegheny county. — "a." By being paid in cash in full-every two weeks, and spend the same to the best advantage, "b." By the exaction of two hours' labor each day more than ought to be required. "c." The market value of two hours' labor each day.
11726. Goal miner Washington county. — *'a," By being paid by pit measure, the coal measured in the solid before mining, by the yard or foot. b." By the extortion or high prices on their goods of twenty-five per cent.
" c." About one hundred dollars in labor, and from seventy-five to eighty dollars on goods purchased at their store. About one third of our labor goes into nut coal and slack, for which we get no pay. The coal we produce is run over a one-and-a-half-inch screen before it is credited to us, and although we are only paid for lump coal which passes over the screen, the nut coal and slack enters into competition in the market. If we were paid by bank or pit measure, it would require good, practical miners to do the work, so as to bring out good coal, and protect the honest miner against wood-choppers and tramps, who come from all parts of the country, and, being single men, make the money and leave for other parts; they are a drunken set of men and bad citizens generally, and belong to those secret unions that exist in the eastern part of the State, called the " Knights of Labor." I never belonged to these societies and never will.
11 SO. Coal miner Washington county. — *'a." By being paid in cash in full every two weeks, "b." By the use of the company store. By not paying for the nut coal, and the taking of overweight of lump coal from the miner's wagon. A certain maximum weight is set for each wagon, and what goes beyond that is not paid for, but is sold by the operator all the same. A great deal is made evidently by the bosses in this unjust way. It is impossible for the miner to tell when he has the limited number of bushels on his wagon.
11JS2, Goal miner Mercer county, — By having the coal we use at our homes free of charge. By paying our wages every week or two weeks, and reducing the hours of labor to eight, and by giving us pay for two thousand pounds to the ton instead of two thousand one hundred and fifty pounds.
11788. Goal miner Mercer county. — "a.'' If we were paid weekly it would enable our people to purchase their goods to a better advantage. They could purchase their goods from five to ten per cent, cheaper if they bought for cash instead of by the present method of credit from to pay. "c." If everything is taken into consideration, fully one third.
11786. Coal miner Mercer county, — *'a."B3' getting paid for all the coal I dig. "b." By taking two thousand one hundred and fifty pounds screened coal for a ton, and only giving us two thousand pounds to a ton when we buy it; also, by taking all the slack and nut coal and paying nothing for it. "c." To the extent of overweight, and what is due to labor for the amount of nut coal and slack produced for the market.
117Ji.2, Coal miner, Allegheny county. — "a. "By weighing the coal at mouth of the mine, "b." We have to stand all loss of break-downs on the incline plane, latches opening, and coal rolling off cars when being loaded; keep all fires up at check-house and blacksmith-shop. '*c." Two hundred dollars. I think there is no man in the mine but what could make use of that amount, and not be charged with being wasteful or putting on airs.
11744. Goal miner Allegheny county. — a." By enforcing the checkweighman act so that honest operators could compete with dishonest ras-
122 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
cals. b." By not justly paying an equivalent amount for dead work; also , neglecting to keep the water out of our working places, and in not keeping a sufficient quantit}" of air in the rooms.
11746, Goal miner Washington county. — ''a." By getting our wages paid in cash every two weeks, and going where we please to purchase our goods, "b." Thirty-five per cent, of our labor goes through the screen in the shape of nut coal and slack, for which we receive no recompense, and the operator sells the same for one cent per bushel under the tipple.
11766, Ooal miner Luzerne county. — By paying cash every two weeks and shortening the hours of labor. " b." By monthly pays and company stores. Two hundred dollars.
11768. Goal miner Schuylkill county a." By the workingmen uniting and ask our legislators to make laws for labor as well as capital. b." By restricting the markets and causing a suspension of labor to half time, and when prices advance in the market keeping to themselves all the increase.
11.769. Goal miner Schuylkill county. — " a." By receiving my pay every fortnight. b." Bj-causing a suspension of work, for the purpose of restricting the market and keep up the price of coal, without consulting the condition of his employes.
11771. Goal miner Gentre county. — By receiving my wages in cash every week, and being paid for every pound of coal I dig as the Iaw requires, and not being robbed out of from three to five hundred pounds, as we are now. By charging too high prices for the goods we are compelled to buy at their pluck-me " stores, "c." From seven to ten per cent, of my earnings.
11772. Goal miner Glearfield county. — By being paid in cash every two weeks, with choice to deal where we can purchase the cheapest. *'b." By unfair scales in the weighing of the product of our labor, and by lifting bottom, so that it make the road-way high enough for the mules to haul away the coal, and doing other work for which we get no pay. "c." One hundred and fifty dollars.
11778. Goal miner Glearfield county. — " a." After some years of attention to this question, I have concluded that we cannot get our rights only by thorou&:h organization, and then exact our fair share, in the manner one dog reasons a bone from the other. b." On the same principle that the highwayman profits from his victim. They make no secret of taking from three to five hundred weight of coal on each ton. This we know definitely by comparing the weight of coal with and without check-weighman. The average wages here for those who work every day there is work do not exceed $30 per month ; therefore I consider we are underpaid yearly $240, as I believe no workingman should receive less than $600 per annum.
11796. Goal miner Elk county " a." By being paid strictly in cash
every two weeks, thus giving every man a chance to deal where he chooses, 'b." By having weigh-scales too far from the mines, in some cases one and a half miles distant, thus giving the company all the coal that is
knocked off ad falls from the cars. " c." About from fifty to seventy-five cents per day.
11794. Ooal miner Jefferson county. — a." Shorter hours for work, and receiving pay for all my labor every two weeks in cash. " b." By the screen system, which robs me of nearly half of the fruits of my labor, "c." About $260.
1108. Ooal miner Clarion county. — "a." By two weeks' pay. "b." By holding their employes' wages for thirty to forty-five days, so that necessity compels them to take part of their earnings out of the '' pluckme " stores.
1141. Carpenter Clearfield county. — " a." By receiving our wages at the end of each week. c." Twenty-five cents a day, or making eight hours a lawful day's work, and receive the same wages as at present.
1166. Printer Bradford county. — "a." By receiving more per thousand for setting type. Printers, as a rule, are not as well paid in this place as they ought to be. Their wages range from $6 to $10 a week for ten hours' hard work each day. For piece-work they receive twenty-two cents thousand ems, where they used to receive from twenty-five to thirty cents for the same work, and the week-hands got from $6 to $15. It is hard for men with families to make ends meet on even $10 per week.
llfiSS. Puddler, Pittsburgh. — ''a." By enacting such laws as will make it a criminal ofi'ense for any monopoly or their agents to import into the United States bodies of men whose freedom has been purchased. It is very easy for agents to engage a sufficient number of these people, who are crowded, ill-fed, and ill-paid in their native land, to go anywhere, at any time, and at almost any price ; and as citizens and workingmen, we sternly protest against the importation of foreign laborers, upon whose bodies blood-money to the extent of thirty dollars per head has been paid, and whose liberty has been forsworn before leaving their native laud, while at the same time we welcome all such as come here of their own free-will and accord and I believe that a high tariff should be fostered on all articles of iron manufacture in the United States, and not till then can we be fairly and equitably paid for our labor.
1166. Puddler Pittsburgh. — "a." I cannot speak too highly of the method of paying at the mill where I am employed, None, thanks to the Amalgamated Association ; but ironworkers in other sections of the country cannot say the same. " c." I receive fair wages for all labor performed.
11912. SteeUworker Lackawanna county. — a." I should think eight Lours for a day's work at the present rate of wages.
11,919. Shoemaker, Philadelphia ''a." By cooperation with my fellowworkmen. b." By periodical reduction of wages, without any justifiable excuse for so doing.
llfii?. Weaver Delaware county. — a." By being paid weekly, or at least every two weeks, instead of monthly, as at present, which would revert greatly to the benefit of the laboring classes.
124 Internal Affai&s — Indubtbtal Statistics. [No. T,
On Homes of Workingraen.
llfi2S, Cabinet-maker f Lackawanna county. — The rents are very high considering the wages paid, and the property-holders, as a rale, do not take much interest in the comfort and convenience of their tenants.
11769. Coal miner Schuylkill county, — I think the law should give every man the privilege to build his house on unoccupied land. Those large companies have thousands of miles of land running wild in the coal region, and will not give workingmen the privilege of building thereon, thereby compelling him to go into towns where he has to pay as much for his lot as would build his house on the waste lands. If we had the privilege of doing so, we could occupy our tim when unemployed in improvements at home.
11826. Iron moulder Allegheny county, — Rents are very high in Allegheny City. Workingmen are not able to get a comfortable house to live in for less than $20 a month. After paying rent, coal, and provisions, a man has nothing left of his wages, and there is not one in a hundred who is able to procure a home of his own. I think workingmen would be benefited by having houses built with about four rooms for their use.
llJfi. Nailer, Allegheny county, — I consider that the tenement houses in this vicinity are not so convenient nor as comfortably arranged as they should be for the enormous rents that are charged, and I believe it is high time that legislation should be made to compel these cormorants to so arrange their houses that the tenants could receive some equivalent for their money.
11878, Puddler Mercer county, — A large number of the workingmen at this place own their homes.
11,61S. Cigar-maker, Philadelphia. — In reference to the kind of houses occupied by workingmen, I will state that they are generally in blocks, in side streets and alleys, with but little or no yards.
Strikes, Iockouts, and Arbitration*
11693. Coal miner Washington county. — We have had two strikes at this place during the year. One for permission to employ a check weighman and the other to resist a reduction from $3 60 to $3 per hundred bushels, which resulted in defeat to the miner in both instances. Arbitration has been tried, but has proven a failure, for neither the operators nor the men will stick to a fixed price. Arbitration cannot set the price for any length of time, as supply and demand regulate prices in the end. When trade is good and prices advance, the operator will not raise the wages until forced by a strike, and never fails to reduce promptly when dull times approach, and always gains his point should a strike occur. The main trouble here in this valley is that there are too many miners, andt as a consequence, we are only employed fom six to seven months each year, as the coal is shipped entirely by river in barges, and we are only employed in mining sufficient to load them.
llfilM. Oigarmakerj Philadelphia — There have been several strikes and lockouts in our trade during 1883, for an advance in wages. On the first of May, 1883, the revenue on cigars was reduced fVom $6 to $3 per thousand. The cigarmakers, deeming it no more than fair, asked the manufacturers for an advance of $1 per thousand, being satisfied to have the $3 divided so as to give $1 to the employ, to the manufacturer, and $1 to the consumer. The manufacturers refused to listen to the proposition. Committees of the workmen waited on the bosses, which had the effect of getting an advance of one dollar on hand-work and fifty cents on mold-work. At first the men would not agree upon these terms, persisting in their demand in full. The strike lasted from three to six days, when the men were forced to submit, not having any support. In some factories the operators, anticipating a strike, locked their men out, but finally gave the advance of fifty cents and one dollar. There were about S3ven hundred men engaged in the strike and about one hundred locked out. There were about one hundred persons thrown out of work who were not engaged in the difficulty, such as packers, strippers, and laborers.
11,697. Steel-worker J Allegheny county, — The workmen at our mill are members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel-workers, and a committee of che workmen and the managers consult and arrange the wages on the first of each year. The scale or schedule of wages as agreed upon is signed by both parties, and as a result we have no trouble. We have just accepted a reduction of thirteen per cent, all around, and last year we accepted a reduction of fifteen per cent.
11726, Goal miner Washington county, — A strike took place among the miners of this district against a reduction in the price of mining, commencing December, 1882, and lasting sixty days, when the men went to work, accepting the operators' terms. There were from five thousand to six thousand engaged in the strike, and about six hundred persons not engaged in the difficulty were thrown out of employment in consequence. There was no disturbance, but threatening letters and cards were issued, however.
11730. Goal miner Washington county. — We have had several strikes during the year. In one case because the operator put oflT the pay, and another not allowing the men a foir and free choice in appointing a checkweighman. In each case the strike lasted only about two weeks, resulting in no benefit to the men. There were about two hundred men engaged in the strike, who were thrown out of employment. Arbitration, which is now being introduced, I think will prove beneficial to all concerned.
liySJ. Goal miner Centre county. — A strike occurred here in which about five hundred persons were engaged, demanding that the provisions of the screen bill should go into effect, which lasted from A ugust 1 until October 1, which proved a loss to all concerned. There were about one hundred and fifty persons thrown out of employment who were not engaged in the difficulty. The miners thought that in the law they had some-
126 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
thing by which they could demand pay for all the coal they mined ; but, like all other laws passed in the interest of labor, a loop-hole big enough for a cow to pass through was provided, and the operators could stand and laugh at us, and if we did not work away and stop asking pay for nut coal and slack, that they would require us to sign a contract agreeing to their terms.
1178. Goal miner Allegheny county. — Arbitration has been tried here in mining coal, and has proven succeBsful in settling wages.
1177 i. Coal miner. Allegheny county, — We have had two strikes during 1883 in this (the Pittsburgh Railroad) district in resistance to a reduction of wages. There were about five thousand persons engaged. The first commenced April 1 and terminated April 20, when the men generally went to work at the reduction. Those mines that were not offered a reduction succeeded in causing a genei*al suspension on the first of May of forty-four out of fifty-four mines. About one thousand men continued to work at those mines not engaged in the strike, and in the course of two weeks others began to break, and doubtless the result would have been defeat ; but, fortunately for the miners, the Wallace Voluntary Trade Tribunal act ' became a law, and the miners, through the press, manifested a willingness to submit the matter to arbitration under the provisions of the act, which was accepted by the operators, and, after a hearing on both sides, the umpire awarded twenty-five cents per hundred bushels in the miners' favor. This is the first proof under the act that matters in dispute between employer and employ can be settled by arbitration.
liyjfi. Coal miner Washington county, — There has been no strike at the mines at the fourth pool, Monongahela river, but on the 1st of November, 1883, the operators reduced the price for mining coal twenty-five cents per one hundred bushels, making the price paid for mining $2 75 per hundred bushels as against $3 50 paid at pool No. 2. In the early part of November a mass meeting of this pool was held at California, in this county, and a strike was ordered to take place on the 15th of November to get the twenty-five cents restored to us. In the meantime the operators consulted with the officers of the Miners' Association, and promised them, that if they would keep the mines at work and not come out on a strike as ordered, that they would submit the case to arbitration, and pledged themselves to abide by the decision of the umpire, and would pay $3 per hundred from the time that the umpire was selected. The miners did not go out on strike on the 15th of November as contemplated, but agreed to abide by the decision. On the 23d of November the board constructed and known as the Coal Trade Tribunal of the Monongahela River," convened at No. 145 Water street, Pittsburgh, and was represented by four persons fom each side, and selected Joseph D. Weeks, of the Western Iron Association, of Pittsburgh? as umpire. They then adjourned until the 4th of December, when they met in the rooms of the Iron Association, Pittsburgh, and began to take testimony. The board closed its labors on the 1 3th of December, having failed to agree, when the case was submitted to the umpire, and who states
in the decision that in accordance with the testimony he was compelled to award that the price of mining coal in the Fourth Pool of the Monongahela river shall remain one half a cent per bushel leas than the price paid in the Second PooV The operators refused to accept the award of the umpire. A delegate meeting was held at Wood's Run, Washington county, on January 1 , 1884, which Resolved That we, the representatives of the miners of the Fourth Pool assembled, demand that the operators live up to their agreement, and that if they do not, that a mass meeting of the pool be held at Brownsville, for the purpose of inaugurating a general strike for the enforcement of the umpire's award."
11761. Coal miner y Allegheny county,— We were locked out in May, 1883, because we refused to submit to a reduction of twenty-five cents per one hundred bushels, which was finally withdrawn, and the miners went to work on the 21st of May. Arbitration was tried, but the operators do not appear to approve of any method that does not give them all the advantage.
11J63, Coal miner Schuylkill county, — In reference to strikes, etc., I would state that workingmen here realized the fact, from past experience, that it is a dangerous thing to strike unless they make up their minds to become tramps and seek work elsewhere, as employers follow a striker with much vindictiveness, and endeavor to prevent his obtaining employment at any wages. Employers of labor do not in practice recognize the right of labor to regulate its supply or its price, while they seek to regulate the supply of coal in the markets of the country. It is this assumption of rights and prlvilegee by capital in behalf of itself and the denial of the same to labor that makes the chief confiict between them.
ll,78fB. Coal miner, Huntingdon county. — A strike took place against a reduction of ten cents per ton, commencing in July and ending in August by the men going to work at the reduction. There were about sixty miners engaged in the strike.
11,778, Coal miner, Clearfield county, — There was no strike inaugurated here last year, but we had some trouble about the first of September, when the check-weighman act " came in force. The operators did not refuse permission to put on a check-weighman, but refused to pay him through the office, by which method each man could easily be made to pay his pro rata share. This refusal had the effect of dispensing with the checkweighman, as most of the men overdrew their eaniings in the company store, and consequently would have had nothing left towards paying an officer that would benefit them from three to five hundred weight on each ton of coal thej' had run over the scales. Thus a man who has sixty tons month in an ordinary mine would be benefited at the rate of four hundred to the ton — five dollars and fifty cents, fifty cents of which would pay the check-weighman. The operators, with a few exceptions, positively refuse to weigh the coal according to the new of Assembly,'' but persist in weighing by gross weight.
11792, Coal miner, Clearfield county, — We had a strike of eleven weeks'
128 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t ,
duration, lo which the men demanded pay for the run of mine coal, instead of screened coal, which resulted in defeat to the men. We offered to submit the case to arbitration, which the operators refused. I believe many troubles and disputes arising betweei employer and employ could be amicably adjusted by arbitration if the system had a fair trial, but there ought to be a heavy penalty attached to the law, so that capital as well as labor would be compelled to abide by the decision. I feel convinced that every difficulty that we have had in this district could easily be settled without the loss of a day by arbitration.
11794, Coal miners Jefferson county, — A strike of about twelve weeks' duration took place, in an effort of the miners to abolish the screen system, in which about four thousand were engaged, which resulted in the defeat of the men, who went to work November 27 on the old method. Arbitration was offered by the men, but was rejected by the operators.
1103. Coal miner, Clarion county. — The miners engaged in a strike lasted ten weeks, in which they demanded that the coal be weighed to their credit before passing over the screen. They finally went to work on the old system at reduced wages. There were about twenty-five hundred engaged in the strike.
1175. Puddler Allegheny county. — I have no faith in arbitration in itb present shape, because the employers will not adhere to the decision of the umpire unless the award is in their favor, which has been proven in the efforts to settle the difficulties between the miners and operators in Allegheny county. Arbitration is of no avail, unless the umpire's award is made binding on both sides.
llfilQ. Shoemaker, Philadelphia. — A number of strikes have taken place during the year in our trade, chiefly for wages, in which the wage-worker was successful. I lost about forty-two days altogether. The loss in wages I estimated at about $140.
llfiiJ. Shoe-cutter, Philadelphia. — A strike of about three weeks' duration took place in resistance to a proposed reduction in wages, which terminated in our favor. We have a board of arbitration, the members of which are elected for one year. Since October 1, 1883, nine cases have been acted upon by the board, and although in a majority of them, when the board was called together, a strike or a lock-out was imminent, the difficulties were settled to the satisfaction of all concerned, and without loss to either party.
Arbitration may not be altogether perfect in its present shape, but I think it is the best possible plan in settling disputes between employer and employ.
Next to arbitration comes prohibition. In our city we have a police force which costs the people a million acJ a half of dollars annually. Statistics show that four fifths of their work consists of arrests of drunken and disorderly people. We have a house of correction which costs a quarter of a million annually, used solely as a refuge for those who have graduated fom our five thousand rum-shops. We have, also, an almshouse
, which is equally expensive, foar fifths of its inmates having been brought there through an over-indulgence in liquor ; a county prison, and BO on down the list, a dozen or more different institutions might be named that are maintained by the people's money, the majority of whose inmates are driven there by the demon drink, while the rumseller grows fat and prosperous, and requires no committee to look after his interests ; all he wants is to be let alone. Give us arbitration and prohibition, and I believe we have all we desire this side of heaven.
llfiSO. Steel-worker, Allegheny county. — We have never had a strike at the works where I am employed, although we have had several reductions. We have always settled everything through our committee, and J think that until the laboring classes are all organized, and their business properly conducted, strikes will never cease.
Window glass-blower Fayette county. — A strike took place in our trade against a reduction of wages, commencing July 1, 1883, and terminating February 1, 1884, in the men's favor. There were about fifteen hundred engaged in the strike, and about twelve or fifteen hundred not engaged in the difficulty, thrown out of employment. The men offered to submit their case to arbitration, but th4) manufacturers refused.
Window-glass-blower y Allegheny county. — Were locked out September 1, 18S3, for the purpose of reducing our wages. There was twenty-two hundred thrown out of work that were directly interested, and about twenty-five hundred who were necessarily thrown out of employment by the stoppage of the works. Arbitration was offered, but refused by the
employers.
General Remarks*
11579. Blacksmith Allegheny county. — The principal business in this part of the county is coal-mining. The works about here only run about two days a week at present, although they formerly worked very steady during the winter season; but the mines have been so overcrowded by foreign emigrants, encouraged by the operators, that the citizens who have been long residents of the place have been compelled to leave for other parts. The feeling against foreign contract-labor is very strong, and at some not distant day will result In trouble if Congress does not do something to restrict it.
llfilO. Check-weighman, Allegheny county. — In examining the pay-rolls of the mine at which I am employed, I find that the earnings of the highest paid miner on the roll is $502 07, and the general average is $375. The employes are required to patronize the company store to a certain extent,, and although you are not told to do so, by not doing so an excuse for discharge will soon be found. This, however, is one of the best pits in this section, as some pits have not worked one half the year.
llfilS. Glass-presser, Allegheny county. — Manufacturers, prompted by temporary prosperity, increase their capacity to such an extent as to create over-production, thus enforcing periods of idleness upon their employ,. 9 Leg. Doc. No. 7.
Internal Affaibs — Industbial atibtjcs.
who alone suffer, as the manufacturers have made enough during the prosperous time to compensate them for improvements. Employes would have continual employment if this spirit of speculation was abandoned.
llfiSO. Hammerman Allegheny county. — There are many persons employed in the same works as myself who do not manifest any disposition toward mental improvement. Work, eat, and sleep seem to be the sole object in life with the majority of them. A great percentage of them do a great deal of their work for the rum-seller. This feature of the average workingmans life is the greatest task-master he has to contend with. Body and soul are made to suffer by the shackles thrown around him by this giant evil. It also militates against the cause of labor more than all the competition brought against us.
11733, Goal miner, Mercer county, — If there are any class of laboring men who are underpaid they certainly are the coal-miners, and especially those of the block-coal region of Pennsylvania. In former years, when coke had not entered so largely into use, these mines were operated very steadily throughout the year, but at present during the winter season we work less than half the time. Those who depend on their vocation alone for a livelihood for themselves and family have frequently to deny themselves the bare necessities of life, and sometimes have not suflacient bread to feed their families. I have seen women refused provisions at the store, because the store-keeper knew that their husbands were not earning sufficient to pay for what they consumed. It is lamentable that men willing and able to work fail to earn sufficient to furnish their families with dry bread, while there are companies soulless enough to encourage cheap foreign labor to overcrowd us and take our places.
11H6. Cocbl miner J Washington county The following statements are
from three miners who work in the same mine, and have worked every day that the bank has been in operation from December 81, 1882, to November
Hi
February, March, . , April, . . , May, . . Jane, . . July, . . August, . , September, October, . November,
m
'917
Remarks on Labor.
The mine was not in operation during the month of January. The above table represents eleven months, or two hundred and eighty-seven working days, while the actual working time is but one hundred and seventeen days, showing a loss of one hundred and seventy days. The price for mining up to October was $3 per one hundred bushels, and for October and November $2 75 per one hundred bushels, which makes the earnings of the first person $3i3 80, the second person $355 41, and the third person, with boy, $389 68, making a general average daily wage for two hundred and eightyseven working days of $1 24. The following is a statement of a miner employed at another mine for a period of eleven months, who lost but one day during that period while the mine was in operation. He is a steady, sober man and has six of a family:
First,
Second,
Third
Fourth,
Fifth,
Sixth, j
Seventh,
Eighth,
Ninth
Tenth,
Eleventh
Total,
Earnings.
Store.
f25 88
Rent.
making a total for store and rent of $301 13, leaving a balance of $25 67.
11763. Coal miner Luzerne county, — The system of paying the miner by the car, which is the general custom throughout the anthracite region, I think a very unfair one. The companies sell their coal by weight, and it is nothing but just that they should pay for the same by weight. If there is any bone, dirt, or slate found in a car, the miner loses the whole car. It would be simply justice to deduct no more than the weight of the aforesaid worthless material and allow the miner pay for the actual amount of coal produced. The cars were formerly square in shape, which contained a surface on top of thirty square feet, but the shape of the cars have been changed to a taper from the bottom upwards, with a surface on top of forty square feet. The miner is compelled to top his car, and by this change of shape the companies have a decided advantage by taking about one seventh of the coal mined without paying for it. The use of locomotives in mines is very injurious to the health of miners, inasmuch that every ton of coal they burn creates three and three quarter tons of carbonic acid gas, and that only about one and one half times as lieavy as the atmosphere ; the quantity is so great that it impregnates the whole of the air in the mine, and is detrimental to the health of all those employed under ground.
11,765. Coal miner Schuylkill county, — I have been exceedingly fortu-
133 Internal Apfaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
nate, having worked in the mines for forty-six years and have never been compelled to stay at home one week from sickness or injury received in the mine. Perhaps there is not a parallel case in the county. I attribute my good health to the fact that I have always lived a temperate life, and have abstained from the use of tobacco and intoxicants of all kinds all my life, and have always been careful in my general work in the mine ; but I believe that the hours of labor should be reduced to eight, which would still keep us ten hours from our homes.
11778. Coal miner Clarion county. — The condition of the miner is a deplorable one in this locality. Their living generally consists of bread, coffee, and side-meat. There are miners' children here who never had an}' shoes, except old ones they find on the street, and are not able to attend school during the winter for want of suflScient clothing to keep them warm, and there are no free schools in summer time. We do not get more than half enough work, and for that about half pay. There are miners living here with six or seven in family who did not average over fifteen dollars per month during the year 1883.
11827. Stove-molder, Allegheny county. — Stove-molders are paid by the piece, and the highest wages are made by the strongest and most skilled workmen, consequently the wages vary very much. Some men by close application can earn as much as five dollars a day, while there are others who cannot make more than one third that amount. We belong to a union, which I believe has been a great benefit to our trade. At one time, molders commenced to work at from three to four o'clock in the morning, but a few years ago the union passed a resolution that work should not begin before seven o'clock in the morning throughout the United States, which was successfully carried out, and I have not heard of its violation in a single instance.
lliSSS. Machinist Clinton county. — The mechanic here has not much room to complain so far as earnings are concerned, as they generally are paid by the piece, and make good wages ; but common laborers are poorly paid, and I cannot conceive how they live considering the exorbitant prices that are charged for everything, and of inferior quality at that. Considering the manner in which we are gouged by storekeepers and landlords, the pay of all should be increased.
llfi2S. Frame-work knitter, Philadelphia. — There are many women and children who are employed in the mills and factories, who work very long hours, beyond all bounds of propriety, and it should be the duty of the Commonwealth to see that they are protected. I think an inspector ought to be appointed in every manufacturing city, who should be empowered by law to enter any mill or factory during any working day, to see that all machinery was properly fenced off; that sanitary regulations were properly attended to, and that no children of tender years, who might be physically incapacitated, should be permitted to remain at work.
11J939. Tailor, Philadelphia. — There are about three thousand tailors in
this city i¥ho work for wholesale houses, and they employ from ten to twelve thousand hands, whose whole life is a shame to civilization. Coats are made at from thirty-five cents to one dollar and twenty-five cents each, and for pants and vests from twenty to thirty-five cents. By working from fourteen to sixteen hours a day they can make two vests or pairs of pants. This work is done chiefly by women and girls, of whom there are thousands engaged who have to furnish their own machine, cotton, light, and oil. They have to go to the stores for their work, and deliver the same when finished. Ten or fifteen pale and half-starved women and young girls may frequently be found working at their heavy machines in one room, or factory as it is termed, in some narrow street, from ten to twelve hours a day, and ofttimes are required to work a half a day on Sunday to finish their work, for a mere pittance of four or five dollars a week. There are cases, however, where they earn as high as from eight to eleven dollars a week, but the excessive toil soon sends them to the hospital and an early gr&ve. These small rooms are very deficient in ventilation, the inmates being compelled to inhale the noisome 3mell, and the poisonous dust aild steam arising from the goods when being' pressed, during their many* hours of close confinement and arduous toil, which is very detrimental to their health. This state of affairs is not confined to the tailoring business, but exists in most factories where women and children are employed, such as cigar, paper-box, shoe factories, and manj' others, where all sanitary laws are utterly disregarded. A commission of practical workingmen ought to be appointed, and authorized by law, whose duty it should be to inspect every establishment and note all violation of existing laws, and make report to the Governor annually. That class of tailors who do fine and skillful work, are organized and have a tailor's union, and while they command a fair compensation for their labor, have a drawback in not having over six months' employment during the year, and when at work are compelled to work excessively long hours, and Sunday included.
1169, Engineer Westmoreland county. — One of the greatest evils that exists in this region is the introduction of Hungarion labor, who so overcrowd the labor market that it is impossible to obtain stead}' employment. They mine coal, and draw coke, and are the willing tools of the bosses, and in slack times are kept employed while old residents and citizens of the United States are discharged. These people are a disgrace to our country, and live more like animals than human beings. They will take their wives and daughters with them to draw coke, and will work them from midnight until noon. The}' will live huddled together ten or twelve in a couple of rooms, and are beast}' in all their habits. They hang their ham of meat outside of an up-stairs window, winter and summer, and cut it as they require it, and leave it there. They merely stay here three or four years, and accumulate a little money, when they return to their own country.
134 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Labor Troubles In Pennsylvania During 1883.
The previous reports of the Bureau gave the history of the labor troubles of Pennsylvania from a very early period to the close of the year 1882, which are continued in this report for 1883. In reviewing the strikes and lockouts of the past year, we find that they were principally confined to the coal, steel, glass industries, and telegraph lines. The trouble at steelworks was only participated in at one establishment. There may have been minor strikes of local character in different localities which did not assume such proportions as to merit our consideration. We invite particular attention to the practical working of the " Voluntary Trade Tribunal act" in some of the disputes herein recorded, especially in bituminous.coal
districts.
Bethlehem Steel-Works.
One of the first labor troubles of importance that occurred during the year took place between the Bethlehem Iron Company, Bethlehem, Northampton county, and their employes, a sketch of which is herewith published as furnished by both parties to the question at issue. Having received the employees' version of the reason for the strike or lockout, the Bureau communicated with the company, and received the following reply January 5, 1884:
Dear Sir: In reply to yours of 18th ult., we have to say that the trouble with the workmen of this company in July last came from an effort of the Amalgamated Association of Iron -Workers to manage and control the operations of this company. The question of wages had no part in it.
The issue was made on a peremptory demand, by a committee of the Amalgamated Association, for the re-instatement of a man who had been discharged for a willful violation of a long-established and accepted rule. On being told that this man could not be taken back, the reply of the com- . mittee was that the works should stop," which followed in due course.
On resuming operations this company only employed non-union men.
Very respectfully yours.
The Bethlehem Iron Company.
The employes make a statement to the effect that the trouble originated in an attempt on the part of the company to disorganize the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel-workers in this district, which arose in a diflSculty between two employ(?s, one of whom was a member of the Association and the other was not. It was a private quarrel and had nothing whatever to do witbthe rights and privileges of the company. Suit was brought before a Justice of the peace, and a judgment rendered in favor of the member of the Association, whereupon the party in favor of whom judgment had been decreed was discharged from the employ of the company. A committee representing, the Association waited upon the representatives of the company and demanded that the order discharging their fellow-workman be revoked. The company, through its agents, made reply
in substance that rather than be dictated to by the employes they would shot down the mills and furnaces; and, suitiQg the action to the word, the order was given to shut down.
This happened on or about the 28th day of June, 1883, and from that time until about the 20th day of July, work was totally or partially suspended. During that time over two thousand men and their families were obliged to subsist on the charity of landlords, store-keepers, and friends, few of the employes being fortunate enough to have a bank account.
The contest was an unequal one. It was simply a battle between too much and not enough," and as usual in such cases, not enough " was obliged to submit. Those who agreed to resign from the Association were reemployed by the company. It will be noted that in this case the question of wages or hours of labor were not in controversy. The company acted on the presumption that the members of the association were assuming an offensive, dictatorial power in demanding the re-instatement of one of their number whom the company thought proper to discharge. On the other hand, the members of the association felt that they were in duty bound to abandon their work when one of their number was discharged without due cause, and in the absence of due cause in this instance they acted on the rule of the order, " That an injury to one is an injury to all." There is little probability that eases of this kind will be settled by arbitration, and fortunately for the welfare of society, disputes of this nature will, in all probability, be " very few and far between."
In reviewing the above-cited labor trouble, the question arises whether it was a " strike of the men " or a " lock-out by the bosses." As soon as the order for the shut-down had been made, the telegraph was put in use to convey to the outside world the information that the employes had struck against a reduction, in wages. These dispatches were true, except in the following particulars : First, As we have before shown, there was no issue about wages. Second, There was no strike " on the part of the employes, they having been locked out " by the company which was the responsible party, it without just cause but simply as an exhibition of power, discharged an employ. We make this explanation that the public may know whore to praise or censure. The general public is opposed to strikes, and is prone to condemn employes every time a strike is inaugurated, therefore we can see no valid objection to the policy of calling the attention of the public to lock-outs inaugurated by employers.
strike of tbe Telegraphers.
It may not be amiss to devote a little attention to the trouble between the Western Union Telegraph Company and its employes. The trouble was national in its effects, and Pennsylvania lays no claim to praise nor deserves censure for the action of either of the parties, but it may be said that had all the telegraph emplo}' engaged in the strike, that the loss to the business interests of our State would have been second to that of no State in the Union.
136 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No, 7,
It may be well, therefore, for the Legislature to enact some law that in the future will not leave our merchants exposed to the uncertainties arising from the actions of those who control such an indispensable medium of communication.
The Western Union in Pennsylvania controls about thirty -four thousand five hundred miles of wire, connected with about one thousand one hundred and fifty stations, to maintain and operate which requires the emplo3'ment of about one thousand four hundred persons.
We can find no record of the number of messages credited to Pennsylvania, but the last annual report of the company for 1882 gives the total for entire line at about thirty-eight million.
Pennsylvania contains about one eleventh of all the company's stations, and famishes employment to about one thirteenth of the employes, which, if we consider the number of States and Territories crossed and recrossed by the three hundred and eighty thousand miles of wire controlled by this company, may give some idea of the number of messages that should be accredited to this State. The number of operators and line-men employed by the company amounts in all to about nineteen thousand, about twelve thousand of whom belong to the " Brotherhood," or to the Knights of Labor. The wages of the operators had been reduced about twenty -five per cent, during the past ten years. They were paid at the rate of so much per month, and the month included Sundays. The day men were required to work one Sunday in six, and the night men were allowed to be " off" one Sunday in eight. To remedy this, the " Brotherhood '' appointed a committee to wait upon the managers of the Western Union, but the said managers refused to treat with them, informing the committee that they were ready to treat with them as individuals, but not as representatives of any labor organization. The Brotherhood claimed that their right to organize was as justifiable as the right of organization claimed by the company; that the consolidation of telegraph companies under one head threatened to deprive the operators of a reasonable profit for their labor, by destroying by the process of centralization all markets which otherwise would have been open to them for the sale of their skill and labor. The company turned a deaf ear to all arguments, and, as a result of a failure to adjust the dispute, the operators at noon of July 18, 1888, abandoned their keys and instruments, and struck for a fifteen per cent, advance in wages and allowance for Sunday work. The strike of the operators was followed by that of the line-men, but the original intention of the Brotherhood of ordering out the operators in railroad service was abandoned. The strike lasted till August 17, when it terminated disastrously , the operators having been betrayed in some instances b3' some of their number returning to work, by reason of offers of personal advantage. In order to shield the returning operators from the reproaches of those who remained true to the Brotherhood, the managers of the company transferred them to localities where there was greatest pressure of business and little possibility of their treachery becoming known. The Brotherhood failed to receive the outside
Leg. Doc.j
Remabkb on Labor.
13t
pecuniary aid which had been offered in advance of the strike ; the execu- ' tive officers were hourly petitioned by impecunious operators, with large families and no income, to be allowed to return to their instruments. The managers of the company allowed insinuations to be made that all who returned should be liberally dealt with in regard to the matter both of wages and hours; and so, pressed and harassed on all sides, the order was given to resume work.
This has been called the greatest strike ever recorded in the United States. It settled one thing beyond dispute, viz : The power of the Telegraph Company to compel acceptance to its decrees. The right or the justness of the operators in demanding what they did was not settled, and we may, therefore, look forward to a greater struggle in the future. It would be impossible to estimate the losses caused by this strike, since the delay of one telegraph message might have brought ruin to him who depended upon its immediate transmission. Numerous actions to recover damages from the company have been entered in the several courts of the country. As these actions will throw new light on the question of losses, we prefer to wait till a time in the fUture before attempting to make an estimate.
PIttBliurfch DlBtrlct Miners. On May 1, 1883, the miners of the railroad mines in the Pittsburgh district quit work in resistance to a reduction in wages to three cents per bushel. The number of men affected by this suspension was about six thousand, and the number of collieries about fifty-four.
The Mines and Men.
The different mines of the district and the number of men that are employed are as follows, six of the mines being on the Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston, six on the Saw-Mill Run, two on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, sixteen on the Pan Handle, six on the Chartiers Valley, three on the Allegheny Valley, three on the Pennsylvania railroad, and twelve on the Baltimore and Ohio :
Mines. Courtney,
Black HiU,
Buffalo,
Cliff,
Keeling,
Castle Shannon, . . .
Fox,
Wettingel & Gormley, Enterprise,
Venture,
Eclipse,
Chess,
Montour,
Beach Cliff,
Men,
Mines. Phoenix, Bells,
Grant,
Camp Hill, . . . Fort Pitt, . . . Pittsburgh Union, Cherry, Jackson,
National
Oakdale, Willow Grove, . Laurel Hill, . . Brier Hill, , . Primrose, . . .
Men.
Internal Afpaies — Indubteial Statistics.
Men.
Men,
Alpsville, . . 150
Bl3ahe,
Shaner,
Armstrong,
Scott Haven,
Amieville,
Penn Gas No. 4, . .
West Newton sbaft, .
Youghiogheny, . . .
Waverly, .
Eureka,
Total men
Mines.
Midway,
Walnut Hill,
Glendale,
Nixon,
Glass,
Summer Hill,
Bower Hill,
Slope, , .
Hampton,
Dnquesne,
Sandy Creek,
Union,
Plum Creek,
Osceola,
The miners claimed that their labor did not net them more than about thirty-three bushels per day — run of the year — which, paid for at the proposed rate, would compel them to eke out a subsistence on ninety-nine cents day.
The operators claimed that the supply in coal was greater than the demand, and the unusual anxiety to secure orders had produced a decline in prices.
Conferences and arguments were of no avail, always ending the same, viz : The operators offering three cents per bushel for coal mined, and the miners demanding three cents and one half per bushel.
Mass-meetings among the miners were held at various places. The result of these meetings seemed to unify the miners in a determination to hold out against any and all reductions in wages.
On the part of the operators, some of them expressed a willingness to employ their miners at the old rates. Others among the operators declared their readiness to do so whenever the condition of trade would permit. It was resolved, finally, to test the matters in dispute under the "Voluntary Trade Tribunal Act." The miners were the first to petition for the tribunal, and the operators met them in the same spirit of candor by selecting the following-named gentlemen to act for them : W. A. Mcintosh, A. J. Shulte, D. Reisinger, W. Schlenderberg, and T. C. Dickson. The miners selected to represent them the following-named gentlemen : Abraham Winders, John Semmens, Augustus Steiner, James Nelson, and Ebenezer Oliver, miners.
The tribunal jointly petitioned the court of common pleas of Allegheny county, on May 19, for license to perform the duties required by the act, which license was granted. The first session of the tribunal, on motion of Mr. Steiner, adopted the following resolutions:
First. That the miners resume work at once with check-weighman at a price subject to the decision of the tribunal.
Second. That the decision of the tribunal as to the price of mining shall take effect from the time of resuming work.
As soon as the meeting adjourned and the result was made known, information of the nature of the foregoing resolutions was conveyed to the miners (many of whom had by this time abandoned their houses and were living in tents) asking their acquiescence. On receipt of this information the miners struck their tents and resumed work.
On Monday, May 21, the committee again met, and after considerable discussion adopted the following resolutions:
Eesolved, That a committee of four be appointed to visit the lake markets and ascertain the price at which Pittsburgh coal can be sold at Lake Erie ports, and the railroad freights on same from Pittsburgh. Also to ascertain the prices of other coals which come into competition with Pittsburgh, and the price paid for mining the same, and the cost of transportation to lake ports ; also such other information as said committee may deem useful for this tribunal in the settlement of the subjects before them.
Besolvedj That a committee of four be appointed to visit the operators in Pittsburgh and examine their books, with a view to ascertaining the prices at which coal has been sold during the past three years and the prices paid for mining during the same time. Also to investigate as to the cost of producing coal outside of the cost of mining.
Besolved, That said committees report to this tribunal at a meeting to be held at the call of the chairman.
The names of the mlneis' traveling committee, Abraham Winders and Ebenezer Oliver. Operators' committee, W. A. Mcintosh and D. Reisinger. Pittsburgh committee — miners, August Steiner and John Semmens; operators' committee, A. J. Schulte and W. Schlenderberg.
The lake region delegates started on Tuesday morning for Cleveland, Ohio. The Pittsburgh committee also commenced their labors.
The meeting adjourned to reconvene at the call of the chairman.
The adopting the above line of action by the tribunal indicated that they were determined to make an earnest effort to settle their differences among themselves without the necessity of callftg in the services of an umpire. But however laudable their motives, and however worthy of respect their intentions to settle all matters in dispute might have been, they were obliged to confess that the information they obtained but served to strengthen the feeling of partisanship and vices nataral to men in their position. In this strait they were obliged to seek the service of some unbiassed person to act as umpire. Their choice unanimously fell upon John R. McCune, Esq., of the Union National Bank of Pittsburgh.
We here present the article of agreement under which the decision was left with the umpire.
We, Augustus Stinner, Abraham Winders, John J. Semmens, John Parker, and W. J. Callahan, representatives of railroad coal miners of the one part, and D. Reisinger, Thomas C. Dickson, George W. Schlenderberg,
140 Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. fXo. 7,
A. J. Schulte, and William A. Mcintosh, representatives of railroad coal operators of the other part, under the provisions of " voluntary trade tribunal act of 1883," have submitted and referred, and do hereby submit and refer unto the umpirage and decision of John R. McCune, Esquire, the umpire of the trade tribunal for the fifth judicial district, the following subject matter, that is to say :
The question in dispute is the price of mining, the operators offering three cents per bushel, and the miners asking three and one half cents per bushel of seventy-six pounds, for all coal running over a one-and-one-halfinch screen, nothing to be paid for nut and slack. The umpire's decision shall be binding from May 21, 1883, until the 1st of October, 1883. His decision and determination upon the same shall be binding upon us, and final and conclusive upon the question thus submitted, and we pledge ourselves to abide by and carry out the decision of the umpire when made. Witness our hand and seal, this 23d day of June, A. D. 1883. (Signed)
D. Reisinoer, Augustus Stinnsr,
A. J. Schulte, Abraham Winders,
William. McIntosh, John S. Semmens,
Thomas C. Dickson, John Parker,
W. J. Callahan.
Mr. McGune, on being made acquainted with the action of the tribunal, agreed to accept the position of umpire, and in accordance herewith subscribed to the following oath :
John R. McC nne, being duly sworn, deposes and says that as umpire, chosen by the Railroad Coal Trade Tribunal, of the Fifth judicial district of Pennsylvania, organized under the Voluntary Trade Tribunal act of 1883, he will impartially, and according to the best of his ability, decide the question submitted to him in the foregoing paper, and this as he shall answer to Ood at the great day.
Sworn and subscribed before me, this 29th day of June, A. D. 1883.
A. M. Imbrie, Notary Public.
The nature and substance of the testimony are so well shadowed forth in the award of the umpire, that we herewith present a copy of that docu-
To the Coal Trade Tribunal of the Fifth judicial district of Pennsylvania :
Gentlemen: The question now pending before your tribunal, and submitted to me for my decision as umpire, relates solely to the price to be paid for mining from May 21, 1883, to October 1, 1883, the operators offering three cents, and the miners demanding three and one half cents per bushel of seventy-six pounds, for all coal running over a one and-one-half inch screen. Nothing to be paid for nut and slack.
In considering the question submitted for my decision, I have carefully examined the statistics relating to the cost of production, and prices obtained for coal sold during the past three years, which I have collated and submitted with the joint approval of both sides of the tribunal. The separate papers presented by the workmen on one side, and by the employers on the other side of the question at issue, have likewise been carefully examined in the light of oral arguments presented by various members of the tribunal at your last meeting.
All the information which I have been able to glean appears to demonstrate conclusively that the railroad coal trade is experiencing a period of depression, and affords but meager returns to those who are engaged in the business. Perhaps this condition may be largely due to over-production by manufacturers of iron and other commodities, which involve the consumption of large quantities of fuel, or it may be chargeable to the unusual conservatism now pervading the whole country, which has begotten extreme caution in buying, or possibly the lessened activity in the construction of railroads may bf. largely responsible for it; but whatever may be the cause, the fact of depression in what is known as railroad coal trade is unmistakable.
Reasons for the Award.
The supply is greater than the demand, and the unusual anxiety to secure orders has produced a decline in price. The idea that the reestablidhment and rigid adherence to former prices by coal producers would compel acquiescence on the part of purchasers is believed to be fallacious. The large fraction of the coal trade of the district which finds a market at lake ports has encountered a vigorous and growing competition from points less remote from that market, with correspondingly cheaper transportation, and where lower rates are paid for mining than prevail in the Pittsburgh district. Although the superiority of our coal is conceded, the great reduction in price which these coals are offered has attracted many buyers. In order to retain any considerable portion of this trade in the face of existing competition, concessions must be made from former prices. If this trade were abandoned, the fierce competition which would be inaugurated for the home trade must necessarily reduce prices so low as to drive a large part of employers and workmen to some more lucrative occupation.
The inexorable law of demand and supply will assert itself.
Assuming that reduced prices for coal in the near future are unavoidable, it remains to be determined upon whom this reduction shall fall.
No country can be regarded as truly prosperous when the mechanic and laborer are not fully rewarded for their skill and toil. And inasmuch as the miners have already submitted to one half cent reduction per bushel in their pay during the past year, a further abatement of another half cent would bear heavy upon them, and should not be demanded unless absolutely essential to the continuation of the business. On the other hand, capital will abandon a business that does not afford a reasonable profit for
142 Internal Affairs — Industrtal Statistics. [No. T ,
its use. Benevolence will not induce men to long continuance in business without reasonable profit.
The statistics furnished your umpire with the approval oi both sides of the Tnbunal, demonstrated that the coal business under existing conditions, with three and a half cents for mining, does not furnish that remuneration. The fact is unpleasant, but cannot be gainsaid, and the surrounding conditions imperatively demand concession on both sides in order to allow a continuance of the business.
The assertion that the cost of living is equally as great as when the price for mining was four cents is believed by the umpire to be a mistake. Rents may not be lower, but there has certainly been a reduction in the cost of provisions, clothing, and dry goods which will measurably mitigate the hardship involved in the reduction of wages.
It is the opinion of your umpire that the amounts specified for dead work, royalty, and car service in the summarized statements of your statistics may be somewhat reduced, and that the operators may pay three and a quarter cents and continue their business at a small profit. The returns at present will doubtless be meager and unsatisfactory to the operators, but it is a time when business usually yields reduced profits, and it is hoped that an abundant harvest of cereals will soon be assured and beget a general improvement in trade which will be fruitful to all who are interested in this trafiSc.
The decision of your umpire is that the price paid for mining should be three and a quarter cents per bushel of seventy-six pounds for all coal running over a one-and-a-half-inch screen, and th<)t nothing be paid for nut coal
and slack.
John R. McCdne,
Umpire, Pittsburgh, July S, 1888.
On the part of the miners the above award met with ready and universal acceptance. The same may be said of most of the operators, a few only showing a disposition to refuse to abide by the decision of the umpire. Work was resumed at the rate fixed by the umpire, but as the decision was binding only to the 1st of October, 1883, it was expected that the month of September would inaugurate a trouble concerning wages among the miners that would demand the greatest prudence und finest diplomacy to prevent a strike or a lock-out after October 1. It appears that the rates for mining have been from a fraction of a cent to a full cent higher in the fall and winter months. On this occasion it was determined by the operators that the rates for fall and winter mining should be the same as that fixed by the umpire for mining during the summer season, viz : 3 J cents per bushel. The miners demanded 3f cents per bushel after October 1. In order to avoid any outbreak it was deemed advisable to present the matter to Mr. John R. McCune, the official umpire, who, after listening to the parties representing operators and miners, respectively, and, on full examination of all
data and statistics relative to the subject-matter in dispute, made his award in September, allowing tlie miners cents per bushel for coal miued by them from October 1 to April 1, 1884. This award, like the first, was accepted by the parties concerned, and, in consequence of the decision having been given before October 1, not a day's labor was lost to employer or employ.
In perusing the accounts of the various labor troubles — their origin, progress, and results — we find great consolation in being able to show that there was less loss of time and money to both operators and miners, less crimination and recrimination, and more harmony and sound business sense than there could possibly have been had the prejudices of the parties in interest prevented them from seeking the aid of the Yoluntar' Trade Tribunal act, which now that it has been successfully tried, should encourage employers and employes alike to seek the benefit of its provisions in the settlement of disputes arising from the question of wages.
Fourth Pool Coal District, Mononnaliela River.
The miners of the Fourth Pool of the Monongahela river coal district were about to inaugurate a strike for an advance of one fourth of a cent per bushel, from two and three quarters to three cents, which was to take place on the ITth of November, 1883. On the 15th of the month, the general ofiScers of the Miners' Association met the operators, and it was agreed at the meeting that the miners might continue to Tf ork on and after the 15 th, ''subject to arbitration." The board, which was constructed and known as the " Coal Trade Tribunal of the Monongahela River," convened on the 23d of November, and again on the 4th of December, and finally adjourned on the 13th of the latter month, having agreed to disagree, and by mutual agreement submitted the question in dispute to an umpire, in the person of Joseph D. Weeks, Secretary of the Western Iron and Steel Association, who rendered his decision December 22, which reads as follows :
Pittsburgh, December 22 1883. To the Ooal Trade Tribunal of the Monongahela River :
Gentlemen: I acknowledge the receipt (December 17) of the letter of your assistant secretary, notifying me of the failure of your Tribunal to reach an agreement upon the question before it, and submitting the same to me for decision. I also acknowledge the receipt on the 18th instant of the testimony taken before the Tribunal.
The question submitted for decision is as follows :
" What is an equitable price for mining coal in the Fourth Pool on the Monongahela river as compared with the price paid in the Second Pool?"
I need scarcely state that the question you have asked me to decide is not whether two, two and a half, or three cents per bushel shall be paid for mining coal in the Fourth Pool, but how much less per bushel shall be paid for mining in the Fourth Pool than in the Second. It was conceded in 3'our discussions that the relative conditions of the two pools justify a difference in the rates. The question is, what shall it be ? The claim of the
144 Internal Affaiks — Indubtbial Statistics. [No. 7,
member of your Tribunal representing the operators is that it should be one cent a bushel ; of the representatives of the miners that it should be one half a cent.
For quite a number of years the difference between the rates of mining in the two pools has been one half of a cent per bushel, and there is nothing in the testimony to indicate that this difference has been regarded as unjust by either party until within a very recent period. In view of this fact, it is clearly incumbent on the party asking a change to show by affirmative testimony that such changes have taken place in the relative conditions of the two pools as to justify a change in the relative rates of mining. The testimony taken shows no sufficient reason for making such a change. I am, therefore, compelled to award that the price of mining coal in the Fourth Pool of the Monongahela river shall remain one half a cent per bushel leas than the price paid in the Second Pool.
Respectfully,
Joseph D. Weeks,
Umpire.
There are twenty-two mines in the Fourth Pool, at which about two thousand men are employed. A convention was held January 1, 1884, at Wood's Run, Washington county, attended by representatives from each mine in the pool, for the purpose of discussing the situation, and it was decided that they would stand out for the three cents fixed by the umpire. A few mines continued to work at the old rates of two and three quarter cents per bushel, which caused some agitation among the miners during the month of January, who made strenuous efforts to have the fixed price of the award paid uniformly in all the mines. We have no evidence, however, that a strike occurred.
Du Bois, Clearfield County.
A strike occurred at this place during the year 1883, in which the employes of sixteen mines were engaged, numbering in all about twenty-five hundred persons, which lasted about eight weeks at some of the works, and about twelve weeks at others. In order that the difficulty may be better understood in all its bearings, it is necessary that we go back in the history of these mines a few years.
For some months prior to the 1st of June, 1880, the miners in Du Bois were receiving fifty cents per ton of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds run of mine, while the miners at Bethlehem and Reynoldsville were receiving fifty-four cents per ton of two thousand pounds screened coal. In the spring of J 880 Bell, Lewis & Yates commenced the erection of a large number of coke ovens, also the making of considerable changes and improvements in and around the mines, which necessitated a suspension of mining operations for several weeks. When they were ready to suspend for their own convenience, they put up notices notifying the miners that on and after the 1st of June, 1880, that the price they would pay for mining
would be thirty-six cents per ton of two thousand pounds ran of mine coal, which price they claimed would be equivalent with the price paid at Reynoldsville and Bethlehem, allowing Reynoldsville and Bethlehem one third for nut and slack. The Du Bois men struck, and, of course, the company were satisfied that they should, as they had, from necessity as before stated, to suspend. The Du Bois men asked Beynoldsville men to quit work and demand fifty cents per ton run of mine; this they absolutely refased to do, saying they were satisfied with their method of mining, and the price paid them for it. Du Bois men, seeing the uselessness of .trying to bold out, accepted the reduction on the 1st of July, after being out one month. So the operators made a good investment on their own necessary suspension. At this settlement the company claimed to be perfectly satisfied, i. e., if their superintendents told the truth. They allowed that there would be no more trouble on account of the difference in prices between Reynoldsville and Du Bois, as the rates of prices were then equal, and in case of an advance being given, each should advance in equal ratio.
The men worked on quietly untilthe middle of January, 18S1, at which time they concluded (in the meantime the price of coal had gone up in market) to demand an advance of fourteen cents per ton. And after a suspension of two weeks they accepted nine cents' advance as a compromise, making the price paid at Du Bois forty-five cents per ton run of mine, and at Reynoldsville sixty-seven cents screened coal. In May, 1881, Bell, Lewis & Yates notified their men of a reduction of nine cents, bringing the price again down to thirty-six cents per ton. Their men struck at once against the unjust imposition, and the Sandy Lick Coal Company, either from policy or a sense of justice, and certainly for reasons best known to themselves, refused to ofier any reduction to their men. Consequently, after a suspension of three weeks the company withdrew the notice of reduction and resumed work at the forty-five cents per ton. In September of the same year, the men finding that the conditions of the coal markets were such as to entitle them in justice to a further advance, demanded ten cents and received five cents' advance, bringing the price in Du Bois up to fifty cents per ton run of mine, and seventy-five cents per ton screened coal at Reynoldsville. Now we were back to the old prices of May, 1880, in Du Bois, with the addition of having two thousand pounds for a ton instead of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds, as it was at that time, and the price at Reynoldsville was at this time twenty-one cents higher than it was on the first of January, 1881. Up to this time the price paid at Reynoldsville seemed to be quite satisfactory to the Rochester Company. Consequently, we had concluded, as matters then stood, that Reynoldsville prices would not be again used as an excuse for the purpose of reducing tlie Du Bois men. But we were soon to be undeceived, for in the early part of the year 1 882, A.J. McHugh, superintendent for the Rochester Company, told some of the men at the mine that it was impossible for Bell, Lewis & Yates to compete in market with the Rey- 10 Leg. Doc. No. 7.
146 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
noldsvilie companies, as they — the Reynoldsville companies — were getting their coal mined at the rate of thirty-seven and one half cents per ton rnn of mine while the Rochester Company were paying fifty cents per ton. When asked for an explanation, he claimed that one half the coal in the shape of nut and slack went through the screens instead of one third that used to go through the same screens at the time of the adjustment of prices in 1880. He continued to harp on that string and to threaten his men that if they did not get the Reynoldsville men up to them in price he would reduce-them by putting them on screened coal. A delegate convention was held in September, 1882, at Reynoldsville. The Du Bois delegates tried hard to convince the Reynoldsville delegates that they were working below the price paid at Du Bois. But the Reynoldsville men plainly told the Du Bois men that they were perfectly satisfied as they were and would ask no changes of their employers. So matters stood, with an occasional growl from McHugh, until the first of August, 1883, when the Fairmount Company, at Bethlehem, Clarion county, who had up to this time been mining run of mine coal at their No. I mine, long Run, and paying forty-six and two thirds cents per ton, put in a back-action screen and notified their men that the price would be seventy cents per ton over said screen. Some of your readers may not understand or know what a back-action screen means. For their information I will explain. The upper part is a chute without screen bars, and pitches at an angle of about forty-eight decrees, at the lower end of which there is an iron vei*tical back, then there is a small hole or opening for the coal to fall through ; after falling several feet it strikes on the top of the screen bars which lie in an opposite direction and at an angle of thirty-five degrees. These bars are in three sections of eight feet each, and the lower end of first section there is a dnip of eleven inches, at the lower end of the second section there is a drop of eight and one half inches, at the lower end of the third section there is a drop of five and one half inches. The coal when dumped into the chutes rushes down and strikes the vertical back ; if any lumps stand the ci*ash without breaking, they block up the opening, the same being designedly small; they are then pushed through with a long handspike. The coal then drops perpendicularly on the top of the screen bars and runs slowly into the cars. The object of this arrangement is, of course, to rob the miner. For no matter how large he may send his coal out of the mine, it must pass through the above process, 'and he only gets paid for what little does not break small enough to go through the screen. The company can and does sell the nut, and they manufacture the slack into coke, and they get both nut and slack mined for nothing. The men at Long Run mine refused to accept the change and demanded forty-six and two thirds cents per ton, their old price, and that they be allowed to put a check-weighman on the tipple to see that they got justice in their weight. This action of the men so incensed Mr. Shaffer, the superintendent, that he absolutely refused both demands. The news of this man Shaffer's action caused considerable excitement
all through the low grade district, and on the 1st of September an aict of Assembly making it obligatory for mine operators to pay miners for all merchantable coal mined by them whether in the shape of lamp, nut, or slack ; also compelling operators to allow check-weigh men on the tipples came in force.
The miners employed by Powers. Brown & Co. and the Hamilton Coal Company, at Reynoldsville, demanded that their employers should comply with the law and pay them for all merchantable coal mined by them. This the companies absolutely refused to do, law or no law. They did not deny that they were getting their coal mined cheaper than the Du Bois operators were, but claimed that the Du Bois operators were making more money out of their companies' stores than what made up the difference in the price of mining, and as they had no stores at Reynoldsville, but allowed their men to buy their goods where they choose, that their men were better off than the Du Bois men were ; and that if they were compelled to pay the same price that Bell, Lewis & Yates were paying, that the fact that the Du Bois companies profited so much through the store that they would still be able to undersell the Reynoldsville operators in the markets. Consequently the men struck, for in their ignorance they believed that corporations, like individuals, were obliged to obey the laws of Pennsylvania. So matters stood for some time. One morning A. J. McHugh called the attention of some of his men at the mine to the fact that Reynoldsville men were out against the screens, and told them that if Reynoldsville men were successful in abolishing the screens all would be ; but if the Reynoldsville men were defeated and had to return to work over the screen, that he could assure them they would have to mine screen coal too. Reynoldsville men, hearing of McHugh 's threat, demanded that Du Bois men should quit work immediately, or they would return to work and bring Du Bois men down to where they were, claiming as an excuse for their conduct that Du Bois operators were filling a part of the contracts belonging to Reynoldsville. The Du Bois men, seeing no other way out of the dilemma, suspended work. They were well satisfied with the price they were receiving and asked no advance. By suspending they no doubt played into the hands of the enemy; for in a few weeks after the suspension took place Mr. Bell, of the Rochester company, stated (according to the Buffalo Express) that he had been waiting for some time for an opportunity to reduce his men. But he would not have succeeded so easily in doing so had not some of Mc- Hugh's black-leg friends gone in to work; and some of the miserable miscreants at Reynoldsville, who were chiefly instrumental in getting the men out in the first place, had signed an iron-clad contract and returned to work, thus causing our defeat at a time when victory was about to perch on our banners ; consequently the Du Bois men had to accept a reduction of twenty per cent., and apply as strangers for their employment. And then very many of the men who were emplojed at the Rochester mine previous to the suspension were refused, presumably for the reason that their store
J4S Internal Affairs — Indgrtrial Statistics. [No. T,
bills were not high enough while employed by the company to satisfy the avariciousness of their employers. But be it said to the credit of the Sandy Lick company that although they followed in the tracks of the Rochester company in the matter of reduction, they employed all of their old hands who applied for work.
Glasi Industry.
This industry has suffered great loss during the past year by reason of the non-concurrence of the employers and emplo3-s in the matter of wages, extra service, and the regulation of apprentices.
The glass industry we will here treat of under two separate heads, one known to the trade as toindoW'glaMs manufacturers, the other as fiint-gloBS manufacturers each with its separate organization of employers and employes.
It had been the custom in the window-glass industries to hold a conference during the month of August to arrange the wage rate for the succeeding year — the working year consisting of ten months ; the factories, on account of extreme heat during the months of July and August, remaining closed and unproductive.
The wages of the employs has been governed by a scale agreed upon between them and their employers, each party chosing representative men with full power to act on all questions pertaining to changes in the wage schedule, provided, of course, that nothing arbitrary or out of the proper sphere of their duties was subject-matter for conference. The wage rate has heretofore been adjusted in accordance with a scale which included ua2-ity, number of square inches and strength either double or single. We append the scale adopted by the National Window-Glass- Workers' Organisation, July 14, 181, reference to which will enable the reader to more fully comprehend the ratio of reduction insisted on by the employers. This year, by mutual consent of Isaac Cline, the president of the Window-Glass Association, and James A. Chambers, the chairman of the manufacturers' conference committee, the meeting usually held in August was postponed until September 22. This postponement was satisfactory to the employes, as they did not feel unduly anxious about the question of a wage re-adjustment or at lea.U did not wish to show too great an anxiety. To the manufacturers the postponement was all that could have been desired, since it enabled them to send a represf'native to Belgium to negotiate for the purchase of all available glass and its exportation to this country, the better to enable them to fill prior contracts in case the emergency caused by a disagreement between them and their employes would cause a decrease in stock of the kind, amount, and value contracted for by wholesale jobbers. September 22 the conference committee met. The manufacturers were represented by James A. Chambers, (chairman,) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, N. C. De Pauw, of New Albany, Indiana, T. D. Catlin, Ottawa, Illinois, Thomas Wightman and Joseph A. Stewart, both of Pittsburgh, Penn-
Remabkh on Labor.
sylvania. The employes were reiiresented by Allen M. Hammett, (chairmaD,) Andrew Burtt, John H. Fees, John G. Schlicker, and James Campbell, all of Pittsburgh, Pa. The schedule of wages adopted in 1881 was presented by the employes' committee with no demand for an increase. The manufacturers, through their committee, insisted on a reduction, which we here present, together with the wage schedule of 1881.
Adopted by the National Window- Olass- Workers Association July 14,1881.
s
.
SscoND Quality
Square Inch.
Per box feet
6X 8 to 12X18
First quality.
6x 8 to 8X10
8X11 to 10X16
10X16 to 12X18
12X19 to 16X24
16x25 to 24X30
24x81 to 24X86
24X87 to 26X40
26X41 to 28X44
28X45 to 32x40
D.S.
6X 8to 8X10 8XU to 10X16 10x16 to 12X18 12X19 to 16X24 16x25 to 24X36 24X37 to 30X41 30X42 to 36X61 36x52 to 89X60 40X60 to 40X65 40x66 to 40X70 All above.
Square Inch.
'400 to
Z
u
Third Quality — Third Quality.
8x10 first quality, into 8X 10 to 16x24. Third quality, 8x 10 first quality.
And upwards.
Fourth Quality — Single.
8x10 second quality, into 8x10 to 12x18. Fourth quality, 8X10 second quality.
And upwards.
Single strength gatherers are to Jbe counted at 65 per cent, on what blowers wages amount to. Gatherers of double strength shall receive 52 per cent, of blowers' wages for 40X60 and above, and 65 per cent, of blowers' wages for 89X60 and less. The price for double strength cutting shall be 40 cents per box of 100 feet. Single strength cutting 28 cents per box of 100 feet. Flatteners shall receive 25 per cent, on what the blowers make — to be counted after all the percentages the blower is entitled to are added. In booking all sizes shall be booked upward where the surface inches exceed the stated size in the bracket below.
Reduction demanded : SO per cent, on double strength all around, cutters and all ; 16 per cent on single strength all around, cutters and all. Flat-
150 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [Xo.
tenets to receive 40 per cent, of a reduction on double strength and 26 per cent, off for single ; abolishment of the forty-eight box limit. Gatherers to carry out rollers and dip out pots. The apprentice system to be entirely under the control of the manufacturers.
The reasons assigned by the manufacturers in support of the reduction were: money in the business;" "reduction of tariff duties;" "foreign competition ;" " large stocks on hand ;" " employes make too much moneymore than any other class of skilled mechanics;" dictatorial spirit and arbitrary laws of the Window-Glass- Workers' Association."
In reply, the employes contended, "There is money in the business, as shown by census report of 1880, each establishment in the business making a profit of over $15,000. Since 1880, American manufacturers have added two hundred and eight pots and $300,000,000 in additions and improvements, and yet only supplied seventy-two per cent, of the home con. sumption, while in 1880 they supplied seventy per cent., and have not kept pace with the increased consumption, as they lost two hundred and ninety, one thousand boxes in the idleness consequent on the strike in New Jersej' (lasting from September to March, 1882-3.) There has been no reduction in the tariff on D. S., (double strength,) where the largest redaction is demanded, as the increase in the weight of boxes under the new schedule more than balances the decrease in price. Foreign competition amounts to little, as imports since 1880 have only increased from one million four hundred and twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and thirty-five fifty-foot boxes to one million six hundred and ninety-eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six fifty-foot boxes, or two hundred and seventy thousand seven hundred and twenty-one fifty-foot boxes, while consumption has increased during the same period from two million three hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and one to three million one hundred and forty-four thousand four hundred and sixty-nine, or seven hundred and eighty-four thousand one hundred and sixty-eight fifty-foot boxes. Union workers are more profitable, because forced by our laws and the imposition of heavy fines to be attentive to their work, and no factory in this country employing non-union workmen (only four in number) exceeds in production the Association limit of forty-eight one hundred-foot boxes, (four thousand eight hundred square feet) per pot."
In the matter of apprentices and the limitation of the same, it was claimed by the manufacturers that their right to control the hiring of apprentices was as valid and equitable as the right exercised by them when hiring skilled workmen, and that the action of the employ (s in claiming the right to control the number of apprentices was arbitrary and without the shadow of right.
The employes claimed that the apprentice system, in the hands of the employers, had been used to over-crowd the skilled labor market, thereby tending to reduce the wages of all the employes and also to produce an in. ferior quality of glass. The employes further contend that for the eight
hundred and fifty-four working pots, as estimated by the manufacturers, that there was one apprentice allowed by the employes for each and every there at work, and that now there are one thousand one hundred and forty-three apprentices apportioned among the four trades combined in the manufacture of window-glass.
It will also be observed that the manufacturers demanded that the gatherers, should, in addition to their other duties, carry out rolls and dip ootpots, this demand being based on the assumption that gatherers were but tenders and common laborers rather than skilled mechanics — to which the employes made answer as follows :
The extra work the manufacturers demand of our members to perform is ' dipping out pots and carrying out rollers.' To make the matter plain to the public, it means that a gatherer of glass shall dip or ladle out the surplus glass in cases of broken pots, which is not a part of glass blowing, but, if anything, the work of a day-laborer. The carrying out of rollers means that the gatherer shall, after working eight or nine hours, carry' from the factory to the flattening-house all the cylinders produced in the day's work. As the flattening-house is often a distance of two and three hundred feet ftrom the factory, this would compel the hard-worked, fatigued, and perspiring gatherer to make twenty or twenty-five trips of the distance stated, and it is needless to point out that during the winter months no human being should be subjected to any such health-destroying and death-producing exposure. As this work is now performed by two boys, whose wages amount to eight dollars per week, is it not astonishing that any cultured, refined Christian gentleman can be found who will insist that ten men shall carry out their rollers through the raw, biting winter winds, no matter how many colds are caught, how many consumptives made, how many constitutions are ruined, or how many glass-workers find premature graves? Again, it is stated that there are only three trades — that gathering is no trade, and that the designation Hending boy' proves such assertion. The absurdity of such a statement is readily seen when a bit of history is called in for an explanation. The time was when a man performed all the work now divided among the four branches of the trade. He gathered his own glass, blew his cylinder, flattened his sheets, and cut his own glass. That was when the glass business was in its infancy, and the boy, or ' snapper,' as he was called, simply tended on the blower, that is, he put up the pipes, watered the block, and held the pole under the pipe during the ' opening ' of the roller. That work was usually performed by a boy from ten to fifteen years of age, and be was, as designated, a ' tending boy.' At that time the largest roller blown was what is known in the trade as a four lighter,' requiring a lump of glass weighing from three to four pounds, and the cylinder containing three hundred and twenty square inches. The average weekly product then was from fifteen to twenty-one boxes per week. At present, the average size of the rollers blown is from 38 by 56 to 40 by 70, the former size containing 2,120, and the latter square inches.
152 Internal Affairs — Indcstrtal Statistics. [No. t,
and requiring a lump of glass weighing from eighteen to twenty pounds in single, to from eighteen to forty-five pounds in double strength. The average weekly product now is about forty-five boxes. The gatherer of to-day is no more to be compared to the tending boy of the past, than is the stage-coach of the fifteenth to the lightning express train of the nineteenth century."
The several questions in dispute were argued ably by the gentlemen of the conference committee, but without coming to an agreement. As a last resort to prevent a lock-out, Mr. James Campbell, of the employes' committee, proposed that the matters in dispute submitted to arbitration under the Voluntary Trade Tribunal act." To this proposition the manufacturers would not agree, and the result of the conference was a total failure to agree, and from that time until the present the employes have been idle ; fortunately for them, however, they were well organized, intelligent, and backed by a full exchequer. The manufacturers had, at a meeting held at Long Branch July 11, l83, resolved, by a vote of thirteen to eight, '' That the treasurer be authorized to pay a sum not exceeding thirty dollars per man for each blower or gatherer brought over from Europe after August i, lS8f, provided the same be employed by some member of this asso dation and provided (hey are not workmen who have been in this country within the twelve months latt paat. This plan for obtaining workmen did not succeed, the manufacturers finding it more profitable to import the glass with which to fill their orders.
The following table will show the estimated losses and the number of employe's and factories affected by the lock-out :
Estimated loss to employes from September 22, 1882, to January 1,1884, $1,420,000
Estimated loss in value product, same time, 3,114,000
Total, $4,634,000
Number of skilled employ's affected, 1,700
Number of unskilled employe's affected, 500
Total, 2,200
Number of factories affected, (furnaces,) fifty-nine, distributed as follows : Pennsylvania, thirty-one; Ohio, five ; Illinois, five; New York, thirteen ; Indiana, four ; Michigan, one.
On December 18, 1883, the conference committee met again, the manufacturers making the folloyving proposition :
A reduction of thirty per cent, on double-strength blowers; a reduction of fifteen percent, on single-strength blowers; single-strength gatherers, sixty-five per cent, of blower's wages ; large double-strength gatherers, fifty-two and one half per cent, of blower's wages ; small doublestrength gatherers, fifty-five per cent, of blower's wages; flatteners, twenty-two
and one-half per cent, of blower's wages; single strength cutters, twentytwo cents per box ; double-strength cutters, thirty-three cents per box ; abolition of all restrictions on product, mode of working, and employment of labor."
The committee on the part of the employes refused to accept the conditions proposed, but stated that they would agree to sign a contract to resume work immediately on last year's wages, the offer to hold good till January 1, 1884. We have not learned that anj' further efforts have been made towards a settlement of the dispute, and from present appearances the outlook is unfavorable. From the best returns we have been able to obtain, the manufacturers will be short nearly eight hundred thousand boxes of glass for the business year of ) 883. It will be observed that one of the reasons for the reduction in wages and increase of hours was the Marge stock on hand," as stated by the manufacturers. The employes denied this, and in proof of that denial point to the fact that the manufacturers were compelled to import glass to fill orders, and are now very short in stock. While it is to be regretted that these troubles were not settled, yet there is this pleasing feature attending the whole continuance of the lock-out, viz : That peace and harmony reigned supreme ; there was no attempt at disturbance nor intimidation of any kind practiced.
On the 30th of Januarj 1 184, the wage committees of the Window-Glass Manufacturers and the Window-Glass- Workers' Associations re-convened in the office of Thomas Wightman, on Wood street, and at one o'clock agreed upon a compromise. There were present the manufacturers' committee, Messrs. James A. Chambers, Thomas Wightman, Mr. Stewart, of Stewart, Estep & Co. ; N. T. DePauw, of New Albany, Indiana, and G. T. Catlin of Ottawa, Illinois. The glassblowers' committee consisted of Messrs. llammitt, Campbell, Slicker, Burt, and one other. The committees met with the full determination of reaching a settlement, and a number of propositions were made by each, and finally they agreed that the wages should be based on the scale of prices for selling window glass ; that is, if prices increase, the wages are to be increased accordingly, and if prices go down, a reduction will be made.
The AoaEfcMENT
Is that the workmen are to receive last jear's wages (union; up till the Ist of April. On the ist of April, if any change in the discounts take place, an advance or reduction, as the case may be, the workers to be notified officially, and the same only to last for four weeks. Hence, every four weeks the wages will be regulated by the following sciile : When glass sells at 60 and 20 per cent, discount, the wages are to be the same as paid last year, and as now demanded by the Glass- Workers' Union ; when glass sells at 60, 10, and 5 per cent, discount, the workmen are to receive 5 per cent, of an advance; when it sells at 60 and 10 per cent, discount, the workmen are to be allowed an advance of 10 per cent.; when it sells at 70 per cent.
164 Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No.
discount, a 5 per cent, redaction on the workmen's wages will be made, and and when it sells at 70 and 5 per cent., a discount of 10 per cent, will be made.
The Limit Rule.
Instead of the limit being forty-eight boxes to the blower, it has been placed at forty-eight boxes to the furnace. Heretofore the pay for all the blower made over the forty-eight-box limit went to the association. Now, if the blower makes over forty-eight boxes he receives extra wages, and the association is paid the same amount. By this arrangement the manufacturer will pay double price for all glass made over the forty-eight-box limit. The apprenticeship question, over which there has been so much discussion, was not acted upon. The manufacturers accepted the matter just as it stands.
The agreement is to hold good until the 1st of July, 18S4, the close of the blast.
After the conference adjourned the Window-Glass- Workers' Association held a meeting at their hall on the South Side, and heartily indorsed the agreement.
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TEMPOR AEY METHODS OF TREATING INJURED PERSONS UNTIL MEDICAL AID CAN BE PRO- CURED.
In the report for 1882, of Gwilym M. Williams, mine inspector for the middle district, Luzerre and Carbon counties, appeared a very interesting article on the First Aid to the Injured," accompanied with a cut by Prof. Esmarch, entitled The First Bandage," which we deem of sufficient importance to reproduce for the benefit of miners in the bituminous coai region, and to those employed in other branches of industry where men are liable to accident.
The Ambulance l*aw.
At all the collieries of this district stretchers have been procured, as required by this law, and are kept at convenient points near the mines ; and at nearly all the collieries where men who reside at long distances away from the mines are employed, ambulances of the description given in the act have been procured. There are fourteen of these in the district altogether, which are kept at various points convenient to each group of collieries. This act has been the means of causing what was really needed at the coal mines to be procured, and through it the almost cruel practice of conve3dng injured persons home in rough coal wagons has already become obsolete.
First Aid to tbe Iiured.
During the last two or three years I have been deeply impressed with the thought that a little more education regarding the best manner of treating injured persons, before and while being removed to their homes, and until the arrival of a physician, would contribute much towards alleviating the pains of those unfortunate fellows who are injured. I have no doubt that many persons' sufferings are intensified and prolonged, and most probably some die, from not having proper treatment immediately upon receiving the injuries. The prevailing custom when a man is injured is to remove him home at once and send for a surgeon. No examination is made of the nature of his injury. A vein or artery may be cut, but it is not discovered until the surgeon arrives, and perhaps when it is too late to save the unfortunate
person's life. A limb may be broken, and the broken ends of the
bones are left to pierce the flesh at every step while he is being conveyed home. To many poor fellows with broken limbs, their shifting in and out
of cars, incident to their removal home, has been a severe ordeal, intensely
painful. The miners generally are willing and ready to make any sacrifice for the comforts of injured comrades, and endeavor to handle them with
166 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
care and tenderness ; but they do not know anything concerning the best manner of treating the injuries of the person so as to aid his recovery and relieve his sufferings during removal.
I think if the physicians of mining districts could be induced to take interest in this humane question, and give free lectures to the people connected with coal mines, instructing them in the best manner of treating injured persons prior to the arrival of a surgeon, they would contribute greatly to allay the torturing pains of the unfortunate fellow-beings who are the victims of mine accidents.
The late Peter Shepherd. M. B., who was killed at Isandula January 22, 1879, whilst endeavoring to save a wounded soldier, prepared a concise little book of instructions on "Aids for First Help to the Injured," and it is published by the St. John Ambulance Association of London ; and also a pocket aide-memoire, from which the following is taken, being applicable to the cases of injury frequently met with in mines :
lYoundsBleedliiji ftont Arteries.
Head — Pad and bandage the wound.
Neck, — Place thumb in wound and press backwards against spine.
Arm-pit Press thumb into wound, second person to press main artery
behind middle of collar-bone.
Upper and forearm. — Press with Gngers, or apply tourniquet to inside of upper arm. When below elbow, place pad in hollow of bend of elbow, and bend fore-arm against upper arm.
Palm of hand. — Bandage hand closed over a piece of stick, or press arteries at front of wrist.
Thi'gh Hand pressure at center of fold of groin, or by tourniquet on
inside of thigh.
J7am, or back of knee-jnnL — Same as for thigh, or press by hand or tourniquet in ham above wound.
Front or back of leg. — Press by hand or tourniquet at back of knee-joint, or double the leg up against a pad placed in the ham.
Instep — Pressure to the middle of front of ankle.
Sole of fool. — Bandage with pads behind ankle bones and middle of instep.
A tourniquet can be made by placing a stone over the main artery, tying a handkerchief loosely over it, and then twisting it tight with a stick.
Blood from an artery is bright red, and flows in jets.
Blood from a vein is dark bluish, and flows slowly.
The flow in arteries is from heart to head, hands and feet.
The flow in veins is just the reverse.
Bleeding from veins (for all situations.) — Eleyate the part and apply pad and bandage.
Flesh wounds. — Wash, stop bleeding, flx parts in natural position without delay.
Bruised wounds. — Wash, apply wet cloths; if about head, poultices.
Broken Bonest
Lower jaw Bandage the lower to upper jaw with handkerchief.
Collar-hone, — Place pad in arm-pit, bandage elbow to side, sling fore-arm.
Rihs. — Apply bandage six inches wide, eight yards long, round chest.
Upper arm. — Apply roller bandage to hand and fore-arm, splints to back and front, sling fore-arm.
Fore-irm. — Apply padded splints to back and front, from hand to elbow, holding the arm extended with thumb pointing upwards.
Hand Apply splint bandage, and support in sling.
Thigh, — Apply a long splint from armpit to outside of heel, and a short one from back to knee on inside, and bandage.
Leg, — Apply splints inside and outside, and bandage.
8ign of broken bones, — Motion at the part; crackling sensation on moving the broken ends ; alteration in shape ; often shortening. Always apply splints before lifting or carrying. Dangers are of pushing the ends through flesh, blood-vessels, nerves, or internal organs (lungs.) Splints may be formed of soldiers' weapons — rifles, swords, and scabbards — umbrellas, walking-sticks, broom-handles, drills, folded papers, &c. ; bandages from handkerchiefs, sheets, and shirts.
Etmarch's Triangular Bandage.
This bandage is a triangular piece of unbleached calico; the lower border measures four feet, and the two side borders two feet ten inches each. It can be applied in thirty-two different ways ; it answers every purpose for temporary dressings; and the means of making one are always at hand, namely : a pocket-handkerchief cut diagonally in two. Its application is so easy that a look at the accompanying diagram will enable any one to use it in the manner indicated in the illustrations.
Legislative Document, No. 7.
Reports
Of The
Mine Inspeotoes
Of The
Bitdminous Coal Fields.
Bituminous Coal Districts.
The following are the counties, or parts thereof, comprising the respective mining districts of the bituminous coal fields of the State, arranged in accordance to the law by the board of examiners.
The following are the names of the board of examiners: William A. Edebum, J. Sutton Wall, John Ditchman, John Mitchell and John Hellwig.
The boundaries of the several districts, with the names and addresses of the mine inspectors, are as follows :
Fikst Disteict.
That part of Alleghent and Beaver counties lying south and west of THE Ohio, Mononoahela, and Yoi.ohioqheny rivers, and that PART of Westmoreland lying between the Mononoahela AND YOUGHTOGHBNY RIVERS, AND THE COUN- TIES OF Greene and Washington.
JAMBB IiOUTTIT, Inspector,
MonoDgAhela City, Washington county.
Second Disteict.
That part of the county of Allegheny lying east of the Allegheny,
monongahela, and youghiogheny rivers, and all that part of
the county of westmoreland lying east of the
yoighioghbny river.
JOHN J. DAVIS, InspMtor,
la Leg. Doc No. T.
2a Intern Aii Affairs — Industrial St ati8TIc& [No. Y,
i THIRD DISTRICT.
i That part op Beaver county lying north of the Ohio river, and the
I counties op Butler, Cameron, Clarion, Crawford, Elk, Erie,
I F0RF8T, Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Merger,
Venango, and Warren.
THOMAS ADAMS, Inspector.
Wheeler P. O., Meroer cuunty.
Fourth District.
The counties of Blair, Bradford, Centre, Clinton, Huntingdon, Lycoming, Sullivan, Potter, and Tioga.
ROGKR HAMPSON, Inspector,
Towanda, Bradford county.
Fifth District.
The counties op Bedford, Fayette, and Somerset.
AUGUSTUS STINNSR, Inspector,
ConnelibYiile, Fayette county.
Sixth District.
That part of Allegheny county lying north op the Ohio and Allegheny RIVERS, AND THE COUNTIES OF ARMSTRONG, CaMBRIA,
Clearfield, and Indiana.
JOHN M. IV ATT, Inspector,
Tarentum, Allegbeuy oouiity.
ar
er
Id to m
:>n a
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of
.a.
Letter Of Transmittal.
First District.
To the Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of
the Gommonwealth of Pennsylvania:
Sir: I have the honor hereivith to submit my annual report as inspector of mines for the first bituminous coal district of Pennsylvania, for the year ending October 31, 1883, which is the seventh annual report for this district since the enactment of the ventilation law. The report will only cover ten months of last year.
Since my last report two additional inspectors have been appointed, and the districts have been redistricted to conform with the amendments to the ventilation act, consequently the first district has been changed from one hundred and eighty-nine mines to one hundred and six.
This report contains a copy of the amendments to the mine ventilation act of April 18, 177; a short description of the mines in the district; a list of the mining casualties; the actual aggregate production of ninetythree mines for the year ; the estimated aggregate production for the whole district, based on the mines reported, and a comparison of the number of persons killed to the estimated amount of coal mined.
Yours very respectfully,
James Louttit,
Inspector, Monongahela City, Pa., January 4, 2884-
Tabi.E
Showing coal production, <fec., in the First Bituminous Coal District of Pennsylvania for the year ending October 32, 2883 :
Actual amount of coal production from ninety-three mines, as
reported in tons, 6,575,881
Estimated production of the whole district, or one hundred and
six mines, in tons, based upon the actual production, . . . 7,495,085
Estimated number of persons employed in the mines. Estimated number of persons employed outside, Estimated total number employed about the mines. Total number of casualties about the mines, . . . Number of lives lost in and about the mines, . . .
4a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Number of non-fatal casualties,
Number of deaths from falls of roof and slate,
Number of deaths from wagons,
Number of widows caused by the above-mentioned deaths, . Number of orphans caused by the above-mentioned deaths,
Amount of coal produced per life lost, in tons,
Number of persons employed per each casual tj
Amount of coal produced per each non-fatal accident, . . .
With reference to the subject of miners' hospitals, which is so frequently being brought to my attention in many different ways, I would heartily recommend that a hospital for the miners of the bituminous region of this State be established at some point in the Pittsburgh district, which would be within easy reach of over three hundred mines now in active operation. These may be in one sense called charitable institutions," but in this case they happen to be of that kind which brings to the State rich returns in a material form. The State cannot perform a more consistent service to a large number of its most industrious citizens than that of lending some small aid like this to those men working in the mines who suffer unavoidable injury, and thereby relieve to an appreciable extent the burden of nursing and care of families that must, in many cases, depend upon the charity of their neighbors for the means of subsistence until after the recovery of the miner. The facilities usually found in the homes of miners, where everybody must work to live at all, are not always sufUcient for even the ordinary care and comfort which a sick or injured person should have. While we are sensible of the annual decrease in number of serious accidents to life and limb, we cannot hope for entire freedom from the serious results of mining for years to come if ever; and anything that will relieve the consequences of accidents and encourage the matenal advancement of this important branch of industry, is certainly proper matter for legislation. The same reasons that have been argued for the establishing of hospitals for the miners in other portions of the State, are equally applicable to this region ; and I hope to see the matter favorably considered at the next session of our Legislature.
CIRCUIAR IifiTTBR
To the Owners, Operators Agents and Mining-bosses of the Bituminous and Semi-Bituminous Coal Mines of Pennsylvania :
August 788S.
Gentlemen: The inspection districts for the bituminous and semi-bitu* minous coal regions of this State, as formed by the examining board in special session of August, 1883, in pursuance of the provisions of the ventilation act of April 18, 1877, and the amendment thereto of June 13, 1883, comprise as follows :
First District
Comprises the counties of Washington and Greene, and that part of AUeprbeny county lying south and west of the rivers Ohio, Mouongahela, and Youghiogheny, and part of Westmoreland lying between the rivers Youghiogheny and Monongahela.
Your attention is hereby specially called to the following extracts from tbe amendment to the ventilation act of June 13, 1883, to wit:
In order to better secure the proper ventilation of every coal mine and promote tbe health and safety of the persons employed therein, the owner or agent shall employ a competent and practical inside overseer, to be called mining-boss, who shall keep a careful watch over the ventilating apparatus, the air-ways, traveling-ways, pumps, and pump-timber and drainage, and shall see that, as the miners advance their excavations, all loose coal, slate, and rock overhead are carefully secured against falling in or upon the traveling-ways, and that sufficient timber is furnished, of suitable lengths and sizes, for the places where they are to be used, and placed in the working places of the miners ; and it shall also be the dut}' of the mining-boss to see to it that proper cut-throughs are made at least every thirty yards in the room-pillars of the miners' places, and that on all traveling-roads holes for shelter, of sufficient size, to be made at least every thirt.y yards, and be kept whitewashed.
"And the mining-boss shall measure the air-current at least once a week at the inlet and outlet, and at or near the face of the heading, and keep a record of such measurements, and report the same to the inspector of his district once in every month; and it shall be the further duty of the mining-boss to immediately notify the agent or owner of the mine of his inability to comply with the provisions of this section. It shall then become the duty of said agent or owner at once to attend to the matter complained of by the mining-boss, and have the matter at once come within the provisions of this section. The safety-lamps used for examining mines, or which may be used in working therein, shall be furnished b}- and be the property of the owner of mines, and shall be in the charge of the agent of such mine. And in all mines generating explosives gases, the doors used in assisting or directing the ventilation of the mine shall be so hung and adjusted that they will close themselves, or be supplied with springs or pulleys so that they cannot be left standing open; and bore holes shall be kept not less than twelve feet in advance of the face of every working place, and, when necessary, on the sides, if the same is driven towards and in dangerous proximity to an abandoned mine, or part of a m ne, suspected of containing inflammable gases, or which is inundated with water.
" All owners or operators of bituminous coal mines or collieries shall keep posted, in a conspicuous place about their mines or collieries, written or printed rules defining the duties of all persons employed in or about mines or collieries.
Section 12. The owners or operators shall have
6a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
surveyed, by a competent mining engineer, all extensions of working places and air-courses, with the directions of the air-currents, and accurately placed on the map or plan of said mine or colliery, at least every six months, said map or plan to bS kept at the mine or colliery for inspection by the inspectors."
It is important that the monthly reports of each mine should be made up and forwarded to the inspector of the district during the second week of each month, so that the inspectors can make up and forward their monthly reports to the Secretary of Internal Affairs promptly at the time required by law.
Minbs On Thb Monongahbia River.
Knob Mines.
This mine is situated about one mile above West Brownsville, and is reached by a slope. It is owned and operated by the Knob Coal Company. Ventilated by a furnace and exhaust steam. Ventilation here has been very satisfactory. The company have made very extensive improvements the last year at this mine, consisting of driving a stone drift, building abutments, &c.
Umpire Mines.
This mine is located on the east side of the river, and is operated by Snowden, Graham & Co. This is a drift opening, and the coal is hauled out by mule power. It is well situated for ventilation, their cross-headings being driven through the hill, coming out on the Big Redstone creek. Machinery should have been supplied here for the hauling of the coal years ago, but like many of the old mines the front coal has been all taken out, and no coal being left to support the main heading, which is very crooked, making the use of machinery very difficult to adopt.
Globe Mines.
This mine is located on the east side of the river. Owned and operated by Crothers, Musgrave & Co. They have worked very little this year. The mine is in good order. The owners say that they can buy coal cheaper than they can load it at their own mines.
Bollpee Mines.
This mine is situated on the west side of the river. J. S. Neel, operator. They employ a large force of hands. The ventilation is good.
Caledonl* Mines.
This mine is owned by William Thomas, and operated by T. J. Woods & Co. This mine has been much improved. They have built a new tipple, put a new road in the mine, retimbered main entr}', building heavy cribbing on the sides of the same. The one I saw was built of brick and mortar ; size of crib was fifteen and half feet long, three feet wide, and six and one half feet deep. They have also put in a new furnace of the following dimensio
DS : Seven feiet high, six and two thirds feet wide, and twenty-five feet long. This furnace is located at the bottom of a shaft seventy-nine feet deep, with a stack of thirty-five feet ; it has a capacity of about twenty thousand cubic feet of air. George Collins, mine-boss.
Champion Mines
Operated by Morgan & Dixon. This mine is in very good order.
lVoca's Run Mines
Is owned by William Thomas, and operated by Gregg & Co. This mine is in fair order.
Courtney Mines
Is located at Courtney station, on the Monongahela division of the Pennsylvania railroad, and operated by the Courtney Coal Compan}'. These mines are always found in good order. The coal is shipped by rail. John McGonegal, superintendent.
Garfleld Mines.
This mine is worked on the double-entry system. The company put in a large furnace, which keeps the mines in good sanitary condition. J. S. Neel, operator.
Oarro'VF Mine.
Garrow mine is situated on the east of the river; Joseph Garrow, operator. This mine being partly under the river, the furnace was drowned out by a freshet, leaving the mine in a bad shape. Mr. Garrow told me that he would sink a new shaft on higher ground, and build a new furnace, and would not be found in that condition again.
Cedar Hill Mine
Is also on the east side of the river, owned and operated by Morgan & Dixon. This mine is in good order.
Ilttle Alps Mines,
Nos. 1 and 2, are about worked out, and will not last a great while.
Heel's Mine.
This mine is on the west side of the river, and is owned and operated by J. S. Neel, and has been worked very little this year. There is not much coal to work out in this mine.
Amerloan Mine
Is owned and operated by F. H. Coursin. This mine is in very good order. Ventilation in fair condition. The inside of the mine is in charge of Benjamin Ferrady.
8a Internal AFFAiRb — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
Clipper Mines
Are owned and operated by the Clipper Coal Company. They have been run little this year. The company had to build a new road, owing to the old one being in the way of the road-bed of the P. Y. & G. R. R. They will run their coal road into the old works, so that they will have their mines opened sooner than if they had started in a new field.
Sno'vr Hill mine
Is operated by the Alps Coal Company. This mine is a new one. Of late the company have had some trouble with a bad roof in the mine. Mr. James Underwood, superintendent, has overcome it now.
Tro J- Mine*
This is a small mine, operated by Giles & Co. The coal is almost worked out.
Barffcddle Mine
Is located on the east side of the river, and is operated by James Harris k Co. They have built a small furnace, which I think will ventilate the mine.
Ac* Hall.
This mine is a very old one, and at the time of my visit was in good order.
Carondelet Mine.
This is a good mine, and is kept in good order. have some gas to contend with, but having a strong current of air it is kept harmless. This mine is operated by Frazer & Fry.
little Redstone
Is situated on the east side of the river; James Rutherford, operator. This is a small mine and in a bad condition as regards ventilation and drainage.
Snterts Mine.
This is a small mine; Smertz & Co., operators. The coal of this mine is consumed by the company's glass house.
Stoekdale Mine
Is situated on the west side of the river ; owned and operated by Tomer & McKinley. This mine was in good working condition at the time of my visit. There were nine thousand cubic feet of air traveling at the outlet. Mine boss, Robert Scott.
Abe Hays.
This mine is in good order, but has not run very steadily this 3'ear. Robert McMasters, mine
Black Dlantond.
This mine has not been worked for over a year, but at the present writing they are building a new tipple, which I think will be one of the best on the river. W. H. Brown's Sons, operators.
This mine is in fair condition, and is a large mine, worked on the singleentry system. They are troubled with swamps, making the working of the coal difiQcult.
This mine is not in as good condition as it ought to be.
Cinoimiatl Mines.
Mr. J. S. Neel, lessee of this mine, has made extensive improvements during the year past, and at the present writing the work is not completed. They have a new air-shaft to sink at the back of the workings.
BvJIklo Mines
Is owned and operated by J. J. Steytler. The coal from this mine is shipped by rail over the Monongahela division of the Pennsj'lvania railroad. The company has sunk a shaft at the back part of their workings, about a mile and a half from the pit mouth ; this shaft is eight by eight, the air is taken down the shaft and around the workings in one continuous current, the ventilation being produced by a six-foot Murphy fan, working on the exhaust principle. George Lockhart, superintendent; James Furlong, mine -boss.
AUequippa, Camden, and J. C. Risher mines are all in good order and do not need any description.
Btoner's Mines,
Operated by William Stoner's heirs. This mine has been much improved during the summer, they have started some double-entries, built a new furnace, and put in a locomotive to haul out the coaL These improvements were much needed.
Faneett Mines,
Located at Green Springs, and operated by Thomas Faucet t. At the time of my visit I found the mines in good order.
JoseplA 'Walton Sl Co.
Lower mines has been improved this year by building a new tipple and overhauling the inside generally.
Banner Mines.
Gamble & Risher, operators. This mine is always in good order. They ship coal by river and rail from these mines.
OUff Mines.
This mine is in good order, but has not been worked very much this year.
10a Internal Affairs— Industrial Statistics. [Xo.'T,
Munlufcll Mines,
Located at Munhall station, and is operated by the Munhall Brothers. These mines are in good order.
street** Run Mines
Is operated by I. D. Risher. This mine is in fair working condition.
Only one of their mines has been worked this year, and was not in very good condition when visited.
Jones Sb Mines*
This mine is in good condition.
Ivll Mine
Is owned and operated b}" James Jones. This mine is not in a very good condition, the front of it having been worked out, making it very difficult to ventilate. Steam power is used for hauling coal and pumping water from the mines. Bernard Callahan, mine-boss.
Coal Blnir Mine.
This mine is operated and owned by the Monongahela and Peters' Gas Coal Company. Very extensive improvements have been made at these mines, consisting of tipples for river and railroad loading, timbering pit mouth, sinking an air-shaft, and laying new T iron road through the mine.' Thomas Briggs, mine-boss.
0*KeUs Mines.
Joseph Walton & Co., upper and lower roads, are in reasonable good order.
Fulton Mine
Is owned and operated by George Jones & Co. This mine has not been worked very strong the last year. Ventilation is produced by furnace power.
MINBS ON THE CHARTIBRS VAIIiVT RAIIiROAD.
Gregsf Mine.
This mine is located near the borough of Mansfield. This is a small mine, and is nearly worked out. The air, at the time of my visit, was very good, but the drainage was poor. They had about thirty-seven men and four boys working at the time of ray visit. Owned and operated the Gregg Bros.
Nixon Mine*
This mine is owned and operated by the Chartiers Valley Coal Company. This mine, at the time of my visit, was in good order.
TIPLE HOUSE ft SIDINGS OF
Coal Bluff Coal Mines
Glass House Mine.
The air in this mine was good, bnt the drainage was bad. The coal has been worked out to the limestone, leaving no room for drains alongside of the roads. A new steam pump has been put in this year, but for some cause or other the water does not reach it, so the mine has not been benefited thereby.
San&mer Hill.
These mines are operated by Frank Armstrong. They were not in as good condition, at the time of my visit, ab I would have liked to have seen them ; the reason given for this was, they were working out some old entries and had to carry the air out of its natural course to ventilate them. There is a very bad roof in this mine, and the slate in some places is as much as seven feet thick.
Bo-wer Hill Mines.
Operated by A. J. Schultze. These mines have been re-opened and put in No. 1 order. They have driven a new main entry, built a new tipple, and new sidings have been laid, etc.
Slope Mine
Is located at Hasting's Station, and operated by W. J. Morgan. This mine is not what 1 would like it to be ; the drainage is very bad. They have a good furnace, but the air is not conducted through the mine properly.
Coolers Mine
Is located at Cannonsburg. This is a small mine, but in good order.
Sl&upe A/ Co.
Mines is also located at Cannonsburg. At my last visit they were in trouble with the old works they had to go through, a creep having come on. They were cribbing and posting. I think they will soon have it all right. Shupe & Co., operators
Allison Mines
Is located at Allison's Station. The company has opened up in a new hill. I found the mines in a fair condition.
Tl&e HarOing Sl&ft.
Legler's & Anderson's mines has not done very much work this .year owing the change of gauge and ownership of the P. S. B. R. to the B. & O.
MIHKS ON THK P. C. ST. RAIIiROAD.
Idlevrood Mines.
These mines are located at Idlewood station. This is a small one, employing about forty-five miners, and was in a bad condition in regard to air and drainage at the time of my visit, September 12. I found eight men
12a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
in one entry working ahead of the air. I told the mine-boss to remove those men, which he promised to do immediately.
Mamsfleld Mines Nos* 1 nd fl.
These mines are located in North Mansfield. In one of them the entry pillars are being brought back, which will finish it. The other one I found in fair condition, except one entry, and at the head of that one the company was making ready to sink a shaft, which will make the mines in good order.
Grant Mines
Operated by the Grant Coal Company. This mine is in very good condition for ventilation and drainage. The underground workings are in charge of T. B. Stone.
Hill Mine.
This mine is in very good order. The coal is mined by machinery.
Camp Hill
Is operated David Steen & Son. This mine is not in very good condition, the drainage being very bad. The operators have spent large sums of money to dry the mines, but failed.
Fort Pitt.
This mine is owned and operated by the Fort Pitt Coal Company. It is in reasonable condition.
MeOonnell Mine.
This is a small mine, and considerable improvement has been done here. A new tipple and incline being put up, and quite an extensive drain is being cut to dry the mines. Harry O. Lett, mining-boss.
'Wlllo'vr Grove Mine
Is operated by T. B. Robbins. On my last visit to this mine, (on September 24,) I found this mine in very good order. Samuel McDougal, miningboss.
National Mines
Are operated by the National Coal Company. They are in very good order.
Mld'vray Mines.
G. W. Crawford, operator. This mine is in good order. They have put up a new furnace on the north side of the mines, which produces large quantities of pure air.
Oak Rldse Mine
Is operated by the Oak Ridge Coal Company. It is in good working condition.
Clfcerrjr Mines.
Morris McCue, operator. The ventilation in this mine is very good, but drainage is imperfect, and the roads are in bad condition.
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Primrose Mime
Is operated by the Kobbins Block Coal Company, and is in very good order. A stationary engine has been put in to haul the coal out.
Keystone Mines
Are operated by the Keystone Coal Company. It has been worked but little during the last year.
GASTIiE SHANNON AND 8A1V-MIIIj RUN MINKS.
Keelini's Mines,
Operated hy the Birmingham Coal Company, was, at my last visit, in better condition than ever before. They have adopted the double-entry system, and have sunk a shaft ; also moved their ventilating apparatus further back in the hill.
Castle Slfcannon Mines
Is in good working order.
Fox Mines.
This mine is not in very good order ; it was flooded in the spring, and the}' lost some of their air-courses, and had not yet got in proper shape at my visit. The coal from this mine is hauled away hy teams. The miners work by measure. I visited this mine three times for the purpose of branding the cars, but the miners entered into contract to work as they had been before — a copy of which will accompany this report. Hugh Mc- Murray, mine-boss.
The mines in Saw-Mill Run are four in number. The Carbon mines are
almost worked out, and in very fair working condition. The Gray db Bell mines are in very good order. Enterprise mines are very large, and in very good condition. A shaft will be sunk this fall at the back part of the same.
Montonr and Beeeli ClilT Mines
Are owned and operated by the Imperial Coal Company, and both are in good order.
Trotter Sliaft. j
This shaft is always found in good order. At the time of my first visit '
to this shaft I spoke to the mine-boss (Mr. Parker) about changing the action
of the ventilating fan from an exhaust to a forcing fan. Some time j
afterwards I received a letter from him saying that he had moved the fan to the downcast shaft, making the fan a foreing instead of an exhaust, as heretofore, and that it was doing splendid, and that it run the ventilation
up from thirteen to twenty-seven thousand cubic feet. ♦i
Ieisenrinif Sl&afts Nos. 1 and 9.
These shafts are the deepest in the coke regions, and are also the most
14a Internal Affairs — Industrial STATiSTica [No. 7,
extensive mines in Western Pennsylvania. Diagrams of some of their workings will accompany this report.
H. O. Friek A& Co.s Mimes
Are all in good order generally. This compan}- has spent a great deal of money in building new ventilating furnaces at some of their mines ; a plan of one of them will be seen in this report. Thomas Lynch, superintendent ; R. B. Howell, C. & M. E.
NB'W MINES. Star Coal Mine
Owned and operated by F. Mankedick. is located on the Pan Handle road, immediately below Noblestown. Thirty-eight miners are employed. This is a very good mine, but contains only a small area of coal.
Painter** Run Mine
Operated by Sandford & Co., is laid out on the double-entry system, but not far enough advanced for a lengthy report.
There is another mine opened on this run (Painlera) by the Beadling Brothers.
On Tom's run, which is connected b'the same railroad, there are five or six new mines opened up, but not far enough for a general description.
Manelleld Mine,
No. 2, owned and operated hy the Mansfield Coal and Coke Company, is a large mine, emplo3'ing one hundred and fifteen miners, (men,) twelve boys, and fifteen other persons, seven inside and eight outside. A furnace will be put in here for ventilation. Robert Bell, superintendent.
Tike Mince
In Bedford county, on my visit, (April 4,) there were only two mines working, on Six-Mile run. The one situat .d at Riddlesburg was working sixtyfive men. These mines are ventilated by furnace power. They are in good order. The coal is principally made into coke and consumed by the furnaces at Riddlesburg.
The next mine is owned by Robert Brown. This is a new drift opening. This firm drove seven hundred feet in the solid rock before striking coal. The coal in this county lays at an angle of 20° to 26°.
There is one shaft on this run that is one hundred and fourteen feet deep. The second opening is made by a slope. They are operated by R. B. Wigton.
There are two drift openings on Sandy run, and are connected under ground. The air-current at the inlet measured ten thousand cubic feet. There is little or no work going on in Bedford county.
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Fatai. Accidbnts.
January 13, 1883. Ross F. Mathogk was killed in the Youngstown mine. He was drawing a pillar which needed posting. He thought that he would load another car before setting the posts, and went under the roof for some purpose, when it fell, killing him instantly.
January 27. Jacob Wftzel, a miner, was killed at the Jimtown mines, by a fall of slate, in No. 6 room of No. 4 entry. He had not been working for some time, but that day he went in to assist his father and brother, who were drawing entry pillars. His age was seventeen years.
February 1. John Shafer was killed by empty coal cars running over him at the month of the Morrell slope, which is operated by the Cambria Iron Company, Johnstown.
February 19. Frederick Cravin had his leg so badly injured by a fall of slate in the Ivil mines, operated by James Jones, that amputation was necessary, but he did not survive the operation. He was aged seventyseven years.
February 22. Jambs Fimplb was killed at the Snow Hill mines, operated by the Alps Coal Company-. He was assisting the pit boss to set timbers at the mouth of a room on No. 1 entry, when a mass of rock fell and killed him instantly. His age was twenty-six years.
March 30. Michael Lee was killed by a fall of slate in Courtney mines, operated by the Courtney Coal Company. He was working with his brother in room No. 6 on entry No. 4. They had a bearing-in made, five feet deep and twenty feet long. He was drilling a hole in the coal, when it fell on him, with the above-mentioned result. He was aged seventeen years.
2. Jacob Billet was killed by a fall of slate in room 41 of entry' No. 3 in Street's Run mines, operated by J. D. Risher. He was a stone mason by trade, and not a practical miner. He leaves a wife and four children.
April 10. Henrt Garside was killed by a fall of slate in No. 1 room of entry No. 3 in the Snow Hill mines, operated by the Alps Coal Company. He was aged fifty-one years and unmarried.
Ma}' 21. George Thomas was killed by being caught between the coal cars and coal rib, in Leith shaft, at mouth of room No. 38 on No. 1 buttheading, while assisting Hugh Lee to haul a trip out with one mule. They were coming down the entry, and Thomas would not allow Lee to put in sprags enough to hold the cars in check, and they left the track and crushed Thomas to death, as above stated.
May 5. John Barnes was killed in Rock Run mines by a fall of slate. May 29. Reuben Fereby, a boy, was killed by a fall of slate while assisting his guardian, W. H. Ramsey, in No. 85 pillar of the Chambers entry, in the Allequippa mines.
June 26. George Hunter was killed by a fall of slate in room fifty-four of entry five, in the Laurel Hill mines, operated by W. P. Rend & Co. The piece of slate that killed him measured seven and three quarter feet long,
16a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
five and one half feet wide, and ten Inches in thickness. He leaves a wife and one child.
June 28. James Pernish was killed by a fall of slate in the Beech Cliff mines operated by the Imperial Coal Company.
July 20. W. P. Vance was fatally injured by a fall of slate in Walton's lower mine. He was mining a pillar and in the act of removing the last post when the sla|:e fell and injured him so badl3' that he died on the following d&j. He was an acting Justice of the peace and highly respected by his neighbors.
September 26. James Cumminos was killed in the Summer Hill mines by being caught between the entry-rib and coal cars of a passing trip. At the point where he was killed there was not room for the cars to pass him safely on that side of the entry, but just on the opposite side there is a breakthrough which would have afforded him safe standing room had he choose to occupy it, and why he did not do so is unknown. He was aged thirty years and unmarried.
October 15. August Hufferman was fatally injured by a fall of horseback in the Essen mine. He died on the third day after the accident. He was aged twenty-eight years and unmarried.
October 19. Magus Peterson, a boy, was killed in room twenty-four of entry No. 6 of the Jefferson mines, by a fall of horseback. This boy was considered by the pit-boss as not able to take care of himself in the mine, had been discharged a few days before the accident occurred, but had reentered the mines and was working with another man without permission from the pit-boss. He was aged eighteen years.
NOJN-FATAIi ACOIDBNTS.
Martin Gallagher, January 23, received a flesh wound in Greenfield mines.
Henry Devlin, February 7, collar-bone broken in Montour mines.
February 28 there were two persons, whose names are unknown, injured by fall of horseback.
George Taylor, March 22, had his leg broken by a fall of coal in mine at Riddlesburg.
James Wetsel, March 20, three ribs broken in Leisenring shaft No. 1.
J. H. Fields, March 8, injured by falling coal in Tremont mines.
Thomas Hughes, March 27, legs bruised by coal cars.
Howell Evans, March 1 , slightly hurt by slate in Amity mines.
David Lloyd, March 27, slightly injured by slate in Amity mines.
Peter Finnagan, June 18, burnt by explosive gas in Morrell slope.
Albion Weigle, June 25, injured slightly by a fall of coal roof in I. D. Risher's mines.
John Cross, July 2, leg broken in Youngstown mines.
Peter Gallagher, July 16, leg caught between loaded cars in Wheeler slope.
Leg. Doc. J Coal — Bituminous. alt
James Jenkins, August 21, injured by falling slate in Courtney mines.
Robert Cbaiq, August — , leg broken by falling slate in Garfield mines.
John Mllliqan, September 16, shoulder knocked out from the jar of a shot in the next room to where he worked. This accident happened in Ivil mines.
John T. Bath, July 25, slightly hurt by falling coal in Umpire mines.
Henrt B. Gibson, a driver, employed b' the Abe Haft Coal Companj', received a fractured leg by falling roof, while passing with his trip on the main entry. This accident happened April 28.
Michael Collins, March 24, leg crushed by falling slate in Caledonia mines.
RoBEBT Stockdale, March 30, back injured by falling slate in Caledonia mines.
Gad Thomas, March 26, seriously injured by coal cars in O'Neil's mines.
Peteb Dexsam, April 21, rib broken by a post falling on him in Amity mines.
Gbeen F£dense,Sam Craig, and James Gladsen, burnt by explosive gas in Carondelet mines. This accident happened March 23. '
John Rodoebs, May 14, hand crushed by cars in Street Run mines.
John Chbisty, May 23, crushed by wagons in Leith colliery.
Thomas Richabds, June 16, hurt slightly on back in J. C. Risher's mine.
Thomas Pippens, June 26, hurt in Clipper mines.
James Salone, June 28, hurt slightly in Glendale mines.
A man by the name of Taylor had his leg broken in Rock Run mines, May 16.
Abe Gundee, burnt by explosive gas in the Slope mines, Hastings station, C. V. R. R.
Pat Maloney, March 27, injured by falling coal in Banner mines.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Allegheny County )
An inquisition indented, taken at borough of Homestead, in the county of Allegheny, on the 2d day of May, A. D. 1883, before me, Peter Dressier, coroner of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the bod3' of Jacob Billet, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths and solemn affirmations of M. C. Andress, Robert Baxter, Edward West, Arthur Izenour, H. T. Healy ,. Florence M. Hall, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who being sworn and affirmed, and charged to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, and how, and after what manner the said Jacob Billet came to his death, do say, upon their oaths and affirmations aforesaid, that the said Jacob Billet, thirty-eight years of age, came to his death about eleven o'clock on the morning of May 2, A. D. 183, at J. D. Risber's coalpit, in Mifflin township, Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, by a lot of slate falling on him while at work in his room ; and from all the evidence taken we find that it was accidental ; and so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths 2a Leo. Doc. No. 7.
18a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
or affirmations, as aforesaid, say that the aforesaid Jacob Billet, for the cause aforesaid, in manner and form aforesaid, came to his death, and not otherwise.
In witness whereof, as well of the aforesaid coroner, we, the jurors, have hereunto pat our hands and seals on the day and year, and at the place above mentioned.
Peter Dressler,
Coroner.
Allegheny County,
An inquisition indented, taken at Mifflin township, Pennsylvania, in the county of Allegheny, on the 5th da}- of May, A. D. 18S3, before me, Peter Dressier, coroner of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of John Burns, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths and solemn affirmations of Thomas Gilmore, Henry Hutfstickler, Wm. Harrison, Stephen (touM, Jonathan Gould, Florence M. Hall, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who being sworn and affirmed, and charged to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, and how, and aft?r what manner the said John Bums came to his death, do say, upon tiieir oaths and affirmations aforesaid, that the said John Burns, between thirty and thirty-four years of age, came to his death on the morning of May 5, A. D. 1883, at W. J. Snodgrass' coal pit, in Mifflin township, by a lot of horseback falling on him, and from all the evidence we, the jury, find that it was accidental. And so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths or affirmations, as aforesaid, say that the aforesaid John Burns, for the cause aforesaid, and in manner and form aforesaid, came to his death, and not otherwise.
In witness whereof, as well of the aforesaid coroner, we, the jurors, have
hereunto put our hands and seals on the day and year, and at the place
above mentioned.
Peter Dressler,
Coroner.
Uniontown, Fayette County, January 13, 188S. This is to certify that I was duly notified by Mr. Kerghley, Superintendent of the Youngstown Coke Company, (Lim.,) to appear and hold an inquest on the dead body of Ross F. Matlick, who was killed in their mine. As there was a misunderstanding in the time of the trains, I did not arrive until the body was on the way to West Virginia. I examined the place of
the accident in the mine, and from what I could see and leai*n from some practical miners, the accident was due to his own carelessness in not keeping the roof sufficiently propped. He had some nineteen extra posts at hand had he taken time to put them up.
John D. Sturgeon, Coroner.
An inquisition indented and taken at Jiratown, in the county of Fayette, this 27th day of January, A. D. 1883, before me, J. K. McDonald, a justice of the peace in and for said county upon view of the dead body of Jacob Hetzell, then and there Ijng dead, upon the oaths of B. F. Oglevee, J. H. Wertz, J. K. McDonald, junior, J. R. Langboe3 A. G. Gump, W. P. Lrzelle, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who, being duly sworn to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, and how, and after what manner the said Jacob Hetzell came to his death, do say upon their oaths that the said Jacob Hetzell on the 27th day of January 1883, in the county aforesaid, going into a coal mine at Jimtown it so happened that accidentally, casually, and by misfortune he, the said Jacob Hetzell, was killed by roof coal or slate falling upon him, of which said accident he, the said Jacob Hetzell, then and there died, and so the jurors aforesaid do say that the said Jacob Hetzell in manner and by means aforesaid accidentally, casually, and by misfortune came to his death, and not otherwise.
In witness whereof, as well as the aforesaid justice of the place, the jurors aforesaid have to this inquisition set their hands and seals on the day and year aforesaid and at the place above mentioned.
J. K. McDonald, Justice of the Peace.
Witnesses sworn, Wilson Roper and Christian Hetzell.
State 07 Pennsylvania,
Monongahela City Washington County
An inquisition indented and taken at Riverview, Carroll township, Washington county. State of Pennsylvania, the 1st day of April, A. D. 1883, before me, R. Williams, alderman and ex officio a justice of the peace of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of Michael Lee, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths of John L. Scott, Joseph Roberts, Storer McFeely, William Hart, Samuel Luehm, and Patrick Long, who being sworn to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, how, and in what manner the said Michael Lee earle to his death, do say, upon their oaths, that Michael Lee, about two o'clock, p. M.,on Friday, the
20a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. ?,
30th daj' of March last, while engaged in mining coal in the Courtney coal mine, in Union township, county and State aforesaid, came to his death by a quantity of coal accidentally falling upon him and breaking his back, from the effect of which the said Michael Lee died in about two hours afterward, he first having been removed to his home in Carroll township aforesaid. And according to the testimony of Patrick Lee, William Dooley, and James Smith, all of whom state, under oath, their knowledge of the accident the said Michael Lee met his death, by an accidental fall of coal, and not otherwise. And the said jurors further say, upon their oaths, that the said accident was brought about, at least to some extent, by deceased's own negligence, he having neglected to sprag or prop the coal while he was working under it bearing and leaving said coal in a dangerous condition. In witness whereof, the alderman, acting coroner, and the jurors have to this inquisition set their hands and seals this Ist day of April, A. D. 1883.
R. WlIXIAMS,
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26a
Intebsal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
TABLE III.— statement showing the method of ventilation , amount of air discharged, number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective collieries of the First Bituminoas Mine District.
HAMJt OF Colliery.
American,
Amity,
Anderson
Allison,
Abe Hays, AUeqnlppa, . . . Banuer, . . . . Beech Cliff, . . . . Bellwood, . . . . Caledonia, Camden, . . . . Castle Shannon, . Carondelet, . . . Champion,
Cliff,
Clipper
Coal Bluff, Courtney,
Canard,
Clinton, . .
Cornell A Worling,
Dnval
Enterprise, . . . . Enterprise,
Foundry,
Frick,
Franklin, Oarfleld, . .
Glen'lale,
Oreen Springs, . . Henry Clay
Jefferson, Knob, . ... Lelth, ...
Lelsnerlng, No, 1, Little Pittsburgh, Lower Road, . . .
Midway,
Morrell,
Morgan
Mon tours, National, Oak Ridge, . . . . Pine Run,
Phoenix,
Primrose
Rock Run, Streets Run, . . Summit, Summer Hill, . . .
Tremont,
Trotter,
Tyrone,
Tiptop, Upper Road, . . .
Umpire,
Valley
Wheeler. . . .
Woods Run, . . . White,
Toungstown, . . .
Furnace, . Furnace, . Natural, . Natural, Furnace, Furnace, Furnace, . Furnace, Natural. Furnace, . Furnace, . Furnace, Furnace, . Furnace, Furnace, Furnace, . Furnace, . Furnaca, Fire Basket, Natural, . Furnace, . Furnace, . Natural, . Fan, . . Natural, . Furnace, Furnace, . Natural, . Furnace, . Furnace. Natural, Natural, . Furnace, . Fan, Furnace, Fan, Fan,
Natural, . Natural, . Furuace, Fan,
Furnace, . Furnace, Steam exhaust Furnace, . Furnace, . . Furnace, . . Furnace, . . . Natural, . . . Furnace, . . Furnace, . Steam exhaust. Furnace, . . Fan, Natural, Natural, Natural, Furnace, Furnace, Steam exhaust, Furnace, . . Furnace, Steam exhaust,
u
m
s
a
o
a
O
mount o charged p
'a
B
o
M
IS X Ok
8 X 6ft
7 X 7 X 22
8X 44 X 4
U
s cr
J.
o
N
O
8S
Ico
S3
4S
Coal — BiTUMiNOua
21a
O
i;
u
o
M
H
jad 93AJ oiqno jo jaqmnji
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jad taaj Ofqna jo jaqma
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26a
Internal Apfaies — Industeial Statistics.
TABLE III-A statement shoiving the method of ventilation, amount of air discharged, number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective collieries of the First Bituminoas Mine District.
op Colliery.
N
H
a
va
te
a
a
o
o
C A
k iS
S
s
a
E3
Amity,
Andersou,
Allison,
Abe Hays, Alleqaippa, . . Banuer, Beech ClifT, . . . . Bell wood, . . . . Caledonia, Camden, . . . . Caatle Shannon, . Carondelet, . . Champion,
Cliff.
Clipper
Coal Bluff, Courtney,
Cunard,
Clinton, . .
Cornell ft Worllng, Duval. . . . .
Enterprise, . . . . Enterprise,
Foundry,
Frick
Franklin, . . . .
Oarfleld
Olendale, . . . . . Oreen Springs, . . Henry Clay . . . .
Jefferson, . . . . Knob, . ... Ieith, . . .
Leisnering, No, 1, Little PltUburgh, Lower Road, . . .
Midway,
Morrell,
Morgan,
Montours, . . . . National, . . . . Oak Ridge, . . . . Pine Run, . . . .
Phoenix
Primrose, . . . . Rock Run, . . . . Streets Run, . . Summit, Summer Hill, . . .
Tremont,
Trotter,
Tyrone,
Tiptop, . . . Upper Road, . . .
Umpire,
Valley,
Wheeler, . . .
Woods Run, . . .
White
Youngstown, . . .
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural.
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Fire Basket,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Fan,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace.
Natural,
Natural,
Furnace,
Fan,
Furnace,
Fan,
Fan,
Natural,
Natural,
Faruace,
Fan,
Fnrnace,
Furnace,
Steam exhaust
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Steam exhaust,
Furnace, . .
Fan,
Natural,
Natural,
Natural,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Steam exhaust,
Furnace, . .
Furnace,
Steam exbanst.
7 X 7 X 32
6ft
ao
9 X 2S
8x 4i X 4
8 x2S
S
3Si
Ico
o
s
o
M
Coal — Bituminous.
2ta
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Is
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pe
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jad laajJDO jpi jo tfOoiaA
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Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.
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s g§a
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'taiai ainaTin jad ht Mjij (aaj aiqna jo jaqinnx
'foTpvaqjoaavj xvati JO flaiBflvd Jad (aflty aiqna jo jaqmnj
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Coal Bituminous.
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Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
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82a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
TABI.E IV—VENTItATION OP
Naxk of Collibbt.
a p
h
ai a
Amity,
Banner,
Oastle Shannon, . Enterprise, Horner A Roberts,
Jefferson,
Lovedale,
Midway,
National,
Oak Ridge, . . . . Streets Run, ... Sammer Hill, . . . Woods Run, . . .
S80
Pc
Ms
5,aoo
Coal — Bituminous,
E
i8° S
Hfnilliifltll ill mm
'
-liiiMai JO aim
s ;
Imw
.3
1 s
f
fi
a
a
-.lav 1 saa3BSSS3S? isq
9SS iissaa ;ss
8 s B ::
If
Irfl
iii:
i"
I:
inappM JO
Sjsat;
ss
Internal Affairs — Indubtbtal Statibtics.
E
If JiliHI
ilUiirliiif SfiflpiiH |;|i:l
I!
s
!i
3 S
i -rfv ' 5 a sa : 8 s : 2 a ;
J
b. a
S
S
s s
s t
S 3
,1
Second District.
To the Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania :
Sib: In accordance with the provisions of the ventilation law, entitled "An act provi(}ing the means for securing the health and safety of persons employed in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania," I have the honor of submitting the within report. Since the passage of the above act and its approval, April 18, 1877, creating the office of mine inspectors, there have been several amendments passed and approved which change some of the provisions of that act, increasing the number of mine inspectors, and rsdistricting the bituminous coal-field. The second district, as it was at the beginning of the year 1883 and until the appointment of the two additional in. spectors, pursuant to the amendment of June 13, comprised the counties of Beaver, Butler, Armstrong, Indiana, Westmoreland, and that portion of Allegheny lying north of the Ohio, Monongahela, and Youghiogheny rivers. Since the said appointments the second district comprises that part of the count}' of Allegheny lying east of the rivers of Allegheny, Monongahela, and Youghiogheny, and all that part of Westmoreland lying east of the Youghiogheny river.
There are in the district at present 85 mines; of this number there were 77 operated during the year. The mines have not been run to their full capacity, and many of them only running part time. This is caused to a certain extent by the present coudition of the iron and steel industries of the <50untry, on which the demand for coal and coke is greatly dependent. Owing to the change in the district, I have not been able to compare the product of the district with former years. The general condition of the mines is still improving and a better system adopted in many of them. The single-entry system, which was almost universal}- used in the bituminous coal mines of the State, is abandoned, and the parallel or double-entry adopted. This new system adds greatly to the benefit of both the operator and the miner; it increases the factor of safet}*; it facilitates the hauling of the coal from the head of the workings to the pit-mouths ; it lessens the number of mules and costs of hauling; it gives better supports to the main hauling and traveling-ways: and it affords to the manager or man in charge a better means of establishing a permanent system of ventilation — one that can be continued from the time of opening the mine to its close when the mineral is exhausted.
In the present report will be found a list of accidents, as reported from the 1st of January to the 1st of November, 1893. There are included in the
36a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
number, nine accidents, three fatal and six non-fatal, that were reported from mines that are at present in the first district, but at the time the accidents occurred they were in the second district. Total number of accidents i fifty-four. Totfil number of persons injured, fifty-five. Of this number fourteen were fatally injured and either dead when found or died shortly afterwards. The other forty-one were of a non-fatal nature ; but still there were many of the persons who were injured sutBciently severe to cripple and leave its mark on them for life.
In examining the cause of the accidents, we find that of the fatal there were eleven caused by falls of slate, two by pit-wagons and machinery, and one by a descending cage in the shaft. Of the non-fatal we find twentytwo injured by fall of slate and roof, three by fall of coal* two by explosion of gas, ten by pit-wagons and machinery, and four by miscellaneous causes.
In comparing the number of persons injured by accidents in the ten months, with the number of persons employed, we find that the percentage is less than that of 1882. We also fiud that there are less number of lives lost to the total amount of coal mined compared with the same period.
The following is the estimated amount of coal mined in the district, including those mines only that were in the district from January 1 to November I, 1883. The total production of the mines taken from this district into other districts will be taken in the districts where they belong at present :
Total number of tons mined of 2,000 pounds each, 4,039,335
Average out-put per mine, ... . 52,458
Average number of persons employed inside, 7,459
Average number of persons employed outside, 2,188
Total number of persons employed, 9,647
Total number of tons mined for each fatal accident, 367,212
Number of tons mined for each casualty, 87,811
Number of persons employed to each casualty, 209
Average number of days worked, 208
In addition to the tables found in the report, there is a description of some of the mines visited and a descriptive list of fatal accidents ; also a map of No. 4 mine of the Penn Gas Coal Company, showing their new plan of working that mine.
A drawing of the new Cornish pump," working at the Westmoreland shaft of the Westmoreland Coal Company. A full description of this powerful pump is given by the engineer of the company.
There is also a drawing of the coal-washer in use at the Monastery mine
of H. C. Frick Coke Company, furnished by Mr. Robert Ramsey, which
will be published with this report.
Yours, very respectfully,
J. J. Davis. Pittsburgh, December 5, 1883.
At a meeting of the Bituminous Mincinspectors in the city of Pittsburgh, it was agreed to issue a circular letter "to the owners, operators, agents, and mining-bosses of the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania.''
[Said circular will be found in the report of the Inspector of the First Bituminous District.]
BXAMINATIOSf OF MINBS AND MINB IMPROVBMBNTS.
FalrbanTc Mine.
Mine operated by the Saltsburg Coal Company.
Superintendent, D. S. Robinson. Mining-boss, J. B. Johnston. A drift opening with the workings in some parts on the double-entry system, and in other parts on the single-entry plan. The entries are driven seven and one half feet wide, and six feet high, and the roads are well laid with T rail, on all the main and cross entries. The room roads are laid with 3X4'' wooden rail. The width of rooms is eighteen feet, and ribs twelve feet Thickness of coal about six feet.
The coal is hauled by mules to the muth of the pit, and then by a fiveton locomotive through a tunnel to the tipples.
This mine was in ver' good condition at the time visited on the 29th of June. All the main roads dry and in good working order. The ventilation satisfactory, and those in charge are alwaj's anxious to do all in their power for the proper management of the mine and the comfort of those in their and wherever this spirit is manifested there is not much danger of things going wrong nor of unnecessary waste of materials.
The ventilation is produced by furnace, which draws the air from two intakes. These separate currents are carried around diflferent parts of the mine on their way to the furnace shaft.
Coulter d& Huff Mine.
Operated by Coulter & Huff. Located east of Greensburg, on the Pennsylvania railroad, in Westmoreland county. This mine is a slope opening. Superintendent, A. W. Jones. Mining-boss, Levi Ludwick. There are four openings to this mine, two of these are drifts, the others are shaft and slope. The main hauling-way is through the slope. The mine was visited on the 12th of April, and on the 29th of July. I was called there in July to investigate an accident that resulted in the death of Charles Kay lor by a fall of slate.
The mining is in four entries, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 butt; size of entry, eight feet wide, and from five and a half to six feet high ; rooms, twenty-one feet wide, and ribs, fifteen feet.
The ventilation is produced by a Murphy fan six feet in diameter, which has power sutlScient to cause a strong current of air to pass through the workings, and with its proper distribution there should not be any fear of the mine not being properly ventilated.
There are employed inside over a hundred miners, and from twenty -eight to thirty others employed in hauling the coal out and performing other
38a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T ,
labor inside and outside from the head of the workings to the tipples. An air-ineasurement taken while at the mine showed a velocity of seven hundred and twenty feet per minute in the return near the bottom of the fanshaft section; area, 6'X6'.
Monaitery Mine
Is a slope opening located on the Pennsylvania railroad, west of Latrobe, Westmoreland county. Owned and operated by H. C. Frick Coke Company. Superintendent, Robert Ramsay. Mining-boss, John Sneddon. Visited on the 6th of April. At that time the number of miners employed, one hundred men and eight boys. Room-workings in five entries. Size of entry, T'Xfi'. Size of rooms, sixteen feet wide, and ribs, nine feet.
The ventilation produced by furnace. Air measurements taken, showing the intake current on slope, having a velocity of two hundred and eighty feet per minute; area, 9'X7'. Telocity, between third and fourth butt, on we3t side, one hundred and forty-five feet per minute; area, 6'X7'. In the return on the east side the velocity was one hundred and thirty feet per minute; area, 6'X6', and in the west side return, velocit3',one hundred and eighty feet per minute; area, 6'X8'. They have two hundred and eight coke-ovens at this mine, and a part of the product is turned into coke. In preparing the coal prior to coking they use a washer, a drawing of which has been furnished for this report by the superintendent, Mr. Robert Ramsay, with the following description :
" The drawing is a side view of the coal-washer now in use at the Monastery coke-works of the H. C. Frick Coke Company. The capacit.y per day of ten hours is five hundred tons of washed coal. The operation of this machine will be easily understood on reference to the drawing. The coal, after passing through rolls driven by a special engine, is carried by elevators to a sufficient height to fall into the box I, from where it is washed by a strong current of water from a centrifugal pump, and distributed over the screens F. At this point the washing of the coal begins, and is carried forward by the pulsative action of the water produced by the piston C. The agitation of the coal resting on the screens allows the slate and other impurities to settle to the bottom, from where it is slushed out at regular intervals depending on the percentage of slate contained in the coal. The washed slack passes forward and falls into the settling tank G, from where it is raised by elevators to a large bin which supplied the larries that charge the ovens."
Tjatrobe Coal Works.
This mine is a slope opening, west of Latrobe, Westmoreland county, located near the Pennsylvania railroad. Superintendent, D. W. Jones. Mining-boss, Alexander Sneddon. Number of openings, two — one a slope and the other a drift. Number of miners when visited on the 6th of April, sixty-four men and four bojs. Number of entries working, three. Size of entry, 7'X7'. Rooms sixteen feet wide and ribs nine feet.
hU.
They have sixteen coke-ovens in which they coke the slack. The mine and coke-ovens are operated by the Latrobe Coal and Coke Company, and their property joins that of the Monastery mine property.
Coal Company MlAes.
This company has had in operation during the year four of their large minesthe Penn Gas No. 1. shaft; Penn Gas No. 2, shaft; the Coal Run, a drift opening, and the No. 4 mine, which is also a drift opening. The two shaft mines are ventilated by fans ; each has a twelve-foot exhaust fan. The drift mines are ventilated by furnaces. They are all worked on the doubleentry system, which contributes greatly to the easy manner in which the}' handle their large daily product and shipments, and also to the ventilation, ' by giving them the means of splitting the air, thereby increasing the quantity,
in place of being compelled to force a large volume through a single
,' contracted air-passage, which would have been extremely dangerous where
so much gas is generated.
These mines are all under the superintendency of Mr. William Wilson, with experienced mining-bosses in charge of the underground works. The mining-boss at the two shaft mines is Mr. John Bolan. ' At No. 2 shaft the}' are preparing to build an eighteen-foot fan. While
on a visit to this shaft on the 2d of November the following air-measurements were taken: The return air-current, near bottom of up-cast, velocity, eight hundred and sixty feet per minute; section area, forty square feet, face of main entry, velocity, three hundred and thirty feet per minute; section area, forty-eight square feet, volume, fifteen thousand eight hundred and forty cubic feet. Middle main, velocity of air-current, four hundred and thirty feet per minute ; section area, forty-eight square feet, volume, twenty thousand six hundred and forty cubic feet. At No. 4 mine they have changed their plan of working. A map of this mine accompanies this ' report. Mr. T. Frank Wolf, assistant engineer of the company, explained
the map, as follows : You will see by this map that we have adopted a new mode of working bituminous coal. Rooms are driven with a road on both sides and the gob in the middle, which makes an air-passage around face of the room at all times. Ribs are about fifteen vards thick, seven
and a half yards of which are drawn from road on each side of the rooms. The advantage over old style of working is : Nearly two thirds (f ) of the coal is in ribs, which gives the miner open ends to work on. The coal is not crushed, as in the old style of ribs. It avoids creeps or squeezes, as the coal in the ribs is strong enough to withstand any pressure. Samuel Stone is mining-boss. At shaft No. l,on the Pennsylvania railroad, we have built a new tipple, repaired the fan, and graded our main haulingroads in the mine, laying thirty-pound iron on the full road. At shaft No. 2, on Y. R. R., we built an incline plane to get rid of waste from the mine, using small engine and wire-rope. The plane is four hundred and fifty feet long and of an elevation of about sixteen degrees. Also, foundations are
40a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t,
built for a Snyder fan, eighteen feet in diameter, which will be put up this fall to take the place of the present one, twelve feet in diameter."
Mine located on the B. & 0. R. R., and operated by the Osceola Coal Company.
Superintendent, J. H. Dewees. Mining-boss, James W. Shields. Drift opening with incline plane. Most of the workings are single entries with rooms and ribs, but there are two new entries which were driving at the the time I visited the mine, on the double-entry plan. [ advised the party in charge to follow this in the future working.
This mine employs about one hundred and thirty miners and eight boys, thirteen mules inside and one outside. There are about twenty persons employed by the day including both inside and the outside hands. The ventilation of the mine depends on natural means. There are several openings to the crop.
AlpSTllle Mine.
Mine operated by Thomas Hackett & Co. Superintendent, J. F. Anderson. Mining.boss, James Painter.
A drift opening worked on the single-entry plan. When visited on the 10th of August there were employed of miners one hundred and thirty men and fifteen boys. Size of entry, 8'X5'. Rooms, twenty-one feet wide and ribs nine feet. Nearly all the entries are driven to day-light. Gauge of pit roads, four feet. Thickness of coal, 4' 10". The general condition of the mine, as regards both ventilation and drainage at the time visited, in fair order.
Smltlkton Minei.
These mines are two in number, located near Smithton Station, on the B. & O. R. R. Operated by B. F. Rafferty & Co.
Superintendent, Charles Armstrong, junior. Mining-boss, William Billingsley. . These mines are drift openings. I visited both of these miues on the 24th of May and also on the 18th of September. The mode of working is at present double entry. Size of entr}' from seven and one half to eight and one half feet wide and about seven feet high. The rooms are from twenty-one to twenty-four feet wide.
The ventilation produced by furnaces. There being a furnace in each mine. Air measurements taken in No. 1 mine, when visited in September showed a velocity in the inlet current, near end of line hauling, of two bun dred and seventy feet per minute ; section area, 8'X7' ; volume fifteen thou, sand one hundred and twenty cubic feet, and an outlet current near furnace having a velocity of three hundred and thirty feet per minute, and fifty-six square feet of area. Volume, eighteen thousand four hundred and eighty cubic feet.
In No. 2 mine there are two splits in the return air-current. They unite near the furnace. The one from the McClay entry showed a velocity o one hundred and twenty feet per minute ; size 6'X5'=30 ; volume three
thousand six hundred. The one in the main outlet, velocity one hundred and ninety feet per minute, size of opening 9X6=54 feet ; volume ten thousand two hundred and sixty cubic feet. The coal from both of these mines is hauled to the tipple by a stationar}" engine and the tail-rope system, which extends quite a distance into the No. 1 pit. The coal from No. 2 is hauled by mules to the mouth of No. 1 where it is attached to the rope.
ISurelca Mine.
This mine is operated by Fox, Kifer & Co., and located in Westmoreland county.
Superintendent, W. A. Kifer. Mining-boss, James McCoUigan.
It is a drift opening and has a tipple on the B. & 0. R. R. The inside workings are partly on the single-entry plan with the exception of Nos. 6 & 7, which are parallel double entries. On the 14th of August last, the room and rib workings in use were in No. 3 & 6 entries. Number four single entry had been crushed by a squeeze, and workings in it suspended. The ventilation and drainage of the mine were in fair condition. The ventilation is produced by a furnace. It would have been beneficial for this mine had its workings been driven all on the double-entry plan. It would have added strength to ibs pillars and supports, and it may have prevented the creep and crush from overtaking part of its workings.
This mine generally employs from seventy to eighty miners. Air measurement taken near furnace showed velocity of two hundred feet per minute, at a place having about fifty-six feet area.
Oak Hill, Ho. 3.
Mine operated by the N. Y. & C. G. C. Co., located near Turtle Creek, Allegheny county.
Superintendent, Mr. John Mcintosh. Mining-boss, William P. Owens. Mine a drift opening worked on the single-entry plan. The working at the time visited July 25th were ribs mostly. This mine stopped in January, 1882, and was idle till J une, 1883, and in the opinion of parties at the mine, if it continues running that it will be all worked out within a year.
The ventilation is produced by furnace air — measurements taken showing an air current in the intake, between Boden and White entries, having a velocity of one hundred and fifty feet per minute. Size of opening, 8'X 6 '=40 square feet — volume=six thousand.
Velocity in return current one hundred and forty feet per minute, sec. area8i'X5'=42i.
The number of miners employed in month of October were fifty-five men and eight boys. Other persons employed eight, total seveutj'-one.
Oak Hill, No. 4:.
Mine owned and operated by the N. Y. and 0. G. C. Company. Located near Turtle creek. Superintendent John Mcintosh. Mining-boss, William P. Owens.
42a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Drift opening, worked on the single-entry system. The workings are extensive, employing between two and three hundred persons. The following is the number of persons employed when visited on the 26tb of July: Miners, one hundred and eighty-eight men and fifty boys; day-men, thirt3'-four. The mine is ventilated by a furnace. There are two inlets, Nos. 1 and 2, and there are eight available openings. The entries are driven eight feet wide and five feet and a half high. The rooms are twenty-one feet high; ribs twelve feet. The general condition of the workings, at the .time visited, were in good order. The air measurement, taken near furnace, showed that the air-current was traveling at a velocity of five hundred and seventy feet per minute; section area, forty-six square feet, volume, twentysix thousand two hundred and twenty.
SoatlmiresC Mine.
Mine located near Tarr station, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad. Operated by the Southwest Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, E. A, Upstill. Mining-boss, 0. Flesher. Number of miners, forty-five men and three boys. Number of mules, seven inside and three outside. Number of day-men, including drivers, nine inside and eight outside.
There are six openings to this mine, an5 at time of visit men were working in four entries. Size of entry, eight feet wide by seven feet high. Rooms, ten feet high and ribs eight feet.
The ventilation is produced by natural means and exhaust steam. They have a boiler in the mine near the up-cast shaft. The outlet velocity at boiler was one hundred and thirty feet per minute; sectional area, 8'X7'; volume, seven thousand two hundred and eighty cubic feet.
The velocity of the air on main entry was one hundred and twenty feet per minute and the area fifty -six feet, showing a volume of six thousand seven hundred and twenty cubic feet.
American Colce IVorlcs.
Mine operated by the Southwest Coal and Coke Company. The location of the mine is near Stonerville, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad. Superintendent, E. A. Upstill. Mining-boss, Luther Flesher.
A drift opening. Number of coke-ovens, seventy -two. Number of miners, twenty; other persons employed, inside and outside, eight. Number of openings, two — one the main entrance and the other a shaft used for ventilation, &c. At the time visited they were sinking another air-shaft.
The workings of the mine were confined into two entries, Nos. 2 and 8, north. Size of entry , 7 ' X 7 '. Rooms ten feet and ribs ten feet wide. D rainage by steam pump. Outlet velocity of air near pump station, one hundred and thirty feet per minute; size, forty-nine square feet.
IHlllnger Donnelly Mine.
This is a new mine opened near Stonerville on the south-west P. R. R. The present openings are drifts but I was informed when visiting the mine.
that the company intended to open in the near future either a shaft or slope openings in order to have the workings to conform with the natural dip of the vein, and also to be more in the center of their coal property. The works are under the superintendency of J. B. Henr3\ Mining-boss, Barney Moore. The entries working at the time visited were three in number. They are driven eight feet wide and about seven and a half high. The rooms are twelve feet wide and ribs eight. There are two openings to daylight, one a drift and the other an air-course driven to crop.
The works are at 'present ventilated by natural means, and I found a velocity of air-current when I measured the air of three hundred feet per minute entering the mine, but as natural ventilation is not certain and reliable, I advised the pit boss how to provide proper means so that he could control it and have sufficient volume when the demand of the mine would increase, &c.
Majrfleld Mine.
A new mine opened and operated by W. B. Neel & Co., on adjoining lands to those of the Dillinger & Donnelly coal propert}'. Superintendent, Braden Hurst. Mining-boss, A. H. Sanders.
Number of openings two, both of which were driven out through the crop. Number of entries four, but room workings in only two when visited.
The entries are driven eight feet wide and seven feet high. Rooms ten feet wide and ribs eight. They had fifty-five coke-ovens built at this mine and in blast at the time visited. Employing sixteen miners, two boys and three others inside the mine, with sixteen persons employed outside at the ovens.
The ventilation of the mine is produced by natural means and at the time of my examination was defective. The drainage was by means of a steam-pump which was placed at some distance in the mine. The steam conveyed in pipes along the main entry from a boiler near the mouth of the pit. This arrangement retarded the ventilation and should not have been adopted. Very little change in the order of things when the mine was opened would have been of important improvement to the mine. Mr. Hurst informed me that the present system of drainage was only temporary at first and should be soon changed. I also gave him instruction how to improve the ventilation. Part of the mine is worked on the doubleentry plan, and with very little attention the ventilation can be put in good condition and continued so at very small expense.
Union Mine*
Mine operated by McClure & Co. They have at present seventy-one coke-ovens. Superintendent, J. B. Henry. Mining-boss, Albert Peters. A drift opening and ventilated by natural means. It has four openings with the roof broken to surface in many places.
The workings when visited were confined into three entries. Size of
44a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics [ No. T,
entry, 8' XT'. Rooms twelve feet wide and ribs eight feet. Number of miners employed, eighteen men ; number of mules, three. Four day-men employed inside at driving and repairs and one outside.
Rising Son.
This mine is a drift opening. Operated by McClure & Raflferty. Superintendent, J. B. Henry. Outside manager, Joseph Read. Mining-boss, Andrew Neish. Number of openings, three — two drift openings and one air-shaft. Men were worlting at time of my visit in three entries. Size of entry, T'XT'. Rooms thirteen feet and ribs nine feet. Number of miners, twenty-seven men and one boy ; number of day-men, ten — seven inside and three outside. They employ six mules — four for inside and two outside. Velocity of the air measured by my anemometer, three hundred and fifty feet; section area, 8'X6'=52'. Ventilation by natural means, and subject to changes in the temperature of the atmosphere.
Bessemer Mine.
This mine joins the Rising Sun mine, and there is an opening from one into the other. Superintendent, T, M. McClain. Mining-boss, Adam "Whitehead. The number of openings to this mine are three, one into the Rising Sun mine and two drift openings; number of entries, six. The' were only working in five at time of my visit. Size of entry, S'X 7'. Rooms fourteen feet wide and ribs ten feet. Number of miners, fifty' men and two boys ; number of day-men and boys employed inside and outside, twelve. The ventilation produced by furnace. At time of visit I measured it in seven places with satisfactory results. They have one hundred and seventy coke-ovens. The mine, all through was in good condition, the roads well kept, the drainage taken care of. All the break-throughs except those in use are well bratticed.
IVest Overton Bf lne
Mine a drift opening. Operated by A. C. Overholt & Co. Superintendent, B. F. Overholt. Mining-boss, John Garms. There are four entries working in this mine. Size of entry, 8'X7i'. Rooms twelve feet wide. Number of miners, thirty men and six boys ; number working by the day, . seven ; number of mules employed, four inside and one outside. Thickness of coal, eight and one half feet. Number of coke-ovens, one hundred and ten. Ventilation natural. They have three openings. Air measurement at outlet showed a velocity of one hundred and eighty feet per minute; section area, 6'< 7 '=42'.
standard Mines*
These mines are slope and shaft openings located near Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland county, formerly owned and operated by Mr. A. A. Hutchinson, with the superintendent} of the underground workings in charge of Mr. William Wilcox, late mine inspector of the first district. The mine at present has been sold by Mr. Hutchinson to Messrs. H. C. Frick & Co., and
at my last visit October 4, the following officers were in charge : Superintendent, Robert Ramsay. Mining-boss, George Dawson.
The mines are worked on the double-entry system, the parallel entries are fifty feet apart. Rooms when turned are driven thirty feet before widening in order to allow sufficient support for the entries. The ventilation is produced by a 'Champion ventilator Fan, and the underground workings as regards drainage and ventilation are in fair condition. The following air-measurements were taken at my visits : Velocity of air current near bead of No. 1, face, 1st range=one hundred and twenty feet per minute sec. area 7X7i=52. Velocity near face of second range=four hundred and ten feet per minute sec area 8XT=56 square feet. Outlet air-current on slope velocity=380 feet per minute. Area one hundred square feet. Volume thirty-eight thousand cubic feet. At che time visited there was only part of the mine operated, and only one hundred and thirty' miners including boys employed, but since then I have been informed that the out-put has been increased, and that the mine will soon be to its full capacit}', and that additional openings are intended to be made to enlarge its shipment.
Soiatl&Bld Mine*
Mine operated by the Westmoreland Coal Company. Superintendent, F. Z. Schellenberg. The underground department is under the management of Samuel Wood and James Thompson. The workings are very extensive, giving emplo3'ment to over three hundred miners, including boys, half turns, &c. The main roads are in good condition, and the ventilation is produced by a large furnace. There are preparations in progress to sink another shaft for the purpose of continuing the proper drainage of the mine.
The present parts in work are in four divisions. In the Swamp-road division they are working in upper 8th, 9th, 1 0th, 10, 1 1th, and I'ith, all parallel butt entries. In the main road division, in the lower, 8th, 10th, and I ith. In Dip-road division in the 7th dip parallels, in the 3 and 4 butts, in 5 and 6 and 7 butts and in the 3rd dip and par. entr\'. In the drain-road division in ilth and 12th dip. In all these entries men were working at the time of my visit, 28 cross and 4 main entries. The nature of the workings in these various entries were as follows : In some entries driving, in some, room workings, in others, rooms and rib workings, and in others, rib and stumps. When the stumps are drawn out the work is finished and that section is abandoned.
I was much pleased at the general condition of this mine, and at the care taken to supply those parts using timber with sufficient number of posts, &c., to meet their wants as the work progresses. I was informed by the mining-boss, Mr. Thompson, and the outside foreman, that each place where timber is required is examined every day and note made of the number of posts, &c!, needed. The fireman visits every room, Ac, once every day and takes these notes as he goes around. In the evening when he comes
46a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7 ,
out of the mine he takes his note-book to the tipple-house and copies on a blackboard kept there for that purpose the name and number of those places in need of posts, &c., also, what number of each kind to send there. The outside foreman said that the first part of his duty every morning was to examine the blackboard and see that the materials ordered were sent in by the first trips. He also said that since adopting this plan he noticed a great saving in the amount of timber used, and that the amount used at present was not much over one half what they sent in before, because then they would send timber often to places not in need, and would leave others in need without any. The person going around would direct the miner where to stand his posts and prevent others from putting more posts up than the nature of the roof required, which, in the opinion of those in charge, accounted for the saving. It may also be said, that when a prop is put up as soon as it is needed, it often saves two or three, if the top is allowed to give before it is attended to, and in the end not as safe.
'Westmoreland Shaft.
This mine is owned and operated by the Westmoreland Coal Company. Superintendent, F. Z. Schellenberg. Mining-boss, Charles Walters. It j
has three openings by shafts and one by slope. Xumber of miners employed when visited on the 31st of October, two hundred and twenty-five men and nine boys. Number of persons employed by the day, thirty-five inside and nineteen outside. Number of entries working, twenty-six. Size of entry, mains, 8'X6', and butts, 7'X6'. The workings arein threesections : The south mains, north mains, and the upper mains. The ventilation of this mine is produced by a fan twelve feet in diameter. Air measurements taken in the upper mains showed a velocity of one hundred and fifty-five feet per minute, section area, fifty square feet. There are in use in the mine fourteen of the Harrison coal-cutting machines — there is only a part of the mine where they are in use. The persons contracting to do the machine mining are allowed three rooms for ach machine ; by their use they do the under-mining, and I was also told that they were used in taking up the bottom coal ; the machines are worked by compressed air.
The drainage of the mine is aflected by a powerful steam pump, a drawing of which accompanies this report with a full description explaining its dilTerent parts, the size of the steam cylinder, length of stroke, depth of the shaft, and the amount of water titled, &c., the whole of which has been furnished me by Mr. F. Z. Schellenberg, superintendent, and Mr. Lewis Stockett, engineer of the company, and placed in this report for the of parties necessitated to use steam power for the drainage of their mines.
IVestmoreland Shaft No. 1.
During the past year an extensive improvement has been made at the Westmoreland Coal Company's shaft No. 1. As the workings increased, and consequently the amount of water to be drained, it was found necessary' to have some more reliable and larger means of pumping than existed, and
J
J
which would also allow of bringing the water down from the upper shaft and doing the pumping all at one place.
The improvement consists of a twenty-inch plunger pump, ten-foot stroke,
connected directly to and worked by a forty-inch steam cylinder, the whole
constituting what is known as the " Cornish pump,'" The accompanying
'drawing and description hare been furnished by Lewis Stockett, engineer
of the company.
One compartment of the shaft, 6X9 feet, is used as an air and pump-way, and is in depth, from the foundation of engine to foundation of pump, one hundred and eighty-five feet, giving a vertical lift of one hundred and seventy-two feet to raise the water, which discharges thirteen feet under the engine. The sump is twenty-three feet deep below foundation of pump, which necessitated the present arrangement of placing the valves and their chambers (clacks and clack pieces) alongside of working-barrel instead of directly in line as is usual.
The engine is supported upon heavy cast-iron girders, which span the opening and are secure}' bolted to and rest upon a heavy foundation of stone. It consists of a vertical cylinder, 40"Xi2i)", with piston, piston-rod, crosshead, and guides. Steam is used but one way in the cylinder, that is to lift the rods, and is controlled by inlet and exhaust valves, which are operated by tappets on a plug rod worked directly from the engine, giving a positive valve motion. These valves are further controlled and operated by a cataract movement, by which the speed of the pump is regulated.
The pump, consisting of plunger, working barrel, valves, and valve cham. bers, is supported upon oak timbers twenty feet square, which bridge over the sump and rest upon the rock which underlies the vein. The plunger is connected directly with the crosshead of the engine bj- a line of twelve inches square Georgia yellow pine rods, in sections of thirty feet, bolted together by splice-plates and bolts. The water valves are of the annular pattern, made of gun metal and fatted with leather, working on a seating of the same metal. The suction pump is twenty inches in diameter, and the discharge or column pipe eighteen inches, cast in sections of twelve feet.
The operation of the pump is verj simple and reliable. Upon opening the screw valve, steam is admitted from the boilers into the lower portion of the cylinder, raising the piston and with it the rods and plunger, creating a vacuum in the working barrel, which water from the sump, forced by atmospheric pressure, raising through the suction pipe, lifts the lower valve and fills up. The lower tappet on plug rod shuts off the steam, and through the cataract the exhaust valve opens, and the steam escapes through a proper exhaust pipe to the air. The piston, rods, and plunger, of their own weight, descend to the water, shutting the lower valve, and forcing it through the upper valve into the column pipe above. A few strokes soon fill this pipe, and at every succeeding stroke it discharges an amount at the deliver} equal in volume to the size of the plunger, which
48a Internal Affaibs — Industbiax St .tistics. [No. 7 ,
in this pump is thirty-seven thousand six hundred and ninety-nine cubic inches or one hundred and sixty-two and a half gallons. Running at from one to six strokes per minute, this gives from nine thousand seven hundred and fifty to fifty-eight thousand five hundred gallons per hour, and two hundred and thirty-four thousand to one million four hundred and four thousand gallons per day of twenty-four hours. Upon the descent of the piston, the upper tappet on plug rod shuts the exhaust valve, the cataract opens the steam valve and the operation is repeated. Heavy wooden stops on the line of rods prevent the pump from exceeding its stroke either upwards or downwards.
What is claimed for these pumps is their great economy in the use of steam, their reliability, their small cost for repairs, and the facility with which they can be run.
liArlmer Mines.
Mine located near Larimer station , on the Pennsylvania railroad. Owned and operated by the Westmoreland Coal Company. Superintendent, F. Z, Schellenberg. Mining-boss, Arthur Fowler. Number of miners, two hundred and thirty men and twenty boys. Number of persons employed by the day, twelve inside and nineteen outnde. The coal from these mines is taken over two incline planes. That from the Byerly main is taken over one plane and the Skelly Hill openings over the other. The ventilation of the mine is moved b}' a fan ten feet in diameter. The fan is driven by hotair engine, manufactured by Sherrill Roper Air Engine Company, New York. I was informed by the engineer in charge that about three bushels of coke were sufficient to run the engine and fan for twelve hours. This is the only engine of this kind in the district. The air is heated and b}' its expansion acquires sufficient power t'o keep the engine and fan in motion. The speed is regulated by the engineer by opening and closing certain valves, Ac.
When visiting this mine on the 1st of November the following air measurements were taken: Between 8 and 9 butt — velocity, one hundred and twenty feet per minute; area, 7i'>5i'. Between 10 and 11 butt — velocity, two hundred and thirty feet per minute; area, 8' <5i'=44 square feet. Between 6 and 7 butt — velocity, one hundred and twenty feet per minute; area, thirty-six square feet. The fan is used as blower. The velocity of the air at inlet was seven hundred and fifty feet per minute; area, forty square feet-
The Skelly opening is ventilated by natural means. When measured showed a velocity in the inlet current of one hundred, and fifty' feet per minute; area, forty square feet. There is an opening from this part of the mine to the other, and when the natural current is not sufficient a part of the fan current is brought through.
Fatal Aecldcnts Reported.
AccTDE5n? No. 1. — William Bradstock, aged sixteen years, was fatally injured by a fall of slate, while at work in the Ocean mines on the morning
Lbq. DocJ Coal — Bituminovr. 49a
of the 6th of January. On the investigation, I found that young Bradstock was working at the time of the accident in company with Alexander Buckam, another young man, in room No. 17, in No. 6 entry in the new tunnel. Buckam was bearing in," and Bradstock knocking some coal down and loading a wagon. The piece of slate that fell on him measured six feet six inches in length, two feet six inches across the] widest part, and about eleven inches thick.
John Osborne and David Thomas stated that they helped to get the slate removed and get him out. His right foot was badly smashed from the ankle down. His body was also bruised. The accident occurred in the morning, and he died the same evening.
Accident No. 2. — At the Penn Gas No. 4 mine, on the 31 st of January, at about four o'clock, p. m., an accident occurred resulting in the death of B. F. Painter. He and Edward Perry were working in room No. 9, in No. 16 entry. This was a double room, and each party had his own road. At the time of the accident they were loading a wagon apiece — Painter's wagon on the lower road, and Perry's on the upper — when a piece of slate three feet six inches long, by three feet wide and ten inches thick, fell in Painter's part of the room and caught him. His body was severely' bruised and bis left leg broken, causing his death in about two hours after being taken home.
Accident No. 10. — William Muir, a miner, working in the Youghiogheny Valley mine, was killed by a fall of slate. This accident occurred on Saturday morning, March 24, in room No. 12, in No. 3 entry. The mine had been idle a few days prior to the accident, and when it started Muir went to his work, and without any apprehension of danger, went in a thoughtless manner under the slate without examining it, and was caught.
Accident No. 12. — On the 22d of March, William Smith, seventeen years of age, a driver at the St. Clair mine, was fatally injured by being squeezed between coal wagons and rib when bringing his trip out. Smith and another 3'oung man were both hauling their full trips out of the mine when, this accident happened. Young Smith's trip was in the rear and a short distance behind the other. When the other driver's trip had reached a certain place where there was a feed-box on the side of the track, his mule turned towards the box and resisted all the attempts made to get him to continue his trip out. Smith at this time was coming, riding on the bumper of his front wagon, when he was signaled to stop his trip, and it is supposed that he made an effort to jump off and got in between the rib and the wagons. The track was close to this side of the entry ; had he jumped to the other side of his wagons, he would have had ample room to escape. When found, he was jammed in between the rib and the first and second wagon and so badly injured that he died on the 24th.
Accident No. 18. — Paul Muller, a young man twenty-one years of age, a native of Germany, received injuries in the Penny mine, on Youghiogheny 4 Leg. Doc. No. 7.
50o Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
river, on the 26th of April, by falling slate while at his work. His injuries were so severe that they proved fatal on the 28th.
Accident No. 21. — Lewis McCall, a single man and boss driver in the United shaft, was killed on the 10th of May by being caught under by a descending cage in the shaft.
He was trying to pass from one side of the shaft to the other by crossing under the cage. Francis Martin, the eager, stated at the investigation that McCall had been warned not to pass under the cies but to take the other way. There is no sump at the bottom of shaft, and he was in the habit of sometimes crossing straight from one side to the other, which he intended to do when he was caught, but the cage was near the bottom and before Martin had time to call on him he saw the cage on top of him.
His body was badly bruised, his breast-bone and ribs broken, causing his death as stated at the time of the inquest by a verdict of accidental death through his own carelessness."
Accident No. 22. — James Keflfer, a miner working in room No. 19, 'Big Parting," in Homer and Roberts mine, drawing rib, was knocked by a piece of falling slate against a post while loading his wagon on the morning of the 14th of May, about half past six o'clock, with such a force that in falling against the post his skull was fractured.
When his fellow-miners came to his assistance he was found lying with his head against the post and his feet touching the slate, but there was none of his body under the slate, and in the opinion of Charles Wilson, Daniel Bowers, John Phillips, and Orin Hughes, the parties that worked near and came to help him out, It was the force with which he was knocked against the post that caused his death. Hughes heard the slate falling and called on Keffer but received no answer; then he ran into Keffer's place, which he thought did not take him over three minutes, when he found him lying dead.
Accident No. 25. — Jonathan W. Davis, a driver in the employ of W. H. Brown Sons, at the Saltsburg mine on the Monongahela river, was fatally injured while at his work on the morning of June 7th at about half past six o'clock, by a fall of roof coal while turning his mule. He died at nine, a. M., of the same day.
Davis had been in the employ of this company for a number of years, and was very highly spoken of by all that knew him. David G. Delo, a fellowdriver, stated that he was within twenty-five yards of Davis when the roof fell, and that there had not been but a few minutes since he was standing in the very place where Davis was caught and that he considered it perfectly safe. Others testified, both at the investigation held in the mine and at the coroner's inquest, to the same regarding the safety of the place. Accidents of this nature should impress us of the necessity of thorough and frequent examinations of all the hauling and traveling-ways.
Accident No. 27. — John Watchborn, a miner, fifty-two years of age, working in the Old Eagle mine, on the Monongahela river, was killed by slate falling on him in his room on the 15th of June.
James Laight, working in the next room, was the first coming to his aid, and found him all covered by the slate except his head, his shoulder smashed and his neck broken. He was dead when found. Benjamin Andrews, working in room No. 5, and James Blower, working in room No. 13, were in and helped to take him out. There was a large quantity of slate fell. One piece measuring six feet long and four feet six inches wide, and another piece five feet six inches long and three feet two inches wide. In the estimation of those present at the investigation, the whole would weigh over two tons. A coroner's inquest was held on the 16th, and a verdict of accidental death rendered.
AociDENT No. 30. — This accident occured on the 6th of July, in room No. 28, in No. 7 entry , in the M. Graver mine, resulting in the death of Severano Mogel, a single man, thirty-one years of age. The accident is supposed to have taken place about four o'clock in the afternoon, but not discovered until seven o'clock the same evening, at which time Joseph Bracco, who worked in room No. 45, and Gabell Favere, a brother-in-law of the deceased, went into the mine in search of him. They found him laying with his head and body under the slate. His body was cold, and in their opinion he must have been dead for some time. Simon Deberl was working in the same room, but had gone home about two o'clock, p. m. When he left, Mogel was knocking some coal down under where the slate was, but he did not think at that time that there was any danger of the slate falling. He also stated at the investigation that he had often warned Mogel to watch the slate, and that he thought that the accident was the result of carelessness.
Accident No. 33. — Charles Kaylor, a young man about seventeen years of age, a son of John Kaylor, was killed by a fall of slate in the Coulter & Huff mine, east of Greensburg, on the Pennsylvania railroad, on the 25th of July. Young Kaylor and his father were working together in one of the entries called the Straight parallels, and C. J. McKelveen in the other. A cut-through had been made by the Kaylors from their entry into McKelveen 's entry, which was near the face of both entries. The slate was not taken down in the face of the McKelveen entry, and the evening before the accident be had been trying to get it down, but had failed to get onlj' a part of it. The balance, which was the largest portion of it, was left hanging over night. In the morning he had an empty wagon pushed to the head of the entry, with the intention, as he stated, to fill it with coal that he had lying under the slate, as soon as he would prop the slate. Young Kaylor and his father had gone to another entry to help the driver to get a car on the track. The father thinking that one of them was sufi3cient to help getting the wagon on, told his son to go to his work. The son obeyed, and the shortest way to go was through McKelveen 's entry and the cutthrough, and when he was passing the empty wagon the slate dropped. A part of it rested on the wagon, and the other part caught him, killing him instantly. In the estimation of the parties present at my investigation, the quantity of slate that fell would weigh from three to four tons.
52a Internal Affairs — Industrial STATisTica [No, 7,
Accident No. 36. — Joseph Jim was fatally injured at the Shaner mine, on the 2d of August, at about three, p. M., and died at ten, p. m. He was a manned man, and had a wife and four children. At the time of the accident, he was working in B " entry, and Peter Fritz was working with him. The slate that fell on him was about three feet long and about the same in width. His body was severely bruised. His collar-bone knocked loose, his thigh broken, and several of his ribs badly crushed.
Accident No. 37. — David McKenna, on old miner on the Youghiogheny river, was fatally injured by a fall of slate in the Eureka mine, on the 9th of August, at about seven o'clock, a. m. He was working in room No. 14, in No. 3 entry. The slate that fell on him measured seven feet eleven inches long, three feet ten inches wide, and one foot thick. He was crushed in the abdomen, and otherwise bruised. At the investigation after his death, the following persons, Hiram Crise, Thomas Marshall, Philip Kern and Jeremiah Abbott who were working near him, and were in his room, after the accident assisting to take him out, stated that he had sufficient timber in his room, and that he had one post under the slate. McKenna told Thomas Marshall that he had one post under the slate, but that he had put it too near to one end, and that the weight of the other end shoved it out. He was dying when he was taken from under the slate, and was not able to speak only a few words while Thomas Marshall held him in his arms, before he was put in the car to be taken out. In the opinion of all present, his death was considered purely accidental.
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TABXS IV.— VEHTIIATIOK OF COII.IERIES— Cbn'nud.
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Ooalter ft Huff, Duquesne,,
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68a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Third District.
To the Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of
Pennsylvania :
Sir: In compliance with the amendments to the bitaminous mining act passed at the last regular session of the Legislature, requiring the bituminous mine inspectors to complete their annual report on or before the first Monday of November in each .year, I herewith submit my report of the inspection of mines in the Third Bituminous Coal District, composed of Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Clarion, Cameron, Erie, Elk, Forest, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mercer, McKean, Venango, and Warren counties for the ten months ending October 31, 1883.
The amendments to the act also provided for the appointment of two additional inspectors, who were commissioned last August, and out of the four inspection districts six were constructed. Clearfield county was taken from the Third, while Beaver and Butler counties were added to it, making fourteen counties, ten of which contain mines.
I am glad to be able to report a decrease in the number of both fatal and non-fatal accidents during the last ten months in comparison with the first ten months of last year, 1882. This year there are twelve (12) fatal and twenty-six (26) non-fatal against seventeen (17) fatal and forty-four (44) non-fatal accidents for the full year of 1882. James Cameron and Daniel Wohlfrandt lost their lives through gross neglect, as they both had been requested to secure the roof by the mining-boss in charge of the mines and by miners that were working near them previous to its falling upon them, and some of the others might have been saved had they been more careful.
OAUSBS OF FATAIi ABTD STON-FATAIi ACCIDBNT§.
Fatal.
By falls of roof, 6
By falls of coal, . . . .' 5
By mine wagons, 1
Total,
Non-Fatal.
By falls of roof, 8
By fall of coal 12
By mine wagons, 9
By sundry causes, 2
Total, 26
Number of widows, 7
Number of orphans, 14
Number of mines in the district, 90
Number of miners in the district, approximated, 4,140
Number of laborers (day hands) in the district, approximated, . . 644
Total number of employes in the district, approximated, . . 4,784
Number of mines opened during the ten months, 16
Number of mines exhausted during the ten months, 6
Number of tons (2,000 lbs.) of coal mined, (reported,) 1.427,365 Number of tons (2,000 Ifos.) of coal mined, (approximation,) . . 122,000
Total production, 1,649,366
J. L. Rankin, mining-boss of New Catfish mine, Clarion county, was prosecuted for neglecting to furnish timber, in compliance with the fifth section of the act, for the working place of John Steele, miner, who lost his life by the roof falling upon him, and had not any props in room with which to secure it.
Mr. Steele lost his life on the 27th of October, 1882, and on November 14 I had Mr. Rankin brought before Justice McGregor, of East Brady, upon a charge of neglect of duty, and after having a hearing before the justice, he was bound over to the court for trial. He was tried at the January term of court on the 19th, and on the 20th the jury rendered a verdict of guilty as indicted. The counsel for the defense made a motion for a new trial, which was argued at the argument court in the month of March. His Honor Judge Knox refused a new trial, and sentenced J. L. Rankin to pay a fine of ($200) two hundred dollars and costs. The defense at this stage of the proceedings made their last eflTort to have the case brought before the Supreme Court on a writ of error, but this was refused, and the case was finally settled in May last by Mr. Rankin paying fine and costs. This was quite an important case, and required a great deal of my personal attention, and as the defendant was represented by able counselors, I had to employ special attorneys to assist the district attorney in the prosecution for the Commonwealth at my own expense.
During the ten months I have examined all of the mines with the exception of those that are located in Butler and Beaver counties, and found them as a whole in a very satisfactory condition. Nearly all of the mines are ventilated by artificial means, and in many instances the volume of air circulated through the workings was in excess of the requirements of the law ; however, there are still a few mine ofiScials who are very t&rdy in complying with the requirements of the act. For a brief description of the mines, fatal accidents, air measurements, and mining statistics see another pai-t of this report. All of which is respectfully submitted.
Yours verj' respectfully,
THOMAS K. ADAMS, Inspector of Third District.
Wheeler P. O., Merger County, November 5, 1883.
70a Internal Affairs — Industrial Stati6tic& [No. t,
NBIV VKMTIItATIlVG POIVBRS SRECTBD DrRIlVG THK TBAR AT THR
A fomace at Falls Creek mines, by Falls Creek Coal Company, GlearOeld county.
A small furnace at the Derby mine, by the Barnes Bro's, Clearfield county.
A 6'XB 6''X18' furnace at Fairmount mines No. 2, by Fairmount Coal and Iron Co., Clarion county.
A furnace, 6'X36'', at Pine Run mines, by Stephenson and Mitchell, Clarion county.
A 4'X3'X18' ftimace at Dagus mine No. 11, by N. W. Mining and Exchange Co., Elk county.
A 8' 4"x3' at Dagus mines, for Nos. 8, 13, 14, 16, by N. W. Mining and Exchange Co., Elk county.
A 8' 6''x3' 6'' at Bucktail mine, by N. W. Mining and Exchange Co., Elk county.
A furnace 6'x3' 6" at Penn mine, by Penn Coal Co., Lawrence county.
A 10' diameter fan at Griffith Slope, by Ormsby & Co., Mercer county.
A Murphy fan, 8' in diameter, at Walston mine No. 1 , by Rochester, Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Co., Jefferson county.
A Murphy fan, 8' in diameter, at Walston mine No. 9, by the Rochester, Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Co., Jefferson county.
OSaCRIPTIOIV OF THB MINBS. Cleaxfleld County.
The Rochester mine, drift opening, located at Du Bois, and operated by Bell, Lewis and Gates, is one of the largest mines of the district, producing about fifteen thousand tons, of run of mine coal per day, and giving emplo3*ment to four hundred and fifty employes. The Murphy Ventilator, six feet in diameter, is doing excellent work, and would be quite a sufficient power to ventilate the workings properly, if it was used for this purpose alone. A locomotive has been put into the mine for hauling purposes, which requires about one half of the ventilation to ventilate the tunnel. Weight of engine nine tons, and hauls from inside turn-out" to tipple, a distance of several thousand feet, thirty cars a trip, and each containing four thousand four hundred eighty pounds of coal. Coke is being used for firing engine instead of coal, which is an improvement, especially in regards to the smoke. The main heading road has been relaid with much heavier iron rails, and, also, the area of heading has been increased to sixty-two feet. The ventilation has had to be divided into two separate currents, one for engine road, and the other for ventilating the workings. I measured a volume of air on the I'etum air course, at a point several hundred feet from shaft, of twenty-four thousand nine hundred cubic feet. Measured at inlet for workings a volume of fourteen thousand eighteen hundred and twenty -two cubic feet, and near face of No. 6 cross-heading measured eight thousand seven hundred and fifty
cubie feet per minute. Near face of Nos. 4 and 5 butt-headings, found air defective, but were engaged in driving an air-course from fourth to fifth heading. Owing to the changes being made by the putting in of locomotive, the ventilating arrangements were not completed at time of visit* System of working double-heading, and there can be no difiSculty in having mine properly ventilated, if only the details of the mine are attended to. The drainage is good, and roads are in good condition. A coal bin for holding coal has been built at tipple, and will hold seven hundred and sixty tons of slack and coal. A. J. McHugh, superintendent. Michael Kelly, mining-boss. Visited Rochester mine twice during the last ten months.
Falls Creek Mime.
I visited this colliery on February S8, which is being operated by the Falls Creek Coal Company. T. J. McConnell, superintendent ; John B. Williams, mine-boss. It is a drift opening, producing about three hundred tons' run of mine coal daily, and employing seventy employes. System of working is double-heading, three of which are being driven at time of my examination. Size of entries 6X8', rooms twenty-one feet wide, vrith pillars of about eighteen feet. Heading roads are laid with sixteen pound T iron, and are well kept. When measured, four thousand eight hundred cubic feet of air were being circulated throughout the mine, which was being produced by a fire-lamp, but since my visit a substantial VX4' furnace has been built, which gives a sufficient volume of air. Drainage good.
Located at Tyler's Station, and operated by the Clearfield Coal Company, was examined on March 5.
Two drift openings are being operated, the workings of which are connected. The main headings are driven on the end of coal, with rooms opened on one side only. System of working is single entry with air courses. Mine ventilating power is a fire-lamp, and produced on day of visit three thousand cubic feet of air through the main workings of the mine. Production of coal one hundred and fifty tons daily. Number of workmen employed in connection with mine and the coke ovens fifty-two. Mine dry and comfortable, and very safe work inside for the miners. Mine in fair condition.
IVebstcry Ho. S,
Located at Houtzdale, was put in operation shortly before my visit, on March 6, by the Houtzdale Coal Company. C. W. Yan Dusen, superintendent ; James H. Minds, mining-boss.
This is a slope, put down on an angle of twenty-two degrees. Coal hoisted by iron-wire cable and double engine of eighty horse-power. One boiler thirty-two feet long and three feet diameter. Were employing from fifteen to twenty men, but at present the3' employ about ninety. Venti-
72a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No.?,
lating power was not built when I visited the mine, consequently I could not take air measurement, but since then I understand the ventilating arrangements have been completed.
Bureka No. 9.
Located near Houtzdale; operated by Berwind, White & Co. Peter Cameron, senior, superintendent, and Peter Cameron, junior, mining-boss.
Two drift openings, with their workings connected, which was examined on April 28. Found ventilation of mine good, but was unable to take a measurement, owing to my air-meter getting broke immediately after going into mine, but hy approximation believe there would be about twelve thousand cubic feet of air circulating. System of working double-heading truly carried out. Drainage on main heading very defective, which the mining-boss promised to have remedied at once. This mine, which is quite extensive, was running steady. Eight hundred and forty (840) tons of run of mine coal are produced daily, and two hundred and seventy-six persons are employed, mules are required to haul that amount of coal. Mine is in good condition with the exception noted. I visited this mine twice during the year.
Reed Mine.
This is a new drift opening on the Morrisdale Branch railroad, and operated by J. B. Reed & Co. J. B. Reed, superintendent, and S. E. Roach, mining-boss.
1 .visited this mine April 30, but they had not commenced shipping coal at this date, although they would be ready to do so the week following. Coal tipple is on the Morrisdale railroad, but mine is back from it one and one fourth miles, and the coal has to be brought forward from mouth of drift to tipple by small locomotive. Locomotive road is laid with thirtypound steel rails. Gauge of road three feet six inches. Size of drift eight feet spread, seven feet collar, and six feet high, supported by timbers of eight inches square. They are to work on the single-heading plan, with aircourses. Size of entries, Have sunk an air-shaft thirty feet deep, at which they intend to erect a ventilating furnace. Were employing sixteen men.
Kmptre Mine.
A drift opening. I examined it April 30, and found it in splendid condition, running about three fourths time, producing four hundred tons of coal daily, and employing one hundred persons and five mules. Two double-headings are being driven, one main and the other cross-heading. Have sunk another ventilating shaft, fift-seven feet deep, six feet diameter, with a stack on top of twenty-four feet. I measured a volume of air at inlet of eleven thousand two hundred and eighty cubic feet, and at outlet a volume of twelve thousand one hundred and sixty cubic feet, and at the face of main and cross-heading eight thousand two hundred and twenty-five
cubic feet. This mine is ap to the requirements of the ventilation act, both as regards ventilation and drainage. Met quite a large fault in mine, with line of fracture north five degrees west, as you approach it to the southeast or nearly east. Jt indicates an upthrow " of sixteen feet. This interferes with the original plan of working the mine considerably. Mr. Ashcrofb, superintendent of mine, has erected a stationary double engine of thirty horse-power, which operates endless wire-rope for hauling coal from inside station in mine, a distance of one thousand five hundred feet. A vertical pulley is attached to engine shaft, around which the rope is wound twice, then around a horizontal pulley at each end of haul <at tipple and inside station) beneath the road rail. The hauling part of rope is taken over rollers in middle of road, and the other half of it conveyed along side of road on small pulleys. The machinery hauls, with a light grade against the load and hauls, fifteen cars at a trip, each car holding thirty-five hundredweight of coal. This is quite an improvement on mule hauling. Mine operated by the Empire Coal Company. John Ashcrofb, superintendent. Evan Evans, mining-boss.
Morrisdale Mines Nos. 10, 11, liS, and 18.
I examined the mines May 1, which are located one mile from Morrisdale, and coal being brought forward by small locomotives from drills to tipple. Have four drift openings in operation, with Nos. 7 and 8 not running at present. No. 13 drift workings are connected with those of No. 8, having same system of ventilation to ventilate both places. Size of No. 18, nine feet spread, six feet collar, and seven feet high, with timbers ten inches square. Heading roads laid with T rail. Air measurement at inlet, eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-five cubic feet, and at face of heading, three thousand one hundred and twenty cubic feet circulating. No. 12 same size as 13. Have sunk an air-shaft twenty-four feet deep and erected stack on top thirty-two feet. Air good. No. 1 employs eighty miners. Air measurement at inlet, twelve thousand and twenty-five cubic feet — about thirteen thousand cubic feet at furnace. Had a strong current at &ce of heading. No 11 in good shape. The ventilation and drainage of mines good. Gives employment to two hundrediemploys. Operators, R. B. Wigton & Son. William Wigton, superintendent. William McCann, mining-boss.
Allport Blne.
Drift opening, located on Hawks Run Branch railroad, and one and one half miles from Morrisdale. Operated by Holt, Schoonover & Co. John M. Holt, superintendent. Timothy Morton, mining-boss.
Size of drift, ten feet spread, eight feet collar, and six feet high. Struck a fault in main heading bearing north 80 east, with line of fracture bearing north 10° west, indicating a " down-throw " of coal of twelve feet. An air-shaft has been sunk thirty-eight feet deep, six feet in diameter, and having forty-eight feet of wooden stack on top. The furnace was not built at
f 4a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
time of visit, May 1. Number of hands employed, forty, and producing two hundred and forty tons daily. Mine not very extensive, as it only commenced shipping coal at end of last year.
Deeatnr Mine*
Drift opening, is located near Morrisdale, and employs forty men, with a daily production of two hundred and forty tons of coal. Found quite a sufficient volume (seven thousand seven hundred and fifty cubic feet) of air being circulated throughout the mine. The only place in mine which was not sufficiently ventilated was in the dip heading, otherwise the mine was in splendid condition. John Todd, mine-boss.
Victor No. 1
Is located near Phillipsburg, and operated by the Victor Goal Company. D. Holt, superintendent ; John Walton, mining-boss.
Mine running at time of examination (May 2) about one third time, employing sixty miners, twelve day hands. Production, four hundred tons daily. Two headings are being driven. Made a new drift opening on south side of hill, in which the Victor was first opened. A locomotive tunnel six hundred and fifty ysLrds long has been made through the hill to new drift, so that the locomotive can haul the coal fom it to the chutes, length of which is four thousand three hundred and fifty feet. Ventilation and drainage of mine were excellent, making the workings very comfortable to work in.
Gleniprood Mines
Was examined May 2, and I found it in very good condition. At inlet air-courses measured a volume of fourteen thousand cubic feet per minute. The ventilation throughout the whole of the workings was excellent. The workings are dry and comfortable. Drainage was favorable with the exception of a short distance on main hauling road. The mine was running very unsteady owing to the dullness of the trade. Employing fift} employes, and at present only producing about one hundred and fifty tons daily run of mine coal. G. R. Golburn, mining-boss.
Derby MlneSy
Operated by the Barnes Bros., was examined May 2. Located near Phillipsburg. This mine has been considerably improved since m3' visit of last year. The hauling roads have been repaired, roof has been blown down, roads raised and laid with new T iron, the ventilation has been increased by erecting a small furnace, and have sunk a ventilating shaft at which they are going to build a good furnace. Were circulating three thousand seven hundred and fifty public feet of air through the workings. Employ thirty-two employes at date of visit, and producing one hundred and sixty tons' daily run of mine coal. Ventilation, drainage, and roads of mine were in favorable condition. Edward Shaw, mining-boss.
Operated by the Barnes Bros. Richard Ashcroft, mine-boss, is located near Phillipsbarg.
Mine not running steady owing to scarcity of contracts. Employ one hundred and ten employes, and can produce about five hundred tons daily run of mine coal. System of working, single-heading with air-courses driven from one cross-heading to another. Volume of air measured at inlet and outlet was seventy-two hundred cubic feet, which was well conducted to face of all the headings. Roads dry. Mine in good condition generally.
Coloxmdo Mtney
Near Phillipsburg, was running about one half time. Number of employ, forty, and production, one hundred and sixty tons run of mine coal. Air measurement at inlet and outlet on an average of twelve thousand five hundred cubic feet, and at face of headings thirty-four hundred cubic feet. Ventilation splendid. System of working, heading and air-course. Roads and workings dry. Operators, A. & W. H. Barlow. Thomas Pilkington, mine-boss.
Near Phillipsburg, was running very unsteady at time of visit. May 4. Number of employes, thirty, with a daily production of one hundred and twenty-five tons. Volume of air circulating in workings, two thousand nine hundred and seventy feet. Air was very weak at face of workings. They have added a sixteen-foot length of boards to air stack, but the furnace is entirely too small for the mine. Drainage in fair condition. Operator, H. K. Grant; Stephen Sheldon, mine-boss.
NTear Phillipsburg, operated by John Ashcroft, is not very extensive, and is the only mine in this region that depends on the natural forces to ventilate it. I, however, found the mine in very good condition. Number of employes, nineteen, with a daily tonnage of seventy-five tons of mine coal. Mine is back from railroad about nine hundred feet. Only one heading is being driven. Mine and coal territory about thirty acres.
M IMBS IM CliARION OOUHTT. HUlirtile Mine,
Operated by the Pittsburgh Coal and Mining Company, has been examined twice during the year, (on February 23 and September 7.) David Ditch is mining-boss.
The coal is let down an incline plane five hundred and sixty feet long- The coal of this mine is principally used for coaling the engines on the Allegheny Valley railroad. Were employing at first visit fifty employ. At last visit had only about twenty-five men. The mine depends upon the
76a Intebnal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
natural forces alone for ventilation. The current of air was not strong, bat as the men were all working near the main air-course, the air was not bad. The roads and workings are very dry.
Operated by Alexander Reynold's Sons. Located at Redbank. David Reynolds, superintendent.
No. 1 mine employs thirty-two men, with a production of eighty tons per day. Have to haul the coal with mules about one mile from drift to incline plane. The coal is coked at the company's ovens, and used for their furnace. Ventilation was good, and workings and roads dry. This mine has been abandoned since my visit in February.
No. 2 is a new opening, and opened in a lower seam of coal than No. 1. Was employing twenty-four men. Measured nine thousand cubic feet of air at inlet. Mine ventilated by natural means. The day was favorable for ventilating the mines.
Falrn&oiinty No. a,
Operated by the Fairmount Coal and Iron Company. R. S. Shaffer, superintendent ; R. Henry, mining-boss.
DriH; opening, and employing one hundred and eighty-six men and boys, with a production of four hundred and fifty tons daily. Have built a ventilating furnace, size 6'X3', 6'X18'; also have an air-shaft forty-five feet deep, and built an air stack on top of shaft forty-two feet. Air measurement at inlet nine thousand cubic feet, at furnace ten thousand cubic feet. Air was well distributed to face of headings, and they were well ventilated, with the exception of No. 14 cross-heading, near face of which the aircourse had fallen shut, but were bus}- driving another one, which would be completed in a few days. Mine, as a whole, is in fair condition. Have a mine locomotive hauling from drift to top of incline plane, which they had also introduced to haul from inside station, but owing to the ventilating and other arrangements not being suitable it was withdrawn, the intention is to put it in again the coming winter.
At time of visit, September 5, the company's other mine, (Ijong Run.) near here was idle, having a strike on hand with the workmen, which had existed for several weeks previous to this date, so had not the chance to examine.
Pine VLwok,
Examined September 6, is located near East Brady, and operated by Stephenson & Mitchell. Thomas Mitchell, superintendent ; William Jents, mine-boss.
Number of miners, boys, and other employes one hundred and forty-one. Production two hundred and fifty tons daily. Have built a new furnace 6' 6''X3' 6". Depth of furnace shaft fifty-two feet, stack sixteen feet, and eight feet square. Air circulating in mine about ten thousand cubic feet
Near face of No. 12 cross-heading air defective, bat air-course nearly completed to this entry, which would be main air-course. Other parts of mine well ventilated. Drainage excellent, and mine, as a whole, is in good condition.
Hardscrable Mine
Is located near East Brady, and operated by Brady's Bend Mining Company. C. F. Hartwell, superintendent ; George Henry, mining-boss.
Examined the mine September 6, and only found a perceptible current at one or two places throughout whole of mine, but not sufficient to turn air-meter anywhere. They have a small furnace, but the mining-boss neglected to put fire in it, so the men had to suffer for his neglect. The company was notified of the defects. Number of miners employed one hundred and twenty-five, and nineteen day men. Production daily three hundred tons. Company have opened a new drift, connecting it with the old workings or those in Hardscrable. Have erected at top of plane a new structure at which the coal is to be screened and prepared before it is let down the incline plane to tipple. Drainage good.
Cameron Mine*
Located at Cameron, Cameron county, and operated by the Cameron Coal Company. Superintendent, A. C. Danckelmann. Mining-boss, John Morris.
At date of visit, September 3, mine was working unsteady, about two days per week, and owing to the mine not being in operation at time of visit, I did not examine it. Number of employes about forty-four, engaged at coke ovens and the mine. Have erected ten pockets holding five tons of coal each, to be used for coaling locomotives on the P. and E. R. B. ; also building twenty additional coke ovens.
BHaVL county MINB9. Dags Mines.
Seventeen drift openings, is located near Centerville, and operated by the North-western Mining and Exchange -Company. Mr. May, of Scranton, superintendent. David Robertson, assistant superintendent, with John Aikam, John Currie, John R. Hoskins, and Victor Swanson, as miningbosses.
The company has opened nine new drifts during the year, and although a few of them has not shipped any coal yet, they will be ready to do so as soon as the company's branch railroad, from the Rochester and Pittsburgh railroad, is completed.
Drifts Nos. 12, 16, 17, and 21 have been opened in a coal seam higher in the measures than the one in which the other drills are opened. They are reached by incline planes on an angle of about 15°. At No. 11 a new furnace has been built, size, 4'X3'Xl8', with eight feet bars. Depth of shaft forty-five feet, stack, thirty-two feet. New furnace to ventilate drifts Nos.
7 8a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. No. f,
8, 13, 14, and 15, 8ize,8'X4' 2"X2S' 6' depth of furnace shaft, thirty-eight feet, six feet square, with a wooden stack twenty-four feet high. Each of these drifts to be ventilated by this furnace, will each have an independent system of ventilation. The air from each drift will be conveyed to furnace by means of overcast, so that the return air of the one mine will not be allowed to go to the workings of any other. The arrangements are splendid, and if the boss, Mr. Ackam, who is a good practical miner, onlj' attends to the details, I have no doubt but what the mines under his charge will be model ones. Mine-boss, Mr. Swanson, has charge of drifts Nos. 9, 10, and 18, and I found the mines up to the requirements of the ventilation act. The other mines are under the management of Messrs. Carrie and Hoskins, and I found them in good shape. The company has purchased two seventon locomotives which are used for hauling the coal from the drifts to the incline planes. All the arrangements about these mines are excellent. They employ over four hundred employes, and produce daily about one thousand two hundred tons of coal, which will be increased the coming year.
Burelca Slope.
Located near .Centerville and operated by Daniel Eldridge. Patrick Fleming, mining-boss.
lumbers of employes, ninety. Found mine, as far as ventilation was concerned, in good condition. Measured an average quantity of air at inlet and outlet of seventeen thousand cubic feet. At &ce of Xo. 2 heading, twenty-one hundred cubic feet. Owing to some of the doors being out of adjustment in this entry not one fourth of the air could reach the face of heading. In No. 3 heading, at the face, I measured ten thousand cubic feet of air. The mine is well ventilated, but roads and drainage just in middling condition. System of working, heading and air-course.
Oasoade BUne,
Operated by Eaul & Hall, at St. Marys, was examined August 30, and found in good order. At No. 1 drift, where twenty-two men are employed, three thousand cubic feet of air were being circulated through the workings. At No. 2 drift, where fifty-five men are working, I measured an average quantity of air of twelve thousand cubic feet at inlet and outlet. At the extreme end of workings, which was driven up to boundary, measured two thousand three hundred cubic feet. Condition of mine as regards ventilation and drainage is good. Martin Dippold is mining-boss.
St. Mary** Mime,
Operated by St. Mary's Coal Company, at St. Mary's, (Joseph Patten, superintendent, Joseph Eddy, mining-boss,) was examined August 30, and I found mine in fair condition. Air measurement near furnace, fourteen thousand seven hundred and fifty cubic feet, which was fairly distributed to face of workings. Drainage fair. Number of employ, ninety-four,
and producing two hundred and fifty tons daily. They use a portion of the coal for coaling the locomotives on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Have constructed a locomotive road, over which a six-ton locomotive brings forward the coal from drift to tipples. Gauge of road, two feet six inches, and laid with twent'-pound T-rail.
Operated by the St. Mary's Coal Company, is employing sixteen men and shipping about forty-five tons of coal daily. Mine is in good condition as far as the ventilation and drainage are concerned.
BiMlKtell Mine
Is located at Rasselas and operated by the Northwestern Mining and Exchange Company. William H. Harris, mining-boss. This is a double-drift opening. Size of each is eight feet spread, six feet collar, and six feet high, with ten-inch square timbers. Main heading is continued double and cross-headings single, with air-courses. Quantity of air circulating through the workings was on an average of six thousand cubic feet, but have power to circulate three times this quantity if it were necessary. Have built a new furnace. Size 6''X3 with a depth of shaft, including wooden stack on top of it, of ninety feet. Roads laid with twelvepound T-rail ; gauge, two feet six inches. Coal is hauled from drift to tipple at railroad, a distance of five hundred and twenty-one yards. Number of employes, sixty. This is a new mine, and workings have been laid out upon a good system, and at present in a very good condition.
JBFFBRSON COUNTY MUTBS. Iiraftl&liicton and Paneoait Mines*
Located at Pancoast, and operated by Frank Williams. Henry Williams, mine-boss.
Pancoast mine has been exhausted since my visit in February, and Washington will not hold out long, as the pillars are being taken out of it. Both mines were employing forty-two men, and producing about one hundred and fifty tons daily. The mines were dry and ventilation good.
HauUion Mine*
Located at Reynolds ville, and operated by the Hamilton Coal Company. A. E. Price, superintendent ; Thomas E. Evans, mine-boss.
Number of miners, one hundred ; day hands and mine boys, twenty-seven ; production, about five hundred tons daily. Sj'stem of working, partly double and partly single-heading. Quantity of air in circulation was averaged at ten thousand cubic feet, which was very well distributed to face of workings. Since my visit last march the old ventilating furnace has been taken down and rebuilt larger, which has increased the quantity of air considerably. Drainage and ventilation good.
80a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
8older Rnn Mine.
Located near Reynolds ville, and operated by Powers, Brown & Co. James A. Powers, superintendent, Benjamin J. Morris, mine-boss.
Number of employ, one hundred and thirty. Production daily, four hundred and fifty tons. Average quantity of air at inlet and ontlet, eightyfive hundred cubic feet, but was not conducted to face of workings. Could not take an air measurement at face of main-heading owing to the many leakages at the doors and stoppings. This mine has always been well ventilated until recently, which shows a neglect of those in charge to give that attention necessary to keep the details in order, so as the air-current can be conveyed to the workings. I made another visit to the mine, but it was idle owing to the miners being on a strike, which prevented another examination. A new hauling road has been made through the workings a distance of four hundred yards, which shortens the haul about the same distance, (four hundred yards,) and costing about $240. It gives a favorable grade in favor oif loaded trip, which enables each mule to take three and four cars instead of two over the old road. The drainage is fair.
Spragpne IHClBe.
Located about two miles south of Reynolds ville, and operated by Powers, Brown & Co. James A. Powers, superintendent. Richard Smith, mineboss.
Number of miners employed, seventy-three; other laborers outside and inside of mine, fourteen. Production, daily, three hundred tons. The drift is considerably higher than the railroad, necessitating the construction of a chute ninety-three feet long, upon which an apparatus is attached to regulate the velocity of the coal in its descent to railroad cars. It also prevents the breaking of the coal, and enables them to screen it more thoroughly. System of working, double-heading. Size of headings, eight feet wide and six feet high, with twenty-one feet pillars between them. Width of rooms, twenty-one feet ; ribs, fifteen feet. Averaged quantity of air in circulation, seven thousand six hundred cubic feet, which was well distributed to face of workings. Double this quantity of air could be put in motion if necessary, as the furnace has the capacity to do it. Drainage is splendid, and roads laid with heavy T rail, and well kept.
Beelfttreo Mines.
Located at Beechtree, and operated by the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company. General Manager, W. G. Piatt. Mine superintendent and boss, Richard Woodward. Was examined March 3d. Two mines have been opened and are both double drift openings. Size of No. 1, eleven foot spread, nine foot collar, and 7' 6'' high. Size of No, 2, twelve foot spread, nine foot collar, and 6' 6" high, the timbers twelve inches square. No. 1 main heading has been driven four hundred yards, and No. 2 four hundred and fifty yards. Headings are ten feet wide and six feet high. A Mur])hy Ventilator, six feet in diameter, has been erected at each drift. At No. 1 drift, with fan running at sixty revolutions, a
circulation of thirty-seven thousand seven hundred and sixty cubic feet of air per minute was given, and No. 2, with fen running at sixty revolutions gave twenty-six thousand two hundred and forty cubic feet. On examina. tion we found one of the air-course doors partly closed, which had a tendency to greatly reduce the volume of air in this mine. The fans are placed on the mouths of the back-heading, and were forcing the air into the mines. The mines are up to the requirements of the ventilation act. The outside arrangements are all of a substantial character, which will enable the company to make large shipments of coal.
CE COUNTY MINBS. Clinton Mine
Is located near Clinton, and operated by the Clinton Coal Company. A. W. Harbison, superintendent. John Craig, mining-boss.
The company is operating three drift opening, and employs sixty miners and fifteen other day laborers. Are opening another drift on S. W. side of one of the hills and to be driven into old workings of one of the present drifts, at which are taken out coal. After this connection is made it will be used for a hauling road to haul the coal from their property in an opposite hill. The hauling roads are not in very good condition. The average volume of air in circulation was about seven thousand cubic feet. In the Miller entry, in center opening, the air was back from entry face quite a distance, owing to several rooms standincr open at which doors ought to have been erected. Previously this company has had to handle their coal twice before it was put into railroad cars on the E. and P. railroad, and had to haul with mules their coal over a graded road for about one mile in length, but now this company, in connection with Lee and Patterson, of the Beaver mine, are grading a road so as they can get the railroad cars to their tipples at mines.
Beaver Mine.
Was examined March 26, and at time of visit mine was running very unsteady. Number of men employed, one hundred. System of working in mine is single entry, with air-course. Found the mine fairly ventilated, with the exceptions of two entries, which would be remedied in a few days. Measured an average volume of air at inlet and outlet of twelve thousand cubic feet, which was fairly distributed through the workings of the mine. The hauling roads are dry, with drainage good. Mine operated by Lee & Patterson ; H. K. Hartsiff, superintendent ; Samuel Graham, mine-boss.
Penn Mine.
Is operated by the Penn Coal Company. W. B. Enos, superintendent ; John Klley, mine-boss.
This is a drift opening, but coal seam dipped sufficiently for the cars to run from mouth of drift to bottom of dip, nine hundred feet long. A sta- 6 Lbg. Doc. No. 7.
82a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
tionary engine hauls from inside station to top of incline plane. The mine cars are let down the plane, which is six hundred yards long, by means of a friction drum, ten feet in diameter. Number of miners employed, fifty, and twelve day laborers. The ventilation of the mine was defective. Mine was ventilated by the natural forces alone, but were g*ing to sink a shaft, and build a substantial furnace. Mine fairly drained.
Pearson Mine
Is located three miles north of New Castle. Operated by the New Castle Railroad and Mining Company. Superintendent, George Pearson ; John Bell, mine-boss.
This is a shaft opening, size ten feet by eight feet, with a board partition dividing the shaft into two compartments. One of them is used as an upcast, and the other as an inlet for ventilating purposes. Exhaust steam from pump is conveyed into upcast, which has a tendency to rarefy the air and create a circulation. The quantity of air measured was three thousand cubic feet, and conducted to the face of workings. Found them working thirty-seven men in mine, and had but one opening, but caused another opening to be provided, which is a 6'X8' shaft. Mine will not be extensive.
Clermont and Inetanter, ISIoe. 1 and 58.
These three drift openings are located at Clermont, McKean county, and operated by the Buffalo Coal Company. J. H. Tate, superintendent, and Robert Dick, mining-boss.
Number of employes, miners one hundred and eighteen, other day laborers thirty-six. Air measurements in No. 1 Instanter averaged five thousand two hundred cubic feet, and in No. 2 Instanter average amount of air was six thousand cubic feet. In Clermont mine the pillars are being taken out, no work advancing in it. The ventilation and drainage of the mines were good. The coal from the mines is brought forward to tipples on railroad a distance of two miles by two small locomotives. The coal is carried that distance in cars holding two and one half tons, thus handling the coal twice before getting into railroad cars for shipment, which is considerable extra expense.
Is operated by the Bethel Coal Company. John Ph3'thyon, mine-boss.
Number of employs about seventy. The narrow work of the mine has all been driven to its boundar}-, and the pillars are now being drawn. The ventilation was fair, and at the extreme end of workings, in the south-west entry, measured six hundred cubic feet of air, and at face of the Anderson entry the quantity of air was one thousand six hundred and ninety cubic feet. Exhaust steam is used as the ventilating power. Mine is drained by Cameron steam pumps. £ntry roads laid with T iron, and in good shape.
A vertical doable engine, thirty-five horBe-power, is used for hoisting the coal out of shaft. Ventilation from now until the shaft is finished will get better.
Clkefltniat Ridge Slutfk
Is operated by Westerman, Filer & Co. Enoch Filer, junior, manager.
Number of miners sixty-four, and other employs sixteen, and shipping two hundred and fifty tons daily of lump and nut coal. Two entries were being driven. Ventilation was being produced by the exhaust steam from the Cameron steam-pumps that are used for draining the mine. Average quantity of air at inlet and outlet, which was fairly distributed to fstce of workings, was twelve thousand cubic feet. Entry roads partly laid with T iron, and partly with wooden rails. Roads in fair condition. The workmen have a good traveling-way into and out of mine. The coal is hoisted by a good horizontal engine, forty horse-power. Mine in fair condition generally.
Sbaroii Sbalt
Is located at Chestnut Ridge and employing sixty-two employes. System of working single-entry, with air-courses. Found ventilation defective. There was one of the main air-courses closed shut by the roof caving in, and has been in this condition for some time. Seventeen men were working in the entry to which this air-course conveyed the air, and were obliged to work in this injurious atmosphere through the inexcusable negligence of the mine officials. Also the bottom of downcast shaft was about closed with ice, which obstructed the air considerably. The average quantity of air at inlet and outlet was two thousand six hundred cubic feet. At face of one heading quantity of air one thousand five hundred cubic feet. Drainage and roads in fair condition. Mine operated by Sharon Coal Company. M. B. Hofins, superintendent ; Adam Seilor, mine-boss.
Pardoe*
This is a drift opening, and has been in operation for thirteen years. Upon examination, found drainage somewhat defective. Owing to the many local swamps in mine, it is almost an impossibility to drain the mine properly — two steam-pumps are used for this purpose. Mine ventilated by an eight feet diameter fan with a three feet face — it is used as a blower. Air measurements for the workings averaged eight thousand four hundred cubic feet, but was not conducted to face of some of the entries very well. Whole volume of air at outlet on locomotive tunnel, fifteen thousand seven hundred cubic feet. Employ a mine locomotive which hauls from inside station, a distance of one mile. Mine operated by the Mercer Mining and Manufacturing Company. Richard Lewis, superintendent. John Michaels, mine-boss.
JaelcBon Centre Mine
Is a drift opening, and employs forty miners and eight other laborers.
84a Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Air measurement at inlet and outlet averaged three thousand one hundred cubic feet, and at fisice of heading one thousand three hundred and sixty cubic feet — air produced by a furnace. Single-entry plan of working the mine. Drainage fair. Shipping about eighty tons of coal daily. Operated by the Jackson Centre Coal Company. W. J. Graham, superintendent. Augustus Winkelvohss, mine-boss.
Orn&abjr
Is a shaft opening fifty feet deep and giving employment to eighty-four miners and twenty other laborers. Ventilationproduced by a fan eight feet in diameter, with three feet face or width of blades. Owing to roof of mine being so tender, the air-courses have to be made of small areas, which greatly diminishes the quantity of air of what it should be were the air-passages of larger size. Average quantity of air at outlet and inlet was eleven thousand seven hundred cubic feet. The air-current was very weak at face of one of the cross-entries. This was caused by many of the rooms on one side of the entry being driven through the air-course, necessitating the erection of a door at each room on the air-course side of entry. As there are about twenty of those doors hung on at the rooms in this entry, it is almost an impossibility for the air to get up to face of it. This is one of the defects of the single-entry plan of working a mine. Drainage of mine fair. A new hauling road, two hundred yards long, has been made which will shorten the haul fully one hundred and fifty yards — it is laid with sixteen pound T iron. The other hauling road which used to have wooden rails are now being laid with T iron, which will enable the company to increase their daily out-put. Mine operated by Ormsby Coal Company, Limited. Richard Sneddon, mine-boss.
8toncbro' Nos. 9 and 3.
No. 2 is a slope opening, and has been in operation about eighteen years, and employs one hundred and thirty miners and twenty other laborers. Mine ventilated by a furnace, and average quantity of air at inlet and outlet was sixteen thousand cubic feet, with fair distribution near face of some of the entries. The roads are long and in many places wet. The roof of the mine is very tender, and cannot drive wide entries so as to allow drains being cut at side of hauling roads.
No. 3 slope employs sixty-seven miners and nineteen other hands. Have sunk a ventilating shaft seventy-eight feet deep, over which the ventilating fan, ten feet in diameter, is placed. The fan is running on the forcing principal, and is being driven by an engine fifteen horse-power. The ventilating shaft has been divided into two compartments. One of these is used for ventilating purposes, and in the other a brick chimney has been built to conve}- the smoke, caused from the firing of the boiler placed at the bottom of the shaft, to the surface. This is a poor location for a boiler to be placed. Quantity of air circulating was five thousand two hundred and
fifty cubic feet, but the fan was not running on day of visits and the ventilation was being produced by exhaust steam from the pumps. The fan ought to circulate twenty thousand cubic feet of air in such a mine. Drainage not as good as it ought to be for a new mine. Benjamin Esgar, mining-boss for No. 2 ; Herbert Edwards, mine-boss for No. 3.
'WlM JfO.JI.
This is a shaft opening, employing twenty-five miners and four other laborers. The coal territory is not extensive at this mine, and, although but a new mine, it will soon be exhausted. Found the mine, as far as the ventilation and drainage are concerned, in good condition. Mine operated by the Snyder Goal Companj'. Henry Filer, mine-boss.
Is a shaft located near Sharon, and operated by John F. Filer & Co. Qilfrad Wooten, mining-boss.
Number of miners employed, fifty-six, and eighteen other employes. Volume of air being circulated was three thousand five hundred cubic feet, which was £airly conducted to the face of workings. Exhaust steam was the motive power producing ventilation. All the entries were nearly to their boundary* Roads not in good condition.
Is Operated by the Pierce Coal Company. Archy Mclntyre, mine-boss. This is the deepest shaft opening in the district, and emploj's about one hundred and twenty miners and fifteen other employes. Can produce three hundred tons of coal daily. Found the mine, as a whole, in a fair condition. A.verage air measurement was eight thousand cubic feet, which was fairly* distributed to workings. At face of main heading measured three thousand cubic feet of air, but found air too far from face of one of the cross-entries. Have made a new hauling-road, which is quite an improvement over the old road. The workings are dry and comfortable for the men. Drainage excellent.
Employs eighty-six employes and ships about two hundred tons daily. Quantity of air in circulation was about eight thousand cubic feet at inlet and outlet. At head of main entry measurement showed two thousand cubic feet of air. The air was very well conducted to the workings. Some of the workings were wet, making it very disagreeable for some of the miners, but the roads and drainage were in a favorable condition. The miners had a splendid traveling-way by which to go into and out of the mine. S. Perkins & Co., operators. James Young, mine-boss.
Is a shaft opening and operated the Neshannock Coal Company. Jacob Hedrich, mine-boss.
86a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. Y,
Number of employ fort'-one, with a daily production of seventy-five tons. Quantity of air circulating through the mine two thousand six hundred cubic feet, produced by the exhaust steam from pumps. Roads and drainage in fair condition.
Hiokorj- Slope.
Operated by Hazzard, Wood & Co. Frank Hazzard, superintendent. John Milson, mine-boss.
Number of employs sixty-three. Average quantity of air at inlet and outlet six thousand cubic feet. At face of main entry seventeen hundred and fifty cubic ffeet. Air somewhat defective at face of cross entries. The main entry is ver}' wet, and entirely too much water on the road. A Cameron steam pump is placed on main entry, with the steam conducted in pipes to it fVom the boilers outside, a distance of five hundred and thirty yards. In the mine the steam pipes are placed along the side of main hauling road, which ought not to be the case. The ventilating furnace will soon fall down, owing to the arch of it being too flat. It ought to be rebuilt immediately' or a fan erected instead. The mine is not in the condition it sliould be for a new mine.
Knjterpiijie
Is a slope operated by Filer, Westerman & Co. Moses Jenkins, mine-boss. Number of miners employed, fifty-five, and fourteen other employ. Production, one hundred and fifty tons daily, and running very regular. Quantity of air at inlet, three thousand and twenty-five cubic feet, and at face of main entry, fifteen hundred cubic feet. This quantity' of air is very well conducted to face of workings, but volume not large enough for such a mine. Yentilating power is a fire-lamp, and system of working single-entry. Drainage fair, and produced by a No. 11 Blake steam pump. The hoisting engine hauls from bottom of the swamp, a distance of four hundred and sixty-six yards.
Buiksb Bxhaustbd Dcrinq The Tbn Mobtths.
Pacific slope, operated by Dunham, Roberts & Co., located in Mercer county. Home Bank No. 2, operated by Westerman & Co., Mercer county. Red Bank No. 1, operated by Alexander Reynold Sons, Clarion county. Davidson, operated by W. B. Enos &, Co., Lawrence county. Edinburg, operated by the Mahoning Valley Iron Company, Lawrence county. Pantoast, operated by Frank Williams, Jeflferson county.
Nkiv Mines Opembd.
DagusNos- 12,13, 14,16, 16,17,18,19,20,21, 22, operated by the Northwestern Mining and Exchange Company, Elk county. Walston Nos. I and 2, operated by Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company, Jefferson county. Sutliff shaft, operated by Filer, Westerman & Co., Mercer county. Trout shaft, operated by Trout, Filer & Co., Mercer county. Hall slope, located in Mercer county.
Leg. Doc.J Coal — Bituminous. 87a
DBSICRIPTIOH OF FATAI. ACCIDBlf TS.
Accident No. 32. — Cyliston Ladzery, a miner, aged twenty-four years, was fatally injured on the 5th of February by a fall of coal in Eureka mine No. 2, at Houtzdale, Clearfield county. He and two other miners were working together on the night shift drawing room pillars, and had about completed mining the whole width of the pillar they were drawing, when a large portion of the mined coal fell upon the head and shoulders of Ladder}' and injured him so severely that he died on the third day after being hurt. He was the only one of the three men that was mining when the coal fell. They neglected to set supports to the undercut coal. He was married, and leaves a wife but no children.
Accident No. 6. — David Craig, repairsman, aged thirty-two years, was instantly killed by fall of top clay while preparing a place to put in a set of timbers in a new drift, at the Clinton mines, on the 27th day of March. He, with two other miners, was opening a new drift on the south-east side of hill to connect it with an entry in one of the old drifts. This will be the hauling road over which the coal will be taken which is to be mined from an opposite hill. The three men had excavated to the proper depth to allow the setting up of the timbers, and while Craig was shoveling into a mine car, the under-cuttings — the top clay — weighing about two tons, fell upon him. The men had made several attempts to bar down the clay shortly before the accident, but were unable to do so. He was unmarried, and a native of Scotland.
Accident No. 13. — Daniel Wohlfrandt, miner, aged fifty -seven years, was killed instantly by a fall of slate from roof, on the 26th day of March, while working in a room in West Moshannon mine at Houtzdale, Clearfield county. The company had only employed Mr. Wohlfrandt three days previous to the accident, and when shown his room by the miningboss, he was requested to secure the roof with the props that had been taken to his place for that purpose. He promised to comply with the request, but like many others did not do it in time. He is a German, married, leaves a wife and four children.
Accident No. 15. — Barnard Murphy, miner, aged fifty-nine years, was killed by fall of coal April 26th, in Kureka mines No. 2, Houtzdale, Clearfield county. He and his son (aged fourteen years) had mined the coal nearly the width of their room to a depth of three feet the night previous, and before going home they fired a shot in coal but did not fall it, and on returning next morning to work he neglected to secure properly the shot coal, which was very loose. He put one prop under the coal carelessly, and he and son started to bear in, and had just begun to do so when nearly all of the undercut coal fell, with fatal results to father and injuring the son. He leaves a widow and large family.
Accident No. 18. — William Dixon, miner, aged eighteen, killed in Victor mines No. 1, Clearfield county, by fall of coal, on the 1st day of May. He was working with an older brother drawing a room pillar, and was bearing
88a Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
in, when a large lump of coal fell, crushing his head severely. He had a sprag set to coal, but as it was a thin cap used for setting with a prop, it did not serve the purpose of spragging loose coal ; as they had both ends of coal supported by solid coal supports, they thought, no doubt, that the cap piece would be sufficient for che center. He is an American and unmarried.
AcJCiDENT No. 17. — John Be veridgc, miner, twenty-seven years of age? was fatally injured in Chestnut ridge mine, Mercer county, by a fall of rock from roof of an entry road, on the 15th of May. He and his partner, Mr. Brunton, were driving the entry, and were both out the entry road to second room parting for an empty car, and while Brunton was pulling the car out of room John Beveridge was standing on entry road, when the rock (weighing about six hundredweight) fell upon his body, injuring him so badly that he died on the 22nd of same month. He was an American and single.
Accident No. 21. — John A. Yates, miner was instantly killed by mine cars in Rochester mine, DuBois, Clearfield county, on the 19th of June. He left his fathers room about noon to attend a trap-door for the half day on No. 5 main cross-heading, and while going out he attempted to pasp a moving trip of two cars fifty yards from the door he was to attend ; he stumbled and fell upon the traces of the mule which frightened it, causing the mule to run off with trip down the light grade at that point, carrying the boy along with it for about seventy-five yards. When the driver came down the grade, he found the boy lying dead about twenty-five yards past the door on the center of road, the trip of cars having passed over his body which was severely crushed. He was about fourteen years of age.
Accident No. 30. — Patrick Atkinson, miner, aged thirty-eight years, was fatally injured by a fall of top coal while drawing a room pillar in Ocean mine No. 1, Houtzdale, Clearfield county, on July 31. He risked too far under the top coal without securing it with props or taking it down. He is an Irishman and married, and leaves a wife and one child.
Accident No. 33. — Patrick Maloney, miner boy, fifteen years, was instantly killed by a fall of rock from roof on September 21, in Instauter mine No. 1 , (new drift,) McKean county. He and his older brother Michael were working in a room, and at time of accident Michael was bearing-in while Patrick was shoveling out coal to car from far comer of the room which had been newly taken down from under the large stone that fell upon him. The stone was about six feet six inches long, two feet wide, and about two feet thick. The inside longitudinal fracture of stone was almost resting upon the solid coal and could not be seen, which no doubt deceived the boys. The room was very well propped, and all the witnesses testified at inquest that the accident might have happened to the most experienced and careful miner.
Accident No. 34. — Lawrence Campbell was instantly killed in Sterling
mine No. 2, Houtzdale, Clearfield county, by a fall of coal on the lYth of August. He was making a cross-cut through the pillar to next room, and was completing the last cut, which was a light one, being only eighteen inches thick on one side and two feet on the other, and was squaring up the last comer in the mining after having sheared the thin side of cut when the coal fell upon him. Mr. Doyle was passing the room at time Campbell was struck with the coal, and upon hearing him cry immediately ran to the rescue, but found the man dead when he got there. He was an old miner, and about sixty years of age. He leaves a widow but no children.
Accident No. 35. — Edward Woodward was instantly killed by fall of rock from roof, in one of the Sterling mines, Houtzdale, Clearfield, Pa., on the 21st of August. At his room parting a mine car left the track and knocked out a prop which was supporting the roof. He and his partner came out of the place to assist the driver to put the car on the track, and in the hurry none of the men examined the roof at the point where the prop had been knocked out, and immediately after the car was put on the roof fell, slightly injuring Woodward's partner and with fatal results to himself. He was but a few months in this country, and leaves a wife and four children in Cornwall, England. He was about forty-five years of age.
Accident No. 36. — James Cameron, miner, aged thirty -three years, was instantly killed by a fall of roof slate in an entry in Beech Tree mine, No. 2, at Beech Tree, Jeflferson county. The roof fell at face of entry that John McLean and Cameron were driving. John McLean had been injured that day by slate falling upon him at the same place that Cameron sustained his fatal injuries later in the day. Before McLean weut home he requested Cameron to secure the roof with a prop, but he informed Mc- Lean that he thought the roof would hang until he got the loose coal loaded that was under it. The mine foreman's assistant and a miner (George Harley) were in the entry between the time of McLean receiving his injuries and that of Cameron receiving his. They informed him to secure the roof as they considered it unsafe, and he promised them that he would do so. He neglected to do so ani lost his life. Cameron was fully notified of his danger, but did not take the advice given. He leaves a wife and three children.
An inquisition indented and taken at Sterling, No. 2, in the county of Clearfield, the nth day of August, in the year of our Lord 1883, before me, J. M. Lehman, one of the justices of the peace in and for the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of Laurence Campbell, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths of Maurice P. Barron, Patrick Bums, Michael Lacy, John Scollins, John McGuire, and Thomas Knight, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who, being sworn to inquire on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, how, and after what manner the said Lawrence Campbell came to his death, do say on their oaths that the said Lawrence Campbell came to his death on the nth day of August, A. D, 1883, in Parnell mine, in the county aforesaid, by reason of a fall of coal falling
90a Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistig& [No. ,
upon his person and crushing him to death. That no blame can attach either to the operators of said coal mine, or any of their employes. That the said Ijawrence Campbell came to hid death as above stat, and not otherwise.
In witness whereof, as well the aforesaid justice as the Jurors aforesaid, have to this inquisition put our hands and seals on the day and year, and at the place first above mentioned.
State op Pennsylvania, Clearfield county ,
An inquisition indented and taken at Sterling, in the county of Clearfield, the 21st day of August, in the year of our Lord 1883, before me, E. S. justice of the peace of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of Edwin Woodwards, then and there l3'ing dead, upon the oaths of William McYay, James McG-uire, Joseph Sharpless, John Brindle, Thomas Gorden, and James Staker, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who, being sworn to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, how, and after what manner the said Edwin Woodwards came to his death, do say upon their oaths, that it so happened, that accidentally, casually, and by misfortune, he, the said Edwin Woodwards, was working in the coal mine, and a fall of rock fell on him, he, the said Edwin Woodwards, then and there instantly died, and so the jurors aforesaid do say, and the srid Edwin Woodwards, in manner and by the means aforesaid, accidentally, casually, and by misfortune came to his death, and not otherwise.
In witness whereof, as well as the aforesaid justice of the peace, as the jurors aforesaid have to this inquisition put their hands and seals on the day and year, and at the place first above mentioned.
E. S. Davis, Justice of the Peace, Wm. McVay, Foreman [seal.] John Brindle, [seal.]
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TABLE III.--J. statement showing the method of ventilation, amount of air dieehargedy number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective collieries of the Third BituminoasMine District,
NAm OF COLLTXBT.
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Beacbirce, No. 1, . . Beachtree, No. 2, . .
Beaver,
Bethel,
Church Hill,
Cameron,
Cascade,
Clinton,
Clermont,
Cranberry,
Chestnut Rldffe, . . Dagus, N OS. lands, . Dag us, Nos. 8 and 9, . Dagus, No. 11, .
Dagns, Nos. IS, 14, IS, Dagus, No. 20, . .
Enterprise,
Eureka Slope, . . Fairmount, No. 2, . .
,
Hardscrable,
Hamilton,
Hickory Shaft, . . . . Hickory Slope, . . . lustanter, No. 1, . . . Instanter, No. 2, . . . Jackson, . . . .
Lackawannock, . . . Mansfield, . . . .
Maple Prove,
New Catfish,
New Virginia, . . . .
Neshannock,
Ormsby,
Fine Run,
Penn,
Pardoe,
Pearson,
Rankin,
Red Bank,
Sligo Branch,
St. Marys,
Soldier Run,
Sprague,
Stoneboro* No. 2. . . Stoneboro No. 3, . . .
Sharon,
Tannerdale,
Walston, No. 1, . . . , Walbton, No. 2, . . . .
Washington,
Wise, No. 2,
Furnace, . . . . Furnace, . . . .
Fan,
Fan, . .
Furnace, . . . Hxhanst steam.
Basket
Furnace, . . . . Furnace, . . . . Furnace, . . . Furnace, . . . Furnace, . . . Exhaust steam,
Fan,
Furnace, . . . .
Furnace, . . . .
Furnace, . . . .
Furnace,
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Furuace,
Furnace,
Fan,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Furnace,
Exhaust steam,
Furnace, . . . .
Furnace,
Furnace,
Furnace,
Exhaust steam.
Furnace,
Furnace,
Natural,
Exhaust steam.
Exhaust steam.
Fan,
Furnace, Furnace, Fan, . .
Exhaust steam. Exhaust steam.
Natural
Furnace, Furnace, Furnace, Furnace, Furnace, . . . .
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Exhaust steam.
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Fan,
Fan,
Furnace,
Exhaust steam.
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TABIiE I V. -VENTII. ATIO?8 OF COIIiIERIES- Continued.
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Poxtrth District.
J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania:
Sib : In accordance with the provisions of the ventilation law, as recently amended, calling for the reports of the mine inspectors of the bituminous region, I have the honor herewith to transmit my report for the ten months ending October 31, 1883, of the condition and production of the mines in the Fourth District, now comprising the counties of Bradford, Blair, Centre, Clinton, Huntingdon, Lycoming, Potter, Tioga, and Sullivan, Cambria county having been placed in the new Fifth District.
In response to the circulars sent out calling for the returns showing production, number of men emploj-ed, &c., during the ten months, the responses have been very generous, and the table accompanying this will be found to be as nearly accurate as possible. Last year the number of mines was ninety, this year the number is fifty-six, owing to Cambria county being cut off, consequently the production of coal in this district is not near so much as the corresponding period of last year.
New avenues for bringing coal to market are being opened. During the year the Addison and North Pennsylvania Railroad Company have built a narrow-guage road from Addison on the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad to the mines operated by the Gaines Coal and Coke Company in Gaines township, Tioga county. The Beech Creek, Clearfield and South-western railroad is expected to be finished so as to carry coal by the first of April, and this road will open the extensive coal fields lying west of Snowshoe, Centre county, and also a large territory in Clearfield county. The Keating and Earthaus railroad, extending from Keating on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad to Karthaus, Clearfield county, will open quite a large oal field in that section of country.
The condition of the mines during the year has, on the whole, been good, and the companies operating the large mines have endeavored to do what is right and proper in regard to ventilating their mines ; but with some of the small operators there is more or less trouble in getting them to conform to the mining laws and to keep their mines in working shape.
The total number of accidents for the ten months was thirty-three, eight of which resulted fatally-, and will be more fully explained in another part of the report. The production of coal for the same time is estimated at 2,320,000 tons, and will, I think, be nearly correct.
From the circulars received I have made out the following table :
Number of mines in the district, 56
Number of persons employed inside, 4,128
Number of persons employed outside, 976
Total number of persons employed, 5,104
108a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 1.
Number of mules, inside and outside, 444
Number of fatal accidents, 8
Number of non-fatal accidents, 26
Number of tons per fatal accident, 290,000
Number of tons per non-fatal accident, . . 89,230
Average number of days worked during the year,' 188
Average price paid per ton for mining, 65 cents-
Number of coke ovens in the district, 661
Accompanying this report will be found a map of the Blair Iron and Coal Company's mine at Bennington, also a plan showing plane, trestles, &c., of the same work. These were kindly furnished by Mr. John Fulton, general mining engineer of the Cambria Iron Company.
Mr. F. F. Lyon, general manager of the Towanda Coal Company, has also furnished a map of No. 3 mine at Barclay, Bradford county.
Very respectfully yours,
Roger Hampson.
Towanda, December £d, 1883.
examination of mines.
Barclay Mines*
These mines are owned and operated the Towanda Coal Company and have worked steadily during the past year. Two of the four mines are nearly all pillar work, but will last for a considerable time. In the other two mines there is a large body of solid coal yet unworked. The mines at present are producing at least one thousand tons of coal per day. Condition of mines good, both as regards ventilation and drainage. F. F. Lyon, general manager.
Iongf Valley Mine.
This mine is at present working well. The men were out on strike for six weeks last spring. Since my last report, a great deal of work has been done in this mine, and now both drainage and ventilation are good. The vein lies very irregular, and on account of the dips encountered, there are pumps worked by mule power, to keep the dip workings free from water. They are working at present in a good body of coal. The Long Valley Coal Company are now operating this work. Edward Macfarlane, general superintendent.
Fall Creek.
This company is doing but very little at present, there being nothing but gangway pillars, and only a few men employed.
Sohraeder Mines.
These mines have not worked more than half time during the year, and
the prospects do not seem to brighten. They are now working on the return, taking out pillars. The condition of mines is fair, well looked after, and everything done in a proper manner. R. A. Abbott, general manager.
Sfelntyxe.
These mines have been in operation about two thirds of the year. Three of the mines are chiefly confined to taking out pillars, which will soon be worked out. The other drift contains the greater portion of the men, which, owing to the seam being so thin, much ground has to be gone over in the course of a year. A large water-way was blasted up during the early spring, and now they are not troubled with water at all. Condition of mines good in every respect, and everything: well looked after. G. H. Piatt, general manager and superintendent.
Bernloe*
Those mines have been working very steadily during the year. In No 1 mine, two headings have been pushed eastward and one southward , and a large body of good coal opened up, but owing to the nature of this coal field, the headings cannot be driven with the same regularity as in other more favorable localities, but have followed the sinuosities of the several local basins that are found here. These mines are in good condition. J. 0. Blight, General manager.
Fail Broolc.
These two mines are now confined to pillar work, but as they cover a large territory, they will last for a considerable length of time. The condition of the mines is not very good, but in all other respects they are well looked after.
Morris Ran.
These mines are very extensive, and a great number of men are employed here. The Harrison coal-cutting machines still do good work in the Slope mine, and in the Salt Lake mine. Considerable work has been done during the year in draining the slope workings, and now quite an additional body of coal has been opened up. The ventilation was not .very good at the time of my last visit. W. S. Mearing, general manager.
Amot.
At these mines the work has been tolerably fair during the year, and they are capable of turning out a large amount of coal. No. I mine consists of pillars, and employs about twenty-five men and bo3*s. No. 2 drift is in for a long distance, and is continually opening up some very fine coal.
In No. 8 drift there are over four hundred men and boys at work, and the coal is hauled out by a locomotive, and it does remarkable work. This locomotive will haul, in a trip, one hundred and twenty-five cars to the water-level " heading, and at this place thirty cars are cut off for use , and the balance of the trip hauled up to No. 15.'' At the present time
llCa Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistich. [No. 7,
the engine is bringing from eight to nine hundred tons of coal per day to the chutes, and in the course of another month it will be able to bring out one thousand tons of coal per day, as they are making arrangements whereby a greater amount of coal can be brought down to the " water-level " by means of mules. Owing to the grade from the water-level to " No. 15 " being so great, it is not possible for the engine to take more than about ninety cars without being subject to a great strain, while the grade from the drift-mouth to the water-level will enable them to take in a larger trip than they are now doing.
These mines are in excellent condition, roads are a proper height, the drainage good, and the ventilation first class in every respect, and it speaks well for those in charge of the mines.
The chutes outside have been enlarged, and a double track, six hundred feet in length, has been laid from chutes to drift-mouth, and covered over to protect it from the snow storms. Henry J. Landrus, general superintendent.
Antrim*
There has been steady work at these mines during the year, and a large amount of coal produced. The locomotive at the Slope mine has been abandoned, as during the year a tunnel has been made to connect with the slope.
Qalnes.
This is a new work opened during the year, and owned and operated by the Gaines Coal and Coke Company. They have been shipping coal for the last three months ; the vein is about three feet in thickness, and is free from bone or slate.
There is a narrow-guage road built from Addison, New York, to the mines, and the coal is shipped to various points along the Erie railroad. P. A. Jordan, superintendent.
RenoTO Mines.
These mines have been closed since the month of May.
Snonr-Slioe*
These works have been operated steadily during the year, and a large amount of coal shipped.
The difficulties which they had to contend with in No. 8 mine, in the way of faults, &c., have been overcome, and they are at work on quite' a large body of coal. There are only a few men at work in No. 10 mine, and the condition of the mine was fair. In Sugar Camp mine the greater portion of the men are at work, and they ship a considerable amount of coal. Ventilation in this mine pretty good.
A new drift has been put in during the year, but no coal has been shipped from it as yet. The town of Snow-Shoe seems to be enjoying a boom at present, on account of the new mines projected in the vicinity, and with the completion of the new Beech Creek and Clearfield railroad passing through, it seems as though the place would attain to some importance. G. S. Ramsey, superintendent.
Leu. Doc.1 Coal — Bituminou& Ilia
Somerville Ittlne.
At the time of my last visit this mine was found in good condition, cutthroughs being made in the pillars every twenty yards. The coal in this mine will run from five to six feet in thickness, and is got down without blasting. The mine, if run to its full capacity, is capable of producing five hundred tons of coal per day. James L. Somerville, superintendent.
Sterlingy Nos* 3 and 4-,
These mines were not in operation from April to September, but are now at work again. Condition of mines at the time of my last visit fair.
Mear's Mine,
Opposite Sterling, No. 8, at the time of my last visit, was not shipping coal.
Black IHanftond.
This old mine is nearly exhausted, and the airway leading to the furnace was allowed to close, so that they are now dependent on natural ventilation from the old drift. The condition of the mine is not very good. About thirty miners are employed here at present.
PIftcenlx.
The condition of this mine was not very good at the time of my last visit, but it worked steady during the year, the coal being chiefly used in supplying the engines on the branch roads in Clearfield county.
Bojrnton Mines, IVoe. 1 and
These works have been closed during the year.
Robert dale.
These mines worked very irregular during the year. Ventilation of mines fair. Drainage very bad. A new shaft has been sunk near the face of the work, and a furnace has been built. A shaft has also been sunk from No. 3 to No. 1 mine. (No. 1 mine is the seam of coal below No. 3 mine.) Much work has been done during the year in following one of the great troughs in the mine, and a new railway has been made so as to bring the loaded coal all to one side of the shaft. The pumps have also been removed from the shaft further down into the sump. James Findley, superintendent of mines.
Carbon Mines.
There is nothing new to record about these mines. They are about in the same condition as last reported. The coal in their new mine is very good. Work at these mines is not steady.
Flslier.
This mine has not been worked during the year, the Reed Bros, having surrendered their lease.
112a Internal Affairs— Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Moredale.,
This mine has been closed more or less all the summer, bat is now at work again. Considerable improvements have been made in the roads, &e. About twenty men are employed here. David E. Conrad, superintendent.
Ocean Mine.
Not much can be said about this mine. Ventilation fair. A new heading, now being made, is expected to open up a good body of coal. Work has been steady at this place. W. H. Sweet, superintendent.
Benedict.
This mine is the worst to be found in this region, no system of working adopted. The rooms are turned off at all angles, and pillars are not sufiSciently strong to resist any great weight. I pointed out the imperfections to be found in this respect, and was assured that things should be better looked after in future. The coal is very good, and with proper management a first-class mine could be made of it.
This mine is in good condition and well looked after. An opening has been made on the top of the hill, and the ventilation is much improved. Another opening will soon be made in the main heading. Two new drifts have been put in during the year, and now there is only needed a road to be built, and the capacity of the works can be doubled. The coal is coked, and used in the new furnace at Saxton.
Porter Sliaft.
The ventilation of this mine has been improved by cutting into the works of the Blair Iron and Coal Company. The work has been very slack at this place during the year.
Bennington
The shaft-house, coal-bins, &c., at this place were destro3'ed by fire in the month of May, and since then a slope has been put down. Work commenced October 30.
Jnniata.
Work has been steady at this place this jear. The main heading is now in for a considerable distance, and a good of coal is struck by this time. Ventilation of mine fair.
Glen "WKlte.
The old shaft at this place has been finished during the year. A new drift has been put in the opposite side of the creek, and now there are quite a number of men employed. A very bad fault had been struck in the main beading, and also in one of the cross-headings. Ventilation of mine good.
/
/
J
/
Horse Slfcoe Mines.
The condition of these mines has been improved during the year, and when the slope at the lower mine is finished, they will be in much better shape for handling coal.
Ne'w Mines and Improvements*
The Gaines Coal and Coke Company have opened two new mines in Oaines township, Tioga county, and are now shipping coal.
The two mines are connected, and one furnace ventilates both. The coal will average nearly three feet in height, and is free from bone or slate. Worked on the double-heading system, and the mines are well laid out.
Berwind, White A; Co., have put in a new drift at Snow Shoe, Centre county, and are now opening out the same.
James Pope, also of Snow Shoe, has just put in a new drift, but will not be able to ship coal for a considerable time.
The Clearfield Coal Company have put in five drifts in Centre county, and have built quite a large town eight miles west of Snow Shoe.
This company will not be able to ship coal until the Beach Creek, Clearfield and South-Western railroad is completed to the mines, which will be some time during next year.
W. J. Jackson, of Black Diamond mine, has put in a new drift at Powelton, Centre county, and will put in machinery to haul the coal from the driftmouth to the chutes, as the grade is too steep to haul with mules.
S. C. Baker & Co. have driven their new slope entirely through the hill, affording excellent drainage ; the railroad is also graded to the mine, and they are almost ready for shipment.
At the old mine, on the Miller vein, they have put down aslope that will cut off their old workings and shorten their haulage. Machinery is being put in, and things generally look a little brighter.
The Glen White Coal Company have opened a new drift and built a good furnace. A plane and tramway have also been built during the year. It is also the intention of this company to put in another drift to work out a piece of coal that has been left for over twenty years. The product of this mine is used in making coke, and a good article is produced.
The Blair Iron and Coal Company have finished their new slope ; this mine is in Bed " B " (Miller seam,) and was formerly worked by a shaft one hundred feet deep. The shaft-house, with all its accessory appliances, was destroyed by fire May 17. Operations were resumed October 30, 1883.
The mine is now worked by a slope, which reaches the coal above level of water in the abandoned shaft. The bottom of slope is thirty'-six feet five inches higher than the bottom of shaft. Height of water in the shaft about thirty feet, a greater depth is not attained, because of leakage through the shaly strata above this level in shaft. The average cost of hoisting and pumping from this mine has been two and one quarter cents per ton.
The improvements now in operation here do away with pumping, and lessen the number of hands on top. The improvements consist as follows : 8a Leo. Doc. No. 7.
114a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Length of slope through clay and shale, 240 feet.
Length of plane, 655 feet.
Length of platform, 174 feet.
Width of slope, plane, and platform, 14 feet.
Dimensions of coal-bin, 10'x38'x59'
Capacity of bin, 350 gross tons.
Double-cylinder engine, 120 horsepower.
Four cylinder boilers.
Boilers arranged to work in pairs.
Slope is a double track-way from ''ard-way at bottom of slope. This work was done under the direction of John Fulton, general mine engineer. Robert A. Shillingford, engineer in charge. rr
The double-heading system with single track, and turnouts in main gangway, will be continued as heretofore.
The old water-course gangway serves as the drainage way of the present workings. This serves also for a passage for all waste material, and for the ingress and egress of mules.
The total cost of these improvements has been about $10,000, and it is estimated to effect a reduction in the previous cost of coal of at least twenty cents per ton.
The haulage under the new arrangement has been shortened one thousand seven hundred feet, and the saving of twenty cents per ton is principally due to the economy of this decrease in haulage.
The annual output of the mine is about one hundred thousand gross tons, nearly all of which is converted into coke. The coking plant consists of one hundred bee-hive ovens, requiring two hundred and fifty tons of coal per day.
The mine employ's ninety-four men (including laborers,) and has been in operation since 1870. Its product has for the most part been converted into coke, all of which is used in the company's furnaces at Bennington, Hollidaysburg, and Frankstown, all in Blair county.
The coke made is of good quality, porous, and sustains a good furnace
burden. The mine has always presented a problem in cheap mining. The
seam is three feet thick. Gangways are driven on water-level, and are exceedingly
tortuous. This feature has necessitated a long haul, and it is
.largely due to the intelligent management of Supenntendent Martin
Jdaher that this drawback has been successfully met.
Description of Fatal Aceldents*
Accidents Nos. 1 and S. — At Benedict mine, Dudley, Huntingdon county, Francis O'Xeil, aged fort3', single j and John StuU, aged twentyfour, married, were instantly killed January 4.
These two men were engaged in stripping a piece of coal from the side . of the main entry for a side track, and had taken off quite a considerable
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body of coal, and had been cautioned by the mining-boss to set some props under the rock, and they made reply that it was perfectly safe, and soon after they took their dinner pails, and went and sat down under the rock, and whil6 engaged in eating the rock fell upon them, killing them instantly. Both these men were experienced miners, and were supposed to be perfectly competent to attend to their own safety while at work.
Accident No. 3. — Augustus Wheeler, aged thirteen years, and employed as a diiver, was killed at Lloydsville mine January 20.
Deceased was bringing out a trip of loaded cars, and at one portion of the road there was a slight grade in favor of the loaded cars, and from the evidence given at the inquest it appears that deceased must have been running b' the side of his mule while going down the grade spoken of, and struck his foot against something, and fell immediately in front of the cars. When found, the first car was resting on his back. Xo bones were broken, but life must have become suddenly extinct by the weight of the first car, and those behind pushing him along the ground while under the car.
Accident No. 4. — Joseph Whitehead, aged forty-eight, was killed at Llovdsville mine March 23.
Whitehead was engaged in drawing back a pillar, and on the previous day had gone home leaving a fall partially mined, and, on coming to his work on this fatal morning, had immediately gone to work to finish the rest of the mining, and had not been at work many minutes before the bod}' of coal fell upon him, killing him instantly.
Accidents Nos. 5 and 6. — At the Argyle mine. South Fork, Cambria county, E. J. Reichelt'and C. J. Reichelt, father and son, were instantly killed by a fall of rock May 12.
The deceased miners were engaged in drawing back a pillar, and a fall having taken place, they were engaged in cutting through the pillar afresh, and had made a cutting about ten feet wide and twelve feet deep, and had some props set near the fall, and thought themselves perfectly safe, but it appears there was a slip in the roof which could not be seen, and while they were at work a rock fell upon them, killing them instantly.
The rock measured six feet in width, ten feet in length, and eighteen inches in thickness, and had to be blasted before the bodies could be got out.
Mr. Reichelt was a very careful miner, and leaves a wife and five children to mourn his untimely end.
Accident No. 7. — James Lewis, aged 41 years, was killed in the East mine, Morris Run, Tioga county, October 22.
Deceased, in company with his boy, was engaged in pulling back a pillar, and the roof being so bad the mining-boss had allowed him to drive a narrow heading through it, so it would be safer to bring back, and on the day in question had been at work as usual, and after pushing out his car was on his way back, when a stone fell from the roof, killing him instantly.
On examination of the place I found that the heading where the stone fell was not over six feel in width, but on the right hand side there was a
116a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t,
slip running up into the roof, and the stone broke off on the other side just as he was going und er it, killing him instantly.
His boy, who was immediately behind him while going into the place, was also caught by the tail end of the stone and slightly injured.
No blame could be attached to any one under the circumstances, but it seems to have been one of those unforeseen accidents that occasionally happen in the best regulated mines.
Accident No. 8. — Joseph Yancoski, aged sixteen, a native of Poland, was instantly killed in the Hope mine, Morris Run, Pennsylvania, October 29, by a fall of rock while undermining.
Deceased, in company with his father, was at work at the loose end side of a range of breasts, and on the Saturday previous had fired two shots, one on the loose end and the other on the fast end side of the place. The loose end shot failed to bring down the rock, while the fast side shot brought down both coal and rock, and on the Monday' they blasted out the lower coal from under the rock, and then went under it to mine deeper, and had not mined many inches deep when the rock fell upon the boy, killing him instantly.
This accident seemed to be due to the entire ignorance of both father and son, as no proper miner would have gone to work under this rock without propping it before doing so.
Remarlu on Fatal Aooldents.
The number of fatal accidents for the ten months ending October 31 was eight, and of these it will be noticed that seven were due to fall of roof and coal, while the eighth was by mine cars, and thus conclusively showing that the majority of accidents, both fatal and non-fatal, are to be attributed to fails of roof and coal, but so long as coal mining is carried on. so long will there be accidents, more or less, resulting from falls.
What is most needed is to educate the miner to take no chances whatever, so far as roof and coal are concerned, and to carefully and repeatedly sound the roof, and, when finding it in the least degree giving way, to immediately make it secure. So in like manner in mining coal, it is best not to trust to the coal staying up while engaged in bearing in, but always to have handy some short sprags, so that as the undermining progresses, these sprags can be set so that the miner will be secure, and if we thus educate him to be always on the 'look-out for danger, and not to trust too much to the roof or the coal staying up, I think accidents from falls will not occur so often.
Of course, the nature of the roof, and also the coal, is to be taken into consideration, for there are seldom any two places altogether alike in every respect, but it is to be supposed that each mining boss understands the nature of tlie roof, and also the coal of the mine over which he has charge, and by watchfulness on his part as he visits the different parts of the mine, he cannot note which of the miners attend to propping the roof and sprag-
Leg. Coal — Bituminous. 1 ITo
ging the coal, and warn those that are neglectful, of the risk they run in not attending to these things.
It must not be inferred from what I have said above, that mining bosses, are, as a rule, negligent in enforcing the propping, and keeping the places safe as the work progresses, but in a few cases that have come under my notice, I find that the mining bosses know little, if anything, about the nature of roof, and the working of a mine generally, and it is here where the most fault is to be found, for if those in charge are careless, we maj' rest assured the miners do not take the pains they ought to keep themselves thoroughly safe.
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TABIiEj III— statement showing the method of ventilation, amount of air discharged, number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective Collieries of the Fourth Bituminous Mine District,
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TABIiE IV.-VBNTIIiATIOli OF COIIilERIES— CbnU'nued.
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130a Internal Affairs — Industrial St .tibiics. [No. 7,
Fifth District.
To the Honorable J. Simpson Affrica, Secretary of Internal Affairs of
the Oommonwealth of Pennsylvania :
Sir : I have the honor herewith to submit my annual report for the Fifth Bituminous Goal District of Pennsylvania, under the amended act of the bituminous ventilation law, approved June 13,1883, the district containing the counties of Fayette, Somerset, and Bedford. I commenced my actual duties of the office on September 6, and visited the various mines, as you will find herein reported. However, a great deal of my time is S])ent in measuring, calculating, and branding coal cars, a most enormous labor for one person to perform, since the coal in my district, in the Connellsville coke region, is almost entirely mined by the bushel and car system. This duty (when the office of sealer of weights and measures was abolished) was put upon the inspectors to perform by an act approved June 1, 1883, known as the act To protect miners in the bituminous coal region of this Commonwealth."
In consequence of this extra labor, the little time I have spent in examining the coal mines, I find that the bituminous ventilation law is not carried out in some of them. I also notice the old single-heading system of mining is still in practice, and with it " natural ventilation." It is certainly very strange that in this progressive period of mining such things could prevail; however, it is the case, and those employed in the inside workings feel the bad effect and I have no doubt when the time comes, when the heading blocks are to be rained, the operators and owners of the coal will find out " that it is a very faulty system of mining," and I hope that this mode of mining may become a thing of the past, for the benefit of all who are concerned in mines and raining, especially, and immediately those mines in the Connellsville coke region, whom from year to year get nearer the deep basin, and which now generate explosive gas, and still, in all likelihood, will generate more the deeper they will be driven towards the basin ; and it is a known fact that in solid-room workings no gas was noticed, but when the pillars of those rooms were removed and the overlying strata broke, the gas made its appearance, and three fatal accidents heretofore were the result.
Another bad custom prevails in some of the mines that I have examined, in carrying the inlet of air from one mine to another, and through old workings, so much so that the air is very impure, and in many cases oppressive. I shall see to it, however, that new and pure inlets of air be made, and the men inside breathe a purer atmosphere; and in concln-
Lbo. Doc.1 Coal — Bituminous. I9ia
sion I would say, I will always be glad and ready to assist mining-bosses and superintendents in the improvements to be made, under the spirit of the law, or aid and assist, by my advice, in the laying out of new mines, and by so doing create some model mines in my district.
Yours very respectfully,
Augustus Stinnbb, Inspector.
CoNNELLSYiLLS, November i, 18SS.
Fatbttb County Minb9.
McCIure & Raferty's mines, on the Mt. Pleasant branch, drift No. 1. Mining-boss, Mr. Hurly. I found in a fair condition, ventilating by a basket furnace. Their main work is in removing the pillars,
McClure & Raferty, No. 2 drift, is ventilated by natural ventilation, and was not in a satisfactory condition, the mining-boss, Mr. Keck, claiming, however, that the mine would be in a better condition in a few weeks. The mine is comparatively new yet.
McClure & Raferty, No. 3 drift, or Diamond mine, is ventilated by some sort of bars built on a few stones, and after the fire was stirred up found at this outlet 1,500 cubic feet of air per minute. It seems the air gels in the best way it can.
Dexter mine, Mt. Pleasant Branch railroad, J. R. Staufer & Co. Samuel R. Fairchild, mining-boss, fs ventilated by natural ventilation, the workings consisting mainly of drawing pillars, and under the circumstances of natural ventilation, was in a fair condition. However, in the near future, the company will operate a new opening in the second hill.
The Charlotte Furnace Company mines, Mt. Pleasant Branch railroad, is ventilated furnace, and in a good condition. The appearance of the inside workings of the mines shows at a glance that the mine is being taken care of by somebody. This mine is noted in the district for paying cash every two weeks. Mr. H. Swartz is mining-boss.
H. C. Frick & Co., South-West Branch Railroad Valley mines. James Jackson, mining-boss. The mine, when I visited it, was not in a good condition for ventilation. I was assured, however, that it would be improved considerably in a few weeks. The furnace near the pit mouth having no effect on the inside workings of the mine where the miners were working, there was no perceptible current of air.
Clinton mines, Mt. Pleasant Branch, B. F. Kiester & Co., ija ventilated by furnace; have the double-entry system, and the mine is in a first-class condition. Mr. Barnum is mining-boss.
Franklin mines, Mt. Pleasant Branch, B. F. Kiester & Co. Mr. Barnum, mining-boss. This mine is ventilated by natural ventilation, and has not been very long in operation. I found it in a very fair condition.
Tip-Top mines, H. C. Prick & Co., Mt. Pleasant Branch railroad, are ven-
132a Internal Affairs — Industrial STATisrica [Xo. 7,
tilated by natural ventilation, and I found part of the works in a bad condition, the miners working beyond the air. I reported the situation to the manager of the mines, and by a visit again to this mine found that my request had been complied with. Mr. McCleary is mining-boss.
Summit mines, Mt. Pleasant Branch, H. C. Frick & Co., has two pit mouths out of which they haul the coal. The mines are ventilated by furnace, and have a large -amount of ventilation at outlet or furnace. Improvements are made here with which I am well pleased. The mine should have a pure inlet of air since the present air in circulation is impure and oppressive. Mr. Jack Moody is mining-boss.
Eagle mines, Mt. Pleasant Branch, H. C. Prick & Co., is ventilated by natural ventilation, and is rather a new mine yet, and under those circumstances I found it in a fair condition. John Minert, mining-boss.
Foundry mines, Mt. Pleasant branch, H. C. Frick & Co., is claimed to be ventilated by furnace, but is not : the miners mainl}' worked beyond the air. The mine in general is in a bad condition. I have given orders which will improve the workings. Mr. John Minert is at present mining-boss, having taken charge of it lately.
White mine, Mt. Pleasant branch, H. C. Frick & Co., is ventilated hy furnace, by the single-heading system, and has two pit mouths for hauling the coal out of, and is in a fair condition, but there is plenty of room for improvement. Peter Glenn is mining-boss.
Morgan mine, Mt. Pleasant branch, II. C. Frick & Co., is ventilated by furnace, on the single-heading system ; not in a good condition. The mine is in a long distance. What air there is, is in an impure state. The mine should have a more pure inlet of air. Thomas R. Kane is mining-boss.
Frick mines, Mt. Pleasant branch, H. C. Frick & Co., are ventilated by natural ventilation, on the single-heading system. Some of the miners are working beyond the air, for the reason, however, the mining-boss, Mr. Keck, claims there was a crush came on in a part of the mine, and the miners had to be removed; consequently, the miners were working beyond the air at the time of my visit ; however, prompt steps have been taken to remove that evil ; even if tliat is cured, there are still other improvements necessary to be made.
Henry Clay mine, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, H. C. Frick & Co., is worked b}' the single-heading system, and are trying to ventilate it by natural ventilation, and the mine in general is in a bad condition. I have written to the general manager of H. C. Frick & Co., requesting him to put the mines in order so as to be in conformity with the law, which, I think and have reason to believe, will be complied with.
Plum'er mine, on the South-west railroad, H.C. Frick & Co., is ventilated by furnace, worked on the single-heading system, and is in pretty fair condition, considering the sj'stem. Mr. Thomas Lowden is mining-boss.
Rainey <fe Co. mines, on the South- West railroad, (or the Grace mines,) ventilated by exhaust steam, but the current is not sufficient, caused by the
heated steam. Other artificial veDtilation will be provided for in the near future. At present the mine is not in a bad condition. Mr. John Yochura is mining-boss.
Youngstown mines, on the south-West railroad, are ventilated by exhaust steam. The slope, or main beading, is driven two thousand feet, at an angle of depression of six and one half degrees, showing a perpendicular depth from the beginning point of slope two hundred and twenty-six feet. The mine, I am told, will also be improved, both in motive power and in ventilating ; also the system of ventilating. This mine generates some explosive gas. The mine is in fair condition. Mr. John Patton is miningboss.
Percy mine, on the South-West railroad, is aslope driven down in length about nine hundred and fifty feet. The mine at the time of my visit was ventilated by natural ventilation, (or at least they have been trying to do so.) I did not notice any perceptible current of air any place in the mine, and at the same time a large volume of standing explosive gas in one of the headings. In the same heading, a miner, by tiie name of James Martin, was burned by gas on the morning of September 20, (previous to my visit,) in going to work, as he was one of the heading drivers and set it on fire with his naked lamp. Martin, on the 29th of September, when I visited the mine, was reported to be better again, and expected to work again in a few weeks. I gave the mining-boss strict orders to have the mine examined every morning by a competent man before any miner entered the works ; to have the mine put in order at once, and provide for a sweeping current of air to clean the mine at all times of its dangerous gases, and in return was informed hy letter that my wishes should be complied with. Mining-boss, E. Shiply.
Somerset county. West Salisbury branch, Thomas Williams mine. Was notified by Inspector James Louttit that a fatal accident had occurred at Thomas WMlliams mines. When I examined the accident I found that it was purely accidental. Mr. John Williams, a son of the superintendent, and who is also the operator of the mine, was working with his brother-inlaw, (both experienced and practical miners,) together in one room, or open end, and after they had fired a shot, and the coal not having fallen down, young Williams took a pick to examine the coal, and pulling a shell the coal tumbled down catching Williams and throwing him against a car standing near by ; from the effects of the injury received he died a few hours afterwards. This happened in the afternoon of September 13.
Mr. John Williams was twenty-seven j'cars of age and married, and leaves a wife and one child to mourn over his untimely death.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
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TABIjEj III* — A statement showing the method of ventilation, amount of air dis charged, number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective Collieries of the Fifth Bituminous Mine District,
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Lbu. Doc.1 Coal — Bjtcminou& 139a
Sixth District.
To the Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania :
Sir : I have the honor to submit to yon my report for the two months ending October 31, 1883. Since my appointment, I have traveled one thousand three hundred and forty-three miles, and examined forty-six mines and forty-two sets of scales, a detailed account of which you will And enclosed. Strikes have prevailed in two parts of this district during the last month, namely : at Hites, Allegheny county, and DuBois, Clearfield county ; also in a portion of Armstrong county, whereby about twelve hundred men have been idle for over one month. I have to reiterate what has been asserted by my predecessors in reference to the inadequacy of transportation in Clearfield and Cambria counties. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company does not furnish near the amount of transportation that is required by the coal trade in this region, and, as a consequence, the development of these counties does not make progress as rapidly as they should, and a commodity that neither the rich nor poor can do without is kept out of the markets, and the trade that naturally belongs to this region is gradually drifting away to other places. I regret that I have to report to you three accidents that have taken place in this district during the two months of my administration. Two of them fatal, ahd one non-fatal, though severely injured. You will notice the similarity of these accidents — all took place under the same conditions, namely : while undermining their respective working-places, and all might have been prevented by a little more care and watchfulness on the part of those immediately working them. The statistical part is not so full as I could wish, on account of the scarcity of operators' blanks, which could not be supplied until they were received from Harrisburg.
The amount of coal mined, as reported is 214,549 tons.
Employes in and about mines, 2,906
Number of mules, 300
Number of locomotives, 6
Number of tons mined per fatal accident, 107,274
Number of tons mined per non-fatal accident, 214,549
Yours, very respectfully,
John M. Watt.
Tarentum, Allegheny County, Pa.
I40a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
DESCRIPTION OF MIlfBS VISITED. Natrona*
Located on the Pennsylvania Railroad, Allegheny county. Is an old mine worked both on the double and single-entry s'stem. Its drainage and ventilation were good. A six-foot diameter Murph}- fan was in operation, discharging forty-one thousand cubic feet of air per minute. W. L. Richards, superintendent ; Robert Boyd, mining-boss.
IVatson Slkaft
is situated at the north-west corner of Allegheny city, Allegheny county, and is three hundred and forty feet deep, 8'x6', divided into three compartments, two of these for cages and one for air, which is entirely too small for successful operation. Mr. Watson promised to put down another shaft as soon as the thickness of coal would justify him in doing so. The coal found in this shaft is supposed to be the Lower Freeport vein. Indeed, it has all the characteristics of the Freeport, only it was small, being only 2' 9' in thickness when I visited it. Should this venture prove a success it will go far to prove the theory that the Freeport vein underlies the Pittsburgh one, a subject about which there has been much contention in the past. The works are operated by Watson Bros. Alfred C. Jones, mining-boss.
BellTlciT Mine
is situated on the W. P. R. R. It is operated by the Bellview Coal Company. P. Y. Hite, superintendent. The mine is in good condition. Ventilation is by furnace, and is all that can be desired. I was called back to this mine on the 26th September to investigate the cause by which James S. Tamer came to his death, and found, upon examination and hearing of evidence, that'he, a coal miner, had commenced to undermine his workingplace without having first carefully examined and takeii down all loose coal or slate remaining from the last blasting, and thus thoughtlessly worked for some time, when a piece, about five hundred pounds, fell on him, breaking his neck and otherwise mutilating him. I append a cop' of the coroner's inquest along with this report. J. J. Finney, mining-boss.
Btna and Veanrln* Mine
is also situated on the W. P. R. R. Operated by the Bellview Coal Company. P. Y. Hite, superintendent. Ventilation and drainage are good. J. J. Finney, mining-boss.
Coald.ale Mine
is situated on the Pittsburgh and Westeni Railroad. They were employing twenty-five men when I visited it. Ventilation natural, and very deficient. They promised to put up a furnace in a short time. It is operated by T. W. Shaw. James W. Spencer, superintendent ; John Hare, miningboss.
ci.earfie:iiD coubi tt.
Rocl%ester Mine
is situated near DuBois, and is operated b}' Bell, Lewis, and Yates. This mine is in reasonably good condition. Drainage not all that it might be, but they promised to improve it. This is the largest mine I have found in my district, employing four hundred and fifty men when running to its full capacity, producing nineteen hundred tons per day. Hauling is done by locomotive for a distance of two thousand six hundred and eighty-one feet, and a separate system of ventilation is provided to take away the smoke. A Stultz washing-machine is used to wash their slack, from which an excellent quality of coke is made. A. J. McHugh, superintendent; Mr. Johns, mining-boss.
IMxoii Mine
is also situated near DuBois, and is operated by the Falls Creek Coal Company. James McConnell, supenntendent. It is worked on the doubleentry system, and is in good condition. John B. Williams, mining-boss.
Mime
is situated on the low grade division of the A. Y. R. R., and is operated by the Sandy Lick Coal Corapanj'. L. S. Hay, superintendent. I found this mine in good condition. Yentilation b}' furnace. John E. Morton, mining-boss.
Mines Situated Oiv The Houtzdaie Branch Of The Tyrone And
Ciearfield Raiiroad.
Sterling No. 1
is located at Iloutzdale, and operated Robert Hare Powell & Co. James Campbell, superintendent. They have two drift-openings. Yentilated by four furnaces. Two of these furnaces are used. extensively for the ventilation of the locomotive tunnel, which penetrates No. I mine a distance of nine hundred and seventy feet, and No. 2 six hundred feet. The other two furnaces are used to ventilate the miners' working-places. This is a very troublesome work to keep in good working-order, as the coal undulates very much, and have considerable trouble in the swamps with the water. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the works are in good condition. They had commenced to sink a shaft when I visited them to what is known as the "B vein, and if the quality of coal found will warrant it the increase of production will be considerably' augmented, and materially add to the wealth and prosperity of this whole region, which gives great promise in the near future to be the most productive in the bituminous region of this State. John Cumins, mining-boss.
Penift Mine
Is also at Iloutzdale, and is operated by Reekirt Bros. D. E. Conrad, superintendent. When visited they were drawing the pillars, and preparing to open in another part of the same property. George Gould, mining-boss.
142a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. t,
FraAkllii Mine*
Situated at Houtzdaie, and is operated by the Kittaning Coal Company. C. B. Finley, superintendent. These works are in good condition, and are approached by two drifts, about four hundred yards apart. Hauling is done by endless rope for a distance of three thousand eight hundred feet in No. 1 and one thousand two hundred feet in No. 2. A locomotive plies between these two drifts, and is run on to two pairs of friction wheels, and these fastened, and on being set in motion drives the machinery to which the wire rope is attached, and in this wa}' bringing out at each trip about seventy tons of coal, the locomotive making alternate trips to each drift, signaling being done by* electric battery. Ventilation is produced by 612 furnace and discharges forty thousand eight hundred and twelve cubic feet per minute. Mining-boss, E. A. Foster.
MoBlfcaiinon Mine
Is situated on the Houtzdale branch of the T. and C. R. R. It is an old mine, nearly worked out, operated by the Moshannon Coal Company. P. B. Zentrayer, superintendent.
Derby Mliie
Is situated on the Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by T. Barnes & Brothers. This mine is ventilated by natural means and was very defective at the time of my visit. I advised them to put up a furnace, so that the air-current might run continuously one way. I was called the second time to this mine to examine the case of Samuel Benyor, who was severely hurt by coal falling on him, breaking his collar-bone and a number of ribs, and also inflicting internal injuries. This accident was purely accidental. He was aware that this piece of coal was loose and unsafe, and was preparing to post it up, when it unexpectedly fell with the above result. Richard Ashcroft, superintendent.
Cocly Rldfe Mine
Is situated on Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by H. K. Grant. Ventilation is natural. I advised them to put up a furnace, which they promised they would do. Drainage is good. Stephen Sheldon, superintendent.
Colorado Mine
Is situated on Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by A. & W. Barlow. These works are in good condition. Ventilation by furnace, discharging nine thousand cubic feet of air per minute when I visited it. Thomas Pilkington, mining-boss.
No. 1,
Is situated on the Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R.,and is operated by T. Barnes & Brothers, and is in good condition. Ventilation by furnace.
Irftncaslilret Ho. A,
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R. It is also operated by T. Barnes & Brothers. This is a new mine, and has been in operation only about three months, and is worked on the double-entry system. They had commenced to build a furnace when I was there. Richard Ashcroft, superintendent.
Vletor, No. 1,
Is situated on the Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by D. W. Holt & Co. This mine is in good condition. Ventilation excellent. They have a locomotive here which goes through a hill a distance of one thousand six hundred yards, hauling all the coal they are able to mine.
victor. No. Jly
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R.,and operated by Holt & Co. This is a new mine; has been in operation three months, They were putting in a furnace when I visited them.
Victor, No. Bf
Is also situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R. This is also a new mine, having been in operation about three months. They are preparing to do a large business. John Walton, superintendent.
Qlenivood Mine
Is situated on the Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R.,and is operated by Huff 6c Co. The ventilation is good, but the drainage is very defective. I have notified the superintendent, Mr. Campbell, who lives at Altoona, to have it remedied at once. I was called to this mine again to investigate the cause of the death of Richard Thornton, and found that it was caused by a fall of coal. He was working along with his father, a practical miner, and engaged at the time in mining a part of the working-place, when the coal in one of those unseen fissures gave way, falling upon him, killing him instantly. His age was twelve and a haJf years. A copy of the inquest is herewith appended. C. R. Colburn, mining-boss.
Cuba Mine
Is situated on the Campbell branch of the T. and C. R. R.,and is operated by the Leonard Coal Company. This is an old mine and in poor condition. They are about to open a new drift which, if properly done, will give them relief from their present unsatisfactory condition. M. F. Gates, superintendent.
Kcj'fltonc MIac
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R , and is operated by J. A. Losee. It has been in operation two months. It is opened on the double-entry system, and promises to be a prosperous work. John Woodcock, mining-boss.
144a Internal Affaiks — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Atlantic BllAe
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by the Atlantic Coal Company. It is a new mine, having been in operation about four months. T. M. Estep, superintendent.
IiOan RldKe Mine
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by II. J. Smith & Co. Ventilation is produced by natui*al means and was defective. I advised them to put up a furnace or some other motor whereby ventilation might be increased. Drainage was good. T. M. Simpson, mining-boss.
Coaldale Mine
Is situated on the Crowley Run branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by John Reed & Co. Ventilation natural and not good. Seven men are employed here. I found the scales wrong at this place, which was rectified by next morning. Thomas Dougan, mining-boss.
Kmplre Mine
Is situated on the Morrisdale branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by the Empire Coal Company. These works are in good condition. Ventilation by furnace, 6'> 4'. Ilauling is done by means of endless rope for a distance of one thousand seven hundred and fifty feet. They use one threeinch pump. Their drainage is also good. John Ashcroft, superintendent; Evan Evans, mining-boss.
Pardee Mine
Is situated on the Morrisdale branch of the T.and C. R. R., and is operated by Duncan, Lingle & Co. Ventilation natural and defective. Drainage good. Advised a furnace to be put up. W. C. Lingle, superintendent.
Allport Mine*
Situated on the Morrisdale branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by Holt & Schoonover. The old mine at this place is abandoned, and they have commenced to open a new drift, which promises better results. T. R. Morton, mining-boss.
Morrisdale Mines
Are situated on the Morrisdale branch of the T. and C. R. R., and are operated by B. T. Wigton & Son. This is the most extensive works in this region. They have four drift openings. Entries are driven double. Ventilation is by furnace and good. The drainage is No. 1. The mines are situate one and a quarter miles from the railroad, and the coal is brought hither with a locomotive and delivered into cars. W. H. Wigton, superintendent; William McCann, mining-boss.
Decatnr Mine
Is situated on the Morrisdale branch of the T. and C. R. R., and is operated by John Nuttall & Co. This mine is in first-class condition in every respect. John Todd, minin&:-boss.
CAMBRIA. COfJHTT. RoUinMlU Uliie
Is situated at Johnstown, on the Pennsylvania railroad. It is operated by the Cambria Iron Company. John Falton, general manager; Thomas Fulton, superintendent. This is a large mine, employing two hundred and fifty men. It is ventilated by an eight-feet diameter fan, and was discharging, when I visited it, thirty-seven thousand seven hundred and forty cubic feet per minute. Hauling is done by locomotive a distance of one mile. The works altogether are in first-class condition. John Xelson, mining-boss.
Is operated also by the Cambria Iron Company, and is ventilated by furnace, Ventilation and drainage all that can be desired. Thomas Fulton, superintendent.
Is operated by the Cambria Iron Company, and is ventilated by furnace, 6'X5'. Ventilation and drainage good. Thomas Fulton, superintendent; Kees G. Edwards, mining-boss.
Argyll Mine
Is situated at South Fork, on the Pennsylvania railroad, and is operated by Coulter & Huff. Ventilation is by furnace and is good. These works are in good condition. J. P. Wilson, superintendent ; John Pratt, miningboss.
Aurora Mine
Is a new mine, and is operated bv G. W. Lukes. It is situated at South Fork, on the Pennsyslvania railroad. G. W. Lukes, superintendent.
Stlneman Mine
Is located on the Pennsylvania railroad, and is operated by J. C. Stineman. The ventilation is natural and not in a good condition. Mr. Stineman has written to me that he has given it an overhauling, and it is now much beter. Frederick M. Croyle, mining-boss.
Bnelid Mine
Is located on the Pennsjlvania railroad, at South Fork, and is operated by the Euclid Coal Company, and was in a bad condition. The superintendent has written to me that it has been overhauled. They both needed it. J. C. Stineman, superintendent; Wendell Croyle, mining-boss.
Sontik Fork Mine
Is situated at South Fork, on the Pennsylvania railroad. Ventilation natural and not good. This mine is somewhat difficult to drain, owing to the coal dipping constantly in front of them. They have a No. 7 Cameron pump at work. I urged them to widen out their shaft and build a furnace. This mine is operated by George B. Stineman. Henrj' Dunmyer, miningboss.
10a Leg. Doo. No. T.
146a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
An inquisition taken and indented at Campbel's mines, in Deeatar township, county of Clearfield, the 22d day of October, 1883, before me, James McKeman, justice of the peace of the said county, upon the view of the body of Richard Thornton, who was killed in CampbePs mines, aged twelve years, then and there lying dead, upon the oath of James Salasbury, Robert Jones, George Harkless, Z. M. George, R. S. Amber, Jacob Taylor, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who being sworn and affirmed to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, how, and after what manner the said Richard Thornton came to his death, do say, upon their oath and afiSrmation, that the said Richard Thornton came to his death by the accidental falling of a lump of coal upon him, (variously estimated to weigh from three to five hundred pounds,) crushing his skull and breaking his neck, while working underneath the aforesaid lump of coal in Campbells mine, county aforesaid. His father, who was working in the same room with him when he was killed, is exonerated from all blame in the matter by the jury.
In witness whereof, as well the aforesaid justice of the peace, as the jurors aforesaid, have to this inquisition put their hands and seals on the day and year first above mentioned.
Jurors .
Allegheny County, 88 :
An inquisition indented, taken at East Deer township, in the county of Allegheny, on the 27th day of September, A. D. 1883, before me, Peter Dressier, coroner of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of James S. Yarner, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths and solemn aiirmations of Neal Diamond, Thomas Leslie, John Davis, William Garlich, William Smith, Florence M. Hall, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who being sworn and affirmed, and charged to inquire, on the part of the Commonwealth, when, where, and how, and after what manner the said James S. Yarner came to his death, do say, upon their oaths and affirmations aforesaid, that the said James S. Yarner, between twenty-four and twenty -five years of age, came to his death about half past ten o'clock on the morning of September 26, A. D. 1883, at the Bellview Company coal pit, in East Deer township, by a lot of loose coal falling on him and breaking his neck ; and from all the evidence taken we, the jury, find it was aocidental. And so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths and afirmations,
Leg. Doc.J Goal — Bituminous. I4?a
as aforesaid J say that the aforesaid James S. Tamer, for the cause aforesaid, in manner and form aforesaid, came to his death, and not other-
In witness whereof, as well of the aforesaid coroner, we, the jurors, have hereunto put onr hands and seals on the day and year, and at the place above mentioned.
Thomas Leslie, [l. s.J William Gabuch, f l. s.]
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TABIiE III. — A statement showing the method of ventilation amount of air discharged number of openings and headings, and size of inlets and outlets in the respective collieries of the Sixth Bituminous Mine District,
KAXX of COLI.IXBT.
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Internal Affaibb.— Indubtbial Stati8tic&
TABIiB IVm—Showinff an average monthly etaiement of the ventilation of the reapeeiive collieries of the Sixth Bituminous Mine District, for tht year ending October SI, 188S.
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154a Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T ,
Conspiracy Laws.
Under the above heading we do not intend to do more than present to the public the law of this Commonwealth relative to combinations of workingmen to advance the price of wages. It would seem that the first and only case in which workingmen were indicted, in this Commonwealth, for conspiring to raise the price of wages, before the passage of any statute law governing the same, was that entitled the Trial of the Journeymen Boot and Shoemakers.'" This case was tried and determined in the mayor's court for the city of Philadelphia, on an indictment for conspiracy, found at the January sessions 1806, against several journeymen boot and shoemakers, who had formed a combination to raise the price of their wages ; two of this number, being satisfied with the wages paid to them individually, refused to act with the majority ; for this reason they and their employer were ostracised or boycotted. For this action on the part of the majority of the workingmen, criminal proceedings were begun by the employer. It was in evidence that he was, through their actions, subjected to great loss. On the part of the defense, no serious attempt was made to rebut the testimony offered by the prosecutors relative to the main facts upon which the indictment was found, but it was contended that the section of the common law of England under which the action was sought to be maintained was not a law of this Commonwealth, first, because it was repugnant to our Constitution and free institutions; and, second, that as no statute law had been passed in this Commonwealth regulating the price of wages, that, therefore, the indictment, founded on a prohibitory section of the common law of England, against combinations to raise the price of wages, could not be sustained.
In support of this proposition, the defense showed that in England statute laws had been passed which regulated the price of wages in that country, admitting that if such was the case in this Commonwealth the indictment could be sustained so far as the law was involved, but, in the absence of any such statute, or legal custom regulating the price of wages, then, admitting the evidence as to what occurred to be indisputable, the prisoners were not guilty of any crime known to this Commonwealth, and should be acquitted.
The defense cited numerous authorities in support of their position, only one of which, however, we will quote, viz: An extract from Tucker's Blackstone, Ap. p. 405-6. Writing of the laws of England and their validity here after the severance from the Mother Country, he says: For they (the laws) no longer possessed even a potential existence, (as being the laws of the British Nation, and, as such, extending, in the theoretical strictness, to the remotest part of the empire,) because the connection upon
which this theoretical conclusion might have been founded was entirely at
an end, and having never obtained any authority from usage and custom,
they were destitute of every foundation upon which any supposed obliga
tion could be built. This is a reticular consequence of that undisputed
right which every free State possesses, of being governed by its own laws.
And as all laws are either written, or acquire their force
and obligation by long usage and custom, which imply a tacit consent, it
follows, that where these evidences are wanting, there can be no obligation
in any supposed law." The judge in his charge to the jury maintained the
action of the prosecutors and instructed the jurors to find a verdict of
guilty if they were satisfied that the combination to raise the wages of the
defendants had been proven. The jury returned a verdict of guilty. We
have stated this much by way of preface to the original of all conspiracy
laws against combinations of workingmen to raise the price of wages. We
now quote the laws in full which were cited in the trial above referred to*
Shaws Ju8., p. 296. 6 EL c, 4, § " If any butchers, brewers, bakers, poulterers, cooks, coster-mongers, or fruiterers, shall conspire, covenant, promise, or make any oath that they shall not sell their victuals but at certain prices, or if any artificers, workmen, or laborers do conspire, covenant, or promise together, or make any oaths that they shall not make or do their work but at a certain price or rate, or shall not enterprise or take upon them to finish what another hath begun, or shall do but a certain work in a day, or shall not work but at certain houses and times ; every such person so conspiring, &c., shall forfeit for the first offense 10£, and if he pay not the same within six days shall sufllsr twenty days' imprisonment? and for the second offense shall forfeit 20£, &c., and for the third 40£, &c' And if any such conspiracy, covenant, or promises to be made by any society, brotherhood, or company, of any craft, mystery, or occupation of the victuallers above mentioned, with the presence or consent of the more part of them, that there immediately upon such act of conspiracy, &c., over and besides the particular punishment before appointment, their corporation shall be dissolved ; and that the said offenses shall be determined at the assizes of the peace, or court-leet.
By 25, Henry 8, chapter 2, it is enacted "that to remedy the frequent rise of the price of cheese, butter, capons, hens, chickens, and other necessary victuals for man's sustenance by ingrossing and regraling the same, the Lord Chancellor and other high officers of the State, &c., may, upon complaint of any enhancing of the prices of such victuals without ground or reasonable cause, in any part of the King's dominions, set and tax reasonable prices of such victuals."
Burns Jus. p. 16i-5, ''The justice of every shire, riding and liberty, or the more part of them being then reliant within the same, and the sheriff, if he conveniently may, and every mayor and other head officer within any city or town corporate, wherein is any justice of the peace within the limits of the said city or town corporate and of the said cor-
156a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
po ration, shall early in Easter sessions, or within six weeks next after, assemble and call unto them such discreet and grave persons as they shall think meet, and having respect to the plenty or scarcity of the time, and other circumstances, shall have authority to limit, rate, and appoint the wages, as well as such the said articles, handicraftsman, husbandry, or any other laborer, servant, or workman whose wages in times past have been by any law or statute rated and appointed, as also the wages of all other laborers, artificers, workmen, apprentices of husbandry, which have not been rated, as they shall think meet by their discretion, to be rated, limited, or appointed by the year, or by the day, week, month, or otherwise, with meat and drink, or without meat and drink, and what wages every workman or laborer shall take by the great for mowing, reaping, or threshing of com and grain, or for mowing or making of hay, or for ditching, paving, railing, or hedging, by the rod, perch, lugg, yard, pole, rope, or foot, and for any other kind of reasonable labor or service. And by the 1 James, 0, 6th, the said act of 5th Elizabeth shall extend to the rating of wages of all laborers, weavers, spinsters, and workmen or workwomen whatsoever, either working by the day, week, month, year, or taking any work by the great or otherwise.
If any person, upon the proclamation published, shall directly or indirectl}', retain or keep an3 servant, workman, or laborer, or shall give any more or greater wages, or other commodity than shall be so appointed in the said proclamation, he shall, on conviction before any of the justices, or other head officers above mentioned, be imprisoned for ten days, without bail, and shall forfeit 5£, half to the King, and half to him that shall sue before the said justices in their sessions, and every person that shall be so retained, and take wages contrary to the said statute of the 5, EL, or to the said proclamation, and shall be thereof convicted before the justices aforesaid, or any two of these, or before the mayor or other head officers aforesaid, shall be imprisoned for twenty-one days without bail. And every retainer, promise, gift, or payment of wages or other thing contrary to the said act, and every writing and bond to be made for that purpose shall be void."
It would appear from the laws just cited that if the ruling of the court was correct, that manufacturers and operators in this Commonwealth are even now liable to criminal prosecution whenever they conspire to raise the price of their products, or to lower the existing rates of wages, and furthermore, that any contract between them and thir employ, making a different standard for weights and measures in the performance of work and labor than that established bj' the Legislature, is void. We find no act of the Legislature bearing on this question of conspiracy until that of March 31, 1860, § 128, which reads as follows: If any two or more persons shall falsely and maliciously conspire, and agree to cheat and defraud any person, or body corporate of his or their moneys, goods, chattels, or other property, or to do any other dishonest, malicious, and unlawful act
to the prejudice of another, they shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, and to undergo an imprisonment, by separate or solitary confinement at labor, or by simple imprisonment, not exceeding two years." By an act approved May 8, 1869, it was declared : " It shall be lawful for any and all classes of mechanics, joumejMuen, tradesmen, and laborers to form societies and associations for their mutual aid, benefit, and protection, and peaceably to meet, discuss, and establish all necessary by-laws, rules, and regulations to carry out the same ; all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed." There being some difficulty in the mining regions of Centre and Clearfield counties, these counties were excluded from the benefit of the act.
By an act approved the 14th day of June, 1872, it was declared That from and After the passage of this act, it shall be lawful for any laborer or laborers, workingman or working en, journeyman or journeymen, acting either as individuals or as the member of any club, society, or association, to refuse to work or labor for any person or persons whenever in his, her, or their opinion the ages paid are insufficient, or the treatment of such laborer or laborers, workingman or workingmen, journeyman or journeymen, by his, her, or their employer, is brutal or offensive, or the continued labor by said laborer or laborers, workingman or workingmen, journeyman or journeymen would be contrary to the rules, regulations, or by-laws of any club, society, or organization to which he, she, or they might belong, without subjecting any person or persons so refusing to work or labor to prosecution or indictment for conspiracy under the criminal laws of this Commonwealth : Provided, That this act shall not be held to apply to the member or members of any club, society, or organization, the constitution, b3''-laws, rules and regulations of which are not in strict conformity to the Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania, and to the Constitution of the United States: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prevent the prosecution and punishment under existing laws of any person or persons who shall, in any wa}', hinder persons who desire to labor for their employes from so doing, or other persons from being employed as laborers. That all acts, or parts of acts, conflicting with the above section be, and the same are hereby repealed,"
It will be observed that the statute just referred to makes provision for punishing working men who hinder those desiring to work for their employSsy not employers. This is evidently a typographical error, but as it now stands in its authonzed published form it is without sense and void.
To remedy any discrepancy in the act of June 14, 187i, and to more fully define unlawful hindering of persons desiring to work, an act was approved on April 20, 1876, which declares that the foregoing act of June 14, 1872, "shall be so construed that the use of lawful or peaceful means, having for their object a lawful purpose, shall not be regarded as ' in any
I58a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
way hindering ' persons who desire to labor ; and the use of force, threat, or menace of harm to persons or property shall alone be regarded as in any way hindering persons who desire to labor for their employers from so doing, or other persons from being employed as laborers.''
The foregoing, we believe, embraces all legislation, both legislative and Judicial, on what is generally known as the conspiracy laws" of the Commonwealth, in so far as such laws relate to workingmen.
liio. DoG.J Labor Laws. 159a
An Act
To regulate and license the business of intelligence or employment officers in all dties of the first class In this Commonwealth.
Section L Be it enacted, dbc. That from and after the pass-intelligence offices age of this act, it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to keep open, or establish any intelligence or employment ofSce, for the purpose of procuring or obtaining, for money or other valuable consideration, any work, employment or occupation for persons seeking the same, or to otherwise engage in the business of procuring employment for others for money or other valuable consideration, in any city of the first class in this Commonwealth, without first having obtained from the treasurer of the city, in which such office is situated or such business is carried on, a license so to do, and having paid therefor to the treasurer of the said city in which such office is situated or business carried on, such sum of money as is hereinafter specified.
Section 2. Every person applying for a license under this License fee. act shall pay to the city treasurer, as aforesaid, an annual license fee of fifty dollars, and upon payment of said sum of money shall be entitled to receive a certificate signed by certificate to be the said city treasurer, setting forth that the license fee has S fS.''" been paid, and that such applicant has been licensed to pursue the business of an employment agent, for the period of one year from the date of said certificate, said license fee to be paid to the said city treasurer the first day of June, in each year; and it shall be the duty of any person obtain- TobekeM nbuci ing said certificate or license, to keep said certificate or cpoeed. license publicly exposed to view, in the office used by him for carrying on said business, with a printed schedule of schednieoffeesto the fees to be charged for his services. printed, Ac.
Sections. If any person, not being licensed as aforesaid, violation of act shall engage in the business of an employment agent, or in mudeany way act as a broker between employer and employ, and take money or other valuable consideration for such services, or if any person being so licensed shall refuse to exhibit his certificate or license, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be senpenity tenced to pay a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court.
Section 4. If any person engaged in the employment False information agent business, and having a license as heretofore provided 2SSw.*"'**" by this act, shall give false information or make false pro-
i60a
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Penalty,
mises concerning any work or occupation, or any one obtaining his services for procuring such work or occupation, or shall charge a greater sum for his services than are provided for in said schedule, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit his license and pay a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars, and undergo an imprisonment in the county jail of not more than twelve months, or both or either at the discretion of the court.
Approved— The 25th day of May, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
Preamble.
President Judge to issue license Tor establishment of tribunals.
An Act
To authorise the creation, and to provide for the regulation of voluntary tribunals, to adjust dlBputeR between employer* and employed, in the iron, steel, glass, textile fairies and ooal trades.
Whbreas, Differences arise between persons engaged in the iron, steel, glass, textile fabrics and coal trades in this State, and strikes and lock-outs result therefrom, which paralyze these important industries, bring great loss upon employer and employed, and seem to find their only solution in starvation or in force, which does not accord with the teachings of humanity and the true policy of our laws ;
And whereas Voluntary tribunals, mutually chosen, with equality}* of representation and of rights, and a frank discussion therein by the persons interested, of the business questions involved, are the plain paths to mutual concession and cessation of strife, and the choice of an umpire by the parties themselves, to whose arbitrament the matters in dispute are to be submitted for final decision, if they shall fail to agree, is in accord with the practice and policy of this Commonwealth ; therefore,
Section Beit enacted, oc. That the presiding judges of the courts of common pleas, or the president judges thereof, in chambers, in the counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny, and of each of the other judicial districts of this Commonwealth, shall have power and upon the presentation of the petition, or of the agreement hereinafter named, it shall be the duty of each of them to issue, in the form hereinafter named, a license or authority for the establishment, within their respective districts, of tribunals for the consideration and settlement of disputes between employers and employed in the iron, steel, glass, textile fabrics, and coal trades and each of them.
Sbction 2. The said petition or agreement shall be sub- FormorpetiUoB stantially in the form hereinafter given, and the petition ' shall be signed by at least fifty persons employed as work- B7 whom signed. men, by five or more separate firms, individuals, or corporations within the county where the petitioners reside, or by at least five employers, each of whom shall employ at least ten workmen, or by the representatives of a firm, indiyiduaJ, or corporation employing not less than seventyfive men in their business; and the agreement shall be signed by both of said specified numbers and persons : Provided That if, at the time the petition is presented, a when testimonj dispute exists between the employers and the workmen,and lioneribe that as a consequence there is a suspension of work, or owing to the nature of the dispute a suspension is probable, the judge before whom said petition is presented, shall require testimony to be taken as to the representative character of said petitioners, and if it appears that the said petitioners do not represent the will of a majority, or at least one half of each party to the dispute, the license for the And license refused establishment of the said tribunal may be denied.
Section 3. The persons signing said petition as work- Qtiaujieations of men, shall each have been a resident of the judicial district in which the petition shall be presented, for at least one year ; shall have been engaged in some branch of the trade they profess to represent, for at least two years, and be a citizen of the United States. The persons signing the same as employers, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall be, and shall have been actually engaged in some branch of the iron, steel, glass, textile fabrics or coal trade, within the judicial district for at least one 3'ear, and shall each employ therein at least ten workmen, of the class hereinbefore described, and may be a firm, individual, or corporation , and the said petition shall be verified by the oaths Petition to be TeHof at least two of the signers, attesting the truth of the facts oa . stated therein, and the qualifications of the signers thereto.
Section 4. If the said petition shall be signed by the requisite number of both employers and workmen, and be when license mar in proper form and contain the names of the persons to compose the tribunal, being an equal number of each side, and of the umpire mutually chosen, the judge shaU forthwith issue a license, substantially in the form hereinafter given, authorizing the existence of such tribunal and fixing the time and place of the first meeting thereof, which shall Time and place of be made a record in the court of common pleas, over which Jifdle' said judge presides.
11a Leq. Doc. No. 7.
Internal Affaibs — Industbial Statistics.
When conditional license may iasae.
And petition be diflmissed.
One tribunal may be created for each trade.
Term and Jnrisdiotion.
Vaeaneies, how filled.
Remoyal not to create iracancy.
Disputes in one eonn may bo referred to adjoining 'bounty.
How umpire to be chosen.
When he shall act.
His award final on all matters submitted.
When binding.
Composition of tribunal.
Section 5. If the petition shall be signed by the requisite number of either workmen or employers, and not by both, and be in proper form, the judge shall issue his license for the creation of such tribunal, conditioned upon the assent and agreement of the necessary number of that side to the issue, which shall not have signed the petition ; which assent shall be in writing, signed by the requisite number, and contain the names of the members of the tribunal, and the umpire, and upon the presentation of such petition and assent, the Judge shall issue his license for a tribunal, as provided in section four of this act ; but if no such assent shall be obtained, within sixty days from the date of the conditional license, the petition shall be taken as dismissed, but if the assent be signed, a record shall be made of the license, as if made upon original agreement.
Section 6. One of the said tribunals may be created for each of the trades named in the first section of this act, in each judicial district; they shall continue in existence for one year from the date of the license creating them, and may take jurisdiction of any dispute between employe! s and workmen, who shall have petitioned for the tribunal, or have been represented in the petition therefor, or who may submit their disputes in writing to such tribunal for decision. Vacancies occurring in the membership of the tribunal, shall be filled by the judge, out of the three names presented to him by the members of the tribunal remaining of that class in which the vacancies occur. Removal to an adjoining district shall not cause a vacancy, in either the tribunal or the post of umpire. Disputes, occurring in one county, may be referred to a tribunal already existing in an adjoining county. The place of umpire, in any of said tribunals and vacancies occurring in such place, shall only be filled by the mutual choice of the whole of the representatives, of both employers and workmen constituting the tribunal. The umpire shall only be called upon to act, after disagreement is manifested in the tribunal by failure during three meetings held, and full discussion had. His award shall be final and conclusive upon such matters only, as are submitted to him in writing and signed by the whole of the members of the tribunal, or by parties submitting the same, and upon questions affecting the price of labor; it shall in no case be binding upon either employer or workmen, save as they acquiesce or agree therein after such awan**.
Section 7. The said tribunal shall consist of not less than two employers or their representatives, and two workmen.
The exact number, which shall in each case constitute the
tribunal, shall be inserted in the petition or agreement,
and they shall be named in the license issued. The said organization.
tribunal when convened, shall be organized by the selection
of one of their number as chairman and one as secretary,
who shall be chosen by a majority of the members, or if
such majority cannot be had after two votes, then by secret
ballot, or by lot as they prefer.
8E0TI0N 8. The members of the tribunal shall receive no compenBntion. compensation for their services from the cit}' or county, but the expenses of the tribunal, other than fuel, light and the use of room and furniture, may be paid by voluntary subscription, which the tribunal is authorized to receive and expend for such purposes. Each city or county, in which puei, ughu, and such tribunal shall be created, shall pay for the fuel, lights and the use or rent of a room and furniture, for the same which it is hereby authorized to obtain, but the cost of the ,
same shall only be paid upon sworn vouchers, submitted to, and approved by, the proper judge of the judicial district.
Section 9. When no umpire is acting, the chairman shall powers of chairhave power to administer oaths, sign subpcenas, orders, "ire iracfng? notices and other proceedings of the board ; and when the umpire shall be acting, this authority shall be vested in power of umpire. him, and all of the authority vested in boards of arbitrators, by the compulsory arbitration act of June sixteenth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, for procuring witnesses, preserving order and obtaining proofs, shall be and is hereby vested in such umpire when acting. Attor- AttorneTorageDU neys-at-law, or other agents of one side or the other, shall not to appear. not be permitted to appear, or take part in any of the proceedings of the tribunal or before the umpire ; but the same shall be as far as possible voluntary, and upon examination of proofs and witnesses, by the tribunal itself and the umpire. When the umpire is acting, he shall preside ; and his
Decisions of nnpire
determination upon all questions of evidence, or otherwise on questions of ctiiu conducting the inquiries then pending, shall be final. Committees of the tribunal consisting of an equal number committees may of each class, may be constituted to examine into any question in dispute, between employers and workmen, submitted Their dnties.. to the tribunal, and such committee may hear and settle the same finally, when it can be done, by an unanimous vote ; otherwise the same shall be reported to the full tribunal, and be there heard, as if the question had been originally examined by it. The said tribunals in connection with Rules for the sotthe umpire, shall each have power to make, ordain and en-nais to be adopted.
Internal Affaibs — Industbial Statistics.
Qaesiions In dispiite to be plainly defined In writing.
Sabmlsslon, &c., to be stated.
Umpire to be sworn.
And file award within ten days.
How made a matter of record.
Duties of the Judge.
When entered of record, award to be final, and Judgment entered, &c.
Citation of act.
Form of petition.
force rules, for the govemment of the body when in session, to enable the business to be proce*)ded with in order, and to fix its sessions and adjournments ; but such rules shall not conflict with this statute, nor with any of the provisions of the Constitution and laws of Pennsylvania.
Section 10. Before the umpire shall proceed to act, the question or questions in dispute shall be plainly defined in writing, and signed by the members of the tribunal, or a majority thereof of each class, or by the parties submitting the same ; and such writing shall contain the submlBsion of the decision thereof to the umpire by name, and shall provide that his decision thereon, after hearing shall be finaL The umpire shall be sworn to impartially decide the question submitted. The submission and his award may be made in the form hereinafter given, and said umpire must make his award within ten days, from the time the question or questions in dispute are submitted to him. When such award shall be made and signed by the umpire, it may be made a matter of record, by producing the same within thirty days, with the submission in writing, to the proper judge. If he approves the same, he shall endorse his approval thereon, and direct the same to be entered of record. When so entered of record, it shall be final and conclusive, and the proper court may on motion of any one interested, enter Judgment thereon, and when the award is for a specific sum of money, may issue final and other process, to enforce the same.
11. This acL shall be cited and quoted as the voluntary trade tribunal act, of one thousand eight hundred and eighty -three,"
Section 12. The form of the joint petition or agreement, praying for a tribunal as named in section four of this act, may be as follows:
To the presiding judge . . . judicial district, or to the presiding judge of the court of common pleas, the county of . . (as the case may be.)
The subscribers hereto, citizens of the said judicial district, and of the United States, being the number thereof and with the qualifications required by the act known as, the voluntary trade tribunal act, of one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three," being desirous of establishing a tribunal under said act for the settlement of disputes in the . . trade, and having agreed upon A. B. et
cetera, representing the employers, and C. D. et cetera, representing the workmen, as members of the said tribunal,
Labor Laws.
who each posseas the qualifications required by said act, and having also agreed upon E. F. . . , of . ,
as the umpire of the said tribunal, pray that a license for a tribunal in the . . trade may be issued to them.
And they will ever pray et cetera.
Nmmes.
Reaidenoe.
Works.
Na employees.
Emplotks.
Names.
Residenoe.
By whom employed.
The oath to be annexed to such joint petition shall be Form of oath. substantially as follows :
A. 6. and C. D., two of the signers of the foregoing joint petition, being duly sworn, say that the facts set forth in the same are true; that the five employers, signing such petition, havebeen actually engaged in the trade
within this judicial district, for at least one year, and each do now employ at least ten workmen in their said business, and the fifty workmen signing said petition have each been resident therein for one year, have been engaged in the trade as workmen, for at least two years, and (have been or are) actually employed at the places named in the signature to said petition in such trade.
A. B.
Cd.
And the same shall be sworn and subscribed, before a justice of the peace or alderman, of the proper district.
Section 13. The license to be issued upon such joint petition may be as follows :
Form of license.
166a Internal Affairs — iNnrsTRiAL Statistics [No. 7,
r S8
county,
Judicial District.
Whereas, The joint petition and agreement of five employers and fifty workmen has been to me presented, and now placed on record, praying the creation of a tribunal for the settlement of disputes in the . trade within
this district, and naming A. B., 0. D., E. F., and G. H. as members of said tribunal, and I. J. as the umpire thereof. Now in pursuance of the authority given by the voluntary trade tribunal act of I8h3, I have licensed and authorized, and do hereby license and authorize the said named parties, to be and exist as a tribunal under the said statute, for the settlement of disputes between employers and workmen in . . trade, for the term of one year, with all the powers
conferred by the voluntary trade tribunal act of 1883, and it shall meet and organize on the . . day of . . A. D. 188 , at
A record hath been made of this license.
Witness my hand and the seal of the Court, at ... . this day of . . . . , A. D. 188 .
Presiding Judge.
FormoerabmiuioB. SECTION 14. The forms of the submission, and of the
awards may be as follows :
Form of SuBMiSdioN.
We, A. B. of one part and C. D. of the other part, under the provisions of voluntary trade tribunal act of one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, have submitted and referred, and do hereby submit and refer unto the umpirage and decision of E. F., the umpire of the trade tribunal of the . . trade for the judicial district, the following subject matter, that is to say,
[Here state fully and distinctly the question submitted.] and his decision and determination upon the same, shall be binding upon us, and final and conclusive upon the question thus submitted, and we pledge ourselves to abide by, and carry out the decision of the umpire when made.
Witness our hands and seals this . day of . . . .
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eight y- [Signatures.]
FoKM OF Award.
I, E. F. the umpire of the trade tribunal, of the Form or award. judicial district, in pursuance of the foregoing instructions having been sworn and having hard the parties and their proofs bearing upon the question submitted for my decision and umpirage, have decided and do hereby decide as follows :
[Here insert distinctly the decision.] and do hereby certify to the president judge of the judicial district, that this is my award and determination of the subject matter to me referred.
Witness my hand and seal at , this
day of , A. D. 1 88 .
Umpire.
AppHovbd— The 26th day of April, A. D. 1883.
Robt. B. Pattison.
An Act
To provide at the pablo expense, free eveninfl aohoolii for the edaoatioQ of the children of this Commonwealth, who, from any oauee, are unable to attend the public achoolB.
Sbction 1. Be it enacted, dbc. That it shall be the duty , , .
of the board of school directors or school controllers of regard to opening
evening ehooli.
any school district in this Commonwealth, upon the application of the parents of twenty or more pupils, above the age of six years residents of said school district, to open a free evening school for their tuition in orthography, read- Branohei to be
tanfflit
ing, writing, arithmetic and such other branches as may be deemed advisable, and to keep open said schools for a term , ,,
' Length of term
of not less than four months in each year, each of the said months to consist of twenty days, and each of said days an evening session of at least two hours : Provided however That when the average daily attendance for one month falls Sohooi may be cio.
ed before expiration
below fifteen daily, said board of school directors or school of term. controllers may, at their option, close said evening school for the remainder of said term.
Section 3. That upon such application the board of To be opened withschool directors or school controllers shall proceed, without unnecessary delay, to hire a competent teacher, and open said evening school in a convenient location : Provided however. That two or more contiguous school dis- ConUgnona dutrieta
may nnlte.
tricts may at any time unite in the establishment and sup-lasa
Internal Affaibs — Industrtal Statistics.
Qaalifieationit of teachers.
Expensee.
A certain f nm to be set atid.
Syening high schools mar be es- Ublished.
Who are not to be admitted.
Additional teacher.
Frooednre when school board ref aae to establish an evening sch;>ol.
Coart to determine propriety of.
port of ODe or more evening sohoolB, and contribute prorata to the expense of their maintenance.
Section 3. That the qualifications of teachers for said evening Fohools ahall be the same as those for the teachers of the public schools of the Common wealth, as already madeand provided, or as may hereafter be made and provided by law.
4. That the expenses for the support and maintenance of said evening schools shall be defrayed out of the taxes raised for the support of the common schools : Provided That said school board may, in making their estimates for the school year, allow and set aside a certain sum for the support and maintenance of said evening schools, and levy and collect their tax rate accordingly.
Section 5. That the board of school directors or school controllers of any school district may, where necessary, establish an evening high school, and that the board of school directors or school controllers of vwo or more contiguous school districts may unite for the establishment and support of an evening high school, the curriculum of which shall be drawn up and arranged by the several school boards in Joint session met and assembled, according to their beat judgment and the necessities of their respective districts.
Sbotion 6. That no pupil shall be admitted to said evening sofaools who is unemployed during the day, or in actual attendance upon any school during the day, public or private.
Section 7. That when the average daily attendance upon said schools, for one month exceeds fifty pupils, an additional teacher may be engaged and retained until the average daily attendance falls to or below forty.
Section 8. That should anv board of school directors or controllers neglect or refuse to carry out the provisions of this act, the petitioners aforesaid may present their petition to the court of common pleas of the proper county, setting forth, that application had been made to the proper board of school directors or controllers as aforesaid, and that said board had neglected or reftised to carry out the provisions of this act; whereupon such court sball, after due proof of notice of the presentation of such petition having been served upon the president and secretary of such board, proceed to hear and determine, as to the necessities and propriety of the establishment of such school or schools j ukL in its discretion order the board of school directors or controllers to open and maintain such school or schools, with
power to enforce such order by attachment or mandamaB, at the discretion of the court.
Section H. That the provisions of this act shall not go in when act to uke force until the beginning of the regular school year, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three: Providedy That the provisions of this act shall not apply to any part or section of the State, where special provision exists for night school.
Section 1<). That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent Kpai. herewith are hereby repealed.
The 22d day of May, A. D. 1888.
Robt. E. Fattison.
An Act
To abolish the oontraot Bystem in the prisons and reformatory institutions of the State of Pennsylyania, and to regulate the wages of the inmates.
Section I. Be it enacted So. That at the expiration of conyiet labor to existing contracts the board of inspectors, wardens, or other suL?* officers of State prisons and reformatory institutions are directed to eniploy the convicts under their control for and in behalf of the State.
Section 2. The chief officers of the various reformatory Foreeruininttita institutions, deriving their support wholly or in part from the State, are hereby directed at the expiration of existing contracts, to eniploy the inmates of said institutions for and in hehalf of such institutions ; and no labor shall be hired out by contract.
Section 8. That the officers of the various county prisons, oountr workhouses, and reformatory institutions within this Commonwealth, now letting the labor of convicts by contract, shall, at the expiration of existing contracts, employ the same for and in behalf of their respective counties.
Section 4. All convicts under control of the State and convict8 to receive county officers, and all inmates of reformatory institutions engaged in manufiEtcturing articles for general consumption, shall receive quarterly wages equal to the amount of their „ earnings, to be fixed from time to time by the authorities of wagM. the institutions, from which board, lodging, and clothing and the costs of trial, shall be deducted, and the balance paid to their families or dependents ; in case none such appear the amount shall be paid to the convict at the expiration of the term of imprisonment.
noa
Repeal.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Section 5. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.
Approved — The 13th day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
GonTlct made goods to be branded.
Description of brand.
Brand to be placed on the article made if possible.
otherwise on the box.
Style and place of brand.
Goods shipped oatside of SUte exempted.
Managers to see that goods are branded.
An Act
To require a brand upon all goods, wares, merchandise, or other artiole or thing made for sale by oonviot labor in any penitentiary, reformatory prison, school, or other establishment in which oonviot labor is employed.
Section 1. Be it enacted dbc. That from and after the passage of this act all goods, cares, merchandise, or other article or thing made by convict labor, in any penitentiary, reformatory prison, school, or other establishment in which convict labor is. employed, whether for the direct benefit and maintenance of such penitentiary, reformatory prison, school, or other establishment, or upon contract by the authorities of the same with any third person, all and every sach goods, wares, merchandise, article or thing immediately upon the completion of the same, shall be branded as hereinafter provided, and shall not be taken into or exposed in any place for sale at wholesale or retail without such brand.
Sbction 2. That the brand herein required shall be in plain English lettering, and shall contain at the head or top of said brand the words convict made," followed by the year and name of the penitentiary, reformatory prison, school, or other establishment in which made. That the brand aforesaid shall in all cases, when the nature of the article will permit, placed upon the same, and only where such branding is impossible it shall or may be placed on the box o.r other receptacle or covering in which it is contained, and the same shall be done by casting, burning, pressing, or other such process or means as that the same may not be defaced, and in all cases shall be upon the most conspicuous place upon such article or the box, receptacle, or covering containing the same: Provided That goods, wares, and merchandise shipped to points outside of the State shall not be BO branded.
Section B. That it shall be the duty of the manager, principal, or superintendent of any penitentiary, reformatory prison, school or other establishment within this Commonwealth wherein convict labor is employed, to see that the brand herein required shall be so placed as aforesaid
Peoaltj.
before such goods, wares, merchandise, or other article or
thing shall be removed or taken from the place where made ;
and upon failure or neglect so to do, such manager, princi- JeemedamUd©-
pal, or superintendent shall be deemed guilty of a misdemanor.
manor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to
pay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or undergo
an imprisonment not exceeding one year, or either or both,
at the discretion of the court.
Section 4. That it shall not be lawful for any person deal- Dealing in eonviet
ing in any such convict made goods, wares, merchandise or branded prohibited. other article, at wholesale or retail, to have in his possession, or offer for sale any such convict made goods, wares, merchandise or other* article manufactured by convict labor in Pennsylvania or any other State, without the brand provided by this act. And in all cases, where the brand aforesaid is upon the box, receptacle, or other covering in which SSmbox byretafisuch goods, wares, merchandise, or other article is contained, ®" prohibited, it shall not be lawful for any such person retailing to remove the same ft'om such box, receptacle, or other covering, except as he shall retail the same to a customer for his in- Box to be kept dividual use, and at all times the box, receptacle, or cover-open to view. ing containing said brand, shall be open to the inspection or view of such customer. And any person knowingly and willfully offending against this secton, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars or undergo an imprisonment not exceeding six months, or both or either at the discretion of the court. Appboved— The 20th day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
An Act
Providing for the appointment of a oommiarion by the Governor to revise the mining and ventilating laws in the anthracite ooal regions of the Commonwealth, and for an appropriation to pay the
Section 1. Be it enacted That the Governor be au- Camber and realthorized to appoint dix competent and experienced miners, ionera'toai!' and six competent and experienced coal operators, one miner JJior?* and one operator from each of the counties of Schuylkill, Northumberland, Carbon, Columbia, Luzerne, and Lackawanna, who shall with the six mine inspectors for the said counties, act as commissioners to revise the mine laws and duties, ventilation acts relating to the anthracite coal regions of
I12a
Internal Affatbs — Industrial Statibtiob.
Gompeniation of ininrt.
Time limited.
How and when to be paid.
PeonsylvaDia, and to report to the Legislature at its present session if possible, (and if not at the next session thereof,) such changes in said laws as will tend to the greater security of persons engaged in working in and about such mines, and secure a more prompt and strict compliance with such laws. The said coal operators and inspectors to serve without compensation, and the said six miners to be allowed five dollars per day, for each day actually employed in the work of said commission, not to exceed fifty days, and the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay the same, be and is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury, not otherwise appropriated, to be paid by warrant drawn by the Auditor General, on an itemized statement furnished to him by the chairman of said committee.
Approved — The 1st day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. B. Pattison.
An Act
To prevent the exemption of property on Judgment obtained for fifty dollars or lev, for wages for manoal labor.
Section I. Be it enacted do.. That no exemption of property from attachment, levy or sale upon execution, shall be allowed upon judgments for fifty dollars or less obtained for wages for manual labor.
Approved— The nth day of May, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
Willfal neglect to paj miners for all clean eoal, less the oost of cleaning, deemed a misdemeanor.
AN ACT To provide payment to the miner fbr all clean ooal mined by him.
Section I. Be it enacted, oBc, That from and after the passage of this act all individuals, firms, and corporations engaged in mining coal in this Commonwealth, who, instead of dumping all the cars that come from the mioe into a breaker or shutes, shall switch out one or more of the cars for the purpose of examining them, and determining the actual amount of slate or refuse, by removing said slate or refuse from the car, and who shall, after so doing, willfully neglect to allow the miner in for all clean coal left after the redirt or slate is taken out, at the same rate paid at the mine for clean coal, less the actual expense of removing said slate or refuse, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
Section 2. That any individual, firm or corporation as Pentntj. aforesaid, violating the provisions of this act, upon suit being brought and conviction had, shall be sentenced by the court to pay a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, and to make restitution by paying to the miner the amount to which, under this act, he would be entitled for the coal nude. mined by him, and for which he was not paid.
Approved— The 13th day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. B. Pattison.
An Act
To protect minoFB in the bitaminoua oobI regions of this Commonwealth.
Section I. Be it enacted, ibc. That after the period of MinentobepAid
three months from the passage of this act, any mmer em-mined irrotpectiTe ployed by an individual, firm or corporation for the purpose of mining coal, shall be entitled to receive from his employer, and failing to receive then to collect, by due process of law, at such rates as may have been agreed upon between the employer and the employed. Ml and exact wages accruing to him for the mining of all. sizes of merchantable coal so mined by him, whether the same shall exist in the form of nut or lump coal; and in the adjudication of such wages seventy-six pounds shall be deemed one 7efts.abashei bushel, and two thousand pounds net, shall be deemed one ton of coal : Provided, That nothing contained in this act shall be construed to prevent operators and miners con-meMaring, Ac. treating for any method of measuring and screening the coal mined by such miners, as they may contract for.
Section 2. That at every bituminous coal mine in this cars each mine Commonwealth, where coal is mined by measurement, all pacttj!''™ cars, filled by miners or their laborers, shall be uniform in capacity at each mine; no unbranded car or cars shall enter And be branded bj the mine for a longer period than three months, without ipetor. being branded by the mine inspector of the district, wherein the mine is situated ; and any owner or owners, or Uieir ponighment for agents, violating the provisions of this section, shall be subject to a fine of not less than one dollar per car for each and every day as long as the car is not in conformity with this act, and the mine inspector of the district, where the „. . ,
' Mine inspector to
mine is located, on receiving notice from the check-measurer enforce proTisions or any five miners working in the mine, that a car or cars are not properly branded, or not uniform in capacity ao-
Ilia
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Penalty for neglect.
Certain mines to be exempted.
Cheek-weighman or meaanrer may be employed.
HIr priTllegee.
Not to interfere with work.
Not a tresspasser.
Interferenee prohibited.
Penalty for Tiola tion.
Cheek-weighman to credit minerwith coal mined.
Differences to be settled by mine inspector.
Expenses of test
Violation of act by weighman, &c., a misdemeanor.
cording to law, are used in the mine where he or they are employed, then inside of three days from the date of receiving said notice, it shall be his duty to enforce the provisions of this section, under penalty of ten dollars for each and every day he permits such car or cars to enter the mine: Provided That nothing contained in this section shall be construed or applied to those mines who do not use more than ten cars.
Section 8. That at every bituminous coal mine in this Commonwealth, where coal is mined by weight or measure, the miners or a majority of those present at a meeting called for that purpose, shall have the right to employ a competent person as cheek-weighman, or check-measurer as the case may require, who shall be permitted at all times to be present at the weighing or measurement of coal, also have power to weigh or measure the same, and during the regular working hours to have the privilege to balance and examine the scales, or measure the cars : Provided That all such balancing and examination of scales shall only be done in such way, and in such time, as in no way to interfere with the regular working of the mines. And he shall not be considered a trespasser during working hours while attending to the interests of his employers. And in no manner shall he be Interfered with or intimidated by any person, agent, owner or miner. And any person violating these provisions shall be held and deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, he shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty dollars, and not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisonment at the discretion of the court. It shall be a further duty of cheek-weighman or check-measurer, to credit each miner with all merchantable coal mined "by him, on a proper sheet or book to be kept by him for that purpose. When differences arise between the cheek-weighman or check-measurer and the agent or owners of the mine, as to the uniformity, capacity or correctness of scales or cars used, the same shall be referred to the mine inspector of the district where the mine is located, whose duty it shall be to regulate the same at once ; and in the event of said scales or cars proving to be correct, then the party or parties applying for the testing thereof to bear all costs and expenses thereof; but if not correct then the owner or owners of said mine to pay the costs and charges of making said examination : Provided further That should any weighman or weighmen, agent or checkmeasurer, whether employed by operators or miners, know.
XjEG. Doc. J Labob Laws. 175a
ingly or willfuUj adopt or take more or less pounds for a bnshel or ton than as provided for in the first section of this act, or willfully neglect the balancing or examining of the scales or cars; or knowingly and willfully weigh coal with an incorrect scale, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, penalty. and upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the county jail for three months.
Section 4. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this Repeal. act are hereby repealed.
Robt. B. Pattison.
An Act
To amend the first section of an act, entitled "An aot for the better protection of the wages of mecbanios, miners, laborers, and others," approved the ninth day of April, one thoasand eight hundred and seventy-two, amending said act so that wages of servant girls, washerwomen, clerks, and others shall be preferred and first paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the property of insolvent debtors owing wages to saoh servants or employ
Sbction 1. Be it enacted dbCj That so much of section section one of act one of an act, entitled '*An act for the better protection of JmSdedV*' the wages of mechanics, laborers, and others," approved the ninth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two,
♦ ♦ ♦ Ije amj the same is here}' amended to read as follows :
" That all moneys that maj' be due, or hereafter become Beneflciaries of act due. for labor and services rendered by any miner, mechanic, laborer or clerk, servant girls at hotels, boarding-houses, restaurants or in private families, or other servants and helpers in and about said houses of entertainment, and private houses, porters, hostlers, all persons employed in and about livery stables, laundry men and washerwomen, seamsters and seamstresses employed by merchant tailors, milliners, dressmakers, clothiers, shirt manufacturers, and clerks employed in stores, hands, laborers, mechanics, printers, apprentices, hired for wages for salary, from any person or persons or chartered company employing clerks, miners, mechanics or laborers either as owners, lessees, contractors or under-owners of any works, mines, manufactory or other business, where clerks, miners or mechanics are employed, whether at so much per diem or otherwise, for any period wajfeaforaix not exceeding six months, immediately preceding the sale MiS'dlai"*fni?u and transfer of such works, mines, manufactories or busi- Jcy, &c., to be a
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Stati8ttc&
Extent of Hen.
To be first paid oat of proceeds of sale.
Claim not to exceed
Existing contracts or vested liens not to be impaired.
Claims to be filed within tliree months.
Manner.
ness, or other property connected therewith in carrying on said business, by execution or otherwise, preceding the death or insolvency of such employer or employers, shall be a lien upon said mine, manufactory, business or other property in and about or used in carrying on said business or in connection therewith, to the extent of the interest of said owners or contractors, as the case may be, in said property, and shall be preferred and first paid out of the proceeds of the sale of such mine, manu&ctory, business or other property as aforesaid : Provided That the claim of such miner, mechanic, laborer, and clerk thus preferred shall not exceed two hundred dollars : And provided fur ther, That this act shall not be so construed as to impair contracts existing, or liens of record vested prior to its passage: And provided further That no such claim shall be a lien upon any real estate unless the same be filed in the prothonotary's otfice of the county in which such real estate is situated, within three months after the same becomes due and owing, in the same manner as mechanics' liens are now filed."
Approved — The I3th day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. B. Pattison.
Section one of act of May 10, 1881, amended.
An Act
To amend part of an act, entitled act to provide proper means of oonveyanoe of persons, injured in or about the mines, to their homes."
Section I. Be ii enacted, oc. That section one of the act, entitled act to provide proper means of conveyance of persons, injured in or about mines, to their homes," approved the tenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and eight3'-one, which provides as follows, namely: That from and after the passage of this act, every individual, firm or corporation, engaged in the mining of anthracite coal in this Commonwealth, shall keep at every colliery, worked by said individual, firm or corporation, except as hereafter provided, an ambulance or two stretchers properly constructed, as the mine inspector of the district may deem the most suitable, for the purpose of conveying, to their homes or boarding-hoi:ses, any person injured in or about the colliery or mine of such operator or operators, while engaged at his usual or temporary employment," be and the same is hereby amended so that the same shall read as follows:
"Section 1. That ftrom and after the passage of this act coai operator* to
, provide ambalsnce
every individaal, firm or corporation, engaged in the mining or wagon for each of anthracite coal in this Commonwealth, shall keep at every colliery worked by such individual, firm or corporation, except as hereinatler provided, an ambulance or wagon properly constructed, as the mine inspector of the district may deem most suitable, for the purpose of conveying to his home or place of abode any person injured in or about the colliery or mine of such individual, firm or corporation, while engaged or employed by such individual, firm or corporation: Provided, That where an individual, firm or cor-when sererai ooiporation shall have several collieries in the same icinity, inambuJance* they shall not be required to keep more than one ambulance."
Section 2. That section two of the said act, which pro-section two of said vides as follows; namely, — If an ambulance it shall be a closed vehicle with windows, and shall be of sufficient size , to convey at least two injured persons, with two attendants at the same time, and shall be provided with suitable springs, mattresses and roller-beds, which may be removed at pleasure into or from the vehicle, seats for the accommodation of attendants, and sufficient covering for the protection and comfort of the injured, and in all cases the injured person shall be conveyed to his home, or boarding-house, in said ambulance or stretcher, except as in cases hereinafter named,-' be and the same is hereby amended so that the same shall read as follows :
Section 2. The ambulance shall be a closed vehicle with ,,,,,,
Constrnction of
windows, and shall be of sufficient size to convey at least *mbuiance. two injured persons, with two attendants at the same time, and shall be provided with suitable springs, mattresses with
roller-beds, which may be conveniently removed into or provided with. ft'om the vehicle, with seats for the accommodation of attendants, and sufficient covering for the protection and comfort of the injured, and in all cases the injured person shall be conveyed to his home or abode in said ambulance, except in cases hereinafter named."
Section 3. That section three of said act, which provides section three of as follows: namely, Such ambulance or stretcher shall be in charge of one of the superintendents of the collier}' or collieries, and in his absence of some person convenient to the colliery, and shall always be kept under cover and in readiness for use," be and the same is hereby amended so that the same shall read as follows : 12a Leo. Doc. No. 7.
said act amended.
nsa
Internal Affaibs — Industbtal Statistics.
Custodian of ainbulance.
How keDt.
Repeal.
Section 3. Such ambulance shall be in charge of the superintendent of the colliery or collieries, and in his absence or when be is present it shall be kept in a place convenient to the colliery or collieries, and shall always be kept under cover in good condition and in readiness for use."
Section 4. That all acts or parts of acts, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, be and the same are hereby repealed.
Approved— The 25th day of May, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
Mining-boss to be omplofed.
His dnties.
Cut'-thronghs, and holes for shelter to be made.
Air currents to be measured, Ac.
An Act
To amend an act, entitled An aot providing the means for aeoaring the health and safety of persons employed in the bituminoos ooal mines of Pennsylvania," approved the eighteenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and seventy-even.
Section 1. Be it enacted, dbc. That the act entitled An act providing the means for securing the health and safety of persons employed in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania," approved the eighteenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, be and the same is hereby amended to read as follows :
" Section 5. In order to better secure the proper ventilation of every coal mine, and promote the health and safety of the persons employed therein, the owner or agent shall employ a competent and practical inside overseer, to be called mining boss, who shall keep a careful watch over the ventilating apparatus, the air-ways, traveling-ways, pumps and pump timbers and drainage, and shall see that as the miners advance their excavations, all loose coal, slate and rock overhead are carefully secured against falling in or upon the travelings-way, and that sufficient timber is furnished of suitable lengths and sizes for the places where they are to be used, and placed in the working places of the miners, and it shall be also the duty of the mining boss to see to it that proper cut-throughs are made at least every thirty 3'ards in the room pillars of the miners' places, and that on all traveling roads, holes for shelter, of sufficient size, to be made at least every thirt}" yards, and to be kept white washed. And the mining boss shall measure the air current, at least once a week, at the inlet and outlet, and at or near the face of the heading, and keep a record of such measurements and report the same to the inspector of his
district once in every month ; and it shall be the further owner of mine to
be notified, wben.
duty of the mining boss to immediately notify the agent or owner of the mine, of his inability to comply with the provisions of this section. It shall then become the duty of Duty of owner. said agent or owner, at once to attend to the matter complained of by the mining boss, and have the matter at once come within the provisions of this section. The safety safety umps. lamps used for examining mines, or which may be used in working therein, shall be furnished by and be the property of the owner of said mines, and shall be in the charge of the agent of such mine ; and in all mines generating explo-for ventiiasive gases, the doors used in assisting or directing the ventilation of the mine, shall be so hung and adjusted that they will close themselves, or be supplied with springs or pulleys so that they cannot be left standing open ; and bore Bore holes, holes shall be kept not less than twelve feet in advance of the face of every working place, and when necessary, on the sides, if the same is driven towards and in dangerous proximity
to an abandoned mine, or part of a mine suspected of containing inflammable gases, or which is inundated with water. All owners or operators of bituminous coal mines owners to keep or collieries, shall keep posted in a conspicuous place about pji° their mines or collieries, written or printed rules defining the duties of all persons employed in or about mines or collieries."
Section 8. Which reads as follows :
''Sections. As soon as practicable after the passage of section eiifht of act this act, the persons exercising the office of president j udge Ji"i®' of each of the several courts of common pleas in the Fifth, Tenth and Fourth judicial districts, 'shall appoint one reputable miner of known experience and in practice at the time, (in the Fifth district the president judge of the court of common pleas number one shall make the said appointment,) and the Governor shall appoint two mining engineers of like repute and experience and practice at the time, who shall constitute a board of five examiners, whose duty it shall be to inquire into the character and qualification of candidates for the office of inspector of mines, under the provisions of this act, the examiners first appointed in pursuance of this section, shall meet in the city of Pittsburgh, on the fifteenth of May next, and after being duly organized, having taken and subscribed before any officer authorised to administer the same the following oath, namely : We the undersign do solemnly swear (or affirm) that we will perform the duties of examiners of applicants for appointment
180a Internal Affaibs — Indubtbial Statistics. [No. 7,
as inspectors of bitaminous coal mines to the best of our abilities, and that in recommending or rejecting said applicants, we will be governed by the evidence of qualifications to fill the position under the law creating the same, and not by any consideration of political or other personal favors ; that we will certify all whom we may find qualified according to the true intent and meaning of the act, and none others to the best of our Judgments,' shall proceed to the examination of those who may represent themselves as candidates for said office ; and they shall certify to the Governor the names of all such applicants as they shall find competent to fill the oflSce under the provisions of this act, which names, with the certificate and the oath of the examiners, shall be mailed to the Secretary of the Commonwealth to be filed in his office, and shall be valid when recommended by four of the examining board. The qualification of candidates for said office of inspector of mines to be inquired into and certified by said examiners, shall be as follows ; namely. They shall be citizens of the United States, of temperate habits, of good repute as men of personal integrity, shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have had at least five 3'ear8' experience in the workings of the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania, and upon the examination they shall give evidence of such theoretical, as well as practical, knowledge of the working of coal mines and noxious gases, as will satisfy the examiners of their capability snd fitness for the performance of the duties imposed upon inspectors of mines, by the provisions of this act. The board of examiners shall also, at their said meeting, divide the bituminous coal counties of the State into three inspection districts, as nearly equal in regard to the labor to be performed as is possible, taking into consideration the number of mines and extent of territory. At every subsequent calling of the board of examiners, this division may be revised as experience may prove to be advisable. The board of examiners shall each receive five dollars per day and all necessary expenses, to be paid out of the State Treasury upon the filing of the certificates of the examining board in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, as hereinbefore provided; the Governor shall, from the names so certified, appoint one person to be inspector of mines for each district, as fixed by the examiners in pursuance of the act, whose commission shall be for four years, to be computed ftrom the fifteenth day of May next ; as often as vacancies occur by death, resignation or
Lkq. Doc.1 Labor Laws. 181a
otherwise in said offices of inspectors of mines, the Governor shall fiU the same by appointment for the unexpired term from the names on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth until the number shall be exhausted, and whenever this shall occur, the Governor shall cause the aforesaid board of examiners to meet, who shall examine persons that may present themselves for the vacant office of inspector, in the same manner as herein provided ; and the board of examiners shall certify to the Governor one person, to be commissioned by him for the office of inspector for the unex|}ired term ; and any vacancies that may occur in the examining board shall be filled in the district where the vacancy occurred ; and every four years the Governor shall appoint two mining engineers as before, and shall notify the persons exercising the office of president judge of the courts of common pleas of three of the Judicial districts of the State containing bituminous coal mines, selecting them in such order as to allow each district an equal share of such appointments, each to appoint one miner, and the five so appointed shall constitute a new board of examiners, whose duties, term of service, and compensation and vacancies that may happen, shall be the same as those first provided for by this section ; and fom the names that may be certified by them, the Governor shall appoint the inspectors provided for in this act. Nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent the re-appointment of any inspector of bitaminous mines. The inspectors of mines shall each receive for their services an annual salary of two thousand dollars, to be paid quarterly by the State Treasurer, and they shall each reside in the district for which they shall be appointed. Each inspector is hereby authorized to procure such instrument and chemical tests, and stationery, from time to time, as may be necessary to the proper discharge of his duties under this act, at the expense of the State, which shall be paid by the State Treasurer upon accounts duly certified by him and audited by the proper department of the State. All instruments, plans, book memoranda, notes, et cetera, pertaining to the office shall be the property of the State, and shall be delivered to their successors in office."
And an act, to amend an act, entitled act to provide Act of Junes issi the means for securing the health and safety of persons employed in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania," approved the eighteenth day of April, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, Section 1. Be it enacted dbc.
182a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. T,
That the eighth section of the act of General Assembly, entitled An act to provide the means of securing the health and safety of persons employed in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania,' approved the eighteenth day of April, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and seventy-seven,' be and the same is hereby amended, as follows : In the sentence The board of examiners shall also at their said meeting divide the bituminous coal counties of the State into three inspection districts as nearly equal in regard to the labor to be performed as is possible, taking into consideration the number of mines and the extent of territory," strike out and repeal the words " said," and " three," and insert in lieu thereof respectively next," and four," so that said sentence will read The board of examiners shall also at their next meeting, divide the bituminous coal counties of the State into four inspection districts as nearly equal in regard to the labor to be performed as is possible, taking into consideration the number of mines and the extent of territory," approved June three, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, be and the same is hereby amended to In ear 1889 and follows : In the vcar eighteen hundred and eightythereafteraovernor five, and cvcry four years thereafter, the Governor shall, as
to appoint two min- i j i i
ing engineore. hereinafter provided, during the month of March, appoint
two mining engineers of good repute, and of known experience and practice at the time, and who were not regularly and constantly employed by any firm or corporation, five months prior to the meeting of the examining board. He also shall, as hereinafter provided during the same President J ndfre to mouth and cvcry four years thereafter, notify three presiminerl. dent judges of the courts of common pleas of the judicial
districts of the State containing bituminous coal mines,
whose duty it shall be, each of them to appoint one reput-
Qii.,.. of ble miner of known experience, at least five years practical
in the bituminous region of Pennsylvania, and who were in
practice at least three months prior to their appointment,
and had been a citizen of the United States not less than
ceruin miner* dis-three years : Provided That no person having been emqnaufled
. ploycd fivc mouths prior to the meeting of any examining
board, as superintendent, State or county officer shall not Board of examiners scTvc ou the examining board. The appointed person, the oonBtitated. engineers, and the three miners, shall constitute a board
Duties of board. examiners, whose duty it shall be to inquire into the
character and qualification of candidates for the ofi9c of inspector of mines, under the provision of this act. The examining board so constituted shall, at all times, meet in
the city of Pittsburgh, on the second Monday of May, and Timand piaeof
- meeting.
when called together by the Governor for extra occasion, at such time and place as he may designate, and after being duly organized and have taken and subscribed, before any officer authorized to administer the same, the following onth : namely, ' We the undersigned do solemnly swear (or Form of oath to be affirm) that we will perform the duties of examiners of applicants for appointment as inspectors of bituminous coal mines, to the best of our abilities, and that in recommending or rejecting said applicants we will be governed by the evidence of qualification to fill the position under the law creating the same, and not by any consideration of political or other personal favor ; that we will certify all whom we may find qualified according to the true intent and meaning of the act and none others,' shall proceed to the examina- „ . ,.
' Bxamlnatlnnfl to be
tion, which shall be in writing, of those who may represent writing. themselves as candidates for said office. And they shall „
" Nameii, Ac, ofapcertify
to the Governor the names of all such applicants as plications to be sent
to the Governor.
they shall find competent to fill the office, under the provisions of this act, which names, with the certificate and their percentage, and the examining board after the passage Duty of board in re. of this act, shall, when convened together for an extra session, furnish to the Secretary of the Commonwealth office, the percentage of each person of those recommended as competent to fill the office of inspector, in the examination held in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty -one: Provided, That no person shall be returned as competent competency. whose percentage shall be less than ninety per cent., and the oath of the examiners shall be mailed to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, to be filed in his office, and shall be Sbe Sied""'*''**" valid when recommended by four of the examining board ; the qualification of candidates for said office of inspectors of mines to be inquired into and certified by said exam- STdidafei*' iners, shall be as follows; namely, They shall be citizens of the United States, of temperate habits, of good repute as men of personal integrity, shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have had at least five years' practicable experience in the workings of the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania, and upon the examination they shall give evidence of such theoretical as well as practical knowledge, and general intelligence regarding mines and mining, and the working thereof, and all noxious gases as will satisfy the examiners of their capability and fitness for the duties imposed upon inspectors of mines, by the provisions of this act. The board of examiners shall also at their said meet-
Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.
Division of state into six districts.
Printed slips of questions to be given and marked.
Compensation of examining board.
Governor to appoint inspectors from names certified.
Term of office.
How the additional inspector created hj this act, to be appointed.
Term of office.
Highest candidate to be preferred.
Vacancies.
When extra session of the board may be called.
Vacancies In board of examiners.
ing, or when at any time called by the Governor together for an extra meeting, divide the bituminous coal counties of the State into six inspection districts, as nearly equal to the labor to be performed as is possible, and at every subsequent calling of the board of examiners, this division may be revised as experience may prove to be advisable; and they shall immediately after the examination furnish each person who came before the said examining board to be examined, all questions which were given at the examination on printed slips of paper, and to be marked solved right, or wrong as the case may be. The board of examiners shall each receive five dollars per day, and all necessary expenses, to be paid out of the State treasury.
Upon the filing of the certificates of the examining board in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, the Governor shall, from the names so certified, commission one person to be inspector of mines for each district, as fixed by the examiners in pursuance of the act, whose commission shall be for a full term of four years, to be computed from the second Monday of May, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five. And the additional inspectors created by this act, shall be commissioned in the manner as herein provided from those filed in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, whose commission shall date from the first Monday in May, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, until the second Monday in May, one thousand eight hundred and eight'-five : AlwayB providedj however The highest candidate or candidates in percentage shall have priority to be commissioned for a full term or unexpired term before those candidates of a lower percentage, and in case of a tie in percentage the oldest candidate shall be commissioned. As often as vacancies occur in said ofiSces of inspectors of mines, the Governor shall commission, for the unexpired term from the names on file, the highest in percentage above ninety per centum in the office of the Secretarv of the Commonwealth, until the
'
number shall be exhausted ; and whenever this may occur the Governor shall cause the aforesaid board of examiners to meet, who shall examine persons that may present themselves for the vacant ofiSce of inspector, in the same manner as herein provided, and the board of examiners shall certify to the Governor one person highest in percentage* to be commissioned by him for the office of inspector for the unexpired term ; and any vacancies that may occur in
the examining board shall be filled b}' those or their successors in whose jurisdiction the vacancy occurred.
" Each inspector of mines shall receive for his services BaiarieBofinspec an annual salary of two thousand dollars, to be paid quarterly by the State Treasurer; and they shall make their oflce. residence or keep an office in the district for which they are commissioned in a reasonable time. Each inspector is hereby instniments, &e. authorized to procure such instruments and chemical tests, stationery, and the expense of communication from time to time, as may be necessary to the proper discharge of his duties under this act, at the expense of the State, which shall be paid by the State Treasurer upon accounts duly certified by him, and audited by the proper department of the State. All instruments, plans, books, memoranda, notes, PUns, fto., to be
delivered to sao-et
cetera, pertaining to the office shall be the property of cesBora. the State, and shall be delivered to their successors in office."
The inspectors of bituminous coal mines shall each de- Duties of intpeevote the whole of his time to the duties of his office : it shall be his duty to examine the mines in his district as often as possible, and report how often he has visited each mine in the year to see that all the provisions of this act are observed and strictly carried out, and he shall make a record of all examinations of mines, showing the condition in which he finds them, especially in reference to ventilation, the number of mines in his district, the number of persons employed in each mine, the extent to which the law is obeyed, the progress made in the improvement sought to be secured by the passage of this act, the number of accidents and deaths resulting from injuries received in or about the mines, with cause of such accident or death, which record shall, on or before the first of November in each year, together with all matters and things furnished him in accordance with the provisions of this act, be filed Record to be nied in the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, to be by internal Aira him recorded and included in the annual report of his de- '° partment. He shall also from time to time, from date of his commission, make strict and careful examination into the condition and drainage of mines, and the owners or condition and operators shall have surveyed by a competent mining enbrixltminedinto.' gineer all extensions of working places and air-courses. Extensions, ftc, to with the direction of the air-currents, and accurately placed on the map or plan of said mine or colliery at least every six months, said map or plan to be kept at the mine or col- Map to be made and lier' for inspection by the inspectors." exposed.
Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.
Innpeetora may enter mines at all times.
To notify owners of violations of act.
And institute proceedings against them.
Inspectors of other districts to examine mine in certain cases.
May apply to court for injunction.
Court to restrain working of mine.
Costs.
Attorney's fee limited.
On dismissal of case county to pay costs.
Proceedings in cases of dissatisfaction with decisions of inspectors.
" Section 13. That the inspectors may be enabled to perform the duties herein imposed upon them, they shall have the right at all times to enter any bituminous coal mine to make examination or obtain information, they shall notify the owners, lessees or agents, or mining bosses immediately of the discovery of any violation of this act, and of the penalty imposed thereby for such violation ; and in case of such notice being disregarded for the space of ten days they shall institute a prosecution against the owner, owners, agent or lessee, or mining boss of the mine, under the provisions of section sixteen of this act; in case however where in the judgement of the inspector of any district, delay may jeopardize life or limb, he shall at once notify one of the inspectors of the other district, whereupon they shall at once proceed to the mine where the danger exista and examine into the matter, and if, after Aill investigation thereof, they shall be agreed in opinion that there is immediate danger, they shall apply in the name of the Commonwealth to the court of common pleas of the county, or in case the court shall not be in session to a Judge of the said court in chambers, in which the mine may be located, for an injunction to suspend all work in and about such mine, whereupon said court or judge shall at once proceed to the case, and if the cause appear to be sufficient, after hearing the parties and their evidence as in like cases, shall issue their writ to restrain the working of said mine until all cause of danger is removed ; and the costs of said proceedings including the charges of attorney'' prosecuting said application shall be borne by the owner or lessee of the mine: Provided That no fee exceeding the sum of twentyfive dollars shall be taxed in any one case for the attorney prosecuting such case: Provided further That if said court shall find the cause not sufficient then the case shall be dismissed and the costs shall be borne by the county.
the operator, owner or miners shall not be satisfied with any decision the inspector may arrive at, which is not in conformity with the provisions of this act, it may be lawful for such operator, owner or miner to apply by petition to the courts of quarter sessions of the county wherein the mine is located, and said court shall thereupon appoint three practical, reputable and competent and disinterested persons, whose duty it shall be to forthwith examine such mines, and make such report under oath to court of the facts as they exist or may have been, together with their opinion thereon ; and if said report sustains the decisions
of the inspector, then the party making application to court shall pay the costs of such proceeding ; and if the report is against such decision, then the county shall pay the costs ; the report of said board shall become absolute unless exceptions thereto shall be filed within ten days, after notice of the filing thereof to the owner, operator or inspector, and if exceptions are filed the court shall hear and determine the same, and the decision shall be final and conclusive."
Appboved — The 18th day of June, A. D. 1883.
Robt. E. Pattison.
Legislative Document, No. T.
Index.
Page.
AGBI0ULTT7BAL IMPTMBNTS, BtBtlStiOSOf, 78
Air-brakes, statistioB of, 78
Anthracite ooal, statiatica of, 1
Average daily wages of employee, 99-106
Axes, aawa, eta, 78
Baskets, statiatios of, 74
Bath-tubs and boilers, statistics of, 74
Belts and hose, statistics of, 74
Bessemer steel, statistics of, 8
Bituminous ooal districts, location of, and address of inspectors, la-2a
Bituminous coal, statistics of, 1
Blast furnaces, statistics of, 5
Bloomaries, statistics of, 7
Bobbins and spools, statistics of, 74
Bolts and nuts, statistics of, 74
Bone and pearl goods, statistics of, 74
Boots and shoes, statistics of, 74
Box manufacturers and boat builders, statistics of, 75
Brass manufacturers, statistics of, 75
Breweries, statistics of, 64
Bricks, common, statistics of, 75
Bricks, fire and terra cotta, statistics of, 76
Britannia ware, dto., statisticB of, 76
Brooms, statistics of, 76
Brushes and brush-blocks, statistics of, 77
Burr mill-stones, statistics of, 77
Buttons, statistics of, . . 77
Gardbrs and fulibbb, statistics of, 49
Carriages and wagons, statistics of, 77
Cars— railroad— car-wheels, Ac., statistics of, 77
Carpets and rugs, statistics of, 46
Chairs, statistics of, 78
Chemicals, statistics of, 78
Cigars, statistics of, 78
Clothes-pins and shoe-pegs, statistics of, 78
Clothing, statistics of, 'SI
Coal, anthracite, statistics of, 1
Coal, bituminous, statistics of, 2
Coffins and caskets, statistics, of, 79
Coke, statistics of, 2
Combs, statistics of, 79
Conspiracy Laws, , . . . . 154a
Coopers, statistics of, 78
190a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Page.
Copper, statistics of, 79
Cordage, rope, twine, etc., statistics of, 79
Corsets, statistics of, 51
Cork, statistics of, 79
Cotton goods, statistics of, . . 47
Cotton and woolen goods, statistics of, 47
Coverlets, statistics of, 49
Crudbles, statistics of, 80
Cutlery, statistics of, 80
DiSTiLLBBiES, statistics of, 65
Dress trimmings, etc., statistics of, 51
Dyeing, finishing, etc, statistics of, 51
Emery and grinding machinery, statistics of, 80
Employes, testimony of, 107-183
Employes, number of, 96-98
Employes, exhibit of the average daily wages paid to —
Anthracite coal, 99
Bituminous coal, 99
Blast furnaces, 99
Bloomaries, 99
Bessemer steel works, 101
Crucible and other steel works, 102
Iron foundries, 102
Glass— window, flint, and green, 102-108
Lumber and saw-mills, 103
Tanneries, 104
Textile fabrics, 104
Slate, 103
Ore mines, 102
Street railways, 106
Flouring and grist-mills, 103
Brewers and distillers, 108
Steam railroads, average monthly wages, 104-105
Manufactures, miscellaneous, daily wages of, 104
Envelopes, statistics of, 80
Fancy leather goods, statistics of, 80
Felt goods, statistics of, 49
Files, statistics of, 80
Fire-arms, statistics of, . . . 80
Flour and grist-mills, statistics of, 61-
article on, by Thomas McFeely, 53-60
Foundries, iron, statistics of, 19
Furniture, statistics of, 80
Oab-meters and tanks, statistics of, 81
Glass sand, statistics of, 81
Glass— window, flint, and green, statistics of, 20
Glue, statistics of, 81
Gold-beaters, statistics of, 81
Hair-cloth, statistics of, 81
Hair-pins, statistics of, 81
Hardware, statistics of, 82
Harness, trunks, tta, statistics of, 82
Hats and caps, statistics of, 51
Fage.
Hofijery and knit goods, statistics of, 49
Hosiery needles, statistics of, 82
Hubs, spokes, felloes, Ac., 82
Ibon and steel industries of Pennsylvania :
Blast famaces, statistics of, 5
Blooniaries, statistics of, 7
Bessemer steel-works, statistics of, 8
Crucible steel-works, statistics of, 7
Rolling-mills, statistics of, 6
Foundries, statistics of, 19
Production of pig-iron in the United States, 9
rails in 1880, 1881, and 1882, 18
rails in 1883, 13
rails, Bessemer steel, from 1874 to 1883, 14
rails, iron and steel, since 1867, 14
rails in Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1883, 15
of Bessemer steel ingots in the United States from 1874
to 1888, 16
rolled iron in 1888 in the United States, 15
bar, rod, bolt, skelp, hoop, and shaped iron and rolled
axles in 1883, 16
cut nails and spikes nail-plate, 16
plate and sheet-iron, 17
each class of rolled iron, 17
iron and steel in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, . . . 17-18
ore, statistics of, 3-4
Jeaks, statistics of, 49
Knit goods and hosiery, 49
Labor laws enacted in session of 1883, 159a-187a
Convict contract labor, ... 169a
Prison-made goods to be branded, 170a
Amendments to ventilation act, 171a
Labor troubles in Pennsylvania in 1883, 134-154
Lace and lace goods, statistics of, 49
Lasts, statistics of, 82
Lead and lead shot, 83
Jjetier of transmittal i-xi
Lightning-rods, statistics of, 83
Iiooomotives, statistics of, 83
Looks and safes, statistics of, 83
Lumber, statistics of, 32-37
Maltstebb, statistics of, 83
Malleable Iron, statistics of, 83
Mantles, statistics of, 83
Manufactures, miscellaneous, statistics of, 78-94
recapitulation of, statistics of, 98-94
Matches, statistics of, 83
Mats and matting, statistics of, 46
Milling, flour and grist, statistics of, 51-63
Mine inspectors' reports, bituminous, 78
First distrietf showing coal production, etc., 8a-4a
Circular to operators, 4a
Description of mines, 6a
New mines, 14a
192a Internal Affairs— Industrial Statistics. [No. 7,
Page.
Fatal aooidents, 15a
Non-fatal aooidents 16a
Table showing location of mines, 21a
obaracteristics of mines, 24a
mode of ventilation, 26a
monthly statement of ventilation, 27a-32a
List of accidents, 33a-a
Second district, communication of inspector, 35a
Showing coal production, etc, 86a
Examination of mines and improvements, 37a
Fatal accidents, 48a2a
Table showing location of mines, *52a-*53a
characteristics of mines, 53a-55a
monthly statement of ventilation, 56a-65a
List of accidents 66a-67a
Third district, communication of inspector £8a-69a
causes of fatal and non-&tal accidents, 68a
showing coal production, <fcc., 69a
prosecution of J. L. Rankin, mining-boss, 69a
new ventilating powers, 70a
description of mines, 70a-S6a
mines exhausted, S6a
new mines opened, 86a
description of fatal accidents 87a
table showing location of mines,
characteristics of mines, 98a-5a
mode of ventilation, 96a
monthly statement of ventilation, 97a-104a
list of accidents, 105a
district, communication of inspector, 107a
showing number of mines, production, Ac., 107a-10Sa
examination of mines, 108a-113a
new mines and improvements, 118a-114a
description of fatal accidents, 114a-117a
location of mines, 118a
characteristics of mines, 119a
mode of ventilation, 120a
monthly statement of ventilation, 121a-128a
list of accidents, 129a
FH/th district, communication of inspector, 130a
description of mines, 181a-183a
location of mines, 184a
characteristics of mines, 185a
mode of ventilation 186a
monthly statement of ventilation 187a
list of accidents, 188a
Sixth district, communication of inspector, 139a
production, Ac, 139a
description of mines, 140a-145a
location of mines, 148a
characteristics of mines, 149a
mode of ventilation, 151a
monthly statement of ventilation, 152a
list of aooidents, 153a
Morocco and otlier leather, statistics of, 84
Nails and spikes, (not included in rolling-mills,) 84
cut, and spike from nail plate in the United States 16
Leg. Doc.J Index. I93a
Neckwear, statistics of, 51
Nitro-glyoeiiue and torpedoes, statistics of, 84
Oil Cloths, statistics of, 84
Oils and lubricants, statistics of, 84
Ore, iron, statistics of, 3-4
Paints, statistics of, 84
Paper, strawboards, Ac., statistiosof, 85
hangings, statistics of, 85
Pens, steel, statistics of, 85
Petroleum producers, statistics oi 21-22
refiners, statistics of, 28
pipe lines, statistics of, 24
remarks on, 25-26
united pipe lines, 27-28
production of the several districts, 29
geographical range of the several divisions, 80
quantity of crude produced and quantity of crude exported, . . 81
Pianos, organs, Aa, statistics of, 85
Pipes and tubes, iron, statistics of 86
Planing-mills, statistics of, 86
Potters, statistics of, 86
Powder and flisees, statistics of, 87
Print goods, statistics of, 87
Pumps, wooden, statisUcs of, 87
RaiIjIXOB, iron, statistics of, 87
Rails, iron and steel, production of in the United Btates, 13
Bessemer steel, production of from 1867 to 1888, 14
Railroad oars, statistics of, 77
Refrigerators, statistics of, 87
Reps and berries, statistics of, 49
Rolled iron, production of in 1883, 15
Rolling-mills, sUtistics of, 6
Rubber goods, statistics of, 88
Salt, etc., statisdos of, 88
Sash, doors, blinds, <fca, statistics of, 88
Scales, statistics of, 88
Screws, iron and brass, statistics of, 88
Shawls, statistics of, 50
Ship-building, statistics of, 88
Shirts, statistics of, 51
Shoddy, statistics of, 50
Shoe-blacking and stove-polish, statistics of, 89
Shoe-pegs, statistics of, 78
Shovels, spades, etc., statistics of, 89
Show-cases, statistics of, 89
Silk goods, statistics of, 50
Silver and silver-plated ware, statistics of, 89
Slate interest, statistics of, 71
article on, by S. L. Fisier, 66-71
quarries of southern Pennsylvania, 71-72
Soaps and candles, statistics of, 89
Spring and axles, statistics of, 89
Spring and mattresses, statistics of, 90
Smelting, statistics of, 90
Stair-rods, statistics of, 90
18o Leg. Doc. No. T.
194a Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [\o. 7,
Page.
Steel, Bessemer, statistioB of, 8
Steel, oruoible, staUstioB of, 7
Street passenger rallwajni, statistics of, 05
Sugar refineries, statistioB of, . 00
Surgioal splints, etc., statistics of, 00
Tanks, wooden and iron, statistics of, 00
Tanneries, statistics of, 88
Tannique, statistics of, 00
Temporary methods of treating injured persons, 155-157
Testimony of employee, 107-188
Textile industries, statistics of, 80-52
article on, by T. O. Searoh, 30-45
statistiosof, 46-52
maohinery, statistics of, 00
Tile, statistics of, 00
Tin-ware, statistics of, 01
Tools, statistics of, 01
Toys and traps, statistics of, 01
Turkish tools, statistics of, 50
lpe, statistics of, 01
nMBRBLLA.s, psrasols, oto., ststlstics of, 01
Upholstery goods, statistics of, 50
Watohbs and watch cases, statistics of, 01
Whips, statistics of, 01
White-lead, etc., statistics of, 02
Window-shades, statistics of, 51
Wire and wire goods, statistics of, 02
Wooden-ware, statistics of, 02
Woolen goods, statistics of, 47
Wringers, washing-machines, etc., statistics of, 02
Yarns, statistics of, 48
ZiNO and spelter, statistics of, 02
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