Annual report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. III, Industrial statistics

Pennsylvania. Bureau of Industrial Statistics · 1875 · Historical

In connection with the general work of the Bureau, the subjects which have claimed my special attention at this time are the relations between capital and

This 1875 document, Annual report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. III, Industrial statistics, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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Communication.

Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg, May 1, 1887. To His Excellency James A. Beaver, Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania :

In compliance with the requirements of the Constitution, I have the honor to present you, herewith, for transmission to the General Assembly, a report of this Department, Part III, Industrial Statistics, Volume XIV, 1886.

I am, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

J. SIMPSON AFRICA, Secretary of Internal Affairs.

Letter Of Transmittal.

Department of Internal Affairs,

Bureau of Industrial Statistics,

Harrisburg, May 1, 1887.

Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania :

Sir : I have the honor to present herewith the fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, being the fourth of your official term as Secretary of Internal Affairs.

In connection with the general work of the Bureau, the subjects which have claimed my special attention at this time are the relations between capital and labor in regard to their social, educational, and industrial welfare upon all classes of working people.

The Importance of Bureaus of Industrial Statistics.

The importance of the work being performed by the several bureaus of industrial and labor statistics throughout the country is now generally recognized. In a former report, I stated that the unwillingness on the of many manufacturers and employers of wage-laborers to reply in detail to questions contained in the circulars sent to them was fast passing away. Much of the information desired was regarded as private in its nature, and the questions were answered in some instances with a degree of resentment. As, however, assurances were given that no information really private in its nature would be published, except where the same was authorized, and was deemed a proper subject for general information, fuller and freer answers, together with many voluntary statements, were received. The benefit of the information contained in the reports seems to be now appreciated, and a generous and hearty cooperation in the work of this Bureau is manifested by all classes in the community.

As the volume of business throughout the country developed, as manufactories were enlarged, and industries generally, through the instrumentality of railroad construction and other modern improvements, became concentrated, the number of wage-laborers in small and large employments has greatly increased. The disagreements which have always existed between employer and employed are for this rea- Bon intensified, and the line between capital and labor is more strongly marked. That the interest of capital and labor, properly understood.

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is a common one is recognized in theory, but in practice it is to a certain extent ignored. In the conflicts frequently arising, the capitalist regards his employ as utterly careless of his interests, whilst the employ believes, with too much reason, that the capitalist regards him as a human labor machine and is utterly regardless of either his feelings, his moral, mental, or even his physical welfare, except so far as it impairs his laboring capacity.

In such condition of affairs, primarily, at the instance of the wageworker, bureaus of labor and industrial statistics were created by authority of law. It was deemed but just to the great body of wageworkers that full information should be gathered of industrial statistics as a means through which their just needs and wants could be fully comprehended, as well as the existence, nature, and growth of business customs and methods working injustice to them. It was a just subject of complaint that, either through the greed, ignorance, or carelessness of the employer, proper precautions to insure the safety or life of the employ were not taken.

It was thought that if authentic information was obtained through the medium of such bureaus, many evils might be corrected when the same were fully understood and others remedied through the medium of legislative intervention.

But the establishment of such bureaus has not only inured to the benefit of the wage-laborer to a greater extent than anticipated, but the statistics so obtained have been of invaluable advantage to the capitalist in enabling him to understand more fully the nature and extent of the class of business in which he is personally engaged, and also the extent of other industries by which he is or may be affected.

The practical results for good already attained induce the just hope that increased benefits will be derived in the future when the work of the bureaus in the several States and the General Government are fully organized and working more in unison with each other.

Review of Work Done and Suggestions Made.

I entered upon the active duties of Chief of this Bureau in May, 1883, and during the remainder of that year obtained statistical information as to the classification and number of employes, the average time of employment, the average wages paid, together with much valuable data relative to the various branches of industry. Of the industries from which such information was obtained and reports made were included iron and steel, coal and coke, petroleum, slate, leather, lumber, railroads, flouring mills, breweries, distilleries, and textile fabrics. During that year eleven thousand seven hundred and sixty-five circulars, containing questions with blank spaces for answers, were sent to operators and manufacturers employing wage-workers, of which ten thousand three hundred and eighty-five were returned answered wholly or in part. The statistics thus obtained represented a

wage-earning body of four hundred and fifty thousand persons. About four hundred circulars of like character were sent to wage-workers, from whom replies were received, relative to the hours of labor, the dangers incurred in several of the occupations, the payment of wages, suggestions as to a more equitable mode of compensation, and information as to strikes, lock-outs, arbitration, and labor troubles generally.

I became satisfied for the reasons then stated that the reports of the anthracite and bituminuous coal inspectors should be consolidated with that of this Bureau, and so suggested for the action of the Legislature. Such action was subsequently had, and the reports are now so published.

I also made suggestions on the questions of imported convict labor, liability of employers for injuries received by employes, and legislation to better promote the efficiency of this Bureau.

In the report of 1884, 1 made suggestions relative to the enforcement of what is known as labor legislation, and recommended the appointment of a board of inspectors with kindred powers to those of the district police inspectors of Massachusetts. I also recommended the taking of a decennial census for the purpose of aiding the Bureau in better gathering industrial statistics, made some suggestions as to the proper method of collecting these statistics, and requested from the mine inspectors a more uniform method of tabulating and forwarding their reports.

There was included in the report for the year 1884 a comparative statement of wages in Pennsylvania and Great Britain, with the factory laws of each as well as those of the State of Massachusetts. There was also an account of the city of Pullman, its social and economic conditions ; a treatise on immigrant labor, and remarks by employes on the condition of labor in Pennsylvania.

The statistical tables were compiled from one hundred and fortyone special industries, employing four hundred and thirty-one thousand three hundred and seventy-one persons. The report showed a falling off for the year of nine thousand five hundred and forty employes in the coal fields. This was owing to the depressed condition of the coal trade during the year.

In the report for 1885, I again called the attention of the Legislature to the importance of an increased appropriation to the Bureau, showing the necessity for the same in a comparison of the industries, area, and population of Pennsylvania with those of Massachusetts and New Jersey, in each of which States the annual appropriation is not less than five thousand dollars.

In this report the attention of the Legislature was again called to subjects which should receive legislative consideration and action, viz : Eight hours per day for labor, revision of certain portions of the

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raining laws, and the necessity for the restriction of imported contract labor. The question of strikes and lock-outs was also discussed, and a treatise on manual training and technical schools was incorporated in the report.

Such suggestions as I have heretofore made which have not received attention from the Legislature, I again suggest as worthy of action. The statistical information published in the last report contains a list of one hundred industries, employing four hundred and fifty-two thousand persons. In that report there were also special articles on glass and glass sand industries.

During the past year I visited a number of mines and factories for the purpose of instituting personal inquiry into the condition of those employed, especially females and youths. The result of my observations will be found on subsequent pages.

A convention of the chiefs and commissioners of industrial bureaus, was held at Trenton, New Jersey, from June 1 to June 3, 1886. The best methods of collecting statistics were discussed, and interesting papers were read on the subjects of raiiroad strikes, the tenement house problem, common schools, and the labor question. The next convention is to be held at Madison, Wisconsin, during the present year.

Corporations.

Many complaints have been made to this Bureau of the arbitrary exercise of power by corporations over the rights of individuals. It is the tendency of the age to centralize wealth, and to consolidate business interests under corporate privileges, whereby individual business responsibility may be limited, and individual moral responsibility ignored.- There are many enterprises of a quasi public character, to accomplish which private capital is inadequate.

Many of such enterprises are in themselves of great public utility, and for this reason, in order to enable such enterprises to be conducted to a successful issue, corporate privileges were primarily granted to individuals. The granting of such powers was at first jealously guarded in this State, but before the adoption of the new Constitution, through the medium of what were termed " omnibus bills," or the embracing of any and all character of legislation in bills, of which the title gave no indication, many and dangerous powers were granted to corporations. These privileges were not intentionally granted, but though skillful manipulation were passed by the Legislature, much to the surprise and chagrin of members, whose attention had not been directed to them. These bills were very properly termed "snakes" as well as " omnibus bills."

The grant of dangerous privileges to one corporation created a precedent for like grants to others, or to individuals asking corporate privileges. The corporations so endowed with privileges to subserve the interests of the people, by reason of the power so intrusted to

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them, endeavored, and to a large extent, succeeded in controlling the legislation of the State. Where before as suppliants they begged for existence as a privilege, they now arrogantly claimed the exercise of arbitrary power as a right. Instead of being the servants of the people, they aimed to become their masters, and individual rights have been forced to yield to those of corporations.

The vast powers attained by corporations under this system of " omnibus " legislation is exemplified in an opinion delivered by one of the common pleas judges of Pennsylvania, and afterward affirmed by the Supreme Court, at May term, 1883, as follows :

" Usually corporations are created in order to carry on a single, or at least a principal, business or enterprise, and in such case they can readily be classified ; but this company has survived from the days of special legislation with an 4 omnibus ' charter, under which it can do many things, from operating a railroad, or constructing a steamship, to lending money to manufacturers or guaranteeing the note of a firm.

" No doubt it may build a railroad,

But it may also build i any work or works, public or private, which may tend or be designed to improve, increase, facilitate, or develop trade, travel, or the transportation and conveyance of freight, live stock, passengers, and any other traffic by land or water.7

u It may build steamships, employ the same in foreign and domestic transportation,

u May build any 'improvements, structures, roads or fixtures necessary or convenient for the purposes of the said company under the powers herein granted ; '

" May erect lines of telegraph,

Exercise the right of eminent domain 4 for the purpose of erecting, constructing, maintaining, or managing any public works such as are mentioned above ; '

" May advance money or credit to companies, contractors, or manufacturers ;

" May receive and deposit any estate, even it be real estate ;

" May endorse and guarantee obligations of corporations, firms, and individuals,

" And may assume and carry out any contracts, leases, and subleases made by any company to or with any company or individual.

" In view of such an array of powers, and even this is incomplete, it is evident that the character of the corporation, in such an inquiry as this, will depend upon the business it actually does, and that its proper description may vary from time to time as its business varies."

In no country in the world and in no State of the Union, except Pennsylvania, have such wholesale privileges been granted to corporations. England, from whom is derived our common law, only when

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moved by overshadowing reasons, granted great corporate privileges. Even then, the privileges granted were so guarded as to prevent the creatures of the law from becoming the masters of the nation.

The powers vested in the South Sea Islands Company and in the East India Company were great, and yet such powers sink into insignificance when compared with the powers vested in and usurped by certain Pennsylvania corporations. The East India Company, with all its powers, was but an arm of England, working and acting for the home government, and, having served the purpose for which it was created, was shorn of its strength.

One of the objects desired to be accomplished in the new Constitution was to counteract, if possible, the evil effects of overgrown power, resulting from grants of special privileges. Certain corporations, with increasing power and wealth, had grown arrogant, aijd not only demanded additional special privileges for themselves, but also endeavored and often succeeded in preventing the grants of any rights to others whom they feared might be competitors.

What was therefore only attainable as a special privilege, has, since the adoption of the new Constitution, been granted under the provisions of laws general in their application. To offset the special privileges already granted, this was supposed to be the only remedy. The practical result, however, is such as to occasion a well-founded feeling of alarm. From April, 1874, to December, 1886, no less than three thousand four hundred charters to incorporated companies with capital stock ranging from five thousand to five hundred thousand dollars, and in some instances to millions of dollars, have been issued from the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. Many privileges have also been granted to limited partnerships and other corporate bodies. It is probable that there are not less than five thousand incorporated companies doing business at this time within the Commonwealth.

The evil results of transacting business in this way are obvious. Not only does it place individual enterprise at a disadvantage, but by limiting business responsibility and liability fosters a spirit of unhealthy speculation which individual business enterprise cannot compete with.

It does more, so far as the wage-worker is concerned. As to him, the corporation, in fact as well as in theory, is without soul. Men, who in their personal dealings appear to be actuated by moral as well as business principles in the treatment of their employes, shift all responsibility for 6ins of commission as well as omission, upon the companies, on the theory of what is everybody's business is nobody's. Not only their duty toward but the just rights of the workingman are disregarded.

The railroad, oil, coal, and iron industries of the State have been for years and still continue rapidly drifting into the control of a few

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individuals. The tendency of business enterprise is not only to merge individual wealth into corporations, but to merge the smaller corporations into greater, and even mammoth corporations into the control of syndicates. The power that controls labor is getting farther and farther away, until there is now little or no sympathy between the two.

Under the influence of the spirit of centralization, retail trade of almost every description is being combined under the general management of one individual, and efforts are being made in like manner to control the wholesale trade.

The concentration of power and wealth means a limited number of employers with a corresponding decrease of those employed. It means that individual enterprise will be totally destroyed, and that the vast army of those now deprived of the means of livelihood under the present system will be greatly increased. It means that, notwithstanding our boasted freedom, a system of actual, if not legal, slavery will be established more galling than the world has ever known, and this for the reason that with general education comes a greater capacity for suffering.

Capital vs. Labor.

It would be worse than folly to close our eyes to the fact that the old conflict between capital and labor presents more alarming features at the present time than ever before. General education brings with it not only greater capacity for suffering but greater power of resistance. It inspires the wage-laborer with a conservative sentiment, which induces him to submit to injustice until it becomes unbearable. It enables him to combine in powerful organization. He learns the danger resulting from an appeal to force and the benefits which would result from just arbitration. He is enabled, through the work of industrial bureaus, through the daily press, and paid agencies, to obtain a 'borough knowledge of the true situation of the business interests. He not only feels unjust treatment, but understands fully the extent of the injustice done him. But in the mad greed for individual and corporate wealth and power, the wage-laborer can no longer be safely ignored. He understands fully that he can attain no permanent benefit through a strike. But he also feels that in arbitration he is placed at a disadvantage. On the part of the employer, there is combined power, wealth, and concentrated effort, whilst the laborer has not only to meet want, and, perhaps, absolute starvation, but is also embarrassed by disorganization and a conflict of counsels. The danger to be feared and guarded against is that if he is driven to desperation, all the barriers interposed by law will be trodden under foot, and anarchy, with its attendant horrors, prevail. It is idle to assert, in opposition to this view, that the evils resulting from anarchy would recoil upon the wage-worker. That despotism would surely follow

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anarchy cannot be doubted, and is as fully understood by the wageworkers as by any class of the community. That> their condition would be rendered more unbearable by an appeal to force is understood. But gross injustice, backed by arrogant power, if persisted in, will, it is feared, end either in an appeal to mob law, or, what would be still more dangerous, the enactment of measures, to be executed by unscrupulous demagogues, which would eventually overthrow the rights of property, rendering those of liberty, happiness, and freedom but a memory of the past.

That at this time there is any organization or any wide-spread feeling among wage-workers to disturb the existing order of things, I do not believe ; but I feel it to be a duty to point out a condition of affairs, which may be precipitated by the continuance of an unjust business policy which is assuming alarming proportions.

Status of Wage- Workers.

In my last report, I stated the proposition that there is no question more difficult of solution, nor one more urgent in its demand for a wise settlement, than that of the relative position in the future of the wage-workers to other laborers, physical and mental. The first and greatest step toward its solution is the full recognition in the public mind that the question itself has an actual living existence.

There is a feeling of discontent among workingmen. This fact is recognized. But it seems to be generally assumed that it is the discontent of ignorance. Never was there a greater mistake. A very large proportion of those engaging in strikes have received the benefits of a common school education. Some are mechanics, with more or less scientific knowledge. Some are liberally educated, others good reasoners, others fluent public speakers. A vast majority are lawabiding citizens, working diligently for the maintenance of themselves and their families, and are imbued with that respect for order and good government proverbial among American citizens.

Yet these men jeopardize their situations, deprive themselves and families of a means of livelihood, and indirectly, if not directly, in times of strikes, justify a resort to mob violence and other infractions of the law. This, in many instances, is for the avowed purpose of enforcing concession on the part of their employers, for which the vast majority of those engaged in the strike care nothing whatever. A reference to the avowed object of most of the strikes which have occurred within the past two years, will prove the truth of the above assertion.

Men strike because they are discontented with existing relations in business. They naturally enlist in any proposed remedy for existing evils, whether they fully believe in its efficacy or not. What they want is a fair remuneration for a fair day's work, together with steady employment. The direct danger they see ahead of them, is over-production

in every branch of the mechanic arts, so that full employment is not insured in any branch of industry. With a narrower field for labor, in proportion to population, their wants have been increased to correspond with their advancement in education and the increased facilities for production.

It is a matter of necessity that the field for labor should be equal to the supply of laborers. This can only be accomplished by the consumption of the products of such labor. The great consumers are the laborers themselves. Any proposition which has for its basis decrease of the wants and consequent consumption on the part of the laboring man is manifestly fallacious. The eight-hour proposition is worthy of consideration so far as it goes, but with the great improvements that are constantly being made in mechanical appliances what effect is this to have upon production, and will it increase or diminish employment?

The .power to produce largely, even with but eight hours' daily work, is beyond question. How to make this consistent with the production for a general distribution in which the rights of all can be observed is the problem for solution.

When it is generally understood and fully appreciated that the problem, exists, and must be correctly solved for the safety of the community and the permanency of free institutions, a great step will have been taken toward its solution.

Labor Laws.

Many propositions for the protection of wage-laborers have been urged, including the eight-hour law, the factory law6 against the employment of children, laws intended to protect the miner and factory operatives, laws for cooperative enterprises, and arbitrations. Most of these laws are more or less judicious in their provisions, while some are nullified by direct opposition on the part of the employer, and others are not enforced, either through fear or neglect on the part of the wage-laborer himself, or for the want of proper penalties to compel their observance. The unequal contest between employer and employ6 in times of business depression prevents their enforcement, although at such times the necessity for this is the more apparent. This is a subject which should engaged the attention of the Legislature.

Blacklisting,

This is a term used to denote the combined action of two or more employers against an individual wage-worker, whom they may either fear or dislike because of resistance on his part to acts of supposed oppression. The system of blacklisting may be explained in this way : An individual wage-worker either personally objects to certain rules made by his employer, or he may object as the mouth-piece of his fellow workmen. In either case, the employer, to more effectually guard

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against any insubordination on the part of his employes, will make some pretence for discharging any person who remonstrates or who is in a position to influence others to oppose his wishes. Such discharge by the employer is followed by a system of notification to other employers, who by agreement prevent the person employed from obtaining work in his trade or calling. This practically makes him a trade outlaw, depriving him of the right to exercise his skill or convert his knowledge into a medium for obtaining a livelihood.

A person employed by a coal company may be, and frequently is, discharged and no reason assigned. He seeks employment elsewhere, but is refused because, unknown to him, his recent employer has informed against him. Perhaps he may obtain employment, but the avenging hand of his former employer pursues him, and a note to or hasty consultation with the new employer is quickly followed by his discharge. The workingman is helpless. Even his fellow workmen dare not befriend him openly, fearing the same doom may befall them if once it became known that they were assisting the man whom their employer has thus branded. There are but two means of escape from this terrible system, one by a legislative enactment making secret blacklisting a punishable offense ; the other, which is now so fiercely denounced by employers, the cooperation of workmen where as one man all can act on the defensive.

Monthly Payments.

Payment of wages when practicable should be made weekly.

The rule among employers of large bodies of wage-workers in this State is to pay wages about once a month. There has been no good reason among the many assigned why this system should continue. Wages at best are as a rule lowest in those industries which employ many workmen under one roof, and it is in such establishments where payment of wages is longest deferred. In the trades and in branches of industry employing but few persons under one head, the hours of labor are less, the payment of wages is made oftener, and in most cases the rates are higher. The laborer needs his money as soon as earned, and should receive his wages at least once a week, to enable him to make cash payments and avoid the ruinous credit system, which makes him a dependent upon every person with whom he trades. The excuse often made that weekly payments would injure the workingmen by offering temptations to drink is untenable. The facts of the matter rather prove the contrary, for he who drinks can readily obtain credit, and he who drinks on credit will drink more and spend more than he who pays for what he gets at the time.

Wage-Workers and Intemperance.

The assertion frequently made that the wage-workers would be in a better condition if they let liquor alone may in the abstract be correct

, and is equally applicable to the wage-employer as well as wageworker. As made, it is open to serious oTtyection, because it is intended to divert the issue from the question of wages. The assertion, if true, is in no wise pertinent as an aid in the solution of the wage problem. Intemperance is an evil which exists among all classes. It results in moral, mental, and physical ruin. No one has the moral right to become its willful victim, but the wage-worker has as unquestioned freedom to indulge in liquor moderately, or even immoderately, as his employer ; perhaps more, as he has less responsibility and influence. This much must be conceded, and if the right to drink at all be admitted, the right of the wage-earner to spend a portion of his wages in drink cannot be questioned. The wage problem has nothing whatever to do with the liquor question. To intermingle the question is an attempt to regulate the disbursement of wages after payment is made. The right to just compensation for work is one thing, the disbursement of such compensation is another. The employer should interest himself in the welfare of his employ, but the interest should not be manifested as an excuse to deprive him of his just dues.

Working Women in Factories.

The law for the protection of females against long and continued hours of labor in factories is openly violated. In the cotton manufacturing industry, the rule in many establishments is to begin work before six o'clock in the morning and continue until six o'clock in the evening, with an interval of forty minutes for dinner. Many of these hands are obliged to walk long distances from their homes to the factories. They justly complain of the hardship of rising at so early an hour when their bodies have not been sufficiently rested from the toil of the previous day. By reason of the long hours required of these women, their meals, especially those of breakfast and dinner, are simple, scanty, and in many cases cold and unpalatable.

The rules in some factories are as arbitrary as those which properly govern convicts in a penitentiary. In one factory, where nearly all the operatives were females, I found rules substantially as follows in force :

"An employ not Within the factory when the whistle blows in the morning is to be docked six cents (equivalent to a full hour's wages.) If inside the factory at that time, but not at work, three cents ; talking, whispering, or passing notes, ten cents; going to water-closet without first obtaining permission from the foreman, ten cents ; remaining in the water-closet beyond a limited time, ten cents ; employes shall pay for all tools used by them, and for all breakage, and shall take home and wash the window curtain covers."

In a cotton factory visited by me it was the rule to dock the girl or woman weaver for a whole piece of cotton, containing one hundred and twenty yards, if any fraction of a piece, even less than one foot.

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was damaged. Strict rules may be required, but those noted above would seem to show an effort on the part of the employer to obtain the benefit of work without adequate compensation.

The moral character of the women and girls will compare favorably with the same number of females in any other walk of life. In some factories where the rules are lax, there are some females employed who are vicious and calculated to corrupt the morals tff those compelled to associate with them. Some employers have no regard whatever for the morals of their female employes.

One who employs about three hundred female operatives informed me that he did not employ virtue. His business, he said, was to hire girls who could do the work, and it was not his business to bother himself about their character. The general and prevailing idea among the employers of females is to get out of them a full day's labor, but as for exercising any guardianship over them beyond that of a taskmaster is a duty entirely ignored.

Even where strict rules of order are enforced they are not for the purpose of guarding against unchaste conversation and other immoral practices, but rather to compel greater diligence at the loom or bench. That women, especially the young, working in factories, are as good morally as those outside of such establishments, is evidence of good home training. The factory may not contaminate, but there is no proof, except in rare cases, that the employer seems to know or care whether it does or not. In two instances in Philadelphia, which I may mention, there were found employers who made special and commendable efforts to look after the moral training of their employes ; but these employers, singular as it may appear, have been by their actions especially noted for approval for doing that which should be done by all employers. Employers should remember that the relation of master and servant carries with it other duties than work and payment of wages. They are guardians as well as masters, and it is the duty of those who employ others, especially young persons, to protect them as far as possible from the dangers to good morals, which are too apt to be found where the young and old are crowded together in factories or workshops. The generally accepted notion that labor is a commodity to be bought and sold is unsound, whether viewed as a moral proposition or from an economic standpoint. Labor is but the service performed by the employ, and in the performance of that service he is in the position of one who is hired not bought, and under the law has a just right to demand of the employer that he shall be taken care of, and returned to his family in as good condition as when hired, reasonable allowance being made for wear and tear. During working hours the employ should not be exposed to dangers almost sure to arise from contact with vicious persons, and it is as much the duty of the employer to protect the soul against immoral influences, as it is to protect the body against dangerous machinery.

Co-operation as a Principle.

Cooperation as practiced, or that which is recommended as a panacea for the present troubles, is communism on a small scale. It is not that communism which only exists in the brain of the theorist, and which is fiercely denounced as destructive of law and order, but a communism simple and practical where the person 6inks hi6 business individuality and becomes part of a business enterprise, in which the profits and losses are shared as agreed upon on the basis of the service rendered. Cooperation can at best do no more than benefit the few engaged in the special enterprise, where if the profits are small, not equal to a day's wages for each individual, discontent and strife will in a short time end the venture ingloriously. There is generally a want of capital and no provision for depressed trade or loss. On the other hand, should the enterprise prove of profit to the individuals, the probabilities are that it will be controlled by a few master spirits, who will conduct the business in their own interest. In either case, cooperation cannot result in any good to the community or to the country at large. It has been urged that cooperation has been successful in England and France, but unfortunately the reverse of this is true, for though cooperative enterprises may have proved successful, and the individual stockholders reaped benefits therefrom, the fact cannot be disputed that the great body of wage-workers received no benefit. There has been no successful cooperative enterprise where the whole body of employes were interested. To say that cooperative enterprises have benefited the English wage-earning class is not true. It may have helped a few individuals, but it has not been generally adopted, nor has it prevented over one hundred thousand men from parading the streets of London demanding work or bread.

What is true of England, is true of France, Belgium, and the United States. Pure communism has never been permanently successful, and in civilized countries has never been attempted at all, except on a small scale. If the limited communism inaugurated in the schemes of cooperation has proven a failure, how much more so would communism, pure and simple, be a success in the nation ?

A favorite argument advanced by Socialists to sustain the principles of communism, viz : That the apostles adopted that plan of living, has little or no force. The illustration has no application to present conditions. It will not apply to a generation of people of varying and distinct religious creeds, conflicting business interests, inequality of intelligence, and social status. Communism may be theoretically correct. But the world will have to grow much better and wiser, individual ambition be made subservient to the general welfare, and human weakness overcome, before it can obtain a foothold. As communism is impracticable, neither will its offspring, coopera tion, ever accomplish any permanent or widely felt good to the masses.

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The Ltabor Problem.

The status of the wage-laborer is not yet fixed. He has advanced in social position and consideration, and is still advancing with rapid strides, in the closing years of the nineteenth century. But his progress in material comfort is not relatively as great as that of his em ployer. He has, however, obtained knowledge in reference to his own condition in greater proportions. His wants have increased with the age in which he lives. In his just, demands he has been thwarted and opposed by overgrown capital. He has succeeded in having laws passed in his interest, many of wliich remain a dead letter on the statute-books. But the struggle is not yet over. His efforts are being guided by greater intelligence. He is being armed and equipped with full information on the social and material progress of the world. His appeals for justice are no longer regarded as the impotent and senseless demands of ignorance. He has compelled respectful consideration for his complaints. As against the oppression of centralized power he is gaining in his behalf the power of public opinion. It is to the interest of the whole community that his just rights should be recognized.

Conclusion.

In closing, my official connection with the Bureau, I acknowledge your invariable courtesy and kindness. Your counsel and suggestions were always conservative and well timed, and have been of great assistance in the discharge of my duties. The benefit of what has been accomplished in the past four years is generally recognized, and is of the greater value when the time, means, and circumstances for its accomplishment are taken into consideration.

I desire to express my thanks to John L. Butler, Esq., and Mr. Alfred Sanderson for valuable services rendered.

JOEL B. McOAMANT, Chief of Bureau.

Homes For Working People.

In the progress of modern improvements, few subjects have received more attention than mechanical science applied to the sewerage of dwellings. The deadly effects of sewer gas are more fully understood and more carefully guarded against. As a result of this, the average length of human life is said by scientists to be prolonged, and, strange as it may appear, the general health of those living in cities, notwithstanding the increased danger of the spread of epidemic and contagious diseases, owing to dense population and a more unnatural manner of living, is better than that of an equal number of country resi. dents. This is, in a great degree, owing to the fact that the importance of a general system of thorough sewerage is appreciated, and that the plumbing in modern-built houses of the better class is being rapidly perfected.

Whilst this is true of houses of the better class, the same care is not taken in the construction of the houses of the wage-worker.

Public attention has been repeatedly called to the large and crowded tenement houses in New York City, and efforts are being made there to remedy the evils existing, with what effect remains to be seen.

The wage laborers of Pennsylvania constitute a very large portion of the population, and a full and complete knowledge of the condition of their homes is important to the general welfare.

But a small percentage of wage-workers own their own homes. This is owing, to a very great extent, to the transitory nature of their employments, but in a still greater measure to their inability to accumulate sufficient money to accomplish so desirable a purpose. The wage-laborer is therefore dependent on the employer, in a very great degree, not only for the amount of wages he may receive, but also as to the amount of rent he has to pay for hig house.

The subject has received partial investigation by this Bureau, both by personal observation and% through information believed to be reliable.

It is not pretended that every place has been visited for this purpose, but sufficient examination has been made to give a general idea of the whole.

Examination has been made of the houses in our large cities, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, in manufacturing and railroad towns, such as Johnstown, Altoona and Harrisburg, and in both the bituminous and anthracite coal regions. 2 — Statistics.

18 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

These general results were obtained :

'First Where houses for wage-laborers are owned by employers, they are built, as a general rule, without regard to anything else but cheapness in construction.

Second. Such houses are leased at rents proportionately very much greater than are asked or could be obtained for buildings of a better class with all modern improvements.

Third. The scarcity of small houses has led to the erection by speculators of small, cheap structures, for which exorbitant rents are asked and obtained.

Fourth. Many of these houses are unhealthy as residences, not only on account of location and want of care in construction, but also by reason of no sanitary supervision being exercised by the owners.

Fifth. A large number of workmen's houses are dilapidated and filthy almost beyond description.

Philadelphia.

The great boast of Philadelphia has, in the past, been the homes of her workingmen. Notwithstanding the existence of many filthy, dilapidated tenements there, the boast made is founded upon facts. In no city in the world are so many houses owned by wage-workers, and in no city in the world have so many houses containing modern improvements been occupied by the poorer classes. But not only is Philadelphia fast losing its old-time reputation for cleanliness, but the modern tendency is for the construction of small houses for work people, on as little space as possible, whilst rents are increasing, which are now out of proportion to the money invested.

In many of these houses the halls and stairways are but two feet in width, whilst the rooms are only nine by ten feet. They are built of brick, two stories in height, with one window, containing two large squares of glass, to each room. The houses are neat and attractive in appearance, and would be comfortable as residences, except for their size. A block of these houses, six in number, is erected upon land hardly sufficient for three houses, with proper accommodation for families of five persons. Houses of this character rent for $16 per month each, whilst the cost of construction, independent of the land, is only about $800 each.

Narrow side streets are the places where blocks of this description are to be found, streets where formerly old, dilapidated houses provided a living tomb for those unfortunates who, through force of poverty, were compelled to dwell there. It is hardly necessary to say that the new houses are not occupied by the tenants of the old, for the blessings of improvement in this regard are weighted down with an increased cost of rent, and so the old-time dweller of the vicinage changes quarters, but not condition.

In some sections of the city there are long rows of tenement houses, which, from age and want of repair, are unfit for habitation, but which are crowded from cellar to garret with human beings. The streets in front of these houses are unclean, and the air is impregnated with the odors of the foul slops and refuse of many kitchens.

At the present time there are large tracts of vacant lands which a system of rapid transit would change into eligible building sites, but as these lands are, for the most part, controlled by speculators, it is doubtful if a further extension of tenement building, under the present system, would inure to the advantage of the wage-earner who is compelled to pay rent. It is in the power of the city officials to prevent the further extension of block tenements, and with so much territory at command, an excellent opportunity is afforded for the erection of single houses with adequate means for ventilation, light and sewerage. The desire of people to dwell in large cities is but a necessary incident to the necessity which compels them to seek employment, and it by no means follows that because of this desire on their part, they wish to be crowded in ill-ventilated tenements. As the wage-worker is, to a very great extent, at the mercy of the employer and land owner, the city government should act promptly and wisely in enacting and enforcing measures which will tend to prohibit the further extension of block tenements or the erection of houses de_ signed for the use and occupancy of more than two families.

Pittsburgh.

Whilst Pittsburgh has kept abreast with modern improvements in her public buildings, and in the erection of better class houses, there has been little or no attention qr effort to improve her tenement houses. Owing to the very large amount of labor employed there, this is a matter of great moment not only to the wage-worker, but to the permanent welfare and prosperity of the city.

Pittsburgh has an abundant water supply, and the sewerage is good. As a consequence, the city is not unhealthy.

But rents, always exorbitant, have, since the introduction of natural gas, become more so. Property holders claim justly that they are entitled to share in the benefits arising from the increased prosperity of the city, but at the same time, by claiming too much, such prosperity may be retarded.

In some sections of the city, houses which cost less than $4,000, land included, are renting for from thirty-five to fifty dollars per month. The houses of those who are employed in the iron and glass industries rent from sixteen to twenty -five dollars per month. One block of low brick houses, built upon swampy land near a glass manufactory, contains about a dozen tenements of five rooms each. Each of these tenements rents for sixteen dollars per month. Many of the

20 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

houses in the near vicinity of the iron works and glass factories are old and out of repair, as well as black and dingy from smoke and soot, and although they present the appearance of being merely coverings from storm and sunshine, rent at high rates. One reason of the existing condition of affairs is that the available building ground, except in the elevated portion, is all occupied.

It is, therefore, not to be wondered at that many of the mechanics find it cheaper to live at a distance of from three to ten miles from the city, paying car fare back and forth night and morning. This is, however, only available to those who command high wages, the poorer laborers having to live as best they can.

Johnstown.

Johnstown depends upon the Cambria Iron Works for its existence as a town, and the homes of the wage-workers are of all sizes and descriptions.

Upon the hills, beyond the works, and surrounded by huge piles of refuse matter from the furnace, stand the wooden structures of the workingmen. These are not called houses, but a shanties." They are built of rough, unplaned boards, without clapboarding, the joints being covered by battens, thin strips of wood about three inches in width, and nailed perpendicularly from the eaves to the ground. The houses are banked above ground, and some of them are built upon rough stone foundations, which give them the appearance of having cellars. Each house rents for about six dollars per month, and contains four rooms proper, all of them small with low ceilings. The yard is ample, but the surroundings are barren and bare. Outside privies, built upon vaults and prominently exposed to the view of the passer-by, are located near the houses. The drainage is surface, there being no escape for slops and other waste matter. In the heart of the city the houses are built indiscriminately of brick or wood, and rent at from eight dollars to twelve dollars per month.

At one end of the city and near the railroad is an old, dilapidated block containing six tenements of five rooms each. These tenements rent for five dollars per month each. The lower story is of brick, the upper stories of wood. One hydrant serves for all, and the waste water and garbage are thrown upon the front street. The kitchen and cellar are upon the same floor, and the upper room must be reached by going through the former. By reason of a high hill, which stands in the rear of the block and abutting against the second story, there is no yard, and the clothes are, therefore, of necessity dried in the kitchen. The out-houses are built at the upper end of the block, fully exposed to public view. There is no drainage, and the tenants complain of insufferable heat and stench during the summer months. The accompanying sketch was taken on the spot, and is

Homes for Working People.

rather an improvement on the original. On the whole, the houses of workingmen here are very shabby affairs.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

Altoona.

Altoonaisa town which has the appearance of having been built as an annex to the railroad machine and car shops. The influence of the railroad company is felt in every part of the town, but the company does not go into the business of furnishing houses for the workingmen, leaving them free to build, buy, or rent as their means and inclinations warrant.

There are no rows of ugly, old tenement blocks to be found here, and in no place of its size in the Commonwealth are there so many workingmen who own their homes. The average home is a two-and- a-half-story frame building, erected upon land of sufficient area to admit of ample yard room, light, and air. These houses contain on an average about six rooms, having high ceilings. They are well plastered and papered, and are provided with windows having large double sashes. Many of these houses have been built on the install-

'7

'J

Mechanics' Dwelling at Altoona.

Homes for Working People.

ment plan, the workingman buying a lot, and the builder furnishing the mechanics and building material, erecting and finishing the house complete, and allowing the purchaser to pay for it in the manner spoken of. Neat, substantial houses have been built in this manner at an average cost of fourteen hundred dollars, including the cost of land. The usual rent for houses is from eight dollars to sixteen dollars per month, according to size and location. The water supply is limited, and the sewerage system is very imperfect, the discharges from drains emptying upon the land surface and poisoning the atmosphere for miles, especially in the hot season.

Log Cabin, Baker Fitrnace.

Interior view of Log Cabin at Baker Furnace.

24 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

A few miles from Altoona are the abandoned Baker furnaces, and near them stand the rude log cabins of the workingmen. The accompanying sketch was taken on the spot, and is a faithful representation of one of the dozen or more log cabins for which the tenant paid four dollars per month. t These cabins, rude as they may be, are preferable to the more pretentious city blocks of tenement houses, and the children of these rude homes glow with health and vitality. But, however much these cabins may claim superiority over city tenements, the fact remains, nevertheless, that neat cottages would have been more inviting, just as healthful, and would not have cost the builder much more than was paid to erect the log cabins. The rent charged, four dollars per month, the cabin having but one room and an attic, has been considered shrewd business management on the part of the owners. Nearly all the cabins are, like the furnaces, abandoned.

Harrisburg.

There are but few crowded tenements in Harrisburg, but the tenement block system is as much of an evil here as in larger cities, where land suitable for building sites is much more in demand.

Many of the so-called streets are nothing but narrow alleys, but given the more pretentious name of u Avenues ;" and in these alleys, houses are crowded upon lots ten feet by fifty, and in many instances the total land area is but forty square feet. Houses, containing but four rooms, rent for eight dollars per month, and are considered cheap. Ordinary houses, of six or seven rooms, rent for sixteen dollars per month. The only object the land owner and builder seems to have in view is to secure the original cost of the tenement in the way of rent in as few years as possible.

Many of the houses, especially of the block system, have been erected upon low, swampy land, and, singular as it may appear, it is in houses of this kind where the unsanitary cellar kitchens predominate. The water supply is plentiful, but the drainage is very imperfect. In many of the houses the hydrant is situated in the rear of the cellar kitchen, and immediately above a cess-pool, connected with an outside water-closet. It frequently happens that the drain pipes leading from the vaults of these water-closets become clogged, and at such times the foul water backs into the yard through the cess-pool.. The main sewers are circular, not over three feet in diameter, and at the source of these sewers are innumerable water-closets and small slaughter houses, which empty their contents into them. There is no reasonable excuse either for imperfect sewerage or block tenements in this city, where there are miles of territory suitable for building purposes, and where a wide, swiftly rolling river affords ample and convenient means for the absorption of waste matter.

On the outskirts of the city is a settlement known as " Lochiel," in which many workingmen and their families dwell. Company houses,

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built upon the block tenement system, prevail here. These block tenements are of wood, two and one half stories high, unclapboarded, and painted a dull brown. The refuse matter from the adjacent furnaces is piled thick and high around and about these houses. The yard fence of one block merges into that of the other, and the sight is presented of piles of slack, sheds, water-closets, clothes, and clothespoles mixed in entangling confusion. The workingmen pay six dollars per month for the privilege of living in one of these tenements.

About two miles from Lochiel is the borough of Steelton, which has grown into prominence by reason of the existence in its midst of one of the largest steel works in the country.

The drainage here is surface, and in many of the houses situated on the low lands, near the steel works, the deleterious effect of this is felt and complained of during the hot summer weather. In the vicinity of the shops and furnaces the block tenement house prevails. Some of these blocks are of brick; others are built of wood. Each tenement contains on an average five rooms, and rents for about eight dollars per months The yards contain the usual amount of sheds, water-closets, and debris found in quarters similar to this, where houses have been erected for the two-fold purpose of keeping employes near to their employment, and to engage in land speculation, where high rents, with the certainty of payment, make the building of company houses a profitable undertaking.

Near to these blocks and on the bank of the canal are a number of sheds, in all about thirty-five. These sheds or " shanties," as they are called, are occupied by men only, principally negroes, with a few Hungarians, who have recently taken up their quarters here. These buildings are arranged in blocks, containing from five to ten to a block. Fetch shanty has but one room, about seven feet by twelve, open to the roof, and about seven feet high at the sides- There is one half section of window to each shanty, and this is placed in the rear end, there being no other means of light or ventilation from the front, except that which an open door will afford. The rent of these shanties is two dollars and fifty cents per month each, or enough rent to pay in one year the original cost of the entire row. One water-closet is provided for all, and the filth in and about the place is intolerable. A view of these shanties is herewith presented.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Leg. Doc] Homes in th£ Mining Distrkto. 27

Homes In The Mining Districts.

In great cities extremes meet. Riches and poverty, luxury and want, splendor and squalor, palaces and hovels are found side by side. In a much less marked degree the same is true of large towns. But in no rural community, not adjacent to the centers of population, are the contrasts so marked as in the anthracite and bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania. The houses of resident employers frequently possess considerable architectural beauty, and are finished with the best modern improvements without regard to expense, whilst the houses of the wage-laborers frequently, and indeed as a rule, are among the worst class of laborers' abodes in the State. One explanation of this is in the fact that, generally, such houses are appurtenant to the colliery, and are erected by the lessee of the mine and not by the owner of the soil. They were built as mere shelters for workmen, to last the term of the lease, and most of them by men who' proposed to engage in a precarious business with a limited capital. Naturally, they were built in the cheapest manner possible, without regard either to beauty of design in the structure or idea of comfort in the arrangement. Sanitary considerations were not regarded at all. In the last few years, conditions of ownership have greatly changed. Individual operators have given way to mining companies, and these again have, in the majority of cases, been consolidated, and are under either direct or indirect control of railroad corporations. But whilst scientific mining has taken the place of the rude improvements of the pioneer coal operators, and whilst improved, massive, and expensive machinery is used, there has been but little, if any, improvement in the character of the miners' houses. As a rule, these are limited in number, and are of necessity taken by the employes at rent charges altogether out of proportion to their original cost.

The average house in and about the mines, erected by the owner of the land or lessee of the mine, is built of unplaned boards, contains three rooms, and is one story and a half high. Some are lathed and plastered inside, whilst others have only wall paper or muslin for comfort or for ornament. Most of such houses are erected upon posts stuck in the ground, very few having cellars or drainage. Chimneys are often dispensed with, and as a substitute a stovepipe is projected either through the roof or the side of the house.

No place is provided for slops or garbage except the privies, which sometimes are erected over vaults without outlets and sometimes without vaults at all. Except what natural location affords, there is an

28 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

entire absence of facilities for drainage. In fact, such houses are built for shelter alone, without regard to either comfort or health. Many have no private yards. When fenced, it is often with a miscellaneous assortment of boards, stumps, and sticks, patched and spliced in places by the flattened remains of a section of an old tin washboiler.

In many sections, the soil is not adapted to agriculture, but here and there are to be seen small cabbage and potato patches, evidently the result of much care and nursing.

In the bituminous region, especially along the banks of the Monongahela river, the houses of the miners present a desolate appearance, but in no section of the bituminous coal region do they amount to more than mere shanties, containing from one to five rooms, and renting from two dollars and a half to eight dollars per month, according to the size of the house and the charging capacity of the owner. Many of these houses are built in blocks, with one yard common to all the tenants, and in some cases having but one water-closet for as many as four families. The anthracite coal region, except in large towns adjoining the coal fields, like Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton, and Shenandoah, affords no better quarters for the miners than such as described in the bituminous region.

The houses and the land upon which they have been built, as has been before stated, are generally the property of coal companies at this time. The miner or laborer is, to a great extent, at their mercy in regard to houses. They will not sell the land, or if they do the value is regulated and controlled by reason of their control of the work. The miners and laborers must, therefore, accept the accommodations afforded or do without work.

The sketch representing miners' houses shows in the foreground a better class house — one that rents for seven dollars per month. It has neither yard nor drain-pipes, the waste water being thrown on the vacant lot adjoining. Poor homes beget squalor and filth and generate crime. A pleasant house will instill the ambition to care for it, to adorn and beautify it, and it will advance the cause of education and good morals. u Cleanliness is next to godliness."

The demand for rents out of proportion to the cost of construction is not only wrong in itself, as taking undue advantage of men's necessities, but it engenders and nourishes the feeling of discontent among wage-laborers which is at present so ominous.

This subject is being much discussed. The fact is beginning to be appreciated that it will pay, in a money point of view, to erect houses for workmen. It will certainly pay in making happy homes and good citizens.

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Leg. Doc] Homes in the Mining Districts.

Miners' Shanty.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

;neat and cheap designs for WORKING-

Men'S Homes.

The dwelling should be a home for all men, but to the man or woman who must perform manual labor in storm or sunshine, heat or cold, it is essentially necessary that the dwelling house should be a haven of rest. It has frequently been the subject of remark that many a man sought the saloon in order to escape from the dreary surroundings of his habitation.

There is nothing herein contained but a simple statement of facts patent to the eye of every observer. Man is an animal that must be pleased, and if he cannot obtain pleasure in his own house he seeks it elsewhere.

The contrast between the brilliantly-lighted saloon, with its wealth of pictures and trappings, with that of his dwelling, devoid of everything in the way of luxury and refinement, of even sufficient space to breathe, and with nothing he may call his own except the scanty furniture— such a contrast appeals to man's strong desire for pleasure, and his house becomes for him no home, but rather a lodging place where he but eats and sleeps. An eminent writer and a keen observer of men has recently said that " Saloons are a necessity," because, under the present wretched system of tenement house building, they afford man an easy avenue of escape from his surroundings. The writer aforesaid is a temperance man, but he declares that the saloons and concert halls cannot be abolished until the great mass of the people will have been provided with better homes.

In all our cities, and in many of the larger towns, restrictions are enacted against the erection of wooden houses, slaughter houses, glue factories, stables, &c, but it appears that no provision has been made as to architectural designs or sanitary conditions. In some instances land owners impose certain restrictions upon those to whom they sell land, but the city authorities seem to be content with imposing such restrictions only as are beneficial to fire insurance companies or for the protection of the more wealthy portion of the community against unwholesome odors and irritating noises. There is not a city, town, or borough throughout the entire Commonwealth where any ordinance has ever passed and been enforced that was calculated to protect the poorer people from rapacious builders and landlords. The landlord and tenant laws of this Commonwealth do not afford the tenant as

Leg. Doc] Cheap Designs for Workingmen's Homes. 31

much legal protection as is provided by English laws for Irish tenants. A review of the statute laws and the decisions of the courts will prove the truth of this assertion. That there should be better houses provided for the poorer people, who are the wage-workers, none will deny, and with the present perfection of labor-saving machinery houses — substantial, neat, and attractive — can be built with very little money. In order that the workingmen may have the benefit of these cheap houses, designs of three dwellings are here presented, with the cost of each, based upon the following New York prices of material and labor, which may vary according to the locality where they are to be erected :

Excavation, per cubic yard, $0 25

Rubble stone work, laid up complete, all materials furnished by contractor, per perch of 25 cubic feet . . 4 25 Stone wall, double faced above grade, 25c. per foot, or

per perch, 6 25

Brickwork laid in the wall, per 1,000, 15 00 to 16 00

Plastering, per yard, 30 to 35

Spruce timber, per 1,000 feet, 20 00

Hemlock timber, per 1,000 feet, 14 00

Hemlock sheathing boards, per 1,000 feet, 15 00

Pine shingles, per 1,000, 4 50 to 5 00

Pine flooring, merchantable, per 1,000 feet, 26 00

Clear pine clapboards, per 1,000 feet, 25 00 to 30 00

Novelty siding, per 1,000 feet, 30 00 to 35 00

Rosin sized building paper, per lb., 03

Clear pine trim, reeded or moulded £ x 5 in., per lineal

foot, . . 03

Turned corner blocks, each, 05

Moulded base, 9 in. high, £ in. thick, per lineal foot, . 05

Glazed window sash, 2 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. x 1£ in., per

pair, 2 00

Doors, four panels, moulded both sides, 2 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft.

x 1£ in. each, 2 85

Blinds will average all around, per window, 1 50

Tinning, per square of 100 square feet, 6 00

Painting, including materials and labor, per square yard,

each coat, 06

Carpenters' labor, per day, 2 50 to 3 00

Masons and plasterers, per day, 300to350

The designs here presented can be altered to suit special wants. The cheaper designs are especially suitable to leased lands, where cellars are not used or permission to dig the same granted.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Description of Design No. 1.

J

Leg. Doc.] Cheap Designs for Workingmen's Homes.

Size of structure: Front, 22 feet; side, 20 feet. These figures do not include the verandas. Size of rooms : See floor plans.

First Floor.

jjcdroom

zzx.

Second Floor.

Height of stories : First story (kitchen and bedroom), 9 feet; second story, 8 feet.

Materials : Foundation, wood posts ; first st ory, beveled siding second story, shingles ; roof, shingles.

Cost : $600, complete.

The living room is open to the roof, which insures its being cool, as the warm air rises and escapes through the windows in the gable end, thus creating a constant draught through the room. 3 — Statistics.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

The stairway goes up to a gallery (suspended from the rafters), from which the two upper bedrooms are entered.

The front bedroom (in the tower) has straight walls the full height, while the walls of the rear bedroom are cut off slightly on one side by the slope of the roof.

The fire-place is made a feature ; built of brick, with a wood shelf, after a quaint design, it is quite artistic, and yet so simple that an ordinary mechanic can build it.

The interior walls are not plastered but finished with red building paper ; the studding and all wood-work is dressed and exposed to view and finished with varnish.

Description of Design No. 2.

Size of structure : Front, 33 feet; side, 16 feet. These figures do not include verandas. Size of rooms : See floor plans.

Leg. Doc] Cheap Designs for Workingmen's Homes.

First Floor.

Second Floor.

Height of stories : First story, 10 feet; second story, 3 feet at walls, 9 feet at centre.

Materials: Foundation, wood posts; first story, beveled siding; second story, beveled siding and shingling ; roof, shingles.

Cost, $800, complete.

36 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Description of Design No. 8.

Size of structure : 28 feet 6 inches, extreme width ; side 28 feet 6 inches.

Size of rooms : See floor plans.

First Floor.

Leg. Doc] Cheap Designs fob Workingmen's Homes.

1 t

1 o °-

1

L

I o a

li

Second Floor.

Height of stories-: Cellar, 6 feet 6 inches; first story, 9 feet; second story, 8 feet.

Materials : Foundation, brick ; first story, clapboards ; second story, shingles ; Gables, shingles and panels ; roof, shingles.

Cost: $1,150, complete.

Special features : Three good bed rooms on the second floor. Cellar under the rear portion of the house. The parlor is thoroughly separated from the other parts of the house, and can be easily kept very exclusive for the reception of callers and guests.

Conclusion.

The description above given of workmen's houses, when erected and owned by manufacturers and coal operators, has, of course, notable exceptions. In the march of improvement, attention has, in a limited degree, been directed to this subject. In the rural districts, especially, it will be hard to remedy the evils that are manifest, except through the action of the land owners and employers. It has been demonstrated by the Pullman Manufacturing Company, as well as by others, that money invested in good houses for workmen will pay as an investment. It will also pay in attracting good workman ; good tenant houses will, in fact, command good workmen. Men, women, and children are governed by their environments.

38 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Employment Op Children.

Statistics show that not less than two hundred thousand children in this Commonwealth, between the ages of six and fifteen years, are not regular attendants of schools, public or private. Statistics also show that no considerable number of such children are to be found in prisons, work-houses, reformatories, or other public or private charitable institutions. The Constitution requires " a thorough and efficient system of education for all children above the age of six years." In conformity with this requirement, provision is made by law for the education of such who may apply as are over the age of six and under twenty-one years. Whilst the means of education are provided, no compulsory school law has been passed. Either by reason of necessity or neglect on the part of parent or guardian, no advantage is taken of the means of education provided, and hundreds of thousands of children are growing to years of maturity in ignorance. Whilst the means are provided by which education, if desired, may be obtained, nevertheless the employment of children above the age of twelve years in and about mines is legalized ; and in cotton, woolen, flax, paper, and paper bagging factories, those above the age of thirteen , years.

Inthe iron, steel, brick, lumber, cigar and tobacco, in fact in all other industries, including that of agriculture and merchandizing, there is no law prohibiting parents or guardians from hiring out the services of their children at any age, or which prohibits an employer from accepting the services of such children.

Provision has been made by law prohibiting the employment of children between the ages of thirteen and sixteen years in factories for a longer period than nine calendar months in any one year, and who shall not have attended school for three consecutive months within the same year. The act reads as follows :

Section 1. Labor performed during the period of ten hours, on any secular day, in all cotton, woolen, silk, paper, bagging and flax factories, shall be considered a legal day's labor ; and hereafter no minor shall be employed in or about any of said factories until he or she shall have attained to the age of thirteen years.

Section 2. If any owner or employer of or in any of the said factories, or his, her, or their agent, shall wilfully or knowingly employ any minor below the age of thirteen years as aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall pay a penalty of fifty dollars for every such offense, to be sued for and recovered by any person suing for the same, as other debts of like amount are now by law recoverable, one half of the same to belong to the persons suing for the same, and the other half to the county in which the offense was committed.

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Section 3. No minor who has attained the age of thirteen, and is under the age of sixteen years, shall be employed in any of the factories for a longer period than nine calendar months in any one year, and who shall not have attended school for at least three consecutive months within the same year ; and any owner or employer of or in any of the factories aforesaid, offending against the provisions of this section shall be liable to the penalty provided in the third section of this act, to be sued for, recovered and applied as therein provided.

Section 4. If any parent or guardian shall consent to, permit, or connive at the employment of his or her child or ward, under the age of thirteen years, in any of the said factories ; or if such parent or guardian shall consent to, permit, or connive at the employment of his or her child or ward, over the age of thirteen years and under the age of sixteen years, for a longer period than ten hours in any secular day, the person so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of fifty dollars for every such offense, to be sued for and recovered as provided in the third section of this act.

Section 5. No male or female operative under the age of twenty-one years shall, under any contract, be employed in cotton, woolen, silk, flax, bagging or paper manufactories in this Commonwealth for a longer period than sixty hours in any one week, or more than an average of ten hours a day during the same period.

Section 6. If any person shall knowingly employ, or any parent or guardian consent to the employment of any male or female operative, under the age of twenty-one years, as aforesaid, contrary to the preceding section, and proof be made thereof before any alderman or justice of the peace of the ward, borough, or district where such offense was committed, he, she, or they so employing such operative, or consenting thereto, as aforesaid, shall, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the penalty of not less than ten, nor more than fifty dollars, to be recovered before any alderman or justice of the peace of the proper ward, borough or district, in the same manner as the like penalties are now recovered, to be applied to the use of the public schools of the proper district : Provided, That no penalty shall be recovered under this act, unless sued for within one month after the same shall have occurred ; nor shall any person recover more than one penalty for the working of any factory for the same period of time.

Section 7. All the ward, borough and township constables are hereby authorized and required, and it is hereby made their duty, to attend to the strict observance of the two preceding sections of this act, when complaint shall have been properly made to them of a violation of the same.

Experience has proven that not only is the law relative to child labor in factories inadequate as against the evils proposed to be remedied, but it is not sufficiently broad in its provisions. Employment of children in factories does not by any means represent the child

40 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. HRFto. 4r

labor in the State ; nor are the hardships incident to such employment greater than those pertaining to children who, through the poverty or avariciousness of parents, are condemned to toil in or about a coal mine.

For the purpose of affording further protection, an act was passed by the Legislature in June, 1885, to prevent the employment of children under twelve years of age in or about a bituminous coal mine. Certain sections of this act are as follows :

Section 16. No boy, under the age of twelve years, and no woman or girl of any age, shall be employed or permitted to be in any bituminous coal mine for the purpose of employment therein, nor shall any boy under the age of# ten years, or any woman or girl of any age* be employed or permitted to be in or about the outside structure or workings of any bituminous mine or colliery, for the purpose of employment : Provided however, That this provision shall not affect the employment of a boy or a female of suitable age in an office, or in the performance of clerical work at such mine or colliery.

Section 17. For any injury to person or property occasioned by any violation of this act, or any wilful failure to comply with its provisions, a right of action against the party at fault shall accrue tb the party injured for the direct damage sustained thereby; and in any case of loss of life by reason of such violation or wilful failure, a right of action against the party at fault shall accrue to the widow and lineal heirs of the person whose life shall be lost, for like recovery of damages for the injury they shall have sustained.

The following act, relative to anthracite mines, was also passed in June, 1885:

Section 1. No boy under the age of fourteen years, and no woman or girl of any age, shall be employed or permitted to be in any mine for the purpose of employment therein ; nor shall a boy under the age of twelve years, or a woman or girl of any age, be employed or permitted to be in or about the outside structures or workings of a colliery for the purpose of employment; but it is provided, however, that this prohibition shall not affect the employment of a boy or female of suitable age in an office, or in the performance of clerical work at a colliery.

Section 2. When an employer is in doubt as to the age of any boy or youth applying for employment in or about a mine or colliery, he 6hall demand and receive proof of the said lawful employment age of such boy or youth by certificate from the parent or guardian, before said boy or youth shall be employed.

Section 3. If any person or persons contravene, or fail to comply with the provisions of this act in respect to the employment of boys? young male persons, or females, or if he or they shall connive with, or permit others to contravene or fail to comply with said provisions, or if a parent or guardian of a boy or young male person, make or

give a false certificate of the age of such boy or young male person, or knowingly do or perform any other act for the purpose of securing employment for a boy or young male person under the lawful employment age, and in contravention of the provisions of this act, he or they shall be guilty of an offense against this act.

An examination of the census report of 1880, in comparison with I he returns made to this Bureau, with other statistical information available, in connection with the fact that the enrollment of pupils? as shown by the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, does not fully indicate the number of pupils actually taking advantage of school facilities ; and the further fact that many enrolled during a portion of the year could be lawfully employed, induced the belief :

First That the laws enacted to protect children are being evaded by the employer for the purpose of obtaining cheap labor.

Second. That such laws are evaded by parents and guardians, either through necessity, carelessness or avarice.

An examination and comparison has therefore been made of such statistics. In connection therewith a tour of personal inspection has been made through many of the factories of the State where children are employed, and also inquiries instituted through responsible agents relative to such employment.

School Attendance.

As above stated, statistics show that over 200,000 children, between the ages of six and fifteen, do not attend school at all. By law, children attending school for three months may be employed the remaining nine months of the year.

The census for 1880 shows the total number of children between the ages of six and twenty-one years in this Commonwealth to have been 1,452,377. The report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction shows that about the time the census was made there were 937,310 enrolled pupils, a difference between the number of children of legal school age and the number enrolled of 515,067.

It is unreasonable to expect, however, that any considerable body of children, above the age of seventeen years, will attend the public schools ; for at that age the large majority will have graduated from the high school, or withdrawn permanently, for the purpose of either making a livelihood for themselves, or assisting their parents.

If it be assumed that children from six to seventeen years of age, inclusive, should attend school, there would yet remain 244,851 children not .enrolled in the public schools at or about the time the census was taken. It is true that many children were attending private schools, that others were receiving instruction from private tutors, and, in the absence of reliable information, the public is at a loss to determine the exact number of children who were deprived of school instruction ; but from such information as could be gathered,

42 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

the total number of children between these ages in private schools, asylums, reformatories, and almshouses would not exceed 60,000.

It will appear then that in the year 1880, about 185,000 children, between the ages of six and seventeen years, inclusive, were not receiving instruction either in public or private schools ; and of the number enrolled in public schools, 937,310, the average attendance was but 601,627, showing an estimated attendance of 335,683 children.

The estimate of the actual attendance of the public schools is derived from the annual report, for the year 1885, of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. In that report attention was called to the fact that there was a difference of 325,030 in the number of enrolled pupils and the average number in actual attendance in the common schools of this Commonwealth. Commenting on this great difference, he said :

u Every effort must he made to remedy this evil. Every inducement must be held out to increase both enrollment and average attendance, or more stringent legislation will be required in way of compulsory attendance"

By reference to the school statistics in the report mentioned for the year 1885, it was found that the total number of pupils enrolled in the common schools was 982,158, which would be prima fade evidence that about one third of that number were absentees. It does not follow, however, that this number do not attend school during any portion of the annual school term. Many of them are taken from school temporarily to assist about the farm or the house ; many graduate from a lower to a higher grade of schools ; some are taken from the public schools and placed in private schools; and others are changed from one district to another by reason of the change of residence of parents. These and other unavoidable causes, such as sickness and death, will at all times show a marked contrast between the total number of enrolled pupils and the average number of pupils in actual attendance ; but after making these and all other reasonable allowances for non-attendance, the obvious fact presents itself of a very large number of children in the Commonwealth who are permitted to reach maturity without having received the benefits of such instruction and education as our common and private schools afford.

The school law prescribes that education shall be provided for u every individual " who may apply for it " above the age of six and under twenty-one years" and the new Constitution makes imperative u a thorough and efficient system of instruction for all children above the age of six years"

Hon. J. P. Wickersham, in his official communication in 1880 to the Governor of the Commonwealth, said :

u The alarming fact has been repeatedly made known to the Legislature, in the annual reports of department, that there are many thousands of children in this State who never attend school, and are

Ic

growing up in ignorance, and that there are many thousands more who attend school so short a time, or so irregularly, that what they learn is of little use to them. The statistics of our penitentiaries and houses of refuge show conclusively that these children, thus left in ignorance and idleness, become the source, in good part, of the criminal classes that people our penal institutions"

When it is considered that the average annual school term is but seven months, the fact becomes more alarming that many thousands attend school so short a time, or so irregularly, that what they learn is of little use to them.

The ju6t complaints and expostulations of Mr. Wickersham have been repeated by his successor, but to little or no purpose, as the statistics for 1886 do not show that any marked change for the better has taken place. The increase in the number of enrolled pupils is not an increase in proportion to the increase in population ; the total increase in ten years having been but about 87,000. Although the average attendance shows improvement, the alarming fact remains that during the school year for 1886 there was a difference of 324,117 between the number of enrolled pupils and the number of pupils in average attendance. The slight improvement shown was in the rural districts, remote from manufacturing and mining centers. Philadelphia, which increased its number of enrolled pupils 24,822 from the year 1876 to 1886, inclusive, increased the average number in attendance but 16,491. The State, outside of Philadelphia, increased its number of pupils 62,262, and the average attendance 170,103.

It is evident that not less than 300,000 children receive no education in the schools, public or private, in this Commonwealth. It has been regarded as important by this Bureau to discover, if possible, the whereabouts of such children, as to how many are employed, and when employed, their treatment.

Employment of Child Labor.

By the census of 1880 the number of youths of both sexes, from ten to fifteen years of age, who were, during the census year, employed in all occupations within this State, is reported at 72,441.

These figures are not believed to be correct. The number actually employed was much greater at that time. This conclusion has been arrived at, not only through personal investigation, but by comparison of subsequent reports made to this Bureau. It is probable that false returns were made by both employers and parents. The average attendance at schools does vary very greatly at this time with 1880, and it is not probable that the average employment of children varies. The reports to this Bureau in 1883 from the mining operators and manufacturers show that out of a total of 450,205 employes, from which 79,500 railroad employes are to be deducted, 47,288 were youths under sixteen years of age. It is possible and probable that some of these

44 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

youths were a little under ten, and some a little over fifteen years, but that fact does not account for the discrepancy with the census returns, which, for manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries, showed only 25,812 youths out of 528,277 employes. The difference of 21,476 in the number of youths reported to this Bureau, and that reported to the Census Bureau, is too great to be accounted for on the plea that some of the returns made to this Bureau were for youths over and under ten and fifteen years respectively.

When the census returns of manufactures were published, the city of Philadelphia was charged with the employment of 15,634 youths.

This estimate was so opposite to the supposed ratio of child labor to total persons employed in manufactories in that city, that an investigation was afterward made by Lorin Blodget, Esq., who had the assistance of the mayor, the police department, and a committee of citizens. The result of such investigation proved that out of a total of 241,433 persons employed in manufactories in Philadelphia, that 28,219 were children. Not to be precise about fractions, the report of Mr. Blodget shows that of the total number of persons employed in manufactories in the city of Philadelphia, about one in nine were youths; and the reports of operators throughout the State to this Bureau, show that of the total number employed in manufactures, mechanics, and mining, about one in eight were youths. The returns made to the Census Bureau show that the proportion of youths to total employes engaged in manufactures in Philadelphia was about one in eleven ; and the proportion of youths to total persons employed in manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries throughout the whole State, one in twenty.

Evidently the proportion shown by the census is too small. The employers' reports to this Bureau show it to be about one in eight ; and this proportion is not too large, for the especial reason that employers in numerous instances have omitted to state the number of children employed by them. In our personal investigation we found, in every instance, that the employer was inclined to over-estimate the age of the youths employed. In answer to our question, aHow many children under thirteen years of age do you employ ?" the invariable answer was " None ;" and to the question a How many under sixteen years of age do you employ ?" the answers were " Very few," "None," u Nearly all are above that age." Notwithstanding such statements, inquiries made at the time of other persons revealed the fact that very many children under fifteen years, and some under twelve years, were employed. In one factory there were about fourteen little girls, some of whom were not more than seven years of age, and the oldest not more than eleven ; and yet the employer has said, in his office, that he did not have a child under thirteen years of age in his employ. From the reports of employers, and from the knowledge obtained by a personal inspection of mines and factories, and basing our calcula-

Ic

tions upon a total of 600,000 persons employed in manufactures, mechanics, and mining, we are of the opinion that not less than 75,- 000 of the persons so employed are children less than fifteen years of age ; and of this number fully 12,000 are less than thirteen years of age. The responsibility for the existence of the evil of child labor rests with the State, for not more fully providing against it; with parents, for hiring their children to labor in mines and factories ; and with employers, for knowingly accepting the services of children of' unlawful age.

Where the law provides against the employment of children under thirteen years of age, the parents, in many instances, falsely represent the ages of their children, for the purpose of obtaining employment for them. The children have been trained to falsehood in this particular, as we discovered upon questioning some of them in regard to their age, time of service, &c. One little girl, who could not have been above nine years of age, said, in reply to questions put to her : " I am thirteen years old ; " a I did go to school ; don't know how long ;" " I have worked here two years ; " " I was thirteen when I came here." Although it was evident the little child could not stand cross-examining, it was equally clear that she had been informed as to what the law required in the matter of age, and that a part of her business was to be u thirteen years old " under all circumstances.

In some cases the employers are imposed upon, but in most, if not in all, a not very rigid examination by the employer would enable him to compel parents to observe the law. It sometimes happens that employers feel reluctantly compelled to violate the law by reason of appeals to their sympathy made by poverty-stricken parents, and by parents who have incorrigible children who will not attend school. In many instances the employers are glad of an excuse to evade the law. Children, as a rule, prefer manual to mental labor. In reply to our inquiry, whether they would not prefer going to school to working in a factory, they invariably gave the preference to the factory.

The labor performed by these children is not, as a rule, in itself hard or difficult, but the close confinement and long hours, to which by the nature of the employment they are subjected, are ruinous to their constitution, stunts the growth, and, with female children, in particular, superinduces premature old age. A tour of inspection through any of the large textile manufactories is convincing of this. Some factories are. better ventilated than others, and apparently great efforts have been made by the employer to render the task of these children as light and healthful as possible ; nevertheless, the child in confinement is but a copy in miniature of the adult woman who, with dried up, sallow skin and unkempt hair, stands wearily watching her looms.

46 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Schools for Working Children.

Efforts have been made in Philadelphia to induce working children to attend night school, but 6uch efforts have resulted in practical failure. This result is natural, and might have been anticipated. The child who prefers factory to school life during the day, will not voluntarily attend school at night ; and it is extremely doubtful if night schools would prove beneficial to children who are compelled to live for long hours in the close atmosphere of a factory. If at any period af life unalloyed pleasure is granted to mortals, it naturally comes in the days of childhood. It cannot come if stern necessity forces upon children the cares and anxieties incident to manhood and womanhood. If they are crowded into ill-ventilated factories by day, it is next to impossible that they should learn, or desire to learn, anything of value after long hours of labor, by mental labor at night.

An operator of a large worsted works in Philadelphia said that of seventy-five youths in his employ, about thirty of them responded to the solicitations of ladies and gentlemen, who urged their attendance upon a night school established in the vicinity of the works. As an inducement to regular attendance, he promised to give each a Christmas present of two dollars who could bring hijn a certificate of good attendance. At the end of two months but three out of thirty, one boy and two girls, could show certificates for regular attendance. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children has endeavored to prevent the employment of children under the age prescribed by law; but it has been retarded in its efforts for want of proper authority On the part of its agents to enter and inspect factories.

Two of the officers of this society said, " Three years ago Mr. 's

woolen mills, (we suppress names,) run day and night; and in some instances girls were prodded by the foreman at night to keep them from falling asleep at their work. Our society officers took one girl away from this mill." Comment is unnecessary.

Child Labor at the Coal Mines.

Factory life is not the only phase of child labor in this State, nor does it exceed in hardships the life of the child who is condemned, through poverty or avariciousness of parents, to toil in or about a coal mine. The law for the prevention of children under twelve years of age from being employed in any bituminous and anthracite coal mine, is daily and hourly disregarded and evaded.

False representations are made by parents and guardians, and acquiesced in and reported by the employer.

Boys really under ten years of age, are asserted to be above twelve, and boys from seven to nine are represented as being ten years of age and over. Such representations are frequently made under pressure of necessity. It often happens that through a mining accident.

or other cause, a widow will be left without any means of support. She, to maintain herself and family, is compelled to send her little boys into the mines or breaker, where they receive in wages from forty to seventy-five cents per day, according to age and efficiency. This violation of law is not denounced, but is positively encouraged by many of the miners. Those who have been reared in a mine from infancy can see nothing reprehensible in permitting others to follow in their footsteps. Those who understand and appreciate the evil are controlled by custom and public opinion. It is not the widow alone who sends her boy to the mine, but in many cases it is the father who takes his boy with him, either for the purpose of assisting himself or others. He is willing, for immediate profit, to sacrifice the present and future welfare of his offspring. The child is not alone deprived of education, but oftentimes suffers from coarse and even brutal treatment, which results in an undeveloped growth. Infinitely worse, what is equivalent to the murder and the laceration of these little innocents, frequently results in the pursuit of their employments.

The following list of accidents, culled from the mine inspectors' reports to this Bureau, for the year 1885, will give some idea of this murder of the innocents !

48 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Children Killed and Injured in the Coal Industry in 1885.

S

to

How Killed.

fir

Nature op Injury.

Killed by fall of rock.

Leg broken.

Killed by fall of coal.

Arm broken.

Killed by fall of slate,

Bruised by fall of slate.

Killed by fall of slate.

Leg bruised.

Killed by mine cars.

Leg fractured.

Killed by breaker machinery.

Body injured.

Killed by breaker machinery.

Arm fractured.

Killed by fall of coal.

Two fingers cut off. Leg broken.

Killed by elevator.

Killed by mine cars.

Leg broken. Thigh broken.

Killed by steam.

Killed by cars.

Leg broken.

Killed by cars.

Hip dislocated.

Killed by elevator.

Burned by gas explosion.

Killed by breaker machinery.

Arm lacerated.

Killed by dirt hopper.

Skull fractured.

Killed by cars.

Spine injured.

Killed by breaker machinery.

Lefts broken.

Killed by oars.

Hips injured painfully.

Killed by fulling quicksand.

Leg broken.

Killed by falling quicksand.

Arm shockingly lacerated and

bone

Killed— fell down ahaft.

fractured.

Killed by cars.

Head badly cut and shoulder

badly fractured. Leg broken. Leg broken. Thigh broken.

blade

Injured by gas explosion.

Kicked in face by mule.

Body badly inj ured.

Foot injured.

Abdomen hurt by mule.

Body badly injured.

Body badly hurt by fall.

Two fingers broken.

Leg bruised.

Arm broken.

Arminjuied.

Collar bone fractured and bruised.

h'p

Toe cut off.

Body injured by mine oars.

Two fingers crushed.

Leg injured.

Injured in foot.

Two ringers cut off.

Body injured.

Kicked by mule.

Kicked in face by mule. Bad flesh wound in arm.

Leg cut off.

Leg fractured.

Leg broken.

Arm fractured.

Jaw fractured.

Thigh fractured.

Arm fractured.

Total killed, 23

Total injured, 55

Killed and injured, 7S

This table of accidents is not complete for the following reasons : The inspectors did not, in all cases of death or accidents, state the ages of the victims. Many more were killed and injured whose ages were given as sixteen and seventeen respectively.

If the common practice of parents in overstating the ages of their children is taken into account, it is more than probable that boys killed or injured whose ages were given as sixteen and seventeen would rightfully swell the list of victims of fifteen years and under, and it is also more than likely that some of the victims returned in the table of accidents as being fifteen years of age were not above the age of thirteen.

The list of victims for the year 1885 is but a repetition of former years, and, possibly, the report for 1886 will show the same sad results. It is useless to denounce the parents or the employers, but certain it is that a civilization which breeds such murderous poverty and a Christianity which ignores it are not to be commended. No attempt has been made to gather the statistics relative to the employment of children in other industries save those mentioned, but tables have been prepared showing the returns as gathered from the census report for 1880. These tables were prepared for the purpose of showing the relative distribution of children in the four grand industries, and to show also the tendency of children to gravitate into mines and factories as agri cultural employment diminished and that of manufacturing increased. The group of Southern States shows a large percentage of children employed in agricultural industries and also in professional and personal employments. The group of Western States shows a siiiall percentage of children in manufacturing industries and a fair percentage employed in agricultural and professional and personal employments. Ohio, which borders on Pennsylvania, shows an increase in the percentage of children employed in manufacturing and mining over its sister Western States.

The Middle and New England States show a larger percentage of children employed in manufacturing industries. The figures in the tables are based on the census returns, which, if compiled for other States as erroneously as they were for Pennsylvania, will be found much too low. The percentage in Table No. 1 is that of children from ten to fifteen years of age in all industries, and the percentage in Table No. 2 is that of children to the total number employed in each of the four grand divisions of industry ; that is, the 15 per cent, in Table No. 1 in agricultural pursuits in Alabama is the percentage in that industry to the total employed in all industries, and the 20 per cent, of children reported for Alabama in Table No. 2 is the percentage of children to the total employed in that special industry. The census returns for Pennsylvania give the number of youths from ten to fifteen years of age employed in the three grand divisions of industry, other than manufactures, mechanical and mining, as 46,629. 4 — Statistics.

60 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

There can be little doubt that this number was too small at the time the census was taken, but assuming it to have been correct, and allowing for the natural increase of child labor, there would be in 1887 not less than 50,000 children thus employed, which, added to the 75,000 employed in manufacturing and mining, would swell the total number of children employed in various occupations to 125,000.

In view of these figures, action of some kind would seem to be necessary. Upon the theory of general education, our present civilization and hope for the future of the nation are based. Not merely that limited education which would enable to read and write, but sufficient mental training to be the foundation upon which a superstructure can be reared by personal effort and industry. The future of the Republic depends upon the intelligence of the individual citizen — the source of power in this country is in the people. If we may credit the statistics of the Board of Public Charities, mere rudimentary knowledge that only enables the scholar to read and write simply paves the way to the prison or the poor-house. The Republic must be maintained by the honesty as well as the intelligence of the citizen. If a system of general education is refused, if employers and parents and guardians continue to unite in evading the laws for the protection of children, some remedy must be applied. If the privilege of education is refused, the general safety requires that it be made compulsory.

Tables No. 1 and No. 2, above referred to, are as follows :

Ic

Employment of Children.

a

-a

a

M

IS Si

a

? S S

Qv S

-o 5g g

?l

S &

C2 hi O

S

£ fl

2

3 to

Go'S

a "

a

sejJisnpui Safujm pnv fBDIueqaeiu puB -nuviu aj peiCoiduie ibjoj,

90Iaj99

pnioaied puB reuojesaj -oad uj lJoj,

, -raoi-tita ui poiCoiduxe ibjox

eei-iisiipuj jib ui pOiCoidaid snowed ibjoj,

rBuos -aed pnB juoiesejoad ui

ejnjrnojjSB nj

vootoc-vciooeoooiO'<'eoeoo

H 0Q

Alabama, Georgia, LouisiaDa, . . .

Illinois

Michigan, Ohio, New York, . . . New Jersey, . . Pennsylvania, . . Connecticut, . . New Hampshire, . Massachusetts, . , Rhode Island, . ,

.a

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4 ,

TABLE No. 2.— Percentage of children of both sexes, between the ages of 10 and 15 years, to the total of persons employed in each of the four grand divisions of industrial pursuits.

States.

Alabama, . . . Georgia, Louisiana, . . . Illinois, Michigan. . . .

Ohio,

New York, . . New Jersey, . Pennsylvania, . Connecticut, . . New Hampshire, Massachusetts, . Rhode Island , .

o

?

&

a

a

a o

s

T3

£

Per cL

Per et.

Per et.

#

S

1?

Si

H

2J

If

Sb

a

tag

!i

s

Per et

2J

it

If

Leg. Doc] School Education vs. Convicts. 53

SCHOOL EDUCATION vs. CONVICTS.

As before stated, the theory upon which our common school system is based is that, as the 6ource of power in a republic is in the people, such power should be guided by intelligence, and that general honesty, as well as intelligence, would be promoted by general education. Statistics, having a bearing upon this question, have therefore a deep and general interest.

The report of the Board of Public Charities for 1885, shows that nearly five sixths of the convicts received into the Eastern and Western penitentiaries for the statistical year had attended public school until the age of fourteen. About eight per cent, had attended private school until the age of fifteen. Only ninety-seven out of a total of 840 had never attended any school.

Of 2,706 convicts sentenced to county jails and work-houses, four fifths had attended public schools, about three per cent, private schools, and seventeen per cent, had not attended any school.

The question of education has received little or no attention from the Board of Public Charities, if we are to measure their efforts in that direction on its statistical tables entitled " Education vs. Crime.'1 In these tables are presented, not what might be reasonably inferred from the title, but simply the meaningless fact of the ability of the convict to " read and write " or not " read and write" As the average age of these convicts is stated to be twenty-nine years and five months, a period of life sixteen years removed from that wherein the average school child has been taught both these branches of education, it is difficult to perceive just how or where these tables of " Education vs. Crime " present any evidence whatever adverse to general education. As these tables have been presented to the public with the official seal of authority as a seeming argument against general education, it is important that other deductions be drawn from them, if they can be fairly made, than those which appear upon the surface. A Superintendent of Public Instruction, in a former report, said, "It is found that the uneducated convicts in our penitentiaries have committed, in much larger proportion than the educated, crimes against persons." This conclusion was arrived at in 1868. A like conclusion would not by the facts presented at the present time, nor did the facts at that time presented warrant such conclusion. The report of the Board of Public Charities for 1885 shows that the " crimes against persons " amounted to 161, and the " crimes against property " to 679. Of those convicted of " crimes against persons," there were but 17 classed as illiterate, as against 81 illiterate who were convicted of "crimes against property." The surface indication is that the preponderance

54 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

of statistical evidence is in favor of illiteracy (?) as a preventive against crime. There is apparent evidence of this in the fact that out of a total of 840 persons convicted of crime, all but 98 could u read and write." The patent fact which renders the statistics misleading, provided they are used as an argument against education, is that five sixths of these convicts had left school at and before fourteen years of age. As was shown by the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the average annual school term is about seven months, from which should be deducted the average absentee account, equal to about one third. There would be from six to fourteen years about fifty-six months of schooling, deducting one third from which, and dividing by twelve, would leave about three years of school attendance on the part of these educated (?) convicts, who had contrived to keep out of prison for a period of fifteen years after leaving school.

The statistics of jails and work-houses show 2,706 convicts, four fifths of whom had attended public schools, 77 had attended private schools, and 216 had not attended any school. The age of leaving school was fourteen years, and the educational requirements were as follows :

Unable to read or write, 255

Able to read only, 496

Read and write, 1,698

Superior education, 12

Taking this table for what it is really worth, it shows that out of a total of 2,706 convicts, but twelve were educated persons.

From this same report it is learned that there were 1,815 children in reformatory institutions, 608 of whom were committed during the year 1885. Of these, one was under seven years of age, 14 between seven and nine years, 68 between nine and eleven years, 121 between eleven and thirteen years, 193 between thirteen and fifteen years, 210 between fifteen and twenty years, and one was twenty years of age. The average age was thirteen years and two months. Of the total number but 94 could "read, write, and cipher," and but 39 " read and write well." The total number of persons confined in prisons, jails, work-houses, and reformatories will average about 5,000 per annum. The cost to the State for penitentiaries and leformatories, not including jails and work-houses, will net $413,465.

It cannot and is not attempted to be urged that education is an absolute preventive of crime. To some, unfortunately, it gives greater capacity for evil. But education lifts men above barbarism, tends to elevate thought and desire, entails upon men greater personal responsibility, and leads to higher aspirations and higher aims. It illumine? the home and the family and tends to make personal and public ambition successful.

The school and prison statistics are appended hereto and commended as worthy of examination, study and reflection :

School Education vs. Convicts.

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Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

THE following table exhibits the number of minors (those under twenty-one years of age) and adults received into the respective penitentiaries, with educational acquirements:

Counties.

Eastern Penitentiary.

Minors.

Adults.

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Adams,

Bradford,

Bucks,

Carbon,

Chester,

Columbia, Cumberland, . . .

Dauphin

Delaware,

Franklin

Lackawanna, . . .

Lancaster,

Lebanon,

Lehigh,

Luzerne,

Lycoming, . Monroe,

Montgomery, . . . Montour, ...

Philadelphia, . . .

Pike,

Snyder,

Susquehanna, . . .

Tioga,

Wayne,

York,

U. S. District Court,

Total,

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School Education vs. Convicts.

Western Penitentiary.

Minors.

Adults.

Counties.

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Fayette,

Forest, . . .

Fulton,

Huntingdon,

Indiana,

Jefferson,

Juniata,

Lawrence,

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Mercer,

Mifflin, .

Potter,'

Somerset,

Venango,

Warren,

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Washington,

Westmoreland,

U. S. District Court, . . .

Total,

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Iron Industries Of Pennsylvania, 1886.

Compiled from Reports of James M. Swank, Esq.

The iron and steel manufacturing industries have made a general increase in production and an advance in wages during the year 1886. The general increase both in production and wages occurred during the last six months of the year. The wages were increased from ten to fifteen per cent., but only after organized efforts on the part of the employes, which, in many localities, ended in strikes of short duration.

The production of pig iron in 1886 amounted to 3,293,289 tons of 2,000 pounds each. This was nearly one half of the total number of tons manufactured in the entire country, the grand total production having amounted to 6,366,688 tons. The total number of furnaces in blast in July, 1886, was 154. On December 31, there were 155 furnaces in blast, out of a total in the State of 241. Of the tons of iron produced within the State, 16,727 were charcoal pig iron ; 1,565,594 were bituminous coal and coke pig-iron, and 1,710,968 tons were produced by the use of anthracite coal and anthracite coal and coke mixed. The amount of stocks on hand unsold on December 31, 1886, was 71,202 tons, in a total held throughout the entire country amounting to 249,504 tons.

The production in certain districts in the State in 1886, was as follows :

Blast Furnaces.

Production.

Districts.

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December 81, 1886.

In.

Out.

Total.

First half of 1886.

Second half Total for of 1886. 1 1886.

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( Lehigh V., . . Schu'l V.t . . . U. Sua. V., . . . L. Sua. V., . . . Shen. V., . . . . Alle'y Co., . . . Mis. bit., Charcoal, . . .

665,941 398,545 158,120 493,862 388,728 737,124 ' 439,742 16,727

The production of Bessemer steel in 1886, shows a decided increase over that of 1885, the total for Pennsylvania being 1,507,577 net tons of ingots. The production of Bessemer steel rails was 1,097,943 net tons, an increase of nearly 300,000 net tons over the amount produced

Leg. Doc] Iron Industries of Pennsylvania, 1886. 59

in 1885. Of the total amount of steel ingots produced in the entire country in 1886, Pennsylvania produced about 59 per cent., and of the total number of steel rails manufactured, Pennsylvania made 63 per cent. About 69 per cent, of the production of s,teel ingots was converted into rails.

The total production of open-hearth steel was 245,608 net tons ; of this amount, Pennsylvania produced about 172,500 net tons, which exceeds the total production of the entire country in 1885 by about 23,119 net tons.

The manufacture of cut nails is an American invention, and is now a very important branch of the iron industry. This industry consumed about 400,000 net tons of iron and steel in 1886.

The manufacture of nails from steel is slowly but surely increasing. In 1885, of the total cut nail product, about 72 per cent, was iron. In 1886, fully 36 per cent, of the cut nails manufactured were of steel. The total number of kegs of cut nails, 100 pounds to the keg, not including horse-shoe nails, nails made from bar iron, iron nails, or railroad and other spikes, manufactured in 1886 was 8,160,973; of this number of kegs, 5,192,813 were made from iron and 2,968,160 from steel.

Pennsylvania produced about 2,569,237 kegs, of which 2,271,408 were made from iron and but 297,829 kegs were made from steel.

Rolled Iron.

The total production of rolled iron in Pennsylvania for 1886 was 1,176,286 net tons of 2,000 pounds. Of this amount 747,600 net tons were made into bar, rod, hoop, skelp, shaped iron, and rolled axles ; 305,521 net tons were plate and sheet iron; 113,570 net tons were manufactured into cut nails and spikes, one net ton being equal to 20 kegs ; 9,595 net tons were manufactured into iron rails. The following table shows the total production of iron and steel in the United States from 1875 to 1886, inclusive. The table shows a falling off in the manufacture of iron rails of 477,970 net tons and an increase in the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails of 1,472,804 net tons.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

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Anthracite Mine Reports.

— Statistics.

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Internal Afpaies — Industrial Statistics.

Anthracite

TABLE showing the number of mines, number of tons of ooal mined and shipped, olte Ooal Districts, for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by this Bureau March, 1887.

Districts.

First, . . Second, . Third, . Fourth, . Fifth, . . Sixth,. . 8event,

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The production was about two million tons in excess of shipments, about 3,027,072, but much of this represents coal used for local con- 657,515 tons.

The number of working days was about the same as reported for

Of the total number of persons employed, 103,044, about 26,120 are 19,995 slate pickers ; 10,288 drivers, runners, door-boys and helpers; neers and firemen, and 418 superintendents, book-keepers and clerks.

The condition of the mines is reported as improved, and the acci- There was a decrease of 33 in the number of fatal accidents, and 437

The total production of anthracite and bituminous coal for the year ployed in and about the mines was about 155,408, and the most of working days.

Coal — Anthracite.

3a

OOAIi STATISTICS.

number of employes, days employed, fatal and non-fatal aeoidents, &a, in the Anthrafrom the Reports of the Inspectors of Anthracite Goal Mines, made to the Bureau, in

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The increased production over that reported to the Bureau in 1885, is sumption and not reported to the Bureau, the total increase being but

1885, there being but a difference of two days.

miners proper; 739 foremen and fire-bosses; 16,047 miners' laborers;

13,724 company men; 1,790 blacksmiths and carpenters ; 2,887 engi-dents

are accredited to carelessness on the part of the employes, in the number of non-fatal accidents, from the number reported in

1886 was about 61,884,791 tons, and the total number of persons emthese were employed less than two-thirds time out of a possible 307

4a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. ]No. 4,

First Anthracite Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector Patrick Blewitt for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in the district located, 66

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 71

Average working time, in days, for seventy-one mines, . . 193

Persons employed inside of mines, 12,929

Persons employed outside of mines, 5,929

Total number of persons employed, 18,858

Number of fatal accidents, 60

Number of non-fatal accidents, (serious,) 74

Persons employed per fatal accident, 314

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, (serious,) . . . 255

Number of tons of coal mined, 7,112,295

Number of tons of coal shipped, 6,731,227

Number of tons, increased production over year 1885, (decrease,) .' 146,558

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 118,538

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident,

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 224,141

Number of steam boilers in use, 715

Number of horses and mules in service, 2,294

Number of widows, 36

Number of orphans, 127

There were 217 accidents, counting those not of a serious nature,, against 194 for the year 1885. There was a decrease of 6 in the number of fatal accidents less than reported for 1885.

Ic

First Anthracite District.

Office of the Inspector of Mines, Scranton, Pa., March 14y 1887. Hon. J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affair*:

Sir : In compliance with section 7, article II, of an act of Assembly, approved June 30, 1885, entitled u An act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in and about the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania, and for the protection and preservation of property connected therewith," I have the honor of herewith submitting my annual report as inspector of coal mines for the first anthracite district for the year ending December 31, A. D. 1886.

The collieries are in a very satisfactory condition as regards ventilation and safety. There were two very serious disasters in this district in 1886; the first at Fair Lawn Colliery, August 30, where seven men lost their lives by an explosion of firedamp ; the other at Marvine, where eight men lost their lives by asphyxia, caused by a large fall which closed them in ; an account of each will be found in this report.

It is very unpleasant for me to state that the parties working in the mines recklessly face death regardless of the safeguards which the Legislature has enacted for their protection.

By reference to the accompanying tables, it will be seen that a great many accidents could be avoided by using the precautions established by law, and living up to the mine regulations. It also shows the different clasfees of workmen and number of each, the amount of tons of coal mined and shipped at each colliery, with other statistics interesting to parties engaged in the mining and shipping of coal in this district.

The following is a summary of the most important statistics :

Amount of coal mined in 1886, tons, 7,112,295

Amount of coal shipped in 1886, tons, 6,731,227

Kegs of powder used in 1886,' 224,141

Tons of coal produced per life lost, 118,538

Number of lives lost, 60

Number of widows, 36

Tons of coal produced for each widow, 197,564*

Number of orphans, 127

6a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Tons of coal produced for each orphan, 56,002

Number of serious accidents, 74

Tons of coal produced for each serious accident, 96,112

Number of slight accidents, 143

Tons of coal produced for each slight accident, 49,764

Total number of employes, 18,829

Tons of coal mined for each employ, 377

Number of persons working in mines, 12,929

Tons of coal rained for each, 550

Ratio of employes per life lost, 314

Ratio of employes per personal injury, 87

Respectfully submitted,

PATRICK BLEWITT, Inspector of Mines.

Petition to Readjust the Boundary Line between Districts No. 1 and No. 2.

To the Board of Examiners appointed by the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne county, Pa., at January term, A. D. 1886: Gentlemen : The undersigned request the Board of Examiners to readjust the boundary line between districts No. 1 and No. 2, in order to equalize the territory and the quantity of coal produced, so as it may be more equitable to the labor of the inspectors of districts No. 1 and No. 2 ; therefore, we agree to the following line of division : Transfer all of Old Forge township and that portion of Lackawanna township, south-east of the Lackawanna river, in Lackawanna county, from district No. 1 to district No. 2. Then No. 1 district will include all the territory in the Lackawanna coal field from the north-east outcrop of the coal formation to the south-west line of Lackawanna township, on the north-west side of Lackawanna river, and the south-west boundary line of the city of Scranton on the south-east side of the Lackawanna river; district No. 2 will include all of its present territory, together with the above addition of Old Forge township and that portion of Lackawanna township lying south-east of the Lackawanna river. We remain respectfully yours,

h. Mcdonald,

Inspector Second District. PATRICK BLEWITT, Inspector First District.

Now, to wit, August 12, 1886, the undersigned Board of Examiners for Mine Inspectors, in pursuance of the authority vested in us by the eighth section of the act of June 30, 1885, have readjusted district No. 1 and No. 2, and created a new boundary line, which is, as set forth in the foregoing petition, signed by the inspectors, and the same is

now adopted and declared by us as the boundary line between said

districts, subject to the approval of the Court.

CHARLES F. INGHAM, E. L. BULLOCK, MARTIN BRENNAN, WILLIAM HUGHES, GEORGE FREY.

Board of Examiners.

On September 6, 1886, the Court of Luzerne county approved of the action of the Board of Examiners.

On September 28, 1886, the Court of Lackawanna county approved of the action of the Board of Examiners.

Opinion by Judge Hand.

C. P. Lackawanna Co., No. 1, Jan. T., 1887. Equity.

Com. ex. rel. Blewitt t. WilUam T. Smith.

Act 80 Jane, 1886, Section 5, Article IV, P. L., 226, does not prohibit the sinking of a shaft within two hundred feet of the breaker, where the breaker was erected before the passage of the act

Where a breaker erected before the passage of the act, is within two hundred feet of the opening of the shaft, the act does not prohibit its re-erection in case of destruction by fire.

Bill in equity.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Je88up8 & Hand, for plaintiff.

A. H. Dickson, for defendant.

Hand, P. J. — This case involves the construction of section 5, article IV., of the act of June 30, 1885, relating to the anthracite coal mines, providing for the health and safety of persons employed, and the protection and preservation of property. The questions come before us on bill filed and demurrer.to the bill.

The facts are, that plaintiff is inspector of mines for the first district ; that defendant is the operator of an anthracite mine and colliery in the city of Scranton ; that the mine has been operated for over twenty years by means of a slope, the mouth of which is close beside the breaker, within two hundred feet of the same ; the slope extends to all the veins above the New County and Clark veins ; the breaker has been in operation continuously for at least ten years, and was erected prior to the passage of the act of Assembly, 1885, which now governs the mode of conducting mines in the anthracite coal field.

The defendant is about to sink a shaft to all the veins of coal on his property, and locate the opening of the shaft within two hundred feet of his present breaker-building, and when completed intends to hoist the coal from all the veins and work the mine through such shaft, which is to take the place of said slope. It was conceded on the ar-

8a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

gument that the shaft was to be in place or stead of the slope, and located at or near the opening of the slope. The fifth and sixth paragraphs of the bill bear this construction, and are so understood. It is also stated, and is a fact, that in case said shaft is so located, and in case of the destruction of the breaker by fire, it would become necessary, in order to mine and prepare coal from said property, to rebuild said breaker in its present location, and defendant purposes and intends in that case so to do. The plaintiff avers that the proposed action of the defendant is contrary to the mine-ventilation act, and especially the fifth section of article IV of said act, approved 30 June, 1885, P. L., page 226.

The two questions raised by the bill are directly (1), whether the sinking of the proposed shaft within two hundred feet of the breaker is in contravention of the act of Assembly, and indirectly (2), whether in case of the burning of the breaker the rebuilding of the breaker would violate the provisions of the act.

It was conceded upon the argument that the fifth section of article IV controls in the construction. The portion of the section pertinent is as follows, viz : u From and after the passage of this act, no inflammable structure, other than a frame to sustain pulleys or sheaves, shall be erected over the entrance of any opening connecting the surface with the underground workings of any mine, and no " breaker " or other inflammable structure for the preparation or storage of coal, shall be erected nearer than two hundred (200) feet to any such opening. Provided* That this section shall not apply to breakers that are now erected, or that are in course of erection."

It will hardly be doubted, under the proper rules of construction, that in the cases to which this section is applicable, it prevents the location and construction of a breaker and shaft, or slope, within two hundred feet of each other, no matter which is first erected. It would hardly be urged that in the case of new mines being opened, reached by no breaker, that the law could be avoided by first erecting the breaker and then sinking the shaft. This would make the law carry its own defeat within its own terms.

The question is, " Is this one of the cases to which the section is applicable?" At the outset, the section confines itself to erections " from and after the passage of this act."

In the case of an entire new mine and opening, the language of the section would prevent the erection of a breaker where an opening had been completed and no breaker begun, but this construction might be considered possibly a forced one, equal to the one supposed in the case of an erection of the breaker for the purpose of avoiding the letter of the statute. It is, however, not necessary for us to decide this, as it is not before us. It is evident that no attempt is made in the act to interfere with the locations of breakers and openings prior to the act.

Ic

Again, whatever cases might arise after the passage of the act, the proviso to section five makes a specific limitation to the application of the section* That limitation is that the section shall not apply to breakers that are now erected or that are in course of erection. The effect of this proviso is that, whatever construction we give to the preceding enactment or portion of the section, that construction shall not apply to the case of a breaker erected at the time of the enactment, or in course of erection. It is, therefore, clear that even if we enlarge by construction the wording of the section, so as to prevent the sinking of a shaft after the erection of a breaker, which is itself erected after the enactment, we cannot so enlarge it where the breaker was erected at the time the law was passed. The proviso positively excludes such construction.

u A proviso is something engrafted upon a preceding enactment, and is legitimately used for the purpose of taking special cases out of the general enactments and providing specially for them." A proviso speaks the last intention of the law-giver, and may render nugatory a prior part of an act.

" If a proviso in a statute be directly contrary to the purview of the statute, the proviso is good, and not the purview." — Potter's Dwarris on Statn 118 and notes.

It would seem, therefore, that both under the letter and the spirit of the section, the defendant may sink his shaft without violating the law. But let us examine the intention of the Legislature further. In drafting the section and the proviso, they were made to relate to the erection of the breaker, and not to the sinking of the opening. The proviso, instead of saying the section shall not apply to openings now erected or sunk, or in course of sinking, prohibits the section from applying to breakers. We may not assume that this is an inadvertence, especially if we can find a legal reason for it. It seems to us such a reason exists. While the law itself was intended to guard the health and safety of persons, its title shows that it was also intended to protect and preserve property. Within proper rules of construction, it should receive liberal treatment. At the same time, it is apparent throughout the act that so far as possible it seeks to avoid the destruction of rights and values. It even permits danger and risk to remain, rather than strike down values and property once created and vested in the owner of the mines. A similar exception and proviso is inserted in relation to the location of boilers, in article V, section 2.

A breaker is defined to be " the structure containing the machinery used for the preparation of coal." It will be observed that the building of the breaker, with its machinery to be connected with the mine, determines to some extent the location of the shaft or opening. It matters not which was actually first located, the breaker once built is

10a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

built with reference to the opening. A breaker is a structure of great value ; it cannot be safely removed without great loss. On the other hand, the opening is the means of access by the owner to his property ; by property we mean the coal which is the subject-matter of the tyw. It is not uncommon for a person to own only the coal, with no surface save that to be made for his openings, his breakers, and for dumpingground. If the breaker is once erected, and the owner is obliged to make his opening at least two hundred feet therefrom, by law, it might throw him entirely off from his own land, in which case he would own his property without access to it. It is clear that the Legislature would never intentionally enact such a law, and they have avoided it by this proviso. A lessee of coal is also an " owner " within the act ( see article XIX, definition of owner). This reasoning, while it applies to the sinking of the shaft, and accounts for the wording of the proviso, applies with equal force to the rebuilding of the breaker when it is burned. It is the case of a breaker erected at the time of the enacting of the law, to which the section was never intended to apply. Valuable rights have been fixed, large amounts have been spent on the strength of the relative location of the breaker and the opening, and with this property the law expressly says it does not intend to interfere. This view of the act of Assembly gives reasonable force to the section in question, and at the same time protection in the line clearly intended by the Legislature. It is also apparent from the guarded language of the section and the proviso, that, as to all entirely new developments of coal tracts where no vested property-rights in breakers or openings relative thereto existed, the relative location of the two was to be changed. A radical change is inaugurated, but inaugurated so that no reasonable cause of complaint could exist, and no property annihilated by act of law.

In regard to a rebuilding of a breaker destroyed by fire, or of one worn out or decayed before the exhaustion of coal, the act is silent. It has not attempted to regulate these matters. It is not the question whether the Legislature has power to regulate them, but has it done so? On the contrary, has not the Legislature plainly shown a disposition not to interfere ? No one will doubt the right of any person to rebuild his breaker when burned. He may enter into a contract in advance that the insurance company may rebuild instead of paying the loss. Any interference with this right by law must be by express authority. The courts cannot infuse into an act, even one so important as that it is intended to protect life, what is not in it by express words or necessary construction. This was decided in Haddock v. Com.y 108 Pa. St. B., 249.

We apprehend that the proviso of section V of article 4, coupled with the opening words of the section, shows a clear intention not to interfere with any location of the breaker and the opening which existed at the

time of the passage of the act, so long as the same works or u colliery" were to be continued. The reason which would save or exclude the section from the case of a breaker then erected would apply to the whole colliery, as it is defined by the act, until the coal for which the breaker was erected was exhausted. Breakers decay and wear out y they, and the openings made in connection with them, are made with, reference to the body of coal they are intended to reach so as to exhaust it. The openings are located, or intended to be, with the best skill and plan that can be used or devised. Unforeseen facts arise beneath the ground ; the angle of the slope may be changed by the coal so as to run off the owner's land ; it may extend so far as to leave a large body of coal, or whole veins, behind it. Shall not the operator be permitted to change his opening or rebuild his breaker on the same spot so as to effectuate his original intention ? It is true he may sink his shaft inside the mine to the lower veins, but shall he be compelled to do this, or shall he be compelled to lose all the coal back of his slope because it cannot be mined without a loss ? Possibly yes, if the law clearly and expressly says so much. But if it does not, or appears to clearly intimate a contrary intention, we hold that it is not contrary to the best rules of construction to leave the owner to the free enjoyment of his natural privileges until they have been clearly curbed or annihilated. Those principles are in accordance with the rules jof construction applied to mine ventilation acts as seen in Haddock v. Com., above cited, in Com. v. Connell & Co.,® Luz. Leg. Reg.T p. 1, decided by Judge Harding ; also with general rules of construction. "A power derogatory to private property must be construed strictly, and not enlarged by intendment." (Dwawis Stat. (Potter} 257; Vanhorn v. Dorrance, 2 Dallas, 816.)

Our attention was* called in the argument to an either apparently careless or designed omission of the case of a shaft, where it is provided " that this act shall not be construed to prohibit the erection of a trestle for the transportion of cars from any slope to such breaker or structure." In the case before us we have held that the section entire did not contain in its purview the case of a breaker erected at the time of its passage. The act in such a case is as if thissection was not in it. But we are of the opinion that a shaft is not excluded from the exception made in the case of a slope. Our reasons are as follows : The affirmative part of the section applies to " other inflammable structure for the preparation or storage of coal." A trestle is not for that purpose, especially in the case of a shaft ; it is for the transportation of coal. In the case of a slope, the trestle may so far be a part of the breaker by reason of the schutes and screens running under it, (as in the case where its inclination is a continuation of the inclination of the slope until it reaches the breaker,) that it is difficult to tell where the trestle ends and the portion for " the preparation and

12a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

storage of coal begins." Hence such a case should be excluded to prevent a construction adverse to its usage. But this does not imply that the original affirmative clause included shafts. This is upon the basis that it was a designed omission. It would not, however, be a forced, but a natural, construction to say that no distinction was intended between a shaft and a slope, and the omission was a mere lack of specification where the intent could be inferred. There is no reason why a trestle not filled with screens and machinery for u the preparation of coal," or with bins for the storage of coal, should be inhibited and prevent a connection with a breaker or slope. A new trestle would communicate fire slowly, is easily thrown down, and the exception as to a slope is some indication that the trestle was not to be included, inasmuch as such a possible construction is prohibited. . It is true, as contended by the learned counsel for the plaintiff, who cites Com. v. Fraim, 16 Pa. St. E., 163, and Big Bk. Cent Imp. Co. v. Com., 94 Pa. St., 450, that statutes will be construed so as best to effectuate the intention of the makers, though the construction may seem contrary to the letter of the statute. But even this rule applies only where the intent is clear and the contradiction 6eeming. If we have read the statute in question right, it intends to guard the health and safety of persons employed in and about the coal mines, but it equally intends to preserve the equities of owners existing at the time of its passage. In this view we enter judgment on the demurrer in favor of the defendant, and dismiss the bill at the cost of the plaintiff.

COLLIERY IMPROVEMENTS DURING 1886. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company.

This company reports but very few improvements for the year, except what were necessary for the purpose of keeping their coal property in a condition to supply the market with their quota of coal. They have opened but very little new territory.

Brisbln Shaft.

This shaft was sunk from G, or 14-foot, to Clark vein of coal, a distance of 153 feet. Total depth of shaft, 520 feet ; size of shaft opening, 35X10 feet. They are opening up the mine so as to be ready to ship coal when the market needs it.

Manville Shalt.

This shaft has been sunk 170 feet from the Clark to No. 3 Dunmore vein. Total depth of shaft, 355 feet ; size of shaft opening, 27x10 feet. This mine is operated by Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company and Delaware and Hudson Canal Company alternate

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.

This company does not report any improvements for the year, except

what were necessary for development of territory to supply their quota of coal to the market.

Pennsylvania Coal Company.

This company have sunk a new shaft in Dunmore borough on what is known as the Gilbert Dunning tract, called No. 1 shaft. Commenced sinking in rock on November 26, 1885, and finished on November 18, 1886. Shaft is 171f feet from surface to bottom of first Dunmore vein, 218y\ feet to bottom of second Dunmore vein, 272$ feet to bottom of lower Dunmore vein, and 289| feet to bottom of sump. No coal has been shipped yet. They are opening up the mine and preparing to build a large breaker in connection with the shaft 600 feet east of it. No coal will be shipped until the latter end

of year.

Spencer's Shaft.

Spencer Bros, have extended their underground slope 1,280 feet; angle of pitch, 3° ; sectional area, 90 square feet.

Richmond Shalt.

This shaft has been sunk 60 feet to a lower vein ; size of shaft, 12x24 feet. They are opening out the mines at present.

Pancoast Shaft.

The company sunk a new slope 550 feet long in mines on a pitch or angle of 6° ; also had a new tunnel driven 128 feet long in rock from top to bottom split of 14-foot, or Gj vein ; sectional area of tunnel. 60 square feet.

Marsh wood Colliery.

This is a new colliery, owned and operated by the Moosic Mountain Coal Company. It is located in Olyphant borough, and 3 miles southeast of Lackawanna river. It consists of one drift driven into crop of first Dunmore vein ; slope sunk across the measures, cutting the second Dunmore vein, and to the bottom of the lower Dunmore vein. It is 292 feet long; angle of pitch, 19° 25"; sectional area, 8x12 feet=96 square feet. The breaker is not finished yet. It will have a capacity of 1,000 tons of coal per day. There are eight boilers in place, also one pair of hoisting engines and one breaker engine. The company have also built several houses for their employes. From present appearances, it is intended for a first-class colliery. John R. Davis, general manager; B. F. Fillmore, assistant; James R. Wilson, mine foreman. The company will be ready to ship coal as soon as the main outside track is finished to the colliery. They are sinking an air shaft 12x16 feet to cut all the veins of coal.

Capouse Shaft.

A new plane has been graded at an angle of 15° and 450 feet long.

14a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Church Mine.

A new slope has been sunk from the surface to the coal.

Grassey Island Mines.

They have driven a new drift to open up the slope vein of coal.

Dolph Colliery.

There have been new lump coal schutes built on breaker.

Edgerton Mine.

Two air shafts have been sunk, one 35 feet deep, the other 41 feet -deep ; sectional area of each, 100 square feet.

' Peckville Colliery.

This is a new colliery, located in Winton borough, on the south-east side of the Lackawanna river. Coal can be shipped by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad or the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's railroad. It is owned and operated by the Peckville Coal Company. They have one drift driven 200 feet into the coal, and opening right and left of the main heading. There is another drift 600 feet south of breaker. A new breaker is being built which will have a capacity of 600 tons per day. They will be ready to ship oal in about three months. An air shaft is also being sunk.

Pierce Mines.

The slope from the surface has been sunk 700 feet in 1886. Sectional area, 100 square feet.

Erie Colliery.

On November 16, 1886, Erie breaker was destroyed by fire. It is now being rebuilt, and will be ready for the preparation of coal about March 1, 1887. Sunk one pumping shaft 225 feet deep ; sectional area, 48 square feet. Two new shafts are being sunk, one to top vein and one to bottom vein. Size of shafts, 12x30 feet. A breaker is to be erected for the preparation of coal and is now ready for the superstructure.

Keystone Mine.

One self-acting plane, 450 feet long, sectional area, 96 square feet, has been built and in operation.

Bren nan's Mines.

A new breaker has been erected ; a drift has been opened and an jur shaft has been sunk in 1886.

Belmont Mines.

A new drift has been driven for a distance of 300 feet, for the purpose of drainage. Sectional area, 42 square feet.

Simpson Mines.

Rebuilt breaker destroyed by fire in December, 1885. Erected a fan, 16 feet diameter, 5 feet face ; sunk air shaft 108 feet deep. One set of three boilers put in place.

Forest City Colliery.

The Hillside Goal and Iron Company own and operate this colliery. A new wing was built to the breaker, almost doubling its capacity. A new slope has been sunk from the surface to the top vein, 1300 feet long; angle of pitch, 6 degrees; sectional area, 96 square feet. A slope has been sunk in the mines 500 feet long; angle of pitch, 6° ; sectional area, 72 square feet. One plane has been graded ; angle of pitch, 7° ; and 400 feet long. A new shaft has been sunk 160 feet deep, to bottom of coal; size of shaft, 12x30 feet. This is called No. 2 shaft. Another shaft, called the Clifford shaft, is being sunk to the lower vein of coal. It was down 22 feet on December 31, 1886 ; size of shaft, 12x30 feet. A breaker is to be erected in connection with this shaft, to be located along the Jefferson branch of the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad. When all these improvements are finished it will double the capacity of this colliery, which is located in Clifford township, Susquehanna county.

Fair Lawn Disaster.

Patrick Blewitt, Esq., Mine Inspector.

Dear Sir : I submit the following facts in regard to the explosion of fire damp, in Fair Lawn mine, August 30, 1886 : Our quota of the allotment of coal for the month had been filled Wednesday, August 26. On Thursday, August 27, there came a fall of rock on the slope, when orders were given that there would be no more mining until the rock was cleared on the slope. Monday, August 30, six men came for work, going in and passing the station, where they should wait for word as to the safety of their going to their places of work. They disregarded the established rule and passed in to a point marked on tracing, where one of them ignited the gas that killed all but one. Names of the killed and survivor: Michael Pryle, miner, killed ; John Kerrigan, miner, killed; Edward Gaughan, miner, killed; Edward Pierce, fire boss, killed ; Hugh Connors, laborer, killed ; Patrick Comers, laborer, died; John Navan, badly burned.

Yours,

J. H. Hosib, Superintendent Fair Lawn Colliery.

From my investigations and the testimony given before the coroner's jury, it was shown that a fall of rock came down on the main slope, on Thursday, 27th day of August. The company's men were

an idle day at the mine, but half a dozen men wished to go in purpose of taking up bottom rock. They were allowed by the )reman to go in, accompanied by his assistant, the fire boss.

Ic

2a— Statistics.

18a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

Relief Fund

In respor Fair Lawn popular su 424 12. Tl orphans consisting city treasui of Lackawj ilies in thei mittee :

To Messrs.

Gentlem and Fair L ation, the committee bereaved f; with their on Friday, you. We children, o were wido" blind. W to set aside to divide t ficiaries. follows : Mrs. Elizabe Mrs. Annie Mrs. Patrick Mrs. Mary N Mrs. Mary C Mrs. Kate M Mrs. Kate K Mrs. Pierce, Mrs. Mary C Mrs. James Mrs. Mary G Mrs. Mary C Mrs. Pbilbir

Total

and c

J report, we beg leave, on behalf of the widows rn you and the people who contributed so liber-

Coal — Anthracite.

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20a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Marvine Mine Disaster.

Marvine mine, which had previously been in successful operation, employing about 250 men and boys, on September 13th, 1886, was the scejie of a serious disaster, caused by an extensive fall.

The fall was caused by the settling of eight (8) acres in a basin of the mine north-west of the shaft, in which locality the coal of that part of the mine, the vein being about sixteen (16) 'feet thick, had been mined out. Pillars of the usual dimensions, which had been left for supporting the roof, were crushed by the superincumbent pressure. There were about 100 men and boys working in the portion of the mine that caved in. All except eight escaped. These could have gotten out safely if they had persevered as the others did. They were within ninety (90) feet of the foot of the slope, indicated by letter D, on tracing attached to this report. At this point, it seems they had a consultation and turned back into the mine. They were met going back by William Shaffer, son of John Shaffer, who implored his son with tears in his eyes to return with them, but he went right on toward the shaft ; he got to a point marked G on tracing, where he was caught by a fall of roof and held fast until relieved by Peter Kelly, a propman, who was coming out after him. Both of them came to the foot of the shaft in safety. They were also met going back by Paul Bright and Robert Proudlock, the fire boss, who tried to persuade them to return and go out with them, but without avail. Bright and Proudlock reached the foot of the shaft without being injured. The names of the persons who returned into the mine and were lost, are : John Young, Patrick McNulty, John Shaffer, Patrick Murphy, Patrick Harrison, John Carden, Cormac Mc- Guire, and Patrick Cavanagh. John Carden, one of the party that lost his life, was out at the foot of the slope, when he heard his uncle, Cormac McGuire, imploring for assistance. He returned to his relief, but never came out alive. The heroic action of John Howells deserves special mention. As he was coming out. creeping over the fall with the roof falling around him, he heard the cry for help of a boy named John Ready, who was held fast by a slab of rock. He returned, turned the rock off his foot, but the boy lost some of his toes and could not walk. Howells hoisted him on his back and carried him to the foot of the shaft, a distance of about 2,000 feet.

The first indication of a creep or squeeze was on Monday morning, September 6th. A slight squeeze was noticed in Thomas Lynch's chamber. He was compelled to quit and would not be allowed to work any longer. Next morning the squeeze extended to the chamber inside, marked on tracing Elijah Filer. He had to quit work also. Next morning the squeeze extended two chambers further in, marked on tracing Frank Collins and Valentine Birtly. When it got this far, all the men were removed from this section of the workings to

another portion of the mine. The squeeze seemed to stop at this point, and did not extend any further at that time.

On September 13th, the men went in as usual in the morning to their work, and, from the testimony of the witnesses who appeared before the coroner's jury, everything was quiet and no sign of a squeeze. About eight o,clock, the coal began to chip off* the pillars from the pressure of the overlying strata, and at about fifteen minutes after eight o'clock the mine foreman thought he had better stop the work in that part of the mine. He then sent messengers through and notified everybody to come out. They all came out except the eight men who have been mentioned as going back and being lost. Every effort was made to rescue them, but the roof kept falling and it was dangerous to risk going over the fall. On the afternoon of the 13th, every place was blocked tight with falls from the roof. Air bridges and doors were all destroyed, which caused the stoppage of the circu lation of air. About noon, on the 14th, gangs of men were started to cut through to rescue the men at two places. One of the places colored red on tracing and marked F, and another from the same heading to be driven into a chamber marked James Lynch. This last place had to be abandoned when they reached a distance of fifteen feet, as the drill was caught fast in the hole on account of the squeeze. The distance to be driven on heading marked F on tracing was 154 feet. It took nearly six days to go through to the lower heading. Six bodies were found at the face of the heading, marked A, on September 21st, and two bodies were found on the 23rd, at points marked B and C. Attached, you will find tracing with notes and letters denoting where men were found, also the verdict of the coroner's jury :

The Verdict.

An inquisition indented and taken at the First ward of Scran ton, in the county of Lackawanna, the ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, before me, G. E. Dean, M. D., coroner of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the. bodies of John Young, Patrick McNulty, John Shaffer, Patrick Murphy, Patrick Harrison, John Carden, Cormac McGuire, and Patrick Cavanagh, then and there lying dead, upon the oaths of A. B. Ounning, foreman, James White, D. T. Lewis, J. O. Stanton, Benjamin Hughes, and John Costello, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid, who being sworn and affirmed to inquire on the part of the Commonwealth, when, how, where, and after what manner the said eight men came to their deaths, do say. upon their oaths and affirmations respectively, that there was strong suspicion of violence, such as to make an inquest necessary.

22a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

We find that John Young, Patrick McNulty, John Shaffer, Patrick Murphy, Patrick Harrison, John Carden, Cormac McGuire, and Patrick Cavanagh, came to their deaths on the 13th day of September, A. D. 1886, in the slope section of the fourteen-foot vein, at the Marvine shaft of the D. & H. C. Co., by being suffocated by mine gas, caused by the circulation of air having been cut off by an unusually large fall of roof.

From the testimony of those who escaped from the same portion of the mines, it seems that in going to work that morning the deceased did not apprehend any danger, although, probably, aware that there was undue pressure on the pillars of several chambers on No. 2 air split, and that the squeeze was extending.

This system of mining — which may be compared to working in a bottle with no channel for egress of air, except at the nozzle — though generally in vogue throughout this district, and not distinctly forbidden by law, is certainly reprehensible.

If the officials in charge had had sufficient foresight to have made, beforehand, the heading connection which was afterward done to re cover the bodies, or prevented the men from entering until there wa6 a second opening, the disaster would have been averted.

In witness whereof, as well the aforesaid coroner, the jurors aforesaid have to this inquisition put their hands and seals, on the day and year and at the place above mentioned.

G. Edgar Dean, A. B. Dunning, Jr., Foreman, *John J. Costello, James S. White, D. T. Lewis, John O. Stanton, Benjamin Hughes.

Note. — This portion of the mine has been abandoned and filled with water.

Time and Speed Indicator.

Article 10, section 17, of the anthracite mine law of Pennsylvania, requires that all ventilators used at mines generating explosive gases, shall be provided with a recording instrument, by which the number of revolutions of the fan shall be registered each hour, and such data shall be taken and reported, &c, &c.

Mr. Edmund Bartl, engineer Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, has devised an instrument which will do the work demanded by the above law admirably. It consists of a metal pedestal, which is erected on blocks at the side of the fan or engine shaft, which supports a small vertical shaft to which a governor is attached. On the lower end of the shaft is a small cog wheel, which is geared to a large driving wheel screwed into the end of the fan or engine

shaft. The work is performed by the governor pressing down one end of a system of leverage, (attached also to the vertical shaft,) which on the other end raises an arm to which is attached a pen filled with ink, which presses against a paper dial held in position by a light case of sheet brass. The higher the speed, the more the governor presses down the lever, and, consequently, the higher the arm holding the pen is raised. The time is recorded by a clock, to whose shaft the dial case is attached. Six dials can be put in the case, and each one is taken off every twenty-four hours at a convenient time. The clock runs for a week, so that all that is necessary is to slip off the dial without stopping anything, the pen going on to the next succeeding sheet.

The inventor claims the special advantage of using pen and ink instead of pencil, inasmuch as the ink, being indelible, any tampering with the diagram would be easily detected.

The instrument has been tested for a week at the Bellevue mines. The chief engineer and the mine inspectors of the districts examined it while at work, its performance was highly satisfactory to them, the revolutions of the fan being recorded accurately to within half a revolution, when the fan was making 138 minutes.

Two photographs, (side and end views,) attached hereto.

Towiisend Poore's Speed Register fbr Fans op Other Machinery.

This instrument, from its simplicity, is enduring and can be made at a reasonable cost. It makes a positive record of the revolutions of a fan or other rotary machinery, or the movements of reciprocating machinery, by registering the revolutions of the engine'or other motor which drives it, as follows: To an eight-day clock at the spindle, from which the hour hand has been removed, one end of a cylinder about 2£" diameter by 2£" long, is attached, having its outer end pivoted so as to turn with little friction, and so arranged that said cylinder can be easily detached and returned to its correct relative position without stopping the clock. This cylinder has the same motion as would be given to the hour hand of the clock, and is covered by a paper having twelve longitudinal lines running the whole length of the cylinder, which being equidistant divide the periphery into what may be called hour spaces. These hour spaces are again divided by eleven more longitudinal lines into twelve spaces which may be called five-minute spaces.

In addition to these longitudinal lines, the cylinder is marked by a spiral line of pitch occupying the whole length of the cylinder, the alternate halves of each of its revolutions being red and the intermediate alternate halves of its revolutions being black. This spiral line is to receive the strokes of the recording style, the red parts during the twelve hours of the day, and the black parts during the twelve hours of the night. The paper is to record a week or month's run as de-

24a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

sired. The latter will cost more, as the cylinder must be made longer and some of the other parts of greater scope. The record line of red and black is made spiral, so as to keep each day and night distinct, and the style is fed along the side of the cylinder by a screw of the same pitch as the spiral line on the cylinder, which receives its strokes. By means of this device a record can be kept indefinitely, without the loss of one revolution. Cylinders may be changed without stopping either the engine or the clock, but as all engines must be stopped for packing and inspection, papers or cylinders may be changed during these stops. The record is made by the steel style, so that the marks are like those of the Morse telegraph instrument, legible and permanent. The style rebounds instantly after making its mark, and besides there is a compensating mechanicism to prevent any retarding of the clock by the slight additional friction put on it. Each mark on the paper indicates five hundred revolutions of the motor. These marks could be made more frequent if desired, but any one accustomed to recording instruments, would understand the very great advantages of the system employed on account of the ease with which the record is read.

This mechanicism is clearly shown by the accompanying cut. It may be worked from either a rotary or reciprocating part of the motor, or directly from the fan or other machinery driven. It is easily attached, and requires no more oil or attention than a clock. It is shown with the cover removed. When in service it is closed in a dust proof box 7"X9" and 4£" deep, with a glass top through it may be examined.

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Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

TABLE No. 6— Showing the grand total of employes, horses, moles, engines, pomps, tons of ooal shipped, fatal and non-fatal accidents in the First Anthra

Name of County where Coal was Mined in First District.

Lackaxoanna County. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co.,

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company,

Pennsylvania Coal Company,

Miscellaneous ooal companies, ,

Local ooal sale mines, ,

Total,

Susquehanna County. Forest City mines— Hillside Coal k Iron Company,

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Coal — Anthracite.

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44a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Second Anthracite Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector H. McDonald for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in district, 57

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered,

Average working time in days for fifty-seven mines, . . . 132

Average working time in days for forty-three mines, . . 175

Persons employed inside of mines, 8,907

Persons employed outside of mines, 4,300

Total number of persons employed, 13,207

Number of fatal accidents, 33

Number of non-fatal accidents, 137

Persons employed per fatal accident, 395

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 95

Number of tons of coal mined, 4,233,456

Number of tons of coal shipped, 4,117,235

Number of tons increased production over year 1885, . . 98,316

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 128,286

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 30,901

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 145,086

Number of steam boilers in use, 647

Number of horses and mules in service, 1,451

Number of widows in 1885, 5 ; in 1886, 16

Number of orphans in 1885, 16; in 1886, 38

Forty-two (42) mine bosses received certificates of service, and 18 received certificates of qualification. There was an increase of 25 fatal and 116 non-fatal accidents over the number reported in 1885.

Second Anthracite District.

Office of Inspector of Mines, Second District Anthracite Coal Fields, Pittston, Pa., February 19, 1887. Hon. J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs:

Sir : In accordance with article II, section 7, of the act of June 30, 1885, providing for the health and safety of persons employed in and about the anthracite coal mines, I have the honor of presenting my report for the year 1886.

In the month of September, 1886, Mr. Blewitt, inspector of First district, and myself met to decide on a division of district No. 1 to be transferred to district No. 2, to better equalize the labor of the inspectors of districts No. 1 and No. 2. The following line of division was decided upon : All of Old Forge township, Lackawanna county, and that portion of Lackawanna township south-east of the Lackawanna river, in Lackawanna county, was added to the Second anthracite district. The above was submitted to the board of examiners and the court of Luzerne county, and approved by them September 6, 1886.

The amount of coal mined in 1886 was 4,233,456 tons, an increase of 98.316 tons over the amount mined in 1885, but a decrease of 135,- 734 tons in the same portion of the district that was reported for the Second district in 1885.

The number of fatal accidents was (33) thirty-three, leaving (16) sixteen widows and (38) thirty-eight orphans. The number of nonfatal accidents was (137) one hundred and thirty-seven, but only (96) ninety-six of which were classed as being serious. The report contains tables of fatal and non-fatal accidents, likewise other tables thought to be useful for information.

h. Mcdonald,

Inspector of Mines, Second District.

46a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Total Amount of Coal Mined during the Year 1886.

Pennsylvania Coal Company, 1,059,613.00

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, 394,411.00

Lehigh Valley Coal Company, 837,366.15

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, 244,816.00

Butler Coal Company, 176,062.16

Wyoming Valley Coal Company, 210,700.00

Miscellaneous coal companies, 1,310,486.16

Total of all coal companies, 4,233,456.07

Name of Companies.

Pennsylvania Coal Company,

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, .

Lehigh Valley Coal Company.

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company,

Butler Coal Company,

Wyoming Valley Coal Company, .

Miscellaneous ooal companies,

Total,

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There was one person killed in sinking shaft not producing coal which is not included in the above table.

Classification of Fatal and Serious Non-fatal Accidents.

Causes of Accidents.

By explosions of carbureted hydrogen gas,

By falls of roof and coaly . .

By falling down shafts, ...

By cars underground,

By explosions of powder and blasts, . . .

Miscellaneous causes inside,

Miscellaneous causes outside,

Total,

Number of widows, 16 ; orphans, 38.

Coal — Anthracite.

47a

NAMB OF COMPANIEa

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Delaware and Hudson Canal Company

Lehigh Valley Coal Company,

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company,

Butler Coal Company, . .

Wyoming Valley Coal Company, . . .

Miscellaneous coal companies,

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Condition of the Mines.

The year 1886 has been more fortunate than the preceding year for fatal accidents, yet I must say the fatality is greater than it ought to be. By referring to the fatal list of accidents it will be seen that one half of the loss of life was due to falls of roof and coal — a danger surrounding the miner at all times when at his daily employment. A great number of the fatal accidents recorded could be avoided by the victims themselves by using more care and less hurry to accomplish their day's work.

The new mine law is having its good effect, as I find that much of the loose manner in which some of the collieries were conducted before is being remedied, and a better system adopted which will have a tendency to reduce the number of accidents in the future.

The ventilation has been improved considerably since my last report in nearly all the mines of this district.

New Collieries Started to Ship Coal in 1886.

The Keystone Coal Company started a new colliery about one mile and a quarter north-east of Mill Creek station, in Plains township, Luzerne county, Pa. There are three openings to this colliery, one a slope and two drifts. The slope is sunk on what is supposed to be the bottom split of the Baltine seam to the depth of 280 feet on a grade of 10 degrees with a sectional area of 77 feet. No. 1 drift was opened in the mountain 300 yards east of the slope on the Marcy vein, sectional area, 80 feet. No. 2 drift was opened on the same seam as No. 1 drift, a distance of 700 yards south of the slope, with a sectional area of 80 feet. There was an opening driven from the bottom of the slope with a sectional area of 70 feet, on which a fan, 16 feet in diameter, was placed to ventilate the slope; likewise two openings, one on each side of slope, were driven to the outside from the bottom of the slope for second openings for the men to come out. The drifts are ventilated

48# Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

by natural ventilation by driving openings to the surface. A newbreaker was erected to prepare the coal from these openings. It is a substantial building with first-class machinery. All the dangerous parts are fenced and boxed off. The breaker started to prepare coal in the month of November, 1886.

The Pennsylvania Coal Company built a new breaker at Port Griffith, in Jenkins township, to prepare the coal from shafts Nos. 4 and 7, slope No. 4 and tunnel No. 1. It is a large breaker and has the latest improved machinery. It has a capacity for cleaning a large amount of coal per day. The breaker started up in November, 1886.

Colliery Improvements During 1886.

The improvements made in the different collieries of this district have been somewhat more extensive this year than last. Some of the collieries are old ones, and have been worked very extensively ; therefore, it has caused the companies to sink to lower veins to get their collieries in condition to maintain the present shipments of coal from them.

Pennsylvania Coal Company.

This company sunk a new shaft, in Old Forge township, Lackawanna county, to the bottom of the Powder Mill vein, a depth of 145 feet, sectional area, 384 feet. It is used to hoist coal, which is taken to the Old Forge breaker for preparation for market. A new inside plane was driven at the bottom of the shaft, 125 feet in length, with a sectional area of 208 feet, and a grade of 12| degrees.

In No. 10 shaft, a new slope was sunk (600) six hundred feet, and driven up a new plane, a distance of (150) one hundred and fifty feet, to maintain the present out-put of coal

No. 14 breaker, situated in Jenkins township, was burned down on the evening of November 18, 1886, with all the surrounding buildings. The breaker was a new one, and started up on August 7, 1886. The fire is supposed to have started in the boiler-room. The night engineer had occasion to go to look after a pump some distance from the boiler-house ; when he came back the fire had got such headway that he could not put it out. One of the boilers had a defective sheet next the fire, which sprung a leak, throwing the fire out of the furnace door and setting fire to the building.

Delaware and Hudson Ganal Company.

At the Laurel Run colliery, a tunnel was driven from the bottom split of the Baltimore vein to the top split, a distance of 110 feet, to be used to transport coal; sectional area, 70 feet. They are now driving their second opening for the same purpose.

Lehigh Valley Coal Company.

At the Mineral Spring colliery, a tunnel was driven from the bottom

split of the Baltimore vein to top split, length 90 feet, to be used for transporting coal.

Butler Coal Company.

At the Mosier colliery, a new shaft was sunk to the Red Ash seam, a distance of 375 feet, sectional area, 120 feet, to be used as a second opening to the Mosier shaft.

Waddell & Walters.

At the Bennett colliery they have extended the old slope in the top split of the Baltimore vein 520 feet.

At the Raubville colliery, the second opening has been completed a distance of 2,0Q0 feet, sectional area, 60 feet, to a drift on the mountain. They have placed a new fan, 16 feet in diameter, in position in the opening, with direct gearing working speed of 45 revolutions per minute. Amount of air exhausted, 50,000 cubic feet per minute. A new Pale pump was put in with 8-foot stroke, 14-inch working barrel, also three new steel boilers, 40x45 feet, and a pair of first-motion engines with conical drum on their hoisting shaft.

Clear Spring Goal Company.

At the Clear Spring colliery, a new inside slope was sunk in the Pittston vein, a distance of 500 feet, sectional area, 126 feet, with a grade of 10 degrees.

Elliott, McClure & Co.

The jSibly breaker of Elliott & McClure was burned down on the morning of February 6, 1886. They immediately rebuilt, and started their new breaker on July 20, 1886.

State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company.

At the Bernice colliery, Sullivan county, a new shaft was sunk to the vein now working, a distance of 69 feet, sectional area, 120 feet. They are going to place a fan on this shaft for ventilation to take the place of a furnace which does not give satisfaction. A tunnel was driven 604 feet from the bottom seam to top seam for transporting coal.

W. G. Payne & Co.

At the East Boston colliery, a tunnel was driven from the Red Ash to the Ross seam, a distance of 457 feet, sectional area, 84 feet. This tunnel opens a large territory of good coal for this company.

Wyoming Valley Coal Company.

The Forty Fort breaker of this company was burned down in 1885. The coal was taken to their Harry E breaker, about one mile distant; until the breaker could be rebuilt, which work was started immediately and finished July 25, 1886.

4ta — Statistics.

50a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

A list of the Mine Bosses who received Certificates of Service in the Second Anthracite District in 1886, under Article Vm of the Anthracite Mine Law of June 30, 1885.

Name. Post- OMce Address.

William Abbott, Pittston, Luzerne county, Pa.

Adam Harkness, Do. do.

Patrick Kelley, Kingston, do.

William W. Reese, Parsons, do.

Thomas R. Thomas, Do. do.

Evan A. Price, Plains, do.

Henry McMillan, Avoca, do.

Thomas Lauther, Wyoming, do.

Michael J. Langan, Pittston, do.

William D. Owens, Plains, do.

Thomas D. Lewis, Do. do.

Robert Hislop, Do. do.

John F. O'Harra, Avoca, do.

James Martin, Mill Creek, do.

Alexander Thompson, . . . Pittston, do.

Joseph J. Jones, Plains, do.

James A. Bryden, Pittston, do.

Henry Chapman, Avoca, do.

Ebenezer Lloyd, Wyoming, do.

William W. Mucklow, . . . Avoca, do.

Philip McCabe, . Forty Fort, do.

Robert McCutchen, Miners' Mills, do.

Elias Hughes, Pittston, do,

John M. Lewis, Do. do.

William O'Niel, Do. do.

Samuel Bennett, Do. do.

James O'Neil, Do. do.

James A. Ross, Bernice, Sullivan county. Pa.

James Watson, Pittston, Luzerne county, Pa.

John M. Robertson, Moosic, do.

John C. Reily, Wilkes-Barre, do.

John Allen, Avoca, do.

William Reid, Pittston, do.

Henry Jopling, Do. do.

Michael M. Welsh, Avoca, do.

Benjamin Harding, Pittston, do.

John Parry, Luzerne boro., do.

George Facrick, Wilkes-Barre, do.

Frank P. Rease, Pittston, do.

Michael J. Lynott, Do. do.

Richard Appleby, Wyoming, do.

Thomas Smiles, Pittston, do.

A list of Applicants who received Certificates of Qualification in tbe Second Anthracite District in 1886, under Article VIII of the Anthracite Mine Law of June SO, 1885.

Name. . Post- Office Address.

Edward F. Reese, Miners' Mills, Luzerne county, Pa.

John F. Reynolds, Pittston, do.

Jenkins J. Jones, Forty Fort, do.

Thomas Waddell, Jr., . . . Kingston, do.

Thomas Langan, Avoca, do.

Alexander Allen, Do. do.

John B. Clark, Pittston, do.

Nelson Stranburg, Parsons, do.

Robert Oliver, Avoca, do.

Patrick Sweeny, Pittston, do.

William Bryden, Do. do.

Thomas M. Martin, Do. . do.

William Wilson, Do. do.

Thomas Jordan, Scranton, Lackawanna county, Pa.

Thomas Walker, Inkerman, Luzerne county, Pa.

David Bell, Pittston, do.

William Brown, Avoca, do.

John P. Clark, Pittston, do.

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70a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No,. 4,

Third Anthracite Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector G. M. Williams for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in the district 57

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 57

Average working time, in days, for fifty-seven mines, . . 209

Persons employed inside of mines, 12,505

Persons employed outside of mines, 6,651

Total number of persons employed, 19,156

Number of fatal accidents, 58

Number of non-fatal accidents, 247

Persons employed per fatal accident, 330

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 79

Number of tons of coal mined, 6,935,315

Number of tons of coal shipped, 6,681,812

Number of tons increased production over year 1885, . . 757,671

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 119,401

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 28,078

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 198,942

Number of steam boilers in use, . 950

Number of horses and mules in service, 1 , 874

Number of widows, 32

Number of orphans, 98

There was a decrease of 31 in the number of fatal accidents, and 38 in the number of non-fatal accidents.

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Third Anthracite District.

Office of Inspector of Mines, Third District Anthracite Coal Field, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., February 28, 1886. Honorable J. Simpson Africa,

Secretary of Internal Affairs : Sir : I have the honor of presenting herewith my annual report for the year 1886 :

It shows that the production of coal during the year was 6,935,315 tons, an increase over the production of 1885 equal to 757,671 tons.

The number of fatal accidents was 58, leaving 32 widows and 98 orphans, a decrease of 40 fatal accidents, 14 widows, and 47 orphans, as compared with those of 1885. The number of serious non-fatal accidents was 247. The amount of coal mined per life lost was 119,401 tons, a larger quantity than has ever been mined per life lost in this district before, and though regretting that the proportional number of lives lost was so large, we have cause to rejoice in the decided reduction shown by this year's records.

The year was remarkably free from disasters, and also from destructive fires, &c. The report contains the usual tables, notes on the condition of the mines, and a brief description of the accidents.

Respectfully yours,

G. M. WILLIAMS, Inspector of Mines.

Total Amount of Coal Mined Daring the Year 1886.

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, . . . . 2,042,370. 55 ton6.

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, 964,842. 50 tons.

Susquehanna Coal Company, 1,631,860. 10 tons.

Kingston Coal Company, 738,543. 05 tons.

Miscellaneous coal companies, 1,557,698. 90 tons.

Total of all coal companies, 6,935,315. 10 tons.

72a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Number of Fatal Accidents and Amount of Coal Produced per Lille Lost.

Names of the Companies.

Number of lives lost

Coal mined per life lust— tons,

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company,

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company,

Susquehanna Coal Company,

Kingston Coal Company,

Miscellaneous coal companies,

Total,

Number of widows, 32 ; orphans, 98.

Number of Fatal and Serious Accidents and Amount of Coal Produced per

Each Person Injured.

Names of the Companies.

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, .

Susquehanna Coal Company,

Kingston Coal Company,

Miseellane us ooal companies,

Total,

Killed or injured.

Tons ooal mined

per person killed or inj ured.

Classification of Fatal and Non-Fatal Accidents.

Cause of Accidents.

By explosions of carbureted hydrogen gas,

By falls of roof and ooal,

By falling down shafts,

By oars underground, . .

By explosions of powder and blasts, . . . .

Miscellaneous causes— inside,

Miscellaneous causes— outside,

Total,

In addition to the above number of non-fatal accidents, 43 occurred of a very slight character, which are not included in these tables.

Nationality of Persons Fatally and Seriously Injured.

a

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Injury.

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Killed or fatally Injured, .

Seriously lujured,

Total,

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The average number of persons employed in and about the mines of this district during 1886 was 19,242 — 152 of which were employed in the mines not producing coal. By reference to the tables, it will be seen that more coal is produced per life lost and also per each person injured in the mines of small companies than in those of the large ones. The reason for this is that the latter's collieries are much more dangerous, having more fire-damp and other dangerous elements to' contend with, which cause accidents more frequently.

Condition of the Mines.

During the year 1886, the condition of the mines has remained generally unchanged. Of course, the workings spread and extend over a greater area, as they have done at all times when coal was mined out,' but the extension has not been such as to affect their sanitary condition. The quantity of fresh air supplied was generally maintained in its usual volume, which is in most mines much greater than the minimum quantity required by the law. The minimum volume required is 200 cubic feet per minute to each person employed in the mine, and in mines not generating noxious and explosive gases in extraordinarily large quantity, this is sufficient air to maintain a healthy atmosphere, especially if the number of men employed in a current is sufficient to require a volume which would travel at a speed effective in conveying the smoke away. We know that the aircurrent should travel at a rate fast enough to convey the powder smoke away quickly, so as to prevent it clouding the atmosphere. It is found better to have a large current, traveling at a speed of from two to three hundred feet per minute, with a larger number of persons working therein, than to have a slow, sluggish current, even with only a few men in. The object of having a good, effective speed is to have the smoke of each blast conveyed away and diffused quickly. It does not make any perceptible difference if the blasts are fired more frequently, when the effect of one is conveyed away before another is fired. Owing to this, there should be a limit to splitting the air currents, and they never should be divided into volumes too small to be effective in conveying away and diffusing the smoke. In thick veins, where the airways are very large, and consequently the air is traveling slowly, it is better to employ from seventy to seventy-five persons therein in each split and have the volume of air proportionately larger to make its speed effective. If men who have charge of mines were educated properly to understand the laws governing ventilation of mines thoroughly, it would be better to leave the question of the number of persons employed in each split to their discretion, but as a large proportion of them do not understand that matter thoroughly, it is well that the law has limited the highest number to

74a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No.4,

seventy-five. This is low enough to ensure a healthy condition of the air which the said number would have to respire, and at the same time the volume required by law would have sufficient speed or velocity to sweep the smoke away in a short time after it is produced.

The volume of air in the Boston mine became insufficient, and the company erected a new fan at the No. 3 shaft to remedy this. This change was effective and produced satisfactory results.

In the Nos. 2 and 3 shafts of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, at Plymouth, the air currents were divided into a larger number of splits, and the change has proved very beneficial. Both mines are now in conformity with the requirements of the law, having limited the number of persons employed in each split below seventy-five.

At the Nottingham mine of the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, at Plymouth, the quantity of air was approaching the minimum allowed by law, and too many persons were placed to work in some of the splits. On December 13, the inspector requested the foreman to make preparations to increase the quantity of air and reduce the number of persons employed in each split to the lawful number. The company at once concluded to sink a new air-shaft, to provide an additional intake and upcast, upon which a fan will be placed as soon as the shaft can be completed.

The foremen of the Lance and Reynolds collieries were also notified that too many persons were employed in some of the air-currents, and they were distributed properly in a few days thereafter.

In the No. 1 shaft, Nanticoke, there were more than the lawful number of persons employed in the " main west gangway split," and after receiving a letter from the inspector, requesting compliance with the law, it was immediately complied with by adding another split of air.

In many instances, the provisions of the law are overlooked, until the inspector requests compliance. In underground slopes, and particularly where the pitch is small, the second openings are frequently not effected or driven until the inspector pushes the matter. There were several instances during the year under consideration where the inspector had to request such work to be done ; but generally, upon requesting, the work is promptly started and pushed to completion.

I find that the operators are generally disposed to have their collieries worked in such a manner that the inspector will have nothing to say, but the foremen have a tendency to delay costly preparations in cases where no imminent danger is threatened, and where the law is not strictly complied with I find that the fault generally lies with the foreman. Naturally, he desires to make the business of his employer as profitable as he can, and sometimes he is tempted to economize unwisely by aiming to do that.

Automatic speed recorders have been attached to a number of the fans on the gaseous mines, and they are working very satisfactorily.

Ic

The mine foremen praise them highly, and invariably say that a remarkable improvement is noticed in the ventilation of the mines, especially at night, because the fans are more closely watched. This instrument has revealed the fact that the fan does not run at unchangeable speed, even during the daytime, when assiduously watched. The speed varies frequently a few revolutions per minute, according to the quantity of steam used by the hoisting and pumping engines. It is evident that an improvement could be effected by attaching governors to fan-engines, so as to regulate the opening of the steam valves. A steady, invariable speed in fans is very desirable, and any measure which would effect that would be a valuable acquisition.

The only instrument used in this district is the u Scharar Speed Recorder," and it is being put on the fans as rapidly as it can be procured.

The provisions of the law regarding the furnishing of props and timbers for the mines is generally complied with, or at least the inspector does not know of any instance where it is not complied with in this district. This was a wise and beneficial provision, because it has relieved the miner of a disagreeable and unhealthy work. To cut ' props outside, after working all day in the mine, and when his clothing was damp from perspiration, exposed him to much danger from cold, and many who had to do that suffered more on account of this exposure than from their work in the mines. Now the companies employ men for special work, who are not subject to the extreme changes of temperature which the miner was exposed to when he had to do that work, and it has certainly proved both beneficial and pleasing to those who had to cut timber prior to the enactment of the present law.

Examination of Applicants for Mine Foremen's Certificates.

As provided in Article VIII of the act oi June 30, 1885. entitled "An act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in and about the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania, and for the protection and preservation of property connected therewith," an examination of applicants for certificates of service and for certificates of qualification for the Third district was held at the court-house in Wilkes-Barre, beginning May 25, 1886.

The examiners were G. M. Williams, inspector, Third district, Wilkes- Barre, Pa.; Charles Oonyngham, operator, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and James Fisher, miner, Nanticoke, Pa.

The following mine foremen were recommended as entitled to receive certificates of service :

William M. Thomas, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Edward Hahn, Plymouth, Pa.

Morgan R. Morgans, Plymouth, Pa.

Thomas H. Jones, Nanticoke, Pa.

76a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Daniel Lewis, Sugar Notch, Pa.

Caleb Shonk, Plymouth, Pa.

Joseph M. Steever, Plymouth, Pa.

Gwilym Edwards, Kingston, Pa.

William H. Hosking, Sugar Notch, Pa.

William Samuel, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Thomas Samuel, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Nicholas Rapson, Wanamie, Pa.

Gwilym P. Evans, Kingston, Pa.

James B. Davies, Plymouth, Pa.

John B. Davies, Plymouth, Pa.

John C. Jones, Warrior Run, Pa.

Richard B. Watkins, Kingston, Pa.

Morgan D. Rosser, Kingston, Pa.

William H. Bray, Alden, Pa.

Thomas W. Morgan, Sugar Notch, Pa.

Thomas R. Evans, Plymouth, Pa.

Lewis S. Jones, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Robert C. Meyer, Plymouth, Pa.

David R. Morgan, Warrior Run, Pa.

John 0. Williams, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Thomas J. Phillips, Plymouth, Pa.

Job Hablett, Plymouth, Pa.

William Armstrong, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Rees W. Morgan, Plymouth, Pa.

Daniel L. Lewis, Kingston, Pa. (Died since.)

David McDonald, Parsons, Pa.

Joseph B. Shearn, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Anthony Guard, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Lemuel Smith, Shickshinny, Pa.

John D. Walters, Plymouth, Pa.

Daniel W. Evans, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

James Shepherd, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

David Jonathan, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Lewis Morgan, Nanticoke, Pa.

W. James M. Turner, Nanticoke, Pa.

Worthy Carver, West Nanticoke, Pa.

Joseph Warne, Nanticoke, Pa.

Michael H. Corgan, Nanticoke, Pa.

David R. Roberts, Ashley, Pa.

Richard Lloyd, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Joseph G. Weir, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Thomas R. Williams, Morgantown, Pa.

William Pugh, Kingston, Pa.

John G. Jones, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Ic

Buckley Allebacb, Plymouth, Pa.

George Picton, Plymouth. Pa.

A total number of fifty-one, and all are in positions as mine foremen.

The number recommended for certificates of qualification was twenty - three, out of thirty-seven applicants. Their names are as follows :

♦David D. Jones, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

James D. James, Plymouth, Pa,

♦Zachariah T. Kreiger, Plymouth, Pa.

Joshua Golightly, Plymouth, Pa.

William Allen, Sugar Notch, Pa.

*Iago Jones, Sugar Notch, Pa.

William H. Hosking, Jr., Sugar Notch, Pa.

John L. Griffiths, Nanticoke, Pa.

♦William A. Thomas, Wilkes-Barre. Pa.

♦Robert Magee, Nanticoke, Pa.

♦John S. Armstrong, Kingston, Pa.

John F. Jones, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

William T. Morgan, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Llewelyn Morgan, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

David 0. Powell, Kingston, Pa.

David Griffiths, Nanticoke, Pa.

David S. Isaacs, Plymouth, Pa.

Moses D. Evans, Kingston, Pa.

Job Thomas, Nanticoke, Pa.

Edward Williams, Peely, Luzerne county, Pa.

♦David W. Evans, Nanticoke, Pa.

♦Lewis L. Sarge, Miner's Mills, Pa.

♦Evan P. Davies, Hyde Park, Scranton, Pa.

Prosecution for Violation of the Mine Laws.

On the third day of December, 1884, John Novitzky was sued for violation of the mine laws, and on the tenth of January, 1885, he was indicted by the grand jury on the same charge. The case was postponed, from one term of court to the other, until June 28, 1886, when it was tried, the verdict being, " The defendant not guilty, but to pay the costs."

The inspector entered this suit after being advised to do so by the district attorney, intending that it should be tried promptly ; but, despite all his efforts to that effect, it was postponed from one term to another for a year and a half, and the effect intended to produce was entirely lost through the long and tedious delay.

Those having a star affixed are in positions as mine foremen, having been engaged as such since, or a short time prior to, receiving their certificates.

78a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Colliery Improvements During 1886.

The desire for improvement was not very active during the year 1886. The demand for coal and the price received for it were not such as would encourage expensive outlays to obtain it. Th& improvements, therefore, were confined chiefly to what was necessary to maintain the existing production.

Susquehanna Coal Company.

At the No. 1 deep shaft of this company a new fan was erected, twenty-five ieet diameter, and of the Guibal pattern. This was found necessary to ventilate the workings of the red ash seam, which are becoming extensive and require a large .volume of air.

In the George seam of the same shaft a slope is being sunk to reach the coal lying below the shaft gangway. The hoisting engine will be located on the surface and the rope passed down through a borehole already made for that purpose.

At the Newport shaft a second" opening was effected for the upper seam, and another is being driven for the lower seam. The second openings for the tunnel seams and also for the slope were completed.

Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company.

The new shaft which is being sunk by this company at South Wilkes- Barre, and which is named Tillinghast shaft, was at a depth of eight hundred feet at the close of the year, having passed the Hillman vein a short distance. It is a large shaft, fifty-two by twelve feet, and located a short distance south-west of the old South Wilkes-Barre shaft; was started in 1884, and operations have been going on continually since.

At the Nottingham colliery a new shaft was started for the purpose of improving the ventilation. It will be divided into two compartments, one an upcast and the other a downcast. It will be used chiefly to ventilate the workings of the Ross vein, which are now spreading extensively.

At the Hollenback colliery an underground slope was completed. The hoisting engine is located on the surface and the rope passed down through a bore-hole. It works admirably. Signals are given by electric bells, and conversation between the engineer and inside men effected by telephone.

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.

Work is continued in the Baltimore shaft of this company, driving passages toward the No. 2 Baltimore shaft. The latter was standing idle until the close of the year, having been stopped upon sinking it to the rock. It was walled with a thick, cement-laid stone from the rock to the surface, and was left to stand idle for several months after, but preparations are being made now to complete its sinking.

At the No. 3 colliery, at Plymouth, a new fan, eighteen feet diameter

, was erected to ventilate the Boston mine, and it proved a very satisfactory appliance by increasing the ventilation to the desired extent.

Kingston Goal Company.

At the No. 1 shaft the endless-rope system of haulage was introduced, and it works well. I am informed also that the same system is contemplated to supersede a locomotive at the Gaylord mine, and that it will be adopted at each of this company's collieries at Edwardsville.

The new breaker at the No. 4 shaft laid idle throughout the year, but the main openings of the mine were driven and have opened a large territory ready for breast-work.

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Company.

The Woodward shaft of this company is in progress of preparation for mining coal. Pumps are being put in place, and also the shaft cages. The breaker is also in course of erection, and it promises to be one of the largest producers in this region. At the Avondale mine a new fan, sixteen feet diameter, was placed on the new air-shaft. It works well, and is reported to exhaust 105,000 cubic feet of air per minute, under a ventilating pressure of eight tenths of an inch water gauge. To produce this pressure, it is running at a speed of eightyfive revolutions per minute.

Accidents in 1886.

The number of accidents causing injuries to workmen are still very frequent, but the number was less in 1886 than it was in each of the past five years, and we have good reasons to hope that the number will still be reduced in the future.

If the workmen, and especially the boys who are employed to drive and run cars, could be induced to exercise more care, the number of accidents could be greatly reduced. The rigid requirements of the new mine law were, no doubt, instrumental in bringing the number of accidents for 1886 down below its usual figure, and a more stringent enforcement of the rules laid down in that law would perhaps result in a further improvement.

There are serious disadvantages to a reduction in the list of accidents. The number of persons employed and the amount of coal produced increase every year, and if the number of accidents does not increase in the same proportion, a decided improvement is effected. And when we consider that the dangers of coal raining increase daily with the extension of the workings and the increase of depth in each mine, a non-increase in the list of accidents would be very gratifying, as well as an indication of improvement in the system of mining. The total number of serious accidents during the year 1886 was three hun-

80a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

dred and four, fifty-eight of which proved fatal. The fatal ones, all except six, are described in the list of accidents comprising Table No. 4 of this report, and a description of these six is here given.

Accident No. 27. — George Scott, a fireman, was fatally scalded by a boiler explosion at the No. 3 colliery of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, Plymouth township, July 8, 1886, and died therefrom the same evening. There were twelve boilers, located in nests of three, side by side, at this colliery. At about fifteen minutes to three o'clock, p. m., the deceased closed the valve to stop the steam -blower, and put the injector in motion to force water into the boilers, and in a few seconds after one of the boilers exploded with terrific force, tearing the boiler house into fragments, and throwing all the other boilers out of their position — five of them several yards away. Scott was found lying in a chute, about twenty feet from where the front ends of the boilers were while in position, and he was scalded severely Everything that could be done to relieve his pains was instantly applied, but he died that evening.

The boilers had been erected about seventeen years ago, but for five years they had not been used, the colliery having been idle. The iron of the fractured boiler was fully one quarter inch thick, of good quality, and it was evident that the explosion occurred in consequence of some abuse. Experts stated they believed, from the appearance of the fractured iron, that cold water, injected while the boiler plates were too hot, caused the explosion, but the engineer stated that the water was at the usual height in the boilers when the injector was set in motion, and if that was so, the boilers could not have beei) too hot. The engineer had not tested it himself, but the fireman had told him so a few minutes before the explosion. However, the circumstances showed evident signs that the boilers had suffered abuse, and that the explosion was not the result of their unsafe condition.

Accidents Nos. 36 and 37. — Lewis R. Richards, a mason, and Griffifth R. Thomas, a company laborer, were both instantly killed in the Dodson mine, Plymouth Coal Company, on August 7, 1886, in the following manner: On Thursday morning, August 5, a fall of rock came on the gangway at the intersection of an old breast from a lift below. This was nearly all cleared away during Thursday and Friday and Saturday morning. Richards and Thomas were sent to help. There were four or five persons working there besides them. The two named went to work, throwing rock down the old breast, and were standing a distance of three or four feet from the side of the counter gangway, when suddenly a large fall of rock came upon them and buried them underneath. Daniel Edwards, who was standing near by, had a very narrow escape. Seeing the roof sinking, he instantly jumped and barely saved himself. They had sounded the roof a short time before it fell, and concluded that it was safe, but the thickness and extent of

Ic

the loose rock was such that its sound deceived them. It was twentytwo inches thick, eight by nine feet area, and cut on three sides by unseen seams.

Accidents Nos. 44, 45, and 46. — Thomas Clement, a miner, Adam Zeperko and Wadick Ginofski, laborers, were severely burned by an explosion of gas in the No. 1 slope of the Susquehanna Coal Company at Nanticoke, October 12, 1886. Clement died the following morning, Zeperko died October 22, and Ginofski October 31. John Zeperko, another miner, was painfully burned at the same time, but he recovered in a few weeks. These men were working together, driving a counter .gangway across breasts in the Twin vein, and its face had passed the third breast from where it started. Soon after going to work on the morning of October 12, Clement was in the fourth breast, a few feet above the line of the gangway, preparing to stand props, when gas ignited from his lamp, followed by an explosion. There was a large quantity of gas, for it ignited at a point fifty feet down from the face of the breast. These series of breasts had finished working, and had not been examined that morning. The fire-boss had been at the point where it fired, but had not gone to the face, taking it to be safe because he found the air passing as usual. The law does not require abandoned workings to be examined oftener than once per week, but there are cases frequently where an examination should be made daily, and this was evidently one of such cases. The inspector requested that it should be done after this accident took place. He did not know the circumstances until his attention was called to them by this accident, but the foreman and fire-bosses, who direct the work, knew of these places, and they should have exercised the necessary care. If the fire-boss had done what was plainly evident should have been done, this accident would have been easily averted.

Accident No. 53. — Thomas O'Brien, a miner, was fatally burned by an explosion of gas in the Conyngham shaft, Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, at Wilkes-Barre, November 26, 1886, and died November 28. Thirty-one other persons were painfully burned, and perhaps a dozen more very slightly injured by the same explosion.

The fact that so many persons were burned at once created some excitement and much criticism, and in this the prejudice of some people became painfully evident.

The workmen descended the Conyngham shaft on the 26th of November before seven o'clock a. m., and because the water was full in the sump and threatened to cover the tracks at the foot of the shaft, they waited there, thinking that when the foremen would say something in the matter they would decide to stop working.

At about five minutes after seven o'clock the deceased, Thomas O'Brien, followed by Cornelius Boyle, without consent from the officers, left their fellow-workmen and went in to the west airway to 6a Statistics.

82a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

the entrance of the sump. O'Brien went in first, and was in a stooping position, when Boyle followed him in through the door, having his lamp on his head, and instantly gas, which had accumulated in the sump above the water, exploded. The flame, extending out to where the waiting workmen were assembled, burned the largest number more or less, according to their positions. Those who were on their feet, on the lower side of the gangway, were burned most severely, but the larger number were only slightly burned, and were at work again in about a week thereafter.

The cause of gas accumulating at that point was that on Thanksgiving day the steam pipe on the boilers had to be repaired, and this caused the pump to stop for about six hours. During that time water was accumulating in the sump. It being a very wet season, the pump, after being started, failed to lower the water below the roof before the next morning, when the explosion occurred. No air could pass through the sump while a portion was filled to the roof with water, consequently the gas, evolving rapidly from the solid strata below, accumulated in the portion not filled with water.

At about four o'clock, the morning of the 26th, the fire-boss examined this place and discovered the gas. He renewed a danger- m&rk, which had been placed at the entrance of the passage leading to the airway, somewhere about eighty feet outside of where the edge of the gas was found. Before work was started, the two persons named went in over the boards which had been fixed across the entrance, with danger-marks on, and then through the door, which was covered with danger-marks, and on to the mouth of the sump, where their lamps fired the gas. In my experience with mines for a period of thirty-three years, I never saw or heard of a more reckless act than was committed by these men. Every miner knows that it is not safe to enter abandoned workings at any time, unless they are previously examined, and ascertained to be safe. But here, when all knew that the water was full in the sump, and that it was impossible for the air current to pass through to ventilate it, they walked deliberately over the danger-marks, into the very seat of danger, and exploded the gas. In doing this, they went a distance of at least three hundred feet off the course where any miner needed to go in order to reach his working place, and to a place where no one thought a person would attempt to go, even if no danger-signals were put up.

A map of a section of the workings is herewith appended, a perusal of which will assist in understanding the circumstances of the accident. All the workings west of the man-way E were finished and abandoned, and no one needed to go farther than that point to his work. When the sump became blocked at II, the air current reversed, passing in through the openings above, and on side of the door at B, and in through the west air-way ; but this could not ventilate the

sump, and, consequently, the gas accumulated out to the intersection of theair-way at B. O'Brien and Boyle passed in over the dangerboards at A, and in through the door to the point B, and fired the gas. If they had not done this, nothing could have happened, because, as soon as the water in the sump would be lowered below the roof, the gas would be conveyed directly to the upcast. The quantity of gas was not very large, as is shown by the extent of damage done, which, if it had not burned the men, would have been very slight.

It is impossible to keep mines, in which fire-damp is evolved freely, in a perfect state of safety from this dangerous element, and when a small quantity unavoidably exists, and proper signs to indicate its presence, or to indicate danger, are placed across the entrances to such places, men should have sense enough to keep out. When they do act so recklessly as to go into such places, where they have no business to go, they, and they alone, should bear the odium of the result, and should not, in any case, be exonerated from blame. But in this case a coroner and a jury, which were biased and prejudiced, evidently considering these men irresponsible, like mules, laid the blame on the company and censured the inspector. The gas accumulated, because the sump was too full of water ; this was a result of stopping the pump on Thanksgiving day. At four o'clock the next morning the fire-boss first discovered the gas, and at five minutes after seven it was fired. The inspector knew nothing of its existence, nor that it was possible or liable to accumulate there, and the officials of the mine had not had time to do anything. Had they expected that these persons would have gone where they did, they could, and would undoubtedly, have watched and prevented them, and this would have been the only rational way of averting this direful accident.

84a

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Nature and Canse of Accident.

intty killed. He was working wl niner named Andrew Coslow. Wh! > near the left rib of breast ojectlng piece of rock fell on hli had been sounded that morning ai onounced safe.

lly scalded by a boiler exploslo d died the same day. (For descrl >nt see another part of this report, e working loose coal out at the fa

breast, a large lump fell from t erlylng tier and killed hhn. He w

old, experienced miner, but w ceived as to his safely by an unse p, which cansed coal, apparent fe, to fall without warning, d by a fall of rock. The boss c red him to put a prop up or pull t

e witnessed the accident.

lly hurt, and died upon reach

me. He fired a blast, which d

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m, causing the Injury.

le working a shot out, a large mi

top coal fen on him. Injuring h!

that he died shortly after being co

riding on the front end of atrip rs, atoppcd off to whip the mule, a 11 under the cars. Both legs and o m were broken. His injuries prov Ul on the 6th of August.

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Fourth Anthracite Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector James E. Roderick for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau.

Number of mines in district, as located, 52

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 59

Average working time in days for fifty-nine mines, ... 221

Persons employed inside of mines, 7,405

Persons employed outside of mines, 6,735

Total number ol persons employed, 14,140

Number of fatal accidents, 35

Number of non-fatal accidents, 124

Persons employed per fatal accident, 414

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 114

Number of tons of coal mined, 5,333,518

Number of tons of coal shipped, 4,915,096

Number of tons increased production over year 1885,

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 152,386 Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 43,012

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 98,525

Number of steam boilers in use, 1,224

Number of horses and mules in service, 1,640

Number of widows, 17

Number of orphans, 41

There was a decrease of seven in the number of fatal accidents and a decrease of thirty-four in the number of non-fatal accidents. Sixtythree persons received certificates of service, and fourteen certificates

of qualification as mine-bosses.

110a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Fourth Anthracite District.

Honorable J. Simpson Africa,

Secretary of Internal Affairs :

Sir : In accordance with the requirements of section seven of article two of the act of Assembly, entitled " An Act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in #nd about the Anthracite Coal Mines of Pennsylvania, and for the protection and preservation of property connected therewith," I have the honor to submit for your perusal my sixth annual report.

I have carefully prepared tables enumerating all the accidents in and about the mines of this district, marking in tabular form all accidents resulting in death and injuries to persons employed, and have also endeavored to set forth the results of my labor generally.

The total number of accidents reported in this district for the past year was one hundred and fifty-nine, through which thirty-five persons lost their lives, causing seventeen widows and forty-one orphans to mourn for husbands and fathers.

I am happy to state that a reduction of about twenty per centum has been made in the number of accidents as compared with the previous year.

The total production of this district during the year 1886 was 5,333,518 tons, a decrease of 202,025 tons as compared with the year 1885. The immediate cause of this decrease was the stoppage of work at Ebervale and Harleigh collieries, on account of the drowning out in January, 1886.

The average number of days worked was two hundred and twentyone, an increase of thirteen days over the previous year.

For every fatal accident in this district, 152,386 tons of coal were produced, which is the best showing for the last six years.

If we computed the number of tons of materials hoisted to the surface, we could say that over 200,000 tons were produced in this district for each life lost.

I have again called attention to the great need of a hospital at Hazleton, and have also referred to the "Beneficial Fund " of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company at Lansford. Respectfully submitted by

JAMES E. RODERICK, Inspector of Coal Mines.

Hazleton, Pa., March 5, 188f.

Coal — Anthracite.

Ilia

NUMBER OF EMPLOYES, with the average number of tons mined per employ 6

during 1886.

A. Pardee <fe Co.,

Coxe Bros. A Co.,

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company,

Linderman, Skeer <fe Co

G. B. Markle&Co.,

Upper Lehigh Coal Company, . .

J. C. Haydon&Co.,

Pardee, HonsA Co.,

G. H. Myers&Co.,

Miscellaneous companies,

Men at stripping and other work, . .

Total and average,

TABLE OF COMPARISON, showing the number of fatal accidents per thousand persons employed in and about the mines of the Fourth District for the years 1881, 1882, 1888, 1884, 1885, and 1886.

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Year.

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Averages,

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

TABLE OF COMPARISON showing the different causes of fatal accidents in the Fourth District, for the years 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, and 1886.

Years.

Explosion of carbureted hydrogen

gas, . . By falls of cal, roof, and sides, . . By cars, inside and outside, . . . . By premature blasts, . . By machinery, inside and outside, By boiler explosions, Miscellaneous, inside and outside, .

Totals,

TABLE A— Exhibits the number of deaths in each class of employes inside and outside of the mines, and the causes thereof, for the year 1886.

Causes of Deaths— Inside of Mines.

By falls of all kinds, By mine cars, By premature blasts, By explosion of gas, Miscellaneous causes,

Totals,

©

P

Causes of Deaths— Outside of Mines.

Falls at strippings, . Blasts at strippings, . By oars, . .

By boiler explosion, . Miscellaneous causes,

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GG g

Coal — Anthracite.

TABLE B— Gives the total number of each class of employes, the number of deaths in each class, and the ratio of each class employed per life lost inside and outside the mines during the year 1886.

Classes of Employes lis side of the Mines.

55

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d

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a

d

a,

si

Miners

Miners' laborers,

Company laborers,

Drivers and runners,

Door-tenders

Other employes

Totals,

Classes of Employes Outside of the Mines,

Laborers

Slate-pickers

Engineers and firemen,

Other employes,

Totals, '.

J, 617

TABLE C— Gives the total number of each class of employes, the number of injuries in each class, and the ratio of each class employed per injury inside aud outside of the mines during the year 1886.

Classes of Employes Inside of the Mines.

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Miners* laborers,

Company laborers,

Drivers and runners

Door-boys and helpers, . . .

Other employes,

Totals— average

Classes of Employes Outside of the Mines.

Laborers

Slate-pickers

Other employes

Totals,

u

&

&a Statistics.

Internal Affairs— Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

TABLE OF COMPARISON, giving the nature and the numbar of non-fatal aocidents for the years 1881, 1882, 1888, 1884, 1885, 1886.

Nature

of Aocidents.

Ybars.

S a

O .

22

32

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Averages,

Coal — Anthracite.

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116a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

The general condition of the mines in regard to health and safety of the persons employed has been greatly improved, and I am happy to state that the mines of this district, in general, are in good condition.

The ventilation and drainage received more intelligent attention from the mine foremen during the year 18S6 than during any previous year since 1881, when I entered upon my duties as inspector of mines.

The timbering and propping have also been attended to with system and regularity, so that not a single life was lost in this district during the past year through the neglect of standing props and timbers.

The law that compels the operators to take props and timbers into, or as near as practicable to the working places, has produced good and lasting results, as it leaves no excuse for the miner to be without the necessary props and timbers, if he is careful in ordering them in time. As far as I know, a 11 the companies in this district have complied with the law in that respect, or have done so wherever requested by the men.

We have a large amount of "robbing" done in some of the old mines, those that were partly abandoned fifteen and twenty years ago. These places are indeed dangerous, and need the vigilant attention of the mine foreman, and constant care and watchfulness on the part of the miner. Through the vigilance of the foremen and the care of the miners, there was not a life lost while robbing pillars.

I think that much of these general good results is due to the efficiency of the new mine law, which is undoubtedly a great improvement over the mine law of 1870, a proof of which is that a general reduction of about fifteen per cent, has been made in the accidents of the anthracite region during the year 1886.

Some of the men are always blaming the foremen and inspectors for the accidents in and about the mines, but the intelligent and thoughtful wrorkman is aware that the responsibilities of about twothirds of the accidents are to be found elsewhere-, with the victims themselves

In conclusion, I will say, from actual knowledge, that if the miners in general would take the proper care of themselves and laborers — in short, if the employes inside and outside the mines would take ordinary care of themselves, the accidents would be greatly reduced.

Arbitration.

The partial drowning out of the Harleigh and Ebervale mines, in the early part of January, brought the strength of the barrier pillar between Ebervale and Oak Dale into question. The maps showed a pillar of about eighty feet, but maps are not always reliable, especially in years after the surveys are made, as pillars may crumble, or interested parties may take auscips" off either or both sides of the pillars.

With these uncertainties in my mind, I called on Mr. John Markle, the superintendent for G. B, Markle & Co., who stated that to the best

of his knowledge and belief there were about eighty feet of barrier pillar between Oak Dale, No. 1, and Ebervale. I suggested a way of determining the thickness of the pillar beyond a doubt, and as the water was rising fast in Ebervale, I was a little anxious, as on the strength of this barrier pillar' depended the lives of scores of employes at Oak Dale, Nos. 1 and 2. On the 28th day of January I wrote Mr John Markle an official letter on the question, to which he replied as follows :

Jeddo, Pa., January 80, 1886, Mr. James E. Roderick,

Inspector of Coal Mines : Dear Sir: In reply to your notice, dated January 28, 1886, that the rise of water in Ebervale mine endangers the pillar between Ebervale and Oak Dale mines, I have to say that we wish to refer the question of the sufficiency of said pillar to arbitration as suggested, by you, and name as arbitrator on the part of the lessees of Oak Dale mines, Mr. Fred. Mercur, of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. I shall be obliged if you will name an arbitrator at once, so a speedy decision may be reached.

Yours truly,

John Markle, Superintendent.

On the 31st day of January, I complied with Mr. Markle's request, by naming Mr. E. L. Bullock, of Beaver Brook, as arbitrator to represent the mine inspector. These two arbitrators, Messrs. Mercur and Bullock, met and named Hon. E. B. Coxe, of Drifton, as the third arbitrator or referee. The following report will speak for itself :

The arbitrators selected to consider the question as to whether the pillar between the Ebervale and Jeddo collieries was sufficiently strong to allow the work to be carried on in the Jeddo mines with safety to the men, met at Jeddo on Thursday, February 4, at the office of G. B. Markle & Co. In addition to the arbitrators selected, there were present Mr. Roderick, the mine inspector; Mr. T. D. Jones, superintendent at Ebervale ; Mr. John Markle, superintendent at Jeddo ; Mr. Heber S. Thompson, the mining engineer of the Girard estate; Mr. Frank G. Clemens, the assistant mining engineer of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company; Mr. James A. Chase, the draughtsman of Mr. T. S. McNair; Mr. G. S. Patterson, the mining engineer of Messrs. G. B. Markle & Co., and others familiar with the locality. The arbitrators first investigated the facts of the case, which were found to be as follows:

First The tracing hereto annexed represents, in their judgment, the true condition of the pillar between Jeddo and Ebervale. They base their opinion upon the testimony of Mr. Chase as to the surveys of Mr. T. S. McNair on the Ebervale side, all of which were closed and

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

controlled as far as they are important in the question at issue, and upon the testimony of Mr. Patterson, as to the surveys on the Jeddo side, which were all controlled and closed, and which also agree with those formerly made by Mr. McNair.

Second. The pillar on the Jeddo side is very much strengthened by what may be considered as buttresses of solid coal, marked A, B, C, D, and E on the tracing.

Third. From the testimony of the mine foreman, and others familiar with the workings at Ebervale and Jeddo, all the coal in the pillar on the Jeddo side is good, strong, and solid, and shows no signs of crushing or spalling. The top coal in all the breasts along the pillar, without any thing more than the ordinary breast propping, is strong enough to sustain the top rock and is still standing; the water merely oozes through the pillar, and does not come through anywhere in even a small stream, the present pressure of water being 235 feet; the coal on the Ebervale side of the pillar is good and merchantable, but is not as strong as that on the Jeddo side. However, the mine foreman of Ebervale testified that when he visited the pillar, within the last few months, he found the coal still solid and with no signs of crushing and spalling off, although the breast along the pillar had been worked five years ago. He also testified that the coal west of the pillar had been robbed, and that the top rock had settled almost down to the basin, thus relieving the boundary pillar of much of the superincumbent weight. It also appeared from the maps that when the water rises high enough to flow out of the cave hole at Harleigh, its surface will be about 315 feet over the bottom gangway.

Fourth. From the evidence of Mh Heber S. Thompson, mining engineer of the Girard estate, the following described pillars are resisting the annexed pressures in the Mahanoy region :

Place.

Kchlcy's Run. Over breast No. 1*2 to surface, . . . . Side pressure between breasts Nos. 21

and 22, wall 22 feet thick,

Packer, No. 2, colliery.

Over face of third level,

Breast at manway inside wall, Continental colliery.

Second level side pressure,

North Ashland. Second level side pressure, . .

Continental and North Ashland. Pillar between,

Thickness of pillar.

Height of water.

Thickness of seam.

Feet.

Feet.

Feet.

37 to 40 37 to 40

Dip.

Degrees.

From the testimony of Mr. Frank G. Clemens, assistant mining engineer of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, the following pressures of water are being sustained by pillars and dams in the Mahanoy region :

Section of the Mammoth vein at Packer colliery, No, #, second level

from the bottom.

Bottom bench coal, 2 feet 1 inch.

Leg breaker coal, 1 foot 0 inches.

Three-foot bench coal, 2 feet 4 "

Boney slate, 10 "

Five-foot bench coal, 4 u 6 "

Rough bench coal, 2 " T inch.

Hard slate, 4 inches.

Coal, . . 2 " 8 "

Bone 2 "

Coal, 3 " 0 "

Bone and rock middle stone, . . 2 " 4 u

Coal, . . 5 " 10 "

Section of the Mammoth vein at Packer colliery , No. #, second level from the bottom : ( Con.)

"Divider" hard stone, 1 foot 0 inches.

Coal, 1 u 11 "

Bone 6 "

Top bench coal, 3 feet 4 u

Bone, 4 u

Coal, 4 "

Section taken at foot slope near traveling way.

Liehigh Valley Coal Company's Packer Colliery, No. 2, Lost Creek.

Level.

Thickness.

Height

Width.

Height of water.

Fourth, First JDam,

Third, First Dam,

Feet.

Ft. In.

Feet.

Feet. 39a 12

Pillar between breasts 43 and 44 on third level, Mammoth vein, at face, is 26 feet thick, and withstood a pressure due to vertical height of water 145 feet, 170 feet at heading 28 feet thick.

Chain pillar, between third and second levels from traveling way to breast 18, varies from 66 feet at traveling way to 139 feet thick at breast 18, and withstood the pressure of water standing 3 16.0 feet high. Chain pillar 585 feet long; vein section shows 34.07; see accompanying section. The pillar between the old slope and the dump chute at breast No. 1, west second level, following thickness :

At gangway, 99 feet, 315.8 feet water.

85 u 75 " 65 " 55 "

u u

u u

a u

120a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Another pillar between face heading and traveling way at third level is only 19 feet thick, and is now standing 178 feet out of water. Fifth. The pillar at the deepest point would be subjected to a pressure of 315 feet of water, and is from 110 to 120 feet thick, and where the surveys showed the pillar to be thinnest, it was from 90 to 92 feet thick, and subjected to a pressure of 235 feet of water.

Mr. Heber S. Thompson, a mining engineer of high reputation, who has probably had more experience than any one in this State in the matter of holding water by dams and pillars, was asked the following question by the arbitrators: uHas your practical experience shown that, under the circumstances set forth above, a good solid pillar of coal sixty feet wide is capable of safely resisting the pressure of water in a mine under a head of 315 feet ?" His answer was : " That his experience had shown that it was capable of doing it safely.'1

The width of the pillar being from 90 to 92 feet where thinnest, the head of water at that point being only 235 feet, and the dip of the vein being very slight, the arbitrators agreed unanimously that, in their opinion, it is safe to continue working in Jeddo even when Ebervale has filled up, but would recommend that no more coal should be mined in Jeddo within three hundred feet of the boundary pillar between Ebervale and Jeddo until the water has been taken out of Ebervale.

E. S. Bullock, Arbitrator selected by Mine Inspector. Fred. Mercur, Arbitrator selected by O. B. Markle cfe Co.

Eckley B. Coxe, Arbitrator selected by the other two.

Arbitration.

Having had doubts of the thickness of the barrier pillar between Yorktown, No. 6, and Tresckow, No. 6, 1 became concerned about the safety of the men in Yorktown, when the water had raised to a certain point at the old workings of Tresckow, No. 6.

As the lower workings of Yorktown, No. 6, were about to be abandoned, I requested Mr. George John, the superintendent, to comply with section 3, of article 3, which reads : "When any coal mine is worked out preparatory to being abandoned, or any lift thereof is about to be abandoned, the owner, operator or superintendent of such coal mine shall have the maps thereof extended to include all excavations as far as practicable, and such portions thereof as the case may require shall be carefully verified." Mr. John ordered a compliance with my request. Still I was not satisfied with the verification, as I doubted its accural, especially the accuracy of the workings in proximity to the barrier pillar.

Without taking the matter to court, after consulting with Mr. John,

Mr. Elmer H. Lawall, of Beaver Brook, was requested to make a survey, locating the barrier pillar between Yorktown and Tresckow, and the workings in the immediate vicinity. Mr. LawalFs survey did not correspond with the map, or with the recent verification. Being satisfied that there was reasonable doubt of the size and strength of this barrier pillar, I requested Mr. John to stop all persons from entering Yorktown, No. 6, until the question of the strength of the pillar was settled. He complied by requesting an immediate arbitration, and also naming Mr. Elmer, H. Lawall to represent the company. The inspector named Mr. E. L. Bullock to represent him. The two arbitrators met and decided to name Mr. T. D. Jones as the third arbitrator.

The arbitrators met, but from the evidence submitted were unable to render a decision, without having that part of the mine resurveyed. and jointly requested Mr. T. S. McNair, of Hazleton, to make the necessary survey, which, with the original survey, accompanies the report of the arbitrators.

In the matter of the arbitration to decide the question of the safety of the Wharton vein pillar between Yorktown, No. 6, and Tresckow, No. 6, the following persons were present at the meeting, viz. : E. L. Bullock, arbitrator appointed by the inspector of mines ; E. H. Lawall, arbitrator appointed by George John, superintendent for G. H. Myers & Co. Yorktown, and T. D. Jones, arbitratrator named by the other two ; also James E. Roderick, inspector of mines ; George John, superintendent, Yorktown; Wm. R. Symons, mining engineer for Yorktown ; Jed I. Hollenback, J. Howard Duggan, superintendent and engineer respectively of the L. & W. C. Co. ; Owen Evans, mining superintendent for Tresckow, and T. S. McNair, of Hazleton, resident engineer L. V. R. R. Co.

Mr. Owen Evans testified as to the pillar on the Mammoth vein, stating that an unusually large pillar, attaining an average thickness of eighty yards, was left remaining. This testimony was corroborated by George John, who at that time was inside superintendent in the Mammoth vein workings for Yorktown.

Mr. Owen Evans furthermore testified that, in 1878, the water in the Mammoth vein of Tresckow, slope No. 4, broke through into the Wharton workings below, which completely drained the Mammoth vein.

He also testified that the water in the Mammoth workings had at one time risen to the surface, showing that it had withstood the extreme pressure possible. Both Evans and John testified that this Mammoth pillar was left undisturbed since.

A survey of the pillar was made at the request of Mr. Roderick, the mine inspector, a copy of which is here annexed by two disinterested parties, Messrs. T. S. McNair and E. H. Lawall, to prove the accuracy

122a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

of the original survey. From this information, we find that the minimum thickness of the Wharton pillar below the level of the upper west gangway of Tresckow is twenty feet, with a pressure below the level of said gangway of forty-seven feet.

At the next nearest point the thickness is thirty feet, with a pressure below the level of said upper west gangway of one hundred and seventeen feet.

We find by the evidence of Owen Evans, mine foreman of Tresckow, No. 6, that the Wharton vein at the pillar was below the average thickness, having an average thickness of only seven feet, and consisting of very good strong coal, with no loose top clod. The stratum of rock immediately above the coal is about nine feet thick with no parting. No water htis as yet made its appearance through the pillar. From the above evidence, we find that the pillar is sufficiently strong to safely bear the now existing pressure ; but we are of the opinion that this pressure should not be increased by allowing the water in the Tresckow workings to rise higher than the level of the upper west gangway.

We also recommend that no coal be taken from the Yorktown workings for a distance of three hundred feet west of the present face of the pillar, and below the level of the aforesaid upper west gangway.

E. L. Bullock, Arbitrator selected by Mine Inspector. E. H. Law all. Arbitrator selected by G. H. Myers & Co.

T. D. Jones, Arbitrator selected by the other two.

The Middle Coal Field Hospital.

There are no portions of the State of Pennsylvania where hospitals are more needed than in the anthracite coal districts. Peopled as these districts principally are by mine employes, who, at best.earn but a precarious living at the risk of terrible physical suffering, or sudden death from the disastrous accidents incident to underground labor, it cannot be expected that the sick or the injured can receive at their homes the care and attention which their condition demands. The miner, or other employ of the middle coal field of Pennsylvania, who meets with any of the serious accidents common to his work, is either compelled to pass long months of weary suffering in his little miner's home, while his family is destitute of the very necessaries of life, or be railroaded to a hospital many miles distant, where, separated for months from home and kindred, his recovery is often retarded by acute mental anxiety for his family's welfare.

This condition of affairs, the frequency of mine accidents, the impossibility of securing the proper medical attention and nursing for

the afflicted at their homes, the natural feeling that prompts a sufferer to refuse to be separated from his kindred, and the vast amount of public good sure to follow the establishment of a public hospital at Hazleton, have prevailed on our people to petition the Legislature to erect such an institution in this borough. The attention of the Legislature has been directed to the prime necessity for the erection of a hospital in the Middle coal field on several previous occasions, but not until the present year has the movement taken definite shape, and been pressed forward with energetic effort. It is now supported by all the miners and mine employes in this district; by the many mine owners, operators, and superintendents, as well as by the local merchants and professional men. With such cordial support, we trust the movement will meet with the success which it deserves.

The inspector desires to direct the attention of the Legislature to several material reasons for granting an appropriation to erect a hospital in Hazleton or vicinity. The town is the center of a vast mining industry, which extends for many miles in every direction, and upon which the living of more than sixty thousand people depends. Serious accidents are constantly occurring in and about the mines, and to the unfortunate victims but one hospital is available where proper care and attention can be received. This one, St. Luke's Hospital, is located at Bethlehem, seventy miles from Hazleton, and every legislator will readily admit that the journey can only be attended with physical torture, if not loss of life, while at this hospital the injured man is completely isolated from his family and friends, because their condition in life will not permit the expense of a visit With a public hospital in Hazleton, the victim of mine horrors could see his relatives and friends at stated periods, much to his enjoyment and their satisfaction.

The victims of mine accidents, wThich threaten fatal results, cannot with safety be sent to this one hospital. They must be cared for at home, where the crowded rooms, lack of proper ventilating facilities, and the prevalent poverty of mine employ&s prove a serious bar to recovery. Many of this class of sufferers would be saved from an untimely death if Hazleton possessed the hospital accommodations so much demanded. We state no imaginary oase in referring to institutions of this character. Only too many victims of mine disasters die from want of proper attendance and careful nursing, while many more await slow recovery in their little homes, because the grievous nature of their injuries forbid a long journey to a distant hospital.

The appeal for hospital accommodations here is the heartfelt cry from the miners, from the victims of fire-damp, of falling rock and coal, and the hundred and one agencies that produce dire human suffering and abject misery. It is the cry of the wife who cannot buy what her stricken husband needs ; the cry of the children, wit-

124a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

nesses of the abject condition of the parent ; the cry of the mother for the medical treatment to her injured son, which she cannot afford. Aye, the cry of the afflicted for refuge in their distress — such a cry as should move the Legislature to prompt action in the premises.

The reports of the mine inspector for this district for six years past show an average of one hundred and forty-six non-fatal accidents of serious nature. The fatal fire-damp did its horrid work with many, while the balance suffered with fractured and broken collar-bones, ribs, arms, legs, feet and hands. The suffering of the victims was intense, but not five per centum of the whole were taken to the distant hospital.

Surely the miners of the Middle coal field have suffered long enough for the want of hospital accommodations, and full attention should now be given to their appeal for the only possible remedy, the erection of a hospital in Hazleton or vicinity.

The Lansford Beneficial Fund.

This noble institution xwas founded January, 1884, by the president, trustees, and William D. Zehner, the superintendent of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, for the sole object of relieving the suffering and want of their injured employes, and the dependent families of persons killed in and about their mines. I have each year called the attention of the mining public to the good work of this beneficial fund, hoping that the men of other localities and the different companies would form similar institutions, but so far I have not heard of a move in this direction, made by either companies or men.

The only coal company that I know of, besides this company, that has any system established to care for the injured and the families left dependent on charity, the result of fatal accidents, is Coxe Bros. & Co., and the amount of suffering and want relieved by this company is unknown to me, as it is conducted solely as a private charity.

I would respectfully call the attention of the companies and the men to the great need of a beneficial fund, which will care for the needy about our coal mines, and, from my own personal knowledge, the number in need are numerous and deserving.

Following is a statement of the Lansford Fund for the year 1880, which will show the amount contributed by the men and company, also, the amount of benefits paid, the cash balance on hand, &c. :

Coal — Anthracite.

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iogcooo — ao co co ua

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126a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

During the years 1884, 1885, and 1886, the men and the company paid into this fund the sums of $28,217 88 and $30,912 22, respectively, to which $902 42 interest on investment were added, making the total receipts the round sum of $60,032 52.

The men that were injured and the families of persons killed during the same years received the sum of $42,059. $902 42 were paid for expenses, leaving a cash balance on hand the first day of January, 1887. of $17,070 26.

Now, if one company, mining only a million tons of coal per year, can, with the assistance of employes, produce such good results in three years, what would be the result if the men and companies mining about thirty-two million tons per year were combined in this good work? The result would be that over $1,300,000 would have been distributed during the last three years among the sufferers from accidents in and about the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania, besides leaving a grand balance of over $500,000 on hand for emergencies, or great calamities, such as those of Nanlicoke, West End, Scranton, and other places.

The mining of coal is getting more dangerous every year, and calamities such as the above will happen in the future as in the past. Why, therefore, not prepare to meet these emergencies ?

Ic

Coal — Anthracite.

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A Brief Review of Fatal Accidents and their Causes for the year 1886.

Fatal accidents in and about coal mines are generally numerous and heartrending, but I am happy to state that fewer accidents occurred in this district during the year 1886 than during any previous year of my term of office. I attribute this decrease in a great measure to the efficiency of the new mine law, the provisions of which cover all, or nearly all, of the details of the mining and the preparing of coal.

The mine foremen and the employes generally deserve some credit for this reduction in fatal accidents, yet there is room for great improvement in this direction, especially on the part of the employes inside and outside of the mines.

It will be seen, by referring to Table A, that twenty-five persons lost their lives inside of the mines through the various accidents, and out of these twelve, or forty-eight per cent., were through falls of coal and slate.

After looking carefully into the causes that led these persons to lose their lives, I can safely say that only four of them should be considered accidents that the victims themselves could not have guarded against. Seven of them lost their lives through their own neglect and carelessness, and one, a laborer, through the neglect of the miner.

Through the joint carelessness of the victim and the foreman, one life was lost through an explosion of gas.

With a little care and forethought on the part of the men themselves, the two fatal accidents through premature blast would not have occurred.

Of the seven persons that lost their lives through accidents from mine cars, only two were accidents that the victims themselves, even with ordinary care, could not have prevented.

Of the three miscellaneous accidents inside of the mines, only one of them should be termed u accident ; " the other two lost their lives through their own blundering and carelessness.

After a careful summary of the causes of these accidents, I consider that eighteen, or 72 per cent., can be traced to the neglect or carelessness of the victims themselves, and I don't know that a law can be enacted and enforced that will prevent mine employes from making these fatal blunders.

By referring again to Table A, it will be seen that ten persons lost their lives by the different fatal accidents outside of the mines. Four lost their lives at strappings — two by falls, and two by blasts. With ordinary care on the part of the victims themselves, and more care and experience on the part of the foremen, these accidents could not have occurred.

The two fatal accidents by cars, on the surface, are evidence of how careless persons can be while riding on mine cars ; and two of the three fatal accidents, termed miscellaneous in the table, happened through the gross neglect of the parties themselves.

138a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

I consider that eight, or 80 per cent., of these fatal accidents on the surface should not have happened. The result of last year, and prior years, shows that more accidents occur at strippings than inside of the mines, in proportion to the number employed. It should not be so, as undoubtedly the work of mining inside of the mines is more dangerous than the mining of coal on the surface. Then the reason for this disproportionate number of accidents rest on other causes. My reason for it is, that the men that are employed at these strippings are not as well informed as inside workers generally, and I know it to be a fact that the men at strippings are often working under the instructions of men of less experience than themselves. Through the inefficiency of these foremen, and the carelessness of the employes, several persons lost their lives during the year 1886.

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146a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Fifth Anthracite Goal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector William Stein for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in district, as located, 46

Number of mines operated from which statistics were gathered, 44

Average working time, in days, for forty -four mines, . . 191

Persons employed inside of mines, 8,640

Persons employed outside of mines, 6,554

Total number of persons employed, 15,194

Number of fatal accidents, 41

Number of non -fatal accidents, 101

Persons employed per fatal accident, 395

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 152

Number of tons of coal mined, 4,972,502

Number of tons of coal shipped, 4,570,146

Number of tons increased production over year 1885, . . 459,702

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 121 ,280

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 49,233

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 124,368

Number of steam boilers in use, 899

Number of horses and mules in service, 1,343

There were 222 persons killed and 654 persons injured during the five years ending December 31, 1886. There were 12 less in the list of killed and 4 less in the list of wounded, as compared with 1885. Certificates of service were issued to 102 mine bosses and certificates of qualification to 60 mine bosses.

Fifth Anthracite District.

Office of Inspector of Mines,

GlRARDVILLE, Pa., March 0, 1887.

Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs:

Sir : In compliance with the provisions of an act of the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, entitled "An act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in and about the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania, and for the protection and preservation of prop, erty connected therewith," approved June 30, A. I). 1885, 1 have the honor of herewith presenting to you my second annual report of the Fifth Inspection District of Schuylkill.

My report consists of the usual tables, together with the uniform tables adopted throughout the Anthracite and Bituminous Inspection Districts, and such other matter as may be of interest to those concerned.

It gives me great pleasure to be able to report a decreas3 in the number of fatal accidents. In 1885, we had fifty-three (53), and in 1886 we had forty-one (41). I have carefully examined into the cause of each fatal accident for the year 1886, and from my investigations find that nineteen (19) of the forty-one (41) were caused by carelessness and unskilled labor. A list of these is found in table No. 4.

I refer the reader to deaths resulting from falls of coal in gangways, headings, breasts, crushed between mine cars, burned with powder, and smothered in pea coal chute. I herewith give the dates of fatal accidents caused by carelessness, January 20th and 28th, May 4th and 28th, June 2d and 12th, July 1st, August 7th and 10th, October 14th, and November 2d, 3d and 22d. Dates of accidents caused by unskilled labor resulting in death, February 20th, April 20th and 21st, August 23d, and November 23d.

The new mine law has been effectual in almost making deaths resulting from the explosion of fire-damp very slight, yet we are sorry to say that deaths resulting from a careless handling of blasting material are taking their place, and unless the workmen will be more careful when making cartridges we cannot expect any improvement.

William Stein, Mine Inspector.

148a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

General Condition Of The Collieries.

The general condition of the collieries has been greatly improved in 1886. A great many valuable improvements have been made, which no doubt were brought about to comply with the requirements of the new mine law. A very marked improvement is a better distribution of the air, which, in my opinion, is one of the most important features in the economy of mining coal, and, to every intelligent, practical miner, ought to need no coercion on the part of the mine inspector for its enforcement, as it benefits all concerned.

Additional outlets have also been made at some of the collieries, and also the erect ion of new fans, and where new tunnels have been driven in some collieries, a separate tunnel has been driven for a return airway, which does away with the " brattice " boards generally used to make the tunnel an intake and outlet for the air, as well as an outlet for transporting the coal to the bottom of shaft or slope.

These separate air-return tunnels have been driven at considerable cost, but will pay the companies in that there is less risk to life and property from their construction compared with the method of splitting the tunnels with boards, and more especially in collieries where gas is given oil* in large quantities.

The collieries I refer to where these tunnels have been driven are the Philadelphia and Heading Coal and Iron Company, Gilberton colliery, under the supervision of Mr. Veith, and the Lehigh Valley Coal Company's No. 5 shaft, under the supervision of Colonel 1). P. Brown.

Accompanying my report is a sketch showing the relative position of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company's Kllangowan colliery workings to the abandoned workings of the Yatesville colliery. The Yatesville slope, as shown on sketch, is sunk about five hundred and twenty-five feet (525) deep on the Holmes vein, the mouth of which is about one hundred and fifty feet (150) to east of land line. This colliery was abandoned and of course filled with water. The first lift east gangway of the Ellangowan slope, sunk also on the Holmes vein, in course of driving eastward it was nearing the abandoned workings of Yatesville colliery, and in order to prevent any accident occurring from the bursting through of the water, the Ellangowan gangway was stopped at a point seventy-five feet (75) west of the land line. Breasts sixty-eight (68) and sixty-nine (09) were then driven up at right angles to gangway and connected with headings. About one hundred and twelve feet (112) up from gangway an opening was driven parallel to gangway through on the Yatesville slope. While this opening was in course of construction three bore holes were kept twenty feet in advance of the coal face, also a shaft or second outlet was sunk at the face of sixty-eight breast to reinforce safety, so that the men working there might have a ready way of escape in case of any unforeseen danger. It will be seen that extra precaution was taken

Leg. Doc. I Coal — Anthracite. 149a

to tap this water in order to prevent loss of life. When the water was tapped the bore holes were in advance of the coal face nineteen feet.

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John Kline, Benjamin 0. Church,

William Burchill, Frederick Carl,

Thomas Giles, William McMutrie,

John Skeatle, Morgan Davis.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

William Broughall, David R. Reese, John J. Bradigan, Robert Mauchline John Brown, Austin Edward, Richard Palmer, Matthew Kemp, Thomas Baird, William Marland, John L. Williams,

Report

Edward M. Coyle, Thomas MeKeone, John Hanson, Joseph W. Watkins, Reese Tasker, William Hardy, William Mitchell, John K. Berkheiser, William W. Lewis,

Robert W. Roberts, Joseph Reese, George Scott, William E. Jones, Ely ah Gregory, Thomas B. Reese, Stephen S. Jones, John A. Wild, William Edwards, Joseph H. Denning, William R. James.

of Qualification Issued to—

Lewis Evans, John H. Reese, William Brown, Evan E. Davis, William Leckie, William R. Reese, David J. Evans, Robert Peel, John W. Morgan.

Coal — Anthracite.

TABLE No. 1.— Showing comparative statement of fatal casualties for the years

Explosions of fire-damp,

Suffocated with gas.

Explosions of blasting materials,

Premature explosions,

By coal flying from shots.

Falls of coal and roof,

Crushed by mine cars,

By machinery, underground. By machinery, on surface, . . . Breaking of ropes and chains. Falling down shafts and slopes,

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Years.

Number of fatal accidents and amount of coal produced per life loet.

Philadelphia and Beading Coal and Iron Company,

Lehigh Valley Coal Company,

Lehigh and w ilkes-Barre Coal Company,

Lentz, Lilly <ft Company,

Individual firms,

Tons of coal produced per fatal accident

TABLE No. 2. — Showing comparative statement of non-fatal casualties for the

years 1885 and 1886.

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Years.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

TABLE No. 3. — Showing the amount of coal produced and shipped during the years 1885 and 1886, respectively.

Years.

Amount of coal produced,

Amount of coal shipped,

TABLE No. 4.— Comparative table between the years 1885 and 1886.

Number of persons employed,

Tons of coal produced per life lost,

Ratio of employes, per life lost,

Number of tons mined per each personal injury, Average number of tons mined per employe*, Ratio of employees per each personal injury, . .

Years.

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TABLE No, 5. — Taking the death rate per thousand as a basis of comparison between the different companies and individual operators, we have the following ratio for the year 1886 :

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Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company.

Lehigh Valley Coal Company,

Lehigh and Wilkcs-Barre Coal Company,

Lentz, Lilly & Company,

Individual firms, .

Totals,

Coal — Anthracite.

TABLE No. 6. — Comparative statement of fatal and non-fatal casualties and their

causes for five years.

Fatal Casualties.

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Suffocated by gas,

Explosions of blasting material,

Premature explosions,

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Falls of coal and roof,

Crushed by mine cars,

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yon-fatal casualties. Explosions of fire-damp,

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Premature explosions,

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Falls of coal and roof,

Crushed by mine cars,

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Synopsis of the report of Inspector James Ryan, for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in the district, 43

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 43

Average working time, in days, for forty -three mines, . . 192

Persons employed inside of mines, 8,523

Persons employed outside of mines, , . . . . 5,891

Total number of persons employed, 14,414

Number of fatal accidents, 31

Number of non-fatal accidents, 122

Persons employed per fatal accident, 465

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 118

Number of tons of coal mined, 3,714,519

Number of tons of coal shipped, 3,463,266

Number of tons increased production over year 1885, (decrease,) 490,901

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 119,823

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 30,440

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 93,752

Number of steam boilers in use, 982

Number of horses and mules in service, 1,637

Number of widows, 16

Number of orphans, 64

There was a decrease of fourteen in the list of fatal, and a like decrease in the number of non-fatal accidents.

WGa Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Sixth Anthracite District.

Office of Inspector of Mines, Ashland, March 7, 1887. Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs:

Sir : In compliance with an act of Assembly entitled "An act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in and about the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania, and for the protection and preservation of property connected therewith," approved June 30, 1885, I herewith have the honor of submitting this, my ninth annual report, which contains a list of the persons killed and injured; the number of tons of coal mined and shipped to market; number of kegs of powder used; number of days worked; number of persons employed; number of mules and horses ; number of steam boilers in and about the collieries in the district during the year 1886, and such other information as may be deemed necessary to those employed or interested in the mining and production of coal.

Total production for year 1886, 3,714,519

Total production for year 1885, 4,205,420

Decrease under that of year 1885, 490,901

Number of employes inside, 8,523

Number of employes outside, 5,891

Total number of employes in district, 14,414

Number of kegs of powder used during the year, 93,752

Number of days worked during year, 192

Number of mules and horses, 1,637

Number of steam boilers, . 982

Number of fatal casualties, 31

Number of non-fatal casualties, 122

Recapitulation of Fatal Casualties.

Falls of coal and roof, 10

Mine cars and machinery, 5

Falling down slope, 3

Kicked by mules, 3

Premature blast, 1

Explosion of carburetted hydrogen gas, 1

Suffocated by foul air, 1

Miscellaneous inside, 6

Miscellaneous outside, 1

Total, 31

Recapitulation op Non-fatal Casualties.

Falls of coal and roof, 39

Mine cars and machinery, 24

Explosion of carburetted hydrogen gas, 19

Premature blasts, 4

Explosions of powder, 4

Miscellaneous inside, 20

Miscellaneous outside, 12

Total, 122

JAMES RYAN, Ashland, Pa.

InJ unctions.

On two occasions I was forced to resort to legal proceedings, in order to enforce compliance with the provisions of the mine law, against Thomas Baumgardner & Co.'s Enterprise colliery, and Thomas J. Wolf & Co.'s Eureka colliery.

A hearing was had in the former case before his Honor William M. Rockafeller, president judge of Northumberland county, who granted the injunction asked for.

In the case of the Eureka colliery, the defendants failed to put in an appearance at court, consequently his Honor Judge Rockafeller granted the injunction, wrhich thus far has not been dissolved, the defendants neglecting to move in the matter of improving the condition of the colliery.

Ventilation.

The general condition of the collieries of this district as to ventilation is satisfactory, with the exception of a few cases, where I find inside foremen negligent in having the air current properly circulated in face of narrow workings, i. e., chutes and headings and gangways, etc., in some mines where fire-damp or carburetted hydrogen is not generated.

There are forty-four (44) collieries in this district ventilated by sixtyfive (65) fans. Thirty-seven (37) of these collieries are in active operation and ventilated by fifty-eight (58) fans.

Falls of Coal and Roof.

There were ten lives lost from the above causes out of a total of thirty-one, being over thirty-two per cent, of the whole number of fatal

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Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

casualties for the past year. The number of non-fatal casualties from the same source was thirty-nine, being nearly thirty -two per cent, of the whole number of non-fatal casualties. In reviewing the causes which contribute to some of this class of accidents, I found that with a reasonable amount of care and prudence on the part of the unfortunate victims themselves, we would not be called upon to chronicle the sad fate of the poor fellows who have to earn a livelihood down in the bowels of the earth. It is sad in the extreme to behold a wife in poor circumstances, with the Kttle ones running about not knowing what loss they sustain in the death of their father, left to the cold charity of this world. In fact, there are several other sources of danger connected with mining operations, such as the handling of powder, attempting to couple and uncouple mine cars while in motion, etc., where the safety of ths workmen, to a great extent, depends on themselves. It behooves them, as well as those in charge, to be always on the alert with a view to reduce the number of casualties to the lowest possible minimum. It is my sincere desire to see that accomplished in the very near future.

NUMBER of fatal accidents and amount of coal produced per life lost by the different companies and individual firms during year 1886.

Operators.

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company,

Mineral Kailroad and Mining Company,

Union Coal Company,

Summit Branch Kailroad Company,

Lykens Valley Coal Company,

Lewis A. Riley & Co.,

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Falls of Coal and Roof.

Accident No. 1. — Christian Iiskow, miner, aged fifty-three years, was fatally injured by a fall of coal in Monitor colliery, January 4, 1886, and died while being removed to his home. He left a wife and three children to mourn his loss. Deceased and another miner, named Charles Burmeister, were, at the time of the accident, robbing the pillar between breasts Nos. 35 and c6, on lower west gangway, in the Mammoth vein. According to the evidence of Burmeister, about three quarters of an hour previous to the fall, they tried to bar down the lump which fell; failing in this, they concluded that it was safe to work ,under it. About three quarters of an hour after, while deceased was working under it, without giving any warning, it fell on him.

Accident No. 2. — Patrick Murphy, miner, aged twenty-five years, and single, was killed by a fall of top rock in Cameron colliery, February 6, 1886. Deceased and three other men, named Patrick Deane, Alexander E. Bradley and Alexander S. Bradley, were employed robbing pillars in No. 4 vein, upper drift. About ten, a. m., they drilled and tamped a hole in a pillar over the gangway, and left it standing until some cars, which they had loaded inside, were hauled out. After eating dinner, deceased fired the blast, and while dressing off the loose coal left after the shot, the top rock, without giving any warning, fell, killing him instantly.

Accident No. 3. — James Flynn, miner, aged forty-one years, was injured by a fall of top coal in Mount Carmel Shaft colliery, February 23, 1886, and died about three hours after the accident, leaving a wife. At the time of the accident, deceased and two other miners, named Thomas Moore and George Raudenbush, were engaged robbing the pillar between breasts Nos. 1 and 2 on No. 3 slant, north. Deceased after going into work in the morning, drilled and fired a hole in the top coal, while Moore and Raudenbush loaded two cars. After they had the cars loaded, they went up to the face of their working place and commenced to put coal in the chute. Then deceased commenced to drill a hole in the bottom coal, and while engaged, a piece of top coal fell, striking him, and inflicting injuries from which he died. Deceased was an old, experienced and careful miner.

Accident No. 4. — John Cannon, miner, aged fifty years, was fatally injured by a fall of top coal in Locust Spring colliery, March 10, 1886, and died on the 22d. He left a wife and seven children. Deceased and another miner, named Richard Maley, were employed robbing pillars in Skidmore Vein. About twelve, m., on the night of the accident, while deceased was barring up some bottom coal with a drill, a little bench of top coal which was over him fell.

Accident No. 5. — William Roberts, miner, aged fifty-four years, was killed by a fall of top slate (clod) in Excelsior colliery on April 7,1886. He left a wife and three children. Deceased and a Polish man named Halcavitch, were employed robbing pillars in " B " drift. After going

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172a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

in to work on the morning of the accident, deceased and Halcavitch, after fruitless efforts to bar down the top slate, decided that it was safe to Work. Then Halcavitch loaded a car, while Roberts went away some distance. When he came back, Roberts looked at the top but said nothing. Then he went away again. When he came back, the second car was loaded. Then he commenced drilling a hole, and while thus engaged the fall took place, completely covering him.

Accident No. 6. — Patrick Welsh, miner, aged twenty-six, was killed by a fall of coal in Logan colliery, July 15, 1886. He left a wife and one child. On the day of the accident, deceased and his brother, Michael, were working together in a breast in Buck Mountain vein. On going in to work in the morning, deceased drilled and fired a hole in the blasting bench on the inside pillar. The shot did not throw all that was before it, but left a lump at the back end of the hole. Deceased then got a drill and commenced to bar it. His brother told him to get out from there, because he thought it was too dangerous for him; that he should drill a hole further under the blasting bench, and that the top would then fall itself. To this deceased replied, " There is no danger," and continued barring. The moment his brother had forbidden him to bar under it the bench fell, killing him instantly.

Accident No. 7. — David Hutchison, laborer, a single man, aged seventeen years, was killed by a fall of top rock in Luke Fidler colliery, August 5, 1886. On the day of accident, deceased and three other men, named Benjamin Bowman, Edward Cox and Owen Mc Williams, were engaged taking the rails out of No. 1 slope, east counter, No. 8 vein gangway. According to the evidence taken at the inquest, deceased and Bowman were on the low side, and Cox and Mc Williams on the high side of the gangway driving the heads of the spikes into the sills. Both parties had driven two spikes, and were driving the third when the top, without giving any warning, fell, covering Hutchison, killing him instantly.

Accident No. 8. — Henry Kuentz, miner, aged thirty-five years, was killed by a fall of top slate (sulphur ball), in Locust Spring colliery, November 3, 1886. He left a wife and four children. Deceased and another miner, named Owen Donnelly, were working together in a breast in the west counter, west slant gangway. About two, p. m., while Donnelly was eating his dinner, deceased was putting a prop under the top slate, and while doing this the top slate fell, covering him and killing him instantly. Deceased was a good, careful and experienced miner.

Accident No. 9. — Q. Harvey Paul, miner, aged thirty-two years, was fatally injured by a fall of coal in Cameron colliery, November 4,1886. He died November, 5, 1886, leaving a wife and five children. Deceased and another miner, named Lawrence Comfair, were working together in breast No. 50, east No. 9 vein, east slope. About twelve, M.,

while deceased was making room at the top of his man way for a prop, a large slip of coal fell out on him, breaking his collar-bone and inflicting other bodily injuries.

Accident No. 10. — Benjamin Hain, laborer, a single man, aged twentyfive years, was fatally injured by a fall of coal in Williamstown colliery on December 1, 1886, and died the same day. On the day of the accident, deceased and two miners, named Robert Bell and Darby Kerwin, were employed driving the No. 4 slope, west counter gangway. At the time of the accident, deceased and Bell were loading a truck with slate, Bell shoveling on the high side and deceased on the low side, preparatory to putting in a set of timber at the face. While thus engaged, a piece of coal with a crack fell from the high side and top, striking deceased, inflicting the injuries from which he died.

The piece which fell was two feet thick, four feet wide, and seven

long.

Mine Cars and Machinery.

Accident No. l.*-John Maculy, slate-picker, a single man, aged twenty years, was killed January 26, 1886, -by being crushed in the counter screen cog-wheels, while attempting to start the blocked coal in the hopper or feed chute, between the upper and lower sets of rollers, in Pennsylvania colliery breaker. By the evidence taken at the inquest, it appears that the coal occasionally blocked in this chute or feed hopper ; frequently two or three times during the day. On the morning of the accident, it blocked soon after the breaker started work, and deceased went to start it. While thus engaged, he was caught by the cog-wheels and instantly killed. Also, according to the evidence, he went there contrary to orders, because whenever this chute was badly blocked the machinery was stopped until the coal was started. In this and in previous cases deceased went to start the coal while the machinery was in motion.

Accident No. 2. — Daniel Lucas, timber-man, aged fifty-one years, was injured on June 19, 1886, at Pennsylvania colliery, by being crushed between mine cars outside, and died June 29, 1886. He left a wife and seven children. Deceased and another timber-man, named Aaron Shultz Knittle, were engaged putting eight props, eight poles, and five planks into an empty car, preparatory to sending it down into the mine ; deceased holding the door of the mine car while Knittle put the timber in the car. After the timber was loaded, and while marking the number and name of the place on the car with chalk, an empty trip of cars, pushed by a small locomotive from breaker to slope, struck deceased, who was standing in front of the car they loaded, inflicting fatal injuries.

Accident No. 3. — Patrick Cavanagh, boss loader, aged thirty-five years, was .killed in Locust Gap colliery on July 4, 1886, by being caught between top of mine car and the upper set of sump timber at

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Ilia Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

the bottom of the pump slope. He left five children. On the morn- *ng of the accident, deceased and four or five other men were cleaning the sump at the bottom of the pump slope. By the evidence it appears they commenced to clean the sump about half past five, a. m. Shortly before the accident, which occured about half past seven, a.m., some of the men asked for oil, because their lamps were getting dry. Deceased told them he would get some. When deceased said this he was standing on the top of the car taking water from Thomas Maley, who was bailing it with a keg and throwing it into the car. When the car was full deceased shouted to Conrad Carl, who was at the rapper, to rap up the car. While the car was being hoisted, deceased remained on the top of it until he was caught between it and the upper set of timber in the sump. He was crushed and thrown down into the sump and instantly killed.

Accident No. 4. — James Bradbury, driver, a single man, aged twenty years, died September 3, from injuries received in Merriam colliery August 25, 1886, by being crushed between the top of a loaded mine car and a gangway collar. By the evidence, deceased was employed driving from the west tunnel workings out to the bottom of the slope. About four o'clock, p. m., while he was sitting on the top of the first of a loaded trip of cars, which were being brought out to the turn-out at the bottom of the slope, he came to a low gangway collar, between the tunnel and the turn-out, and while passing under it he was crushed between the car and the collar. The distance from the rail to the collar was six feet four inches, and from the rail to the top of the mine car five feet two inches, thus leaving a space fourteen inches be tween the top of the car and the collar.

Accident No. 5.— Eltz Kramer, loader and driver, a single man, aged twenty-one years, died October 9, from injuries received in Bear Valley colliery on October 7, 1886, by being crushed between empty mine car and gangway timber. This accident occurred about half past eleven, a. m. The colliery on this day was to work only half the day. At the time of the accident deceased was taking a trip of two empty mine cars from the cross-cut, between Nos. 8 and 9 vein, in to top split of mammoth vein, at west side. The cars were going at a lively rate, and when he came near the cross-cut leading into the top split he jumped off the front car, on which he was riding, to turn the mule into the "split." The front car jumped the track at the centre casting, and before deceased could get out of the way it caught and crushed him against the gangway low-side leg.

Premature Blast.

Accident No. 1. — John M. Thomas, miner, aged thirty-five years, was fatally injured by a premature blast in Stirling colliery, June 10, 1886, and died in about nine hours after the accident. He left a wife and three children to mourn his sad fate. On the day of the accident

deceased and another man, named Archibald Thomas, were engaged blasting down top rock over the slant gangway, at the west side, preparatory to putting in double timber. They drilled a hole about one foot deep, charged and tamped it, and lit the fuse. They then went to a place of safety, and, as the blast did not go off for ten minutes, deceased was going to see what was wrong, and was within six feet of the blast when it exploded. Pieces of rock struck him on the head, face, and body.

Falling Down Slope.

Accident No. 1. — Owen Monaghan, repairman, aged thirty years, was killed on May 11, 1886, by falling down Centralia colliery, No. 2 slope. He left a wife and one child. Deceased at the time of the accident was putting boards in place at the east side of the slope, near the top of the third lift, to turn some water into the sump that was escaping from the second lift. He was standing on a plank extending from the east side of the slope to some sills, when, by some mishap, he fell off the plank down the slope, a distance of forty or forty-five yards, on an angle of about fifty-eight (58°) degrees. When found, shortly after, life was extinct.

Accident No. 2. — Robert M. Jones, engineer, aged thirty-nine years, was killed September 9, 1886, by falling down Greenback slope. He left a wife and eight children. Deceased and another man, named Matthew Lambert, were employed as pump engineers, one night, the other day, exchanging every week. At the time of the accident, deceased was working by night. He came to work about half past five, p. M., and he and Lambert talked for a while on the top of the slope. Then Lambert went home. According to the evidence of William Beadle, the hoisting engineer on night turn that week, he left deceased down the slope about half past six, p. m. He (Beadle) discovered that a feed pump on top, which he also was running to feed the boilers, was running on air. He then went down the slope to the top lift, and found one of deceased's pumps also running on air. He also found deceased's hat and lamp in the truck in which he (Jones) was left down the slope. Beadle then looked in the upper lift pump engine-house for deceased, but could not find him. He then went down the slope convenient to the surface of the water. There he found him dead. He way lying on his back, his head up the pitch, and his right arm caught around a spring pole in use on the pump.

Accident No. 3. — James Ryan, top of slope man, a single man, aged eighteen years, was killed in Big Mountain colliery by falling down the slope November 3, 1886. It appears by the evidence that during the dinner hour, after he had eaten his dinner, he, with another young man, went down about nine or ten feet below the knuckle or top of slope, as was customary, to put in a pulley. When about finished he slipped and rolled down the slope to the bottom. When found he wa* dead, his brains oozing out through his skull.

176a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Explosion of Carburetted Hydrogen Gas.

Accident No. 1. — Daniel Woland, miner, aged thirty-five years, died on August 26, 1886, from injuries received on the 23d by being burned by carburetted hydrogen gas in Lykens Valley colliery. According to the evidence taken at the inquest, about twelve o'clock, m., there was a rush of coal in one of the breasts of the Short Mountain and Lykens Valley colliery, No. 3, east gangway, by which a large quantity of carburetted hydrogen gas was given off. This gas was ignited by the naked lamp of John Cook, who was standing on the gangway a considerable distance outside of where the rush of coal and gas took place. James G. Bateman, the inside foreman, fearing that the explosion might set the mine on fire, with seven other men, went along the breeches on the mountain and to the mouth of an air-hole outside to make an examination and ascertain if there were any indications of a fire being down in the mine. According to the evidence, when they arrived at the mouth of the air-hole, everything seemed to be right. Then Mr. Bateman, who was inside of the mouth of the air-hole, between the first and second sets of timber, struck a light with a match, igniting the gas, which gushed out of the mouth of the air-hole, burnall the men ; severely injuring some of them.

Kicked by Mules.

Accident No. 1. — James Curran, driver, aged nineteen years, a single man, died January 26, 1886, from injuries received in Bear Valley shaft colliery on Decenjber 17, 1885, by being kicked by a mule. Deceased was employed driving a team of five mules between the turnout at the west side of the shaft bottom and inside turn-out. On the morning of the accident, when his trip of empty cars started in from the turn-out, he stood at the side while the mules passed. While the third mule was passing him, he kicked and struck him on his hip. He worked after being kicked.

In my investigation of this accident, I was informed that the doctor treated him for rheumatism for some time after the accident, until it was ascertained that the injury was caused by the kick of the mule. On January 20, 1886, the wound was lanced. He died on the 26th. I learned that this mule was of a vicious and stubborn nature, and that deceased was bent on conquering him.

Accident No. 2. — James, Andrew, outside laborer, a single man, aged eighteen years, was killed in the outside stable at Hazle Dell colliery strippings, August 18. 1886, by being kicked by a mule. This accident occurred in the stable during the dinner hour. The water for watering the mules was kept in a barrel in the stable. On the day of the accident the mule was in his stall in the stable. Deceased brought a horse to water, and while drinking the horse stood behind the mule, deceased standing between the two. While in these positions the mule kicked twice, the first time striking the horse in the

side, the second striking deceased on the head near the temple, killing him instantly.

Accident No. 3. — John Alexander, Jr., top of slope man at the inside slope of Hazle Dell colliery, a single man, aged years, died

December 8, 1886, from injuries received the same day by being struck on the side of the head by a tail-chain, which was kicked by a mule he was driving at the time. The loaded track on the turn-out near the top of the slope was full of loaded coal cars. Two loaded rock cars stood on the empty track. Deceased hitched a mule to the loaded rock cars to admit of empty cars being hauled in. The mule pulled the first car and stretched the coupling chain of the second, but then refused or was not able to pull both cars. Deceased tied him to the loaded coal cars with a halter chain and whipped him. Then deceased hitched the mule to the rock cars a second time, but with the same result, only this time he kicked the tail chain oft' and ran toward the head of the slope. He was stopped by a young man by the name of Taylor. Deceased then brought him back and hitched him a third time to the rock cars, but he could not pull them. Deceased whipped the mule again, and the mule again kicked the tail-chain off and ran for the head of the slope a second time. Deceased brought him back and tied him with a halter chain to the cars loaded with rock, and commenced to whip him. The mule began to kick, and while doing so he struck the tail-chain with such force that it in turn struck deceased on the side of the head, inflicting injuries of such a nature as to cause his death from concussion of the brain.

Suffocated by Foul Air.

Accident No. 1. — Joseph Zoborney, miner, aged forty-nine, was suffocated by bad air in Luke Fidler colliery on April 19, 1886. He left a wife and three children. At the time of the accident, deceased and a laboring man, named Frank Jacinskie, were driving, at the east side, an air-hole in No. 9 vein from No. 1, inside slope, lower level, up to the counter gangway. Between nine and ten o'clock, p. m., they fired a blast, and they stopped down the breast, after the blast, to let the smoke clear away. Then both went up towards the face. Deceased stopped a short distance below the upper end of the brattice, while Jacinskie went up and dressed off the loose stuff after the blast. After he had done this, he came down to where deceased was sitting, and they talked awhile. Then Jacinskie went up to the face of the hole and commenced to drill a hole. He felt a queer feeling coming over him, which was the effect of the bad air, and called to deceased. He got an answer this time. After awhile he called again, but this time he got no answer; he called again and got no answer. Then he came down to where deceased wras sitting. When he got down to where deceased was, Zoborney's light was out. Jacinskie put his left hand on deceased's breast and his right on his shoulder; while doing this, Ja- 12a — Statistics.

178a Internal Affairs— tIndustrial Statistics. [No. 4,

cinskie's light went out, and he tried to strike some matches with which to light his lamp, but the matches would not burn. Jacinskie then went down to the gangway and out to the slope. There he commenced shouting, thinking that somebody might be within hearing distance. He then went up the slope in the dark, until he came to the bottom of the shaft. There he found the pump engineer. Then they made known what had occured, and men went down into the mine to where deceased was lying and brought him out to the surface.

Miscellaneous Inside.

Accident No. 1. — Daniel Miller, timberman, a single man, aged twenty-two years, died February. 14, 1886, from injuries received in Bellmore colliery on February 12,1886, while unloading timber out of a u gunboat'' or large car at the bottom of the slope. Deceased and another man, named Madigan, were employed loading and unloading timber for the workingmen. A crane is used for lifting the timber out of the car, and at the time of the accident, they were at the bottom of the slope unloading a car of timber, Madigan taking up the slack chain while deceased was down in the car, and had the chain hitched around a gangway leg. According to the evidence of Madigan, something came down the slope and struck the crane. Then he stepped back and called to deceased if there was anything wrong, but got no answer. He then looked down into the gunboat pit and saw deceased lying across the timber in the car.

Accident No. 2. — Isaac F. Kluck, miner and general repairman, aged thirty-two years, was killed by a rush of coal and dirt in Bellmore colliery, April 14, 1886. He left a wife and three children. At the time of the accident, deceased and another man, named Charles Bickel, were cleaning up some slate that fell from the roof over the gangway at No. 25 breast, inside chute in Buck mountain vein. Deceased was breaking the slate with a hammer, while Bickel was throwing it on the low side. When about to clean it up, Bickel remarked to deceased : u I think the roof is not safe," to which he replied : u Oh yes, I think it is safe ; I don't think there is much in the chute ; if there is, it is packed so tight that it cannot well give way." In a short time after the fall took place, discharging the chute props, thus causing the loose coal and dirt in the chute to rush down into the gangway, completely covering Kluck. When taken from the pile life was extinct.

Accident No. 3. — Edward Jones, driver, a single man, aged twentyone years, was killed in Mt. Carmel colliery, July 9, 1886, by being struck by flying coal from a blast. At the time of the accident, deceased and another driver, named Andrew Dreaher, had taken in a trip of five empty cars to a certain point on No. 3 slope, west countergangway, preparatory to having them loaded. Two miners, named John Zupka and Joseph Mandy, who were working in a breast on the lower level, fired a blast, which blew through into the upper gangway;

some of the coal striking Jones, inflicting injuries which caused his death while being removed to his home.

Accident No. 4. — Patrick Langon, miner, aged forty-eight years, died on August 13, from injuries received on the 7th in North Ashland colliery, by being struck by coal from a blast. He left eight children. Deceased and his son John were working together in breast No. 3, at the west side in Buck Mountain vein. Between two and three o'clock, p. m., they drilled and tamped a hole at the face of the breast, opposite the inside manway. After they had the hole tamped, they pulled the needle out and put in a patent squib preparatory to firing. Then they commenced to put a length of planks on the manway props. Langon was at the upper end holding the planks in place on the props, the son at the lower end driving the spikes. While thus engaged the blast exploded, some coal striking the father, inflicting fatal injuries.

Accident No. 5. — Charles Bickel, chute starter, aged forty years, was killed in Bellmore colliery, October 19,1886, while starting the battery in inside chute of breast No. 30, top vein, west side. He left a wife. On the day of the accident, deceased was employed as chute starter. In the morning, about seven o'clock, he got dualin caps and squibs from Richard White, one of the inside bosses. From that time until fifteen minutes after ten, a. m., when he was found dead in the chute, no body knew of his whereabouts. When found by White, he was lying up the pitch with his head, on the side of which was a large wound.

Accident No. 6. — Charles Albert Sellers, laborer, aged thirty-two years, was killed in Buck Ridge colliery, November 15, 1886, in No. 8 slope by a prop falling on him. He left a wife and one child. At the time of the accident, deceased and four or five other men were employed cleaning up and timbering the slope. William Rehrer, the man in charge, according to the evidence, forbade deceased a dozen times before the prop fell on him, digging near it. Rehrer said that he did not want it disturbed until a new set of timber was put in ; unmindful of the orders, he, at intervals, would pick near it, thereby loosening it and causing it to fall on him, killing him instantly.

Miscellaneous Outside.

Accident No. 1. — Daniel H. Shaffer, outside laborer, aged

years, killed instantly on Cameron colliery dirt bank by being crushed between the bumpers of dirt cars in attempting to uncouple them while in motion, March 4, 1886. He left a wife and two children. A locomotive is used to haul the dirt out to end of dirt bank. On the day of the accident, between three and four o'clock, p. m., when the loaded dirt cars were out near end of dirt bank, and in motion, Shaffer attempted to uncouple them, and his head was caught between the bumpers.

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

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Synopsis of the report of Inspector Samuel Gay, for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in the district, 43

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, . . . 39

Average working time, in days, for thirty-nine mines, . . 176

Persons employed inside of mines, 5,021

Persons employed outside of mines, 3,054

Total number of persons employed, 8,075

Number of fatal accidents, ' 21

Number of non-fatal accidents, 43

Persons employed per fatal accident, 384

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 187

Number of tons of coal mined, 2,476,013

Number of tons of coal shipped, 2,335,862

Number of ton6 increased production over year 1885, . . 181,310

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 117,905

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 57,349

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 47,144

Number of steam boilers in use, 609

Number of horses and mules in service, 948

Number of widows, 8

Number of orphans, 20

There was a decrease of two in the number of fatal accidents, and a decrease of thirty-six in number of non-fatal accidents.

13a — Statistics.

194a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4x

Seventh Anthracite District.

Pottsville, February 22, 1887. Honorable J. Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs :

Sir : I have thefhonor of submitting herewith my twelfth annual report as Inspector of coal mines in accordance with an act of Assembly, approved June the 30, 1885.

The report contains the usual tables, showing the number of accidents, fatal and non-fatal, arising from various causes, during the yean 1886 ; also the amount of coal produced during the same period, and such other data and information deemed to be of importance.

We are pleased to state that the number of fatal accidents is ten percent, less than those of the preceding year, and the number of nonfatal casualties shows a decrease of fifty per cent.

Within the same period the output of coal was increased eight per cent. There was also an increase in the number of persons employed of six per cent.

The casualties causing the death of twenty-one persons resulted from the following causes, viz : One man slipped on the ice and fell down a slope, four were fatally injured by blasting material, two were suffocated by a rush of coal thrown out by an outburst of gas, five were crushed to death by falls of roof and coal, two by the breaking of a hitching plate, to which the dirt dumper on a dirt plane was at-, tached to the hoisting rope, two lost their lives by a rush of water, one boy fatally injured by machinery in a breaker, one man crushed to death at the bottom of a slope by a mine car, two were fatally injured by the bursting of a steam boiler, another fell off a trestle and died from the effects of his injuries.

Out of the twenty-one persons who lost their lives, four were vie-, tims of their own recklessness. In fact, their deaths was more entitled to the name of 6suicide, than that of accidental.

Samuel Gay, Inspector of Mines, Seventh District

Coal — Anthracite.

TABLE No. 1— Fatal Accidents.— Comparative statement of fatal casualties that occurred during the years 1885 and 1886.

Cause of Accidents.

Explosions of Are-damp,

Falls of coal and roof,

Crushed by mine cars,

By machinery on the surface, By machinery under ground,

Falling down shafts,

Falling down slopes,

Breaking of ropes or chains, Explosions of blasting material, . . Miscellaneous causes,

Total number of fatal accidents,

Years.

TABLE No. 2.— Number of fatal accidents and amount of coal produced per life lost by the different companies and individual firms for the year 188ft.

Operators.

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company,

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company,

Alliance Coal Company, ".

Individual firms,

Total,

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Amount produce life lost.

TABLE No. 8— Non-fatal Accidents.— Comparative statement of non-fatal casualties occurring during the years 1885 and 1886.

Years.

Cause of Accidents.

Explosions of fire-damp, . . .

Falls of coal and roof,

By mine care,

By machinery on the surface, By machinery under ground,

Falling down shafts,

Falling down slopes,

Breaking of ropes and chains, Explosions of blasting material, Miscellaneous,

Totals,

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

TABLE No. 4.— Table showing the total amount of coal shipped to market, together with the estimated amount used or sold at the collieries.

Years.

Amount of coal shipped,

Amount of coal solcL or used at collieries,

Total number of tons produced,

Increase,

TABLE No. 5. — Statement showing a general comparison between the years 1885

and 1886, respectively.

Number of persons employed,

Number of tons of coal produced per life lost,

Ratio of employe per life lost,

Number of tons produced per each person seriously injured,

Tons of coal mined per each employ,

Ratio of employed per serious personal injury,

Years.

"Sift

TABLE No. 6. — Showing number of deaths and ratios of the same, per every thousand employed of the different companies and individual firms for the year 1886.

Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company.

Lehigh Coal and Navigation,

Alliance Coal Company,

Individual firms,

Totals,

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Notwithstanding the sad and deplorable loss of life shown in the foregoing tables, it is an undeniable fact that the occupation of those employed in and about the anthracite mines, is much less hazardous than it was at the time the first State mining law was enacted for the protection of the employes engaged in mining.

It is probably true that the enactment of the law did not bring about the sudden and sweeping effect in preventing the loss of life and limb as had been anticipated, nevertheless, if we take records of the former years and compare them with the last, it will be seen that the death rate per thousand is from fifty to seventy per cent, less, and

Coal — Anthracite.

Received Certificates of Service June SO, 1885, Article 8.

Nationality,

Welsh,

Welsh,

German,

Welsh,

English,

American,

English,

English,

American,

English,

English,

American,

German,

Irish,

Irish,

American,

Welsh,

Irish

American,

American,

American,

Irish,

Welsh,

German,

English,

English,

Welsh,

Welsh,

English,

American,

American,

American,

Irish,

English,

under the Act of

Age.

that the output of coal has increased at about the same ratio since the passage of the first act in 1870.

Under the provisions of an act passed June 30, 1885, the court appointed for the Seventh district to act as the examining board Mr. Thomas Doyle, mine superintendent, and Mr. H. S. Crooks, a miner, in conjunction with the mine inspector, as provided for by the act. Thirty-six persons received certificates of service and seventeen received certificates of competency.

The following are the names of those receiving certificates in the Seventh or Pottsville district :

Names of Persons that

Names. Thomas P. Thomas, ... John F. Williams, . . .

George Keith,

David Jones,

Thomas Oliver,

James McDonald,

Michael Flanagan, ... Thomas Elthringham, . Thomas Brockson,

Michael Devlin,

William Godfrey, William Taylon,

John Atkinson,

Michael Hibbert. Arche McDonald,

John Welsh,

Martin Kelley,

Thomas Davis,

Daniel Fitzpatrick, ...

John Loreny,

, John Kopp,

Harry Neidhommer, . .

Patrick Birenz,

Matthew Beddow, . . . .

Lowes Lorenz,

Daniel Thompson, . . . Silas Thompson,

Peter E. Jones,

William D. Thomas, . .

John McGuire,

Thomas Doyle,

Morgan Price,

James Kealey,

John Elthringham,

Names of Persons who Received Certificates of Competency under the June SO, 1886, Article 8.

Names. Richard Edwards, . . .

Harry Alsop,

John Curral,

Ruber Price,

Edwin Thompson, . . .

John H. Reilly,

Michael Conway, Patrick McDonald, . . .

Daniel Griffith,

Thomas Campbell, . . . James Mauchlen,

John Purcell,

Thomas Devlen,

Martin Pursell,

Andrew Crawford, . . . Harry 8. Crooks, Albert Thompson, . . .

Nationality.

Welsh,

English,

Irish,

English,

English,

American,

American,

American,

Welsh,

American,

American,

American,

American,

English,

English,

Age.

198a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Fatal Accidents.

Accidents Nos. 5 and 6. — We regret to have to report again one of those uncontrollable and distressing accidents resulting from an outburst of fire damp at Phoenix Park, No. 3 colliery, by which two unfortunate men lost their lives.

The men were employed as gangway laborers, and were working under the direction of a miner who had the contract for driving the gangway.

Sketch No. 1 represents the section of the gangway and the schutes and cross headings where the outburst occurred. On the night of the accident five miners and two fan boys were all that were engaged in the colliery.

By reason of the frequent outbursts the day shift had been discontinued some time previous to the accident, the work in gangway A. and in schutes and cross heading, B and 0 was then confined to nights work, and the workmen restricted to the use of locked safety lamps.

On the night of the accident the workmen had been engaged in the usual way without any indications of an outburst. About twelve o'clock, fortunately, the miner had an occasion to go back to point D, where his supply box was located. He had no sooner reached the box, when he heard the report of the outburst. Thinking it had occurred at the gangway face, he called to his laborers to run, at the same time making his way toward them, but to his surprise when he got as far as shute B he found the miners who were working in B on the gangway nearly exhausted, the openings charged with gas, and the volume rapidly increasing, driving the two back to point E, according to the testimony of the men. It was from fifteen to twenty minutes before the force of the outburst of gas had expended itself sufficiently to allow them to make an attempt to rescue the two laborers. However, when they reached point B, to their dismay, they found that the gangway had not only been blocked with gas, but that it had also been filled to the roof with coal thrown from the face of the schute by the outburst.

Still hoping their fellow workmen were yet alive at the gangway face, they commenced to make an opening over the top of the loose coal, but had not gotten far with the opening when the lifeless bodies of the unfortunate laborers were found. They had been buried alive by the rush of coal forced from the face, by the pent up pressure of the gas. It is quite evident that as soon as the men heard the report, caused by the discharge of the gas, they made a rush out of the gangway, but unfortunately were caught by the mass of material thrown from the face.

Notwithstanding the opening B was but five feet wide by four feet high, over twenty tons of coal had been displaced from the solid face. It was very fortunate that the men had strictly complied with the

Vules of the colliery by using none but safety lamps. Had they used an open light, it is more than probable that instead of having to re- 'cord the two, as it is now, we should have had the painful duty of Recording the whole of the number engaged in the mine that night.

Accidents Nos. 9 and 10.— \These two unfortunate victims, of their \)Wn recklessness, lost their lives in a small colliery near Minersville, known as the Wolf Creek Diamond, operated by John Lawrence, and employing, under ground, six persons. The mine is opened by a waterlevel drift. Sketch No. 2 represents the section of the mine where the accident occurred ; letter A represents the gangway now in operation and tetter B indicates an old gangway worked out and abandoned a number of years previous to the present operation. The distance betWeeti A and B is about fifty feet, hence the coal that was b6in& Worked WaS that in the pillar between the two gangways, A and B. tip td the time of the accident, gangway A had been extended a distance bf about fourteen hundred yards, and the coal worked betWeferi the two levels, hence what little water had accumulated in the old gangway had been tapped and drawn off as the lower workings advanced Withdiit any mishap, until the time these two men, Russell arid Eelley, lost their lives. These men were fully aware *of the situation df the did gangway, and the amount of water it contained in vertical height, to which their fellow workmen and Mr. Lawrence testified at the coroner's inquisition.

John Lawrenfcte, the operator, testified that two weeks prior to the accident he had teiaininted the old gangway and found a small fall of rubbish by which the Mrater in the gangway was dammed back to the height of three ftefct. These facts he stated to Russell and Kelley, ordering them td k£&p a bore hole ahead in the face of the breast .after reaching a given distance. Two days before the accident, Lawrence sent Edfaard Wigmore, a miner, who was working in the next breast to them, to warn them to keep the bore hole ahead. When Wigmore delivered the message, Russell replied : ;c Do you think I am a d— d fool, and not knowing what I am doing?" Harry Bush, another ininer, working alongside of them, in the inside breast, testified that he had told Russell to keep the bore hole ahead on the Evening before, and again in the morning of the day of the accident, and Russell told him it was all right.

Notwithstanding these warnings, the two unfortunate victims of their own folly, continued to work on in the usual manner, without taking the precautionary measures they had frequently been requested to take for their own protection against a sudden rush of water, which they well knew was sure to follow, if they broke through into the old gang- Way B, with a large opening. Nevertheless, it was evident, beyond a doubt, from the indications shown by the opening, that they had continued undermining the vein until there remained only about six inches between them and the water, when the face of coal evidently

200a Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

suddenly gave way, making an opening into the old gangway about seven feet wide and five feet high, through which the volume of water rushed, carrying its victims and loose coal down the breast before it, until they reached the battery above the gangway. Here Russell's mangled body was found, and Kelley's was found some distance from the place of accident, where he had died.

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lb— Statistics.

2 J Internal Apfaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

First Bituminous Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector Henry Louttit for the year ending December 31, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau :

Number of mines in the district, 70

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 52

Average working time, in days, for seventy collieries, . . 105

Average working time, in days, for fifty-two collieries, . . 144

Persons employed inside of mines, 4,284

Persons employed outside of mines, 417

Total number of persons employed, 4,701

Number of fatal accidents, 8

Number of non-fatal accidents, 60

Persons employed per fatal accident, 762

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 70

Number of tons of coal mined, 1,753,071

Number of tons of coal shipped, 1,868,841

Number of tons increased production over year 1885, . . 349,957 Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, 219,133 Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 29,217

Number of coke ovens in district operated, 13

Number of tons of coke produced, 800

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 3,168

Number of steam boilers in use, 37

Number of horses and mules in service, 255

The increase in the number of persons killed was two, and of persons injured forty -seven. Falls of roof coal and slate caused seven deaths and thirty-one non-fatal injuries. Mine cars killed one person and injured twelve. But one person was injured by fire-damp.

First Bituminous District.

To the Honorable J. Simpson Africa,

Secretary of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of PenrCa :

Sib : In accordance with the tenth section of an act, entitled " An act relating to bituminous coal mines and providing for the lives, health, safety, and welfare of persons employed therein," I have the honor herewith to submit my second annual report as inspector of mines for the first bituminous coal district of Pennsylvania, for the year ending December 31, 1886. I regret that I have to report a greater loss of life during the year than in the preceding one. I do not wish to be considered harsh, but in my examinations into the causes of those casualties, I do not hesitate to say, that with ordinary care on the part of the unfortunates, a majority of them could have been avoided.

The mines of this district, I am pleased to state, have shown a marked improvement in their condition during the year. This is partly due to the wise provisions of the law, and a desire on the part of a majority of the operators to have their mines in good order.

This report contains, besides the usual tables, the number of persons employed in and about the mines, the improvements made during the year, and statements of fatal and non-fatal accidents are given in detail. The number of mines in the district and a brief description of the same is also included.

At present there are seventy mines in this district. A few of them have not been in operation during the year, while a few others come under the provisions of the law only at certain seasons of the' year. This class of mines is very difficult to attend to. I have made some visits to those mines, only to find them in such a condition that I had no jurisdiction, but the time had been spent that could have been devoted to some other mines that needed my attention. In conclusion, I will say, that all the mines in the district that came under the provisions of the law have been inspected as often as my time would permit, and in this connection I cheerfully indorse what Inspector Adams says in his last years1 report, namely : That " the provision relative to the mine inspectors having to visit each mine in their respective districts four times a year is a very impractical one, as we do not believe that any inspector can make four proper inspections of each mine yearly " and attend to the other duties required by the act.

Yours very respectfully,

Henry Louttit.

46 Internal Afpaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Monongahela Citt, February 28, 1887. On April 15 I sent the following circular to the mine bosses of the district :

Circular.

Office of the Mine Inspector,

Monongahela City, , 1886.

To the Mine Bosses First Bituminous Coal District of Pennsylvania :

Dear Sirs : Section five of the act approved June 30, 1885, requires mine bosses to measure the air current at least once a week, at the inlet and outlet, and at or near the face of the headings. Also to make a record of such measurements in a book kept for that purpose, said book to be open for the examination of the inspector of the district They shall report the air measurement to the inspector once every month.

Many have sent in these required reports promptly ; others have altogether failed to comply. A few have made prompt reports which are creditable and correct, but others have sent in reports to this office which bear evidence of neglect, inaccuracy and fraud. Such reports do not deceive the inspector, and mine bosses who commit this crime against the law and in violation of their own pledged honor, cannot hope to maintain the respect or confidence of the department.

In some of these reports the most important measurements are not given, namely : The air current at or near the face of the headings. When these measurements are not given it is reasonable to conclude they have no air to measure, and I shall give my attention to that mine.

Blank reports will be furnished on request, and I will expect the mine bosses of this district to report promptly, as required by law.

Yours very truly,

Henry Louttit,

Mine Inspector.

On January 1 I sent blanks to all the operators in this district, of

which the following is a copy :

OPERATOR'S ANNUAIj REPORT

Of Mine, located in county, to Mine

Inspector of the Bituminous District of Pennsylvania,

for the year ending December 31, 188 :

Name of operator or company,

P. O. address,

Name of Superintendent,

P. O. address,

Name of Mining Boss,

P. 0. address,

Name of Fire Bosss,

P. O. address,

No. of Persons Employed Inside, &c

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Section 20. On or before the fifteenth day of January in each year, the owner, operator or superintendent of every mine or colliery shall send to the inspector of his district a correct report, specifying with respect to the year ending the thirty-first of December preceding such report, the name of the owner or operator, and officers of the mine, and the quantity of coal mined; the report shall be in such form and give such information as may be, from time to time, required and prescribed by the mime inspector of the district.

Mine Inspector.

I have compiled the following table from parts of this circular :

Number of mines in the district, 70

Number of persons employed in and about the mines, . . 4,701

Number of mules employed inside, 255

Total production in tons of coal (as per circular) mined

during the year, 1,753,071

Number of tons of coal mined per life lost, 219,133+

65 Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 29,217

Number of persons employed per fatal casualty, 762+

Number of persons employed per non-fatal casualty, . . 70+

Number of coke ovens in the district, 13

Causes of Fatal and Non-fatal Accidents.

Fatal.

By fall of slate, 6

By fall of coal and slate, 1

By mine cars, 1

Total, 8

Non-fatal.

By fall of slate, 27

By fall of coal, 4

By fall of roof. 2

By fall of horseback, 2

By mine cars, 12

By blasting powder, 2

Explosion of fire-damp, 1

Miscellaneous, 10

Total, 60

Ventilating Fnrnaces and Baskets.

Ventilating furnaces have been built at the following mines this year :

Stoner & Co. built a furnace at their Boom Mine.

Patterson & Santerr have built one at Brier Hill.

C. L. Snowdon & Co. have built one at their Umpire mines.

Ventilating fire baskets have been put up at the following mines during the year :

One has been put up at the Eclipse Mine.

Henry Florsheim put in one at his Union Valley Mine.

Hon. Jonathan Allison has erected one at his mines.

One was put in at Cook's mine.

The Chicago and Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company has put one in their Gastonville mines.

MINES ON THE MONONGAHELA RIVER. Knob

Mine is located near "West Brownsville, owned and operated by the Knob Coal Co. Superintendent, S. H. Peirsol ; mine boss, John D. Bakewell. The mine consists of a slope opening 900 feet in length. Made four visits during the year to this mine. When visited last, November 19, the mine was not running, but I examined it and found it in very fair condition. The workings are opened partly on the double entry system. The headings are driven 8 feet wide and 6 feet

high. I measured the air-current and found 28,105 cubic feet passing the inlet.

Boman

Mine is a shaft opening, located in the borough of West Brownsville ; operated by Eli Leonard ; worked on the double entry system. They employ 9 miners, 1 driver, and 5 other persons.

Umpire

Mine located near Brownsville, Fayette county; operated by C. L. Snowdon & Co.; is a drift opening, employing at my last visit, December 2, 64 miners, 3 boys, and 14 day-hands. During the early part of the year the ventilation was very unsatisfactory, but they built a ventilating furnace since, which is giving good results. Drainage is produced partly by natural means and partly by syphon. Superintendent, John Simpson; mine boss, John Lowstuter. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Albany,

A slope opening , operated by Snowdon & Hogg. Superintendent, Frank Hogg ; mine boss, Henry Naylor. This mine consists of eight butts and two face headings. When visited in December there were 12,002 cubic feet of air entering the inlet. Drainage fair, but the ventilation was somewhat defective at the face of some of the headings. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Climax.

This is a slope opening, located near the Albany mine ; has been idle for some time. On my last visit, October 8, to this mine I found it in pretty fair condition. Air measurements taken at the time, 6,750 cubic feet per minute. .

Stony Hill

Is operated by the Stony Hill Coal Company. This mine is worked on the double entry system ; ventilation is produced by furnace power. Quantity of air passing out, was 17,645 cubic feet per minute. Visited this mine four times during the year. Superintendent, Alexander Roberts ; mine boss, Aquilla Underwood.

Cedar HU1

Is located immediately below the Stony Hill Mine; S. W. Morgan, operator; system of working, single entry. Visited this mine four times during the year, and on my last visit, December 30, found the mine in pretty fair condition, with the exception of entry 15, in which the air-current was somewhat defective. Mine boss, R. C. Campell.

Little Alps.

A drift opening, and operated by John Underwood. This is a small mine, employing about sixteen persons.

8 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Merchant.

This is also a small mine, and at present does not come under the provisions of the law.

Greenfield.

This mine is located at Coal Centre, and operated by J. S. Neel. Superintendent, P. J. Forsythe; mine boss, James Householder; worked on the double entry system, and ventilated by furnace power. During the year very extensive improvements have been made at this mine in the shape of driving entries, building a new furnace, and putting up a stationary engine and wire rope for haulage. Mine was in fair condition on my last visit. Made three visits to this mine during the year.

Globe.

This mine is located below the Greenfield mine, and is operated by the Globe Coal Company. Superintendent, Robert Gregg ; mine boss, William Davis. This mine is opened by a drift, and the system in use is double entry ; ventilation is produced by a furnace. On my last visit, November 16, I found the ventilation and drainage somewhat inadequate in some parts of the mine. On August 13, a firedamp explosion occurred, resulting in the burning of Terrence Lynch severely. I was called to the mine on the same day. I made an examination of the place where the gas had fired, and found that a room had fallen in and that the injured man had attempted to climb over the fall to get some tools that were at the face of the room, but had not got very far, when the gas fired on his naked lamp with the result above stated. This explosion was something of a surprise, for from what I could learn fire-damp on falls in this mine was never seen before ; but I hope that this %4 surprise " will have the effect to prevent others from climbing over falls with naked lamps. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Eclipse,

Operated by J. S. Neel; located below Globe Mine. Superintendent, P. J. Forsythe ; mining boss, Samuel Kent. Employing, when visited on the 7th of December, 65 miners, 8 boys, and 16 day-hands. Ventilation is produced by furnace power. Amount of air entering the mine was 24,065 cubic feet per minute. Visited this mine five times during the year.

Calidonla,

A drift opening, operated by T. J. Wood. Superintendent, T. J. Wood ; mine boss, George Collins ; cubic feet of air in circulation when visited, December 7, 22,365 per minute. The mine is opened on the double entry system and consists of eight butts and two face entries. Ventilation is produced by furnace. About 100 miners are employed. Made four visits to this mine during the year.

Champion,

Located near Woods Run. This mine has been leased lately to T. J. Wood, who hasbeen making some improvements inside of the mine, such as driving entries, laying track, &c. Worked on the double entry system and ventilated by a small furnace. When visited, in December, their main entry and air-course was greatly troubled by a soot vein in roof and face. Quantity of air passing at outlet was 15,075 cubic feet per minute. Thomas Gainor, mine boss. Visited mine three times during the year.

Woods Run,

Located at Woods Run ; owned by Samuel Thompson, and worked under a lease, by W. A. Stone & Co. This is worked on the double entry system and ventilated by furnace power. Air measurements taken at the inlet showed a velocity of 230 feet per minute ; sectional area, 51 feet ; ventilation was fair, with the exception of the faces of entries 11 and 12, which were some distance ahead of the air-current. Made four visits to this mine. Mine boss, Frederick Rowe.

American.

A drift opening and located a short distance above Lucyville; Washington Coal Company, operators. On my last visit I found the air currents very defective in parts of the mine, notably at the head of 10 entry. Here there were some eleven men working above the air current. I gave notice to the management that steps should be immediately taken to remedy the evil, which they promised to do. This mine consists of seven butt entries and one face entry. Number of miners employed, 74 day hands, 8 inside. Visited this miue four times during the year. Mine boss, Thomas S. Briggs.

Peacock.

Not in operation. Owner, Jonas Crothers.

Snow Hill.

This mine is located in Fayette county, and operated by the Alps Coal Company. Superintendent, Josph Underwood; mine boss Samuel Smith. This is a drift opening, and worked on the single entry system, except the main entry, which has an air course running parallel with it. Ventilation is produced by a furnace assisted by the exhaust steam from a pump. Air measurements taken at the inlet showed a volume of 25,536 cubic feet entering the mine. Made four visits to this mine during the year.

Excelsior,

Located nearly opposite the village of Lucyville. Drift opening ; ventilated by furnace. Mine only in operation part of the year.

Hall.

This mine is located a short distance below the Excelsior mine and operated by John Hall & Son. Superintendent, John Hall; mine boss, William Smith. The mine is a drift opening, and worked on the double entry system. This mine consists of five butts and two

10 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics- [No. 4,

face headings. They give employment to 92 men and boys. Visited this mine three times during the year.

Acme Is owned and operated by the Stockdale Coal Company, and located between Allenport and Lucyville stations on the Monongahela division of the Pennsylvania railroad. This is a new opening, and worked on the double entry system. When I paid my first visit to this mine, I found the ventilation was very defective in parts of the mine, owing to the mine being ventilated by natural means, but they have since put up a fine basket which has improved the sanitary condition of the mine. The company has put down a shaft and intend to build a large ventilating furnace at the bottom ot it. The quantity of air in circulation December 6, was 17,200 cubic feet per minute. Made four visits to this mine.

Carondelet,

Operated by E. C. Furlong & Son. This mine was operated by a cooperative company during the early part of the year, but they suspended operations, and the mine lay idle for some time, till the present operators leased it. They employ 55 miners, 4 boys and 7 day hands. The following air measurement was taken : At inlet of the uold hill," 12,502 cubic feet per minute; in "new hill," 4,495 cubic feet per minute. The " old hill " part of the mine was in pretty fair condition, but the " new hill " part was not satisfactory as regards ventilation and drainage. Made three visits to this mine during the year. Mine boss, John Furlong.

Ldttle Redstone, Operated by James Rutherford. This is a small drift opening, employing 10 miners and 2 boys inside, and sometimes less than this number. John Rutherford, mine boss.

Connecticut.

Not in operation.

Clipper,

Located at Alllenport, and operated by the Allenport Coal Company. Superintendent, Robert Jack; mine boss, George Gastkill. This is a drift opening and worked on the double heading plan. They have two face and four cross headings. The company gives employment to 72 men and 15 boys. The quantity of air passing in the inlet on November 22 was 8,904 feet. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Fremont,

Owned and operated by John A. Wood & Son. Superintendent, S. B. Graham ; mine boss, William Watkins. A drift opening, worked on the double heading system and ventilated by furnace power. At the inlet I measured 12,528 cubic feet of air per minute, which was fairly distributed to the face of the entries. Made three visits to this mine.

Little Pittsburgh

Is a small mine, and operated by R. E. Schmertz & Co. They employ 8 miners and 1 driver inside, and 1 day hand outside. The coal produced at this mine is converted into coke for use at the glass works of the company. Mine boss, John A. Beven.

Rostraver,

Mine is located in Rostraver township, Westmoreland county. The coal is reached by a drift opening. When I visited this mine in December, I found the works in very good order. I measured the inlet air current, and there were 9,405 cubic feet per minute passing. Visited the mine four times during the year.

Iron City

Mine not in operation. Nothing been done since the ice destroyed the tipple.

Columbia,

A drift opening. Located opposite the town of Columbia, and operated by J. T. Jones. This mine has not been operated very steadily during the year. They employ 75 miners, 5 boys and 12 other persons.

Webster

Mine is located at Webster, Westmoreland county. Worked on the single entry system and ventilated by natural means. These mines have not been operated very much during the year, only a few crafts being loaded.

Gilmore

Mine is a drift opening. Situated in Webster, and operated by Altmyer & Molsberger. Worked on the single entry plan and ventilated by furnace. It has four openings. It employs, inside and outside, 123 persons and 6 mules. When visited by me in December last the ventilation and drainage were defective in parts of the mine. I measured the inlet current, and found 20,052 cubic feet of air per minute passing. Made four visits to this mine during the year.

Stockdale

Mine is a drift opening, and operated by Crombie, Skillen & Co.; is ventilated by shaft and furnace, and has three cross and two face headings. There are 40 miners, 3 boys, and 7 other persons employed. When I visited this mine on the 14th of December I found the mine in pretty fair condition, except a few of the entries that were driven ahead of the air. There were 16,668 cubic feet of air per minute entering the mine. Visited this mine four times during the year. John Crombie, mine boss.

Abe Hays,

Located near Monongahela City. S. B. Hayes, operator; T. S. Hutchinson, superintendent; W. J. Mollison, mine boss. Visited this mine December 15. The number of persons then employed was 41

12 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

miners. 8 boys and 11 day hands. During the year they have opened a new drift, to win some coal that could not be won from the old drift without a great amount of trouble. This drift (the new one) was not satisfactory as regards ventilation, but they were driving an entry to connect with an opening leading to day-light. When this is done it will greatly improve matters. The old drift is in fair condition. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Black Diamond

Mine is located at Black Diamond Station, Monongahela Division of the P. R. R.; adrift opening; operated by W. H. Brown Sons. Superintendent, James Loutitt; mine boss, Malcolm Cochran. The mine is worked partly on the double entry system. The entries on the right of the main entry, with thG exception of the last two are double, while those on the left of the main entry are double. They are driving an air-course parallel with the boundary lines, into which the cross-headings on either side are driven. When this connection is made those entries will be ventilated by distinct currents of air fresh from the outside instead of from the inside. The mine generates fire-damp freely. A fire-boss examines the mine before any person is permitted to enter. After he has made his examination he makes out a written report in a book kept for that purpose, of the condition in which he finds the mine, as regards the presence of fire-damp. They also have a good traveling-way for persons to walk in and out. During the year about a mile and a half of entry has been driven, and nearly the same amount of T iron track has been laid. Quantity of air in circulation October 27th, was 18,754 cubic feet per minute. Made fcur visits to this mine during the year.

Mine is located in First Ward, Monongahela City; owned and operated by James Jones. Superintendent, John H. Jones ; mine boss, Richard Stephenson. The mine consists of one main entry, with parallel air-course and four cross entries. Cubic feet of air in circulation when visited on October 28, 11,137. The number of miners employed was 60 ; boys, 4, and 11 day-hands ; width of entries 8 feet ; rooms, 27. and ribs 6. Four times visited during the year.

Catsburgh,

Operated by Louis Staib; located at Monongahela City. Superintendent, Adam Keil ; mine boss, Peter Doney. The ventilation is by a fire-basket. An examination of the mine showed that the present ventilator is entirely too small for so large a mine. In conversation With those in charge, I suggested the putting up of a fan, and from what I could learn, they were favorably disposed toward it. Visited this mine four times during the year, and on my last visit, October 29, air measurements taken showed the number of cubic feet of air to be 8,800.

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New Eagle,

Located at New Eagle station ; a drift opening, but not in operation at present.

Courtney

Mine is located at Courtney station, and operated by the Courtney Coal Company. Superintendent, W. A. Kennedy ; mine boss, William Louttit. This mine consists of a slope 480 feet in length, with an average dip of 11£°. The hauling from the bottom of the slope is by a stationary engine and wire rope bringing four cars up each trip. The headings are driven feet wide and about six feet high. The following air measurements were taken at the time of my visit in October: Inlet velocity, 200 ; sectional area, 38| feet ; total number of persons employed in or about the mine, 99. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Garfield

Is operated by J. S. Neel, located a short distance below Courtney station. Superintendent, Hary Neel; mine boss, Henry Reitz ; a drift opening and worked on the double entry system. Condition of mine, fair. One hundred and thirteen men and boys are given employment. Made four visits to this mine during the year.

Buffalo

Mine is located near Courtney station ; owned and operated by the Youghiogheny Coal Company. W. J. Morgan, superintendent; John Nicholson, mine boss. During the year the company has made some radical changes, with a view to increase the output of the mine. By driving entries, cleaning up an old entry known as No. 9, they shorten the hauling route nearly one half. This increased the output of the mine from 6,000 bushels to a capacity of 10,000. Those in charge of the mine experienced a great amount of trouble with fire-damp during the early part of the year. On January 18, a miner working in a room on six entry holed into the abandoned workings of old four entry; as a result, the pent up gas rushed out of the aperture and ignited from his naked lamp, causing a panic among the men for a time, but happily no one was injured. The burning gas set fire to the coal, which necessitated the putting in of a stopping to smother, which it did. Two face entries that were being driven toward old mine, had? of necessity to hole into the old workings of entry. Four bore-holes were kept ahead as a precautionary measure. When said holes went through they were plugged and the coal was worked off till there was only a small face of coal left between the new and old workings. Superintendent McGonagle notified me that they were ready to tap the gas from old works. I immediately repaired to the scene, in company with Messrs. John McGonagle, superintendent ; Alexander Parks, fire boss ; J. F. Anderson, and a few other persons as aids, and after mak-

Ic

lib Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

ing the necessary arrangements for safety, orders were given to open the place. This having been done, the gas rushed out with such a pressure that it forced itself through the in-take air for quite a distance before it was forced into the return. There was such a quantity of gas came out, that four days elapsed before it was considered safe to permit the mine to resume work. I visited this mine ten times during the year.

Cincinnati

Mine is a drift opening, located a short distance above Hustons' Run. The mine consists of four face headings and seven butts. An examination of the mine, November 29, showed it to be in fair condition, with the exception of entries three and four, which were driven some distance ahead of the air-current, but to remedy this they were making a break-through near the face of them, which would course the air up. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Black Hawk

Mine located above Lock No. 5, but not in operation at present.

Coal Bluff.

This is a drift opening and located at Coal Bluff, and operated by the Monongahela and Peters Creek Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, William Watkins ; mine boss, Elijah Dainty. This mine consists of ten butt and five face headings. They give employment to 200 men and boys. When visited in November, there were 28,428 cubic feet of air passing in. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Cliff

Mine is operated by JT. M. Risher, and located at Coal Bluff. There has been very little mining done in this mine during the present year.

Banner

Mine is operated by J. M. Risher; located at Shire Oaks; worked on the double entry system. It consists of double main-headings and six parallel cross-headings. When I visited this mine in November, they were employing 175 miners, 15 boys and 9 drivers inside, land 11 day-hands outside. Amount of air measured at inlet was 31,402 cubic feet per minute. Mine boss, R. B. Drum. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Hilldale.

This mine is operated by the Hilldale Coal Company ; located at Hilldale station, Monongahela Division of the P. R. R. Superintendent, J. N. McNorton; mine boss, George Hayes; a drift opening, and worked on the single entry system. The mine is well drained. The ventilation was fair, except one heading, where the required stoppings were not put in. Number of cubic feet of air entering the mine was 12,520 per minute. Made four visits to this mine during the year.

mines* on the baltimore and ohio railroad, pittsburgh and

wheeling division.

Venetia

Mine is situated at Anderson Station and operated by Dr. D. M. Anderson. Superintendent, D. M. Anderson ; mine boss, T. E. Robb. System of working, double heading. They employ 55 miners, 5 boys and 4 drivers. Air measurements taken December 22 at outlet showed a velocity of 270 feet per minute; sectional area, 45 feet. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Eclipse, Operated by Osborne, Saeyer & Co. Double heading is adopted here. Ventilation is effected by fire basket assisted by the exhaust steam from the pump.

Nottingham,

Operated by the Nottingham Coal Company, limited. This mine has been worked very little during the year, and a greater part of the time when in operation it did not come under the provisions of the law.

Union Valley

Mine is operated by Henry Florsheim, and worked on the double entry plan. This mine consists of eight cross headings and one main heading. At my visit to this mine in December, they were employing 103 miners, 10 boys and 14 day hands. I measured 16,277 cubic feet of air at inlet, which was pretty well circulated on the main and cross headings, with the exception of entry called " Little 15." On this entry the air current was inadequate for the number of persons working on it. This mine has a great deal of water, which makes it difficult to keep the roads clean. Superintendent, M. G. Gibson; mine boss, Reuben Street. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Gastonville

Mine is located at Gastonville, and operated by the Pittsburgh and Chicago Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, Charles Steine ; mine boss, Richard Archibald. Mine worked on the single entry system, and ventilated by a fire basket. One hundred and twenty (120) miners, 5 drivers, 1 trapper and 6 day men are employed. Made four visits to this mine.

MINES ON THE CHENANGO VAWjEY RAILROAD. Allison

Mine is located at Allison Station, and operated by Hon. Jonathan Allison. The single system of mining is in use here. Ventilated by a fire basket. I measured 8,800 cubic feet of air per minute at inlet, which was fairly distributed to the face of the workings. Drainage fair. Mine boss, George Uhler. Visited this mine four times during the year.

16b Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Boom

Mine is situated at Cannonsburg, and operated by Stoner & Co., limited. Ventilation is produced by furnace power. They employ 60 miners, 3 boys, 3 drivers, and 8 day hands. Cubic feet of air per minute in circulation, when visited in december, was 8,512. Visited this mine four times during the year. Superintendent, Albert Shupe; mine boss, William Sheeren.

Cook.

This mine is also located at Cannonsburg, and operated by Rowley Cook. This is a small mine, only employing about thirteen persons. Visited this mine four times during the year.

Enterprise

Shaft is situated near Washington. Owned and operated by V. Harding. The shaft is 6 by 11 and 150 feet deep. Ventilation is produced by steam exhaust from pump. The mine has three cross headings and two face headings. When I visited this mine last they were employing 18 miners and 1 driver.

MINES ON THE PITTSBURGH, McKEESPORT AND XOUGHIOGHENY

Railroad.

West Newton

Mine is a shaft opening, and operated by the West Newton Coal Company. Located opposite West Newton. Superintendent, A. W. Osborne ; mine boss, John Smith. At the time of visit on October 18, they were employing 75 miners, 3 boys, 6 drivers, 3 trappers and 10 other persons. Velocity of air current at inlet was 235; sectional area, 47 square ieet. Made three visits to this mine during the year.

Port Royal

Shaft is located near Port Royal Station. Operated by the Port Royal Coal Company. Owing to a strike among their miners this mine has not been in operation since September 1. Made three visits to this mine during the year.

Mines On The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati And St. Railroad.

Hanlin.

Not in operation.

Midway

Mine is located at Midway Station. The mine consists of two drift openings. Operated by the heirs of G. W. Crawford. Superintendent, R. M. Ulp ; mine boss, Thomas Stark. When I visited this mine on the 11th of October, they were employing 45 miners, 5 boys and 5 drivers on the south side of the mine, and 5 miners, 1 driver and 5 other persons on the north side. Made three visits to this mine during the year.

Primrose.

A drift opening, T. B. Robbins & Co., operators. Located near Primrose Station. Air measurements taken October 12, at inlet, showed a

velocity of 355 feet per minute; sectional erea, 46.4 square feet. The mine was in fair condition as regards drainage, but the ventilation was not satisfactory in some parts, owing to the air currents not being carried to the face of the entries. William Noble, mine boss. Visited this mine three times during the year.

Jumbo

Mine is located a short distance above McDonald Station. Owned and operated by the Jumbo Coal and Coke Company. This mine consists of three drift-openings, opened on the double entry plan and worked by room and pillar. The headings are driven seven and one half feet wide, rooms twenty-one, and pillars twelve. The ventilation is produced by a fan twelve feet in diameter. The coal is hauled by mule power from the working faces to a double parting, located in the interior of the mine, and from thence to the tipple by a stationary engine and wire rope. Air measurements taken October 13 at inlet showed 32,635 cubic feet passing. David Brown, mine boss. Three visits were made to this mine during the year.

Briar Hill.

This mine is located at McDonald Station, and operated by Patterson & Sauters. Worked partly on the double entry system. Very extensive improvements have been made at this mine during the year; such as building a furnace, putting in overcasts, sinking a shaft, &c. When visited in October the mine was in fair condition as regards drainage, but the ventilation was somewhat defective in parts of entries 3 and 4. Quantity of air passing, 27,832 cubic feet. Joseph Fielding, mine boss. Visited this mine three times during the year.

Sauter*s

New mine is located opposite Briar Hill mine, but it is not advanced far enough for a general description.

Taylor.

This mine is located near Midway. A drift opening. This is also a new mine, having shipped no coal yet.

Walnut Hill.

Not in operation at present.

Greene County Mines.

Slippy Rock

Mine is located about a mile and a half east of Waynesburg. A small drift opening and operated by Johnson & Leonard. They employ 9 miners and 2 day hands.

Waynesburg Shalt

Is located about a mile east of Waynesburg. This mine has not been operated very much during the year on account of the water troubling them.

2J— Sj'atistics.

18J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Fatal Accidents.

On April 9, James H. Zimmerman, miner, aged twenty-two years, was fatally injured in Venetia mine by falling slate. This unfortunate man was drilling a hole for a shot when his butty remarked to him that the slate was loose above, and that he had better take it down. He prepared to do so, and while in the act of reaching for a wedge that was laying on the brick coal under the slate mentioned, the slate fell, injuring him so seriously that he died some three hours after. He was a single man.

John Comaz, miner, was instantly killed April 13 in Boom mine by falling slate. Comaz was working in entry 4, room 13, and while loading coal from under the slate it fell on him with the above result. He leaves a wife and two children.

Frederick Peeple, employed in west Newton mines, was fatally injured by slate falling on him April 30. The deceased had mined about a car of coal and was shearing (cutting the coal vertically) for a slip, when the slate fell on him. This was about four o'clock in the afternoon, and his continued absence from home caused anxiety, when Frederick Lansberger, Robert Walberton and Henry volunteered to go in search. When they arrived at his working place they found him still under the slate, not being able to extricate himself. He lived some nine hours after being injured, aged 21 years and single.

William Young, aged 59 years, was killed instantly by falling slate in Globe mine May 3. While at work drawing posts from under slate he had taken some posts out and was trying to get more, when it fell, resulting as above. I made an examination of the place where the accident occurred, and found a slip extending from the rib to the roadside, a distance of some fourteen feet, immediately above where the deceased was drawing the posts out. Inquest held and a verdict of accidental death rendered. Young leaves a wife and seven children.

Henry Flint was killed July 1, in American mine, by falling coal and slate while undermining. I examined the place the day following and found the face of the coal badly squeezed, the slate having been broke over the coal. Flint was a single man aged 21 years.

August Volkner was fatally injured in Jumbo mine by a fall of slate August 16. The deceased was at work at the time with his partner bearing in when the slate fell on him. . He lived about five hours after he was hurt. The cause of this happening was owing to a horseback in the slate. The partner (Henry Real) told me that the slate had been sounded a few minutes before it fell, and they thought it was safe. On investigation I found that they had timbered on both sides of the horseback, but not under it. From indications it was an error of judgment on the part of these men. Volkner leaves a wife and two children.

Ic

Joseph Gilmer, aged 21 years, employed as a driver at Jumbo mines, was fatally injured August 19, by being caught between a trip of coal cars, that he died next day. This sad accident was caused entirely by a mistake of the signals between the trappers stationed near the place of the accident. It appears that the duty of signaling to the drivers that all is clear, before allowing them to move their trips out of the mouth of their respective entries on to the main heading, is delegated to those trappers above mentioned. Just previous to the accident the deceased was on his way to the main heading from No. 7, and by this time the No. 10 driver was also moving his trip toward the main heading, when the door-boy, stationed at No. 10, signaled him to stop, and then ask the trapper at No. 7 if everything was clear, but there was no answer given him, but in a short time, however, No. 7 trapper called, "All right ! " to the deceased, and No. 10 trapper hearing him, thought it meant him, and started his driver, who moved his tjip on to the main heading, and was passing No. 7 entry parting. When Gilmer came out of seven entry the collision occurred, catching the deceased between the front car of his own trip and the last car of No. 10 driver's trip. Inquest held and a verdict of accidental death rendered.

Frank day, a miner, working in the Brier Hill mine, on the 21st of August, was instantly killed by a fall of slate. The place where this happened was a rib, and any one could see at a glance that the slate was dangerous, for there were large slips visible extending from the roadside to the other end of the rib. Comment is unnecessary.

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30 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Second Bituminous Coal District.

Synopsis of the report of Inspector William Jenkins, for the year ending December 81, 1886. Compiled by the Bureau.

Number of mines in the district, 77

Number of mines operated from which statistics were

gathered, 69

Average working time, in days, for seventy seven collieries, 172

Average working time, in days, for sixty-nine collieries, . 190

Persons employed inside of mines, 6,946

Persons employed outside of mines, 2,312

Total number of persons employed, 9,258

Number of fatal accidents, 10

Number of non-fatal accidents, 71

Persons employed per fatal accident, 925

Persons employed per non-fatal accident, 130

Number of tons of coal mined, 5,072,431

Number of tons of coal shipped, 2,805,824

Number of tons of coal increased production over year 1885, 1,142,703

Number of tons of coal mined per fatal accident, . . . r 507,243

Number of tons of coal mined per non-fatal accident, . . 71 ,442

Number of coke ovens in district operated, 4,525

Number of tons of coke produced, 1,517,669

Number of kegs of powder used in mines, 1,511

Number of steam boilers in use, 126

Number of horses and mules in service, 856

There was a decrease of nine in the number of persons killed, and an increase of forty-eight in the number of persons injured. Of the total killed, six left widows, and fifteen children were orphaned. Falls of slate and coal, killed and injured forty-five persons ; mine wagons killed and injured eighteen.

Coal — Bituminous.

Sib

Second Bituminous District.

Hon. J Simpson Africa, Secretary of Internal Affairs :

Sir : In compliance with the tenth section of the act of Assembly, approved June 30, A. D. 1885, 1 have the honor to submit to you my second annual report as inspector of mines in the second bituminous coal district of Pennsylvania, for the year ending 31st December, 1886. There are now in the district seventy-seven mines that come under the law when in operation. I have visited each of them four times during the year, and it affords me pleasure to say that, with two or three exceptions, they are in a good, healthful condition. I am also pleased to note that the fatal accidents have been decreased by six, compared with last year, notwithstanding the production of the district has increased more than one fourth. This must be attributed, in great measure, to the care and caution exercised by the mining bosses at my urgent request. I have always thought that nine tenths of the accidents were due to carelessness, and I have been confirmed in that opinion after a careful investigation of the fatal accidents noted in this report. There is scarcely a doubt that nine of the ten persons killed lost their lives through want of ordinary forethought, or through willful neglect. I have been compelled to give orders to some mining bosses to put men out of the mine who persist in disregarding warnings relative to the removal of slate, &c. I report seventy-one (71) non-fatal accidents, a considerable increase over those of last year. 1 think, however, that the increase is due to the fact that they were gathered more closely. Some of these are of a very trivial kind.

Cause of Fatal Accidents.

By fall of slate, 5

By fall of coal, 2

By mine wagons, 3

Total, 10

Cause of Non-Fatal Accidents.

By fall of slate, 21

By fall of coal, 17

By post, 6

By wagons, 15

By fire damp, 7

32b Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4f

By powder, 1

By natural gas, 2

Bv mule, 2

Total, 71

Widows made bv fatalities, 6

Orphans made by fatalities, 15

Number of mines in the district, 77

Number of mines in the district operated, 69

Number of mines opened, 4

Number of mines exhausted, 1

Number of persons employed in the mines, 6,946

Number of persons employed outside, 2,312

Total number of persons employed, 9,258

Tons of coal mined, 5,072.431

Tons of coal shipped 2,805824

Tons of coke manufactured, 1,517,669

Average number of days worked, 202

Tons of coal mined to each fatal accident, 507,243

Tons of coal mined to each non-fatal accident, 71,442

Number of employes to each fatal accident, 925

Number of employes to each non-fatal accident, 130

Number of mules in use, 856

Number of coke ovens operated, 4,525

The foregoing statistics are a summary of accurate reports from all the mines.

I have met almost universal willingness on the part of the operators to improve the condition of their mines and carry out my suggestions, and many improvements are the result. Eight furnaces and four fans have been built this year, and there are very few mines in the district that are not ventilated by some mechanical means.

The good systems of working the coal are becoming generally adopted, the double entry supplanting the single entry or block system. Where formerly the pillars left were too small to support the super-incumbent strata, this matter is now being remedied by leaving pillars large enough and at the right place. Another mistake that is being rectified is that of leaving rooms too long on post. Ribs should be drawn as soon as the rooms are worked up. By adopting these improvements the Pittsburgh seam of coal can be worked with but a very small precentage of loss.

The board of examiners, consisting of Hon. James C. Clark, of Greensburg, operator, John H. Kerr, of Irwin, miner, and myself, held one examination for mining bosses, and granted twelve certificates of competency. I have held a number of examinations and granted seventyfour certificates to fire-bosses.

The great strike in the coke regions last spring was the cause of much additional labor to me. There was great dissatisfaction between employers and employes over various matters, one of which was the capacity of wagons in the mines. After the men returned to work, I received calls from all over the coke region to come and measure and brand the wagons. In compliance with law, I went as quickly as possible with an assistant, and spent a large part of the spring at this work, which required a great deal of traveling about, and consumed not less than thirty days. Some places the wagons were almost uniform ; at others, they were too large, at still others, too small. They have now been re-constructed according to law, so that each mine has uniform wagons, and the adjustment has disposed of much trouble. I also tested several scales during the year.

Allow me to say a word regarding the provision in our mining law requiring the inspector to visit each mine at least four times a year. I think it very unwise, and the gentleman who incorporated it into the law certainly did not comprehend what he was doing. I think this should be changed. Some mines need scarcely any attention, while others need more of my time thn I can at present give to them. I think, in view of the qualifications required for the position of inspector, that this matter should be left to his own judgment.

The attention of the Legislature has already been called to the necessity of requiring natural gas companies to lay their pipes above ground where they cross mine workings. There is certainly great danger if they do not, as I have seen from the case of two men in this district who were burned by natural gas that got into a mine. When the strata becomes broken at the surface, the pipes are very likely to become dislocated at the joints, and, in case of frozen ground in the winter, no avenue of escape to the surface is left, and the gas, by a powerful fan or furnace, will readily be drawn into the mine. The heavy pressure in the pipe may force it in. If something is not done to guard against accidents from this new enemy, I fear great disaster at some time when we feel safe. Some places I have induced the companies to leave part of their pillars under the gas lines, but it is not just that they should be compelled to do this after paying for the coal.

In addition to the tables, &c, accompanying this report will be found a photograph and drawings of Standard Shaft No. 2, a description of which is appended to my report on Standard mine. These were kindly furnished me by Robert Ramsay, Superintendent.

All of .which is respectfully submitted.

Yours, &c,

William Jenkins,

Inspector. Irwin, Pa., February 15, 1887.

Sb — Statistics.

34 b Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

Examination Of Mines And Mine Improvements.

Alpsville,

Located on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in Allegheny county, is operated by Thomas Hacket & Co., limited. Superintendent and mine boss, Thomas Quail. This mine is a drift opening ventilated by natural means. The air was not sufficient, and I had the mining boss sink a shaft and put in a small furnace, so that now the ventilation is good, with 5,740 cubic feet of air in circulation. I visited the mine four times during the year. Thirty-one (31 ) persons are employed.

Arnold,

Located on the Allegheny Valley railroad, in Westmoreland county, is operated by the Miners' Cooperative Company. Superintendent and mining boss, William Beane. This mine has three drift openings, and is ventilated by a furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 5,200 cubic feet. Because of the introduction of natural gas in factories, the mine closed down March 1, 1886, and has remained so since. I visited it on the 18th of February, and found its condition good. Seventeen (17) persons were employed.

Amieville

Is located in Westmoreland county, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and operated by N. J. Bigley. It has seven openings, two of which are air shafts. It is worked on the single entry or double block system. Entries 6 by 8 feet, rooms 21 feet, and twelve-foot pillars. When I first visited this mine there was not good ventilation, and I caused a furnace to be built to rectify it. Air measurement, when I was last there, showed a velocity at the outlet of 430 feet per minute? section area, 48 square feet, with the air well distributed through the workings. A pump has been provided to drain the mine. I have visited the mine four times during the year. One hundred and fortysix (146) persons are employed.

Alexandria,

Located in Unity township, Westmoreland county, is operated by the Alexandria Coal Company. Superintendent, Thomas Donohoe. This mine has three openings, and i6 worked on the system of single entry and room and pillar. Entry, 8 feet by 6 feet. A furnace has been built in the mine this year. Air measurement showed a velocity at the outlet of 290 feet per minute. Section area 64 square feet, with the air well distributed in the mine. I visited the mine four times during the year, and found it in very good condition. One hundred and forty-nine (149) persons are employed. Mining boss, Thomas Lawther.

Alice,

Located near Mt. Pleasant, on a branch of the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, is operated by J. M. Schoonmaker. Superintendent, F. M. McClain. This is a slope opening. The ventilation is produced

by a large furnace. Size of fire bed, 84 square feet; length of arch, 40 feet. Air measurement showed a volume of 29,000 cubic feet. By means of a new air shaft at the back of the works, the air is circulated freely at the face of the workings. The drainage also is good. I visited this mine four times during the year. One hundred and seven (107) persons are employed. Mining boss, John Owens.

Buckeye

Is located near Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland county, and operated by the A. C. Cochran Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, A. C. Cochran. This mine is a slope opening in the Pittsurgh coal seam, and is ventilated by exhaust steam. Air measurements showed a velocity of 300 feet per minute; sectional area, 51 square feet. This air was not properly distributed through the mine, because of carelessness on the part of the mine boss. Each time I was in the mine, I called his attention to the bad state of the ventilation, but his frequent promises to rectify it were never fulfilled. I visited the mine four times during the year. Fifty-eight (58) persons are employed. Mining boss, James Allen.

Blythe

Is located near Guffey Station, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in Westmoreland county, and operated by the Youghiogheny and Ashtabula Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, John Blythe. A new opening has been made to this mine during the year, aud the ventilation is much improved. The air comes fresh from the outside and passes to the men directly, before it becomes fouled: Air measurement showed a velocity of 360 feet per minute ; section area, 42 square feet. Ventilation fair. I visited the mine four times during the year. One hundred and thirty-two (132) persons are employed. Mining boss. William Welsh.

Bessemer and Rising Sun.

These mines are located near Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland county, and are operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. J. Maloney. The ventilation is by furnace, with a fire bed of 14 square feet. Air measurement in No. 3 entr> gave a velocity of 160 cubic feet per minute; sectional area 56 square feet. In No. 1 entry 80 cubic feet per minute; sectional area, 39 square feet. When 1 last visited these mines, the ventilation was defective. I made four visited during the year. One hundred and three (103) persons are employed. Mining boss, John Norey.

Central.

This mine is located at Tarr's Station, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, in Westmoreland county, and operated by the Central Connellsville Coke Company. Superintendent, M. L. Painter. This is a drift opening, opened during the year, and ventilated by natural means. Air measurement showed a volume of 11,000 cubic feet per

36 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

minute, well distributed to the workings. Drainage good. I visited the mine once. Forty-six (46) persons are employed. Mining boss, John C. Menocher.

Donnelly.

These mines are located near Stonerville, in Westmoreland county, and operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. B. Henry. No. 1 has three openings is ventilated by furnace, built this year. Size of fire-bed is 16 square feet. Air measurement showed a velocity at the inlet of 370 cubic feet per minute. Section area, 56 square feet. No. 2 entry showed 65 cubic feet per minute. Section area, 56 square feet. I visited the mine four times during the year, and found it in good condition. Forty (40) persons are employed.

No. 2 is a drift opening, ventilated by natural means. It is about worked out, having only a few ribs and entry stumps to take out. I made four visits during the year. Six (6) persons are employed.

No. 3 has four openings and is ventilated by natural means. Air measurement taken at the outlet showed a velocity of 90 cubic feet per minute. Section area 56 square feet. Both ventilation and drainage in fair condition. I visited the mine four times during the year. Thirty (30) persons are employed. Mining boss, Andrew Neish.

' Duquesne,

Located near Wilkinsburg, Allegheny county, is operated by J. B- Corey, who superintends it. The ventilation of this mine is by furnace built this year. Air measurement showed a velocity at the outlet of 260 cubic feet per minute. Section area 46 square feet. No. 5 entry, a velocity of 90 cubic feet per minute. Section area 40 square feet. The mine is in good condition, except at the head of entries one and three. The miners went in these entries against the will of the mine boss, but I made them come out, until the air course should be put through. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and seventeen (117) persons are employed. Mining boss, John W. Davis.

Emma

Is located near Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland county, and operated by Maria F. Overholt. Superintendent, J. W. Overholt. The mine has two openings and is ventilated by natural means. Air measurement at the inlet showed a velocity of 300 cubic feet per minute. Section area, 56 square feet. The mine is in good condition. I made four visits during the year. Thirteen (13) persons are employed. Mining boss, Adam Whitehead.

Enterprise

Is located on the Southwestern Pennsylvania Railroad, in Westmoreland county, and operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. P. Brennen. It is a drift opening, ventilated by natural means. Air measurement showed a velocity at the inlet of 210. cubic feet per minute. Section area, 56 square feet. I visited this mine three times during the year, and found ventilation and drainage in fair condition.

Leg. Doc.l Coal — Bituminous. Sib

The mine was in operation only about nine months. Twenty-two (22) persons are employed. Mining boss, William Goldsboro.

Eureka,

Located on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in Westmoreland county, is operated by Stoner & Co., limited. Superintendent, H. H. Stoner. This mine has three openings, one of which was made this year. The ventilation is by furnace. Air measurements showed a velocity at the outlet of 180 cubic feet per minute; sectional area, 42 square feet. No. 4 entry, a velocity of 180 cubic feet per minute ; sectional area, 48 square feet. I visited the mine four times during the year, and found its condition good. Fifty-eight (58) persons are employed. Mining boss, Henry Nicholson.

Frankstown.

This mine is located on the Frankstown road, in Allegheny county? and operated by John Etter, who acts as superintendent and mining boss. There are two openirfgs, and the ventilation is by natural means. The drainage is not good, but the ventilation is an improvement over last year. I have visited the mine twice only during the year, as it was not in operation much of the summer time. Twelve (12) persons are employed.

Greensburg.

. This mine is located near Greensburg, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, and is operated by the Greensburg Coal Company. During the year the mode of working has been changed from the single entry to the double entry system. This will no doubt be productive of satisfaction. It will improve the ventilation, and also the facilities for getting the coal out thoroughly. The ventilation is by two furnaces, one of which was built during the year. Air measurement showed a volume of 13,600 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine. Drainage good. I made four visits to the mine during the year. Eighty-two (82) persons are employed. Mining boss, John Mclntire.

Hazlett. These mines are located near Mt. Pleasant, and consist of a shaft and slope, operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. P. Brennan. The ventilation is by exhaust steam, and is better than it was last year. Air measurement showed a volume of 6,070 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the workings. The quantity does not meet the requirements of the law. Drainage fair. I visited these mines four times during the year. One hundredand twenty (120) persons are employed. Mining boss, Michael Barrett.

Hecla

Mine, located on the Sewickley branch of the Southwest Pennsylvania railway, operated by the Hecla Coke Company, limited- Superintendent, Thomas Laird. This is a shaft opening, worked on

SSb Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

the double entry system. At the time of my last visit, the ventilation was defective, because the air did not get well to the face of the workings. The December report, however, shows this to have been rectified. Air measurement showed 44,000 cubic feet. A new pair of brakes has been put on the drum recently, and this improves the safety of the men. The drainage is good. I made four visits to the mine during the year. One hundred and thirty-six (136) persons are employed. Mining boss, William Dean.

Hempfleld

Is a slope, located on the Pennsylvania railroad, and operated by the Hempfield Coal Company. The ventilation is produced by a Murphy fan, six feet in diameter, which gives good results. The quantity of air at the outlet measured 23,500 feet per minute, but the distribution was not good at the time of my last visit. Some parts of the mine were in very bad condition, and I gave instructions that the evils must be rectified at once, and the requirements "of the law obeyed. I have received assurance from the miners and the mine boss since, that the mine is now in good shape. Drainage fair. I visited the mine four times during the year. One hundred and five persons are employed. Mining boss, D. B. Patrick.

Hampton

Is a drift opening, near Wilkinsburg, in Allegheny county, and is operated by the Hampton Coal Company. Superintendent, Major Lawton. The ventilation is by furnace. Air measurements showed a volume of 18,400 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the mine. The condition of this mine has improved lately. Drainage fair. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and thirtysix (136) persons are employed. Mining boss, Edgar Thompson.

Keystone.

These mines are at Saltsburg on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and are operated by W. H. Brown & Sons. Superintendent, A. J. Shanks.

They are drift openings, with ventilation by furnaces. Air measurement showed a volume of 6,380 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine. Drainage fair. These mines will soon be worked out, having nothing but ribs and stumps left. I visited them four times during the year. Fifty-five (55) persons are employed. Mining boss, Michael Dodds.

Manor Valley,

This mine is located on the Manor Valley branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, and operated by the Manor Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, W. A. Stanton. This is a drift opening, and is in excellent condition now. An air aft, 52 feet deep, with an air-stack on top 28 feet high, has been sunk and a furnace built. Fire bed 45 square feet, 5 feet above the

bars, and 34 foot arch. Air measurement showed a volume of 16,650 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the face of the workings. I visited the mine four times during the year. One hundred and eight (108) persons are employed. Mining boss, Joseph Weightman.

Manor Shaft.

This mine is near Manor Station, and is operated by the New York and Westmoreland Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, H. F. Ludwick.

There are two openings, a slope having been completed during the year. The double entry system is used. Ventilation by fan, 20 feet in diameter. Ventilation and drainage in good condition. I visited the mine four times during the year. Fifty-two (52) persons are employed. Mining boss, Samuel Ferguson.

Mammoth.

These mines are located on the Sewickley branch of the South West Pennsylvania railroad, and operated by J. W. Moore. Superintendent, H. McCreary.

They consist of two openings, a slope and shaft, the latter having been sunk this year to the depth of 100 feet. It is 10 by 24 feet, and divided into three compartments, two for cage-ways and one for pumping and ventilation. The timbers in the shaft are 12 by 12, and it is lined from top to bottom with two inch plank. The slope has been driven 2,400 feet this year, and connects with the main entry of the shaft. The ventilation is produced at present by exhaust steam. It is intended, however, to build a fan 25 feet in diameter in the spring. Air measurement showed a volume of 20,720 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the face of the workings. Drainage good. I made five visits during the year. One hundred and seventy-five (175) persons are employed. Mining boss, Jacob Peffer.

Mutual.

These mines are located on the Sewickley branch of the South West Pennsylvania railroad, and operated by the Mutual Mining and Manufacturing Company. The mines are drift openings, and are ventilated by natural means. No. 2 mine has been opened this year, and will be worked on the double entry system. A new tipple and other improvements have been made. The old mine has been in very fair condition at all times, and as the surface was light on the coal, it was an easy matter to make an opening for air. I visited the mine four times during the year. One hundred and seventeen (117) persons are employed. Mining boss, William M. Hart, Jr.

Mullin.

This mine is near Mt. Pleasant, and is operated by Mullin & Strickler. Superintendent, William D. Mullin. It is a drift opening with ventilation by furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 14,580 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the workings. I made five

40 b Internal Affairs— Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

visits during the year, and on my last two visits found the mine in very good condition. Thirty-four (34) persons are employed. Mining boss, Alexander Davenport.

Mayfield. This mine is a drift opening, on the South West Pennsylvania railroad in Westmoreland county, operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. B. Henry. The mine is Ventilated by natural means. Air measurement showed a volume of 8,400 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the workings. Drainage good. I made four visits during the year. Twenty-one (21) persons are employed. Mining boss, Andrew Niesh.

New York And Cleveland Gas Coal Company.

The mines of this company in the Second District are very extensive, giving employment to a large number of men. They are located in Allegheny county, and consist of Oak Hill, M. Gravei4, Sandy Creek, Nos. 1 and 2, and Plum Creek.

Oak Hill.

This mine is near Turtle Creek, on the Pennsylvania railroad. Superintendent, John Mcintosh.

It is a drift opening with four inlets and one outlet, and is worked on the single entry, room and pillar system. The pit mouth has been retimbered, and the drainage improved. Ventilation by furnace. The volume of air by measurement was 35,380 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the workings. I made four visits during the year. Two hundred and sixty-five (265) persons are employed. Mining boss, William P. Owens.

M. Graver Mine.

This is about three miles from the Allegheny Valley railroad, and the coal is brought to the tipple by means of two inclines, and a small locomotive. It is a drift opening, having three inlets and one outlet. Ventilation by furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 20,680 cubic feet per minute, well distributed in the mine. The mine is in good condition. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and twenty-five (125) persons are employed. Superintendent, William Fisher. Mining boss, George Hill/

Sandy Creek, Nos. 1 and 2.

These mines are on the Allegheny Valley railroad. Superintendent, J. L. Coulter. They are drift openings, worked on the single entry system. Mine No, 1 has been opened into a new field of coal, and a shaft has been sunk preparatory to building a furnace in the spring. The mine is now ventilated by natural means. Air measurement showed a volume of 9,240 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the mine. Ventilation and drainage fair. I made three visits during the year. One hundred and sixty-three (163) persons are employed.

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Mine No. 2 has been running but a short time this year. Ventilation by furnace. I was in it once during the year and found it in fair condition. Twenty -six (26) persons are employed. Mining boss,

Joseph Corbet t.

Plum Creek.

These mines are located on a branch of the Allegheny Valley Railroad. They are drift openings in the Pittsburgh seam, and are worked on the single entry or block system. Ventilation by furnace. Air measurement at the outlet showed a velocity of 330 cubic feet per minute; section area 35 square feet. At the time of my last visit, I found the air defective in two of the entries, and I gave orders to have this remedied at once ; otherwise the ventilation and drainage were fair. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and eighty -four persons are employed. Superintendent, T. B. Dearmit. Mining boss, Robert Doak-

There is a feature of this coal plant that deserves mention. The operators have provided a circulating library of choice books for the employes, and they distribute the books with the purpose of elevating the condition and habits of the men. This practice cannot be too highly commended, and I hope the workmen will appreciate the advantages thus offered them.

Ocean No. 1.

This mine is a drift opening, worked on the double entry system, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in Westmoreland county, and operated by the Youghiogheny River Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, J. F. Hosack.

The ventilation is by a large furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 24,470 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine; drainage fair. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and seventy (170) persons are employed. Mining boss, George J. Jewell.

Ocean Mine.

This is a drift opening, located near Wilkinsburgh in Allegheny county, and operated by George Vogele, who is superintendent and mining boss. Ventilation is by natural means, and the mine is in fair condition. Nine (9) persons are employed.

Osceola.

This mine is on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is a drift opening, ventilated by a large furnace built this year ; size of furnace fire bed is 90 square feet ; length of arch, 20 feet ; height, 9 feet ; depth of furnace shaft, 40 feet, with an air stack on top, 33 feet. The shaft is 91 square feet in area. A new engine has also been built at the mine this year to increase the out-put of coal. The mine is in excellent condition. Air measurement showed a volume of 23,000 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the face of the workings. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and forty-nine (149) persons are employed. Mining Boss, H. D. Penman.

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Penn Gas Coal Company Mines.

These mines are in Westmoreland county, and consist of the following, viz: Coal Run, Shaft No. 1, Shaft No. 2 and No. 4 mine. Superintendent, John F. Wolf. Because of a strike last spring, which continued three months, these mines have not been running full time.

Coal Roil,

Located near Irwin, is a drift opening, worked on the room and pillar system; entries, 8 by 6; rooms, 21 feet wide, with twelve-foot pillars. Ventilation by furnace. Air measurement taken in the mine showed a volume of 31,960 cubic feet per minute, the air being well distributed throughout the mine. This mine was operated only the first two months of the year, and I visited it once. Drainage good. Two hundred and sixty-nine (269) persons employed. Mining boss, William Rodgers.

Shaft No. 1,

Located just east of Irwin, on the Pennsylvania railroad, is worked on the double-header system. The rooms are 24 feet wide, with two roads, and the gob in the middle. One third of the coal is worked in driving up the rooms, and the balance brought back in pillars. The management claim that this system is giving general satisfaction. Ventilation by a fan 12 feet in diameter. Air measurement showed a volume of 33,810 cubic feet per minute, well distributed throughout the mine. Drainage good. I have visited this mine four times during the year. Two hundred and ninety-nine (299) persons employed. Mining boss, John Bolan.

Shaft No. 2,

Located south of Irwin, is a very extensive mine, having three openings— two shafts and a slope. It also is worked on the double-header system, above referred to, and employs over three hundred men, with twenty-five mules. Ventilation, by a fan 1 8 feet in diameter, and air measurement showed a volume ef 47,200 cubic feet per minute, with a water guage of one inch, the air being well distributed. Drainage good. I visited the mine four times during the year. Mining boss, Michael Cauley.

No. 4 Mine

Is a drift opening, on the Youghiogheny railroad, at its intersection with the Baltimore and Ohio. It has four openings, and is worked on the double-header system. Ventilation by large furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 31,600 cubic feet per minute. Well distributed throughout the workings. On one of my visits here I was compelled to report the ventilation only "fair." The mine boss remarked that he would not have it that way, and it must be good, and on all subsequent visits I found it so. The spirit and promptness of this mine boss is worthy of general imitation. Although one of

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the most difficult mines to drain in the district, because of so many local swamps, the drainage here is good. 1 visited the mine four times during the year. Two hundred and thirty-two (232) persons are employed. Mining boss, Samuel Stone.

Port Royal.

This mine is located on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and is operated by the Port Royal Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, H. C. Marshall. This is a shaft opening, worked on the room and pillar system ; rooms, 21 feet; pillars, 12 feet. The ventilation is by a fan 10 feet in diameter. Air measurement showed a volume of 18,600 cubic feet per minute, well distributed throughout the workings. Drainage also good. The fan was built this year at the request of Inspector Louttit and myself. They have also built an air compresser, preparatory to introducing mining machines into the mine. A dispute has kept the mines idle for four months past. I made four visits during the year. Fifty-nine (59) persons are employed. Mining boss, Joseph Redfern.

Republic.

This mine is on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and is operated by the Republic Coal Company. Superintendent and mining boss, Jame6 W. Shields. It is adrift opening, worked on the single entry or block system. The ventilation is by a basket furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 9,000 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine and the working places. Drainage fair. 1 made four visits during the year. Forty-two (42) persons are employed.

Spring Hill.

This mine is at Wall's Station, Allegheny county, and is operated by the Spring Hill Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, E. W. Boyd. It is a drift opening, ventilated by a basket furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 10,000 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed through the mine. The drainage not good. The mine will not last long, however, as they are now drawing the ribs and stumps. I induced them to leave part of their ribs because of two natural gas lines which pass over that part of the mine. I made four visits during the year. Thirty-one (31) persons are employed. Mining boss, William H. Malone.

Shaner & Armstrong.

These mines are located at Shaner station, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and operated by the Shaner Gas Coal Company, limited. Superintendent, Alexander Moreland.

It is a drift opening, ventilated by steam generated in a boiler in the mine, assisted by a basket furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 14,000 cubic feet per minute, fairly distributed throughout the mine. Drainage fair. I made four visits during the year. Eightythree (83) persons are employed. Mining boss, James A. Painter.

446 Internal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4 ,

the southwest coal and coke company.

The mines of this company are located in Westmoreland county, and extensive improvements have been made in and about them this year. Superintendent, Morris Ramsay. They consist of No. 1 UA," No. 1 UB," Nos. 2 and 3, and No. 4.

No. 1 "A."

This is a shaft opening, worked on the double entry system, and its underground workings connect with No. 1 %'B" shait. The ventilation is produced by a Murphy fan, six feet in diameter. Air measurement showed a volume of 18,600 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine. This was not sufficient, because of the large amount of black damp (u carbonic acid gas") given off by the mine. I informed the superintendent of this fact, and he at once began the sinking of an air shaft 15 feet by 10 feet, and 75 feet deep. The shaft is well timbered and lined with two-inch plank. A fan, 25 feet in diameter, will be put up as soon as the weather permits. An air compresser has been put up at the mine, and is used to pump the water out of the dip workings. This is a wonderful improvement over the steam pump, which was very annoying because of the heat from the steam pipes in the hauling and traveling roads. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and forty-one (141) persons are employed. Mining boss, William S. Ramsay.

No. 1 "B."

This is a shaft opening, worked on the double entry system, and ventilated by steam exhaust. Air measurements showed a volume of 8,400 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the face of the workings. Drainage good. I made four visits during the year. Sixty :seven

(67) persons are employed. Mining boss. William S. Ramsay.

Nos. 2 and 3.

These mines are at Tarrs, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, and consist of a shaft and drift opening, with the underground workings connected. Ventilation is by a fan of the Murphy pattern, six feet in diameter. Air measurements showed a volume of 39,200 cubic feet per minute, well distributed to the face of the workings. The fan was built this year, and a small steam pump was also put in the mine to remove the water from the dip workings. The mine is now in excellent condition. I made four visits during the year. Sixty-eight

(68) persons are employed. Mining boss, William Kooser.

No. 4.

This mine is a drift opening at Stonerville, on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, worked on the double entry system. The ventilation is by exhaust steam from a pump in the mine. Air measurement showed a volume of 13,000 cubic feet per minute, but the air was

poorly distributed through the mine, because of carelessness on the part of the mine boss. I made four visits during the year. Twenty-' seven (27) persons are employed. Mining boss, Luther Flesher.

Standard, No. 1.

These mines are located near Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland county, and are operated by the H. C. Frick Coke Company. Superintendent, J. C. Dysart. They consist of a shaft and slope opening, and, including the coke department, form, in all, the largest plant in my district. The ventilation of the mine is produced by a Murphy fan, six feet in diameter, and air measurement showed a volume of 33,100 cubic feet per minute. This air is well distributed to the face of workings. The drainage is also good. Two hundred and eighty-two (282) persons are employed. Mining boss, George Dawson.

Fire in the Standard Mine.

On October 30, a fire broke out near the bottom of the shaft, and, baffling all efforts to check it, completely destroyed the derrick, engine-house and the large bins, entailing a loss of thousands of dollars on the company. Five wagons of hay had been taken into the mine? and a boy, in some careless way, set fire to it. In a very short time the flames were beyond control, and in addition to the destruction above mentioned, spread five hundred feet into the mine, when it became necessary to close the works entirely, seal up the mine and flood it with water. Three strong bulk-heads were built with 10 by 10 inches oak timber, and well packed behind with horse manure, to prevent the water from flooding the dip-workings. These were completed on the 4th of November, and water was turned in at the rate of 2,000,000 gallons every twenty-four hours. It was estimated that 16,000,000 gallons would flood the mine, and the time would therefore be eight (8) days. After running the water in for twenty-four hours, it was thought that one of the bulk-heads was leaking and this process was stopped.

In the meantime, a mining engineer, named E. Craig, proposed to the company that he would extinguish the fire in ten (10) days, and his proposition was accepted. His method was as follows : He had openings cut through the pillar, between what is known as the African entry and the incline plane, where the fire was, intending in this way to divide the fire into sections, and then to put it out by means of hose. He could not get at the fire through his first openings, because the roof had fallen in. He then built two "stoppings on these " cut-throughs," with an iron door on each and put three-inch hose through these doors and turned water in. He then proposed to advance on the fire through the engine plane by building brick stoppings in the heading and putting iron doors in the centre, through which to gain access to the fire. It was his intention, as the fire was put out, to move this stopping forward. This was not successful, and he again

46 h Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

tried the same method in the traveling road. It was two weeks after he began when I went to the mine again, on the 19th of November. I examined the place thoroughly and stayed with the men for some time, cautioning them when I left to be exceedingly careful, as I considered this method very dangerous.

At 4 o'clock the next morning, as the men were attempting to go through one of these doors, an explosion occurred and burned four of them very severely. I went to the mine, and came to the conclusion that it was an explosion of gas distilled from the burning coal, or perhaps lire-damp, and an explosion was liable to occur everytime the door was opened and fresh air allowed to rush in. I ordered the men to cease work and sent for Inspectors Davis and Blick, in order to examine the mine more thoroughly.

In the meantime Mr. Craig, who had gone to Pittsburgh, returned, and when told of the explosion, hooted the idea of an explosion from coal gas or fire-damp, and said the explosion was from super-heated steam. This was something new to me, as in all my experience I had never seen or heard of any person being burned black or having his hair singed off by an explosion of super-heated steam. The fact is, I took no stock in his theory at all.

In the mean time Inspectors Davis and Blick arrived, and we made a thorough examination of the mine, and found it unsafe to advance any further on the fire. We then induced the company to abandon this experimental method, when there was a practical way of dealing with the fire. We advised them to build stoppings at the cut-throughs, and on the two main entries leading to the fire, of sufficient strength to hold a head of water of 50 feet, and seal that part of the mine perfectly air tight, then the men would be allowed to work in the mine. This was done, and a shaft was put down 73 feet for a second opening at the back of the workings. This part of the mine is yet to be flooded, but it is to be done when the men are all out. During this trouble, I stayed about the mine several days, and I have made ten or twelve visits during the year.

Description of Shaft No. 2 and Winding Plant of the H C. Prick Coke Company, at the Standard Mines, Mt. Pleasant, Pa.

This shaft was sunk to the Connellsville coking coal at a depth of 306 feet. It is located in the basin, between the eastern and western outcrops, and has an area of about 3,000 acres of coal to mine. When connected with the second opening, and the mine fully opened, it will have a capacity of about 3,000 tons per day. The shaft is 10 by 24 feet inside of the timbers. This space is divided into two cageways and a pump and airway. The latter will also be used as a cageway to hoist the men from the mine and lower supplies, to enable the winding machinery to be kept continuously at work winding coal.

The accompanying drawing shows the arrangement of tracks and grades at the pit-bottom, which is in favor of the movement of loaded

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Leg. Doc.l Coal — Bituminous. 476

as well as the empty cars. The entire bottom on both sides will be arched with brick, and the entire work below as well as above ground is all laid off from a center line passing through center of engines, of cageways and coal-bins.

The winding machinery consists of a pair of first-motion engines, built at the Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. The cylinders are 30 inches in diameter by 4 foot stroke, and jacketed in the usual way. The valves are balanced by a ring inserted in the back of each, and working steam-tight against the covers. The bed plates are of the Corliss type, and veryvrigid. The main shaft is 16 inches diameter. The cranks are of the disk pattern, with the crank pins set at right angles to each other, as usual in this class of engines.

The link motion is of the usual locomotive pattern, and is operated by a hand and steam reverse — that is, it can be worked by hand alone or steam, as desired, and can be regulated by the engineer by means of a small throttle, to work to a nicety.

The drums are conical, 10 feet in their smallest diameters, and 12 £ feet in their largest diameters, and are of 3 foot face, with a brake surface of 10£ inches on the largest diameter of each drum. They are placed apart on the shaft, (with the largest diameters toward the center), so as to bring the center of each drum in the same vertical plane with the sheaves on head frame, so that the ropes will lead into the grooves with the least friction. The shells of the drums are cast in one piece, and fitted to the arms by inside projections or lugs, drilled, reamed and fitted with turned bolts.

The brake is a compound lever brake, similar to the steam reverse. Having great leverage, and a brake surface (both drums included), of 21 inches, it is very powerful, and works without that screeching noise so usual in hand brakes.

The indicator is driven by a worm from the main shaft between the two drums. It makes about two thirds of a revolution during one winding, and by means of a pair of eccentric gear wheels, the pointer moves faster as the cages approach the top and bottom. It is also arranged that before starting, the engineer can see which cage is on the top, as the pointer points to the left when the left hand cage is up, and to the right when the other is up. This is intended to prevent what has been the cause of many accidents from overwinding.

The boiler plant consists of six steel cylinder boilers, 48 inches diameter by 30 feet long. Space is left in the boiler house for additional boilers without interfering with the symmetry of the plant. The boilers are all covered, leaving an air-space to prevent radiation. The steam pipes are also all covered with magnesia sectional covering, and arranged to allow contraction and expansion without straining the steam joints. The feed-water is heated by a heater placed over the flues to take up the waste heat in its passage from the boilers to the

48 J Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

stack. The stack is made from one quarter inch boiler iron at the base, and No. 10 iron at the top, and at the base is bell-shaped, riveted to a cast iron base plate. This base plate is securely bolted to a cutstone foundation wall 14 feet deep, and 12 feet square at the top by 14 feet square at the bottom. This is set on a concrete foundation, 16 feet square by 2 feet deep. The stack is 6 feet diameter by 05 feet high, and lined with fire-brick 35 feet up.

The head frame is of the triangular type, set on a stone foundation, laid in cement 26 feet deep to the rock. It is 69 feet from foundation wall to centers of sheaves, is 30 feet wide at the base, and 16 feet at the top. The braces run back to the front of engine-house walls 54 feet 4 inches. The sheaves are 12 feet diameter, with cast iron rims, and double hubs, with wrought iron arms set staggered. They are placed right over the apex of the triangle formed by the vertical legs of head irame and diagonal braces, and the result is that there is little or no vibration during the winding. As seen by the drawing, a stairway runs up on the middle brace to the sheave wheels, protected by a pipe hand rail on each side.

The cages are of iron, and built from a design made for the Westmoreland shaft by the writer, drawings of which appeared in the annual report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for the year 1884.

The pit cars, having a capacity of 2£ tons, it was found necessary, in order to handle them rapidly, to adopt machinery for that purpose, drawings of which accompany this description. The cars run down grade from the cage to the tipple; also run from the tipple to a transfer truck behind the shaft on a grade. At this point the car is 12 inches below the level of the cage, which is overcome by the transfer truck being moved up an incline to a point opposite the cage, and on the same level. This is accomplished by a steam cylinder having a stroke equal to the travel of the truck 10 feet 9 inches. JFor the other cage, there is the same arrangement, except that the cylinder moves both trucks, the one truck being opposite one cage, while ttye other is receiving the car the tipple. A steam ram is situated behind each empty car when it is ready to be pushed on the cage, and the act of pushing on the empty car pushes the full one off, which runs on the down grade to the tipple before mentioned.

The coal is dumped from the pit cars into a coal bin of 450 tons capacity, and taken from there by larries to the ovens.

The engine-house, boiler-house and shops are built of brick. The tipple-house is a frame building. All are lighted with gas. The pit bottom is also lighted in the same way.

It was generally considered before the erection of this derrick, that one so high could not be made absolutely firm and stable. This notion, however, has been proved a mistake, as this derrick is so solidly and firmly built, that its top doeS not shake*suffieiently to spill water from a cup placed thereon.

Ic

This entire work was designed and built under the supervision of Superintendent Robert Ramsay, to whose ability the wonderful success of these improvements is entirely due. This plant is now the best in the entire coke regions.

Union.

This mine is on the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad, and is operated by McClure & Co. Superintendent, J. P. Brennan.

It is a drift opening, ventilated by a small furnace, which was built this year, and gives satisfactory results. Air measurement showed a volume of 13,000 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the mine. I made four visits during the year. Thirty (30) persons are employed. Mining boss, Thomas H. Jones.

United.

This is a shaft opening, on the Sewickley Branch of the Southwest Pennsylvania railroad. Superintendent, F. M. Reynolds. A new fan, 20 feet in diameter, has been substituted for a smaller one with a 12 foot diameter. The increased out-put of the mines required many new men, and it was impossible to draw the ribs, because of the large amount of carburetted hydrogen gas (fire-damp), generated from the roof, when it would fall. This made the new fan necessary, to dilute and render harmless these gases, and sweep them out of the mine. The fan is driven by an engine 16 by 30. Two tubular boilers, 60 feet diameter by 14 feet long, furnish the steam to run the fan, which, at 42 revolutions per minute, forces out 45,690 cubic feet of air. The mine is now in excellent condition. I made four visits during the year. One hundred and ninety

(190) persons are employed. Mining boss, William West.

#

Weinman.

This mine is a drift opening, ventilated by natural means; the entries running out to daylight. I visited the mine twice during the year, and found the ventilation and drainage good. It is not worked much in summer, and is operated by Weinman & Co. Superintendent and Mining boss, Jacob Weinman. Twelve (12) persons are employed.

West Newton.

This mine is near West Newton, on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, and is operated by the West Newton Coal Company. Superintendent, A. W. Osborne. Ventilation by a furnace. Air measurement showed a volume of 20,160 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the workings. Some stubbornness is manifested by the management about cutting the room pillars through for air. On my last visit, I told them it must be done. I made four visits during the year. Eighty-five (85) persons are employed. Mining boss, John Smith. 4£— Statistics.

50b Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics. [No. 4,

West Overton.

This mine is at West Overton, and operated by A. C. Overholt & Co. Superintendent, B. F. Overholt. It is a drift opening, ventilated by natural means. Air measurement showed a volume of 5,390 cubic feet per minute. The mine is always in fair condition, as the surface is light, and ventilation openings are easily made. I made four visits during the year. Thirty-seven (37) persons are employed. Mining boss, John Games.

Waverly.

These mines are located at Smethton, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and operated by the Waverly Coal and Coke Company. Superintendent, William McCune.

They are drift openings, worked on the double entry system, and ventilated by furnaces. Air measurement at No. 1 showed a volume of 20,800 cubic feet, and at No. 2, a volume of 17,920 cubic feet per minute, well distributed through the workings in both mines. I made four visits during the year and found the mines in good condition. Eighty-four (84) persons are employed at No. 1; 48 persons are employed at No. 2. Mining boss at No. 1, George Moore ; mining boss at No. 2, Thomas Parkins.

WESTMORELAND GAS COAli COMPANY,

The mines of this company are all in Westmoreland county, and are in excellent condition. They consist of Larimer, North Side, South Side, and Westmoreland shaft. Superintendent, F. Z. Schellenberg. Because of a strike last spring, continuing three months, the mines have not run full time.

Larimer.

This mine is located near Larimer station, on the Pennsylvania railroad. It is a drift opening, worked on the double entry system, and ventilated by both fan and furnace, the former being 10 feet in diameter. During the summer the fan was found inadequate for proper ventilation, and a small furnace was built at a cost of $250, which serves the purpose admirably. The dimensions of the furnace are : Grate surface, 61£ square feet; the height of arch center above the grate bars is 5 feet. The current produced is 20,000 cubic feet per minute which together with the split from the fan gives ample ventilation. The drainage is also good. The outside improvements at this mine during the year have been more than ordinary, viz : A tenhorse power engine, tubular boiler, and a revolving screen at the tipple for making cleaner " nut " coal. It has heretofore been generally supposed that the ordinary height of tipples found at the mines in this district, made the successful introduction of revolving screens impossible, without elevators to carry higher the mixture of " nut" coal and slack, before its admission to the screen. But Mr. A. N. Humphreys, the company's civil and mining engineer, has demonstrated here and

Ic

Coal — Bituminous.

at Westmoreland shaft, where another of these screens is in successful operation, how ''nut'" coal absolutely clear of slack may be loaded on the cars for shipment at a merely nominal cost. These screens are 10 feet long, 3 feet in diameter, and have three rounds of segments, with half-inch mesh, the fall from rear to front of screen being six inches. The screens are speeded at forty revolutions per minute. I made four visits to this mine during the year. Three hundred and eleven (311) persons are employed. Mining boss. Arthur Fowler.

North Side.

This mine is at Irvin, on the Pennsylvania railroad. It is a drift opening, ventilated by natural means. This mine only run about the first two months of the year. Forty-nine (49) persons were employed. Mining boss, John Williams.

South Side.

This is a drift opening, west of Irvin, on the Pennsylvania railroad, ventilated by a fan ten feet in diameter and a large furnace, which together produce 111,000 feet of air per minute, and it is very well distributed throughout the workings. When running full they employ 369 men and boys. Of late they have worked but a part of the mine. The drainage is good. I made four visits during the year. Mining boss, James Thompson.

Trials of 10' by 5' Fan at South Side Mine, December, 1886. Mine ventilated by three splits.

1 Split 10,500 feet long ; average area 42 square feet — Long Split" " 4,500 " " " " 38 " " —"Short Split"

" 3,300 " " " " 56 " " —"Locomotive Road."

Size of air shaft from junctions of splits to fan, 6'x7'=42 feet area. Inlets to fan on two sides, 5' 3" diameter; area of both inlets, 44 square feet. Size of fan chimney at narrowest part, 8' by V ; area, 56 square feet.

Fan Exhausting.

All the airways. Engine road, 35,750 cubic feet per minute. Long split, 16,200 " " " Short " 18,760 " " " "

Total, 70,710 " "

Water gauge, §". Fanspeed, 132 revolutions.

Fan Blowing.

All the airways. 29,800 cubic feet per minute. 12,320 " " " " 15,120 " " "

Water gauge, §",

Fan speed, 132 revolutions.

This test, in my opinion, clearly demonstrates the fact that the fan exhausting will produce a larger current of air than the fan blowing.

Intkenal Affaibs — Industrial Statistics.

Fan Exhausting.

Fan Blowing.

Long split and engine road. Engine road, 41,204 cubic feet per minute. Long split, 20,515 " " " "

Total, 64,719

Water gauge, J".

Fan speed, 132 revolutions.

Engine road, singly, 56 cubic feet per minute. Water gauge, J". Fan speed, 132 revolution.

Short split and engine road. Engine road, 50,050 cubic feet per minute. Short split, 19,680 " " " "

Total, 69,730 " " " "

Water gauge, I".

Fan speed, 132 revolutions.

Long split. 32,580 cubic feet per minute. Water gauge, 1 inch. Fan speed, 140 revolutions.

51,323 cubic feet per minute. 16,178 " " " "

67,501 " " " "

Water gauge, Jj".

Fan speed, 132 revolutions.

51,367 cubic feet feet per minute. Water gauge, f ". Fan speed, 132 revolutions.

35,460 cubic feet per minute. 16,800 " " " "

62,260 " " " "

Water gauge, J".

Fan speed, 136 revolutions.

30,390 cubic feet per minute. Water gauge, 14". Fan speed, 136 revolutions.

Table No. 2 gives some rather interesting data, showing the several quantities of air circulated through parts of the company's South Side mine by a 10 by 5 foot fan, when exhausting air out, or blowing it into the mine. These tests were made by Mr. A. N. Humphreys, the company's mining engineer.

Westmoreland Shaft.

This mine is located some distance east of Irwin, on the Pennsylvania railroad, and is worked on the double entry system. This is an extensive mine, employing 33J* men and boys, and is always found in a perfect condition. An air shaft has been sunk this year to the intersection of the return air ways from the south main, north main, and upper main entries. It is 175 feet deep and 12 by 13 feet in size, but as the corners are rounded to a radius of two feet, the sectional area of the shaft is 152 feet. A fan — a modification of the Guibal pattern — has been built by the company's mechanics from plans made by Mr, Humphreys. This fan is 24 feet in diameter, and 10 feet in width. The motive power is furnished by a L4" by 36" engine, connected directly with the fan shaft This engine was formerly used for hoisting coal at the company's Shafton Colliery, and has been rebuilt for attachment to this fan. It can be speeded at any time to one hundred revolutions or more, if necessary. There are now two fans at this mine, and should anything happen either of them, by opening or closing two doors, which can be done instantly, the ventilation will continue as before without interruption. This is now one of the most thoroughly equipped mines in the district. I have made four visits during the year. Mining boss, Charles Walters.

Coal— Bituminous.

Fan Tests — 24' by 10' Fan at the Westmoreland Shaft, January 20, 1887.

First Trial. — Fan speed, 60 revolutions ; water gauge, ; inches lbs per foot.

A rea of air-way.'

Velocity of current

Cubic feet of air passing.

1st Split, . . . 2d " ... 3d " ...

62 feet 42 " 45 "

400 " " 970 " "

Total, . . .

Twenty-five (25) horse-power consumed in overcoming drag of current.

Second Trial. — Fan speed, 75 revolutions; water gauge, 2-inches— 12 lbs per foot.

Area of air-way.

Velocity of current

Cubic feet of air passing.

1st Split, . . . 2d " ... 3d " ...

62 feet 42 "

510 " " 1,230 " "

Total, . . .

Sixty-three (63) horse-power consumed in overcoming drag of current.

Two water gauges were used, but their readings did not differ materially. These tests were made by Mr. A. N. Humphreys, mining engineer; Alexander Wallace, machinist; Charles Walters, mining boss, and William Jenkins, mine inspector.

Youghiogheny Slope.

This mine is located near West Newton on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and operated by the Youghiogheny Gas Coal Company. Superintendent, Kobert H. Latimore.

The ventilation is by furnace power. Air measurement showed a volume of 10,560 cubic feet per minute, well distributed throughout the workings. The drainage is also good. Fire damp was generated in four of the entries, and also on the falls, when drawing ribs. I have made four visits during the year. Ninty-eight (98) persons are employed. Mining boss, James Lattimore.

54J

Internal Affairs — Industrial Statistics.

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