Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior
The ton naed in this is uniformly the short ton of 2,000 jMunds.] INTRODUCTION. The ton naed in this is uniformly the short ton of 2,000 jMunds.]
Overview
Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior is an 1880 historical mining reference by Geological Survey (U.S.), preserved in the Mountain Man Mining research library, focused on coal West Virginia geology.
This 1880 document, Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.
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Report
Secretary Of The Interior;
BKQfO PAST or
The Message And Documents
Communicated To The
Two Houses Of Congress
Beginning Of The Second Session Of The Fifty-Fourth Congress.
In Five Volumes.
VOLUME THRKE PARTS. PART 3— Conclnued.
Washington:
OOVEENMENT PElNTlNa OFFICE.
Seventeenth Annual Report
United States Geological Survey.
PART m (oontmaed).~MINERAL RESOURCES Of THE UNITED STATES, 1895, NONMETALUO PRODUCTS, EXCEPT COAL
m
coke:.
By Joseph D. Weeks.
[The ton naed in this is uniformly the short ton of 2,000 jMunds.] INTRODUCTION.
In this report, as in previous ones of the series, the word coke'' is nsed to define that coke which is made from bitnminous coal in ovens, pits, etc., which, for convenience, may be termed ''oven coke." The statistics and statements in na way refer to that other commercial coke which is a residual or by-product of the manufacture of illuminating gas, and which may be termed "gas coke."
The coal used in coking in the United States is mined from all five of its great coal fields: (1) The Appalachian; (2) the Central; (3) the Western; (4) the Rocky Mountain, and (6) the Pacific Coast. With the exception of that made from the coals of the Appalachian field, however, the tonnage of coke produced in the United States is quite small, but 445,473 tons of the total of 13,333,714 tons made in 1895, or about 3.34 per cent, being produced outside of this field. While the production in the fields outside of the Appalachian region is quite small in percentage, it is really a growing one, the amount there made in 1895 being somewhat larger than the amount produced in 1893 or 1894.
Production Of Coke In The United States.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of coke in the United States in 1895, by States, followed, for purposes of comparison, by similar tables for 1894 and 1893 :
Manufacture of ooke in the United Stat&a, by States and Territariee, in 1896,
Stnta or Territory.
Ettab.
lish-ments
.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Yield of coal
in eoke.
Ooke produced.
Total value of coke.
Value of coke perton.
Bailding.
Alabama
& 1,169
Short Um$.
ShoH tons.
Georgia
Illinois
Ineludes Utah's production of coal and coke and value of same.
b Includes 86 gas retorts.
Manufacture of coke in the United States, hy States and Territoriesy in 1895 — Continued.
State or territory.
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Establish, ments.
Ovens.
Built.
no
Building.
Coal used.
Short ton*.
Field
of coal Coke pro
in duced.
coke.
Toti valoe ; of coke.
1 Value I of coke per ton.
Per ct.
Short ton*,
a 22,519
a Included witli Colorado's coke production.
From this table it appears that the total production of coke in the United States in 1895 was 13,333,741 tons, as compared with 9,203,632 tons in 1894, 9,477,580 tons in 1893, and 12,010,829 tons in 1892. Just as the production in 1894 was the smallest in the history of coking in the United States since 1888, so the production in 1895 was the largest in its history, the nearest approach being in 1892. This great increase in production in 1895 is due to the greatly increased production of pig iron last year, just as the decline in 1894 was due to the decrease in pig-iron production. The total production of pig iron in the United States smelted with coke exclusively, or with a mixture of coke and anthracite, in 1894 was 6,314,891 long tons. In 1895 it was 9,164,365 tons, an increase of practically 50 per cent. The increase in the production of coke in 1895 over 1894 was very nearly the same as the increase in the production of pig iron smelted with coke or with a mixture of coke and anthracite.
In the following tables are given, by States, a statement of the production of coke in the United States in 1893 and 1894.
Coke.
Mantaeiure of coke in the United States by States and Territories, in 1894.
SUte or Territorj*.
lisb.
ments. t
Ovens.
Built.
Alabama
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas '
Kentacky
Missoari ,
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania. ..
Tennessee
Utah
Washington
West Virginia . . I
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
New York
3
6,551 I U,154 25,824 , 1,860 736 ' 84 ' 7,858
1 I 12
Baildi I ing-
Coal used.
Yield . of coal in coke. ,
Coke produced.
, Total Talue J"?"®
per ton.
Short tona. . 1,574,245 ' 542.429 I 166,523 I 3,800 j 13,489 I 7,274 13,288 66,418 3,442 33,313 13,042 55,324 9,059,118 516,802
rer et.
8,6a'> ' 50 '
Short ton*.
c 16,056
I 18,249 I 348
I 1,639,687 1.373
I 19,465 4.58
a Includes Utah's production of coal and coke and value of same.
Mnclndes 30 gaa retorts.
e Included with Colorado** coke production.
Manufacture of coke in ike United States, by States and Territories, in 189.1
.Eatab- SUte or Territory. I liahmenta.
Alabama
Georgia
Illinois
Ovena.
Built.
& 1,154
Build ing.
Yield I coke.
Short tona. Pret. 2,015,398 ' 58
duced.
of coke.
perton.
8hoH tont,
a Includea Utah's production of coal and coke and value of same. b Includea 36 gas retorts.
ManufactHre of coke in the United States, hy States and Territoriee, in J89S — Continued.
Ovens.
State or Territory.
i Eiitab- I lish- ' ments.
Built.
.Build
Indiana
Indian Territorj'.
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico '
New York
Ohio '
Pennsylvania
Tennessee I
Utah I
Virginia I
Washington
West Virginia. . . i
Wisconsin
Wyoming
102 j 11 '
50j 435' 25,744 I 1,942' 7,354
Coal used.
Short tons. , 11,549 I 15,118 i 13,645 I 97,212 i 8,875 I 61.770 I 14,698 I 15,150 j 42,963'
Yield I of coal'
coke. I
Coke produced.
iTotalvalue! Y;JjJ®
Perct.
Short ton*. 5,724 7,135 , 8,565,
Total I 258 44,201 717 jl4.917,146 I 63. 5 9,477,580 16,523,714 11.74
5,803 12,850 I 22,436 6,229,051 265,777 , a 16,005, 125,092 ! 6,731 I 1,062,076 I 14,958
a Included with Colorado's coke production.
It will be noted by reference to these three tables that Pennsylvania maintains its supremacy as the chief coke-producing State in the Union, its production in 1892 being 69 per cent of the total; in 1893, 65.7 per cent; in 1894, 65.9 per cent, and in 1895, 70.5 per cent. West Virginia produced in 1894 about 13 per cent of the total production and in 1895 only a little over 9.6 per cent, while Alabama, which produced 10 per cent of the total in 1894, produced about 10.9 per cent in 1895. Tennessee produced in 1895 about 3 cent of the total, as compared with 3.2 per cent in 1894. Colorado follows Tennessee closely, producing in 1895 about 2.4 per cent of the total. Virginia's proportion of the total in 1895 was the same as in 1894, being about 2 per cent.
Comparing the tonnage of the States in 1894 and 1895 it will be seen that all of the six chief coke-producing States increased their total production in 1895 over 1894. The increased production in Pennsylvania in 1895 over 1894 was 3,340,438 tons, or 55 per cent; in West Virginia, 91,273 tons, or 8 per cent; in Alabama, 520,522 tons, or 50 per cent; iii Tennessee, 104,144 tons, or about 36 per cent; in Colorado, 16,698 tons, or 5J per cent, and in Virginia, 64,647 tons, or nearly 36 per cent.
Coke.
In the foUowing table are consolidated tbe statistics of the nianu- &care of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1895, inclusive:
Stati9tic$ of the manufacture of coke in the United Statee, 1S80 to 1895, inclusive.
Ovens.
Tear.
Estab- ' liah- r ments.'
Bailt.
18ai...
Build-
Coal uaed.
Short tons, i 5,237,741 ' 6,546,662 7,577,648 I 8, 516, 670 I 7,951,974 I 8, 071. 126 I
10. 088. 972 ' 11,859,752 12,945,350 '
15. 960. 973 18, 005, 209 16, 344, 540 18,813,337 i 14,917,146 I
al4,348, 750 !
Coke produoHl.
Short lona.
Tot&l
value of coke
at ovens.
al2,328, 856
&19,234, 319
. Value of coke , at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal In coke.
Ptr et.
' 1.63
a Excluding New York.
b Excluding New York and Texas.
Total Number Of Coke Works In The United States.
_The following table gives the number of establishments manufacturing coke in the United States at the close of each year from 1880 to 1895, by States:
Iumber of estahlishmentK in the United States manufacturing coke on December 31 of each
year from 1880 to 1895,
SUte or Territory. 1880. 1881. 1882.
Alabama 4 5 6 8 11 14 15
Colorado 1 2 5 7 s' 7 77
Georgia 1 1 li 1 1 2 2I2
lllinoia 6 6' 7i 7 9 9
Indiana 2 2 2,2 2 244
Indian Territory. 1 1 11 1 111
Kaneaa 2 3 34 44
Kentucky 5 5 5 5 5 5 G G
Missouri 0 0 0 00 0 01
Mineral Resources.
Nmnher of establiskmenU in the United States manufacturing coke on December SI of each year from 1880 to 1805 — Continued.
State or Territory.
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia. . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total 186 197
State or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Kentacky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total.
Coke.
The word establishment" is rather an indefinite one. In some cases proprietors of coke works owning several dififerent banks or blocks of ovens will report them all as one establishment, they being aiider one general management. In other cases they will be reported separately. The number dififers so much from year to -year as to make this table of but little value for comparison.
The number of establishments in the country for each year since 1860 for which there are any returns is as follows:
Xumher of coke f8tahlUkment in Ihe United States eince 1850.
Year. Number.
Year. Number.
Number Of Coke Ovens In The United States.
The following table shows the number of coke ovens in each State and Territory on December 31 of each year from 1880 to 1895, together with the total number of ovens in the United States at the close of each of these years. In the earlier years covered by this table some coke was made in pits and on the ground, and in testing the adaptability of certain coals to the manufacture of coke this is still customary, though in the latter years but little of the coke reported as produced in the United States was made by any other method than in ovens.
Number of coke irene in the United Siatee on December SI of each of the yeare from
State or Territory.
Alabama 316 : 416
Colorado 200 267
Georgia 140 180
Illinois 176' 176
Indiana 45 ' 45
Indian Territory..' 20 j 20
Kansas 6 15
Kentucky 45 i 45
B86.
Mineral Resources.
Number of coke ovens in the United Statee on December 31 of each of the yeare from
State or Territory.
18S0.
Missouri
n
Montana ...
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
1 "- 9,501 10,881
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
1A 11Q lift nfi
State or Territory.
n 320
Alabama
al,169
d 26, 042
Colorado
948 al,128 ' 300
al,154 al,154 338 ' 338
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana . .
Indian Territory . . Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
i 20-
a Iiicludett 36 gas rt'torts. h Coke was made in
c Semet-Solvay ovens.
IncladeH 60 Otto-Hoflhaann ovens.
Coke. 551
From the above table it will be noted that the total iinmber of coke ovens in the United States increased from 44,772 in 1894 to 4o,565 in 1895. As we have heretofore stati'd, a calculation based on this table and the one showing production indicates that ovens in certain States were in more active operation than those in other States. For instance, Alabama in 1895 had 5,658 ovens, while West Virginia had 7834, and yet Alabama, with its smaller number of ovens, produced a larger amount of coke. The product per oven in West Virginia in 1895 was 164 tons, in Alabama 255 tons, and in Pennsylvania 361 tons. In 1894 the product oven in these States was, in West Virginia 152 tons, in Alabama 166 tons, and in Pennsylvania 235 tons.
Most of the coke ovens in the United States are of the solid-wall type, in which the coal is coked by heat generated in the oven itself. Most of these ovens are of the regular beehive shape. A few are somewhat modified in form, the oven being long and shaped like a muffle. Other ovens, while they retain the beehive form, have hollow tiles near the top into which the air previously heated enters for combustion.
At the close of 1895 there were in operation in the United States, in addition to the 12 Semet-Solvay ovens that have been for the past two years at Syracuse, 60 Otto- Hoffmann ovens at Johnstown, Pa., while 50 Semet-Solvay oVens were in course of construction at Dunbar, Pa., 50 more of the same at Sharon, Pa., and the foundations were in for 60 additional Otto-Hofifmann ovens at Johnstown. Three ovens on the Slocum principle, which is like all of the horizontal ovens, a modified Carves, were built at Bolivar, Pa., and 30 by-product beehive ovens on the Ifewton-Chambers system were nearly finished at Latrobe, Pa. Since the close of 1895 Mr. H. M. Whitney has completed arrangements to erect a large number of by-product ovens on the Slocum principle at Boston, the chief object being the saving of the gas for fuel and illuminating purposes, Mr. Whitney having made a contract with the Boston Gas Company to supply them with all of the gas they will use for a term of years. The Illinois Steel Company have iilso arranged with Mr. Huessener for the erection of a bank of modified Huessener ovens, which will be located either in the Connellsville region or at their works at South Chicago. Other blocks of ovens are contemplated, but, so far has been learned, these are the only ones that are absolutely under construction.
Number Of Ovens Building In The United States.
The following table gives the number of ovens actually in course of construction at the close of each year from 1880 to 1895. It should be nnderstood that this table does not Include the increase in the number of ovens during the year. It only gives the number of ovens actually in course of construction at the close of each year. It will be noted that the number in course of erection at the close of 1895 was 638.
Mineral Resources.
Xumher of coke ovens building in the United States at the close of each of the years from
.Stati' oi Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New fexico
New York
Ohio 25
Pennsylvania 836
0 ' 0 ;
Oi
o'
0
oi
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Washington . . . West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
1,159 1,006 ! 712 I 407 812; 432 4,154 13.594
lOo
State or Territorj-.
Alabama 406
Colorado 100
Georgia 0
Illinois 0
Indiana 0
Indian Terri tory 0
Kansas 0
Kentucky 2
Missouri I 0 '
Montana 0 i
New Mexico 0 I
New York '
Ohio 12 I
Penusylvania 1,565
Tennessee 84 I
Texas I 0
Virginia I 0
Washington 100 ;
West Virgi nia 318
Wisconsin ' 0
Wyoming 0
."'
ol
I
Total 2,687 2,115 1,735
0
a 13
a 13
H70
a Semet-Solvay.
h Includes 60 Otto-Hoffmann and 50 Seniet-Solvay ovens.
Coke.
PRODUCTION OF COKE FROM z88o TO 1895.
The production of coke in the several States and Territories from 1880 to 1805 is shown in the following table:
Amount of coke produced, in short tons, in the United States from 1880 to J895, inolueirc,
by States and Terrxtorivn.
Statf or Territory. 1880.
Alabama 00,781
Colorado 25,568
Georgia 38,041
Illinois ' 12,700
Indiana 0
Indian Territory . 1, 546
Kansas 3,070
Kentucky 4,250
Missouri 0
Montana 0
New Mexico ' 0
New York
Ohio ' 100,596
Pennsylvania ... 2, 821, 384
Tennessee 130, 609
Utah 1,000
Virginia 0
Washingn 0
West Virginia ... 138, 755
Wisconsin 0
Wyoming 0
Total 3,338,300
as, 600
I 39, 416 13, 991, 805 ' 218,842
!
I 311
SUt or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico. ..
Mineral Resources.
Amount of coke produced, in short toiu, in the United States from 1880 to 1896, inclusive, hv States and Territories — Continaed.
State or Territory.
New York
Ohio
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia. ..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
State or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado 1
Georgia
Illinois I
Indiana ,
Indian Territory ;
Kansas I
Kentucky '
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico '
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
' 14,174
The following table gives the relative rank of the States and Territories in the production of coke in the years 1880 to 1895, both inclusive:
Coke.
i-wcoio-Hicot-xosoeo -la to t-oo
I :
S
i .
1 i I s, - I
I'll i
i-ieoc'H*io?ot-xN
i-4'e!ieoiOcoxtcsi;D
2 S
iHOi'eoiocet-ao'
.-i-*eco:o 'tioo
iO C4 CO CO
i :3
I I
"S
.5
i-< CO O -rt
tfi O Od CS
Oi w cs
'rl i i I i
H i
MINERAl. RESOURCES.
An inspection of the above table indicates that one change in the relative rank of the coke-producing States was between Alabama and West Virginia, these two States exchanging places, Alabama becoming second, whereas it was third in 1894, and West Virginia becoming third, whereas it was second in 1894. Colorado and Tennessee also exchanged places, Tennessee becoming fourth and Colorado fifth of the States.
Value And Average Selling Price Of Coke.
In the following table is given the total value of coke produced in the United States in ea(.h year from 1880 to 1895, inclusive:
Total value at the ovens of the coke made in the United States in the years from 1880 to 1895j inclusive hy States and Territories,
State or Territory.
Alabama $183063
Colorado 145,226
Georgia 81,789
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory. .
Kansas
Kentacky
Missonri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
225,660 I 156,294 15,410,387 4,783,230
Total 6,631,265 7,725,175 8,462,167 ,8,121,607 7,242,878
State or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory. .
Cork.
Total value at the oven* of the coke made in the United Statee in the years from 1880 to 1895 J incluHve, by States and Territories — Continued.
State or Territory.
Kansas
Kentucky
Montana
New Mexico...
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania..
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washinfcton . . . West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
18B0.
94,042 7,664,023 687,865 305,880 4,125 513,843 ' 0 '
Total 11,153,366 15,321,116 I 12,445,963 16,630,301 ' 23,215,302
State or Territory.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiuna
Indian Territory . .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
7,
8,
a 1,137,
4,
9,
9,
a 903, 970
a 940, 987
2P7
Total I 20,393,216 23,536,141 I 16,523,714
15,232 ' 12, 328, 856 1
o Including Utah's A'alue.
While this table gives the totals of the valaes as returned in the schedules, the Hgures do not always represent the same thing. A statement as to the actual selling price of the coke was asked for, and in most cases, including 80 per cent of all the coke produced, the figures are the actual selling price. In some cases, however, the value is an estimate. Considerable of the coke made in the United States is produced by proprietors of blast furnaces for consumption in their own furnaces, none being sold. The value, therefore, given for this coke would be an estimate, based in some instances, where there are coke works in the neighborhood selling coke for the general market, upon the price obtained for this coke; in other cases the cost is estimated at the cost of the coke at the furnace, plus a small percentage for profit on the coking operation, while in still other cases the value given is only the actual cost of the coke at the ovens.
In the following table is given the average value per short ton of the coke made in the United States for each year from 1880 to 1895, inclusive, by States and Territories.
Coke.
s n
98
is S 3
S 8 S S £ S £
I
w4
s
Co
M
5 S S S
eo c4
S3 S 8
3S 8
00 w' CO c4
S $ g tS
: i
£ S
S 8 2
3 S
ti
S 8 8
s
s
s s s
s s
W 00 N
S S S3
e4 rJ
s s
co' 1-?
g
t
8 S
U"
'' i
s ;s
Sj
g
3 S
I s I
8
8 g S 2
lO o c4 co'
8
fc
eS O
I 'S
-s
o
8 S
CO f-J
8 g
8 S
Co 1-N*
CO t-i
O
S .S
Co OD
1 s
n 8
Co
2S 8 8 ® S
8 S 8 8 S
S g g ®
t" 1-H id
S So S o s
t- iri CO I 1-H
W Si
SCO kO
£ S 2
csi 1-1 ci
8
W iH f-i
g 8
8 S
IS g 8
r-4 eq o
a
Os
i?
I
!
!
u. o P a f4 *ka
Mineral Resources.
From this table it appears that the average value per ton of coke in the United States in 1895 was 10 cents a ton in excess of the value for 1894. The average values of coke per ton in 1894 and 1895 were lower than in any other year since the beginning of the compilation of these statistics. In 1895 the average value per ton varied from $1,266 in Pennsylvania to $7.49 in Montana. In considering the above prices the statement previously made as to the meaning of these values must be borne in mind.
Coal Consumed In The Manufacture Op Coke.
In the following table is given the total number of tons of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States for the years 1880 to 1895 :
Amount of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1895, inolueivCf by States and Territories,
State or Territory.
Alabama i 106,283
Colorado 51,891
Georgia 63,402
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
261,839 18*), 549 I 77,670 ' 25, 270
Total 5, 237, 741 je, 546, 762
State or Territory.
Alabama . 1 Colorado . Georgia . . Illinois... Indiana . .
Coke.
Amount of coal uted in the manufcusture of coke in the United States from ineltteire, hy States and Territories — Continued.
ISSO to 1896,
SUte or Territory.
Indian Territory. Kansas
Kentucky , ..
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania ...
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia... Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
State or Territory. 1891.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
a 599, 200
a628, 935
a542,429
a580,584
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory. Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York ...
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
10,588,544 ' 12,591,345 [ 9,386,702 623,177 600,126 449,511
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
—
a Including Utah's consumption. 17 GEOL, PT 3 36
In regard to this table, it is to be noted that in many cases the statement as to the amount of coal used in the production of coke is an estimate. At but few works is the coal weighed before being charged Into the ovens. A great deal of the coke made in the United States is from run of mine — that is, all of the product of mining, lump, nut, and slack, as it comes to the mouth of the pit in the mine car is charged into the ovens — and if no coal is sold as coal it is comparatively easy to ascertain from the amounts paid for mining what is the amount of coal charged into the ovens. But erven in such cases considerable difficulty arises from the fact that mining is paid for by the measured bushel or ton of so many cubic feet, while our statistics are by weight, and the measured bushel or ton is often not the equivalent of the weighed bushel or ton. It is also true that in certain districts where the men are paid by the car the car contains even of measured tons more than the men are paid for. Under such circumstances it is not to the interest of the operator to weigh the coal as it is charged into the oven.
Further, in many districts coke making is simply for the purpose of utilizing the slack coal produced in mining or that which falls through the screen at the tipple when lump is sold. In such cases the slack is rarely, if ever, weighed as it is charged into the ovens, so that any statement as to the amount of coal used at such works will be an estimate. At some works the coal is often weighed for a brief period, and, the coke being weighed as it is sold, a percentage of yield is ascertained which is used in statements as to the amount of coal used and the yield of this coal in coke.
Great care has been exercised, in view of these facts, to reach a satisfactory estimate as to the amount of coal used in the production of coke, as given in the table immediately preceding, and the percentage yield of coal in coke as shown in the table next subsequent. Analyses of coals from most of the districts in the United States have been secured. These analyses, checked by personal knowledge as to the wastefulness of the methods of coking in each district, have enabled the writer to reach a conclusion as to whether the returns made were approximately correct or not. Where it has been judged that they were incorrect, correspondence has usually led to revision. It is sometimes the custom of coke manufacturers who do not weigh the coal charged into the ovens to estimate that the yield of coke is equal to the percentage of the fixed carbon and ash in the coal. A report from a certain coke works showed a yield of 77 per cent. This was equal to the average amount of fixed carbon and ash in the coal. Further inquiry developed the fact that at other mines in this district, using the same character of coal, the yield as reported varied from 50 to 66 per cent. Upon the attention of the party making the return showing 77 cent being called to these facts the yield was reduced to 63 per cent. As coke is sold by weight it has always been assumed that the report of production of coke was accurate, and where the coal
Coke.
was not weighed, the yield of coal in coke being ascertained, a calculation could be made which would show approximately the amount of coal used.
But even under these conditions it is believed that more coal was actually used in the production of coke in each of the years covered by the above table than is shown.
The amount of coal necessary to produce a ton of coke, assuming that the above tables are approximately correct, was as follows :
Coal required in produce a ion of coke in tone or pounds.
Y9mr.
1 Tonii.
Pounds.
Year.
Tone.
' 1889
In the following table is shown the percentage yield of coal in the manufacture of coke for the years 1880 to 1895. By the "yield" is of course meant the percentage of the constituents of the coal that remain as coke after the process of coking.
While these tables show an average of something like C4 per cent for most of the years, it is believed that even this is a little too high. Probably the actual yield of coal in throughout the United States, if the actual weight of coal charged into the ovens and the actual weight of the coke drawn had been taken, would not have exceeded 60 or 61 per cent.
Mineral Be80Urces.
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Coke.
In the following table will be found a statement of the amount and value of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in the years 1895, 1894, and 1893. The chief point in these tables is to show the average value per ton of coal used and the amount and value of coal necessary to make a ton of coke. The average value of coal per ton in 1893 was 70 cents; in 1894, 65.8 cents, and in 1895, G6 cents. The amount of coal necessary to make a ton of coke in 1893 was 1.57 tons; in 1894 and 1895, 1.56 tons. The value of the coal necessary to make a ton of coke in 1893 was $1.10; in 1894 and 1895, $1.03.
Some interesting comparisons can be deduced from this table and the one published elsewhere as to the average value at the oven of the coke made in the United Stat€S. For example, the average price per ton of all coke produced in the United States in 1895 was $1.44; it will be noted, therefore, that the amount received for the coke ton above the value of the coal was 41 cents. Making a comparison by States it will be seen that the average price received for a ton of coke in Pennsylvania In 1895 was $166, while the average value of the coal was 93 cents a ton, leaving 33.6 cents as the price received for the coke in excess of the value of the coal that went into a ton. In Alabama the selling price of coke was $2.10, while the value of coal was $1.49. In Colorado the relative figures were $2.76 per ton for coke and value of coal $1.66; in Tennessee, $1.90 for coke and $1.31 for coal; in Virginia, $1.32 for coke and $1.11 for coal; in West Virginia, $1.34 for coke and 87 cents for coal.
Amount and value of coal u§ed in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1895, and amount and value of same per ton of coke.
State or Territory.
Alabama
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Kansas
Kentacky
Missonri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania ... Tennessee
Coftl used.
Short tons,
Total value of coal.
Value of
ooalper
ton.
Amount of
ooalper ton
of coke.
Short tons,
Value of
coal to a ton
of coke.
a Figoree given for Colorado inclade the atatlstics of Utah.
Mineral Resources.
Amount and value of ooal used in the manufaoiure of coke in the UniUd States in 1895 and amount and value ofeameper ton of coke — Continaed.
State or Territory.
Coal used.
Total value of coal.
Yalne of
coal per
ton.
Amount of
coal per ton
of coke.
Value of
coal to a ton
of coke.
Virginia
Short tons.
Short ton$,
Washington
West Virginia
Wvominir
Total and averages .
Amount anC value of coal used in the manufacture of ooke in the United States in 1894 , and amount and value of same per ton of coke.
State or Territory.
Coal used.
Alabama
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total and averages.
Short tons,
Total VHlue of coal.
' Value of coal per ' ton.
Amount of
coal per ton
of coke.
Value of
coal to a ton
of coke.
Short tons.
i .95
i .658
a Figures given for Colorado include the statistics of Utah. b Value estimated.
Coke.
Amount and value of coal usedin the manufaoture of coke in the United States in 189S, and amount and value of same per ton of coke.
SUta or Territory.
Coal used.
Short Unit. Alabama ! 2,015,398
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territorj' . .
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
Xew Mexico
New York
Ohio
PennHj-l vania ' 9, 386, 702
Tennessee 449, 511
Virginia 194, 059
Washington ; 11, 374
Total value of coal.
West Virginia ' 1, 745, 757 I 1, 044, 219
Wisconsin . Wyoming .
Totil and averages. 14,917,146
ft 72, 255 3,240
Value of
coal per
ton.
Amount of
coal per ton
of coke.
Short ton*.
Value of
coal to a ton
of coke.
a Figures given for Colorado include the statistica of Utah. b Value estimated.
Condition In Which Coal Is Charged Into Ovens.
In the following table will be found a statement of the condition of coal when charged into ovens — that is, whether it is run of mine, slack, washed, or unwashed. The tables for 1895, 1894, and 1893 are given. The headings explain themselves. It is only necessary to state that run of mine, washed, includes that run-of-mine coal which is crushed before being washed.
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in 1895,
Stai* or Territory.
Alabama ,
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory. .
Kansas
Kentucky ,
Missotiri ,
Montana
New Mexico ,
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia ,
Washington ,
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Ran of mine.
Unwahed. Washed.
Wyoming ,
Short tons. 1,208,020
Total ! 15,609,875
Short toti.
TTn washed. Washed,
Short ton§. 32,068
Short tont. 1,219,377
"0
Short toriM. 2,459,465
ainclading Utah's consumption. 5 Quantity estimated.
From the above table it appears that of the 20,848,323 tons of coal coked in the United States 15,847,343 tons were run of mine and 5,000,980 tons slack. Of the rnn-of-mine coal used only 237,468 tons were washed, and of the 5,000,980 tons of slack used 1,948,734 tons were washed; so that of the total of 20,848,323 tons of coal made into coke in the United States in 1895 but 2,186,202 tons, or 10 J per cent, were washed.
For comparison the table on the following page is inserted, showing the character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1893 and 1894.
Coke.
S
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Mineral Resources.
From a comparison of the three tables given above it appears that in 1893, 71.4 per cent of the coal used was run of mine; in 1894, 70 per cent, and in 1895, 76 per cent. In 1893, 28.6 per cent of the coal used was slack; in 1894, 30 per cent, and in 1895, 24 per cent. In 1893, 10.5 per cent of the total was washed; in 1894, 11 per cent, and in 1895, 10.5 per cent.
In the following table the statistics regarding the character of the coal for the years 1890 to 1895, inclusive, are consolidated :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States since 1890.
Year.
Ran of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed. Washed. Unwashed. Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons. 2, 674, 492 2, 945, 359 3,256,493 3,049,075 3, 102, 652 3, 052, 246
Short toru.
Total.
Short tona. 18, 005, 209 16,344,540 18, 813, 337 14, 917, 146 14, 348, 750 20, 848, 323
Imports.
The following table gives the quantities and value of coke imported and entered for consumption in the United States from 1869 to 1895, inclusive. In the reports of the Treasury Department the quantities given are long tons. These have been reduced to short tons to make the table consistent with the other tables in this report:
CoJce imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1869 to 1895 f inclusive.
Tear ending-
Quantity.
Value.
Year ending-
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
June 30, 1869.
June 30,1883.
Dec. 31,1886.
Coke. 571
The Coking Industry By States. Alabama.
Alabama again assumes the position it held from 1889 to 1894 as second in amount of production of the coke-producing States. West Virginia, which exceeded it in production in 1894, drops again to the third place, Pennsylvania still holding first rank.
The coal fields of Alabama are divided into three subdistricts, known as the Warrior, the Coosa, and the Cahaba, these districts being named from the rivers which drain them. Coke ovens are built in all three districts, but coke was made in 1895 in but two — the Warrior and the Cahaba. The most important of these districts, both as a coal producer and coke maker, is the Warrior, the ovens in this district being located near Birmingham. Of the 5,658 coke ovens in Alabama, 5,024 are in the Warrior district, and of the total production of 1,444,339 tons of coke in 1895, 1,405,439 tons were made in the Warrior district.
While most of the ovens built in this State are of the ordinary beehive pattern, the more recent ones being of the usual dimensions, 12 feet in diameter and 7 feet high, it is evident from the frequent attempts that have been made to introduce other ovens that the beehive oven as a coker of Alabama coal is not entirely satisfactory. The ovens other than beehive, which have thus far been introduced successfully into Alabama, are solid-wall ovens, or ovens in which there are no flues in the walls, and in which the coking chamber or combustion chamber, wherein the heat for coking is produced, are the same. Two forms of these modified solid-wall ovens are in use in Alabama at the present time, one known as the Thomas" oven, which has already been described in this series of reports, and the other as the double oblong. These ovens are 21 feet long and 9 feet wide, open at both ends. The ovens are charged from the top and drawn at the ends. They produce in a given time some 75 per cent more coke than the ordinary beehive oven.
Another notable feature in the manufacture of coke in Alabama is the greatly increased amount of washed coal that is used. In 1891 but 8,570 tons of washed coal, all of which was slack, were used in the manufacture of coke in this State out of a total of 2,144,277 tons. In 1895, however, of the total consumption of coal in coke of 2,459,465 tons, practically one-half was washed, or 1,219,377 tons. All but 32,068 tons of the slack used were washed. From reports received it appears that this washing has greatly improved the character of the coke made in this State. It has not only reduced the ash and sulphur, but the physical structure of the coke has not been injured, if, indeed, in many cases it has not been improved by the washing.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Alabama from 1880 to 1895, inclusive.
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Alabama from 1880 to 1895, inclusive.
Tear.
Establishments.
Ovens.
Coal need.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short Um§.
Short tout.
Perct.
a976
al,301
One establishment made coke on the ground.
From the above table it appears that the total production of coke in Alabama in 1895 was 1,444,339 tons, as compared with 923,817 tons in 1894; an increase of 520,522 tons, or 56 per cent — a most remarkable showing. The production of coke in 1895 was the largest in the history of the State with the exception of 1892, when some 1,501,571 tons were produced, only about 60,000 tons more than was made in 1895.
The number of establishments remains the same; one establishment has gone out of existence, but another has taken its place. There has been an increase in the number of ovens of 107. The yield of coal in coke remains the same. The increase in the price of coke, however, was but slight, the average value compared with 1894 having increased but cents a ton.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Alabama since 1890 is shown in the following table.
Coke. 573
Character of coal yed in the manufacture of coke in Alabama since 1890,
Ron of mine.
Slack.
Yesr.
Total.
Unwaahed. rnwabed. Waahed.
Skori font. Short font. Short font. Short toHg.
Short tons.
Colorado.
Colorado still holds its place as the chief coke-producing State oatside of the Appalachian region. Its coal fields and coking coals are thoroughly described' in the Mineral Besources volumes for 1892 and
The districts in which coke is produced in this State are tbose named by Mr. R. C. Hills — the Baton, the (Jrand River, and the La Plata. In the first named, the Raton, are the Trinidad and the Raton Canyon subdistricts or fields, both in Las Animas County. These are so closely related as coking districts that we have regarded them as one, and included them under the common name of the Trinidad or Elmoro district. In this district are four coke works, with 702 ovens, which produced 196,934 tons of coke in 1895.
In the Grand River district are the Crested Butte and Coal Basin subdistricts. Coal from the former is coked at Crested Butte, and from the latter at Cardiff, the coal used at Cardiff being from Spring Gulch. Mr. Hills regards the Coal Basin subfield as the most important area of coking coal in the State. The coke produced, he suggests, is " better adapted for lead smelters' use than any other produced in the State, though it is probably not as well glazed as an iron smelter would desire." There are in this district two coke works — the Crested Butte, with 164 ovens, and the Cardiff*, with 225 ovens. Of the latter, 91 are Belgian, the others beehive. The production of coke at these works in 1895 was 105,410 tons.
The La Plata district, which is the coking district we have called Durango, has three works with 49 ovens. The total production in this district in 1895 was 9,194 tons.
' Coke is also produced in Denver from coal brought from other districts. It is coked in a species of retort, operated somewhat on the plan
Mineral Rbsoi7Bce8.
of a gas retort and somewhat as a by-product coke oyen. The plant consists of 36 retorts. A iortion of tbe gas is used to fire the benches, for lighting, and also to raise steam. In addition to the gas used for these purposes there is a surplus of some 120,000 cubic feet per day which is sold to the Denver Consolidated Gas Company for illuminating purposes. The coke made is used for domestic purposes in place of anthracite coal.
The statistics of the production of coke in Colorado from 1880 to 1895 are given in the following table. From 1892 to 1895, both inclusive, the statements of production of coke in Utah are included. The production of Colorado in 1895 was 317,838 tons, as compared with 301,140 tons in 1894, with 346,981 tons in 1893, and 365,920 tons in 1892.
Staiviiics of the manufacture of coke in Colorado from 1880 to 1895,
Year.
Esub.
lish-menu
.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of ooke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Building.
Short tons.
Short ton:
Per cent.
c 373, 229
M,154
e 317, 196
h 1, 169
a Includes Utah's production and value of coal and ooke. b Includes 36 gas retorts. e Colorado's coke production, 366,920 tons, d Colorado's coke production, 346,081 tons. Colorado's coke production, 301,140 tons. / Colorado's ooke production, 317,838 tons.
Coke.
The character of the coal used in the manafacture of coke in Colorado and Utah since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal vsed in the manufacture of coke in Colorado and Utah Hnce 1890.
I Short tons.
Short ton*.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons. 431, 081 478, 030 599,200 628,935 542, 429 580, 584
From the above table it will be noted that most of the coal used iu coking in Colorado and Utah was unwashed slack. Of the 580,584 tons of coal coked in these twb States, 453,597 tons, or 78 per cent of the total, was unwashed slack ; the remainder, except 7,119 tons, was unwashed run of mine. This is the first time for some years that coal was washed previous to coking in Colorado. In certain districts, especially in ElmorO) the coal in many cases, principally when slack is used, is quite high in ash, and iu the earlier years of the production of coke attempts were made to reduce the ash and increase the value of the coke by washing, but it was found that this process removed a large quantity of the bituminous matter which was necessary to give the coke the proper physical structure, and it was decided that it would be more economical to allow the ash to remain in the coke and flux it out by the of the carbon of the coke rather than to wash the coal before coking. Our report this year indicates, however, that washing has once again been tried.
Georgia.
Coking in Georgia is an industry of comparatively little importance. The only coal produced in the State is from the extreme northwestern portion, which is cut by the eastern border of the Appalachian coal field. In this small field there is one mine, nearly all of the coal from which is made into coke. The coal as it is mined is washed before being coked. The amount of coal charged into the ovens is the amount mined and not the weight of the coal after being washed.
The total production of coke in 1895 was 60,212 tons, as compared with 93,029 tons in 1894. The production in 1895 was the smallest of any year since 1882. The coke produced is all used at the furnaces of
Mineral Resources.
the Walker Iron and Goal Company, Eising Fawn, Ga., and the Chattanooga Iron Company, Chattanooga, Tenn., controlled by the Georgia Mining, Mannfacturing, and Investment Company.
Analyses of the coke made by Mr. John J. H. McCandless, chemist, of Atlanta, Ga., are as follows :
Analyses of ooke made hy the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing , and Investment Company,
Atlanta, Ga,
June 10, 1893.
September 27,
Moisture
Per cent.
Per eent.
Volatile combustible matter
Fixed carbon
Asli
Total
Sulphur
d8.88
The statistics of tbe production of coke in Georgia, 1880 to 1895, are as follows :
statistics of the manufacture of coke in Georgia, 1880 to 1895,
Tear.
! Eatab- I lish-
Built.
2&1 I 300 '
Building.
Short tont. 63,402 68,960 77,670 111687 132, 113 117, 781 136, 133 158, 482 140,000 157, 878 170,388 164, 875 158,978 171,645 166,523 118, 900
Coke produced.
ToUl value fi"*°/ Yield of
I per ton.
Short tons. 38,041 41, 376 46,602 67, 012 79,268 70,669 82,680 79,241 83, 721 94,727 102, 233 103, 057 81,807 90,726 93,029 60,212
Per eent.
Coke.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Georgia since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Georgia since 1890,
Knn of mine.
Slack.
UnwMhed. i Waalied. UiiwAnbed.
' 1
Washed.
Short Umt.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tona.
Total.
Short toni. 170,388 164,875 158, 978 171,645 166, 523 118,900
Illinois.
After many years of decadence the coke industry of Illinois began in 1895 to show signs of a revival. The number of coke works in this State had dropped from nine, with 325 ovens, and a production of 13,095 tons in 1884, to one establishment, with 24 ovens, and a production of 2,200 tons of coke in 1894. In 1895, however, after a very careful series of experiments in washing and coking the coal, a bank of 102 beehive ovens was built at Bosboro, in Randolph County, going into operation at the close of the year, while the Illinois Steel Gompany has, it is reported, made arrangements to build a block of coke ovens on the Iluessener principle in 1896.
No little amount of money and engineering skill have been expended in the endeavor to establish a coke industry in this State. There are large bodies of coal that may be properly classed as coking coal. The coking qualities, however, of the coal from different mines vary greatly. Some coals coke readily in beehive ovens; others only after wetting; while some will not coke at all in beehive ovens, though experiments made in a crucible show they are true coking or binding coals. The impurities in Illinois coal, chiefly sulphur, also interfere with the manufacture of a good metallurgical coke. Many attempts have been made to separate these impurities by washing, but until quite recently none of these have been successful in preparing the coal for making a moderately clean and strong coke. Recently, however, two washing plants have been erected in the State that seem to have solved this problem, at least experiments made in coking the washed coals have been very satisfactory, the coke being fairly strong, hard, and not too high in ash.
The recent interest that has been taken in the United States in by-product ovens has extended to Illinois, and it is believed by those who have given the subject careful consideration that a good metallurgical coke can be made in these ovens from Illinois coal. Quite a 17 GEOL, PT 3 37
Mineral Res0Ubce8.
number of tests on a commercial scale with and without washing the coal have been made in these by-product ovens. In some cases the coals from various pits and sections have been mixed, while other coals from quite a number of localities have been tested. The results show that under proper conditions as to preparation of the coal and as to heat and speed in the oven quite a number of Illinois coals give a fairly good coke. Further trials on an extensive scale will be made in 1896. It is also not at all improbable that coke ovens designed primarily to produce gas will be erected in the near future in the vicinity of one or more of the large cities of Illinois.
Analyses of washed slack and coke made from it in some so-called Belgian ovens of the Equality Goal Company, of Equality, in Gallatin County, ni., are given in the following table:
Analyses of coal and coke from Gallatin County, III.
Coal. j
Coke.
Water
Per cent.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Fixed oaibou
Sulphur. .,.
Phosphorus
Ash
Total
At the close of 1895 there were three coke works in Illinpis, with 129 ovens, of which 105 were beehive and 24 so-called Belgian ; an increase of 2 works and 105 ovens. Coke, however, was made at but one works, the new plant at Bosboro going into operation on a commercial scale only at the close of the year. The total production of coke during the year was, therefore, at but one bank of ovens, the amount being 2,250 tons.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois for the years from 1880 to 1895:
Statistics of the manufaoture of coke in Illinois from 1880 to 1896.
Year.
Estab.
lish-ments
.
Ovens.
!
Total Talue
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coalin coke.
Built.
Building.
1 Coal used.
"S""" 1 "'Jlv'
8hoH tone. 31, 240 35,240 25,270 31, 170
Short tone. 12,700 14,800 11,400 13,400
Per cent.
Coke. 579
StaH$tio of the manufacture of coke in Illinoiefrom 1880 to iP5->Gontinaed.
Tear.
Setoblish
.
menta.
Orena.
Built.
l!
i!
Co.lud. I Cokp™-
I Total value I of coke at
Short ton*. ' Short ton*.
13,095 10,350 8,103 9,108 7,410 i 11,583 [ 5,000 I 8,170 2,200 2,200 2,250
Value of I viaM
Per cent
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Illinois since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal need in the manufacture of coke in Illinoie einoe 1890.
Tear.
Bon of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Vnwaahed. Waahed,
Unwaahed.
Short ton*. 10,000 4,800
Waahed.
Short ton*. Short ton*, 0 0 0 0
Short ton*. 9,000 3,300 3,800 3,600
Short ton*. 9,000 10,000 3,300 3,800 3,600
Indiana.
Though there is an abundance of good coking coal in Indiana, up to the present time the coke industry has been of but little importance in this State. The coals of Indiana are better coking coals in some cases than those of Illinois. They are not quite so impure, but the variety of coals is greater in Indiana than in Illinois. In some of the experiments with Illinois coals in by-product ovens, referred to in the statement in connection with Illinois, the noncoking block coals of Indiana were mixed with the coking coals of Illinois, some of the best cokes
Mineral Resources.
made being from such a mixture. It is not at all improbable that the results of these experiments will lead to the use of Indiana coals, mixed in some cases, in other cases nsed separately, for the manufacture of coke for metallurgical purposes.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Indiana from 1886 to 1895, both inclusive, are given in the following table:
statistics of the manufacture of coke in Indiana from 1886 to 1895,
Tear.
Establish, ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Short tons.
Coke produced.
Totol value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Building.
:
Short tons. 6,124 17,658 11,956 8,301 6,013 3,798 3,207 5,724 6,551 4,804
Percent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indiana since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indiana since 1890,
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed.
Washed, i Unwashed. Washed.
Short tons.
Short ions.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons.
Indian Territory.
The coke works of the Osage Coal and Mining Company, located at McAlester, are the only ones in Indian Territory. These works use only the slack coal produced in mining. The coke finds its chief market for smelting purposes in Kansas and Missouri.
Coke.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Stati9Hc9 of the manfaeiure of coke in the Indian Territory from 1880 to 1895,
Year.
lUh- ?!ff/, buildmeDts.1 1 lug.
Coal
Coke prodaoM.
Total ralae
of coke at
ovens.
Yalne of ooke at ovenM,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short twM.
Short ton:
Percent
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indian Territory since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indian Territory since 1890.
Year.
Bun of mine. Slack.
Total.
1 Washed. Unwashed.
Washed.
j Shot t torn. 1 Short tona. Short toru.
Short toru.
Short tont.
Ol 0 0
Kansas.
The coke industry of Kansas is only of local importance, the production of coke in this State being chiefly for domestic purposes and the smelting of lead. Most of the coke produced in the State is made by the lead and zinc smelters for their own use.
Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kansas from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
StatisUcs of the manufacture of coke in Kansas from 1880 to 1895.
Tear.
' Estabments.
'1884
Built.
Building.
Coal used.
Short tons.
Coke produced.
I Total value
I of coke at
ovens.
Value of ookeat ovens,
per ton.
Short torn.
$1.95 2.18 j 2.14 !
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Kansas since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Kansas since 1890.
Ban of mine.
Slack
Total.
ITn washed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Kenti
Jcky.
Nothing can be added to the statement made in the report for 1894 regarding the coking coals of Kentucky and cokes made from them. The continued depression in the iron business has resulted in continued
Coke.
decrease in the production of coke in the State, the total production of 1895 being but 25,460 tons, as compared with 29,748 tons in 1894. This is the smallest production since 1890, and was almost entirely the output of the St. Bernard Coal Company in the western part of the State, the output of the Pineville region being practically nothing.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kentucky from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Stati$tic$ of the manufaoture of coke in Kentucky from 1880 to 1895,
Year.
1 lish- I , menta.
Ovens.
Built.
Coal ased.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovena.
Short tons.
I Short tont.
Value of coke at oveLS,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Kentucky since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the mannfacture of coke in Kentucky Hnee 1890.
Year.
Bun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons. 11,000
Short tons.
Short tons. 2,100 3,500 7,883 26, 759 7,900
Short tons. 19, 272 49,890 56,945 57,655 55,538 62,293
Short tons. 24,372 64,390 70,783 97,212 66,418 63,419
Mineral Resources.
Missouri.
The same statement can be made regarding the production of coke in Missouri as is made regarding the Kansas coke industry. The three works in this State at which coke is made are all run in connection with the smelting of zinc, the coke being made especially for this purpose.
The statistics of the production of coke in Missouri from 1887, when coking began in this State, to 1895 are as follows:
Statiaties of the manufacture of coke in Mi980urifrom 1887 to 1895,
Tear.
Establishments.
Ovens.
Coaluaed.
Coke prodnoed.
Total value
of ooke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in ooke.
Bailt.
Building.
Short tons. 5,400 5,000 8,485 9,491 10,377 11,088 8,875 3,442 3,120
Short tons. 2,970 2,600 5,275 6,136
Peresnt,
The character of the coal used for coke in Missouri since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal u$ed in the manitfacture of coke in Miasouri since 1890,
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed. . Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons. 9,491 10,377 11,088 8,875 3,442 3,120
Short tons.
Short tons. 9,491 10, 377 11,088 8,875 3,442 3,120
Montana.
In the production of coke in Montana in 1894 the influence of the decline in the production of silver was very manifest, the production having dropped from 29,946 tons in 1893 to 17,388 tons in 1894. In
Coke.
1895, however, there was a marked improvement, the production haying risen to 26,337 tons.
In 1895 there were three coke works in Montana with 303 ovens, which made 25,337 tons of coke from 55,770 tons of coal, a yield of 45.4 per cent. The coke produced in this State finds a ready market at the smelting works in the immediate neighborhood of the ovens.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Montana from 1883, when ovens were first reported, to 18U5, are as follows:
StatUiict of ths manufacture of coke in Montana from 188S to 1896,
Year.
Establish-rents.
Ovenn.
Coalusd.
Coke pro duced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at oveiiB, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Iuilt.
Build. Ing.
Short tont.
Short tons.
Per cent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Montana since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal need in the manufacture of coke in Montana since 1890,
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Mineral Resources.
New Mexico.
All of the coke made in New Mexico is for the use of the silver smelters of the Territory. The production in 1895 was 14,663 tons, the largest since 1885, and more than double the production of 1894.
The statistics of the production of coke in New Mexico from 1882, when coke ovens were first reported, until 1895, are as follows :
StatUtics of the manufacture of coke in New Mexico from 1882 to 1895,
Ovens,
Coal nsed.
Short tons.
Coke prodnoed.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
"I
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Perosnt. 66f
a At one works there are ted stone pits, with an average capacity of 10 tons each.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in New Mexico since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in New Mexico Hnoe 1890.
Tear.
Run of mine.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons,
Unwashed.
Short tons. 13,042
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Coke.
New York.
The only coke works iu New York is the bank of 12 Semet-Solvay by-product ovens built at Syracuse in 1892. The coal used has been chiefly from Morris Bun (Blossburg, Pa.), which is a coal containing, as will be seen from the following analysis, but 20.04 per cent of volatile matter. This works has also during the year 1895 been engaged in testing a number of coals to show their adaptability to use in the by-product oven.
The total production of coke at this works in 1895 was 18,521 tons, and the coal used iu its manufacture 22,207 tons. The coke made is chiefly for use at the soda ash works of the Solvay Process Company, which owns the ovens. There are 12 finished ovens at the works; 13 more are building.
We are furnished the following facts regarding the coal used and coke produced at this coke works by the Solvay Process Company:
Coal used and aoke produced at Geddes, Netc York,
Tons.
Per cent.
Average yield of coke per oven per year
Coal used in 1895 (10 months Morris Rnn, 2 months Con nells villa)
Coke produced in 1895
Coal obtained in Morris Run coke
Gain of yield of coke in Semet-Solvay over beehive oven
a60.0
a U. S. Oeolofcical Sarrey Beport for 1883.
The following are analyses of Morris Eun coal and of the coke made from it in Semet-Solvay coke ovens:
Coal.
Coke.
Moisture
Volatile matter
Pr cent.
Per eent.
Fixed carbon
' 70.98
Ash
Total
Sulphur
Mineral Besoubces.
The statistics of the manafactare of coke in New York from 1893 to 1895 are as follows :
Statigiics of the manufacture of coke in New Tork, 189S to 1895,
Number of establishments . --
Number of ovens built
Number of ovens building . - -
Amount of coke produced tons . .
Amount of coal used do. . .
Yield of coal in coke per cent. .
The company declines to place a value on the coke made or the coal .used.
Ohio.
Notwithstanding the large consumption of coke in Ohio, and the large fields of coking coal that exist in the State, the coking industry is of such slight importance that no detailed description of the various coal fields from which coke has been or can be produced need be given here.
In this report, as in that for 1894, we have divided the coking districts in Ohio into two : The Cincinnati district, which includes the ovens in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, all of which made coke from coal brought down the Ohio Biver from points usually outside of the State; and, second, the Ohio district, which includes the ovens at Leetonia, those in the Hocking Valley, and those near Steubenville and Bridgeport, these three sections making coke from entirely different seams.
Cincinnati district. — All the coke made in this district is from the dust and screenings of the coal yards at Cincinnati and from the coal boats and barges that bring coal from the upper Ohio, chiefly from the Pittsburg and the Kanawha regions of West Virginia. Some run of mine and slack from Pittsburg mines is also used in the North Bend block of ovens, which is situated on the Ohio River, a short distance below Cincinnati, when the ovens are in operation.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Cincinnati district from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Statistics of the
manufacture of coke
in the Cincinnati district, Ohio, J
rom 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Establishments.
Ov< Built.
ms.
Total ralae
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in ooke.
Percent.
Short Um$. 16, 141 20,607 19,687 33, 978
Short Umt. 10,326 13, 237 12,045 20,106
Coke.
StatiHc$ of the mannfaeture of coke in the CtHeinnati dUtrict, Ohioj etc.— Continued.
Tew.
Eetob- 1 lishmento.
Or Bailt.
Bbs.
Baild-
Coiaased.
Coke produced.
Totel value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in ooke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
F0reent.
Ohio district. — This district, as noted above, inclades all of the ovens coking Ohio coal, and the ovens at Leetonia, in the Hocking Valley, and in the vicinity of Steabenville and Bridgeport, which latter place is opposite Wheeling. The following table gives the statistics of the production of coke in the Ohio district for the years 1880 to 1896:
Stati9tic$ of the manufacture of coke in the Ohio diitrict Ohio, from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Estobliah-
Ovens.
Built.
2a5
Building.
Coal need.
Short long.
ovens.
Short tons. 90,270 106,232 91,677 67,728 43,869 28,454 24,366 60,110 1,326 30,016 31,335 39,638 22,498 33,436 16, 223 23, 393
Value of ooke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of ooal in coke.
P0r cent.
Mineral Resources.
TOTAL PBODTTOTTOir OF OOKB IK OHIO.
In the following table the statistics of the production of coke in the several districts of Ohio for the years 1880 to 1895 are consolidated :
Siati8tic8 of the manufacture of coke in Ohio from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Eatabliah
-
menta.
OTena.
Coal need.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
OTona.
Value of coke at ovena, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Bum.
Short tona.
Short torn. 100,596 119,469 103,722 87,834 62,709 39,416 34,932 93,004 67,194 75,124 74,633 38,718 51,818 22,436 32,640 29,050
Peremt.
The character of the coal nsed in the manofactare of coke in Ohio since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal need in the manufacture of coke in Ohio since 1890,
Year.
Bun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwaahed.
Waahed.
Unwaahed.
Waahed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons. 54,473 64,120 32,402 24,859 14,845 10,868
Short tons. 37, 719 27,500 18,104 40,479 13,000
ShoH Urns. 126,921 69,320 95,236 42,963 55,324 51,921
Coke.
Pennsylvania.
The coking districts of Pennsylvania have been so frequently, described ill previous volumes of Mineral Resources that it is not necessary to enter into any details regarding them. As it is important, however, that the dividing line between these districts should be kept in mind in examining these statistics, the following brief statement as to the territory included in these districts is given.
The Alleghany Mountain district includes the ovens along the line of the Pennsylvania BailToad from Gallitziu eastward over the crest of the Alleghanies to beyond Altoona. The Alleghany Valley district includes the coke works of Armstrong and Butler counties and one of those in Clarion County, the other ovens in the latter county being included in the Beynoldsville-Walston district. The Beaver district includes the ovens in Beaver County; the Blossburg and Broad Top those in the Blossburg and Broad Top coal fields. The ovens of the Clearfield-Center district are chiefly in the two counties from which it derives its name. The ConnellsvUle district is the well-known region in western Pennsylvania, in Westmoreland and Fayette counties, extending from just south of Latrobe to Fairchance. The Oreensburg, Irwin, Pittsburg, and Beynoldsville-Walston districts include the ovens near the towns which have given the names to these districts. The Upper Connellsville district, sometimes called the Latrobe district, is near the town of Latrobe.
In the following table the statistics are given of the production of coke in Pennsylvania for the years 1880 to 1895:
8iati9tic$ of the m4nfaoture of ooke in Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1895,
Year.
Eatob. menta.
Ovena.
Coal naed.
Cokeprodnoed.
Totol value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke
at ovens, perton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Bailding.
Per ct
Mineral Resources.
In the following tables will be found the statistics of the production of coke in Pennsylvania, by districts, for the years 1893, 1894, and 1895 :
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1895, hy disirictB.
Alleghany Mountain
Alleghany Valley .
Beaver
Blossburg
Broad Top
Clearfield-Center .
Connellsville
Greensbnrg
Irwin
Pittsburg
Reynoldsville- Walston
Upper Connellsville
. I Niun- 1 Nnm-' iberof, ber of i ovens Coal used, oven*, build* ing.
al,233
Coke produced.
Short tont.
Total 99 26.042
c80 12,174,597 0 31,300 0 166,124 0 i 452,845
Short tons.
Value of age' I J!?!?,
0 ' 504,092 ! 296,820 357,266
Peret.
<I30 319,285 208,158, 251,892 1.21
a Includes 60 Otto-Hoffmann ovens. b Otto-Hoffmann ovens.
e Includes 50 Semet-Solvay ovens, d By-product beehive ovens.
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1894, by districts.
District.
Alleghany Mountain Alleghany Valley . . .
Beaver
Broad Top
Clearfield-Center.. .
Connellsville
Greensburg
Irwin
Pittsburg
Reynoldsville-Walston
Upper Connellsville
Total
Estab- Xumber.berof lisbof ovens ments. ovens, {building.
Yield
Coal used.
price
of coal
per ton.
in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per et.
f3.3
Coke.
Coke productum in Pennsylvania in 189S, by districts.
! Nam-
Kstab- 1 Number
berof
District.
of
ovens
Coalased.
ments.
build.
ing.
docked.
Alleghany Moan tain . Alleghany Valley . . . ,
Beaver
Broad Top
Clearfield-Ceuter ...
Counellsville
Greensbarg i
Irwin '
Pittsburg i
Beynoldsville-Wals- j
ton ,
Upper Connellsville
Total
oi
14 ' 0'
Short ton*. 275,865 10,927 2,998 22,176 136,069 155,119 5 7,095,491 0 29,983 0 238,832 0 357,400
0 ' 562,033 0 ! 499,809
Short Um$.
Value of ooke at ovens.
pce,ofcoal
1 Per ct.
,
From the above tables it will be seen that the production of coke in Pennsylvania in 1895 was the largest in its history, it being nearly 1,000,000 tons in excess of tlie production of 1890, which was the year of the largest production before 1895.
The production increased from 6,063,777 tons in 1894 to 9,404,215 tons in 1895, an increase of 3,340,438 tons, or 55 per cent.
By referring to the table giving the production of coke in the United States in 1895, it will be noted that of the 13,333,714 tons produced in the country in 1895, Pennsylvania produced 70.5 per cent.
In the production of these 9,404,215 tons of coke in Pennsylvania in 1895, 14,211,567 tons of coal were used, or 1.51 tons of coal per ton of coke. As has already been explained, this amount of product is probably in excess of the actual yield. The probability is that the actual product is somewhat less than 66 per cent. Much of the coal is not weighed before charging, and consequently the yield is only an estimate, and much of that which is charged is paid for by the measured bushel, while the coke is sold by the weighed ton. Of the 14,211,567 tons of coal used, over 95 per cent was unwashed run of mine; 34,728 tons, or a little over two-tenths of 1 per cent, washed run of mine; 440,869 tons, or 3 per cent, unwashed slack; 117,594 tons, or about'l per cent, washed slack. The amount of washed coal used in coking in Pennsylvania was but 152,322 tons, or about 1 per cent of the total.
Mineral Resources.
The character of the coal used in the mauafacture of coke in Pennsylvania since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Pennsylvania since 1890,
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed. 1 Washed. Short ton: , Short tout. .
Unwashed. Short tons.
Washwl. Short tmis.
Short tons.
The remarkable feature of this exhibit is the increase in production in all of the important districts as compared with 1894. The production of the Connellsville district has increased from 6,192,080 tons in 1894 to 8,181,179 tons in 1895, an increase of 2,989,099 tons, or nearly 58 per cent. The Alleghany Mountain district has largely increased its production over that of 1H94 and the Upper Connellsville somewhat, but the greatest increase is in the Connellsville region.
One of the notable features of this statement for Pennsylvania is that for the first time there is a report of the existence of by-product coke ovens in this State, though no production is reported. The work in the 60 Otto-Hoftmann ovens built by the Cambria Iron Works, near Johnstown, in the Alleghany Mountain district, was begun late in November and their operations for the remainder of the year were largely trials and coal tests. The foundations are in at these works for 60 more Otto-Hoffmann ovens, which will probably be built during the year. Since the beginning of the year ground has been broken at Glassport, some 4 miles above McKeesport, on the Monongahela River, for 20 Otto- Hoffman ovens, but as work was not begun on these until after January 1 they do not appear in the report. In addition to these, there were 50 ovens of the Semet-Solvay type built at Dunbar in the Conuellsville region at the first of the year. These are expected to begin operations in the early summer. Fifty Semet-Solvay ovens also are contracted for to be built at Sharon, Pa. These do not appear in the above record.
The 30 by-product beehive ovens built in the Upper Connellsville region were in course of construction near Latrobe the first of the year. They have since been completed and put in operation. They are of the Newton-Chambers type.
Connellsville district — The Connellsville district still remains the most important coke-producing center in the United States, its production of
Coke.
coke in 1895 being 8,181,179 tons, as compared with 5,192,080 tons in 1894. Tiie largest production in any previous year was in 1890, when 6,464,156 tons were made. The increase in 1895, therefore, over the largest production previous was 1,717,023 tons, or nearly 27 per cent. As the total production of coke in Pennsylvania in 1895 was 9,404,215 tons, the proportion of the Connellsville region was 87 per cent. The Connellsville region also produced 61 per cent of the total amount produced in the United States in 1895.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Connellsville region from 1880 to 1895:
StatUtics of the manufacture of coke in the Connellsville region, Pennsylvania, from 1880
to 1895.
Year.
Eatab- 1
Hah-
I mentfl.
74! 76 ' 68 ' 36 '
Built.
Build, ing.
Coai used.
Short ton*. 3,367,856 4,018,782 4,628,736 5, 355, 380 4, 829, 054 4, 683, 831 6,306,460 6, 182, 846 7,191,708 8, 832, 371 9, 748, 449 7,083,705 9, 389, 549 7, 095, 491 7,a56,169 12, 174, 597
Coke produced.
ahort torn. 2, 205, 946 2, 639, 002 3, 043, 394 3,552,402 3, 192, 105 3,096,012 4, 180, 521 4, 146, 989 4, 955, 653 5,930,428 6,461,156 4, 7C0, CG5 6, 329, 452 4, 805, 023 5, 192, 080 8, 181, 179
ToUl value
of coke at
ovena.
$3, 948, 643 4,301,573 4, 473, 789 4, 049, 738 3,607,078 3, 776, 388 5,701,086 7, 437, 669 5,884,C81 7, 974, 633
Value
of coke
at
Yield of coal in coke.
Percent.
In the Oonriellsvjlle region the old beehive oven still holds its place, every oven in operation in this district in 1895 being of this type. Among the 80 ovens reported in the above table as building, 50 are by-product ovens of the Semet-Solvay type, which are in course of construction at Dunbar. It is probable that the character of the coke made in the Connellsville region is so good that the oven owners do not see any necessity of attempting to improve its quality. It is probable that the quality of the coke would not be improved in a by-product oven, but certainly the enormous waste of material that passes out with the gases would be avoided were the by-product ovens used.
In the following table will be found a statement taken from the files
Mineral Resources.
of the American Manufacturer, showing the number of cars shipped out of the Connellsville region for each month in 1895. It will be remembered that in 1894 there was an important strike in this region, the effect of which on shipments is shown in the following statement:
Monthly shipments of coke from the Connellsville region during 1894 and 1896,
Month.
Can.
January... February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August... September October — November . . December . .
Total.
Eegarding the market for Connellsville coke in 1895, it may be said that with the opening of the year the trade was in a fair condition and the production during some of the early months was quite large. In fact, one of the largest monthly shipments of the year from the Connellsville region was during the month of March. When the activity in the iron and steel trade showed itself fully, the coke trade of course shared in the general improvement. Through the months of June, July, and August shipments increased. During September they fell off somewhat, but picked up again the following month, and the closing months showed the largest shipments of the year.
Coke prices, as fixed by circular, were changed but twice within the year. With the opening of the year furnace coke was $1 per ton; foundry, $1.15, and crushed coke, $1.40 per ton f. o. b. at ovens. On April 1 the rates were advanced to $1.35 for furnace, $1.65 for foundry, and $1.65 for crushed coke. At the beginning of the last quarter another advance was made, leaving furnace coke at $1.60 at the close of the year. The H. C. Friclc Coke Company then announced another advance, making furnace coke $2 per ton with the opening of the year
In the following table is given the average monthly circular prices of Connellsville coke for each month of the year.
Coke.
Average monthly prices of coke during 1895,
Month.
January — February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September. October — November.. December ..
Furnace. Foundry.
Crushed.
i.a5
The following table gives the ruling and circular prices of blastfurnace coke free on board at the ovens for the past fifteen years :
Monthly prices of Connelleville hUut-fumtuie ookefree on hoard at orens.
Month.
January
February 1.50
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
:Month.
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September. October . . . November . December .
i.a5
i.a5
I.Io
18H5.
' 2.00
' 2.00
S to 1.50
' 2.00
to 1. 10
Monthl If prices of Connellsville blast-furnace coke free on hoard at ovens — Continued.
January $1.75
February j 1. 75
March 2. 15
April 2.15
May I 2.15
June 2. 15
July 2.15
August ! 2.15
September 2.15
October
November
December
Upper Connellsville district. — This district includes that portion of the Connellsville coal trough or basin that is located northward from a point just below Latrobe. The coal differs somewhat from that found in the lower iart of the basin.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Connellsville region for the years 1880 to 1895 ;
Staiislics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Connellsrille district from 1S80 to 1895,
Year.
Estab- 1 liBh- I" meute. ,
16 ' 16 '
Ovens.
Built.
1, 118 ! 1,118 I 1,118 j 1,168 j 1,337 i 1,442 I 1,977 ! 1,568 ' 1, 5U9 1, 724 1,843 1,843 1,843 1,849
Build- ; iug.
a 30
Coal uaed.
Short ton*. 319,927 588,924 650, 174 668,882 496,894 555,735 691,331 717, 274 657,966 635, 220 889, 277 1, 000, 184 706, 171 499, 809 279, 971 319, 285
Coke pro. duced.
Short ton*. 229,433 343, 728 375, 918 389,053 294,477 319, 297 442, 968 470, 233 441,966 417, 263 577, 246 649, 316 451,975 320, 793 176, 799
ToUl value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of
coke at
ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal ill coke.
Per cent.
a By-product beehive ovens.
Coke.
From the above table it will be noted that while there was an increase in production in this district in 1895 over 1894, it has by no means reached the importance as a coke-producing district that it had prior to 1894. Indeed, the production of 1895 is the lowest, with the exception of 1894, of any year in the history of this district since statistics have been compiled.
Alleghany Mountain district. — In this district are included not only the ovens along the line of the Pennsylvania Bailroad east of Blairsville, but the ovens in Somerset County as well.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany Mountain district from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Statinth'M of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany fountain district of Pennaylvania
from ISSO to ISO.',.
Year.
Eiitab- . liHh- I
Ilailt.
I BiiiM- 1
614 ' 1,069 1,171 1,201 1,260 1,260 1,253 1,233
Short ton*. 201, 345 225, 56:5 284,544 200,343 327,666 351, 070 461, 922 633,974 708, 523 724, 903 275,865 92, 965 271, 096
Coko produced.
Short tons. 127, 525 144,430 179, 580 i:r>,342 ' 156,290 212,242 227,369 ' 297, 724 I 335,689 I 354,288 ' 402,514 I 448,067 t 448, 522 173, 131 58,823 I 173, OTw ,
Toul value
of coke at
Value of
. coke at
ovena,
per ton.
Yield of roal in coke.
Per cent.
From the above table it will be noted that, while the production of coke in this district in 1895 was nearly three times the production of 1894, it only about equaled the production of 1893 and was much below the production of any of the years from 1885 to 1892, inclusive.
Clearfield' Center district. — This district includes the ovens in Clearfield and Center counties, including Snow Shoe, Moshannon, and other well-known coal districts. While it has great promises for the future, much of its coke is made from slack coal, and the prosperity of the coke industry in the district depends not only on the demand for coke, but also on the demand for coal and amount of slack available.
Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Cleartield-Center district for the years, 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Clearfield- Center district Pennsylvaniay from
Year.
Establish, ments.
Btiilt.
! Build-
Pftlcft Tim value Coal used. S.iT" of coke at
Short tont. 20,025 25,000 26,500 33,000 69,720 84,870
duced.
Short tons.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
lu the Glear&eld-Oeuter, as in the Alleghany Mountain district, the production of 1895 was about the same as in 1893, but much below the production for the years 1888 to 1882.
Broad Top dMrict, — In this district are included the ovens in what is known as the Broad Top coal field, the ovens being situated in Bedford and Huntingdon counties. There has also been considerable fluctuation in the production of coke in this district. The amount turned out in 1895 was about the same as in 1893, but below that of the years from 1882 to 1892.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Broad Top region, Pennsylvania, for the years of 1880 to 1895, are stated in the table on the following page.
Coke.
StalUUra of (he manufacture of coke in the Broad Top region Pennsylvania, from 1880
to 1805.
I Oven*.
, Etab- Year. , lish-
Building.
Total value of coke at
i
Short tons.
Short ttrn$.
$123, 748 1G7, 074 215,079 271, 692 264,569 185,656 187, 321 347,061 286,655 186, 718 314, 416 197,048 216,090 150,196 51, 815 150,224
—
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Per e-fU.
2.r5
G2
G2.G
6t
Pittsburg district. — Much of the coal made into coke in the Pittsburg district is slack, usually obtained from the mines along the several pools of the Monongahela River and brought to Pittsburg by barges. Latterly also considerable coal has been brought from the fourth pool of the Monongahela River to Pittsburg for coking. The indications are that the Pittsburg district will, in the near future, assume much greater as a coke-producing center than it has heretofore enjoyed, in view of the fact that a large number of by-product ovens will be built in and near Pittsburg along the Monongahela River. In this district are included the ovens at and near Pittsburg, as well as the ovens in Washington County that use slack from the coal mines of that county.
The statistics of the luannfacture of coke in the Pittsburg district, Pennsylvania, for the years 1880 to 1895 are stated in the table on the following page.
Mineral Resources.
Staiiatics of the manufacture of coke in the Pittsburg district Pennetflvaniaf from 1880
to 1895,
Year.
Estab-li
Bh- I
ments.
Built.
ing.
I Coal used.
Short tftn*. 194, 393 178, 509 114,956 119,310 97,367 91, 101 228,874 366, 184 428, 899 233,571 149, 230 154, 054 292, 357 357,400 371, 569 452, 845
Coke produced.
Short tons.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
rr cent.
W
From the above table it appears that the production of coke in the Pittsburg district in 1895 was 232,529 tons — but little in excess of the production of 1893 and 1894. It was, however, the largest production with one exception, that of 1888, in the history of this district.
Beaver district. — The coke industry in this district is of so little importance that it requires no description.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Beaver district, Pennsylvania, for the years 1880 to 1895:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Beaver districtj Pennsylvania, from 1880 to 1896.
Year.
Establishments.
Ove
Built.
Building.
Coal UBtMl.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ' ovens, I
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons, i Short tons. I
Per cent.
Coke. 603
Stati8iic8 of the manufacture of coke in the Beaver district, Pennsylvania, etc. — Cont'd.
Ovens.
Year.
EsUbliiihmenta.
Built.
Buildinga.
Short tons. 13, 818 1,853 2,148 2,332 2,154 1,644 1,624
Short tons. 25,207 I 3,100 ' 4, 010 I 4,224 3,925 I 2,968 ' 2,888 i
Total value
of coke at
ovena.
Value of coke at ovena,
per ton.
3,
Yield of coal in coke
Per emit.
Alleghany Valley district. — This district includes the coke works of Armstrong and Butler counties, situated in the valley of the Allegheny Kiver. No coke was made in this district either in 1894 or 1895, but as there promises to be production again in this district in the near future we continue the report.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany Valley district for the years 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany Valley district, Pennsylvania, from
Year.
liflh
menta.
7
Ovena.
Built.
; Build- 1
I
Coal uaed.
Short tona. 45,355 I 55,676 76,000 I 64,810 I 55, 110 28, 630 i 51,580 77,666 , 37,792 I 13, 105 , 33,049 21, 833
Coke produced.
Total value ; of coke at
Short ton*.
$49,068 I 64,6ft4 80,294 ! 62,982 I 54,859 I 30, 151 I 44,422 ' 84,913 36,008 10,538 40,204 25,909 11, 147
Per cent.
Mineral Resources.
Beynoldsville- WaUton district — This district iDcludes all the ovens ou tbe Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad, as well as those on the Low Grade Division of the Alleghany Valley Railway, and the mines of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad. It is at the present time one of the most important coking districts in Pennsylvania, and gives promise of great increase in production in the near future.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Reynoldsville-Walston district for the years 1880 to 1895:
StaHHiic8 of the manufaoture of coke in the Reyfioldwille- WaUton district, Pennsylvania,
from 1880 to 1896.
Vear.
Eatab- 1
ments.
Ovens.
Built.
Building.
Coal used.
Short ton*. 45,055
0 I 652, 966
ovens.
Short tons. . 28,090
Tl?w/|Yieldof
80, 339 65,584 i 113, 155 153, 795 217,834 592, 728 320,203 436,857 771,996 744,098 743,227 586, 212
Pereent.
U
Blossbtirg district. — This district, which was at one time of great importance as a coke-producing district, especially to central and western New York, produced very little coke in the last two years. Considerable coal produced in this district is shipped to Syra<;use and coked there, but this is reported in connection with New York.
Tlie following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Blossburg district, Pennsylvania, from 1880 to 1895.
Coke.
Siaii9tic8 of the manufacture of coke in the BloUburg districtf Pennsylvania, from 1880
to 1895,
Year.
Ovens. '
lish- I Coal used.
men to. T>„ii* Build- i Built. jjjg
ovens.
Short tons.
Short ton*. 44,836 56,085 64,526 44,690 39,043 26, 975 81,801 103,873 38,052 I 18,422 i 23,196
$134,500 168, 250 j 193,500 I 122,450 ' 93, 763 I 59,423 ' 174,532 234,622 81,400 47, 765 62,804 !
Oreensburg district. — The Greensburg district includes a small number of ovens situated in the Oreensburg coal basin, erected chiefly for the utilization of the slack coal. The coal is all from the Pittsburg vein.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Oreensburg district from 1889 to 1895:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Greensburg district, Pennsylvania, from 1889 to
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Ver cent.
Year.
Establishments.
Ovens.
Built.
Building.
Coal used.
Short tons. 32, 070 44,000 38,188 15,005 29,983 27,290 31,300
Coke produced.
Short tona. 20,459 30,261 22, Ul 9,037 18,393 15,872 20,309
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent,
Mineral Resources.
Irtcin district, — The Irwin district comprises tbe oveus situated near the town of that name; also those located in what may be termed the Irwin basin, on the Yoiighiogheny River. It will be noted that this district is of considerable importance as a coke producer. Most of the coke made in the district is produced by the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, at Larimer, where slack from the gas coal mined in the immediate vicinity is made into coke.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Irwin district for the years 1889 to 1895:
StatUticn of the manufacture of coke in the Jntin dUtrietf Pennsylvaniaj from 1889 to
Year.
Estab- : lishniento.
Ovens.
Built.
I Build- ' ing.
Cool U8M1.
Short Urns.
Short tonn. 243, 448 172, 329 197,082 202,809 150,463 110,995
Value of ooke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
Tennessee.
Tennessee ranks as the fourth State in the prod action of coke, it being exceeded by Pennsylvania, Alabama, and West Virginia, in the order stated. The production of Colorado approaches very closely to that of Tennessee, and these five States, with Virginia and Georgia, are the only ones that produce upwards of 60,000 tons of coke a year.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Tennessee for the years 1880 to 1895:
Staiiatics of manufacture of coke in Tennessee from 1880 io 1896,
Tear.
Estab
lisb.
! ments.
Ovena. Built. BuM-
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Short tons.
Short ton*.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Ver cent.
Coke. 607
StatUiu'8 of manufacture of coke in Ten neseee from IStS'O io JS95 — ContiDned.
Year.
al3
Built.
Coal used.
I Skart ton.
126 I 621,669 655, a57 630,099 626, 016 600,387 623, 177 600,126 449,511 516, 802 684,655
Coke produced.
Short tons. 219, 723 218, 842 368, 139 396,979 385,693 359, 710 348,728 364,318 a54,096 265, 777 292,646 396,790
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at oven A,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
, Percent.
a One efltablishment made ooke in pits.
From the above table it appears that the production of coke in Tennessee has been much more regular than that of any other State, the range of production in the last ten years being only from 265,777 to 396,790 tons.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Tennessee since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal need in the manufacture of coke in Tennessee since 1890.
Year.
Kuuol
' mine. Wabed.
Sla Unwanbed.
ck.
Unwashed.
Wasbed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short toru.
Short tons.
Total.
Short tons. 600,387 623, 177 600,126 449, 511 516, 802 684, 655
Xo coke has ever been made in this State on a commercial scale. A number of experiments have been made with the coals to test their coking qualities, but until recently the results have not been such as to justify beginning its manufacture. In 1895 six coke ovens were
Mineral Resources.
built aod some coke was made as an experiment, the total production being but 286 tons, 530 tons of coal being used in its manufacture. As this coke was made entirely in an experimental way no value is given for it.
Utah.
As there is but one works in Utah, we have included the statistics of the production of coke with that of Colorado, as the coals in this State are practically of the same character as those in the western district of Colorado.
The following are the statistics of the production of coke in Utah from 1889 to 1895:
Production of coke in Utah from 1889 to 1805.
Tear.
Tons.
Year.
Tons.
Virginia.
For the first time since the beginning of the publication of these reports on the manufacture of coke in the United States, Virginia shows a coke production that may be properly described as a Virginia product. Of the two coke works that have heretofore been reported upon in this State, one, the coke works at Pocahontas, in the Flat Top region, conducted its mining operations both in Virginia and West Virginia, along the boundary line between the two States, its pit openings being in Virginia and much of the coal coming from West Virginia; the other works, that at Low Moor, on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, just east of the West Virginia line, drew its entire coal supply from the New River coal fields of West Virginia. In 1895, however, we have reports from three additional coke works: The Wise County Coke Company, the Big Stone Gap Colliery Company, and the Virginia Coal and Iron Company, which are all located in the southwestern part of the State. Two of these works made coke in 1895; at the third, ovens were building, and 50 additional ovens are building at the Wise County Coke Works. In view of the fact that but a small amount of coke has been manufactured in this district in 1895, and in view of the further fact that no personal examination of the district has been made, a statement regarding the character of the coal and coke is deferred until the next report. It may be proper, however, to give the following analyses of coke made from washed and unwashed
Coke.
coal in the oveDS of the Wise County Goke Company. It should be understood, however, that the work done by this company in 1895 was simply experimental and testing.
Analytet of Wife County , Va., coke.
No. 1, nn washed.
No. 8, wMhed.
Volatile matter
Per cent.
Percent.
Fixed carbon
Ash
Sulphur
Total
NOTK.— Analytla No. 1 was made bj the chemist of Pnlaski Iron Company ; analysis No. 2 was made at the Dora Famaoe laboratory, Pnlaski.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Virginia from 1883 to 1895:
Stati$tic9 of the manufacture of coke in Virginia from 188S to 1895.
Tear.
Ush-ments
.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Valaeof coke at ovens,
per ton.
Tield of coal in coke.
Built.
Building.
Short tone, 39,000
Short tom. 25,340
$U,345 111,300 85,993 305,880 417,368 260,000 325,861 278,724 265,107 322,486 282,898 296,747 322,564
Per cent,
Mineral Resources.
The character of the coal used in the mauufacture of coke in Virginia since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Virginia since JSCff),
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed.
Waahed.
Unwanhed.
Washed.
Short toTM. 98, 215 107, 498 106,010 107,498 103, 874 114, 802
Short tons.
Short tons. 153, 468 177, 615 120,507 86,561 176, 650 295, 935
Short tons.
Short Ions. 251, 683 285,113 226,517 194,059 280,524 410,737
'1895
%
Ston.
In Washington there are but three coke works, two of which were in operation in 1895, both making coke from washed slack, one from the coal of the Wilkeson coal field near Tacoma, the other at Gokedale, near Fairhaven, in Skagit County. These coals, like those of Colorado and Montana, are Cretaceous, and still preserve at many places their lignite characteristics. At some localities, however, these lignitic coals have been locally altered in character and are true coking coals.
The following are analyses of the coal and of the coke made from it at the coke ovens of the Fairhaven Land Company, at Cokedale, in Skagit County :
Analyses of c-oal and coke made from same at Cokedale, Washington.
Coal.
Coke.
Moisture
Per cent.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash
Total
Sulphur
We have in previous volumes of Mineral Resources given analyses of the Wilkeson coke.
On the next page will be found the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Washington for the years 1884 to 1895, the only years in which coke has been made.
Coke.
Year
Statistics of the production of coke in Washinyion from 1SS4 to JS95,
Value of -vji.!
Eiitab'
Oven*.
nieuU. i 'D..ZU Baild- i
I ,
Cc,k Bro- ' Total value, ji/jf , Yield of
'
Short tons.
Short font.
W
3,
Per cent.
It will be noticed from the above table that the production of coke in Washington in 1895 was the greatest of any year in its history, it being 15,129 tons. The nearest approach to this was in 1887, when 14,625 tons were made.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Washington since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Washington since 1890,
Tear
Kuu of mine.
Unwaiibed. Washed.
Slack.
TJnwaahed.
Washed.
' Short tons.
Short Urns.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Total.
West Virginia.
In West Virginia five coking districts are recognized, viz, the Kanawha, the New River, the Flat Top, the Upper Mouongahela, and the Upper Potomac. The first two are compact and continuous. They include the ovens along the line of the and Ohio Kailroad
Mineral Resources.
from west of Low Moor, in Virginia, to the Kanawha Valley. The Flat Top region includes the ovens in what is sometimes called the Pocahontas district. The fourth district, the Upper Monongahela or Northern, is a scattered one, including the ovens in Preston, Taylor, Harrison, and Marion counties, on the upper waters of the Monongahela. The district we have termed the Potomac includes the coke ovens in the Elk Garden and Upper Potomac fields. We have so frequently described these districts that we need not the description at this point, but refer those interested to previous volumes of Mineral Hesources.
Production Of Coke In West Virginia, By Districts.
In the following table will be found consolidated the statistics of the production of coke in West Virginia in the three years especially covered by this report, viz, 1893, 1894, and 1896, by districts:
Production of coke in West Virginia in 1895, hy dittrioU,
District.
luents.
Ovens.
Coal uaed.
Coke produced.
Total ralue
of coke
produced.
Averpnce
of coke per ton.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Built.
Build, ing.
Kanawha
New River
Flat Top
Upper Monongahela
Upper Potomac
Total
Short ton*. 267,520 385,899 858,913
Short tont. 164,729 244, 815 524,252
Ptr ct.
Production of ooke in West Virginia in 1894, by diairiois.
District.
Efltab.
liabmeta
.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Ooke produced.
Total value
of coke produced.
Aver-price
orcoke per ton.
Yield ofooal
in coke.
Per et.
Built.
Kanawha
New River
Flap Top
Upper Monongahela
Upper Potomac
Short tont.
Short tons. 104,160 140, 842 746,762
Total
Coke.
Production of coke in West Virginia in 1898, hy districts.
lish-ments
.
Oreiifl.
Coal used.
Coke prodnoed.
Total ralae
of coke produced.
Aver-price
of coke per ton.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Bailt.
Bonding.
Kanawha
New River
Flat Top
Upper Monongahela
Upper Potomac
Total
Short tons. 215, 108 281,600 746,051
Short 122,241 178, 049 451,503
Per et.
From the above three tables it will be noted that the increase in production in 1895 over 1894 was about 8 per cent. In all districts there has been quite a difference in production; for example, the Upper Potomac iucreased its production from 43,546 tons in 1894 to 110,753 tons in 1895, an increase of 67,207 tons, or 154 per cent; the Upper Monongahela district, in which are included the ovens on the upper waters of the Monongahela, increased from 158,623 tons to 240,657 tons, an increase of 82,034 tons, or nearly 52 per cent; the production of the Flat Top region, strange to relate, fell from 746,762 tons in 1894 to 524,252 tons in 1895, a decrease of 222,510 tons, or about 30 per cent; the increase in the Xew Eiver district was from 140,842 tons in 1894 to 244,815 tons in 1895, or nearly 75 per cent; the increase in the Kanawha district was something over 60,000 tons, or nearly 60 per cent. In regard to the falling off in production in the Flat Top region it should be noted that the coke made by the Southwest Virginia Improvement Company is reported in connection with Virginia. This production increased considerably in 1895 over 1894, so that while there was a notable decrease in the entire Flat Top district in 1895 over 1894 it was not quite so great as appears in the above exhibit. This falling off was due to the strike, which not only reduced the demand during its continuance, but, as it led to loss of yearly contracts which were placed elsewhere during the strike, it also had a marked effect on shipments after the strike ended. The indications, however, for 1896 are that the production in the Flat Top region will be fully up to the average. It should be remembered, however, that the great increase in production in 1894 over any previous year was due probably to the strike in the Connellsville region, the Flat Top region getting many of the orders which had before been sent to the Connellsville, as in 1895 the Connellsville got many of the orders which the Flat Top had in 1894.
Mineral Resources.
In the following table will be found statistics of the manafacture of coke ill West Virginia from 1880 to 1895. It will be noted that though there was somewhat of a falling off in production in the Flat Top district, due to the strike, the production of coke in this State in 1895 was the largest in its history. Each year has shown an increase in production in this State since 1884, the production for that year being 223,472 tons, and the production in 1895 being nearly six times this amount.
Stati8tic8 of the manufacture of coke in West Virginia from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Establish, ments.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of colce at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Build, ing.
Short ton.
Short Um9.
Per eent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in West Virginia since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of ooal U9ed in the manufacture of coke in West Virginia since 1890.
Year.
Bun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Un washed.
Wahed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tont.
Short ton*.
Short ton*.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Coke.
But little coal coked in West Virginia is made from washed coal, most of the washing being done in the Northern or Upper Monongahela district. About 10 per cent of the coal made into coke in this State in 1895 was washed coal.
PocahoniaS'Flat Top district — This is one of the most important coking districts of the country and shares with the Connellsville in producing a typical blast-furnace coke. Indeed, it is chemically a better fuel than the Connellsville, being lower in ash. By some ironmasters it is also regarded as a blast-furnace fuel physically the equal of the Connellsville. The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Flat Top district for the years 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Staii9tic$ of the manufacture of coke in the Flat Top district of West Virginia from 1886
to 1895,
Year.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovena.
Value of coke at ovena, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built
Building.
Short tons, 1,075 76,274 164,818 387,533 566,118 537,847 595,734 746,051
Short tons. 51,071 103,947 240, 386 325,676 312,421 353,696 451,503 746,762 524, 252
Ter cent.
Kew River district. — This district includes the ovens along the Chesapeake and Ohio Bailroad from Quinnimont to uttallburg. The coal makes an excellent coke and is in great demand, its market being chiefly east of the mountains. The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the New Biver district fi*om 1880 to 1895 are as follows :
Statistice of the manufacture of coke in the New Biver district, West Virginia, from 1880
to 1895,
Year.
Eatob.
Hah.
menta.
Ovenn.
Coal need.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovena.
Value of coke at ovena, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Build, ing.
Short tons. 159, 032 219, 446 233,361 2W, 171
Short tons.
Peresnt.
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the New Biver distrioty West Firima, etc, — Cont'd.
Year.
Establish, ments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke pro> dnced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of ookoat ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Bnfld. ing.
Short tons. 219,839 244, 769 203,621 253,373 334,695 268,185 275,458 309,073 315,511 281,600 222,900 385,899
PereenL 63t
From the above table it will be seen that the production in 1895 was the largest in its history. It increased irom 140,842 tons in 1894 to 244,815 tons 1895. It is probable that this large production is in a measure due to the demand for coke following the strike in the Flat Top region.
Kanawha district, — The production of coke in the Kanawha district in 1895, like the production in the Kew River district, with which it is connected, was the largest in its history, the increase being from 104,160 tons in 1894 to 164,729 tons in 1895. This increase was also no doubt due to the strike in the Flat Top region.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Kanawha district from 1880 to 1895 are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Kanawha district, West Virginia, from 1880
to 1895.
Year.
Establishments.
Ovens.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Built.
Building.
a 138
a 147
a 177
Short tons, 6,789 11, 516 40,782 58,735 60,281
Short tons.
Per cent.
&i.6
a Eighty of these ovens are Copp6e, the balance heehive.
Coke. 617
SiaHHc9 of ike manufitciure of eoke in the Kanawha district, West Virginiaj etc. — Cont'd.
Year.
Eiitabliah
-
ments.
Ovens.
1 Build.
, Coal used.
Coke prodoced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Short Umt.
Short tons.
Ol 267,520 I 164,729 1 270,879
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent
a Sixty of these ovens are Copp, the balance beehive.
Upper Monongahela district, — The Upper Monongaliela district inclndes the ovens in the group of coanties lying along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, near the headwaters of the Monongahela Kiver — Preston, Taylor, Harrison, and Marion counties. This is becoming an important coking district, and though the coke is made largely from washed slack it is a good fuel and finds a place in the markets of the country.
The statistics of the production of coke in the Upper Monongahela district of West Virginia from 1880 to 1896 are as follows:
Statiatics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Monongahela dietrict, West Virginia,
from 1880 to 1895.
Estab.
Ovens.
Goal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Valoeof coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Year.
lishments.
Built.
Building.
Short tons.
Short tons. 36,028 43,803 55,855 51,754 49, 139 67, 013 82,165 132, 192 138,097
Per eeyit.
Mineral Resources.
Siaiistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Monongdhela district, West Virginia, from 1S80 to iJPJ— Continued.
Year.
Estob-
lUh- I
meuts.
Ovens.
Built.
Build, ing.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at ;
ovens.
Short ton*.
Short Urn*.
Value of coke at ovens,
per toD.
Yield of coal in coke.
Percent.
Upper Potomac district. — In the Upper Potomac district are included the ovens along the line of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Hallway, running south from near Cumberland, Md. This district has been thoroughly described, not only in previous volumes of Mineral Besources, but also in a separate publication by the Survey.
Statistics of the production of coke in the Upper Potomac district of West Virginia are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Potomac district of West Virginia from
Year.
Estab.
Ovena.
Coal used.
Coke produced.
Total value
of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovena, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
lishments.
Built.
Building.
Short ton*.
Short Um*.
Per cent.
The increase in production in this district in 1895 over that of 1894 is a notable one, the production in 1895 being 110,753 tons and in 1894 but 43,546 tons, an increase of 67,207 tons, or nearly 155 per cent. While it is probable that the strike in the Flat Top region is in a measure responsible for this great increase of production, there can be no doubt that this coking district is assuming greater importance in the markets of the country.
Coke.
Wisconsin.
All the coke made in Wisconsin is from Oonnellsville (Pa.) coal, and the coke is standard Oonnellsville. Its production, therefore, is not of so much interest as the production of coke for developing certain regions. It is an interesting product, however, as showing that coal can be carried to a distance and successfully made into coke.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Wisconsin from 1888 to 1895, inclusive, are as follows:
StatUiicB of the manufacture of coke in Wisconsin.
Year.
liah. 1
menta.
Coal need.
Coke produced.
Total ralne
of coke at
ovena.
Value of coke at ovena, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short toM.
Shtyrt tons.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wisconsin since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal u§ed in the manufacture of coke in Wieconain Hnce 1890,
Year.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwaahed. ' Waabed.
Unwaahed. Washed.
Short ton*. 38,425 52,904 54,300 20,474 6,343 8,287
Short torn.
Short tont.
Short tons.
Short tons. 38,425 52,904 54,300 24,085 6,343 8,287
Wyoming.
There is but one coke works in Wyoming — that of the Cambria Mining Company, located at Cambria, Weston County. This works began the manufacture of coke in 1891, but produced no coke in 1892, resuming the manufacture again in 1893, and producing coke in 1894 and
Minebal Resources.
1895. The coal occurs probably in the lowest portion of the Dakota measures of the Colorado Cretaceous and almost upon the topmost rocks of the Jurassic. The vein is 6J to 7J feet in thickness, vrith good roof and floor. Eegarding the character of the coal, it has been classed all the way from lignite to a high-grade coking bituminous coal. This difference in classification may be due to the fact that the samples upon which judgment was based were taken from different parts of the vein, in which there may have been actual variations caused by partial metamorphism by heat.
All of the coal used in coking was unwashed slack, which does not give as good a result as washed slack. When the latter is used the coke is of fine texture and very strong. It is dense and capable of sustaining any weight ordinarily required of coke used, as this is, in silver smelting. As at present produced, however, the coke is very high in ash.
The statistics of the production of coke in Wyoming from 1891 to 1895, inclusive, are as follows :
Statistics of the production of coke in Wyoming from 1891 to 1895.
Number of establishments
Number of ovens built
Number of ovens building
Amount of coal used . . . short tons . .
Coke produced do
Total value of coke at ovens
Value of coke per ton
Yield of coal in coke per cent. .
a $3. 50
a Value estimated.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wyoming is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wyoming since 1891.
Year.
Bun of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short ton*.
Short ton*.
Short ton*.
Short ton*.
Short ton*.
Petroleum/
By Joseph D. Wbeks.
[The barrel naed in this report, uoIms otherwise specified, is of 42 Winchester gallons.] IMPOKTANT FEATUKB8 OF THE YEAR.
The most notable features in connection with the production of crude petroleum in 1895 are: (1) The notable increase in production, especially in Ohio, Indiana, and California; (2) the decrease in stocks; (3) the rise in prices; and (4) the extension southward of the profitable producing districts in the Appalachian range.
Briefly summarized, the facts regarding these four features of 1895 are as follows:
Increased Production In 1895.
The production of in the United States increased from 49,344,516 barrels in 1894 to 52,983,526 barrels in 1895, most of the Important producing districts sharing in this increase. The production of Pennsylvania increased from 18,077,559 barrels in 1894 to 18,231,442 barrels in 1895, an increase of 153,883 barrels, or eighty-five hundredths of 1 per cent; of Ohio from 16,792,154 barrels in 1894 to 19,545,233 barrels in 1895, an Increase of 2,753,079 barrels, or 16.4 per cent. This increase in Ohio was fairly distribated throughout the two important Ohio producing districts. The production of Indiana increased from 3,688,666 barrels in 1894 to 4,386,132 barrels in 1895, an increase of 697,466 barrels, or nearly 19 per cent, while the production of California, owing to the new discoveries at Los Angeles, increased from 705,969 barrels in 1894 to 1,208,482 barrels in 1895, an increase of 71 per cent, the largest percentage increase of any of the States. On the other hand, there was a slight decrease in the production of West Virginia and New York.
'For mooh of the statistical information need in this report the writer is indebted to the previous pnblicationB of Mineral Kesources and to the reports of the Eleventh Census, the Oil City Derrick, the American MaDofaotnrer and Iron World, and Stowell's Petroleum Reporter, of Pittsburg. During the year Mr. Boverton Bedwood's Petroleum and Its Products has been published. This is the most important work on petooleom that has yet appeared, and we desire in this place to make a general acknowledgment of the frequent use to which the volume has been put. Other acknowledgmenta will be given in the body of the rejrart.
Decrease In Stocks.
The stocks of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil field at the close of 1895 were 6,344,784 barrels, as compared with 6,499,880 barrels at the close of 1894. The largest stocks at the close of any one mouth in 1895 were 5,859,348 barrels in January, as compared with 11,756,219 barrels, the largest stocks in 1894, which were also at the close of January. The smallest stocks at the close of any one month in 1895 were those of June, being 4,275,506 barrels, while the smallest stocks at the close of any one month in 1894 were those of December, as noted above. The average stocks at the close of each month in 1895 were 4,879,775 barrels.
Increase In Price.
The average value of certificate oil in the Pennsylvania field in 1895 was $1.35J, as compared with 83J cents in 1894. This is the highest average price since 1877. The highest average price during any one month in 1895 was $1.79 in April; the lowest, 99 cents in January. In the Lima field the average price advanced from 48 cents a barrel in 1894 to 71| cents in 1896. The total value of the 49,344,516 barrels produced in the United States in 1894 was $36,622,095, or nearly 72 cents a barrel, while the total value of the 62,983,526 barrels produced in 1895 was $67,691,279, or about $1.09.
Extension Of The Appalachian Field.
The results of drilling in the Appalachian district in 1896, in the States of Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, are noted in the following statement :
Pennsylvania.
Greene County. — The gas companies supplying the city of Pittsburg have been active during the year in Greene County in a field southwest of that of their previous operations, but the great cost of wells has deterred the oil operators from prospecting in that section of country.
Some good gas wells have been opened in the southwest portion of the county, and in a number of places.oil has been found in these wells, but not in paying quantities. There has been one new well drilled in the extreme southwest corner of the county that produces oil from the Fourth sand in paying quantities, which will probably lead to further development in that section. Considerable new production has been added to the old Mount Morris field by an extension to the north, but the strike has proved treacherous, the attempt to follow it out resulting in many dry holes. The different gas companies have work under way and much additional territory has been leased.
Fayette County. — Two paying wells in the " 100 foot" have been completed near Masontown. Some good gas wells have also been drilled.
Petkoleum. 623
but toe result of operations in that vicinity haa so far been discouraging to the
Southeastern Ohio.
Monroe County, — This has been the principal point of interest during the past season. A phenomenal oil well was completed on the Freiden farm, about 7 miles northwest of Sistersville. Great excitement followed the opening of this well and extravagant prices were paid for leases. Thirty days later a gusher was drilled in on the Deist farm. This second gusher in the same field resulted in an activity that has been unsurpaased in any field. New wells were rapidly completed, and the production reached 6,000 barrels a day within a few weeks. The pool, however, covered a small acreage, and all efforts to extend it have been futile.
Belmont County. — A well drilled near Golerain in the early summer resulted in a small producer. Several 'dusters" have been completed, but late in the year a second paying well was drilled on the Sharkey farm, and a new interest is being taken in the field. In all, seven wells have been completed, three of them finding oil in paying quantities.
A number of wild-cat wells have been drilled in Jefferson, Belmont, Monroe, Noble, and Washington counties, but the result was discouraging to the investors, as, with the exception of Golerain, no new pools were opened.
West Virginia.
Developments in West Virginia during the year have been watched with interest, not only on account of the activity displayed, but because of the possibilities of that region. The Big Injun sand is known to underlie the entire northwestern portion of the State, and it has already been determined that the Fifth sand covers large areas. Both of these strata have proved very productive in places, and the Keener sand (a stray sand above the Big Injun) has furnished at least one pool and augmented the output of many Big Injun sand wells in other places. The Gow Eun sand, in the Bull Eun district, and the Salt sand, in the Gairo region, are also small factors in the situation.
Marshall County. — Early in the year a well was completed in the extreme southwest corner of this county that gave evidence of a fair oil well in the Big Injun sand, resulting in the Investment of considerable capital in leases and the starting of additional wells in the vicinity. Later operations proved the first well to be small, the second crop of wells was not so good as the first, and the territory has been abandoned for the present. Several dry holes have been completed in other parts of the county. A few courageous operators still have faith enough in the eastern part of the county to carry their leases, and several wells are under way with a view to develop gas rather than oil.
Tyler County. — There has not been much extension of the Sistersville field during the year, although there has been considerable drilling
done within the well-defined limits of the field, and the staying qualities of the old wells have met the expectations of the most sangaine operators in the field. The Dye-Brooks wells, on Middle Island Creek, caused intense excitement in the early sammer; a score of wells were started, and in ninety days some dozen or more dry holes had defined the pool. The Keener sand development, to the northeast of the Dye- Brooks pool, seems to be fully defined, and although quite limited in area has been fairly productive. The completion of a small oil well on Sancho Creek in the early spring started the drill in that region, and several light wells were drilled; but, although the results were discouraging and no new work is under way, owners of territory have not entirely lost faith in the field. In December the Victor Oil Company completed a well on the Kyle farm, near the Big Moses gas well on Indian Creek, that flowed at the rate of 40 to 60 barrels per hour. The same company completed a gas well on the Percy Furbee farm, in the same section, a mile west of the Big Moses well, that soon began spraying oil, and is now making 30 to 40 barrels per day.
Several new wells were started on adjacent farms, and at this writ, ing (March 1, 1896) two of these have been completed, one of them (the Daul Weekly !N'o. 1) starting at 60 barrels per hour; the other one, located between the two good wells, stands full of oil and salt water, but it does not flow. Both of the large wells began to produce salt water, which seems to be increasing from day to day, and it is feared that it will eventually overcome the oil and ruin the wells. This feature is being watched with great interest by operators, as it is of rare occurrence.
Pleasants County. — An extension to the Eureka field by the completion in October of a well on the Hammett farm has created considerable activity in that section. The result, up to the close of the year, has been very discouraging, yet considerable work is now being undertaken.
Marion County. — A new Fifth sand pool of importance has been opened to the northwest of the Mannington district. The cost and the length of time, required to complete a well in this district make developments slow, but the results so far have been satisfactory to the operators, and there seem to be large areas of Fifbh sand territory in the Mannimgton district yet undrilled.
Wood County. — A new Cow Bun sand development near Waverly is attracting some attention. Though as yet confined to a small area, it has reached a production of about 1,000 barrels per day, with a smaller percentage of dry holes than is usual in that stratum.
Doddridge and Wetzel counties. — Many test wells have been drilled in these counties during the year. A Big Injun sand has been opened on Beech Eun, Wetzel County, which is extending over the county line into Doddridge County, and at this writing is not yet defined; the wells are of good caliber and hold up well. The Big Flint district in
Petroleum.
Doddridge Oonnty has doubled in area during the year, and is not yet fully defined. Some large wells have recently been completed, and the outlook in this and the Beech Bun district seems to be the most promising in West Virginia,
The Eagle Mills district, on the line of Doddridge and Tyler counties, a few miles to the northwest of the Big Flint district, has doubled its area and its production during the year. The eastern and northern limits of this field seem to be defined, but some operators think it will eventually connect with the new Indian Creek pool in Tyler County, some miles distant, and there has been no drilling yet done that contradicts their theory.
PRODUCTION AND VAIiUE. LOCALITIES.
The petroleum-producing localities in the United States remain about as they were in 1894, the only important addition to the producing territory being the Los Angeles district in southern California, but this is hutlly to be regarded as new territory, as it is surrounded by the older producing districts of that section of the State.
Most of the oil produced in the United States in 1895 is still from the Appalachian district, all of that produced in New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, together with that produced in Macksburg, the eastern and southern Ohio, and Mecca-Belden districts of Ohio, being from this great field. In this district there were produced in 1895 30,969,139 barrels out of the total of 52,983,626 barrels, or nearly 68J cent.
Total Production And Value.
In the following table is given a statement of the total amount and the total value of all crude petroleum produced in the United States in 1894 and 1896, by States and important districts:
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in the United States in 1894 and 1895,
State and district.
Barrels.
Yalae.
Now York .
Barrels.
Value.
Pennsylvania :
Pennsylvania ... I 18, 017, 869
Franklin 67,070
Smiths Ferry ' 2,620
Total ; 18,077,559
Average
value per
barrel.
Mineral Resources.
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in the United States in 1894 and
i555— Continued.
West Virginia :
WestVirjfinia... Burning Springs .
Volcano
Petroleum
I 8, 553,
Total.
Ohio:
Eastern '. 3,183,370
Lima
Mecca-Beldeu . . .
Total .
Indiana
Kentucky
Missouri
Colorado
California
Texas
Indian Territory .
Illinois
Wyoming
Kansas
Grand total...
Barrels.
Value.
' ATerage
value per
barrel.
From the above table it will be seen that the total production of petroleum in the United States in 1895 was 62,983,526 barrels, as compared with 49,344,516 barrels in 1894, an increase of 3,639,010 barrels, or a little over 7 per cent. Ohio, Indiana, and GaUfoniia show notable increases in production.
Petroleum.
Value Op Petroleum Produced In 1895.
The total value of the petroleum produced in 1895 was $57,691,279, or $1.09 a barrel, as compared with $35,522,095, or nearly 72 cents a barrel, in 1894. The price per barrel ranged from 40 cents in Kentucky to $8 in Wyoming. The average value of certificate oil, which includes most of that produced in the Appalachian field, in 1895 was $1.35|. The average value of Lima oil was 71f cents per barrel; of Indiana oil, 64 cents; of Franklin oil, $4; of Colorado oil, 75.4 cents; of California oil, 70 cents; of Wyoming oil, $8, and of Kansas oil, 60 cents.
Production By Fields.
The production of petroleum in the chief producing fields of the United States in 1894 and 1895 was as follows:
Proditction of petroleum in the United Stales in 1894 and 1895, by fields. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Field.
Production.
Appalachian 30, 781; 924
Lima-Indiana
Florence, Colorado . Son them California
Kansas
Wyoming
Other
Total 49,344,516
From the above table it will be noted that every field named in the United States shows an increase in production in 1895 as compared with 1894. The increase in the Appalachian field was fifty-seven onehundredths of 1 per cent; in the Lima-Indiana field, 17 per cent; in the Florence, Colo., field, 2.6 per cent; in the southern California field, 71 per cent; in the Kansas field, 11 per cent, and in the Wyoming field, nearly 50 per cent.
Production Of Crude Petroleum In The United States,
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude petroleum in the United States from the beginning of production, marked by the drilling of the Drake well in 1859, up to and including the production of 1895, the table being by years and States.
Mineral Resources.
Product of crude petroleum in the United Stateefrom 1859 to 1895 [Barrels.]
I Pennsylvania Year. and
ew York.
Total.
Ohio.
' Colorsdo. California, ginia. I
a200,000
I 17.740,301
I 16,249,769
I 16, 792, 154
I 19,545,233
a 3,000,000
o 175,000
Indiana.
a Including all production prior to 1876 in Ohio, \Veflt Virginia, and California.
Petroleum.
Product of crude petroleum tn the United States from 1859 to iSJ— Continued.
Tear.
Kentacky
and Tenneame.
Illinois. Kansaa.
Texas.
I MIh- I souri.
Indian Territory.
Wyoming. United States.
' ' 500,000
T
c 160,933 4,755
Total 222,513
a In addition to this amount, it is estimated tliat for want of a market some 10,000,000 barrels ran to waste in and prior to 1862 from the Pennsylvania fields; also a large amount from West Virginia and Tennessee.
(Inclnding all production prior to 1876 in Ohio, West Virginia, nd California.
cThis includes ail the petroleum produced in Kentucky and Tennessee prior to 1883.
Mineral Resources.
From the above table it appears that the enormous total of 709,713,403 barrels of crude petroleum have been produced in the United States since the beginning of operations at Titusville, Pa., in 1859. By far the largest portion of this has been produced in what is known as the "Pennsylvania and New York oil fields," these fields producing alone 516,657,260 barrels of the total of 709,713,403 barrels, or nearly 73 per cent. Ohio has produced 133,343,773 barrels and West Virginia 37,179,604 barrels ; California and Colorado have produced, respectively, 6,683,901 and 4,188,325 barrels, while Indiana, which did not figure as a producer of petroleum until 1889, has produced 11,341,664 barrels, more than one-third of which was produced in 1895.
For convenience of reference a statement is given below of the production of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1896, by States:
Production of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1895, [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
State.
Pennsylrania and New
York
Ohio
West Virginia
Colorado
California
Indiana
Kentucky
Illinois
Kansas
Texas
Missouri
Indian Territory
Wyoming
Total.
€4
State.
Pennsylvania and New
York
Ohio
West Virginia
Colorado
California
Indiana
Kentucky
Illinois
Petkoleum,
Production of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1895 — Continued. [Bamls of 42 gallons.]
SUte.
Kansas
Texas
Missonri
Indian Territory . Wyoming
Total
Exports.
In the following table are given the exports of crude petroleum and its products from the United States from 1871 to 1895, together with a statement of the production of the United States in the years named. The figures of exports are from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. The figures of production were collected by the writer.
Mineral Be80Urces.
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Mineral Resources.
Production By States And Foreign Countries.
Appalachian Oil Field.
The Appalachian oil field includeH those oil-prodacing territories that lie within the limits of the well-known and well-defined Appalachian region of the eastern part of the United States. In the production of this field is included the petroleum output of M'ew York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, the eastern part of Ohio, and those portions of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia that are within the limits of the Appalachian region. The production of oil, however, in this region at the present time is confined chiefly to New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio.
The older districts in this territory are well known and have been frequently described in these reports.
Production Of The Appalachian Oil Field From 1889 To 1895.
Bearing in mind what has been so frequently said in these reports as to the difficulty of dividing the production by States, we give the following estimate as to the production of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field from 1889 to 1895, showing the production of the three chief producing divisions, namely : (1) Pennsylvania and New York; (2) West Virginia; (3) eastern Ohio.
Production of petroleum in ike Appalachian oil field from 1889 to 1895, [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
and New York.
West Virginia.
Eastern Ohio.
Total.
From the above table it appears that the production in this field for the last two years has been practically the same, but much below the production of 1891. The production in 1891 was 33,425,877 barrels. The production fell oil' about 2,400,000 barrels in 1892 as compared with 1891. It was again reduced by about 2,100,000 barrels in 1893, and still further by some 600,000 barrels in 1894, but the year 1895 shows an increase, though of something less than 200,000 barrels.
Petroleum.
Pbodxjotion In The Appalachian Oil Field, By Months.
lu the following table is given the production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil field from 1890 to 1896, by months:
Production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian field from 1890 to 189d hy months.
Month.
J890.
January 2,170,937
February 2,102,264
March 2,384,864
April 2,381,786
May 2,451,461
June 2,450,622
July 2,603,281
August 2,598,332
September 2,666,877
October 2,858,500
November 2,676,825
December 2,721,558
Total
18M.
From the above table it appears that the average monthly proiluction of crude in the Appalachian field in 1895 was 2,579,928 barrels, and that the production in each month was remarkably uniform when the number of days in the month is taken into consideration. There are no notable increases of production in any one month in 1895 as there was in 1891, when, in the month of November, the total production was 4,070,287 barrels, as compared with 2,540,907 barrels in the July previous, the month of November of that year indicating the time of highest production in the McDonald field.
Average Daily Production Of The Appalachian Field From
The figures that are usually in the mind of the oil operator, either producer, refiner, or dealer, when production is spoken of is the average daily production.
This is given in the following table for the years from 1890 to 1895. These averages are ascertained by dividing the production of each month by the number of days in the month, and the average for the year is obtained by dividing the total production of the year by 365 or 366, as the case may be.
Mineral Resources.
Average daily product of crude petroleum in the Appalachian field each month for the years 1890 to 1895, hy months and years.
Month.
January — February .,
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October — November., December .
Average .
70,030 75,081 76, 931 79, 393 79,079 81,687 83,977 83,817 I 88,896 92,210 89,228 87, 792
As usually given, the tables of average daily production include only the average daily receipts from wells as published by the pipe lines — that is, the average of the runs from the wells, as they are usually termed. By the above table is meant the average total production, including some oil that is not reported in the daily returns of pipe-line runs. The average daily production in the Appalachian field for the last six months of the year was somewhat in excess of the first six months. The range of average daily production from July to December, however, was from 86,246 barrels in July to 89,526 barrels in September, and 88,549 barrels in December. The range, however, for the first six months was from 74,396 barrels in February to 86,291 barrels in April.
Pipe-Line Buns In The Appalachian Oil Field In 1895.
Usually the terms 'production" and ''pipe-line runs" are regarded as synonymous, but production is somewhat in excess of runs. The expression ''pipe-line runs" means the amounts of oil which the several pipe lines receive from the wells. If all oil were sent from the wells by pipe lines, these runs would indicate the total production of petroleum in a given year less the oil remaining in tanks at the wells. In other words, on the basis that all oil was shipped from the wells by pipe linefi, the total production of a year would be the total runs plus the stocks of oil on hand at the wells at the close of the year minus the well stocks at the beginning of the year. However, as some oil is not sent to the pipe lines, the table of production of the Appalachian oil field, as given
Petroleum.
elsewhere, will be greater than the pipeline runs. The production of the Appalachian field in 1895 is given as 30,959,139 barrels. The pipeline runs are 30,351,414 barrels, making a difierence between the pipeline runs and the production of 607,725 barrels.
In the following table will be found the pipe line runs in the Appalachian oil field in 1895, by lines and by months:
Pipe-line runs in the Appaltu-hian oilfield in 189ft by lines and months.
National Trausit.
Janaary 714,766
February 608,034 I
March 729,440 '
April 802.106
May 765,829
June ' 738,404
July i 767,567
August ' 759, 728
September 730, 075
November j 739,644
December , 756, 291
Tide-Water.
143,664 I 116, 773 140, 445 195,961 145,015 I 151, 117 149,239 156,634 142,813 147, 057 147,893 161, 025
Soathweat. I Franklin. Eureka.
2,802 I 5,892 I 4,882 I 3,981 5,031 ' 4,228 3,674 4,878 3,666 3,744 3,476
Total 8, 863, 706 , 1, 803, 636 5, 253, 378 48, 711 . 7, 313, 251
i
Hontli.
Emery.
Producers and -Miin*. Reflnern' Bnckeye-
Meiion. pjp MackBburg.
I <Jonipany, ' Limited.
January 28,256 I
February 21,097
March 29,321
April 27,405
May 28,163
June 25, 963
July 28,874
August 29, 426
September ' 27,648
October 27,460
November 28, 060
December 28, 990
161,486 I 132, 123 171,890 172,375 , 183,606 167,226 ' 194,635 I 195,560 ' 203,217 207,060 196,198
142. 435 I 117,272 I 130,385 I 126, 560 I 129,937 I 131,045 1 142,453 I 142, 118 j 125,788 119,470 I 122, 382
Elk.
Total.
Total 330,663 1,985,376 1,554,376 2,954.478
Shipments Of Oil From The Appalachian Field.
In the following table are given the total deliveries of petroleum by the lines of the Appalachian oil field from 1889 to 1895, by years and months. These figures mast not be regarded as showing the actual consumption of the petroleum i3rodaced in this field. To them must be added, in order to ascertain what becomes of the oil produced in this region, all of the sediment, dump oil, or oil that does not pass through the pipe lines, as well as the oil that is destroyed by fire or accident, or disposed of in other ways than by refining and direct consumption. There is also a certain amount of loss by evaporation and otherwise. This is provided for by pipe lines in receiving oil from the producers, a certain number of gallons per barrel being allowed for such loss. Forty-four gallons are usually delivered to the pipe line as a barrel, but certificates are issued for 42 gallons only.
The table given below only shows the deliveries of oil to customers in the regular way of business. The total consumption of oil during the year can be ascertained only by adding to the production of a year the stocks at the beginning of the year and subtracting from this total the stocks at the close of the year. This will in no case be the same as deliveries. For example, at the close of 1894 the total stocks of petroleum in the Appalachian field reported in tanks was 6,499,880 barrels. The total production of this field in 1895 was 30,959,139 barrels, making a total of stocks at the beginning of the year and pro duction during the year of 37,459,019 barrels. The total stocks at the close of the year were 6,344,784 barrels, which, subtracted from the above total of available petroleum for 1894, namely, 37,459,019, leaves a remainder of 32,114,235 barrels, which may be regarded as the total consumption of the oil produced in the Appalachian field. Pipe line deliveries were, however, but 32,032,620 barrels, which shows a consumption during 1895 of 81,609 barrels more than the pipe-line deliveries. This excess is made up of dump oil, direct deliveries, waste, and the amounts which were from time to time credited by the pipe-line companies for increase in " B. S."
Total shipmenlfi of petroleum in the Appalnohian oil field from 1889 to 1895 by months.
Month.
January 2, 400, 456 2, 681, 646 ' 2, 475, 783 2, 420, 825
February I 2, 288, 229 I 2, 185, 007 I 2, 170, 172 2, 443, 546
March I 2,286,948 1 2,184,018 1 2,430,705 1 2,586,075
April ' 2,244,615' 2,348,385 I 2,157,605 2,338,421
May 2,265,150 i 2,488,036 1 2,073,199 i 2,278,027
June 2,277,214 1 2,509,056 1 2,163,8111 2,108,386
Petroleum.
Total shipmeniM of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field from 1S89 to lS9oj by montiih — Continued.
Month.
July 2,964,866
Augnst 2,ft40,433
September 2, 590, 127
October 2, 797, 732
November 2, 441, 065
December 2,718,608
Average 2, 492, 953
Total 29, 915, 433 30, 684, 280
1 260, 996 2, 498, 573 2, 704. (U5 802, 254 2, 604, 135 2, 783, 766
Month.
Jannary ... February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November.. December . .
Average !
Total !
2, 957, 358 2,584,742 2, 843, 938 2,666,199 I 3, 033, 700 i 3, 074, 443 ! 3, 319, 658 3, 248, 873 3, 000, 740 ; 3, 316, 914 I 3, 090, 578 ' 3, 152, 238 I
3, 141, 722 I 2, 656, 026 2,912,594 2,846,805 i 2, 819, 413 1 2, 914, 400 I 2,927,036 3,256,397 I 2,966,864 ' 3,271,371 . 3, 208, 560 3,286,087
From the above table it will be seeo that the total shipments in 1895 of petroleum produced in the Appalachian field were nearly 4,000,000 barrels less than the shipments in 1894. The table shows an average consumption of 2,069,386 barrels a month, while the production was only about 2,579,928 barrels a month, the consumption being 1,073,487 barrels in excess of the production for the entire year, or nearly 90,000 barrels a month.
Stocks Of Petroleum In The Appalachian Iieli), .
In the following table will be found a statement of the stocks of in the tanks of the pipe-line companies in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1889 to 1895:
Mineral Res0Ukce8.
Total Btockn of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from
Month.
January
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November.. December . ,
Average 15,089,489
'16,044,384
11, 340, 147 ' 11,419,782 , 11,793,604 12 138,347 12, 455, 630 12, 640, 790 12, 791, 156 13, 039, 230 13, 936, 108 15,413,864 j 16,457,089
16, 973, 225 17,416,3P9 17, 587, 512 18. 028, 753 18, 4&i, 378 19,056,902 19,446,441 19,563,635 19, 394, 242 19, 039, 149 18,529,914 18,037,385
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
September . . .
October
November
December
Average
The stocks in the above table do not include all of the stocks of oil held in the Appalachian reon, but only those held by the pipe lines, stocks at the wells, as a rule, not being included unless the tanks at the wells are in the custody of the pipe-line companies and the oil has been measured as it runs into them. A notable feature in this table is the great decline in average stocks held at the close of each month in 1895 as compared with stocks at a similar period for 1894. The average stocks held at the close of each month in 1894 were 9,653,515 barrels, while the average stocks for 1895 were but 4,879,775 barrels, or, roughly, about one-half
Petroleum. 645
PRICES OF CRUDE PETllOLEUM IN THE APPALACHIAN OIL FIELD.
The prices of crude petroleam in the Appalachian oil Held given in the following table, which is taken from Stowell's Petroleum Reporter, show the monthly and yearly average prices of pipe-line certificate or of crude petroleum at the primary markets from 1860 to 1894. In the earlier years covered by the table there were no pipe lines, and the price given for oil is the price per barrel either at the wells or at some delivery point in the oil region, usually the price at the wells. In the later years the price given is that of pipe-line certificates, which, until recently, have been issued by the pipe-line companies, usually for 1,000 barrels each, to the owners of the oil in their tanks, these certificates being to bearer and transferable. The price quoted for these certificates is the price at the wells or at the tanks of the pipe lines near the wells into which the oil is received from the wells. As a rule, the holder of the certificate desiring to receive the oil represented by the certificate could secure it from any of the tanks of the company wherever situated — that is, on a certificate (except in unusual cases calling for a given amount of oil of a certain grade) there was no statement as to where the oil covered by the certificate was to be delivered. In such cases, however, the pipe-line company is entitled to make a charge for storage and pipage, the storage charged per month, as well as the pipage, being regulated somewhat by the selling price of the oil. In the selling price of the oil, therefore, no charges for storage in the tanks nor for transportation are included. Practically, therefore, the prices given are the prices for the oil at or near the wells.
The average prices cover only the ordinary grades of oil. They do not include the prices of special oils, such as that from the Franklin district in Pennsylvania, or the lubricating oils from Petroleum or Volcano in West Virginia, nor the oil from the Mecca-Belden district in Ohio, but only that grade of oil which is known as Pennsylvania oil and is used chiefly for the production of illuminants. It is also true that at certain times oils from different districts in the Appalachian field have been worth an advance on certificate oil, and frequently old oil or tank oil — that is, oil that has stood for some time in tanks — is worth less than fresh oil, or oil that has been recently produced. This is especially the case when there is a large demand for the lighter oils, fresh oils producing a larger percentage of the lighter products than old oil. These averages, it should be understood, are not true averages — that is, averages which consider the price and the quantity sold at that price — but they are averages of the prices obtained for certificates or for oil at the primary markets from day to day. It is probable that the true average prices would be slightly under the averages obtained by averaging the prices. The figures given in the following table are, under the circumstances, the only ones that can be ascertained, and do not vary much from the true average.
Mineral Resources.
Monthly and yearly average prices of pipe-line certificate of crude petroleum at trelUfrom
Year.
Jan.
$19.25 MOi .93f 1.05f .79f
Feb.
$18.00 .90f 1.04f .64f
Mar.
$12.62i .80f
Apr.
May.
$10.00 l.OOi .64*
June.
July.
Petroleum.
Monthly and yearly average prices of pipe-line certificafea of crude petroleum at wells from
Tear.
J882
Sept.
Aug.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Yearly average.
slO
.8Bfr
l.OOi
l.OOf
l.Olf
.r.2
From the above table it will be seen that the average price of petroleum in 1895 was higher than it has been since 1877. The year 1895 was one of great fluctuation in the price of oil in the Pennsylvania field, and also marked a revolution in the methods of buying the oil. For
Mineral Resources.
many years the price of certificates, by which was meant the certificates issaed by the pipe lines representing certain amounts of oil, was taken as the price of the oil. These certificates were bought and sold on the floor of the oil exchange. On January 23, 1895, the following notice was posted at the various offices of what was known as the Seep Purchasing Agency, Mr. Joseph Seep being the purchasing agent for the Standard Oil Company: "From this date the prices quoted are not those of certificate oil, but the price paid by the Seep Purchasing Agency." In the following table is given the range of prices paid producers in the Pennsylvania region since the new system of purchasing oil went into eifect, prices being given only for those dates on which changes were made:
Range of prices paid for petroleum in the Pennsylvania oil regime by the Ssep Purchasing
Agency in 1895.
Date.
Jan. 23. Jan. 24. Feb. 9.. Feb. 20 . Mar 5.. Mar. 8.. Mar. 14. Mar. 16. Mar. 18. Mar. 23. Mar. 26. Apr. 4 . . Apr. 8 . . Apr. 9 . . Apr. 10 . Apr. 11 . Apr. 13 . Apr. 15 . Apr. 16 . Apr. 17 . Apr. 18 . Apr. 19 . Apr. 20 . Apr. 22 . Apr. 30 . Mayl.. May2.. May3.. May 4..
Pennsylvania.
i.a5
Tiona. Coming. .New Castle. Barnesvi lie.
2.m
Petroleum.
Bange of prices paid far petroleum in the Pennsiflrania oil regions the Seep Purchasing Agency in 755J--Continued.
Date.
Ppnniiylvauia.
Tiona.
May6
May?
May8
May 9
May 10 ... . May 13 ... . May 20 May 24 May27 May 28 May 29 May 31
Jiiao4
June 7
Jiine18
Jnnol9
June 21
Jnne26
Julyl
July5
July 6
July 12
July 15
July 19 July 25..,. July 20 July 27 July 28
Nov. 5
Nov. 7
Nov. 11 Nov. 12 Nov. 13 Nov. 14
Nov. 15
Nov. 16 Nov. 21 Nov. 27 Nov. 29 Nov. 30 Dec. 2
ri.io
U.30
1 a5
Mineral Resources.
Eange of prices paid far petroleum in the PenMylvania oil regions by the Seep Purchaeing Agency in 1896 — Continued.
Date.
Pennsylvania.
Tiona.
Corning.
Kew Castle.
liarneuville.
Dec. 5
Dec. 10
Dec. 11
Dec. 12
Dec. 10
Dec. 20
Dec. 21
Dec. 24
Deo 27
Dec. 30
Well Records In The Appalachian Oil Field.
In tbe followiDg table will be found statements showing the well records in the Appalachian field — that is, the number of wells completed in the Appalachian field during each month of 1895, by months and districts, and the wells completed in each year from 1891 to 1894, by months, as well as the initial daily production of new wells by months and districts for 1895, and by months from 1891 to 1895 :
Total number oftoelU completed in the Appaltiohian oilfields in 1895,
Month.
Jftnuary
Febrnary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Bradford.
Allegany.
Middle field.
Total .. 578
Yeniuigo and Clarion.
Bntler and Armstrong.
South.
weet dis trict.
a.
The increase in the number of wells completed in each month during , the last year will be noted. The total number of wells completed in the
Petroleum.
entire field increased from 3,763 in 1804 to 7,136 in 1895, nearly double. The largest number of wells completed in any one month was 822 in July. The largest number of wells completed in any one district during the year was 2,364 in the Southwest district, as compared with 1,481 in 1894. In order that the comparative work done in this field in 1894 and 1895 may be observed, we give the following table:
Total number of wells completed in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894 and 1896
District.
Bradford
Allegany
Middle field
Venango and Clarion.. Butler and Armstrong.
Southwest
Maoksburg
Total.
S78
The following table, giving a statement of the number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil field for each month daring the years 1891 to 1896, will make still more evident the great activity in drilling wells in 1895. The number of wells completed in 1895 is nearly double the number completed in 1894, and nearly four times the number completed in 1893.
Number of welU completed in the Appalachian oil field each month from 1891 to 1896y by
months and years.
Month.
January. .. February. .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October . . . November . December .
Total
1G2
Mineral Resources.
The tables given do not include any wells drilled in the Franklin lubricating oil district of Pennsylvania, nor the wells drilled in the Volcano and Burning Springs districts of West Virginia that produce lubricating oil, nor will the statement given below include any of the initial production of the wells drilled in these several districts.
In the following table is given the initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1895, by districts and months. By initial daily production is meant the production of the well when it is first drilled into the sand and begins producing:
Initial d&ily production of new wella in the Appalachian oilfield in 1895, [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Month.
Bradford.
January
February... March 187
April
May 326
June 432
July 330
September ... 376
October I 408
November 342
AUegany.
Venan- Middle go and field. Clar-
December
Total... 3,431 ,1,277 |2,691
ion.
Butler
and
Arm
Sonth-
Macks-
3,007 , 1,594 ' 3,343 3,674 I 3,725 5,885 4,859 8,549 I 11,577 : 6,896 I 7,601 ' 4,974 I
TotaU entire field.
For comparison we give below a statement showing the initial daily production ot all the producing wells drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1894 and 1895:
Initial daily production of new welh in the Appaltichian oilfield in 1894 and 1895,
District.
Bradford
Allegany
Middle field
Venango and Clarion . Butler and Armstrong
Southwest
Macksburg
Total
Petroleum
Comparing the above table with the table showing the total number of wells completed, it will be seen that, notwithstanding the number of wells completed is nearly double, the total initial daily of these new wells has only increased about 10,000 barrels, or about one-ninth. This great difference in initial daily production per well is shown in a more marked manner in the table giving the average daily initial production of new wells, excluding from the number of (completed wells those that were dry holes.
Average daily produoiian of new toelUi in the Appalachian oil Jield in 1804 and 1895 &y
District.
Bradford
Allegany
Middle field
Venango and Clarion . . Batler and Armstrong .
Southwest
Macksburg
We need not comment upon the falling off* in initial daily production of the several fields. Even the older fields, which in previous years have shown little decline in initial daily production, now show a marked decrease.
The total daily initial production of new wells completed in the Appalachian oil field from 1891 to 1895, as far as it could be ascertained, is as follows :
Total daily initial production ofnetc welle in the Appalichian oil field from 1891 io 1895,
by months,
Month. I 1831.
January ! 13,364
Febmary , 6,618
March ' 7,751
April I 7,710
May 7,875
June I 5,263
July ! 6,643
August I 13,536
September 18,118
October ' 46,748
NoTember I 33,660
December 15, 538
5,910 6,982 7,650 6,962 8,176 IX), 815 7,662 8,733 6,640 4,510 6,495 I 7,840 i
J
Mineral Resources.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1895, by months and districts. By holes" is meant wells that are drilled that produce neither gas nor petroleum. If, in drilling for oil, gas is found, the well is not regarded as a, dry hole.
Total number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oilfield in 1896.
Mouth.
I Bradford.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September . .
October
November... December . . .
Total .
AUegany.
Mid
die
field.
VouftJigo and Clarion.
Batler and Armstrong.
South- , west I Mack 8-dis- , bnrg. trict. I
Total.
A of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in the years 1894 and 1895 is of considerable interest. It is as follows:
Number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894 and 1895,
Bradford
Middle field
Venaugo and Clarion . . Butler and Armstrong .
Southwest
Macksburg
Total.
It will be noted that while the numbers of wells completed in 1894 and 1895 were 3,763 and 7,136, respectively, the number of dry holes increased from 875 in 1804 to 1,588 in 1895; that is, on the average the of increase of dry holes did not differ greatly from the percentage of increase in the number of wells.
Petroleum.
Of the 284 wells completed in the Bradford district in 1894, 46, or some 16 per cent, were dry, while of the 578 drilled in this same district in 1895, 76, or aboat 14 per cent, were dry — practically the same average. In the Southwest district, however, the number of dry holes to the total number of wells completed in 1894 was about 24 per cent, whereas in 1895 it was nearly 28 per cent.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in each month from 1891 to 1895:
Dry holes drilled from 1891 to 1895.
Month.
:o91.
January . February March . . .
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November. December .
Total
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs and derricks in the course of construction at the close of each month of 1895 for each of the districts of the Appalachian field :
Rigs building in ike Appalachian oil field in 1895.
Mouth.
Brad- 1 lurd.
January 24
February I 22
March I 38
April I 51
Jun ' 61
July 69
August 59
September ... 45
I October 44
November ;>3
December 51
Avera;'e., 47
AUegany.
Mid-dlo
field.
Butler aud Armstrong.
Southweat dls. trict.
Macksburg.
Total
Mineral Resouhceb.
This table shows that the average number of rigs buildiug in the Appalachian oil tield at the close of each month in 1895 was exactly double the average number in 1894, it being 233 in 1894 and 466 in 1895. The smallest number of rigs building at the close of any one month was 270 in January; the largest number was 599, at the close of May, while at the close of December the number of rigs building was 476, as compared with 24S building at the close of 1894.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs building in the entire Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1891 to 1895:
building in the AppaUiohian oilfield from 1891 to 1896.
Month.
February .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November . . December. ,
Average.
r.99
In the following tables will be found statements regarding the num. ber of wells drilling but not completed at the close of each month of 1895, by districts, and also in the entire Appalachian oil field for each month from 1891 to 1895. At the close of the year there were 716 wells drilling, as compared with 456 drilling in December, 1894.
WelU in process of drilling in the Appalachian oilfield in 189.5,
Month.
BriMl- i ford.
Allegany.
January . . . February .
March 20
April
May ...:. June
Middle field.
Venanffo and Ciarion.
Butler
and
Arm-
South - weat district.
MackR burg.
Totol.
Petroleum. 657
WelU in proee$s of driVing in ikt Appalachian oilfield in 1895 — Continued.
Aifij von.n Butler South- i
Brad- AUe- ISd -"J west M.ck.- oul. field, fiarlon. A*!?: I I
ford. ' gay.
I July... August.
September ... 67 :
October ' 65 '
November 58
December 43 i
Average. 54 i
' Htrong. trict. 121 192 , 379
ywmhot ofwtlU drilling in the Appalachian oilfield at the clone of each month from 1891 to 1895 y by monihe and stare.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September '
October
November
December
Average 386
In the following table is given the well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs building in the Appalachian field in 1895:
J}'ell record in the Appalachian field in 1895.
Month.
Wells completed.
January I 296
February j 212
March I 355
Initial production.
holes.
WeUs RigR I drilling, bailding.
Well record in the Appalachian field in 189& — Continued.
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November . December .
WeUs completed.
Total ' 7,136
Initial prodactloti.
Dry bole*.
Wells drilling.
Ri£s dlJluc
bviluiug.
a715 <i466
a Average.
Pennsylvania-New York Oil Field. Production.
In the statistics of prodactioD, shipments, stocks, etc., of the Appalachian oil field previously given are included the statistics of Pennsylvania and New York, as well as West Virginia and eastern Ohio, these four localities making up the Appalachian field. It is both interesting and important, so far as it can be done, to give the statistics of production for each of these States. This is especially necessary regarding Pennsylvania and New York, as for many years the statistics of petroleum in the United States were practically those of the production in these two States. Therefore, a comparison of the increase or decrease in production should be made on the basis of the ascertained statistics of production in these two States. What has been stated already regarding the difiSculty of ascertaining the exact figures for the several States separately for certain items should be recalled. There is but little difficulty in ascertaining the production of the several States, but it has been found impossible in some cases to separate the stocks, shipments, etc., of the four States comprising this field.
In the following table is given a statement of the production of crude petroleum in New York and Pennsylvania in 189d, by districts and months.
Petroleum.
Producium of crude petroleum in Penneylvania and New York in 1895, by diatricte and
District.
Allegany, N. Y
Bradford, Pa
Clarendon and Warren. .
Middle district
Tiona
Tidionte and TitnsYiUe .
Grand Valley
Lowto district
Second Sand
Washington County — Allegheny County, Pa. . .
Beaver County ,
Greene County
Janaary. February. ' March.
Total 1,
Franklin district i
Smiths Ferry district
Grand total k 570, 742
'10,500
April.
May.
District.
Allegany, N.Y
Bradford, Pa
Clarendon and Warren .
Middle district
Tioua
Tidioute and Titusville.
Grand Valley
Lower di8trict
Second Sand
Washington County
Allegheny County, Pa. .
Beaver County
Greene County
Jane.
July.
August.
September.
Total I 1,570,709
Franklin district 5,031
Smiths Ferry district j 200
Grand total 1, 575, 940
Mineral Resources.
Production of crude petroleum in Pennaylvania and New liork in 1895, hif dUitricU and
months — Continued.
District.
Allegany, N. Y '
Bradford, Ta
Clarendon and Warren
Middle district
Tiona
Tidioute andTitiisville.
Grand Valley
Lower district
Second Sand
Washington County
Allegheny County, Pa. .
Beaver County
Greene County
October.
November.
December.
Total
Franklin district
Smiths Ferry district.
Grand total.
Total.
a This production only represents dump oil, the pipe-line runs of this district being included in runs of Beaver County.
The production of New York includes all the oil produced in the Allegany district and about per cent of that produced in the Bradford district, this percentage being the production of Cattaraugus County, N. Y. On this basis the total production of crude petroleum in the State of New York would be 912,948 barrels. The remainder of the 19,144,390 barrels of production shown in the previous table should be credited to Pennsylvania, which makes the total production of this State, including the Franklin district and Smiths Ferry dump oil, 18,231,442 barrels.
This table shows remarkable increases in certain districts and remarkable decreases in others. For instance, the Lower district increased from 5,700,574 barrels in 1894 to 6,904,355 barrels in 1895. Washington County and the Bradford district about maintain their production of 1894, but Allegheny County has dropped from 4,559,342 barrels in 1894 to 3,864,111 barrels in 1895. The total production remains about the same, the increase being only from 19,019,990 barrels in 1894 to 19,144,390 barrels in 1895, or 124,400 barrels.
In the following table is given the total production of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields for the twenty-five years from 1871 to 1895.
Petrolkuh.
Total product of crude petroleum in the Peuneylrania and Xec Tork oil fields from 1871 to 1895t hif months and years.
Year.
JaDoary. F
April.
M..
6:i2.617 608,300' 665,291
Year.
Jane.
1 July.
August.
September.
I 1
Mineral Resources.
Total product of crude petroleum m tlte Pennsylvania and Netc York oil fields, etc, — Cont'd.
!
Tear.
Jone.
July.
Aagnat.
September.
Tear.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
' 27,376,509
a 21, 478, 883
l,a,553
a Not including 877,310 barrels dump oiLand oil shipped by private linea. b Pipe-line runs.
Petroleum.
In the following table is given a statement of the average daily production of cmde petroleum in the Pennsylvania and "New York oil fields for each month, from 1871 to 1895. We desire to repeat that this table is not the same as the daily average receipts published by the pipe lines, but the daily average production, the total production including some oil that is not reported in the daily returns of the pipe lines. The averages are obtained by dividing the product of each month, in the table given elsewhere, by the number of days in each month, and the production of the year by 365 or 366, as the case may be.
Average daily prodnct of crude petroleum in the Pennslrania and New York fields eaok month for the yeare 1871-1896, 6y months and year:
Tear.
January. 13,497
February.
March. 12,914
April.
May.
June.
Mineral Resources.
Average daily product of crude petroleum in the Pcntieylvania and Xetc York fields each month for the years 1871-1895, by months and years — Conttuned.
Tear.
July.
Septem-
October.
November.
December.
Yearly averages.
S:6, 020
&5,278
NOTR.— Yearly average is the total product divided by the number of days in the year, not an aver age of monthly averages.
Shipments Of Petroleum From Pennsylvania. And New York.
The following table gives a statement of the number of barrels of crude pretroleum, or, in the early history of the oil field, refined petroleum reduced to its equivalent, shipped out of the Kew York and Pennsylvania oil regions, either by pipe lines, river, or railway, from 1871 to 1896, inclusive. In some years, especially in the earlier ones covered by this table, a considerable portion of the oil was shipped as refined. When the tables were prepared for these years, the oil shipped was reduced to its equivalent in crude, a barrel of crude being regarded as yielding three-fourths of a barrel of refined, or a barrel of refined was regarded as being produced from barrels of crude.
Petroleum.
ShipmmU of cmde and refined petroleum reduced io crude equivalent, out of the Pennetflrania and Xetc York oilfields fronn 1871 io 1895, hy months and years,
Year.
Jma&rj. February.
March.
April. May.
Year.
Jmie. 501, 754
Jaly. Angnst.
September.
Mineral Be80Ubces.
Shipments of crude and refin/ed ptiroleum reduced to crude equivalent, out of the PemneyU vania and New York oilfields from 1871 to 1895, hy months and years — Oon tinned.
Year.
June.
July.
August.
September.
Year.
October.
November. 480,977
December.
Total.
Petroleum.
This table is not aocorate, as it includes some oil shipped from West Virginia and eastern Ohio. Possibly three-fourths of a mUlion barrels would cover the oil so shipped. For the latter years covered in the above table the shipments are pipe-line deliveries and do not include any dump oil or oil delivered to refiners or other parties without passing through the lines.
DRILLING WBLL8 IN TUB PENNSYLVANIA AND NSW YOltK OIL REGIONS.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of drilling Wells completed in each month from January, 1872 to the close of 1895 in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia, by months and years. It has not been to separate the wells drilling in West Virginia in all cases from those drilling in Pennsylvania and Ohio:
Number of drilling welU completed im the Pennetflvatiiaf Xew Tork, and northern We$t Virginia oilfielde each month fnm 1872 to 1895.
Year.
Feb.
Har.
Apr.
May.
Jane.
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Not.
Deo.
Total.
a5,435
a Including 36 wells drilled in Franklin district data for which by months were not obtainable.
West Vibginia.
The oil fields of West Virginia are extensions of the New York-Pennsylvania field, and the conditions under which the oil is found, not
Mineral Resources.
only in West Virginia, but in eastern Ohio, are similar to those under which it occurs in southwestern Pennsylvania. It is also true, as a rule, that the character of the petroleum is identical with that from Pennsylvania, except a portion of that from the Volcano and Petroleum districts, where a lubricating oil of high grade is produced.
As nearly as can be ascertained the production of West Virginia in 1895 was 8,120,125 barrels, of which 8,109,782 barrels are classed as illuminating and 10,343 barrels as lubricating oil. The total value of this product was $11,038,770, an average of $1.36 a barrel. The average value per barrel of the illuminating oil is given as $1.35f and the lubricating as $2.04.
The production of crude petroleum in West Virginia, by months, from 1890 to 1895 is shown in the following table:
Total production of crude petroleum in West Ftrinui, hy months, from 1890 to 1805,
Month.
January. .. February .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October . . . November . December .
Total 492,578
195, 512 186,455 185,468 181,708 ; 206, 142 261, 900 I 328,485 411, 114 420,882 451, 157 467,446 513,817
In the following table is given the production of petroleum in West Virginia in the years 1894 and 1895, by districts.
Petroleum.
S g SS 3
Co
Is
s
ft
Si
C i-H i-H
X" " 00"
'3
Ul
Mineral Resources.
In the following table is given the production of oil in West Virginia from the beginning of operations, so far as obtainable:
Production of petroleum in West Virginia.
Year.
Barrclti.
Year.
Barrel.
Previous to 1876.
i Total
Ohio.
The oil-producing territory of Ohio can be divided into four distinct districts. These districts, naming them in the order of their importance as producers, are (1) the Lima, (2) the Eastern Ohio, (3) the Mecca, and (4) the Belden. As the production of the latter two districts is quite small, for statistical purposes they are united, and known as the Mecca- Belden district.
The total amount of petroleum produced in Ohio in 1895, as will be seen from the following table, was 19,545,233 barrels, as compared with 16,792,154 barrels in 1894. The production of the Lima district in 1895 was 15,850,609 bari%l8, as compared with 13,607,844 barrels in 1894. Macksburg and Eastern Ohio produced 3,693,248 barrels in 1895, as compared with 3,183,370 barrels in 1894, while the production of the Mecca-Belden district increased from 940 barrels in 1894 to 1,376 barrels in 1895.
The total value of the production of oil in 1895 was $16,399,242, as compared with 89,206,293 in 1894. The average price per barrel of Lima oil for 1895 was 71f cents, being 23f cents higher than in 1894. The average price per barrel of eastern oil advanced from 83 cents in 1894 to $1.35 in 1895, while the value of the Mecca-Belden oil advanced from $4.76 per barrel in 1894 to $5.98 per barrel in 1895. The average price of all oil produced in this State in 1895 was 83.9 cents a barrel, as compared with 54.8 cents in 1894,
Petroleum.
The total amount and value of crude pretroleum produced in Ohio in 1894 and 1895 is shown in the following table:
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio in 1894 and 1S95.
District.
ToUl produoiion.
Lima I 13,607,844
Eastern ' 3,183,370
Mecca-B el-' den ' 940
Total..
rr„*i I Price per Total
Total value. production.
Barreli.
$11,372,812 $0.71f 5, 018, 201 1. 35|
In the following tables will be found statements of the total produc. tion of cme petroleum in Ohio in 1895, by months and districts. In determining the total by months an average production for each month in the Mecca-Belden district has been assumed :
Total production of crude petroleum in Ohio in 1895, hy months and disiricte. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Month.
Lima.
Eastern Ohio.
January 1, 034, 489
February
March
April
May
June
July ' 1,474,115
August 1,540,149
September 1,527,085
October 1, 579, 693
November 1, 494, 985
December 1, 406, 193
Mecca- Belden.
Total 15, 850, 609 3, 693, 248
Total.
Mineral Resources.
The total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1880 to 1895, inclusive, by districts, is shown in the following table :
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1880 to 1S95,
Year.
Lima district.
Eaatem 0
Production.
Value.
Production.
Barreli.
Value.
Mecca-Belden district.
Tear.
Production.
Value.
Barrels. 1,240 1,440 1,440 3,112 1,571 1,376
Total.
Production.
Value.
In the following table is given the total production of crude petroleum in Ohio for the years 1888 to 1895, by months:
Total productions of crude petroleum in Ohio from 1888 to 1895, i
f mfyntha.
Year.
January. .. 444,804
February. ' March.
April.
May.
l,4gl,045
Petroleum.
ToUU produetums of crude petroleum in Ohio from 1888 to 1895, by montha — Continued.
Year.
Jane.
July.
August.
September.
Yew.
October.
Kovmnber.
December.
Total. 10,010,868
The following table gives the production of petroleum in Ohio from the beginning of operations in that State to the close of 1895:
Production of petroleum in Ohio,
Year.
Barreln.
Year.
Previous to 1876 . .
i 1895
Lima District.
In the following table is given the production of petroleum in the Lima oil field from 1886 to 1895. It will be seen that with one excep- 17 OEOL, PT 3 43
Mineral Resources.
tioii the ])roduction of 1895 was the largest iu the history of this oil district, it ouly being exceeded in 1891, when 17,315,978 barrels were produced. The production of 1895 has also increased some 2,250,000 barrels over the production of 1894.
Production of petroleum in the Lima {Ohi4>) district from 1886 to 1896,
Year. i Barrels.
Tear.
Barrels.
In the following table is found the production of petroleum in the Lima (Ohio) field from 1887 to 1895, by months, so far as the same was obtainable:
ProducHon of petroleum in the Lima {Ohio) field from 1887 to 1895. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
January.
F
Bbraary.
March.
April.
May.
Year.
June.
Jul:
A
September.
I&i8
Petroleum.
Production of petroleum in the Lima (Ohio) field from 1887 to 75!?J— Coutinued. [Barrel* of 42 gallous.]
Tear.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
' 1,379,909
1S94
t
Pipb-Link Runs In Thk Uma-Indiana Fxkld.
There are uo statements of the pipe-liue ruus and shipments in the Lima-Indiana field that distinguish between oil produced in Ohio and that produced in Indiana. Therefore the following statement of pipeline runs and shipments, which are those of the Buckeye Pipe Line, will include reports for both Lima and Indiana. As has been so often stated in this report, pipe line runs are not production. This is especially true of the Lima-Indiana field. The production of petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field, distributed between the States, is quite accurately given in our statement of production :
l*xpe-line rune, Lima- Indiana field, from 1887 to 1M95. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
January. 164, 474
Februarj'. 207,026
March.
May.
l,r:4 1,154
Mineral Resources.
Pipe-line rvns, Lima- Indiana field , from 1887 to 1896 — Continued. [Barrels of 42 gallona.]
Year.
June.
July.
August.
September.
October.
Year.
November. December. Total.
Average.
l,534,a%
Shipments From The Lima-Indiana Field.
Ill the following table is given the statement of tlie shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima- Indiana field as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company from 1887 to 1896, by mouths and years. Here alsM) it should be remarked that pipe-line shipments and consumption are not the same:
Shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima-Indiana field from 1887 to 1895, [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
Petroleum.
Shipmentaof crude peirolenm from the Lima- Indiana field from 1887 to 1895 — Continued.
Tear.
June.
July.
August.
September.
October.
Year.
November
December. 76,327
Total.
Average.
1. 262, 130 ' 1, 230, 216 14, 651, 643
Stocks Of Crude Trtrolkum In The Lima-Indiana Field.
In the following table is given a statement of the stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field at the close of each month from 1887 to 1895, as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company:
Total atoekt of crude petroleum in the Lima- Indiana field at close of etich month from
Year.
January.
February. March.
April.
May.
Mineral Resources.
Total BtoclcB of crude petroleum in the LimO'Tndiana field at close of each month from
IS87 to 1S95— Continued.
Year.
June.
July.
August.
September.
Year.
October.
November.
December.
Average.
In the following table is given the average monthly prices of Lima (Ohio) and Indiana crude petroleum per barrel of 42 gallons each in the year 1895:
Average monthly prices of Ohio and Indiana crude petroleutn per hatred of 45 gallons in
I8d£.
January ... February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October . . . November . December .
North Lima.
Cents.
Average
Average of North and South Lima.
South Lima.
Indiana.
Cents, Cents.
74ir
Petroleum.
In the following table are given the fluctuations in prices for the various grades of Lima oil in 1895. The dates given are those on which changes in prices were made:
Fluctuation \price$ of Lima (Ohio) and Indiana crude petroleum in 1895.
Date.
North Lima.
January 1
January 18 . . . February 9 . . . February i20..
March 8
April9
April 10
April 11
April 13*.
April 15
April 16
April 20
April 22
April 30
Mayl
May2.
May3
May4
May6
May?
June 4
June 19
June 21
June 26
July 1
July 12
August 21
August 23
September 20. Novembers... November?... November 12 . . November 14 . . November 16.. November 25.. November 27.. December 2 . . .
$0.65 .6?i .?2i
South Lima.
Indiana.
.m
Mineral Resources.
Well Record In The Lima District.
The number of wells completed in the Lima district in 1896 was 4,489, as compared with 2,472 in 1894, an average of 374 per month in 1895, as compared with 206 a month in 1894. This increase was distributed throughout all of the districts, the number of wells completed in Allen County having increased from 63 in 1894 to 215 in 1895; in Auglaize County from 348 to 482; in Hancock County from 340 to 493; in Sandusky County from 643 to 994; in Wood County from 885 to 1 ,646, and in Mercer County from 247 to 387. Van Wert County appears for the first time with 130 wells, while the number of wells in the miscellaneous fields increased from 46 in 1894 to 142 in 1895.
Total number of wells completed in the Lima (Ohio) dietrich in 1895,
Month.
Jannary
February ..
March ,
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November... December . . Total
Allen.
An. gli&e.
Han cock.
San. dasky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Van Wert
Miacel lane*
OUfl.
From the following table it will be seen that the total initial daily production of the 4,489 wells completed in 1895 was 90,383 barrels, or a little over 20 barrels a day, while the total initial daily production of the 2,472 wells completed in 1894 was 70,111 barrels, or 28 barrels a day. From this it will be readily inferred that the wells drilled in the Lima region in 1895 were not as great producers as those drilled in 1894, and the same is true of 1893. This reduction in initial daily production is manifest in all districts, no oue district in this respect being in advance of the others, the wells of every county showing a falling off in the initial daily production.
Petroleum.
Initial daily production ofwelU completed in the Lima (Ohio) district in 1895,
Month.
Allen.
Au- gUise.
January 144
February 90
March .. 248
April. May . June . July.
August I 495
September ' 287
October 196
December 194
Total 3,414 11,102 8,323
Hancock.
Sandoaky.
Wood. Mercer.
Van Wert.
Misrel. laneous.
4,432 3,753 5,281 G,208 8,161 9,772 9,011 10, 025 9,175 8,586 9,695 6,284
It will be seen from the following table that of the 4489 wells completed in the Lima district in 1895, 564 were dry holes; in 1894 of the 2,472 wells completed 384 were dry holes; in 1893 of the 1,569 wells completed 203 were dry holes. It appears from this that the projwr-' tiou of dry holes to wells completed in the last three years has differed somewhat.
Total number of dry holes drilled in the Lima (Ohio) district in 1895.
Month.
Ban- San-xn-- cock, dusky./*-:
Her. cer.
January 0
February 1
March 5
April 3
May 8
June 9
July 4
August 4
September 3
October 3
November I 3
December 4
Total 47
Van Wert.
Miacel
Total.
Mineral Resources.
Tho number of rigs building and wells drilling in the Lima district at the close of each month in 1895 Is shown in the two following tables. These show a marked increase in activity in the Lima oil field in 1895, as compared with 1894. At the close of 1895 there were 195 rigs building in this field, as compared with 110 at the close of 1894, while at the close of 1895 there were 331 wells drilling, as compared with 140 at the close of 1894. The average number of rigs building at the close of each month in 1895 was 244, as compared with an average of 87 in 1894. The average number of wells drilling at the close of each month in 1895 was 312, as compared with 131 in 1894.
Total number of rigs building tn the Lima (Ohio) field in 1895.
Mouth.
January 6
February 7
March 2
April 12
May 10
June 8
July 6
August 9
September 10
October 9
Allen.
November . December .
Han. cock.
San.
Wood.
Mercer.
Van Wert.
MiBoellaneons.
Total.
Total number of wells drilling in the Lima {Ohio) field in 1895.
Miacel-
Month.
January... February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October . . . November . December .
Average .
Allen.
I 16
An- Han- Sanglaize. cock, dusky
Wood.
Petroleum.
In the following tables are given the well records in the Lima (Ohio) district from 1890 to 1895 :
Xamber of wells completed in the Lima (Ohio) di§trictfrom 1890 to 1895, by months.
Tear.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May. Jane. July. Ang. 1 Sept.
Oct.
Xov.
Deo.
156 ' 116 143 144 138 ' 157
Initial daily production of new welU in the Lima (Ohio) district from 1890 to 1895, by
Tear.
Tear.
Jan.
Feb.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
Arerage.
Total number of dry holes drilled hi the Lima (Ohio) districtffrom 1890 to 1895, by months.
July, i Aug. Sept. ! Oct. Nov. : Dec.
Total.
Mineral Resources.
Number'of welli drilling in the Lima (Ohio) diairiot, at the clo$e of each month, from 1890
to 1895.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept. Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Average.
Rigs building in the Lima (Ohio) district, f ram 1890 to 1895, by months.
Year.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov. Deo. Average.
In the following table is given the well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs building in the Lima (Ohio) district in 1895:
Month.
January
February..
March ,
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November., December .
Total I 4,489
Barrels. 4,432 3,753 5,281 6,208 8,161 9,772 9,011 10, 025 9,175 8,586 9,695 6,284
Dry
holes.
WeUa Rigs bailddrilling. ; ing.
a 312
a244
a Average.
Petroleum. Eastern Ohio District.
In this district are included tbo old Macksburg field and the new developments in the territory adjacent in West Virginia and western Pennsylvania, in addition to the Macksburg, Coming, Steubenville, and Marietta districts.
The production of the Eastern Ohio district for the last eleven years is given in the following table:
Production of petroleum in the Eastern Ohio dietriet, from 1885 to 1895.
Year.
Barrels.
Tear.
Barrels.
I8:i0
Prior to 1891 the figures given in the above table are chiefly the production of the Macksburg field. In the following table is given the production of crude petroleum in the Eastern and Southern Ohio and Macksburg districts, from 1888 to 1895, by mouths:
Total production of ertide petroleum in the Ea$tern Ohio district from 1888 to 1895 hy
Tear.
January.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Tear. August.
I 24,752
September.
October.
November. I December.
Total.
Mineral Resources.
In the following table the runs and the shipments from the Macksburg district are given from 1885 to 1895 :
Pipe-line rune in the Macksburg district 1885 to 1895. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Year.
January.
February.
March. 27,066
April.
May.
June.
July.
Year.
Anfist. 74,228
September.
October.
November.'
Deoember
Total.
Arerage.
Shipments of crude peiroUum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from Macksburg district from 1886 to 1895.
Year.
January.
February.
March.
April. 23, 578
May.
June.
July.
Petroleum.
Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petrolenm reduced to crude equivalent from Mackehurg district from 1886 to 1805 — Continued.
Tear.
September.
Ottolier.
December.
Average.
' 1889
In the following table will be found certain figures regarding stocks of crude petroleum in eastern Ohio at the close of each month from 1886 to 1895. This by no means represents all the stocks of crude petroleum produced in this district, but they form the best statement w<' can get as to stocks held by pi[)e lines that derived most of their oil from eastern Ohio :
Total stocks of crude petroleum in the Mackshurg district at close of each month from 1886 to 1895, by months and years.
Janaarj. Februarj-. March.
April.
May. 440,329
June.
July.
Year. August. September. I October.
Kuvember.
December.
461,842 459, 085 427,797 383, 393 596, a56 38,855 441, 494 443, 669 197, 660 169, ajO
Average.
427, 950 426, 957 3G5, 873 331, 939 703, 031 461, 037 432, 283 446, 503 152, 200 211, 591
Mineral Resources.
Well Records In The Eastern Ohio District.
In the following tables are given statistics of the total bomber of wells completed, the initial daily production of wells drilled, total number of dry holes drilled, total number of wells drilling, and total number of rigs building in the Eastern Ohio district during the year 1896, by months.
Total number of loelU completed in the Eastern Ohio dUtriot in 1895.
Month.
January . . . February..
March
April
May
Juno
July
August
September October . . , November . December .
Total
Coming.
Macks, burg.
Mari- Misoel. etta. laneons.
Total.
Initial daily production of welU completed in the Eastern Ohio district iu 1895.
Month.
January
February . . March
I April
I May
I June
July
August
September
October
November. December .
Coming.
Average.
Maoksburg.
Steuben viUe.
Miscel laneous.
Total.
Petroleum.
ToM number of dry holes drilled in the Easiem Ohio district in 1896,
Month.
Coming.
January — February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November . December .
Macks- Steuben- Mart- Miscel j
barg.
Total.
J
1 j
2 , 2 j 3'
2,
ett*. laneous.
Total.
Total number of wells drilling in the Eastern Ohio field in 1895,
Month.
January .. February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
Noyember . December .
Average.
Mari. ' Misceletta. I laneous.
Total number of rigs building in the Eastern Ohio field in 1895.
Month.
Corning.
January .
Febrnarj-
March
April
Macks, bnrg.
Steuben. Tille.
Mari- JMlaoeletta. laneous.
Total.
Total number ofriga building in the Eaetem Ohio field in 1895— Contianed*
Month.
Coming.
Jane ,
July
August September October — NoYember. December .
Average.
Macks.
Steuben-
Mari-burg
.
etta.
Miaoel. , laoeous.
Total.
In the following tables are given tbe well records in the Eastern Ohio district from 1891 to 1895:
Number of welU completed in the Eaetem Ohio district from 1891 to 1896, by month:
Tear.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
"
Initial daily production of new welU in the Eaetem Ohio dtBtriet from 1891 to 1895, by
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.l Apr. 'May.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
t 1 Nov. ' Dec. Total.
' 1
Total number of dry holes drilled in the Eastern Ohio district from 1891 to 1896, by
Tear.
Jan. Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Totol.
Petboleum.
Ifumher of well* drilling in the Eatitm Ohio district at th cloBe of each month from 1391
to 1895, by months.
Ymt.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Auif.
Sept.
Oct.
Dec.
Arerage.
1891 to Sept.
lig$ ht
aiding in th
tern 0
hio dMfHd.
by month$.
rear.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Oct.
Not.
Dec.
ATerage.
t
In the following table is given the well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs building in the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio field in 1895 :
Month.
WellB I InitUl com- . produc- , pleted. tion. I ing.
, drill.
Janaary 25
Febmary 17
March 31
April 37
May 57
June 56
July 50
August 48
September 40
October 41
November 25
December 33
Total 460
Rin
build.
ing.
a26
a ATenge.
It should be noted that the above well records, pipe-line runs, etc., include only those of the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio field.
Mineral Resources.
The well records of the other districts of the Eastern Ohio district are included in the Southwest district of the Appalachian oil field report.
Mecca-Belden District.
As has been stated, the wells in this district are located near Mecca, in Trumbull County, and Belden, in Lorain County. The oil is a lubricating oil produced from a few shallow wells. There were but 13 wells producing at the close of 1892, 10 at the close of 1893, 9 at the close of 1894, and 8 at the close of 1895.
In the following tables are given the production and stocks and value of the crude petroleum in this district from 1892 to 1896 :
Production and value of crude petroleum in the Mecca- Belden dietrict of Ohio from 189£
to 1896.
District.
Barrels
of 42
gallons.
Value.
Price
per
barrel.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price
per
barrel.
Belden, Lorain County
Mecca, Trumbull County
Total
District.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price
per
barrel.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price
per
barrel
Belden, Lorain County
Mecca, Trumbull County
Total
Stocke at welU in the MeocO'Belden district of Ohio,
Year ending December 31-
Barrels.
Tear ending December 31-
Barrels.
Indiana.
With the exception of a small amount of oil produced in Terre Haute, Vigo County, all of the oil production in Indiana is from the Trenton limestone, this field being an extension of the Lima district of Ohio.
Petroleum.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of petroleum in Indiana from 1889 to 1895:
Praduoiian of petroleum in Indiana fnm 1889 to 1896.
Total value at wells of all oils produced, ezoludiog pipage
Value per barrel
Total value at wells of all oils produced, excluding pipage
Value per barrel
In the following table is shown the total production of petroleum in Indiana by months from 1891 to 1895. The largest production in any one month seems to have been in July, 1895, when 434,376 barrels were produced.
Total production of petroleum in Indiana from 1891 to 1895, hy monihe.
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Ill, 824 96,025 134,549 146,493 186,939 209,616 221,666 248,353 245,615 252,568 245,607 236,038
Total...
Mineral Resources.
In the following tables are given statistics of the total number of producing wells drilled, total number of new wells completed, total number of dry holes, and total number of wells drilling and rigs building in the Indiana oil fields for each month in 1895:
Total number of welU completed in Indiana in 1895, by coantiea.
Hontb.
Adams.
Bla<!k- ford.
Wells.
Mis-neons
.
Total.
January
Febniary
March
April
Mav
Jnne
July
August
September ...
October
November
December
Total...
Initial daily production of welle completed in Indiana in 1895, by counties.
Month.
Adams.
BUok. ford.
Hunt- l..g. ton.
Jay.
Wells.
Misoellaneons.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
Julv
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Average.
Petroleum. 695
Total nuwb€r of dry holes drUlod in Indiana in 1895, by countiee.
Month.
Jaiiaary
Febmary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Adama.
' 0
J 3
Total ..
Blackford.
ol
Grant.
_iL
Huntington.
Jay.
Mis- Wells, cella- i
Toul.
Total number of woIIb drilling in Indiana in 1896, by counties.
Month.
Adams.
January
February
March
May
June
July
August
September ..
October
Noyember . . . December . . .
Blackford.
Average.
ant.
Huntington.
Jay.
Wells.
Misoella neons.
Total.
Total number of rigs building in Indiana in 1895, by counties.
Month.
January. February March... April
Adams.
Blackford.
Grant.
Huntington.
Jay.
Wells.
MiscelUneons.
Total.
Total number of rigs building in Indiana in 1895, by oounUu — Continued.
Month.
Adams.
Hantington.
Miscell*- neon.
Total.
May
June
July
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Average.
In tbe foUowiDg tables are given the well records in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1895:
Number of welle completed in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1895, by months.
Year.
Jan.
Feb.
1 Mar. 1 Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Ang. j Sept.
Oct
Nov. Deo.
Total.
6 15 ' 15 30 25 ' 52
ia92
Initial daily production of new wells in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1895, by months,
Month.
January
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November.. December . .
Total
Petroleum. 697
Total nner ofdrg holes drilled in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1896, hy months.
Jul.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M.y.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
Deo.
Total.
4 i 2
M
Number of weils drilling in the Indiana oil fields at the close of each month from 1891 to
Tew.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr. 1 Mey. June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
"
Rige building in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1896, hy months.
Year.
Jan. Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May. I June.
July.
Aug.
Sept. I Oct.
Nov. ; Dec. I Average.
In the following table is given the well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs bailding in Indiana in 1895:
Well record in Indiana in 1896,
Month.
I Welle completed.
March
April
May
Juue
July
InitUl production.
Dry bolM.
Welle driUing.
aidinfl
building.
MINERAL RESOURCES. Well record in Indiana in 2d5— €oiitinaed.
Month.
WellB completed.
Dry holes.
Wells drilling.
Rigs bailalng.
August
September
October
November
December
Totel
a 2, 810 166
a88
a 74
a Average.
Colorado.
All the oil produced in Colorado is from what is known as the Florence field, the geological conditions of which are thoroughly described in Mineral Resources for 18U2
The total production of petroleum in Colorado in 1895 was 529,482 barrels, the value of which was $396,313, or 75.4 cents a barrel.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude oil in Colorado from 1887 to 1895:
Product of crude oil in Colorado from 2887 to 1896,
Tear.
Barrels.
Tear.
Barrels.
76,295 i 297,612 316,476 1 368,842 665,482
California.
Professor Peckham so thoroughly described the oil fields of California in our report for 1894 that we need not repeat what he so well said.
During the year considerable attention has been paid to the use of petroleum for fuel, and quite large contracts have been made with the railroads and others for a supply of petroleum for a number of years. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad has already altered and is altering a number of its coal locomotives to use oil as fuel, their experiments having demonstrated its great value.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of petroleum in California from the beginning of operations in this State up to 1895. The remarkable increase in the production since 1889 will be noted, the production of 1895 being practically four times that of 1889.
Tear.
PETROLEUM. ProducUon of petroleum in California,
Barrela. Year.
Previous to 1876. . ' 175, 000
Barrels.
Kansas.
The petroleum-producing territory of Kansas remains as it has been described in previous volumes of Mineral Resources. The only important feature in connection with the production of petroleum in this State in 1895 has been the purchasing by parties representing the Standard Oil Company of the producing territory of Messrs. Guffey & Oaley.
The total product of oil in Kansas, so far as records have been obtained, is as follows:
Produeiian of petroleum in Kaneae.
Year.
Barrels.
Year.
Barrels.
Tennessee.
Probably the most important of the oil-producing districts of Tennessee are those on the Eugby lands, in this State. In 1891 a well was put down on this property 2 miles west of Glen Mary, and oil, green in color, of 420 specific gravity Baum, was found at a depth of 1,236 feet. The derrick floor was 30 feet above the top of the Big Conglomerate and 1,280 feet above the sea level. This is claimed to be the first well put down through the Oumberland table-lauds. It fiPed up with oil 164jf feet within a few hours after oil was struck, and was then plugged and the casing pulled. Other wells, it is stated, were put down by the
Forest Oil Company on this Rame land. In No. 1 and No. 2 wells the same kind of oil was strack as in the well referred to above, which is known as the "Strubbe Well," from Mr. W. G. Strubbe, who put down this well and to whom we are indebted for this information. In No. 1 well the oil was struck at 1,340 feet, and in No. 2 at 1,235 feet, but in lesser quantities.
Considerable developments have also taken place in Pickett County. Two wells have been drilled, the oil being reported to be green in color, of from 38.6° to 43.6o specific gravity Baum, and free from sulphur. One of these wells, which was brought in in July, flowed some 4,000 barrels; the other, brought in in October, some 50 barrels, but they were plugged. The indications are that 1896 will show some important developments in this State.
Kentucky.
Reports have been received of quite extensive explorations that have been undertaken in Kentucky, especially in the eastern part of this territory, in the hope of discovering oil in large quantities. We are advised that petroleum has been found in Wayne, Clinton, Cumberland, Bussell, and Adair counties, the reservoirs in a majority of the producing wells in these counties being located in beds of the Waverly sandstone, others in the Hudson River rocks of the Upper Silurian just below the Devonian, while one or two wells probably draw their supply from the Trenton. The wells are shallow, from 700 to 1,100 feet, the oil ranging in specific gravity from 34 to 38.
I have received under date of May 30, 1896, from Mr. W. G. Strubbe, a letter in which he predicts a large production of oil in Kentucky in the near future, and gives the following list of wells being drilled north and east of Pinekuot, Ky., and the depth to which they have been drilled:
List of welU drilling north and east of Pineknoi, Ky,, in May, 1895,
Location, etc.
Depth.
Feet. At Log Cabin, Bell County, Ky., Guffey, Galey & Hull,
drilling i 200
At Flatlick, Knox County, Ky., Guffey, Galey & Hull . . i Rig. At BarboursviUe, Knox County, Ky., W. Welsh, Pittsburg
I Rig.
At Brummetts Station, Whitley County, Ky., a home
oil company (Joseph Siler, president) drilling 1, 000
At Greenwood, Pulaski County, Ky., Bradford and
Kentucky Oil and Gas Company, drilling 1, 100
At Winfield, Scott County, Tenn., Hydetown Oil and
Gas Company, of Pennsylvania ! Rig.
Petroleum.
No commercial production is reported. We have already described the oil fields in \he other parts of this State. They have not yet assumed any
The total production of oil in Kentucky, so far as we have been able to ascertain the same with any details, is as follows :
Production of petroleum in Kentucky 18S3-1896, [Barrels.]
Year.
Production.
Year.
Production.
Texas.
But little can be added to the statement regarding the occurrence of petroleum in Texas. As yet this State has assumed no importance as a producing territory. Practically all of the oil produced in the State in 1895 was from the wells of Mr. George Dullnig, near San Antonio, in Bexar County.
During the year 1895 a well was completed at Sourlake, Tex., which gave a small supply of 16 lubricating oil. In drilling a well in Corsicana, at a depth of 1,035 feet, an oil sand some 20 feet in thickness was found, and some 2f barrels of oil per day has been produced. This, however, has been since the 1st of January, 1896, and this production is not, therefore, included in this
The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as foUows:
Production of petroleum in Texaefrom 1889 to 1895.
Year.
Year.
Bamsla.
Illinois.
The only oil produced in Illinois commercially is that found in Litchfieldf Montgomery County.
Mineral Bes0Ubce8.
The production of petroleam in this State since 1S89 has been as follows: '
Production of petroleum in Illinoiefrom 1889 to 1895,
Tear.
Barrels.
Indian Territory.
Nothing can be added to what has been said for this report regarding the production of oil in Indian Territory. The total production since 1891 has been as follows:
Production of petroleum in Indian Territory from 1891 to 1896,
Year.
Barrels.
Year.
Barrels.
Missouri.
The conditions under which petroleum is found in this State are similar to those that exist in Kansas, and need not be described here.
In the following table is given the production of crude petroleum in Missouri from 1889 to 1895:
Barrels.
Production of petroletim in
MUeourifrom 1889 to 1896
Year.
Barrels.
Year.
Wyoming.
BegardiDg the petroleum fields of Wyoming, we condense the following statement from a paper contributed by Prof. Wilber G. Knight to the American Manufacturer :
Early History And Dbvelopmbnt.
The discovery of petroleum in Wyomiug dates back for over a half century. In early days oil was collected and sold to local consumers, but the industry was never of much and always of short
Petroleum.
duration. Frontiersmen gathered oil from the springs on Oil Mountain and sold it for wagon grease to the overland traveler who passed up the Sweetwater Valley. Shortly after the completion of the transcontinental railroad oil was collected from the springs in Uinta County and sold to the Union Pacific Bailroad for lubricating purposes, and for use in the coal mines at !Bock Springs and Carbon. After mining operations were started in the Black Hills a company made a business of collecting oil from many oil springs in Crook County, and, freighting it to the mines, sold it as a lubricant. This enterprise lasted until Eastern oil was laid down cheaper than the cost of freighting the Wyoming product. During this early period some persons attempted to driU wells, but were in their undertakings, since they did not understand well drilling nor the proper location for an oil well.
In 1884 Dr. Graft, of Omaha, organized a company, purchased the proper machinery, and drilled three wells on the Little Popo Agie River, some 10 miles southeast of Lander, and at the very spring that Bonneville visited in 1833. The wells drilled were all producers and had an estimated capacity of 200 barrels each jtev day. Various inducements were ofifered capitalists to construct either a railroad or a pipe line to convey the oil to market. All attempts failed, however, and the company packed their wells and have since awaited transportation. Although the State has developed various resources during the last ten years, no attempt has beeu made to reach this oil district, which is about 100 miles from any railroad. The success of the Dr. Graft Company in securing a good flow of oil induced many other companies to organize and drill wells in other oil fields. With one exception the attempts proved failures, either because they did not locate in the proper place or because they did not make the proper estimation for depth. In all of the districts where these wells were drilled oil was flowing from springs, but the men who furnished the money for developments could not be induced to drill deeper. This unfortunate step stopped the development of the oil until the Pennsylvania Oil Company, in 1889 located in the Salt Creek Basin. In 1890 this company drilled a producing well, and since that time they have added five more to the list. These six weUs produce from 60 to 70 barrels per day of very high-grade lubricating oil. Two more companies are now drilling in the field, one of which has reached the oil sand. Since four of the producing wells were drilled this year the output for 1895 will not be very large, but at the present rate of increase it will reach the 50,000-barrel mark for 1896.
The Oil Di8Tbicts.
There are now known to exist in Wyoming 18 oil districts, or oil basins, as they are sometimes called. Twelve of these are located in the central portion of the State, two in the northeastern part, and four in the southwestern. These districts are known by the following names: Salt Creek, Powder, Oil Mountain, Argo, Rattlesnake, Dutton, Beaver, Popo Agie, Lander, Shoshone, Bonanza, Belle Fourche,
Mineral Resources.
Newcastle, Douglas, Sulphur Creek, Carter, Twiu Creek, and Fossil. Several other localities have been reported as oil bearing, and it is very likely that new districts may be added at any time. Owing to the meager study of the various districts no boundary lines have yet been established and no attempt has been made to map the producing area. Judging from the oil springs and the extensive outcroppings of oil-saturated sandstone, the districts are qnite extensive. It has been stated that Fremont County has more than 40 oil springs, and that Natrona County has upwards of 100. One can form a very good idea of the extent of these fields by referring to the amount of land located as oil claims. In the Oil Mountain, Argo, and Rattlesnake districts the recorder, Mr. J. B. Ervay, states that over 600,000 acres of land have been located as oil claims. In the Salt Creek district over 300,000 acres are claimed. The lands in the oil fields belong to the Oeneral Government, and the oil claims are located under the placer act. A person can locate a claim of 20 acres, but usually eight or more form themselves into a company and locate a large tract in claims of 160 acres each. The claimants hold their claims as long as they comply with the law and do their annual assessment of tlOO worth of work upon each claim. When $600 worth of work has been performed upon a claim the owner can, by making proof and paying t2.50 per acre, obtain a patent. The dealings thus far have been chiefly in quitclaim deeds, since but very little oil land has been patented. Large holdings are now controlled by companies for speculative purposes, but the prices thus far have been very reasonable.
THE OEOLOaY.
The geology of the fields is imperfectly known, but sufficient progress has been made to refer the most of the districts to their proper geological horizon. Unlike the east, the oil is found principally in Mesozoic rocks, but it also occurs in Paleozoic and Cenozoic formations. The lowest strata that produce oil belong to the Upper Carboniferous age* Springs of oil are found in the Triassic red sandstone, but the oil in all probability comes from Carboniferous rocks. The Cretaceous groups are all oil bearing, and some springs of oil and oil-saturated sandstone exist in Eocene Tertiary rocks. The following tables will give the names of the formations present in the oil fields. Groups and higher terms not otherwise designated are oil bearing.
Cenozoic. .
Tertiary. Eocene. Waaatoh.
Laramie.
i Montana ... i Fox Hills.
Meeozoic... s
Colorado... J Niobrara.
Dakota.
Paleozoic. .
Carboniferous. Upper Carboniferous.
Petroleum. 706
From tbo lowest to the highest oil horizon the aggregate thickness of rocks varies from 10,000 to 15,000 feet. In some of the fields the entire series of rocks as above named are found, but all of them are not oil bearing. The rocks these formations are sandstone, shales, marls, clays, and limestones; the latter is of rare occurrence except in the lowest measures. As a rule, the oil fields are found along the axis of anticlinal folds. The springs and the outcropping oil sand follow the trend of the axis. Some of the anticlinal folds are very extensive, forming mountains of considerable magnitude, while others less sharply inclined and not to high only expose the upper rocks. The depth necessary to drill to reach the oil varies as the distance from the axis of the anticlinal. The wells vary in depth from 300 to 1,500 feet. In many localities wells will have to be drilled to a depth varying from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and along the border of some of the best fields the oil will be found too deep for a drill to penetrate.
Nature Of The Oilh.
The oils are principally lubricating, but light oils containing considerable kerosene are also found. The most of the oils have a specific gravity above 0.9000 and one from the liattlesnake has a gravity of 0.9950. Light oils are found at Bonanza and Lander that have a gravity below 0.9000. Many of the oils that have been analyzed have yielded large percentages of lubricating oils with gravities ranging from 0.9100 to 0.9500. The heavy oils have a high flashing point, a low cold test, and are very viscous. One peculiar feature associated with these fields is that you can not judge tne oil by knowing from what geological horizon it comes. The fiattlesnake oil having a gravity of 0.9950 and the Bonanza oil of 0.8544 occur in the same group, but are widely separated. Some allowance must be made for most of the oils reported in the tabulated statement. The oils taken from the springs are very much heavier than those taken from wells. This is due to the lighter constituents having evaporated upon exposure. For further information regarding the oils see the tabulated statement.
Mineral Kesoubces.
p4
If eS
S S is
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fac
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a, w © 5
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I :58
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$ i S © o
S 2
rH in Ol CO
S S !S 8
Mil i g
fig
BSi
ss?;sssi
o
u S
CO PkO
o bo
5
2
Petroleum. 707
The Industry And Its Future.
The industry is now in its early infancy. The Pennsylvania Oil Company is the only producer and shipper. Within the next few mouths two more companies will be added to the list. All of this work is, however, being done in a single district, and it can not go much beyond on account of the great distance from the railroad. Even in the Salt Creek field the companies will have to do as the Pennsylvania Company — haul the oil over 50 miles by wagon. With one exception, the rest of the central districts are less favored than Salt Creek, and the outlying fields are at least 150 miles from the nearest railroad station. There are now four great railroad systems operating and building in the State, but none of them seem inclined to build into or near to the oil fields in the central part. As soon as the fields are furnished with and a proper market for the oil, the industry will become one of the leading ones in the State. There are several reasons for predicting a great future for Wyoming oil. There are many fields, the acreage is very large, the springs and exposed sands signify a good flow, and the oils are of the greatest variety. With facilities to operate, it would be only a short time until excitement of early days in Pennsylvania would be duplicated in Wyoming. On the other hand, should transportation not be given, the industry will continue on a small scale as compared with the East for some years to come.
The production of petroleum in Wyoming in 1*94 and 1895, so far as we have ascertained, is given in the following table:
Production of petroleum in Wyoming in 1894 and 1895,
r.
Barrels.
Total
Canada.
The occurrence of petroleum in Canada has been so frequently described in these reports that nothing need be said here regarding it.
The statistics of the production in the Petrolia, Ontario, oil field are not at all satisfactory. In the following table will be found a statement of the shipments of petroleum from Petrolia, Ontario, for each month for the years 1894 and 1895. These statements are by no meslns satisfactory, part of the oil being shipped as crude and part as refined. The refined shipped is reduced to crude or its equivalent and added to the amount of oil shipped as crude, giving the total crude equivalent. The shipments are given in barrels of 35 imperial gallons, this being
Mineral Resources.
practically the equivalent of the American barrel of 42 Winchester gallons. It will be noted that this statement of shipments shows a production in excess of the statement compiled by the geological survey department of Canada, and would indicate that these reports of shipments are in excess of the actual production from year to year, probably the result of duplications:
Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from
Canada in 1S94 and 1895.
[Barrels of 35 imperial gallons.]
Month.
Crude.
Refined.
Cnide equivalent.
Crude.
Refined.
Crude equivalent.
January
February
March
April
32,605 22,355 17,490 19,335 19,445 J6,870 19, 620 27, 170 36,735 51,835 39,535 27,640
May
June
July
August
September . . .
October
November
December
Total...
From Mr. Kerr, secretary of the Petrolia Oil Exchange, we had the following statement regarding the shipments and production of oil in 1894 and 1895. These are the shipments by railroad, and are given in barrels of 35 gallons each, by months.
Shipments of crude petroleum from the Petrolia (Ontario) oilfield in 1894 and 1895, [Barrels of 35 imiierial gallons.]
Month.
January. February March ...
April
May
June
July
101, 570 76, 183 60,661 I 73,463 67,369 I 57,830 69, 586 I
Petroleum.
ShipmenU of crude petroleum from the Petrolia {Ontario) oil field in 1894 and ISSS"
[Barrels of 35 imperial gallona.]
Month.
1 August
September
October
November
December
Total
Shipped by pipe line
Total
Stocks in tanks—
.January 1
December 31
Decrease iu stocks
Approximate production
Mr. Kerr states: I believe the foregoing estimate is too great by at least 10 per cent on the shipments, which are estimated from refined and converted into crude equivalent. By-products are liable to be duplicated in such a calculation. I would therefore estimate that the total net production in 1894 and 1895 would be as follows, allowing 10 per cent reduction on shipments:
Eeiimated production of petroleum in Canada in 1804 and 1895 by Mr. James Kerr. [Barrels of 35 imperial fcallona.]
Shipped by road
Shipped by pipe line
Total
Less reduction of stocks
Making the production
In the following table is given a statement of the production of in Canada in the years 1886 to 1895, and the value of the same. These figures, it is stated, are calculated from the official inspection returns, and the values are computed at the average yearly price per barrel of 35 imperial gallons.
Mineral Resources.
Prodaoiion and value of petroleum in Canada from 1886 to 1895,
[Barrels of 35 imperial gallons.]
Year.
Production.
Value.
The average closing prices of petroleum for each year from 1885 to 1895 at the Petrolia Oil Exchange, together with the total sales for the year on this exchange, are as follows:
Average price and sales of crude petroleum in tke Petrolia Oil Exchange from 1885 to 1895,
Year.
Price.
i.asf
l.OOf
Sales.
Barrels.
The great decrease in sales on the exchange for the last three years will be noted. This does not imply a decrease of actual business in the oil field, but simply that the petroleum went direct to the refiners, instead of being sold through the brokers on the exchange. The exchange prices, however, show the value of the petroleum in the markets.
In the following table will be found a statement of the average closing prices for crude oil on the Petrolia Oil Exchange for each month from 1892 to 1895.
Petroleum.
Average closing price ofontde petroleum on the Fetrolia Oil Exchange from 1892 to 1896,
hy months.
Month.
January $1. 29
February...
March
April
May
June ,
July
August
September
October
November . , December . ,
Average.
$i.ou
l.OOf
The following statement is given of the operations of the refineries of Canada for the years 1890 to 1895:
Production of Canadian oil refineries front, 1890 to 1895. [Imperial gallous.]
rrodiict.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Illnmiuating oils gallons. . 11, 129, 277 $1, 264, 677
Benzine and naphtha do
Paraffin oils do
Gas and fuel oils do
Lubricating oils and tar ... do
Paraffin wax pounds . .
Total 1,638,420
Product.
Quantity.
Value.
Illuminating oils gallons.. 10,806,806 $1,176,720
Benzine and naphtha do
Paraffin oils do
Gas and fuel oils do
Lubricating oils and tar ... do
Paraffin wax pounds..
Total ' 1,782,365
Quantity.
Value.
Mineral Resources.
Production of Canadian oil refineries from 1890 to 1895 — Continued.
Product.
Quantity.
Talne.
Qnantity.
Value.
Illuminating oils gallons. .
Benzine and naphtha do
Paraffin oils do
Gas and fuel oils do
Lubricating oils and tar. . .do
Paraffin wax pounds..
Total
11, 289, 741 fri5, 031 1,282,749 7, 323, 374 1,801,174 1, 950, 172
U 515
At the refineries producing the above amount of oil in 1895, 355 persons were employed, the total wages paid for labor being $190,007.
The following table shows the amount of Canadian oils and naphtha inspected, together with the amount of crude that is assumed as the equivalent of the refined oils and the ratio of crude to refined :
Canadian oih and naphtha inspected and corresponding quantities of crude oil.
Fiscal year.
oils inaiKJCted.
eqiiiTHlont calculated.
Ratio of crude to rertned.
Qallong.
Gallom.
Petroleum.
Austria-Hungary.
The only oil-prodacing field in Austria-Hungary is in Galicia. The Galieian oil belt, so far as it has been defined, extends in a general northeasterly and southwesterly direction along the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains for a distance of 220 miles, and is from 40 to 60 miles in breadth. According to Mr. Boverton Redwood, the unworked oil deposits in Bukowina and in Transylvania, as well as the important Roumanian oil fields occupying the southeastern and southern slopes of the southern Carpathians, form an extension of the Galieian deposits.
The formation in Galicia is usually considered to belong to the latest portion of the Cretaceous or to the Eocene period. The formation in Bukowina appears to be Cretaceous. In Roumania the oil occurs mainly in Miotene strata, though it is also found in the Eocene and apparently in the underlying Cretaceous. The depth to which wells have to be sunk and the daily production of the wells vary in the different districts. The depth is from 60 to 350 meters (197 to 1,148 feet).
The localities in which the principal amounts of oil were produced in 1894 are given by Mr. Redwood as follows:
Approximate eatimate of production per month of the Galieian oiljielda.
Locality.
Barrels.
Potok I 24,000
Wietrzno, Bobrka, Rowne ! 15, 000
Schoduica I 12,000
Sloboda Runguroka 9, 000
Ropienka, Wankowa, Brelikow 7, 800
Gorlice and district ' 6,000
Weglowa 4,800
I wonicz, Lezyny, Harklowa I 3, 000
The petroleum from the important Galieian fields ranges in specific gravity from 0.870 to 0.885, though some of the oils are as low as 0.800, and others 0.898. The production of Galicia is usually given in metric centners or the metric quintal of 100 kilos, or 220.462 each. If we assume that the Galieian petroleum ranges in specific gravity from 0.870 to 0.885, and the number of pounds in a gallon is 7.3, a barrel of 42 United States gallons would weigh 306.6 pounds. These figures will be used in stating the production of Galieian petroleum.
The production of crude petroleum in Galicia since 1883, according to the official reports, is given in the following table (page 98).
MINERAL RESOURCES. Prodt$ction of crude petroleum in Galicia from 188S to 1894,
Tear.
I BarreU of 1( ' metric centners ! (oflOO kilos) eacli.
Barrels of 42
Unit<>4l States
gallons.
The above production is from Mr. Redwood's book on Petroleum. The production for 1892 and 1893 dift'ers somewhat from that received from the minister of agriculture of Austria-Hungary. According to his report the production in 1892 was 898,713 metric quintals, or 646,223 barrels of 42 gallons each, while the production in 1893 was 963,31.2 metric quintals, or 692,673 barrels of 42 gallons each. The total value of the oil produced in 1893 was 3,008,819 florins, which, at 48 cents to a florin, would be $1,444,233, or $2,085 a barrel.
According to the report of the Vienna Chamber of Commerce for 1894, the total amount of mineral oil on which internal revenue was paid by the refineries of Austria-Hungary was 192,958 metric tons in 1894, against 178,288 metric tons in 1893. Estimating that this refined oil had a gravity of 45° B., a gallon would weigh 6.6 pounds, which would make the total production in 1894, 1,533,680 barrels of 42 United States gallons each, and the production in 1893, 1,417,814 barrels. According to the same report, the total consumption of refined oil in Austria-Hungary in 1894 was 197,854 metric tons, of which 105,700 tons were imported and 92,154 tons were Galician oil. On the same estimate of gravity as given above, this would make the total consumption of oil 1,573,172 barrels of 42 United States gallons, of which 840,566 barrels were imported and 732,606 barrels Galician oil. The wholesale price for standard white illuminating oil free on board at Vienna in 1894 was $9 and $9.10 per 100 kilos, while it is reported that Caucasian oil was $9.30 and $9.40 per 100 kilos.
It is interesting to note that notwithstanding this comparatively large production of home oil, the amount of paraffin produced does not equal the demand, and in consequence considerable paraffin had to be imported from the United States, Scotland, and Germany. The imports of paraffin in 1893 and 1894, in metric tons, were as follows.
PETROLEim.
Jmpari8 of paraffin into Auttria-Hungary in 189S and 1894, [Metric tons.]
Paraffin.
18M.
Crude
Rfifined . . . .
Germany.
Petroleum has been found in Germany in small quantities. The largest production is in Alsace, while the smallest quantities are produced in the province of Hanover, in Prussia, in Hildesheim (Peine), and Luneberge.
In the following table is given a statement of the amount of petroleum produced in Germany in 1890 to 1894, inclusive, the figures in the first column being metric tons and in the second column the equivalent in American barrels of 42 gallons each :
Production of petroleum in Germany from 1890 to 1894, inclusive.
Year.
Production.
Metric tons.
In reducing the metric tons to barrels we have assumed that the specific gravity of the German oil is that of the Hildesheim oil, viz, 0.888. This equals about 28 B., which is the equivalent of about 7.38 to the gallon.
Great Britain.
The mineral statistics of the United Kingdom give the production of petroleum from 1886 to 1894 as follows:
Production of petroleum in Derbyshirey England from 1886 to 1894,
Year.
Tons
Mineral Resources.
The tons in the above table have been reduced to barrels on the assumed weight of 7.3 pounds to a gallon and 43 gallons to a barrel.
The quantity and value of oil shale produced in Great Britain from 1890 to 1894 are shown iu the following table:
Production and value of oil shale in Great Britain from 1890 to 1894.
Tear.
Production.
Value.
From the above table it appears that the production of oil shale in Great Britain in 1894 was 1,986,385 tons, valued at £496,696, or $2,403,525, as compared with a production of 1,956,520 tons in 1893, valued at £489,130, or $2,367,389.
Most of this shale was produced in Scotland, but 2,602 tons, valued at £651 ($3,151), were produced in England in 1894, and 6,924 tons, valued at £1,731 ($8,378), in 1893. Wales produced iu 1894, 1,374 tons, valued at £343 ($1,660), and in 1893, 1,754 tons, valued at £438 ($2,120). The production of Scotland, on the other hand, was 1,982,409 tons, valued at £495,602 ($2,398,714), in 1894, and 1,947,842 tons, valued at £486,961 ($2,356,891), in 1893. With respect to the products derived from a ton of shale, this office is informed by John Fyfe, managing director of Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company, Limited, that there is considerable variation in these products, especially in regard to ammonia. He, however, gives the following statement as showing the range:
The crude oil varies from about 20 to 30 imperial gallons per ton of 2,240 pounds; the ammonia water, yielding sulphate of ammonia, from 25 to 65 pounds per ton. The products from crude oil vary to a less extent, and from 100 gallons thereof the following may be considered as about an average yield :
Average yield of 100 gallons of crude shale oil.
Gallons.
Spirit
Bnming oil
Gas oils, 0.840 to 0.865 sp. gr. . . Heavy oils. 0.875 to 0.895 sp. gr. Paraffin scale
Total.
There is also a small residue of tar and coke suitable for burning.
Petroleum.
Italy.
Nothing can be added to what has already been stated in these volumes regarding the occurrence ot petroleum in Italy. From the volumes of Bi vista del Servizio Minerario the following statement is extracted regarding the production of petroleum in this country :
Production of petroleum in Italy from 1800 to 1894,
Year.
Nuni- I berof
wolls I in I
tiou.
Production.
Metric
tOU8.
I860 '
no
1, 618 2,854 I 1,941 I 1,575 ' 1,497 1,251 1,273 2,998 ! 7,909 ' 19,068 I 20, 520 '
T.'nit value.
Lin-.
800 ! 263. 16 j 208.69 ', 172.31 . 152.38 . 138.05 , 123.38 '
259.49 : :41.18 j 407. a5
319.71 , 288. 13 I 289.21 ' 299.80 ;
Dollars.
3.a4
Total valuta
Lire.
Number of workmen employed.
Mineral Resoukces.
Of the total production of 2,854 tons, or 20,520 barrels, in 1894, 2,830 tons, or 20,348 barrels, were from the Milan district, and 24 tons, or 172 barrels, from the district of Rome. Of the total production of 2,652 tons, or 19,068 barrels, in 1893, 2,640 tons, or 18,982 barrels, were from the Milan district, and 12 tons, or 86 barrels, from the Eome district.
In 1894 there were in Italy two refineries which produced 1,640 tons of refined oil, valued at 967,600 lire, or $186,747. This would be equivalent to 590 lire, or $113.87, a ton. Reducing this quantity to American measure, the total production of refined oil would be 13,038 barrels, valued at $14.32 per barrel, or a total of $186,747.
In 1893 there were four refineries in operation in Italy, of which two were in the Milan district, one in the Rome district, and one in the Vicenza district. The total production of these refineries was 2,613 tons or 20,773 barrels, valued at 1,293,380 lire, or $249,622. Of this product, 2,546 tons, or 20,241 barrels, valued at 1,273,000 lire, or $245,689, were produced in the Milan district, 16 tons, or 127 barrels, valued at 11,200 lire, or $2,162, in the Rome district, and 51 tons, or 405 barrels, valued at 9,180 lire, or $1,771, in the Vicenza district.
Roumania.
As is stated elsewhere, the petroleum deposits of Roumania are continuous with those of Galicia. According to Mr. Redwood, they are also of the same age and apparently form portions of the petroleumbearing beds of the Caucasus. The outcrop of possibly petroliferous formation in Roumania is from 15 to 20 miles in width and runs a distance of 400 miles, with a few unimportant breaks, from the Iron Oates to the GaJician frontier. Petroleum is found in various localities throughout 300 of these 400 miles. The specific gravity of the crude oil is from 0.839 to 0.896. According to Mr. Redwood, the crude product yields 4 per cent light oils, from 60 to 70 per cent illuminating oils, and from 25 to 35 per cent residuum.
Fo oflftcial records are kept of the Roumania production. According, however, to the report of the Austria- Hungary vice-consulate at Ploesti (see American Manufacturer, October 25, 1895), the production of crude petroleum in Roumania in 1894 was as follows:
Proditction of crude petroleum in Boumania in 1894.
Locality.
Baicoi
Glodeni
Doftaneti aud Bustenuri.
Ochisori and Matitza
Tega
Other localities
Tank carloads of 100-metric centners.
Petroleum.
The above would indicate a production of 3,730 tank cars of 100 metric centners (10 metric tons) each. On the basis of the assumption as to weight we have made in connection with the report on Galician oil, this would make 268,207 barrels of 42 gallons each.
It is also stated in the same that there are 85 petroleum refineries operating in lloumania.
The Roumanian department of agriculture, which is interested in the development of the petroleum industry, has taken up the question of the communication between the most important oil fields in Boumania with the Mediterranean and it is that a pipe line may be built
We lind in an Austrian paper a condensed report of the statistics compiled by the Roumanian Government regarding petroleum, from which it appears that on January 1, 1890, there were 903 petroleum wells in operation. Of these, 751 were on private property and belonged to 123 producers; 152 were on Government land. The depth of the wells ranged from 180 to 720 feet. The production in 1895 is estimated at 74,600 tons (536,414 United States barrels). The average value per ton (7.19 United States barrels) was 40 francs, or $7.72, making the total value 2,984,000 francs, or $575,912, which would make the value barrel $1.07. The capital invested is estimated at 4,515,000 francs, or $871,395, which would make the average cost for drilling a well 5,000 francs, or $965. The richest oil field in production in 1895 was that of Prahova, which produced nearly 50 per cent of the total output of Roumania. Dimbovitza, Bacau, and Buzeu produced the remainder, in nearly equal quantities.
From our Austrian exchanges the following statement is obtained regarding the production of crude in Roumania from 1874 to 1895, inclusive, the statement being in tank cars of 10 metric tons each:
Production of crude petroleum in Boumania from 1874 to 1895.
Year.
IMatrlct.
Total.
Prahova.
Basen.
Baoaa.
Dimbo-
Tank can.
Production of crude petroleum in Roumania from 1874 to 1895 — Continaedi
Year.
District.
Total.
Prahova.
Bnseii.
Bacan.
Dimbo- Titsa.
Tank cars.
In connection with the above, it is stated that the export of crude petroleum in 1895 amounted to 1,400 tank cars (100,660 barrels), the export of distillate to 700 tank cars (50,330 barrels), and the import of crude petroleum to 1,500 tank cars.
India.
The production of petroleum in India from 1889 to 1893, the last year for which we have any definite statistics, is shown in the following table:
Production of petroleum in India from 1889 to 1893.
Prmluctiou.
Gallons.
The gallons in the above table are imperial gallons, and are equivalent to 1.2 Winchester gallons, which are used in this report. A barrel of 35 imperial gallons is, therefore, equivalent to a barrel of 42 Winchester gallons. It is on this basis that the production in gallons has been reduced above to production in barrels.
Petroleum.
Japan.
The occarrence of petroleum in Japan was discussed quite thoroughly in the report for 1894 to which we refer those desiring information regarding this subject.
The reports of the chief of the section of general statistics of Japan, showing the production of petroleum in that Empire, give only the production of refined petroleum (quantity fondue ou prepare). From these reports for 1S93 and 1894 the figures in the first column of production in the following table are taken. This production is given in kwan of 8.2817 pounds avoirdupois. For the second column under Production we have assumed that Japanese refined petroleum wiU weigh 74 pounds to a gallon. The table of production in the third column, up to and including 1890, is the production of crude given in the statement made for this report by Mr. K. Wakashina, geologist for the geological survey of Japan. The figures for 1891, 1892, and 1893 are on the basis of the relation between the production of crude and the production of refined, as given in the tables in previous yeiiars:
ProdHctian of petroleum in Japan from 1881 to 189S.
Prodnctioo.
Tear.
Refined.
Kwan.
Winchester gallons.
403,351 206,068 324, 174 i 510,718 I 594,388 I 613,628 499,784
Java.
In Mineral Resources for 1894 and for previous years is given information regarding the petroleum districts of Java. The two most important are in the residencies of Soerahaya and Bembang, in which the Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappy possesses drilling rights. The 17 GEOL, PT 3 46
chief workings are iu Boerabaya, though the production of Bembaiig has increased considerably, its production in 1895 being about 40 per cent of the production of Soerabaya.
We are again indebted to the Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappij for a statement of the production of Java iu 1895, which is as follows:
Production of petroleum in Java in 1895,
Residency of Soerabaya:
Crude liters.. '33,750,000
Refined cases.. 525,004
Number of producing wells 48
Residency of Rembang :
Crude liters.. M2, 941, 000
Refined cases . . 232, 904
Number of producing wells 4
In reducing the liters in the above table to barrels we have assumed the liter to be equal to 1.0567 quarts, or iu a barrel of 42 gallons there are 159 liters.
The production of petroleum in Java, so far as we have returns, is shown in the following table:
Production of crude petroleum in Java from 189S to 1895.
Year.
United States
barrel of 42
gallons.
i 1894 168,000 !
I 1895 293,654 i
Russia.
In stating the production of crude petroleum in Eussia, the figures of the Council of the Congress of Russian Petroleum Producers have been taken, given in millions of poods. In reducing these to barrels it has been assumed that the average gravity of Russian oil is 0.875, and that an American barrel of 42 gallons contains 10.18 poods. In Russian and English publications 8 are regarded as equal to 1 barrel, but this is the English barrel, and not the American barrel of 42 gallons. Two distinct statements of production of Russian crude petroleum are given, one known as total production,'' which includes not only the crude collected and refined or sold as fuel oil, but also an estimate of Ihe oil wasted or not collected, as well as that used for fuel for pumping the wells. The second statement shows profitable production/' that is, the amount of crude oil put into tanks or reservoirs.
1 213,264 U. S. barrels of 42 gallons. 81,390 r. S. barrelii of 42 gallons.
Petroleum.
The total production of crude petroleum on the Apsheron Peninsula and the shipments of the chief petroleum products from Baku from 1880 to 1895 have been as follows:
Total producti4m" of crude peirolemm on the Apsheron Peninsula and shipments of petroleum products Jrom Baku from 1880 to 1895,
Production.
S
tilpmeatx ttom Baku.
War.
Labiicating.
ItMiduttm. 1 Crude oU.
Total.
This table gives the total production and the total shipments from Baku, both to Russian and to other countries, and may be regarded as showing the total production of crude and refined oils and residuum in the district in the years made.
The profitable production'* for the last seven years is shown in the following table :
Profitable production* of crude petroleum in the Apsheron Peninsula from 1SS9 to 1895.
Year.
Production.
Year.
Profluctlon.
Mineral Resources.
The divisions of this profitable production among the foar sabfields on the Apsheron Peninsnla are as follows :
Profitable production* of the $everal fields of the Apsheron Penineula from 1889 to 1895
Tear.
Romany.
Bibi-Eibat. Total.
6,768,000 i 10,373,000 6,218,000 U- 096- 000
Wells And Their Production.
There are two classes of so-called wells in the Baku district, <<pamping" and "flowing," or wells worked by "bucketing'' and those that flow. In the former, pumping is by means of large, deep backets or pumps, with valves which are operated by windlass or steam and which bring to the surface at a "stroke" as much as a barrel of crude oil and water. This empties itself into a gutter, and the oil, after separation from the water, is conducted into reservoirs. A shift of workmen at these wells is never less than three.
The flowing wells are the well-known Baku fountains, some of which have given and continue to give some hundred thousand a day, say 10,000 barrels.
The production of crude petroleum from pumping and flowing wells in the last seven years is as follows:
Production of crude oil from pumping andfiowing wells iu Russia from 1889 to 1895.
Tear.
j 1894. i 1895.
Flowing.
Petroleum.
The total number of wells that produced crude petroleum during any part of the years named was as follows :
Xumher of producing welU on ike Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1895.
Tear.
Year.
The statement of the number of producing wells from 1893 to 1895, by months, is as follows:
Number of producing wells in Itussia from 1893 to 1895 y by months.
Number of wellfi.
Month.
January
February . . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
Norember . .
December . .
Total
t
It should be understood that these figures represent the number of wells in operation during any one month, the total representing the total number of wells that were operated at any time during the year.
The number of wells drilling during each month from 1892 to 1895 and the number completed during the year is given in the following table.
JNTiMiiW ofwella drilling and completed in Itu$eiafrom 189S to 1895, by monilu,
Month.
January
February
March
April
May
Jane
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total completed
In the following table is given a statement of the deep wells drilled in each year from 1890 to 1895, together with the total depth, in sagenes of 7 feet, that the wells were drilled, and the average depth of the wells in feet :
Ibtal number of leelU and deep welU drilled in Bueeiafrom 1890 to 1896, loith length in eagenee and average depth in feet.
Year.
Total number ofwella.
Number of deep welu:
Total length in sagenes.
Average
t.
Refining Statement.
The latest complete statement regarding refining jietrolenm in Russia is as follows:
Statement of the number of petroleum refineries, their products, etc., in Bueeia in 1890
and 1891,
At the Apsheron Peninsula.
Total number of works
Number of works active
Number of works inactive . .
Petroleum. 727
Statfment of ike number of petroleHm refineries, their prod ucU, etc, — Continued. At the ApHhfron Peninsula. 18fM). 1891.
Amount of crude treated at these '
Amount of naphtha obtained at
these works, in barrels 50, 000 50, 000
Amount of kerosene of different
kinds, in barrels 6,876,000 7,760,000
. Amount of lubricating oil obtained. .>11,000 609,000
Total production of distillation
products 7,467,000 8,419,000
Percentage of distillation products
obtained 34.5 34.7
Price of Huesian re/iued oil in bulk at Jiatoumfram 1S90 to 1893, by tnoutha. I Cent* gallon. J
Month. 1800.
' January 5. 14
February 5. 03
March 4.86
April 4.89
May 4.57
June 4. 55
July 4.66
August 4. 77
September 5. 21
I October 4. 73
November 4. 55
December 4. 29
Though, as has been stated heretofore, almost all of the produced iu Bussia is from the Baku field, there are a number of other fields which promise largely in the way of production.
Sumatra.
We have been able to secure but few statistics regarding the production of petroleum in Sumatra. It is stated that the deposits are being rapidly developed and that concessions have been granted by the Dutch Indian Government to both Dutch and English capitalists. These deposits are in the Province of Langkat, in the northern of the island, and the product is sometimes reported as Sumatran and at other times as Langkat.
The petroleum trade in the Straits Settlements shows very large imports from Sumatra. In 1892, out of a total of 885,472 cases of
refined oil imported iuto the Straits Settlements, 104,298 cases were from Sumatra. In 1893, out of a total of 1,056,167 cases imported into the Straits Settlements, 276,792 cases were from Sumatra, while 241,229 cases were from the United States.
Peru.
From an article published iu La Yoz del Sur, Lima, Peru, we translate the following statement by Dr. H. Polakowsky, of Berlin, regarding petroleum in Peru.
Some figures concerning the development of the petroleum industry iu the department of Piura, collected by the Government engineer, Federico Moreno, were published in the Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Lima, in December, 1893, but the recent revolutionary disturbances delayed the publication of other official statistics. Dr. Middendorf, who, assisted by Moreno, compiled the latest statistics, says, concerning the production of petroleum in Peru: *'In 1885, 650,000 liters were produced; in 1888, 1,001,000; and in 1891,2,802,000. La 1892, 49 wells produced 500,000 barrels of 160 liters each.' The Peruvian oil field is located in the department of Piura, near the coast, extending from Punta de Aguja to Tumbes, a distance of more than 400 miles. The country is very sparsely settled, practically an arid waste, with no other vegetation than some short brush called mosques de algarrobos. The region has not yet been thoroughly explored. According to an estimate made by Mr. E. P. Larkin (New York, 1866), an American engineer who lived three years in the Province of Tumbes, the oil district comprises an area of 7,200 square miles. M. Faiville (Petroleum, Paris, 1878) estimated the area of Tumbes at 16,000 square kilometers, while the estimates of F. Hue and B. Oreso agree with that of Larkin.
All these explorers locate the oil district between Cabo Blanco, 50 miles north of Paita, and the Gharan range, about 10 miles south of the Tumbes River. This district may be considered the greater part of the northern oil region. Moreno estimates the area of all the oil fields of Peru at 32,000 kilometers. It is therefore much larger than the Pennsylvania oil region, which contains but 350 square miles. Petroleum deposits have been found at other points along the coast. The only thing lacking in the development of these natural resources is energy.
The composition of the crude petroleum is as follows : Carbon, 84.9 per cent; hydrogen, 13.7 per cent; oxygen, 1.4 per cent.
Moreno divides the oil territory into three zones :
1. The northern field, in the province of Tumbes.
2. The central field, extending from Punta Toco to Punta de Lobos.
3. The southern field, extending from 400 to 16,000 meters from the coast between 80° 58' and 81° 11' longitude, and 5° 41' and 6° 10' south latitude. This field is traversed by several mountain ranges of 1,200 feet height, which end at the Punta Pisura, on the Sechura Bay.
Petroleum. 729
III wet years these hills furnish good pasture; there are also several good harbors.
The oil wells iu all these fields are less than 800 feet deep. Oil has been found at some places even at a depth of but 30 feet. The wells are located on the side of a hill or in a ravine, so that the oil can be easily collected at some lower place. According to Moreno, it is necessary, to reach the real geological oil strata, to drill to a depth of 1,200 feet, and then definite success can be only when gas commences to escape. Xo pumps are required when the wells are drilled deep. In the Tumbes district the wells are all located in the plain, and when one is exhausted another is drilled. These wells were not very productive, but the producers were forced to adopt this method of working because, until 1888, proper machinery was lacking completely. It is more convenient to drill the wells at the foot of a hill than on the mountains. As soon as the oil commences to flow in abundant quantity tanks must be provided. In some cases, with good wells, it happens that the oil is thrown out intermittently by the force of the gas. Other wells show very little pressure. In other wells, again, the oil is first held back by the gas and then thrown out in spurts to a height of 100 feet, whereby much oil is lost before it can be collected in iron tanks, or the stream is checked by means of a bag filled with linseed, but still kept running. The cost of a refining establishment is estimated at 200,000 soles iu silver, or about $100,000 United States money. In the interior the cost would be considerably higher. The cost of a well 1,000 feet deep is estimated at 4,800 soles, or $2,400. Twenty large wells would be required to supply a refinery. Of the 49 wells drilled up to the close of 1892, 44 were very productive. The period of production differs with the different wells. One well in Zorritos has been running seventeen years. The other wells of the Talara establishment at Zorritos produce from 100 gallons to 800 barrels a day.
The Tumbes and the Negritos fields, which are now being explored, are level. . The surface strata consist of conglomerate.
The oil works of Zorritos have produced from 1885 to 1891, 10,800,000 liters of crude oil, 5,400,000 liters of refined oil, 2,400,000 liters of dark lubricating oil, 230,000 liters of light lubricating oil, 89,358 liters of benzine, and 54,824 liters of tar. The value of these products was 587,655 soles. The industry is protected by a high tariff. The home product is sold at twice its cost, especially the Talara and Zorritos oil.
The London Pacific Petroleum Company, Limited, at Talara (Paita) has exported within thirty-five months, from November, 1889, to September, 1892,2,000,000 liters of crude oil, 5,700,000 liters of refined oil, 270,000 liters of lubricating oil, and 11,800,000 liters of benzine. The import of North American petroleum has greatly decreased. In 1889 it amounted to 2,000,000 liters; in 1891 to 840,000 liters. The price of North American oil iu 1892 was 8.20 soles 10 gallons, while Tumbes oil sold at 3.53 soles.
Omde oil, instead of coal, is being used as fuel for the locomotives on all Pemviau railroads, as well as in many manafactaring establishments and gas works. The price is 20 soles per ton. It is a cheap fnel? and has scored a great success as such. Large quantities are exported to Chile for the same purpose. All the companies now engaged in developing the oil fields are strongly organized in a financial respect. The most prominent are: Zorritos, capital £100,000; Talara, £250,000, and Heath, £25,000. There are a number of others of less importance : The Peruvian Petroleum Company, capital £20,000; the Mancora Peru Petroleum, £12,000; the Union Petroleum Syndicate, £10,000. The works nearest to the Tumbes Eiver belong to F. G. Piaggio, to whom a gold medal was awarded at the South American Exposition of 1884. His wells are located around an inlet of the sea, and but 20 miles from Tumbes. Drilling was commenced here in 1883. This field has an area of 460 acres. Piaggio pays to the Government an annual rent of 1,620 soles. For each pertenencia (section of 8 acres) actually entered upon, 30 soles are paid to the Government. The refinery is located on the slope of the coast hills, where a settlement of 105 families, including officers and laborers, is established. Two kilometers from the refinery a public bath has been erected on the beach. The different buildings and wells belonging to the works are connected by a narrow-gauge road, 2 miles long, and lighted at night by the gas from the wells. This gas possesses greater lighting than the ordinary illuminating gas. The 14 wells of this establishment have been running firom six to seventeen years without interruption. The Talara works belong to the London Pacific Petroleum Company, of London, England. The organizer of this company was Dr. W. C. Tweddle, of London, the owner of the hacienda Pacenos. The greater part of this field is rich in oil, without any interruptions. It has been examined by several English engineers, who pronounced it very productive. The hacienda is bounded on the east by the Amotape range.
The crude oil of Negritos (this is the name of the field) contains 36 per cent of illuminating oil, 40 per cent of heavy oil, and 34 per cent of other substances. The refinery, as well as the other plants, is provided with modern machinery, and the production has increased to 1,000,000 liters.
The Heath Petroleum Company was organized in 1891 by Francisco de Miranda.
These three companies were reorganized recently at London, in order to increase their capital and enlarge the scope of their operations.
The Petroleum Syndicate, Limited, operates in the neighborhood of Punta Aguja, in the department of Sechura. The machinery was imfrom the United States. Work was commenced at Garita, about 1,300 feet from the seashore, on June 6, 1891. At a depth of 388 feet, however, work had to be stopped, as the pressure of the sand could not be overcome. This well has cost more money and trouble than any
Petroleum. 731
Other well in Pern. First a slratam of sand 80 feet thick was pierced, and then 78 feet of conglomerate, when the first oil sand was reached, producing 15 daily. Drilling was continued through a layer of gray sand 6 feet thick and quartz sand to a depth of 200 feet, the last 46 feet being another oil and gas stratum. At a depth of 201 feet oil began to flow again. At a depth of 388 feet a still richer sand was struck, from which much gas Practical investigations on the part of other companies show sufficiently that these fields are very productive. The discovery by the English engineer ChenhaU, that by adding to boiled quillaya root (38 grams root to 1,000 grams oil) the oil can be changed into a solid substance, is deemed of the greatest importance, the transportation being greatly facilitated. Besides, a large quantity of crude oil is being used for fuel. Moreno declares that this discovery will be of great advantage to the oil industry of Peru. Concerning the facilities for working and the excellent results obtained, much credit is due to the English engineers. Moreno concludes his interesting review by observing that men and enterprise are still lacking for the development of those districts, and that Peru itself should devote more energy to the task, as most of the oil lands belong to the Government. He recommends that the petroleum industry be made a State monopoly, as the nitrate production was in 1876.
NTXTliAT. OArt.
Ixtroductiox.
Among the notable featares in connection with the production of natural gas in 1895 may be mentioned:
1. The decreasing pressure in all of the natural-gas fields of the country. As will be seen by reference to the statements under the reby States, the rate of decrease in pressure varies greatly in the several States, owing to local reasons. In Pennsylvania, for example, this decrease seems to be the greatest, owing to the fact that the gas fields of this State are the oldest and have been the most heavily drawn upon. In Ohio it is the least, the great decline in pressure in this 8tat having taken place some two or three years ago. The shallowwell, low-pressure fields of this State maintain both pressure and production quite uniformly, and though there is some decline in pressure even in this field, the ratio is small. The decline in pressure in the wells in Indiana is midway between the declines in these two States, but if the statement made by the natural-gas inspector of Indiana is true, that when the pressure declines to 200 pounds the wells are usually drowned out by water, the Indiana gas producer will have to contend with a more serious condition of affairs than either the Ohio or Pennsylvania producer.
2. Besulting from the same cause that leads to this decline in pressure, viz, the reduction in the supply of gas stored in the earth's reservoirs, there is a great falling off in production of gas per well. The only way in which the production can be maintained, in view of the reduction in supply and decrease in pressure, is to drill more wells. This is resorted to, where possible, in order that the supply may be maintained.
3. As a further result of the decline in pressure and reduction in supply, the life of the wells, or the time during which a well in a given locality will produce gas in commercial quantities, has been very much reduced. How great this reduction has been in some cases will be seen from an inspection of the reports from the various States. In some cases in western Pennsylvania the average life of a well in a field is but six months; in others, two or three years, though in the latter case with continually decreasing pressure and production.'
Mineral Resources.
VAIilTE OF NATURAI. GAS CONSUMED IX THE I XITED
States.
No statement as to the actual production of natural gas in cubic feet has been obtained, nor is any obtainable. Certain wells have been measured, and the production of these wells for a brief period has been ascertained, and from this production so found an estimate of the total production of these wells and of the field in which they are located has been determined. But it is evident that this is only an estimate concerning which it is impossible to say that it is even approximate. The production of a well varies not only from month to month and week to week, but from hour to hour, so that what would be a fair estimate of the production for a given minute would not be at all a correct estimate for an hour later.
On the basis, then, of the best information obtainable, the conclusion is reached that the total value of natural gas consumed in the United States in 1895 was $13,006,650, as compared with $13,954,400 in 1894, and $14,346,250 in 1893. It may be said here that the consumption of natural gas in the United States in 1895, measured in cubic feet, was considerably less than the amount consumed in 1894; yet, notwithstanding the fact that in many cases much higher prices were charged for gas in 1895 than in 1894, the difference in the value of the gas, or the amount received for it in 1895, as compared with 1894, is not so great as the difference in actual consumption in cubic feet.
In the following table is given the total value of natural gas consumed in the United States from 1886 to 1895, by States:
Value of natural gas consumed in the United States from 1S86 to lS9Ci.
Pennsylvania
Now York
Ohio
West Virginia .
Indiana
Dlinois
Kentacky
Kansas
Michigan
Arkansas
Texas
Utah
South Dakota .
California
Elsewhere
Total
I 1889.
' 530,026
I 5,215,669
j 12,000
j 10, 615
Natural Gas. 735
Value of natural ga$ oom$mmed in the United I8S6 to 189oContinued.
Locality. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894.
Pennsylvania ... $7, 834, 016 $7, 376, 281
New York 280,000 216,000
Ohio 3,076,325 2,136,000
West Virginia . . . ; 35, 000 500
Indiana 3,942,500 4,716,000
Kentucky 38, 993 43, 173
Kansaa 5,500 40,795
Arkansae 250 100
Texas 100 ,
Utah !
Colorado
California 30, 000 55, 000
Elsewhere 250,000 200,000
Total 15,500,084 14.800,714 14,346,260
From this table it appears that the value of natural gas consumed in the United States was greatest in 1888, when the value was $22,629,875. From that time to 1891 the decrease in 'value was rapid. Since 1891, however, it has been quite gradual, owing to the fact noted that meters are being used, the amounts consumed measured, and payments made on amounts used.
CONSUMPTION ANI> DISTRIBUTION OF XATURAIj GAS.
There are a great many details regarding the production of natural gas in the United States that would be exceedingly interesting could they be secured. Unfortunately, however, many of the natural-gas companies keep their records in such a way that it is for them to give any information other than the amount of money received for the gas consumed. They do not even know the number of consumers. From quite a number of companies, however, 377 in all, very interesting statistics have been received, which are given in the following table. It should be distinctly understood that this does not indicate all of the companies from which reports have been received, but includes only the reports from the companies in the three States of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Ohio which have furnished the Survey with all of the information asked. From many other companies the information covers a portion of the items named in the table.
Mineral Resources.
natural-gas record$ in 1894 and 1895, PenniiylvaDia.
18M.
Imm.
Amount reeeiTed for sale of gas
or value of gas consumed 1 $3 739, 067
Value of coal or wood displaced . ' $3 545, 340
Domestic fires supplied '
Iron and steel vorks supplied.' Glass works supplied '
Other establishments supplied. Total establishments supplied. Total wells producing Jan. 1.. Total producing wells drilled . Total wells producing Dec. 31 .
Total feet of pipe laid 13, 260, 590
Total establishments reporting ' 85
Amount received for sale of gas or value of gas con- I
sumed $687,206
Value of coal or wood displaced $905,
Domestic fires supplied 39,
Iron and steel works supplied
Glass works supplied I
Other establishments supplied
Total establishments supplied
Total wells producing Jan. 1
Total producing wells drilled
Total wells producing Dec. 31
Total feet of pipe laid 3,688,
Total establishments reporting
Ohio.
The above table covers reports from 377 companies, these 377 companies reporting concerning all of the items included in the table, both in 1894 and 1895. From this table it appears that the amount actually received for gas by these 377 companies in 1895 was $5,453,349, and in 1894, $6,034,107, a decrease of $580,758 in 1895, as compared with 1894. All three States show a decrease in the amount received for gas, the decrease in Ohio, however, being very slight.
Although these 377 companies report a decrease in amount received for gas in 1895, as compared with 1894, the value of coal or wood displaced shows an increase of $59,276. In Pennsylvania the increase
Natural Gas. 737
was tlSlyTdO; in Ohio, $13,659, while Indiana shows a decrease of $86,172. A comparison of the Pennsylvania figures shows that though the amount received for gas in 1894 exceeded the value of coal or wood displaced by this gas, in 1895 the value of coal or wood displaced by the gas consumed was $191,814 in excess of the price receiveil for the gas. In Indiana and Ohio, however, the value of the gas consumed in both of the years, 1894 and 1895, is less than the value of the coal or wood displaced by this gas.
An examination of the statement regarding the number of domestic fires supplied in 1895 shows that in all the States there has been a reduction as compared with 1894. In Peousylvania the reduction was but 983; in Indiana, 1,224, and in Ohio, 857, making a total falling off in the number of fires of 3,064. The total number of establishments supplied with gas by these 377 companies shows an increase of 49. Two of the States — Pennsylvania and Ohio — show increases, the number in Pennsylvania increasing from 234 in 1894 to 306 in 1895, and in Ohio from 76 in 1894 to 124 in 1895. On the other hand, Indiana shows a decrease from 432 to 361.
The number of producing wells owned by the companies reporting on January 1, 1895, in Pennsylvania was 987; at the close of the year it had increased to 1,068. In Indiana, at the beginning of the year, the number of producing wells was 719; at the close of the year, 784. Ohio shows a decrease in producing wells, the number at the beginning of 1895 being 316, and only 304 at the close.
In all the States there has been an increase in the number of feet of pipe laid at the close of 1895 as compared with 1894. In Pennsylvania the increase was from 13,260,590 feet to 14,348,901 feet; in Indiana, from 10,102,790 feet to 10,500,524 feet; and in Ohio, from 3,688,638 feet to 3,901,315 feet; making a total increase for the 377 companies reporting of 1,698,722 feet.
The above statements refer only to the number of companies included in the table, and only to those companies which made full reports for 1894 and 1895, so that comparisons could be made. While complete figures have not been received from all companies as to the number of wells, works supplied, feet of pipe laid, etc., the figures we have received are of sufficient value to justify us in publishing them. From most of the companies we received statements giving the value of the gas consumed. We have not received statements from all companies. With this understanding, we give below the results of the investigation in 1895 as to the number of companies reporting in each State, the amount received for sale of gas, or the value of the gas consumed, the value of coal or wool displaced by this gas, the uses to which natural gas was put, such as the number of fires for cooking and heating, and the number of establishments supplied, the record of wells, and the total number of feet of used in the transportation of gas on December 31, 1895.
In the following table is given the amount received for sale of gas, or the value of the gas consumed in the United States in 1895, as 17 GEOL, PT 3 47
Mineral Resources.
reported by 569 companies or iiidividaals in tbe several States named, together with the value of the coal or wood displaced by this gas:
Valve of natural gas con$umed in ike United Siatea in 1896, by States, and the value of coal or wood displaced by same, as reported by 669 persons, firms, and corporations.
Pennsylvania.
Indiana
Ohio
New York Kentucky
California
Kansas
Illinois
Missouri
Texas
Arkansas
Compa- ' Dies or indiTidu- I aJii reporting.
Amount received for sale of gM, or j valoe of gAS ' consumed.
Value of coal
or wood di-placed
by gas.
Total.
In the following table is given a statement of the uses to which natural gas produced in the United States in 1895 was put, as by 569 companies or individuals, namely, the number of domestic fires supplied, number of iron-rolling mills, steel works, glass works, and other establishments supplied, including machine shops, brick works, potteries, planing mills, ete. :
Uses to which natural gas produced in the United States in 1895 was put, as reported by 669 persons, firms, and corporations.
State.
Companieeor
individuals reporting.
Bomaatlo
Area supplied.
SstabUahments supplied.
Iron mills.
Steel works.
Glass works.
other
birth-ments
.
Total.
Pennsylvania...
Indiana
Ohio
New York
Kentucky
California
Kansas
Illinois
Missouri
Texas
Arkansas
Total
Natural Oa8.
In the following table is given a statement of the number of naturalgas wells prodaciug in the United States at the beginning and close of 1895, together with the number drilled in 1895, and the total number of feet of pipe laid December 31, 1895, as reported by 569 companies or individuals:
Bcoord of w$lU and amount of pipe Hn$ as reported hy569 persons, firvM, and corporation
in 1895, 4
Indiana ...
Ohio
New York . Kentucky . California.
Illinois
Miesouri . .
Texas
Arkansas..
GoBpa- Diea or Ib-,
I 81. Mm.
Pennsylvania ..' 129
I 299
Total
Drilled in 1895.
Prodnciug Deo. 31, 1806.
Total pipe laid, Dec. 31, 1895.
The Record By States.
Pennsylvania.
During the year 1895 there has beeu no important exten&ion of the gas-producing fields in Pennsylvania, and in a general way it may be Baid that they remain as they were at the close of 1894. Practically, the gas-producing territory is coextensive with that which yields petroleum. Most oil wells yield more or less gas. As a rule, the important gas-producing fields are not superimposed over the important oilproducing. fields, though the gas is produced from the same geological horizons that produce oil. The gas-bearing portion of a given stratum, however, is, as a rule, in the near vicinity of the oil-producing portion. While the drill in 1895 has somewhat extended the gas-producing territory, it has extended it only within those limits that might justly be regarded as gas-producing territories.
The most important feature in connection with the production of gas in Pennsylvania in 1895 has been the continuation of the reduction of pressure and shortening of the life of wells. So far as has been ascer-
Mineral Resources.
tained — and it is probably generally true— every locality in the State has exhibited this feature of diminishing pressore and shorter life. The initial pressure of new wells drilled in 1895 in a district is almost uniformly less than the initial pressure in the same district five or even two years ago, and even this lower initial pressure begins to decrease at a much earlier period in the life of the well, and the time during which a well yields gas in commercial and profitable quantities — that is, what is known technically as the life of the well — has been very much reduced. In one of the large districts in the neighborhood of Pittsburg one of the largest consumers states that the initial rock pressure" — by which is meant the highest pressure it is possible to obtain in a well immediately after it is drilled, when no gas is escaping from it — from 200 to 380 pounds, the time required for the well to reach this pressure being from fifteen to twenty minutes." When the well is tubed with a 2-inch pipe, the "minute pressure," or the pressure of the well after being closed for a minute, is from 100 to 150 pounds. In this district even this low pressure begins to decrease generally after thirty days' use of the well. The life of a well seldom exceeds two years, and often in six months it is worthless. This statement of decreased pressure and shortened life applies especially to groups of wells as they are usually drilled in a given locality — that is, a short distance apart. On the other hand, a well drilled in a given field so as to have a radius of a mile of territory to draw from will sometimes continue producing for three or four years. When wells are well protected by territory, as this is called — that is, where but few wells have been put down in a large field — not only have they a longer life but the pressure of the wells is maintained. For instance, in what is known as the Middle district of Pennsylvania there are quite a number of wells from seven to ten years old which still maintain as much as 200 pounds rock pressure 5 but the wells in this case are very well protected, no other wells having been drilled near them.
As showing how great has been the decrease in pressure in certain districts in Pennsylvania during the past year, we have the following statement from a large gas-producing company which has wells in the three districts named :
Seduction of gas preasare at wells in weetern Pennsylvania.
District.
Preuure,
Preaaure,
Pound*.
Poundi.
Texas
Annstronir
Where estimates have been made by large producers as to the reduction in production following this decrease in pressure, it is generally
Natubal Qas.
estimated at from 16 to 30 per ceut per year. Notwithstanding this reduction in pressure and production in a given well, there has not been a very large decrease in value of natural gas produced in Pennsylvania in 1895 as compared with 1804. This is due to the following fact: Though many wells have been abandoned and many companies have gone out of business through failure of the supply of gas, those companies that still produce gas have drilled more wells and in many cases demanded and received an increased price for their gas. As a result, though it is probable that a less number of cubic feet of gas was furnished consumers in Pennsylvania in 1895, the reduction in value of the gas furnished has been only some 6 or 7 per cent, the total value of the production in 1804 being $6,279,000 and in 1895 $5,852,000.
In the following table is given the value of natural gas consumed in Pennsylvania in the years from 1885 to 1895:
Value of natural yai consumed in Pennsylvania from 1H85 to 1895,
Year.
Value of gas I consuniM.
Tear.
Value of gan oonsnmed.
Ohio.
No new gas-producing territory was discovered in this State in 1895, and the gas is still found in the four geological horizons named in our previous report; that is, in descending order, the Berea grit, the Ohio shale, the Clinton group, the Trenton limestone.
There is the same story of decreasing pressure of the wells and decreasing production to be told of Ohio as was recorded for Pennsylvania. The conditions, however, of this decreasing pressure and production are somewhat different in Ohio from what they were in Pennsylvania. The decrease in pressure is not so marked in Ohio, and while the life of the well is shortening, the diminution is not so rapid as in Pennsylvania. Possibly it is due to the fact that most of the wells in Ohio are small producers from shallow depths, for these wells, especially those in the Berea grit, while they are but small producers and with low initial pressure, seem to produce more uniformly and through a longer series of years than those, say, from the Trenton limestone, which had an euormous initial pressure and produced very great volumes of gas. The production of these large wells, or, perhaps, better, the production of the territory in which these large wells
Mineral Resources.
were situated, gave out some two or three years ago, while the districts in which the small wells are situated still continue producing, with constantly diminishing pressure, to be sure, but diminishing in a very small ratio. For example, the shallow wells drilled eight or ten years ago, from 400 to 800 feet deep in the Berea grit, in certain districts, having an initial pressure of from 60 to 80 pounds, or even less, and being but small producers, are producing to-day practically the same amount of gas, though the pressure is but one-third to one-half the original pressure. On the other hand, but few, if any, of the wells in the Trenton limestone drilled six or eight years ago, and yielding such enormous volumes of gas when first struck, are now producing, while the initial pressure of such wells as are drilled in the Trenton limestone district has fallen from 500 and 600 pounds to 100 pounds, and even to 50 One well in the Trenton limestone, which has been yielding for seven years, began with an initial pressure of 475 pounds and is now producing at a pressure of 17 pounds.
It is, however, true that the cold weather has a notable effect upon the pressure of the wells in the shallow-depth and low-pressure field. Eeports have been sent us of wells in this field which in warm weather will show a pressure of from 40 to 60 pounds while in cold weather the pressure will be reduced to 5 or 10 pounds.
As will be seen from the following table, the total value of natural gas produced in Ohio in 1895 was $1,255,700, as compared with $1,276,100 in 1894. This small decrease is due to the increase in price received for gas and in the value of the coal displaced.
In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Ohio from 1885 to 1895:
Value of natural ga$ consumed in Ohio from 1886 to 1895,
Tear.
Value of gas
Year. Valneofpaa consumed.
Indiana.
Notwithstanding its enormous supplies of natural gas, and in spite of the fact that its wells have maintained their pressure and production in the last two or three years to a greater extent than those of any other State, still these are both declining, and the asserted inexhaustible supplies of natural gas in this State are evidently limited. The
Natukal Gas. 743
redaction in the preBsnre of weUs and in their prodnotion Beems to vary greatly in different puts of the State. In some cases we have reports of wells that showed a pressure of 240 pounds in 1894 in which the pressure is now but 80 pounds. Quite a number of reports state that the reduction in pressure is from 10 to 15 per cent a year, but there is still a large quantity of gas territory, and though the pressure declines the production can be maintained by using an increased number of wells.
In his report as State natural-gas inspector of Indiana, Mr. J. G. Leach takes up the question of the decline of rock pressure in the natural-gas fields of the State as well as that of the future of the Indiana natural-gas field. Mr. Leach states that the original rock pressure in Indiana was 325 pounds to the square inch, and that the pressure was practically uniform throughout the Indiana field, some wells showing the maximum pressure instantly while others required hours to reach it. The large draft that has been made upon the Indiana field since its discover}'' has materially reduced the rock pressure, and this reduction of rock pressure, he states, is admitted to indicate a diminution in the supply. Mr. Leach gives in his report a record of pressures in new wells, showing the maximum pressure in the several fields. The record includes pressures in 35 subfields. This record shows a variation of from 150 to 270 pounds, the average being 230 pounds, a decrease of 05 from the 325 pounds noted as the initial rock pressure in this territory. Mr. Leach draws from these facts this conclusion : There is but little doubt that the pressure in the field will decrease more rapidly in the future than it has in the past."
As to the future, the question is asked, How long will natural gas last t After recording g the belief prevalent in Indiana in the early days of natural-gas production that there could be no exhaustion in the near future, he says: long it will continue to honor the enormous drafts that are being made upon it from year to year I can not say. The fact that we have entered upon the period of decline, that the supply is failing and will finally be exhausted, is not questioned. Not only is the evidence of such decline present in the field, but the history of other fields that were limited by conditions similar to the ones with which this field has to contend foretells to some degree the future of the Indiana field.
The initial rock pressure of this field was 325 pounds to the square inch. The average rock pressure of the gas-producing portion of the original gas area is about 230 pounds at present. This is a decrease of 95 in nine years, or an average decrease of 10 per year. This decrease, however, has not been uniform. The first three years' consumption affected the rock pressure very slightly, especially in the interior of the field. Since that time, however, the annual decrease has been very noticeable and has increased with the years.
Mineral Resources.
I am not prepared to say what the decrease has been daring the past year, but, with the data at hand, will be able to give the effect of this winter's consumption.
history of all gas wells in the Indiana field is that they continue to produce gas until the weight of the salt water overcomes the pressure of the gas. When does this occur or what pressure is necessary to hold the salt water back are questions that can not be answered definitely. In some parts of the field the danger point is reached at 200 pounds, while in a few instances wells in which the pressure has been reduced to 50 pounds are producing gas in commercially valuable quantities. The causes of these conditions are uncertain. The increased consumption of gas is undoubtedly a cause of the increase of the diminution of the rock pressure of the field. Other causes are probably present. As to the pressure at which salt water overruns the gas rock, it is possibly effected by the textural and structural conditions of the rock as well as its elevation. The presence of these conditions precludes anything like an accurate prediction concerning the life of natural gas in this field."
One of the interesting features of the production of natural gas in Indiana is the very large number of small producers — that is, of producers having but one or two wells for use in their homes or in the homes of a group of householders who have joined together in putting down the well. Probably of the total number of firms, companies, and persons operating wells more than one-half have but one welL
The total value of natural gas consumed in Indiana in 1895 was $5,203,200, as compared with $5,437,000 in 1894, a very slight decrease.
In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1895:
Value of natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1S9S,
Year.
Value of ea8 consiunea.
I ooDSiuned.
Kentucky.
There have been no material changes in the gas situation in Kentucky during the past year, except that it is one of the States which shows an increase in the value of the x*roduct. This, no doubt, is due in part to the fact that the Keiitucky Heating Company had in
Natural Gas.
operation daring a portion of the year a Rose- Hastings fuel gas plant, Trhich supplied the shortage of natural gas. It is probable that the value of this manufactured gas is included in the value of the natural gas.
From a communication received from Mr. William J. Davis, of Louisville, Ky., we compile the following information regarding the production of natural gas in Kentucky.
Mr. Davis divides the gas-producing territory of Kentucky broadly into two districts: 'Western Kentucky," the most important one, the gas wells in this district being in Meade and Breckinridge counties, and Eastern Kentucky," the wells in the latter district being in Jackson and acoining counties.
The most important of the western Kentucky district is in Meade County, the gas-producing territory being some 9 miles by 3 miles in extent, the wells varying in depth from 400 to 600 feet, with a rock pressure at the present titne of 60 pounds. The surface rock is the lower layer of the St. Louis group, the drill as it descends passing through the Keokuk to the Devonian shale, the gas being found in this shale. The gas is piped from this district through an S-inch pipe to Louisville, some 35 miles distant.
In Breckinridge County, in western Kentucky, the wells are near Cloverport, the gas rock being the same as in Meade County, the wells beginning in the Clinton group and going through the St. Louis and Keokuk members, the gas rock being the Devonian shale. The wells are from 900 to 1,000 feet deep. This gas is used locally.
In the eastern Kentucky district the wells show a high pressure and large production, the pressure being from 250 to 300 pounds, and the depth from 1,800 to 2,200 feet This gas is not piped.
The production of natural gas in Kentucky from 1889 to 1895 was as follows :
Value of fiotural gas consumed in Kentucky from 1889 to 1895,
Year.
Value of gas
Year.
Value of gas consumM.
Illinois.
The production of natural gas in Illinois is not only quite small, but showed considerable reduction in 1895 as compared with 1894. It is exceedingly difficult to arrive at the value of natural gas consumed, as mucli of it is consumed by parties owning the wells. From the best
Mineral Bb80Urce8.
information we could obtain, the value of the production in 18d5 is estimated at one-half the value of 1894, viz, $7,600.
The production of natural gas in Illinois from 1889 to 1895 was as follows :
Value of natural gas consumed in Illinois from 1889 to 1895,
Year.
Value of piH eonsanMM.
Tear. Value of inw
Kansas.
With the increased production of petroleum in Kansas has also come an increase in the value of the gas consumed. From the best information obtainable, it may be stated that the value of the natural-gas production in Kansas in 1895, including that which was used in the drilling of petroleum and other wells, was $112,400.
The production of natural gas in Kansas from 1889 to 1895 was as follows:
Value of natural gas consumed in Kansas from 1889 to 1895,
Tear.
Value of consumed.
Tear.
Value of eaa consninM.
California.
In the report for 1894 we quoted quite at length from the Twelfth Annual Beport of the State Mineralogist of California regarding the natural-gas fields of that State. In the report of this olBcer for 1895 the value of natural gas consumed in California in that year is given as $100,000. The reports received at this office would indicate that the production in 1895 was less than in 1894. Certain wells which produced in 1894 were non-producers in 1895. However, as no wells were drilled in 1895, and the production of the old wells seems to have been somewhat less than in 1894, we have accordingly estimated the value of the gas consumed in California in 1895 at $55,000.
Natural Oas.
The production of natural gas in Oalifomia from 1889 to 1895 is as follows:
Value of natural gas eontumed in Calif omia from 1889 to 1895,
Year.
Value of ffaa consumed.
Year.
Value of oonsunv
lea.
New York.
The conditions of the production of natural gas in New York are very similar to those in Pennsylvania. Indeed, much of the gas consumed in this State is from other States and countries, chiefly from Pennsylvania and Canada. From the following table it will be seen that the value of the natural gas consumed in this State in 1895 differs but little from the value of that consumed in 1894. This is due to the fact that the supply of gas has been kept practically uniform.
The value of natural gas consumed in New York from 1885 to 1895 is given in the following table:
Value of natural ga$ oonaumed in Xew York from 1885 to 1895,
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
West Virginia.
It is exceedingly difficult to arrive at the amount or value of natural gas produced in West Virginia, as comparatively little of it is used in that State, a large part of that produced in West Virginia being piped to Pennsylvania and Ohio. One of the most important gas fields that was discovered, or at least utilized, in 1895 is what is known as the "Moses" district, some of the largest wells, both as to pressure and production, that have ever been discovered having been drilled in this district. The Philadelphia Company, of Pittsburg, made large purchases in this territory, and the gas is to be piped to Pittsburg. In
accordance with the rale adopted for the Eleventh Gensas, the value of this gas will be reported at the point of consumption; therefore its value will be given with that of Pennsylvania. From the best data obtainable, it is estimated that the value of natural gas produced in West Virginia and consumed in that State in 1895 was in the neighborhood of $100,000. This does not include the gas sent out of the State, especially into Ohio and Pennsylvania.
Missouri.
There are but few natural-gas wells in this State, and the industry is of but small importance. The total value of the gas consumed in 1895 was but $3,500.
Colorado.
Most of the gas found in Colorado is in the neighborhood of Florence, and is found in connection with the oil production of the district.
The reports, as made to us, indicate that there are some 19 wells producing gas, which is not only used at the wells for drilling, etc., but is piped to Florence and used for fuel. One company has 6 small wells in Florence that formerly produced oil and now produce only gas. The pressure at these wells is some 3 pounds only, and the gas is piped through the town. Other wells, 3 miles distant from* Florence, have some 20 pounds' pressure.
It has been quite difficult to get at the actual value of gas produced in Colorado, owing to the same conditions existing in this State as exist in the larger fields in the East, viz, that much of the gas produced is consumed by the producers and no value is put upon it. From information received we estimate the value of the total production of this State in 1895 at $7,000.
Utah.
Some 12 miles in a northerly direction from Salt Lake City, gas has been found at various depths of from 500 to 750 feet, with a pressure of from 160 to 175 pounds. It is stated that there are 5 wells down, with a total of 20 contemplated, and that the wells can furnish 300,000 cubic feet of gas per day. The Salt Lake and Ogden Gas and Electric Light Company have entered into a contract with the company owning the wells for a term of years to pipe the gas from the wells to Salt Lake City and pay the company 35 per cent of the gross receipts. The Salt Lake and Ogden Company have a franchise from the city which gives them the right to sell gas at 50 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. No illuminating gas is made in Salt Lake, the only gas illuminant used being natural gas unenriched in Welsbach burners. We have not been able to secure from the parties supplying this gas any estimate as to its value, but, from information received from other sources, estimate the total value of tlie gas consumed in Utah in 1895 at $20,000.
Natural Oa8.
An analysis of the natural gas as furnished by the Salt Lake and Ogden Gas and Electric Light Company is as follows :
Analff$ia of Utah natural gas.
Hydrogeu
Ethane (CsHe)... Ethalene (C,H4). Carbonic oxide . . Carbonic acid...
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Total
Per cent
Canada.
We have heretofore described the natural-gas territory of Canada quite thoroughly, and need not repeat what has been said in detail. The larger part of the gas produced is used in the United States, that coming from the neighborhood of Buffalo being piped across the line and used in that city, while that which comes from Essex County, near Detroit, is piped to Detroit. From a communication received from Mr. E. S. Harris, of the Standard Oil and Gas Company of Essex, Limited, we condense the following statement regarding the gas field near Detroit.
The gas field of Essex County comprises the southeastern part of the township of Gtosfield, south, and the southwestern part of the township of Mersea, with a tested territory about 2 miles wide and 14 miles long, lying along the shore of Lake Erie, near Kingsville, Ontario, and about 30 miles from Detroit. The productive territory is demonstrated by the tested wells to be about 8 miles long and 2 miles wide, it being the impression, however, of Mr. Harris that the productive territory will be found to be much wider than this, his grounds for this being tiiat a number of very strong wells have been found along the shore of the lake, which is usually an indication that the gas extends under the lake. The gas is found in the Clinton limestone at a total depth of from 1,000 to 1,060 feet, the gas being struck at from 10 to 20 feet in the limestone. This rock seems to be porous, and in some of the wells the cuttings blown out when gas was struck were filled with small crevices. The Clinton limestone in ascending order is followed by the Niagara group, with a varied thickness of from 300 to 350 feet. The interval between the Niagara and Devonian formations is occupied by the Lower Helderberg or Water-lime formation, with a thickness of from
Mineral Bes0Urce8.
500 to 600 feet, this formation being followed by the Upper Helderberg, or Gorniferons limestone, about 100 feet tbick, this formatiou being covered with from 100 to 125 feet of glacial drift. It is believed that this Essex field is a continuation across Lake Erie of the Ohio field, the gas from both fields being identical. The wells are from 1,000 to 1,060 feet . in depth, with a closed pressure of 420 pounds and an open pressure of 380 pounds.
This entire territory is controlled by the Ontario Katural Gas and Oil Company, Limited, and the Standard Oil and Gas Company of Essex, Limited, the former having 15 wells and the latter 5. Both companies are engaged in drilling and extending the territory.
Besides Detroit, the towns of Windsor, Walkerville, Eingsville, and Leamington are supplied from this field. The output in 1895 is estimated to be 12,000,000,000 cubic feet, three-fourths of which was consumed in Detroit. There is no trace of oil in the wells.
We have not been able to ascertain in detail the value of the production of natural gas in the several districts, but in the Summary of the Mineral Production of Canada for 1895, published by the Geological Survey of Canada, the total value of natural gas produced in Canada in 1895 is given as $423,032, as compared with $313,754 in 1894 and $367,000 in 1893.
Imports.
In the following table will be found a statement the value of the natural gas imported into the United States from 1891, when it was first enumerated :
Valve of natural ga$ impfUd into the United States from 1891 to 1895.
Calendar years.
Value.
Asphaltum.
By Edwabd W. Paekeb.
Production.
The production of asphaltam and bitominons rock in the United States in 1895 was 68,163 short tons, distributed among four States as follows:
Prodtictian o/a$pkUum, etc,, in 1896, bp States.
State.
Short tons. ,
Ynlne.
Kentucky 2,359
Texas j 1,058
Utah ' 700
Total 68,163
a Not including petroleum residuum.
Compared with 1894 this shows an increase in product of 7,593 short tons and a deci-ease in value of $5,119. The variance between the product and value of the two years was not due to any material decline in values, but may be understood by comparing the following table showing the production in 1894 with the preceding one:
Produeiion of asphaltum, etc., in 1894, hy States.
8Ute.
Short tons.
Value.
California 51,187 ' $251,991
Texae 3,000
Utah .
Total 60,570
It will be seen by this that the output in Galiforaia increased 12,859 tons, or 25 percent, in amount, with an increase of $32,095, or 13 per cent, in value. Kentucky's product decreased about 3,000 tons in amount
Mineral Resources.
and nearly $10,000 in value. The Texas product was less both in amount and value. The value of the Texas product in 1895 appears greater in proportion than that of 1894. This is due to the fact that the quantity and value in 1895 are for the prepared material, which consisted of 600 tons of mastic and 450 tons of refined gum asphaltum. ntahs output decreased from 1,000 tons of gilsonite, worth $35,000, in 1894 to 700 short tons, valued at $22,500, in 1895.
The varieties of asphaltum are about as numerous as the localities in which they occur. Such forms as gilsonite, elaterite, uintaite, grahamite, courtzilite, etc., are hard and brittle at ordiuary temperatures, and from these they vary down to the viscous semifluid maltha and to a liquid form, occurring chiefly in California, which, while having asphaltum and not paraffin for a base, yields illuminating and other petroleum products. Some occur in a comparatively pure state and others as sandstone or limestone impregnated with bitumen. These are known, respectively, as bituminous sandstone or bituminous limestone, and are classed together as bituminous rock. An interesting table is given below in which is shown the amount and value of the different asphaltum products obtained in 1895. All the varieties of hard asphaltum are combined.
VarUties of asphaltum, etc., produced in 1895.
Variety.
Bitamiuous rock
Total
Value.
a The product from Cline, Tex., is a bituminous limestone. Before marketing it ia prepared at the works, part being ground, heated, and pressed into blocks, which are sold as mastic " for street paving, etc. Part of the product is treated with benzine, dissolving out the bitumen. The benzine is then evaporated, leaving a very pure hard gum. The output of each in 1895 was, respectively, mastic, 600 tons ; gum, 450 tons. This latter is known to the trade under the name of " litho-carbon."
The following table shows the annual production of asphaltum and bituminous rock in the United states since 1882:
Production of asphaltum and Htuminous rock since 188S,
Tear.
Short tons. Value.
Year.
Short tons. Value.
Asphaltum.
Production By States. California
The mining of asphaltum in California became an important industry in 1888. In that year about 50,000 tons of bitaminoas sandstone were produced, all of which was used for street paving. In the following year some attention was given to refining some of the purer grades of the material, the refined product being used as a protective covering for wharf piling and timbers, wood conduits, etc. In 1890 and the two following years the production of bituminous sandstone decreased, due in great part to a reaction from the boom " output of the preceding years, the producers having had a rather exaggerated idea of what the demand for the new paving material would be. The superior qualities claimed for it had to be demonstrated, and several years' trial was necessary to accomplish the demonstration. That the excellence of asphalt paving on the Pacific Coast has since been established is shown by the increased production in the last three years.
According to the San Francisco Journal of Commerce, California asphaltum for street paving is being introduced in some of the Eastern cities. New York, Philadelphia, Broolclyn, Utica, and Omaha are stated to have contracted for some of the California product. San Francisco is said to be behind other cities of the State, particularly those of the southern portion, in the use of asphalt for street paving. In Los Angeles large quantities have been placed on the streets with satisfactory results.
The material which was shipped to Eastern cities will probably be subjected to comparative tests with Trinidad asphaltum, under similar conditions of climate and use, and before a permanent market is established its equality or superiority to the Trinidad asphaltum must be proved.
The following table gives the annual jiroduction of asphaltum and bituminous rock in California since 1888.
Annual prodttction of a$pkaUumy etc, in California since 1888,
Year.
BituininouA Hard
rock. asphaltum.
Short tons. 49,300 47,968
Short tont.
Maltha.
Short tofi#.
Total.
ToUl value.
Short tons.
a Not reported by States. 17 GEOL, PT 3 48
b Includes maltha, or liquid asphaltum.
Kentucky.
The entire product of Kentucky consists of bituminous sandstone, all of wliicli is used for street paving. The product for the last five years has been as follows:
Annual production of bitnminous sandstone in Kentucky since 1891,
Year.
Short tons.
Value.
' 5,383
Texas.
Asphaltuin in one form or another occurs in several localities in Texas. Those which have been developed are in Uvalde County, about 6 miles south of Cline Station, on the Southern Pacific Eailroad. The aspbalturn occurs here impregnating a bed of fossiliferous limestone. The deposit is large and easily mined, as very little overburden has to be removed before the material can be stripped olf the surface. Extensive works have been erected for treating the asphalt, which is prepared and sold in two conditions, as mastic and gum. The preparation of the mastic is a simple operation, consisting merely of grinding the crude rock to a desired fineness, after which it is heated and run into molds and it is ready for shipment. This is used for street paving, etc., the other necessary ingredients, sand and petroleum, residuum being added at the place where used. The city of Houston, Tex., has paved a number of streets with asphalt sheets made from the Cline mastic.
The more valuable condition in which the material is sold is that of refined or gum asphaltum. The owners have given this the name of " litho-carbon." It is prepared by dissolving the bitumen out of the rock by benzine. The benzine is distilled off, recondensed, and used over and over again with very little loss. The bitumen is obtained in a very pure state, and is worth $50 per ton free on board cars at New York. Four hundred and fifty tons of litho-carbon were in 1895, and with the increased facilities in the way of new machinery, etc., which were placed on the grounds early in the present year, it is calculated that an output of 6,000 tons of litho-carbon may be produced in a year. The mastic plant is capable of turning out 20 tons a day.
There are also extensive beds of bituminous sandstone in the same county near the town of Uvalde, but they have not been thoroughly and the interested parties are at present unwilling to make public their plans. Deposits have also been prospected somewhat in
A8Phaltum. 755
Montague County, but no output of commercial importance had been obtained at the dose of 1895.
Utah.
Utah ia exceptionally rich in asphaltnm deposits. Bituminous limestone occurs in large quantities, but the excessive cost of transportation militates against its becoming the source of a profitable industry fur some time. Gilsonite, one of the purest of crude bitumens, is mined in the Unoompahgre Indian Keservation, from 60 to 90 miles distant from the station of Price, on the Rio Grande Western Eailroad, whither it is hauled by wagons. The cost of wagon and railroad transportation makes the expense of getting the gilsonite to market very heavy; but owing to its purity and valuable physical characteristics it is able to bear this expense.
Mr. George II. Eldridge, of the Geological Survey, has been engaged in studying the gilsonite and ozocerite deposits of Utah, and the results of his work are embodied in an interesting paper contained in Part I of the Seventeenth Annual of the Survey.
According to Mr. Eldridge, the area in which gilsonite occurs covers a considerable territory in the Uncompahgre Indian Reservation of eastern Utah, and extends a short distance over the State line into Colorado. Elaterite and wurtzilite deposits occur chiefly in the southern portion of the Uinta Indian Reservation. Deposits of ozocerite, or mineral wax, occur in the vicinity of Soldiers Summit, a station on the Rio Grande Western Railroad, and also in the Uinta Reservation. Maltha, or liquid asphaltnm, is reported in a number of isolated localities, and bituminous sandstones and limestones are also of frequent occurrence, the latter particularly about 7 miles northwest of Tucker post-office or Clear Creek Station, on the Rio Grande Western Railway.
The principal developments in the State have been on the gilsonite deposits, and to these Mr. Eldridge has given most of his attention. The mineral itself is a black tarry-looking substance of brilliant luster, and exceedingly brittle. Normally it is of absolutely homogeneous texture and has a coarsely conchoidal fracture. In mining it gives off a fine chocolate-colored dust, which is not only very penetrating to the skin and lungs, but also, when mixed in certain of air, highly explosive.
The region in which the gilsonite occurs is in the northern half of the Uncompahgre Reservation, and extends a little beyond its limits both east and west. On the east it extends 4 or 5 miles into Colorado.
There are seven distinct veins in the reservation, which have been named, respectively, the Duchesne, Culmer, Seaboldt, Little Bonanza, Big Bonanza, Cowboy, and Black Dragon. The Duchesne vein i: so called on account of its proximity to Fort Duchesne. It is 3 miles east of the post, and is traceable for about 3 miles in a north 40 west direction. The vein is vertical, and has a width of from 3 to 4 feet for about a mile and a half in the middle of the outcrop, tapering gradually toward
J
each end to complete disappearance. This vein has been worked for several years by the GDsou Asphaltatn Company of St. Louis Mo., which controls the greater part of the deposit. It has been opened to a depth of 105 feet, but was accessible only to a level of 65 feet at the time of Mr. Eldridge's visit.
The Calmer and Seaboldt veins cross the western edge of the Uncompahgre Reservation near the fortieth parallel. The veins are about 100 feet apart, and extend northwest and southeast, with a dip from 850 to 880 west. The two veins are, respectively, 14 and 12 inches in width, and Mr. Eldridge states that the Calmer only is workable. The Cowboy and two Bonanza veins are included by Mr. Eldridge in the Cowboy group. He considers it the most important locality in the State. The three veins are parallel, vertical, with a north 55 west trend. None of the veins have been exploited. The quality and characteristics of the gilsonite here are similar to those of the Duchesne, Culmer, and Seaboldt veins. The Little and Big Bonanza veins have been traced for a distance of 3 miles. They vary considerably in width, but Mr. Eldridge thinks they are of workable thickness at all points. The maximum width of the Little Bonanza is 10 feet G inches and the . average from 4 to 5 feet. The Big Bonanza at one point attains a tliickness of 13 feet 6 inches. The Cowboy vein is the thickest of the three, having a maximum width of 18 feet, and maintaining an average of from 10 to 12 feet for a distance of 2 or 3 miles.
This group of veins is in the region immediately north and south of the White River, near the eastern edge of the Unoompahgre Reservation.
The Black Dragon vein is located in the region of Upper Evacuation Creek. The southern end is within half a mile of the Colorado-Utah State line and is said to extend 3 or 4 miles in a northwesterly direction (north 55 to 60 west). The vein is vertical, and at one place (when prospected) shows a clean breast of uintaite 8 feet 6 inches in width. The position of the vein is favorable for economical working. A drift from the bottom of the valley in which it is exposed will, according to Mr. Eldridge, pass at least 700 to 1,000 feet below its highest point of outcrop. Timber is more convenient here than at the points on White River, but water is scarce.
In considering the commercial problems Mr. Eldridge says:
Transportation Routes.
The region within which the nintaite (gilsonite) veins occur is deficient in transportation routes. From the north it is inaccessible except by very indirect roads. To the sonth it is separated from the valley of the Grand and Price rivers by the rugged Roan or Book Plateau and its canyons, though the travel of to-day is in this direction, the product of the Culmer and Duchesne mines being taken by wagon to Price, on the Rio Grande Western Railway. Up Strawberry Valley and across the Wasatch Range the route is somewhat more difficult than the last, and the distance to railroad is considerably greater. The mines in the edge of Colorado now ship
Asphaltum. 757
their product by wagon over a circuitona and hilly road, via Meeker to Rifle, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, 125 miles. It is thought possible, however, by those familiar with the country to find a feasible route 50 to 70 miles shorter than this directly southward along the State line. The Bonanza and Cowboy group of veins is a little more remote from Rifle than are the Colorado openings, though perhaps attended with no greater difficulties of transportation. By the way of Fort Duchesne to Price the route from these veins is about 180 miles. The vein of uintaite (gilHonite) on Upper Evacuation Creek is, perhaps, a little more inaccessible than any of the others, unless it should proved possible to establish a route directly south across the Roan Book Plateau, when it would become the nearest of all the deposits to railroad communication.
The cost of freighting the product of the Duchesne and Calmer mines to rail is now $12 to $13 per ton. Railway freight to Chicago is said to be about $9 per ton. The total cost of mining and placing the material in Chicago or St. Louis is therefore not far ftom $25 per ton. Office and management expenses may increase this to $90. The present price per ton in Chicago and St. Louis for the best grade is $10 to $60, leaving a net profit of $10 to $20. The factors in a reduction of the price to the trade will be railroad transportation direct from the Uinta Basin, which seems probable at a future day, and competition, which will arise should any equable distribution of mining claims be made among the numerous companies that will doubtless be inclined to work these great deposits.
Ozocerite, or mineral wax, is found in the vicinity of Soldiers Summit, and eflbrts have been made to develop the property, bnt the eastern market is supplied with Oalician ozocerite at less cost than the Utah material can be placed there profitably, and only a small amount (about tons in 1893) has been shipped.
Utah's production of asphaltum, etc. in the past five years has been as follows:
AntiMal production of anphaliHm, eU.<, in rtak $ince 1891.
Tear. Short tons. Value. .
' 1891 1,732 $82,100
a Inolodes 100 tons of oKocerite.
bGilsonite only. Ther> wa no product of ozocerite or bitiimiiioiis limestone reported In 18M or 1805.
Montana.
A considerable deposit of asphaltum of excellent quality has been reported from Park County, Mont. A report ou the chemical properties of the mineral by Dr. William C. Day was published in Mineral Resources for 1894. No product of commercial importance has been obtained.
Mineral Resources.
The imports of aspbaltum iuto the United States include hard asphaltum from Cuba, Trinidad asphaltum from the Island of Triiiidad, off the coast of Venezuela, South America, and bituminous limestone from Neufchatel and Val de Travers, in Switzerland, and Seyssel, in France.
The following table shows the impoi*ts of crude asphaltum since 1867 :
Crude asphaltum imparted into the United States from 1S67 to 1896,
Year eodeil—
Quantity.
Value.
Long tons.
Juue30, 1867 ..
Year ended—
Quantity.
Value.
Lcng tonx.
Dec. 31,1886 ..
a In addition to the crude aspbaltum imported in 1895 there was some manufactured or refined gum asphaltum, valued at $36,604. The quantity was not reported.
The question of what constitutes crude asphaltum came up for adjudication before the officials of the Treasury Department in September, 1895. A cargo of Trinidad asphaltum was received at Galveston, Tex., on September 5, upon which the collector assessed a duty of 20 per cent ad valorem, because the material had been subjected to treatment by steam and heat to drive out the contained moisture. The importers appealed to the Secretary of the Treasury, who referred it to the Board of General Appraisers at New York. The appeal was made on the claim that the aspbaltum had been dried but not otherwise manipulated or treated," and was by law free of duty. The Board of General Appraisers, in a decision rendered January 30, 1896, sustained the appellant, but this decision has been withheld until the matter shall have been passed upon by the United States courts. The asphaltum upon which the dnty was assessed, as also some at New Orleans and New York, was released under bond pending final adjudication.
Stone.
By William C. Day.
VAIiUE OF DIFFERENT KIXD8 OF STONE PRODUCED IN
The report on stone for 1894 treated in some detail of the nature, composition, and of the different kinds of commercially important stone; also of uses to which they are put, the modes of occurrence in nature, methods of quarrying, dressing, and finishing for their various uses, etc. The present report is limited mainly to the discussion of statistical features. Persons interested in a more complete treatment of the general subject of stone are referred to the report for 1894 as being the most comprehensive one of the series which the writer has prepared for Mineral Resources of the United States.
The following table shows the value of the different kinds of stone produced in the United States in the years 1894 and 1895:
Value of different kinde of etone produced in the United States during the years 1894
and 1895.
Kind.
Granite $10,029,156
Marble 3,199,585
Slate 2.790,324
Sandstone 3,945,847
Limestone 16, 190, 118
Bluestone o900,000
Total 37,055,030
a Estimated.
An inspection of this table shows a decrease for all kinds of stone
except sandstone, which, having fallen off more than any other kind in
1894, gained a little in 1895. There is, of course, only one fundamental
cause for this general decline, and that is the financial depression,
which exercised the same kind of effect in 1895 as in the two years
previous.
Mineral Resoubces.
Value Of Stone Product In 1895, By States.
The following table shows the values of the various kinds of stoue produced in 1895, by States:
Valu of the various kinds of stone produced in 1896 j by States,
State.
Is.
Granite. ! Sandstone. Slate.
Marble.
Alabama $31, 930
1-
Arizona . . . Arkansas. .
California $348,806
Connecticut . . . . ! 779, 361
Delaware 73, 138 I
Florida
Georgia 508,481
Idaho 14,560
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachnsetts.
Michigan
Minnesota ; 148, 596
Missouri I 128,987
Montana
Nebraska
Limestone.
Total
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina .
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania... Rhode Island.. . South Carolina . South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
I, 647, 751
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Value of Ike various kituls of stone produced in 1895 by States — Continuel.
SUte.
Slate.
Marble. Linestoue.
Virginia $70,426 $111,357 $268, S92
West Virginia 40,000 42,892
Wisconsin 80,761 78,000 750,000
Wyoming 10,000 ' ! 650 '
J
Totol.
U50, 675
Total 8,894,328 ,4,211,314 2,698,700 2,825,719 15,308,755 33,938,816
Graxite.
The following table shows the value of the granite output in 1895, by States:
Value of granite product in 1895, bjf States,
State.
California
Colorado
Connecticut . . .
Delaware
Georgia
Idaho
Maine
Maryland
Minnesota
Missouri
Nevada
I New Hampshire .
Value.
$ai8,806
SUte.
Vulue.
New Jersey $151, 343
New York I 68,474
North Carolina . . . ' 75, 000
Oregon 1,728
Pennsylvania ' 300, 000
Rhode Island . . . . , South Carolina . . . South Dakota...,
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Total 8.894,328
Value of granite paving blocks made in 1895, bg States,
State.
Value.
California $34,079
Connecticut 46 830
Delaware 16, 556
Georgia 232,041
Maine 636,063
Maryland 2,633
Massachusetts . . . . 496, 544
Minnesota 4,800
Missouri 22,014
New Hampshire . . ' 16, 823
New Jersey 39,389
State. Value.
New York $16,443
North Carolina ... 1, 320
Pennsylvania 69, 503
Rhode Island 49,255
South Carolina ... 12, 505
South Dakota 20, 800
Vermont 30,702
Virginia 8,028
Wisconsin 17, 000
Total 1,773,328
Mineral Re80Urce8.
The foregoing table shows a total of $1,773,328 as the value of paving blocks produced in 1895. In 1894 the total was $2,254,587. In the latter year there was undoubtedly an overproduction because of the falling off in demand for building and ornamental granite. This overproduction in 1894 naturally caused a diminished output in 1895, and also caused a lowering in price. Another cause which operates against the production of granite blocks is the increasing tendency in large cities to use paving bricks and asphaltum on streets whose traffic will allow other material than granite. It is not unlikely that the increasing use of the bicycle in large cities is an influence favoring the substitution of smoother forms of pavement than that afforded by granite blocks. A large amount of asphalt pavement and also paving bricks have been laid in Philadelphia during the past two years, and a serious falling off in the granite-block industry of Pennsylvania has been the result in this case at least.
MaMachnaetts. ... Maine
Rhode Inland
Connecticut
New Hampahlre.. California -.
Pennsylvania
Maryland
New Jersey -
Minnesota —
Missouri
Wisconsin
,
Fio. 2.— Value of granite produced in the various States during the year 1995 (In millions of dollars).
Stone.
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§
Granite Industry In The Various States.
California. — In 1894 the granite output was valued at $307,000; in 1895, at $348,806. The gain of $40,000 is quite noteworthy, in view of the fact that in some other industries the year did not come up to 1894 in prosperity. Some of the producers encouragingly of the prospects for 1896, The paving-block industry is at present suffering from the increasing use of the bituminous rocks mined in the State; furthermore, overproduction of blocks in 1893 and 1894 told decidedly on the output of 1895, and, as a further consequence of carrying old stock, prices were reduced. Collections are still slow, and frequently three or tour months' time had to be given in order to make sales.
Colorado. — The output of granite fell off somewhat in 1895, owing to the shutting down of a number of quarries, leaving but few active producers. These, however, speak somewhat encouragingly of the prospects for 1896.
Cmmecticut — Production in Connecticut, as shown by the increase from $504,390 to $779,361, has been quite active during the past year. The product for 1895 is the largest since 1891, when it amounted to $1,167,000. Prospects for 1896 are very good,
Delaware. — Quite a falling off in output is the result of operations in 1896. General depression is given as the cause.
Georgia. — This State has managed to hold its own in the production of granite as well as marble. The figures for 1894 and 1895 are, respectively, $511,804 and $508,481. About one-half the output was in the form of paving blocks, for which there has been a pretty fair demand, although prices have had to come down somewhat to suit the hard times. The disposition of granite in its natural occurrence in Stone Mountain is such as to render quarrying easy and much cheaper than in many other places.
Maine. — The granite output in Maine declined from $1,551,036 in 1894 to $1,400,000 in 1895. Quite a large number of small quarries ceased operations altogether for the time, but they will probably resume when general business improves. Operators who have continued through the past three years without interruption have complained of poor business and constantly lowering prices, particularly in the case of paving blocks. The increasing use of asphaltum and of various kinds of paving bricks is beginning to be felt by producers of Belgian blocks, which, on being thrown out in large cities, have declined in price sufficiently to allow of their use in some towns that have heretofore been content with macadam or similar cheap paving material. Some of the producers of the finer kinds of granite are complaining of competition with Scotch granite, which, they say, is more profitable to dealers than the American.
Maryland.— Hhe value of the output in 1894 was $308,966 and in 1896 $276,020, thus showing a decrease. The industry generally was dulL
Stone. 765
A few large crrders were filled by some of the leading producers, bat these constituted almost the entire basinesH for the year.
MassackusetU. — This State still stands at the head of the list of those producing granite. The reason for this preeminence is mainly that stone of all grades is to be found in the State, from the finest ornamental stock to such material as is adapted only to road metal or paving blocks. The quarrymen can thus adapt to changing demandsaswell as to periods of financial depression better than those of other regions in which the stone is restricted to fewer uses. The product in 1894 was valued at $1,994,830, in 1895 at 1 1,918,894; so that while there has been some decrease, it is not proportionately large. The general complaint of lower prices for paving blocks is ver>' similar to that so liberally made in Maine. As is also the case in Maine, a large number of small quarries have ceased operations entirely for the present, although when business improves they will probably revive.
Minnesota. — Production in Minnesota is about the same for 1895 as for 1894, although the amount is only one-half what was quarried in 1892. All of the operators complain of the dullness of trade, although some are hopeful as to in 1896. A number of quarries ceased operations entirely.
Missouri. — The output of granite in Missouri is somewhat in advance of 1894, but the figures are decidedly below those of previous years, particularly 1890, when the product was valued at $500,000. In a number of Western States, including Missouri, crushed granite formed an important part of the output. The use of crushed granite in road making seems to be increasing in a very satisfactory manner, a result due to a general disposition to improve roads, aided by the cheapness of stone owing to hard times.
ew Hampshire. — A very decided falling off in output marks the granite industry of New Hampshire in 1895. Without exception producers report very poor business and many ceased work entirely. Although many operators express themselves as disheartened, a few predict much improvement for 1896. Complaints of foreign competition are made by a number of producers.
New Jersey. — Very little was accomplished in New Jersey during the past year. The stone is mostly trap rock and is largely used for road making at present, much of the stone being crushed.
New York. — Low prices prevailed throughout the year in New York. Much of the product was crushed stone for road work. Prospects for 1896 are more encouraging.
North Carolina. — Poor demands and low prices characterized the industry for 1895. Much of the product was for paving and curbing. Judging from the abundance of easily quarried granite of good quality in the State, ordinary prosperity in general business will undoubtedly result in making the granite industry quite an important one in North Carolina in the course of a few years.
Mineral Resources.
Pennsylvania. — Many quarries closed during the year. Those that continued in operation report very poor business. Some claims have been made that the extensive use of brick and asphal turn for paving material in Philadelphia has seriously reduced the paving-block output
Rhode Island. — The special item of interest which attaches to the consideration of granite in Bhode Island is the fact that this State leads in the production of monumental and ornamental stock. The quarries of Westerly are the most important. The output of 1894, valued at $1,211,439, was the largest in the history of the State. The product of 1895 was valued at $968,473, and while this is less than the product of 1894 it is greater than that of any year previous to 1894. Prospec*.ts for 1896 are regarded as good.
8outh Carolina. — Dull business is More than half the output was in the form of paving blocks, prices for which were low.
Vermont. — Hard times and low prices have not been able to prevent a larger output in Vermont. The value of the product in 1894 was $893,956, in 1895, $1,007,718, thus exceeding $1,000,000. With the exception of a slight decline in 1892 the value of the output in Vermont has steadily increased, so that the figure for 1895 is the highest ever reached in the history of the State. It is interesting to note that Vermont is the only granite-producing State which has regularly increased in output, so that for last year the figures reached a maximum.
Firpmia.— Business on the whole was very dull in Virginia during 1895. The outlook for 1896 is somewhat better.
Wisconsin. — The same conditions of depression that existed in 1894 are again referred to by producers in Wisconsin to account for a very poor condition of business in 1895. The value of the output in the latter year is about one-half that of 1894.
MABBIiE. VALUE OF MARBLE PRODUCT BY STATES.
The following table shows the value of the marble produced in the United States during the year 1895, by States:
Value of marble product for the year 1895 by States.
State.
California . Georgia . . .
Idaho
Iowa
Value.
Maryland 145,000
Massachasetts 2, 000
State.
Value.
New York i $207,828
Pennsylvania 59,787
Tennessee 362,277
Vermont 1,321,598
Total 2,825,719
Btone.
The value of the output in 1894 was $3,199,585. A falling off of $373,860 is thas evident. Improvement in the industry was noticeable toward the latter part of the year, and many of the producers speak quite hopefully of still more decided improvement in 1896. A number of operators who were entirely inactive in 1895 contemplate a resumption of business in 1896. The chief cause of the decline in 1895 was, naturally, business depression, causing greater economy in the use of ornamental material of every kind. Another reason is one which is independent of hard times — namely, the increasing use of granite for cemetery purposes and for polished interior work in public buildings. Owing to the invention of new machinery for turning, polishing, and carving granite, and the use of improved abrasive material, this stone is coming more and more into general use and thus into competition to a certain extent with the softer and more easily finished marble. Prices for marble products have declined somewhat in a number of localities during the past two years.
The adoption of a number of the leading marbles of the United States in the new Congressional Library Building in Washington furnishes a fine opportunity for the comparative study of these materials as well as of a number of varieties of Italian marble. Probably no other building in the world shows so well the beauties and fine effects obtainable in marble, whether in polished slabs or carved or otherwise finished, as does this magnificent structure.
The following table shows the value, by States, of the marble produced during the years 1890 to 1895, inclusive :
Value of marble, by States, from 1890 to 1895, '
State.
California
Georgia
Idaho
Iowa '
Maryland
1 Massachusetts
Xew York
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
1 Vermont
Scattering
Total
Value ofmarhUf by StateSyfrom 1890 to id5— Cod tinned.
State.
California
Georgia
Idaho
Iowa
Maryland
Massachusetts
New York
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Vermont
Scattering
Total I 2,411,092
206, 926 I 27,000 150,000 , 1,621,000 I
2,
2,
The Marble Industry In The Various States.
California, — Marble quarrying in California was very much restricted during 1895/ and producers, without exception, have expressed themselves in the most unqualified manner to the effect that there was scarcely any inducement to continue quarrying during the year. Operators are awaiting such revival in business as will justify them in renewing their efforts. Under ordinarily good conditions of trade the State is equal to a production of marble valued at $100,000 per annum, but, as is evident from the table of production, the figure for 1895 is far below this limit.
Idaho. — A small amount of marble was produced in Cassia County during 1895. Larger amounts would doubtless be quarried if business were in a normal condition. Quarries are at present being opened near Albion, Cassia County, and an output may be looked for firom these in 1896.
Georgia. — The activity of marble quarrying in Georgia during the past two years is almost phenomenal, when the depressing conditions of trade generally are considered. The product for 1896 was valued at $689,229, which falls but little below the corresponding figure for 1894.
A most commendable spirit of business enterprise has been shown in the development of these quarries since the year 1884. The stone is now well and favorably known throughout the country for interior decoration as well as for outside construction and cemetery work.
Improvement in demands was noticed toward the latter part of the year, and for building, both exterior and interior, the outlook for 1896 is good, much better, in fact, than for ornamental and cemetery products.
Iowa. — Marble production in Iowa is of recent date, but, as the material appears to withstand exposure very well, there is no reason why
Stone. 769
it should not develop into a industry. The stone is not what would be called highly crystalline, and some of it is not, in the strict sense of the term, true marble; it is really a coralline limestone in various stages of metamorphism, some of it being crystalline. In the form of mantels and other kinds of interior decoration it gives very pleasing effects, some of the coral markings being very delicate and beautiful. As is evident from the table of production, but little has as yet been accomplished in the way of actual output.
Maryland. — The Maryland marble quarries, like those in a number of other States, have produced less stone in 1895 than in the preceding year, but, with the improvement in general trade, activity in quarrying will doubtless increase. The Maryland marble is so thoroughly well known for its desirable qualities that, while production fluctuates a little according to changes in commercial activity, it is as little affected by financial depression as any similar stone in the country.
Massachusetts. — Marble from quarries at Lee, in this State, has long been quarried, but at present but little is being produced.
Ifew York. — In 1894 the value of the marble output was much higher than usual. This was due to greatly increased activity at Tuckahoe. The figure for 1895, namely, $207,828, is somewhat below the customary output, but the restricted is entirely due to the depression in business, which caused a number of quarries to suspend operations for the year. Some of them resumed production early in 1896, and the quarrymen regard indications for 1896 as much better than for two years past.
Pennsylvania. — Quarries in Montgomery and Chester counties produce an annual output of about $65,000 value. The Montgomery County stone has been known to the trade for a long time, and for building purposes it has a well-established reputation. The Chester County stone is of comparatively recent discovery, but it is rapidly making a reputation for its adaptability to building for which most of it is used.
Tennessee. — During the past year quite a significant advance has been in the marble industry of this State. In spite of financial depression the value of the output has increased from $231,796 in 1894 to $362,277 in 1895. The chief use to which Tennessee marble has been put in the past is interior decoration, although at the when marble-topped furniture was fashionable large quantities were devoted to this use. At present the stone is strongly advocated by the producers as an outside building material; judging from its appearance in a number of buildings in which it has been used it will probably make a reputation in this line. Improvements in quarrying methods are being made, and it will be a matter of surprise if the industry does not show a remarkable advance within the next few years.
Vermont. — About one half of the marble output of this country comes from Vermont. In 1892 the value of the output was $2,275,000, 17 a£OL, PT 3 49
Mineral Resources.
probably the highest figure which the industry has ever reached in any one year. Since that time there has been a decline, caused entirely by the general dullness of business. The output for 1895 is valued at $1,321,598. Indications for 1896 are for better business than for several years past. A few firms who have almost entirely suspended operations during 1895 expect to resume in 1896.
Value Of Slate Product, By States.
The following table shows the output of rocflng and milled slate in 1895:
Value of slate product in 1896, by States.
State.
Roofing slate.
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey ..
New York
Pennsylvania.
Vermont
Virginia
Total
Squares.
Value.
Other
purposes
Total value.
The table shows a total output of 729,927 squares of roofing slate, valued at $2,351,509. The corresponding totals for 1894 were 738,222 squares, and $2,301,138. It is evident that, although the number of squares produced is somewhat less in 1895, the value is greater, show- . ing an increase in the value per square, namely, from $3.11 in 1894, to $3.23 in 1895.
This gain in value per square is not what would be expected as the result of reading statements made by many of the producers, who claimed that prices had fallen since 1894. Taken as a whole, the slate industry is in better condition than it was a year ago. The following table shows the average annual price per square of roofing slate since 1890:
Average annual price per square of roofing slate for the entire country,
Stone.
The following table shows the value of the production of slate by States during the years 1890 to 1895, inclusive:
Value of tlaUf fry States, from 1890 to 1896.
Value.
Arkansas
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey —
New York
Pennsylvania..
Utah
Vermont 236,350
Virginia 30,457
Other -OUT'
poses tliMi
roofing, value.
Total value
Total 835,625 12,797,904
Arkansas
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania..
Utah
Vermont
Virginia ,
Other States a.
Total 893,312 13,125,410
Inclndea Arkansas, Michigan, and Utah.
Value of slate, hy States, from 1890 to Continaed.
State.
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey . . . New York Peunaylvania. Utah
Vermont ... Virginia ...
Total
State.
Arkansas
California
Qeorgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey . . . New York Pennsylvania
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Boofing slate.
Value.
Other parpones toaii roofing, valno,
Total value.
i:
Roofing
Squaret.
Value.
Other purpose
H than
roofing, value.
Total
Total value.
STONE. Value of Slate, fry Stafee, from 1890 to 1895— Continued,
Stote.
BooflDg slato.
Value.
Other purpones tban rooflng, value.
Total value.
California am
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Total
State.
Roofing slate.
Yalae.
Other purposes than roofing, value.
Total value.
California
Sqvarea.
Oeorffia ...
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey .
New York
Pennsylvania
Vermont
Virginia
Total
The Slate Industry In The Various States.
California. — While the production of slate in California has never yet reached large proportions, the product has always commanded a good price. The demand for slate as a roofing material is curtailed by the cheapness and excellence of redwood shingles produced in the State. There is no reason at present to expect that the production of roofing slate will increase markedly within the next few years. The output comes entirely from Eldorado County.
Georgia. — The output of slate in Georgia has been about the same for the past five years, with the exception of 1894, when it reached a total of 5,000 squares. In 1895 the total was 2,500 squares, but indications for steady improvement are better now than they have been, as the producers are better prepared than formerly to fill orders promptly. There seems to be no reason why the production of slate in the South should not prosper, for the material is good and should supply the whole Southern trade, both for roofing purposes and manufactured articles or milled stock. The entire output comes from Polk County.
Maine. — Quarries in Piscataquis County yielded an output valued at $140,154. Of this value, $118,791 represents the value of 23,774 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder is the value of milled stock. The roofing slate commands a price well above the average for the country.
MaryUmd. — Productive quarries are all in Harford County, near the Pennsylvania State line, and form a part of what is known as the Peach Bottom region. The product has always leen favorably regarded for roofing purposes, and the price per square is higher than the average for Pennsylvania slate.
yew Jersey. — The slate produced in this State comes from Sussex County, and the quarries form a continuation of the Pennsylvania slate belt. Production on the Kew Jersey side of the line has never been very considerable.
Jew York. — The output of 13,624 squares of roofing slate, valued at $90,150, comes from Washington County, near the Vermont line. Most of the product is of a bright cherry-red color, and as it is the only slate in the country of this color it commands a high price. Used with black slate, it forms a very pleasing combination in the roof.
Pennsylvania. — The value of the slate output in Pennsylvania amounts each year to more than half of the total value for the whole country.
The productive counties are Berks, Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, and York. There is very little difference between the years 1894 and 1895 in total output, but it is interetiting to note that the average value per square has increased from $3.35 in 1894 to $3.39 in 1895. This difference is not great, to be sure, but it is sufficient to indicate an improvement, which will probably continue in 1896, as the general prosperity of the country increases in its recovery from the depression of the past few years.
Stone.
Vermont — This State is second only to Pennsylvania in the production of slate. The product comes firom Butland County and differs from Pennsylvania slate in color, the latter being entirely black, or nearly so, while Vermont slate is of various shades of green and purple.
Vermont slate is easily and cheaply quarried, and the industry can be sucoessftilly prosecuted at lower prices square than in any other State. There has been but little change (a slight increase) over 1894, but as is true in Pennsylvania also, indications for improvement in 1896 are good. The average price per square in 1894 was $2,12, while in 1895 it was $2.40.
Virginia. — The output comes from Buckingham (bounty. Although there was a slight decrease in output in 1895, it is hardly sufficient to be significant. The production of milled stock is of recent date, but seems to be firmly established as a permanent addition to the industry in the State.
Sandstone.
Value Of Sandstone Product By States.
The year 1895 shows a slight improvement in the general condition of the industry.
The following table reveals a total of $4,211,314 as the value of the output in 1895; this means a gain of $265,467 over 1894:
Value of 9and9tone produeHon in 1896, by States,
SUto.
Alftbama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut . . .
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentnck J
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Value.
Stote.
Montana
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania.. South Dakota .
Texas
Utah
Washinn... West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total. ..
Value.
1,
Mineral Be80Urces.
I I I § I I I i I
I I I I I I I
s
S .
i j
9 O
s .
pi' 1
FN f
V
Ohio
New York
Coniiecticiit
Michigan
Kew Jersey
Missouri
Fio. 3.— Value of sandstone produced in the various States during the year 1896.
The following table shows the output of sandstone, by years, from 1890 to 1896:
Value of sandstanef by Siaiet from 1890 to 1895.
State.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida . .
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
a Sandstone valued at$lM),199 was produced by Rhode Island, Nevada, Vermont, Florida, and Georgia together, and this sum is included in the total.
STONE. Value of$and9tone, dy 8taie$,from 1890 to id5— Continued.
state.
New York
North Carolina .
Ohio:
Oregon
Pennsylvania .. Rhode Island. .. South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total 10,816,057
State.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticot . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
a Sandstone valued at f26.199 waa produced by Rhode Island, Nevada, Vermont, Florida, and Georgia together, and this stun is included in the total.
Value of 8and9ton€f fty /Stores, from 1890 to i.95— Continued.
State.
loft.
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio..* 2,201,932
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texfti?
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
The Sandstone Industry In The Various States.
Alabama. — Reports indicate a much more satisfactory condition than that which prevailed in 1894, although, of coarse, the industry is still straggling under adverse financial conditions. Prospects for 1896 are regarded as good.
Arizona. — Quarries near Flagstaff were in operation during the year, producing an output valued at $20,000. This speaks well for the development of what may be before long an industry of some magnitude.
Arkansas. — Operations of sandstone quarrying have never reached a considerable magnitude in Arkansas, but proportionately much more was done in 1895 than in 1894.
California. — Reports of operations in sandstone quarrjring in California are rather discouraging, and an output valued at $11,933 is much smaller than was produced in this State a few years since. Building operations were very much curtailed in the past year.
Colorado. — When the large sandstone outputs of 1890 and 1891 are considered, it is evident that at present the possibilities in this Indus-
Stone. 779
try are far from being realized. It in encouraging to note, however, that better conditions for 1896 are unhesitatiugly predicted by a number of the producers.
Connecticut. — The and long-known sandstone quarries of Portland and Cromwell, Conn., yield most of the State's output of sandstone. Quite a marked improvement is to be noted for the year 1895, but the industry, as in most States, is far behind what it was in 1890 and 1891. Some of the producers appear to be much encouraged at the outlook for 1896.
Indiana, — Quite a decided improvement in sandstone production is evident for the year 1895. Most of the operators report an encouraging outlook for 1896.
Kansas. — A decided increase in output characterizes this State in 1895. The output of 1894 was valued at 930,265; the product of 1895 reaches the valuation of 993,394. This is due to the increased output of a small number of producers. Prospects for 1896 are good.
year in Massachusetts has been the most productive of sandstone since 1892. The gains are due to the considerably increased output of a few important producers. Small operators complain of the hard times, and quite a number have work until business generally shall improve.
Michigan. — The total value of the sandstone output in 1895 (9159,075) means a heavy gain over 1894. Of this total, 935,107 is the value of grindstones and whetstones. In the production of these articles Michigan is annually increasing in importance, and the cessation of hard times iill probably be marked by quit decided gains in this direction. Next to Ohio, Michigan is the most important State in grindstone and whetstone production.
Minnesota. — The sandstone output in Minnesota was quite restricted in 1894, but by the operations of a few new Arms the output of 1895 very largely exceeds that of the preceding year. The outlook for 1896 is encouraging.
Missouri.— The output of 1894 was valued at 9131,687. Owing to the fact that a number of quarrymen ceased operations during 1895, the total output was reduced to a value of 9100,000 in 1895. Complaints of business depression have been made by nearly all of the producers.
Moitana. — The output of Montana increased from 916,500 in 1894 to 931,069 in 1895. The latter figure includes the value of stone used for lining converters and furnaces in the State. This stone was not on the market, but was quarried by the consumers.
Netc Jersey. — The sandstone interests of Ntw Jersey have been in the past, notably in the years 1890, 1891, and 1892, of very considerable magnitude, but the business depression of the past few years has been
Attention is called to a valoable article by Pro! T. C. Hopkins on the sandstones of western Indiana on pages 780-787 of this report.
very seriously felt. There seems to be no other reason for the falling of!;' in production, as the stone has an established reputation as a valuable building material. Many of the quarries have ceased in the past two or three years. The output of 1895 was valued at 111, 823.
Neio York. — The sandstones of New York have been so long and so favorably known that the financial depression of the past few years has done as little harm in this State as in any other in the country. The output of 1894 was valued at $450,992, and while the value for 1895 is somewhat less, the difference is not great. The general opinion soems to be that 1896 will show a decided gain.
Ohio. — This State is far in the lead in sandstone. The output of 1890 was valued at $3,046,656, in 1892 at $3,300,000; since the last-named year the output has been declining, owing, apparently, only to the tryhig financial conditions which have marked this period. The output of 1895 is valued at $1,449,659. Most of the grindstone output of this country conies from Ohio. The value of the grindstones and whetstones produced is included in the above figure.
Pennsylvania. — The output of Pennsylvania was valued at $500,000 in 1895. This means quite a gain over 1894. The product is the result of the operations of a large number of comparatively small producers. Business was much better after August.
South Dakota. — Owing to the commencement of quarrying operations by a few new firms, the output of this State increased froni $9,000 in 1894 to $26,000 in 1895. The sandstone of South Dakota is well worth the attention it has received, and there seems at present to be no doubt but that 1896 will show a considerably increased output, if financial conditions will permit.
Texas. — Owing to increased operations of a few important concerns, the output of sandstone in Texas increased from a valuation of $62,350 in 1804 to $97,336 in 1895. This is the highest figure yet reached for sandstone in the State.
West Virginia. — Production in West Virginia was not up to the average during 1895. There is plenty of good bridge and building stone in the State, but poor demand and low prices have restricted quarrying operations during the past two years.
Mcowin.— Production fell from $94,888 in 1894 to $78,000 in 1896. The prospects for 1896 are much better.
THE SANDSTONES OF WESTERN INDIANA. By T. C. Hopkins.
Beds of sandstone of commercial importance occur in both the Upper and Lower Carboniferous strata of western Indiana. In the different deposits the stone varies in texture from very fine-grained to coarsegrained, and even to coarse conglomerate; in color light-gray,
fl.
Stone. 781
almost white, through various shades of buff*, yellow, yellow-brown, redbrown, and red; in thickness from a few inches to more than 100 feet, sometimes regularly stratified in layers from a few inches to several feet in thickness, sometimes in one massive bed. These sandstones occur at more or less widely separated intervals over all the western and southwestern part of the State of Indiana, including nearly one-third of the State.
The Mansfield Sandstone.
The most important bed of sandstone in the State from both a commercial and scientific standpoint is the one designated in a recent geological report as the "Mansfield" sandstone, which is supposed to correspond stratigraphically to the Millstone grit of the adjoining States. It lies at the base of the Coal Measures unconformably u])on the Lower Carboniferous limestone, or, in the absence of the limestone, on sandstone or shale of Lower Carlnmiferous age. The unconformity is shown both by the erosion channels and the basal conglomerate, composed of fragments of chert and limestone from the underlying rocks. It is overlain by shale, sandstone, or coal of the Productive Coal Measures, or by glacial drift. It varies in thickness from a few feet to more than 100 feet, and consists largely of a bed of coarse sandstoce, but is associated in many places with lenticular and irregular masses of conglomerate varying in thickness irom a fraction of an inch to 10 feet or more, and in some places with beds of variable thickness of shale, coal, and fire clay.
The Mansfield sandstone outcrops at intervals over a belt of territory varying in width from a few hundred yards to 10 miles or more, and extending from north of the middle of the State border on the west in a direction east of south to and beyond the Ohio Eiver, a distance of more than 175 miles in Indiana. Over the northern half of this area is a mantle of glacial drift varying in thickness from a few inches to 200 feet or more, and over the southern part of the area is a heavy covering of soil. The sandstone exposures are mainly to the water courses, and in some instances are continuous for a mile or more, but more commonly occur in small patches a few yards in extent, between which the stone is concealed by the drift or soil covering.
In many places the occurrence of this stone could be traced on a good topographic map by its bold outcrops, forming perpendicular and overhanging clifflB. These cliffs are caused by (1) the good weathering of the sandstone, and (2) the occurrence of a bed of very pyritiferous shale immediately underlying the sandstone, which shale not only disintegrates very rapidly compared with the sandstone, but the acid from the pyrite cuts away the underlying limestone rapidly. The erosive action being greater along the water courses, the small tributaries have cut notches back into the bluffs bordering the larger streams, thus giving the bluff' a very winding course. These notches,
coves, or gorges extend back a variable distance from the main stream, depending upon the size and age of the tributary. In many places the upper limit of the Mansfield sandstone is a crescent-shaped cli£f, with the stream in the middle of the crescent forming a waterfall.
Color. — The many different colors of the sandstone may be conveniently grouped into two general classes: (1) The brownstonesj (2) the gray and buff stone, with variegated stone in each class. The coloring matter is mostly iron oxide in various amounts and various degrees of hydratiour Part of the blue and dark color may be due to carbonaceous material and iron pyrites. A sandstone may be colored, because the grains composing it are colored, or the cementing substance may be colored; in the latter case the coloring matter may simply form a film over the grain and another colorless or less brightly colored cementing substance may be present and form the bulk of the cement, or the whole mass of the cement may be colored and form the matrix in which the colorless grains are embedded. The last condition prevails in the brownstones or red sandstones of Indiana; the mass of the rock is made up of white or colorless quartz grains embedded in a matrix consisting almost wholly of iron oxide, but containing small quantities of clay and occasional mica Hakes.
The red or brown stone deposits contain many different shades of color, due in part to the unequal distribution of the iron oxide, and in part to the different proportions of the hydrous and anhydrous oxides. The prevailing color is a purplish brown, closely resembling that of the average brownstones of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. In general it is of a brighter color than that of the Eastern stone, the lighter shade being due largely to an appreciable amount of light-colored nearly white siliceous grains, supposed to be chert. Interspersed with this red-brown color are patches of lighter yellow-b)*own and darker walnutbrown. In some localities the stone has a uniform red color, in no sense a brown. In such cases the iron is almost entirely anhydrous, and forms a much smaller percentage of the rock, so that the lighter color of the grains modifies the deeper shade of the iron. This color Is a very desirable one, as is shown on the outcrops and in the old buildings. The yellow, buff, and gray sandstones have a lower percentage of iron oxide than the red, and the iron is in the hydrous form. They are more common than the brownstones.
Structure. — In most places the Mansfield sandstone occurs in a massive bed varying from a few feet to more than 100 feet in thickness. In some places the massive seamless stone is accompanied by a few feet of thinly stratified stone, in others by a coarse conglomerate, and in many places by shale and fire clay. In many places it is characterized by false bedding.
Texture. — The stone varies in texture from fine-grained sandstone to very coarse conglomerate. About nine-tenths of the bed is a comparatively uniform medium to coarse-grained sandstone. The remaining
Stone.
one-tenth consists of shale, shaly sandstone, fire clay, coal, and conglomerate. The conglomerate vary from those no larger than wheat grains to those several inches in diameter. In general, the larger are composed of chert, and generally, but not always, lie at the base of the sandstone. The hard crystalline quartz pebbles are sometimes closely aggregated in patches and sometimes scattered through the sandstone. The brownstoues contain much iron oxide, which in some places has ferruginized the often disintegrating them after forming a crust of iron oxide. These are known as iron blisters or iron kidneys, and injure a great deal of otherwise good stone. The iron oxide sometimes segregates along joint planes or in regular masses in the body of the rock. There are certain areas, however, which are almost entirely free from the segregated iron and which will furnish building stone of a superior quality.
The Mansfield stone is in most places soft and friable when first quarried, but hardens on exposure to the air and sunlight. In many places the stone is so soft when first quarried that the citizens are afraid to use it, fearing that it might crush under the buildings. However, no instance of such crushing is recorded.
Chemical composition. — The accompanying table of analyses shows the stone to consist almost entirely of insoluble material and iron oxide. The insoluble material consists almost entirely of quartz grains as shown by microscopic analysis. There are small quantities of mica flakes in places. The iron oxide is most abundant in the brownstones. The microscope shows the presence of small quantities of other minerals in minute grains, such as apatite, rutile, kaolin, feldspar, pyrite, etc
Chemical analjfae9 of ManafteUi aandsione.
No..
Colon of stones.
Color of iuBolable reaidoe.
Mansfield Brown. W
Portland MiUH ...do ..
Judson do ..
Hillaboro do
Fonntain do ..
Bloomfield . . St. Anthony. Green IIUl... Williamsport Fern.
Cromwell, Conn.
Red... Buff... ..do .. Brown
hite. do., do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do., do., do., do ..
Iniiolablein hydrocnlorio acid.
Peret. 92. 16 I
Alumina
Iron oxide
Peret. Peret.
2.58 !l9.39 .51 I 4.91
Total.
Per et.
Peret.
Per it.
Durability. — The Mansfield sandstone, despite its rather coarse grain and friable nature, is an exceedingly durable stone, as is indicated by its topographic features and its appearance in the old buildings and bridges where it has been used. Sufficient laboratory tsts have not been made to prove anything in regard to the stone. One or two samples from one locality show a crushing strength about equal to the average sandstone, a porosity above the average, and that the stone does not stand the fire very well. However, the field examination is sufficient to show that the stone, even though porous and friable, is exceedingly durable. The exposures are in most places bold, dicular,or overhanging cliffs, with compact, indurated surface, the bowlders having hard surfaces and generally sharp angles, with little or no disintegrated material scattered around them. In many places the stone retains glacial strisB well preserved. In a number of structures where the stone has been exposed fifty years or more, it shows no sign of disintegration and is harder and apparently in a better state of preservation than that in the quarry from which it came. The stone should be quarried early in the season and not exposed to freezing weather until thoroughly dry.
Adaptability to masonry. — Its massive structure, coarse grain, durability, and ease of working render this stone suitable for heavy masonry of all kinds, and unsuitable for work where a smooth finish or delicate carving of anykind is required; hence its fitness for building bridges, foundations, retaining walls, etc.
Occurrence of the stone. — The position of the sandstone area has already been mentioned as extending in a broad strip in a direction east of south through the west-central part of the State. In this area, however, the character of the stone and the extent of the outcrops are by no means uniform. Through the northern half of the area the stone is covered by a bed of glacial drift, varying from zero to 100 feet or more in thickness; and in the southern half there is a heavy bed of disintegrated material. The exposures of the stone are for the most part in the bluffs bordering the water courses, sometimes forming bold cliffs along each side of the stream for several miles, but generally forming only isolated exposures of variable extent, separated by drift or soil covered slopes.
The brownstone has been quarried at Mansfield, Parke County; Hillsboro, Fountain County; near Green Hill, Warren County; Judson and Portland Mills, Parke County, and St. Anthony, Dubois County. The quarries at the last three localities are in operation at the present time, the others being temporarily suspended. Good stone in suitable position for quarrying, but not yet developed, occurs near Bloomfield, Greene County, and on Eocky Pork and on Sugar Mill Creek in Parke County. Smaller outcrops of less importance occur elsewhere in the area.
Stone. 785
Buff and gray colored stone is more common and widely scattered than the brownstone. It has been quarried at Williamsport and Attica, and at many places in the vicinity of these towns in Warren and Fountain counties; at Bob Koy, Stone Bluff, Hillsboro, Wallace, and elsewhere in Fountain County; at Guion, Judson, and several different localities along Kaccoon and Sugar creeks in Parke County, and at numerous small quarries throughout the area further south.
The Portland Stone.
among the coal beds at a horizon above that of the Mansfield stone are several beds of sandstone which are commercially important at certain localities, but whose areal extent has not been traced out and which are probably more local in their occurrence than the Mansfield stone. One of the most important of these is the so-called Portland stone at Worthy, 4 miles above Hillsdale, on the west side of the Wabash River, in Vermilion County. The quarry is located on the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, between Terre Haute and Chicago, and the principal markets for the stone are these two cities and intervening points.
The quarry has been opened but a few years and has an extensive trade. It is well equipped with modem machinery, such as channelers, steam drills, and sawmill, and has its own locomotive for shifting cars. The stone is used for buildings, bridges, and similar purposes. As side wall fronts or trimmings, it has been used in two hundred or more buildings in Chicago. The court-house and church at Charleston, HI., have been built of this stone.
The stone occurs in a massive bed, which in the quarry shows a working face of 51 feet without exposing the bottom of the stone. A core from the diamond drill is said to have been taken out to the depth of 69 feet without reaching the bottom of the stone. However, the present quarry face extends to the bottom of the ravine, and deeper quarrying would require pumping, especially in wet weather. As there is no permanent stream in the ravine, if the stone should prove to be of good quality to a considerable depth, it might prove to be cheaper to pump the water in wet weather than to remove the overlying waste material a new surface, since the present quarry face has a thickness of 25 feet or more of shale, fire-clay coal, and bowlder day overlying the quarry stone.
The Portland stone is finer grained and more complex in its composition than the Mansfield stone. It is made up of angular quartz grains associated with feldspar and mica grains in a cement of clay, silica, decaying feldspar, iron oxide, and carbonates of lime and iron. The mica is muscovite in small ragged flakes intimately twisted among the quartz grains, thus serving as a bond of strength. 17 OEOL, PT 3 50
MINERAL BESOUBCES. Chemical analysis of the Portland sandstone.
Silica
Calciam carbonate
Magnesia
Ferric oxide
Alamina
Water and loss
Total
Per cent.
The crushing strength of the Portland stone, as given by Professor Kramer, of Gincinnati, is 6,825 pounds per square inch.
The Cannelton Stone.
Some of the oldest and largest sandstone quarries in Indiana are those near Oannelton, Perry County. Sandstone is exposed in the Ohio Biver bluffs in many places in Perry County and has been quarried at and below Cannelton, but the most valuable stone, and that which has been quarried most extensively, occurs on the bluff 2 to 4 miles above (east of) Cannelton, at and below Eock Island, in sees. 12, 13, and 14, T. 7 S., B. 3 W. The Mansfield sandstone and conglomerate occur at the base of the bluff at Bock Island, but is not quarried except in small quantities for riprap. The dimension stone is all taken from beds overlying the Mansfield stone and in most places separated from it by a bed of black shale. It is finer grained than the average Mansfield sandstone, the average diameter of the grains being 0.14 millimeters, the largest being 0.2 millimeters. The chemical analysis shows a higher percentage of insoluble residue than the average sandstone, but the residue is not all quartz, as in much of the Mansfield sandstone, but mica. Both muscovite and biotite occur. The quartz contains zircon, apatite, and rutile crystals.
Analysis of Cannelton sandstone.
Residae, insoluble in hydrochloric acid
Total
Per cent.
8T0Ne.
The color varies from a lemon-yellow to a light or dark gray. In general, however, the color is comparatively uniform at any one qnarry opening, but varies from place to place.
The color is in no place an attractive one for fine buildings, owing to the rusty yellow tint of the iron oxide which always occurs. It is better adapted to heavy masonry, where beauty is subordinated to ease of working and durability.
The stone occurs in a massive bed which only rarely shows open bedding planes, but nearly always has an easy cleavage parallel to the bedding, so that it can be readily split into any thickness desired. This greatly facilitates the working of the stone, which is all done by hand. In many of the openings there is not sufficient quarry floor to use a channeler to advantage. The stone occurs on the face of a steep bluff, and is overlain by black shale, which is in turn overlain by other sandstone. The stone is quarried back in the bluff until the thickness of the overlying shale becomes too great to remove and to any profit on the stone, which in some places is not far.
The large cotton mill and the Catholic church at Gannelton are constructed of stone from these quarries. There are in Gannelton a dozen or more smaller buildings, storerooms, and dwelling houses which are built of it; also many foundations, retaining walls, etc. It was used in the locks on the canal at Louisville, Ky., and for a similar purpose on the Green Biver, Kentucky. It has been used in a number of places along the river for riprap, retaining walls, wharves, etc., even as far down as Memphis.
The quarrying of sandstone at this locality will no doubt prove to be an important industry, as the stone occurs in a heavy deposit, is easily worked, and well adapted to heavy masonry.
Sandstone has been quarried in small quantities at Brazil, West Baden, Paoli, Bockport, Goxville, Govington, The Glen, and elsewhere.
Product In 1895.
The following table shows the value of the limestone output for 1895:
Falue of limetione produoiian in 1895, with the uaea to tohich the 8tone wa applied.
State.
Alabama $170,764
Arizona 15,380
Arkansas 39,282
California 244,580
Colorado 8, 646
Totol.
Valtie of limestone produeiion in 1895, etc. — Continued.
State.
Connecticut . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentncky
Maine
Mazyland
Massachnsetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missonri
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey
New Mexico . . .
New York
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania . South Dakota .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington... West Virginia .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
An inspection of this table shows a total value of $15,308,755 for the entire limestone industry for 1895. The total for 1894 was $16,190,118. There has then been a decrease of $881,363. The value of the lime output for 1894 was $8,610,607 and for 1895 $6,588,822. The falling off in this item is nearly sufficient to account for the total decrease, but this has been offset by an increase of more than half a million in the
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Stone.
limestoue used for fluxing in 1895. Large quantities of limestone for flux were used in the smelting operations of Alabama, Colorado, Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, while neighboring States also supplied stone in increased quantity for this purpose.
The value of lime made is slightly less than the value of stone used for building and roadmaking, while in 1894 it was greater than these two items. Boadmaking is annually making larger demands upon the limestone quarries.
Product By States Prom 1890 To 1895.
The following table shows the value of limestone, by States, since 1890:
Value of limesione, by States, from 1890 to 1895.
Alabama
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey
New Mexico . . .
New York
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania .
18,360 516, 780 138,091 131,697 (fl) (a)
a Limestone, valued at $77,935, was Id Oregon, Georgia, Florida, Arizona, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The value is included in the total.
MINERAL RESOURCEB. Value of limeatone, by States, from 1890 to 7P5— Oontinned.
SUte.
Rhode Island... South Carolina . South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
State.
27,568 195,066 159,'023 231, 287
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California.
Colorado
Connecticut . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey ... New Mexico...
a Limeatone, valued at $77,935, was prodaoed in Oregon, Oeorgia, Florida, Arizona, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The value is included in the total.
Stone. 791
Value of Hmestonef hy StateB, from 1890 to 1895 — Continued.
SUte.
New York
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylyania .. Rhode Island . . . Sonth Carolina. Sooth Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
1S93.
The Limestone Industry In The Various States.
Alabama, — ConsideriDg the general condition of trade, tbe limestone ontpnt of the State in 1895 is higher than might be reasonably expected. The output of 1894 amounted in value to $210,269, while that of 1895 reaches the figure $222,424. Of this figure $170,764 represents the value of lime made. In its production of good lime for building and other purposes the State is steadily acquiring a high standing in the South.
ArizoTM,, — It is only within the last few years that limestone production has amounted to anything more than a very small figure. Since 1893, however, there has been a regular annual increase. In 1895 the product was valued at $24,159. More than one-half of this figure is the value of lime made.
Arlcansa, — The output of this State in limestone is greater than ever before. The value of the product in 1895 was $24,159; most of this represents the value of lime made.
Calif omia. — The value of the product in 1895 was $322,215; this figure includes the value of lime made, namely, $244,580. The remainder was used mainly for rough building and roadmaking. Dull trade is complained of, and a number of the smaller operators ceased quarrying for the year.
Colorado, — Most of the output of limestone in Colorado is used for
fluxiDg and smeltiiig gold and silver ores. The total value of the output was $116,355, of which $83,346 worth was for limestone used as flux. The output is a little behind that of 1894.
Connecticut, — In the burning of limestone to produce lime, Connecticut has done considerable in past years, particularly in 1894, when the value of the lime produced amounted to $204,414. All of the limestone output, with the exception of a very small jwrtion, is burned into lime. In 1895 business seems to have been restricted to actual necessities, and the output is valued at $154,333. The vicinity of Canaan is the most important locality for lime burning.
Illinois. — Next to Pennsylvania, Illinois is the most important in value of output. The extensive quarries at Joliet and Lemout are by far the most productive. The stone is used mostly for building and street work, and it has an enviable reputation for these purposes. A large quantity is annually used in Chicago. The value of the output in 1895 fell quite considerably below that of 1894. The figures for 1894 and 1895 were respectively $2,555,952 and $1,687,662. The only reason apparent for the decline is the usual one— financial depression, which operated to lower the prices and to restrict output. Some of the larger operators report that the outlook for 1896 is much better.
Incidental to the digging of the great Chicago drainage canal, enormous quantities of limestone have been blasted out by violent explosives, so that while the stone is too much shattered to be of value for building, it is nevertheless applicable to roadmaking, and it will all probably be used in time for this purpose. At present the stone removed in excavating the canal is piled in enormous heaps along the edges of the canal.
Indiana, — Much interest attaches to the limestone output of Indiana on account of the beauty of the oolitic stone for use in the finest buildings. The Bedford oolitic stone has a national reputation as an ornamental building stone, and it is also prized for its adaptability to ornamental carving and monumental work. In spite of hard times, the output increased from a valuation of $1,203,108 in 1894 to $1,658,976 in 1895. In 1891 the output was valued at more than $2,000,000. The latter part of 1895 showed much improvement over the earlier part of the year, and for this reason the producers anticipate much better business in 1896.
Slow collections marked the course of business throughout the year. As was the case in many States, small producers in considerable number shut down altogether, but they will probably resume business again when conditions are more favorable. Prices declined somewhat, and this fact, of course, made it necessary to handle much larger quantities of stone to bring up the valuation to its present amount.
Iowa. — The value of the limestone output in Iowa fell off from $616,630 in 1894 to $449,501 in 1895. While this decrease is quite con-
Stone. 793
siderable, it is folly accoautd for by the strained financial conditions which were apparently keenly felt throagboat the State. The resources of Iowa in limestone are undoubtedly large and important, and as developments go on they will be more and more a feature in the annual products from the State. Some of this limestone quite closely approaches the crystalline condition characteristic of marble and, indeed, some of it is used for ornamental work as marble, and with good effect. About one-third of the output is burned into lime, but the prime importance of the stone lies in its adaptability for building and ornamental uses. The industry is widespread and the output comes from a large number of comparatively small producers rather than from a few operating upon a large scale, thus making the production of stone a matter of importance to the masses of the
Kansas. — Most of the output in Kansas is devoted to building purposes, and of that a considerable amount goes into bridge work. Quite an increase in output was realized in 1895, so that the entire yield was valued at $316,688.
Kentucky. — Some improvement in the industry is apparent for 1895, namely, from $113,934 in 1894 to $154,130 in 1895, but the total still falls somewhat below the output of former years. Much of the limestone of Kentucky is hydraulic, and this is treated of in this report in the article on cement. Kentucky oolite is well known for its beauty as a building and ornamental stone.
Maine. — The limestone of Maine is almost entirely burned into lime, which enters quite largely into the markets of the more important cities on the Atlantic Goast, particularly New Tork. The output of 1895 was valued at $700,000, while that of 1894 was $810,089. In 1890 the output reached the figure $1,523,500, and in 1892 $1,600,000, but since the latter year production has decreased, perhaps on account of competition with Canadian lime.
Maryland. — After the publication of the report for 1894 it was found that a number of duplications of figures for output had occurred, making the total much higher than it should have been. The proper total for Maryland in 1894 is $350,000. Operations in 1895 were curtailed by reason of the general depression in business, so that the total for the year is $200,000.
MassoAihusetts. — Limestone production was at a low ebb during 1895. Production fell oflF from a valuation of $195,982 in 1894 to $75,000 in 1895. Abandonment of the business by large numbers is the reason for the decline.
Michigan. — Business improved very considerably in 1895. Producers complain, however, of slow collections for the entire year. Most of the product was used for building and roadmaking. Prospects for 1896 are good.
Minnesota.— The output fell off from $291,263 in 1894 to $218,733 in 1895. Most of the product is used for building.
Missouri. — decided gain was made in the output of the extensive and commercially important quarries of this State. The valuation for 1894 was $578,802; for 1895 it was $897,318. Three-fourths of the product is used for building and road construction, and the remainder is burned into lime.
Montana, — The output of limestone in Montana increased from $92,970 in 1894 to $95,121 in 1895. Most of the product is used as flux in smelting operations, while the remainder is burned into lime.
N'ew Jersey.— The value of the output in 1895 was $150,000. This amount is about the average annual output for the State. The usual complaints of poor business were made by many of the producers.
N'ew York. — The limestone industry of New York State is one of much importance because of the wide range of uses made of the stone and the further fact that the stone is of fine quality for all these uses. The value of the total output in 1895 was $1,043,182. Of this total $610,206 is the value of lime made, while an amount valued at $406,991 was devoted to building and roadmaking. In the intelligent selection and application of stone to roadmaking, few States are in advance of New York. The value of the limestone output in 1894 was $1,378,851. A decrease for 1895 is thus apparent, but it is hardly more than the present condition of finances would naturally produce. Operators speak encouragingly of the prospects for 1896.
Ohio. — The stone industry of Ohio is about equally divided between sandstone and limestone so far as the total value of the output is concerned. The limestone area is a wide one, and the industry is important to the masses of the people, since there is a large number of small concerns which in the aggregate foot up a large output. In addition to these are a few large concerns which annually contribute a considerable addition to the total for the State. The value of the product in 1895 was $1,568,713; the corresponding figure for 1894 was $1,733,477. A comparison of these figures shows a falling off in output, which is readily explained by the dullness of trade generally and the slowness of collections throughout the year. Some improvement is noted for the latter part of the year, and this leads naturally to the conclusion that 1896 will show material gains.
Pennsylvania. — The limestone industry of Pennsylvania is the result mainly of a very large number of small operators, although there are besides these a comparatively small number of producers operating upon a large scale. For the output of all kinds of stone the State standi first; there is, in fact, no kind of stone in commercial use which is not produced within its limits. In the production of slate it stands far in the lead of any other, as has already been stated in the slate report of the present article. While, with the exception of slate, there are no individual localities which stand out prominently for their stone output in the sense that makes Quincy, Mass., or Westerly, R. I., remarkable it is at the same time true that there are a great many
Stone, 795
places at which a moderate amount of commercially valuable stone is produced regularly and uninterruptedly year after year. The hard times have, of course, affected all industries in Pennsylvania in much the same way as other States, but in spite of such conditions the value of the limestone output amounts in 1895 to $3,055,913. A little more than half of this is the value of lime, half a million dollars worth of which was used for blast-furnace flax, while the remainder is used for ordinary building and roadmaking. A large quantity of the lime made is used for agricultural purposes. Considerably more attention is being given at present to the improvement of roads than formerly, and this accounts for no small part of the increase in output for the past two years.
Tennessee. — The value of the limestone output for 1895 was $156,898. Somewhat more than half of this figure represents the value of lime made.
Texas. — The value of the limestone product in 1895 was $62,526. The output was greater than that of 1894.
Vermont. — Limestone production in 1895 did not come up to the total for 1894. In the last named year the output was valued at $408,810, while the total for 1895 amounted to $300,000. More than half of this value is that of the lime produced.
Virginia. — The product fell somewhat behind in 1895, being valued at $268,892; the difference, however, as will be seen by referring to the table of production, is not great.
Wisconsin. — The limestone output of this State is an important item. The annual prod act has been very steady for the past five years, and has ranged from $543,000 to $814,000. More than half the value of the entire product is the value of lime made.
THE LIMESTONE QUARRIES OF EASTERN NEW YORK, WESTERN VERMONT, MASSACHUSETTS, AND CONNECTICUT.
By Heinrich Ribs.
There are in the region given above several well-marked limestone belts presenting sufficiently distinctive characters to permit the following classifications:
1. The dolomite area of Westchester and Dutchess counties, S. Y., containing the quarries at Sing Sing, Tuckahoe, Pleasantville, and Patterson.
2. The Cambrian limestone belt, including the quarries at Newburg and Stoneco, N. Y.
3. The Helderberg limestones, of importance at Rondout, Catskill, Hudson, and South Bethlehem.
These noten are furnifihed with the kind permisBioB of Mr. F. S. Witherbee, president Troy Steel CompKiy, for whom they were collected.— Hies.
4. Tbe Trenton limestones, with quarries at Glens Falls, Hoosick Falls, and Whitehall, N. Y., and Fairhaven, Yt.
5. The Stockbridge limestones, quarried at various points between Canaan, Conn., and North Pownal, Vt.
6. The Vermont marble belt, extending from Dorset to Middlebury.
7. The Black River limestone, quarried at Leicester Junction, Winooski, Swanton, and Highgate Springs, Yt.
In these seven areas there are about 50 quarries, most of which are in operation. This does not include small openings which were operated a short time and then abandoned.
1. The Dolomite Area Of Westchester And Dutohess Counties, N. Y.
Tuckahoe Westchester County, Y. — The quarries at Tuckahoe are the most extensive, and are all opened in the same stratum, which extends northeast and southwest and has a thickness of about 40 feet. The three firms are O'Connell & Hillery, Norcross Bros., and the Tuckahoe Marble Company, also known as J. Sinclair & Co. The rock in all is a magnesiau limestone of granular character and moderately hard. Its character is quite constant. The bed dips steeply to the west and is bounded by beds of impure micaceous dolomite. O'Connell & Hillery's is the most southern quarry, and is but a short distance east of the Tuckahoe Bailroad station. The rock is used chiefly for making lime, but recently the manufacture of marble dust has been commenced. No special methods are used in quarrying, but a wire-rope tram proves an economical means of transporting the rock to the kilns. The rock from this quarry shows the following composition :
Analysis of limeaUme from O'Connell Hillery* 9 quarry Tuckahoe, N, Y,
CaCOa ... MgCOa... Insoluble .
Per ciit.
Total I 97.90
The Tuckahoe Marble Company's quarry is three-fourths of a mile to the north. The quarry is about 400 feet long and 40 feet deep. The output is used for building purposes. Norcross Bros. quarry is about one-fourth of a mile north of the preceding. The rock is very similar in character, but the quarry is smaller. The marble is sawed and dressed at the works. Two analyses have been made of this stone, No. 1 by Professor Egleston and No. 2 by the writer.
Stone. 797
Analyses of Umesione from the Norcroen Brothers quarry, Tuokahoej N. Y.
No. 1.
Peretnt.
Insoluble
Lime 30.16
Magnesia i 21.25
Carbondiozide j 47. 30
Ferric oxide ' .21
Water I .02
Silica ' .24
Alumina ; .19
Low I .63
Total 100
No. 2.
Per cent.
Sing Sing Westchester Cotmty, N, Y. — There are two quarries at Sing Sing, one belonging to Mr. Henry Marks, the other to the Ossinning Idme Company. Both are on the east slope of the hill overlooking the river at the south end of the town. In Marks's quarry the rock is a granular, fine-grained limestone, dipping steeply to the west, and is apt to vary somewhat in composition. Its chief use for many years has been as a flux for the Kew Jersey Zinc and Iron Company, of Newark, N. J., whose chemist has kindly supplied the following analysis:
Analyses of limestone from Sing Sing, X, T.
Silica
Iron and alumina
Lime
Magnesia
Phoephoma
Per cent.
Per cent.
The rock is carted down to the river for shipment.
The Ossinning Lime Company's rock is similar to Marks's in the upper portion of the quarry, but in the lower portion it is white and coarsely crystalline, resembling the Pleasantville rock. This portion is used for making an excellent grade of lime. The rock is carried to the kilns at the river on a narrow-gauge tramroad.
Pleasantville Westchester County N. Y, — The Pleasantville quarry is also by O'Connell & Hillery, successors to the Cornell Lime Company. It is the largest quarry in the county. The limestone is remarkably uniform in its character, and on account of its white color and coarsely crystalline character has been called Snowflake marble."
Nearly the entire output of the quarry is used for marble dust. The compositiou of the limestone, as given in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part III, page 468, is as follows :
Per cent.
Calcinm carbonate 54. 68
Magnesium carbonate , 45. 04
Iron carbonate I .16
Alumina .07
Silica : .10
Total 99.99
Small quarries have been opened up at Scarsdale, Westchester County, and Patterson, Putnam County, but they are no longer in operation.
2. The Cambrian Limestone Belt.
Newhurg Orange County N. Y. — There is a small quarry on the southwestern edge of Newburg, Orange County, operated by Miller Brothers. The rock is a blue, finely crystalline limestone with a marked bedding. The limestone is crushed and screened and then used for macadam roads in the vicinity.
Stonecoj Dutchess County N. Y. — One of the largest quarries in the State is at this locality, which is 2 miles above New Hamburg, on the Hudson Eiver. It is owned and operated by the Hudson River Stone Company. The rock is a hard, fine-grained, siliceous limestone, and the quarry has a working face about 500 feet long and 20 to 40 feet high. Tracks are laid from the dumping chute along the New York Central Railroad track to many points of the quarry face, thus giving a large working capacity. The limestone is crushed to many sizes and used for railroad ballast or road material. The rock powder is sold in large quantities to the asphalt paving companies. The plant is situated between the river and the railroad track and affords excellent facilities for shipment.
3. The Helderbero Limestone Quarries.
The Scutella limestone is of importance, and is worked by Benjamin Turner and the Newark Cement Company, at Rondout; by Mr. George Holdredge, at Catskill, and by Mr. F. W. Jones, at Hudson. At South Bethlehem the Tentaculite limestone is of importance, and is there quarried by Mr. P. Callanan.
Stone. 799
Rondout, Ulster County K, Y. — Mr. Turner's quarry has been but recently opened. It is a small opening on the hillside about 200 feet above Eondout Creek, and between Bondout and Eddyville. The stone is sent down a chute to the creek, where it is loaded onto barges. It closely resembles in its character the limestone in the Newark Cement Company's quarry. This latter is a coarsely crystalline, fossiliferous limestone of moderately pure and rather uniform character. The bed is about 40 feet thick and dips rather steeply to the northwest, having a shaly limestone as a hanging wall and a cherty lime rock as a foot wall. The stone has been worked to a depth of nearly 100 feet from the surface and for a distance of about 700 feet north and south along the strike. The track, which comes from the docks about a mile distant, enters the cut through a tunnel and branches, the two arms going to the working face at either end of the quarry. The rock bums to a brown lumpy lime, and, according to Prof. F. L. Kason, 2,000 tons are quarried and sent to Newark, N. J., every year for lime manufacture.
Catskillj Greene County Y. — The Empire Stone Quarry at this point is owned and operated by Mr. George Holdredge. It lies on the ridge a mile west of the town. The rock is similar in every respect to that at Eondout, but the beds dip less steeply to the northwest. There is a capping of less massive rock, which varies in thickness from 2 to 8 feet, being heaviest at the south end of the quarry. Under this, two benches, each about 4 feet high, have been opened up. In former years the rock is said to have been used for flux, but its only use now is for dimension blocks. The nearest shipping ioints — Catskill Creek and the West Shore Railroad — are both about a mile distant, and if the rock is to be shipped it is carted down the hill to these points. The consumption of the stone is mostly local, however.
Hudson Columbia County, N", Y, — Becrafts Mountain, near Hudson, is with a considerable bed of the Scutella limestone. Several quarries have been opened up in it, all owned and operated by Mr. F. W, Jones. The stone is like that at the preceding localities, and needs no special description. Some dimension blocks have been taken out from time to time, and the quarrying of the rock for marble was attempted, but it is rather soft for this purpose. At present the quarries are operated chiefly to supply flux to the Burden Iron Works at Troy, N. Y. The rock has to be hauled 600 to 1000 feet to the switch from the !New York Central Bailroad. The following two analyses, which were kindly furnished by Mr. Jones, may be taken as representative of the Scutella limestone at the various localities in the Hudson Valley. No. 1 is by Professor Egleston, and No. 2 is by the chemist of the Burden Iron Works.
1 Twelfth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Geologist.
MINERAL RESOURCES. AnalyBes of Scutella limestone Hudson Valley, New York,
No.l.
No. 2.
Liino
Calcium carbonate
Carbon dioxide
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesia
Alumina
Ferric oxide
Silica
Sulphur dioxide
Phosphorus ,
Water
Per cent.
Per cent.
Total.
South Bethleheinj Albany County, N". Y, — The Tentaculite limestone is of importance at this locality as furnishing an excellent road material. Mr. P. Oallanan's quarry has a working face 500 feet long and 90 feet high, and the stone is fine-grained, massive, and tough. The quarried material is carried by cars to the crusher, where it is broken, screened, and then shipped. The powdered rock is used for asphalt pavements,
4. The Trenton Limestone Area.
Olens Falls J Warren County , F. — The quarries are well known, and have been in operation for a number of years. They are all situated along the river on the edge of the town, and in common show the following section, beginning at the top :
Thin-bedded, impure black limestone
Black limestone
Fine-grained black crystalline limestone
Total
Feet.
The upper bed is used for building material, and is now also used in the manufacture of Portland cement. The lower 15 feet are used for making a good grade of lime. In former years much of it was polished, and made a pretty black marble.
The companies manufacturing lime at Olens Falls are the Olens Falls Lime Company, the Sherman Lime Company, and the Jointa Lime Company. The lime made is rather soft and is said to airslake quickly. It has to be hauled about a mile for shipment. The Portland cement
I Prof. F. L. Naoon. Thirtenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, p. 2S0.
Stone.
is made from a mixture of the upper black limestone and the Champlain clays found overlying it. The composition of the Olens Falls lime, as given on the business card of the associated companies and analyzed by Mr. J. H. Appleton, is as follows:
Lime
Magnesia
Iron and alumina
Water and carbon dioxide.
Total.
No.l.
No. 2.
Per cent.
Percent.
AnalysU of limettone rock, Glene FalU, 2f, T.
Calcium carbonate Iron and alumina.
Silica
Mafjesia
Total
Smiths Basifij Washington County Y. — The Keenan Lime Company has several quarries in the ridge to the east of the railroad. The rock is mostly dark-gray to bluish-black, fine-grained, and moderately hard. Its massive character has been somewhat destroyed by the shearing and folding to which the rock has been subjected. The beds have a general dip to the southeast, and the upper ones in each quarry are more or less shaly and siliceous. The company is now working a quarry at the south end of the ridge and carting the rock to the kilns about an eighth of a mile distant. The quarries in the north end of the ridge have been chiefly used as a source of flux for Troy, but are temporarily inactive. This lime has been analyzed, as follows, by Prof. J. H. Appleton :
AnalyiU of lime from Smiths Basin, N. Y,
Moisture and carbon dioxide
Insoluble
Iron and alumina
Lime ,
Magnesia
Total
Per oent.
Trace.
Mineral Be80Urce8.
. Two additional analyses, No. 1 of the limestone and No. 2 of the lime, which were made at the Albany and Rensselaer Iron and Steel Company's laboratory in Troy, showed —
Analyses of Hmesione and lime from Smith's Basin , New York,
I No. 1. I No. 2.
Lime
Magnesia
Carbon dioxide. .
Alumina
Ferric oxide
Silica
Phosphoric acid .
Water
Organic matter. . Total
er ecnt.
rreent.
The limestone is burned in continuous acting kilns.
Fairhaveuy Vt — J. F. Harris's quarry is situated adjoining the Delaware and Hudson Eailroad, between Whitehall and Fairhaven. The quarry was at one time operated by the Arana Marble Company. The material they sought to use was a reddish-brown variegated limestone found chiefly in the southwestern end of the quarry and called 'onyx," The limestone is not sufficiently massive and homogeneous, however, to permit the extraction of blocks or slabs of moderate size. The chief use now is for flux. The rock in most parts of the quarry is quite low in silica, according to figures furnished by the owner, and its proximity to the track renders shipping easy.
Hoosick FalUj Rensselaer County, N. T. — Three small quarries have been opened on the hillside to the west of the town. They are owned and operated by Messrs. John Dolin, Con Caf&ey, and M. Parsons, to supply a local and intermittent demand. The rock consists of irregular beds of slaty, bluish black limestone, and a lighter-colored, fine-grained limestone. It is very irregularly bedded and its chief application is for road metal and foundations or stone walls.
5. The Stookbbidge Limestone Belt.
Around Canaan, Conn., this formation is a magnesian limestone and is important as a source of lime, but farther north, in Massachusetts, it extends from West Stockbridge to North Pownal, Vt., with quite
Stone.
aniform character, being quite rich in lime and having usually a low percentage of silica.
Canaan, Conn, — Four finns operate lime quarries, all of which are to the east of the village. They are Chas. Barnes Sons, Pierce & Freeman, the Anchor Lime Company, and Gamp & Eddy. The rock is the same character in all of them, being a rather coarse-grained yellowish or bluish white (depending on its depth from the surface) magnesian limestone. Barnes's quarry is half a mile from the railroad, Pierce & Freeman's is connected with a switch from the New England Bailroad, and the quarry proper is approached through a cut several hundred feet long, in which there is a tramroad for hauling the stone to the kilns. At the Anchor Lime Company's quarry the rock is raised to the top of the kiln by means of a wire-rope tram. Petroleum is used for burning the limestone. The kiln is continuous in its action, and there is one burner at the base of the kiln. Its operation has been successful thus far.
West StocJchridgCj Berkshire County, Moms. — The only Arm at this locality is Truesdell & Fuarey, who have two quarries, one at the station and the other about 500 feet west of it. In the first the rock is mostly a gray, moderately fine-grained limestone, with occasional white bands. The quarry is about 100 feet long and 40 feet deep. The stone is chiefly used for lime, but a neighboring blast furnace consumes a small quantity. In the larger quarry the limestone has a similar character, but is somewhat finer grained. Both give a good grade of lime. An analysis of the lime from the smaller quarry gave lime, 91.12 per cent; magnesia, 3.81 per cent.
The Gross Brothers, of Lee, Mass., are opening a marble quarry about 2 miles southeast of Stockbridge, along the railroad, but at the time of the writer's visit, in January, 1896, the weathered rock had not yet been entirely removed.
Lee, Berkshire County, Mas, — The marble quarries half a mile south of the station, and owned and operated by Gross Brothers, have been worked for a number of years. The rock is a soft, rather fine-grained white dolomite, with streaks of gray. The main quarry is a rectangular opening about 40 feet deep. The stone is quarried with gadding machines and its chief use is for floor tiles and headstones, large quantities of the latter having been made for the Government. In addition some lime is made. It is burned in a continuous-acting kiln, and gives a lumpy, slow-slaking lime.
New Lenox, Berkshire County, Mass. — Hutchison Brothers have two quarries about 3 miles west of the depot. The one supplies a coarsegrained, hard, gray limestone, which in certain portions of the quarry may contain micaceous streaks, while the other supplies a soft, white limerock. The rock is hauled to the kilns, which are near the depot.
An analysis of the lime, made by Mr. W. M. Habirshaw, showed-
AnalysU of lime from New Lenox, Mass.
Lime
Magnesia
Iron and alamina.
Silica
Carbon dioxide. .. Loss by ignition..
Per cent.
Total
None.
Farnham Station, Berlcshire County, Mass. — The Farnham Lime Com* pany's quarry is If miles from the depot, on the opposite side of the mountain. The rock is a gray granular limestone. That at the north end of the quarry is much lighter colored and makes a softer lime. The working face is about 40 feet high and 200 feet long. After mining, the limestone is hsvfiled by teams to the kilns at the station. Each team hauls five loads of 6,000 pounds per day. Continuous kilns are used.
Cheshircj Berlcshire County Mass. — Three-quarters of a mile north of the preceding quarry is that of the Cheshire Lime Manufacturing Company. The rock is in every respect like Farnham's, An analysis of the limestone by Davenport & Williams gave:
Analysis of limestone from Cheshire, Mass,
Silica
Iron and alumina
Calcium carbonate — Magnesium carbonate Organic matter
Total
Per oent.
Renfrew, Berkshire County. — The Stockbridge limestone, which is well developed at this locality, forms a cliff 90 feet high on the hillside overlooking the town. The Adams Marble Company, which has recently begun operations, has made two small openings at the summit of the cliff. The rock is a rather soft, white, saccharoidal limestone, and after quarrying is lowered to the foot of the ledge, where it is sawed and dressed. The following is the composition, as determined by Prof. B. E, Olcott.
STONE, Composition of limestone from
Mass.
Per ceot.
Calcium carbonate
Magnesiam carbonate
Iron and alumina - -
Silica
Total
The nearest shipping point for this material is the Eenfrew station of the Fitchburg Baihroad, about three-quarters of a mile distant. The company proposes laying a tramroad down the hill. Messrs. J. FoUet & Son's quarry is several hundred feet farther down the toward the track. It has been in operation a number of years and has a working face about 50 feet high and 400 feet long. The stone is similar to that mentioned from the preceding quarry, and is generally white, although local bands of carbonaceous matter are not uncommon. The limestone in the upper portion of the quarry is somewhat softer. A tramroad about 500 feet long transports the rocks to the kilns. These are of the old-fashioned type, the rock being too soft to stand the rubbing action of a continuous kiln. The lime is very white. The two following analyses, 'So. 1 by P. 8. Bums and No. 2 by H, P. Eddy, show its composition :
Analyses of lime from Renfrew, Mass,
Lime
Magnesia
Silica
Alumina
Ferric oxide
Carbon dioxide Water
Total
No.l.
No. 2.
Per eent.
Per cent.
' .36
/
J
A third but smaller quarry in this same rock has been recently opened by the Farnham Lime Manufacturing Company along the road halfway between Benfrew and North Adams.
North Adamsy Bei'shire County Mass. — Mr. G. Bich is operating a quarry about 1 J miles north of the depot, at a locality known as the Natural Bridge. The stone is similar in composition to that at Benfrew, but contains a larger proportion of carbonaceous matter, 25 to 30 per cent of the rock being a dark gray. There is also a vein of quartz
several feet wide down the center of the quarry face. The rock is mostly used for making marble dust.
North Poicnaly Bennington County Vt, — The Stockbridge limestone forms a large outcrop northwest of the station, but is of quite different character from the beds in Berkshire County. Here it is a hard, gray, fine-grained, massive limestone of moderately homogeneous character. It is well exposed in FoUet Brothers' quarry, and shows a passage upward into a siliceous limestone, of which there is about 6 feet. This has to be stripped in quarrying. The orth Pownal stone makes a harder lime than that quarried at Renfrew, but it is of a grayish shade. A sample of the lime analyzed by B. Schuppaus gave —
AnalyHs of lime from Xorlh Pownaly Vt,
I Per cent.
Lime ' 98.14
Magnesia i 1.40
Silica .27
Alumina
Ferric oxide.
Total..
The Burden Iron Works, of Troy, have a quarry adjoining Follet's, but it is inactive at present.
Most of the quarries in this belt are between Butland and Middlebury, but a number of openings have been made on Dorset Mountain.
East Dorset Vt. — Friedley's quarry is a half mile north of the depot and 1,000 feet above the railroad track. The marble works are by the track, and a gravity plane over a mile long brings down the marble. The quarry face is 90 feet in height, and the upper 40 feet of bad rock has to be stripped or the good stone gained by chamber workings. The latter method is usually resorted to, and several large caverns in the hillside indicate the amount of stone that has been removed. The marble is a bluish white, good grade of stone. Most of it is shipped to Philadelphia for building purposes. Several dikes the marble in the old workings and are known by the workmen as ore bodies."
The Dorset Marble Company has its works at East Dorset, but the quarries are on Dorset Mountain, near Manchester. The marble is white, with occasional gray mottling. This company has but recentlv commenced operations.
West ButUmd Butland County Vt. — The quarries are a short distance northwest of the railroad station, the largest being those of the
Stone.
Vermont Marble Company. They have made a number of openings following downward on the dip, and so much of the material between them has been removed that they now practically form one enormous quarry extending along the strike for nearly 700 feet and down on the dip for 280 feet. At this depth the bed begins to turn and the dip decreases. The marble bed has a thickness of 150 feet at the top, but narrows to 75 feet at the bottom. It is divisible, however, into wellmarked layers, which, though varying somewhat in thickness in different parts of the quarry, retain their distinctive characters. The following section of the quarry from hanging wall to foot wall was kindly given me by Mri Howard, the
Section in marble quarry at We$t Rutland, Vt.
Feet.
Top, blue
Top, white
Green stripe
Thin statuary
Striped monument
Statuary
Average layer, half green, half white
Brocadilla
Crinkly (siliceous; half light, half dark)
Light, Smith
Mottled, Smith
Jackman layer (6 in. green 2 ft. 6 in. white) . . 3
Sherman (half dark green, half white) 3-6
Italian blue 15-20
Mottled limestone, of no value
a-6
Light, nearly pure white 4-6
The green color is due to chloritic mica. There is necessarily a large amount of waste material, and Mr, Howard estimates that the refuse irom the shops is about 250 tons per week. The chief use of the marble is for monuments and tombstones. The rock is cut out with channeling machines and the blocks are hoisted out of the quarry with large derricks. When the blocks have to be brought from the lower portion of the quarry, they are hoisted successively by several derricks located at different levels. At present the company is following the bed downward on the dip, and also running a level along the strike to the south about 50 feet below the surface. After this has been carried a sufficient distance, they will begin to sink on it. Electricity is used to light the workings. The stone is sawed, cut, and polished in the shops near the quarry. The following analyses of the West Eutland marble were furnished by the Vermont Marble Company.
Mineral Resoubcbs.
Blue.
White.
Insoluble
Carbon dioxide
Per eent.
Percent.
Per eent.
Trace.
Lime
Magnesia
Iron and alumina
Total
It is interesting to note the slight difference that there is between the bine and the white. The following two additional analyses were made by Mr. J. N". Harris :
Additional analyses of West Rutland ( Vt. ) marble.
Blue.
White.
Silicate of alnmin A
Per eent.
Per eent.
Carbon dioxide
Lime
Magnesia
Organic matted ,
Total
The white and white-striped layers seem to disappear to the north, for at the quarries of the Albertson Company and of the Trae Blue Marble Company, three-quarters of a mile to the north, only the blue marble is found. These quarries are from 50 to 75 feet deep. The marble is a fine-grained, granular, bluish stone, and is used for monumental and structural purposes. It is sawed at the quarry. Some years ago the True Blue Marble Company attempted the manufacture of lime, but it was abandoned. All the West Eutland quarries are connected by means of a switch with the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
Proctory Rutland Gounty, Vt. — The Vermont Marble Company's works are next to the railroad station, and the main quarry is a few hundred feet to the west. The opening is 200 by 125 feet and 140 feet deep. The layers are vertical for about two-thirds of this depth, and then spread out to the northeast and southwest. The best beds seem to dip to the southwest, and the quarrying at the bottom of the pit is trending in that direction. While the different layers are fiftirly well marked, they are not so persistent in their character as those in the West Rutland quarry. The workable thickness of the bed at the top
Stone.
is 125 feet, bat surface indications to the north of the main qaarry opening point to a pinching out of the marble bed. No statuary marble or blue marble is found in this quarry. The layers in the main quarry are enumerated as follows, from the southwest to the northeast: xa, xb, xCj etc., to xy, xz, Z, Y, X, etc., to 0, B, A, Al, A2, A3, A4, etc.
Most of the blue marble dressed at Proctor comes firom the " Mountain Dark quarry, 2 miles from Proctor, and from the quarry at Pitts-, ford. The latter is known as the '' Pittsford Blue." The marble at Proctor is quarried by channeling machines operated by steam power, but the company is now introducing both channeling machines and pumps to be operated by electricity. There is a fall of 125 feet of water in the ravine behind the shops, which, diverted into turbine wheels, supplies abundant power to operate the sawing, polishing, and other dressing machinery, as well as the dynamo which operates the lights, and will also operate the machinery in the quarry. Altogether this is probably one of the best-equipped quarrying plants in the country. The sand for the saws is obtained from a neighboring hill and is brought over on a wire-rope tramway. Most of the marble is converted into monuments and tombstones, but the company has recently undertaken the manufacture of thin marble slabs for electrical switchboards. The preparation of these requires considerable care, as they have to be exact in their dimensions. An analysis of the Proctor marble furnished by the company showed —
JnalBii of nuirhle at Proetar, Vi,
Per cent.
Insoluble.
Carbon dioxide...
Lime
Magnesia
Iron and alumina.
Total
The two following analyses of Proctor marble are given in the Mineral Eesources for 1889 :
Additional analyses of marble from Proctor f Ft.
Calcium carbonate . . . Majesium carbonate.
Iron carbonate
Insoluble
Organic matter
Manganese oxide
Light.
Per cent.
Dark.
Per cent.
Total 100.047 99.909
Brandofhy Butland County Vt — The Brandon Italian Marble Company has a qaarry in operation three-quarters of a mile sonthwest of the station. It is aboat 50 by 100 feet and 50 feet deep. The marble is mostly white or creamy white, with occasional gray mottlings, and dresses easily. There is one streak 4 feet wide in the center of the quarry which is said to be too hard to work, and has therefore been discarded. The marble is sawed and dressed at the quarry. A number of small quarries have been opened between Middlebury and Rutland, but most of them are inactive.
7. The Black Biver Limestone Belt.
The quarries in this rock are at Leicester Junction, Winooski, Swanton, and Highgate Springs.
Leicester Junction Addison County Vt. — The Brandon Lime and Marble Company has been in operation here for a number of years. The quarry is about 500 feet west of the station. The workable bed, which is about 40 feet thick, dips to the east between two beds of impure limestone, and the material used is a hard, finely crystaUiue, rather brittle, gray limestone. The bed has been followed southward along the strike, so that now the quarry consists of a cut 25 to 30 feet deep and several hundred feet long. As the width of the cut is not over 30 feet, the capacity of the quarry is limited. The rock is burned in continuous kilns, and gives a lumpy lime. The kilns are arranged with special grates, so that any fine lime is separated. This amounts to about 2 barrels in twenty-four hours. The following analysis of the lime was made by C. T. Lee:
Analysis of lime from Leioeaier Junction, Ti.
Per cent.
Lime
Caioimn carbonate
Magnesia
Silica
Pxrio oxide .-. x -
Total
The Leicester Marble and Lime Company's quarry is half a mile south of the station. The rock is similar to that in the other quarry, but is more massive, slightly darker, and often contains streaks of calcite. These streaked portions are usually discarded, as they make a gray lime.
Winoosld Chittenden County Vt. — Two miles north of Winooski is a lime quarry belonging to S. H. Weston. It adjoins the Central Vermont Railroad track. The rock is a uniform, finely crystalline, gray limestone, which is at times siliceous. Most of the stone is burned in
Stone.
the kiln at the quarry, bat some is shipped to the steel works at Nashua, N. H.
Stcantany Franklin County Yt. — The same limestone formation quarried at Winooski is mined miles from Swanton by J. P. Eich, The quarry is of considerable size, but the character of the rock is extremely uniform. It is massive, hard, and brittle. A switch connects it with the Central Vermont Railroad. The following three analyses show the conipositioii of the lime. No. 1 tieing by C. Sharpless, No. 2 by F. O. Bobinson, and No. 3 by J. B. Chilton :
AndlyBeB of time made at Swanton, Vt,
No.l.
No. 2.
No. 8.
Lime
Trace.
Trace.
Per eent.
Percent.
Maesia
Ferric oxide
Silica
Carbon dioxide .,..
AliiniiD A Mid mAQgnAR
Trace.
Total
Highgate Springs Franklin County y Vt. — Mr. L. H. Felton's quarry at this locality is in the same limestone, and is so similar to Eich's that no further description of it is required. The quarry is a large shallow opening about 200 by 75 feet. It is connected with the kilns by a narrow-gauge tramroad. An analysis of the stone by Prof. S. P. Sharpless gave:
Analiis of, limestone from Highgate Springs, Vt,
Lime
Magnesia
Iron and alnmina
SUica
Carbon dioxide. .
Total
The lime contained 99.80 per cent of calcium oxide. The kilns are connected with the railroad by means of a switch, and they are also located sufficiently close to Lake Champlain to permit shipment by water.
Soapstone.
By Edwabd W. Parker.
Occurrence.
Soapstone, or talc, is found in nearly every State along the Atlantic slope, the principal deposits being in New York and North Carolina, though it is also quarried in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia. It has also been reported in some of the Western States, particularly in California, Arizona, South Dakota, and Texas, but no commercial product has been obtained west of the Mississippi River. In some cases, notably at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., it occurs in a foliated or fibrous form, very valuable as a filler or makeweight in the manufacture of paper. This latter variety, known as fibrous talc or mineral pulp, is considered separately in these reports.
Production.
The production of soapstone in the United States in 1895 amounted to 21,495 short tons, valued at 9266,495, against 23,144 short tons, worth $401,325, in 1894. These figures do not include fibrous talc, which is treated separately, or the amount of soapstone ground for pigment, which is included in the production of mineral paint.
Comparing the figures for 1894 and 1895, it will be seen that in the latter year there was a decrease of 1,649 short tons. The depressed condition of the trade was not evinced so strongly in the decreased .output as it was in the sharp decline in value, that of 1895 being $134,830 less than that of 1894. The product decreased less than 10 per cent, the value more than 32 per cent. For the past three years the statistics of soapstone production have been collected so as to show the amount and value of the product in the condition in which it was first sold. This is shown in the table on the following page.
MINERAL R£S0UBCE8. Production ofsoapsUme in ISSS, 1894, and 1895.
CoDdition in vrhioh marketed. !
Short tons. Value.
Rough
Sawed into slabs
Condition in which marketed.
Short tons. Yalne. Short tons, i Value.
Rough
Sawed into slabs
a Includes bath and laundry tubs; fire brick for stoves, heaters, etc.; hearthstones, mantels, sinks, griddles, slate pencils, and numerous other articles of everyday use. & For foundry facings, paper making, lubricators, dressing skins and leather, etc. Exclusive of the amount used for pigment, which is included unong mineral paints, d Includes 1 ton of soapstone, reported as 326 gross of slate pencils.
From the above table it will be seen that there was a decrease of more than 4,500 tons in the amount of stone sold in the roagh state as quarried, and an increase of more than 4,000 tons in manufactured stuff. Under ordinary circumstances this would be reflected in a comparatively increased value of the product. A fUrther analysis of the table may be made by showing the average price per ton realized for each condition in which the output was marketed during the two years. This is shown in the following table, together with the decrease and percentage of decrease in 1895 :
Average prices of soapstone in 1894 and 1896, compared.
Per short ton.
Decrease in
Percentage of
decrease, i
Rough
Sawed
Manufactured
Ground
General average —
80Apst0Ne.
In the following, table is shown the amount and value of soapstone produced in the United States since 1880 :
Anntial product of $oap9Ume 9%nc€ 1880,
Year.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Vuliu".
Short font.
Short tonn.
The supply of this variety of soapstone is obtained only at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The entire output is ground and used almost exclusively as a filler in the manufacture of the medium grades of paper. The product in 1895 was 39240 short tons, valued at $370,897. The product was less than 2 per cent short of that of 1894, when 39,906 short tons were obtained. The value declined 15 per cent from $435,060, and was the lowest figure reported since 1889, less even than in 1893, when the output was only 35,861 short tons. The following table shows the amount and value of fibrous talc used for different purposes in 1895:
IH9poHUon of fibrous tale product in 1896,
I Short tons. Value.
Paint 48 552
Total 39.240 370,897
The annual production of fibrous talc since 1880 has been as follows:
Annual produoHan o/fibrou§ tale Hnoe 1880,
Year.
Quantity.
Short tcn$.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
I Short tona.
Value.
$210,000 244,170 389,196 493,068 472,485 403,436 4a5,060 370,897
a Estimated.
Imports.
The following table exhibits the imports of talc of all kinds since 1880. From 1880 to 1889 the imports were fairly regular. Since 1889 they have been very irregular. From 19,229 short tons, valued at $30,993 in 1889, they dropped to 1,044 tons, worth $1,560 in 1890, and 81 tons, worth $1,121 in 1891. They increased in 1892 to 531 tons, and again in 1893 to 1,360 tons, decreasing in 1894 to 622 tons. In 1895 they increased to 3,165 short tons, valued at $26,843.
Talo imported into the United States from 1880 to 1895, inclusive.
Tear.
Quantity.
SJiort tons.
Value.
$22,807' 7,331 25,641 14,607 41,165 24,356 24, 514 49,250
Year.
Quantity.
Short tons.
Value.
a Quantity not reported preTions to 1888.
The Statistics Of The Olay-Woeking Industeies Of The United States.
By Jefferson Middleton.
Ixtroditctiox.
The almost universal abundance of clay suitable for making brick of all kinds, sewer pipe, draintile, terra cotta, etc., makes it possible for nearly every town to have its own brickyard, and this, together with the unsystematic manner in which most of the smaller yards are run, makes the task of a clay census one beset with many obstacles. One of the most difficult portions of this task is to keep the directory of these producers anywhere near up to date. This is owing to the large number of plants, the constant establishing of new yards and the abandonment of old ones. Of late years, however, capital has been attracted to the industry — largely through the efforts of the national and State clay-working associations to raise the standard of the quality of the product by the introduction of improved methods of manufacture— and the result is the establishment of larger plants on a permanent basis.
Another great difficulty is the lack of experience of operators in making returns. This, however, will be overcome in time, and it is gratifying to note that the replies to statistical inquiries were returned much more promptly this year than for 1894, and were much more intelligently rendered. This opportunity is taken to thank the clay workers of the country for their cooperation, without which it would be impossible to make this report.
Production.
The results of the second statistical canvass of the clay-working industries of the United States by the United States Geological Survey are shown in the following tables.
The total value of the clay products of the United States, as shown by this canvass, was 865,319,800, as compared with §64,575,385 in 1894, a gain of $744,421, or a little more than 1 per cent. The year 1895 was undoubtedly the worst, from a financial standpoint, experienced for several years by the clay-working industries of the country, and while the figures here presented show a small increase in value of the product, this increase is undoubtedly due to returns from a greater number of the larger than in 1894, and can not be taken as an indication of any improvement in trade. The number of works idle in 1895, with stocks on hand, was much greater than in 1894, and almost none were run to their full capacity.
It will be noted that the number of producers reporting also increased very slightly, or from 6,264 in 1894 to 6,284 in 1895. This is an increase of only three-tenths of 1 per cent, while the product increased 1.1 per cent, thus tending to bear out the statement that the increase in value of the product is due rather to more returns from larger producers than to a healthy increase in trade.
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In 1894 the common and pressed brick were combined, and together there were 0,152,420,000 made, worth $35,062,538. In 1895 these were classified separately, and the result shows that together in that year there were 6,357,169,000 common and pressed brick, worth $35,968,493, or $5.66 per thousand. In 1894 the average value for the United States was $5.70 per thousand. In 1894 these brick made 54.30 cent of the whole total, and in 1895, 65.07 per cent of the total.
The number of common brick made in the United States in 1895 was 6,017,965,000, valued at $31,569,126, or $5.25 per thousand. The pressed brick numbered in that year 339,204,000, valued at $4,399,367, or $12.97 per thousand. This high average value for pressed brick is due to the fact that enameled bricks are included in several States, notably in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The average value of pressed brick alone throughout the country would be nearer $10 per thousand.
The vitrified paving-'brick industry seems to have fallen off considerably without any apparent explanation, or from 457,021,000, worth $3,711,073, or $8.12 per thousand, in 1894 to 381,591,000, worth $3,130,472, or $8.20 per thousand, in 1895. This decline was in almost all of the large producing States, especially in Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. On the other haud. New York and West Virginia show quite large increases iu this product.
The fancy or ornamental brick product also shows a decline, or from $1,128,608 in 1894 to $652,519 in 1895. In 1894 this variety of brick constituted 1.75 per cent of the total value; in 1895 it was but 1 per cent.
The fire-brick product held its own and a little more, being $4,762,820 in 1894 and $5,279,004 in 1895. Its percentage of the total product in 1894 was 7.37, while in 1895 it was 8.08.
The drain tile product shows quite a remarkable decline, or from $5,803,168, or 8.99 per cent of the total, in 1894 to $3,450,961, or 5.28 per cent, in 1895, This is easily accounted for by the remarkably dry season in the Mississippi Valley, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Nebraska, all showing large decreases in this product.
The sewer-pipe product decreased from $5,989,923, or 9.27 per cent of the total, in 1894 to $4,482,577, or 6.86 per cent of the total, in 1895.
Ornamental terra-cotta work increased from $1,396,185, or 2.16 per cent of the total product, in 1894 to $2,422,193, or 3.71 per cent of the total, in 1895. Terracotta lumber also increased from $514,637, or 0.8 per cent, in 1894 to $741,626, or 1.14 per cent of the total, in 1895. Tile (not drain) was about the same in 1894 and 1895, or $1,688,724 in 1894 and $1,698,494 in 1895.
Stoneware, which was included in the miscellaneous column in 1894, was given a separate classification in 1895, when $1,698,494, or 2.60 per cent of the total, was produced. The miscellaneous column, notwithstanding the withdrawal of stoneware from it, increased from
Clay.
$4,517,709 in 1894, or 7 per cent of the total product, to $4,920,839, in 189.'), or 7.53 per cent of the total product.
The following table shows the rank of States, total vsilue of products, and percentage of total product produced by each Btate in 1894 and 1895:
Hank of States in output of clay products in 18ff4 and 1895.
Rauk.
State.
Number
of tirniH
report! ij:
Ohio
Illinois
Pennsylvania..
New York
New Jersey
Indiana
Missouri
Iowa
Massachusetts. I Michigan
Maryland
1 Wisconsin
Texas
Virginia
Minnesota
California
Maine
Kentucky
Connecticut
Georgia
West Virginia
Tennessee
Nebraska.,
Louisiana
Washington
New HampHhire
Colorado
District of Columbia.
Rhode Island
North Carolina
Alabama
South Carolina
Kansas
Arkansns
Value.
Per cent of
total
product.
Mineral Resources.
Hank of States in output of clay products in 1S94 and 1895 — Continued. Continued .
Rank.
State.
I Ilnmbor I olHrmB reporting.
Value.
Per cent of total I profiuot.
Utah
Oregon
Montana
Mississippi
Vermont
Florida
North Dakota .
Delaware
Oklahoma a .. .
Idaho
Sonth Dakota . New Mexico. ..
Arizona
Wyoming
United States 1 6,264 i 64,575,385
a Includes Indian Territory. 1S05.
Ohio
Pennsylvania. .
Illinois
New York
New Jersey
Indiana
Missouri
Massachusetts .
Iowa
California
Michigan
Minnesota
Maryland
Texas
Wisconsin
West Virginia .
Georgia
Virginia
Kentucky
Connecticut . . .
83l,92fe
Clay.
Bank of States in output of clay products'in 1894 and IHOri— Continued.
I Rank.
ai
'I
State.
Number
re porting
talu
I Per cont of I total product.
Colurado ,
Tennessee
New Hampshire
Louisiana
North Carolina
District of Colnnibiu .
Alabama
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Washington
Kansas
Arkansas
Nebraska
Montana
Mississippi
Oregon
Vermont
Florida
Utah
Delaware
North Dakota
Oklahoma a
Idaho
South Dakota
Wyoming
Arizona
United States '6,284 65,319,806 100.00
la-i
' 114,015
a Includes Indian Territory and New Mexico.
As in 1894, every State and Territory, except Nevada, participated in this total. Ohio again leads the other States in value of product, 'though showing a slight decrease, or from 810,608,498 in 1894 as compared with 810,649,382 in 1895. Illinois, which occupied second place in 1894, has been displaced by Pennsylvania, the former decreasing from 88,474,360 in 1894 to $7,619,884 in 1895, and the latter increasing from $7,428,048 in 1894 to $8,807,161 in 1895. It is ratlier a coincidence that these two States should have changed rank, each taking almost exactly the figures of the other for the previous year. The other States about held their relative ranks, the most notable changes being those of California, which rose from the sixteenth place in 1894 to tenth place in
MINERAL REftOUBCES.
1896; Georgia, which rose from twentieth place in 1894 to seventeenth place in 1895, and liebraska, which fell from twenty-third place in 1894 to thirty fourth place in 1895. The most notable feature of these tables is the similarity with the
1894 figures. The number of firms reporting in 1894 was 6,264, while in 1895 6,284 reported. The total value of all the products in 1894 was $64,575,385, and in 1895 it was $65,319,806. The State totals also vary but little. Ohio, which produced $10,668,498 in 1894, produced $10,649,- 382 in 1895. In 1894 this was 16.52 per cent of the total product, while in
1895 it was 16.30 cent. Illinois and Pennsylvania changed relative positions and almost values of products. The first nine States, including the great clay-working region between the Ohio and Missouri rivers, together with Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, produced 71.52 cent of the total product in 1894 and 73.20 per cent in 1895. In 1894 Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania produced 41.14 per cent of the total; in 1895 they produced 41.45 per cent of it. In 1894 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri produced 42.24 per cent of the total product, wliile in 1895 these States produced 39.89 per cent of it.
The following table shows the average value per thousand of the several kinds of brick made in the United States in 1895, by States, and is of interest for comparative purposes:
Xverage priee of brick in 1S95, by States. COMMON.
State.
Idaho
South Dakota .
Wyoming
Arizona ". . .
Delaware
Arkansas
Montana
California
Maryland
Rhode Island . .
Nebraska
Iowa
Massachusetts .
Kansas
Pennsylvania.. West Virginia. Texas
Price per thousand.
State.
Virginia
District of Columbia.
Washington
Mississippi
Oregon
Florida
Oklahoma a
Maine
Wisconsin
Connecticut
Louisiana
Alabama
Missouri
North Dakota
Vermont
Illinois
Kentucky
Price per thousand.
$5.81 5.U d.29
a Includes Indian Territory and New Meco.
Clay.
Average price of hrick in 1896, by Statee — Continued. COMMON— ContinaMl.
SUto.
Colorado
Tennewee
New Hampshire .
Utah
North Carolina . .
Ohio
Georgia
Indiana
Prioeper thousand.
SUte.
Prioeper thousand.
New York
Michigan
Minnesota
New Jersey
South Carolina .
Average for United States
Pressed.
$32.64 IS.U Pennsylvania ; 17. 93
Washington . . . Connecticut . . . South Dakota.. Massachusetts.
New Jersey
Oregon
California
Virginia
Delaware
Florida
Vermont
New York
Idaho
Rhode Island
Oklahoma a
Maryland
Utah
District of Columbia .
Ohio
Colorado
Nebraska
Alabama
New Hampshire .
Arkansas
West Virginia... South Carolina . .
Maine
Wisconsin
Mississippi
Nonh Carolina . .
Georgia
Tennessee
Indiana
Missouri
Louisiana
Kentucky
Iowa
Montana
Michigan
Kansas
Texas
Minnesota
Average for United States
-J
a Includes Indian Territorj and New Mexico. 17 GEOL, PT 3 53
Mineral Resources.
Average price ofhrick in 1895, by /StotM— Continued.
Vitrified Paving
state.
Montana
Washingtou
New Jersey
Rhode Island...
New York
Colorado
North Carolina.
Alabama
Arkansas
Louisiana
Maryland
Virginia
Michigan
Oregon
Indiana
Kentucky
Pennsylvania . . .
Price per thousand.
Stale.
Price per thousand.
Texas
District of Columbia
Ohio
Missouri
Georgia
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Nebraska
Utah
Kansas
Illinois
Iowa
West Virginia
Average for United States
The price Of common brick, as will be seen from the above table, in 1895 ranged from $8.41 per thousand in Idaho to $4.29 per thousand in South Carolina. These two States were the extremes of prices in 1894 also, being $8.31 and $4.74, respectively. It should be borne in mind, however, that in 1894 these averages included both pressed and common brick.
Pressed brick ranged in price from $32.64 per thousand in Washington to $6.05 in Minnesota. The high average price for this kind of brick.in Pennsylvania, !New Jersey, and Massachusetts is due to the inclusion of enameled brick. The average price for the whole country in 1895 of pressed brick was $12.97 per thousand, which is undoubtedly high, and is explained elsewhere by the statement that enameled brick is included.
Vitrified paving brick ranged in value from $15 per thousand in Montana to $7.21 per thousand in West Virginia. The average for the whole country was $8.20 per thousand. In 1894 the average for the whole country was $8.12 per thousand.
Clay.
The following table shows the average value of the clay products per plaut by States and for the whole country. and is a fair index as to where the largest plants are located :
Average value of clay prodttctH per plant in 189oj hy States.
New Jersey
New York
MamachuaetU . . . West Virginia...
Pennsjlvania ...
Maryland
California
Missouri
Georgia
Montana
Illinois
Ohio
New Hampshire .
Louisiana
Kentucky ,
Minnesota ,
Maine
Virginia
Texas
North Dakota . . .
Colorado
Vermont
AA-erge
value per
plant.
Wisconsin
Tennessee
Michigan
South Carolina
Mississippi
Washington
Alabama
Indiana
Iowa
Arkansas
North Carolina
Florida
Kansas
Delaware
Utah
District of Columbia .
Oklahoma h
Nebraska
Oregon ,
Wyoming
Idaho
South Dakota
Average
value per
plant.
United States
a Rhode Island in not included since it has only one operator 6 Includes New Mexico and Indian Territory.
Mineral Resources.
Imports.
In the following tables will be found a statement of the clay and manufactured goods imported into the United States in recent years:
Clasnfied imparts of clay during the calendar years ending December SI from 1885 to 1895.
Kind.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value. Long tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin.
All others:
Un wrought
Wrought
Total
Kind.
1£
dae.
Long tons.
Va
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin .
All others:
Un wrought
Wrought
Total
dff
Kind.
Is
—
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value
Long tons. Value.
China clay or kaolin.
All others:
Unwrought
Wrought
Common blue ..
Total
!
Kind.
Longi 62,
Lo
tons. 1 Value.
ng tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin All others :
Unwrought
Wrought
Common blue ..
Total
'
'
Clay,
Eartkenvare, china, hriok, and tile imporM and entered for in the United Statea, 1867 to 1896, inelunve.
Year ending—
Brown earthen
and ooromon stoneware.
June 30— i
December 31 —
China and porcelain
nut decorated.
! Other earth- ' en, atone, or
crockery ware, glased,
$4,280,924 3,244,958 3,468,970 3,461,524 3,573,254 3,896,664 4,289,868 3,686,794 3,280,867 2,948,517 2,746,186 3,031,393 2,914,567 3,945,666 4, 413, 369 4,438,237 5, 685, 709 i (a)
Briclc, fire
brick, and
tile.
Total.
a Not separately clasaifled after 1882.
Flint And Feldspae.
Mr. William Goldiug, of Trenton, X. J., has kindly furnished the following information in regard to flint and feldspar:
F L I Tsr T . INlRODUCTIOX.
As a rule the use of flint (quartz) and feldspar is limited to the pottery and tile trades. The principal exceptions to this rule are: (1) The use of impure flint in an admixture with fire clay, either in the shape of bricks or in a plastic condition, as a refractory lining for furnaces; (2) its use in glass manufacture, where large quantities of impure flint sand are employed; (3) its use in the manufacture of where purity is not so essential as hardness and sharpness; and (4) its use in the manufacture of soap either as an adulterant or for the purpose of increasing its scouring qualities.
In the case of feldspar its only use, besides in is a small one in the manufacture of the finer varieties of glass.
The pottery trade requires that flint shall be almost entirely free from the red oxide of iron with which it is so generally coated, as well as from other impurities of mica, soapstone, etc. The trade requires further that it shall be furnished at a small cost for transportation from the mine to the mill, which means practically from the mines to either of the two pottery centers — Trenton, K. J., and East Liverpool, Ohio. There are excellent deposits of flint in the vicinity of Bath and Portland, Me., Bedford, N. Y., and Lynchburg, Va,, which are particularly free from iron oxide, but they are at present barred from these markets by the cost of
Sources Of Supply.
The principal sources of supply of flint for Trenton are the quarries in the vicinities of Conowingo, Md., Chambersburg, Pa., and Kaolin, Pa. The sources of supply for the East Liverpool trade are Utica, 111., and McVeytown, Pa. These are both rock sand deposits. The sand is very thoroughly washed and scoured at these mines. While this gives a fair quality of sand flint, it is not equal to the best product of quartz rock.
Clay. 839
Productiox.
The followiDg table shows the production of flint in the United States in 1895. Owing to the inability to secure direct returns from all producers, it has been necessary to make estimates in some cases. The figures here given, however, closely approximate the actual production:
Production of Jtint in 189o,
State. Quantity.
' Long tons.
Connecticut 4, 400
Illinois 4,500
Maryland 10,100
New York I 800
I Pennsylvania I 17,000 j
Totnl 36,800 '
The lower duties on imported crockery ware and the competition of fine grades of sand flint have considerably lowered the prices for crude rock flint, so that its value at Trenton, N. J., is $3.20 per ton of 2,240 pounds. There being no suitable rock flint at present available for the Western market, almost the entire supply of flint to that market is the highest grades of glass sand, which have the same value at East Liver- Ohio, namely, $3.20 per ton.
Sources Of Suppiy.
It has for some years been a diflicult matter to find supplies of feldspar of sufficient purity and at a moderate cost. The trade requires that it shall be practically free from iron oxide, mica, tourmaline, and quartz, and that when subjected to the heat of the pottery biscuit kiln it shall fuse into a white opaque glass. The chief difficulty is the fine admixture of quartz, so that it can not be practically broken to such sizes as to assort the pure spar.
There are no feldspar quarries operated in the West, so that the entire supply for both the eastern and western pottery centers comes from the East. The principal sources of supply are from mines in the vicinities of Bath, Me.; Bedford, X. Y.; Brandy wine Summit, Pa.; Branchville, Conn., and Glastonbury, Conn. The best mines so far discovered are those of Georgetown, Me., which has been continuously operated for twenty years, and Topsham, Me., which has been operated almost as long, both yielding a pure quality of feldspar. The feldspar
Mineral Resources.
of Connecticut is of line quality, but it is much more difficult to obtain in large quantities free from the fine quartz mixture. The Brandy wine Summit district comprises a number of small quarries, all within a radius of 12 miles from the Summit. The product is not so good as the Maine and the Connecticut spars, and requires a much closer assorting. The bulk of the feldspar from this section goes to the Western market. We give below, as nearly as we can ascertain, the mine shipments:
Productiox.
The following table shows the production of feldspar in the United States in 1895. As in the case of flint it is partly estimated:
Production of feldspar in the United States in 1895.
State.
Quantity.
Pennsylvania
Long tons.
Connecticut
Maine
New York
Total
Notwithstanding the scarcity of a good quality of feldspar the prices have been forced down to $5 to $5.50 per long ton f. o. b. Trenton, N. J., and $6.50 to $7 per long ton f. o. b. East Liverpool, Ohio. The cost for milling these rock products is about $4 ton.
The following table shows the amount and value of the potters' materials produced in the United States from 1887 to 1895:
Amount and value of potters' materials from 1887 to 1895.
Quantity. Value.
Tons. Kaolin and china clay 22, 000
Ball clay 6,000
Fireclay 15,000
Crude flint I 32,000
Crude feldspar I 10, 200
1&5,000
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Tons. 18,000
a From 1889 all claya burned in kilna are considered.
Clay. 841
Jmouni and value of potter$* materials from 1SS7 to 1896 — Continaed.
J
Ton§. I Ton$.
Kaolin and china claj j
Fireclay J
Cradeflint ' 13,000' 57,400 15,000
Crnde feldspar 8, 000
Value. Quantity. Value.
Tims.
Quantity. I Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity.' Value.
Ton*.
Ball clay |400,000 $900,000
Fireclay J
Crudeflint 29,671 63,792 38,000
Crude feldspar 18,391 68,037! 17,200
Tons.
The Potteey Industby Of The United States.
By Heinrich Hies.
Ixtroductiox.
Pottery was made in this country by the settlers in Virginia and by the Dutch in New York as early as 1640, and it is interesting to follow the development of the ceramic art in this country since that time, especially up to the year 1876. While some very creditable and, for that period, good work was done, nevertheless the American pottery industry received its first great impetus through the Centennial Exposition held in 1876. Since then the progress has been rapid and the manufacture of pottery has increased in quantity and improved in quality. This fact could not help but impress itself on those who saw the ceramic exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition, where a most creditable collection of potters' wares was displayed.
American potters have, however, had to fight against the unreasonable prejudice on the part of the American public that foreign wares are superior in quality to the domestic. The result has been that many of our native products are placed upon the market bearing no trade-mark and are sold by retail dealers as imported wares. This prejudice may arise partly from the lack of knowledge of our ceramic products, and is, perhaps, partly the fault of retail dealers, some of whom have foreign interests. There certainly can be nothing more beautiful and artistic than the Rookwood pottery of Cincinnati, the Belleek ware of Trenton, N. J., or the Royal Blue porcelain of Wheeling, W. Ya., while the white wares made will bear close examination.
In the following pages it is not proposed to consider the technology of the question more than is absolutely necessary, but rather to give an outline of the pottery resources or raw materials developed in the United States and the uses to which they are put.
These include kaolin, or china clay, ball clay, feldspar, and quartz, and to these should be added the materials used for the glazes and coloring, such as metallic oxides and boracic acid. The number and quantity of
' See Barber's Pottery and Porcelain of the United States.
Clay. 843
each used depend on the grade and character of the wares, the lower grades, such as red earthenware, requiring simply ordinary plastic clay, while the product of the better quality needs all four, namely, kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, and quartz for the body of the ware.
Kaolin.
The use of this material has a twofold object, namely, to give whiteness to the ware as well as refractoriness. It is used as a constituent of the bodies of C." ware, white granite, and porcelain. For a long period the American potters were on English kaolin, but within recent years deposits have been opened in this country. The kaolin may occur in masses or pockets, resulting from the decay of the feldspar of a granite or pegmatite vein, or it may form beds of sedimentary origin, although American potters usually designate such occurrences as ball clays, and they will be mentioned under that head. The residual occurrences present the purer material, but the kaolin from either class of deposit has to be washed before it can be put on the market in order to remove all possible impurities.
The usual method of cleansing followed is to wash the mined material into a trough several hundred feet in length. This trough has riffles and bends, so that the water passes along it with decreasing velocity. The larger grains of sand settle at the upper end of the trough while the finer grains of sand, and also the flakes of mica, are deposited at the lower end. The water with the kaolin then passes through a screen to the settling vats. After settling the slip like mixture of kaolin and water (the clear water in the tank being first drawn off) is pumped into the presses, where the water is expelled. The kaolin is then removed and dried for shipment.
Pennsylvania and Delaware were the earliest sources of kaolin in this country, and the mines of the National Kaolin Company and of the Brandywine Summit Feldspar and Kaolin Company, both at Brandywine Summit, Delaware County, Pa., have been in operation for many years.* The kaolin is a residual deposit resulting from the decay of feldspar. It has to be washed before shipment.
Similar deposits occur in Delaware, one at Mermaid, mined by the Peach Kaolin Company, and a second at Hockessin, operated by Mr. William Burgess. Recently a new firm, Walker Bros., has also commenced mining at this locality.
The Pennsylvania and Delaware washed kaolins have a yellowish tint, but are said to burn white.
Much kaolin is now obtained from a deposit 4 miles west of Dillsboro, N. C, at the Harris mines. At this locality it occurs as a residual from a large granite or pegmatite vein. The kaolin is of remarkable whiteness, but occasionally contains small patches of garnet and quSirtz. These impurities are removed in washing. The mining is carried on
' Second Geol. Survey, Pennsjlvania Ann. Kept, for 1HH5, p. 605.
Mineral Resources.
by sinking a number of temporary pits in the kaolin and filling them after the clay has been mined out.'
Another residual kaolin is found at Blaudford, Mass., and owes its existence to the decay of a pegmatite vein cutting the schist. '
Kaolin is also mined at Glen Allen, Mo., by Mr. J. fl. Maudle.
The indianaite of Lawrence County, Indiana, is one of the purest kaolins found in the United States, but little or none of it has been used by potters.
Analyses of washed kaolinn from American localities.
Al.On Fe:0:,
CaO
MgO
Alkalies H2O
Total .
Per cent.
Trace.
Trace.
Trace.
a Free.
Braodywine Summit, Pa.
Near Dillsboro. N. C.
Per cent.
Per cent.
fa 2.28
Trace.
b
For other analyses see table of clay analyses, Sixteenth Annual Report, United States Geological Survey, Part IV, Noumetallic Products, p. 554, et seq.
The value of kaolin for the manufacture of white wares is largely dependent on the color to which it burns, for the smallest amount of iron will exercise an influence either in the production of specks or of a yellow tint. The character of the clay must therefore be tested by burning; a coating of glaze may bring out a slight discoloration which the biscuit ware alone will not always show. The relative shrinkage in burning of different kaolins is also an important item.
Considerable English china clay is used by American potters, not because it is better than the native material, but because it is cheaper. English china clay can be bought in Trenton for from $9 to $12 per ton, while the American costs $11 to $12. The high freight rates are one cause of the greater price of the American material.
Ball Clays.
These are plastic clays containing a small percentage of impurities, and are used to give plasticity to the potter's mixture and permit the molding of it.
1 J. A. Holmes, The kaolin of North Carolina: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. £ug., Atlanta meeting, 1893. Technological Qaarterly, 1890.
Clay.
Ball clays are rarely as pare as kaolins, and generally are more or less colored, as a result of their sedimentary origin.
The color in the natural condition is not an indication of the purity, as many contain sufficient organic matter to tinge them deeply. Pyrite is sometimes present in ball clan, and must be removed. Ball clays are generally marketed as mined, with the exception of those from Florida and New Jersey, which have to be washed.
The purest ball clays found in this country are those mined in Florida (described elsewhere in this report) at Edgar and near Leesburg. The New Jersey ball clays are probably second in point of purity; tbey are mined at Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, and South Amboy. Others are obtained from Mayfield, Ky., and Begina, Mo.
The following analyses indicate the composition of three ball clays which are much used by American potters:
Analyses of American ball clays.
AlaO,. FetOz CaO . MgO. Na,0. K,0.. H:0..
£dgar Fla.
Total 100.61
South Amboy, N.J.
b 43.83 a 1.06
Mavfleld,
I 66.40
Trace.
a 7.93
a Free.
b CombiDod.
The shrinkage of ball clays in burning varies somewhat, and is an
important item. The linear shrinkage at the melting point of orthoclase
of a number of American ball clays is given by Dr. Langenbeck,'
as follows:
Shrinkage of ball clays.
Florida
JeffersoD County, Mo
New Jersey
Calloway County, Ky
Per cent.
Feldspar.
The commercial name for this material is "spar." It is used as a component of the body of white earthenware, semiporcelaiu or porcelain, and serves the purpose of a flux, binding the mass together. It is
i'he Chemiatry of Pottery.
Mineral Resources.
also one of the elements of porcelain glaze. In calling the feldspar a flux it is not meant that the kaolin with which it is mixed is made to fuse, for this is not the case, but the spar melts, filling all the pores between the grains of clay, binding them firmly together.
Feldspar occurs in veins, often of large size, and sometimes mixed with quartz, less often mica. The spar occasionally has to be separated by hand picking.
The usual method of preparation is to crush the material in a chaser mill with heavy stone rollers. It is discharged automatically into a carrier, which dumps it on a screen. The portion that does not pass through goes back to the mill, but that which does is put into a cylinder with rolled flints and the whole revolved for five hours, or until it is sufficiently fine.
The important sources of spar in this country are Brandywine Summit, Pa. ; Rockyhill, Conn., and Bedford, N. Y. Some is obtained from Maine and Delaware. Spar and flint are usually ground by firms located at the centers of the pottery industry, there being several at both Trenton and East Liverpool.
A firm in East Liverpool has recently begun preparations for obtaining it from Virginia and North Carolina.
The following are analyses of commercial feldspar mined in the United States:
Analyses of commercial feldspar.
Bedford, N.Y.,
C. LaneDbeck, analyst.
Brandywine Fayett* Coun-
Summit, Pa., ty, Tex., C.
C. G. Pond, Langenbeck,
analyst. analyst.
SiOa- ALOa FeaOs CaO . MgO. Na.O. K3O.. Loss . H2O.. SO3..
Per cent.
ft5.85
Per cent.
Per cent.
Total
Quartz.
This is commercially known as " flint." It is added to the clay to counteract excessive shrinkage. It is desirable that it should be as free from impurities as possible.
Quartz for potters' use is mined in Maine, at Darlington, Md.; in
Clay.
Lasalle Couuty, 111., aud by the Potters' Flint Company at Rivertou, Ala. The flint from the last locality is much used by Western jMJtters. Its mode of occurrence is similar to that of feldspar. A large quantity of quartz rock is associated with the kaolin near Dillsboro, N. C, but it is not used.
The following are analyses of American flint, given by Dr. Langen-
Analyara of potivrs' fi'int.
lA8alU> Co.,
rISwwi i Similar material from ('alio-
; Per etnt. j
Fe.O:, .069
CaO I .026 ;
MgO .013
Alkalies .112
Moisture . 070
H,0 3.07
Total 100.000 100.49
Per cent.
Per cent.
Saggar Clays.
All white ware, and the better grades of colored ware, have to be burned in receptacles called ''saggars'' (abbreviation of safeguard) in order to protect it from the smoke and gases of the kiln fire, which would tend to discolor it. These saggars are cylindrical or oval in shape, and are set one the other in the kiln, the bottom of one acting as a cover for the one below it. The requisites of a saggar clay are that it must stand as much or slightly more heat than the ware in it ; it must shrink little when burned, and withstand changes of temperature. Saggars are generally made from a plastic refractory clay with as great an admixture of grog (ground up old pottery) as An excess of the latter is deleterious. The color-burning properties of a saggar are of little importance. Many firms make their own saggars, but there are also parties whose sole product is saggars for supplying local manufacturers.
Saggar clays are mined in New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana.
Stoneware Clays.
These are plastic clays, which can be turned or molded into the desired shapes. They must also be refractory enough to keej) their shape in burning at the temperature required to melt the glaze. At
1 The Chemistry of Pottery, Easton, 1895.
Mineral Resources.
the same time the clay should undergo a partial vitrification. In an oxidizing atmosphere the clay should burn to a yellow or red color with soft firing, or to a gray or blue with hard firing.
Stoneware clays are extensively mined in Ohio, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Missouri, and to some extent in California. As a rule they are not washed before using.
Yellow Ware And Rockinqham Ware Clays.
These are also plastic clays, containing enough iron to give them a fair color, but great refractoriness is not essential, as the heat used in glazing the ware is low ; neither is the body vitrified. Clays for this purpose are carefully washed before using. As in the case of yellow ware, the color of the body shows through the usually transparent glaze.
They are also mined in New Jersey and Ohio. The color of the Bockingham ware lies in the glaze, and not in the body.
Earthenware Clays.
Clays for making common red earthenware are found in every State, for almost any good, red-burning brick clay answers for this purpose.
Slip Clays.
These are such as are used in glazing stoneware. The requirements of such a clay are that it must fuse at a lower temperature than the ware which it is to coat, and also fuse to a glaze of uniform color. Neither should it melt at too low a temperature. Attempts have been made to lower the fusibility of such clays by the addition of borax or other fluxes, but with only partial success. The tendency is to make the glaze watery or to destroy its uniformity of color. The best slip clay thus far found is that obtained in the Hudson Valley at Albany, N. Y. This fuses to a uniform brown glaze, and is used by potters all over the United States. Its composition is as follows :
Composition of slip clay from Albany, N, Y.
SiO, Al,03 Fft.03 ... CaO MgO Alkalies .
Co3
So3
H2O
Per cent.
Total I 100.48
Clay. 849
other slip clays are found at Rowley, Mich., and Brimfield, Ohio, bat none of these are equal to the Albany slip. Sometimes a mixture of two or more slip clays is used with good results.
METHODS OF MOIiDING.
Pottery is manufactured in four different ways — turning, ''jollying" in molds or jigging, casting, and pressing.
Turning.
The clay after coming from the presses is wedged — that is, a lump of desired size is cut in two by a wire, the two halves united by a blow, this piece cut again, and so on, subjecting the clay to kneading, and eliminating air bubbles. The turning is done on a rapidly revolving disk, the lump of clay being brought down on the disji:, with some force, thereby sticking to it. The potter then presses his fingers against the revolving mass and works it into any desired shape. Crocks, jugs, and similar articles are turned.
Jollying Or Jigging.
Jollying or jigging is a more rapid method, but the clay is tempered to a much softer consistency. The jolly " is a wheel fitted with a hollow head to receive the plaster mold, whose interior is of the same shape as the exterior of the object to be molded. A lump of clay is placefl in the revolving mold and the gradually forces it up around the sides of the mold with his fingers. A metallic arm is then brought down into the mold and shapes the interior of the object. Cups, crocks, jugs, pitchers, and similar articles are molded in this way. Articles with tapering necks are generally jollied in two parts, which are subsequently cemented together with slip. Handles are generally stamped out separately and subsequently fastened on to the article. One manufacturer in Trenton, N. J., however, by the use of a specially devised mold makes his pitchers and fastens on the handles in one operation.
A modification of jollying, used for making plates and saucers, consists in having a plaster mold whose surface is the shape of the interior ot the saucer. The assistant takes a piece of clay of the desired size and it out into a flat cake, which is laid on the mold. The latter is then revolved and the potter, by pressing on the clay, makes it conform to the surface of the mold. He then shapes the other side or bottom of the plate by pressing a wooden tool against it as it revolves.
Ewers and oval articles are usually made in sectional molds, consisting of two or three pieces, whose inner surtiace conforms to the outer surface of the object to be molded. A slab of clay is laid in each section and carefully pressed in. The mold is then put together and the seams carefully smoothed with a wet sponge. After dr3dng for a few 17 GEOL, PT 3 54
hours the parts of the mold are lifted off. Clocks, lamps, picture frames, and many ornaments are molded in this manner.
Casting.
Casting consists in pouring the slip into a mold, which absorbs the water and leaves a deposit of clay on the surface. When the deposit is sufficiently thick the mold is inverted and the remaining slip poured out. After a few hours the mold can be removed. This method is used extensively in making thin porcelain ornaments, the Belleek ware being formed in this way.
All wares in the construction of which plaster molds are used are allowed to stand for a few hours, during which the mold absorbs the water and the article shrinks slightly. It can then be easily removed. The wares require more or less pressing, trimming, or smoothing on the edges.
Doorknobs, many pieces of electrical work, and articles like flat, rectangular dishes are stamped in steel dies. The wares are then fired.
Methods Of Decor Atiox8.
These seem to deserve special mention, as in many cases they form an important and distinct branch of the pottery industry.
Decoration may be imparted to a ware in three ways: (1) By the production of a raised design; (2) by covering the ware with a solid color; (3) by the decoration of the surface with various designs, applied to the ware in one way or another. Common red earthenware seldom receives any decoration, although this has been decorated more within the last year or two. Stoneware, yellow ware, and Rockingham ware often have the surface ornamented with a raised design, which is imparted to the article in molding it. Stoneware is often decorated under the glaze with crude designs made by tracing the figure with a dull point and some coloring matter, which remains in the depressions of the design. Yellow ware is frequently ornamented with bands of various colors.
In majolica the coloring materials are mixed directly with the glaze.
It is the decoration of white earthenware and china, however, that calls forth the ingenuity and skill of the potter. White wares may be decorated either over the glaze or under it. In the former the decoration is applied after the glaze has been put on and fired ; in the latter the decoration is put on the biscuit ware, then fired, then the glaze applied and the ware fired again.
The advantage of underglaze decoration is that it is more durable, the decoration being protected by the glaze, and oftentimes the effect produced is prettier than when the colors are applied upon the glaze.
1 Mr. Joseph Willetts, of Trenton, N. J., has kindly famished much information on thig sulyeot.
Clay. 851
The number of colors which can be used in underglaze decoration is limited, as they have to withstand the effects of the heat required to fuse the glaze. The colors which can thus be used are blue, brown, green, yellow. It is on this account that hard fired porcelains have their delicately tinted decorations applied over the glaze. Pink, for instance, has to be applied in this way, and so does gold.
An imitation of underglaze work is sometimes made by applying the decoration on the glaze and then firing until the glaze softens and the colors sink into it.
Underglaze work was the prevalent method of decoration in this country from 1846 to 1860. It then was abandoned for a time, and in the last ten years the method has been steadily regaining favor.
All designs and colors were formerly applied by means of a brush, but the prevalent method now is by printing. The design is engraved or etched on a copper plate and the reversed print is then made on specially prepared fine paper. This is applied to the piece of pottery to be decorated, either on the glaze or on the biscuit ware. The paper is carefully rubbed so that every of it shall come in contact with the surface of the ware, and it is then allowed to stand for a while, when the is removed, leaving the design on the ware. This is then gone over with colors and the design filled in. The decoration is then called a " filled print," The amount of " printed ware turned out annually is very great.
Raised gold work, often seen on wares, is made by painting the design with a yellow paste overglaze, firing in the decorating kiln, and then covering with gold and firing again.
Underglaze colors are fired at a sufficient temperature to drive off the oil. The overglaze colors are usually fixed in a muffle kiln in which the temperature reaches between 900° and l,000o F.
A rather ingenious method for making border decorations on plates and cups was recently witnessed. It consisted in having a design, such as a flower or cluster of leaves, stamped on a fiat surface of finegrained The plate, for instance, is then placed on a wheel, and while slowly revolving it is given a number of successive touches with the inked surface of the sponge. In this way a continuous design is stamped on the ware. The method is quick and cheap and well adapted to the cheaper grades of white ware, for which it is used.
The Rookwood pottery is decorated underglaze, and consists of clouded grounds of underglaze colors applied with a brush, the colors being applied in a slip to the green ware. After burning the glaze is applied.
Tbade-Iviarks.
It is the general custom of all potters to stamp all grades of white ware or art pottery with a trade-mark characteristic of the grade or of design. These marks are either impressed in the green ware or printed in different colors on the biscuit or over the glaze.
Earthenwares, stonewares, and Rockingham wares seldom have any mark.
A number of the marks used by different American potters in their wares are given in the accompanying plates.
Trade-Marks Of American Potters.
Pi. Xl
1. Ironstone ohina, Mayer Pottery Co., Beaver Falls, Pa.
2. Crown china, Crown Pottery Co., Evansville, Ind.
3. Ironstone china, Willets Manufacturing Co., Trenton, N. J.
4. Semiporcelain, Wheeling Pottery Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
5. Ironstone china, Vodrey & Bro., East Liverpool, Ohio.
6. Wheeling Pottery Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
7. Palissy china, Vodrey &, Bro., East Liverpool, Ohio.
8. Vitreous china, Onondaga Pottery Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
9. Ironstone china. Potters' Cooperative Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
10. Vitreous china, Potters' Cooperative Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
11. Ironstone china, Harker Pottery Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
12. Dinner ware, 8teubenville Pottery Co., Steubenville, Ohio.
13. Semiporcelain, Harker Pottery Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
14. Warwick China Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
15. Wheeling Pottery Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
16. White granite, Onondaga Pottery Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
17. Vodrey & Bro., East Liverpool, Ohio.
18. Wheeling Pottery Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
19. Hotel china, Potters' Cooperative Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
20. Steubenville Pottery, Steubenville, Ohio.
21. Underglaze mark Mayer Pottery Co., Beaver Falls, Pa.
22. Ironstone china. Wheeling Pottery Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
Pi. Xii.
1. Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, Ohio. One flame was added to the "R" in 1887, and an additional one is added each year.
2. Chelsea Pottery, New Cumberland, W. Va.
3. Belleek ware. Ceramic Art Co., Trenton, N.J.
4. Belleek ware, Willets Manufacturing Co., Trenton, N.J.
5. Belleek ware, Etruria Pottery Co., Trenton, N. J.
6. Pearl gray ware, Goodwin Pottery Co., East Lirerpool, Ohio.
7. Semi vitreous china, Mayer Pottery Co., Beaver Falls, Pa.
8. C. C. ware, Goodwin Pottery Co., East Liverpool, Ohio.
9. Sanitary ware, Bellmark Pottery Co., Trenton, N. J.
10. New England Pottery Co., Boston, Mass.
11. Underglaze mark, Ohio Valley China Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
12. Chelsea Art Works, Boston, Mass.
13. Sanitary ware, Keystone Pottery Co., Trenton, N.J.
14. International Pottery Co., Trenton, N. J.
15. Underglaze mark, white granite ware, Willets Manufacturing Co., Trenton, N. J.
16. J. E. JeflFords & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
17. Semiporcelain, Willets Manufacturing Co., Trenton, N.J.
18. Porcelain, Ohio Valley China Co., Wheeling, W. Va.
19. Union Porcelain Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
20. White granite ware. Cook Pottery Co., Trenton, N. J.
21. Sanitary ware, Maryland Pottery Co., Baltimore, Md.
22. Ironstone china, Crown Pottery Co., Evansville, Ind.
MVCNTECNTH ANNUAL REPORT PART iii PU XI
W.M.Co,
China.
O. p. CO.
m&
Royal V.&B.
LaB£U£ CHINA
UNOCH 6LAZK. J.ft e.MAYCfl
Hora CHINK.
Trade-Marks Of American Potters.
Clay. 853
Products.*
The pottery wares made in the United States include common red earthenware, stoneware, Rockingham ware, yellow ware, C. C. ware, white granite or ironstone china, porcelain, msyolica, parian ware, Belleek china, and art pottery.
Earthenware.
This is the product of a natural clay burned hard, but not vitrified. Any good brick or tile clay will answer for the purpose. The grade of clay needed being, therefore, easy to obtain, there are numerous small earthenware potteries in nearly every State, whose usual product includes flowerpots and saucers. Some of the larger firms produce elaborate designs in flowerpots or vases and These are often called terra cotta.'
The production by some Ohio manufacturers of very artistic glazed earthenware jardinieres is worthy of mention.
Stoneware.
This is also made of natural clay, but differs from earthenware in having an impervious or vitreous body. It is glazed either with slip or salt. The burning of the ware and melting of the glaze are done in one operation. Stoneware has three chief uses, namely, for domestic utensils, ornamental articles, and chemical ware. The products of the first two classes, which are manufactured in the United States, include meat jars, butter jars, preserve jars, bean pots, jelly pots, churns, milk pans, filters, jugs, umbrella stands, vases, beer mugs, cuspidors, flowerpots, hanging baskets, milk and mustard pitchers, pie plates, snuff jars, drinking fountains, French stew pans, teapots, custsurds, shirred egg dishes, match safes, coquilles, bakers, nappies, plates, and jardinieres.
The color of stoneware is brown, blue, or gray, depending on the intensity of the firing. White-lined wares are not uncommon.
The surface of stoneware is glazed either with salt, or slip clay obtained mostly from Albany, N. Y. The latter gives a brown color to the ware, while the former makes a transparent coating. Sometimes slip is used to glaze the inside and salt the outside.
Very little decoration is used on stoneware, but, if attempted, it consists of raised designs or patterns etched with a dull point. Blue is a common decorative color.
Many stoneware jardinieres are' made which are decorated with colored glazes and floral patterns. The colors include blue, olive green, brown, yellow, etc.
Art tiles are not included under this heading.
Terra ootta proper, however, should be restricted to omameotal burned clay ware for structural purposes.
The mannfactnre of stoneware cooking utensils which can be set directly on the fire is a somewhat recent introduction, as compared with the other grades made. In such ware the body is not vitrified, although burned very hard.
Stoneware is produced at many localities in this country, the clays often being obtained in the vicinity of the factory, although much stoneware clay is mined in New Jersey. Ohio is the largest producer of stoneware in the United States, with many factories at Zanesville and Akron. Other works are located at Poughkeepsie and Bochester, N. Y.; Beaver Falls and Philadelphia, Pa. 5 Stephens Pottery, Ga.; Bed Wing, Minn., as well as at various points in Indiana, Massachusetts, Texas, Colorado, Tennessee, Maryland, Iowa, and California.
The manufacture of chemical stoneware, which it is hoped will some day become an important branch of the stoneware industry in this country, is at present carried on only in Philadelphia, Pa.; Akron, Ohio, and Oakland, Cal. The wares include acid receivers up to 85 gallons capacity, coolers or precipitating jugs up to 500 gallons capacity, strainers, acid jugs, pipe, stopcocks, sleeves, round pans, connecting pipes, crystallizing pans, etc.
Yellow And Rockingham Ware.
These two grades are, like stoneware, made of natural clay (although mixtures of several clays may be used), but differ firom stoneware in having a porous body. The ware is first burned in the biscuit kiln to a hard product which cannot be scratched by a knife. This is covered with a lead glaze and subjected to a second firing. Rockingham ware has a brown glaze, colored by manganese, while in yellow ware the glaze is transparent and the color of the body shows through it.
The variety of articles made is fewer than in stoneware, and they are mostly domestic utensils. They include teapots, kettles, bakers, lipped bowls, jars, bedpans, cake pans, puff cups, jugs, mugs, nappies, pie plates, slop pails, cuspidors, soap dishes, pipkins, footwarmers, tureens, cow creamers, pudding molds, and stew pans. The localities of production are very nearly the same as in the case of stoneware, Ohio being the largest producer.
C. C. Ware And White Granite Ware.
C. C. ware and whit granite or ironstone china are made from different grades of a similar mixture, composed of kaolin, ball-clay, flint, and feldspar. Queensware is a general term used for the lower grades of white ware and also stoneware.
C. C. or cream-colored ware is the lowest of these grades, having a white, porous body and a transparent glaze. The yellowish tint, due to slight amounts of iron in the clays used, has given rise to the name.
In granite ware the same materials enter into the body, but the best
Clay. 855
grades obtainable are nsed in order to produce as white a product as possible. Any tendency to a yellow tint in the ware is counteracted by the addition of cobalt. This gives a faint green color, which is far less noticeable. The body of white granite is not vitrified.
G. 0. ware, having more ball clay in its body, is easier to mold, and can therefore be made cheaper. White granite ware may contain as much as 60 per cent of kaolin. The proper preparation of the materials entering into the body of these two kinds of ware is very The raw after being weighed out in proper proportions, are generally mixed in a ''blunger" with water to an even slip. This slip is passed through a sieve covered with silk bolting cloth or wire cloth with 100 or even 120 meshes per inch, to remove any impurities that may have crept in and also to insure an even-grained texture to it. Loss may result at this point £rom the loss of fluxes if they have not been perfectly ground, or if the slip is too thick pieces of clay may not pass through. The cobalt is generally added as a solution to the slip. The slip is then forced into the filter presses, where the water is expelled. It is then wedged and molded.
The biscuit ware, or that resulting from the first burning, is porous, and can not be scratched with a knife. Biscuit ware that is too dense will not retain the dip of glazes evenly and perfectly on its surface.
The glaze used consists of a frit of borax, boracic acid, feldspar, and whiting, with the addition of white lead. These materials are applied to the biscuit in the form of a slip. An increase of the lead and boracic acid renders the glaze more fusible and brilliant, but less white and softer.
O. G. ware and white granite are both extensively manufactured in the United States. About the same line of articles is made in both grades, and includes all forms of table dishes and cooking utensils, toilet wares and many common ornaments. The granite ware is usually stamped with the characteristic figure of the lion and the unicorn, while underneath is the name or initials of the firm.
The clays used in the manufacture of these wares are obtained largely from this country, ball clay coming from Kentucky, Missouri, New Jersey, and Florida; while kaolin is procured in North Garolina, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Missouri, and Massachusetts. Flint is obtained from Maine, Gonnecticut, Illinois, and Alabama; and feldspar from Maine, Gonnecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
Gonsiderable quantities of ball clay and kaolin are imported from England, largely because they can be obtained cheaper.
Trenton, N. J., is the center of the G. C. and white granite ware industry in this country, with East Liverpool a close second, but much is also made at Wheeling, W. Va. ; Beaver Falls, Pa. ; Evansville, Ind., and Baltimore, Md.
Very little decoration is applied to G. G. ware, but the white granite is often profusely ornamented. This decoration varies from a plain
band, sometimes with gilt edges to an elaborate filled print design, with gold illumination or stippling. The prints are both anderglaze and overglaze. A larger proportion of underglaze work is done at Trenton than at East Liverpool.
Delft Ware.
Much pottery having a white granite or semiporeelain body and with blue decoration, in imitation of Delft ware, is made in this country at Trenton, N. J., and Baltimore, Md. The articles, which are usually decorated under the glaze, include ornaments of various shapes, fern dishes, jardinieres, and clocks. Much of this ware is an excellent imitation, and large quantities of it are being sold, the retail dealers frequently disposing of it as imported ware, there being commonly no trademark on it.
Sanitary Ware.
This usually has a body of similar composition to that of white granite ware, but it is sometimes of a vitreous or nonabsorbent nature. This branch of the pottery industry has assumed vast proportions in the last few years, especially at Trenton, N. J., where the largest number of sanitary-ware factories are situated. Others are located at Baltimore, Md. ; Wheeling, W. Va., and Kokomo, Ind.
The products include closet-bowls, urinals, kitchen sinks, washtubs, wash basins, and bath tubs. Of these the first two and the last are the most important products. The closets and wash basins are usually decorated, and often very elaborately, the ornamentation of the former being frequently accentuated by the production of a relief design, whose prominent parts are touched up with gold. The decoration generally consists of fiUed-in prints applied either under or over the glaze. It is evident that the manufacture of such large and heavy articles requires the greatest care at every stage in the process. According as the body is porous or vitreous, we have sanitary earthenware or vitreous sanitary ware. On account of its nonabsorbent properties, the latter is much to be preferred.
Wash basins and closet-bowls are formed in molds. The closets are molded in several pieces, which are joined together before burning. Larger articles, such as washtubs, sinks, and bath tubs, are built up m sectional plaster molds. The glaze is applied to the interior of these by means of a brush. The drying of these larger articles must proceed very slowly, a bath tub requiring several weeks to dry, and two to three weeks to burn. This is done in a muffle kiln.
Porcelain Or China.
This has the same ingredients as granite ware, but in diiferent proportions, so that the body of the ware is vitreous, and the ware is translucent when held to the light. The term porcelain is usually
Clay. 857
restricted to thin china. The glaze of china generally has the same constituents as the body, but the fusible elements are present in greater proportions. Some manufacturers increase its fusibility by lead, though the glaze of true porcelain should contain none.
The amount of porcelain made in this country is of course smaller than the G. G. ware or white granite ware, and the articles are generally table and toilet wares and ornaments. Table wares are made at Trenton, N. J. ; East Liverpool, Ohio ; Wheeling, W. Va., and Brooklyn, N. Y.
Belleek Ware.
Belleek ware, or eggshell china, is a high grade of porcelain of unusual thinness and delicacy. It was originally manufactured at Belleek, Ireland, but its production there has died out and the introduction in this country has been attended with the greatest success.
There are several works at Trenton, N. J., making Belleek ware. Most of the articles are for ornamentation and have beauty and artistic merit. The cream enamel surface of some bears a resemblance to Royal Worcester porcelain. Others are finished with a transparent glaze showing the white body color, while the decorations are overglaze. A violet design is a common one. Some underglaze Delft decoration is also done on the Belleek ware.
Belleek wares are generally made by casting.
Electrical Supplies.
This branch of the porcelain manufacture bids fair to grow with the progress of electrical industry. The supplies consist of insulators, cut-outs, fuse boxes, push buttons, etc. They are generally formed by steel dies. Electrical supplies have a vitreous body and are generally glazed. They are manufactured at Trenton, N. J.; Bast Liverpool, Ohio, and Brooklyn, N. Y.
Majolica.
This is an earthenware decorated in many colors. These colors are in the glaze which is applied in the form of a slip, either by dipping or with a brush. The ware is fired at a low heat, thereby permitting the use of softer tints. Structurally, majolica is very imperfect. In former years considerable majolica was made in this country, and much of it wnsof an interesting character, but the quality and price have gone down until now it is one of the cheapest wares made. On account of its cheapness, but rather bright and attractive appearance, it is frequently used by merchants to give away with samples of new brands of wares.
True majolica is manufactured at Trenton, N. J., and unlike most wares made in this country is made entirely of foreign clays. Majolica marbles are made at Akron, Ohio.
What may be designated as a hard-fired majolica is manufactured in Philadelphia.
Majolica has been made in former years in Baltimore, Md., and New York, N. Y., bat the factories producing it have turned their attention to other lines of ware of a more marketable nature.
Parian Ware.
This product is white, unglazed porcelain, with a dense body and closely resembles Parian marble, whence the name of Parian ware. This class of goods is used somewhat for the manufacture of ornaments and small busts. Trenton is at present the only producer.
The Pottery Industry, By States.
California.
This State has the most active potteries along the Pacific Coast. The recent exhibit at the Cotton States and International Exposition held in Atlanta, Oa., in 1895, demonstrated the ability of the California potters to produce some excellent white wares for toilet, table, and ornamental uses, as well as colored glaze jardinieres. There are a number of small works, but the important producers in the State are as follows: Acjton Brick and Pottery Company, Acton; Mount Diablo Pottery and Paving Brick Company, Antioch; California Pottery and Terra Cotta Works, San Francisco; A. Steiger & Sons' Brick and Pottery Works, San Francisco; The Oakland Art Pottery and Terra Cotta Company, Oakland; A. Clark & Son, San Francisco; Gladding, McBean & Co., San Francisco. The last firm produces stoneware (domestic and chemical), earthenware flowerpots and vases.
Colorado.
Stoneware is made at Denver by the Queen City Pottery Company
and the Denver Porcelain and Stoneware Company. Their clays are
obtained in large part from Golden. Other concerns in the State are
the Pueblo Pottery Company, of Pueblo, and the San Juan Broom and
Pottery Company, of Durango. The industry was not very active
in 1895.
Illinois.
Very little pottery clay is mined in Illinois, but considerable quartz for china manufacture is obtained from Lasalle County. C. C. ware, white granite, and seraiporcelain ware are made by the Peoria Pottery Company at Peoria. The products are plain white or decorated overglaze. This is probably the most western factory making white ware.
Indiana.! Clays.
The kaolin or indianite of this State is well known. The most important deposits are near Lawrence, 4 miles south of the Baltimore and
See Twentieth Ann. Ropt. Creol. Survey, Indiana.
Clay.
Ohio Southwestern Railway. The kaolin bed varies from 4 to 11 feet in thickness. It is nonplastic, white, and either massive or concretionary. The foUowing analysis was made by Dr. J. N. Hurty :
Analysis of kaolin from Lawrence f Ind.
Per cent.
CaO I .37
MgO I .30
KaO , .12
No I .23
H,0 1 15.17
Total 100.58
I
The material has in the past been chieHy used by paper manufacturers.
Most of the pottery clays mined within the State are a grade of fire clay, and are used for making stoneware or saggars. The stoneware clays are especially abundant within the coal area of Indiana. Prominent among these is a bed at Annapolis, Parke County, which is 22 feet thick. It contains more or less impurities, but when washed and mixed with one-eighth fire clay makes an excellent grade of stoneware. The bed at Huntingburg is one of the best pottery clays in southern Indiana. It is 5 feet 10 inches thick and has been worked for a number of years. The firms now mining at this locality are Bockting Bros., Benighof, Uhl & Co., and V. Waltz. The analysis of this clay is:
Analysis of stoneware clay from Huntingburg y Ind.
Per cent.
FeO
CaO
K,0 2
H3O 5
Total 99
At Canneltou, Perry County, there is said to be an excellent bed of stoneware clay several feet thick under the " Upper Ooal.' Other localities are Shoals, Martin County; Brazil, and Clay City, Clay County; and Troy, Perry County.
Products.
Bed earthenware and stoneware are common products. Stoneware is made at Annapolis by Atchison aud Lee; Bloomingdale, Dr. J. L. Myers; Eockville, J. H. Baker & Son ; Brazil, Torbett and Baker; Clay City, Beryl Griffith; Worthington, G. Baker;, Shoals, Indiana Clay and Specialty Works; Huntingbnrg, V. Waltz; Cannelton, A. D. Clark and the Cannelton Stoneware Company; Evansville, Indiana Pottery Company; Spencer, Woods Bros. White granite or ironstone china is made by the Crown Pottery Company at Evansville. These two grades are generally made in plain white, and consist of dinner and toilet wares and druggists' sundries. A similar line of wares is made with decorations.
These wares are also made at Kokomo, by the Great Western
Pottery Company. Their decorations are entirely underglaze. Their
specialty is sanitary earthenware. Queensware is produced by Otto
Bish at Frankfort.
Iowa. I
Iowa does not support a very extensive lottery industry, and potteries are rather rare. The three formations which have supplied more or less pottery clay are the Coal Measures, Cretaceous, and the Maquoketa shales, all of them sedimentary deposits. Most of the pottery is made from the Coal Measure clays.
In the central part of the State the pottery industry assumes some dimensions, as at Fort Dodge, Boone, Des Moines, Cedar Falls, and Ottumwa. At all of these places the fire clays of the Coal Measures are used, the clay coming from some neighboring coal mine or surface pits. The ware is chiefly crocks, jugs, flowerpots, and similar articles. Black, yellow, and gray stoneware are made. Many clay toys are manufactured in the region of Fairport. There are also rather extensive works at Sioux City and Bedoak. These two use Cretaceous clays. No fine ware is made in Iowa.
Maryland. Clays.
Maryland has comparatively few developed deposits of pottery clays. Colored clay used in the manufacture of red earthenware and stoneware is not uncommon, and a large amount of it has been obtained within the city limits of Baltimore where street openings or excavations for foundations have been made. Flint is mined at Darlington.
Products.
The center of the pottery industry in Maryland is at Baltimore, and the output includes all grades from common red earthenware to white ware. The firms are :
D. F. Haynes & Son : Dinner and toilet wares in various styles of
Mr. H. F. Bain, assistant State geologist, has kindly furnished the writer with much information.
Clay. 861
decoration. The firm makes a specialty of clocks aud lamps, being very successful with underglaze Delft decoration. Edwin Bennett Pottery Company: Though making a full line of plain white granite wares, their output also includes plain print underglaze decoration in several colors, and semiporcelaiu with colored aud gold decorations. Their specialty is colored glaze jardinieres, cuspidors, and A recent introduction consists of clay painted wares. Every white-ware manufacturer uses a mixture of clays from the different States producing these plastic materials.
The Maryland Pottery Company is the only one in the State making vitreous sanitary ware, and was one of the earliest in the country to introduce it. In former years their raw materials used were exclusively native, but now some foreign clay is used. The decoration of their wares is entirely overglaze. The other firms in Baltimore are L. Leopold & Co., C. C. ware; W. L. Paterson, Rockingham, yellow, and stoneware, and flowerpots, the clays used being obtained mostly from within the city limits; M. Perine & Son, Eockiugham ware, white-lined ware, and James Whipfield, flowerpots.
Massachusetts. Clays.
Hardly any pottery clays except those used for common red earthenware are known to exist within the State. These are obtained in the vicinity of Cambridge. A of kaolin, which has been a profitable source of material, has been mined for several years at Blandford, but all the other clays used are brought from other States. Kaolin is also said to occur near Ashleyfalls, Berkshire County, but it has never been used for pottery purposes.
Products.
Most of the pottery establishments are in the eastern part of the State. Common flowerpots and brown earthenware are made by Bullard and Scott at Cambridgeport, from clays obtained at Cambridge. Similar wares are produced from the same clays by A. H. Hews & Co,, North Cambridge, Mass. They also make a specialty of cuspidors and jardinieres, the latter being finished in imitation of underglaze colors. Glazed earthenware jardinieres and are manufactured at West Brookfield and by the Washacum Pottery Company at Sterling.
The New England Pottery Company of East Boston is the only producer of C. C. ware in the State. At one time they also manufactured wares with colored glazes, but their specialty now is porous jars for filtering and electrical purposes.
The Chelsea Pottery Company of Boston has produced some vases which are claimed to be after the long lost art of the Chinese Dragon's Blood," and their crackleware plates have much artistic merit.
Minnesota.
Earthenware and stoneware, which are the only products of the State, are made entirely from local clays.
The stoneware factories at Red Wing are quite extensive. Tlie following are the Minnesota pottery producers: Red Wing Pottery Works, Red Wing 5 Red Wing Stoneware Company, Red Wing; Union Stoneware Company, Red Wing; Mr. Stoeckert, New Ulm.
Missouri.
The Coal Measure clays and residual clays derived from the weathering of Carboniferous shales are much used by pottery makers. Ball clay is mined at Regina, and kaolin at Glen Allen by Mr. J. H. Maudle. China clays are said to occur in Franklin, Crawford, Jefferson, and Cape Girardeau counties; kaolin occurs in Bollinger, Howell, Wright, and Reynolds counties; feldspar in St. Genevieve County, and flint in Franklin, Jefferson, and Cape Girardeau counties. So far as is known few of these deposits are mined.
Products.
Mr. H. A. Wheeler informs the writer that there are no white ware factories in the State, but that many stoneware potteries are in operation, especially in the region about St. Louis and Kansas City. The following manufacturers of flowerpots and stoneware are located in the latter region : Clinton Pottery Company, Clinton ; North & Reeves, Clinton; Calhoun Pottery, Calhoun ; G. A. Jegglin, Calhoun; Darby & Sons, Calhoun: Underwood & Sons, Calhoun; Kansas City Pottery Company, Kansas City ; Martin & Sons, Deerfleld.
New Jersey.
Clays.
♦
The grades of clay mined within the State are yellow ware, stoneware, C. C. ware, white granite ware, and ball clays. The localities at which the clays are obtained and the men engaged in mining are:
Woodbridge: Edgar Plastic Kaolin Company, with mines 4 miles west of South Amboy. The cjay obtained is a ball clay, which is washed and sold for use in the manufacture of sanitary ware, white earthenware, and electrical supplies. The clay from the company's mines on the north side of the Raritan River and south of Metuchen is used for saggars.
Min. Ind., VoL II, p. 198. BuU. Geol. Suney, Miaaonri. No. 4.
CLAY. The analysis of the South Amboy clay is :
Jnaljftis of saggar dag from Woodhridge, N.J,
Per cent.
SiO 43.83
Al,Or, 37.629
Sand 1.06
K,0 .317
Na,0 1.124
CaO i .41
MgO 19
Fe.On 97
H.0 14.47
Total 100.00
J. H. Leisen's clay bank is at High Hill, near Woodbridge, and contains stoneware clay, saggar clay, and clay used for sanitary ware. The following section from Mr. Leisen's bank shows how the different beds have particular qualities and, accordingly, different uses:
ofelag hank at Woodbridge, N, J,
Loam
Blue sand
Blue retort clay .
Feet.
Stoneware clay 2- 3
Drainpipe and No. 2 brick clay 3-5
No. 1 fine clay 2- 6
No. 1 blue fine clay ' 2- 4
Black fine clay
Black saggar clay
Lignite
Fine yellow loam 13
Brick clay 18
Fine sand and spar 8
W. Drunimond's bank furnishes saggar clay. P. L. Ryan's bank, at the same locality, contains saggar, stoneware, earthenware, Eockingham ware, and flower-pot clays. In W. H. Cutler's bank there are mined ball, stoneware, Bockingham ware, and ball clays. The latter are used in the manufacture of white ware. In J. P. Prall's bank are clays for Rockingham and stoneware and saggars. The clay in Mrs S. A. Dixon's bank is used for ornamental tile.
All analyRis of this latter gave:
Jnaly8i8 of clay for ornamental toilet, Woodhridgff X, J.
Per <eiit.
CaO
HsO
Total
Other miners of pottery or saggar clays at Woodbridge are L. O. Potter, B. Duunigau, A. Martin, G. W. Euddy, A. C. Campbell, and D. A. Flood. J. R. Such, at South Amboy, mines ball clay, which is washed and used in the manufacture of semigranite, ironstone china, and sanitary ware.
Products.
Trenton. — Nearly all of the pottery manufactured in New Jersey comes from Trenton, which is one of the two great centers of the pottery industry in the country, East Liverpool, Ohio, being the other. The condition of the industry at Trenton can be best seen, perhaps, from the following brief statement of the information collected from the various potters :
Anchor Pottery Company: C. C. ware and white granite table and toilet ware, either plain or decorated.
Bellmark Pottery Company: Sanitary earthenwares and vitreous wares, including closets, basins, washtubs, sinks, and bath tubs. Some decoration used. Mortars and pestles are also made.
Brian-Coxon Pottery Company: This company is engaged solely in making bath tubs and washtubs. These have an earthenwaie body and glazed lining. No decoration is used.
Ceramic Art Company: One of the firms making the Belleek ware in various styles, often decorated with a violet design.
Coalport Pottery Works: This firm also makes a specialty of sanitary earthenwares, including closets and wash basins, both for houses and railroads. Decorations are sometimes used and are both underglaze and overglaze.
Cook Pottery Company (Etruria Works) : While a large line of C. C. tablewares are made by this firm, their specialties are fancy Belleek goods of various shapes, and also jardinieres, pedestals, and ferneries
Clat. 865
decorated mostly iu delft desijpas of the usual color. The body of the ware is porcelain.
Dale and Davis: O. C. ware.
Eagle Pottery: Engaged iu making the usual line of G. G. and white granite wares although the firm has specialized somewhat in ornamental pottery.
Egyptian Pottery : Sanitary earthenware.
Glasgow Pottery: Also producers of white granite and C. C. ware as well as semiporcelain. These grades are generally made in various characteristic patterns. The decoration is both underglaze and overglaze. A specialty is hotel china.
Greenwood Pottery: Vitrified china, decorated in various styles of underglaze and overglaze prints, the former being a specialty. Several new designs have been introduced in the past year.
International Pottery Gompany: White and decorated granite ware of high quality and porcelain tablewares. The products are printed painted, gilded, or enameled. A specialty is their royal blue decorated porcelain, with blue flowers or border illuminated with gold. Much of this is decorated underglaze.
Keystone Pottery Gompany : Entire production is sanitary earthenware and vitreous ware, including wash basins and closet-bowls. The decoration is both underglaze and overglaze, and the pattern is usually a wreath design illuminated with gold.
John Maddock's Sons: Plain and decorated white granite table and toilet ware.
Thos. Maddock & Sons: C. G. and white granite, table, and toilet wares.
Mayer Pottery Gompany: Plain and decorated white granite ware, but making large quantities of majolica at present. The shapes are plates, pitchers, and mugs, decorated with glazes of various colors.
Monument Pottery Company: Vitreous sanitary ware.
Trenton Fire Glay and Porcelain Gompany : During the past year this company has begun the manufacture of glaze-lined bathtubs, washtubs, and sinks. No decoration is used. They also manufacture saggars.
Trenton Potteries Company: Several of the potteries are consolidated under this name. Their product is white granite and sanitary earthenware.
Willetts Manufacturing Gompany : The output comprises C. C. ware, ironstone china, and semiporcelain, table, and toilet wares. They are decorated chiefly with underglaze prints, the usual colors being brown, dove, and olive, with gold edging or stippling. A large number of designs in Belleek ware, both glazed and enameled, with plain gold or colored decorations, are a specialty. Considerable underglaze delfb decoration is done by them on Belleek ware. Vitreous and earthen sanitary wares, both plain and decorated, are made. Becently this company has begun the manufacture of parian ware busts. 17 GBOL, PT 3 55
FAizabeth, — The only firm at this locality is L. Beerbower & Oo. Their output consists of C. C, sernigranite, and white granite ware, both plain and decorated. They have a specialty of colored glazed jardinieres.
Hdddonfield. — Ohas. Wingender & Bros.: Fancy and artistic jars, coolers, and beer mugs.
New York. Clays.
New York is destitute of any extensive deposits of pottery clays. The Albany slip clay, which is mined at Albany, N. Y., is of great importance, and is shipped to potteries all over the country. Its value lies in the easy fusibility and the uniform brown color to which it glazes.
Stoneware clays are found on Staten Island, near Krischerville, and at Elm Point, Glen Cove, and Little Feck, near Northport, all on the north shore of Long Island. Only those from Northport are actually used in stoneware manufacture.
Kaolin does not occur in marketable quantity within the State. Spar is mined in considerable amounts by P. H. Kinkel, at Bedford, N. Y.
Products.
Common red earthenware flowerpots are made from local clays near Greenport, L. I., and from Albany clay at Albany and at Fort Edward.
Stoneware is produced at A. Cairo's factory, at Poughkeepsie, and also at Bochester. The product is glazed with Albany slip, and includes kitchen utensils mostly. For the body of the ware New Jersey clays are used. Stoneware, some of it of Flemish designs, is made at Utica by the Central New York Pottery Works.
C. C. ware and white granite as well as a semiporcelain is made by the Onondaga Pottery at Syracuse, and the first two grades are also made by the East Morrisania China Works.
The Union Porcelain Works, of Brooklyn, E. D., have been in operation for many years, making semiporcelain and porcelain wares, chiefly for table use. The decorations are overglaze, or an overglaze application of the design, with firing to produce underglaze effect. Considerable quantities of hotel china are made. Electrical goods constitute a second line of wares, and some large porcelain insulators for trolley wires recently made by the company are of special note.
Ohio. Clays.
Ohio stands second to no other State as regards her clay-working industries. No white clay is found in the State, but the fire clays of
Clay. 867
the Goal Measures form an abundant source of supply for the manufacture of earthenware, stoneware, Rockingham, and yellow wares. The clays for white ware are obtained mostly from Delaware, Kentucky, !North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Florida, Missouri, Kew Jersey, Maryland, South Carolina, and England.
Products.
These include earthware, stoneware, yellow ware, Eockingham ware, C. C. ware, white granite, and porcelain.
Earthenware flowerpots are made at a number of localities by small firms, but there are three large factories engaged in this branch of production, namely, S. A. Weller, and the J. B. Owens Pottery Company, at Zanesville, and the Hoseville Pottery Company, at Eoseville. These firms have also been very successful in the making of internally glazed cuspidors.
Stoneware is made in large quantities near Zanesville and Akron. The products include the usual line of articles. Ohio is the largest producer of stoneware in the Union, as the following list of manufacturers indicates: Atwater, Oerhardt and Goodman; Canton, Canton Stoneware Company, Champion Stoneware Company; Crooksville, Burley and Winters, Crooksville Stoneware Company, Star Stoneware Company, Diamond Stoneware Company; Beavertown, Conway, Watt and Allen; Limaville, Kuntz & Sons; Massillon, Massillon Stoneware Company; Mogadore, Myers and Hall, T. S. Monroe & Sons, Shattuck and Hill; Eoseville, Midland Pottery Company, L. S. Elldow; Salineville, Standard Pottery Company; South Zanesville, South Zanesville Stoneware Company, South Zanesville Clay Manufacturing Company; White Cottage, Wilson and Williams, Keed Bros., and Settles Estate; Zanesville, Bagley and Roberts, Zanesville Stoneware Company, Muskingum Stoneware Company.
Yellow and Rockingham wares are made in shapes similar to those of stoneware, but the variety of articles is smaller. The clays used are mostly local, and the colors of the product yellow and brown. One firm., the Globe Pottery Company, has recently begun the use of colored glazes. The producers of yellow and Rockingham wares in Ohio are fewer in number than the stoneware manufacturers. They are : Akron, Whitmore, Robinson & Co.; Cincinnati, J. Fisher & Sons; East Liverpool, J. W. Croxall & Sons, Globe Pottery Company, D. E. McNicol Pottery Company, McDevitt and Moore, and the C. C. Thompson Company; East Palestine, East Palestine Pottery Company; Wellsville, J. Patterson & Sons.
Starting with Rockingham and yellow ware manufacture at East Liverpool, the potters gradually drifted into the manufacture of white wares, so that now C. C. ware, white granite ware, and porcelain are important factors in the pottery industry at this locality. Probably less vitreous china is made at East Liverpool than at Trenton. Neither
is much sanitary ware made. The firms and their specialties are as follows :
Burford Bros. Pottery Company: White granite ware, asaally decorated ; and if so, this is done over the glaze.
East End Pottery Company: Granite ware and Columbia china,'' decorated both under glaze and over glaze (chiefly the former) in different styles and colors.
Goodwin Pottery Company: Overglaze decorated C. C. wares for dinner and toilet sets.
Harker Pottery Company: White granite table and toilet wares. Decoration mostly itl overglaze but some underglaze work is also done.
Potters' Cooperative Company : White granite and china. Decorations used, but all overglaze.
Sebring Pottery Company: White granite and china. The manufacture of the latter has just begun.
E. Thomas & Sons Company : Doorknob tops and porcelain insulators for electrical purposes.
C. C. Thompson Pottery Company: C. C. ware, with decorations, mostly underglaze.
Union Cooperative PotteryCompany : White granite ware, decorated either overglaze or underglaze.
Yodrey & Bro. : C. C. ware and white granite ware. Dinner, tea, and toilet wares, both plain and decorated, the latter mostly overglaze, although some underglaze work is done.
Other C. 0. ware producers at East Liverpool are the D. E. McNicol Pottery Company and Oartwright Bros., while white granite ware is made by William Brunt, Son & Co. and Wallace & Chetwynd. China is made by Knowles, Taylor & Knowles.
At Akron, the Akron China Company: White granite ware, plain or overglaze. The American Marble and Toy Manufacturing Company: Marbles of majolica and white earthenware and electric insulators.
At Steuben ville, Steuben ville Pottery Company: White granite ware (manufactured since- 1881) and semiporcelain, called "Canton china," added since then. The forms are dinner and toilet sets, children's dishes, and jardinieres. The decorations are filled-in prints, illumtnated with gold; also gold stippling, bands, and traced work.
At Wellsville, the Wellsville Pioneer Pottery Company, producers of white granite table and toilet wares, and jardinieres, with both underglaze ana overglaze decoration. J. H. Baum : White granite. White granite is also produced at East Palestine by the East Palestine Pottery Company.
Toronto: The Toronto Pottery Company.
Tilton ville: Western Sanitary Ware Company.
Findlay: Bell Bros.
Clay. 869
Tiffin : Brewer Pottery Company.
Cincinnati: Brocknian Pottery Company, George Scott's Sons.
Art pottery. — The product of the Rookwood Art Pottery, of Cincinnati, has been already mentioned. It compares favorably with anything of a similar nature made in this country and abroad, and represents the successful result of years of patient and persevering work. The body of the ware is made from native clays.
Pennsylvania. Clays.
fted earthenware clays and stoneware clays are to be found at a number of localities, but the important clay material mined in the State is the kaolin at Brandywine Summit, Delaware County. This is mined by two firms — the National Kaolin and Feldspar Company, and the Brandywine Summit Kaolin Company. The kaolin results from the decay of a granite or feldspar vein. Before shipment to market it is washed to separate the quartz and mica.
Products.
Beaver Falls is an important locality of pottery productions, but several works are located at Philadelphia and other localities.
At Beaver Falls semivitreous china is made bj' the Mayer Pottery Company, the products including dinner, tea, and toilet wares, decorated by hand or by printing, either underglaze or overglaze. The underglaze work is in plain prints or illuminated with gold. A specialty is colored glaze jardinieres, teapots, cracker jars, etc. Some of the colored glazes used have been very successful, especially an olive green.
Stoneware is produced at New Brighton by the Pittsburg Clay Manufacturing Company, Sherwood Bros., and the Enterprise Pottery Company, and at Fallston by the Fallston Pottery Company.
At Philadelphia sanitary earthenware is produced by J. E. Jeffords & Co. They originally manufactured yellow, Rockingham, white-lined, and buff stonewares, but in recent years they have added a variety of articles in colored glazes with a stoneware body. These consist especially of teapots and jardinieres.
Chemical stoneware and porcelain are also produced in Philadelphia by R. C. Kemmey, some of the vessels having a capacity of 500 gallons. In addition to these, Mr. Remmey also produces stoneware mugs, pitchers, cuspidors, money banks, and porcelain-lined bath tubs.
West Virginia. Clays.
So far as is known, no clays for pottery of a higher grade than red earthenware, or perhaps stoneware, are obtained from West Virginia.
See Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Report of Progress, 1885.
All the manufacturers of white ware obtain their clays in varying quantities from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Kew Jersey, Florida, Kentucky, ISorth Carolina, and England.
Products.
Most of the works are at Wheeling.
White granite, 0. C. ware, and semiporcelain are made by the Wheeling Pottery Company in a variety of styles, one shape, "La Belle china,'' being a specialty. The decorations are mostly overglaze, bat some underglaze work is done, notably in blue and gold table sets. They also make jardinieres and umbrella jars of similarly decorated wares, which are very artistic in character. Some sanitary earthenware is also produced.
The Warwick China Company makes only semiporcelain dinner, tea, and toilet ware, the decorations of which are mostly overglaze solid colors, or scroll and spray patterns.
Those who visited the ceramic exhibit at the World's Fair may remember the unique wares exhibited by the Ohio Valley China Company. Their vases with royal blue glaze and gold decoration with gilt intertwined handles are objects of great beauty. The decoration is all overglaze. The company also makes a line of plain and decorated porcelain table wares.
White granite and semiporcelain dinner and toilet wares are made at New Cumberland by the Chelsea China Company in both underglaze and overglaze decorations.
Southern States. Clays.
Little work has been done on the pottery clays of the Southern States, and their extent and value are comparatively unknown, but experiments are going on in several localities at present which will no doubt prove the existence of very desirable materials.
The plastic china clay of Florida (described in another of this report) and the kaolin of Dillsboro, N". C, are well known. Some flint is also mined in Alabama.
Ball clay is mined in large quantities 4 miles south of Mayfield, Ky. The bed is about 40 feet thick, but only the upper 30 feet are mined. It is used in the manufacture of white ware and art tile, and is shipped to Beaver Falls, Wheeling, Zanesville, Steubenville, East Liverpool, and points in Indiana and Illinois.
Clay.
The following analysis represent the average composition of the complete section :
Average campo9iU4m of clay from May field, Ky. [R.Petr,anAly8t.]
Per cent.
Sio,
A1,0,
CaO
MgO
KaO
Total
Trace.
Products.
All the mannfactarers obtain their clay in the vicinity of the works.
Common earthenware and stoneware are produced by Stevens Bros. & Co., at Stephens Pottery, Ga., and the Landram Pottery Company, at Columbia, S. C.,is making glazed red earthenware. At Mohawk, Teon., the Columbian Pottery Company turns out stoneware jars and jugs which are salt glazed outside and slip glazed inside.
Similar grades of ware are made by the Stonington Brick and Pottery Company, Stonington, Miss., and at New Orleans, La., by the American Pottery Works, Magnolia Pottery Works, and Charles Macket.
The Athens Pottery Company, of Athens, Tex., is also a producer of stoneware, which is made from clay obtained 1 mile from Athens. The glazes used on the ware are salt glaze outside and Albany slip inside.
Notes On The Florida Clays.
Florida has two classes of clay materials, kaolin and brick clays.
Kaolin.
This material occurs at several points in the north central portion of Florida, and the different areas probably represent portions of a formerly continuous bed. It is undoubtedly of sedimentary origin, and the occurrence of such an extensive deposit so free in most instances from impurities is indeed remarkable. The usual consistency of the mass is a mixture of kaolin and white quartz pebbles, the latter forming 65 to 75 per cent of the whole, so that for every ton of washed kaolin
Mineral Resources.
aboat 4 tons of raw material have to be mined. The quartz pebbles vary in size from the dimensions of a pin head to a diameter of threequarters of an inch, and they are frequently fiat. The largest ones seem to occur chiefly at the northern end of the area over which the kaolin is found. If these deposits were near to pottery centers, or if freight rates were lower, these quartz pebbles would no doubt form a good grade of flint for potters' use.
The location of the kaolin deposits is as follows : There is a large bed at Edgar, Putnam County. This point is on the narrow-gauge road between Palatka and Ocala, and about 50 miles southwest of Jacksonville. The region is comparatively flat and thinly wooded. At this place the Edgar Plastic Kaolin Company has an extensive pit nearly 40 feet deep, and exposing about 30 feet of kaolin. The section in their mine is approximately as follows :
Section of the kaolin depoHt at Edgar, Fla,
Feet.
Top soil 8
Impure upper kaolin 8-10
White kaolin 25
Green clay
The thickness of the green clay is not known exactly, but it is probably inconsiderable. At other localities this green clay rests on limestone.
An analysis of the washed kaolin from Edgar, Fla., is as follows:
Anahjsis of washed kaolin from Edgar, Fla. [C. Langenbeck, analyst.]
Per cent.
SiO: 45.39
Al.O:, 39.19
Fe.Oa 45
CaO 51
MgO .29
Alkalies .83
H.0 14.01
Total 100.67
Another but more extensive area of this kaolin occurs along the Palatlakaha River, south of Leesburg, Lake County. Leesburg is 30 miles southeast of Ocala and near Lake Harris. The Palatlakaha
Clay.
Eiver flows into Lake Harris from the south. Some kaolin was found in a well driven in the town of Leesburg, and there is also an outcrop of the material on Main street on the edge of the town. The material here is very impure and heavily stained in places with iron. Its only use is for road-metal.
The large kaolin tract begins about a mile south of Lake Harris and extends along both sides of the river nearly to Villa City. Throughout this belt there is an overburden of about 3 feet of loose sand, and underneath this is the kaolin, which varies in depth from 10 to 30 feet. The upper of the material are sometimes slightly stained with iron, but as a rule the material is very white. It may be said in general that the material is finer at the lower end of the belt. It is frequently well exposed in the bluflfs along the river, which stand out with glistening whiteness in the sunlight. The only point at which this bed is being worked is the bank on the property of Dr. J. F. Eichmond, on the Palatlakaha Biver, 4 miles south of Leesburg. The kaolin at this point is 25 to 30 feet thick, and is overlain by 3 feet of sand. The clay is not quite so pure in the upper portion of the bank. A "horse" of yellowish sand occurs in the middle of the bank on the north side of the excavation, but this portion is not mined. At the bottom of the kaolin a thin bed of greenish clay is encountered, and this in turn rests on limestone.
What is probably a continuation of the Palatlakaha bed occurs at Bayside, east of Villa City. The material is finer grained than the other, but contains more mica.
An analysis of the washed kaolin from along the Palatlakaha Biver showed:
Analysis of washed kaolin from the Palatlakaha Hirer.
SiO, . AI.O3.
MgO. H.O.. SO,..
Per cent.
Total
Still another area, and an undeveloped one, occurs at Bartow Junction, Polk County, about 45 miles a little north of east from Tampa and on the South Florida and Western Bailroad. Very little exploiting has been done, so that not much is known concerning the extent of the becl, but about three-fourths of a mile from the station, at the south end of a lobe of Sloop Lake, a test pit was sunk to a depth of
aboat 12 feet. The section Bhowed 5 feet of saDdy clay, and under this 18 inches to 2 feet of sandy kaolin stained with iron oxide followed by white kaolin. This is on the property of Mr. A. E. Parslow, of Tampa. According to Mr. Potter, of Bartow Junction, another boring was made about 300 feet farther south and showed a similar section.
In the railroad cut of the Bartow branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western Baih*oad, and about 1,000 feet from the station, the same material is exposed. The section shows 4 to 5 feet of loose sand and under this 6 to 8 feet of kaolin streaked with iron oxide stains. The material would no doubt become whiter with the depth.
Washing the kaolin. — As will be noticed from the above description, the kaolin is being mined at only two localities, namely, on Dr. Kichmond's property south of Leesburg, and at Edgar.
The methods used for mining and washing are similar, but have certain important differences.
At Dr. Bichmond's deposit the clay is mined by pick and shovel and loaded on a small car, which is hoisted to the top of an incline, where the clay is dumped into a vat. A powerful stream of water is turned onto the clay, and it is washed into a long sluice. At the beginning of this trough there are three wooden wheels with iron scoops. These revolve as the material is being washed down the trough, and the scoops catch up a large amount of the coarse sand as it rushes down. As each scoop reaches an inverted position, due to the revolution of the wheel, the sand is dropped into a neighboring box. The sluice or trough along which the water with suspended kaolin, sand, and mica passes is 350 feet long, and consists of connected sections arranged side by side. The current is considerably slower at the lower end of the trough, and most of the sand and mica have been dropped. The water with the suspended kaolin then passes throng:h an 80-me8h screen, to remove any remaining mica flakes or pieces of foreign matter, to the settling tanks, where the kaolin settles. The supernatant liquid is drawn off, and the slip-like mass of kaolin and some water is pumped into the presses, where the water is forced out. The pressed kaolin is then put on the drying racks, and subsequently shipped. Dr. Bichmond ships his kaolin from Okahumpka, on the Florida Southern Bailroad, about 2 miles distant.
The works of the Edgar Plastic Kaolin Company are much larger and among the best equipped in the country. The is worked on a different plan from Dr. Bichmond's. The bottom of the pit is filled with water, in whicli there floats a large platform with the pump and scraper. A scraper loosens the clay and sand, and it is sucked up through a large pipe and discharged into the upper end of a long trough, of greater length and width than at Dr. Bichmond's. The water with suspended kaolin, after leaving this trough, passes through a revolving screen (which eliminates sticks and other impurities) to the settling tanks. It is pumped from these to the presses, and after
Clay. 875
removal of the water is carried on an endless belt to the drying racks. The air-dried kaolin is broken into small pieces and shipped in sacks of 200 pounds each.
The Florida kaolins contain very few impurities, and owing to their being plastic after washing they are called ball clay by potters. These kaolins are now shipped to many American potteries and are used in the manufacture of C. C. ware, white granite, and porcelain.
The shrinkage of this kaolin at the fusion of orthoclase is given by Dr. Langenbeck as 15 per cent.
Brick Clays.
There are a number of small brick works in Florida, but most of them are run intermittently to supply the local trade. The following notes were collected by the writer in Florida recently :
Jacksonville: The Jacksonville Brick Company is 2 miles southwest of the town. The clay bank is about 1,000 feet from the yard, and about 15 feet of clay are exposed. The deposit is basin shaped, and is very sandy in its upper portion and very tough in the lower An indistinct horizontal lamination is present in the clay, and the sandy streaks are often highly colored by iron. The pit is about 150 feet long and 50 feet wide. The clay is hauled to the yard in a wirerope tram. Molding is done in an end-cut stiff-mud machine, and the endless belt on which they are carried to different parts of the drying shed is 900 feet long. Burning is done in a Dennis down-draft kiln.
Ocklocknee : The Tallahassee Pressed Brick Company has its works on the Ocklocknee Biver 9 miles west of Tallahassee. The clay is dug in the woods on the opposite side of the river. It is a bluish and red clay, rather tough in spots, often apparently containing a considerable percentage of iron oxide. This clay has been deposited by the annual floods of the Ocklo<;knee Biver. The bricks are molded in an auger side-cut machine and dried on a steam-heated slat floor. They are burned in a Morrison kiln. The clay does not seem to be able to stand a very high degree of heat.
Mr. W. B. Durr's yard, on the west side of the river, has the same kind of clay as that used at the preceding yard, and it is molded without other preparation than a preliminary pugging in a Cleveland machine.
Bartow : There is a small brick plant at this locality, which is of interest chiefly on account of the curious material used. The yard is operated by Mr. C. H. Irving, and the clay is obtained from a neighboring bank. In the upper portion is a low 'grade of light-colored pebble phosphate containing a considerable quantity of argillaceous matter. This passes downward into an impure clay, which still contains some small phosphate pebbles, while underneath the clay there is in places a bed of fuller's earth 5 to 6 feet thick. The bricks are
1 The Chemititry of Pottery, Easton, 1895.
made from the clay under the phosphatic material. It is tempered in ring pits and molded in soft-mud machines, both operated by horse The bricks are dried in the sun and burned in scove kilns. The product is very porous, but has a fair ring. The white phosphatic pebbles can be easily seen on breaking the brick open. Like most other Florida brick clays, the material at Bartow will not stand very much heat.
Leesburg: The Keystone Brick Works are 4 miles west of here. Two different beds of clay are worked by the company. In the first bank the layers beginning at the top are black clay, dark-gray clay, mixed white clay, and mixed yelJow clay. These have been used together without other admixture, and make a satisfactory brick. The second clay bank contains red sand stiff gray clay, and stiff white clay. A yellow sandy clay with abundant pyrite nodulea overlies the red sand. The mixed clays from the second bank have also been used together, but the brick is not considered as good, and shrinks more in burning. The bricks are now made of a mixture of five cars of clay from the first bank and two cars from the second.
FUIiliER'S EARTH.
The term "fuller's earth" has been used to include a variety of claylike substances which have strong absorbent properties. Prof. E. S. Dana defines fuller's earth as including many kinds of "unctuous clays, gray to dark green in color, and beuig in part kaolin and in part the mineral smectite." It is placed by him with several clay-like minerals (ail of them hydrous silicates), namely, smectite and malthacite, of not very definite chemical composition, but all having a high percentage of combined water.
Smectite proper is defined as a "mountain green, oil green, or graygreen clay, from Cilly in Lower Styria."
Malthacite is defined as occurring in thin laminsB or scales, and sometimes massive, with the color white or yellowish. The original occurrence is the result of disintegration in a basalt at Steindorfel, in Lausitz. Beraum, in Bohemia, is another locality.
Judging from the analyses given below, thQ composition of fuller's earth varies considerably, although this may be due in part to impurities, and indicates that all fuller's earth does not contain a high percentage of combined wat-er, as most books state, nor a large amount of magnesia, as claimed by some.' The high percentage of combined water seems to be true -of most of the foreign occurrences.
Fuller's earth is generally fine-grained, but nonplastic (thereby diffeiing from true clay), and when thrown into water and broken up forms a somewhat flocculent mass. Even when simply air-dried it adheres strongly to the tongue and thereby shows it absorbent powers.
I System of Mineralogy, 1893, p. 695. 'Muspratt: Cfaomische Tecknologie, Vol. VI, p. 1311.
Clay. 877
Porbiqn Occurrences.
Fuller's earth occurs in Saxony as the result of decomposition of diabase and gabbro.
In England it forms a bed 150 feet thick in the Lower Oolite of the Jurassic. The deposit is argillaceous and extends from Dorsetshire to Bath and Cheltenham.
American Occurrences.
The development of fuller's earth in the United States is of comparatively recent date, and has occurred in Florida, Georgia, Virginia, and South Dakota. Fuller's earth was discovered at Quincy, in the northwestern part of Florida, about one and one-half years ago, and its development caused so much excitement that persons all over the State have been searching for the material, with the result of finding much of it, but of variable quality. In the northwestern part of the State, in Gadsden County, fuller's earth has been found around Quincy, Mount Pleasant, Norway, and Biver Junction. The usual section involved in this region
False fuller's earth.
Fuller's earth.
Bluish saiKl; sometimes partly consolidated.
The calico clay is generally of considerable thickness, and the fuller's earth which underlies it has become exposed by erosion, so that around Quincy it is to be looked for in the depressions, or often at the foot of slopes around the edge of the swamps.
Farther west, around Mount Pleasant, Norway, and Eiver Junction, the beds of fuller's earth usually crop out on the sides of the valleys and ravines 30 to 40 feet above the streams. The reason for this may be that in the latter region the bed rises or the valleys are cut down nearer to sea level. Just which is the case is not known, as no levels were obtainable.
The fuller's earth is well at Quincy, where it is being mined by two companies. It occurs there as a fine-grained, nonplastic material, usually thinly laminated, and when dry is hard but brittle. It turns white on drying. In the pit of the Cheesebrough Manufacturing Company the section observed in April, 1896, was —
Soil 18 inches.
Red clay 3 feet.
Blue clay 3 do.
Fuller's earth do.
Sandy blue earth 3 do.
1 Geikie: Text-Book of Geology, p. 905.
The second bed has been penetrated bat recently. Its thickness is not known, but the quality is said to be as good as the upper bed. The main or upper stratum dips slightly to the south, and the amount of overburden varies somewhat, being 8 feet at one time, but usually not more than 3 feet. In some of the test pits that were sunk on the Cheesebrough property a stratum of material was struck which resembled the fuller's earth very closely in appearance, but a very soapy feel and abundant couchoidal fracture. In the general section given above this is designated as "false fuller's earth."
A general feature of all these fuller's earth deposits is that they usually thin out toward the swamps.
Flint and chalky nodules occur in the Cheesebrough pit, and a few sharks' teeth have also been found. There also are found irregular lumps of aragonite or calcite made up of numerous small rounded, milky crystals, or transparent scaly ones. These crystals have formed between the layers of the fuller's earth, and also in the vertical cracks, so that the lumps often have numerous parallel laminae of the earth projecting from them.
Ill the Owl Cigar Company's pit, which lies on the opposite side of the town, the fuller's earth is of similar character and varies in thickness from 3 to 4 feet. The overburden is about 3 feet.
Between Mount Pleasant and Eiver Junction fuller's earth outcrops at a number of points, especially south of the line of the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad. The material is of similar appearance to that at Quincy, but there is usually more overburden. The known thickness of the earth is from 2 to 6 feet. Openings have been made in the properties of Howell, Morgan, Shepherd, and Sadler. Most of the outcrops are along branches of Mosquito Greek.
Fuller's earth is also mined 8 miles north of Quincy, on Mr. Howard's property. The material outcrops at the base of the hill along the highway, and the section exposed is rather unique, on account of the sharp boundary which exists between the overlying red clay and the fuller's earth. The material is also very much drier and consequently more brittle than the material in the Quincy mines. The fuller's earth is said to be 6 feet deep in the main pit, and is underlain by sand rock, but suddenly thins out about 200 feet north of the mine, as can be well seen in the embankment along the road. From here for a distance of 2 miles southward along Greek the earth is said to occur in iKXjkets. Mr. Howard's material is shipped from Faceville.
Another deposit of fuller's earth is found on Lester's property, to the northeast of Howard's, the test pits being in the valley 1 mile northeast of Lester's house.
As the deposits of fuller's earth found in Decatur County, Ga., are so close to those of northwestern Florida it may be well to mention them here.
Several openings have been made on the land of Mr. E. A. Connell
Clay. 879
sooth of Wbigham, Oa. A rectangolar pit 26 feet deep was Bunk in the woods 1 mile south of Mr. GoDDell's house. The lower GJ feet of the section exposed was fuller's earth, there being therefore an overburden of 19 feet.
Au auger boring made in the bed of the creek a few hundred feet distant showed 10 feet overburden and 1 foot of fuller's earth. Some chert was found in the test pit. Other test pits were sunk on Sears Greek and Wolffs Greek on the same property, and both showed several feet of fuller's earth with 5 to 8 feet of overburden.
Fuller's earth has also been found in the vicinity of Ocala, on Spencer's place, but it is cherty and of poor quality. A bed about 15 feet thick is exposed near the bottom of a sinkhole at Bellevue, about 12 miles from Ocala. It is rather siliceous, and has about 40 feet overburden. If of good quality it could be worked profitably, however.
Gonsiderable fuller's earth occurs in the neighborhood of Port Tampa, and on the Manatee Kiver.
A bed of fuller's earth of good quality and resembling the English material very closely is mined at Fairburn, S. Dak. Some of it was tested with cotton-seed oil and showed excellent decolorizing properties. It is more siliceous than the Florida fuller's earth and possesses a nodular character.
Mining And Preparation.
The Florida earth is usually mined with picks and shovels. A good method is to use mattocks, which shave the material off in thin pieces. This saves subsequent labor in breaking up the fuller's earth after it has been spread upon the drying floor.
After mining, the usual method is to spread the material in a thin layer over a drying floor constructed of planks. It is thus dried in the sun, and in drying it bleaches to a white color. The material is then gathered into sacks for shipment. By this air drying about 50 cent of moisture is removed. The Owl Gigar Gompany dry a large jmrtion of their output in cylinder dryers heated by a strong fire. The material passes through these in about four minutes. It is first ground, however. About 6,900 tons were produced in 1895.
Uses.
Fuller's earth was originally used for cleansing cloth of grease, and also by furriers for cleansing furs. In the latter case the fur was covered with a considerable quantity of the earth and rubbed or trodden. It has also been used as an absorbent by druggists. At the present day its chief use is for clarifying oils.
In clarifying lard oil the fuller's earth ground to 120 mesh is added to the hot oil and stirred for a short period; the oil is then passed through a filter press, the earth and coloring impurities being left
Mineral Besourceb.
behind. The degree of fineness of the fuller's earth is of great importance, and it is necessary to heat it well before nse.
In clarifying labricating and similar oils the fuller's earth is now being used as a substitute for boneblack. In this case it does not seem necessary to grind the material so fine, and the size to which it is ground varies with the grade of oil to be treated.
Analyses of fuller's earth.
SiO,
Al,0a
CaO
MgO
H,0
K,0
Moisture.
Total .
Per et.
Perct, &3.00
Peret
Si
M
ll
, flB
Per ct. Per et. Per eL
44.00 I 44.00 11.00 23.06 10.00 I 2.00 5.00 ! 4.08
r
Per et.
Peret.
G.88
if-.
m
Peret.
aPogg. Ann., Vol. LXXYII, p. 591, 1849. b Klaproth, Beitr., Vol. IV, p. 338, 1807. 0 Dana, System of Min., p. 695, 1893. dGeikie,1893.p.l33.
e Penny Encyclopedia, Vol. XI. Br. Thompson, analyst.
/P. Fireman, analyst.
g'E.J. Biederer, analyst.
h Standard Oil Company's property. E. J. Riederor
, analyst. i Howell property . E.J. Riederer, analy st. j Morgan property. E. J. Riederer, analyst.
Cement.
PORTLAND CEMENT. By Spencer B. Newbebby.
Production In 1895.
The production of Portland cement in the United States daring the year 1895 relEiched a total of 990,324 barrels, as compared with 798,757 barrels in 1894, an increase of 191,567 barrels, or 24 per cent. The increase is to be found almost wholly in the output of the larger factories in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, several of which showed nearly double the production reported for 1894. From one small factory in Indiana and one in Utah no returns could be obtained, and it is therefore supposed that they were not in operation during the year 1895. One factory in Colorado was destroyed by fire near the end of 1894, and has not been rebuilt. The only new factory started during 1895 was one at Phillipsburg, N. J. There were therefore 22 factories producing Portland cement in 1895, as compared with 24 in the previous year.
The increase in production, which has gone on uninterruptedly ever since the industry was first established in this country, will evidently be maintained during the present year. Two of the leading factories near Coplay, Pa., have again doubled their capacity during the past winter, and are now producing over 1,000 barrels per day each. A number of new works are projected, and there is little doubt that the year 1896 will show an increase in production at least projKirtional to that of 1895.
Imports And Exports.
The imports of cement for the year 1895 were 2,997,395 barrels, a decided increase over 1894. From this it appears that the increased production of the American factories has by no means kept pace with the growing demand for Portland cement in this country.
The following table shows the relative proportion of Portland cement made in this country and imported daring the past five years:
Comparison of the domestic production of Portland cement with the imports.
j Barrels. Barrel*. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels.
Production in the United States 454, 813 647, 440 ! 690, 662 ' 798. 757 990, 324
Imports 2,988,313' 2,440,654 1 2,674,149 2,638,107 12,997,305
Total 3,443,126 1 2,988,094 1 3,264,801' 8,436,864 ' 3,987.719
Exports.
Total consumption
Percenta/se of total consumption produced in the United States
! i
It will be seen from this table that the increase in the amounts of Portland cement mannfactared in this country and imported have been as follows: Increased production, I91,5G7 barrels; increased importation, 359,288 barrels. From this it appears that the increased production of the American factories has fallen far short of supplying the increased demand. Kew uses for Portland cement are being found every day, and the rapid adoption of concrete construction causes a steadily increasing demand. Portland cement is also coming rapidly into use for building purposes in place of the cheaper natural-rock cements, the production of which in 1896 shows only a very slight increase over the previous year. To meet the increased importation of Portland cement, if the increase in demand should be maintained, as appears decidedly probable, it would be necessary to establish a factory every year, capable of producing 1,000 barrels per day. With the general extension of knowledge of correct methods of testing, American Portland cements are rapidly gaining as fully equal to imported, and the prejudice which once existed against the domestic product has almost entirely disappeared. The writer believes that careful study of the tests of American and foreign cements, as shown by the records of city and Government engineers in various parts of the country, will show that there is no cement made in any foreign country which will show as high tests, at long or short periods, as the product of any one of the three or four leading American factories. During the year 1895 the capacity of all the American works was taxed to the utmost, and it is safe to say that had the supply of the domestic product been equal to the demand, the increased importation would not have taken place.
Cement. 883
The following table gives a classified statement of the imports of cement, by countries, during 1895 :
Imparts of cement into the United States in 1S95, by countries.
Country. Barrels.
United Kingdom 806,884
I Belginm 708,875
' Franc© 22,837
j Germany 1,299,919
I Other Europe ' 141,909
j British North America 10,416
I Other countries ' 6,555
Total 2,997,395
As compared with the previous year, the imports from the United Kingdom show a decided decrease, while those from Germany show a considerable gain. This corresponds with the general gain in reputation of the German cements throughout the country, as compared with the English.
The general condition of the cement trade in this country is at present very favorable to the American manufacturer. The freight rate on foreign cement to interior points has for some years been exceedingly low, owing to a combination of ocean and lake or rail charges. This combination no longer exists, and the freight on cement from Europe to Chicago has advanced during the past two years from 52 cents to 77 cents per barrel. With this freight rate it is impossible for the cheaper grades of foreign cement to compete with the domestic product. Many large dealers have practically ceased to import Belgian and English cements, and are selling American Portland in their place.
Owing to increasing home demand and a combination of the leading manufacturers, the price of cement in Germany has also advanced. The capacity of the largest German factories is ftiUy taxed to meet the increased demand. Importers of the leading brands find some difficulty in getting their orders filled, and show no eagerness in bidding on large contracts. There appears to be a scarcity of good Portland cement in the United States, and, as a result, prices have generally been well maintained.
That the demand for Portland cement in this country will continue to increase for many years to come can hardly be doubted. This is to be expected, not only from the continued growth and development of our cities, railways, and public works, but also from the multitude of new uses of this most valuable material which are constantly being devised. Germany manufactured during the past year 13,000,000 barrels of Portland cement, and exported 2,360,000 barrels. More than 10,000,000 barrels were therefore consumed in Germany, or more than two and
Mineral Resources.
one-half times the quantity consumed in the United States. In this country, however, nearly 8,000,000 barrels of hydraulic (natural-rock) cement were also consumed, while the use of this class of cements in Germany has practically ceased. It thus appears that the total consumption of hydraulic materials in this country was practically equal to that in Germany. Good Portland cement is sold in Germany at $1.25 to $1.50 per barrel. When the industry in this country reaches sufficient magnitude to allow Portland cement to be sold at $1.50 per barrel, there can be little doubt that practically all the natural-rock cement now used wiU be replaced by Portland. From present indications, however, it will be many years before this result is even approached.
Production In 1894 And 1895.
The following table shows the product of Portland cement, by States, during 1894 and 1895:
Product of Portland cement in the United Statee, 1894 and 1895.
State.
Camber
of works.
California
Colorado
Dakota
Illinois
Indiana
New York
New Jersey . .
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah.
Total ..
Product.
Value, not
including
barrels.
Number
of Product, vorks.
Value, not
including
barrels.
Barrels. 1 ' 16,283
It will be seen from the above table that practically all the Portland cement produced in this country is made in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio, and the remarkable increase in production in these States has been by a falling off at most other points. The returns for the present year will undoubtedly show a decidedly further increase in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, as the factories in these States are being rapidly extended.
Cement. 885
The Portland Cement Industry In The Various States.
Arkansm, — New Portland cement works are now in process of erection to work the white chalk cliffs, a few miles north of Texarkana, Ark. This chalk formation lies directly on the banks of Little Eiver and within the three counties of Howard, Sevier, and Little Kiver. The White Cliffs Portland Cemeut aud Chalk Company own the entire chalk formation aud a domain of 3,000 acres of well-wooded land. A brickyard and sawmill are turning out material for the new works, which have been projected on a large scale, including a town site.
— The factory of the Denver Cement Company, at Denver, was destroyed by fire iu November, 1894, and has not been rebuilt.
Dakota. — The works at Yankton were not in operation during the greater part of the year.
Illinois, — The works at Deer Park Glen, referred to in former reports, have not yet been started.
The factory of the Anglo-American Company, near Chicago, has been worked only experimentally up to the present time. It is proposed now to use the limestone from Bedford, Ind., as a material, and to begin the manufacture on a considerable scale.
Michigan. — A company is being organized at Elyria, Ohio, to manufacture Portland cement from a large deposit of marl near Coldwater, Mich.
New Jersey. — The Vulcanite Cement Company, located near the Alpha works at Phillipsburg, began operations in August. The material is a black slaty rock containing carbonate of lime and clay in nearly the proportions for a correct cement mixture. The rotary process of burning is employed, as at the Alpha works.
New York. — The works at Glens Falls, started iu 1894, were in operation most of last year. This is a very complete cement plant, built closely after the model of the best German works. A hard, crystalliue limestone and clay are the materials employed. The "tube mill'' is used for grinding the raw materials together. This is a rotating, horizontal iron cylinder, partly filled with round flint pebbles. It was first brought out in Denmark, and has been widely adopted in Europe for grinding finished cement to extraordinary fineness. At the Glens Falls factory the Shofer continuous kiln is used for the burning.
New works have been built by Rochester parties at Wayland, near the Milieu factory. These will be in operation early in 1896.
The factory at Cassadaga Lake is still working on an experimental scale only.
Ohio. — A new enterprise is under way near Sandusky. This is the manufacture of white Portland cemeut for artistic and ornamental uses. A deposit of marl at Eansomes, near Sandusky, has been proved to contain only traces of iron or manganese. This, with a clay of peculiar composition, brought from a considerable distance, furnishes a snow-white
Mineral Resources.
product, fally equal to ordinary Portland cement in strength and hardening qualities. The Art Portland Cement Company is erecting a factory for the manufacture of this material. It is expected that the white cement will And extensive use for ornamental artificial stone work. It will also probably find application as mortar for stone buildings, as it does not stain the stone, as most ordinary Portland cement does. Certain brands of cement called stainless, like the Lafarge, are imported from Europe for this purpose and command a high price. The only other white cement, so far as the writer can ascertain, is manufactured at Thale, Switzerland. The Art Portland Cement Company expect to have their factory in operation in September, 1896.
Parties at Dayton have leased a large tract of marl land near Harper, adjoining the property of the Buckeye Portland Cement Company, and expect to proceed at once with the erection of a large plant. The marl deposit near Harper lies in the valley of lush Creek and extends to its source in Kush Lake. This is probably the largest single deposit of marl as yet found in this country, and covers an area probably not less than a thousand acres in extent. The depth of the deposit at some points reaches 30 feet. The marl is grayish in color and contains a considerable proportion of fragments of shells. At the request of the writer an average sample of this marl was analyzed by Mr. W. B. Newberry, with the following results:
AnalyaU of marl from, near Harper, Ohio.
Per cent.
Carbonate of lime 82.66
Carbonate of magnesia i 1. 92
Sulphate of lime .45
Iron oxide and alumina I 1. 15
Organic matter, etc., by diflerence ' 6. 54
Total ! 100.00
The above analysis shows the material to be very suitable for the manufacture of cement. It will, however, be necessary to find some method of thoroughly grinding up the coarse shells in the marl in order to produce the fine mixture absolutely necessary for success.
Processes.
As stated in former reports, the three types of kilns used for burning Portland cement in this country are the intermittent or dome kiln, the continuous kiln (Dietzsch or Sbofer), and the rotary kilu.
During the past year the Shofer continuous kiln has been introduced
Cement.
at one of the largest factories at Goplay, Pa., at which common dome kilns were previously used. The Shofer kilns lately erected at these works are stated to be capable of producing over 1,000 barrels per day. The rapid growth of the rotary process of burning may be seen from the following table:
Amount of Portland cement made in kilns of various Jcinds,
Barrelt.
Rotary furnftce 149,000
Vertical kilns (continuous and intermittent) 441, 653
Total 590,653
Per cent of total product burned in rotary ' furnace 25. 2
Barrels.
Barrelt.
It appears from tlie above table that the relative increase in the products of the rotary furnace and the vertical kilns, from 1894 to 1895, were as follows:
Comparison of increased product from cement furnaces in 1895,
Rotary furnace Vertical kilns .
Total ...
Barrels.
From these figures we see that the use of the rotary furnace is extending much more rapidly than that of the common or continuous kilns. This is due, as explained in reports, to the great economy of labor which the rotary allows, and also to the growing recognition of rotary-burned cement as equal in quality to the product of the older process. It must be remembered, however, that the rotary furnace has not as yet been successfully used with any other fuel than crude or fuel oil. In case of rise in the price of petroleum the economy of this method of burning may quickly disappear.
Sand Cement.
It has been known for many years that a given quantity of Portland cement may be made to go much further by grinding with it, to great fineness, a certain amount of sand. The sand cement so produced is found to carry about as much coarse sand as the undiluted cement would have carried, and a considerable economy is thus obtained. Sand cement was introduced in Europe several years ago by F, L.
Smidth & Go., of Copenhagen, and is finding extensive use. Factories are now producing this material on a large scale in Germany, Bussia, France, Denmark, and other countries. The manufacture of this material has been greatiy facilitated by the use of the tube mill, which is capable of grinding the sand and cement to the great fineness necessary for good results.
The manufacture of sand cement has been begun in this country within the past year by the Standard Silica Cement Company, of Glens Falls, K Y. The industry is fully described, with illustrations of the plant, in a paper published in the Engineering News, April 16, 1896, page 252.
It is claimed by uhe manufacturers that the sand cement supplied by them gives only 6 per cent residue on a sieve of 180 meshes to the linear inch. It is stated that about 6,000 barrels of this sand cement were used in the concrete foundations of St. John's Cathedral, at New Tork. The i3aper referred to above contains the following table of comparative tests of sand cement, 1 to 1, and Portland cement, each with three ordinary sand :
Comparative test of aand cement with Portland,
7 days.
Pound*.
Portland cement with 3 parts sand ! 137
'er square inch.
Pound*.
Pound*.
An extensive series of tests on this subject has also been published by Wallin. WaJlin concludes that the highest economy is obtained by grinding about three parts of sand with one part cement.
The good results given by sand cement are easily explained. It is wholly a question of the filling up of the voids in the sand. These voids in ordinary building sand amount to about one-third of the total volume; therefore if more than three volumes of sand be mixed with one volume of cement the voids will not be wholly filled. By grinding a part of the sand to great fineness, however, the proportion of voids may be greatly reduced, and a mixture of one of cement to six of sand may thus be made as effective as a one-to-three mixture with ordinary sand. It is evident that many very careful tests will be required to determine the precise proportions of cement and sand which will give a sand cement of the best efficiency. There can be little doubt, however, that the introduction of this new product will tend to increase the consumption of Portland cement, since it will make it possible to use Portland for common purposes at no greater cost than cheap hydraulic cement, and at the same time to obtain greatly superior results.
1 Thonindustrie-ZeituxiK, 1896, p. 18.
Cement. 889
AMEEIOAN BOOK OEMENT. By Uriah Cummings.
Product Ix 1895.
The reports for the season of 1895 show a healthy growth in the manufacture of rock cement, and with the exception of the year 1892 the output is the largest in the history of the industry in this country.
The increase in production over that of 1894 was confined to Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, and New York. In the other districts there was a slight falling off in the volume of trade.
Price.
There has been an advance in the prices, as will be seen by the following table :
Prices of American rock cement in bulk at mills.
Year. Per barrel. Year. , Per barrel.
I Cents. I Cents,
When it is considered that the Portland cements have, during the past year, declined in price over 13 cents per barrel, and that there is no perceptible recovery from the general business depression, the advance in the price of rock cements during the past season is very gratifying.
XEw
Plans are issued for the erection of a large plant at Kings Eock, on the left bank of the Susquehanna River, near Larrys Creek, Pa. It is probable that these works will be in full operation before the close of the present season and will embody several new features in calcination and grinding which will undoubtedly tend to reduce the cost of production.
The cement-rock formation at this place contains many features of unusual interest. It lies almost horizontally in well-defined strata, and rises from the water's edge to a height of 70 feet. Its thickness
below the water line is unknown, but the formation above that line contains over 100,000,000 barrels of the raw material. A series of exhaustive tests, extending over a period of two years, from samples taken from all parts of the deposit, vertically and for nearly a mile along the river, yield tensile-strain results far above the records of existing American rock cements. This cement exhibits no signs of shrinkage, expansion, checking, or disintegration. It bears submersion immediately after being made up into balls, patties, or briquettes. It neither heats nor falls down, and its induration is in perfect keeping with the laws governing the action of first-quality hydraulic cements.
Analyses made from the various layers show a remarkable uniformity in the proportions of its constituent parts, which are such as to insure the production of a cement of a high order.
Jualifsis of cement from Kings Bock, Pa.
Per cent.
Alumina 9. 10
Ferrous oxide 3. 20
Lime 53.34
Magnesia 1. 00
Potash and soda 2. 80
Water and loss 2.42
Total 100.00
A careful study of this analysis reveals the surprising fact that it contains less than 1 per cent of inert matter. The color of the rock is a dark blue, the fracture conchoidal, and the texture is exceedingly fine and uniform, showing the clay and carbonate of lime to be intimately commingled in the rock.
During the summer of 1831 excavations were made for a canal on the left bank of the Susquehanna Kiver to connect Muncy and Lock Haven, Pa. At Kings Eock the excavations disclosed this enormous body of rock, which was ascertained by Mr. Robert Farries, chief engineer of the canal, to be hydraulic cement rock. Col. George Crane, contractor of the canal construction, erected a small cement plant, and the cement was used in the building of the locks, bridges, culverts, dams, and viaducts of the canal system. The manufacture was practically discontinued on the completion of the canal, but the condition of the work done over sixty years ago is still good. A large body of masonry in the Susquehanna River at Williamsport, Pa., constructed with this cement, was the only work of the kind at that point which withstood the memorable flood of 1889,
Cement.
Product.
The following table gives the amount and value of rock cements produced in the United States during 1894 and 1895. The values are based on the price per barrel in bulk at the various factories. The cost of package is always added to the price of the cement by the manufacturer. Approximately 60 per cent of the product is sold in paper or cloth sacks, and 40 per cent is sold in wood packages.
Product of rock cement in 1894 and lS9ii.
SUte.
i Number of works.
Georgia
Kansas
Maryland and West , Virginia
Minnesota
New Mexico
New York : i
Ulster County
Erie County
Onondaga County Schoharie County I
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
Barrels.
1
Yalae.
I Nam- I berof works.
6 279, 000 136, 000 1 ! 63,290 ' 31,615 1 Idle.
605,812 ' 12.000 14,500
Barrels.
14 !l, 703, 000 2 i 140,000
Yalne.
15 3,230,000 4 556.754 6 ' 138, 100 14,873 38,060 600,895 10,000 13,050 476,511
Mineral Resources.
The following table is given in conformity to the expressed wishes of several manufacturers :
Product of hydraulic rock cement in the United States, 1880 to 1895 , inclusive.
Year.
Number of barrels.
Tear.
Kamber of barrels.
' 1880 2,030,000 i 1889 6,531,876
This table exhibits a record unparalleled in the history of cement From the foundation of the industry in this country in 1818, the production has exceeded 150,000,000 barrels. It has been used with unqualified success in the construction of nearly all of the greatest engineering and architectural works in the country. It may confidently be predicted that in future years the intrinsic worth of our rock cements will be more and more appreciated, by reason of their wellproven excellence and enduring qualities, as shown by the records of their use during the past seventy-six years.
Import8.
The following table shows the imports of cement into the United States during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1893, 1894, and 1895, by ports of entry :
Imports ofcementf by ports j during the fiscal years endimj Jane SO, 1893 to 1895,
Porta.
Atlantie coast. Arooatook, Mo
Quantity. I Value. ' Quantity.
Pounds.
$2
Baltimore, Md j 108,479,638 359,144
Bath,Me
Boston and Charle.<i
town. Mass
Charleston, S. C
Georgetown, D. C
New Bedford, Mass
Newport News, Va
NewYork, N. Y 504,135,906 11,690,622
Pounds. 163,000
Value. I Quantity.
I Pounds. $853 I 977,225
Value.
Cement.
Imports of cement f hy ports, etc. — Continaed.
Porta.
Quantity. , Value. , Quantity. I Value. ' Quantity.
Me. . .
Philadelpbia, Pa
Portland and Fal- .
mouth, Me
Richmond, Va
SavKDnab,Ga
Wilmington, N. C
129, 683. 778 412. 140 ' 111, 829, 616 ' $348, 662 ' 106, 658, 722 336, 788
' 1,699,608 5,246
I 200,000 ' 6X3 I I
6,350,002 I 19.031 I 9,881,156 27,008 I 16,651,072 1 48,075
Value.
Total
Otilf eoatt.
Galveston, Tex... New Orleans, La. . Pensacola, FU . . .
8aluria,Tex
Tampa, Fla
Total 141,752,016 477,096' 104,817.004' 336,2.6
Paei/U co€ut,
Los Angeles, Cal
Oregon City, Oreg
Pnget Sound, Wash. . .
San Diego, Cal
San Francisco, Cal . . . . Willamette, Oreg
Total.
Lake.
Baflalo Creek, K. Y . . Cape Vincent, X.T..
Champlain, N. Y
Chicago, III
Cuyahoga, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Huron, Mich
Miami, Ohio
Oswegatchie, K. Y . . . Oswego, N.Y
24,141,906 ' 22, 744, 180 82,643,856 14,652,325
Total
Interior.
Vermont
Cincinnati, Ohio . Indianapolis, Ind Kansas City, Mo . Louisville, Ky . . . Memphis, Tenn . . St Louis, Mo
Total 12,654,646 40,385
Grand total 1, 124, 014, 555 3, 760, 444
I I
Precious Stones.
By George F. Kunz.
Introductiox.
Among the more interesting occurrences and changes in precious stones for the year 1895 may be mentioned (1) the finding of a 6-carat diamond at a new locality, Saukville, Ozaukee County, Wis.; (2) the diligent search made for monazite in North Carolina and Georgia, resulting in the finding of a number of interesting gems; (3) continued finding of rubies near Franklin, Macon County, N. C. ; (4) the discovery of true blue sapphires near Utica, Fergus County, Mont.; (6) the discovery of some remarkable gem tourmaline of extraordinary size and wonderful perfection at the historic Paris Hill locality, Oxford County, Me.; (6) the finding of a large quantity of fine chrysoprase in Tulare County, Cal. ; (7) the discovery of an enormous crystal of tourmaline on New York Island; (8) the interesting exhibition of Southern gems at the Cotton States and International Exposition, at Atlanta, Ga., and the presentation of this collection to the Lea collection at the United States National Museum ; and (9) the opening of the Golden Gate Park Museum, at San Francisco, with an interesting collection of gems. Among foreign occurrences may be noted (1) the increased yield of the South African diamond fields and the absorption of the entire yield by the gem markets of the world; (2) the occurrence of rubies of good color and in some abundance in various fields in Siam ; these are very rarely equal to the Burmese, yet they are fine stones, and although generally much lower in price, a single stone sold for more than $1,000; (3) the great profusion and beauty of the opal and the large demand for these stones, which were produced in greater quantity, finer quality, and at a somewhat lower cost than ever before from the fields at Fermoy, Queensland, and in the new locality at White CliflF, in New South Wales.
The literature of gems has been enriched by the Barrington Brown, and Judd contributions to the literature of corundum; Dr. Max Bauer's great work on precious stones, and the interesting results in regard to precious stones and their behavior with that new and mysterious agency known as the "X'' ray; a phosphorescent hydrocarbon, or rather a hydrocarbon Tiffanyite,'' that causes certain diamonds to
phosphoresce and to retain sun or artificial light, allowing it to be slowly given out for a period of time after exposure; and finally, the changes in the diamond-cutting industry, importations, and diamond business in the United States during the year 1895, caused by new conditions.
The increased search for monazite, in addition to the gold and mica mining, has stimulated a search for gems in North Carolina and Oeorgia to a greater extent than ever before, resulting in the finding of more varieties and a large increase in product. The monazite industry and mining is fully and admirably described in Bulletin No. 9, North Carolina Geological Survey, Monazite and Monazite Deposits in North Carolina, by Mr. Henry B. C. Nitze. There is no reason why this State and Georgia, with their wealth of semi-precious stones, should not develop an industry employing as many people as that in the Ural Mountains, where over 1,000 men make a living by searching for and cutting gems.
Diamonds.
Prof. William H. Hobbs reports the finding of a diamond near Saukville, Ozaukee County, Wis. The facts as reported by Mr. Kummel, a former student in the mineralogical department of the Wisconsin State University, and now in the Wisconsin State chemist's office, are as follows: The diamond was alleged to have been found by a Mr. Schafer in a potato field at Saukville. This locality is on the Wisconsin Central Kailroad, about 6 miles from Milwaukee and miles from Lake Michigan. It was brought to the State chemist's office in March, 1896. It is white and weighs a little over six carats. It is interesting to note that this locality is not on the Green Bay lobe of the ice sheet, as were the other Wisconsin stones, but on the terminal moraine of the Lake Michigan lobe.
The occasional occurrence of diamonds in California, ever since their discovery over forty years ago, is very remarkable. For 1895 the following are noted : A small diamond was found on the banks of Alpine Creek, Tulare County, by Mr. L, W. Hawkins. Mr. Dwight Whiting reports the finding of five small diamonds near Oroville, on Feather Biver, Butte County, and as many more about 4 miles from the head of the creek, suggesting a peridotite origin. More may be looked for in this regioii.
In reviewing the general condition and prospects of the South African diamond industry, the features of greatest commercial interest are those connected with the valuable annual report and balance sheet prepared by its general manager, Dr. Gardner F. Williams, of the great De Beers Consolidated Company, submitted at the last meeting. During the twelve months prior to June, 1895, diamonds have been taken out which have realized i&3,105,957, and the total expenditure amounted to £1,704,812, thus leaving the immense profit of £1,401,145. The stock of blue ground on the floors has been increased by 1,974,127 loads.
The cost of hauling has been greatly reduced; the cost of the blue
Precious Stones. 897
ground is estimated at 3s. 6d. instead of 5b. 1.7d. per load. The accounts end with June 30, so that the rise of prices during the last six months does not make itself felt. The total quantity of <blue" hauled from the De Beers mine was 1,625,096 loads, 600,000 loads being from the levels between 700 feet and 800 feet and 1,025,000 loads coming from a still lower depth. During the year no greater depth has been sunk in the blue," so that the quantity of that material in sight is estimated at 3,300,000 loads above the 1,000-foot level. The main shaft, however, has been sunk to the 1,200-foot level. The water pumped from the mine has averaged nearly 6,000 gallons per hour. The total output of the " blue" from the Kimberley mine was 900,621 loads, where the workings on the whole are deeper and there is in sight ''blue'' to the extent of 2,740,000 loads. No work has been done at either Bultfontein or Du Toits Pan, both these mines having been shut down — first, to limit the supply; and secondly, because the "blue" can be more readily and cheaply worked at the other two mines.
The Kimberley mine has yielded 900,621 loads, mostly from levels between 845 and 1,085 feet, but the 1,205-foot level has yielded 9,962 loads. The output for 1896 has been sold for £5,400,000, or an increase in revenue of £500,000 as compared with 1894-95.
Considerable work has been done at the Harvey shaft on the 1,000-foot level. During the six months between January 1 and June 30 there were washed at the Premier mine 1,641,267 loads of yellow and 303,739 loads of calcareous waste, and 92,797 loads of floating reef were removed. With reference to operating the mines, it has been found impossible to reduce the time of working from twelve to eight hours and yet reduce the cost per load.
The summary of results for June, 1895, to December, 1896, is: Eevenue, Xl,679,000, including the diamonds unsold on December 31; expenditure, £589,000; gross profit, £1,090,000; leaving a net profit of £962,000 after providing for sinking fund and interest, with a slight increase of the blue ground on floors.
An important step has been taken by the De Beers Company in setting up new and powerful machinery for breaking up the "hard'' or refractory blue ground; a crushing plant was erected at a cost of £110,000. Most of the blue ground disintegrates on exposure for a few weeks to the sun and air, and is then easily washed and assorted; but some of it is very hard and does not decompose. Of this material which can not be dealt with by the ordinary machinery there has been gradual accumulation for some years past, which now amounts to many hundreds of thousands of loads. The new machinery can break up this hard blue and the diamonds in it can now be recovered. Another advantage which has been secured is that, through the introduction of a new pumping plant, the water taken from the Vaal River, 16 miles distant, is now brought to the mines at a cost of £100 to £200 per month, instead of £1,800 per month, as formerly.
In reviewing the history of the De Beers Company, Mr. B. I. 17 GEOL, PT 3 57
Barnato, in a recent statement to a meeting of stockholders, has given some remarkable figures for the past few years. The company has paid back its whole original capital since 1888; and during the last year it paid its stockholders 36 per cent. The total dividends from the South African diamond companies in the past ten years amount to £12,000,000. The nominal capital of the De Beers Company is about £4,000,000, with a reserve of £3,500,000; its present assets are some £18,000,000. In the past twenty years Africa has produced £70,000,000 worth of diamonds, and the world has absorbed them all. It thus appears that the African mines have now yielded diamonds to the total value of $350,000,000 uncut, while after cutting these are fully worth $700,000,000. The trade is carried probably by about 8,000 jewelers, who have in stock not far from $350,000,000 worth of diamonds, the total value of all the diamonds known being at least $1,000,000,000; in other words, the African mines have produced twice as many diamonds as were known in the world before. There are fully 30,000 people employed in cutting and setting diamonds, and in addition to these fully 10,000 men are employed in the African mines. The entire yield of the De Beers mine to the end of 1897 has been sold.
The New Jagersfontein mine has declared an interim dividend of 5 per cent, and the output is being maintained both in weight and quality. During December, 1895, this company produced diamonds valued at £27,250, and increased their stock of <blue" by 44,000 loads, which, valued at Is. 6d., gives £3,300. Deducting £15,750 for expenses gives £14,800 as the net month's profit.
These mines are now famous for the extraordinary size of some of the diamonds they have produced. Two years ago the great Excelsior, of 971 carats, was found here, and at the close of 1895 another great stone was discovered by a Kaffir workman and given to one of the overseers. This is a diamond of 640 carats, only about two-thirds the size of the Excelsior, but still one of the very largest in the world, and said to be of better shape than the Excelsior and of spotless beauty and perfect color. It was proposed to name it the Reitz diamond, in honor of the retiring president of the Orange Free State, who has taken much interest in the mineral resources of the region.
The Vaal River Diamond Company has not a very favorable report for its twenty months, the total debit balance amounting to nearly £10,000. In the New Gordon, pumping has greatly reduced the water, and, if continued, they will soon be able to get at blue, which is known to be profitable.
A Dutch S3aidicate is now working the Eaffirfontein mine, the former owners having sold out their interest. The shaft is down 400 feet, and work is being pushed forward, the mine having yielded 3,750 carats of diamonds in November, 1895. At Elerksdorp the colored diamonds keep turning up in the batteries, and a green one was found recently in a new spot by a Kaffir.
Precious Stones. 899
Colored diamonds have never been found in any considerable numbers in South Africa, though amber and green stones have been obtained occasionally from the same ground yielding the ordinary white and yellow gems. The largest green diamond ever found at Kimberley weighed 7 carats. In 1894 an amber-colored diamond of very fine form was found at Kimberley at the river diggings. It weighed 11 carats and was sold for £350.
Becent discoveries in the northern part of the Orange Free State are naturally causing much interest, and great activity is noticeable in these districts, where no stone is being lefb unturned to develop the hidden treasures. In the Winburg district, where Mr. J, B. Bobinson has taken in hand Winter's discovery, known as the Kail Yallei mine, now established as the Robinson Diamond Mining Company, machinery, buildings, and surface works are being erected on a scale said to be unprecedented in the country. The mine is situated within an area of 600 acres. There are about 50 whites and 500 natives employed. Water is plentiful, and the stones found are remarkable for pureness and quality. Another discovery within a thousand yards of this mine (for the half interest of which Mr. Winter received £150,000 cash) has also excited great interest. At 75 to 80 feet down, blue has been struck of remarkable quality, pulverizing more easily in the open air than any diamantiferous soil in South Africa, and some splendid stones have been found. Digging is being extensively prosecuted, and it is reported that the diggers have discovered a third crater " closely adjacent If this latest account proves to be genuine, the triangle thus formed will compose the largest diamond mine in the world.
Passing to other aspects of the diamond resources of Africa, it may be noted that not only is the great group of mines controlled by the De Beers company increasing its yield, but indications point to a wide extension of the diamond-bearing area. In Bechuanaland reports are continually coming in of the discovery of the precious gems. The formation is said to be exactly similar to that of the Colesberg Kopje, and one of the diamonds recently found weighs 40 carats. Prospecting is going on in all the adjacent parts of South Africa, and work is being done at many points where favorable indications are thought to exist. Two old pioneers have lately succeeded, after several years of search through the Transvaal and Swaziland, in locating the source of the garnets and rubies (so-called) found on the Lebombo flats, which they regarded as indications of a diamond field, because products from the decomposition of peridotite. They have found the spot at Mahasha, at the exact meeting place of the Portuguese, Transvaal, and Swaziland boundaries. Here diamantiferous ground is reported, and the indications are thought to be highly promising, though it may be found that the locality lies within Portuguese territory.
Among various items of interest connected with the diamond region of Afirica, the following may be noted : A correspondent of the Leeds Mercury states that exploration in what appears to have been a
prehistoric diamond mine, recently discovered near Winburg, in the Orange Free State, has disclosed some curious and interesting facts. The shaft is almost perpendicular, and at the bottom, 100 feet from the surface, workings or tunnels branch off for several hundred feet, much after the fashion of an English coal mine. The ground in the workings is diamantiferous, and many small gems have been found in the recovered debris. Appearances indicate that the mine was secretly worked and that the miners were armed, for old-fashioned spears and battle-axes have been found side by side with primitive tools and skeletons of men who seem to have been above the average stature of any race of the present day. Stones bearing inscriptions in curious characters have also been found. It is yet a matter of conjecture as to what race worked these old mines. The natives of the country have not even a legend or tradition regarding them. They may be connected with a search for gold by the Arabians, who are said to have explored this region over one thousand years ago, and to whom the wonderful African gold work may owe its origin.
The Cape of Good Hope government is contemplating the bestowal of a pension upon Mr. Lennard Jacobs, who found the first diamond in the colony. Mr. Jacobs is a Korauna, who settled in Peniel, now known as Barkly, in 1866. A Oerman missionary, Kalleuberg, told him to look out for diamonds, explaining to him their value and appearance. Mr. Jacobs's children soon after found several glittering stones, one of which proved to be a real diamond; the others were quartz crystals. His wife, not knowing that any particular value attached to it, exchanged the stone for calico. Mr. Jacobs set out on the trail of the lucky trader, and, finding him, forced him to return the gem. It was afterward forwarded to Port Elizabeth, where Sir Philip Wodehouse, the governor, purchased it for £500. He named it the ''Star of South Africa," and it still remains in his family. Mr. Jacobs, after a lapse of two years, received a horse, a wagon, and some sheep as payment. The man is now an octogenarian and still in hearty health.
The diamond fields at Bingara, in New South Wales, have been visited and examined by Mr. A. G. Stonier, on behalf of the Oeological Survey of that with a view to ascertain whether they resemble the South African deposits at Kimberley. The result is interesting as proving marked differences, though in somewhat similar conditions. The diamonds are found in an alluvial deposit which is thought to be of Tertiary age, and are derived, as Mr. Stonier suggests, from an intrusive mass of peridotite (as in Africa), but now altered to serpentine, and especially from a jaspery rock produced by the metamorphic action of the peridotite in breaking through Carboniferous rocks of the vicinity. The diamonds themselves are claimed to be of a quality superior to that of the African, but are extremely hard and do not polish so readily. This may be imaginary. The jasper may be derived from a sandy shale which has been jasperized by the heat action of the peridotite with which it came in contact.
Precious Stones. 901
A movement is on foot in Cape Colony to place an export duty on diamonds; and, as before, it lias been strongly opposed by the mine owners. It has lately been adopted, however, by the opposition party in the colony as a definite part of their platform, and recent changes would suggest that this policy may very probably prevail. The protax of 10 per cent on exported diamonds would furnish a considerable revenue to the colony, which is now claimed to be bearing a pretty heavy burden of taxation, and the amount would come wholly from nonresidents. The De Beers Company would reimburse itself by adding the tax to the price of rough stones, and thus the difference would fall entirely on purchasers and stockholders in foreign lands. In this way the immense diamond treasures of the Cape Colony would be made to serve the general interests of that country. This policy is urged by its promoters under the plea that nearly all of the shareholders of the De Beers are residents of Europe and do not contribute to the mines in any other way.
The year 1895 has, in many ways, been the most remarkable ever known in the history of the diamond trade in the United States. Important changes have occurred in the importation of diamonds, and another serious attempt has been made to establish diamond cutting as a permanent industry in this country. The late Henry D. Morse, of Boston, first taught pupils to cut diamonds here, and after much effort and with great ingenuity and skill he succeeded in teaching the art.to young American women as well as men, and established diamond cutting in Boston about 1860. It has never become important or extensive, however, on this side of the Atlantic. The art has been so long established and so thoroughly systematized in Holland that it is more economically carried on there; and, moreover, all the rough diamonds from Africa, India, and Brazil are taken to Europe, principally to London, and hence large supplies can not be readily obtained here. Furthermore, American banks do not make advances on uncut diamonds, as do the English and Dutch banks, which make loans on the rough stones, knowing that the cutting enhances the value of the material on which advances are made.
In the latter part of 1894, however, a movement was begun looking toward the establishment of diamond cutting in this country. In August and September of that year foreign cutters began to visit the United States with a view to the possibility of beginning a business here. Very soon a Dutch firm, with large capital, arrived with more cutters and announced the intention of establishing in New York. In November a number of firms were incorporated in the same city, and from this time an influx of diamond cutters began and large prospects were entertained. Establishments were opened in New York, Brooklyn, Cincinnati, and elsewhere. In December, 1894, the report of United States Consul Downes, at Amsterdam, announced a serious falling off in the cutting industry at that place, which had been the most important center of that art, and the emigration of many diamond
cutters to the United States, where work was being commenced in view of the high tariff on cut stones as compared with uncut. By the spring of 1895 the new industry was in a thriving condition in New York, and the immigration of cutters began to attract attention in connection with the contract-labor law. Question and opposition were aroused, and strong efforts made to procure the exclusion of the diamond workers under that statute.
About the same time (April, 1895) a question arose which produced much discussion and agitation. A semicolon in paragraph 467 of the tariff law led to a claim that diamonds cut, but not set, were really on the free list; and such was the decision of the appraisers at the 'New York Custom-House. The question was carried to the United States circuit court, and the decision of the appraisers was reversed. An appeal was taken, and a further decision was obtained in behalf of the Treasury Department from the circuit court of appeals March 9, 1896. This question is now to be brought before the Supreme Court early in 1896. Partly, however, in consequence of this litigation, and partly from other causes, among which smuggling was largely suspected, the diamond-cutting enterprise speedily began to decline, and has gone down as rapidly as it arose. By September, 1895, many establishments were either closing down for lack of business or were involved in strikes of the workmen against lower rates of pay. A return movement now set in among the cutters, and by November hundreds of them had returned to Holland. The English cutters, and those who could speak English readily, remained to some extent, but the others left for their European homes. At the present time the industry is greatly depressed. Some large stones are cut in this country, but the smaller ones are principally finished abroad.
Fourteen diamond-cutting establishments in New York and vicinity report a total of about 490 employees. Of these, three have stated only their entire number of work people, without specifying the particular branches in which they were engaged. The remaining eleven firms employ 313 persons, whose occupations are classified as follows: Cleavers, 6; polishers, 230; cutters, 32; setters, 45. An approximate estimate of the total number of diamond workers would be 500, of whom there would be about 10 cleavers, 370 polishers, 50 cutters, and 70 setters. Several of the establishments having employed a larger number before than at present; and four others have closed altogether. Three of these latter employed about 36 workmen in all; as to the fourth, the number is not known.
With regard to importation, the last year has witnessed an extraordinary falling off. In 1894 the declared value of diamonds brought into the United States, as indicated by the revenue derived through the custom-house, was: Bough and uncut, $839,836; precious stones, $6,710,472; while in 1895 it was: Uncut, $1,051,203. and precious stones, $6,623,669, although a greater trade was apparently done
Precious Stones. 903
Carbon, carbonado, or bort, has greatly increased in value daring the past year and a half. This is the amorphous variety generally called black carbon, but in reality often brown, though frequently stained black, with graphite or some other cheap material, to increase its weight. As the hardest substance known, it has been greatly in request for diamond drills, and the vast amount of prospecting carried on in the South African gold fields and in the new gold regions of Colorado and elsewhere has increased the demand beyond the supply. The only source has been Bahia, Brazil, and it has been exported thence to the amount of 50,000 carats per year. But such has been the demand that the price has trebled in the past eighteen months. From $10.50 a carat in 1894, it rose to tl2, and then to $18; in 1895 it advanced to $25, and in the latter part of the year to $28; and it has now reached $36, with no definite promise of filling orders even at that price.
The scarcity and increased cost has led to a search for substituteS| among which are the varieties of carbon known as round bort, from Brazil. This is a rounded semicrystalline and sometimes semitransparent form of carbon, somewhat intermediate between bort or carbonado and diamond. For the Brazilian, bort, when in crystals with rounded edges, it is claimed that 2 carats, selling at $5 or $10 per carat, are equivalent in doing work to 1 carat of carbonado, worth perhaps $30. Much depends, however, on the care and use of the tools in which the diamonds are secured. It was formerly the custom to put a very great pressure on the carbon tools, so that frequently even carbonado has been crushed. Bort, or in other words diamond too impure for cutting, has not the same resistance, and consequently is more liable to break, but by using less pressure in feeding the tools, it has been found possible to saw through a block of sandstone 8 feet long and 3 feet in depth in one hour's time with selected bort, and a granite block 72 inches in depth in a day of eight hours. AMcan bort is occasionally very hard, and well-selected crystals sell for from $3 to $10 per carat. The octahedral crystals usually cleave too readily, but even these are used by some of the marble workers.
During this year the largest piece of carbonado or bort known, or, indeed, the largest mass of diamond substance of any kind, was found in Bahia. This was a mass of carbon weighing 3,073 carats; it was underestimated at the quoted rate of 52s. per carat, which would have given it a value of £8,000. It was taken to Paris, and a strong effort has been made on the part of the Brazilian Oovernment to obtain it for the national museum at Bio Janeiro.
It is now some years since a prize of $10,000 was offered by the French Academy for the discovery of a substance to take the place of black diamond carbon in the diamond drill. Mine exploration has been immensely facilitated by this wonderful aid, which has been known for only half a century. Such a substitute is now said to have been found by Dr. Moissan, who has recently experimented in producing artificial diamonds by means of a high-tension electric current. He
employs a combination of boric acid and carbonized sugar, which result in a new material asserted to be superior to the diamond in hardness, and even to cut it without difficulty, and which can be made in any size or shape. The combination of boron with carbon occurs when the mixture of boric acid and carbonized sugar is heated in an electric furnace to a temperature of about 3,000o C. The result is a black *mass, similar in appearance to graphite. Such a stone would be of considerable importance, where heretofore the expensive and much softer black diamond has been used.
Prof. Henri Moisson, during his recent visit to this country, informed the writer that he had produced in all about 0.1 of a gram of diamonds, equivalent to 100 milligrams, or a little less than one-half of a carat. Tliese consist of several hundred crystals, some of which are transparent octahedrons marked with trihedral depressions, and some round, like a drop of water; the rest are transparent, containing carbon in the form of a black powder, which Professor Moisson has termed 'diamant crapaud," because they are spotted like a frog. The largest do not exceed 0.7 of a millimeter in diameter. The cost of the experiments, apart from the professor's time, has amounted to nearly 10,000 francs, equivalent to $4,000 a carat for the rough powder, 2,000 times the value of natural diamond powder. Although of great scientific interest, the results of these experiments do not endanger diamond mining as a profession.
The luminous properties of gems have been referred to from the earliest times. The phosphorescence of the diamond was treated at some length by Robert Boyle in 1666, and by Du Fay in 1751. Only certain diamonds emit light or phosphorescence on exposure for a time to the rays of the sun, or of electric, calcium, or other intense light. The various colors of the diamond are evidently due to the presence of hydrocarbons, similar to those which are artificially made in such endless variety and of all known colors, and which often fluoresce and phosphoresce. After an examination by the writer of a great number of diamonds, it appears that only certain ones fluoresce on exposure to the ultraviolet rays of an electric or other strong light, and from the observations made it is very evident that this fluorescence and phosphorescence is a property of only those diamonds that contain a certain bluish-white substance, and it is this substance that fluoresces and phosphoresces and not the diamond. This is undoubtedly a hydrocarbon, for, as stated above, this property of fluorescence and phosphorescence is marked in many hydrocarbons, notably anthracene. I therefore think it would not be inappropriate to give this substance a definite name, and I propose that of Tiffanyite. It is only the bluishwhite diamonds, containing this hydrocarbon, that possess the property of storing up sunlight, electric light, or other strong artificial light, and emitting it for a continued period in the dark.
1 George F. Kunz, on Phosphoreaceut diamonds : Trans. New York Acad. Sci., May 20, 1895, p. 280.
Precious Stones. 905
Rubt.
In addition to what appeared in the last volume of Mineral Resources, it may be stated that rubies have been found in place " near Franklin, Macon County, N. C, associated with garnets and chlorite in decomposed gneiss, and in gravel beds associated with cyanite, garnet, staurolite, small quantities of gold, and arsenide of platinum (sperrylite).
By far the most complete and accurate account of the Burmese ruby mines that has yet been given to the world has recently appeared in the elaborate paper of Mr. C. Barrington Brown and Prof. John W, Judd J The ruby district proper, apart from a few small outliers, occupies a country variously estimated at from 45 to 66 square miles in area, and consists of a range of gneiss hills with extensive beds of crystalline limestone, some 96 miles northeast of Mandalay. These mountains extend from a few miles east of the Irrawaddy River, northeastward to the limits of the British territory, beyond which they pass into the Shan States of Siam, and have not been examined, but probably extend quite far. In the Burmah territory the heights rise in going eastward, and reach 7,700 feet near Mogok. From the main range spurs run off toward the northwest and southeast; and in the valleys between and extending from these are many streams draining toward the Irrawaddy and the Mobaychouug. The rubies, and also the red spinels and the rubellites, which have rendered this region celebrated, are chiefly found in the valleys of tliese streams, where they have been washed out of the disintegrated rocks of the hills around. It soon appeared that the two former came from the crystalline limestone belts, while the rubellite does not occur in the limestone, but in certain acid members of the gneissic series, known as aplites. The rocks of the region include a little granite, a large body of gneisses and micaschists, and the belts of crystalline limestone interbedded and interlaminated with the gneisses. A supposed Tertiary sandstone appears at some points; and large areas are covered in the broader valleys with river alluvium, and in the smaller valleys and mountain slopes with what the authors called hill-wash." The gems are obtained either from these two latter deposits or from the limestone rock. The methods of mining are four, and are fully described in the report. First, in the river alluvium pits are sunk below the level of the valley to the gembearing layer. These pits, called "twinlones" by the natives, were formerly made round and of all sizes; they are now made larger and square. They are carefully and ingeniously timbered, but when a pit
iThe TiibieB of Barmah and aRsociated minerals: tlieirniode of occurrence, origin, and metamorphoaea: a contribution to the hiatory of Corundum : Philos. Trans. Boyal Soc. of London, vol. 187, A, pp. 151-228. In this paper the authors, after a brief introduction, proceed to describe first, the geographical distribution of the ruby-bearing rocks of Bunnah : second, the physical features of the district; and third, its geological Htructure. This is treated of for each of the rocks composing it, and then follows, fourth, the methods of mining; fifth, the petrology; and sixth, the mineralogy, closing with a general summary of results.
is worked out the timbers are removed and used for another " twinlone. The gem-bearing earth and gravel is taken out in baskets and then washed and picked over. Second, in the hill-wash, cuts and drifts are made, known as "hmyaudwins" (water mines). Into these, water is led through bamboo conduits, and made to x)]ay against the sides and undermine them, causing the walls to cave in; and the same water is used farther on to wash and disintegrate the clay. This is a curious approach, on a small scale, to our system of hydraulic mining for gold. Third, in the limestone rocks there are many caverns, gorges, and pockets of erosion, more or less filled with a hard, red clay, which appears to be a result of decay of the limestone, and contains many fine rubies. The natives climb into and through these rugged caves and passages, using no ladders, but provided with lamps, baskets, and a few simple tools; occasionally they use (Burman) gunpowder; and much fine gem material is obtained from these goodwin" mines, as they are called. Fourth, regular quarry mining in the limestone rock has been carried on but little, and is now hardly employed at all, owing to British restrictions upon native use of powder. The blasts, moreover, and the use of hammers in breaking up the rock, cause injury to the ruby crystals by fracture; and the authors suggest that quarry mining can not be advantageously employed until some process is adopted for cutting out blocks without concussion, and dissolving or decomposing them by chemical means.
The mode of occurrence in Burmah is found to be most closely similar to that in Orange County, N. Y., and Sussex County, N. J., where corundum appears in crystalline limestone interstratified with gneisses in the same way, and with an almost identical body of associated minerals.
This of the report has great scientific interest, and presents some novel and rather startling conclusions. Whether these are fully accepted or not, it is certainly a very able piece of work, and marks an important stage in our knowledge of the occurrence of this most valuable of the gem minerals. The authors announce that, contrary to all the ordinary geological views, they can find no evidence that the limestones are altered organic sediments, but that rather they and their contained minerals are products of extensive alteration from originally igneous rocks. In seeking to trace the origin of the corundum, they argue strongly for the following course of events:
Much of the gneissic rock consists of basic rocks made up of pyroxene with lime feldspars (anorthite and labradorite, etc.). These last, under the action of even small amounts of hydrochloric acid under pressure, are altered readily into scapolites — a well-known process, for which Lacroix proposed the name of Werneritization." These latter are again unstable minerals, readily breaking up under the influence of carbonic and other acids and yielding lime carbonate and hydrated aluminum compounds, such as bauxite, gibbsite, and the like. Then, reviewing some twenty processes whereby anhydrous alumina has been
Precious Stones. 907
artificially obtained in several cases from such compounds as the last they advocate some such origin for the rubies and spinels as found in the Burmah limestone. All the steps in this series of changes are compared with well-established facts from various localities, tending to suggest, illustrate, or confirm the remarkable views here presented.
A very interesting section follows on the alterations, both physical and chemical, which the corundum has itself undergone. Here handsome recognition is given to the two eminent American mineralogists who have so largely and ably contributed to this subject, the late Profs. P. A. Genth and J. Lawrence Smith. One very singular point is brought out in this discussion, i. e., the age of these alterations, the facts appearing to indicate that some of the changes took place before the inclusion of the crystals in the limestone, and others afterwards. Another very interesting conclusion, which is further discussed by Professor Judd in a separate paper,' is that pure corundum, like quartz, has really no cleavage, but only a conchoidal fracture, and that all the apparent cleavages which it displays are due to alteration or pressure. The rhombohedral cleavages are gliding planes, such as are produced by pressure in calcite, etc., and the basal and prismatic cleavages are caused by incipient hydration and formation of diaspore, etc., along the planes of structure. These then become planes of weakened adhesion and so of parting; and the same may occur as a secondary result on the rhombohedral gliding planes. The films of diaspore thus present give rise to the beautiful phenomena of asterism, while a further advance in the process will result in the partial or entire alteration of the crystal into various minerals, whose origin was first shown by the late Dr. Genth and has since become familiar to mineralogists.
With regard to the ruby mines of Siam, there seems to be no very definite information as to the extension into that country of the gembearing district of Upper Burmah, as suggested by Messrs. Brown and Judd in their report on the latter country. The rubies and sapphires of Siam are obtained from a region some 800 miles to the southeast in the Moung Klung district, which lies between the provinces of Krat and Ghantabun, on the western side of the latter. The gems are said to come from the Ghantabun mines, because they are brought to the little of that name, on the Gulf of Siam. A few years ago it was only a fishing village, but the mines have given it some business activity, and it has now a population of 5,000 inhabitants.
The gem district lies about 50 miles inland, and consists really of two areas on the flanks of a high wooded range, the Patat Hills, running northwest and southeast, or about parallel to the coast. On the seaboard slope the gems are principally rubies, with a few sapphires; on the inland slope is the Pailin district, where sapphires predominate. The hills are about midway between Ghantabun and Battanbang, and the mines are a little east of a line joining the two towns. The Pailin
1 On the structure planes of ooruodum : Minendoglcal Mag., Vol. XI, No. 60.
district is at present the most important. It occupies an area about 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, in which are several little mining villages. The region has lately been visited and described by a correspondent of the London Times, who started from Battanbang. For some distance southward from that place the country is low, barren, and desolate, parched in the dry season and half drowned in the rainy, with scarcely any villages or roads. On entering the hilly country, however, all is changed, with thriving villages, good roads cut through the forests, and bridges over the streams. In the mining portion the whole country is filled with the holes or pits ("twinlones" of Burmah) which have been sunk in the red soil to the gem-bearing layer. Formerly they were only a few feet deep, but these have been exhausted and they are now sunk to another and lower layer 15 or 25 feet from the surface and consisting of a stratum of reddish gravel a foot and a half in thickness. The Burmese gem diggers, who have come into Siam in considerable numbers of late years, still work over the material thrown out from the old pits, in the belief that the stones grow. The methods are those of the Burmese "twinlone" mining; the pit may be either round or square, is usually some 5 feet across, and the soil is raised in bamboo baskets balanced at the end of a lever like a well sweep; when the gem layer is reached, the material is washed at the nearest stream and carefully examined in bamboo sieves. Only about one-third of the pits sunk pay for the labor; but when they strike a rich spot they pay largely. The digging and working of one pit usually occupies two or three men for a month; usually a partnership is formed between two or three Burmese who hire Laos workmen to sink the shaft at the rate of about Is. lOd. per foot. There is already formed and in operation a Siam exploring company, which has obtained the right of working some of the Chantabun mines, and was at recent accounts proposing to lease the privilege to the highest bidder. Among several applicants, the company was disposed to favor the previous lessee, one Moung Khime, as most likely to conduct operations successfully in the face of native jealousies and various obstacles that impede the enterprise in that country. The latest advices, however, state that a new lessee, Moung Sia, has obtained control and was about to begin work; but that there was much controversy and dissatisfaction, and a general unsettled state of affairs in the district.
In comparing these mines, from which many fine gems are said to be obtained, with those of Burmah, it is not difficult to recognize some marked resemblance to the alluvium and "hill-wash'' deposits so fully described by Messrs. Brown and Judd. The "twinlone" working is almost identical ; but the other methods of exploitation used in Burmah do not seem, from present accounts, to have been yet employed in Siam The lack of definite geological information regarding the Patat Hills, however, prevents any detailed comparison as to the source of the gems.
Mr. G. H. F. TJlrich, of the Dunedin University in New Zealand,
Pbecious Stones. 909
mentions the occurrence of ruby crystals in small prisms from 2 to 6 mm. in length and from 1 to 2 mm. in thickness. The color is sometimes a fine rose red, approaching carmine, but is generally of a deep purple red and rather dull. The prisms are closely striated horizontally, the planes of the rhombohedra having alternate basal replacement, as in rubies of some other localities. These were observed in large bowlders found in the gold drift of a claim at Back Creek, near Bimu, Westland, New Zealand. Transparent finely colored grains of ruby were also observed in moderate abundance embedded in a green mineral which proved to be margarite.
Sapphike.
Further discoveries of sapphires have been made in Montana, and the outlook is promising. It is over a year since sapphires were first found in Fergus County, near the upper waters of the Judith River, on the eastern slope of the Little Belt Mountains. The town of Utica, Fergus County, is about 15 miles to the northwest. A large tract of country has been explored and claims staked out. The gems occur in a deposit of what is as a decomposed limestone, and are separated by water, the pulverized material being sluiced in the same manner as for gold, the heavy crystals gathering at the bottom of the sluices. This mode of occurrence bears an interesting resemblance to that of the Burman and Siamese corundum, elsewhere described in this report. The Fergus County sapphires present a variety of forms, from a simple rhombohedron of 1 to 8 mm. in diameter to low flat rhombohedroDS 2 mm. thick and 12 or 14 mm. in diameter. In color they vary greatly; many are pale blue, some peacock blue, and there are some fine cornflower sapphires; some show dichroism, lighter blue in one direction and deeper in the other; and a few are amethystine. Several thousand carats of all grades were obtained from a preliminary washing of 100 loads of material; of these there were 200 carats that cut into 60 carats of fine gems worth from $5 to $25 a carat.
For information on these points acknowledgments are due to Mr. T. £. Crutcher, of Helena, and Messrs. M. Dimon and S. S. Hobson, of Lewiston, Mont.
Mr. W. E. Knuth, of Helena, writes of other Montana localities. He refers to the blue and purple sapphires of Fergus County, as perhaps the best thus far obtained, and to the stones already described in former reports, from the Missouri River, Canyon Ferry to the Bear Tooth, on Emerald bar, French bar, Eldorado bar, and others. He then mentions other as Yogo Gulch, Fergus County, for blue sapphires; Bock Creek, Granite County, 30 miles from Phillipsburg, very good blue, with other tints, and some pale rubies; and on Cottonwood Creek, some 18 miles from Deer Lodge, all colors — red, pink, yellow, and occasionally blue.
Andalasite, in unaltered crystals with black crosses, is reported from Vallencita, San Juan Mountains, Colo., by Prof. Horace B. Patton, Golden, Colo.
Cyaiite.
Mr. H. S. Durden, curator of the State mining bureau, San Francisco, Cal., writes that Mr. W. II. Storms, M. E., field assistant of the bureau, has discovered cyanite in large quantity in the Carga Muchacha district, San Diego County, but the crystals are small and of no value.
During the year 1895 a remarkable discovery of rich green tourmaline was made at the historic Mount Mica, Paris, Oxford County, Me. In a single pocket was found material that was cut into wonderful gems weighing respectively 57, 34, 17, 12, and 5 carats. The largest of these was presented to the Isaac Lea collection in the United States Kational Museum. The one weighing 34 carats is now m the Tiffany-Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. For size and great depth of rich green color these gems are quite equal to any tourmaline found at any known locality.
In the Flint and Spar Company's mines, Haddam Neck, opposite Haddam, Middlesex County, Conn., a large number of green, pink, and multicolored tourmaline crystals, from 1 to 9 inches long, together valued at over $500, were found in mining for feldspar and quartz for pottery uses. This locality promises to produce most interesting material.
Turquoise.
Mr. John F. Blandy, of Prescott, Ariz., writes that half a peck of turquoise, valued at (2,000, was found with a mummy in a tomb near that city, the value evidently being largely for its archaeological interest.
Turquoise in limited quantity has been found in the Cripple Creek camp, Colorado, as stated by Mr. Don Maguire, of Ogden, Utah. Turquoise is also reported from near Castle Rock Spring, Platte County, Colo., by Mr. J. M. Leader, of Los Angeles, Cal.
Prosopite, a bluish-green mineral, at first believed to be turquoise, was found by Mr. Josiah Beck, of Provo, Utah, near that place. Dr. W. F. flillebrand, of the United States Geological Survey, by chemical analysis, identified the mineral as prosopite mixed with quartz, almost turquoise-like in appearance, the blue color being due to the presence of a small quantity of copper.
Garnet.
Almandite garnet in large loose crystals, much has been found on the surface near Thomaston, Upson County, Ga., by Prof. W. S. Yeates.
Precious Stones. 911
Almandite fragments, one-half in weight, have been noticed in the gold washings at Alamo Canyon, Cal., by Mr. Dwight Whiting, of Los Angeles.
The almandite garnets found 9 miles east of Franklin, North Carolina, possess wonderful transparency, and when cut into gems are of exceptional beauty and brilliancy, many of them showing something like fire. Gems up to 5 carats each in weight have been found here.
Mr, C. M, Cotton, of Gallup, N. Mex., writes: "There have been no garnets (pyrope) or peridots brought in by the Indians during the past year, for the reason that there is no market for them."
Mr. M, Braverman, of Yisalia, reports upon three varieties of garnet in that vicinity, as follows: Essonite, on Three Rivers, Tulare County; value of those found, about $50. Pyrope, on Rattlesnake Creek, also at Mineral King, Tulare County; value obtained (for specimens only), $100 Topazolite, at the chrysoprase locality, 12 miles northeast of Yisalia; value of those found, $150.
Andradite specimens, associated with copper ores, have been brought from a locality in the Wasatch Mountains, some 65 miles south of Salt Lake City; and a brown garnet that has been mistaken for corundum occurs near Clifton, Utah. A yellowish-green garnet is found at the Carissa mine, in the Tintic district, Utah. These are reported by Mr. Maynard Bixby in the Mineral Collector for June, 1896. He also refers to a reddish-brown garnet at Copper Gulch, near Frisco, Utah, and also near Park City.
Mr. George F. Becker says: fact is little known that garnets are also found in goldquartz veins, and that the garnets, both in the veins and in the schists, at some little distance from quartz, sometimes carry gold in notable quantities. The only district in which such occurrences have been discovered, so far as I know, is northern Georgia, where they have ]ong been familiar to miners, although until lately only one brief allusion to them seems to have been published."
Prof. Edward Orton, State geologist, Columbus, Ohio, writes: "A few specimens of quartz are collected from time to time in the drift and are brought to the lapidary, but the only value is in the labor bestowed upon them."
Rock crystal is reported by Mr. M. Braverman, of Yisalia, Cal., as occurring at Three Rivers, Yokohol, and Drum Valley, all in Tulare County. The value obtained is probably $50.
A bowlder of sagenite (rutile in quartz) is reported from Jefferson County, Mont., by Mr. Don Maguire, of Ogden. Utah.
Inclusions of fluid with movable bubbles in quartz have been found in beautiful specimens on the land of Mr. John Chapman, South Fork Bun, Burke County, K. C, by Mr. E. H. Harn.
Cosmopolitan Mag., October, 1885.
Smoky quartz in fine specimens is reported at the tourmaline locality in the San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, Cal., by Mr. Dwight Whiting.
Hose quartz occurs at Theresa, Jefferson County, N. Y., and 50 tons were mined in 1895, according to Mr. C. D. Nimms, of Philadelphia, N. Y.
Eose quartz is also noted by Mr. E. H. Saltiel, of Denver, occurring at a mica mine in Park County, Colo., at the head waters of Currant Creek; Mr. M. Braverman, of Yisalia, Cal., reports that about $150 worth have been obtained on the Yokohol River, in Tulare County, near that place j and Prof. W. H. Smith, also of Yisalia, states that it is found of beautiful pink color at many points in the neighborhood.
Amethyst.
Prof. F. W. Clarke, of the United States National Museum, reports rich purple amethyst from Anderson County, N. C, in large crystals and groupings, in many respects rivaling those from any other American locality. Some of these crystals would cut into good stones. With them were found large coarse beryls.
A single great crystal of amethyst, 9 inches long and 5 wide, and weighing 12 pounds, was found at Granite Creek, Montana, over a year ago, according to the Montana Mining and Market Reporter, but nothing was said of its color or quality.
Mr. E. H. Saltiel, of Denver, reports amethyst likewise at the Last Chance mine, Creede, Mineral County, Colo., and in various parts of Park County, but gives no particulars.
New Zealand is now coming into notice as a promising field for mineralogical discovery, and many interesting things are brought to light by the indefatigable German agate hunters from Oberstein, who are searching that country, Queensland, and New South Wales as diligently as they have Brazil and Uruguay. Among minerals recently found are some rolled masses of sagenite (rutilat.ed quartz) of many pounds in weight. The penetrating crystals of rutile, red, brown, and yellow, are several inches long and vary from hair-like fineness to 2 mm. in diameter. Sometimes they are very sparsely distributed, and at other times in such profusion as to give the appearance of a matted mass of hair. One piece weighing 30 pounds was entirely of this character. Another of 15 pounds contained a dozen or more rutile crystals from 1 mm. to 2 mm. thick and 0 inches long.
Among other quartz minerals, magnificent crystals of amethyst have been found j one of these is entirely of gem quality, and weighs 550 pennyweights (27 ounces troy); also in the same vicinity many fine specimens of smoky quartz.
Chrysoprase.
This mineral occurs at several localities on the Pacific Coast, and may prove a valuable addition to American semi-precious stones. Small
Precious Stones. 913
amoants have been found at several points in the East, but not sufiicieut to be important. A fine vein has lately become known at Kiddles, Douglas County, Oreg., and now two or three promising localities are found in Tulare County, Cal., near Visalia. The first discovery here dates from 1878, when Mr. George W. Smith, a surveyor, found pieces of it and brought them to the notice of experts. Mr. M. Braverman, of Visalia, tested the material, which at first had been thought to be colored by copper, and finding nickel oxide present, identified it as chrysoprase. This opinion was confirmed by the State mining bureau, and from that time specimens have been sent to various museums and collections in this country and abroad. Of late it has been attracting attention for jewelry, and two other localities have been discovered.
The principal point of occurrence is about 12 miles northeast of Visalia, where the chrysoprase forms small veins of 2 or 3 inches in thickness in a jaspery rock. It is much flawed and good pieces for cutting are scarce, but the color is excellent and some handsome articles of small size have been made from it.
Another locality is on Stokes Mountain, and a third on the Tule Biver, all in Tulare County. It is estimated that about $550 worth has been taken out during the year, about half of which has been used for cutting and half for cabinet specimens. The locating of the principal vein is due to Mr. C. P. Wilcomb, curator of the Golden Gate Park Museum, at San Francisco. Mr. Braverman has been working and exploring for it actively, and information has also been given by Prof. W. H. Smith, of Visalia.
Of allied varieties, the following may be further noted: Plasma, prase, chalcedony, and chrysoprase are reported in good specimens from near Joseph, Socorro County, N. Mex., by Mr. F. G. Hillman, of New Bedford, Mass., and prase at Stone Corral, Millard County, Utah, by Mr. Don Maguire.
Chalcedony, blue (saphirine), occurs in fine specimens in Santa Barbara County, Cal., according to Mr. D wight Whiting.
Agate and plain chalcedony, coated with drusy quartz, have been found near Thomaston, Upson County, Ga., by Prof, W. S, Yeates.
Among archaeologists the name plasma has always been applied with some uncertainty, generally to any green substance that is hard and resembles quartz. From a careful study of many hundreds of antique green gems, I am inclined to believe that among them there are a number that are true jade nephrite"), which from its appearance and hardness was called plasma from the unfamiliarity of the glyptological archaeologists with jade. This as yet has not been definitely identified as being a material that antique gems were engraved on, although Prof. F. W. Budler mentions as such a reputed seal of Egyptian origin. 17 GEOL, PT 3 68
Moss Agate.
The locality at Hartville, Wyo., referi ed to in previous reports, is farther reported upon lately by Mr. H. A. Grain, of that place. The vein is from 8 to 10 inches wide, and pieces of 2 or 3 feet across can be obtained. Mr. Grain thinks that the indications are that yet larger slabs can be procured as the vein is worked farther down.
Mr. P. McGill, of Gheyenne, Wyo., writes that there are moss-agate quarries about 75 miles northwest of that city, where the material is abundant and of good quality. Another extensive locality is 47 miles northwest of Gheyenne. He reports also onyx of good quality as existing in large amount in the same region.
A ledge of moss agate 1 inch in thickness is reported by Mr. Dwight Whiting in San Bernardino Gounty, Gal.
Moss opal is also announced as occurring in Tulare Gounty, Gal., near Yisalia, on the same land with the chrysoprase elsewhere referred to.
Opal.
The igneous rocks of Idaho seem to promise well in reference to opals. Mr. B. Bell, of Salmon Gity, Idaho, gives interesting particulars of the occurrence of opal in that vicinity. Some years ago an old miner found a trachyte bowlder about two tons in weight which attracted his attention from the rich gleams of color which it gave in the sunshine. He broke off specimens, but they were pronounced by parties to whom he showed them to be volcanic glass and of little value. For some years he and his sons broke off handsome pieces and gave them away from time to time to travelers and collectors, until Mr. Bell happened to find a piece in the miner's cabin and at once recognized it as fine opal. He was taken to the spot where the bowlder lay, on the hillside a couple of miles from the cabin, and though a good deal of it had been broken and hammered off, he obtained from the rest of it 200 carats of gem material. Some of this has been cut and sold at $6 a carat. Mr. Bell found other bowlders of like character, though not 80 richly veined with opal, lying in a line for several miles, and finally traced them to the parent ledge, which he describes as a contact between two slightly different gray trachytes. One of these presents a thickness of from 30 to 50 feet, and is full of chalcedonic geodes, white striped agate, hyalite, white opal, etc.
The original bowlder, which must have come from this ledge, contained material of the finest, quality, some of it transparent, some milky, but both with brilliant fire showing rich and various colors, as beautiful as the opals of Queretaro and Guerrero, Mexico. The old miner declares that the pieces that he at first broke off were finer than any that Mr. Bell has obtained. With the true opal occur many varieties— brown, black, honey yellow, etc., and in some cases hydrophane, which, when wet, is as beautiful as the opal.
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Other localities that are noted from Idaho are the following : Panther Greek, Leinhi County, where noble opal in fine specimens is reported by Mr. Don Maguire, of Ogden Utah; Squaw Greek, the Bengal Tiger Opal mine, where an opal weighing more than 500 carats was taken out at a depth of only 3 feet from the surface. In DeLamar Gounty the prospects are reported as very good, but nothing was done during the year.
The opal excitement has brought a host of tramps and adventurers to Idaho, who have sold quantities of quartz and inferior opal material on the trains passing through the country under the name of Idaho opals, to the detriment of the real industry.
In Washington State, hyaline opal, white and reddish, is reported from Walla Walla, by Mr. W. O. Donnell ; and in Douglas County, a rich golden semiopal of great beauty is found, also red, olive green, and striking mingling of all three colors.
From Grass Valley, Oreg., Mr. George Perault reports semiopal, and Mr. S. F. Mackie, of Salt Lake City, opalized wood from a locality in Utah.
Mr. G. Bawls, of Phcenix, Ariz., has found an opal-like material of a turquoise blue color, in a vein 1 to 3 feet wide and 600 feet long.
In California, at the chrysoprase locality near Yisalia, Tulare County, a beautifril yellow opal, resembling amber, is described by Mr. Braverman.
Opal and chalcedony in obsidian, and oligoclase in spherulites, have been noted at Ute Creek, Hinsdale County, Colo., by Prof. Horace B. Patton.
Hyalite on granite, but of poor quality, is reported at Stone Mountain, Ga., by Prof. W. S. Yeates.
The Australian opal fields are yielding largely and the material is very fine. A new region has been opened at Norseman, West Australia, where much beautiful opal is found in a conglomerate rock, the colors being white, blue, and light green, richly veined, occasionally dark blue to black. When struck, they are said to be highly sonorous, yielding a bell-like ring. They are found just below the surface over an area thus far examined of about 100 acres.
The great recently developed locality at Fermoy, Queensland, 550 miles from Bockhampton, has been visited and described by Mr. P. G. Grant, mining commissioner. After leaving the railroad at Fermoy station, the country soon changes from fertile grassy downs to a barren sandy region, covered with sparse shrub and more or less sprinkled with ironstone. The diggings are shallow excavations, few of the shafts going as far down as 20 feet, and much of the opal being found quite near the surface. The matrix is a layer of hard ferruginous sandstone, found at varying depths a little below the general level of the ground ; it is not continuous over any great area, being sometimes in very small patches, and again traceable for considerable distances.
Beneath it is a stratum of bard clay; whether any more opal-bearing bands " exist below this is not yet known. No wagemen are employed thus far; all the working is by individaals on their own account and apparently with good success. The great difficulty is that no water can be had within several miles, but otherwise the working is very easy, no washing, carting, or timbering being needful; food is easily procured and the opals have a ready market, so that profitable employment is found there by a large number of men. Over $100,000 worth of Australian opals was sold in 1896.
Mr. W. 0. Lynch, of Toronto, Ohio, reports finding a bowlder of labradorite resting on the "third terrace" near that place. The country rock in the whole vicinity is Carboniferous, and this is evidently an iceborne erratic from the Canadian highlands. Mr. Lynch first noticed it from the play of colors exhibited by the stone in the sunshine.
Labradorite is also announced as occurring in large quantities on Mount Shavano, Chaffee County, Colo., by Mr. E. H. Saltiel.
Lapis Iazuli.
The casket of lapis lazuli that NasruUa Khan presented to Queen Victoria from the Ameer of Afghanistan is a marvel of art. It is 18 inches long by 16 inches high, cut from a single block of lapis lazuli, and is incrusted with large diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. From the four top comers spring stars containing 612 brilliants. The value of the whole is $85,000. The great block of lapis lazuli of 180 pounds in the Montez collection in Higinbotliam Hall, at the Field Columbian Museum, was found in Bolivia, and consists of material fine enough for an object of this kind.
Ehodocrosite of a fine red color, in loose grains from one-half of an inch to 2 inches across, is announced from Vallecita (basin of Needle Mountain), in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, by Prof. Horace B. Fatten, of Golden, Colo. The same mineral is also reported in crystals from Dalton gold mines, near Marysvale, Utah, by Mr. Maynard Bixby; but those thus far seen, though good, are not equal to the best from the Colorado locality.
Realgar.
Mr. Maynard Bixby mentions, in the Mineral Collector for June, 1896, the occurrence of realgar at the Golden Gate mine, Utah, in beautiful crystals and associated with orpiment. This occurrence is of especial
Precious Stones. 917
interest, as the association of these two minerals together is highly prized in China and Japan, and ornaments are frequently cat from them in such a manner that the realgar and orpiment serve to give an interesting cameo effect to the carved objects made of this mixture; and this effect is so highly prized that it is beautifully imitated in glass, examples of which can be found in many oriental collections.
From the dawn of history the world's principal supply of amber has come from the southern shore of the Baltic, and chiefly from the eastem the Samland Peninsula, between the Frische Haff and the Kurische Haff, a low region of barren sands, which has been vividly describeil as 'a strange, weird laud of blowing sand, shifting sand dunes, and poverty-stricken amber hunters."
It was first gathered along the shore, where it was washed up by the sea after storms, and some is still obtained in this manner by men who wade into the water and gather the pieces from among the seaweed, etc., by means of hooks, or sometimes dredge for it in boats. The amber, as is well known, is the fossil resin of a coniferous tree, Pinites succini/ery which grew extensively over the now .partly submerged lowland of northern Germany and the Baltic in the earlier Tertiary. These ancient forests are now represented by lignite, among which the resin occurs and from which it is washed out from off-shore outcrops. More recently the same beds have been worked by mining where they underlie the shore, and of late the main supply has been thus obtained from two mines, the Palmnicken and the Anna, at Palmnicken and respectively. The principal of trade and export are Konigsberg, Memel, and Dantzig. The amber production amounted in 1893 to 405,000 pounds, valued at $500,000. There are some indications of a failure in the jdeld of amber from this region, if not immediate, at least prospective. Herr von Muden, the Prussian amber expert, is reported as saying that the supply is nearly exhausted. Much of the material now obtained is of inferior quality. In 1894 only one-seventh of the amber brought to that port was fine enough for working into ornaments; the rest had to be melted up for varnish and was worth only 3d. a pound for that purpose. On the other hand, it is stated that the reserve supply of amber is so great that if at any time new mines were to enter as competitors the market could be kept depressed for years to prevent the new fields from entering into com- Messrs. Stantin and Becker, of Konigsberg, Prussia, annually handle 132,000 pounds of amber, employing 1,500 people — 1,350 men, at 2 marks a day, and 150 girls, at 1 mark a day. This firm has for many years employed Professor Klebs to gather interesting amber specimens. As a result, they have a remarkable museum entirely of amber and amber articles, which is of special ethnological interest, since they furnish amber to India, Persia, Egypt, Tripoli, Senegambia,
Korea, and Sonth America. They also exhibit some Chinese amalets and a tower-ring-shaped piece of amber drilled at one end, a finger piece intended for the Soudan, and many quaint ethnological forms. This, with the remarkable geological collection, sliowing almost every known occurrence and geological condition of amber, in the Provincial Museum at Dantzig, arranged by Dr. Conwentz, and the private collection of Dr. O. Helm, of the same city, affords the student of this interesting fossil gum facilities of study that have never existed before.
In case of a failure of the Baltic amber supply, the question of its occurrence elsewhere assumes increased interest. Similar material is known to occur at various places and in various geological formations, from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Amber is found on the east coast of England, in Sicily, and on the shores of the Adriatic, but nowhere in any large amount. In this country some has been obtained both in the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits, but thus far only occasionally. It occurs on the Magotby Eiver, in Maryland.
Many fossil and semifossil resinous bodies exist which resemble true amber, but are not equal to it in hardness or in brilliancy. Some of these are important articles of commerce in connection with the manufacture of varnish. Of these the principal ones are the copal of Africa and the Farther Indies and the "kauri gum" of New Zealand, both of which are of late geological age, apparently Quaternary passing into the Recent period, as they are semifossilized resins of trees still living, though frequently not now in the same immediate region.
The kauri gum is the product of a large coniferous tree, Dammara sautralisj of Farther India and New Zealand, well known as a most valuable timber tree, under the name of kauri pine. Thirty years ago the Maoris were the only people employed in procuring the gum, which was found on or near the surface of the ground, in the Auckland district. Now there are perhaps 4,000 whites and 1,000 Maoris engaged in this industry in that province, where alone the gum occurs, and from which it is largely exported to Europe and America for making varnish
The copal resin, like amber, is rich in included insects, and the Chinese in a very clever manner insert brilliant colored beetles in copa. and kauri gum by heating and sell the product extensively as being natural inclusions under the pretense that the beetle is of the same age as the gum in which they have put it.
MISCEIiliAlSlEOirS DISCOVEBIES.
Some remarkable discoveries of minerals have been made during the past year on Manhattan Island, New York City, by Mr. William Niven. Among these is a giant crystal of black tourmaline, which is pronounced by experienced mineralogists to be perhaps the largest anywhere known. It was purchased for $260 by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and is on display in their collection. The crystal lies on a piece of the gray quartz matrix, attached but fully
Precious Stones. 919
displayed, showing about 9 inches of the prism and one complete projecting termination; the diameter is 4 inches. The bright black tourmaline is divided across at one by a narrow seam of quartz. Much other tourmaline was found in the same vein of gray quartz ; but the crystals, though brilliant, were generally small. Many large garnets were also obtained at the same excavation; one of these, also in the museum, weighs nearly 10 pounds. Mr. Niven has an imperfect crystal which would have had a diameter of 23 inches had it developed to completion. These are dark -brown almandites, much modified and twinned.
In the same neighborhood Mr. Niven has also obtained more and larger crystals of the rare monazite and xenotiue, which he first discovered on Manhattan Island a few years ago. Some hundreds of these crystals have now been found, most of them quite small, but all interesting, and the larger ones valuable.
The district in which the minerals occur lies in the upper west side of the island, along the recently excavated Harlem speedway. They are found in granite veins traversing the gneiss and schist of the island.
GEM COIilECTIONS.
The question may be asked. Is the appreciation of gems to-day simply a monetary one, or are they valued for their true beauty and interest t To this I will simply reply by giving certain facts, and referring to some of the leading public collections in the United States, as indicative of the growing appreciation of such objects in their artistic and scientific relations.
One of the newest, though not yet a very large collection of this kind, is that in the Golden Gate Park Museum at San Francisco, founded through the enterprise of Mr. M. H. De Young, as an outgrowth of the Midwinter Fair of California held in the winter of 1893-94. In this museum is exhibited a collection of over 200 varieties and localities of precious stones, and also an interesting collection of East Indian and other jewelry. Lately it is announced that Mr. Z. M. Davis, who has spent many years in gathering precious stones in all parts of the world, has presented to this museum his admirable collection of opals, embracing nearly 800 specimens. The same gentleman has given to the San Francisco Academy of Sciences a large and beautiful series of Japanese works in rock crystal, some of them elaborately carved. The gem of the collection is a crystal ball 7 inches in diameter.
A similar outgrowth of the Columbian Exposition is the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago, which is already one of the most important institutions of the kind in this country.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York, contains three collections of especial value from the historical and artistic standpoint These are : (1) The Cesnola collection of Cypriote gems and jewelry; (2) that of the late Bev. C. W. King, the highest authority and most
writer on antique gems, whose unique collection of these was acquired by the museum a few years ago ; (3) the collection of the Bev. W. Hayes Ward, the oriental scholar, which comprises about 1,000 Babylonian cylinders and kindred objects of ancient Eastern jewelry.
Comparable with these may be named also the entire collection of antique and oriental engraved gems of Dr. Maxwell Sommerville, now belonging to the University of Pennsylvania.
Of more especial mineralogical and {esthetic interest are : (1) The Tiffany-Morgan collection at the American Museum of Natural History, New York; (2) the Garland cabinet of gem minerals at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; (3) the collection belonging to the New York State cabinet, at Albany, N. Y. ; (4) the Higinbotham Hall collection at the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, 111.; (5) the Golden Gate Park Museum collection at San Francisco, already referred to; (6) the collection of the State mining bureau at San Francisco; (7) that of the United States National Museum, founded by Prof. F. W. Clarke, which now has incorporated with it the gem collection of that indefatigable and original writiT, the late Dr. Isaac Lea, and has been still further enriched by the entire Tiffany- Lea collection of pearls and Southern gems from the Atlanta Exposition, and many fine gems from other sources.
THE GEM EXHIBITS AT ATIiANTA.
Mention may be made here of several exhibits connected with precious stones at the Cotton States and Intiemational Exposition, held at Atlanta, Ga., in the autumn of 1895. An extensive display of the minerals of Georgia was made by Prof. W. S. Yeates. Among those of interest m connection with gems were amethysts from localities in seven counties (Forsyth, Habersham, Newton, Rabun, Troup, Towns, and White) ; some of those from Eabun County, of light claret color, flawless and brilliant, were cut and mounted. Troup County sent delicately colored rose quartz, beryl, aquamarine, and tourmaline; the latter was also displayed from Dekalb County. Corundum, of course, as one of the most important minerals of the State, was exhibited from various localities in Cherokee, Cobb, Habersham, Paulding, Eabun, and Towns counties. While most of it is valuable chiefly as an abrasive, some transparent corundum occurs in all these counties; Rabun is thus far the richest. Other valuable species include the celebrated rutiles of Graves Mountain, monazite from Hall County, opalite from the Rabun corundum mines, etc.
In the mines department an interesting group of collections was also displayed, illustrating the associations and mode of occurrence of several important gems. The first of these was a series of rocks and minerals associated with opal, from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Hungary, New Zealand, Queensland, Honduras, and Mexico. Those of Hungary and Mexico were personally collected by the writer.
Precious Stones. 921
Another compriHed the various earths, rocks, and minerals in or with which occur the pyrope garnets of Bohemia. These had also been gathered by the exhibitor at the principal locality, Dlaschkowitz, and were supplemented by a published paper on their occurrence, by the same author, and by microscopic rock sections.
A third series consisted of the rocks, minerals, gravels, and earths frqm the diamond fields of South Africa, Brazil and India, and the occasional diamond regions of California, North Carolina, and possibly Kentucky.
A fourth exhibit was of amber from Eastern Prussia, New Jersey, and a few other points, together with the geological deposits and fossils found in connection with it. These exhibits were made by Mr. George F. Eunz, of New York, at the request of the chief of the department of mining.
The Tiffany-Lea collection of gems occupied a hexagonal case in the center of the mining building. It contained a large number of the most remarkable precious stones, both cut and uncut, found in the Southern United States. Among them is a crystal of emerald weighing 8 ounces, found at Stony Point, N. C, and a collection of over 400 pearls, showing all of the various colors; intergrowths and groupings, from one to a dozen pearls; various imitative forms, such as wings, dogs' heads, and others, constituting what are known as hinge also pearls of various colors and inclusions in shells of various colored pearls in pearl shells, and the encysting of the crawfish, etc. This collection was presented to the United States National Museum by a relative of the late Dr. Isaac Lea, and was incorporated in the Isaac Lea collection of gems.
The Behavior Of Gems With Roentgen Rays.
Prof. Dr. C. Doelter, of the University of Graz, Styria, Austria, has laid before the mineralogical and geological section of the university some very interesting conclusions on the action of the Roentgen rays on minerals and precious stones. The experiments were carried on in the laboratory of Professor RoUet.
White diamond, spinel, sapphire, zircon, topaz, yeUow chrysoberyl, and colorless rock crystal are readily distinguished by these rays from glass; ruby from spinel, tourmaline, and garnet; sapphire from iolite, blue quartz, indicolite, aquamarine, and others. The new rays were also found of value in observing inclusions and in detecting doublets. His experiments were made on 65 minerals, and the results show that the specific gravity of a mineral does not determine its power to allow the X rays to pass through, although minerals with a density over 5 are nearly all opaque to them; yet rock salt, sulphur, niter, and realgar do not allow the rays to go through, while cryolite, corundum, and diamond allow them to pass freely.
AmoDg the precious stones, etc., diamond, amber, corandom (sapphire), and meerschaum allow the rays to pass, whereas epidote, pyrite, rutile, and almandine do not.
Dr. Doelter has arranged the minerals into eight groups, as follows:
The diamond allows 10 times more light to pass than corundum and 200 times more than realgar.
Professor Eobb, of the Jarvis Laboratory, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., has conducted a variety of experiments as to the behavior of different gems under the action of the so-called X rays. It soon appeared that the new rays afford a means of distinguishing true diamonds from the best imitations, the former being perfectly transparent, while glass and paste are opaque. Two rings of similar size and character were tested, the one having a diamond and the other a paste; in the former case the cathodegraph" showed only the setting, the diamond being represented by a white space, while in the latter the paste appeared as a dark object.
A similar series of on various gems was conducted by Prof. J. B. Cochrane, of the Royal Military College, at Kingston, Canada. A full account of these, with illustrations, appeared in the Jeweler's Circular, New York, for April 22, 1896. The same facts were developed as to the complete transparency of diamond as compared with either quartz or paste, although paste is not so opaque as ordinary glass; and a similar though less conspicuous contrast exists between almost all true gems and their imitations, even in the case of an opaque stone like the turquoise. It is suggested that this will prove an extremely valuable test in the case of cut, and especially of mounted gems.
G:EM lilTEBATURE.
During the past year a German work has appeared on precious stones which will be regarded as a standard treatise for a long time to come — the Edelsteinkunde of Prof. Dr. Max Bauer, of the University of Marburg, the editor of the Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie. This work has been issued at Leipsic in ten parts, and is to be supplemented by an eleventh. Each part contains a beautiful colored plate of gems, shown both in the matrix or in crystals, and cut, in all some 80 colored figures. The colors are remarkably well shown, from the diamond to opal, labradorite, beryl, emerald, topaz, and amber. These plates are the finest representations that have yet appeared of the species described, and reflect great credit upon Dr. Bauer for the careful selection of the subjects, and upon Mr. Ohman, the color artist who executed them. Part I of the series
iSeparat Abdrack Mittheilnngen des ITatiirwisaeiischaftlichea Vereins. f. Staiermark, Jahrg. 1805; March 26, 189ft.
Precious Stones.
and a of Part II are occupied witli the physical properties and crystallography ; then follow the methods of cutting, the modes of v alaation and other practical relations. Much space is given to occurrence and exploitation y with numerous maps of mining regions and figures of machinery and appliances, together with geological charts, views of diamond mining, and figures of remarkable diamonds. The work is very comprehensive and the whole well arranged. The chapter on color and optical phenomena is of special value; that on the heating and burning of diamonds is a full rsum of the literature of that subject, and the phosphorescence of diamonds is also treated of. The chapter on the occurrence of gems is very complete, and the mining and geological maps and the views of mines and mining appliances are admirable. The chapter which treats of cutting is illustrated with a number of plates of the difierent forms into which precious stones are cut, and a special section is given to the method of engraving gems, while the chapter on weights and values is well up to date, and the various methods of determining gems are thoroughly and clearly
Dr. Bauer, with the resources at his command, has written a volume which will long be a scientific classic in German literature. Since Kluge's book on gems in 1860 no important work on this subject has appeared in Germany, with the exception of Dr. Paul Groth's Edelsteinkunde, which was welcomed by all in 1887 ; but so much advance has been made since that time that this new and admirable treatise is of great value and interest.
Pbobuction In The Uniteb States.
ProduciUm of gems in the United States in 1896,
Gem.
Diamond
Sapphire
Ruby
Topas
Phenacite
Emerald
Tourmaline
Opal
Peridot
Smoky quartz
Quartz, rock crystal
Silicified wood
Chrysoprase
Prase
Andaluaite
924 ' Mineral Be80Urces.
Production of gem$ in the United States in
G-em.
Garnet (pyrope, almandite, and essonite).
Anthracite
Pyrite
Rutilel
Epidote
Oligoclase
Moonstone
Prehnite
Arrow points
Thomsonite
Diopside
Agate
Chlorastrolite
Turquoise
Mobs agate
Amethyst
Fossil coral
Rose quartz
Gold quartz
Rutilated quartz
Dumortierite in quartz
Value.
Total I 113,621
Production of preoioue stones in United States from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Value. ,
Year.
Value.
Pbecious 8Tonb8.
Imports.
The diamonds used in this country are all imported, for, as already mentioned, they are but rarely found in the United States. The following table gives the imports of rough diamonds for a series of twentythree years :
Imports of rough or uncut diamonds since 1873.
Year ending June 30 — Value.
Year ending June 30—
Value.
Diamonds and other precious stones imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1895, inclusive.
Tear ending —
June 30, 1867..
Diamonds.
Dust.
Bough or uncut.
Diamonds
and other
Htones not set.
Set in gold or other metal.
Total.
Mineral Resources.
IHamondi and other precious eiones imported and entered for eoneumption in the United States 1867 to 1895, inoluHve—Contmned,
Year ending-
Jane 30, 1883..
Deo. 31, 1886.
Diamond*.
BouKh or uncut.
Diamonds
and other
stonee not set.
Bet in gold or other metal.
Total.
a Not specified since 1883.
b Inolades stones set and not specially provided for since 1890.
0 Includes precious stones other than diamonds.
Abrasive Materials.
Buhr8Toxes. Production.
While the value of the product of buhratone iu 1895 was larger than that of 1893 or 1894, it can not be taken as indicating any tendency toward a permanent improvement in the industry, which has been on the decline for the past fifteen years. In 1880 the value of buhrstones made from domestic material in the United States was placed at $200,000. In 1895 it was $22,542, but 11 per cent of that of 1880, while in 1894 it was but little more than half this. There will always be a small demand for these domestic stoues, and as long as it will pay to make them at all there will continue to be a limited production. Paint mills, cement mills, and mills for the grinding of the coarser cereals, bone, and phosphate rock find their requirements well filled by these stones, which can be obtained at moderate, cost. For fine flouring mills the roller process has supplanted domestic buhrstones, and to some extent French buhr also, which, while superior to domestic stone and procurable at comparatively slight expense, does not compete with the more modem roller process.
Although classed as buhrstone, the domestic material is entirely distinct from any of the buhrs which are imported from France, Belgium, and Germany. The French buhr is considered the best. Both it and the Belgian buhr consist of small particles of silica mixed with calcareous material, aud are hard and porous. The German buhr is said to be of basaltic lava. The domestic stone is a quartz conglomerate. All of the foreign stone is quarried in small pieces, which are shipped in the rough state at cheap freight rates to this country, where they are dressed to conformable shapes, fitted together, and bound into solid wheels. The domestic stone is found in large bowlders, which are worked down to millstones of the required size, the chief advantag for these being in the fact that they are in one piece. It occurs in several localities along the eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains, notably in Ulster County, N. Y., where it is called Eaopus stone; in Lancaster County, Pa., where it goes by the name of Oocalico stone,
Mineral Be80Urces.
aiid in Montgomery County, Va., it is quarried as Brush Mountain stone. It has also been quarried in Moore County, K. C, under the name of North Carolina grit, but no product has been reported from that locality for several years. The product in 1895 was from New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
In the following table is exhibited the value of the millstones produced in the United States since 1880 :
Value of buhrsionea produced in the United States from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Value.
Tear.
Value.
Imports.
Value of huhrstones and millslones imported into the Vnited States from 1868 to 1895.
Year ended—
Kough.
into mill- Total.
stoneH. I
Juiie30,1868 $74,224
Abrasive Materials. 929
Ta/ne of hukratones and miUaiones imported into the United States, etc. — Con tinned.
Koiigh. int4t millatones.
Total.
23, 816 36,523 40, 432 32,892 23,997 33, &57 29,532
a Not separately claiflifled after 1893.
$2J), 24, 37, 40, 33, 24, 34, 30, a 18, a20,
c;rixdstoises.
Grindstones of domestic manufacture are obtained from the sandstone deposits wliich extend along the shores of Lake Erie for some distance east and west of Cleveland, Ohio, and as far inland as Marietta, and on Lake Huron above Detroit, Mich. In Mineral Eesources for 1886 the methods of manufacture and use are given in detail, together with a tabular statement of the several varieties, foreign or domestic, that occur, with their special uses. Five varieties are produced in the United States — four in Ohio and one in Michigan. The four in Ohio are: (1) Berea, flue sharp grit, used for sharpening edge tools; (2) Amherst, soft loose grit, for edge tools and saws; (3) Independence, coarse shar]) grit, for grinding springs and files and for dry grinding of castings; (4) Massillon, also coarse sharp grit, for large edge tools, springs, files, and dry castings. The Huron (Michigan) stone has a fine sharp grit, and is used for sharpening edge tools when a very fine edge is required.
The production of grindstones has been seriously affected by the trade depression of the past few years. In 1891 the value of the output was $476,113. In 1892 it dropped to $272,244, but reacted in 1893 to $3:8,787. In 1894 it fell to $223,214, and reached the lowest of $205,768 in 1895, less than 45 per cent of the value of the product in 1891. The large decrease in value is brought about by a combination of smaller output and reduced prices. 17 GEOL, PT 3 59
Mineral Resources.
Ill the following table is shown the value of grindstones produced in the United States since 1880:
Value of grindston€$ produced in the United State$, 1880 to 1895,
Year.
Value. 1
Year.
Value.
i
Grindstones imported and entered for oonaumpiion in the United States 1868 to 1895,
inclusive.
Year ended —
Piniflbed.
Quantity. I Value.
Long totis. i
Jun©30,1868 $25,640
Dec. 31,1886.
1,443 1,373 I 1,681 I 1,246 I 1,463 1,603 ; 1,573 ! 2,064 1,705 1,755
Ud finished or rough.
Quantity.
Long tons.
Total value.
Value.
a86,286
a Since 1884 claased as finished or unfinished.
ABRASIVE MATEBrALS.
Oiustones Asd Whetstones.
Production.
The value of the fiDished product in 1895 amounted to $155,881, the highest figure ever attained.
The statement of the production of oilstones and whetstones included also that of scythestones and kitchen and shoemakers' rubstones. The rough material from which they are made is obtained from various localities in the United States. The higher grades of oilstones are made from two grades of novaculite quarried in the vicinity of Hot Springs, Ark., and known, as Arkansas'' and 'Washita" stone. Fine-grained sandstone, called "Hindostan" or "Orange" stone, from Orange County, Ind.; Lake Superior stone, quarried in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and a similar material known as Labrador stone, from Cortland County, IST. Y., and chocolate stone from Lisbon, N. H., are used for whetstones. Scythestones and rubstones are made from Indian Pond Lamoille stone, quarried in Grafton County, N. H., and Orleans County, Yt., from Berea grit (which also frimishes grindstones) and from some of the Indiana sandstone.
The production of oilstones, etc., in the United States has for several years been practically controlled by one concern, the Pike Manufacturing Company of Pike Station, N. H. This company owns quarries at French Lick, Georgia, Orangeville and Paoli, Ind.; Haverhill, Piermont, Orford, and Lisbon, N. H.; Truxton, N. Y.; Westmore and Brownington, Yt., and besides having its own quanies and 1,000 acres of quarry land in Garland County, Ark., this company has contracted with all the individual quarrymen for their entire output for a number of years. Under these circumstances the first uniform selling value that can be placed upon the product is for the finished articles, which for the past five years has been as follows :
VtUue of aiUtanes, whetstones, etc., produced in the United States since 1891,
Year.
Value.
From 1880 to 1890, inclusive, the product and value of the rough stone has been published in these reports, exception being made in the case of the output for 1890, when the value for the unfinished ])roduct was given for the novaculite of Arkansas, and in all other cases the
Mineral Resources.
value of the finished stoues is quoted. 1880 to 1890 was as follows:
The annual production from
Product of oilstones and whetstones from 1880 to 1890,
Year.
Foundij.
Value.
The reports of production by the Pike Manufacturing Company have been furnished this oflQce annually since 1892, with permission to publish. They may be taken as indicative of the condition of the industry, and are shown in the following table. These figures are not claimed to be exact, but are estimated, though sufficiently approximate for all practical purposes.
Production of oilstones, etc., hy the Pike Afanufaoturing Company in 189:i, 1893, 1894,
and 1895.
Kind.
Output.
Washita stone pounds . .
Arkansas stone do
Labrador stone do
Hindostan stone do
Sandstone do
Chocolate stone do
Scythestones gross. .
Total value
Value.
Valuo.
Abrasive Materials. 933
Production of oiUioneSf etc, by the Pike Manufacturing Company, etc, — Continaed.
Kind.
Output.
Washita stone pouucls . . 300, 000 $45, 000
Arkansas stone do 15,000 15,000
Labrador stone do 100 10
Hindostan stone do 300,000 15,000
Sandstone do 100,000 2,200
Chocolate stone do 25,000 2,500
Scythestones p-oss. . 15, 000 45, 000
Totalvnliie 124,710
Value. Output.
Value.
Imports.
Tbe following table shows the total value of all kinds of hones and whetstones imported since 1880 :
Imports of hone$ and whettone$ since 1880,
Year ended—
Value.
June 30, 1880 $14,185
Dec. 81,1886 21,141
Tear ended
Dec. 31, 1888
Value.
Corundum Axd Kmery,
Production.
In 1895 the total amount of corundum and emery mined in the United States was 2,102 short tons, valued at $106,256, against 1,495 short tons, worth $95,936, in 1894. The amount of the product was larger than in any previous year except 1889 and 1891, and the value, while greater by $10,000 than in 1894, was less than in 1892 or 1893. There was an increased production both of corundum and emery, the output of the latter, from Westchester County, X. Y., showing the greater increase. In 1889 the production of Westchester County emery
Mineral Resoubces.
did not exceed 30 tons. In 1894, five years later, the shipments amounted to more than 500 tons, and in 1895 to little less than 1,000 tons. ,
The producers of both emery and corundum are averse to giving publicity to their business, and in order to maintain the confidential nature of the statistics, the production of the two minerals is stated together in the following table :
Annual product of corundum and emery eince 1881,
Tear.
Quantity.
Value. , Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Short ton*.
$80,000 80,000 ' 100,000 108,000 108,000 116, 190 108,000 91, 620
Short ton*. 2,245 1,970 2,247 1,771 1,713 1,495 2,102
Impo
►Rts.
The corundum used in the United States is exclusively of domestic production. Emery is imported from Turkey and the island of Naxos, one of the Cyclades group in the Grecian Archipelago.
The following table shows the imports of emery from 1867 to 1895:
Emery imported into ike United States from 1867 to 1896, inclusive.
Year ended—
Juno 30,1867.. 1876., 1877., 1878., 1879.,
Quantity.
Grains.
Ore or rock.
Pounds.
Value. 'Quantity. I Value.
i ' I
Palverized or ground.
Longtons.
I 31,972 40,027
Pounds.
Otlier
Total
Quantity.! Value.
$52,504 38,080 77,916 44,811 77,424 70,919 62,36r. 58,327 61,653 42, 182 56,601 87,606
Abrasive Materials.
Emerjf imported into the United Stateefrom 1867 to 1895 y incluaire — Continued.
Grains.
Year ended —
QoantHv. Value.
ground. Other
' I mannfac-
I I I - ture-
I Pounds. June 30. 1881 ! 454,700 $22,101
Dec. 31,
1S91.
Long tons. 2,447 3,782 5,234 3,867 2,530 5,086 2,804 6,803
'103,
|m.
' 80.
Ine.
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
a 144, 380
Total value.
38G
I 118.246
' 218,966
' 120,623
I 127,767
Ij
a To June 30, only; since, classed with grains.
CORrXDUM DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHERN APPAI.ACHIAN
Regiox.
Hy J. A. Holmes.
The proiluction of corundum in the United States has been practically limited to the southern Appalachian region, by far the larger part of the product having come from a few mines in Macon, Jackson, and Transylvania counties, in iorth Carolina, and Rabun County, Ga. The rocks with which the larger part .of this corundum has been found associated may be designated in a general way as basic magnesian rocks, including under this term the peridotites (dunite, hartzburgite, amphibole-pierite, forellenstein), pyxoxenites (enstatite rocks, Websterite), and amphibolites (smaragdite ( ?), edenite ( f ) ), the former of these groups being by far the most abundant.
These rocks occur in a series of narrow and elongated lenticular masses, in that extensive series of crystalline gneisses and schists to be found all the way from New England into Alabama, though partially covered by later in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, New York, western Massachusetts, and Connecticut. It may be said, also, that with these peridotite rocks in Massachusetts and New York occur the important emery deposits in Westchester County, N. Y., and at Chester, Mass. These peridotite rocks have been traced at intervals from New York southward through Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia into Alabama, but thus far the known workable deposits of corundum are found in the southwestern portion of North Carolina and in the northeastern portion of Georgia.
preliminary reports have beeu recently published by the Geological Surveys of Georgia and North Carolina-describing in some detail the corundum deposits in each of these States. In the latter of these reports a carefully prepared geologic map is given, which shows the distribution of the corundum and basic magnesian rocks with which it is associated in western >'orth Carolina and northeastern Georgia. The larger part of this region is occupied by the broad belt of gneisses and crystalline schists of supposed Archaean age, which lie between the Blue Eidge and Great Smoky Mountains.
Along the line of the Great Smoky Mountains, extending southward from the vicinity of Johnson City, is a belt of shales and limestones, conglomerates, and sandstones, resting unconformably on the underlying gneisses. This belt is quite narrow at its northern end, but widens to more than 20 miles along a section of the Little Tennessee Eiver. To these rocks, the exact age of which is still unknown, the term Ocoee has been applied. Another exceedingly narrow belt of similar rocks extends from South Carolina in a northeasterly course, near the crest of the Blue Ridge to Watauga County, where it spreads out in a somewhat irregular way (due probably to the faulting of the rocks), and has an aggregate width of some 15 miles; whereas farther southward, in Transylvania (ounty, its width is probably in places less than 1 mile.
Between these two somewhat parallel Ocoee belts is the extensive area of gneisses and crystalline schists in which occur the numerous lenticular masses or dikes of the peridotite and associated basic magnesian rocks. From Yancey County, X. C, southwest into Kabun, Towns, and Union counties, Ga., these have been found to be corundum bearing, and this portion of the area may be designated as the corundum belt of the southern Appalachian region. The masses of peridotite rock are usually only a. few hundred feet across, and have a length of from a few hundred j'ards to a mile or more, this greater length being usually in the same direction as the strike of the rocks of the region (N. 30 to 40 E.). At Webster, Corundum Hill, and Buck Creek, North Carolina, and Laurel Creek, Georgia, and some other the form varies from this type, being less elongated. The strikes and dips of these rocks in most cases conform to those of the gneisses and schists, though in other cases they appear to break across those of these inclosing rocks. The origin of the peridotites is still a matter of some doubt, but the evidence generally appears to point to their being eruptives.
In some portions of the area, as in Haywood, Buncombe, and Madison counties, the lenticular peridotite masses follow each other along a few well-defined lines, as though they represented the somewhat
' Corundum in Georgia, Bull. 2, Geol. Survey of Ga., 1894, by Francis P. King.
'Corundum and the Ba.sic Magnesiun Rocks of Western North Carolina, Bull. 11. Geol. Survey of North Carolina, 1896, by J. V. Lewis.
"See Origin of the Peridotits of the Southern Appalachian.s. by J. Volney Lewis, Elisha Miichell Society Journal, Part II, 1895, pp. 24-37.
Ul lu MOtOQICAL tUHVlY
Anmml Mport Mrt Pl. Xh
Map Showing Corundum Deposits Of The Southern Appalachian Region.
Abrasive Materials. 937
discouuected portions of extensive dikes. In Transylvania, Jackson, Macon, and Clay counties, N. C, and Eabun and Towns counties, Ga., tbey are exceedingly numerous and have been found at hundreds of localities across an area nearly 40 miles wide. At many of these places they have been found to carry more or less corundum. They are also exceedingly numerous near the crest of the Blue Kidge Mountains in the western part of Transylvania and the eastern part of Jackson counties, in the neighborhood of Big Hogback Mountain, where the Sapphire Corundum mines are located, and in a belt extending northeast and southwest from this point. In another belt which extends northeast and southwest of Corundum Hill, in Macon County, at which point are also important corundum deposits, and in a short belt extending from the noted Buck Creek corundum deposits in Clay County in a southeasterly direction across into Georgia.
Occurrenck Ani> Distribution Of Corukdum.
As a rock constituent corundum has been associated with other minerals under a number of different conditions, but as a commercial product it has been found usually in the gravel beds of streams, or, when in place, in veins or dikes of feldspar; or associated with chlorites and vermiculites in the peridotites and serpentines of the eastern States.
By far the larger part of the corundum mined in the southern Appalachian region has been found associated with the peridotites in the bands of chlorites and vermiculites developed either between the masses of peridotites and the adjacent gneisses, or along the joint planes even toward the interior of the peridotite masses. These chlorite and vermiculite bands, which vary in thickness from a few inches to more than a dozen feet, in places have the corundum distributed throughout their mass with some degree of uniformity, though in other places the corundum will be concentrated more or less in certain portions of the bands, the remainder of the material being nearly or quite barren. Such has been the condition of things exhibited at Corundum Hill.
A considerable amount of corundum has been found in amphibolite rock, either in the dike like masses of this rock found at Buck Creek, in Clay County, where the corundum crystals are scattered through the rock associated with minute grains of picotite, or, as in another case, as at the Acme mine, neat Statesville, in Iredell County, along the joint planes and borders of the amphibolite rocks, where the corundum occurs along with the amphibolite developed to a thickness of from a few inches to several feet. The corundum also occurs in this latter locality in the feldspar veins or dikes which occur in these hornblende rocks.
A limited amount of corundum has also been found in bands of chlorite schist, which in some portions of this area may be traced in a
generally northeast to southwesterly direction for a distance of several miles, and having a width sometimes as mach as several hundred feet, though usually much narrower.
In still other cases corundum has been found in considerable quantity in gneiss rock without their being any direct association, as far iis is known, with the peridotite. Thus in a number of North and South Carolina localities the corundum seems to occur in the gneiss, in crystals or nodules surrounded by a sheath of muscovite. One case of this sort may be mentioned on the west slopes of Chunky Gal Mountain in Clay County, and another at Laurens, S. C.
A very considerable amount of corundum, especially that found in foreign countries, as in India, Ceylon, China, Armenia, Siberia, Bactria, as well as some of that found in North Carolina, has been mined from gravel deposits. The only locality in the southern Appalachian region where the placer mining for corundum has been carried to any considerable extent for the past few years is that on Cowee Creek, 8 or 10 miles north of Franklin, in Macon County, where the main object appears to have been the discovery of gem corundum. Here the gravel deposits along Cowee Creek occur in a valley from 100 to 400 yards in width, and are being worked by a company for a distance of 2 to 3 miles by improved hydraulic methods. The gravel along the banks of the stream is from 4 to 10 feet in thickness made up of debris from the adjacent hills, and tliere is usually from 2 to 4 feet of quartz below overlaid by from 4 to 8 feet of finer sands, loam, and clay. In several other localities, in Jackson, Macon, and Clay counties, however, the placer mining for corundum has been carried on to a smaU extent.
As stated above, corundum in commercial quantities appears to be limited to that portion of western North Carolina south of the French Broad River (especially Jackson, Transylvania, Macon, and Clay counties), and to Eabun, Towns, and Union counties, Ga. The peridotite rocks extend into northeastern Alabama, but no workable bed of corundum has as yet been discovered in that region. These rocks extend across the State of Georgia, and corundum has been found in a dozen or more counties (Lumpkin, Habersham, Hall, Cobb, Paulding, Douglas, Carroll, Heard, Troup, and Walton — in addition to the three mentioned above), but in a majority of cases only in limited quantities. The mine of the Hampden-Emery Company, in Rabun County, Ga. (Laurel Creek or Pine Mountain mine), has yielded a considerable quantity of commercial corundum. In South Carolina, corundum has been found in Laurens, Anderson, and Oconee counties, in the first two of these the deposits apparently lying outside of the peridotite belts.
In the States to the northeast, corundum has been found and mined to a limited extent in Pennsylvania; and it has been found in a few places in Virginia, New York (Orange and Westchester counties), and Massachusetts (Chester) — the two latter occurrences being in the form of emery — and in Maine and Canada.
Abrasive Materials. 939
In Korth Carolina, corundum has been found at nearly 300 localities, in 20 or more counties, in a majority of cases witbin the peridotite belt; but in a number of cases, as in Iredell, Alexander, Gaston, Burke, and Cleveland counties, the discoveries have been entirely outside of this belt and within the great gneissic area. At only one of these latter, however, has corundum been mined on any considerable scale, namely, at the Acme Corundum mine, near Statesville, Iredell County.
Many of these (corundum localities have been described elsewhere. The limits of the present paper permit only a few of the important localities being mentioned here.
CORUXDl M MIXES AND MISING.
The Corundum Hill mine, perhaps the most widely known and the most extensively worked corundum property in the country, has been fully described elsewhere.* The corundum-carrying rock here is mainly that variety of peridotite described as dunite. This occurs iu the form of a rather blunt lens-shaped mass of about 10 acres in extent, which has at least two fairly sharp arms projecting out into the gneiss on its northwest side. Along the lines of contact between the dunite and the gneiss are belts of chlorite and vermiculite, usually varying from 1 to 12 or 15 feet in width, which carry the larger part of the corundum. The mass of dunite is also broken by a system of joints, and along these joint plains are often similar, though less extensive, belts of corundumbearing vermiculite and chlorite. Numerous corundum crystals are also found in portions of the gneiss immediately contiguous to the chlorite and vermiculite zones.
The method of mining corundum adopted here is comparatively simple and crude. Near the surface open cuts are run along the line of these vermiculite and chlorite zones, which material is usually removed with a pick and shovel, and it is then carried to the dump in wheelbarrows and hand cars. When the mining operations have extended to such a depth that it is difficult to keep the side walls from sliding in on the working areas, timbering is resorted to, and drifts are cut into these corundum-bearing zones and the material removed in a similar manner. In mining the corundum-bearing gneiss, similar methods are adopted, but the rock material being exceedingly hard, has to be blasted and the fragments subsequently crushed. Mining operations were begun here in 1871 by Col. C. W. Jenks, who mined largely for gem corundum. Mining operations for abrasive corundum were begun by Dr. H. S. Lucas in 1878, and have continued since that time, the annual output of the mines ranging from 300 to 400 tons.
As this was the only mine in active during 1895, it may be well here also to describe briefly the methods of cleaning adopted. A
>Bull. Geol. Survey North Carolina No. 11, by J. V. Lewis. 1896.
Ibid., pp. 86, 55, 09. 85, 92; Mineral Resources U. S. 1883-, pp. 714-720; Boll. IT. S. Geol. Sorvey No. 42, 1887, pp. 45, 63, etc.
line of sluice troughs IJ miles long extends from the dump at the mine to the mill, where the final washing, separating, and drying of the corundum takes place. This trongh. has a considerable fall, and at several phices there are vertical drops of from 5 to 10 feet. The vermiculite and chlorite carrying the corundum is taken from the dump of the mine, ])Iaced in the upper end of the sluice trough, whence it is carried by a swift current of water down tlie line to the mill, the swift current tending to separate the vermiculite and chlorite from the heavier corundum, and the several vertical drops in the line tending to break the lumps and facilitate this separation, so that by the time the material has reached the mill the separation of the corundum from its softer and lighter matrix is well advanced.
As this material reaches the mill it is thrown upon a screen with 14 meshes to the inch, and what does not pass between this screen is crushed between rollers, and then along with the finer material which passes through this screen originally it is placed in a gravity box and stirred vigorously with currents of water. The corundum and that part of the matrix which still adheres to it is then passed through a machine called a "muller" or "chaser," a process which has been described as follows: "In this machine two heavy wooden rollers move around the circumference of a shallow tub. The partially cleaned corundum is thrown into this tub, and is stirred constantly by iron teeth that move in front of the rollers. Being thus alternately stirred up by the teeth and pressed down by the rollers, a scouring motion is continually kept up between the grains, and the impurities are gradually cut away. In this action the impurities are reduced to the form of a fine powder, and are carried away by a small current of water which continually flows through the tub. This process is continued from three to five hours, according to the difficulty of cleaning and the degree of purity required."
When the cleansed corundum is removed from the mullers it is dried as follows:* "When the material is removed from the mullers it is allowed to lie over night in a heap on an inclined floor. This material, still wet, is carried up in an elevator and dropped vertically through a distance of about 20 feet down the stack of a furnace. At the bottom of this it strikes an inclined plane and slides down this for a few feet through the flames of a wood fire. By this time it is thoroughly dry and is passed into a chamber beneath, whence it is removed with shovels and subjected to a final sifting. All material not fine enough to pass through a screen with 14 meshes to an inch is again passed through the rolls, and the entire cleaning is repeated."
The corundum bearing gneiss, which is also found here to a limited extent, is brought to the dump in large blocks which are in some cases heated to a high temperature by means of a log fire and reduced suddenly to cold by having water poured upon them. This causes
' Bull. GpoI. Survey Korth Carolina No. 11. 1890. p. 85. Ibid, p. 86.
Abrasive Materials. 941
tlie blocks to crumble into nniall fragments, which are then passed through the crushers and rolls until the material is sufficiently fine to be passed through the screen with 14 meshes to the inch. It is then passed through a tub into a screwlike conveyor, revolves upon an axis and the particles of rock thus grinding upon one another, the softer gueissic matrix is cut away and the corundum grains are left in part intact. The larger part of this finer material resulting from the grinding of the gneissic matrix is washed away by the currents of water, the remainder and the heavier corundum settling to the bottom is then passed through the mullers for more complete separation.
Unquestionably the larger portion of the surface material at the Corundum Hill mines has already been removed, but by running deeper drifts and sinking deeper shafts and in other ways following the more improved mining methods doubtless there are still to be obtained from this mine considerable quantities of corundum. Near Corundum Hill, on the slopes of oue of the prominent spurs of the Cowe Mountains, between Ellijay and Walnut creeks, in Jackson County, many promising corundum localities are found, a few of which have been mined on a small scale; and this region promises to be, in the near future, haps the most corundum-producing area in the whole lachian belt. Corundum mines are now being opened up in this region by Mr. C. C. Foster, of Boston, and the American Corundum Company, on Ellijay Creek, about 7 miles southeast of Franklin, and another corundum mine is now being opened up at Cartoogajay or Skeen Creek, about G miles southwest of Franklin, by Dr. H. S. Lucas.
Sapphire or Hogback mines, in Jackson County, which were operated on a considerable scale during the years 1892 and 1893, were closed during the financial depression of the latter year and have not since been worked on any considerable scale, only development work being carried on at intervals. The methods of mining and washing the corundum here were somewhat similar to those described above as being practiced at Corundum Hill. The corundum of this region is associated with peridotite and enstatite rocks, the latter generally predominating. In this neighborhood there were operated by the Sapphire Valley Mining Company some seven or more mines, all in the neighborhood of Big Hogback Mountain and near the Jackson -Transylvania county line. Specimens of corundum have been found in a number of localities in this vicinity, and there are many outcrops of the enstatite and peridotite rocks, indicating that there exist in this neighborhood very considerable quantities of corundum; and if the corundum market improves we may expect to hear of mining here on a considerable scale in the near future.
The Buck Creek mines, in Clay County, were first prospected by Major Bryson about 1876, but for six months only; two years later they were worked by Mr. Frank Menninger, and ten years later by Mr. Ernst for about nine months, and four years later by Mr. Gregory Hart for a
period of one and one-half years. There is here a large mass of peridotite, which, like the masses found elsewhere, is more or less jointed, and along the joint planes are found vermiculite and chlorite, which in places carry corundum. There are also considerable quantities of amphibolite rock in this peridotite region which contain numerous crystals of corundum, and a limited quantity of this rock has been hauled to Corundum Hill, where it was crushed and the corundum separated. But the principal mining operations have consisted in the sinking of a shaft and some drifts into corundum-bearing veins of coarse feldspar and hornblende along the eastern margin of the peridotite outcrop and within a few feet of the border of the gneiss. No active mining work is now in progress in this region, or has been for several years.
At Shooting Creek, also in Clay County, near Elf post-office, is the Behr corundum mine, which was opened in 1880 by Dr. H. S. Lucas, and was subsequently operated by Herman Behr & Co. as late as 1890, but no work has been done there since that time. The corundum is found here associated with peridotite and occurs in seams or bands of scale vermiculite, known as "sand veins"; and it also occurs in the vicinity of this mine in veins of feldspar and green chlorite, and in still other places in veins of feldspar associated with zoisite, and in masses of margarite. Much of the so-called mining of this region has been simply prospecting, and there still remain several deposits of corundum in these different forms which have as yet been barely touched.
The Carter mine, in the eastern end of Madison County, near Democrat post-office, was worked at intervals for several years prior to 1886 by Messrs. William Carter, H. S. Lucas, M. E. Carter, Rice & Coleman, and Messrs. Tarr, Hamilton & Co.; but it has not been worked since that time. The corundum here is of white, pink, and blue colors, intergrown with greenish black spinel in a matrix of feldspar, this material occurring in a vein of chlorite and vermiculite within and near the extreme northern end of the lenticular mass of peridotite several miles in length. In the region intervening between this mine and those of Jackson and Macon counties, while numerous lenticular masses of peridotite have been found, yet no important deposits of corundum have so far been discovered, though specimens of corundum have been picked up at a number of localities in this region.
The Acme mine is the only corundum deposit in Forth Carolina which has been worked east of the Blue Bidge and entirely without the limits of the peridotite belts. It is located about threefourths of a mile west of Statesville, in Iredell County, in which the ordinary country rock is a gray gneiss. Corundum has been found in the form of loose surface specimens in a number of localities in Iredell County, and at the Acme mine they were first found in an alluvial deposit, clays and sands, the corundum masses being loose or attached
Abrasive Materul8. 943
to masses of cyanite. Beneath these clays and gravels a corundumbearing vein of feldspar 2 to 2 J feet in thickness was found in a massive hornblende rock, the vein being separated from the hornblende rock through which it passed by bands of vermiculite. Corundum was found at the location of this mine in 1875 by Dr. J. A. I). Stevenson. Mining operations were begun here in 1893 and were continued for some months, when the work was suspended owing to the great expense of removing the overlying 12 to 15 feet of clay and the large amount of water which continually poured into the works. Since that time some prospecting work has been done with a view of tracing the vein into adjoining areas where the thickness of the overburden and the amount of water would both be less, but no decidedly favorable results have as yet been reached.
The Pine lountain or Laurel Creek mine, in Rabun County, Ga., which was worked from 1880 to the spring of 1893, is the only corundum mine which has been worked on any considerable scale in Georgia. This mine is located in a mass of peridotite (dunite), oblong and somewhat irregular in shape and somewhat larger than that at Corundum Hill. It lies directly s6uthwest of the Sapphire and of the Jackson County peridotite belts. The formation here is similar in many respects to that at Corundum Hill. It has already been described in some detail by Br. T. M. Chatard in The Mineral Eesources of the United States, 1883-84, and in Bulletin 2 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, 1894 As at Corundum Hill, the corundum is found here largely in a band of alteration products (steatite, chlorite, talc) lying between the gneiss and dunite, and the mining methods pursued are quite similar to those which have been followed at Corundum Hill. Part of the corundum, however, occurs in more solid veins of feldspar, and this material has to be blasted and subsequently crushed before being passed through the cleaning and assorting machinery.
Thb Manufacture Ani> Use Of Corundum.
By Charlks N. Jenks.
All corundum does not make a good abrasive, and corundums from different localities differ greatly in their cutting qualities. Here arises the first and most important question for every would-be producer, viz, What constitutes a good corundum! A few weeks of careful investigation in the abrasive trade several years ago convinced me that I knew nothing whatever about the subject of abrasive materials beyond the locating of veins and the mining of corundum, and that I was not alone in my ignorance. It also showed that in contrast with the production of any other raw material the of the producer did not cease with the furnishing of this product to the refiner, but making the primary work successful financially requires education as to what constitutes a good article of corundum, and then education of
the manufacturers of tlie graiu corundum, who must in turn fully understand the subject, in order to place the product upon the market.
The qualities necessary to make a grain corundum of the greatest possible efficiency when manufactured into wheels are: (1) It must be practically pure (at least 95 per cent), and all impurities containing water or iron must be as far as possible eliminated; (2) it must possess great hardness, and at the same time contain the peculiar property of disintegration that many corundums lack and comparatively few possess in the most desirable degree; (3) it must be of such a structure that it will crush or disintegrate under pressure into shotty fragments, rather than into pieces flat, flaky, long, or cubical.
When ail these points of efficiency and the quantity of the material have been proved to the satisfaction of the manufacturer of grain emery or corundum, who must refine the product and introduce it to the wheel maker, the additional fact becomes apparent that the consumer of wheels does not discriminate and will not enough more for a corundum wheel than for an emery wheel to justify the average wheel maker in paying much more for grain corundum than he does for grain emery. The best grain emery can be delivered to the wheel maker at to 3f cents per inside price, and 4 cents outside, either Turkish, Naxos, or Chester.
The present price of an all-corundum wheel is only about 15 percent in excess of an emery wheel similar in all other respects. There is no inducement to the average wheel maker to pay 7 or 8 cents per pound for grain corundum (all sizes), even if it can be demonstrated to his entire satisfaction that it twice the efficiency of emery, so long as the consumer will only pay for the manufactured wheels 15 per cent advance over emery-wheel prices.
There are large customers in the wheel trade who thoroughly appreciate the value of "all-corundum" wheels for specific purposes, such as saw glimmers, wheels for grinding chilled iron, and for other uses. The trade and reputation of these customers depend to a certain extent upon their ability to furnish corundum wheels for these purposes. They also produce, by a judicious mixture of corundum with emery, a wheel adapted to certain other classes of work and having far greater efficiency than clear emery. All these things, combined with safety in the operation of wheels and thorough workmanship, enable corundum to hold its position in the trade, although the users do not attribute the superiority of their wheels to the corundum contained therein.
In many if not all the abrasives upon the market, the fine sizes (No. 60 and smaller) are the least efficient. This is due to the fact that the impurities subdivide minutely and hence run rapidly to sizes finer than No. 60. This has given corundum a bad reputation in many classes of work. It is, nevertheless, entirely feasible and economical to pro* duce sizes 60 to FFF of at least 90 per cent purity. As the impurities
Abrasive Materials. 945
in emery also run to fine sizes, both emery and corundum are often almost worthless as abrasives. There is room for improvement in the methods at present employed in the cleaning of both these products.
Sources and cost of emery. — Emery is an intimate mixture of corundum with oxide of iron, either magnetite or hematite. It owes its cutting qualities almost entirely to the presence of corundum, and it is more or less efficient as tbe quantity of corundum increases or diminishes. If, other impurities being at a minimum, good emery were divested of its iron, it would be a good corundum. In the case of an otherwise pure corundum product, the presence of 10 per cent of iron is sufficient to greatly reduce its efficiency and economy. In the case of emery the mixture of iron is so intimate as to make its separation for abrasive purposes impossible, while with corundum the iron is readily extracted by the magnetic separator.
Foreign trade emery is found in nearly all parts of Asia Minor, and in the Grecian Islands, there being 17 deposits in Naxos alone. It is known in the trade as "Turkish" and " Naxos.' The Abbott mines in Turkey are thought by many to produce the best emery stone. Others prefer the best axos to any of the other foreign emerges. My own experience is in favor of the Turkish; but whatever comparative result might be disclosed by sufficiently exhaustive it is a fact that emery from dififerent foreign localities varies greatly in efficiency.
Five distinguished experts upon corundum and emery, who are actively engaged in the trade, have stated to me that in their opinion there is no emery proper in the United States. I agree with the late Prof. J. Lawrence Smith, who said, "I consider the Chester mineral as true an emery as that of Naxos." It contains an intimate mixture of iron, although on an average less than the foreign emerges, but it can not be separated by magnetic apparatus. It possesses a greater efficiency than the best ibreign emery, although less than one-half the efficiency of pare corundum.
Other localities in the United States which are mentioned Hn Oovernment reports and by other authorities as yielding emery are Peekskill, S. Y., Tallapoosa, Ga., and one or more points in North Carolina.
The present tariff on emery, since August 27, 1894, is as follows: Emery grains, and emery ground, pulverized, refined, or manufactured, 0.8 cent per pound; emery wheels and files, 20 -per cent ad valorem; emery ore, free of duty.
Prior to this the tariff was 1 cent per pound on emery grains; emery ore free.
One authority (Stevens) says: Good clean lump stone can be contracted for here (Smyrna) on board ship at $19.50 to $20.70 per ton of 2,240 pounds. The same quality, but in smaller pieces, at $3.65 per ton less." This is an average price of less than 1 cent per pound. Another authority (Heap) gives average price at Smyrna at $19.50 per ton of 2,240 pounds.
From other reliable sources in the trade it is learned that the average cost of lump stone at either New York or Boston is less than 1 cent per pound. Emery stone is shipped from the Turkish and Grecian mines in sailing vessels as ballast at merely nominal figures, or with no charge; or when by steamer to New York or Boston, at the rate of $1.22 to 12.44 per long ton. Our annual importation of emery stone is about 5,000 tons. The total annual production of corundum firom all sources during the years 1893 to 1895, inclusive, was less than 400 tons.
The manufacture of grain emery. — Eight or nine mills manufacture the bulk of the grain emery which is produced in the United States. The Levant Company, with headquarters in New York City, operate in the trade for four of these mills, namely, the Walpole, Jackson, Diamond, and New York.
The processes of manufacture of grain emery are quite expensive, and from the lump to the finished product in kegs it costs fully to cents per pound. This added to the cost of raw material (stone), 1 cent per pound, makes the total cost to the manufacturer to cents. The expense of marketing varies, but is necessarily considerable, yet the competition is so great that the best article on the market can be obtained at 3j to 4 cents, freight paid, which leaves a margin not exceeding 1 cent per pound, and probably less in some cases.
The wheel trade. — There are to-day about 25 concerns, great and small, in the United States, engaged in making abrasive wheels. No large company has really been forced out of existence during the past three years by competition, but the small ones have suffered. In 1892 a price 75 per cent off the standard list (which all emery-wheel concerns quote) was as low as could be secured for good emery wheels. In 1895 discounts varied from 60 and 10 to 80 and 10, freight paid, so fierce has been the competition. Several of the 25 wheel makers are quoting 80 per cent off. I think only two or three of the entire number in the United States have maintained their old prices, and this is due to the general superiority of their wheels and to their great deserved reputation.
The present or past miners of corundum can not be blamed for the quality of the material they have placed upon the market. In most cases ignorance of corundum mining, of what constitutes a good and reliable product, and the market conditions have conspired to curtail the production of a pure article and to discredit its efficiency in every attempt. There is no way of determining, even approximately, the efficiency of a corundum product or its actual market value but the competitive wheel tests against the standard now on the market, conducted under conditions of absolute accuracy and impartiality as nearly as these conditions can be secured by human watchfulness. This should be the first step in all corundum-mining operations.
The writer has no faith in a chemical analysis as determining even
Abrasive Materials. 947
approximately the efficiency of an alleged corundum. Its great value is of course admitted for determining the existence of corundum in any considerable quantity as an ingredient in a doubtful
The fact that a corundum sample assays a large percentage of alumina is, however, no proof either of its purity or of its abrasive efficiency. Many of the common associate minerals and much of the impurity contained in various products upon the market contain a large proportion of alumina by assay. Margarite or emerylite contain at times 50 per cent. The chlorites show from 5 to 35 per cent. Neither of these substances possesses any useful abrasive properties when they are present in the wheel. On the contrary, they may be expected, if present in any quantity, to greatly impair its efficiency.
The future of corundum production. — The three different trades, mining, cleaning, and wheel making, should be associated under one head. This would be a saving (1) on freight, (2) of the entire profit now charged for cleaning and grading, and (3) on the fine sizes. Instead of shipping the mines a 50 -per cent product and paying freight on worthless impurities to the extent of one-half the entire weight, corundum can be refined and graded on the ground at a small additional cost — much less than that which is necessarily incurred in trade centers. The middle man — the manufacturer of grain corundum — would be eliminated entirely. Thus far there appears a saving of at least one-fourth of a cent per pound on freight; three-fourths of a cent in decreased cost of refining as at present conducted, and refiner's profit, 1 cent more; a total saving of 2 cents per pound over existing conditions. The wheel-making end of the business located in the trade centers could then operate with the sizes most in demand without a necessity of shiiiment of sizes not needed. The advantage of close touch between these departments, mining and wheel making, would greatly exceed those afforded by the present method of doing business.
IXFUSORIAIi EARTH. OCCURRENCE.
Deposits of infusorial earth, or tripoli, occur in several of the Atlantic States, and it has been mined in Connecticut, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. It also occurs and has been mined in Napa County, Cal., and near Virginia City, Nev. At the latter place mining is not prosecuted regularly, enough being obtained in one year to supply the owners with sufficient crude material to last for from three to five years. The principal use for the material is in the manufacture of polishing powders, etc., though it has been used to a considerable extent as an absorbent in the manufacture of dynamite from nitroglycerine, and as a protective packing around steam boilers. Its use as an absorbent has been supplanted by sawdust, and the increased
Mineral Kesource8.
use of asbestos in boiler packing lias militated against the use of infusorial earth. Other occurrences than those mentioned above have been noted, particularly in some of the Western States, but they have not been worked.
Production.
The production of infusorial arth is very irregular. In 1880 the value of the product was $45,660. In 1883 it had to $5,000, and remained at approximately that figure for four years. In 1887 it increased to $15,000, but fell again to $7,500 in the following year. It increased to $23,372 in 1889, and again to $50,240 in 1890. The next year it decreased to $21,988; nearly doubled that in 1892, and again decreased in 1893 to $22,582. The value of the product iu 1894 was but little more than half of that of 1893, being $11,718. The decrease was due chiefly to the suspension of mining at Bopes Creek and Dunkirk, Md., formerly the principal producing localities. The mines in Napa County, Cal., were also idle, and the production was limited to New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Nevada. The total output was 2,584 short tons, valued at $11,718, the smallest iu point of value since 1888. In 1895 the product increased again to 4,954 short tons, with a total value of $20,514. The Napa County (Cal.) mines were still idle, as were those of Virginia City, Nev., and of Popes Creek, Md., and Drakesville, N. J. On the other hand, the mines of Dunkirk, Md., were reopened, and produced nearly 3,000 tons of earth. The balance was contributed by Connecticut and New Hampshire.
The following table exhibits the annual output since 1880:
ProducHon of infusorial earth from 18S0 to 1895.
Year.
Short tons.
Value.
Year.
Short tons.
Value.
Occur
Rence.
Garnet is mined or quarried in New York State in and near the valley of the upper Hudson River, in Warren County, on the borders of the Adirondack region. It all appears to be of the common variety,
Abrasive Materials. 949
almandite, and occurs in a formation of crystalline limestone, which constitutes the bed rock of the valley in the vicinity of North Creek and Minerva, and in gneissic rocks which adjoin or are intercalated with the crystalline limestone. It is found in segregated masses of sizes varying from that of a pigeon's egg to a diameter of 20 feet. It is commercially classified as massive garnet, shell garnet, and pocket garnet, the former being impure from the admixture of other minerals. The shell garnet is almost entirely pure, and the most valuable for industrial purposes. The pocket garnet is that which occurs in small segregations or incipient crystals in the gneiss. Garnet is also found in Delaware County, Pa., where it is quarried under the name of "Rose" garnet to the extent of about 1,000 tons annually. It occurs there in small crystals thickly disseminated through a quartzose gneiss. There is also a de])osit of garnet at Chester, Pa., which is worked to some extent. Large deposits of the mineral have been found in Korth Carolina, but its quality is not considered as satisfactory as that from the Adirondack region. Other deposits are said to occur in Georgia and Alaskn, but no definite information can be obtained concerning them. Connecticut is also mentioned as a source of garnet.
Use.
This garnet is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of sandpa|)er, or "garnet paper," as it is called, which is employed extensively for abrasive purposes in the manufacture of boots and shoes. It is also employed to some extent in the wood-manufacturing industry. For metals garnet is not as good as emery, although some satisfactory results have been obtained from its use on brass. It has been experimentally mixed with emery in the manufacture of emery wheels, but without very satisfactory results.
In commercial use garnet in found to be harder, sharper, and more lasting than quartz, and is' preferred to it for certain kinds of work, although it costs about eight times as much as quartz. The Adirondack garnet is said to be worth about $40 a ton at the railroad, although the average value of the mineral throughout the country is stated to be about $35. The superiority of garnet to quartz is probably due to the fact of its ready cleavage, which enables it to present as it breaks away new and sharp-cutting edges, whereas quartz, which has no cleavage, becomes dulled by friction. The only garnet now mined in the Adirondack region is the {)ocket garnet, which is used to make the better grade of garnet paper. Some of the massive garnet has been used to make sandpaper for woodworking, and also mixed with corundum to make wheels.
Production.
The statistics of garnet production (except the gem variety) were collected by this office for the first time in 1894, when an output of
2,401 short tons, valued at 190,660, was reported. The product in 1895 increased to 3,325 short tons, but the value increased much less in proportion, amounting to $95,050.
QUARTZ CRYSTAIi.
Quartz crystal used for wood finishing is mined in Connecticut. The quartz is reduced to an impalpable powder, mixed with oil, and applied to the smooth surface of the wood. The oil passing into the wood carries the fine grains of quartz with it, and these fill up the pores of the wood, which then, when dry, is capable of taking a high polish. No statistics of the production of this material were collected until 1894, when the output amounted to 6,024 short tons, having a value of $18,054. In 1895 the product increased to 9,000 short tons, worth $27,000.
TBIPOIil.
The material mined in Newton County, Mo., under the name of tripoli amounted in value in 1895 to $25,000, against $35,000 the preceding year. The decrease may be readily attributed to the general trade depression. While this product is included under the head of abrasives, a large of it is consumed in the manufacture of filters and as an absorbent. The character of the material has been described in previous reports of this series. A somewhat similar deposit occurs in Georgia, from which 146 short tons, valued at $1,464, were obtained in 1895 and used in the manufacture of filters.
Phosphate Rock,
Production.
The phosphate industry oontiiiaes in the depressed condition noted in the last report, although the product increased slightly to a total of 1,038,551 long tons, the price remaining about stationary, the value of the total product being $3,606,094. The Florida product shows a slight increase, against a slight decline in South Carolina. Tennessee produced 38,515 tons in 1895— just double the product of 1894.
The record of production and values in late years is given in the following tables :
Product ofphotpkate rock from 1891 to 1895,
State.
Florida:
Soft rock
Land pebble . River pebble..
Total
South Carolina:
Land rock
Siverrock
Total
Grand total.
Quantity.
Quantity.
Bos.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Value.
. S7.982
Long tons. r a 155, 908 I 21,905 6102,820
Jjong tons.
$l,117,rJ2 64,626 859,127 437,571
.' 844,978 2,187.150 .' 180,628 760,978
State.
Value.
Quantity.
Quantity.
Value.
Florida:
Hard rof k
Long tons. 326,461
Long tons.
Soft rock -
Land pebble . Kiver pebble..
Total
South Carolina :
Hiver rock
Total
Grand total.
a Tncludea 52,708 tons of land rock carried over in stock fhim 1801. h Includes 12,120 tons of river pebble carried over in stock ft'om 1801.
d51
Mineral Resources.
Detailed statement of total foreign and coaetwiee ehipmente and local consumption of South Carolina rook since July 1874,
June 1, 1874, to May 31, 1875.
I Jtme 1, 1875, to May 81, 1876.
June 1, 1876, May 31, 1877 .
June 1, 1877, to May 31, 1878.
June 1, 1878, to May 31, 1879.
June 1, 1H79, to May 31, 1880.
June 1, 1880, to May 31, 1881.
June 1, 1881, to May 31, 1882.
June 1, 1882, to May 31,1883.
June 1, 1883, to May 31, 1884.
June 1, 1884, to May 81, 1885.
June 1. 1885, to Dec. 81, 1885
Jan. I, 1886. to Dec. 31, 1880
Jail. 1, 1887, to Dec. 31, 1887
Jan. 1, 1888, to Dec. 31, 1888
Jan. 1, 1880, to Deo. 31, 1889
Jan. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1890
f
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
f
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports..
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Foreign ports
DomeHtic ports . .
j Conaumed
, Foreign porte
1 Domestic ports . .
Consumed
, Foreign ports
Domestic ports . .
. Consumed
Foreign ports
Doniostio porta . .
Consumed
I Fortign ports
Domestic ports . .
I Consumed
, Foreign ports
. Consumed
Foreign points...
Domestic ports . .
Consumed
Phosphate Rock.
Detailed tiatement of total foreign and coaetwieeshipmentti and local consumption of South Carolina rock since Jnlif 1, 1874 — CootiDued.
Periodn.
Shipmenta nnd euiiBUDtption.
Beaufort.
Charlestuu.
Total.
Total for ' each year.
Jan. 1. 1803, to Deo.
Foreign porta '
Jan. 1. 1801, to Dec. 31. 1801. Domeatio porta . .'
Conaamed
Foreign porta '
Conaamed
Foreign porta . . .
Domeallc porta . . '
Consumed
Foreign porta
I Jan. 1. 1804, to Dec. 81, 18M./ Domestic porta . . I [ Conaumed '
Foreign porta... Jan. 1, 1805, to Deo. 81, 1806.{ Domeatio porta .
Conaamed
I 476,506
I 431,075
Phosphate rock {washed product) mined hff the land and river mining companies of South
Carolina since 1867.
Year ending—
May— ,1867
Land companies.
Long tons.
River companies.
Long tons.
Total.
Long tont.
Vinebal Resources.
Pho9phat€ rock (watched product) mined by ike land and river minimg oompaniee of South Carolina eince Continaed.
Year ending-
Dec. 31, 1887
Land campanle.
RiTer com-
Long tons. 261,658 290,689 329,543 353,757 344, 978 243,652 308,425 307,305 270,560
Lang Unu. 218,900 157,878 212, 102 110,241 130,528 150, 576 194,129 142,803 161,415
Total.
Long tons, 480,558 448,567 541,645 463,998 475,506 394,228 502,564 450,108
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of fertilizers of all kinds into the United States from 1868 to 186:
Fertilizera imported
and entered for coneumpiion in the United States
Tear ending—
Crude phosphates and other Bubstances used for fertilising purposes.
Total value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Longtona.
Long tons.
June 30, 1868 ...
Ph08Phate Rock. 955
FerHlizen imparUd and entered far comwmption in the United Statee Continued.
Oiumo.
Bnbstances used for fertilising puipoaee.
Toua value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Long tone.
Long tone.
Dec. 31. 1886...
An interesting report has been received of the finding of phosphate rock in Jnniata Oonnty, Pa. A number of analyses have been made by Prof. M. C. Ihlseng, of State College, Pa., the phosphoric acid running from very low jiercentages up to about 30 per cent. The best specimens examined by the United States Geological Survey showed 20 -per cent phosphoric acid. It is probable that much more prospecting will be done in this region in the hope of finding commercially valuable material. The discovery of phosphate rock in Juniata County is thus referred to by Professor Ihlseng:
A Phosphate Prospect In Pennsylvania.
By M. C. IHUBBNG.
At various points within 12 miles of Beeds Gap, Juniata County phosphate rock has been found along a so-called black belt at the foot and on the flank of the low ridge formed by the Oriskany sandstone resting on the Lower Helderberg limestone. This belt is of reputed fertility and its soil is strewn with nodules which have recently been discovered to contain as much as 30 per cent of phosphoric acid equivalent, in commercial language, to 66 per cent of bone phosphate. During the past few months explorations have been entered upon, and, though inexpensive, have revealed considerable concentration of mineral manure which may prove to be valuable for extraction and shipment to moderate distances.
Amidst a heterogeneous mass of marls and sands — debris from the
contiguous formations at tbe crucial horizon between the Devonian and Upper Silurian — two, and sometimes three, layers of material are embedded. They vary in thickness, each containing a different type of rock. The seams are obscurely bedded, but appear to be conformable With the stratification of the inclosing rocks. Though there is a great diversity of pebbles, all containing more than 12 per cent phosphoric acid, they may be classified into three types: (1) A white, vesicular rock, soft, tasteless, and dry; (2) red nodules resembling the concretions found within limestone; (3) blue limestone fragments, odoriferous on fracture and dense in texture. In addition to these it may be said that the entire mass of detritus between the Oriskany sandstone and the Onondaga limestone has been phosphatized to an extent varying from 3 to 12 per cent of acid, the whole giving ample evidence of being a residual ablation product. Doubtless the earthy phosphate was derived from the Marcellus shales immediately overlying these beds. The copious deposit of wavellite and amblygonite in the crevices and joints of the underlying Hint and the vertical films of the same suggest an intermediate chemical reaction, preceding the time of deposition, between the primary calcic phosphate and the alum derived from the decomposition of the pyritiferous slates.
The white rock analyzes from 30 to 54 per cent of bone phosphate and weighs 153 pounds per cubic foot. It contains also from 5 to 7 per cent of iron and alumina and 30 to 50 per cent of insoluble matter. The red nodules, though gathered from widely divergent sources, show remarkably close chemical composition, analyzing: Insoluble matter, 30 per cent; iron and alumina, 18 per cent; phosphoric acid, 21 per cent. They are of close-grained texture, oval and flattened in shape, have a gravity of 2.6, and emit a fetid odor on breaking. The goose-egg are slightly heavier, have a polished exterior, and contain many oolitic grains of a concretionary nature. The blue rock averages: Bone phosphate, 40 per cent; iron and alumina, 18 per cent; and insoluble matter, 33 per cent. The absence of carbonic acid, magnesia, and fluorine is conspicuous in all the specimens.
The yield of the seams in commercial rock, assuming a workable depth of continuous stratum for 100 feet, will reach 15 tons per foot of length of outcrop. Inasmuch as the formations comprise the synclinal basin of the Tuscarora valley, dipping at an angle of 40°, it is evident that in quarrying the deposit much of the adjoining land is more or less permanently injured for subsequent farming One acre of land will be rendered valueless for each 150 feet of outcrop which is exploited if the same is quarried to a depth of 60 feet. The output from this tract will be sufficient for 12 square miles of cereal crop.
Though the fertilizing power of this rock is not equal to that of the southern product, nevertheless the conditions are favorable for a cheap extraction; and as both the field and the deposits are very accessible, it would seem that if explorations prove the present isolated
Phosphate Rock. 957
to form portions of a continuous deposit, their nearness to consumers would give them a decided advantage over the soutliern product. If, moreover, other portions of the 1,100 miles of Oriskany outcrop in this State should be ascertained to contain similar pockets of phosphate, there is hope for the establishment of another important industry on this unique contact.
Notwithstanding the finding of phosphatic nodules and calcareous pebbles" along this belt in many places, the writer believes that the prospect is favorable only in certain portions of the westerii end of the Oriskany outcrop in this State.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
By Edward W. Paekbr.
SUIiPHITR. OCCURRENCE.
Deposits of native sulphar are known to exist in a number of localities in the United States, but all that have proven or promise to be of commercial importance are west of the Mississippi Eiver. East of that stream the deposits are unimportant. Sulphur is reported in small quantities on the Potomac Eiver, about 25 miles above Washington, D. O. ] at Cayuga, N. Y., and at Put in Bay, Ohio. It has not been mined commercially at any of these places. West of the Mississippi it exists in large quantities at several localities, principally in California, Nevada, Utah, Louisiana, and Texas. It has been reported in Kansas. Operations were formerly carried on in California and Nevada, but no product has been reported from either State for a number of years. Utah has been the only regular producer, and in three years, 1888 to 1890, owing to litigation among the owners, no product was reported from that Territory. The now well-known deposits of Louisiana are at last giving promise of yielding large supplies of sulphur, and recent investigations of extensive deposits in El Paso County, Tex., lead to the belief that another important source of supply will be developed at an early day. More extended notice of these two interesting regions will be found further on.
Production.
In 1895 the total amount of sulphur won from mines in the United States was 1,800 short tons, having a value at the mines of $42,000. This includes 800 tons mined by the Frasch liquifying process firom the near Sulphur City, Calcasieu Parish, La, This product was not marketed. The other 1,000 tons were from Black Bock, Beaver County, Utah, the property from which most of the sulphur product of the United States has been obtained. Owing to litigation among the owners, the Beaver County mines were idle during 1888, 1889, and 1890. As a result no sulphur was mined in the first and last of these
Sulphur And Pyrites.
three years, and but 450 tons were niined in 1889 at Wiunemucca, Nev. Since that year no product has been from that State.
The following table shows the product of sulphur in the United States since 1880:
Sulphur product of the United States since 1880.
Year.
Qnanity.
Value. ;
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tofu.
ShoH t&M.
Review Of The Industry.
Compared to the consumption of sulphur in the United States and the quantity obtained from foreign sources (chiefly from Sicily), the domestic production falls into insignificance. Even when the output of pyrite, mined for its sulphur contents, is considered, the home product remains of comparatively small importance. If we take, for instance, the imports of the last five years: Exclusive of pyrites these have averaged about $2,000,000 in value, though there has been a steady decline from $2,683,971 in 1891 to 11,613,754 in 1895. If we include pyrites, the imports would exceed an average annual value of $2,500,000. The value of the domestic product in the same period has averaged about $360,000 per year, of which approximately 90 per cent was represented by iron pyrites mined for sulphur contents. It will thus be seen that of the total consumption less than 13 per cent is supplied by the mines of the United States, From this it would seem that every encouragement is offered for the development of promising deposits, favorably located for cheap transportation to market, a condition peculiar to the deposits at Sulphur City, near Lake Charles, La. With the bringing in of this product, which at present seems probable, the markets of the United States may become largely independent of Sicilian sulphur. The Utah deposits are so remote from the Eastern markets that of limits the output to a comparatively local consumption. The recently discovered deposits in El Paso County, Tex., are 20 miles from railroad transportation, and until direct railroad communication is established these will not appear as a factor in the industry. The Louisiana deposits, on the contrary, have, while the new methods of mining may still be said to be in the
Mineral Resources.
experimental stage, exercised couKiiderable influeuce on the industry in gieily. Mr. Louis H. Brlihl, United States consul at Catania, in a report to the Department of State, under date of November 14, 1895, states that the press reports of the development of the Louisiana sulphur deposits had caused considerable uneasiness among Sicilian mine owners, the fear being expressed that not only would the American market be cut off from them, but that American sulphur would invade the European markets. The industry in Sicily has been in a demoralized condition for several years, production in excess of legitimate demand having depressed prices, and curtailed, if not destroyed profits. One of the causes which has adversely affected the Sicilian sulphur industry has been the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste at English chemical works by what is known as the Chance process. This process has been described in previous reports, and needs only be mentioned here as showing its results the trade. The table of imports of sulphur into the United States shows that in 1889 we imported from England 305 long tons of sulphur. (The Cliance process was discovered in 1887, but had not shown its effect in 1889.) In 1890 the imports from England bad increased to 4,898 long tons; to 5,613 long tons in 1891; to 6,522 tons in 1892; to 8,777 tons in 1893; to 12,435 tons in 1894, and to 17,332 tons in 1895. Practically all of this is sulphur recovered from alkali waste, and as English domestic trade, and probably also some continental demand, has been supplied from this source, where Sicilian sulphur had previously held a comparative monopoly, the demoralization in the Sicilian industry is not surprising.
Imports.
Sulphur imp&rted and entered for oonaumptian in the United States, 1867 to 1895,
Year ended—
June 30, 1867. . . 1860. . . 1870. . . 1872- . . 1873. . . 1875. . . 1876. . . 1878. . .
Crude.
Quautity. Value.
Longtont.
Flowers of sulphur.
AH other.
a Includes sulphur lac and other grades not otherwise provided for, but not pyrites.
Sulphur And Pyrites. 961
Sulphur imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1895 — Cont'd.
Year ended~
Flowen of salphor.
All Kefined. other
Total value.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Value.
Jone 30,1880...
Dec. 31,1888...
Long tons.
a Includes sulphur lac and other grades not otherwise provided for, but not pyrites.
Statement, hy countries and ky customs districts, showing the imports into the United States of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1895.
Countries whence exported and customs districts through which imported.
Quantity.
Value.
X'-
Value.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Dutch West Indies and Guiana
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
linflinil
$U,681 13,231 7,780
Gibraltar
Quebec, OnUrio, Mani toba, etc
Italy
Japan
Portugal
Total
DurrBicTS. Baltimore, Md
Boston and Charlestown, Haas
Charleston , 8. C
Delaware, Del
Huron, Hich
Statement by countrie9 and by cueiome districtSf etc, — Continued.
Coantriee whence exported and customs diatriots through wbicb imported.
I Qnon- I tity.
Yiklae.
DISTRICTS. Long
Newark, y.J
New Orleans, La 172
NewTork.N.T 24,524
Philadelphia, Pa 12, 540
Providence, R.1 600
San Francisco, Cal 483
Savannah, 6-a
Total 48,066 1,473,678
Qnan*
tity.
Long tons.
Value.
Qnantity.
Long ton*
Value.
Long totit.
I 100
Countries whence exported and customs districts through which imported.
Quantity.
Countriks.
England
Scotland
France
French West Indies
Greece
Italy
Japan
San Domingo
Spain
Spanish possessions in Africa and adjacent islands
Total
Distbicts.
Baltimore, Ifd
Beaufort, S.C
Bostoi andCharlestown,
Charleston, S. C
Middletown, Conn
New Orleans, La ,
New York, N.Y
Phibidelphia, Pa
Providence, R. I ,
lUchmond, Va ,
San Francisco, Cal ,
Savannah, Ga
Long tona.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Long ton$.
issr"-; --o-
iQuan- ; tity.
Value.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Sulphur And Pyrites. 963
Siatewient hjf countne$ and hjf eu9UnM dittricUf etc. — Continued.
CSoantrlen whence ex* I ported and rustoros dl triotH tbroash vbioh imported.
Belgium
Danish West Indies . . .
England
France
Qaebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Northvest Territorr
Italy
Japan
Spain
Quantity.
Long tons.
Long 190 '
I Long tent.
Total 105,143 $2,242,078
Districtb. I '
K7M 15,084
M,370 1,8M,858
Long
Value.
J.
2.106,566 '89,924 66, 505 6, 146
Baltimore, Md 15.037
BaniaUble, Mass 650
Beaafort,S. C 600
Boston and Charlestown, Mass ' 5,294
Champlain, K. Y
Charleston, S. C ' 6, 125
New Orleans, La i
New York, N. Y i 52.478 1,135,725
Philadelphia, Pa ' 18, 786 401, 568
. t ,
Providence, R.I 661
San Francisco. Cal 5,522
All other customs dia- , tracts
Countries whence exported and customs districts through which imported.
Countbiks.
Belgium
Banish West Indies.
England
Scotland
Italy
Japan ,
Other countries
Total
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
Beaufort, S.C
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
Charleston, S. C
Mobile, Ala
Quantity.
Long tons.
Value.
Q"- Value, j QjS?:- , Value.
tity.
Jjong tons.
tity.
I Long I tons.
' I 20
Quantity.
Value.
Jjong I tons. I
a Sources not reported.
, I
Mineral Resources.
Statement hy countries and hy customs districts, etc. — Continued.
CoaDtries whence exported and customs districts through which imported.
Quantity.
Value.
Value.
t:
Value.
Districts.
New Orleans, La
New York. N.Y
Pensacola. Fla
Long
tWM.
Long
tOM.
Long tons.
Philadelphia, Pa
Providence, R. I
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah Ga
Willamette Orec
Wilmington, N. C
All other customs districts
Total
Countries whence exported and customs districts through which imported.
Quantity.
Ltmg Um9.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
Value.
ttr
Value.
Countries.
England
Scotland
Long tons.
tons. 17,332
France
Quebec, Ontario, etc ... . Italv
Snain
Janan
Total
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
Beaufort, S. C
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
Charleston, S. C
Mobile Ala . .
New Orleans, La
NewTork,N.T
Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va
Philadelphia, Pa
Portland Mp
Providence. R. I
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah, Ga
Willamette, Oreg
Wihnington, N. C
Vermont
All other customs districts
Total
8Ulphub And Pyrites. 965
As will be seen from the foregoing table, tbe principal source of our supply of sulphur is from Italy, or more properly the island of Sicily.
The Louisiana Sulphur Mine.
The sulphur deposits of Calcasieu Parish, La., have been fully discussed in previous volumes of Mineral Eesourees, and, save for a description of the recently inaugurated and unique mining methods, need only be briefly mentioned here. The sulphur bed begins about 450 feet below the surface with a bed about 200 feet thick. Below this sulphur is a bed of gysum of 200 feet thickness. The sulphur commences again below this, and the bottom of this lower stratum has not been reached at 1,500 feet. Above the sulphur, however, lies a bed of quicksand 150 feet thick, and it is this quicksand which has caused the failure of several costly attempts to mine the sulphur. To Mr. Herman Frasch, of Cleveland, Ohio, is due the credit of evolving a new method of recovering this valuable product. The method consists of forcing water through a 10-inch pipe and a 6-inch pipe witbin the other. The heated water melts the sulphur, which, being the heavier, sinks to the bottom, and is pumped out through a 3-inch pipe inside the 6-iuch one. The liquefied sulphur is drawn off into tanks about 65 feet long by 15 feet wide and 12 inches deep. After twenty-four hours of exposure to the atmosphere (the tanks being on the ground and uncovered) the sulphur solidifies and is broken out in lumps ready for shipment. The sulphur obtained is said to 99.93 per cent pure. In the early part of January of the present year (1896) the writer visited the works at Sulphur City, but they were unfortunately temporarily idle. About 800 tons of sulphur had been taken out, when, on account of some accident to the machinery, work was stopped.
The pumping was done as in oil wells, with sucker rods and working valve operating an aluminum working barrel, aluminum not being affected by melted sulphur. All the trouble experienced in the execution of this novel smelting process had been caused by the working valve getting out of order, aluminum valves or zinc valves not being of sufficient strength to withstand the shock which the heavy column of sulphur would cause at change of stroke.
At the time of the writer's visit, a system of lifting the liquefied sulphur by compressed air, a successful method recently invented for raising water from deep wells and known as the <'air lift," was in contemplation. The practicability of liquefying the sulphur and obtaining it by pumping is demonstrated by the 800 tons won in a few days'
I At the time of writing this report (July, 1896), information has been received directly from Mr. Frasch that this method of pumping the melted sulphur has been successfully introduced, and all the difficulties previously encountered have been overcome. The new system has enabled the owners (the Union Sulphur Company) to pump 265 tons of sulphur per day. The protracted drought which has prevailed in the region during the spring and summer has caused some inconvenience in the matter of water supply, and necessitAting the erection of a pumping station on the Houston Biver, 5 miles away. The sulphur recovered is now upon the markets.
work. The mines are within 3 miles of Sulphur City, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and a spur has been built from the main track to the mine.
The Texas Sulphur Deposits.
Dr. Eugene A. Smith, of the University of Alabama, and State geologist of Alabama, in a contribution to Science of May 1, 1896, gives an account of the sulphur deposits in El Paso County, Tex., from which the following is abstracted.
The deposits occur in what is known as the Toyah basin, about 40 miles northwest of Pecos City, and 20 miles west of Guadalupe station, on the Pecos Valley Kailroad. Th region is bare of foliage, except for a scanty growth of yucca, dwarf mesquite, cactus, and other desert plants. In the deeper ravines, which prevail throughout the basin, erosion has exposed the underlying formations, which are the clays of the Eed Beds, or Comanche limestones, according to locality. A few springs of gypseous water are found in the deep ravines or draws,'' the flow from the springs being quickly absorbed by the porous earth. Besides these there are several springs strongly impregnated with sulphur. Dr. Smith visited these places, of which he writes as follows:
The sulphur was found below bare, apparently wind-swept, spots, its presence being usually indicated either by clusters of gypsum crystals in the soil, or by an outcrop of the sulphur itself, sometimes tolerably pure, sometimes cementing the surface pebbles into a conglomerate. When further exposed by pits, the sulphur is seen to occur in nestH and irregular veins, filling small fissures or crevices in the soil, the sides of these fissures being often lined with well-developed sulphur crystals up to one-fourth of an inch in size. The whole of the earth, to the depth of 10 feet or more at the three localities' visited, appeared to be impregnated with sulphur, sometimes almost imperceptible to the eye, but oftener in minute crystals concentrated along irregular lines. Where thus generally disseminated through the brown or chocolate-colored earth, the sulphur makes some 10 or 15 per cent of the whole weight, but where concentrated along the line§ above mentioned the percentage of sulphur goes op to 40 or 50, and even higher, for not infrequent is the occurrence of sulphur in the massive form, very light yellow In color, opaque, and of earthy aspect, resembling a yellowish meerschaum, but of exceptional purity, several analyses of average samples showing 97 per cent sulphur. The average content of sulphur in the material penetrated by the several pits which were examined by me could not be far short of 50 per cent.
In the immediate vicinity of one of the occurrences the surface soil is highly charged with gypsum , which appears in small crystals and in large groups of crystals embedded in the white calcareous sandy material rendered strongly acid by the decomposition products of the sulphur. At one place the sulphur beds rest upon an impure limestone which has been so greatly corroded by these acids as to be very difficult of identification.
The sulphur beds do not appear to underlie uniformly the whole basin, for in the region indicated, within a radius of 20 miles, only three pla<;e8 are as yet known where they occur. The actual outcrop, by natural or artificial exposure, will here cover some 4 or 5 acres, but the probability is that the sulphur in each of the localities underlies a much larger area, for wherever penetrated by borings or pits the sulphur-impregnated earth has been encountered to a depth of at least 10 feet, and a deposit of this thickness could hardly be conceived to thin down so rapidly as to
Sulphub And Pyrites. 967
limit the occurrence of the sulphor to the small area in which it has actually been exposed.
Nor, on the other hand, are the sulphur deposits of Texas confined to the particular region designated in these notes, for there are well -authenticated reports of their occurrence both to the westward and to the north ward, the former from cowboys, through whose representations attention was first directed to the beds above described, the latter upon the authority of Capt. John Pope, who had charge of one of the divisions of the survey of the railroad routes to the Pacific. Along the banks of Delaware Creek he collected a sample of earth which 18.28 per cent of sulphur, and he comments also upon the frequency of sulphur springs in the same region. Delaware Creek rises among the Guadalupe Mountains and flows into the Pecos Kiver some 50 miles to the northward of the Guadalupe Station.
The materials filling the basins of the Trans-Pecos region have very generally been considered as of lacnstrine origin, and of the truth of this supposition we have very good proof in the great number of fresh-water diatoms discovered in the sulphur-impregnated earth submitted by me to Mr. K. M. Cunningham, of Mobile, for microscopic examination. The basin formation is considered by Mr. Robert T. Hill, of the United States Geological Survey, to be of Pleistocene age, but somewhat more recent than the Llano £stacado.
In regard to the origin of the Texas sulphur beds, the most significant of the associated materials are the beds of gypsum which a few miles to the northeast are of commercial importance because of their great thickness and purity ; the springs of sulphur water which are abundant along all the deeper drainage ways, and the ancient lake deposits which practically make the country. These deposits contain much organic matter along with caloareoos and siliceous sediments.
Br. Smith inclines to the belief that the occurrence of the salphnr in this region is similar to that of the deposits in Sicily, which are generally thought to be derived firom springs charged with calcium sulphide, or sulphureted hydrogen and carbonate of lime resulting from the decomposition of gypsum in the presence of organic matter.
The deposits are 20 miles from railroad transportation, and until railway facilities have been established these deposits will hardly enter as an important factor in the sulphur trade. On the other hand, the opinion is expressed that there would be no difficulty in constructing a railroad or tramroad to the beds with little or no grading, and sufficient water could be easily obtained from artesian wells. Fuel supply is another problem to be solved, but this would not be difficult or expensive to obtain after the coal fields in Presidio County, south of Ghispa station, on the Southern Bailroad, have become a commercial producer.
The Sicilian Sulphur Industry.
Sicily, as is well known, is the main source of the world's supply of sulphur. From there it is exported to every. European country, to South America, and to the United States. The latter country is the principal market, its consumption of Sicilian sulphur averaging from 25 to 30 per cent of the total exports. France is the second largest consumer, Italy third, and Great Britain fourth. These four countries consume more than 75 per cent of the product. A dozen other countries absorb the remaining 25 per cent.
Notwithstanding the fact that Sicily has enjoyed a practical monopoly of the salphur trade (the output from Japan and the amount recovered from alkali waste being comparatively limited quantities), the industry of the island has been in a demoralized condition for several years. The direct cause has been overproduction. For a number of years the use of pyrites for acid making has been steadily increasing, and comparatively little sulphuris now used for acid consumed in fertilizer works. Japanese sulphur and that recovered from alkali waste have also had some effect on the trade, but these factors would have been insignificant alone. Against the three adverse agencies, the increased use of sulphur as a disinfectant and in grape culture has not been a beneficial offset. During 1895 large stocks of sulphur accumulated at the mines and shipping ports, and many mines were closed. About the first of the present year (1896) attempts were made to form a combination looking to the restriction of the product, the maintenance of remunerative prices, and the abolition by the Government of the export tax of $2.12 ton. So far as the latter is concerned, appearances for favorable action are promising. At the time of writing this report (July, 1896), the ways and means committee of the Italian Parliament is reported to have made a recommendation favorable to the producers, and it is believed that at the next session the tax will either be abolished or considerably reduced. A syndicate of European capitalists has been formed to take control of the industry, and a contract has been offered the producers to maintain the product at about 340,000 tons a year for five years, at a stipulated price. Much depends, however, upon the action of the Government in regard to the abolition of the export tax.
Mr. Briihl, United States consul at Catania, in the report before referred to, says :
The oyerprodnction can not well be reduced, for obvious reasons. Mines cannot, without serious loss, be left standing uu worked, because in most of them the rapidly entering water has constantly to be pumped out, otherwise it would soon fill and ruin the mines, especially those which are worked in a primitive mode (where the sulphur is carried to the surface in bags by men and boys over stairs crudely hewn into the walls of the passages leading out of the mines), or would cause such damage as would require perhaps six months or more (depending, of course, upon the condition of the mine) to reopen and again put in a workable condition ; it would ruin the larger mines which contain mostly machinery. With the continued fall in the prices of sulphur, since 1891, especially, the wages of the poor mine laborers have necessarily been correspondingly reduced, until, as has been stated, the hard-working men and boys do not earn, on an average, more than 7 to 8 cents, and at most 10 cents, per day.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
Below are given the average prices per ton realized in Sicily for 8ulphur known as best thirds unmixed," during the last quarter century.
PRICES OP SICILIAN SULPHUR. Prices of Sicilian sulphur at shipping parts from 1870 to 1895,
Year.
Price.
Equivalent to—
Year.
Price. '
Equivalent to—
Ure.
Lire.
' 76.20
' 1876
As the value of the depreciated Italian currency has varied very much during the period, even during the lat two years rising from 83 centesimi to 96 centesimi, and is now only about 92 centesiiui, the quoted prices are those obtained in Italian lire (the standard lira=:19.3 cents). These prices are free on board vessel, but without export tax.
The demoralization in the Sicilian industry is easily measured by the decline in prices since 1891. A decline of 62 per cent in four years is of great significance. A previous period of low prices had prevailed from 1886 to 1889, but at no time during this period did the price reach so low an ebb as in 1894 and 1895.
Owing to the primitive furnaces still in use at the mines, the fusing of sulphur can be done only at certain times of the year (except at the modern works in Catania), after harvesting of crops, which would be ruined by the fumes. This operation begins generally after the end of June; hence, with the end of June also closes the so-called sulphur year."
Exports Of Sicilian Sulphub,
The figures in the following tables, showing exports of sulphur from Sicily, the countries to which exported, and the ports through which the imports into the United States were received, have been furnished by Mr. A. S. Malcomson, of New York.
MINERAL RESOURCES. Total exports of sulphur from Sicily since 1S8S.
Country.
i 1884. 1885.
United States
France
Italy
United Kingdom . ..
Greece ,
Portugal
Rnssia
. Germany
Austria
Turkey
Spain
Belgium
Holland
Sweden
South America
Australia ,
Denmark
Other countries
Tom.
Total 335,392
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
' 18,370
i,ia9
Tons.
' 47, 664
Tons.
Country.
United States
France ,
Italy
United Kingdom . . . Greece and Turkey
Portugal ,
Russia
Germany
Austria
Turkey
Spain
Belgium
Holinnd
Sweden
South America
Australia
Denmark
Other countries . . .
Tons.
Tons.
Tons. 84,450 73, 176 38,711 24,853 al4, 845 13,490 14, 178 14,826 9,096
7,382 5,133 2,183 j 4,561 I
Tons.
al3, 840
w
Total 344,763 293, 323 309, 536 349,192 1 328,930 347,636
l,6i
Tons.
al6, 870
Tons. 99,227 69,696 49,349 24,043 al6, 195 14,562 17,962 15,472 12, 170
a Exports to Greece and Turkey combined after 1802.
b Included in exports to Sweden.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
Ports In The United States Receiving Sicilian Sulphur.
The ports in the United States to which such shipments were made, together with the amount shipped to each since 1883, and the quality of the shipments since 1886, are shown in the following tables:
PorU in the United States receimng Shilian sulphur
md the amount
received by each.
Port.
New York
Tons. 1 Tont. Tons.
Tons. 49,952 10,556 15,662 15,680
Tons. 45,979 14,324 11,764 10,306 3,300 1,020
Tons.
Tons. ' 55. 939
Charleston
Baltimore
Boston
Wilminffton.N. C...
Savannah - ...' --
Pensacola
Port Royal
Providence
Sundries .
San Francisco
New Orleans
Woods Hole
Mobile
Delaware Breakwater
Portland, Me
Norfolk
Total
Port. 1 1890. 1891. 1892.
New York
Tons, Tons. Tons. Tons. 37,390, 49,023 49,090 43,396 27,563 1 21.646 4.510 ' 13.525
Tons.
Tons. 55,863 9,150 8,350 9,720 4,950 4,584
Charleston
6,856,' 10,400 8,160 11.365 12.355 9.9.50
Boston
Wilmington, N.C... Savannah
Pensacola
' 1 '
Port Roval . .
Providence . . - - .
Sundries
San Francisco
New Orleans
PorU in ihe United States receiving Sicilian sulphur, etc, — Continued.
Port.
Woods Hole
Tom.
Tom.
Tom.
Tom.
Tom.
Tom.
Mobile
Delaware Breakwater
Portland, Me
Norfolk
Total
Quality of Sicilian sulphur received at the different ports of the United States since 1886.
Port.
a'g
Tom.
New York 36,352
Charleston 7,506
Philadelphia ! 4,660
Baltimore 7.325
Boston j 600
Savannah
Wilmington, N.C '
New Orleans
Other porta 1,180
Total 57,623
a 9
Tom. Tom. Tom. Tom. 13, 600 29, 910 16, 060 |35, 573
3,050 11,002 8,355 j 3,200
Tom. 25, 133 7,011 8,743 5,950 5,600 1,415
Tom. 32,983 2,000 7,656 2,790 2,040
Si
Tom. I Tom. ,950 20,801
Tom, 16,589
k
Port.
Tom. Tons. Tom.
New York 29,358 19,665 34,390
Charleston 17,196 4,450
Baltimore 4,510 6 855
Boston 1,300 650
Savannah 850 700
Wilmington, N. C 1. 900 700
New Orleans
Other ports I 1.200 I 1,330
a 9
Tom. 14,700 6,800 11, 455 1,500
Tons. 29,146 11,665
t
Tom. 14,250 6,260 7,900
Ton9. 33,150
Total 56, 764 40. 756 1 49, 325 ,35, 525 50, 611
Tom. 13,725 12,023 5,050 14,700 3,300 4,100 1,890
&
Tout. 35,888 1,200 1,100 2,350 3,784
Tom. 19,975 7,150 8,620 2,600
Sulphur And Pyrites. 973
Pyrites. Production.
Although the amount of pyrites mined in the United States was 6,391 tons less in 1895 than in 1894, the product having decreased from 105,940 long tons to 99,549 long tons, its consumption was larger and its use for acid making is on the increase. The increased consumption is shown by the record of domestic production and importations during the past five years. In 1891, the domestic output was 106,536 long tons, the imports 100,648 long tons, a total of 207,184 tons. In 1892, this had increased to 262,147 long tons, of which 109,788 tons were of domestic production and 152,359 tons imported. During the following year the home fell off to 75,777 long tons, but the imports increased to 194,934 tons, making a total of 270,711 tons. The domestic product increased to 105,940 tons in 1894, while the decreased to 163,546, making a total slightly less than the preceding year — 269,486; but this unimportant decrease was more than made up in the total for 1895, 289,984 long tons, made up from 99,549 long tons produced in the United States and 190,435 long tons imported. Assuming that the sulphur contents average 45 per cent of the pyrites ore (a very conservative estimate), the amount of sulphur displaced by the use of pyrites at American acid works has increased from 93,233 tons in 1891 to 130,493 tons in 1895, a difference of 37,260 tons.
In 1889, the United States imported 135,933 long tons of crude sulphur and in 1890, 162,674 tons. The use of pyrites for acid making may be said to have begun on a large scale about this time. As a result the imports of sulphur fell off in 1891 to 116,971 tons and in 1892 to 100,938 tons. There was some little increase in 1893, and a further one in 1894, but it was in the face of depressed prices and a demoralized condition of trade. The of crude sulphur in 1895 were 4,000 tons less than in the preceding year. The enlarged use of pyrites for acid making has not been confined to America. England, Germany, and France have also become important consumers, and it can be readily understood how this factor has come to exert so an influence on the sulphur industry of Sicily, of which mention is made in the discussion of that subject.
There was an insignificant decline in the value of the product of pyrites in 1895, when compared with 1894. In the former year the price averaged $3.43 per ton, falling to $3.34 in 1895.
Mineral Resources.
The amount and value of pyrites mined for sulphur contents in the United States since 1882 have been as follows:
Production of pyrUes in the United States from 1882 to 1895.
Year.
Quantity. Yalae. Year.
Quantity.
Yalne.
Long tons. 12,000 25,000 35,000 49,000
Long Umt. 93,706
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of pyrites containing not more than 3.5 per cent of copper from 1884 to 1896 :
Importe of pyrites containing not more than S,5 per cent of copper from 1884 to 1895, (a)
Year.
1 Quantity.
Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Long tons. 152, 859 194,934 163,546 190,435
Value.
Long tons.
a Previous to 1884 classed among sulphur ores ; 1887 to 1891 classed among other Iron ores; since 1891 includes iron pyrites containing 25 per cent and of sulphur.
Consumption.
As the imports of iron pyrites for nse in the manufacture of sulphuric acid were not stated separately by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department prior to 1891, a comparison with the preceding years can not be made. The following table shows the amount of pyrites mined and imported for the past five years, and as no exports are reported by the Treasury Department, these figures may be accepted as representing the domestic consumption. The table also shows the estimated amount of sulphur displaced each year on a basis of 45 per cent of sulphur contents.
Sulphur And Pyb1Te8.
Amount of pyrites oon$umed in the United States, and estimated sulphur displaced, from
JS9Z to 1895.
Sonrce.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons. '
Long tons.
Long tons.
Domestic prodoct
Imports
Domestio consumption
Snlphnr displaced estimated
on basis of
Pyrites Occurrences In The United States.
There are foar localities in the United States where pyrites for acid making is produced, namely, in Franklin County, Mass.; Louisa and Prince William counties, Ya., and in Gaston County, N. C. The mineral is found in nearly every one of the United States, but either low percentage of sulphur or the smallness or inaccessibility of the deposits has the production to the four localities mentioned. In Mineral Resources for 1885 the various localities of any importance known at that time are described. Some later information in regard to pyrites occurrences in some of the southern States is at hand and will be found of interest. Mr. William M. Brewer, M. E., of Atlanta, who has been very active in the study of the mineral resources of th South, particularly in Alabama, Oeorgia, and North Carolina, is the authority for the following report on the pyrites localities in those States:
Pybite In The Southern Appalachian States.'
A casual examination of the crystalline regions of the Appalachian system usually ' impresses the observer with the apparently extensive deposits of iron pyrite. Throughout this region inVirginia, North Carolina, Georgia, a portiou of Tennessee, and Alabama the visitor finds pyrite on every side. In nearly every gold mine, when water level is reached, and often above that depth, we encounter iron pyrite carrying values in gold as well as sulphur. In the copper mines at Ducktown, Tenn., near Dahlonega, Oa., and in Cleburne and Clay counties, Ala., we encounter this iron pyrite carrying small percentages of copper, traces of arsenic, and a greater or less percentage of sulphur. In the graphitic slates we find small crystals of granular iron pyrite, which often constitute 20 to 50 per cent of the entire mass. In a green semicrystalline slate, known to the geologistH in Alabama as 'Iwana,'' we find iron pyrite occurring in the same manner and often constituting as much as 75 per cent of the entire mass.
Therefore, at a casual glance it would appear as though the southern States could easily furnish the domestic market at least with all the pyrite necessary. But casual glances are apt to be misleading, and as an actual fact, to-day there is
iFrom the Chattanooga
comparatively little domestic pyrite nsed.' The acid plants which use pyrite for the manufacture of snlpharic acid obtain their supply from Spain principally, with a smaller percentage from Virginia and North Carolina.
There are several reasons for this, which may possibly in the future be overcome, and the industry of prospecting and mining for iron pyrite assume the important proportions enjoyed by the industry of mining phosphates.
First. All, or nearly all, of the properties on which indications that pyrite in paying quantities can be mined are located at remote distances from railroad transportation, and the price of the pyrite at the acid plants is not sufficient to warrant any excessive cost for wagon haul, or, indeed, extra long hauls by railroad freight.
Second. The supply of Spanish pyrite possesses all the requisite qualifications and can really be delivered at the plants in Atlanta even at less cost than our domestic pyrite can in the present undeveloped condition of the prospects in the southern States. Consequently, as a business proposition, there is no inducement offered to our acid men to change their policy.
Third. The requisite percentage of sulphur contained by the pyrite to insure successful and profitable treatment must exceed 45 per cent average. Such a grade has up to the present time been higher than the average southern pyrite attains.
The foregoing are some of the reasons why the imported ore is used at present; but of course these, or at least many of them, may be removed in the future, and probably will be.
Considerable prospecting work has been carried on in North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama during the past year, searching for a suitable ore to supply the demand ill the Southern States,- with what degree of success can hardly yet be determined. But shipments of the loose granular ore have been made from Paulding and Haralson counties, Ga., to plants in South Carolina, where the furnaces are arranged for treating this class of ore, and these sample shipments have been pronounced satisfactory, as I am reliably informed. However, the occurrences of this ore are not yet being worked on any extensive scale, and have not yet gone beyond the experimental stage. In mining this class of ore there are three essential points to be settled, viz :
First. Is the percentage of pyrite carried by the slates large enough to admit of profitable separation!
Second. Is the average percentage of sulphur carried by the pyrite sufficiently high f
Third. Can the mines be worked and the ore delivered at a cost that will render it advisable to make the necessary alterations in the furnaces t
When these pertinent questions can be answered in the affirmative a new era will be marked in the progress of the pyrite mining industry.
In Lumpkin County, Ga., considerable ititerest is manifested over the fact that Colonel Scott, one of the leading fertilizer manufacturers of Atlanta, has acquired title, by purchase, to a property on the banks of the Chestatee river, known locally as the " old copper mines.'' Since August, 1894, he has had a gang of men employed in prospecting and sinking test holes with a diamond drill. Two hundred tons of the pyrite, which occurs massive, have been hauled 20 miles to the railroad and shipped to Atlanta for testing at the acid plant owned by Colonel Scott and associates. During a recent visit the superintendent at the mine stated that he had received instructions to continue the shipments.
Of course the building of a railroad is in contemplation if the pyrite proves adaptable. In the event of such a result there is no doubt but that the product would be used nearly universally at the interior plants, because it could be delivered tvee on board at the furnaces in Atlanta and vicinity for less cost than the imported article and still insure a good net profit for the mine owners.
The ore body at the point where a cross cut has been run proves to be upward of 90 feet in thickness, apparently interstratified with hornblende slates and schists.
1 The domestic prodnot in 1805 waa a little more than half the Imports.
'Since the above was written the deposits in Gaston County, K. C, have been developed and 8,900 tons were shipped in 1896.
Sulphur And Pyrites. 977
because at oDe pointy after catting through more than 25 feet of solid pyrite, a seam of hornblende slate was encountered about 6 inches in thickness, followed by another solid body of pyrite, which had been cross out 5 or 6 feet at the time of my visit, and the face was still solid pyrite.
Heretofore the only domestic pyrite which has been tested at Atlanta in any quantity has come from North Carolina.
Abkansas.
Considerable has been done on some deposits of pyrites near Hot Springs, Ark. The material has been analyzed by Memminger and Brown, of Nashville, Tenn. ; Milner and Brown, of Colorado City, Colo., and the Chappell Chemical Company, of Chicago, 111., the yarioas analyses showing from 48 to 52 per cent of snlphnr, 40 per cent of iron, 10 per cent of zinc, and a small amount of copper, with traces of silver and gold. J. L. Gebhart, M. D., of Hot Springs, who is interested in some of the deposits, states in a letter to the Survey that he has made several analyses of the ore and found the average percentage of sulphur to be about 53.19, with 4 per cent of copper, a trace of gold, but free from arsenic, zinc, or antimony. The pyrite showing the zinc contents was from prospects on the property of Dr. S. Beamy, of Malvern. Dr. Gebhart claims that chemically pure acid can be made from his ore. He states that the present prospect presents a true fissure vein 90 feet thick between rock walls that are nearly vertical on their faces and consist of a metamorphic sandstone. Inside of the rock walls the fissure material consists of a black quartzite from the very surface, fully one-half of which is a gangue consisting of about one-half dififused pyrite and one-half the quartzite of the fissure vein. Through this gangue at least Ave vertical veins of pure pyrite pass down, growing rapidly thicker as they descend, with the gangue on each side from 4 to 8 feet thick, also growing richer in pyrite as the exposure deepens. One vein of pure pyrite is 3 inches thick at the surface and 30 inches thick at a depth of 23 feet.
The opinion is expressed that at a depth of 200 feet there will be a thickening of 45 to 50 feet of pure pyrite, all now in sight as gangue concentrating into one vast lode, so as to be practically inexhaustible. This vein is easily traced on the surface for over a mile in a direction of east 30O north.
A shaft with drainage cut has been sunk 23 feet, and a drift of 30 feet has been run on the vein, showing uniform thickness. Another shaft is now being sunk, to continue at least 200 feet deep, and as much deeper as the iudicationa for a profitable output will justify. This property will probably soon pass into the hands of parties who have ample means for a full development and output.
Dr. Beamy's mine is in Magnet Cove, Hot Springs County, 3 miles from Cove Creek station on the Hot Springs Bailroad. A vein of the ore runs through the cove. It appears to be a fissure vein 8 or 10 feet wide, and in great quantity. A pit 15 feet deep has been sunk on the vein, but no ore has been shipped, as work was delayed by encountering a large amount of water. Work was suspended until steam pumping faculties could be obtained. 17 GEOL, PT 3 62
Gypsum.
By Edward W. Pakkbb.
Occurrence.
Large deposits of gypsum are found in many of the United States. East of the Mississippi River the principal localities are in New York, where it occurs in beds of great thickness and extent in a line of counties extending westward from Oneida to Niagara; in Ohio, near the city of Sandusky ; in Michigan, on the Grand River, near Grand Rapids, and at Alabaster Point, Iosco County, and in Bay County; in Virginia, along the north fork of the Holston River, and in Smyth and Washington counties. Gypsum is also reported in Alabama and Louisiana, but the deposits are not worked at the present time. West of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains extensive gypsum deposits are found in Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and the Indian Territory. Operations are carried on in Webster County, Iowa; Barber, Saline, Marion, Marshall, and Dickinson counties, Kans. ; at Quanah, Tex., and at Okarche, Okla.
The Rocky Mountain States producing gypsum are Colorado, Montana, Utah, South Dakota, and Wyoming, and deposits are reported in Arizona, Idaho, and New Mexico. Among the Pacific States California is the only producer of gypsum, though extensive deposits have recently been reported in Oregon. The Oregon deposits are on Snake River in Baker County, and the gypsum is said to be very pure (95 cent). It is claimed that plaster of paris can be manufactured and laid down in Portland at $3.50 per ton.
In nearly all cases the gypsum deposits are found in close proximity to those of salt. This is particularly the case in New York, Virginia, Kansas, Texas, and in Bay County, Mich.
Production.
The gypsum product of the United States in 1895 amounted to 265,503 short tons, with a total value of f 797,447, against an output in 1894 of 239,312 short tons, worth $761,719, indicating an increase in 1895 of 26,191 short tons, and a gain in value of $35,728. The increase in value was not in proportion to the increase in tonnage, as a decline from $3.18 to $3 is noted in the average value per ton ; but in a year of
*For detailed descriptions of the gypsnm deposits of the United States see Mineral Resources U. S., 1882, 1883-84, 1885, and 1886.
Gypsum.
phenomenally depressed prices, this decrease of 6 per cent is of small import, and the industry, compared with many others, may be considered as satisfactory. The production of gypsum was the largest with one exception of any year for which there is any record, and it is certain that the output for any year prior to the recorded period never exceeded the product in recent years. The year in which the product exceeded that of 1895 was the census year of 1889, when the output was 267,769 short tons, but the value of the product in 1880 was less than that of 1895.
With the exceptions of Michigan and Virginia, the increased production was general throughout the gypsum-producing States. Michigan's output decreased from 79,958 tons in 1894 to 66,519 tons in 1895, but owing to the fact that there was a large amount of calcined plaster made in the latter year, the value decreased only about $15,000. Virginia's product decreased 2,306 tons (more than 25 per cent) with a loss in value of about $7,000, about the same percentage. California's output increased both in quantity and value, but as only one producer was reported in 1894 no comparisons can be made. The same may be said of Colorado. Iowa's product shows an increase of nearly 8,000 tons in amount and a decrease of about the same figure in value. Kansas increased her output about the same as Iowa, but shows a decline in value of nearly $30,000. Kew York's output increased about 2,000 tons in quantity and decreased about $1,000 in value. Ohio increased sHghtly both in quantity and value, and encouraging increases are noted in South Dakota and Texas.
As will be seen in the following table, the value of the gypsum product is taken at the condition in which it is first sold, so that an increase or decrease in the product of calcined plaster will show a material difference when comparing the total product with the total value:
Product of gypaum in the United States in 1895, by States.
Sold crude.
State.
I Total I product.
California
Colorado
Iowa
Kanaas
Michigan
New Tork
Ohio
South Dakota. .
Texas
Virginia
Quantity.
Short tons.
1,371 25,700 72,947 6e,510 33,587 21,662
Short tons.
Ground into land plaster.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Value.
Quantity.
Short tons.
ToUl 265,503 26, 624 ' 37, 837 i 35, 079 85,355
Before After .Value of
Value. I cal- I cal-calcined
iciniug. ciniug. , piaster.
Short
tons.
tons.
a Includes Indian Territory, Utah, and Wyoming, in each of which the output ia reported from only one company.
Mineral Resources.
Comparative Statistics Of Production For Six Years.
For the purposes of comparison, the following tables, showing the statistics of production during 1893 and 1894, and the total and value for the past six years, are given :
Product of gypsum in the United States in 189$, hy States.
state.
Total product.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Total value.
tity. value.
Value.
Before
cal. dnlng.
After calcining.
Valneof calcined plaster.
Iowa
Short tons,
Short ton*.
Short
tons,
Bhwt tons,
Short 1 tona. 1
Kansas
Michigan
New York
South Dakota..
Virginia
Total
1,413 i 1,131 12,351 9,624
a Includes Ohio and Texas. In each of these States the output is reported trom only one company Product of gypsum in the United States in 1894, hy States,
State.
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan New York...
Ohio
South Dakota. . .
Texas
Virginia
Total
Total product.
Short ton*.
Sold crude.
Short ton*.
Ground into Calcined into plaster of plaster. I paris.
t
-Ity
Short tons.
Before After Value, cal- . caljcining. cining.
Value of calcined plaster.
Short I Urns.
Short ton*.
Total value.
I I I
a Includes California, Colorado, Montana, Oklahoma Territory, Utah, and Wyoming. In each of these States the output is reported Arom only one company.
Gypsum.
Comparatite tiatistics of gypmm production for 8ix yearB,
State.
Californi*
Colorado
Iowa
Michigan
New York
Ohio
Sooth Dakote.
Texas
Virginia
Other SUtea..
ProduGt. Value. Product. Value. I Pruduet.
Short
Short tons.
f28,940
Total 267,709 764.118 182,995 574,
I tons.
Value. I Product. Value
Short tons.
SUte.
California
Colorado
Iowa
Michigan
New York
Ohio
South Dakota.
Texas
Virginia
Other SUtes . .
Total...
Product.
Value. i Product
Value.
Product
Short tons.
Value.
a Included in other States.
The following table shows the annual production of gypsum in the United States since 1880. It will be noticed that the largest production was in 1889, though the value in that year was less than in 1895*
Production of gyp$um in United States eince 1880,
Year.
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
Year.
Product.
Value.
Short tons. 110,000 267,769 182,995 208,126 256,259 253, 615 239,312 265,503
Mineral Resources.
Imports.
The imports of gypsum are chiefly from Canada, the product from the Dominion being: very pure and well adapted for the manufacture of plaster of paris. The following table exhibits the total amount and value of gypsum imported into the United States since 1867:
Gypsum imported into the United States from 1867 to 1805,
Ground or nalcineil.
Tear ended —
Quantity.
Long tont.
June 30, 1867...
Dec. 31, 1888...
Value.
Ungronnd.
Value of I manufactured plaster of paris.
Total.
! Long ions.
' a21,869
$125, 182 114,350 186, 512 148,720 154, 013 168, 873 165, 459 170, 901 171,096 179, 070 162,917 140, 587 125, 542 150, 409 171, 724 200,922 218, 969 210,904 173, 752 153,338 195, 890 190, 787 220, 140 229,859 226, 319 308, Oil 211, 924 196, 060 247,583
a Not Biiecified since 1883.
Gypsum.
As the imports of gypsum into tlie United States are principally from the Provinces of Ontario, Xew Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada, the following table, showing the procluction in and exports from the Doraiuiou, will be found interesting:
Production and exports of Canadian gypsum from 1S86 to 1895,
Production.
Tear.
Quantity.
Short tons.
Value.
Export*.
i Quantity.
Value.
Shcrt tons.
By Edwabd W. Pabeeb.
Production.
The salt product of the United States in 1895 amounted to 13,669,649 barrels of 280 pounds, valued at $4,423,084, against 12,967,417 barrels, worth $4,739,285, in 1894, and 11,897,208 barrels, valued at $4,154,668, in 1893. The amount of salt made and mined in the United States has increased annually since 1883, with the exception of 1889, when the product was about 50,000 barrels less than in the preceding year. In 1883 the total product was 6,192,231 barrels, so that in the twelve years of which there is any reliable record the output has more than doubled. The product in 1894 was more than twice that of 1883, while the product of 1895 was about 2.2 times that of 1883. The average annual increase in domestic production has been about 10 per cent, while the average percentage of increase in the total mineral production in fifteen years has been about 4. It is true that during the ten years following 1883 salt of domestic production replaced a great deal of English and other imported salt, due to improved methods of refining adopted in this country, which have enabled producers to successfully compete in quality of the product with the output of the best works of the Old World. In 1881 the imports of salt exceeded 1,000,000,000 pounds, though this was exceptional. The importations in 1883 amounted to 867,915,603 pounds; in 1888, five years later, they had decreased to 625,030,735 pounds, and in another five years (1S93) to 348,519,173 pounds. The placing of salt on the free list in August, 1894, increased importations in that year to 434,155,708 pounds, and in 1895 to 559,161,669 pounds.
Of the domestic product in 1895, 2,089,763 barrels were rock salt; 983,870 barrels were produced by solar evaporation; 8,272,603 barrels were of the three finer grades of "table,' **dairy,' and "common fine," and of the remainder, 2,323,413 barrels, part consists of the salt contents of brine, used in making soda ash, etc. Eock salt was obtained from 7 mines. Solar heat was employed at 35 works, while at the places using artificial heat for evaporating brine the grainer process is most popular, there being 73 concerns reporting this method to 17 using open pans, 9 using vacuum pans, and 7 open kettles. At 28 places heat was applied direct, and steam heat was used at 84 works.
Salt.
These figures do not quite agree with the total number of works reporting an output in 1895. At some establishments heat is applied both direct and by steam, and at some places more than one process is employed, the same place using both the open pan and grainer. The total number of works reporting was 153. Direct heat was reported from 28 and steam heat from 84 establishments, which with 35 solar works and 7 rock-salt mines make a total of 154. The total of grainer and other artificial processes employed was 106, which, with the 35 solar works and 7 rock-salt mines, makes a total of 148.
The following tables exhibit the details of salt production in the United States during 1894 and 1895, by States, with the approximate distribution according to grades:
Production of salt in 1896, by States and grades.
State
Table.
Common fine.
Common coarse.
California 21,536
Illinois I
Kansas ' 47,499
Louisiana
Michigan 105,021
Nevada |a7,000
New York:
Genesee district..
Warsaw district. .
Rock salt
Ohio
Barrels. 3,321 67, 119 924,625
131,257 j 236,473 al, 178, 166
Pennsylvania .
Texas
Utah j 14,300
Virginia i 4,000
West Virginia ' 7, 178
a295,256 ' 458,832 609 141,855
j 125,000
Total 338,578 j 1,834,545 6,099,480
Packer's.
Barrels. 33,929
Coarse solar.
Barrels. 193,571
7,936' 5,014 9,000
State.
California .
Illinois
Kansas Louisiana . Michigan. .
Bock.
Barrels. 24,864
Barrels.
other grades.
Barrele. 12,857
Total product,
Barrels.
Total value.
ainolades both dairy and table salt.
b Salt in brine used in chemical works at Syracuse is included in product of Onondaga district, although the wells are not within the reservation.
Production of salt in 1895 j by States and grades — Continued.
state.
' Rock.
Milling.
Other grades.
Total value.
Nevada
r.arrest.
Barrels.
New York :
Warsaw district. . --
Oliio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Viririnia
Total
L, 884, 221
State.
Processes employ
ed.
Ue.
Artificial beat.
Number
Solar. 0P"
Vacuum pan.
Ket
Grainer.
Direct. Steam.
of works reporting.
California
b2
/♦in
Illinois
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
Warsaw district
Rock salt
Ohio
Pennsylvania - ..
1 i 1
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia
L l!
Total
'
H
a Salt in brine used in chemical works at Syracuse is included iu product of Onondaga district, altbongb the wells are not within the reservation.
& Artificial heat used only for making salt for table and dairy use.
e Rock salt was mined at one establishment each in California and Louisiana, two in Kansas, and three in New York.
SALT. Production of salt in 1894, by Stales and grades.
SUte.
California
Illinois
Kausas
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia
Table.
Barrels. 29,929
Common fine.
Dairy.
Barreli.
Common
Packers.
Solar.
BarreU, Barrett . Barrels.
42,764 21,429' 25,729 82,121 1,986 I 2,143
Total 1, 178, 519 5, 281, 754 1, 660, 621 438, 074 103, 041 587, 305
State.
California
Illinois
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania..
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia .
Book.
Milling.
Barrela. 24,8&1
Other.
Total.
Total
a 1,349, 733 3,485
Value.
a Includes salt contents of brine used in manufactare of chemicals.
In reportJDg production Home operators use the bushel as a unit of measurement, some the short ton, and some the barrel. For the sake of convenience the product of each State in the preceding and following tables has been reduced to one unit, the barrel, containing 280 pounds, or 5 bushels of 56 pounds, and a ton being equal to barrels.
Comparative iabU of production of 9alt in State$ and Territories from 188S to 1896,
state OP Territory.
Qaantity.
Value.
Qaantity.
Value.
Michigan
New York
Ohio
West Virginia
Loaisiana
California
Utah
Nevada
Illinois; Indiana, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and other States and Territories (a)
Total
Barrii:
State or Territory.
Michigan
Now York
Ohio
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Nevada
Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and other States and Territories (o)
Quantity.
Total
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
a Estimated.
Salt. 989
Comparative table ofproduetion of salt in States and Territories from 188S to 1895--CoiiVA.
State or Territory.
Michigan
New York
Ohio
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Kansas
Quantity.
Barrett. 3,944,309 2,353,560 365,000 225,000 341,093 200,000 325,000
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Total 8,003,962 4,093,846
State or Territory.
Michigan
New York
Ohio
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Kansas
Total
Quantity.
Value.
Barrels. 3,866,228 2,318,483 380,000 220,000 394,385 220,000 151,785 156,000
Quantity.
Barrett.
Value.
Comparative fable of production of salt in States and Territories from 1883 to 1895 — Cont'd.
State or Territory.
Michigan
New York '
Ohio
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Nevada.
Kansas
Illinois
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Texas
Quantity.
Value.
Barrels.
Total 9,987,945 I 4,571,121
Quantity.
Value,
Barrelt. 3, 829, 478 3,472,073
State or Territory.
Michigan
New York
Ohio
West Virginia -
Louisiana
California
Utah
Nevada
Kansas
Virginia
Pennsylvania. . Texas
Quantity.
r
Value.
Barrels.
Total 11,897,208
Quantity.
Barrels.
Value.
a Included in "Other States."
b Estimated.
Salt. 991
Comparative table of production of salt in States and Territories from 188S to 1895 — Cont'd.
Stat© or TtTiitory.
Quantity.
Value.
Michigan ' 3,3,395
New York I 6,832,331
Ohio 781, OaS
West Virginia 176,720
Lonisiana 159, 771
California 318,935
Utah 294,485
Nevada 7,000
Kansas 1,341,617
Illinois I 67,119
Virginia a65,000
Pennsylvania 157, 243
Texas ' 125,000
Total 13,669,ft49
a Estimated.
Review Of The Industry In 1896.
In spite of depressed trade conditions and prices which broagbt the total value of salt produced in the United States in 1895 below that of 18d4 by over $300,000, the product was the largest ever obtained. The total product, including salt contents of brine used in manufacture of soda ash, was 13,669,649 barrels of 280 pounds, against 12,967,417 barrels in 1894, an increase of 702,232 barrels, or a little more than 5 per cent. The actual decrease in value was $316,201, or about 7 per cent. Part of this decrease in value may be attributed to a smaller production of the finer grades of salt in 1895. In 1894 the output of salt especially refined for table and dairy use was 2,839,140 barrels, whUe in 1895 the total amount of these two higher grades was 2,173,123 barrels, a decrease of 666,017 barrels. This decrease was more than made up for in an increase of about 800,000 barrels in the grade known as "common flue." A difference of 25 cents per barrel in the price of these grades (table and dairy being nearly the same) would account for about $150,000 of the decrease in value. At the same average price which obtained in 1894, the value of the product in 1895 would have been $5,126,118, or allowing for the decreased output of table and dairy salts, say, $4,976,118, instead of $4,423,084, so that in proportion to the amount of business done there was a difference in the value of
Min£Ral Resources.
the product of 1895, below that of 1894, or a loss to the producers of about $550,000. As the prices received in 1894 were not by any means satisfactory or remunerative, there is good reason to believe that the balance sheets of many concerns showed the balances on the wrong side of the page on January 1, 1806.
In August, 1894, salt imported into the United States was placed upon the free list, which induced larger importations. The imports increased from 348,519,173 pounds, or about 1,245,000 barrels in 1893, to 434,155,708 pounds, or about 1,550,000 barrels in 1894. In 1895 the imports had increased to 559,151,669 pounds, or about 2,000,000 barrels. The exports of domestic salt do not have much influence on the trade, amounting to but 10,853,759 pounds, or 38,763 barrels in 1894, and 7,203,024 pounds, or 25,725 barrels in 1895. The imports added to the domestic product and the exports deducted irom the total in 1894 and 1895 show that the salt consumed or placed upon the market in the United States increased from 14,479,209 barrels to 15,640,894 barrels, adding 1,161,685 barrels to an already overstocked trade. This is illns* trated in the following table:
Supply of salt for domestic consumption in 1S9S, 1894, and 1895,
Souroes.
Domestic prodnot . Imports
Total Exports
Domestic consumption. Increase over preceding year.
Barrels,
Barrelt.
Imports Anb Exports.
The imports of salt into the United States have shown an almost constant decrease since 1881. The decrease has been particularly noticeable in the imports of refined salt, due in great measure to the improvements recently inaugurated in the manufacture of table and dairy salts by American producers, which has placed the domestic product on a line with, if not ahead of, salts of foreign make.
Salt. 993
Soli imported and entered for consumption in the United Statee, 1867 to 1895, inclueire.
Juiie30,1867
Dec. 31, 1886
In bags, barrels, and other packaKea.
In bulk.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. Poundt.
J Value.
Pounds.
2W. 470, 862
Salt imparted and entered for oonaumption in the United 8tate$, etc, — ('ontinuecl.
For the ponxMeof caring
Year ended—
Quantity. Value.
J'ound*.
Kot elsewhere specified.
Quantity.
Pnund*.
Value.
June 30,1867.
4,
I 133,
I 134,
Deo. 31,1886 103,
8,
1S4,
Hi,
&11
Total value.
Salt. 995
Salt of dameiiio production exported from the United Statee from 1790 to 1895, inclusive.
Year ended—
Quantity.
Value.
Tear ended—
Quantity.
Value.
Sept. 30,1790..
Jnne 30,1862..
6a5,519
'70,644
June 30, 1843a.
1 Dec. 31,1886..
a Nine mont
6Ponn
In coDiiection with the above tables it is interesting to note the sources from which our imported salt is obtained and the markets supplied by our exports of domestic salt. For this purpose the following tables, showing the countries from which we import, the amount and value of the salt received from each, and also the amount and value of the salt exported to each country and the ports through which exported, are given for the two fiscal years ending June 30, 1894 and 1895. It will be observed that the principal source of supply is the United Kingdom, from which we imported 136,550,196 pounds out of a total of 346,479,060 in 1894, and 266,000,597 pounds out of a total of 496,810,501 in 1895. The imports from Great Britain were about 40 per cent of
Mineral Resoukces.
the total in 1894 and more than 50 per cent in 1895. Italy exported over 93,000,000 pounds to this country in 1894, and the West Indies nearly 100,000,000 pounds, so that the amount received from these three sources was 329,016,443 pounds, or 95 per cent of the total. In 1895 the imports from Italy fell off to 81,725,686 pounds, while those from the West Indies increased to 137,325,128 pounds. The total from the same three sources was 485,141,411 pounds, or about 97.7 per cent.
The principal exports are through the port of San Francisco, and to the Central American States, Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, and Asiatic Bussia. About 25 per cent, or a little more, goes across the Great Lakes to the Dominion of Canada.
The imports and exports for the past two fiscal years, with the countries Irom which imported and to which exported, have been as follows:
Imports of Bait during the fiaoal years ending June SO, 1894 and 1896, with the countries
from which exported.
Country from which I exported.
Year ending Jane S 18M.
Belgium
France
Germany
Italy
Portugal
Spain
rnited Kingdom:
England
Scotland
Canada:
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc
Quebec, Ontario. . Central America:
Nicaragua
Mexico
West Indies :
British
Dutch
Danish
Puerto Bico
Brazil
Hongkong
Portuguese Africa..
Hawaiian Islands
Egypt
Year ending June 30, 1895. Free.
Pounds. Value.
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
7,500 ' 226,413
Total , 345,479,066: 592,722
♦
a The tariff act of 1894 provides that salt is free of duty, but when in bags or other packages the coverings shall pay duty as if imported separately, and salt imported from countries imposing a duty on salt exported from the United States shall pay the rate of duty imposed prior to the act of 1894.
Salt.
JbepcrU of Bali during ilie final year$ ending June SO, 1894 and 1895, and oouniriee to
whisk exported.
Year ending Jane 30, 1804. ' Year ending June 80, 1805.
Country to which exported.
Pounds.
United Kingdom
British HondoTM
Dominion of Canada:
Nova Sootia, New Brunswick, etc
Quebec, Ontario, etc
British Columbia
Central American States :
Costa Bica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Salvador
Mexico
West Indies:
British
Colombia
Japan
Russia, Asiatic
French Oceanica
Hawaiian Islands
4,eoo
Total 11,890,779
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
Fluorspar And Cryolite.
Production. — The output of fluorspar decreased from 7,500 short tons, valued at $47,500, in 1894, to 4,000 short tons, worth 24,000, in 1896. In 1893 the product exceeded 12,000 short tons, and the price received for it at the mines was a little more than $6.75 per ton. The product in 1895 was less than one-third that of two years before, while the price dropped to $6 per ton. Bosiclare, 111., has furnished the entire domestic supply of fluorspar since its utility in the manufacture of opalescent glass, in iron smelting, and in the preparation of hydrofluoric acid, has made it a desirable commercial product.
The following table shows the annual production of fluorspar since 1882:
Production of fiwrnr in the United States from 1882 to 1895.
Year.
Qaantity.
Value.
Short ton*.
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Short toff.
This mineral is used to a considerable extent in the manufacture of alum and sodium salts, for making white, porcelain-like glass, and for other technical purposes. In the preparation of alum and sodium salts from cryolite, alumina is left as a residue; and from this, metallic aluminum is extracted by electrolytic process. The only source of supply of the mineral is Greenland, although traces of this mineral were long, ago shown by Cross and Hillebrand to occur in the neighborhood of Pikes Peak, Colorado.
Floubspar And Cryolite.
The imports of cryolite for a series of years are shown in the following table:
Imports of cryolite from 1871 to 1895,
Year ended— i Amount. !
Vftlae.
Jan630,lS71..
Year ended-
JuDe30,1884. Deo. 31, 1885.
Amoont.
Long Urns. 7,390 8,275 8,230
Value.
Production.
The output from the mica mines of the United States in 1895 consisted of 44,325 pounds of cut or sheet mica, valued at $49,218; 40,083 pounds of small sizes, worth $1,163, and 148 short tons of scrap" mica, valued at $5,450. The total value of the product is thus shown to have been $55,831, a slight increase over 1894, when the total value of the output was $52,388, though the industry was still in an unsatisfactory condition. The following table shows the annual production of mica in the United States since 1880:
Production of mica since 1880,
Quantity.
Pound*.
Value.
a Scrap, tons.
Year.
6 Sheet.
Quantity.
Value.
c Small.
Mica.
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of unmanufactared mica from 1869 to 1895:
Unmanufactured mioa impiried and entered for eonsumptian in the United Statee, 1869 to
Yemr ending-
Jiue SO, 1868.
Yftlne.
Year ending—
Jnne30, 1883.
Dec. 31, 1886
Value.
a56,354
a 49, 086
a 57, 541
a97,351
a 207, 375
a Including mica waste.
Uses.
The greater part of the cut or sheet mica produced is used by stove manufacturers. The remainder goes into the manufacture of electrical dynamos, for which its nouconductive properties, when free from iron, render it very Yalaable. Ingenuity has developed a method of using also the smaller sizes of mica for electrical purposes, and some demand has been created for them. Heretofore they went to the scrap pile and were either wasted or ground. Scrap mica usually brings about $10 a ton, though some reported as scrap in. 1895 was valued at about $60 per ton. This probably included a considerable amount of small-sized mica which should have been reported separately. The small sizes were reported for the first time in 1895, 40,083 pounds, or about 20 short tons, valued at $1,163, as against a valuation of about $200 as scrap. This difference is noteworthy and will doubtless have a beneficial effect in reviving the mica industry. Scrap mica is ground for the manufacture of lubricants, for giving a crystal effect to wall papers, and for other decorative
Condition Of The Industry.
The mica mining industry has been in a depressed condition for several years. This has been due to several causes. In Korth Carolina, from which State the bulk of the product is obtained, mining has been carried on by antiquated methods, and miners have not kept pace with the march of progress. Under such circumstances, as mines were deepened the difficulties and expense increased, and without any advance in price. Transportation in the region is of the primitive kind, most of the product being hauled over bad mountain roads for from 25 to 50 miles to the railroad. In winter seasons the roads are frequently impassable, and this renders the supply uncertain. The effects of such conditions is shown by a glance at the tables of production and imports. From 1880 to 1885 the domestic product ranged in value from $127,825 in 1880 to $368,525 in 1894, the average exceeding $240,000 in the six years. The imports ranged in the same period from $5,175 in 1882 to $28,685 in 1885, averaging less than $15,000, while for the eleven years preceding 1880 the average annual imports were but little more than $3,000. From 1890 to 1895 the importations show a total valuation of $970,552, an average for six years of $161,759, while the domestic product averaged only $78,691 a year, less than one-half the imports, whereas ten years previous the domestic product was sixteen times the imports. It is to be hoped that in 1896 an improved condition will become manifest. It is reported that one firm owning large interests in North Carolina has introduced modern machinery and methods, and expects to turn out $100,000 worth of mica annually. Larger production is also promised from New Hampshire and the development of extensive deposits in Alabama are reported. All of the product in 1895 was from three States — New Hampshire, New Mexico, and North Carolina.
The principal mica mines in North Carolina which contributed to the product of 1895 were the following:
The Cloudland mine, 4 miles east of Bakersville; the Meadow, English, and Plumtree mines, near Plumtree; the Flatrock mine, 4 miles northwest of Spruce Pine; the Little Zeff Young mine, 7 miles west of Spruce Pine; the Chestnut, Flat, Gopher, and Childers mines, 1 to miles southwest of Spruce Pine; the Silver Ridge mine, on Crabtree Creek — all in Mitchell County; the Sleepy Hollow and Burton and White mines, in Yancey County, and the Black Mountain mine, in the northeastern part of Buncombe County.
Several of these mines have been worked at intervals for a number of years, but others of them, especially the Plumtree, English, and the Black Mountain mines, are comparatively recent discoveries; and since the close of 1895 several other promising new mines are being opened up, notably the Deal, Sparks, and McGee nunes, in Mitchell County; the White mine, in the southern end of Yancey; the Harry Martin mine, in the eastern part of Buncombe County, and several
Mica, 1003
others of less importance in these and other counties, while the mines of Whitehurst and Smith, near Eoanoke, Ya., are being opened np on a larger scale and with greater promise.
FUTURE SUPPIiY.
The opinion has sometimes been expressed by mica men that all of the valuable mica deposits in the southern Appalachian region have been discovered and worked to a depth where the supply of water and the increasing hardness of the rock add so greatly to the expense of mining as to make it unprofitable, and consequently that this region would no longer be a conspicuous factor in the world's supply of mica. The opening of several new mines, however, during 1895 and the early part of 1896 has encouraged the belief that other workable deposits may be found in the near future if careful search is made. And when the fact is borne in mind that much the greater part of the mica-bearing areas of this southern Appalachian Mountain region from Alabama to Virginia are still covered with dense forests, so that the rock surfaces are covered with an accumulation of humus and living plants, it is seen that the region has been as yet only partially explored, and there must be numerous undiscovered mica veins which will yield as rich returns as those already discovered and partially worked. The question is often asked, also, whether or not those mica mines which have already been worked to a considerable depth can be considered as future producers of mica. Bearing upon this, it may be said that a majority of these mines have been worked only to a depth of less than 100 feet and for a horizontal distance of only 100 to 200 yards along the line of the vein. In some cases, as was true with the famous Clarissa mine, they were abandoned, with valuable deposits of mica still in sight, owing to the inability of the miners with their crude methods (having no steam pumps) to contend with the water flowing into the mines. In many other cases, where there was no great trouble from water, mines have been abandoned at depths where the vein matter began to be too hard to be worked easily with a pick, for the reason that there were still other and softer deposits which could be worked at or near the surface.
There can be but little doubt that in the case of a considerable number of these mines, by the use of the steam pump, the steam drill, and other modern mining appliances, a number of these old mica mines could be opened up anew and worked at considerable profit. And thus, like the Clarissa, the Sink Hole, the Hawk, and Cloudland, in Mitchell County: the Eay mine, of Yancey County; the lola, the Eay, and Bumingtown mines, of Macon County, which together have yielded considerably more than a million dollars' worth of mica while being worked by crude mining methods, if opened up anew under more favorable conditions would undoubtedly yield a supply of mica for many years to come as great or greater than that which they have yielded in the past.
Asbestos.
By Edward W. Pabkeb.
Production.
The asbestos product of the United States iu 1895 took a decided step forward. This was due to the increased production at the mines of the Sail Mountain Asbestos Company, at Sautee, White County, Ga., mention of the opening of which was made in the rejwrt for 1894. During 1894 these mines were developed and produced 250 tons of fiber. In 1895 the product was 700 short tons. In addition to this California contributed 90 tons, and 5 tons were mined in South Dakota. The promises of good supplies of asbestos from Oregon and Washington have not been realized. Owners of the deposits in Loudoun County, Va., to begin mining during the present year (1896), and the work on the deposits near Casper, Wyo., has been confined to the assessment work necessary to hold title. In regard to the asbestos deposits of Wyoming, Mr. E. W. Burkhardt, M. E., of Laramie, states that they are on the Korth Laramie Biver, and lie entirely in a serpentine formation. The veins run in all directions and sometimes open into quite large pockets from 3 to 5 feet in width. Some of the fibers are very strong but coarse, and many of them are from 18 to 28 inches long. The deepest hole so far made for development work is only 18 feet deep, but the cuts are several hundred feet long. Should the asbestos improve in fineness as greater depth is reached and approach the quality of the Canadian, the deposits will prove of great value.
The Wyoming material is similar to the Canadian in occurrence, the gangue rock being serpentine, and belongs, from a mineralogical standpoint, to the chrysotile family and not to the true asbestos species, which usually occurs in pockets dispersed through masses of soapstoue. The occurrence of the Virginia material is similar to that of Canada and Wyoming and belongs also to the chrysotile family. The Georgia, California, and Oregon minerals belong to the asbestos class and occur associated with soapstone. The chrysotile of Canada is of superior quality in strength, elasticity, and fineness of fiber to any other known. The supply is unlimited and mining operations are carried on under modem scientific principles, so that for many reasons this source of supply has almost entirely superseded the Italian in the American
Asbestos.
markets, where nearly all of the asbestos goods of commerce are manufactured. This Canadian chrysotile is never referred to in trade circles as anything but asbestos, the latter name being applied indiscriminately to all varieties. For the purposes of this report, and by reason of this adopted nomenclature, the two minerals are treated as one.
The production of asbestos in the United States in 1895 approached somewhat the output in 1882, 1883, and 1884, when the product from Galifomia was 1,000 short tons or over each year. In 1885 it dropped to 300 tons, and did not reach the latter figure again until 1894, when owing to the development of the Georgia deposit it increased to 325 tons, and in 1895, when it increased 145 per cent over that of 1894.
The following table exhibits the annual production of asbestos in the United States since 1880, with the value :
Jnnual product of asbestos from 1880 to 1895.
Year.
Quantity.
Short tons.
Value.
Year.
Quantity. I Value.
Short Unu.
Comparing the above table with that of the table of imports, which is given below, it will be seen that there is a profitable market to be supplied with domestic fiber if any be found which is equal in quality to that of the Canadian chrysotile, nearly all of the imports into the United States being from the Canadian mines.
Imports.
The following table shows the value of asbestos since 1869:
Value of asbestos imported from 1869 to 1895.
MINEBAL RE80UKCES. Valve of Mhestoa imported from 1869 to 189S — Continued.
Tear ondeil —
Unmjiunfac- Manillastured. tared.
Dec. 31, 1885 73,026
Total.
Canadian Production.
As the supply of asbestos for the United States is drawn almost entirely from Canada, the following table of production for that country will be found of interest:
Annual product of aebeatoe in Canada iitice 1879.
Year.
Quantity.
I Tons.
Value.
Year.
Total
Quantity.
Tont.
Value. I
Graphite.
Probuction.
Indnding the ontpnt of graphitic coal from Bhode Island under the head of the product in 1805 amounted to 3,115 short tons. In addition to the Ticouderoga product, which was less in 1895 than for several years past, 20 tons of graphite were mined in Clay County, Ala., and 103 tons in Wake County, N. C. Eighty-five tons mined in Baraga County, Mich., in 1894, and used in the manufacture of pigments in 1895, are added to the output of the latter year, as this product was not included in the product of 1894.
The following table shows the annual production of graphite in the United States since 1880. The product in 1895 has been reduced to short tons, and only the total product given in order to maintain the confidence of individual statistics.
Production of graphite nnoe 1880,
Year.
I
Quantity. Value.
' Pound t.
Year.
Quantity.
Pounds.
a3, 115
Value.
a Short tons.
Mineral Resources.
Imports.
Graphite imported into the United States from 1867 to 1895,
Tear ended—
Quantity. 1 Value.
tared.
Dec.
a5,814 a8,814
$54,131 149,083 351,004 269,291 136,200 329,030 548,613 382,591 122,050 150,709 204,630 154,757 164,013 278, 022 381,966 363,835 361,949 286,393 207,228 164. Ill 331,621 353,990 378,057 594,74ft 555,080 667,776 865,379 225,720 260,090
a Long tons.
Occurrences Of Graphite In The South.
By William M, Brewer.
Previous to 1893 and daring a period extending over a few years graphite was mined and prepared for market in one locality situated aboat 3 miles in a southerly direction from Enitachopco, Olay County, Ala., as well as in Bartow County, Ga.
Graphite. 1009
The occurrence of this mineral in Alabama waa discovered about twenty years ago in the area occupied by tbe fully crystalline schists. There are also occurrences in the area occupied by the semicry stall ine slates, and in Georgia the graphite occurs associated only with this lastnamed formation, so far as is at present known. The demand, though, for the southern graphite has never been sufficiently active to urge prospectors to make any very extensive search for it; consequently but little is known relative to the extent or number of the occurrences in this of the South.
Considered from a geological standpoint, the discoveries of graphite have so far been made in four belts in the crystalline area in Alabama and in one belt in Georgia. In both States we find it at irregular intervals along the extreme northwestern border of the semicrystalliue slates occurring immediately southeast of the Paleozoic area, the line of demarcation between these formations being known as the "Cartersville fault." In Alabama we also find it associated with that variety of slate locally designated as the "Turkey Heaven,'' and situated in the Turkey Heaven Mountains in Cleburne County. Another belt of graphite associated with semicrystalliue slate occurs several miles to the south and southeast of the first mentioned, and in what is known as the Silver Hill gold belt, the southwestern extremity of which is about 20 miles northeast of the town of Wetumpka, in Elmore County, Ala. This, so far as at present known, does not extend into the State of Georgia, nor does the slate possess its graphitic charac teristic to any appreciable extent east of the Tallapoosa Eiver. The belt of fully crystalline schists in which graphite has been discovered in Alabama extends across the counties of Clay and Eandolph and into Cleburne County, in a northeasterly direction, crossing Eandolph County in the extreme northwestern corner.
No operations have ever been conducted in Alabama in mining graphite in the semicrystalliue slates, but in the State of Georgia all the work that has been done in the past has been in formations of that class. In Bartow County the material, consisting mainly of slate and quartz, was quarried out of the hillsides in mass. This was crushed, but the graphite was not separated in any systematic manner. The material thus prepared was, it is said, shipped from two plants to the fertilizer companies for use as a filler or for coloring material for chemical fertilizers. The writer examined all of the known occurrences of graphite m Georgia and Alabama, and it is very much to be doubted whether that found associated with the semicrystalliue slates is of such a grade as is necessary to render it desirable for use for lubricating purposes or for the manufacture of crucibles. Besides the slate and quartz there is a very large percentage of iron pyrites closely associated with the graphite; so great, indeed, is the proportion of this mineral at one location in Cleburne County, Ala., that the question was considered whether it would not be profitable to carry on mining 17 GEOL, PT 3 64
operations for the purpose of winning tbe pyrites only, for shipment to the acid plants in Atlanta.
The only attempt that has been made in either of these States to mine graphite for use as a lubricator or for facings in foundries has been in Clay County, Ala. There the occurrence already mentioned has been mined by two or three different concerns, and the graphite separated from the gangue, sacked, and shipped. The grade of this ha, it is learned, been pronounced by experts as satisfactory, while the owner of the property states that the amount of graphite contained in the rock averages 3 per cent.
In 1893 the operations on this property were carried on by Mr. Paul Gilardoni, of Birmingham, Ala. The suspension of work was caused by the lack of demand, but the excessive freight rates were to a great extent responsible. The mine being located nearly 20 miles from the nearest railroad point, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to cross, causes the wagon haul to be very expensive.
Mineral Paints.
By Edward W. Parkee.
>nXERAL.8 USED AS PIGMENTS.
number of mineral substances which are used in the manufacture of mineral paints is quite large. They include peculiar qualities of iron ore used in making red and brown pigments, and classed as metallic paints; clay and other earthy substances containing iron, and known as others, umbers, and siennas, producing yellow and brown colors; barytes or barium sulphate, ])roducing a white pigment, used as a substitute for or adulterant in white lead ; graphite and slate, used for making black paints; terra alba, as its name implies, a white paint made from gypsum of pure quality; asbestos, used in making fireproof paints; soapstone, etc. The foregoing are all made into paints direct from the crude mineral, and may be considered natural pigments. Zinc white is also made directly from the ores. To the pigments mentioned should be added the preparations made from lead, white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral; Venetian reds, made from iron sulphate by roasting; vermilion or artificial cinnabar, blanc fixe or artificial barytes, and chrome yellow, made from potassium bichromate, etc.
The amount of lead used in the manufacture of white lead, etc., is included in the production of pig lead. The amount of quicksilver used in the manufacture of vermilion is included in the production of quicksilver, and that of chrome yellow in that of chromium.
Production.
The pigments usually classed as mineral paints, whose production is not included elsewhere, are ocher, umber, sienna, iron ore ground for paint, slate, soapstone, and zinc white. Venetian reds made by roasting copperas (sulphate of iron) is also included, as the amount of iron so used is comparatively insignificant when compared with the total product of iron or iron ore, while the value is considerably greater in proportion. Zinc white, like barytes, is treated separately. As will be seen in the following table, there was a general increase in the production of pigments. The aggregate .production of ocher, umber, and sienna had shown a steady decline since 1891, until in 1894 the output was less than 60 per cent of that three years before; so that notwith-
Mineral Resources.
Standing the general depression it is not surprising that there should have been an increase in 1895. There was also an advance in price. The combined product in 1894 brought an average price a little more than $10. In 1895 the average price received wa about $11.90. The average price of ocher advanced from about $10 to $11.50; that of umber decreased from $14.52 to $13.60, and sienna advanced from $20 to $25.
In the production of metallic paint there was an increase of 3,484 short tons, but the declining tendency in prices noted in the report for 1894 continued through 1895. The average price per ton received by producers in 1893 was $14.89; in 1894 it had declined to $11.23, while in 1895 it fell to $11.06, a drop in two years of $3.83, or nearly 26 per cent.
The average price for Venetian reds declined from $24.57 per ton in 1894 to $22.40 in 1895, while the output increased from 2,983 to 4,595 short tons. Soapstone used for paint increased in both the amount of the product and the price received for it, and the same is true of slate ground for pigment.
The production of mineral paints for the past three years has been as follows:
Production of mineral painU in 1893, 1S94, and lS9o.
Kind.
SliurttoiiH. Value. SUort tons. Value. Short ton8. Value.
Oclier
Umber
Metallic paint Venetian reds Mineral black
Soapstone
Slate
Other colors . .
Total ..
a Included in slate.
6J1,552
Ociier, Umber, And Sienna.
Production.
Eleven States contributed to the production of ocher in 1895. They Trere Alabama, California, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, Kew York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Kentucky and Massachusetts, which reported a.production in 1894, had no output in 1895, while California, Iowa, and New York appear as producers in 1895, the two former for the first time, while New York had not reported any
Mineral Paints.
product since 1891. Umber was produced in three States — Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania, The entire product of sienna was from New York and Pennsylvania, principally the latter. The production by States in 1895 is shown in the following table:
I'roduciion of ocherj umber, and Henna in 1895, by States.
Stt49.
California
Georgia
Total
Ock Short toim.
er.
Value.
amber.
Sienna. Short tons. Value.
Short tons. Value.
o275 1 C$6,950
alncludetl in Pennsylvania. & Includes Missouri and New York, includes New York.
d Alabama, Iowa, Maryland. New York, Vermont, Virpnia, and Wisconsin having; each but one establishment.
For the purposes of comparison the production in the preceding six years is shown in the following table. Prior to 1889, when the statistics were compiled for the Eleventh Census, the production for each State was not published.
Production of ochet-y umber , and sienna from 1889 to 1894, by States.
State.
Quantity. Value.
Quantity. Value.
Alabama . Colorado .
Short ton*. 50 '
Georgia I 2,512 , 29,720
Maryland
Massachusetts..
Missonri
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania...
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Other States
Quantity. Value.
Short tons, j I Short ton*.
a7,000 84,000 , a7,000 ; 84,000
Total 15,158 177,472 17,555 237,523 18,294 233,823
a Includes all of Msryland and estimated products of some firms in other States not reporting.
Production of ooher, umber j and Henna from 1889 to 1894 j by Continaed.
State.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. Short tons.
Value.
Alabama
Colorado
Short tons.
Short tons.
Georjjia
Maryland
Massachusetts..
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania...
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Other States
a 1, 744 11, 147
& 1,392 10, 193
Total
a Includes Kentucky, Maryland, MaBBachuBettv and Virginia.
Includes Alabama, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
Annual production of ocher, etc., since 1884.
Tear.
Quantity.
Value. 1
Tear.
Quantity.
Value.
Short ions. 7,000 3,950 6,300 8,000 10,000 15,158
$84,000 43,575 1 91,850 i 75,000 1
Short tons. 17,555 18, 294 14,365 11, 147 10, 193 12,640
Mineral Paints.
Imports.
The following tables show the amount and value of ochers, etc., from
Ocher, etc., imported from 1S67 to 1S8S.
Fiscal I year ended June '
brown.
and Paris green .
Quantity. Value.
J 877...
laso...
Pounds.
j 11,373
' 121,080
I 98,176
$385 2,496 6,042 4, 465 9,225 3,850 4,623 12,352 3,3&5 2,269 1,591 1,141 4,233 4,676 7,915 6,143
Quantity. , Value. Quantity'. Value.
Founds.
Pounds.
5f35, 11,
Ui,
I 3,
!
I 3, 114
I 3, 269
Otlier, dry, not otherwise Bpecified.
Quantity.
A'aluo.
Pounds.
a Since 1883 claAsified aa ' Imports of ocher of all
'dry " and " ground in oil." kinds from 1884 to 1895,
Dry.
Year ended—
June 30,1884.
Dec. 31,1886.
Quantity. '
Pounds. I 6, 164, 359 [ 4, 983, 701 4, 939, 183 I 5,957,200 ' 6,574,608 ' 5, 540, 267
Ground in oil.
Total.
Value. Quantity. ' Value.
6, 246, 890 8, 044, 836 6, 225, 789 1894..' 4,937,738 1895.. 7,107,987
Pounds.
Quantity. Value.
Pounds. 6,273,325
6, Oil, 304 6, 617, 750
I 5, 591, 330 6,471,863. 6, 299, 096
I 8, 094, 550
I 6,278,257 4.960,125
' 7, 149, 140
Mineral Resources.
Imports ofnmherfrom 1867 to 1895,
Year ended—
Quantity.
Value.
Year ended—
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
1 June 30, 1867..
June 30,1882..
Deo. 31,1886..
a45,601
al, 560, 786
ainclndea 6,137 pounda " ground In oil" and 1,554,649 pounds " dry."
Metal.I.Ic Paint.
Manufacturers of metallic paint, as a usual thing, reported trade conditions in 1895 as more unsatisfactory than in 1894, and this is borne out in the continued decline in price, which in 1893 averaged 914.89 per ton, declining to 911.23 in 1894 aud again to $11.04 in 1895. In spite of this, however, an increased production is reported for the latter year. JEeturns were received from 29 out of 31 producers, and the product of the two not reporting was estimated at a less figure than in 1894. Had these been considered as nonproductive, the total would not have been affected as much as 5 per cent. The total product, as shown in the following table, indicates an increase in tonnage of 3,544 short tons, and an increase in the aggregate value of $34,259. The annual product of metallic paint for the past seven years has been as follows :
Production of metallic paint since 1889 by States.
State.
Product.
Value.
Product. Value.
Product. Value.
Colorado
New York
Ohio
Short ton*.
Short
ShoH tons.
Pennsylvania ..
Tennessee :
Vermont
Wisconsin
Total
aincludes Alabama, Callforuii, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Xew Jersey, and Virginia; also Ohio and Vermont in 1805.
Mineral Paints.
I*roduciian of metallio paint nnoe 1889, hy Staiea — Continued.
State.
Colorado
Missonri
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania ...
Tennessee
Vermont
Wisconsin
Product.
Short tons.
Value.
Product.
Jhort tons.
Value.
Total ' 25,711 362,966 19,960 297,289
Colorado
Missouri
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Vermont
Wisconsin
Total 25,375
a Inclndea Alabama, Califomia, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Minoouri, New Jersey, and Yirginla; also Ohio and Vermont in 1886. (Included in other Statea.
Mineral Resources.
Venetian Bebs.
The production of Venetian reds in 1895 increased from 2,983 short tons, valued at $73,300, in 1894, to 4,595 short tons, valued at $102,900, in 1895. This was the largest production obtained since 1890, with the exception of 1892, when the output attained a total of 4,900 tons. The annual production since 1890 has been as follows:
Prodiictian of Venetian red since 1890.
Year.
Short tons.
Value. '
Tear.
Short tons.
Value.
..J 4,000 $84,100 ... 4.191 90,000 1 ...1 4.900 106,800
t 1
81
lte as a pigment.
Including the amount of black shale ground for paint, the output of slate pigments in 1895 was 4,331 short tons, valued at $45,682. In 1894 the product was 3,300 tons, valued at $35,370, of which 650 tons were from black shale and 2,650 tons from slate. The annual product of these pigments since 1880 has been as follows:
Amount and value of slate and shale ground for pigment since 1880.
Year. Short tone. Value.
Year.
Short tons.
Minekal Paints.
WHITE liEAB, ETC.
Production.
The production of white lead, red lead, litharge and orange mineral, dry and in oil, with the value of each, in 1895, was as follows;
Prodvction of tckite lead, etc., dry and in ail, in 1895,
White load.
Bed lead.
Value.
Pounds.
Dry 29,113,819
In oil i 151,912,669
Total 181, 026, 488 8, 723, 632 13, 512, 985
Value.
Litharge.
Orange mineral.
Value.
Dry 12,212,018 ! $519,524
luoil.
Total
Pounds.
Value.
Reducing these totals to short tons for the purpose of comparison with the product of previous years, it is seen that the product of white lead in 1895 was 90,513 short tons, against 76,343 short tons in 1894, an increase of 14,170 short tons, and an increase in value of over $2,000,000. Red lead increased from 6,405 tons to 6,756 tons, and in value from $623,021 to $628,133. The amount of litharge produced increased from 5,652 short tons, valued at $495,406, to 6,987 short tons, valued at $601,267, and orange mineral from 319 short tons to 366 short tons, with an increase in value from $43,517 to $44,749. The imports of all four pigments increased largely. Of white lead the imports in 1895 were two and one-half times those of 1894, but the value was a little less than double. The imports of red lead increased not quite 100 per cent both in amount and value, and litharge a little more than 150 per cent. Orange mineral imports increased about 18 per cent in amount and about 12 per cent in value. With the exception of the last, however, the amount of the imports is insignificant when compared with the home product. In white lead the imports in 1895 were a little more than 1 per cent of the domestic output; the percentage of the imports of red lead to the domestic product was about 14, and litharge about 7 per cent. The imports of orange mineral were more than double the amount made in the United States.
Mineral Resources.
The following table exhibits the annual production of white lead, red lead, etc., for a series of five years. Previous to 1894 the values were based on white lead in oil. The statistics for 1894 and 1895 include the amount of lead sold 'dry" and "in oil," with the value in the condition in which it was sold.
Prodmstion of white leady etc.j for five years.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
Short
tOU9.
Value.
Whitt) lead l 78, 018 $10, 454, 029 74, 485 $8, 733, 620 72, 172 $7, 695, 130
Red lead 4, 607 591, 730 6, 122 ! 757, 787 6, 377 732, 968
Litharge 5,759 720,925 5,764 611,726.11,767 L 154, 819
Orangeminerahl 330 I 43, 300 I 395, 60,170 217 32,893
Zinc white I 23, 700 ! 1, 600, 000 ' 27, 500 2, 200, 000 . 24, 059 1, 804, 420
Total ill2, 414 13, 409, 984 114, 266 12, 363, 303 114, 582 11, 420, 230
White lead
Red lead
Litharge
Orange mineral . Zinc white
Short tons.
Value.
Total , 110,222
Short tous.
Value.
The annual production of white lead since 1884 has been as follows:
Production of white lead in the United States since 1884.
Year.
Quantity. Value.
' Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 65,000 60,000 60,000 70,000 84,000 80,000
Short to9is. 77,636 78,018 72, 172 76,343
Mineral Paints.
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral since
lied lead, ichite lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported from 1S07 to ISO.'i.
Kedlead.
AVhlte lead.
Litharge.
Yt'r eniloil—
1 Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. Poundft.
Value.
Quantity. Poxtnd*.
Value.
Pound*.
Jun:tu, 1867
' 249, 145
' 265,093
Der. 31. 1880
18S7
Orange mineral.
Value.
Pounds.
i 1,409,001
Mineral Resources.
Prices.
The following table is of interest, as it shows the average yearly prices of pig lead and white lead in oil (both at New York) and the difference between the two since 1874 :
Average yearly netpriceSf at Xew York, of pig lead and white lead in oil eince 1874.
Year.
White lead
in oil in New York.
Differenee. ,
Year.
Pijr in New York.
White lead
in oil in New York.
Difference.
In considering the variations between the value of pig lead and white lead in oil allowance should be made for the Unctuatious in the value of linseed oil, which enters largely into the manufacture of lead in oil. The fluctuations in the price of linseed oil in two years have ranged from 30 cents to 58 cents a gallon.
Barytes.
By Edward W. Parkeb.
Production.
The only significant feature of the barytes mining industry in 1895 was of a negative character. The production continued on the decline, the total amount of crude barytes reported being less than in any year since 1889. There has been a steady decrease in the annual product since 1892, and what makes the decreased output in 1895 more marked is the sharp decline in value. The amount of the product decreased from 23,335 short tons in 1894 to 21,529 short tons in 1895, a loss of 1,806, or a little less than 8 per cent. The value declined from $86,983 to $68,321, a loss of over $18,500, or considerably more than 20 per cent. The depression in prices was severely felt in the barytes mining regions of Missouri, and nearly all of the small contributors ceased operations. The product from Missouri in 1895 was almost entirely obtained as a by-product of the lead mines around Cadet, Old Mines, and Potosi. Formerly it was a custom among the farmers in the vicinity to work barytes or Hiflf" mines at seasons when they were not otherwise engaged, but the low prices of the past two years have cut off this source of supply. The peculiar association of barytes with the lead deposits of Missouri has given it the local name of "lead blossom," and one of the largest manufacturers in St. Louis has, from this, adopted the name of "lead bloom" as a trade name for his product.
The product in 1895 was from three States, Missouri, North Carolina, and Virginia. Missouri produced about one-third of the total, Virginia about 2,000 tons more than one-third, and North Carolina about 2,000 tons less than one-third. Georgia and New Jersey were nonproducers. The production of crude barytes in the United States since 1882 has been as follows:
Production of crude barytes from 1882 to 1895.
Tear.
Quttiitity. Value.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 22,400 30,240 28,000 16,800 11,200 16,800 22,400
Short ton*.
Mineral Resources.
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of barytes into the United States from 1867 to 1895 :
Import H of barium sulphate from 1S67 to 1895.
Year ended-
Fomanufactured .
"1
Quantity.
Value.
Qoantity.
Value.
Poundi.
Jime30,1867
Dec. 31, 1884 ' 3,884,516
a 1,563 2,149 1,389 1,032 1,629
a4,815
a Tons since 1800.
Mineral Waters.
By A. C. Peale.
Productiox.
For the year 1895 the total number of springs on the list is 370, which is a gain of 13 over 1894. The new springs added to the list number 29, and 16 have been dropped because no reports have been received from them for several years. The number of sjirings actually reporting sales in 1895 is 297, as compared with 286 in 1894. The list of springs not included in the returns numbers 73. Many of these report that no sales were made in 1895. Among the springs included in this delinquent list are many that in previous years have been among the largest producers and have long been well known in tlie market.
In 1895 the total production (including an estimate for the delinquent springs of one-half their last reported production) is 21,463,543 gallons, an apparent loss of 106,665 gallons over the figures of 1894. The valuation of the product is $4,254,237, as compared with $3,741,846 in 1894, a gain of $512,391. When the figures given by the 297 springs actually reporting are compared with the 286 springs reporting in 1894, there is shown a gain of 311,927 gallons and an increase in valuation of $610,630. . The average price per gallon in 1895 was 19 cents.
The North Atlantic States are credited with 115 springs, a net gain of 10 over 1894. Four springs, the water from which is no longer sold, have been dropped, and 14 springs new to the list have been added. The springs reporting sales in 1895 number 88, and their figures show a gain of 451,379 gallons and an increase of $84,520 in the value of the product. The new springs added to the list are as follows :
Maine: Blue HiU Mineral Spring, Piue Spring. New Hampshire : Amherst Mineral Spring. Vermont : Vermont Mineral Spring. Massachusetts : Abajone Spring, Cohanet Spring. Connecticut: Arethusa Springs. New York: Salubria Springs, Great Bear Spring. New Jersey : Pine Grove Mineral Spring.
Pennsylvania: Aquatone Spring, Great Indian Spring, Ponce cle Leon Spring, TuBcarora Lithia Spring.
In the South Atlantic States the list of 1894 is reduced by 4 springs, leaving the total number for the section at 71 for 1895. Of these, 61
Mineral Ee80Urce8.
report sales, showing an increase of 287,623 gallons and an increase in valuation of $158,480,
The South Central States show little change from 1894. Two new springs have been added to the list and 1 has been dropped. The total number credited to the section is 43. The springs reporting sales in 1895 number 35. The figures show an increase in production of 26,993 gallons, but there is a decrease in valuation of $112,764. The springs not on the list of 1894, and which appear for the first time on the list of 1895, are the following :
Teunessee: Dixie Mineral Spring. Mississippi : Meant Pleasant Mineral Spring.
The North Central States show a net gain of 6 springs, 10 springs having been added to the list of 103 of 1894 and 4 being dropped. Sales are report from 92. Although there is a decrease of 486,318 gallons in the production, there is an increase in valuation of $461796. The 10 springs new to the list are the following:
Ohio: Midland Mineral Springs, Wewoka Spring. Indiana : Greenwood Sanitarium Well.
Illinois: Apollo Springs, Magnesia Spring, Min-ni-Ni-yan Spring, Aurora Lithia Spring. Michigan : No-chee*mo Mineral Spring. Wisconsin : Castalia Spring, Elein Spring.
The Western States and Territories show little change, the last remaining at 42, as in 1894. Three new springs have been added to the list and 3 have been taken away from it. Eeports of sales have been received from 31 springs, showing a gain of 26,280 gallons, with an increased valuation of $18,597. The springs new to the list are as follows:
Oregon : Lehman Springs.
California: California Elixir Minerrl Spring, Mount Lowe Springs.
Production of mineral waters for 1806, by States and Territories,
Stote or Territory.
Alabama
Arkansas
California . . .
Colorado
Connecticut .
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
SpringH rejiorting.
Product.
Value.
j 4
' 12
Mineral Waters. 1027
Production of mineral waters for 1895, by Stain and Territories — Continued.
SUte or Territory.
Springs reporting.
Kentacky
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Missiaoippi
Misaonri
N6W Jersey
New Hampshire
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon ,
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas ,
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
Estimated production of springs not reporting sales
Grand total
Product.
Oallona,
Value.
a These include the States In which only 1 spring each has reported. Tbey are Florida, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, South and Utah.
Production of witural mineral waters from 1883 to 1895,
Geographic division.
North Atlantic . South Atlantic . North Central . . South Central . . Western
Kstimated . . Total
North Atlantic South Atlantic . North Central . . South Central . . Western
Estimated . . Total
North Atlantic . South Atlantic . North Central . , South Central . Western
Estimated . . Total
North Atlantic South Atlantic North Central . South Central . Western
Estimated . . Total
"isr
Gallons sold.
Value.
i 172
Mineral Waters. 1029
Production of natural mineral water$from 1885 to 1895 — Continued.
North Atlantic South Atlantic North Central . South Central . Western
Kstimated.
Total
North Atlantic Sonth Atlantic North Central . Sonth Central . We.Htern
Estimated.. Total
North Atlantic . South Atlantic . North Central . . Sonth Central . . Western
Total
North Atlantic South Atlantic. North Central .. South Central .. Western
i Kstimateil . .
I Total
Springs reporting.
Gallons sold.
Value.
Production of natural mineral waters from 1883 to 1895 — CoDtinned.
Geographic tlivision.
SpringR reporting.
Gallons Hold.
Value.
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central .
South Central
Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Western
Estimated
3, a52, 962 593, 772
Total
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Western
Estimated
Total
Mineral Waters. 1031
Production of natural mineral waters from 1883 to
Geographic diviaion.
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Western
Efltimated . . Total
Springs reporting.
Gallons sold.
Vslu*-.
' 161, 073
L.I8T OF COMMERCIAIi SPRIXG8. ALABAMA.
One spring has been dropped from the list for Alabama, and of the 4 remaining the following 3 sales in 1895:
Bailey Springs, Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County. Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Washington County. Wilkinson's Matchless Mineral Water, Greenville, Butler County.
Arkansas.
Of the 7 springs credited to Arkansas the following 0 report:
Arkansas Lithia Springs, Hope, Hempstead County. Blancoe Springs, near Hot Springs, Garland County. Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Hot Spring County. Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County. Potash Sulphur Spring, Hot Springs, Garland County. Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, Benton County.
California.
California's list is increased by 2 new springs, and 1 has been dropped, leaving the total at 20 springs. Of these, the following 16 report:
tna Springs, Lldell, Napa County.
Alhambra Mineral Spring, Martinez, Contra Costa County.
Almaden Vichy Springs, New Almadeu, Santa Clara County.
Azule Natural Seltzer Water, San Jose, Santa Clara County.
Bartlett Springs, Bartlett Springs, Lake County.
California Elixir Mineral Spring, near South Riverside, Riverside County.
Casta] ian Mineral Water, Inyo County.
Coronado Mineral Spring, Coronado, San Diego County.
Mount Lowe Springs, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County.
Napa Soda Springs, Napa Soda Springs, Napa County.
Ojai Hot Springs, Matilija, Ventura County.
Pacific Congress Springs, Saratoga, Santa Clara County.
Shasta Mineral Spring, Shasta Springs, Siskiyou County.
Tolenas Soda Spring, Fairfield, Solano County.
Tuscan Springs, Redbluff, Tehama County.
Colorado.
One spring is dropped from the list, and of the 8 remaining 4 are delinquent in 189a. The following 4 report:
Canyon City Vichy Springs, Canyon City, Fremont County. Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, near Pueblo, Pueblo County. Colorado Springs, Barr, Arapahoe County. Hiawatha Spring, Mauitou, El Paso County.
Connecticut.
One new spring is added to Connecticut's list, making the total 8, but of these only the 3 following report for 1895:
Althea Spring, Waterbury, New Haven County. Arethusa Springs, Seymour, New Haven County. Oxford Chalybeate Spring, Oxford, New Haven County.
Florida.
One spring taken from Florida's list leaves only the following, which reports :
Magnolia Springs, Magnolia Springs, Clay County.
Georgia.
Two of the 3 springs credited to Georgia report for 1895. They are:
Bowden Lithia Springs, Lithia Springs, Douglas County. Hughes Mineral Spring, near Rome, Floyd County.
Idaho.
There is no change reported for Idaho. It is still represented by 1 spring, as follows:
Idanha Spring, Soda Springs, Bannock County.
Illinois.
Four new springs are added to the list, making the total for the State 16; of these 12 report sales, as follows:
American Carlsbad, Nashville, Washington County. Apollo Springs, Dupage County. Aurora Lithia Spring, Montgomery, Kane County. Black Hawk Springs, Kock Island, Rock Island County. Diamond Mineral Spring, Grantfork, Madisou County.
Mineral Waters. 1033
Magnesia Spring, Montgomery, Kane County. Miu-ni-Ni-yan Spring, Bristol, Kendall County. Perry Springs, Perry Springs, Pike County. Red Avon Mineral Springs, Avon, Fnltou County. Sailor Springs, Sailor Springs, Clay County. Sanicula Springs, Ottawa, Lasalle County. Tivoli Spring, Chester, Randolph County.
Indiana.
One spring has been taken from the list and 1 has been added, so that the total for 1895 remains at 11, as in 1894. The following report:
Emerald Spring, Indiana Mineral Springs, Warren County.
French Lick Springs, French Lick, Orange County.
Greenwood Sanitarium Well, Greenwood, Johnson County.
Indiana Mineral Springs, Indiana Mineral Springs, Warren County.
Kickapoo Magnetic Springs, Kickapoo, Warren County.
King's Mineral Springs, Muddyfork, Clark County.
Lodi Artesian Well, Silverwood, Fountain County.
Magnetic Mineral Springs, Terre Haute, Vigo County.
Magnetic Mineral Well, Fort Wayne, Allen County.
West Baden Springs, West Baden, Orange County.
Iowa.
Iowa loses 1 spring in 1895, leaving the total at 6. Of these the following 4 report:
Colfax Mineral Spring, Colfax, Jasper County. Mynster Springs, Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. Siloam Springs, Iowa Falls, Hardin County. White Sulphur Spring, White Sulphur, Scott County.
Kansas.
The 1895 list for Kansas remains the same as for 1894, viz, 7. The following 5 report: Blazing's Natural Medical Spring, Manhattan, Riley County. Geuda Mineral Springs, Geuda Springs, Cowley County. Jewell County Lithium Spring, Montrose, Jewell County. Topeka Mineral Wells, Topeka, Shawnee County. Waconda Springs, Cawker City, Mitchell County.
Kentucky.
All of Kentucky's springs report sales in 1895. They are 6 in number, as follows:
Anita Springs, Lagrange, Oldham County.
Bedford Springs, Bedford, Trimble County.
Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County.
Crab Orchard Springs, Crab Orchard, Lincoln County.
St. Patrick's Well, Louisville, Jefterson County.
Upper Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County.
Louisiana.
No reports of sales have been received from any of the springs of Louisiana.
Maine.
Two springs are added to the list and 2 have been taken from it, leaving tlie total for 1895 the same as in 1894. Of the 14 springs credited to the State the following 9 report sales:
Blue Hill Mineral Spring, Bine Hill, Hancock County. Cold Bowling Spring, Steep Falls, Limington, York County. Crystal Springs, Auburn, Androscoggin County. Keystone Spring, East Poland, Androscoggin County. Paradise Spring, Brunswick, Cumberland County. Pine Spring, Topsham, Sagadahoc County. Underwood Springs, Falmouth Foreside, Cumberland (*ounty. Wilson Spring, North Raymond, Cumberland County. Windsor Mineral Spring, Lewiston, Androscoggin County.
Maryland.
One spring is delinquent for 1895. The remaining 4 report sales. They are :
Carroll Spring, Forest Glen, Montgomery County. Chattolanee Springs, Chattolanee, Baltimore County. Strontia Mineral Spring, Brooklandville, Baltimore County. Takoma Springs, Takoma, Montgomery County.
Massachusetts.
Two springs are taken from the list for Massachusetts and 2 are added, leaving the total 27, as in 1894. Of these the following 25 report for 1895:
Abajone Spring, Woburn, Middlesex County.
Ballardville Lithia Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Belmont Hill Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Belmont Natural Spring, Belmont, Middlesex County.
Blue Hill Silver Spring, Milton, Norfolk County.
Bumham Spring, Methuen, Essex County.
Cohanet Spring, Taunton, Bristol County.
Columbia Lithia Spring, Revere, Suffolk County.
Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County.
Crystal Mineral Spring, Methuen, Essex County.
Crystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County.
Diamond Spring, Lawrence, Essex County.
Electric Spring, Lynn, Essex County.
Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Gonlding Spring, Whitman, Plymouth County.
Harvard Crystal Spring, Allston, Suffolk County.
Indian Spring, Brighton Suffolk County.
Lelaml Mineral Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Massasoit Spring, Springfield, Hampden County.
Mineral Waters. 1035
Middlesex Moaniain Spring, Maiden, Middlesex County.
Moose Hill Spring, Swampscott, Essex County.
Nobscot Mountain Spring, Framingham, Middlesex County.
Robbins Spring, Arlington, Middlesex County.
Sheep RiMsk Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Simpson Spring, South Easton, Bristol County.
Michigan.
The list for Michigan stands at 14, 2 springs having been taken from it and 1 added. The following 13 report sales in 1895:
Americanus Spring, Lansing, Ingham County. Bine Rock Spring, Grand Rapids, Kent County. Clarke Red Cross Well, Big Rapids, Mecosta County. Magnetic Mineral Springs, Spring Lake, Ottawa County. Medea Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County. Moorman Well, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County. Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County. Mount Clemens Spmdel Water, Monnt Clemens, Macomb County. No-ohe-mo Mineral Spring, Reed City,- Osceola County. Plymouth Rock Well, Plymouth, Wayne County. Salntaris Spring, St. Clair Springs, St. Clair County. Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County. Zauber Wasser, Hudson, Lenawee County.
Two of Minnesota's 3 springs report sales in 1895. They are:
Indian Medical Spring, Elk River, Sherburne County. Mankato Mineral Springs, near Mankato, Blue Hearth County.
Mississippi.
Mississippi gains 1 spring over 1894, the total for 1895 being 6. All the springs report. They are :
Brown's Wells, Browns Wells, Copiah County.
Castalian Springs, Durant, Holmes County.
Godbold Mineral Well, Summit, Pike County.
Monnt Pleasant Mineral Spring, Mount Pleasant, Marshall County.
Robinson Mineral Spring, Madison County.
Stafford Mineral Springs, near Yosbnrg, Jasper County.
Missouri.
All of Missouri's springs report for 1895. Tliey are 8 in number, as follows :
B. B. Mineral Springs, Bowling Green, Pike County.
Blue Lick Springs, Bine Lick, Saline County.
Eldorado Springs, Cedar County.
Excelsior Springs Excelsior Springs, Clay County.
Lineyille Mineral Springs, Mercer County, near Lineville, Iowa.
Paris Springs, Paris Springs, Lawrence County.
Randolph Springs, Randolph Springn, Randolph County.
Sweet Springs, Sweet Springs, Saline County.
MONTANA. Only 1 spring in Montana reports sales for 1895. It is : Lissner's Mineral Springs, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.
NEBRASKA. Nebraska's 1 spring reports for 1895. It is: Victoria Mineral Springs, New Helena, Custer County.
New Hampshire.
One spring is atlded to the list, making the total for tbe State 4. Of these the following 3 report for 1895 :
Amherst Mineral Spring, Amherst, Hillsboro County. Londonderry Lithia Spring, Londonderry, Rockingham County. Pack Monadnock Lithia Spring, Temple, Hillsboro County.
New Jersey.
One new spring is added to the list for New Jersey, bringing the total up to 2. Both report for 1895. They are:
Kalium Springs, CoUingswood, Camden County.
Pine Grove Mineral Spring, Woodbury, Gloucester County.
New Mexico.
One spring is taken from the list, leaving 3 as the total for the Territory. All report for 1895, as foUo'Ts :
Coyote Soda Spring, Coyote Qanyon, Bernalillo County. Harsch's Iron Springs, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County. Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Taos County.
New York.
The list for New York is increased by 2 new springs, making the total 31. Of these the following 24 report sales in 1895 :
Avon Sulphur Spring, Avon, Livingston County.
A. D. Ayer Amherst Mineral Springs, near Williamsville, Erie County.
Boonville Mineral Springs, Boouville, Oneida County.
Cayuga Water, Cayuga, Cayuga County.
Colonial Mineral Springs, West Deer Park, Suffolk County.
Deep Rock Springs, Oswego, Oswego County.
Esperanza Mineral Springs, Lrke Keuka. Yates County.
Great Bear Spring, Fulton, Oswego County.
Massena Springs, Massena, St. Lawrence County.
Salnbria Springs, Watkin, Schuyler County.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County :
Champion Spring.
Empire Spring.
Excelsior Spring.
Ilathom Spring.
Old Putnam Spring.
Mineral Waters. 1037
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County — Gontiuued.
Patterson Spring.
Royal Spring.
Saratoga Kissingen Spring.
Saratoga Vichy Spring.
Saratoga Victoria Spring.
Union Spring. Snlphnr Springs, Richfield Springs, Otsego County. Table Rook Mineral Spring, Honeoye Falls, Monroe County. White Sulphur Spring, Sharon Springs, Schoharie County.
North Carolina.
Two springs are taken from North Carolina's list, leaving the total 8, M of which for 1896. They are:
Ashley Bromine and Arsenic Spring, Ashe County.
Barium Springs, Barium Springs, Iredell County.
Lemon Springs, Lemon Springs, Moore County.
Park's Spring, Caswell County, near Danville, Va.
Panacea Springs, Warren County.
Seven Springs, Seven Springs, Wayne County.
Shaw's Healing Springs, Littleton, Halifax County.
Thompson's Bromine Arsenic Springs, Crumpler, Ashe County.
Ohio.
Two new springs increase Ohio's list from 12 in 1894 to 14 in 1895. The following 12 report sales:
Crum Mineral Springs, Austiiitown, Mahoning County.
Crystal Rock Spring, Erie County.
Devonian Mineral Spring, Lorain, Lorain County.
La Fountain Mineral Springs, Fountain Park, Champaign County.
Magnetic and Saline Spring, Marysville, Union County.
Midland Mineral Springs, Midland, Midland County.
Mustcash Spring, Erie County.
Puritas Mineral Springs, Rockport, Cuyahoga County.
Purtlebaugh Mineral Springs, Urbana, Champaign County.
Rex Mineral Spring, New Richmond, Clermont County.
Sulphur Lick Springs, Anderson, Ross County.
Wewoka Spring, near Richards Station, Lucas County.
Oregon.
One new spring is added to the list, bringing the total up to 3. All report as follows:
Lehman Springs, Hubbard, Marion County. Siskiyou Spring, Soda Springs, Jackson County. Wilhoit Springs, Wilhoit, Clackamas County.
Pennsylvania.
Four new springs added to the list bring the total up to 21. Of these the following 16 report sales in 1895 :
Aquatone Mineral Spring, Aquetong, Buoks County.
Black Barren Mineral Spring, Pleasant Grove, Lancaster County.
Cloverdale Lithia Springs, NewyiUe, Cumberland County.
Cressou Springs, Cressou, Cambria County.
Enreka Springs, Saegerstown, Crawford County.
Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Gettysburg, Adams C'ounty.
Gray Spring, Cambridgeboro, Crawford County.
Great Indian Spring, Glen Summit, Luzerne County.
Parker Mineral Spring, Gardeau, McKean County.
Pavilion Spring, Wemersville, Berks County.
Ponce de Leon Spring, Meadville, Crawford County.
Pulaski Natural Mineral Springs, Pulaski, Lawrence County.
RoBSCommon Springs, Wind Gap, Monroe County.
Susquehanna County Mineral Springs, Rush, Susquehanna County.
TuBcarora Lithia Spring, McClaysville, Juniata County.
Rhode Island.
There is no change in the Rhode Island list for 1895, and the 3 springs report sales. They are:
Gladstone Spring, Narragansett Pier, Washington County.
Holly Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County.
Ochee Mineral and Medical Springs, Johnson, Providence (.ouuty.
South Carolina.
Only 2 of South Carolina's springs report sales in 1895. They are:
Chicks Springs, Chicks Springs, Greenville County. Harris Lithia Spring, Waterloo, Laurens County.
South Dakota.
The 1 spring credited to South Dakota reports sales in 1895. It is: Hot Springs of South Dakota, Hot Springs Fall River County.
Tennessee.
One new spring is added to the list, making the total 0. Of these the following 4 report for 1895:
Dixie Mineral Spring, Knoxyille, Knox County. Idaho Springs, St. Bethlehem, Montgomery County. Red Boiling Springs, Red Boiling Springs, Macon County. Tate Epsom Springs, Tate Spring, Grainger County.
Texas.
The list for Texas shows no change in 1895, remaining at 13. Of these the following 10 report sales :
Capp's Well, Longview, Gregg County.
Dalhy Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie County.
Hynson's Natural Iron Spring, Marshall, Harrison County.
Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County.
Montvale Springs, Marshall, Harrison County.
Overall Mineral Wells, Franklin, Robertson County.
Mineral Waters. 1039
Rosborough Marshall, Harrison County.
Slack's Wells, Payette County, near Waelder, Gonzales County.
Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson County.
Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County.
Utah.
Only 1 of Utah's two springs sales for 1895. It is: Wasatka Springs, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County.
Vermont.
One new spring is added to the list, making the total for the State 5. Of these the following 4 report sales for 1895:
Clarendon Springs, Clarendon Springs, Rutland County. Equinox Spring, Manchester, Bennington County. Missisquoi Mineral Springs, Sheldon, Franklin County. Vermont Mineral Spring, Brookline, Windham County.
Virginia.
There is no change in the list for Virginia. Of the 34 springs credited to the State, 29 report sales in 1895. They are:
Blue Ridge Springs, Botetourt County.
Buffalo Lithia Springs, Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County. Chase City Mineral Springs, Chase City, Mecklenburg County. Cove Lithia Springs, near Wytheville, Wythe County. Crockett Arsenic Lithia Spring, Shawsville, Montgomery County. Farmville Lithia Springs, Cumberland County, near Faruiville, Prince Edward County. Harris and Tonic Spring, Burkeville, Nottoway County. Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Bath County. Iron Lithia Springs, Tip Top, Tazewell County. Jordan White Sulphur Spring, Stephenson, Fredenck County. Lake Como Lithia Spring, Henrico County. Massanetta Springs, Harrisonburg, Rockingham County. Nye Lithia Springs, Wytheville, Wythe County. Osceola Springs, near Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County. Otterbum Lithia and Magnesia Springs, Amelia, Amelia County. Pffiouian Springs, Loudoun County.
Powhatan Lithia and Alum Springs, Tobaccoville, Powhatan County. Pine Mountain Springs, Washington County. Rawley Springs, Rawley Springs, Rockingham County. Rockbridge Alum Springs, Goshen Bridge, Rockbridge County. Sea Wright Magnesian Lithia Spring, Staunton, Augusta County. Seven Springs, near Glade Spring, Washington County. Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County. St-eephill Ferro-phospho-magnesinm Spring, North Staunton, Augusta County. Swineford's Arsenic Lithia Springs, Osceola.
Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Springs, near Staunton, Augusta County. Virginia Waukesha Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County. Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, near Millboro Spring, Bath County. Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County.
Washington.
Two of the 3 springs credited to the State of Washington report sales for 1895. They are:
Cascade Springs, near Cascades, Skamania County. Medical Lake, Medical Lake, Spokane County.
West Virginia.
One spring is taken from the list, leaving the total 6, of which 5 report. They are:
Capon Springs, Capon Springs, Hampshire County.
Irondale Springs, Independence, Preston County.
Salt Sulphur Springs, Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County.
Triplet Well, Calf Creek, Grant District, Pleasants County.
White Sulphur Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County.
Wisconsin.
Two new springs are added to Wisconsin's list, making the total 28. Of these 24 report in 1895. They are:
AUouez Mineral Springs, Green Bay, Brown County.
Bay City Springs, Ashland, Ashland County.
Bethania Mineral Spring, Osceola, Polk County.
Castalia Springs, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County.
Darlington Mineral Springs, Diirlington, Lafayette County.
Fort Crawford Springs, Prairie du Chien, Crawford County.
Great Geyser Spring, Palmyra, Jefferson County.
Lehens Wasser, Green Bay, Brown County.
Nee-Ska-Ra Mineral Spring, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County.
Salvator Springs, Green Bay, Brown County.
Shealtiel Springs, Waupaca, Waupaca County.
Sheboygan Spring, Sheboygan, Sheboygan County.
Sparkling Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County.
St. John Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County.
Wautoma Mineral Spring, Waushara County.
Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County :
Almanaris Springs.
Arcadian Spring.
Bethesda Mineral Spring.
Elein Springs.
Fountain Spring.
Horeb Spring.
Siloam Spring.
Waukesha Hygeia Mineral Spring.
Silurian Mineral Spring.
MINERAL WATERS. SMmmary of reports of mineral ttpringafor 1896,
StatM aod Territories. NORTH ATLANTIC STATES.
Maine "
New Hampshire '
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
HOUTH ATIJiNTIC STATKS.
Delaware
Maryland
District of Colnmbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
Sonth Carolina
Georgia
Florida ;
South Central States.
Kentucky
Tennessee ,
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Indian Territory
Arkansas
Oklahoma
North Central States.
Ohio
Indiana I
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
porting. reporting. oiaJly:
Summary ofreporU ofmmeral springe far Continaed.
States and TerrltoriM.
NORTH CENTRAL STATES— Continued.
North Dakota
Sonth Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Western States An1> Tkritories.
Alaska
Wyoming ...
Montana
Colorado
New Mexico .
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Idaho
Washington .
California . . .
I Springs re< I porting.
Total.
Springs not Total used
,Spo.Sng. -£5y- .
Iiviports Ajd Exports.
Prior to 1884 the Treasury Department did not distinguish natural mineral waters from those that were artificial; since 1883 the distinction has been made, but the artificial waters have not been classified according to the receptacles in which they have been imported. The importation is shown in the two tables following, with a table of exports appended.
Mineral Waters.
Mineral waters imported and entered for ooneumption in the United States 2867, to 1883,
incluaire.
I Fiscal yew ended Jnne 30—
i 1869
' 1871
i 1873
I 1874
I 1875
In bottles of 1 qnart or leee. j Utiles inexcese of 1
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Fiscal year ended Jnne 30—
Not in bottles.
Quantity. Value.
5&1
Value. ,
All not artidcial.
Quantity. Value,
Total value.
a51, 727
MINERAL RESOURCES. Imports for years 1884 to 1895,
Tear ended—
June30,1884.
Deo. 31,1886.
Gallons.
Artificial mineral waters.
Natural mineral waters.
Value.
Gallons.
Exports of natural mineral waters of domestic production from the United States.
Fiscal year ending Jane 30— Value.
Fiscal year ending June 30— Value.
a 459
a None reported since 1883.
Index.
Page. Abrasive materials, paper by Edward W.
Parker on 8B7
Africa, copper 118
Alabuma. coal 364
coke production 543
coking: Indnstry 571
iron ores 25
limestone 791
manganese 183
mineral waters 1081
sandstone 778
Algiers, copper 118
Alleghany Mountain district, coke 599
Alleghany Valley coke district 003
Aluminum 243
European prices of 246
paper by Alfred E. Hunt on European
manufacture of S46
process of Adolph Minet 347
process of Edward Kleiner 847
process of Grfttzel 247
processor Hdrault 848
process of Pittsburg Reduction Com-
Iiany 250
production and imports 843
summary — 7
Amber 917
American rock cement, analysis 890
by Uriah Cummings on 889
Amethyst 912
Analyses, fullers' earth 880
cement from Kings Rock, Pa 890
chromic iron ore 283
clays, American ball 845
clays from MayfieId,Ky 871
clays from Palatlakaha River, Florida 878
coal and coke from Cokedale, Wash. . 610 coal and coke from Morris Run, New
York 687
coal and coke from Qallatin County,
ni 578
coal containing platinum and vanadium 282
coal from Oregon 478
coke from Wise County, Va 809
coke made by the Qeorgria Mining, Manufacturing, and Investment
Company, Atlanta, Qa 576
kaolins from American localities 844
Page.
Analyses, kaolin from Edgar, Fla 872
kaolin from Lawrence, Ind 859
limestone from Massachusetts 804, 805
limestone from New York 796,
limestone from Vermont 8015.810,811
I manganese ores from Johnson Coun-
I ty,Tenn : 208
Mansfield sandstone 783
marble fromVermont 808.809
marl from Harper, Ohio 886
Portland sandstone 786
potters* flint 847
I sagger clay from Woodbridge, N . J . . 863
I sandstone from Cannelton, Ind 786
South Carolina manganese 201
stoneware clay from Huntingburg,
Ind 850
Andalusite 910
Antimony, imports 277
occurrence 275
paper by Edward W. Parker on 275
prices 278
production 275
summary 7
uses 276
Argentina, 118
I Arizona, copper 102
limestone 791
sandstone 778
Arkansas, coal 389
, limestone 791
I mineral waters 1031
Portland cement 885
pyrites 977
sandstone 778
Asbestos, Canadian production 1006
imports 1005
by Edward W. Parker on . . . 1004
production 1004
summary 12
Asia, copper 118
Asphaltum, Calif omia 753
Imports 738
Kentucky 754
Montana 737
paper by Edward W. Parker on 751
production since 1882 73S
summary 12
Texas 754
Index.
Page.
Asphaltmn, Utah 765,767
varietioB produced in 1806 752
Australia, copper 118
lead 166,161
Austria, copper 117
lead 156,161
zinc 171,175
Austria-Hungary, coal production 81 7
manganese 209
jjaraffin imported into 716
petroleum 713
Baku , shipments of petroleum from 728
Ball clays 844
production 840
shrinkage of 845
Banca and Billiton tin ore, treatment of . 238
Barytes, imports 1028
paper by Edward W. Parker on 1023
production 1023
summary 11
Basic steel 50
Bauxite 244
Beaver coke district 602
Belgium, cool production 817
lead 156
manganese 210
Bessemer pig iron, production 24
Bessemer steel, production 67
Bessemer steel works 60
Birkinbine, John, pajter on iron ores, by. 28
Bituminous rock, production 752
Blast furnaces in iron and steel industry. 49
Blossburg district 604
Bolivia, copper 117
Borax, summary 11
Bosnia, manganese 210
Brewer, W. M., on occurrences of
graphite in the South, by 1008
quoted on occurence of barytes in
Southern States W5
Brick, average price of, by States 832
production 819
vitrified paving, average price of — 884
Broad Top coke district 600
Bromine, summary 10
Buhrstones, imports 928
production 928
C. C. ware and white granite ware 854
Calif ornia, asphaltum 753
coal 871
copper 108
granite 764
limestone 791
manganese 188
marble 768
nuneral waters 1081
naturalgas 746
petroleum 698
Portland cement 884
sandstone 778
slate 774
Canada, asbestos 1006
chromite 268
coal production 320
copper 117
manganese 206
Page
Canada, naturalgas 740
petroleum 707
petroleum shipped from 706
production of oil refineries of 711
Cannelton sandstone 786
analyses 786
Cape of Hope, copper 118
ment 881
by countries 883
imports by ports 892
summary 10
Chile, copper 117
manganese 206
Chromic iron ore, usee of 272
analyses 268
Canada 261
shipments from Coleraine Township,
Canada 271
summary 11
usesof 272
Chromite, Canada 288
characteristics of 262
occurrence of 264
Chrysoprase 012
Clay, average value per plant S3&
Belleek ware made from 857
casting 850
electric supplies made from 857
methods of decoration 850
I paper by Jefferson Middleton on 817
' Parian ware made from 858
production 817
products 853
rank of states in output of 820
I trade-marks 851
I turning 849
1 Clays, Mayfleld,Ky., analyses of 871
methods of molding 840
New York 866
Ohio 866
Pennsylvania 860
Southern States 870
summary 0
West Virginia 860
Clearfield Center district, coke in 609
Coal, Alabama 364
amount consumed in the manufacture of coke 580,566
analysis of, from Q-allatin County, 111 . . 578
anthracite 298
anthracite, directory of producers in
Pennsylvania 488
Arkansas 800
average prices 308
bituminous 204
California 371
Colorado 373
expense of mining 541
fields of the United States 286
Georgia 380
imports of 311
Indiana 413
Indian Territory 410
Iowa 421
Index.
Page
GoAl, Kansas
Kentucky 483
labor statistics 807
Michigan 448
Missonrt 449
Montana 454
Nebraska 458
Nevada 458
New Mexico 458
New South Wales 319
North Carolina 403
Ohio 464
Oregon 472
paper by Edward W. Parker on 285
Pennsylvania 481
production 202
production by States 295
production in Austria-Hungary 317
production in Belgium 317
production in Canada 320
production in France 316
production in Qermany 316
production in Great Britain 315
production in India 330
production in Italy 321
production in New South Wales 319
production in previous years 298
production in Queensland 319
production in Russia 318
production in Spain 321
production in Sweden 321
production in Victoria 330
production in 1895 compared with
required to produce a ton of coke 563
South Dakota 515
sommary. .. 7
Tennessee..: 515
Texas 521
used and coke produced at Geddes,
Ny... 587
used by steamship companies out of
New York, annual tonnage of 328
Utah 623
variations in average prices of 311
Virginia 524
Washington 526
West Virginia 629
world's product 313
Wyoming 536
Coal trade review 3:.l
Boston, Mass 329
Buffalo, N. Y 340
Chicago, ni 347
Cincinnati. Ohio 354
CleveUnd, Ohio 848
Milwaukee, Wis 350
Mobile, Ala 359
NewYork,N.Y 325
Norfolk, Va 361
Philadelphia, Pa 831
8t.Louis.Mo 358
San Francisco, Cal 361
Seattle, Wash 363
Toledo, Ohio 845
Page.
Cobalt oxide, imports 280
summary 11
Coke, Alleghany Mountain district 589
Alleghany Valley district 603
Beaver district 602
Blossburg district 604
Broad Top district 600
character of coal used in Georgia in
the manufacture of 677
character of coal used in Illinois in the
manufactureof 579
character of coal used in Indiana in
the manufacture of 580
character of coal used in Indian Territory in the manufacture of 581
character of coal used in Kansas in the
manufactureof 582
character of coal used in Kentucky in
the manufacture of 688
character of coal used in Missouri in
themanufact-.ureof 584
character of coal used in Montana in
the manufacture of 685
character of coal used in New Mexico in the manufacture of 686
character of coal used in Ohio in the
manufactureof 690
character of coal used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of 594
character of coal used in Tennessee in
the manufacture of 607
character of coal used in United States
in the manufacture of 668
character of coal used in Washington
in the manufacture of 611
character of coal used in West Virginia in the manufacture of 614
character of coal used in Wisconsin
in the manufacture of 619
character of coal used in Wyoming in
the manufacture of 620
coal consumed in the manufact ure of . 560
Clearfield Center district 509
Greensburg district 606
Illinois J 577
imports 570
Indiana 679
Indian Territory 580
Irwin district 606
Kanawha district 616
Kansas 581
Kentucky 582
manufacture of, in the United States,
by SUtes and Territories 543
Missouri 584
Montana 584
monthly prices of Connellaville 597
monthly shipments of, from the Connellsville
region 596
New Mexico 586
New River district 615
NewY'ork 687
number of establishments in the United States since 1850, for manufacture of 549
Ohio 568
Index.
Page.
Coke, iMper by Joseph D. Weeks on 643
Pennsylvania 501
Pittsburg district 001
Pocahontas Flat Top district 615
production from. 1880 to 1886 653
production in Alabama 543
production in Colorado 643
production in Georgia 643
production in Illinois 643
production in Indiana 644
production in Indian Territory 544
production in Kansas 644
production in Kentucky 644
production in Missouri 544
production in Montana 644
production in New Mexico 544
production in New York 644
production in Ohio 644,590
production in Pennsylvania 544
production in Pennsylvania by districts 692
production in Tennessee 644
production in Texas 544
production in Utah 644
production in Virginia 644
production in Washington 644
production in West Virginia 644
production in West Virginia, by districts 612
production in Wisconsin 644
production in Wyoming 644
rank of the States and Territories in
production of 666
Beynoldsville- Walston district 604
summary 0
Tennessee 606
Texas 607
Upper Connells ville district 698
Upper Monongahela district 617
Upper Potomac district 618
Utah 608
value and average selling price of — 556
Virginia 608
Washington 610
West Virginia 611
Wisconsin 619
Wise County, Va. , analysis of 609
Wyoming 619
Coke works, total number in the United
States 547
Coking industry by States 671
Alabama 571
Colorado 673
Georgia 575
Colombia, manganese $908
Colorado, coal 373
coke production 543
coking industry in 573
granite 764
lead 152
limestone 791
manganese 194
mineral waters 1038
natural gas 748
petroleum 698
Portland cement 884,885
Faff&
Colorado, sandstone 778
Connecticut, granite 764
limestone 798
limestone, Stockbridge belt 802
mineral waters 1032
sandstone 779
ConneUsville region. Pa., monthly shipments of coke from 506
Copper, Africa 118
Algiers 118
American product by months 88
Argentina 118
Arizona 108
Asia 118
Australia 118
Austria 117
Bolivia 117
Canada 117
Cape of Good Hope 118
Chile 117
English trade 120
Europe 117
exports 109
exports from Great Britain 125
Gherman trade 138
Germany 117
Hungary 1.. 117
imports 108
imports and exports, British 120
imports into France 136
imiKirts into Liverpool, Swansea, and
London 123
Italy 117
Japan 118
Lake Superior mines 92,94
leading foreign producers 138
markets for 118
Mexico 117
Montana 92,94
Newfoundland 117
North America 117
Norway 117
paper by Charles Kirchhoff on 81
Peru 117
production 82
Russia 117
South America 117
summary - 6
Sweden 117
Venezuela 118
world's production 117
Corundum and emery 933
Corundum deposits of the southern Apjjalachian region, paper by J. A.
Holmeson 935
Corundum mines and mining 980
occurrence of 937
sunmaary 10
Crucible steel, production 68
Crucible steel works in iron and steel industries 61
Crude petroleum production 627
CryoUte '. 9B6
imports 999
Cuba, manganese 207
Index.
Cnminlngs, Uriab, paper on Americui
rock cement by
Cat-nail machines in iron and steel industries
Cat-nails, production
Cyanite
Dakota, Portland cement 88
Day, William Cpaperon stone by
Delaware, granite
Diamonds
imports
Drain tile production
Drilling wells in the Pennsylvania and
New York oil regions
Earthenware
Earthenware clays
Eastern Ohio oil district, number of dry holes drilled in
rigs building in 68
wells completed in
East Indies, manganese
Eldridge, George H., on gilsonite and
ozocerite in Utah
Emery imports
summary
English copper trade
Europe, sine
Exports, coal
copper
copper, British
copper, from Great Britain
iron and steel
lead
manganese from Dominion of Canada
mineral waters
petroleum
Portland cement
salt
salt, countries to which sent
sulphur, Sicilian
rinc
zinc, France
Feldspar
analyses
production
sources of supply
summary
Fertilizers,
Fibrous talc
disposition of
imports
production
Fire-brick, production
Fire-clay, production
Flint and feldspar
Flint, production
sources of supply
summary
Florida, fuller's earth
mineral waters
Fluorspar, production
summary jbl
Forges and bloomerles in iron and steel
industries
France, coal production
Page.
Sll
Page.
Prance, lead 136,158
manganese 210
zinc 1 171,175,176
zinc, exports 176
Fuller's earth 876
American occurrences 877
analyses of 880
foreign occurences 8T7
summary 9
Garnet 910,948
occurrence 948
production 949
uses 949
Gtoms, collections 919
ezhibitsat Atlanta 920
literature 922
production ?n the United States 923
test of , by X rays 921
Georgia, coal 380
coke production 643
coking industry in 675
granite 764
manganese 196
marble 768
mineral waters 1032
rock cement 891
slate 774
Germany, coal production 816
copper 117
lead 156,160
manganese 211
petroleum 715
Gilsonite in Utah 755
Gold and silver, production by States 72
rank of States in production of 76
Gold, summary 6
Granite 761
California 764
Colorado 764
Connecticut 764
Delaware 764
Georgia 764
Maine 764
Maryland 764
Massachusetts 765
Minnesota 765
Missouri 765
New Hampshire 765
New Jersey 765
New York 765
North Carolina 765
Pennsylvania 766
Bhodelsland 768
South Carolina 768
Virginia 766
Wisconsin 766
Graphite 1007
imports 1008
on occurrences of, in the South,
by William M. Brewer 1008
Great Britain, coal production 315
copper 117
lead 156.158
manganese 212
petroleum 715
zinc 171,174
Index.
Page.
Greece, lead 166
manganese 014
GreenBbnrg coke district 606
Grindstones, imports 930
production 029,030
summary 10
Gypeum, comparative production for six
years 980
exjMrts from Canada 988
imports 982
occurrence 978
paper by Edward W. Parker on 978
production 978
production by States 979
summary 10
Holmes, J. A., paper on the corundum deposits of the southern Appalachian region by 936
Hones and whetstones, imports of 983
Hopkins, T. C, on the sandstones of westem Indiana 780
Hungary, copper 117
lead 156
Hydraulic rock cement, production from
Idaho, lead 152
marble 768
mineral waters 1002
Ihlseng, M. C, on a phosphate prospect in
Pennsylvania 957
niinoi8,coal 881
coke 577
coke production 543
lead 162
limestone 792
mineral waters 1082
naturalgas 745
petroleum 701
Portland cement 884,885
rockcement 891
Imports, antimony 277
asbestos 1006
asphaltum 758
barytes 1023
buhrstones and millstones 928
cement, by countries 883
cement, by ports 892
clay 886
coal 811
cobalt oxide 380
coke 570
copper 103
copper, British 120,121
copper into France 128
copper into Liverpool, Swansea, and
London 123
cryolite 999
diamonds 025
emery 034
fertilizers 064
fibrous talc 816
grindstones 080
gypsum 082
hones and whetstones 033
iron and steel 64
iron ores 41,66
Pafca
Imports, lead 186
lead, sources of 142
noanganese 102
manganese ore into the United Kingdom 213
mica 1001
mineral paints 1016
mineral waters 1042
natural gas 760
nickel 860
ocher 1015
orange mineral 1021
paraffin into Austria-Hungary 715
Portland cement 881
pyrites 074
salt 002
sulphur 060
tin plates 70
umber 1016
India, coal production 320
manganese ores 221
petroleum 720
Indiana, rock cement 801
coal 413
coke production 544,670
limestone 792
mineral waters 1033
natural gas 742
petroleum 602
Portland cement 884
Portland sandstone, analyses 786
sandstone 779
sandstone, Cannelton, analyses 786
sandstone, Mansfield, analyses 788
Indian Territory, coal 419
coke 580
coke production 644
manganese 196
petroleum 708
Infusorial earth W7
occurrence 947
production 048
summary 12
Iowa, coal 421
lead 152
limestone 708
marble 768
mineral waters 1038
pottery clay 860
Iron and steel, capacity of works 48
exports 66
imports 64
maximum yearly production 54
prices 66
pricesinflrsthalf of 1896 69
production of leading forms 55
rails 61
rails, production 60
Iron and steel industries, basic steel 50
Bessemer steel production 67
Bessemer steel works 60
blastfurnaces 49
crucible steel production 68
crucible steel works 61
cut-naU machines 51
Index.
Iron and steel industries, cat nails, production
62
depressed condition of industry in
first half of 1896 67
distribution of works 52
forges and bloomerles 52
iron and steel rails j. 51
iron and steel rails, production 50
iron blooms and billets 63
natural gas used 52
open-hearth steel, production 58
open-hearth steel works 60
pig iron, production 57
plate and sheet mills 51
plates and sheets, production 60
paper by James M. Swank on present condition of 57
puddling furnaces 49
rolled iron and steel 63
rolling mills and steel works 49
structural iron and steel 51
structural shapes, production 60
tin plate, production 61
tin-plate works 68
total production of steel 69
wire nails, production 62
wire-nail works 61
wire rods 51
wire rods, production 61
summary 6
Iron-ore industry, Alabama 25
Michigan 26
Pennsylyania 26
Virginia 25
Wisconsin 25
Iron ores, Oogebic range 28
important producing mines 96
imports 41,66
in Lake Superior region 28
Marquette range.. 28
Menominee range 28
Mesabi range 28,32
paper by John Birkinbine on 23
production by classes 27
production by States 25
shipments from leading districts 66
shipping docks, dimensions 85
summary 6
summary of production, 1889 to 1805.. 23
value of 40
Vermilion range 28
Irwin coke district 608
Italy, coal prtjduction 321
copper 117
lead 156
manganiferous iron ore 215
petroleum 717
Japan, copper 118
manganese 222
petroleum 721
Jaya, petroleum 721
Jenks, Charles N., paper on the manufacture and use of corundum by 943
Jones, John H., paper on Pennsylrania
anthracite by 482
Page.
Kanawha district ooke 616
Kansas, coal 420
coke production 544,581
lead 151
limestone 793
mineral waters 1033
petroleum 609
rock cement 801
sandstone 779
zinc 166
Kaolin 843,871
analyses 844,830,872,873
production 840
Kentucky, asphaltum 754
cement 801
roal : 433
coke 582
coke production 544
limestone 798
mineral waters 1088
naturalgas 744
petroleum 700
rock cement 891
KirchhofF, Charles, paper on copper by . . 81
paper on lead by 131
paper on zinc by 168
Kunz, George F. , paper on precious stones
by 805
Labradorite 016
Lake Superior region, copper mines 92, 94
iron ores 28
Lead, Australia 156,161
Austria 156,161
Belgium 156
consumption 146
domestic producers 147
exports
France 136,158
Germany 156.190
Great Britain 156,158
Greece 156
Hungary 156
imports and exports 138
imports, sources of 142
Italy 156
Kansas 151
market 155
Mexico 156
Missouri 147
paper by Charles Kirchhoflf on 131
prices 152
refined, production 1 825 to 1805 181
Rocky Mountain region 162
Spain 156,157
summary - 7
upper Mississippi Valley region 152
world's production, by counties 156
Lima-Indiana oU field, pipe-line runs in . . 675
shipments 676
stocks of crude petroleum in 677
completedin 608
number of weUs drilling in 682
prices in 678
rigs building in 682,684
Index.
Pag©.
Lima (Ohio) oil field, wells completed in . 683
wellrecordin 680,684
Limestone analyses, Massachusetts 804, 806
New York 796,797,798,800,801,802
Vermont 808,810,811
Limestone, Alabama 791
Arizona 791
Arkansas 791
California 791
Cambrian in New York 798
Colorado 791
Connecticut 79S
dolomite area in Westchester and
Du chess counties, N.Y 796
for iron flux, summary 6
Helderberg in New York 798
Kansas 793
Kentucky.. 793
Illinois 792
Indiana 792
Iowa 792
Maine 798
Maryland 793
Massachusetts 798
Michigan 793
Minnesota 793
Missouri 794
Montana 794
New Jersey 794
New York 794,796
New York, dolomite 796
Ohio 794
Pennsylvania 794
production by States 787-796
quarries of eastern New York, westem Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, by Heinrich Bies ... 795 Stockbridge belt in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont 80S
Tennessee 795
Texas 796
Trenton in New York 800
Vermont 795
Vermont Black River belt 810
Vermont, Trenton 802
Virginia 795
Wisconsin 796
Litharge, imports 1021
Louisiana mineral waters 10B4
sulphur 981
Macksburg oil district, pipe-line runs in. 686
wellrecordin 691
Magnesite, summary 12
Maine, granite 764
limestone 793
mineral waters 1084
slate 774
Majolica 857
Manganese and manganif erous ores, Alabama 193
Austria-Hungary 209
Belgium 210
Bosnia 210
California 198
Canada 205
Chile 208
Paget Manganese and manganif erous ores, Colombia 208
Colorado 194
Cuba a07
East Indies 2'
exports from Dominion of Canada — 296
Prance 210
Germany 211
Georgia 196
Great Britain 212
Greece 214
imports 192
India 221
Indian Territory 196
Italy 214
Japan 222
Lake Superior region 197
localities in United States 186
Missouri 196
Montana 196
New Brunswick 206
New Jersey 199
New South Wales 223
New Zealand 228
North Carolina 199
Nova Scotia, production 207
paper by Joseph D. Weeks on 185
Pennsylvania 200
Portugal 215
prices 191
production of 191
Queensland 223
Russia 215.216
Smiland district, Sweden 218
South Australia 224
South Carolina 200
Spain 217
sunmiary 7
Sweden 217
Tennessee 201
Turkey 222
Vermland and Nerike 219
Vermont 204
Virginia 204
West Virginia 205
world's production 224
Manganese ores, BSlet field, Sweden 218
exports from Santiago district, Cuba . 207
in the United Kingdom 213
production and value 187
production of all classes 191
Manganif erous iron ore, production of . . . 188 Manganiferous ores in Colorado, production 195
Manganiferous silver ores, production of. 189
Manganiferous zinc ores, production 190
product from 1889 to 1895 199
adaptability to masonry 784
chemical composition 783
color 782
durability 784
occurrence 784
structure 782
texture 782
Marble, analyses 808,808
Index.
Page.
Murble, Calif ornla 768
Georgia 788
Idaho 78
Iowa 768
Maryland 769
New York 769
Tenneasee 769
value of product by States 766
Vermont 769
Vermont, section of quarry 807
Vermont belt 806
Maryland, cement rock 801
coal 442
ifranite 764
limestone 793
marble - 769
mineral waters 1084
pottery day 860
slate 774
Massachusetts, granite 765
limestone 798
limestone, analyses... 804,806
limestone, Stockbridge belt 802
marble 76P
mineral waters lOW
pottery clay 861
sandstone 779
Mecca-Belden oil district 692
Metallicpaint 1016
summary H
Mexico, copxjer 117
lead 156
Mica, condition of industry 1002
future supply 1003
imports 1001
production 1000
summary 11
uses 1001
Michigan, coal 448
iron ores... 25
limestone 793
mineral waters 1085
Portland cement 885
sandstone 779
Middleton, Jefferson, paper on the statistics of the clay -working industries
of the United States by 817
Millstones, sunmiary 10
Mineral paints, imports 1015
Utharge imports 1021
metallicpaint 1016
minerals used as pigments 1011
ocher production 1012
orange mineral, imports 1021
paper by Edward W. Parker on 1011
production 101 1
red lead, imports 1021
sienna, production 1013
slate used as a pigment 1018
umber, production 1013
Venetian reds 1018
white lead, imixjrts 1021
white lead, production... 1019
Page.
Mineral waters, Alabama..! 1081
Arkansas 1081
Califomla 1081
Colorado 1002
Connecticut 1082
Florida 1032
Georgia 103S
Idaho 1082
Illinois 1082
imports 1042
Indiana 1083
Iowa 1033
Kansas 1083
Kentucky 1033
list of commercial springs 1031
Louisiana 1034
Maine 1084
Maryland 1034
Massachusetts 1034
Michigan 1085
Minnesota lOK
Mississippi 1085
Missouri 1085
Montana 1086
Nebraska 1036
New Hampshire 1038
New Jersey 1088
New Mexico 1086
New York 1038
North Carolina 1087
Ohio 1087
Oregon 1087
paper byA.C.Pealeon 1025
Pennsylvania 1037
production by States 1026
Rhode Island 1038
South Carolina 1088
South Dakota 1088
summary 12
Tennessee.- 1038
Texas 1038
Utah 1039
Vermont 1039
Virginia 1039
Washington 1040
West Virginia 1040
Wisconsin 1040
Minnesota, granite 766
iron ores 25
mineral waters 1036
pottery clay 862
rock cement 891
sandstone 779
Mississippi, mineral waters 1095
Missouri, coal 449
coke 584
coke production 544
granite 765
lead 147
limestone 794
manganese 198
mineral waters — 1085
natural gas 748
petroleum 702
pottery clay 8®
Index.
MisBonri, sandstone 779
zinc 166
Montana, asphaltam 757
coal 454
coke production 644,664
90
limestone 794
manganese 198
mineral waters 1086
sandstone 779
Mossagate 914
Natural gas, Calif omia 746
Canada 749
Colorado 748
consumption and distribution 736
niinois 745
imports 760
Indiana 742
in iron and steel industries 62
Kentucky 744
Missouri 748
New York 747
Ohio 741
paper by Joseph D. Weeks on 733
Pennsylvania 739
summary 9
Utah 748
value of that consximed in United
States 784
West Virginia 747
Nebraska, coal 458
mineral waters 1086
Nevadacoal 468
Newberry, Spencer B., paper on Portland
cement by 881
New Brunswick, manganese ores 206
Newfoundland, copper 117
New Hampshii-e, granite 765
mineral waters 1036
New Jersey, granite 766
limestone 794
manganese 199
mineral waters 1036
Portland cement 884,885
pottery clay 862
sandstone 779
slate 774
New Mexico,coal 468
coke production 544,586
mineral waters 1036
rock cement 891
New Rivr coke district 615
New South Wales, coal production 319
developments of platinum in 281
manganese 222
New York,clays 866
coke production 544,587
granite 765
limestone 776,794
Umestone analyses . . 796, 797, 798, 800, 801. 802
limestone, Cambrian 798
limestone, Helderberg 798
limestone, Trenton 800
marble 769
mineral waters 1086
natural gas 747
Pageb
New York, Portland cement 884,885
rock cement 891
sandstone 780
slate 774
New 2zealand, manganese 2S3
Nickel and cobalt, production and uses. . 258
imports 200
metallurgy 2G6
origin of ores 2S0
sunmiary w 7
Nickel-steel experiments of the Cleveland Eolling Mill 254
North America, copper 117
North Carolina, coal 462
granite 765
manganese 199
mineral waters 1087
North Dakota, coal 463
Norway, copper 117
Nova Scotia, manganese production 207
Ocher 1012
imports 1015
summary 11
Ohio, clays 866
coal 464
coke production 544,588,500
limestone 794
mineral waters 1087
naturalgas 741
petroleum 670
Portland cement 884,885
rock cement 801
sandstone 780
Oilstones and whetstones 031
Oilstones, summary 10
Opal 914
Open-hearth steel production 58
Open-hearth steel works 60
Oregon, coal 472
Ozocerite, in Utah 755
Parker, Edward W., paper on abrasive
materials by 927
paper on antimony by 275
paper on asbestos by 1004
paper on asphaltum by 751
on bary tes by 1023
on coal by 285
paperon gypsum by 978
paper on mineral paints by 1011
paperonsalt by 984
paper on soapstone by 813
paper on sulphur and pyrites by 958
Peale, A. C. , paper on mineral waters by . 1025
i Pennsylvania, bituminous coal 506
clays 869
coal 481
coke production 544,501
coke production by districts 508
directory of anthracite coal producers of 488
granite 766
iron ores 25
limestone 794
manganese 200
marble 760
Index.
Page.
Pennsylvania, mineral waters 1037
nataralgas 738
IMtper on anthracite coal of, by John
H. Jones 482
petroleum CK8
phosphate rock 966
Portland cement 884
rock cement 891
sandstone 780
slate 774
Torn, copper 117
Petroleum, Appalachian field 638,(199
Appalachian field, dally production
of 668,663
Appalachian field, number of dry
holesdrilled 664
Appalachian field, number of wells
completed 650
Appalachian field, prices of 645
Appalachian field , rigs building 666
Appalachian field, stocks of 643
Appalachian field, well records 650. 667
Austria-Hungary 713
California 698
Canada 707
Canada, shipments 706
Colorado 698
decrease in stocks 6S2
Eastern Ohio district 685
extension of the Appalachian field 622
foreign markets 634
from Pennsylyania and New York,
shipments of 664
Gallcia 714
Germany 716
Great Britain 715
increase in price 622
Increased production in 1895 621
India 720
Indiana 692
Indiana, daily production of 684, 696
Indiana, dry holes drilled 695
Indiana, number of rigs building 605
Indiana, wells completed 684
Indian Territory 702
Italy 717
Japan 721
Java 721
Kansas 699
Kentucky 700
Lima district, Ohio 673
localities 625
Macksburg district, total stocks of . . . 687
Missouri 702
New York field 658
Ohio 670
Ohio and Indiana, average monthly
pricesof 678
Ohio and Indiana, fiuctuation in
pricesof : 679
on the Apsheron Peninsula, production of 723
paper by Joseph D. Weeks on 621
Pagei
Petroleum, Pennsylvania 622
Pennsylvania and New York, production 650
Pennsylvania oil regions, range of
pricesof 648
Peru 728
pipe-line runs in the Appalachian field 6i0
production and value 025
production by fields G27
production by States 038
Roumania 718
Russia 722
shipments from the Appalachian field 012
southeastern Ohio 623
Sumatra 727
summary 8
Tennessee 099
Texas 701
value produced In 1895 627
West Virginia 623,667
Wyoming 702
I Phosphate rock 951-857
Pennsylvania 955
I South Carolina 053
, South Carolina, shipments 952
summary
, Pig iron, Bessemer, production, 1889 to
production
Pike Manufacturing Company, production of oilstones, etc., by the
Pipe-line certificates of crude petroleum, monthly and yearly average prices
of
Pittsburg coke district
Plasma
Plate and sheet mills in iron and steel
industries
Platinum
developments in New South Wales . . developments in the United States...
summary .'
Pocahontas Flat Top coke district 615
Poland, zinc 171,176
Porcelain or china 856
Portland cement 881
amount made in kilns of various
kinds 887
Arkansas 885
California 884
Colorado 884,8a5
comparison of production with the
imports 882
Dakota 884,885
exports 881
minois 884,885
imports 881
Indiana 884
industry in the various States 885
Michigan 885
New Jersey 884,885
New York 884,886
Ohio 884,886
paper by Spencer B. Newberry on. . . 881
Pennsylvania 884
Index.
Page.
Portland cement, Texas 884
Utah 884
Portland sandstone 786
analyses i 786
Portugal, copper 117
nuuiganese 215
Potters' flint, analyses of 847
Pottery clay, California 858
Colorado 858
Illinois 868
Indiana 858
Iowa 800
Massachusetts 861
Minnesota 862
Missouri 862
New Jersey 862
Pottery industry, by States 858
Precious stones in the United States,
production of 924
miscellaneous discoveries 918
paper by George F. Kunz on 805
summary 11
Puddling furnaces in iron and steel industrier
. 49
Psrrites 973
Arkansas 977
consumption 974 j
imports 974
occurrence 975
production 973
Southern Appalachian States 975
summary 11
Quartz crystal for wood finishing 950
Quartz for potters' use 846
Queensland, coal production 819
manganese 223
Quicksilver 179
highest and lowest prices of 182
Imports 184
shipments in 1894 and 1885 184
summary 7
total production in the United States,
Bealgar 916
Red lead, imports 1021
Reynoldsville-Walston coke district 604
Rhode Island, granite 766
mineral waters 1088
Rhodocrosite 916
Rles, Heinrich, paper on the limestone quarries of eastern New York, western Vermont, Massachusetts,
and Connecticut by 795
paper on the industry of the
United States by 842
Rock cement 891
Roentgen rays, gems tested by 921
Rolled iron and steel, production 68
Rolling mills and steel works, in iron and
steel industry 49
Ruby 904
Russia, coal production 318
copper 117
Paga
Russia, manganese 215,216
petroleum 722,724
Sagger clays 847
from Woodbridge, N. J. , analysis of. . 863
Salt, paper by Edward W. Parker, on ... . 9B4
comiiarative production by States. . . 988
exports 992
exports, countries to which sent 997
imports 992
imports, countries from which received 986
production by States and grades 965
review of the industry 991
summary 10
supply of, for domestic consumption . 903
Sand cement 887
Sandstone 775
Alabama 778
analyses, Mansfield 783
analysis, Cannelton 786
analysis, Portland 786
Arizona 778
Arkansas 778
California 778
Cannelton 786
Colorado 778
Connecticut 779
Indiana 7T9
Kansas 779
(Mansfield) , adaptability to masonry . 784
Massachusetts 779
Michigan 779
Minnesota 779
Missouri 779
Montana 779
New Jersey 779
New York 780
of western Indiana, paper by T. C.
Hopklnson 780
Ohio 780
Pennsylvania 780
Portland 785
South Dakota 780
Texas 780
the Mansfield 781
value by States 775
West Virginia 780
Wisconsin 780
Sanitary ware 866
Sapphire 909
Sewer pipe production 822
Shipments of iron ore from leading districts 56
Shipment of manganese ore from Poti
Sicilian sulphur exports 967
industry 967
ports receiving 971
prices 967
Sienna 1012
Index,
Page.
Silesia, zinc 171.174
summary 6
Slate 770
ft a pigment - 1018
California 774
Georgia 774
Maine 774
Maryland 774
New Jersey 774
New York 774
Pennsylvania 774
Vermont 775
Virginia 775
value by States 770
Slipclays 848
Smith, Eugene A., report on sulphur deposits in Texas by fl6
Soapstone, iMkper by Edward W. Parker
on 813
occurrence 813
prices 814
production 813
South America, copper 117
South Australia, manganese 2Sii
South Carolina, granite 786
manganese 200
mineral waters 1088
phosphate rock shipments 962
South Dakota, coal 616
mineral waters 1088
sandstone 780
Spain and Portugal, copper 117
Spain, coal production 321
lead 156,157
manganese 217
zinc 171,175
summary 6
Stone, paper by William C. Day on 750
granite 761
limestone 787
marble 766
sandstone 775
slate 770
summary 9
value of different kinds 750
value by States 780
Stoneware 853
clays used 847
production 822
Structural iron and steel 61
Sulphur and pyrites, paper by Edward
W. Parker on 068
Sulphur, imports 060
Louisiana 961
Louisiana mine 961
occurrence 958
production 968
review of industry 950
Sicilian industry i 967
Sicilian exports 967
Sicilian, ports receiving 971
Sicilian, prices 967
Page.
Sulphur, summary IQ
Texas 966
Texas deposits 986
Sumatra petroleum 727
Summary 5
Swank, James M., iMiper on the present condition of the iron and steel industries of the United States by . . 45
Sweden, coal production 321
Sweden, copper 117
manganese 217
Tennessee, coal 516
coke production 544,806
limestone , 795
manganese 201
marble 769"
mineral waters 103Q'
petroleum 899
Terra-cotta production 828
Texas, asphaltum 751'
coal 521
coke production 544,6U7
limestone 795
mkieral waters.. 1089"
petroleum 701
Portland cement 884
rockccment 891
sandstone 780
sulphur
Tile production 822
Tin Zg7
mines in Banca and Billi ton fSStf
production in Banca and Billiton for
six years 243
Singkep, production 242
summary T
Tin-plate works 62
Tin plates, imports and prices TO
production ..,. 61
Tourmaline 910
Trade-marks of American potters 852
Tripoli 950
Turkey, manganese 222
Turquoise 910
Umber 1012
imports 1016
summary 11
Upper Connellsville district, coke in 698
Upper Monongahela coke district 617
Upper Potomac coke district 618
Utah, asphaltum 755
coal 523
coke production 544,608
gilsonite 755
mineral waters 1089
naturalgas 748
ozocerite 755
Portland cement 884
Venetian reds 1018
summary U
Venezuela, copper 118
Vermont, limestone 795
limestone, analyses 806,810,811
limestone* Black River belt 810
limestone. Stock bridge belt 802, 806
limestone, Trenton 802
manganese 204
Index.
rage.
Vermont, DMurble 769,806
marble, analyses 806,809
marble,sectlon of quarry 807
mineral waters 1099
slate 776
Victoria, coal production 830
Virginia, cement rock 891
coal 624
coke production 544,006
granite 786
iron ores 85
limestone 796
manganese 204
mineral waters 1089
slate 775
Vitrifiod paving brick production 819
Washington, coal 520
coke production 544,610
mineral waters 1040
Weeks, Joseph D. , paper on coke by 543
paper on natural gas by 733
paper on petroleum by 621
West VirginU, clays 869
coal 529
coke production 544,611
manganese 205
mineral waters 1040
natural gas 747
petroleum 623.667
sandstone 780
White lead, etc., production 1019
imports 1021
prices 1022
Wire nails, production 62
Wire-nail works in iron and steel industries 51
Wire rods 61
production 61
Wisconsin, coke production 644, 619
granite 786
Ironores 25
limestone 795
mineral waters 1040
rock cement 891
sandstone 780
Wyoming.coal 536
coke production 544,619
oil districts 708
oilfields, geology of 704
petroleum 702
petroleum, characteristics of 706
petroleum, early history and development
702
petroleum production 707
X-rays, gem tests by 9S1
Yellow and Rockingham ware 854
Yellow ware and Rockingham ware clays . 848
Zinc, Austria i 171,176
Belgium 171.178
Europe 171
exports 168
exports, France 176
foreign production 171
Prance 171,175,176
Great Britain 171,174
imports 166
Kansas 166
Missouri 165
paper on, by Charles KirchhoflP 168
Poland 171,175
prices 169
Rhine district and Belgium 171, 178
Silesia 171,174
Spain m,175
summary 7
Zinc-white, summary 11
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