Mineral resources of the United States

1882 · Historical

Plate I. Polished specimen of copper ore from the Rambler mine, Wyoming. . 248 Statictics of the American Iron Trade for 1902, by James M. Swank...

This 1882 document, Mineral resources of the United States, is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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Department Of The Interior

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DiBECTOB

Mineral Resources

Of The

United States

Calendar Year 1 9 O 2

David T. Day

Chip of Division op Mining and MiNERAiy Risouiicn

Washington

)i§e4 ' ' jigitized by

Contents.

Letter of Transmittal 7

Introduction 9

Summary 11

Iron Ores, by John Birkinbine 41

Production 41

Lake Superior region 45

Iron-ore industry of the various States during 1902 56

Cuba 72

Statictics of the American Iron Trade for 1902, by James M. Swank... 75

Brief review of the iron trade in 1902 75

Imports of iron and steel 75

Exports of iron and steel 76

Production of pig iron 85

Production of pig iron in Canada 97

General Statistics of Iron and Steel, Iron Ore, and Coal to the Year 1901, Inclusive, for Five Leading Iron and Steel Producing

Countries, by James M. Swank 101

Gold and Silver, by George E. Roberts 123

Manganese Ores, by John Birkinbine 133

Copper, by Charles Kirchhoff 163

General trade conditions 163

Production 163

Imports 182

Lead, by Charles Kirchhoff 205

Introduction 205

Production 205

Zinc, by Charles Kirchhoff 217

Production 217

Consumption 218

The zinc mines 219

Aluminum and Bauxite, by Joseph Struthers 231

Aluminum 231

Bauxite 235

Platinum 239

Production, by Joseph Struthers 239

Platinum in the Rambler mine, Wyoming, by J. F. Kemp 244

Quicksilver, by Joseph Struthers 251

Production 251

Prices 255

Lithium, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 259

Nickel and Cobalt, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 263

Antimony, by Joseph Struthers 271

4 Contents.

Page.

Bismuth, by Joseph Struthbbs 283

Tungsten, Molybdenum, Uranium, and Vanadium, by Joseph Hyde Pratt.. 286

Coal, by Edward W. Parker 289

Introduction 1 289

fields of the United States 291

Production 295

Prices 323

Coal production of Mexico 333

World* s production of coal 337

Production by States 346

Coke, by Edward W. Parker 449

Introduction 449

Production 450

Gas, Coke, Tar, and Ammonia at Gas Works, and in Retort Coke Ovens,

BY Edward AV. Parker 517

Petroleum, by F. H. Oliphant 535

Important features of the year 635

Foreign countries 684

World's production of petroleum in 1901 and 1902, by countries 628

Natural Gas, by F. H. Oliphant 631

Introduction 631

Canada 654

Natural gas in England 656

Asphaltum and Bituminous Bock, by Joseph Struthers 657

Stone 665

Clay- Working Industries, by Jefferson Middleton 703

Introduction 1 703

Production 706

Brick and tile 718

Pottery 733

Clay 746

Effect of tannin on clay, by Heinrich Ries 775

Cement 777

Cement in foreign countries 777

Review of cement industry in United States, by L. L. Kimball 789

Precious Stones, by George F. Kunz 813

Talc and Soapstone, by Joseph Hyde Pratf 867

Abrasive Materials, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 873

Oilstones, whetstones, etc 874

Grindstones 876

Buhrstones and millstones 878

Pumice 880

Infusorial earth and tripoli 881

Crytalline quartz 883

Garnet 884

Corundum and emery 885

Artificial abrasives 888

Borax, by Joseph Struthers 891

Bromine, by Joseph Struthers 897

Fluorspar and Cryolite, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 899

Gypsum, by George I. Adams 903

Phosphate Rock, by Joseph Struthers 915

Salt, by Josbfh Steuthbps j-gifizerfB/GoOglc*!

Contents. 5

Page.

Sulphur and Pyritb, by Joseph Struthers 933

Barytes, by JofiEPH Hyde Pratt 946

Mineral Paint, by Joseph Struthers 949

Ocher, nmber, and sienna 951

Metallic paint 955

Venetian red 956

Slate ground for pigment 957

White lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral 958

Zinc white 961

Zinc lead 962

Sublimed lead 962

AflBEBToe, BY Joseph Hyde Pratt 963

Chromfte, or Chromic Iron Orb, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 967

Flint and Feldspar, by Heinrich Ries 971

Graphite, by Joseph Struthbrs 975

Maonebite, by Joseph Struthers 983

Mica, by J. A. Holmes 985

Mineral Waters 993

MoNAZiTE, by Joseph Hyde Pratt 1003

Glass Sand, by A. T. Coons 1007

Illustrations.

Page.

Plate I. Polished specimen of copper ore from the Rambler mine, Wyoming. . 248

II. Largest piece of carbon ever found 820

III. Process of breaking the third largest piece of carbon ever found 822

IV. The carbon shown in PL III as finally broken into pieces for drills. . 822 V. Diamond sawing 862

Fig. 1. Diagram showing relation of domestic production of Portland cement to imports and to total (consumption of Portland cement in the United

States from 1890 to 1902, inclusive 781

Letter Of Transmittal.

Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Division of Mining and Mineral Resources,

Washington, D. (7., Fdynmry 18 1901. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1902, being the nineteenth annual report of the series published by this oflBce. Besides the statistics for the calendar year 1902, considerable descriptive and technical matter, obtained while the statistical canvass was in progress, is presented. Ail of this material has been given such prompt publication as was possible as advance extras from the report, in accordance with the law providing for the printing of any chapter as soon as completed.

In accordance with your instructions, the report for the calendar year 1903 is in preparation.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

David T. Day,

Oeologist in Charge. Hon. Charles D. Walcott,

Director of United States Oeological Survey.

Mineral Resources Of The Iited States, 1902.

David T. Day, Chief of Division.

Introduction.

The arrangement and scope of this volume are practically the name as in the eighteen preceding reports of the series Mineral Resources of the United States. Each report records the development of the mineral industries of the United States since the time covered by the preceding number of the series; the reports should therefore be consulted together. Every chapter in this report is a census of the productive features of the industry under discussion. The statistics of the production of gold and silver have been prepared in conjunction with the Director of the Mint, Treasury Department. The statistics of the imports and exports of minerals, which form an essential part of the volume, are obtained through the courtesy of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor. At the request of the Director of the Census, the schedules of inquiry of the Twelfth Census in regard to mining were inclosed with the statistical cards annually sent out by this office. The returns were transmitted through the Geological Survey to the Census Office, thus affording both offices the benefit of cooperation.

Except as noted above, and in a few isolated instances where some other well-established agency already exists by which the statistics are collected accurately, the figures are obtained directly from the producers, and it is impossible to acknowledge here, otherwise than by brief mention, the invaluable assistance which has been freely rendered by them and the voluntary contributions of many local experts. The names of the statistical experts who, acting under the authority of the United States, have collected statistics from the producers are given at the heads of the special chapters. The technical press, besides affording much information concerning new mining enterprises, has been largely drawn upon for prices, market reports, and new technical processes.

As heretofore, the publication of this volume has been anticipated to a great extent by the issue in advance, in pamphlet form, of the several chapters which compose it. Before the publication of this volume all of the chapters, except the one treating of gold and silver, will have been so given to the public.

The summary gives the principal statistical information recorded in this report.

In presenting these statistics all unnecessary duplication has been avoided. The coke product, discussed in the following pages and amounting to 25,401,730 short tons, valued at $63,339,167, is excluded from the tabular statement, as the quantity and value of the coal used in its manufacture is included in the statistics of coal production. Similarly, white lead, red lead, and litharge, whose average aggregate value for the last ten years has exceeded $10,000,000, are not given in the table, the base from which they are made being included in the output of pig lead. Zinc oxide, or zinc white, made directly from the ores and consequently not included in spelter production, is tabulated. The production of pig iron and its value are given in the table as the best means of presenting the statistics of the production of iron in the first marketable condition. The value of brick and pottery clays, rather than the value of the manufactured products, is embraced in the tabular statement, although the statistics of brick, tile, and pottery production are presented in detail in the report. Inflation of valuation and all unnecessary duplication are thus avoided.

Summary Of The Mineral Production Of The United States In 1902.

GEXERAIi REMARKS.

The varied character of the units of measurement employed in the mineral industry makes it impossible to compare the outputs of the several minerals except in the value of the products. The figures given in the following summary show a continuation of the remarkable activity in the mineral industries of the United States noted in 1900 and 1901.

In 1902, for the third time, the total value of the commercial mineral production of the United States exceeded the enormous sum of $1,000,000,000. The exact figures for 1902 were $1,260,639,415 as compared with $1,086,584,851 in 1901, with $1,063,678,053 in 1900, and with $972,208,008 in 1899, a gain of 1902 over 1901 of $174,064,414, or 16.02 per cent; a gain of 1902 over 1900 of $196,961,362, or 18.52 per cent; and a gain of 1902 over 1899 of $288,431,407, or 29. 67 per cent. Although this gain is not so great either actually or proportionally as was the gain in 1899, when the gain over 1898 was $273,601,810, or 39.17 per cent, it is sufficient to be worthy of note.

The notable gains and losses of the last two decades are as follows:

The largest actual gain was that of 1899 over 1898, $273,601,810, or 39.17 per cent; next, that of 1902 over 1901, $174,053,760, or 16.02 per cent; then the gain of 1895 over 1894, which was $94,215,822, or 17.88 per cent; then that of 1900 over 1899, $91,468,340, or 9.41 per cent; and the gain of 1887 over 1886, $74,927,880, or 16.81 per cent. In other years than those mentioned between 1880 and 1898 the gains were not noteworthy, and in some of the years, notably in 1884, the production decreased $40,451,968, or nearly 9 per cent. During tlie industrial depression of 1892-1895 the production would have been expected to decline, as it did, going from $648,895,031 in 1892 to $574,464,724 in 1893, and to $527,079,225 in 1894, and then rising to $621,295,047 in 1895, and not reaching the output of 1892 until 1898.

As heretofore, iron and coal are the most important of our mineral products. The value of the iron in 1902 was $372,775,000; the value of coal, $367,032,069. Nearly all the important metals increased in both output and value; and among the less important metals platinum, as compared with 1901, lost in both quantity and value even more

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than it gained in 1901 as compared with the production in 1902 being 94 ounces, valued at $1,814, as compared with 1,408 ounces, valued at $27,526, in 1901, with 400 ounces in 1900, and with 300 ounces in 1899. The fuels increased from $442,410,904 in 1901 to $469,078,647 in 1902, a gain of $26,667,743, or 6 per cent. Every variety of fuel increased in value except anthracite coal, which showed a decrease in quantity of 23,301,850 long tons and in value of $36,330,434. The average price of anthracite coal per long ton at the mine was $2.35, as against $2.05 in 1901 — the highest figure then obtained since 1888 — as compared with $1.85 in 1900, and with $1.80 in 1899; and the average price per ton for bituminous coal at the mine was $1,125, as compared with $1,047 in 1901. The increase in value of the bituminous coal output over 1901 was $54,436,434.

The gain of $174,064,414 in the total value of our mineral production is due to the increase in both metallic and nonmetallic products, the metallic products showing an increase from $518,266,259 in 1901 to $642,258,584 in 1902, again of $123,992,325, and the nonmetallic products showing an increase from $567,318,592 in 1901 to $617,380,831 in 1902, a gain of $50,072,089. To these products should be added estimated unspecified products, including building, molding, and other sands reported to this oflBce, the rare mineral mol3bdenum, and other mineral products, valued at $1,000,000, making the total mineral production for 1902 $1,260,639,415.

The manufacture of arsenious oxide, noted for the first time in the United States in the report for 1901, was continued in increased proportions in 1902.

Iron and steel. — Twenty -two States made pig iron in 1902, as against 21 in 1899 and 1900, and 20 in 1901. The total production of pig iron in 1902 was 17,821,307 long tons, against 15,878,354 tons in 1901, 13,789,242 Xjon in 1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, 11,773,934 tons in 1898, and 9,652,680 tons in 1897. The production of 1902 shows an increase of 1,942,953 long tons, or 12.2 per cent, in quantity over the production of 1901, and in increase in value from $242,174,000 to $372,775,000, amounting to $130,601,000, or about 54 per cent. The average price per long ton of pig iron increased from $15.25 in 1901 to $20.90 in 1902. The average prices per long ton in recent years have been as follows: 1900, $18.85; 1899, $18; 1897, $9.85; 1896, $10.47; 1895, $11.14; 1894, $9.76.

Iron ores. — The production of iron ores in 1902 amounted to 35,554,135 long tons, as compared with 28,887,479 long tons in 1901, a gain of 6,666,656 long tons, or 23 per cent. The value at the mines of the ore mined in 1902 was $65,412,950. As in the four preceding years, the production of iron ores in 1902 in the United States has

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Summary. 13

never been equaled by any other country. There were mined also in 1902, 13,275 long tons of manganiferous iron ore, valued at $52,371, which were used in the production of spiegeleisen.

Gold. — The production of gold in 1902, as reported by the Bureau of the Mint, was 3,870,000 fine ounces, valued at $80,000,000.

Sil/oer. — The production of silver in 1902, as repoi-ted by the B.ureau of the Mint, was 55,500,000 fine ounces; coining value, $71,757,575; commercial value, $29,415,000.

Manganese ores. — The production of manganese ores increased from 11,995 long tons, valued at $116,722, in 1901, to 16,477 long tons, valued at $177,911, in 1902, an increase in quantity of 4,472 tons and in value of $61,189. The average price per ton was $10.74 in 1902, as compared with $9.73 in 1901 and with $8.52 in 1900.

Chppei\ — The copper-mining industry suffered during 1902 from the reaction which followed the unsuccessful attempt in 1901 to maintain the metal at an artificial level. The production, however, increased from 602,072,519 pounds in 1901 to 659,508,644 pounds in 1902, an increase of 57,436,125 pounds, or about 9 per cent, in quantity, but decreased in value from $87,300,575 in 1901 to $76,568,954 in 1902, a decrease of $10,731,561, or about 12 per cent. Unless unforeseen events cause widespread or long stoppage at the mines, the production of copper in the United States will be considerably larger in 1903 than it has ever been.

Lead, — The production of lead has been almost exactly the same for the last three years, viz, 270,000 short tons in 1902, 270,700 short tons in 1901, and 270,824 short tons in 1900. The value of the production in 1902 was $22,140,000, as compared with $23,280,200 in 1901, and with $23,564,638 in 1900.

Zinc. — The production of zinc in 1902 showed a continued increase in quantity as compared with 1901 and 1900, the production teing 156,927 short tons in 1902, as compared with 140,822 short tons in 1901 and with 123,886 short tons in 1900. The value of the zinc production in 1902 was $14,625,596, as compared with $11,265,760 in 1901, and with $10,654,196 in 1900.

Aluminum. — The production of aluminum during 1902 was 7,300,000 pounds, valued at $2,284,590, as compared with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $2,238,000 in 1901, and with 7,150,000 pounds, valued at $1,920,000 in 1900.

Platinum. — The production of platinum from domestic ores in the United States during 1902 was 94 ounces, valued at $1,814, as compared with 1,408 ounces, valued at $27,526 in 1901.

Quicksilver. — The production of quicksilver during 1902 amounted to 34,291 flasks of 76 pounds net, as compared with 29,727 flasks in 1901 and with 28.317 flasks in 1900. The value of the quicksilver produced in 1902 was $1,467,848, as compared with %l,SS2,S0miim

and with $1,302,586 in 1900. California reported 28,972 flasks in 1902, as compared with 26,720 flasks in 1901; and Texas reported 5,319 flasks in 1902, as against 2,932 flasks in 1901. In addition, the census reports 10,427 tons of cinnabar or crude, valued at $67,242, mined in California, and 1,300 tons of cinnabar, valued at $1,500, mined in Texas in 1902, but not roasted or treated, a total of 11,727 short tons of cinnabar, valued at $82,242. The total production of both quicksilver and cinnabar in 1902 was therefore valued at $1,650,090.

Lithium. — The production of lithium minerals in 1902 was 1,245 short tons, valued at $25,750 at the railroad, a decrease of 505 tons in amount and 'of $17,450 in value as compared with the production of

1901, which was 1,750 tons, valued at $43,200. As far as can be ascertained the greater part of the lithium minerals mined during 1902 was not shipped. Although the price of these minerals was lower in 1902 than in 1901 for the same grade of mineral, there was apparently no increase in the home demand. There is, however, an increase in the demand for these minerals from foreign chemical manufacturers.

Nickd. — The production of metallic nickel in 1902 was 5,748 pounds, valued at $2,701, as compared with 6,700 pounds, valued at $3,551 in

Antimony, — No antimony was obtained from domestic ores during

1902. The antimony obtained from the smelting of foreign imported ores amounted to 657 short tons, valued at $129,126, and the antilnony obtained from hard lead produced from foreign and domestic lead ores was 2,904 short tons, valued at $505,240, a total production for 19(>2 of 3,561 short tons, valued at $634,506, as compared with 2,639 short tons, valued at $539,902, in 1901. The estimated total amount of antimony available for consumption in 1902 was 6,255 short tons, including 2,694 short tons of imported antimony regulus, as compared with 4,475 short tons, including 1,837 short tons of imported antimony regulus in 1901, and with 6,053 short tons, including 1,827 short tons of imported antimony regulus in 1900.

Bismuth. — No bismuth ores were produced in the United States during 1902. The marketed output in 1901 was 318.6 short tons. The ore contained gold and silver, for which the producers were paid. As nearly as can be ascertained, the value of the output in 1901 was $80 per ton, not including charges for transportation or treatment.

Molybdenum. — The production of molybdenum in 1902 was approximately the same as that of 1901, but none of the product was shipped in 1902. The value of these molybdenum ores is very erratic, the highest price hithei-to quoted being $1,500 per ton, and the lowest, $100.

Tunq8tm.—T)[e, production of tungsten during 1902 was 184 short tons of crude ore, of which not more than a few tons were sold. This does not represent the amount of tungsten ore sold in for 76ng

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8Ummaby. 15

of concentrated ore, rained in 1901, were sold in 1902. In 1901 the production amounted to 179 tons of concentrated ore, valued at $27,720. The larger part of the production of 1902 was from Colorado.

Uranium vanadvum* — There was a marked increase in the production of uranium and vanadium minerals in 1902, which, as reported to the Survey, amounted to 3,810 short tons, valued at $48,125, or $12.62 per ton. This, of course, represents the crude ore. In 1901 the production was 375 tons of crude ore.

— For the first time in the history of the United States the production of coal reached a total of over 300,000,000 short tons, showing an actual output of 301,590,439 tons of 2,000 pounds, valued at $367,032,069. Of this total the output of anthracite coal amounted to 36,940,710 long tons (equivalent to 41,373,595 short tons), which, as compared with the production of 60,242,560 long tons in 1901, was a decrease of 23,301,850 long tons, or about 39 per cent. This decrease, as is well known, was due entirely to the suspension of operations by the strike in the anthracite region from May 10 to October 23, a little over five months. But for the strike the output for the year would probably have been over 65,000,000 long tons. The value at the mines of the anthracite coal in 1902 was $76,173,586 as against $112,504,020 in 1901, a loss of about 32.3 per cent. The average value of the marketed coal sold during the year at the mines was $2.35 per long ton, the value in 1901 having been $2.05.

The output of bituminous coal (which includes semianthracite and all semibituminous and lignite coais) amounted in 1902 to 260,216,844 short tons, valued at $290,858,483, as against 225,828,149 short tons, valued at $236,422,049 in 1901. The increase in the production of bituminous coal was, therefore, 34,388,695 tons in quantity and $54,436,434 in value.

Out of 30 States and Territories producing coal in 1902, seven — California, Michigan, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington — had smaller outputs than in 1901.

The production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania in 1902 exceeded that of 1901 by 15,755,874 short tons, but was not suflScient to overcome the great loss in anthracite production. The States in which the more important increases occurred with the corresponding gains are as foUov/s: Illinois, 5,547,751 short tons; Colorado, 2,314,±12 short tons; Ohio, 2,444,577 short tons; Indiana, 2,268,371 short tons; Alabama, 1,490,855 snort tons; Kentucky, 1,193,176 short tons.

Coke. — The coke production of the United States in 1902 exceeded that of any year in our history. The production, which includes the output from 1,663 retort or by-product ovens, amounted to 25,401,730 short tons, as compared with 21,796,883 short tons 1901, with

20,533,348 short tons in 1900. The increase in 1902 over 1901 amounted to 3,605,847 short tons, or 16.5 per cent. Large as this increase was, it was considerably less than it would have been had the transportation facilities been commensurate with the demand for coke and with the productive capacity of the ovens. The increase in the value of coke was even more noteworthy. The average price per ton at the ovens was the highest recorded in a period of twenty -three years, and the total value reached the high figure of $63,339,167, an increase over 1901 of $18,893,244, or 42.5 per cent. The value of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in 1902 exceeded that of 1901 by $7,932,563, from which it appears that the value of the coke product increased $10,970,681 over and above the increased value of the coal used in its production. In 1901 the highest price obtained for Connellsville furnace coke was $4.25. In September and October of 1902, while the contract coke was nominally quoted at $3 per ton, consumers were paying from $10 to $12 per ton for prompt delivery, and $15 was reported as paid for this fuel at one time. With the termination of the anthracite strike in the latter part of October prices for coke quickly declined, but in December of 1902 furnace coke for prompt delivery was still commanding $5 and $6 per ton, and contracts for delivery in the first six months of 1903 were made at from $3.75 to $4 per ton.

Gas coke ta/r and a/tn/trwnia, — The aggregate value of all the products obtained from the distillation of coal in gas works or retort ovens in 1902 was $43,869,440. About two-thirds of this amount, or $29,342,881, was represented by the value of the gas produced. The value of the coke produced was $11,267,608, and the tar was worth, at the works, $1,873,966. The total quantity of ammoniacal liquor sold was 49,490,609 gallons, containing 14,683,374 pounds NHj, and was worth at the works $1,065,300. In addition to this therQ was an actual production of 11,276,502 pounds of sulphate, which sold for $319,685.

Petroleum, — The total production of crude petroleum in the United States in 1902 was 88,766,916 barrels, as against 69,389,194 barrels in 1901, an increase of 19,377,722 barrels, or 27.92 per cent, over the production of 1901 and of 39. 52 per cent over that of 1900. The greatest portion of the increase in 1902 came from Texas and California, the gain over 1901 being 13,690,000 barrels, or 311.6 per cent for Texas and 5,197,938 barrels, or 59.16 per cent, for California. The increase in Indiana in 1902 over 1901 was 1,723,810 barrels, or about 30 per cent. Louisiana produced for the first time in 1902, the production being 548,617 barrels. The increase over 1901 in the production of Kansas was 152,598 barrels, or about 85 per cent. Kentucky and Tennessee increased their production in 1902 by 48,072 barrels, or nearly 35.02 per cent. Indian Territory increased 3 and

Summary. 17

Wyoming 853 barrels as compared with 1901. The largest decrease in production in 1902 as compared with 1901 was in West Virginia, where it amounted to 663,781 barrels, or about 4.5 per cent, and Ohio in 62 fields showed a decrease of 633,852 barrels, or nearly 3 per cent. The decrease in Pennsylvania was 561,888 barrels, or about 7 per cent; in Colorado, 63,619 barrels, or about 13.81 per cent. The percentages of production for fields show a remarkable change from 1900 to 1902. In 1900 the percentages were: Appalachian field, 57.05; Lima-Indiana field, 34.20; all other fields, 8.75. In 1902 the respective percentages were: Appalachian field, 36.07; Lima-Indiana field, 26.31; all other fields, about 37.62. The value of crude petroleum produced during 1902 was $71,178,910, or 80.19 cents per barrel, as compared with $66,417,335, or 95.7 per barrel, in 1901 — a decrease of 15.51 cents per barrel, or 16 per cent, in 1902.

Natural gas. — The value of the natural gas produced in 1902 increased to $30,867,668, as compared with $27,067,500 in 1901, with $23,698,674 in 1900, and with $20,074,873 in 1899— a gain of 13 per cent in 1902

over 1901.

STBUCTURAIi MATEBLALS.

Stone, — The value of all kinds of building stone produced in the United States during 1902 amounted to $64,559,099, as compared with $55,615,926 in 1901, with $44,321,345 in 1900, and with $44,090,670 in 1899.

Clan/ prod/ucts. — The activity in all branches of the clay-working industries noted in the reports as true of 1899, 1900, and 1901 continued during 1902. The value of all clay products as reported to this oflBice in 1902 was $122,169,531, as compared with $110,211,587 in 1901 and with $96,212,345 in 1900. The brick and tile products in 1902 were valued at $98,042,078, as compared with $87,747,727 in 1901 and with $76,413,775 in 1900. The pottery products were valued in 1902 at $24,127,453, as compared with $22,463,860 in 1901 and with $19,798,570 in 1900.

The clay mined and sold by those not manufacturing the product themselves in 1902 was valued at $2,061,072, as compared with $2,576,932 in 1901 and with $1,840,377 in 1900.

Cement. — The total production of hydraulic cement in the United States in 1902 was 25,753,504 barrels, valued at $25,366,380, as compared with 20,068,737 barrels, valued at $15,786,789, in 1901, and with 17,231,150 barrels, valued at $13,283,581, in 1900. The Portland cement production in 1902 was 17,230,644 barrels, valued at $20,864,- 078, as compared with 12,711,225 barrels, valued at $12,532,360, in 1901, and with 8,482,020 barrels, valued at $9,280,525, in 1900, an increase, as compared with 1900, in quantity of about 100 per cent and in value of over 50 per ceijt. The number of plants using Portland cement increased from 50 in 1900 to 56 in 1901, and to 65 in 1902. The production of natural-rock cement in 1902 was 8,044,305 barrels,

. M R 1902 2

valued at $4,076,630, as compared with 7,084,823 barrels, valued at $3,056,278, in 1901, and with 8,383,519 barrels, valued at $3,728,848, in 1900. The production of slag cement amounted to 478,555 barrels, valued at $425,672, in 1902, as compared with 272,689 barrels, valued at $198,151, in 1901, and with 365,611 barrels, valued at $274,208, in 1900.

Abra8Ive Materlals.

Ca/rborwndum. — There was a slight decrease in the quantity of carborundum— 3,741,500 pounds produced in 1902, as compared with 3,838,175 pounds in 1901 — due in part to lack of a sufficient supply of raw materials, a result of the anthracite coal strike. The value of the carborundum varies from 8 to 10 cents per pound.

Cortind/um and emery, — The combined production of C/Orundum and emery in 1902 amounted to 4,251 short tons, valued at $104,605, as compared with 4,305 short tons, valued at $146,040, in 1901, a decrease of 54 tons in quantity and of $41,435 in value.

Crushed steel. — The production of crushed steel in 1902 was 735,000 pounds, as compared with 690,000 pounds in 1901, and the product is quoted at 5i cents per pound free on board at Pittsburg.

Crystalliiie quartz. — In 1902 the production of crystalline quartz included under abi*asives amounted to 15,104 short tons, valued at $84,335, as compared with 14,050 short tons, valued at $41,500, in 1901. This large variation in value is due to the fact that in 1902 the value reported was in some cases that of the quartz after it had been crushed or ground. The actual value of the crude quartz produced in 1902 was $43,085.

Garnet, — The production of abrasive garnet in the United States during 1902 amounted to 3,926 short tons, valued at $132,820, as compared with 4,444 short tons, valued at $158,100, in 1901, and with 3,185 short tons, valued at $123,475, in 1900. As reported to the Survey the prices varied from $20 to $60 a ton, the highest price being obtained for the North Carolina garnet. The average value per ton of the production in 1902 was $35.10, as compared with $35.57 per ton in 1901 and with $38.77 in 1900.

Grindstones, — The total value of all kinds of grindstones produced during 1902 was $667,431, as compared with $580,703 in 1901, an increase of $86,728. The production of 1900, valued at $710,026, still remains the largest on record for any year. It should be remembered, however, that the price per ton has decreased from $15 to from $8 to $10, and that therefore the tonnage of grindstones used has correspondingly increased within the last few years. The imports for 1902 amounted in value to $76,906, as compared with $88,871 in 1901 and with $92,581 in 1900.

Infusorial earth and tripolL — In 1902 the' production of infusorial earth and tripoli amounted to 5,665 short tons, valued at $53,244,

Summabst. 19

including 175 short tons mined as a by-product and valued at $1,436, an increase of 1,645 tons in quantity and of $294 in value, as compared with the production of 4,020 tons, valued at $52,950, in 1901.

Millstones and hihrstones, — The value of the production of millstones and buhrstones in 1902 was $59,808, an increase of $2,629 over the value of 1901, which was $57,179. The value for 1902 was almost twice the value of the production of 1900, which amounted to $32,858. From 1886 to 1894 there was a very large decrease — from $140,000 to $13,887 — in the production of buhrstones. Since 1894 there has been a gradual increase in the production.

Oilstones and whetstones. — There was a decided increase in the domestic commercial production of oilstones and whetstones during 1902, the value of which amounted to $221,762, as compared with $158,300 in 1901, an increase in 1902 of $63,462. Until 1902, the year of maximum production was 1899, when the value of the output amounted to $208,283. The crude production of oilstones and whetstones in 1902, as reported by the Census, was valued at $113,968.

Pumice, — The volcanic-ash deposits in Nebraska have been worked to some extent during 1902, the product being used in the manufacture of certain soaps and scouring powders. The production of pumice amounted to 700 short tons, valued at $2,750.

CHEMICAIi MATERIAIiS.

Arseniaus oxide. — The domestic production of arsenious oxide (white arsenic) in 1902 was 1,353 short tons, valued at $81,180, as compared with 300 short tons, valued at $18,000, in 1901. The entire product was made by the Puget Sound Reduction Company at Everett, Wash., which began the manufacture of this important substance in 1901. The largely increased output in 1902 is a sign of the success of the new industry.

Botox. — The reported returns for 1902 gave an aggregate commercial production of cioide borax of 2,600 short tons, valued at $91,000, of refined borax and boric acid, amounting to 17,404 short tons, valued at $2,447,614, of which it was stated that 862 short tons, valued at $155,0<.>0, were boric acid. This gives a total production for 1902 of 20,004 short tons, valued at $2,538,614. The production during 1901 was 17,887 short tons of crude borax and 5,344 short tons of refined borax, with a total value of $1,012,118.

Bromine, — The production of bromine in 1902, including the amount of bromine contained in potassium bromide, amounted to 513,890 pounds, valued at $128,472, as compared with 522,043 pounds, valued at $154,572, in 1901, a decrease for the year of 38,153 pounds in quantity and of $26,100 in value. The price per pound during 1902 averaged 25 cents, as compared with 28 cents in 1901 and with 29 cents in 1900. There has been pi-actically no change in the bromine industry in the Unitediitates in 1902.

Fhwrapar, — There was a large increase in the production of fluorspar in 1902 over that of 1901, due partly to its increased use for metallurgic purposes. The total production in 1902 was 48,018 short tons, valued at $271,832, as compared with 19,586 tons, valued at $113,803, in 1901. This increase in production was not due to any one State, but there was a large increase in production in both Illinois and Kentucky, and also an increase in Arizona. The average price of crude fluorspar was reported as $5.19 per ton, as compared with $6 in 1901, and the average price of ground fluorspar was $9.98 per ton, as compared with $9.22 in 1901. In addition to this production there were 800 short tons, valued at $3,850, mined but not marketed in 1902.

Gypsum. — The production of gypsum, particularly for the manufacture of calcined plaster, continues to show a remarkable gain. The output of crude gypsum in 1902 was 816,478 short tons, valued in its first marketable condition at $2,089,341, as compared with 633,791 short tons, valued at $1,506,641, in 1901, and with 595,462 short tons, valued at $1,627,203, in 1900. The production in 1899 was 486,235 short tons, and in 1898 it was 291,638 short tons. The greatly increased production of the last four years is attributable to the largely increased use of plaster of Paris in the large modern buildings and in the manufacture of staff for temporary buildings.

Marls, — The production of marls in the United States in 1902 was 12,439 short tons, valued at $12,741.

Phosphate rock, — The total commercial production of phosphate rock reported to the Survey in 1902 amounted to 1,490,314 long tons, valued at $4,693,444, as compared with 1,483,723 long tons, valued at $5,316,403, in 1901, an increase in quantity of 6,591 tons and a decrease in value of $622,959. The total quantity of phosphate rock reported as mined during 1902 was 1,548,720 long tons, valued at $4,922,943, as compared with 1,440,408 long tons in 1901.

Salt. — The salt product includes salt in the form of brine used in large quantities for the manufacture of soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda, and other sodium salts. The domestic production of salt in 1902 amounted to 23,849,221 barrels of 280 pounds net, valued at $5,668,636, as coftipared with 20,556,661 barrels, valued at $6,617,449, in 1901, and with 20,869,342 barrels, valued at $6,944,603, in 1900.

Sulphur and jryrite. — The domestic production of sulphur and of pyrite for the manufacture of sulphuric acid amounted in 1902 to 207,874 long tons, valued at $947,089, as compared with a combined production of 241,691 long tons, valued at $1,257,879, in 1901. The production of sulphur was from Louisiana, Nevada, and Utah, named in the order of the importance of their outputs. Oregon and Idaho reported no production in 1902. The greater part of the output of pyrite was derived from Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, Colorado, and Massachusetts, named in the order of production. i

Summary. 21

Pigments.

Barytes. — The production of crude bary tes in 1902 was considerably in excess of that of tlie year before, amounting to 61,668 short tons, valued at $203,154, as compared with 49,070 tons, valued at *157,844, in 1901. This is an increase of 12,698 tons in quantity and of $46,310 in value.

Cobalt oxide. — The domestic production of cobalt oxide in 1902 was 3,730 pounds, valued at $6,714, as compared with 13,360 pounds, valued at $24,048, in 1901, a decrease in quantity of 9,630 pounds. All the cobalt oxide was obtained as a by-product in smelting lead ores at Mine Lamotte, Mo.

Mineral paints, — The commercial production of mineral paints in 1902 amounted to 73,049 short tons, valued at $944,332, as compared with 61,460 short tons, valued at $789,962, in 1901. The production of crude mineral paints in 1902 is reported as 36,479 short tons, valued.at $360,886, including 4,500 tons, valued at $18,000, of ocher and metallic paint reported as mined but not marketed in 1902.

Zinc white. — The production of zinc white in 1902 amounted to 62,646 short tons, valued at $4,016,499, as compared with 46,500 short tons, valued at $3,720,000, in 1901.

Asbeto%. — The conamercial production of asbestos in the United States in 1902 was chiefly from the mines at Sail Mountain, White County, Ga., with smaller quantities from Hillsdale, Berkshire County, Mass. This production was 1,006 short tons, valued at $16,- 200, an increase of 268 tons in quantity and of $2,702 in value over the production of 1901, which was 747 short tons, valued at $13,498. The production in 1900 was 1,064 short tons, valued at $16,310. In addition there were reported as produced but not marketed in 1902 1,600 short tons of crude asbestos, valued at $30,000.

Asphaltum. — Under this title are included the various bitumens or hydrocarbons not discussed under the heading ''Petroleum" in the volume on Mineral Resources. The conmaercial production of asphaltum in 1902 was 106,468 short tons, valued at $766,048, as compared with 63,134 short tons, valued at $656,335, in 1901 — a large increase, amounting in quantity to 42,324 short tons and in value to $209,713. The production of crude asphaltum in 1902 is reported as 66,238 short tons, valued at $236,728.

Bauxite, — In 1902 the production of bauxite increased to 29,222 long tons, valued at $128,206, as compared with 18,905 long tons, valued at $79,914, in 1901. Georgia yielded the greater bulk of the product, the remainder being supplied by Alabama and Arkansas.

ChroTnic iron ore. — California was the one State to produce any chromite during 1902, the quantity being 316 long tons, valued at $4,667, a decrease of 63 tons in quantity and of $1,223 in value, as compared with the production of 1901, which was 368 long tons, valued at $5,790."

Fddspar, — The production of feldspar in 1902 was 45,287 short tons, valued at $260,424, as against 34,741 short tons, valued at $220,422, in 1901.

Fihram talc. — This variety of talc or soapstone occurs in but one locality in the United States — Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, N. Y. It is used principally as makeweight in the manufacture of paper. In 1902 the production was 71,100 short tons, valued at $616,360, an increase of $131,760 in value and of only 1,900 tons in quantity, as compared with the production of 69,200 short tons, valued at $483,600, in 1901.

Flint. — The production of flint in 1902 was 36,366 short tons, valued at $144,209, as compared with 34,420 short tons, valued at $149,297, in 1901.

Fuller's earth. — As reported for the Survey, the production of fuller's earth in 1902 showed a decrease in quantity and an increase in value, being 11,492 short tons, valued at $98,144, as compared with 14,112 short tons, valued at $96,836, in 1901. The maximum production of fuller's earth was obtained ii. 1897, when the production was 17,113 short tons.

Glass sand. — The production of glass sand in 1902 was 943,136 short tons, valued at $807,797; the production of engine, furnace, building, molding, and other sands, mined incidentally, was 904,776 short tons, valued at $616,817 — a total production of 1,847,901 short tons of sand, valued at $1,423,614.

Oraphite. — The commercial production of crystalline graphite during 1902 amounted to 3,936,824 pounds, valued at $126,144, as compared with 3,967,612 pounds, valued at $136,914, in 1901, and with 6,507,856 pounds, valued at $178,761, in 1900. The commercial production of amorphous graphite in 1902 was 4,739 short tons, valued at $66,964, as compared with 809 short tons, valued at $31,800, in 1901. The decline in value was due to a proportionate increase in the production of the lower grades. Considerable development and exploratory work was done during the year in Montana, Wyoming, North Carolina, and New Mexico. In addition, 30,000 pounds of refined graphite, valued at $1,800, and 20,716 short tons of crude graphite, valued at $43,600, were reported as produced but not marketed in 1902. This gives a total production of 3,966,824 pounds of refined graphite and of 26,465 short tons of amorphous graphite, with a total value of $227,608, as produced in 1902. The production of artificial graphite was 2,368,828 pounds, valued at $110,700, ftie average price being 4.69 cents per pound, as compared with 2,600,000 pounds, valued at $119,000, in 1901, the average price being 4.76 cents per pound.

Limestone for iron fl/iix.—The quantity of limestone used for fluxing in blast furnaces in 1902 was 11,878,676 long tons, valued at $5,271,262, as compared with 8,540,168 long tons, valued at $4,669,8aJ01, and with 7,496,435 long tons, valued at $3,687,394, in 1900.

Suhmaky. 23

Miigneaite. — The production of megnesite in the United States continues to be limited to California, and during the year 1902 the commercial production reported was 3,466 short tons, valued at $21,362 — a large decrease as compared with the production in 1901, which was 13,172 short tons, valued at $43,057. Of the 1902 production, 380 tons, valued at $1,723, were sold in 1902, but were mined previously.

Mica. — The production of mica in 1902 was as follows: 373,266 pounds of plate or sheet mica, valued at $83,843; 1,028 short tons of scrap mica, valued at $13,081; and 372 short tons of rough mica, valued at $21,925— a total value of $118,849.

Mineral toaters, — The total production of mineral waters for 1902 was 64,859,451 gallons, valued at $8,793,761, as compared with 55,771,181 gallons, valued at $7,586,962, in 1901— a gain in quantity of 9,088,263 gallons and in value of $1,206,799.

Monasite. — The production of monazite is confined exclusively to North Carolina and South Carolina, by far the larger quantity being obtained from the former State, and in 1902 this amounted to 802,000 pounds, valued at $64,160, as compared with 748,736 pounds, valued at $59,262, in 1901 — an increase in quantity of 53,264 pounds and in value of $4,898. The price per pound received by the miners for the monazite produced in 1902 varied from 2.5 to 8 cents, according to the percentage of thoria.

Precious atones. — The value of the gems and precious stones found in the United States in 1902 was $328,450, as compared with $289,050 in 1901, with $233,170 in 1900, and with $185,770 in 1899. There has been a great advance in the lapidary industry in the United States since 1894. The fact that larger establishments have been formed, which are able to purchase the rough diamonds in greater quantities, has placed our American diamond cutters in a position equal to that held by the cutters of Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Paris. The cutting of our native gems has also grown to the proportions of an industry, notably in the case of the beryls and the amethyst found in North Carolina and Connecticut; the turquoise from New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California; the fine-colored and deep-blue sapphires found in Montana; the colored tourmalines of San Joaquin County, Cal.; the chrysoprase mine of Visalia, Tulare County, Cal. ; the garnets of Arizona and New Mexico, and the pale-purple garnets of North Carolina.

RutUe. — The production of rutile in 1902 was less than in 1901.

Soapstone. — Exclusive of the production of fibrous talc from Gouverneur, N. Y., the production of talc and soapstone in 1902 amounted to 26,854 short tons, valued at $525,157, as compared with 28,643 tons, valued at $424,888, in 1901 — a decrease of 1,789 tons in quantity and an increase of $100,269 in value. The output for 1900 was 27,943 short tons, valued at $383,541, and for 1899 it was 24,765 short tons, valued at $330,805.

Mineral Besoubce9.

Mineral producU of the United

Product

So

Piff iron, spot value long tons.

Silver, coining value fine ounces.

Gold, coining value do. . .

Copoer, value at New York City pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do. . .

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Tin do...

Total value of metallic products .

Bituminous coal short tons .

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.

Natural gas

Petroleum barrels.

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Stone

Corundum and emery short tons.

Crystalline quartz do. . .

Garnet for abrasive purposes do. . .

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc

Arsenious oxide short tons.

Bromine pounds.

Fluorspar short tons.

Gvpsum do...

Litnium do...

Marls do...

Phosphate rock long tons.

Pyrite do...

Salt barrels.

Sulphur short tons.

Cobalt oxide pounds.

I Mineral paints short tons .

' Zinc white do. . .

Asbestos short tons.

Asphal tum do . . .

Bauxite long tons.

Chromic iron ore do. . .

Feldspar do. . .

Fibrous talc do. . .

Flint do...

Fuller's earth do. . .

G lass sand do . . .

Limestone for iron flux long tons.

Magnesite short tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Mineral waters gallons sold.

Monazite pounds.

Precious stones

Pumice stone short tons.

Rutile pounds.

Soapstone short tons.

Uranium and vanadium do...

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

Grand total .

Quantity.

None.

69,889,194 '26,'668,'787'

None.

None.

Value.

78.i.f-V, 87.:;iK.J, 23 i."*!'

None.

None.

a Combined with pyrite.

;.ditizeduy VVJUVIC

Summaby.

States in 1901 and 1909,

1Wm

Quantity.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

H Moo, 000

7t>.-.68,954

Mj:.25,596

L 167,848

:SiJ >:67,668

Ik

ri h50,099

?4

H9

f - 80,788 + 8,980

f - .78 t +485.78

r54

None.

None. 328,450

6K

Izedby

Mineral Besouboes.

Mineral products of the United tSUUes

Product.

Quantity.

Value.

PiKiron, value at Philadelphia long tons.

Si 1 ver, coiningr value fine ounces. .

Gold, ooiniug value do

value at New York City pounds..

Lead , va 1 ue a t Ne w York City short tons. .

Zinc, value at New York City do

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks. .

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds..

Al umin um .value at Pittsburg do ... .

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons. .

Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces.

Total value of metallic products.

Bituminous coal long tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite do...

Stone do...

Petroleum barrels.

Lime do...

Natural gas

Cement barrels.

Salt do...

Phosphate rock long tons.

Limestone for iron flux do. . .

Mineral waters gallons sold.

Zinc white short tons.

Potters* clav do...

Mineral paints do...

Borax pounds.

Gypsum short tons.

Grindstones

Fibrous talc short tons.

Pyrite long tons.

Soapstone short tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Asphaltum short tons.

Precious stones

Bromine pounds.

Corundum short tons.

Graphite pounds.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc. a pounds.

Marls short tous.

Flint..." long tons.

Fluorspar short tons.

Chromic iron ore long tons.

Infusorial earth short tons.

Feldspar long tons.

Mica pounds.

Cobalt oxide do...

Slate ground as a pigment short tons.

Sulphur do...

Asbestos do. . .

Rutile pounds.

Lithographic stone short tons.

Total value of nonmetalHc mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

Grand total .

189.815.569 39,200.000 36,000.000 11,491.20U 9,782.500 2.277.432 1,797,780

a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; sinoe 1890 they are lor finished product.

Summart.

/or tJie calendar years 1880-1909.

1Bs2.

1B8B.

Qtuuitil7

.

Quantity,

Vilue,

1?

n

S.Ooo

Mineral Besoubces.

Mineral products of the United States for

Product.

Quantity.

Value.

Fig Iron, value at Philadelphia long tons.

Silver, coining value fine ounces .

Gold , coining value do. . .

Copper, value at New York City pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do. . .

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg do. . .

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.

Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces.

Total value of metallic products. ,

Bituminous coal long tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite do...

Stone do...

Petroleum barrels.

Lime do...

Natural gas

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Salt.

.do.

Phosphate rock long tons.

Limestone for iron flux do. . .

Mineral waters gallons sold.

Zinc white short tons.

Mineral paints do. . .

Borax pounds.

Gypsum short tons.

Grindstones

Fibrous talc short tons.

Pyrite long tons.

Soapstone short tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Asphaltum short tons.

Precious stones

Bromine pounds.

Corundum short tons.

Graphite pounds.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc. a pounds.

Marls short tons.

Flint long tons.

Fluorspar short tons.

Chromic iron ore long tons.

Infusorial earth short tons.

Feldspar long tons.

Mica

pounds.

Cobalt oxide do...

Slate ground as a pigment short tons.

Sulphur do...

Asbestos do. . .

Rutile pounds.

Lithographic stone short tons .

Total value of nonmetalllc mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

Grand total !..

l,7W,':f65

M.iKX) ;LX;,uOO 670,000 110,000 175,000 200,000 122,160

a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are for finished product.

SUMMARY. the ccdendar years lS80-190f — Continued.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

r. ":t 100

4O,U00

fi,fi74,;77

4,CKt3,446

l,W36,il8

l.:iri.-S46

!,Uf-i,f.ilOO

U. 576

asojioo

rirnioo

2;jJ,400

21U.00O

22h.000

mi -JSl

2m,MA

uf.m

'Jins '.100

.H'j, m

M Hi,

4u7,j00

Minebal Be80Ubces.

Mineral producU of the United States for

S3

Product.

Metallic.

Pifiriron, value at Philadelphia long tons.

8i Iver, coining value fine ounces .

Gold, coining value do...

Copper, value at New York City pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do. . .

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Tin do...

Platinum (crude), value at San Francisco troy ounces.

Total value of metallic products.

Bituminous coal short tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.

Stone

Petroleum barrels.

Natural gas

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Mineral waters gallons sold .

Phosphate rock long tons.

Salt barrels.

Limestone for iron flux long tons.

Zinc white short tons.

Oypsum do...

Borax pounds.

Mineral paints short tons.

Grindstones

Fibrous talc short tons.

Asphaltum do...

Soapstone do...

Precious stones

Pyrite long tons.

Conmdum short tons.

Oilstones, etc. a pounds.

Mica.

.do.

Bromine pounds.

Fluorspar short tons.

Feldspar longtons.

Manganese ore do. . .

Flint do...

G raphi te ; pounds.

Bau xi te long tons .

Sulphur short tons.

Marls do. . .

InfiLsonal earth do...

Ch comic i ron ore long ♦ons .

Cobalt oxide pounds.

Magncsite short tons.

Asbestos do. . .

Rutile pounds.

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified.

Grand total

Quantity.

Value.

a Prior to 1889 quantity and value are for rough stone quarried; since 1890 they are for finished product.

Summabt.

the calendar years lSi0-190£ — Contmned.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

f*ri96,988

3aj7:,ooo

2t-,iW.809

Ui. 794,286

lJi34.198

iV, 791,824

H, 033. 700

l,036.:6

lOO.ilOO

Uo. 420, 801

4M

5;

Mineral Be80Ubces.

Mineral products of the United States for

Vfilue,

Pig Iron, spot value long tons.

Silver, coining value fine ounces.

Gold, coining value do...

Copper, value at New York City pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do...

Quicksilver, value at San Frandsco flasks.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Tin do...

Total value of metallic products .

Bituminous coal short tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.

Natural gas

Petroleum barrels.

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Stone

Corundum and emery short tons.

Crystalline quartz do...

Garnet for abrasive purposes do...

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and trlpoll short tons.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc

Borax pounds .

Bromine do. . .

Fl uorspar short tons .

Gypsum do...

Marls do...

Phosphate rock long tons.

Pyrlte do...

Salt barrels.

Sulphur short tons.

Cobalt oxide pounds.

Mineral paints short tons.

Zinc white do...

Asbestos do. . .

Asphaltum do. . .

Bauxite long tons.

Chromic iron ore do. . .

Feldspar do...

Fibrous talc do...

Flint do...

Fuller's earth do...

Graphite pounds.

Limestone for iron flux long tons.

Magneslte shon tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Mica pounds.

M Ineral waters gallons sold .

Monazite pounds .

Precious stones

Pumice stone short tons.

Rutlle pounds.

Soapstone short tons.

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

Grand total

60,509,136 '*8,*758,'e2i i'77i

U, 698, 890

SUMMARY. the calendar years 1880-190S — Continaed.

Jjm.

wm.

quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Talne.

Quanuty.

Value.

None.

None.

?3

?4

?6

?8

n

U, 816, 772

137,150 None. 113,621

6?

C2C, 052,170

M B 1902 3

Mineral Besoubges.

Mineral products of the United States for

Product.

lion, spot value longton.

Silver, coining value fine ounces.

Gold, coining value do...

Copper, value at New York City j. pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do...

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg. pounds.

Antimony, value at San PEanclsco short tons.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Tin do...

Total value of metallic products.

Bituminous coal short.tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.

Natural gas

Petroleum barrels.

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Stone .

Corundum and emery short tons.

Crystalline quartz do...

Garnet for abrasive purposes do...

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc

Borax pounds.

Bromine do. . .

Fluorspar ." short tons.

Gypsum do. . .

Marls do...

Phosphate rock long tons.

Pyrite do...

Salt barrels.

Sulphur short tons.

Cobalt oxide pounds.

Mineral paints short tons.

Zinc white do...

Asbestos do...

Asphaltum — do. . .

Bauxite long tons.

Chromic iron ore do...

Feldspar do...

Fibrous talc do. . .

Flint , do...

Fullers earth do...

Limestone lor iron flux long tons.

Magnesite short tons.

Manganefe ore long tons.

Mineral waters gallons sold .

Monazite pounds .

Precious stones

Pumice stone short tons.

Rutile pounds.

Soapstone short-tons.

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

Grand total .

Quantity.

None.

60,960,361 '"9,'6i3,'478"

Value.

None.

Summary.

the calendar years 1880-190£ — Continued.

1 Quaatlty.

Value.

Quantity.

Vulue.

lurm.mi

5a,*M3O,O00

mMi.m

fria.ooo

U4, 4iia, uxj

ll.#40.H65

l.Tijm

&.ri66

None.

None.

None.

H

W

?4

'm

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None. 1 44

i2,6i6

f 1,254,402 I 1,108

f 2,900,732 1 2,324

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

None. 1 59

Mineral Re80Ubces.

Mineral products of Oie United Stales for the calendar years 1880-1902 — Continued. .

Product.

Pig iron, spotvalae

Silver, coining value

Gold, coining value

Copper, value at New York City

Lead, value at New York City

Zinc, value at New York City

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg

Antimony, value at San Francisco

Nickel, value at Philadelphia

Tin

— fine ounces.

do...

pounds.

short tons.

do...

pounds.

short tons.

pounds.

do...

.troy ounces. . .

Total value of metallic products.

Bituminous coal

Pennsvlvania anthracite

Natural ga

Petroleum

Brick clay

Cement

Stone

Corundum and emery

Crystalline a uartz

Gkimet for abrasive purposes

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and tripoU

M il Istones

Oilstones, etc

. short -. ..long tons.

.barrels, .barrels.

.short tons.

do...

do...

.short tons.,

Borax short tons.

Bromine

Fluorspar

Gypsum

Lithium

Marls

Phosphate rock

Pyrite

Salt

Sulphur

Cobaltoxide

Mineral paints

Zinc white

Asbestos

Asphaltum

Bauxite

Chromic iron ore

Feldspar

Fibrous talc

Flint

Fuller's earth

Limestone for iron flux —

Magnesite

Manganese ore

Mineral waters

Monazite

Precious stones

Pumice stone

Rutile

Soapstone

pounds.

.short tons.

do...

do...

do...

..long tons.

do...

— barrels. . .short tons.

do...

pounds.

.short tons.

do...

do...

do...

..long tons. do...

short tons.

do...

do...

do...

pounds.

short tons.

long tons.

short tons.

long tons.

pounds.

short tons.

. gallons field. pounds.

.short tons.

pounds.

.short tons.

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified.

Grand total .

Quantity.

None.

68,620.529 'i7,'23i,"i56

al,602

None.

None.

Value.

None.

None.

a Refined.

fr Crude.

Summary. 87

Mineral products of the United States for the calendar years 1880-190S — Continued.

Product.

Quantity.

Value.

Fig lion, spot value longtoxu..

Silver, coining value fine ounces..

Gold, coining value do

Copper, value at New York City pounds..

Lead, value at New York City short tons,

Zinc, value at New York City do..,

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks. .

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds. .

Antimony, value at San Francisoo short tODs..

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds..

Tin do

Platinum, value (crude) at San Francisco troy otmcee. .

None.

Total value of metallic products. .

Bitumlnoos coal short tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons .

Natural gas

Petroleum barrels.

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

69,389,194 &#x27;26,&#x27;668,&#x27;7S7&quot;

Corundum and emery short tons.

Crystalline quartz do...

Qamet for abrasive purposes do...

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc

Arsenous oxide short tons.

Borax.

.do...

Bromine pounds.

Fluorspar short tons.

Ovpsum do...

lithium do...

Marls.

.do.

Phosphate rock long tons.

Pyrlte do...

Salt barrels.

Sulphur.

Cobalt oxide pounds.

Mineral paints short tons.

Zinc white do...

Asbestos , do...

Asphaltum do...

Bauxite long tons.

Chromic iron ore do...

Feldspar short tons.

Fibrous talc do...

Flint do...

Fuller's earth do...

Limestone for Iron flux long tons.

Magnesite short tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Mineral waters gallonseold.

Monazite pounds.

Precious stones

Pumice stone short tons.

Rntile pounds.

Soapstone short tons.

Uranium and vanadium do...

a5,344

None.

None.

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified .

None.

None.

Grand total.

a Refined.

h Crude.

c Combined

Mineral products of the United Stales for the calendar years 1880-190S — Continued.

Product

Mjetallic.

Silver, coming value fine ounces.

Gold, coining value do...

Copper, value at New York City pounds.

Lead, value at New York City short tons.

Zinc, value at New York City do...

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks.

Aluminum, value at Pittsburg pounds.

Antimony, value at San Francisco short tons.

Nickel, value at Philadelphia pounds.

Tin do...

Total value of metallic products

Bituminous coal short tons.

Pennsylvania anthracite long tons.

Natural gas

Petroleum barrels.

Brick clay

Cement barrels.

Stone

Corundum and emery short tons.

Crystalline quartz do...

Garnet for abrasive purposes do...

Grindstones

Infusorial earth and tripoli short tons.

Millstones

Oilstones, etc

Arsenlous oxide short tons.

Bromine pounds.

Fluorspar short tons.

Qvpsum do...

Lithium do...

Marls do.

Phosphate rock long tons.

Pyrite do...

Salt barrels.

Sulphur short tons.

Cobalt oxide pounds .

Mineral paints short tons.

Zinc white , do...

Asbestos do. . .

Asphaltum do. . .

Bauxite long tons.

Chromic iron ore do...

Feldspar do...

Fl brous talc do . . .

Flint do...

Fuller's earth do...

Glass sand do. . .

Limestone for iron flux long tons.

a In addition the census reports 11,727 short tons of cinnabar, valued at t82,242, as mined but not marketed In 1902.

bin addition the census reports 508,386 barrels of petroleum, valued at 8.829, as produced but not marketed in 1902.

c Value of crude production as reported by the census: Crystalline quartz, $43,065; oilstoiKB, $113,968.

Production in 1902, as reported by the census. 19.142 short tons, valued at $2,383,614.

0 In addition the census reports 800 short tons of fluorspar, valued at $3,850, as mined but not marketed in 1902.

/The total quantity of phosphate rock mined in 1902 was 1,548,720 long tons, valued at $4,922,943.

a Included under pyrite.

Production of crude material of mineral paints was 35,479 short tons, valued at $360,885.

<In addition, 1,500 short tons of crude asbestos, valued at $30,000, are reported by the census as mined but not marketed in 1902.

i The production of the crude material is reported by the census as 66,238 short tons, valued at $236,728.

xIn addition, graphite to the value of $45,400 is reported as mined but not marketed in 1902.

Quantity.

a 34, 291

None.

688,766,916 "25," 758,' 504

1,353 d 17, 404 2,600 513,890 48, 018 816,478 1,245 12,489 /1, 490, 314 207,874 23,849,221

A 73, 049

i 105, 458

fc 3, 936, 824

Value.

2n,8S2

uogle

Sukmaby.

Itineral products of the UnUed Slates for the calendar years 1SS0-190S— Continued,

Product.

Quantity.

Value.

MaipneBite abort tons.

Manganese ore long tons.

Mineral waters gallons sold.

Monaadte pounds.

Precions stones

Pumice stone short tons.

Rutile pounds.

Soapstone short tons.

Uranium and vanadium do...

Total value of nonmetallic mineral products

Total value of metallic products

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified.

Grand total .

a The magnedte actually mined in 1902 is reported as 8,066 short tons, valued at $19,689. b Included under estimated unspecified products.

Ic

moist ORES,

By John Bikkinbine.

Probuction.

The production of iron ore in the United States in the year 1897 exceeded that of any preceding year, and since that date the annual output of the country has shown successive augmentation, until in the calender year 1902 the total reached 35,664,135 long tons. No other country has at any time reported a yearly production so great as that of the iron-ore mines of the United States in 1898 and in subsequent years. In the report for the year 1901 it was stated that the largest quantities of ore mined in any other country, according to official statistics, were 18,664,772 long tons mined in Germany and Luxemburg in the year 1900, and 18,031,967 long tons mined in Great Britain in the year 1882.

During the year ending December 31, 1902, the quantity of iron ore produced in the United States, determined from a compilation of reports furnished by operators throughout the country, amounted, as stated, to 36,664,136 long tons, valued at $66,412,960, an increase over 1901 of 6,666,666 long tons, or 23 per cent.

The iron ore produced in the year 1902 was obtained from mining operations OArried on in 23 States and 2 Territories.

To indicate the rapid growth of the iron-ore industry in the United States during the six years mentioned above, the following table has been prepared:

Production of iron ore in United ties, 1897-190g.

Year.

Quantity.

Increase - over preceding year.

Percentage of increase over preceding year.

Long tans. 17,518,046 19,483,716 24,688,173 27,568,161 28,887,479 85,654,185

Long tons. 1,512,597

1M9

Xinebal Besouboes.

The increase in 1902 over the quantity of iron ore produced in 1897, which, as before stated, was the maximum output up to that time by the United States, is 18,036,089 tons, or 103 per cent, which shows that in six years the iron-ore output of the United States has doubled in quantity.

To summarize the work of the United States Geological Survey in collecting iron-ore statistics from the year 1889, when the first systematic effort in this direction was made, to and including the year 1902 the following table is presented:

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tont. 14,518,041 16,086,048 14,691,178 16,296,666 11,587,629 11,879,679 15,967,614 16,005,449 17.518,046

Total for fourteen yean zw, oik, uuv

Average for fourteen yean

The average production and the grand total for fourteen years above mentioned are presented to emphasize the relative output of each year named and to indicate the magnitude of the industry. But the figures of annual output suggest that, while fluctuations in the iron and steel industry have caused marked variations, in iron-ore production a general advance is noted, the production of 1897 being less than 60 per cent of that of 1902.

Production By Varieties Of Ore.

As in former reports the iron ore mined has been divided into four general commercial classes, as follows:

1. Bed heiiuLtite including all anhydrous hematites (sesquioxides of iron) known by various nanies, such as red hematite, specular, micaceous, fossil, slate iron ore, martite, blue hematite, etc.

2. hemaiite including the varieties of hydrated sesquioxide of iron recognized as limonite, gothite, turgite, bog ores, pipe ores, etc.

3. Magnetite those ores in which the iron occurs as magnetic oxide, and including some martite which is mined with the magnetite.

4. Carbonate those ores which contain a considerable amount of carbonic acid, such as spathic ore, blackband, siderite, clay ironstone, etc.

The amount of red hematite ore mined in the 1902 in the United States amounted to 30,532,149 long tons, or 85.9 per cent of the total

Ic

Ibon Obes.

for the United States, an increase of 6,526,124 long tons, or 27.2 per cent over the 1901 total of 24,006,025 long tons of red hematite.

Minnesota was the most important contributor of this class of ore, followed by Michigan and Alabama.

The total amount of brown hematite mined was 3,305,484 long tons, or 9.3 per cent of the output for the country, an increase of 288,769 tons, or 9.6 per cent over the 1901 total of 3,016,715 long tons of brown hematite. Alabama was the principal contributor, followed by Virginia and West Virginia and Tennessee.

Of the magnetic variety, 1,688,860 long tons, or 4.7 per cent of the total for the United States, were mined in 1902, a decline of 124,216 long tons, or 6.9 per cent from the 1901 total of 1,813,076 long tons of magnetite. Pennsylvania continued to be the principal producer, followed by New York and New Jersey.

The amount of carbonate ore mined in 1902 was 27,642 long tons, a decline of 24,021 long tons, or almost one-half of the 1901 total of 61,663 long tons. Nearly all of this carbonate ore was mined in the State of Ohio, a small amount being supplied by Maryland.

The quantities of the different varieties of iron ores contributed by the various States in 1902 are presented in the following table according to the importance of the States as producers. It will be noted, however, that in some cases the outputs for two or more States are combined in order not to divulge individual mine statistics:

Production of iron ore in the United States in 190, by varieties. [Long tons.]

State or Territory.

Minnesota

Michigan

Alabama

Virginia and West Virginia

Tennessee

Pennsylyanla

Wisconsin

New York

New Jersey

Georgia and North Carolina

Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming

Colorado

Kentucky

Connecticut, MaB8achusett8,and Vermont

Maryland

Ohio

Texas

Total 30,682,149

Red hematite.

Brown hematite.

Magnetite.

Carbonate.

Total.

Mineral

In the fourteen years which have elapsed since 1889, when statistics of the different varieties of iron ore were first collected by the United States Geological Survey, the red hematites have supplied 211,083,158 long tons, or 78.03 per cent of the total production; brown hematites 34,250,988 long tons, or 12.66 per cent; the magnetic deposits 23,213,553 long or 8.58 per cent; and the carbonate ores 1,954,310 long tons, or 0.73 per cent.

The following table will show the amounts of the different classes of iron ore annually produced in the United States from 1889 to 1902, inclusive, and also the totals for the fourteen years:

Production of iron ores in the United States, by classes, 1889-1902. [Maxima in italics.]

Year.

heite. heiSSSe. MagneUte. Carbonate.

Total

Percentages of totals for 14 years Percentages of total for 1902

Long ions. 2,623,087 2,559,988 2,757,564 2,485,101 1,849,272 1,472,748 2,102,358 2,126,212 1,961,954 1,989,681 2,869,785 3,231,089 3,016,715 S,305,i8i,

Long tons. 2,506,415 £,870,838 2,317,108 1,971,965 1,880,886 972,219 1,268,222 1,211,526 1,059,479 1,287,978 1,727,430 1,587,551 1,813,076 1,688,860

Total.

Long tons. 14,518,041 16,036,048 14,591,178 16,296.666 11,587,629 31,879,679 15,967,614 16,006,449 17,518,046 19,433,716 24,683,173 27,663,161 28,887,479 S5,55U,1S5

The red hematite mines attained their maximum production in the year 1902, and this was also the case with the brown hematite mines; the largest amount of magnetite, however, was contributed in the year 1890, and the maximum output of carbonate ore was in 1889.

In addition to the iron ore mined, 65,246 long tons of zinc residuum were used as iron ore in 1902.

In the year 1902 there were produced 192,285 long tons of concentrated ore which are included under the production of the respective States. In addition to the magnetically concentrated ore, a considerable amount of magnetically cobbed ore was obtained in the State of New Jersey, this method being adopted in place of sorting in the mine, the rock and ore being broken to convenient size, brought to the surface, and the iron ore removed from the rock by means of magnetic concentrating machines.

Ikon Ores. 45

liAKE SUPERIOR REGION.

The greater part of the iron ore of the United States is supplied by the Lake Superior region, located in the States of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the maximum output of 26,977,404 long tons occurring in 1902, and representing 76 per cent of the total quantity of iron ore reported for the United States. This was an increase of 5,531,501 tons, or almost 26 per cent, over the production in 1901 of 21,445,908 long tons.

The Lake Superior region comprises five ranges, of which the oldest, the Marquette Range, located in the upper peninsula of Michigan, not far from the southern shore of Lake Superior, and first opened in 1854, has shipped to the present time 66,686,502 long tons. The production of this range in the year 1902 was 3,734,712 long tons, the largest amount mined in any year, with the exception of 1900, when the total was 3,945,068 long tons. Most of this ore is shipped from the ports of Marquette and Escanaba.

The second range, the Menominee, located in the States of Michigan and Wisconsin, was opened in 1877. The total shipments from it have been 42,267,233 long tons, and the maximum production 4,421,250 long tons, was in 1902. The greater portion of this ore is sent from the port of Escanaba, although a small amount goes by way of Gladstone.

In the year 1884 the Gogebic Range in the States of Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Vermilion Range, in Mipesota, were opened. The Gogebic has shipped to date a total of 37,818,274 tons, the quantity produced in the year 1902 being 3,683,792 tons, most of which was forwarded from the ports of Ashland and Escanaba.

The Vermilion Range has shipped to the close of the year 1902 a total of 19,061,506 long tons, the production in the year 1902 being 2,057,532 long tons, and the greater portion of the ore being forwarded to lower Lake ports by way of Two Harbors.

The Mesabi Range, in the State of Minnesota, the latest of the Lake Superior ranges to be opened in the United States, dates from the year 1892. The total shipments to the close of 1902 have amounted to 53,747,807 long tons, the production in 1902 being 13,080,118 long tons. This production represents almost one-half of the entire output of the Lake Superior region, or 37 per cent of the total for the United States for 1902. The greater part of the ore is shipped from the ports of Two Harbors and Duluth, in Minnesota, and Superior, in Wisconsin.

A sixth range was opened in Canada in the year 1900, the total output to the close of 1902 amounting to 591,176 long tons, the greater portion of which was sent to the United States from the port of Michipicoten, in the province of Ontario.

Mineral Re80Ubge8.

This Canadian ore is not included in the table given below, which shows the production of each of the five ranges in the Lake Superior region from 1889 to 1902, inclusive.

Production of Lake Superior iron oreSf by ranges 1889-190S, [Maxims in italics.]

Range.

Long tons.

Marquette

Menominee

Gogebic

Long tons. 2.631,026 1,876,157 2,147,923 864,506

Long tons. 2,863,848 2,274,192 2,914,061 891,910

Long tons. 2,17%, 4S2 1,856,124 2,041,754 945,105

Long tons. 2,848,552 2,402,196 3,058,176 1,226,220 29,245

Long tons. 1,935,379 1,256,255 1,523,451 1,065,229 1,913,284

Long tons. 1,982,080 1,794,970 2,625,475 1,027,103 2,839,350

Vermilion

Meaabi

Total

Range.

Marquette

Menominee

Qogeblc

Long tons. 2,418,846 1,768,285 2,100,398 1,200,907 3,082,973

Long tons. 2,678,785 1,767,220 2,163,068 1,381,278 4,220,161

Long tons. 2,987,990 2,275,664 2,652,205 1,125,538 4,837,971

Long tons. 3,634,596 3,281,422 2,725,648 1,643,984 6,517,305

Long tons. 3,9i5,068 3,680,738 3,104,033 1,675,949 8,158,450

Long tons. 3,597,069 3,697,406 3,041,869 1,806,996 9,303,541

Long tons. 3,734,712 U,U!l,tSO 3,683,792 g, 057, 532 13,080,118

Vermilion

Mesabi

Total

From the foregoing it will be seen that in the year 1902 the Mesabi range ranked first, contributing 13,080,1 18 long tons, its maximum output. In 1902 the Menominee range continued to occupy second place, with its maximum production of 4,421,250 long tons. The Marquette range was third, with a total of 3,734,712, ranking next to its maximum year, 1900, when 3,945,068 long tons were won. The Gogebic range reached its maximum in 1902, contributing 3,683,792 long tons; and the Vermilion range also showed its maximum output of 2,057,532 long tons in 1902.

The following cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores shipped in 1902 were supplied through the courtesy of the Lake Superior Iron Ore Association:

Ibok Obes.

Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron oreSf season of 190g,

Gogebic Range.

[The upper line of figures opposite each ore Tepreaents its analysiB when dried at 212° Fahrenheit; the lower line, when in its natural condition.]

Ore.

Iron.

Phoephorus.

Silica.

Mangacneae.

Alumina.

Lime.

Sulphur.

Loss by ignition.

Moisture.

Ashla.nd .

Anvil.

Anvil special a.

Argos.

Atlantic .

Aurora.

Bonnie.

Buckeye .

Cary.

Gary Empire . Chicago

f60.7

r60.9

Chicago Soft a... Colby Beasemer .

Hennepin

Iron Belt

Iron ton

LAwrenoe

Lyona

Melrosea

HelroeeNo. 2a.. Meteor

Peret.

f52.00

[56.26 [58.67 [51.48 r60.02 [54.7963 (57.93 [52.2876 p. 0000 [54.7499 (61.60 [56.580

Perct.

'040

Perct. 4.1B14

Perct.

Perct.

Perd.

Perd.

Perct.

.0U6

Perct,

a Expected analysis for the season ol 1906.

Iv:

Mineral Be80Ubge8.

Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of 190X — Gontinaed.

I Lom

Ore.

Iron.

Mikado.

Montreal.

Montrose a.

Nelson .

New Eraa.,

New Era No. 2a..

Newport a.

Norrie .

Norden .

Ottawa.

Ottawa Mang . . .

Palms 4 .

Rand .

Rowe .

Sunday Lake a.. Taylor

Tilden .

Upson.

Winona .

Wisconsin

Yale.

Abbotfiford. Alford

E

Is-

Phosphorus.

Silica.

Perct.

.04698&#x27; .080 I .081 I .0880 &#x27;

Per el.

Manganese.

Perct.

Alumina.

Perct.

Lime.

Perct.

ne3i.

Perct.

Sulphur.

by ignition.

Perct.

Moisture.

Per cL

M.A.Rqcette Range.

a Expected analysis for the season of 1903.

'

Ic

Ibon Ores.

Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of MARQUETTE RANQE-Gontlnued.

Ore.

Iron.

Phosphorus.

Manganese.

Alumina.

Lime.

n'Sfi:

Sulphur.

Loss

Moisture.

Peret.

Perd.

Per el.

Perct.

Peret.

Perd.

Peret.

Para.

Angeline, hard ..

ADgenline hematite

AngeUne,South..

A vfrhart

Banowo

Banwai

Beaufort

Beade

Bell

Bedford

Bereafoid

Bigelowa

Bnffalo , . .

Oambriaa

Oambxldge

Cain¥>o ,

Outlefoid

Champion No. 1, cnuhedo

atitea

CShatfotda

Chester No. la...

Chester No. 2

Cliffs Shaft, crush-

Cliffs Shaft, lump iTomntde

New York..

aExpected analysis for the season of 1908.

Digitized

M B 1902 1

Mineral Besouboes.

Complete average cargo analyses of LaJx Superior iron oreSy season of 190£ — Continued. MARQUETTE RANQK-ConUnued.

Ore.

Iron.

Phosphorus.

Silica.

Manganese.

Alumina.

Lime.

n'Se:

Sulphur.

by ignition.

Moifitnre.

,

Per a.

Perd.

.

.

Perct.

Pa-eu

Imperiala

Jackson, South...

Lake

n.99

Lilliea

Michigamme

Mitchell

Negaunee

NMfaunee non- Becsemera

Norfolk Bess, cilisheda

Norfolk non-Bess, crashed

Princeton No. la.

Princeton No. 2..

Republic crushed

netic

Republic specular

Richmond

Rosea

Salisbury

Tilden Silica

.W8

a Expected analysis for the season of 1908.

Ibon Obe8.

CbmpUie average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of 190S — Continaed.

Menominee Range.

Ore.

Iron. Per at.

Phosphorus.

Silica.

Manganese.

Alumina.

Lime.

nefl&.

Sulphur.

Loss by ignition.

Moisture.

Perd,

Perd.

Perd.

Perd.

Perd.

Perd.

'8.2668

Atfleld

Armenia

Aiax

Baltic

p. 5000

Barfield

Barton

Bristol

p. 65

p. 0065

p. 50

Clearfield a

Cliffords

p. 60

Crystal FftllH

p. 600

Davidson

p. 75

Davy

p. 885

Florence

p645

Qenfi0ep'>

p. 100

Granada

Oray

Groveland

Great Western...

pioo

Hemlock

Hiawatha

eetedanc

ilysisfof

the seal

ion of 19

Jigitized

,v5§le

Mineral Besouboes.

Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of 190£ — Continaed. MENOMINEE RANGE— Continued.

Ore.

Kimball a.

Lamont.

Lerida.

Lincoln .

Loretto .

Manganate No. 1.

ManianatQ No. 2.

Monongahela, Non-BesB.a

Michigan No. 1...

MUUe .

Northwestern..

Paint Rivera.

Pewablc .

Pewablc Genoa .

Iron.

Fa-cl.

f67. [62. f58.85 ' 154. 189 fSl.lO r52.88 (58. fl

r60.02

Phosphorus.

Rosena .

Russell.

San Jose .

Tobln .

Toledo .

Tyrone.

Verona.

Vivian a.

Walpole.

f56.80

f64.75

r59.050

f56.06

f58.48

r59.24

Perct.

.Too

Silica.

Perct.

Manganese.

Perct.

Alumina.

Perct.

Lime.

Perct.

Perct.

Sulphur.

Loss by Ignition.

Perct.

Perct.

Moisture.

L14eO

a Expected analysis for the season of 1908.

U

nCON ORES.

ChmpUte average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron or, season of 1902 — Continued.

Mesabi Range.

Ore.

Iron.

Phosphorus.

Silica.

Manganese.

Ala- .

Lime.

Sulphur.

Loss by ignition.

Perct.

Moisture.

Perct.

Per el.

Perct,

Perct.

Perct,

Adams

Adams No. 2

Admiral a

Aunewa

Albanya

Audrey No. 2

Beaver i . .

BiwabikNo.2a..

Butler

Chisholm

dairtona

Commodorea

Columbian

Cofdca

.Wo

Crosbya

Cioxton

Cyproso

Dalley

Dulath

Elba

a£xpected analysis for the season of 1908.

Ic

Mineral Bjbsouboes.

Complete average cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of ij?— Continaed.

MESABI RANGE— Continued.

Ore.

Iron.

Manga, nese.

Alumlna.

Lime.

Sulphur.

Losb

ture.

Perct, .0S09

Beret.

Perct,

Gtenoa

Giant

Island

Johnfltona

Jordan

Hale-Kanawha ..

Hawklnsa

Laurao

lift Roe o

Leetonia Bessemero

Leetonia Non- Bessemer

Leonardo

Lincoln

Longyeara

Mahoning

Malta

Minoicaa

Morrow Beasemera.. ..rr

Morrow Non-Besgemer

Mountain

Mountain Special

Oliver

a Expected analysis for the season of 1903.

Ic

Ibok Ores.

CompUU average cargo analyaes of Lake Superior iron ores, season of 1909 — Continued.

MESABI RANQ£--Gontinned.

Ore.

Iron.

Phofr phone.

SUica.

Manganese.

mina.

Tilme.

Sul. pbur.

Loss by ignition.

Moisture.

Peret. (60.68 (62.4946 (68.8920 (00.4280 (58.20 (61.00 (61.9418 (64.00 (62.06 (62.58 (67.6689

Per a.

Perct.

Perct,

Pillflbarv

Pillsbury No. 2...

Roberts

Saontiya

Shenangod

gnarta

SpraoeNo. 2a

Stephensa

geese

Stevcxuioii.

Thompson

ITOy a

Tnlial

Union

victona

Voicaii

Winlfredrt

a Expected analysis for the season of 1908.

Hinebal Be8Oub0Es.

Complete cmerage cargo analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season of 19ttP— Continued.

Vermilion Bange.

Ore.

Jura

Pioneer .

PUot.

Red Lake.

Savoy.

fCl.i

" 167.'

'1610

r66.C

'l65.€

f52.

Soudan aillclous. . L.

m.

Soudan

Iron.

Phoephorufl.

Per a.

Zenith

Perct.

Silica.

Manganese.

Perct.

Ala-

Per dm

Lime.

Perct.

Perct.

Sulphur.

Low

Perct.

Perct.

Moisture.

Per ct.

Michipicoten Range.

Helen .

Distribution Of Iron-Ore Production In 1902, By

States.

Following custom, a rsum of the quantities and character of iron ores mined in 1902 in the various States is presented, the data being arranged in the order of importance of the States as producers.

Minnesota. — The mines which are at present developed in the State of Minnesota are all found on the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges; they produced in the year 1902 16,1375650 long tons of iron ore, valued at $23,989,227, or an average of $1.68 per ton. This is an increase over the 1901 production (11,109,537 long tons) of 4,028,113 tons, or 36 percent. This is certainly a phenomenal record; for it represents a larger quantity' of iron ore than was mined in the whole of the United States prior to the year 1890; it also exceeds the quantities mined in 1891, 1893, and 1894. All of this ore was of the red hematite variety, giving Minnesota first rank in this class of ore, with 50 per cent of the total for the United States. It is probable that there has been more active exploitation in the year 1902 in Minnesota than in any of the other States, and a number of mines have been added to the producing list, some of which will be important contributors in of

ntoN ORES. 57

the new exploitations furnish ore of a grade which, until the late abnonnal demand, was deemed undesirable, no available market formerly existing for it.

Michigan. — Although the iron-ore production in the State of Michigan in the year 1902 (11,135,216 long tons) did not entitle it to first position, the production showed an increase of 1,481,148 tons over the 1901 output of 9,654,067 long tons. Of the output in 1902, 11,079,124 long tons were of the red hematite variety, in which Michigan took second place, and 56,091 tons were magnetite, giving it fifth rank among the producers of this class of ore.

Alabama. — Alabama occupies third position as an iron-ore producer, with a total output in 1902 of 3,574,474 long tons, of which 2,665,635 tons, or 72 per cent, were of the red hematite variety, and 1,008,839 long tons, or 28 per cent, were brown hematite, giving the State third and first ranks, respectively, as a producer of these classes of ores.

Virginia and West Virginia. — Statistics of the State of West Virginia have been included with those of Virginia in order to follow the practice of the United States Geological Survey of holding individual mine statistics confidential. The former State contributed but a small quota to the country's supply.

The total quantity furnished by these two States in the year 1902 was 987,958 long tons, an increase of 62,664 long tons, or 7 per cent, over the 1901 total of 925,394 long tons of ore. Of this amount 953,128 tons, or about 96.6 per cent, was of the brown hematite variety, 31,677 tons, or 3. 2 per cent, red hematite, and 3,153 tons, or 0.3 per cent, magnetite. The two States combined occupy second position as producers of brown hematite ore, eleventh position in the red hematite class, and seventh in the magnetite class.

During the year 1902 a considerable amount of ore was brought into Virginia from the Lake Superior region and used to supplement the local ore supply.

Tennessee. — Tennessee increased its output from 789,494 long tons in 1901 to 874,542 long tons in 1902, a gain of 85,048 long tons, or 10.8 per cent. The greater part of this output, 603,899 tons, was of the brown hematite variety, and the remainder, 370,643 tons, was red hematite. The State occupied fifth position as a producer in 1902.

Pennsylvania. — Pennsylvania has fallen from fourth to sixth position as a producer of iron ore, owing mainly to the reduced output of one of the large producing mines. The total for the year 1902 was 822,932 long tons, a decrease of 217,752 tons from the 1901 production of 1,040,684 long tons. This State contributed three classes of ore; 616,645 tons were of the magnetite variety, 185,846 tons of the brown hematite variety, and 20,441 tons were red hematite. Consequently Pennsylvania ranks first, sixth, and twelfth, respectively, in the production of magnetite, brown hematite, and red hematite ores. i

Wwcondn. — Wisconsin occupies seventh position as a producer, with a total of 783,996 long tons of iron ore, an increase of 45,128 long tons over the 1901 production of 738,868 long tons. Of this total, 758,316 long tons, or 96.7 per cent, were of the red hematite variety, and 25,680 tons, or 3.3 per cent, of the brown hematite variety.

JPeio York. — In the year 1902 New York contributed 555,321 long tons of iron ore, an increase of 135,103 long tons, or 32 per cent, over the 1901 total of 420,218 long tons. The greater portion of this, 451,570 tons, was of the magnetite variety, obtained from the Lake Champlain district; 91,075 tons of the remainder were of the red hematite class, and 12,676 tons were brown hematite.

J/ew Jersey. — The production of the New Jersey iron-ore mines in the year 1902 was 441,879 long tons, an increase of 39,890 long tons, or 9.9 per cent, over the 1901 output of 401,989 long tons. All of this ore was of the magnetite variety, in which class New Jersey occupies third position. There was considerable exploitation in 1902 of a number of iron-ore deposits formerly worked, which accounts for the augmented output.

Georgia cmd North Carolina. — These two States have been combined, but North Carolina's contribution is comparatively small. The total amount mined in 1902 was 364,890 long tons, of which 216,242 tons were brown hematite, 117,812 tons red hematite, and 30,836 tons magnetite.

Colorado. — Colorado holds twelfth rank as a producer of iron ore, having in the year 1902 contributed 293,297 tons of iron ore, which was used in the production of pig iron and as a flux in the smelters. This shows a falling off of 110,740 tons from the 1901 output of 404,037 tons. With the exception of 4,375 tons of red hematite, all of this ore was of the brown hematite variety. The ore which was sent to the smelters contained a mixture of iron and manganese, and often also a small percentage of silver. As the silver was insufficient to make it valuable as a precious-metal ore, it is classed as iron ore.

In the western States and Territories there has been a marked increase in the production of iron ore in order to supply the demands of the growing iron industry in Colorado and the demands of the smelters for argentiferous iron ores used as a flux in the production of the precious metals.

In the year 1902, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming produced a total of 362,034 long tons, of which 255,269 tons were of the red hematite variety, 88,686 tons were magnetite, and 18,079 tons of the brown hematite class.

Other Stages. — Kentucky and Missouri contributed both red and brown hematite, Maryland brown hematite and carbonate ore, and the

ntoK OB1C8. 59

New England States brown hematite. Ohio's output was of the carbonate variety, in which class this State occupies first position. Texas contributed a small quantity of brown hematite.

PBOMnSTENT IBON-OKB PEODTTCBBS.

During the year ending December 31, 1902, 126 iron-ore operations in the United States each produced 50,000 or more long tons of iron ore, the total for the 126 mines being 31,661,628 long tons, or 88.8 per cent of the production for the country.

Of these larger mining operations reported in the year 1902, 102 produced 28,584,023 long tons of red hematite; 14 contributed 1,303,484 long tons of brown hematite; 7 supplied 1,255,358 long tons of magnetite; 2 mines furnished a mixture of 330,439 long tons of red hematite and magnetite, and 1 mine a mixture of 88,324 long tons of red and brown hematite.

Of these larger mining operations 46 are in Michigan, 35 in Minnesota, 15 in Alabama, 7 in Tennessee, 5 in Wisconsin, 4 each in New Jersey and Virginia, 3 in New York, 2 each in Colorado and Georgia, and 1 each in Pennsylvania, Wyoming, and New Mexico.

Of these 126 operations 1 contributed over 1,800,000 long tons, 1 over 1,600,000 tons, 1 over 1,400,000 tons, 2 over 1,200,000 tons, 1 over 1,000,000 tons, 2 over 900,000 tons, 1 over 700,000 tons, 8 over 600,000 tons, 5 over 500,000 tons, 3 over 400,000 tons, 7 over 300,000 tons, 16 over 200,000 tons, 32 over 100,000 tons, and 52 between 50,000 and 100,000 long tons.

The following table gives a list of the larger mining operations of the United States in the year 1902, together with the States in which they are located and the quantity produced by each, except 15 mines producing 1,663,277 long tons, the managers of which objected to publication; but the totals of these unidentified mines have been ouped and placed at the end of the table:

Prominent ironrore mines of the United States, with their production in 190$,

Long tons.

Fayal, Minn 1,863,863

Mountain Iron and Bathbun, Minn 1,629,577

Stevenson, Minn 1,434,719

Adams, Mich 1,245,006

Bed Moontain Group, Ala.:

Moflcado 454,057

Mahoning No. 8, Minn 1,035,216

Ghapin, Micli 932,468

Nome Group, Mich 923,352

Lake Superior, Mich 757,959

Pioneer, Minn 669,746

Ic

Long tons.

Biwabik,Minn 623,045

Aragon, Mich : 611,181

Cornwall, Pa 594,177

Chandler, Mum 593,750

Cleveland Iron Mining Company, Mich. :

Cleveland Lake 484,432

Cleveland Hard Ore 74,743

Pewabic, Mich 538,497

Spruce Mining Company, Minn 535, 021

Aarora and Vaughn, Mich 492, 940

Tilden, Mich 441,123

Hull, Minn 409,259

Buffalo, South Buffalo, Prince of Wales, and Queen, Mich 381, 879

Genoa, Minn 380,238

Lake Angeline, Mich 376,600

Clark, Minn 348,518

Savoy-Sibley, Minn 324,865

Ashland, Mich 314,720

Minnesota Iron Company, Minn 307, 166

Cliffs Shaft, Mich 280,193

Penn Iron Mining Company, Mich 263, 069

Sauntry-Alpena, Minn 249,382

Newport and Bonnie, Mich 239, 506

Riverton Group, Mich 231,512

Rust, Minn 228,953

Elba, Minn 227,465

Sharon, Minn 221,835

Malta, Minn 220,587

Brown Mining Company, Tenn 219, 173

Sparta, Minn 212,310

Sunrise, Wyo 209,272

Chisholm, Minn 204,292

Champion, Mich 197,499

Crystal Falls, Mich 195,289

Sellers, Minn 193,650

Pillsbury, Minn 190,200

Cundy, Mich 183,052

Negaunee, Mich 180,516

Old Bed, N. Y 179,934

Salisbury, Mich 179,066

Carey, Wis 176,180

Penobscot, Minn 171, 756

Atlantic, Wis 166,009

Zenith, Minn 162,006

Jordan, Minn 148,013

Duluth, Minn 142,952

Montreal and Ottawa, Wis 142,886

Sunday Lake, Mich 142,315

Hemlock River, Mich 135,010

Fierro, N, Mex 132,940

Winthrop, Mich 129,496

Ibon Obes.

Long tons.

Port Henry No. 21, N. Y 119,467

Republic and West Republic, Mich 117,628

Mikado, Mich 112,014

Raimund, Ala 111,425

Clifford, Mich 110,506

Princeton, Mich 108,986

Oriskany, Va 108,610

Lincohi, Minn 106,158

Union, Minn 104,481

Armenia, Mich 102,623

Richards, N. J 100,656

Orient, Colo 99,165

Wharton Hibemia, N. J 97,596

Loretto, Mich 97, 409

Baltic, Mich 96,618

Anvil, Mich 93,424

Rich Patch, Va 90,000

Chateaugay, N. Y 89,993

Volunteer, Mich 89,111

Franklin, Minn 88,102

Columbia, Mich 86,452

Mansfield, Mich 81,493

Hiawatha, Mich 80,000

Liilie, Mich 78,452

Corsica, Minn 74, 818

Burt, Minn 74,716

Wood and De Camp, N.J 73,535

Tobinand Genesee, Mich 73,246

Grace's Gap, Ala 71,587

Quinnesec, Mich 70, 095

Tannehill, Ala 68,921

Iron Belt, Wis 68,015

E8telle,Ga 64,422

Great Western, Mich 62,900

Hammond Brothers & Co., Ala 61, 290

Cambria, Mich 59,926

Agnew, Minn 58, 500

Mannie, Tenn 58,216

Minorca, Minn 57, 799

Lone Pine 1, 2, and 3, Ala 57,749

Kawanee, Ala 57, 192

Pearce, Minn 54,950

Lamont, Mich 64,266

Brotherton, Mich 53,971

Hilhnan, Ala 63,478

Grant, Minn 53,270

Commonwealth, Wis 52, 015

Helen-Bess, Ala 51,794

Inman, Tenn v 60, 365

Total 29,898,351

Fifteen mines not reported by name 1, 663, 277

Total ,661,628"

No other country can equal this record of large producers. The table shows 10,272,780 long tons obtained from eight mines, and 16,248,270 long tons from 18 mines, all of which, with two exceptions, have their shipping operations limited by climatic conditions to about two hundred days annually.

Transportation Of Otxeb.

A large proportion of the iron ore which is mined in the United States is transported long distances to points of consumption. The greater part of the iron ore mined in the Lake Superior region is sent by rail and boat to furnaces located in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri. From Wyoming and New Mexico the ores are hauled by rail to the furnaces in Colorado, and the Lake Champlain magnetites are sent to Pennsylvania iron and steel works. From the ore deposits in the Lake Superior region that are located farthest from points of consumption, the ore is shipped by comparatively short hauls, from 15 to 90 miles, by rail to the upper Lake shipping ports, being forwarded thence by vessel to lower Lake receiving ports and there distributed by rail. The ores of the Vermilion Range are usually shipped from Two Harbors, in Minnesota; those of the Mesabi Kange from Duluth and Two Harbors, in Minnesota, and Superior, in Wisconsin; those of the Gogebic Range from the ports of Ashland, in Wisconsin, and Escanaba, in Michigan; those of the Marquette Range from Marquette and Escanaba, both in the State of Michigan; and the ore from the Menominee Range is transported by Escanaba and Gladstone, Mich. The various railroads shipping the iron ore have extensive iron-ore docks at these shipping ports, and the following table, prepared by Mr. R. Angst, chief engineer of the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad, as revised to May 1, 1903, shows the number of these docks, their storage capacity, together with various details in regard to length and width of the docks, height from water to deck, angle of pockets, and length of spouts.

Ic

Ibon Obes.

t

o S ;$ :$ 9 ii S 9 SS S S S S 9 9 !9 S S SS !3 9 ? S

s§i§§i§§igssggg§i§§§§g§ §

O O O O Od O O

OCNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOaOOOaOOO cT c

io S So SS So 9 $ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 S % S S $ @ S So §S S

fl

H

a

a

s s 8 U §§ a §" s s 8 5f s § sf a s §" ss §" :s g

Si§i§igiis|§ii§giiiii§s

-a

r-IOIr-(OICO-iOi-lC4eOiH'r-4rC4eOfHiH i-t r-(

O O Q O S O

"d -o -o p -o "O

g i

it

a

®

-a 3-22 5JS-3

S o

S ► c

tH

I 5l I I

Mineral Resources.

In the year 1902 the total amount of iron ore sent forward from Two Harbors was 5,605,185 long tons, an increase over 1901 of 586,988 long tons. Duluth was a close second, with 5,598,408 long tons; Escanaba was third, with 5,413,704 long tons; Superior fourth, with 4,180,578 long tons; Ashland fifth, shipping 3,553,119 tons; Marquette sixth, with 2,595,010 tons; and Gladstone occupied seventh position, shipping 92,375 long tons.

The total shipments by lake during the year 1902, as reported by the Iron Trade Review, amounted to 27,038,379 long tons. The shipments of iron ore from the different Lake ports, together with the allrail shipments, from 1895 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the following table. The shipments for the year 1902 are the maximum, and show an increase of 6,981,904 tons over the total for 1901:

Lake shipments of iron ore, 1S96-190S,

Shipping? port.

Two Harbors

Escanaba

Duluth

Ashland

Marquette

Superior

Gladstone

Total

All-rail shipments

Grand total .

Longtona. 2,661,465 2,802,121 2,876,064 2,067,637 1,945,519 531,825 341,014

Longtona. 2,693,245 2,803,513 2,685,262 2,391,068 2,245,965 650,403 335,956

Longlmxa. 3,973,733 3,720,218 3,509,965 2,703,447 2,783,596 878,942 881,467

Long tons. 4,007,294 3,436,734 8,888,986 2,633,687 2,661,861 1,522,899 418,864

Long torn, 6,018,197 4,022,668 3,437,955 2,886,262 2,354,284 2,321.077 117,089

Although the greater portion of this iron ore was sent to the lower Lake receiving ports, a considerable quantity went directly to furnaces at Chicago and Milwaukee, and to blast furnaces in the State of Michigan. On the other hand, some iron ore was shipped to lower Lake ports from the Michipicoten Range, in Canada, the ore thus sent forward in 1902 amounting to 207,596 tons. The remainder of the production of this range for 1902, 383,580 tons, was shipped directly to Canadian furnaces at Hamilton and Midland. The quantity of iron ore received at lower Lake ports in the year 1902 amounted to 22,649,424 long tons. In the table given below it will be noted that the ports of Cleveland, Ashtabula, and Conneaut, Ohio, are closely grouped, the three having received in 1902, 13,970,424 long tons, or 62 per cent of the total Lake shipments.

Buffalo and Tonawanda, N. Y., rank next, with 2,256,798 long tons; followed by Erie, Pa., and Fairport, Lorain, Toledo, Huron, and Sandusky, Ohio.

IRON ORES. Iron-are receipts at Lake Erie pi/rtjij 1896-1909,

Port.

ABhtabula,Ohlo...

Cleveland, Ohio

Conneaat, Ohio

WAnda,N.Y

£rie,Pli

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona. 2,684,563 2,645,818 1,404,169

Longtona. Longtona. 3,841,526 3.709,486 3,222,682 3,876,644 2,820,696 2,556,631

268,60o| 821,914 87,499 154.542

Longtona. 3,981,170 8,831,060 8.181,019

Longtona, 4,796,806 4,873,818 4,800,301

FUrport,Ohio

Toledo, Ohio

Lorain, Ohio

Huon, Ohio

Sandusky, Ohio

Total

When the ore is received at lower Lake ports it is either loaded directly into iron-ore cars and shipped to the blast furnaces, or it is stocked in immense piles on the docks, and, although the quantity forwarded dii-ectly to furnaces has increased in late years, large quantities are on hand at the various Lake Erie docks at the close of the navigation season to be drawn upon during the winter when transportation on the Great Lakes is prevented by ice.

The stock of ore on hand at lower lake ports on December 1, 1902, b given as 7,074,264 long tons, an increase of 1,214,591 tons over 1901. Ashtabula and Cleveland had nearly one-half of the total stocks of ore on hand December 1, 1902.

The following table shows the stocks of iron ore on hand at lower Lake ports at the close of navigation December 1, 1902, and also at the opening of navigation May 1, 1903, from 1896 to 1902 and 1903, inclusive:

Sloch of iron ore at lower lake porUy 1895-190S,

Port.

At cloae of navigation, December 1—

Aflhtobnla, Ohio... Cleyeland,Ohio

Faizport, Ohio

Brie, Pa

Longtona.

Longtona. 1,441,666 1,419,811 773,905 355,222 231,288 275,800 115,960 200,075 82,267 69,491

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona.

Longtona,

Lorain, Ohio

Conneanty Ohio

T6ledo,Ohio

Huron, Ohio

Bnffalo,N.Y

8andiisk7.0hio

Total

M B 1902 5

iC

Slocks of iron ore cU lower lake potttt, 1895-190S — GontiDued.

At opening: of navigation. May 1—

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons.

Longtona.

Ashtabula, Ohio...

Cleveland, Ohio

Erie, Pa

Lorain, Ohio

Conneaut, Ohio

69p047

Toledo, Ohio

Huron, Ohio

Bul&ilo,N.Y

Sandusky, Ohio

VAIiUE OF IRON OBES.

The total value at the mines of the 35,554,135 long tons of iron ore produced in the United States during the year ending December 31, 1902, was $65,412, 950, an average of $1.84 per ton, and an increase of 13 cents per ton, or 7.6 per cent, over the 1901 figures, $1.71 per long ton.

This valuation does not correspond to the selling prices of ores, nor is it presented as cost. The query by the United States Geological Survey, submitted to each mine, reads as follows: "Give total value on cars or carts, at the mine, of the iron ore produced during the year, royalty, if any, included, but exclusive of hauling to points of shipment or consumption. The gross commercial value of the ore at the mine, not cost or profit, is asked for."

The selling prices of ores are influenced by their composition, distance from market, etc., and in making up this selling price, cost, royalty, sinking fund, administration, profit, and transportation charges are considered.

The basis for fixing the value of Lake Superior iron ores adopted by the Bessemer Ore Association for the year 1902 was as follows:

Old Range Bessemer ores, basis price $4.50 per long ton, free on board at lower Lake ports, guaranteed to contain 63 per cent of metallic iron, 0.045 per cent of phosphorus, and 10 per cent of moisture when dried at 212 F., equivalent to 56.7 per cent metallic iron in the ore in its natural condition.

Old Range non-Bessemer ores, basis price $3. 60 per ton, free on board at lower Lake ports, guaranteed to contain 60 per cent of iron and 12 per cent of moisture when dried at 212° F., equivalent to 52.8 per cent iron in the natural condition.

Ic

Iron Ores.

Mesabi Hange Bessemer ores, basis price $4 per ton free on board at lower Lake ports, the guarantee of iron, phosphorus, and moisture being the same as for the Old Range Bessemer.

The Mesabi non-Bessemer ores had a basis price of 98.20 per ton free on board at lower Lake ports, and were guaranteed to contain 60 per cent of iron and 12 per cent of moisture. These ores are divided into three classes, accoixling to their physical structure, as determined by sieve tests. The second class basis is 10 cents and the third class 25 cents per ton below the prices placed on the first class.

When the ores contain iron or phosphorus above or below the fixed guaranty the price is adjusted accordingly. The basis price of the Old Range Bessemer oi-e in 1902 was 25 cents per ton above that for 1901.

The reports from the various States show the highest average value per ton in 1902 was in Colorado, $3.52 per ton; but some of this ore contained in addition to iron some manganese and a small amount of precious metals, and had an augmented value as a fluxing medium and because of the relative high cost of labor. The lowest average value reported was in Texas, 99 cents per ton, this value being due to the fact that only a limited amount of ore was mined, principally by convict labor.

The production of iron ore in the United States in 1902, by States, together with the total value at the mines, and the average value per ton in each State, are given in the following table:

QtuxntUy and value of iron ore produced in 190£y by States.

State.

Quantity.

Total value at mines.

Average

value per

ton.

Minnesota

Michigan

Alabama

Virginia and West Virginia

Tenneawe

Fennsyl vania

Wisconsin

New York

New Jersey

Georgia and North Carolina

Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming .

Colorado

Kentucky

Missouri

Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont

Maryland

Ohio

Texas

Totol .

Long tons.

Minebal Besouboes.

Stocks Of Obe.

In the States included in the Lake Superior iron-ore region the bulk of the ore mined is transported by water from shipping ports on Lakes Superior and Michigan to the receiving docks on Lake Erie. As traffic on the Great Lakes is suspended during the winter months, the ore which is mined during the time that navigation is closed must be stocked. For this reason, at the end of each calendar year large stocks of ore are reported by the mines in the States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. On December 31, 1902, the total stock for these three States was 3,578,809 tons, or about 93 per cent of the aggregate stock of iron ores for the United States, which amounted to 3,834,717 long tons. This total is 405,106 tons less than the quantity, 4,239,823 long tons, reported on hand December 31, 1901.

The stock of ore reported on hand at all mines represents 10.8 per cent of the production of iron ore in the United States for the year 1902.

The following table illustrates, by States, the stocks of ore on hand at the mines December 31, 1902:

Stocks of iron ore on hand mines December SI, 190S,

State.

Quantity.

State.

Quantity.

Minnesota

Michigan

Alabama

Virginia and West Virginia

Tennessee

Wisconsin

Pennsylvania

New York

New Jersey

Montana, Nevada. New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming

Longtons, 1,114.197 2,286,105

Long ions.

Colorado t ,

Georgia and North Carolina ,

Kentucky ,

Missouri

Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont

Maryland

Ohio

Texaa

Us

Total .

Imports.

Through the courtesy of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor data have been secured showing the imports and exports of iron ore into and from the United States during the calendar year 1902.

From the table presented it will be seen that 1,166,470 long tons of iron ore were imported, which were valued at $2,583,077, an average value of $2.22 per ton. This is an increase of 198,520 tons, or 21 per cent over the quantity imported in 1901, 966,950 tons. The values of the iron ore, as given in the table, are those at the point of shipment, and do not include transport or duty charges. The high value given in some cases is due to the presence of some other chemical constituent

than iron ore.

Ibon Ores.

The following tables show the quantity and value of iron ores imported into the United States and the countries from which the ores were shipped from 1896 to 1902, inclusive, and also the imports by the domestic ports at which they were received.

Qiumiity and value of iron ores imported into the United States, 1896-190, by countries

Imported from—

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Cuba r

Long tons. 880,551 121,132 79,661 29,882 33,750 20,800 8,150 1,101 4,251

Long tons.

Long tons. 165,623 13,835

Spain

French Africa

Italy

Greece

Newfoundland and I/labrador

United Kingdom

Colombia

Portugal

Other countries

Total

Imported from—

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Long tons.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Cuba

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons.

French Africa

Italy

Greece

r 79, 860

Newfoundland and Labrador

United Kingdom

Colombia

British Columbia

Germany

Netherlandu

Quebec, Ontario., etc . .

Venezuela

Sweden and Norway. . .

Belgium

France

Other countries

ft99

Total

a Newfoundland only.

hOl this amount 87 tons, valued at $442, came from Mexico, and 12 tons, valued at $27, from the French West Indies.

Cuba is the most important contributor to the supply of iron ores of the United States, over one-half the total imports, 696,375 tons, having come from that island. The next largest supply, 203,824 tons, came from Canada, the greater portion being obtained from the Mick*

iC

Mineral R£80Ubce8.

ipicoten Bange, in the Province of Ontario, wliich was forwarded to the United States by way of the Great Lakes. There were 153,527 tons imported from Spain and 81,920 tons from Newfoundland, and Algeria (French Africa) supplied 19,167 tons. All of the other countries in the table were unimportant contributors

About one-half of the ore imported was received at the port of Baltimore, Md., and more than one-fourth at Philadelphia, Pa., the total for the two ports being 939,659 tons, or 81 per cent of the total, the same proportion as in 1901.

The figures by customs districts for the years 1898 to 1902, inclusive

, are as follows:

Imparts of iron ore into the United SUUes, 1898-190, by customs districts.

Port.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Baltimore.,

Long tons.

Delaware

Philadelphia, Pa

NewYork, N. Y '

Boston, Mass

Newport News, Va ,

Total .

Cape Vincent, N. Y

Buffalo Creek, N. Y

Cuyahoga, Ohio

Champlain, N. Y

Detroit, Mich

Genesee, N. Y

Oswegatchie, N. Y

Vermont

Erie

Miami

Total lake ports

Puget Sound, Wash

San Francisco, Cal '

San Diego, Cal - - - -

Lo6 Angeles, Cal

Total Pacific ports

Pittsburg, Pa

Eyansville, Ind

Total interior ports

Total imports

Isok Ores.

Impcris of iron ore into the OnUed States 1898-190, by customs districts —

Port

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Long tons.

Long tons. 484,066

Ddawftre

PhilAdelphia, Pa

New York. N. Y

Bonton, Man

Newport Newa, Va

Norfolk and Portsmoatli, Va.

Total Atlantic porta. . . .

Cape Vincent, N. Y

2Kr

Coyahoga, Ohio

r!>#mpuin, V. y. ..

Detroit, Mich

Genesee N. Y

Oswegatchie, N. Y

Vermont

Erie

Total lake porta

Puget tionnd, Waah

San Franclwo, Ol

Lot Angeles, Gal

Total Pacific ports

Totol interior porta

Total imports

Exports.

During the year 1902, 88,445 long tons of iron ore, valued at $294,168, were exported, nearly all of which were sent to Canadian blast furnaces to be used in the ore mixtures fed to blast furnaces.

Ic

Motebal Bssouboes.

The following table gives the ports from which the various quantities were exported during the years 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902:

Exports of iron ore from the United States, 1899-190S.

Customs district.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value,

New York

Long Urns,

Long tons.

Longions.

U,889

Superior

Duluth

Paso del Norte

Saluria

Detroit

Huron

Newport News

Buffalo Creek

2S1

Vermont

Total

Cuba.

Cuban iron ores in the year 1902 were supplied by three producing companies from mines located in the province of Santiago de Cuba, in the southeastern portion of the island, close to the Caribbean Sea. The properties are owned and operated by United States companies, and all of the iron ore produced during the year 1902 was brought to this country. The three producing companies in 1902 were the Juragua Iron Company (Limited), which commenced shipments in the year 1884; the Spanish- American Company, which first shipped ore in 1896, and the Cuban Steel Ore Company, which commenced operations in 1901. The total quantity shipped by the three companies in 1902, 699,734 long tons, was the largest quantity yet forwarded in any one year. The Cuban Steel Ore Company went out of business at the end of te year 1902, and its mines are now closed.

In 1892 the Sigua Iron Company commenced operations, and shipped a few cargoes in that and the following year, after which mining ceased.

Ibok Ores.

The following table, prepared by Mr. Josiah Monroe, shows the annual shipments from the various mines from the time they began operations to the close of the year 1902:

ShipmenU of iron ore from mines in (he province of Santiago de Cuba,

Yeu.

Juiaffua Iron Company, Ltd.

Sigualron Company.

Spanish- American Iron Company.

Steel Ore Total. Company.

Longtont.

Longtona.

Long tont.

Long tons: 25,296

1S66

l206,029

Total

a Of thiB quantity, 5,982 tons were sent to Picton, Nova Scotia. h Of this quantity, 61,587 tons were sent to foreign ports. c Of this quantity, 12,691 tons were sent to foreign ports.

Total 70,160 tons sent to foreign ports.

Ic

Statistics Of The American Iron Trade For 1902.

By James M. Swank,

General Manager of the American Iron and Steel Associaiion,

Brief Review Of The Iron Trade In 1902.

The prosperity of the iron and steel industries of the United States, heretofore referred to, continued through the year 1902 and still continues in May, 1903. There have been, however, two serious checks to this prosperity, but happily these no longer exist, and the outlook for the continued prosperity of the iron trade of this country during the remainder of the present year is all that could be desired. The first of these checks was the anthracite coal strike, which began on May 12, 1902, and lasted until October 23 of the same year, when there was a general resumption of work at the mines. During the interval of twenty-three weeks the scarcity of anthracite coal restricted the operations of Eastern iron and steel manufacturers, but for several months there has been an abundance of anthracite coal for all purposes. The other check to the prosperity of the iron trade was caused by an aggravation in the last six months of 1902 and in the early months of 1903 of a previously existing trouble in the form of inadequate railway transpoiiation. This hindrance to the prompt delivery of raw materials and the prompt removal of finished products has now been practically overcome. Owing to the influences already referred to and to the extraordinary demand for iron and steel, prices advanced somewhat in 1902, but most advances were checked early in 1903. For these combined reasons the imports of iron and steel greatly increased in 1902, and the exports decreased. At the present time the tendency is strongly toward decreased importations in 1903.

IMPORTS OF IRON ANJy STEEIi.

The following table, compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the quantities of leading articles of iron and steel and of iron ore and

Mineral Resoitrcks.

nese ore imported into the United States in the four calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902.

Imports of iron and gtedy 189190fS.

Article.

Pig iron, spiegeleisen, and ferromanganefle,

Scrap iron and scrap steel

Bar iron ,

Iron and steel rails

Hoop, band, or scroll iron and steel ,

Steel ingots, billets, structural steel, etc . . . Sbeet, plate, and taggers' iron and steel ...

Tin plates

Wire rods, iron and steel

Wire, and articles made from ivlre

Anvils

Chains

Total

Iron ore

Manganese ore

law.

Long tons.

Long Urns.

Longtont.

The total imports of iron and steel; including machinery, cutlery, firearms, etc., for which weights are not obtainable, amounted in foreign value to $41,468,826 in the calendar year 1902, against $20,395,015 in 1901, $20,443,911 in 1900, and $15,800,579 in 1899, an increase in 1902 as compared with 1901 of $21,073,811, or over 100 per cent.

Of the pig iron imported in recent years a large part was spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, which pay duty as pig iron, but in 1902 there was a great increase in the importations of foundry and Bessemer pig iron,

BXPOBTS OF IRON AND STBBIi.

The following table, also compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of CJommerce and Labor, 'gives the exports of leading articles of iron and steel and of iron ore and locomotives in the calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902.

Exports of iron and sled, 1899-190S.

Article.

Longions.Long Um.

Longtons.

Pig iron

Scrap and old, for remanoiacture . .

Bar iron

Band, hoop, or scroll iron and steel Bars or rods of steel not wire rods. .

Steel wire rods

Billets, ingots, and blooms

Cut nails and spikes

Wiie nails

Longtons.

AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1902. Exports of iron and steel, 1899-190 — Contmaed.

Article.

All other nails, Including tacks

Iron plates and sheets

Steel plates and sheets

Iron calls

Steel rails

.Stractoral iron and steel

Wire

Total

Iron ore

Locomotives number..

' 2,076

Long ions.

Long Urns. 2,244 8,434 67,455 58,869 97,848

The total exports of iron and steel, which include locomotives, car wheels, machinery, castings, hardware, saws and tools, sewing machines, stoves, printing presses, boilers, etc. , amounted in the calendar year 1902 to 197,892,036, against 1102,534,575 in 1901, $129,633,480 in 1900, $105,690,047 in 1899, $82,771,550 in 1898, and $62,737,250 in 1897. The exports of iron and steel more than doubled in value from 1897 to 1900, but there was a shrinkage in 1901 as compared with 1900 of $27,098,905, or over 20 per cent In 1902 there was a further shrinkage, but it was not so pronounced as in 1901, owing to the advance in prices.

EXPORTS OF AGRICUIiTURAIi IMPIjEMENTS.

The exports of agricultural implements, which are not included above, amounted in the calendar year 1902 to $17,981,597, against $16,714,308 in 1901, $15,979,909 in 1900, $13,594,524 in 1899, $9,073,384 in 1898, and $5,302,807 in 1897.

Imports Op Iron Orb.

The following table, taken from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, gives the quantities and values of iron ore imported into the United States during the calendar years 1900, 1901, and 1902, by customs districts.

Imports of iron ore, by customs districtSy 1900-1909,

District.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Baltimore

Longtont. 448,660 25,878 414,064

Long tons.

Long tons.

Piiffet Somid . a .a

Vermont

All other

Total

The imports of iron ore in 1902 were almost 200,000 tons larger than in 1901, the increase being wholly due to increased imports from Cuba and Canada. Mr. Josiah Monroe, secretary and treasurer of the Juragua Iron Company, Limited, has kindly furnished the following detailed report of the shipments to the United States of Cuban iron ore in 1902, all the producing mines being located in the province of Santiago de Cuba.

The following companies shipped iron ore to the United States in 1902: The Juragua Iron Company, Limited, 221,039 long tons; the Spanish-American Iron Company, 455,105 tons; the Cuban Steel Ore Company, 23,590 tons; total shipments, 699,734 tons. The Cuban Steel Ore Company went out of business at the end of the year and its mines are closed. No iron ore was shipped from Cuba in 1902 to any other country than the United States.

Mr. Monroe also furnishes the following statistics of the total shipments of iron ore from Cuba from the beginning of shipments in 1884 to the close of 1902: By the Juragua Iron Company, Limited, 3,911,795 long tons; by the Sigua Iron Company, 20,438 tons; by the Spanish- American Iron Company, 1,777,118 tons, and by the Cuban Steel Ore Company, 41,241 tons; total, 5,750,692 tons.

liAKB SUPERIOR IRON-ORE SHIPMENTS.

The Iron Trade Review gives full details of the shipments oi iron ore from the Lake Superior region in 1902 and in preceding years. Its figures show that the total shipments by water and by all-rail routes in 1902 amounted to 27,571,121 long tons, against 20,589,237 tons in 1901, an increase of 6,981,884 tons, or 33.9 per cent. The shipments in 1902 from the Helen mine, on the Canadian side, 298,420 tons, are not included. If added, we find that 27,776,619 tons of Lake Superior iron ore were shipped last year.

The Beview says that 133 mines on the five Lake Superior ranges shipped iron ore last year, against 104 mines in 1901. The distribution is as follows: Marquette, 19; Menominee, 34; Gogebic, 27; Vermilion, 5; Mesabi, 48. The great gain was on the Mesabi range, where 17 new active mines appear. Strictly speaking, says the Review, more than 133 mines shipped iron ore last year, as the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company's mines on the Marquette range are considered as though they were one mine. There are other similar cases.

The shipments from the United States Steel Corporation's mines in 1902 amounted to 16,136,787 tons, or 58.5 per cent of the whole. This is apart from one-half of the 530,291 tons shipped from the Pewabic mine, in which the Carnegie Steel Company has a one-half interest, and also omitting the 28,106 tons shipped from the Iron Ridge mine in Wisconsin, belonging to the Illinois Steel Company. This mine is

Ic

Amekican Iboi9 Tbade For 1902.

remote from the Lake Superior ranges and has never been included in Lake Superior statistics.

In the following tables the shipments of Lake Superior iron ore in the last four years are given by ranges and by ports and by all-rail routes. Shipments to local furnaces are included.

Shipments ojltake Superior iron ore by ranges, 1899-1 90£.

Range.

If aiquette range . Menominee range Gogebic range ... Vermilion range . Meaabi range

Total

Long tons. 3,757,010 8,801,052 2,795,856 1,771,602 6,626,884

Long tons. 8,457,522 3,261,221 2,875,296 1,655,820 7,809,585

Longton8, 3,254,680 3,605,449 2,988,155 1,786,063 9,004,890

Long tons. 3,853,010 4,627,524 3,663,484 2,084,263 13,342,840

The Marquette range is wholly in Michigan, the Menominee and Gogebic ranges are partly in Michigan and partly in Wisconsin, and the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges are in Minnesota.

ShipTnents of Lake Superior iron ore by lake ports and aUraU routes 1899-1902.

Port

EBcanaba — Marqnette . . .

Ashland

Two Harbors Gladstone ...

Superior

Duluth

AUrall

Total..

Long tons. 3,436,734 2,661,861 2,633,687 4,007,294

Long tons. 4,022,668 2,854,284 2,886,252 5,018,197

Long tons. 5,413,704 2,595,010 8,553,919 5.605,185 92,375 4,180,568 5,598,408 531,952

RECEIPTS OF IRON ORB AT liAKE ERIE PORTS.

The Iron Trade Review annually publishes full statistics of the receipts of Lake Superior iron ore at Cleveland, Ashtabula, Buffalo, Conneaut, and other ports on Lake Erie, the principal receipts being at Ashtabula, Cleveland, and Conneaut; also the quantity left on the docks at the close of navigation. From these statistics the following statement for the years 1889 to 1902 is compiled:

Beceipls of Lake Superior iron ore at Lake Erie ports, 1889-1909,

Year.

Receipts.

dock.

Year.

Receipts.

On dock.

Long tons. 5,866,344 6,874,664 4,939,684 6,660,734 6,833,061 6,850,825 8,112,228

Long tons. 2,607,106 3,893,487 3,508,489 4,149,451 4,070,710 4,884,247 4,415,712

Long tons. 8,025,432 10,120,906 11,028,821 15,222,187 16,797,787 17,014,076 22,649,424

Long tons. 4,964,984

The receipts of Lake Superior iron ore at the ports of Buffalo (including Tonawanda), Erie, and CJonneaut in the last seven years ai-e given by the Review, as follows:

Receipts of Lake Superior iron ore at Buffalo, Erie, and Conneautf 1896-1902.

Port.

Buffalo

Long tons. 645,101 847,849 327,623

Long tons.

Long tons. 1,075,976 1,092,364 1,404,169

Long tons. 1,580,016 1,809,961 2,820,696

Long tons. 1,616,919 1,240,715 2,666,631

Long tons. 1,475,886 1, 379, 377 3,181,019

Longtons. 2,266,798

Erie

Conneaut

Total

liABGEST SHIPPERS OF IAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORE.

The. Lake Superior mines which shipped the largest quantities of iron ore in 1902 were the f oUowing: The Norrie, in the Gogebic range, 1,080,032 tons; Tilden, in the Gogebic range, 468,672 tons; Aurora, in the Gogebic range, 402,981 tons; Chandler, in the Vermilion range, 645,786 tons; Savoy, in the Vemiilion range, 322,241 tons; Minnesota, in the Vermilion range, 275,168 tons; Pioneer, in the Vermilion range, 673,863 tons; Aragon, in the Menominee range, 646,203 tons; Chapin, in the Menominee range, 956,812 tons; Pewabic, in the Menominee range, 530,291 tons; Lake Angeline, in the Marquette range, 304,125 tons; Queen, in the Marquette range, 418,044 tons; Lake Superior, in the Marquette range, 832,796 tons; Cleveland-Cliffs, in the Marquette range, 1,104,864 tons; Mountain Iron, in the Mesabi range, 1,421,456 tons; Fayal, in the Mesabi range, 1,919,172 tons; Mahoning, in the Mesabi range, 1,038,645 tons; Adams, in the Mesabi range, 1,242,923 tons; and Stevenson, in the same range, 1,434,681 tons.

Imports And Exports Of Coal Ani&gt; Cob33.

The exports of anthracite coal from this country in the calendar year 1899 amounted to 1,707,796 long tons, in 1900 to 1,654,610 tons, in 1901 to 1,993,307 tons, and in 1902 to 907,977 tons. The exports of bituminous coal in 1899 amounted to 4,044,354 long tons, in 1900 to 6,262,909 tons, in 1901 to 5,390,086 tons, and in 1902 to 5,218,969 tons. The imports of anthracite coal into this country in 1899

American Ibon Tbade Fob 1902. 81

amounted to 61 tons, in 1900 to 118 tons, in 1901 to 286 tons, and in 1902 to 73,006 tons. The imports of bituminous coal in 1899 amounted to 1,400,461 tons, in 1900 to 1,909,258 tons, in 1901 to 1,919,962 tons, and in 1902 to 2,478,375 tons. The exports of coke in 1899 amounted to 280,196 tons, in 1900 to 376,999 tons, in 1901 to 384,330 tons, and in 1902 to 392,491 tons. These figures are obtained from the reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department.

Mr. H. P. Snyder, the editor of the Connellsville Courier, furnishes the following information with regard to the shipments of Connellsville coke: The total shipments of Connellsville coke in 1902, including the shipments from the Lower Connellsville region, amounted to 14,138,740 short tons of 2,000 pounds, against 12,609,949 tons in 1901, 10,166,234 tons in 1900, and 10,129,764 tons in 1899. Mr. Snyder says that the shipments from the Connellsville region proper in 1902 were practically the same as in the previous year. Of the shipments for 1902 over 2,000,000 tons came from the Lower Connellsville region. Coke shipments must not be confounded with coke production. The increased shipments of coke from the entire Connellsville region in 1902 over 1901 amounted to 1,528,791 tons. The shipments in 1902 would have been still further increased if transportation facilities had been equal to the demand for coke. Over 100,000 tons of coke were in stock piles at the end of the year awaiting shipment.

Concerning the prices paid for Connellsville coke during 1902 the Courier says that a careful estimate of the average price places it at $2.87 per short ton, at which rate the gross revenue of the region in that year was $33,508,714. The Courier adds:

The price of coke during the greater part of the year was almost anythmg the operators chose to ask for it. Their contracts, of course, were filled at the contract prices. It would be impossible to give the monthly range of prices. Quotations were practically withdrawn the latter part of the year. Orders went begging. Furnace men with empty coke bins offered as much as |15 per ton for a few cars of quick-delivery coke. During the month of January there were actual sales as low as $L75 ton, but these were on contract. The transient price was in the neighborhood of 12.50. During February and March it rose to $3 and during April and May it went back to |2.50. After that time, as stated above, it commanded almost any price. During the last quarter of the year there were a number of sales at 17.50 to $11 per ton.

Very little coke has been sold in 1903 below $4 a ton, and none was sold below this price in the closing months of 1902. During the second half of this year the price is likely to be $4.

The shipments of anthracite coal from the Pennsylvania mines in 1902 amounted to 31,200,890 gross tons, against 63,668,601 tons in 1901 and 46,107,484 tons in 1900. These figures are furnished by W. W. Ruley, the anthracite coal statistician. ooIp

The shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke in 1902, the figures foP M R 1902 6

Mineral Re80Itbgb8.

which have been furnished by Mr. A. J. Hemphill, secretary of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company, amounted to 1,191,436 net tons, against 1,279,949 tons in 1901, 1,341,444 tons in 1900, and 1,317,246 tons in 1899.

Theshipments of Cumberland coal from the mines of western Maryland and West Virginia in 1902 amounted to 6,288,867 gross tons, against 6,139,329 tons in 1901, 6,171,916 tons in 1900, and 6,131,461 tons in 1899.

AVERAGE MONTHIiY PRICES OF IRON ANT> STEEIi AT PHIIiADEIiPHIA AND PITTSBURG IN 1901 AND 1902.

In the following table are given the average monthly prices of various leading articles of iron and steel at Philadelphia and Pittsburg in 1901 and 1902. The prices named are per ton of 2,240 pounds, except for bar iron, which is quoted by the 100 pounds. At Philadelphia prices of bar iron are quoted from store, but at Pittsburg from mill. Prices of No. 1 anthracite foundry pig iron at Philadelphia are preserved for comparison with former years, this grade of pig iron having been the standard grade from 1842 until the present time.

Monthly prices of iron and steel at Philadelphia and PHtsburg in 1901 and 1902,

Month.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

Auguiit

September...

October

November... December . . .

January

February —

March

May

June

July

August

September. . .

October

November . . . December . . .

Old Iron

T railsat

Philadel

phia.

Perlong ton.

Nol foundry pig iron atPhlladelphia.

At Philadelphia.

Perlong Urn.

Gray forge pig iron—

Per long ton.

At Pittsburg.

Perlong ton.

Bessemer

pigiron

burg.

Steel rails at mills in Pennsylvania.

Perlong ton.

PerUmg ton.

steel billets at

mills at Pittsburg.

At Philadelphia.

PerUmg ton.

Best refined bar iron —

Per 100 pounds.

At

Per 100 pound*.

American Iron Trade For 1902.

AVERAGE MONTHIiY PRICES OF CUT NAIIiS AT PHIIiA-

The following table gives the average monthly base prices of cut nails, per keg of 100 pounds, from store at Philadelphia, since 1895, as reported by the Duncannon Iron Company:

Average monthly prices of cut naiU at Philadelphia 1896-1909.

Month.

January . . . February . .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September.

October

NoTember . December .

SI. 00 .9b

Average .

a 1.70

Si. 60

Si. 35

Si. 40

S2.80

S2.25

S2.30

a Early in 1893 the base price and schedule of extras of cut nails were changed to correspond with the wire-nail schedule, and in December, 1896, the schedule of extras was again changed to correspond with the new wire-nail schedule.

AVERAGE MONTHIjY PRICES OF WIRE ISAIIjS AT CHICAGO.

The following table, compiled from quotations in the Iron Age, gives the average monthly base prices of standard sizes of wire nails, per keg of 100 pounds, in carload lots, free on board at Chicago, from 1895 to 1902:

Average monthly prices of tire nails at Chicago, 1896-190.

Month.

Si. 55

Si. 59

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Average

So. 95

al.60

Si. 50

S2.35

&#x27;I

S2.16

o A new nail card was adopted in December, 1896. The average price given for wire nails in December, 1896. on the new card, S1.60 per keg, would be equivalent to Sl.lO per keg on the old card, showing a very great decrease in prices. , ii ii f i i-

Vic

Mineral Resouboes.

AVERAGE MONTHIiY PRICES OF STBEIi BARS AT

The following table, compiled from weekly quotations in the American Manufacturer, gives the average monthly prices of steel bars per 100 pounds at mills in Pittsburg from 1896 to 1902:

Average monthly prices of steel bars at Pittsburg, 1896-190$.

Month.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Average

n.20

Si. 07

Si. 00

The lowest quoted price at which steel bars were sold at Pittsburg within the last seven years was 90 cents per 100 pounds, this price prevailing in June, July, and August, 1897.

AVERAGE YEARIiY PRICES OF IRON AND STEEIi.

The following table gives the average yearly prices of leading articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania, also of wire nails at Chicago, from 1898 to 1902. These prices are obtained by averaging monthly quotations, and these have in turn been averaged from weekly quotations. The prices given are per ton of 2,240 pounds, except for bar iron and steel and for cut and wire nails, which are quoted by the 100 pounds and in 100-pound kegs:

Average yearly prices of leading articles of iron ajid steel, 1898-190$,

Article.

Old iron T rails at Philadelphia per long ton..

No. 1 foundry pig iron at Philadelphia do —

Gray forge pig iron:

At Philadelphia do

AtPittaburg do

Bessemer pig iron at Pittsburg do —

Steel rails at mills in Pennsylvania do —

Steel billets at mills at Pittsburg do

Best bar iron:

From store at Philadelphia per 100 pounds. .

At mills at Pittsburg do —

Steel bars at mills at Pittsburg do —

Cut nails from store at Philadelphia per keg. .

Wire nails, base price, at Chicago do —

m.39

S19.32

ul.67

Amebioak Ibok Tbade Fob 1902.

AVERAGE MONTHIiY PRICES OF TIN PIRATES.

In late years foreign tin plates have not been regularly quoted at New York. For this reason foreign prices subsequent to 1898 will not be found in the following table, which gives the average monthly prices of American Bessemer tin plates, I. C, 14 by 20, per box of 100 pounds, at mills in Pennsylvania, from January, 1899, to December 1902, and which has been compiled for this report by Mr. W. P. Beaver, auditor of the American Tin Plate Company.

Average monthly

f prices

of tin plates, 1899-19m.

Month.

Price.

Month.

Price.

Month.

Price.

Month.

Price.

January

February

Max€h

January

February

March

January

February

March

January

February

March

April

April

April

April 4.00

May 4.00

June ' 4.00

May

May

June.

Jnne

June

July

July

July

July ! 4.00

August ! 4.00

September 4.00

October 4.oo

August

August

September

October

November

December

Average..

August

September

October

November

December

Average..

September

October

December

November

December

Average . .

Average..

On March 1, 1903, the price of tin plates was advanced to $3.80 per box, owing to the increased cost of raw materials.

Foreign tin plates are imported only by the oil and canning interests in order that the benefit of the drawback system may be secured in the export trade.

Production Of Pig Iron,

Twenty -two States made pig iron in 1902, against 21 in 1899 and 1900, and 20 in 1901. The total production of pig iron in 1902 was 17,821,307 long tons, against 16,878,364 tons in 1901, 13,789,242 tons in 1900, 13,620,703 tons in 1899, 11,773,934 tons in 1898, and 9,662,680 tons in 1897. The production in 1902 was 1,942,963 tons more than in 1901. The following table gives the half-yearly production in the la8t six years:

Half-yearly production of pig iron, 1897-1902,

Period.

First half... Second half

Total.

Long tons. 4,403,476 6,249,204

Long tons. 5,869,703 5,904,281

Long tons. 6,289,167 7,381,636

Long tons. 7,642,569 6,146,678

Long tons. 7,674,613 8,208,741

Long tons. 8,808,574 9,012,783

hy V":

Mineral Kes0Ubck8.

The following table gives the half-yearly production of pig iron by States in 1902, arranged according to geographical position:

Half -yearly production of pig iron, by States, 190£.

state.

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania —

Maryland

Virginia

North Carolina

Georgia

Alalsama

Texas

West Virginia

First half.

Tong tons.

Second half.

State.

Kentucky.. Tennessee. .

Ohio

Ulinois

Michigan . . Wisconsin.. Minnesota . Missouri ... Colorado... Washington

Total.

First half.

L€ngUm.

Second half.

Longtoru. 59,686 206,419 1,856,892 09,562

The following table gives the production of pig iron by States in 1901 and 1902, in the order of their prominence in 1902:

Production of pig iron by States, 1901-2, by rank of production in 1902,

state.

Pennsylvania

Ohio

niinois

Alabama

Virginia

New York . . . .

Tennessee

Maryland . . . .

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Missouri

Colorado

Washington . .

New Jersey

West Virginia..

Michigan

Kentucky

North Carolina

Georgia

Connecticut

Massachusetts . Texas

Total

Long tons. 156,746 166,597 170,762

Jjongtons. 191,880 183,005 155,213 110,725

All the above States, with the exception of Massachusetts and Michigan, made more pig iron in 1902 than in 1901.

The grouping of some of the States in the above tables and in some other tables is due to the fact that all statistics are received by the American Iron and Steel Association in strict confidence, making it necessary in some instances to resort to grouping to avoid disclosing the production of individual works.

AMERICAN IBOK TBAD£ FOB l902.

PBOBUCnON OP PIG IRON ACCORDING TO FUEIi USED,

The production of pig iron in 1902, classified according to the fuel used, was as follows, compared with the four preceding years:

Production of pig iron according to fuel uscdf 1898-190iS,

Fuel used.

IHtnnilnoiiii, chiefly coke

Long ton*.

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long Ions.

Long Urns. 16, 315, 801

AnthrBrCite and ooke

Anthracite alone

Charooal

Charcoal and coke

Total

The following table gives the production of bituminous pig iron by States in 1901 and 1902, according to their prominence in 1902:

ProdiuHon of bUummous pig iron by States, 1901-, according to rank in 190S,

State.

Ohto

nilnoia

Alabama

Viijflnia

North Carolina .

Tennessee

New York

New Jeney

Long tons. 5,819,961 8,316,858 1,696, 860 1,172,202 446,188

:!l

Long tons. 7,193,796 3,620,690 1,730,220 1,411,677

i 636, 174

State.

Maryland

Wifloonsin

Colorado

West Virginia.

Kentucky

Minnesota

Missouri

Long tons. 7S7,826 172,278 165,664 166,697 68,462

Total.

Long totu. 301,601 233,286 210, 147 183,006 110, ?25

The table below gives the production of anthracite and mixed anthracite and coke pig iron by States from 1897 to 1902:

Production of anthracite and mixed anthracite and coke pig iron by States, 1897-190S.

State.

Pennsylvania . New Jersey —

New York

Maryland

Total

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons. 1,420,618

Long tons.

Longtotis.

Ic

Minebal Bes0Urce8.

The following table gives the production of charcoal pig iron by- States in 1901 and 1902, according to their prominence in 1902:

Production of charcoal pig iron by States, 1901-2, ojccording to rank in 1902.

State.

Michigan... Alabama . . . Wisconsin . . MlABOuri — WashingtO]! New York . .

Geoiigia

Connecticut Ohio

Long tons. 170,762 53,010

Long tons. 155,213 60,534

State.

Tennessee

Texaa

Maryland

Virgrlnia

Pennsylvania . MaasachusettA.

Long tons. 5,190

Total.

Lortons. 6,293

There were also produced in 1902 in Tennessee 11,665 tons of pig iron with mixed charcoal and coke, against 23,294: tons in 1901.

Probuction Of Besssmsb Pig Iron.

The following table gives the production of Bessemer pig iron by- States in each year from 1897 to 1902, in long tons. Bessemer pig iron made with charcoal as fuel is included. Low-phosphorus pig iron is included in the statistics for 1901 and 1902.

Production of Beasetner pig iron, by Staies, 1897'-190B.

State.

Long ions.

Pennsylvania 3,434,930

Ohio 1,027.897

Illinois ' 1,017,991

Maryland 151,105

West Virginia ' 132,907

North Carolina

Colorado

Missooii

Kentucky and Tennessee

Wisconsin

Michigan

Ml nnesota

New Jersey !

New York I

Long ions.

Long tons. 4,473,493 1,852,965 1,830,169 210,670 187,868

Total 6,796,584

Long tons. 4,242,397 1,898,663 1,178,241

i 169,802

Long Urns. 4,885,877 2,637,091 1,894,430 297,149

Long Urns.

Of the total production of Bessemer pig iron in Pennsylvania in 1902 the Lehigh Valley made 115,615 tons; the Schuylkill Valley, 54,220 tons; the Upper Susquehanna Valley, 3,147 tons; the Lower Susquehanna Valley and the Juniata Valley, 404,656 tons; Allegheny County,

American Iron Trade For 1902.

3,123,832 tons; the Shenango Valley, 891,776 tons; and the remainder of the State, 536,976 tons; total, 5,130,022 tons.

In Ohio in 1902 the Mahoning Valley produced 1,093,242 tons of Bessemer pig iron; the Hanging Bock bituminous district, 112,603 tons; the lake counties, 819,107 tons; and the remainder of the State, 902,653 tons; total, 2,927,605 tons.

Production Op Basic Pig Iron.

The production of basic pig iron in 1896 was 336,403 tons; in 1897 it was 556,391 tons; in 1898 it was 785,444 tons; in 1899 it was 986,033 tons; in 1900 it was 1,072,376 tons; in 1901 it was 1,448,850 tons; and in 1902 it was 2,038,590 tons. The production by States since 1898 has been as follows:

ProductUm of basic pig iron, by States 1898-19018,

state.

New York

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons. 4,929

Long tons. 84,820

Long tons. 90,786

New Jeraey

Allerbeny County

Other counties

Maryland

Virginia., ,

Tennenee

Ohio

niinoifl

Total

Maryland, Tennessee, Illimois, and Wisconsin did not make basic pig iron in 1901 or 1902, as in previous years. The production of basic pig iron made rapid progress in 1901 and 1902.

rBODUCTION OF SPIEGEIjEISBN AND FBRBOMANGANBSE.

The production of spiegeleisen and f erromanganese in 1902, included in the total production of pig iron, was 212,981 tons, against 291,461 tons in 1901 and 256,977 tons in 1900. The spiegeleisen and ferromanganese produced in 1902 were made in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado. Included in the total production for 1902 is a small quantity of ferrophosphorus, made in Alabama

Production Of Pig Iron In Pennsti.Vania, By

Districts.

The production of pig iron in Pennsylvania by districts in 1902 was asfoUows: Lehigh Valley, 517,950 long tons; Schuylkill VltefvO, 597

tons; Upper Susquehanna Valley, 3,147 tons; Lower Susquehanna Valley, 527,794 tons; Juniata Valley, 198,571 tons; Shenango Valley, 1,254,933 tons; Allegheny County, 4,260,769 tons; western Pennsylvania, except Allegheny County and the Shenango Valley, 829,809 tons; charcoal (whole State), 4,230 tons; total, 8,117,800 tons. In 1902 only three charcoal furnaces in Pennsylvania were in operation, namely, Glen Iron, at Glen Iron, Union County; Eagle, at Roland, Center County, and Greenwood, at Greenwood Furnace post-office, Huntingdon County.

In 1901 Pennsylvania made 46.2 per cent of the country's total production of pig iron, and in 1902 it made 46.5 per cent.

In 1902 the Shenango Valley increased its production 275,058 tons over 1901; Allegheny County increased its production 570,758 tons, almost identically the same increase that it made in 1901 over 1900, which was 571,250 tons; western Pennsylvania, outside of Allegheny County and the Shenango Valley, gained 41,950 tons; the Lehigh Valley gained 26,676 tons; the Schuylkill Valley gained 16,528 tons; the Upper Susquehanna Valley lost 77,095 tons; the Lower Susquehanna Valley lost 125,683 tons; the Juniata Valley gained 46,882 tons; charcoal lost 531 tons.

Allegheny County produced more than one-half the pig iron made in Pennsylvania in 1897 and 1898 and more than one-fourth of the country's production in each year, but in 1899 it made slightly less than one-half the production of Pennsylvania in that year, and considerably less than one-fourth the country's production. In 1900 it again made less than one-half the production of Pennsylvania and less than one-fourth the country's total production. In 1901 and again in 1902 Allegheny County made more than one-half the production of Pennsylvania, but less than one-fourth the country's total production.

Production Of Pig Iron Tn Ohio, By Districts.

The production of pig iron in Ohio in 1902, by districts, was as follows: Mahoning Valley, including the Leetonia furnaces, 1,438,087 long tons; Hocking Valley, 36,194 tons; Lake counties, 860,371 tons; miscellaneous bituminous, 969,372 tons; Hanging Bock bituminous, 316,566 tons; Hanging Rock charcoal, 10,798 tons; total, 3,631,388 tons.

The increase in production in the Mahoning Valley, including the Leetonia furnaces, in 1902 over 1901 was 33,230 tons; in the Lake counties the increase was 76,881 tons; in the miscellaneous bituminous district the increase was 175,662 tons; in the Hanging Bock bituminous district the increase was 17,265 tons; in the Hanging Bock charcoal district the increase was 731 tons, and in the Hocking Valley there was an increase of 1,194 tons.

American Ibon Trade For 1902.

PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN THE 8HBNANGO AND MAHONING VAIiliBYS.

The production of pig iron in the Mahoning Valley in Ohio, including the Leetonia furnaces, and in the Shenango Valley in Pennsylvania in 1898 was almost exactly the same, the former producing 769,334 tons and the latter 769,677 tons. In 1899 the Mahoning Valley made 932,165 tons and the Shenango Valley made 937,216 tons. In 1900 the Mahoning Valley went away ahead of its rival, making 1,002,362 tons, against 800,214 tons in the Shenango Valley. In 1901 the Mahoning Valley further increased its lead, producing 1 ,404,857 tons, against 979,875 tons in the Shenango Valley. In 1902 the Mahoning Valley, as already stated, increased its production over 1901 only 33,230 tons, while the Shenango Valley increased its production 275,058 tons, showing a comparative gain of 241,828 tons in favor of tihe Shenango Valley in 1902.

STOCKS OF UNSOIiD PIG IBON.

The statistics of stocks of unsold pig iron do not include pig iron made by the owners of rolling mills or steel works for their own use, but only pig iron made for sale which has not been sold. The stocks of pig iron which were unsold in the hands of manufacturers or which were under their control at the close of 1902, and were not intended for their own consumption, amounted to 49,961 tons, against 70,647 tons at the close of 1901 and 442,370 tons at the close of 1900. The American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Company held no pig iron whatever in any of its yards on December 31, 1902. This is the first time since its organization in 1889 that the company has not held at least a small quantity of pig iron in its yards at the close of a calendar year. At the end of 1901 it had 3,000 tons, and at the end of 1900 it had 16,400 tons.

ANNUAIi CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON.

The consumption of pig iron in the last five years is approximately shown in the following table, the comparatively small quantity of foreign pig iron held in bonded warehouses not being considered. Warrant stocks are included in unsold stocks:

Anmud coTUumpUon of pig iron in the United StaieSf 1898-190S.

Pig Iron.

Domestic production

Imported

8tock£ unsold Jan. 1

Total supply

Deduct stocks Dec. 31

Alflo exports

Approximate consomption

Long tons.

Long ions.

Long tons.

Mineral Besouboes.

It will be observed that while the increased production of pig iron in 1902 over 1901 was 1,942,963 tons, the increased consumption was 2,207,453 tons. The increased consumption in 1901 over 1900 was 3,066,037 tons, but the consumption in 1900 was actually less than in

DUMBER OF FURNACES EN" BIiAST.

The whole number of furnaces which were in blast at the close of 1902 was 307, against 266 at the close of 1901 and 232 at the close of 1900. The following classified table shows the number of furnaces in blast at the close of each year since 1897:

Number of furnaces in Uast at close of each year, 1897-1909,

Fuel used.

Bituminous coal and coke

Anthracite and anthiacite and coke

CharwMil and charcoal and coif ft

Total

The number of furnaces out of blast at the close of 1902 was 105. Many of these furnaces were only temporarily banked because of the inability of their owners to obtain a supply of fuel. At the close of 1901 there were 140 furnaces out of blast.

Umestone Consumed In Making Pig Iron.

The limestone consumed for fluxing purposes by the blast furnaces of the United States in the production of 17,821,307 tons of pig iron in 1902 amounted to 9,490,090 tons. The average consumption of limestone per ton of all kinds of pig iron produced was 1,192.8 pounds. The consumption by the anthracite and bituminous furnaces was 1,207.7 pounds per ton of pig iron made, and by the charcoal and mixed charcoal and coke furnaces it was 527.9 pounds. Oyster shells are regularly used by Muirkirk (charcoal) furnace, in Maryland, for fluxing purposes to the entire exclusion of limestone.

PRODUCTION OF BESSEMER STEEIi INGOTS AND STEEIi

Ratls.

Below are presented complete statistics, received directly from the manufacturers, of the production of Bessemer steel in the United States in 1902, also of Bessemer steel rails by the producers of Bessemer steel ingots. Neither the production of Bessemer ingots nor the production of Bessemer rails kept pace in 1902 with the marvelous growth in that year of the iron and steel industries taken as a whole, which was owing entirely to the fact that the Jron and

American Ibon Tbade Fob 1902.

Steel Company dismantled its Bessemer plants and its rail mills, as well as its remaining blast furnace, at Scranton, early in the year, preparatory to the erection at Buffalo by the Lackawanna Steel Company of new and more extensive works, which are not yet entirely completed. The north works of the company at Scranton made their last rails on January 16, 1902, and the south works made their last rails on February 26, 1902.

Ingots and castings. — The total production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings in 1902 was 9,138,363 long tons, against 8,713,302 tons in 1901, an increase of 425,061 tons, or 4.8 per cent. The increase in 1901 over 1900 amounted to 2,028,532 tons, or over 30 per cent. The production of 1902 was the largest in our history. The f oUowing table gives the production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings in the last six years. Of the production last year 12,548 tons wei'e steel castings, against a production of 6,764 tons in 1901.

Production of Bessemer steel ingots and ccuHngs in the United Stales 1897-190 f.

Year.

BeflBemer ingots.

Year.

BeflBemer ingots.

Longtont. 6,475,816 6,609,017 7,686,864

Longtana. 6,684,770 8,713.302

Uk

The production of Bessemer ingots and castings in the United States during the last five years was as follows:

Production of Bessemer steel ingots and castings by States, 189S-190S,

State.

Pennsylyania.

Ohio

Illinois

Other States..

Total...

Long font. 3,968,779 1,679,287 1,211,246 727,092

There were no Clapp-GriflSths works in operation in 1902 and only two Robert-Bessemer plants were active. Five Tropenas plants were at work, as compared with seven in 1901. In addition one Bookwalter converter was running. All these works that were active were engaged in the production of steel castings only.

Rails. — The production of all kinds of Bessemer steel rails by the producers of Bessemer steel ingots in 1902 was 2,876,293 long tons, against a similar production in 1901 of 2,836,273 tons, in 1900 of 2,361,921 tons, and in 1899 of 2,240,767 tons. The maximum produc-

Digitized by"

Mineral Bes0T7Bges.

tion of Bessemer steel rails by the producei's of Bessemer steel ingots was reached in 1902, but the increase in that year over 1901 amounted to only 40,020 tons, or 1.4 per cent. As compared with 1887, fifteen years ago, the increase in 1902 in the production of Bessemer rails amounted to only 831,474 tons, or 40 per cent, while during the same period the increase in the production of Bessemer ingots amounted to 6,370,438 tons, or almost 217 per cent. The following table shows the production by States of Bessemer steel rails by the producers of Bessemer steel ingots in the last six years. The figures do not include a small quantity of rails made each year from purchased blooms or from reroUed steel rails, statistics for both of which products for 1902 are not yet available.

Frodudion of Bessemer steel rails, by Stales, 1897-1902,

state.

Pennfiylyania

Long torn.

Long tons.

Long tons. 1,224,807 1,015,960

Long tons. 1,195,255 1,166,666

Long tons. 1,406,008 1,430,265

Long ions, 1,148,425 1,727.868

Other States

Total

In 1897, at the request of the manufacturers, the statistics of the production of rails weighing 45 pounds and less than 85 pounds to the yard were separated from those of rails weighing less than 45 pounds and over 85 pounds to the yard. This separation is continued for 1902. The small quantity of Bessemer rails made from purchased ingots or from rerolled rails is not included in the following table.

Production of Bessemer sted rails, by iveigJU per yard, by States, in 190S,

State.

Under 45 pounds.

45 pounds and less than 85.

85 pounds and over.

Total.

Pennsylvania

other States

Total for 1902

Total forl901

Total for 1900

Long tons. 53,964 173,104

Long tons.

Long tons. 827,894 317,268

Long ions. 1,148,425 1,727,868

It will be noticed that there was a considerable decline in 1901 in the production of Bessemer steel rails weighing 86 pounds and over as compared with 1900, but that in 1902 there was an increase over 190O and a very large increase over 1901. The production of rails weighing between 45 and 85 pounds shows a slight decrease in 1902 as compared with 1901.

The total production of rails in 1902 will include rails made from open-hearth steel, rails rolled from purchased Bessemer blooms.

Ic

American Ikon Trade For 1902.

reroUed rails, and ii*on rails. The total production from all these sources in 1901 amounted to 38,366 tons.

With the exception of the Lackawanna plant at Scranton, all our Bessemer rail mills were operated nearly to their full cf pacity in 1902, the demand for steel rails being greater than the supply all through the year. Some interruption to the utmost possible activity of the Bessemer rail mills in 1902 was also caused by the inability of the railroads to deliver raw materials to the blast furnaces promptly.

Notwithstanding the large production of rails last year there were impoi'ted 63,522 tons of iron and steel rails, but to balance this importation there were exported 67,666 tons of iron and steel rails. In 1901 318,966 tons of rails were exported and only 1,905 tons imported. Virtually all the rails imported and exported are steel rails.

PROBUCnON OP OPBN-HEARTII STEEIi IN 1902.

The total production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings in the United States in 1902 was 5,687,729 long tons, against 4,656,309 tons in 1901, an increase of 1,031,420 tons, or over 22 per cent. As compared with 1898, five years ago, when the production of open-hearth steel amounted to 2,230,292 tons, there was an increase in 1902 of 3,457,437 tons, or over 155 per cent. The following table gives the production of open-hearth steel ingots and castings, by States, since 1899:

Production of operirhearth sUel ingots and castings, by States, 1899- J 902.

State.

New England

New York and New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Ohio

niinob

OUier States

Total

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons. 170,876 82,986

Long tons. 179,923 92,763 4,375,864 278,854 486,461 326,364

The open-hearth steel made in 1902 was produced by 98 works in 16 States — Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Ninety works in 14 States made open-hearth steel in 1901. The States which have furnaces, but which did not produce steel by this process in 1902, were Kentucky and Minnesota. The erection of a large openhearth steel plant was commenced in Colorado in 1902, but open-hearth steel had not been made down to the close of the year. This State

Minebal Besouboes.

will, however, probably make open-hearth steel during the year 1903. Maryland and Michigan again made open-hearth steel in 1902.

In 1901 3,618,993 tons of open-hearth steel were made by the basic process and 1,037,316 tons were made by the acid process, while in 1902 the production by the basic process amounted to 4,496,533 tons and by the acid process to 1,191,196 tons. In the following table the production by States of both acid and basic steel in 1902 is given: Production of acid and banc steel in 190£y by States.

states.

Basic open- I Acid openhearth steel, hearth steel.

Total.

New England

New York and New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Ohio

niinois

other States

Total

Long tons.

Longtont.

Long tons.

The increase in the production of acid steel in 1902 as compared with 1901 was 153,880 tons, or almost 15 per cent, while the increase in the production of basic steel was 877,540 tons, or over 24 per cent.

The total production of open-hearth steel castings in 1902, included above, amounted to 367,879 long tons, of which 112,404 tons were made by the basic process and 255,475 tons were made by the acid process. In 1901 the production of open-hearth steel castings amounted to 301,622 tons, of which 94,941 tons were made by the basic process and 206,681 tons by the acid process. The following table gives the production of open-hearth steel castings by the acid and basic processes in 1902, by States, in long tons: ProdxjLction of open-hearth steel coatings by the add and basic processes in 190£f by States,

states.

Add castings.

Bade' castings.

Total.

New England, New York, and New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Ohio, Illinois, and other States

Total

Long tons. 88,158 141,385 80,982

Long tons. 8,888 11,014

Long tons. 152,399 178,439

IRON AND STEEIi SHIPBUIIiDrN-Q.

In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, there were built in the United States 90 steel vessels, and in the fiscal year 1901 there were built 119 steel vessels and 1 iron vessel. The gross tonnage of the vessels built in the fiscal year 1900 was 196,851 tons, and the gross tonnage of the vessels built in the fiscal year 1901 was 262,699 tons. In the fiscal year 1902 there were built 106 steel vessels and 1 iron vessel, with a gross tonnage of 280,362 tons. The iron vessel was built

AMEBIOAN IBON TBADi; FOB 19Q2.

at Wilmington and was of 193 tons' capacity. Of the 107 vessels built in the last fiscal year referred to, 49 were built at ports on the Great Lakes, their tonnage amounting to 161,930 gross tons out of a total tonnage of 280,362 tons. Vessels for the U. S. Navy are not included in the figures given, which have been furnished by the Hon. Eugene T. Chamberlain, Commissioner of Navigation, of the Treasury Department.

The Commissioner also furnishes the following details of steel vessels built in the United States in the first nine months of the present fiscal year, ending March 31, 1903: Number of sailing vessels built, 3, with a total tonnage of 7,731 tons; number of steam vessels built, 62, With a total tonnage of 140,319 tons; total number of steel vessels built in the nine months, 65; total tonnage, 148,050 tons. These figures and those given above show a very great increase in the last few years in the building of steel vessels in this country, not including, as already mentioned, the large number of vessels built and building for the U. S. Navy. On January 1, 1903, there were 72 yards in this country which were equipped for building all kinds of iron and steel vessels, and in addition 4 shipbuilding yards were being built.

Production Op Pig Iron In Canaba.

The statistics of the production of pig iron in Canada in 1902 have been received from the manufacturers by the American Iron and Steel Association. They show an increase of 74,581 long tons, or over 30 per cent, as compared with the production in 1901.

The total production in 1902 amounted to 319,557 long tons, against 244,976 tons in 1901 and 86,090 tons in 1900. In the first half of 1902 the production was 157,804 tons and in the second half it was 161,753 tons, a gain of only 3,949 tons. Of the total product in 1902, 302,712 tons were made with coke and 16,845 tons with charcoal. A little over one-third of the total product was basic pig iron, namely, 107,315 tons. The Bessemer pig iron made amounted to about 9,000 tons. Spiegeleisen and ferromanganese have not been made since 1899.

The following table gives the total production of all kinds of pig iron in Canada from 1894 to 1902, the statistics for each year having been received directly from the manufacturers. Prior to 1894 the statistics of pig iron production in Canada were not collected by the American Iron and Steel Association:

Total production of all kinds of pig iron in Canada 1894190£.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Longtoru, 44,791 87,829 60,080

Long ions. 58,796 68,766 94,077

Long tons. 86,090 244,976 819,667 Q

u B 1902 7

On December 31, 1902, the unsold stocks of pig iron in Canada amounted to about 20,000 long tons, a£i compared with 59,472 tons at the close of 1901 and 12,465 tons at the close of 1900. Of the unsold pig iron on hand on December 31, over 19,000 tons were coke pig iron.

On December 31, 1902, Canada had 14 completed blast furnaces, of which 7 were in blast and 7 were idle. Of this total, 9 were equipped to use coke for fuel, 4 to use charcoal, and 1 to use mixed charcoal and coke. In addition, 4 coke and 2 charcoal furnaces were being built or were partly erected on December 31, but work on some of these furnaces was suspended.

The Aloma Steel Company, Limited, of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, one of the constituent companies of the Consolidated Lake Superior Company, commenced the erection of 2 charcoal and 2 coke furnaces at Sault Ste. Marie in 1901. The charcoal furnaces were to be 70 by - 14 feet and the coke furnaces 90 by 21 feet. Subsequently work on the coke furnaces was suspended, and one of the building charcoal furnaces was converted into a coke furnace, the size being changed from 70 by 14 feet to 80 by 15-feet. The company now expects to have its charcoal furnace ready for blast in June and its coke furnace in July.

The Cramp Steel Company, Limited, has put in the foundations for a blast furnace at Collingwood, Simcoc County, Ontario. The company expects to have the furnace ready for operation in the fall of 1903. Coke will be used. Its daily capacity will be about 250 long tons.

The Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, Limited, of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, broke ground in June, 1902, for a new furnace at Sydney Mines, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. The furnace will be 85 by 17 feet, and will have a daily capacity of about 200 tons of basic and foundry pig iron. Coke will be used, and red and brown hematite ore will be obtained from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. It is expected that the furnace will be completed in September, 1903. The company now has a furnace at Ferrona, with an annual capacity of 33,000 long tons.

The Londonderry Iron and Mining Company, Limited, of Londonderry, Nova Scotia, is rebuilding Furnace A, at Acadia Iron Mines, ard expects to blow it in in May, 1903. The furnace will be 75 by 17 feet, and will have an annual capacity of 48,000 tons of foundry iron. The company does not contemplate blowing in Furnace B in the near future, but may rebuild it later on.

PRODUCTION OF STEEIj IN CANADA.

The total production of steel ingots and castings in Canada in 1902 was 182,037 long tons, against 26,084 tons in 1901, an increase of

Ic

American Ibok Tbade Fob 1902.

155,953 tons. Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings were made in each year. Almost all of the open-hearth steel reported in 1902 was made by the basic process.

The following table gives the production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in Canada from 1894 to 1902, in long tons.

Production of ail kind8 of steel ingots and castings in Canada, I894-190£.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

18M

Long tons.

Long Urns,

Long tons.

The large increase in the production of steel in Canada in 1902 over 1901 was caused by the starting up of the new open-hearth steel plant of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company, Limited, at Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, which first produced steel on December 31, 1901, and of the new Bessemer plant of the Algoma Steel Company, Limited, at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, at which steel was first made on February 18, 1902. The latter company has two 6-long-ton Bessemer converters, which were operated for a few months in 1902, producing in all 44,537 long tons of ingots. The company has also a rail mill which first made Bessemer steel rails on May 5, 1902, and which also ran for a few months in that year, producing 32,878 long tons. In addition this company also produced 1,236 long tons of other rolled products in 1902. The Dominion Iron and Steel Company produced 99,425 long tons of basic open-hearth steel ingots and castings and 86,424 tons of blooms, billets, and slabs. It did not make steel rails.

Statistics Of Iron And Steel, Iron Ore, And Coal, To 1901, Inclusive.

By James M. Swank,

General Manager of the American Iron and Steel AasocicUion,

In the following tables, beginning in most cases as far back as authentic statistics are available, are presented complete statistics of the production of iron and steel, iron ore, and coal in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, and Belgium to the close of 1901, and also the production of iron ore in Algeria. There are added also the United States statistics of the production of coke and of the shipments of Connellsyille and Pocahontas Flat Top coke to the close of 1901; also statistics of the shipments of Lake Superior iron ore and of Cuban iron ore to the same date; also complete statistics of the imports of iron ore into the United States to the close of 1901.

The tables have been compiled to show the progress that has been made by the countries mentioned in the manufacture of iron and steel and coke and in the mining of iron ore and coal in the first year of the twentieth century. Iron ore and coal and coke are raw materials in the manufacture of iron and steel. In one instance statistics for 1902 are included.

United States.

Production Of

The following table gives the production of all kinds of coal in the United States, in long tons, in the census years 1870 and 1880, ending on the 31st day of May of each year; in the census year 1889, ending on the 81st day of December of that year; and in the calendar years from 1881 to 1888, and from 1890 to 1901. Authentic statistics for earlier years are not available. Credit is due to the Census Bureau for the statistics for census years, and to the Division of Mining and Mineral Resources of the United States Geological Survey for the statistics for other years.

Digitized by i?JuOgle

MINERAL BESOURCEfl.

Production of coal in the VniUd States, 1870-1901,

Year.

Pennaylvftnia

anthiacite

.

Bituminous and all other.

Total.

Long tons. 13,978,460 25,572,160 28,500.016 31,858,264 84,886,469 83,175,766 84,228,548 84,858,077 37,578,747 41,624,611 40,665,152 41.489,858 45,286,992 46,860,460 48,185,306 46,858,144 51,785,122 48.523,287 46,974,714 47,663,075 58,944,647 51,221,858 60,242,560

Long tons. 29,342,580

18S7

The maximum production of both anthracite and bituminous coal was attained in 1901.

FRODUOnON OP COKE.

The following table, compiled from the reports of the United States Geological Survey, gives the total production of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1901, in short tons of 2,000 pounds.

Ptodwition of coke in the United States, 1880-1901.

Year.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Short Umt. 8,540,080 10,258,022 11,508,021 10,362,688 12,010,829 9,477,580 9,208,682 18,388.714

ShoHtons, 11,788,773 13.288.9M 16.047.209 19,668,569 20,533,348 21,796,883

The maximum production of coke in the United States was reached in 1901.

Ibon And Steel, Iron Oke, And Coal, To 1901. 103

Shipbcents Of Connellsville Coke.

The following table, compiled from statistics furnished by Mr. H. P. Snyder, editor of the Connellsville Courier, gives the shipments of coke from the Connellsville region in Pennsylvania from 1880 to 1901, in short tons of 2,000 pounds. Statistics for earlier yeai*s are not available.

Shipments of Connellsville cokey 1880-1901.

Year,

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Short tons. 2,206,946 2,689,002 8,013,894 8,562,402 8,192,106 8,096,012 4,180,521 4,146,989

Short tons. 4,965,668 5,930,428 6,464,156 4,760,665 6,329,452 4,805,623 6,454,451 8,244,438

Short tons, 5,411,602

1W6

The maximum shipments of coke from the Connellsville region were reached in 1901.

Shipments Of Pocahontas Flat Top Coke.

The following table gives the shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke from 1883 to 1901, in short tons of 2,000 pounds:

Shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke, 1883-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Short torn. 499,148 466,016 499,777 539,548 866,684 707,697 999,667

Short tons. 865,766

1S85

The maximum shipments of Pocahontas Flat Top coke were reached in 1900.

Production Of Iron Ore.

Previous to 1870 no iron ore statistics for the United States are complete. The figures for 1870 and 1880 are for census years ending on May 31 of those years. For 1889 (census year) and subsequent years they are for calendar years. Since 1889 the statistics given have been compiled by the United States Geological Survey.

MINERAL RESOURCES. Production of iron ore in the United States, 1S70-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 8,031,891 7,120,362 14,618,041 16,086,043 14,691,178

Long tons. 16,296,666 11,687,629 11,879,679 15,957,614 16,005,449

Long tons. 17,518,046

The maximum production of iron ore in the United States was reached in 1901.

Production Of Cornwall Iron Ore.

The following table gives the production of iron ore by the Cornwall mines, in Pennsylvania, from 1864 to 1901. The production from 1740 to February, 1864, amounted to 2,524,908 tons. The figures for 1864 are for eleven months Only:

Production of OomwaU iron ore, 1864-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Longiont. 165,916 114,803 216,660 202,755 166,843 178,429 174,408 176,056 198,317 166,782 112,429 98,925 187,902

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 171,689 179,299 268,488 231,173 249,060 809,681 863,143 412,320 606,864 688,054 667,210 722,917 769,020

Year.

Quantity.

Long tana, 686,302 663,755 634,714 499,705 871,710 614,596 463,059 419,878 684,342 763,162 558,713 747,012

The maximum production of iron ore by the Cornwall mines was reached in 1889.

Shipments Of Lake Superior Iron Ore.

Three States — Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota — now comprise the Lake Superior iron-ore region, which was originally confined to Michigan alone. Minnesota now leads her sister States in production. The following table gives the shipments of iron ore from the Lake

Ibok And Steel, Iron Ore, And Coal, To 1901.

Superior region from 1854 to 1901. The word " shipments " is not synonymous with " production " in this table:

ShipmenU of iron ore from (he Lake Superior reffUm 1864-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 8,000 1,449 86,343 25,646 . 15,876 68,882 114,401 49,909 124,109 206,065 248,127 286,206 278,796 478,667 491,449 617,444

Long tons.

Long tons. 8,668,022

18S6

18S6

M67

1ffi9

Ims

The maximum shipments of iron ore from the Lake Superior region were reached in 1901, but shipments were greatly increased in 1902.

Imports Of Iron Ore.

The following table gives the total imports of iron ore into the United States in the fiscal years from June 30, 1871, to June 30, 1879, and the imports in the calendar years from January 1, 1879, to December 31, 1901. In 1879 this country for the first time imported iron ore largely from Europe. Prior to that year such iron ore as was imported came chiefly from Canada, more than one-half of the total imports coming from that country in the calendar years 1873, 1874, and 1875.

Imports of iron ore into the Dniied States, 187S-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long Urns, 28,788 45,961 67,967 66,665 17,264 80,609 28,212 160,197 264,141 498,406 782,867

Long tons.

Long tons. 526,-951 166,541 524,158

18

Ifl59a

a Fiscal yean end.

h calendar yean bertized by GoOglc

Mineral Besoubces.

The maximum imports of iron ore into the United States were reached in 1890.

Shipments Of Iron Ore From Cuba.

The first shipment of iron ore from the province of Santiago, Cuba, to the United States was made by the Juragua Iron Company in August, 1884. In October, 1892, the Sigua Iron Company first commenced to ship iron ore to the United States, and in 1895 the Spanish- American Iron Company first commenced shipping iron ore to the United States. The Cuban Steel Ore Company for the first time commenced to ship iron ore in 1901. For the following complete details of the shipments of iron ore from Cuba we are indebted to Mr. Josiah Monroe, the secretary of the Juragua Iron Company. The figures given include a few lost cargoes, approximating 16,000 tons. They embrace all shipments since 1884.

Shipments of iron ore from Cuba, 18841901.

Juragaa Iron Co.

Sigaa Iron

Co. a to the

United

States.

Spanlsh-Amerioan Iron Co.

Year.

To the United States.

Xo other countriefl.

To the United States.

To other oonntrles.

Total.

Longtofu.

Longtona.

Long Urns. 25.295

Total

Long tons.

Total shipments to the United States 4,980,698

Total shipment to other countries 70,160

a This company met with financial disaster, and the mines that it operated in 1892 and 1893 are now idle.

Mncluding 17,651 tons shipped to the United States In 1901 by the Cuban Steel Ore Company, which has quit btislnoss.

Ic

Iron And Steel, Ibon Ore, And Coal, To 1901.

Produc5Tion Of Pig Ibon.

The total production of pig iron in the United States in the last ninety-two years is shown in the following table. Prior to 1854 the statistics given were compiled by various Government and other statistical agencies. For 1854 and all succeeding years the statistics were gathered by the American Iron and Steel Association. The statistics for 1810, 1840, and 1850 are census figures. The figures for 1820 and 1830 are estimates made by early statisticians. Census statistics for these years are wanting.

Production of pig iron in the United States, 1810-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Langiona. 63,908 20,000 180,000 142,000 165,000 191,000 200,000 286,903 215,000 766,000 800,000 800,000 660,000 663,755 600,000 667,337 700,169 788,515 712,640 629,548 750,660

1W0 ...

i8n

18S7

1Bb9

Average Yearly Friges Of Pig Iron.

The following table shows the average yearly prices of pig iron in the United States from 1842 to 1902, inclusive:

Mineral Besouboes.

Average yearly prices of pig mm in the Vniied Stales, ISJ-lOOf,

Year.

No.l

foundry pig iron at

Philadelphia

.

Gray forge

pig iron at Philar

delphia.

Gray

iron, lake ore, at Pittsburg.

Beaseironat

Pittsburg.

Year.

No.l

foundry pig iron at

Philadelphia

.

Gray forge

, pig iron at Philadelphia.

Gray

ore, at Pittsburg.

Benemerpig iron at Pittsburg.

Ibm

iai7

PBODUCnON OF BESSEMEB STEEL.

The following table gives the production of Bessemer steel in the United States, in long tons, from 1867 to 1901, inclusive: Production of Bessemer steel in the United States, 1867-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year. 1 Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long Urns.

Long tons. 829,439 1,074,262 1,374,247 1,514,687 1,477,345 1,875,581 1,519,430 2,269,190 2,936,033 2,511,161 2,980,204 3,688,871

Jigitized by

Iron And Steel, Iron Ore, And Coal, To 1901. 109

PBODUOnON OF OPEN-HEABTH STEEL.

The following table gives the production of open-hearth steel in the United States, in long tons, from 1869 to 1901, inclusive:

Production of open-hearik tted in the VniUd SUUes, 1869-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

M70

Total Steel Production.

The production of steel in the United States in the census year 1810 is returned at 917 long tons. We have no further steel statistics until the census year 1860, when 11,888 long tons are reported to have been made. No additional statistics are of record until 1863, when the production fell to 8,075 tons. From 1867 until 1901 the production of all kinds of crude steel, including-steel castings, is shown in the following table:

Total Oed production in the United States, 1867-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 8,904,240 4,927,581 4,019.996 4,412,082 6,114,884 5,281,689 7,166,957 8.982,857 10.689,857 10,188,329 18,473,695

Mineral Besoubges.

PBODUCnON AND PBIGES OF BESSEMEB STEEL BAILS.

The following table gives the annual production in long tons of Bessemer steel rails in the United States from 1869 to 1901, together with their average annual price at works in Pennsylvania and the rates of duty imposed on foreign steel rails. The prices given are all in currency. The premium on gold is not considered.

Production and prices of Bessemer steel rails in the United States, 1869-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Price.

Duty.

Longtont.

46 per cent ad valorem to Jan. 1, 1871.

$28 per ton from Jan. 1, 1871, to Aug. 1, 1872; 825.20 from Aug. 1, 1872, to Mar. 3, 1875; 928 from Mar. 8, 1875, to July 1,

fl7 per ton from July 1, 1883, to Oct. 6, 1890.

$18.44 per ton from Oct, 6, 1890, to Aug. 28,1894.

.84 per ton from Aug. 28, 1894.

GREAT BRTTArN.

Pboduction Of Pig Ibon.

. The following table gives the official Government statistics of the production of pig iron in the United Kingdom from 1740 to 1901. As there has been no iron industry in Ireland since about 1740 the figures given relate solely to the production of pig iron hy and Wales:

Ibon And Steel, Ibon Obe, Akd Goal, To 1901.

Production

of pig iron in Orec

rf Britain

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tona.

Long tona. 3,586,377 3,659,447 3,456,064 3,712,904 8,826,752 3,712,390 8,943,469 4,510,040 4,767,951 4,825,251 4,523,897 4,761,023 4,970,206 5,445,757 5,963,515 6,627,179 6,741,929 6,566,451 5,991,408 6,365,462 6,555,997 6,608,664 6,381,051

Long tona. 5,995,387

' 1872

ISbi

Great Britain's maximum production of pig iron was reached in 1899.

Production Of Coal.

Great Britain has not been dependent upon any other country for any part of her supply of mineral fuel; she is, indeed, an exporter of coal in large quantities. The following table, compiled from the reports of His Majesty's inspectors of mines, gives the official statistics of the production of coal in Great Britain from 1854 to 1901: Production of coal in Great Britain 1864-1901,

Year.

VSbi. 1S64.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tona, 110,431,192 117,352,028 123,497,316 128,680,131 126,590,108 133,806,485 134,125,166 184,179,968 182,612,063 183,720,898 146,969,409 154,184,800 156,499,977 163,737,827 160,757,779 159,351,418

Year.

Jigitized b*j

Quantity.

Long tona. 157,518,482 162,119,812 169,935,219 176,916,724 181,614,288 185,479,126 181,786,871 164,325,795 188,277,526 189,661,862 196,861,260 202,129,931 202,054,516 220,094,781 225,181,300 219,046,945

Mineral Resources.

The maximum production of coal in Great Britain was reached in 1900.

Production Of Iron Ore.

The foUovdng table of the production of iron ore in the United Kingdom from 1865 to 1901 has been compiled from Mr. Richard Meade's Coal and Iron Industries of the United Kingdon (London, 1882) and from the Mineral Statistics of His Majesty's inspectors of

mines:

Production of iron ore in Great Britain 1866-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Long torn. 16,834,888 15,584,857 15,577,499 14,844,936 15,821,060 16,841,584 16,692,802 15,726,870 14,379,785 18,026,050 17,446,065 18,031,967 17,383,046 16,187,887 15,417,982 14,110,013

Long Urns. 18,098,041

The maximum production of iron ore in Great Britain was reached in 1882. Great Britain is a large importer of iron ore, chiefly from Spain.

Production Of Bessemer Steel Ingots.

The statistics of the production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots in Great Britain have been collected by Mr. J. S. Jeans, secretary of the British Iron Trade Association. The production of Bessemer steel ingots from 1868 to 1901 has been as follows, in long tons. There are no trustworthy statistics for earlier years.

Production of Bessemer steel ingots in Great Britain 1868-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 110,000

Year.

Quantity.

Long tons. 1,044,882 1,441,719 1,673,649 1,658,880 1,299,676 1,804,127 1,670.620 2,089,403 2,082,794 2,140,791 2,014,848 1,642,006

Year.

Jigitized by Vj

odgl

Quantity.

Long tons. 1,500,810 1,493,454 1,535,884 1,636,225 1.815,842 1,884,165 1.759,386 1,825,074 1,745,004 1,606,258

IRON AND STEEL, IKON ORE, AND COAL, TO 1901. PRODUCTION OF OPEN-HEARTH STEEL INGOTS.

The production of open-hearth steel ingots in Great Britain from 1873 to 1901 has been as follows. Authentic statistics for earlier years are wanting. In 1894 the production of open-hearth steel first exceeded that of Bessemer steel:

Prodvction of openrhearlh sted ingotit

in Great Britain, 187S-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Longtont. 1,466,809 1.576,318 1,764.737 2,817,565 2,601,806 2,806,600 8,060,251 3,156,050 8,297,791

inw

Total Production Of Steel.

The following table, compiled from statistics published by the British Iron Trade Association, gives the production of all kinds of crude steel in Great Britain from 1873 to 1901. We have added to the production of Bessemer and open-hearth ingots an estimated production of crucible ingots and other steel. Steel castings are not included.

Toted production of sted in Great Britain, 187S-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Ig75

Great Britain's maximum production of all kinds of steel was attained in 1900.

Gbbmaxy.

Production Op Iron Ore.

In his admirable and unequaled volume on coal and iron in all countries, prepared for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1878, Johann Pechar gives the production of iron ore in Germany and the Grand M B 1902 8

Mineral Resources.

Duchy of Luxemburg at various periods prior to 1869 follows: 1848, 693,725 metric tons; 1853, 903,236 tons; 1857, 1962,054 tons; 1862, 2,216,023 tons; 1866, 2,996,148 tons; 1867, 3,264,464 tons; 1868, 3,634,302 tons. The production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg from 1869 to 1901 is given by Dr. H. Rentzsch as follows, in metric tons. Germany imports iron ore from neighboring countries.

Produdion of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg , 1869-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric Urns. 7,238,640 7,573,772 8,263,254 8,756,617 9,005,796 9,157,869 8,485,758 9,351,106 10,664,307 11,002,187 11,406,132

Metric ioM, 10,657,521

The maximum production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg was reached in 1900.

Production Of Pig Iron.

The production of pig iron in Germany and Luxemburg in 1844 m said by Dr. Wedding to have amounted to only 171,000 metric tons, and Herr Pechar says that in 1848 it amounted to 205,342 tons. It was not until 1866 that the production reached 1,000,000 tons, in which year it is said by Dr. Wedding to have amounted to 1,046,954 tons. Since 1869 it has been as follows, in metric tons, according to Dr. Rentzsch, of Dresden-Blasewitz, the statistician of the Verein Deutsche r Eisen und Stahl Industrieller, who has verified the figures in the table.

Production of pig iron in Germany and Luxemburg 1869-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric toTUi. 1,409,429 1,391,124 1,563,682 1,988,395 2,240,575 1,906,263 2,029,889 1,846,345 1,781,989 2,147,641 2,226,587

Year.

Quantity. !

Metric toM. 2,729,038 2,914,009 8,380,806 3,469,719 3,600,612 3,687,434 3,528,667 4,023,963 4,337,121 4,524,558 4,658,450 j

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 4,641,217 4,937,461 4,966,006 5,380,039 5,464,601 6,372,575 6,881,466 7,312,766 8,143,132 8,520,541

Iron And Steel, Iron Ore, And Coal, To 1901.

Germany's maximum production of pig iron was reached in 1900.

Adding the production of pig iron by Great Britain in 1901 to that of Germany and Luxemburg, and reducing metric tons in the above table to long tons, gives us a total production of pig iron by both countries in 1901 of 15,665,810 long tons, or 213,044 tons less than the production of 15,878,354 tons of pig iron by the United States in that year.

Production Of Coal And Lignite.

The following table, for the details of which we are indebted for the earlier years to Dr. Hermann Wedding and for later years to Dr. H. Bentzsch, gives the aggregate production of coal and lignite in Germany and Luxemburg from 1848 to 1901 in metric tons. About onefourth of the annual production of coal in Germany and Luxemburg is brown coal, or lignite.

Production of coal and lignite in Germany and Luxemburg , 1848-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

1 Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric toM. 42,324,467 46,145,194 46,658,145 47,804,054 49,560,461 48,229,882 50,519,899 53,470,716 59,118,086 61,540,485 65,878,211 70,442,648 72,113,820 73,675,515 73,682,584

Metric tons, 76,232,618 81,960,088 84,978,280 89,290,884 94,262,278 92,544,090 95,426,158 96,805,702 106,957,689 112,471,106 120,474,485 127,968,560

'- 1878

' 1879

18Ot

18To

Of the total production of coal and lignite in Germany and Luxemburg in 1900 there were 40,498,019 tons of brown coal, or lignite, and of the total production in 1901 there were 44,211,902 tons of brown coal. The maximum production of coal and lignite in Germany and Luxemburg was reached in 1901.

Production Of Finished Steel.

The following table gives the production of all kinds of finished steel in Germany and Luxemburg from 1866 to 1901 in metric tons. We are indebted to Dr. Bentzsch for a verification of this table. Statistics

iC

Mineral Resources.

of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots for early years are not available. Steel castings are included in the table.

Production of finished steel in Germany and Luxemburg, 1866-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric Urns,

Metricians.

Metric Urns. 1,613,788 1.841,063 1.976,785 2,281,873 2,608,718 2,831,818 8,462,736 8,863,469 4,352,881 4,820,275 4,825,587 4,562,952

Germany's maximum production of all kinds of finished steel was attained in 1900.

The production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings in Germany and Luxemburg in 1901 was 6,394,222 metric tons. Assuming that the production of crucible steel in Great Britain in 1901 amounted to 95,956 long tons, that countr's total production of crude steel in that year would be exactly 5,000,000 tons. Adding Great Britain's production to that of Germany and Luxemburg gives us for both countries a total production in 1901 of 11,293,170 long tons, or 2,180,425 tons less than the production of 13,473,595 tons by the United States in 1901.

France.

Production Of Iron Ore.

The statistical tables for this country which we shall present have been compiled in part from statistics furnished by M. Pinget, of Paris, secretary of the Comit6 des Forges de France, and in part from official Government statistics. The production of iron ore in France from 1860 to 1901 (not including Algeria, which appears hereafter) has been as follows, in metric tons:

IBON AND 8TEEL, IBOK ORE, AND COAL, TO 1901. Il7

Production of iron ore in France, 1860-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric Umg. 8,604.638 8,656,464 3,790,168 3,279,895 3,005,094 3,461,672 2.899,598 2,099,706 8,081,026 3,051,124 2,616,548 2.505,870 2,398,340

Metric Urns. 2,426,278 2,469,958 2,271,173 2,874.263 3,032,070 3,467,251 8,297,858 2,976,948 2,818,104 2,285.648 2,679,465 2,841,757 3,070,389

Metric Urns. 3,471,718

The maximum production of iron ore in France was reached in 1900.

Production Of Finished Steel.

M. Pinget states that complete statistics of the production of Bessemer, open-hearth, and other steel in the form of ingots are not of record for the early years of this table, and that only the statistics of finished steel, including castings, are obtainable for those years. The following table gives the production of all kinds of finished steel in France from 1860 to 1901, in metric tons, including direct steel castings:

Production of finished steel in France, 1860-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric Una. 29,848

,m

Metric tons. 256,808 269,181 833,266 388,894 468,238 621,820 602,906 668,839 464,000 498,294

Metric Urns. 617,294

The maximum production of finished steel in France was reached in

MINERAL BBdOUBOBd.

Production Of Bessemer And Open-Hearth Steel Ingots.

The production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots and castings in France from 1888 to 1901 is given in the following table, in metric tons. This table has been revised by M. Pinget. About 20,000 tons of steel castings are made annually.

Production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel ingots in France, 1888-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 591,807 626,282 683,858 744,484 825,486

Metric Urns.

Metric Urns. 1,433,717 1,499,026

1S96

j 1900

Production Op Coal Akd Lignite.

The production of coal and lignite in France from 1787 to 1901 has been as follows, in metric tons, about 1 ton in 50 being lignite. France is a large importer of coal from Great Britain and other countries. It also imports coke.

Production of coal and lignite in France, 1787-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons.

Metric tons, 21,287,669 22,602,894 24,803,509

18T7

The maximum production of coal and lignite in France was reached in 1900.

IBON AND STEEL, IBON ORE, AND COAL, TO 1901. PBODUCnON OF PIG IRON IN FRANCE.

The production of pig iron in France from 1819 tx) 1901 has been as follows, in metric tons:

Production of pig iron in France 1819-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

IMelrictons. 1,178,114 869,641 1,217,838 1,381,626 1,415,897 1,448,272 1,435,212 1,606,827 1,621,274 1,400.286 1.725,298 1,886,360 2,069,067 2,069,430 1,871,687 1,680,648

Metric tons, 1,516,674

I860 r -

Production Of Iron Ore In Algeria.

The production of iron ore in Algeria, which is now regarded as a part of the French Republic, was as foUows from 1873 to 1901, in metric tons. All the iron ore mined in Algeria is exported. The figures given below are not included in the production of iron ore in France, already given:

ProdtuHon of iron ore in Algeria 1S7S-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 444,718 684,624 667,286 511,669 875,838 417,858 614,146 656,646 567,119

Metric tons. 666,980 492,986 419,174 482,761 487,643 383,968 361,800 474,682 404,964 462,606

Metric Urns. 393,921 343,880 318,416 874,476 441,467 473,569 560,941 601,788 514,473

iar7... .

Mineral Be8Oub0E8.

Production Of Iron Ore.

The statistics of the mining and metallurgical industries of Belgium which we shall present are official Government statistics. This country is a large importer of iron ore, but it is a large producer and exporter of coal. The imports of iron ore into Belgium in recent years have amounted annually to about 2,500,000 tons. Its exports of coal and coke aggregate about 6,000,000 tons annually. The production of iron ore from 1840 to 1901 has been as follows, in metric tons: Production of iron ore in Belgium 1840-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric toM. 894,644 299,272 862,184 809,176 1,018,281 886,641 602,829 619,740 628,046 654,882 697,272 749,781 508,666

Metric Urns. 527,050 865,044 269,206 234,127 207,167 195,212 258,499 228,412 208,867 215, 670 176,005 187,118 162,508 172,486

Metric toM. 186,542

18B4

The maximum production of iron ore in Belgium was reached in

PRODUCTION or PIG IRON.

The production of pig iron in Belgium from 1845 to 1901 has been as follows, in metric tons:

Production of pig iron in Belgiumy 1846-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year. Quantity.

I Metric tons.

I 755,781

' 746,264

I 829,234

I 1,086,087

' 979,755

j 1,024,576

Ibon And 8Teel, Tbon Obe, And Coal, To 1901. 121

PBODUCnON OF STEEL INGOTS.

The production of steel ingots in Belgium from 1865 to 1901 has been as follows, in metric tons:

Production ofsted ingots in Belgium, 1866-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 155,169 216,186 281,847 254,897 221,296 221,918 280,087 273,118 405,661

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 4,321 54,420 132,062 141,640 182,627 179,489 185,916 156,012

Metric tons. 407,684 598,974 616,604 658,180 781,249 655,199 515,780

18M

PBODUCnON OF FINISHED STEEL.

The following table gives the production of finished steel in Belgium, including steel rails, in metric tons:

Production of finished steel in Belgium, 1866-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metricians. 1,420 1,857 2,826 4,062 6,622 12,889 18,683 80,932 45,686 64,543 90,646

Metric tons. 102,259 88,962 102,772 119,287 151,291 156,801 153,999 125,461 137,771 191,445 185,417 214,661 201,817

Metric tons. 206,806 206,281 224,922 841,318 867,947 519,311 527,617 567,728 683,960 568,589 489,640

Mot

MIKSBAL BESOUBOBS. PBODUCnON OF

The following table gives the production of coal in Belgium from 1830 to 1901, in metric tons. The production of lignite is not included:

ProducUon of ooal in Belgium 1830-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Metric UyM. 2,568,064 2,638,731 8,929,962 4,919,156 5,820,588 8,409,880 9,610,895 11,840,703 12,774,662 12,755,822 12,298,589 12,943,994 18,697,118 13,733,176 15,658,948

Metric UmB. 15,778,401 14,669,029 15,011,381 14,829,578 13,609,077 14,899,175 15,447,292 16,886,698 16,873,951 17,690,989 18,177,754 18,051,499 17,437,603 17,285,548 18,378,624

Metric ton*. 19,218,481 19,869,980 20,865,960 19,675,644 19,683,178

Gold And Silver.

By George E. Robebts,

Dvrector of the MvaL

Production.

The statistics of the production of gold and silver are furnished, as heretofore, by the Director of the Mint, to whom the statistics collected from the gold and silver mines have also been submitted.

During the calendar year 1902 the United States produced 3,870,000 fine ounces of gold, valued at $80,000,000, an increase of $1,333,300, or 1.69 per cent as compared with the yield of 1901.

Eight of the nineteen States and Territories yielding gold showed an increased production, Alaska leading with $1,460,100, an increase most marked in the quartz mines. Colorado showed an increase of $775,200. It may be stated that the general values of the ores mined throughout the State were lower than formerly, yet the tonnage has, in almost every instance, been greater. South Dakota also made a gain of $485,900; South Carolina, $75,200; North Carolina, $35,200; Wyoming, $26,100; Arizona, $29,300, and Maryland, $2,520.

The greatest decrease, amounting to $394,300, was in Idaho ; this was due to the lack of water and to the shortness of the season. Montana also showed a decrease of $370,500, due to the steady decline which has taken place for years in the productivity of the placers. Other decreases were: New Mexico, $157,300 ; California, $99,300; Utah, $95,700 ; Nevada, $68,500.

The silver yield for 1902 amounted to 55,500,000 ounces, of the commercial value of $29,415,000, an increase of 286,000 ounces, or 0.51 per cent. The greatest gain, 1,933,700 ounces, was in Nevada, due chiefly to developments in the rich Tonopah district in Nye County. Idaho, Washington, South Dakota, Arizona, and Montana also made substantial gains. The production of Colorado, owing to the decline in the grade of ores extracted, fell off 2,761,800 fine ounces ; the yield of New Mexico diminished 106,200 ounces ; Oregon, 66,800 ; Texas, 26,200 ; California, 24,800, and Wyoming, 16,400.

The total value of the precious metals produced by the United States in 1902 (silver at commercial value), amounted to $109,415,000, which was $2,380,100, or 2.17 per cent less than the yield for 1901. .

iC

Mineral Bb80Ubce8.

The following table shows the production of gold and silver in the United States from 1792 to 1902, inclusive:

Production of gold and sUver in the United States from 179if,

[The estimatefl for 17V2 to 1878 are by Dr. R. W. Raymond, United States mining comminioner, and since by the Director of the Mint.]

Year.

Total.

Gold.

AprU 2, 1792, to July SI, 1884 July SI, 1884, to Dec. 81, 1844

Mint

Census

Small.

Gold Axd Silver.

Produdion of gold and silver in the United Slnlefrom 1792 — Continued.

Year.

18M.

Total.

9106,800,64ft 106,501,666 116,000,160 118,626,757 108,500,000 118,661,000 129,157,286 127,000,172 134,847,485 141,860,026 168,704,495 160,054,600 151,758,000

Gold.

The following table shows the production of gold in the United States in 1901 and 1902 and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States and Territories:

Production of gold in the several States and Territories in 1901 and 1901S and the increase or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.

State or Territory.

Alabama.

Arizona

Colorado

Georgia

Idaho

Maryland

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina

Oregon

South Carolina

Sooth Dakota

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wyoming

Total

Net increase .

Value.

Increase. Decrease,

Mineral Resources.

The following table shows the production of silver in the United States in 1901 and 1902 and the increase or decrease in 1902, by States and Territories:

Production of silver in Die several SUUes and Territories in 1901 and 1902 , and the increase or decrease of the production of each in the latter year.

State or Territory.

Weight.

Increase. Decrease.

A.labama

Alaska

Arizona

California

Colorado

Georgia

Idaho

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina .

Oregon

South Carolina. . South Dakota . . .

Tennessee

Texas

UUh

Washington

Wyoming

Fme

2,

ounces.

Total

Net increase .

Fine ounces.

fine ounces.

Fine ounces.

a55,500,000

Commercial value, t29,415,000; coining value, $71,757,575.

The following table shows the approximate distribution of the production, by States and Territories, of gold and silver in the United States in 1902:

Approximate distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States for the calendar year 1909 by producing States and Territories.

[As estimated by the Director of the Mint.]

state or Territory.

Alabama . . Alaska Arizona ... Calilomia . Colorado . . Oeorgia

Idaho

Maryland . Michigan..

Gold.

Fine dunces. Value.

Silver.

tl29

S53

:ecl 'oy

Gold And Hilvkb.

ApproximaU disbrihuiion of the prodtictUm of gold and tilver, etc. — Continued.

Gold.

Silver.

StaUj or Territory.

Fine ounces.

Value.

Fine ounces.

Coining value.

Commercial value.

Montana

ft AAA

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina

Oregon

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tenneaeeo

Utah

Viiglnia

Washington

Wyoming

Total

The following table shows and silver in 1902 according

the distribution of the production of gold to sources of production:

DiMribuHon of the production of gold and gilver in the United States for tJie calendar year 190S ae to sources of production.

[As reported by mint officers and agents.]

state or Territory.

Gold.

Quarto.

Silver.

Quarts.

PUcer.

Copper ores.

Fineounces.

Fineouneea.

Flneouneet,

Ftiteounca.

Ari ina

a 12, 324, 766

California

Coloiado

Geoigia

Idaho

Michigan

If

Nevada

New Mexico

North

Oregon

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texss

Utah

' Virginia

Wajifington T , . -,

Wyoming

Total

a Lead and copper ores.

Minebal Resources.

The following table shows the production of gold in the famous Cripple Creek district of Colorado for the eleven years from 1892 to 1902, inclusive:

Production of gold in Cripple Creek district, Ootorado, 1892-1902.

Total.. 111,447,234

The following table shows the production of gold in the United States in 1900 and 1901, and the increase or decrease in 1901, by States and Territories:

ProdxMtion of gold in the United States in 1900 and 1901, and the increase or decrease in 1901, by States and Territories.

State or Territory.

Alaska

Arizona

California

Colorado

Georgria

Idaho

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina .

Oregon

South Carolina . South Dakota...

Texas

Utah

Washington — Wyoming

Alabama . . .

Maryland ..

Missouri —

Tennessee . .

Virginia

Total

Net decrease .

1F6,885,700

J 79,171,000 I

Increase.

Decrease.

T

Gold And Silver.

The following table shows the production of silver in the United States in 1900 and 1901, and the increase or decrease in 1901, by States and Territories:

Production of silver in the Mited States in 1900 and 190 ly and the increase or decrease in 1901 f by States and Territories,

state or Territory.

Weight.

Increase.

Decrease.

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Colorado

Idaho

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina .

Oregon

South Carolina . South Dakota . .

Texas

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

Fine

%

ounces.

Total

Net decrease.

Fine ounces.

Fine ounces. Fine ounces.

a 55, 214, 000

a Commercial value. 938,128.400; coining value. 971,887,800.

The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States in 1900, by producing States and Territories:

Approximate distribution of the production of gold and sUver in the United Slates for the calendar year 1900, by producing States and Territories.

[As estimated by the Director of the Mint.]

State or Territory.

AUkbama . . Alaska Arizona ... CaUfomia . Colorado . . Georgia —

Idaho

Maryland . Michigan.. Missouri...

Gtold.

Quantity. Value,

Fine ounces.

n,900

Silver.

Quantity.

Fine ounces.

Coining value.

29

Commercial value.

62

Total value

commercial

Jigitized by

M R 1902

Approximate distribiUion of the prodttdion of gold and silveTf etc. — Continued.

State or Territory.

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico... North Carolina

Oregon

South Carolina South Dakota .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Washington . . . Wyoming

Total

Gold.

Quantity. Value.

Fine ounces. 227,266 97,060 40,292 1,179 81,980 296,842 192,165 84,748 .1,655

Silver.

Quantity.

Fine ounces.

Coining value.

Commercial value.

Total value

commercial

value.

The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States in 1901, by producing States and Territories:

ApproxitnaJte distribiUion of the production of gold and silver in the United States for the calendar year 1901 , by producing States and Territories.

[As estimated by the Director of the Mint.]

State or Territory.

Gold.

Quantity. Value.

Silver.

Quantity.

Coining Commervalue. cial value.

Total value

commercial

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

California

Colorado

Georgia

Idaho

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

North Carolina .

Oregon

South Carolina . South Dakota . .

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington — Wyoming

Fine ounces.

Fifie ounces

Total 8,805,600 78,666,700 65,214,000 71,387,800 33,128,400

Gold And Silver.

The following table shows the distribution of the production of gold and silver in 1901 according to sources of production:

Distribution of the production of gold and silver in the United States for the calendar year 1901, as to sources of prod4;tion.

[As reported by offlcera and agents of the Mint.]

State or Territory.

Gold.

Quartz.

Placer.

surer.

Quarts.

Lead ores. Copper ores.

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

California

Colorado

Georgia

Idaho

Maryland

Michigan

Montana

Nevada

Sew Mexico

North Carolina.

Oregon

. Boath Carolina . South Dakota . .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wyoming

Total.

JFilUi ounces.

Ftneouncei.

Fine ounces.

Fine ounces.

Ftneounoes.

a 13, 917, 801

a Lead and copper ores.

Ic

Manganese Ores.

By John Bikkinbine.

Production.

Summary Op Production And Value.

The quantity of manganese ore produced in the United States in the year 1902 was 16,477 long tons, valued at $177,911. This is an increase of 4,482 long tons and $61,189 over the 1901 production of 11,995 long tons, valued at $116,722, and is the largest amount mined since the year 1891.

The following table presents by States the production, total valuation, and average value per ton at the mine of the manganese ores produced in the United States for the years from 1896 to 1902, inclusive:

Production and value ofmanganege ores in the United States 1896-190S,

State.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value

per ton.

Quantity.

Value,

Average

value

per ton.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value

per ton.

Aii>.bAinA

a $143

a$6.60

Arkanrnw

Georgia

Michigan

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

IVnncaiino . . . ,

Viiginia

Wort Virginia

Total

afigtimated.

38

Ic

Minebal Besouboes.

Production and value of manganese ores in the United States, 1896-1902 — Oontinned.

State.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value

per ton.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value

per ton.

S10.62

California

Georgia

Montana

North Carolina

Tennessee

Virginia

West Virginia

Total

State.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value

per ton.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value per ton.

nil

California . .'

Qeorgla

Missouri

Montana

South Carolina

Tennessee

Utah

Virginia

Total

Six States contributed to the 1902 total. Alabama, Missouri, Tennessee, and Utah, which supplied ore in 1901, reported no manganese ores mined in 1902, while South Carolina contributed a sample shipment of 8 tons. Montana is also added to the list of contributors, but none of this ore was shipped, it being stocked at the mine. This State, a new contributor, with a reported output of 9,000 tons, takes first rank. The other prominent contributing States, with the exception of California, show a reduction in the amount of ore produced; and had it not been for reported production in the State of Montana, the industry would have shown a considerable decline in 1902. Montana, Virginia, and Georgia contributed a total of 15,541 long tons, or 94 per cent of the total for the United States. Omitting the 9,000 tons reported for Montana as mined and not shipped, Georgia furnished 47 per cent and Virginia 41 per cent of the product of domestic manganese ore.

The following table shows the production and total valuation of

manganese ores in the United States from 1880

the

Manganese Ores.

quantities mined in the States of Virginia, Georgia, and Arkansas, which have heretofore been the largest contributors:

ProduUion of manganese ores in the United States, 18S0-190S, [Maxima are given in italics.]

Year.

Viixlnia.

Georgia.

Arkansas.

Other States.

Total production.

Total value.

Long ions.

i,aoo

Longiont.

Long tons.

$U,6tU

2,580 6,041 9,0ik 5,568 5,208 8,575 1,277 8,866 4,085 8,882 6,689 8,089 8,447 8,600

5S5,aa

Total for 28 yean

Production Op Manganiferous Iron Ores.

As in previous annual statements, the amount of manganiferous iron ores produced in the United States is included in the report on iron ores, but it is also noted here as a matter of interest in connection with manganese ores.

In the Lake Superior iron district many of the iron ores carry small percentages of manganese, but in the greater number of such ores this does not exceed 1 per cent. Some of the manganiferous iron ores mined in Colorado, and also some of the Lake Superior ores, were used in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, but the larger portion of the Colorado production was utilized as a flux by the smelters.

The production, approximate percentages of manganese, and reported total and average values of manganiferous iron ores produced in the United States in 1902 are as follows:

Mineral Bbsoubges.

Production, percentage of manganese, and total and average value of manganiferous iron

ores in 190S,

Locality.

Quantity.

Percentage of manga-

Reported total Yalae at mines.

Avenge

value per

ton.

Coloiado

Lake Superior region Virginia

Total

Not given.

lto32

The annual production, valuation, and average value per ton of manganiferous iron ores mined from 1889 to 1902, inclusive, are presented in the following table:

Production of manganiferous iron ores in the United States, 1889-190S. [Maxima in italics.]

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value per

ton.

Long tons. 83,434 61,863 182,511 117,782 205,488 126,729 338,712 202,304 287,810 761,845 377,577 574,489 901, iU

g,00l,6t6

S3. 26

S.7U

Production Op Manganiperous Silver Orbs.

In mining the precious metals a considerable amount of manganiferous iron ore is obtained which carries an insufficient percentage of the precious metal to make it valuable on that account, but it is used as a flux by the smelters. This is particularly time in the State of Colorado.

The ores which are obtained at Leadville, Colo., and vicinity are classed generally as carbonates, sulphides, oxides, and siliceous ores. The first refers to ores having as their chief value carbonates of lead and silver; the second, to iron or lead sulphide ores; the third, to an ore carrying either carbonate, oxide, or sulphide minerals, but in which silica is in excess of iron in the ore; and the fourth, to manganiferous iron oxide.

Manganese Ores.

The three first-named classes are primarily dependent tor their value upon the contents of metals other than iron and manganese. The fourth may or may not be dependent on these elements, but the ores are considered in this statement as argentiferous manganiferous iron ores unless their value for smelting purposes as represented by other metals is above what may be considered the normal mining and smelting charges, aggregating in the neighborhood of $12 per ton. Owing to the difficulty of segi'egation in every case, and to the fact that some mines produce several of the above varieties, the subdivision can not be exact. In other words, a considerable part of the production of the Leadville, Colo., district is properly classed as argentiferous manganese or iron ores, which would be supplied to smelters as a fluxing medium.

This ore was also included in the report on iron ores, the amount

mined from 1889 to 1902, together with the total and average values,

being as follows:

Production of manganiferous silver ores in the United States, 1889-190S,

Yeac

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value per

ton.

Long tonf.

a 55, 962

ft 31, 687

Ig95

a Including 1,500 tons from Montana, for which no value is given, ft Including 1,049 tons from Montana, for which no value Is given.

Production Of Manganiferous Zinc Ores.

In northern New Jersey zinc ores are obtained which carry varying percentages of iron and manganese, and the cHnker resulting from the ti*eatment of the ores to obtain the zinc content is used in the production of spiegeleisen. The amount of this character of ore produced in the year 1902 was 65,246 long tons, valued nominally at per ton. The production of this class of ore clinker in the United States from 1889 to 1902, inclusive, together with the total and average value per ton, is given below.

Ic

Production of manganiferou8 zinc ore renduum in the UniUd States, 1889-190.

Year.

Value.

Average

value per

ton.

a26,676 82,605 84,844 62,811 66,246

I.Oo

a BsU mated. PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE AND MANGANIPEROUS ORES.

The following table shows the production of ores containing manganese in various percentages which were produced in the United States in the years 1901 and 1902, together with the total and average value per long ton:

Production of manganese and manffaniferous ores in the United States in 1901 and 190iS,

Kind of ore.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value per

ion.

Quantity.

Value.

Average

value per

ton.

Manganese ores

Long Ions.

Long tons.

Manganiferous iron ores

Manganlferous silver ores

Manganiferous sine reslduuma..

Total

a As this is a by-product in the treatment of zinc ores, the value given to it is nominal.

Production Op Manganese Ores By States.

The contributions made to the total output of manganese ores by various States are summarized in the following statements:

Arkansas.

From 1885 to 1898, inclusive, Arkan.sas was an important contributor of manganese ore, but since the last date the amontnuned

jigi izea oy g

Manganese Ores.

been small, the total for 1902 being but 82 tons, valued at $422, all of which came from the Batesville district. This State has a number of manganese deposits, but, owing either to lack of transportation or high phosphorus content, few have been worked. The total amount of ore produced by the Batesville district from its opening, in 1850, to 1902 is 49,974 tons. The yearly productions are shown in the following table:

Production of manganese in the BatemUe district of Arkansas from 1860 to 1900 inclusive.

Year.

Authority

Quantity.

'&rtlniatwl. . . .

Long lone.

del

Railroad reports of shipments

do

do

do .

Mineral Resources of the United States

do

do

do

Eleventh Census

Mineral Resources of the United States

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do !

Total

California.

Manganese ores have been exploited at various times in a number of localities in California, but during the year 1902 only deposits in Alameda, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, and Stanislaus counties were operated. The quantity obtained in 1902, 846 tons, valued at $10,175, is the maximum production for the State. The total quantity mined from 1874 to the close of 1902, 11,358 tons, and the annual outputs appear in the following table:

Total production of manganese ores in Calif omia lS7jhl909'

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long ions,

Tntal

1R96

Colorado.

In this State considerable quantities of argentiferous and manganiferous iron ores are mined, which are used either in the production of spiegeleisen in the steel works or as a flux by the smelters. These ores, except those which are used in the production of spiegeleisen, are all accounted for in the iron ore report, but are mentioned here as they contain varying percentages of manganese.

Any ore worth as much as $12 or over per ton, although it may contain desirable percentages of iron and manganese, is not considered in this class, as the high valuation is due to the amount of precious metal contained in the ore.

The production of argentiferous and manganiferous iron ore in Colorado from 1889 to 1902, inclusive, is as follows:

Production of manganiferous ores in (Morado, 1889-1902.

Ore.

Manganiferooa iron ores used for producing spiegeleisen . .

Manganiferous silver ores

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons. 13,464

Total

Ore.

Manganiferous iron ores used Manganiferous silver ores

Long tons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Longtons.

Total

Qeoroia.

In the year 1902 the production of manganese ore in this State amounted to 3,500 tons, valued at $20,830, a falling off jofidMdons

Manganese Ores.

from the 190i production of 4,074 long tons. The total production to the close of the year 1902 is 91,694 long tons.

The following table shows the quantities mined each year from 1866 to 1902, inclusive:

Prodiuiion of manganese ores in Georgia 1866-1902,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Long Unit. 5,550 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 1,800 1,200 1,000

Total

a None reported.

There are two manganese-producing districts in this State, one in the vicinity of Cartersville, Bartow County, and the Cave Spring district in Floyd and Polk counties. Ores have also been reported in other sections of the State, but none have as yet developed commercial importance. The mines in the Cartersville district only were active in 1902.

Montana.

in previous years this State has been comparatively unimportant as far as the production of manganese is concerned, but 9,000 tons of ore were reported as mined in 1902 from two deposits, and stocked at the mines. Analysis of the ore is said to show 45 per cent and over of manganese.

If this ore is not high in phosphorus and silica it should command a ready market, provided the freight rates to steel works be not prohibitory, and it would also be valuable as a flux.

Nevada.

Mr. Daniel Boneili reports a number of manganese claims situated in the St. Thomas mining district, Lincoln County, Nev., lying at the foot of a range of basic eruptive masses, and fonning one side of the Boulder Canyon, below Rioville. "They are largely

inNEBAL BESOUBOES.

says are quite extensive, and contain all the ores of mannese from rhodocrosate to pyrolusite. The ore is claimed to yield from 18 to 48 per cent metallic manganese, but as there are no railroads in the vicinity, it is doubtful whether these deposits will be exploited in the immediate future.

South Carolina.

A small quantity of manganese ore, 8 tons, was shipped in 1902 as a sample from a deposit located near Greenwood, S. C.

Virginia.

This State was formerly the most impoi'tant contributor of manganese ore in the United States, the bulk of the mineral won coming from the Crimora mine, located near the railroad station of the same name. A company has taken hold of this old mine and is at present engaged in exploring it, in the hope of being able again to resume operations on a profitable scale. If this venture proves successful, it is probable that in the future this State will show an augmented out put. The amount mined in 1902, however, was but 3,041 long tons valued at $29,444, giving Virginia third position as a producer. It shows a falling oflF of 1,234 tons from the 1901 output of 4,275 tons.

The annual production in this State from 1880 to 1902 is given in the following table, the total output for twenty-three years being 191,067 long tons:

Production of manganese ores in Virginia 1S80-190. [Maximum in italics.]

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

to, 667

Long tons. 4,092 1,797 1,715 2,018 8,650 5,662 6,228

Total

Uses Of Maxganesf. Ores In The Steel Industry.

The manganese ore mined in the United States, and also that imported from foreign countries, is chiefly used in the production either of spiegeleisen or of ferro-manganese. The quantity of metallic manganese used in this form, or present in the metal prepared, varies, per ton of steel ingots, according to the practice of the works in different

Manganese Ores.

sections of the country, but an investigation shows that the following closely represent the average consumption for various classes of steel:

Open-hearth steel, 13.5 pounds of metallic manganese per long ton of ingots.

Soft Bessemer steel, 16.5 pounds of metallic manganese per long ton of ingots.

Bessemer rail steel, 29 pounds of metallic manganese per long ton of ingots.

These averages have been obtained from a number of plants, whose practice in open-hearth steel varies from the use of 9 pounds of metallic manganese per long ton of ingots to 37 pounds per ton, in the latter case the steel being used for special purposes. In soft Bessemer steel the variation is not so marked, running from 14 to 17 pounds. In Bessemer rail steel, however, the range is from 25 to 31 pounds of metallic manganese per ton of ingots, and in the manufacture of high carbon or high manganese rails even more than 31 pounds of metallic manganese per long ton of ingots are used.

Imports.

The United States is a large consumer of manganese ores, and owing to the insuflScient supply of satisfactory native ores large quantities are imported from various foreign countries, the quantity brought in during the year 1902 being 235,576 long tons, valued at $1,931,282, or $8.20 per ton. Brazil, with a total of 102,550 tons, was the principal contributor, retaining the first place, taken from Russia in 1901. The other impoi-tant contributors were India, Cuba, Turkey, and Spain, in the order named, and smaller amounts were imported from Russia, Japan, Germany, and the United States of Colombia— the present Republic of Panama.

The table below shows the imports of manganese ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899 to 1902, inclusive, by countries, together with the valuations of the ores:

Imports of manganese ores into the United States during the calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901, and 190S, by countries.

Country.

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

Bnudl

Russia, Black Sea. . . British East Indies..

Cuba

Chile

Colombia

Turkey In Asia

Turkey in Europe... Japan

Long Urns.

Long ton*.

Quantity. Value.

Long ions.

Quantity. Value.

Long tons.

Ic

Imports of manganese ores inio the United States, etc, — Continued.

Country.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

France

Long tons.

Long tons.

Lotigtons.

Long tons.

Germany

r6,827 10,568

S68,241 10,814

United Kingdom ... French West Indies.

Greece

Quebec, Ontario, etc .

Noya Scotia, New Brunswlclc, etc ...

Aufitiia-Hun£ry . . .

Spain

Netherlands

Belgium

Total

The importations in 1902, by customs districts, indicate that 85 per cent, or 200,434 tons, were received at the port of Baltimore and 12 per cent at Gulf ports, the remainder being scattered among a number of ports, situated principally on the Atlantic seaboard.

The following table presents the quantity and value of the manganese ore imported into the United States during the calendar years 1899 to 1902, inclusive, by customs districts:

Manganese ore imported into the United Stales during tht calendar years 1899, 1900, 1901, and 190i, by customs districts.

Customs district.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity. Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Philadelphia, Pa

Baltimore, Md

New York, N.Y

Norfolk. Va

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long ions.

Long tans.

Pittsburg, Pa

Newport News, Va.. Chicago 111

Boston, Mass

Passamaquodd y , Me . Pensacola. Fla

10S

Mobile, Ala

Huron Mich

Champlain, N. Y Ail others

Total

The relative quantities of domestic manganese ore produced and of foreign manganese ore imported indicate that the importations have, as a rule, showed an almost constant increase from 1889, with the exception of six years, and that the domestic production JPllSPff-

Manganese Ores.

The average for the last fourteen years is 14,130 long tons of manganese ore produced in the United States, valued at $129,497, while the amount of imported ore for the same period shows an annual average of 102,639 long tons, valued at $930,602.

The following table illustrates the relative quantities and values of domestic and imported manganese ores from 1889 to 1902, inclusive:

BdfOxot ruantdtef (md values of domestic and imported manganese ores, lS89-190iS,

Year.

Domestic production.

Quantity. Value.

Imports.

Quantity. Value.

lan

ms

T6tal for 14 yean ... Avemge for 14 years

PRODUCnOK OP MAIGANESE ORE IN FOREIGN COUK-

Trie8.

As the importations of manganese ore are so prominently in excess of the domestic production, data concerning some of the sources of foreign manganese ores appear in the following pages. Because of the present close geographical and the future commercial relationship of the two countries to the United States, the manganese deposits of Cuba and Panama receive special attention.

Canada.

Exploited manganese deposits in Canada are found in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but in the year 1902 only those in the former province were active. The production for that year, as reported by the Canadian Geological Survey, was 84 tons, valued at $2,774, but the exports during the same period were 172 tons, valued at $4,062. The Geological Survey of Canada explains that these figures would seem to show that there are other producers of manganese ore, but so far these have not been located. The amount of ore mined in Canada from 1886 to 1900, inclusive, together with the total and the average value per ton, also the exports by provinces from 1873 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the following tables: .r>

&#x27; &#x27; Vic

M B 1902 10

Mineral Resouboes.

Production of manganem ore in Canada 1886-1900.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Short tons.

S41,499

Value' per ton.

1896a. 1897a. 1899b. 1900e.

a Exports.

ft Nova Scotia mined 63 tons. New Brunswick'n product was 1,518 tons.

t'Nova Scotia mined 10 tons and New Brunswick 20 tons.

Exports of manganese ore from Oanaday 1878-190.

Year.

Nova Scotia.

Quantity. Value.

New Brunswick.

Quantity. Value.

Total.

Quantity. Value.

Short ton*.

a441

Short tons. 1,031

Short tons.

a 1,818

lA

a250 tons should be more correctly clawed under the heading of mineral pigments.

mowing to changes in compiling customs returns, exports can no longer be given by provinces.

Manganese Obes.

Cuba.

Two companies are actively engaged in mining manganese ores in Cuba, the Ponupo Mining and Transportation Company and the Standard Manganese Company, the total shipments from the port of Santiago de Cuba in 1902 amounting to 39,628 long tons.

The Ponupo manganese ore is obtained from mines located near La Maya, about 16 miles northeast of El Cristo, the ore shipped having about 47 per cent of metallic manganese. A description of this deposit appeared in the report for 1899.

The Standard Manganese Company's property, known as the Boston mine, is located about three miles southeast of the town of £1 Cristo. The mine is worked open-cut, across the crest of the hill, through mixed sandstone and manganese. The ore occurs in pockets, the bulk being in wash dirt; but by picking some good manganese ore is obtained which does not require washing. When ready for shipment the ore is reported to carry about 50 per cent metallic manganese and from 1 to 3 per cent of iron.

In a report on the mineral resources of Cuba, prepared by H. C. Brown under the direction of Dr. David T. Day, which appeared in the civil report of the military governor of Cuba, Volume V, Part 11, is a detailed description of the manganese mines of Cuba.

Exports Of Cuban Manganese Ore.

The following table gives the Cuban exports from 1888 to 1902, inclusive, the shipments in 1902 being the maximum annual production:

Exports of manganese ore from Santiago distridy Ouhaj 1S88-1909,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long torn. 1,942 21,810 18,751 10,640

LongUmg. None

None

Panama.

The following excerpts are from a paper by Mr. E. G. Williams on the "Manganese industry of the Department of Panama, Republic of Colombia."

Manganese ore has been found on the Isthmus of Panama throughout a region of nearly 300 square miles, over the greater part of which, however, it is found in small bodies without commercial value.

Only six mines, controlled by two companies, have actually shipped ore, although a large area has been taken up in mining claims.

The ore-bearing region extends along the coast of the Caribbean Sea, beginning on the west near Puerto Bello and continuing easterly about 35 miles toward Point San Bias. Ore has been discovered in the interior, at a maximum distance of about 10 miles from the coast.

The first shipments from the region were made in 1871, from the village of Viento Frio. This early mining was primitive, and consisted in breaking up surface bowlders near the sea and packing the ore to the coast upon men's backs. Probably 1,000 tons of ore were shipped in small vessels, mostly to England, between 1871 and 1875, when the loss of a schooner near Viento Frio caused the abandonment of the work.

The discovery in 1890, about 6 miles south of Viento Frio, of large bowlders of high-grade ore upon the surface, which had been unknown to the early miners, caused a revival of interest in manganese mining in the locality, and led to the formation of the Caribbean Manganese Company, which in 1894 and 1895 constructed from the shipping port of Nombre de Dios to the base of the range upon which its principal mine was located a 3-foot gauge railroad, 9 miles in length, with maximum grades of 6 per cent in favor of the traffic and maximum curves of 40.

Except this company, the only shipper from the region has been the firm of Brandon, Arias & Fillippi. The Caribbean Manganese Company has shipped ore from four properties, the Viento Frio, the Carano, the Conccpci6n, and the Soledad. The firm has shipped from the La Guaca and the Culebra mines. All the mines mentioned are near the railroad except the Culebra, which is on a small island about 12 miles east of Nombre de Dios. Some ore has been mined at Meamar, about midway between Nombre de Dios and Culebra, but none has been shipped.

The total production of the region to date has exceeded 60,000 tons

All of the ore deposits are upon the Atlantic slope of the Cordilleras, The manganese deposits occur upon the comparatively low lands near the sea as well as upon the summits of the hills in the interior, and the Culebra mine is, as stated, upon an island, a remnant of the mountain spur which here approaches the sea.

The rocks immediately associated with the manganese deposits are all of sedimentary origin, probably originally shales, but so greatly decomposed as to leave their original character doubtful. In the vicinity of some of the ore deposits the rocks have been metamorphosed into a jasper, and thus preserved.

The surface clays are usually light yellow. Where associated with ore in place, however, the clay is generally bright red, but it is found in all shades from red to white, the colors resulting from the various

&#x27; U U V Ivc

Manganese Ores.

stages of oxidation and hydration of the manganese and iron contained in the clay.

The ore occurs as oxides. The principal variety, furnishing the greater part of the commercial ore, is psilomelane. Pyrolusite and braunite also occur. The psilomelane and pyrolusite are intimately associated, one oxide blending into the other without visible lines of separation. In massive psilomelane small cavities may be filled with pyrolusite, and clusters of pyrolusite crystals have been found radiating from a base of psilomelane. The psilomelane is massive and very hard.

Samples of the purest ore of the Soledad mine anal'zed by Prof. S. L. Penfield, of Yale University, gave the following result:

Ancdygis of manganese ore from Soledad mine Panama,

Constituent.

Per cent.

Constituent.

Per cent

1.S2

Total

Metallic manganese

The Caribbean Manganese Company has reported that no manganese ore was minded during the jear 1902, but the following table will show the shipments of manganese ore from Colombia, as reported to this oflBce, from the year 1896 to 1902, inclusive:

Shipments of manganese ore from Panama, 1896-190.

Calendar year.

Quantity.

Calendar year.

Quantity.

Long Unu. 18,216

Long tons.

None.

a Not reported.

Brazil.

Mr. Herbert Kilbourn Scott, mining engineer, who has made a special study of the manganese ores of Brazil, is authority for the following:

The manganese-ore industry in the State of Minas Geraes continued to expand during the year, the total quantity of mineral exported to consuming countries from this State during the year 1902 amounting to 141,859 tons, which was divided among the principal exporting firms approximately as follows:

Finn.

Location of mine.

Production.

Qoncalyes Ramos & Co

8oci6t6 des Mines de Manganese de Ouro Preto .

Miguel Bumier..

Plquiiy

Longtons. 48,000 60,000 44,000

The output of the Usina Wigg mine was shipped to England, that of the other firms going to United States consumers.

The Usina Wigg mine is now the only one of importance in active operation in the Miguel Bumier district. The mineral of this mine occurs in a bedded deposit about meters in thickness, and work has been continued on it throughout the year, the average production being at the rate of about 4,000 tons per month.

Owing to the high percentage of the moisture in the ore, due to its spongy character, American producers of ferro-manganese have net used this mineral lately, and the total output went to Europe. Attempts to dry or calcine the mineral with 'subsequent briquetting have not been successful by reason of the difficulty of making the briquette sufficiently hard to withstand the repeated handling before they reach the blast furnaces.

At the Sao Goncalo and Piquiry mines in the Lafayette district the mineral occurs as huge lenticular masses and is worked open-cut, the output of the two mines amounting to about 8,000 tons per month. The mineral is of good quality, although more phosphoric than that of Miguel Bumier, and owing to its freedom from moisture and its lumpy character it is preferred by the United States ferro-manganese manufacturers.

Another large deposit of the same character as those of Sao Goncalo and Piquiry, situated in the same district, has lately been opened. It is known as the 'Morro da Mina," and the natural conditions are so favorable for mining the ore, and the lenticular masses so large, that it has been possible within four months after operations were inaugurated to have a regular output of 500 tons per day. The first shipment of this mineral left for Europe in January of 1903, and it is said that the ore analyzed 49 per cent metallic manganese, 0.08 per cent phosphorus, 2 per cent silica, and 2 per cent moisture.

Several cargoes have been shipped during the year from the port of Bahia, nearly the whole of this mineral coming from the Onha mine, near Nazareth. The total amounted to 14,410 tons, but it is doubtful if there is any likelihood of increased exports from this district of Brazil in the future.

The total shipments of manganese ore from Brazil in 1902 were 156,269 long tons.

The manganese ore is transported from the mines in the State of Minas Geraes by the Central Railway of Brazil, the wide gauge of which is being extended to the station of , in order that the mineral from the Piquiry and Sao Goncalo mines can be

Manganese Obes.

reshipment from the narrow-gauge road now running from the mines to the station of Lafayette. Owing to the increased output there may be a possible decrease in the value of the manganese pre, but if a market can be found for the Minas Geraes ores at present prices the production can be considerably increased over that of 1902.

Exports Of Brazilian Manganese Ore.

The importance of Brazil as a producer is exhibited by the following: Exports of Brazilian manganese OTe 1896-190,

Year.

Quantity. :

Year.

Quantity.

Long torn. 14,710 27,110- 62,170

Long tons, a 127, 348

a Europe, 76,910; United States, 51.488.

b Europe, 47,680; United SUtes, 48,080.

Chile.

Manganese ores are found in different portions of Chile, but the commercial mines are confined to the provinces of Atacama and Santiago. Other deposits have been exploited in the provinces of Aconcagua and Coquimbo, and still others -are reported farther south. Practically all of the manganese ore produced is exported, the yearly quantities shipped from 1885 to 1901 being as follows:

Exports of Chilean manganese ores, 188S-1901. .

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Long tons. 4,041 28,928 47,521 18,713 47,986 34,462 50,871 86,162

Long tons. 47,238 25,740 23,156 20,522 40,285 25,319 81,477

J

Minbbal Be80Ubces.

Great Britain.

In Great Britian a limited quantity of manganiferoos iron ore is obtained, the production in 1902 being 1,278 tons, a decrease of S68 tons from the 1901 production of 1,646 tons.

The following table shows the quantity of nianganiferous iron ore mined in the United Kingdom from 1884 to 1902, inclusive, together with the valuation of the same:

Prodiuiion and value of manganiferaus iron ores in the United Kingdom lS84J90t.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Ss,582 8,828

al,660

18W ,

a Estimated. BELGIUM.

Manganiferous iron ore is mined in Belgium, the amount produced in the year 1900 being 10,820 metric tons, valued at $26,158.

The following table shows the quantity and value of manganiferous iron ores mined in Belgium from 1880 to 1900, inclusive;

. Production of manganiferoui iron ores in Belgium 1880-1900,

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value,

Metric tana.

Metric Umt. 16,775 22,048 22,478 28,265 28,872 16,440 12,120 10,820

France.

Manganese ores are obtained in two departments south of L'Aridge and in the western and central sections of Sadne and Lioire, the Comity des forges de France giving the production in 1901 as 22,300 metric tons. The production for 1902 has not been collated and pub-

Manganese Obe8.

The annual production and value of the manganese ores mined in France from 1886 to 1901, inclusive, is as follows:

ProducUon and value of manganese ores in France, 1886-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Value per ton.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Value per ton.

18B6

Longtont.

9.W2 15,781 15,101 81,894 87,406

Vsh

um

UBt

ifta

Germany.

The greater portion of the manganese ore produced in Germany comes from the Ejngdom of Prussia, and should be more properly classed as a manganiferous iron ore. A small amount of true manganese ore, however, is obtained from the other German provinces. The total amount of manganiferous iron ore mined in Prussia in 1902 was 48,882 metric tons, valued at 530,000 marks ($126,140), and the production in other portions of Geimany amounted to 930 metric tons (915 long tons), valued at 49,000 marks (111,662).

The production and value of manganese ore mined in Prussia from 1881 to 1902, and in all Germany from 1890 to 1902, were as follows, those for later years being furnished by Mr. E.' Schrodter, secretary of the Verein Deutscher Eisenhiitten Leute and editor of Stahl und Elisen:

ProdwsLion and value of manganese ores in TVumwi, 1881-1902,

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

im

Lmig ttnu. 30,892 38,384 41,854 39,266 42,925 44,538 41,565 60,425 57,100 54,984

van

' 1898

fMl

ism

' 1897

laao

tt§i..,..

MINERAL BES0URGE8. Production of manganese ores in Germany, 1890-190S,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Italy.

Italy contributed 2,477 metric tons of manganese ore in 1902, and in addition some manganiferous iron ore.

The following table gives the production and value of maganese and manganiferous iron ores in Italy from 1860 to 1902, inclusive.

Production and value of manganese and manganiferous iron ores in

Holy, 1860-1902,

Year.

Manganese ores.

Manganiferous iron ores.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Varue.;

Long tons.

in nfin

Long tons.

f"

a29,526

a29,526

a 92, 640

a 92, 640

Ores.

Production and value of manganese and mangani/erous iron ores in Italy etc, — Cont'd.

Year.

Manganlferous iron ores.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Long ton*. 2,891 1,223 1,860 1,608 2,966 4,287 6,919 2,147 2,488

18M ,

a In original, 80,000 metric tons, valued at 480,000 lire, possibly an estimate.

Spain.

The greater portion of the manganese ores mined in Spain are of the carbonate and silicate varieties, being obtained in the province of Huelva. A small amount of oxide of manganese is also occasionally mined in the provinces of Obideo and Teruel. Mr. Carl Doetsch gives the total production of manganese in the province of Huelva, for the year ending December 31, 1902, as 62,944 metric tons.

The table given below shows the countries to which this ore was exported for the years from 1899 to 1902, inclusive.

Exports of Huelva manganese ores inl899y 1900, 1901, and 190,

Country.

Quantity.

Belgium and Luxemburg.

England

Ftance '

Germany ,

Total

Metric tons.

Metric toni

Metric tOM,

Metric tons.

Production of manganese ores in Spain, 1890-1901,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long Urns.

Long tons. 101,937 136,182 136,583 127,864 0 90,224

a Province of Huelva only.

Mineral Besoubobs.

Portugal.

Manganese ore is mined in Portugal, principally in the district of Beja, in the province of Alentejo, the quantity mined in 1901 being reported as 9,400 metric tons.

Austria-Hunqary.

Mr. Hans Hof er states that the official figures of production of manganese ore in Austria in 1902 are 6,646 metric tons, valued at 97,607 crowns, or $19,814.

The following table shows the quantity of manganese ore mined yearly from 1876 to 1902, inclusive:

Production of manganese ore in Atistriay 1876-19018,

Year.

Quantity.

, Year.

Oenincn, 67,817 78,999 41,836 84,837 88,744 91,097 84,183 98,821 79,423 61,677 98,108 65,541 89,261

Ceninert, 80,068 52,798 46,000 54,000 101,120 a 92, 270 Metric toiu

6,012 6,182 5,411 8,80i 7,796 6,646

alucluding Bosnia.

There were also obtained in the Kingdom of Hungary 7,347 metric tons, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were credited with 6,760 tons in

The annexed tables show the production of manganese ore in Hungary from 1897 to 1902, inclusive, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1892 to 1902, inclusive:

Production of manganese ore in Hungary, 1897-1

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Metric tons. 3,976 8,065 5,073

Metric tOM, %U1

a Ungariflclies Statistiches Jalirbuch.

Manganese Obes.

ProdtuHan of manganese ore in Bosnia and Herzegovina 189X-190S.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Long Urns,

o6,286

Long tons. 6,536 7,818 6,147

aBosnlsches Bureau Montan Abtheilung. SWEDEN.

Sweden has been a constant producer of moderate quantities of maganese ore, the production in the year 1902, according to the official statistics, being 2,850 metric tons, equivalent to 2,805 long tons, valued at 54,959 kroners, or $14,729, which is $5.-25 per ton.

The production and valuation, where known, of the maganese ores produced in Sweden from 1880 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the following table:

Production of manganese ore in Swedeny 1888-1902,

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Long Urns. 9,687 8,S09 10,829 8,936 7,708 6,949 8,906 8,068

Long Urns. 2,023 2,706 2,821 2,581 2,609 2,285 2,806

Russian Empire.

The Russian Empire is the principal contributor of manganese ores, over one-half of the year's production being credited to that country. Although the greater part of this ore still comes from the Caucasus district, there has in late years been a considerable falling off in this product, due it is claimed to the lessened demand for foreign export, as a result of imperfect mining and sorting of the manganese ores. A number of small operators aim to mine in the aggregate a large amount of ore, but by indifference on the part of some to the proper preparation the general average of the ore won is reduced. High freight rates to the Russian shipping ports also have caused the Caucasian ore to be displaced in some of the foreign markets by that obtained from Brazil.

A number of investigations and reports on the subject of bettering the manganese conditions in this district have been prepared14p4$#iC

MINERAL BESOnROES.

being a recommendation for the erection of blast furnaces at Poti and Batoum (near which the mineral is found) for the reduction of the ore to spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese. It was, however, demonstrated by the committee which investigated the subject that unless the Caucasus district received special advantages through export bounties and reduced transport rates Russian ferro-manganese could not successfully compete in foreign markets. The granting of these benefits to the Caucasian industry alone is opposed by the manganese producers of the Nicopal district, which, however, is a comparatively small producer of manganese ore. Requests for reduced transportation rates have been refused by the government, the opinion being that such a reduction would only benefit foreign buyers by causing a decline in the price of the mineral, this being stated to have been the result of the freight reduction made in 1899. It is stated that the stocks of manganese which have been accumulated at Tchiatour, Tchikour, Poti, and Batoum amount to about one year's shipments. In addition to the Caucasus district manganese ore is also mined in the southern portion of Russia, as well as in the Ural Mountains.

The following table gives the production and exportation of manganese ore in Russia from 1885 to 1899, inclusive, the statistics for the southern Russia and Ural districts being included; and the production for 1900 and 1901 is for the Caucasus alone.

Mr. W. R. HoUoway, consul-general of the United States at St. Petei-sburg, states that in 1900 the production of manganese ore was 884,200 tons, the mineral being obtained from 372 mines.

Statistics of manganese ores in Russia {in poods).

Production.

Exports.

Year.

Ural.

Southern Russia.

Caucasus.

Total.

Cauca8UB.

Total.

a One long ton equals 62 poods.

b Exports in Russia not included.

Vic

Manganese Ores.

Turkey.

Manganese ore exists in Macedonia and Asia Minor, but exact statistics are not obtainable. Mr. Hugh Whittall, oif Constantinople, states that the ministry of mines reports the quantity of manganese ore mined and exported in 1901 as 46,000 metric tons, and in 1902 as 50,000 tons.

Greece.

Greece mines manganese ore and also manganiferous iron ore, the quantity of the former iu 1900 being given as 8,050 metric tons, valued 4t $454.70; and in 1901 the production was stated to be 14,166 metric ton, valued at 2,610. INDIA.

The manganese industry in India is of comparatively recent origin, the first exportations of ore being reported in the year 1894, since which time there has been an almost constant growth, although in the year 1902 there was a slight falling off, the output in the year being but 157,780 long tons, as per the report of the under secretary of state for India. The greater portion of this ore is shipped to Great Britain, but a considerable quantity is also sent to the United States, the imports of the latter country in 1902 from India being given as 64,170 long tons, valued at $352,487.

Exports of manganese ore from British India by sea to other countrieSj 1894-190S.

Yeer.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

18M

Long tons, 87,126

Iso, 670

a Production.

Japan.

Manganese ores are obtained in Japan, but the mines are not extensive, and the annual production is, comparatively speaking, small.

The following table, taken from the Financial and Economical Annual of Japan, gives in the first column the production of manganese ores in that country from 1886 to 1901, inclusive; in the second column are the exports of this mineral according to the annual returns of the Enipire of Japan (department of finance) from 1881 to 1902, inclusive, together with the value of the same from 1898 to 1902. As both sets of figures are claimed as official, no attempt at harmonizing is made.

Of the 4,489,392 kin of manganese ore exported during the year 1902, 2,063,606 went to the United States, 1,464,172 to Hongkong,

:nitized Dy VJiJiJy iC

a Kin taken at 1.81 pounds. O

MIIfEBAL RESOUBGES.

869,950 to Gennan} 89,235 to Great Britain, and 2,429 to other countries.

Production and export of manganeae ore Japan, 1881

-i9oe.

Year.

Production.

Exports.

Value Of exports.

Long torn.

Java.

Manganese ore is obtained in the regencies of Pengasih and Mangolaen, the latest reports showing that 1,388 tons were mined in 1899.

New Zealand.

A small amount of manganese ore is obtained from this island, the amount mined in 1901 being 208 long tons, valued at £614, or $2,988.

Australia. New South Wales.

The annual report of the New South Wales geological survey for 1902 states that no manganese ore was mined in that country in 1902, although the mineiul exists there.

Queensland.

Queensland contributes a small quantity of manganese ore, the quantity obtained in 1901 being reported as 218 long tons, valued at £795, or $3,869.

The following table gives the production and value of manganese ores obtained in Queensland from 1881 to 1884 and from 1889 to 1901, inclusive.

Ic

Manganese Ores. 161

Production and value ofmaffanese ores in Queenslandj 1881-1884 and 1889-1901.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Long tons.

VBBi

South Australia.

In the year 1901 the official reports show that 192 long tons of manganese ore were obtained in South Australia, which were valued at £230 or $1,119.

WORIiI>'8 PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES.

It impossible to secure late contemporaneous data of the production of manganese ore in foreign countries, but in the table given below the latest reliable statistics which were obtainable have been incorporated, together with the year which the figures represent These tons are either long or metric, except in Canada, where the short ton is used.

Worlds 9 produdion of manganese ores.

Country.

North America:

United SUtes

Canadaa

Cnbaa

South America:

Brazil a

Chilea

Europe:

Austria

Bomia and Henegovloa

Hungary

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Year.

Production.

lyms. 16,477 89,628

Country.

Europe— continued :

Portugal

Russia

Spain a

Sweden

Turkey a

Asia:

India

Japan

Javaa

Oceania:

Queensland

New Zealand...

South Australia

Year. Production.

.

a Exports.

M K 1902 11

Copper.

By Charles Kirghhoff.

GENSRAIi TRADE CONBITIONek

The copper mining industry of the United States suflPered during 1902 from the reaction which followed the unsuccessful attempt during 1901 to maintain the value of the metal at an artificial level. The collapse which came toward the close of 1901 left many producers conmiitted to sales covering a long period, at low prices, with the menace of heavy accumulations of metal constantly over the market. Yet production was heavier during 1902 than it had been in 1901, because some of the important mines were worked to full capacity and because some of the enlargements and improvements previously begun became eflfective during the year. Furthermore, a number of new mining enterprises first produced important quantities of metal. On the other hand, accidents and labor troubles cut down the output of some of the larger undertakings.

Unless unf orseen events cause widespread or prolonged stoppage of operations at the mines, the production of copper in the United States will be considerabty larger in 1903 than it has ever been. The Lake Superior district will yield considerably more copper; Arizona is expected to return a considerably larger product; Utah may reach a total of 35,000,000 pounds; and Wyoming, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, and the Southern States will report an increase.

The consumption of copper in the United States has been enormous in 1902, and it has been larger, too, in other leading industrial countries. It may be questioned, however, whether the rate of increase attained in 1902 will be maintained in 1903.

The following table shows the production of copper in the United States since its rise to the dignity of an industry. For the earlier years the best available sources have been drawn upon for the estimates given. Since 1882 the figures are those collected by this office.

Mii7Eral Besoubces.

Production of copper in the United SUUes, 1846-1902. [Long tons.]

Year.

Year.

Total production, United States.

Lake Superior.

Totol production,

Lake Superior.

Percentage of Lake Superior oftotal production.

84

Percentage of

Lake Superior of total

production.

Montana.

Percentage of Montana of total production.

Arizona.

Percentage of Arizona of total production.

Ooppeb.

Production of copper in the United Stales, 1846-1902 — Continued.

Year.

Total production. United States.

Lake Superior.

Percentage of

TAke Superior

of total

product.

Montana.

Percentage of

Montana of total

product.

Arizona.

Percent-

Arizona of total

product.

Previous volumed of Mineral Resources coDtain a detailed statement of the copper production of the United States, territorially, from 1883, when the statistics were first collected by this office, to 1893. Since then the production has been as follows:

Total copper production in the United Stales, 189S-1902, [Pounds.]

Source.

Arizona „

Montana

New Mexico

California

Utah

Colorado, including copper smeltersa

Nevada

MAhn

South Dakota

Maine and New Hampshire

Vermont

Tennessee and Southern States

Middle states

Lead desUTerlzers, etc.

Total domestic copper

From imported pyrites and ores and matte u..x

Total (including copper from imported pyrites)

a Copper smelters in Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open market, sources not known. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been deducted.

bWoT 1806 the quantity stated covers only that part of the incidental copper product the source of which could not be ascertained. LiiiV VM

o Estimated.

Total copper production in the United Staiee, 189S-1902 — Continued.

.Soarce.

Lake Superior.

Arisona

Montana

New Mexico. . .

California

Utah

Colorado, Including copper smelteraa

Wyoming

Nevada

Idaho

South Dakota

Washington

Maine and New Hampshire

Vermont

Tennessee and Southern States .

Middle States

Lead desilyerizers, etc. &

Total domestic copper. ,

From imported pyrites and ores and matte ,

Total (including copper from imported pydtes)

aCopper smelters in Colorado, purchasing argentiferous copper ores and mattes in the open mar- . ket, sources not known. The quantity of Montana matte which goes to one of these works has been deducted.

ft For 1896 the quantity stated covers only that part of the incidental -copper product the source of which could not be ascertained.

o Estimated.

Since July, 1892, Mr. John Stanton, of New York, has collected monthly, from sworn returns, the following figures showing the production of the leading mines of Lake Superior, Montana, and Arizona. The estimate of outside sources is drawn, particularly recently, from official returns of many of the principal outside mines, large and small:

American production of copper. [Long tons.]

Year.

Reporting mines.

Outside sources.

Total.

Second 6 months of 1892 , r , - , . r , , , -

Ic

Copper.

The monthly reports, in detail, for the years 1892, 1893, and 1894 are published in Mineral Resources for 1895; for the years 1895 and 1896 in Mineral Resources for 1896; and for 1897, 1898, and 1899 in Mineral Resources for 1899. For 1900, 1901, and 1902 the monthly production was as follows:

American production of coppery monthly, 1900, 1901, and 190X. [Long tons.]

Month.

Reporting mines.

Outside sourceB.

Total.

Reporting mines.

Outside sources.

Total.

Reporting mines.

Outside sources.

Total.

Jannaiy

Febroary

March

April

May

17,613 17,497 19,8S3 20,667 19,282 19,285 19,612 17,667 17,986 19,946 19,876 18,724

3,800 3,400 3,700 8,800 4,000 4,000 a2,100 2,100 2,100 2,800 2,300

Jnne

Jnly

Angnat

September...

October

November... December ...

Total..

a The decrease in "outside sources" is caused by the largest of them becoming " reporting mines."

Elarly in 1903 large producing interests withdrew from the association, declining to furnish statistics in the future, so that the monthly compilatious have ceased.

A considerable number of foreign mines, including those of the Peninsula, the Cape, Australasia, Germany, and Mexico, report monthly to a secretary in London since July, 1892. Since then the production of this group, which maintains friendly relations with the American Producers' Association, has been as follows:

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Second half of 1892

1S95 . ..

Mineral Beb0Ubce8.

According to the careful compilations of Mr. John Stanton the exports of fine copper during recent years have been as follows:

Exports of fine copper from the United States. [Long toiu.]

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

The details of this movement are dealt with elsewhere in this report.

Lake Superior District.

In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources the production of the individual mines has been tabulated from 1884 to 1891, both inclusive. Since that time some of the producers have reported to this office only with the understanding that the returns be regarded as confidential. The production of the majority of the mines is, however, given accurately in the published annual reports to stockholders. From these the following table has been compiled:

Production of some of the leading Lake Superior copper mines, 1896-190fS,

Mine.

mn.

Tamarack

Quincy

Kearsarge

Tamarack, jr

Franklin

Atlantic

Central

Wolverine

Baltic

Champion

Trlmountain

Isle Royal

Mohawk

Maas

,

The annual report of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company for the fiscal year ending April 30, 1903, shows a production of 38,316 long tons of refined copper, as compared with 39,982 tons for the pre-

Ic

Ooppeb.

ceding fiscal year. The balance sheet for the last four years compares as follows for the fiscal year ending April 30:

Balance $heet of the Calumet and Heda Company for fiscal years ending April SO, 1900,

Cash and copper $6,118,436

Motes and bills reoeiyable I 609,584

Insurance fond...'. I 606,869

Total I 7,284,879

Liabilitikb.

Drafts and bills payable .

Machinery contracts

Set aside

Total

Balance

S3, 950, 576 866,668 149,996

President Agassiz, in his annual report, states that the character of the new openings on the conglomerate belt tributary to the Red Jacket shaft has been unsatisfactory. The six additional heads of stamps in the extension of the Hecla mill are in commission, and the equipment is most satisfactory. The plan is to equip both the mills according to the new system, and it is expected that the remodeling will proceed at the rate of four stamps annually.

The report of the Quincy Mining Company shows that the production of the mine was 26,425,670 pounds of mineral, yielding 18,988,491 pounds of refined copper, for which there was realized the gross sum of $2,276,819.25. Since the running expenses at the mine were $1,477,813.16, the taxes in Michigan were $49,091.54, and the smelting, transportation, and other expenses were $185,887.31, there was left a mining profit of $563,027.24. Adding $18,091.27 realized from interest, and $13,005.62 from Hancock real estate account, and deducting $96,124.08, being construction cost less amount reserved from earnings of 1901, there is a net income for the year 1902 of $498,000.05. The Quincy mined 983,694 tons of rock, hoisted 984,594 tons, and treated in the stamp mills 953,019 tons, which yielded 21,504,860 pounds of mineral. The company is introducing extensively underground electric haulage, is substituting coarse crushing at the stamp mills, and is installing Chilean mills for treating the coarse sands from the roughing jigs.

The copper production of the Tamarack fell off from 18,000,852 pounds fine in 1901 to 15,961,528 pounds in 1902, which was largely due to the fact that the rock coming from the territory tributary to the new No. 5 shaft, which has a depth of 4,938 feet. wi

HTBfEBAL BE80UB0ES

averafse. There were mined in 1902 837,568 tons of rock, as compared with 773,783 tons in 1901, and there were hoisted 763,209 tons, as compared with 668,622 tons. The cost of mining per ton of rock was $1.81 and $1.97, respectively, and the cost of mining per ton of rock stamped was $2.30 and $2.44 in 1902 and 1901, the quantity stamped being 658,720 tons in 1902 and 626,905 tons in 1901. The cost of stamping per ton stamped was 23.299 centiS in 1902 and 24.953 cents in 1901. The costs compared as follows, per pound of refined copper:

Co9t per pound of refined copper ai Tamarack mine in 1901 and 1902,

Atmlifl

, cents. .

do

Smelting, freight, oommiasionB, etc

do

Total

Yield of fine copper per ton stamped

Yield of mineral

pounds..

The income of the company was $1,894,320.75 from 15,961,528 pounds of copper, sold at an average of 11.87 cents, and $47,586.51 from interest receipts. The running expenses at the mine were $1,518,044.60; the smelting charges, $128,098.92; transportation, $47,939.08; conunissions and copper charges, $27,690.05; miscellaneous expenses at Boston, $22,826.32— a total of $1,744,598.97, leaving a mining profit of $197,308.29, from which must be deducted $154,877.74 for construction expenses.

Delays in the receipt of a new compressor plant, ordered in 1901, which retarded production and a threatened cave-in in No. 5 Osceola shaft, made it impossible to attain the increased output for the Osceola mine. The yield in 1902 was, however, 13,416,396 pounds fine copper, 38 compared with 13,723,487 pounds in 1901. The results in 1902 were as follows as compared with 1901: Rock mined, 968,835 tons and 958,272 tons; rock hoisted, 908,264 tons and 892,172 tons; rock stamped, 836,400 tons and 793,207 tons; pounds of mineral obtained, 18,430,012 and 18,807,616; yield of mineral, 72.797 per cent and 72.934 per cent. The cost, compared as follows:

Co9i per pound of refined copper at Osceola mine in 1901 and 1902,

At mine

Constmction

Smelting, freight, selling, etc .

Total.

;igiTi7ftf1 hy VlHIV

The greater part of the rock is now being furnished by the Kearsarge shafts, while a part of the tonnage comes from the old Osceola mine. The Tamarack, jr., branch supplies little rock.

The total income of the Osceola in 1902 was $1,594,453.76, including the receipts from 13,416,396 pounds of copper sold at an average of 11.78 cents per pound. The expenses were $1,493,654.47, leaving a gross profit of $100,799. 29. The construction account was $85,326. 96. It is estimated that when the belated machinery is installed the Osceola will be capable of producing 25,000,000 pounds of copper annually.

The annual report of the Franklin Mining Company shows an increased output, there having been obtained in 1902 from stamping 315,687 tons of rock, 8,362,020 pounds of mineral, or 5,237,460 pounds of copper. In 1901 the production was 3,757,419 pounds. The total receipts for 1902 were $647,964, while the mining expenses were $521,432, and the smelting and transportation costs were $76,838. The cost of stamping was 28.81 cents per ton. The old Franklin mine continues to furnish nearly 10,000 tons pf rock per month, and the Franklin junior conglomerate, which is low in grade, supplies the greater part of the product.

The yield of the rock of the Atlantic mine during the year 1902 was the lowest on record, having been only 0.5547 per cent, and since the average realized was only 11.88 cents per pound, the mine showed a deficiency. The receipts for copper were $588,200. 73, and the expenses were $598,910.18, a deficit of $10,709.45. There was also expended on interest $5,059.79, for cost of exploration $13,175.90, and for improvements $20,441.26. During 1902 there were stamped 446,098 tons of rock, which yielded 6,847,270 pounds of mineral, and 4,949,366 pounds of fine copper. The costs were: 89.14 cents for mining, selecting, and breaking rock and all surface expenses; 5.97 cents for transportation to the mill; 25.03 cents for stamping and separating; 14.11 cents for freight, smelting, and marketing product — a total of mining expenses of $1.3425. During the early part of 1903 the Atlantic rock has shown considerable improvement.

Daring the fiscal year 1902-3 the Wolverine Mining Company hoisted 299,922 tons of rock and stamped 279,011 tons, yielding 11,330,370 pounds of mineral, which at 72.90 per cent gave 8,260,386 pounds of refined copper, sold' at an average of 12.48 cents per pound. The cost of producing the copper, exclusive of construction, was 6.645 cents per pound; inclusive of construction it was 7.105 cents. The total receipts were $1,033,259 and the total expenses were $548,922, leaving a mining profit of $484,337. Construction costs were light, being only $38,014, which left a net profit of $446,323. The new stamp mill on Traverse Bay went partly in commission in August, 1902, and commenced to do full duty from the 1st of September. It is capable of treating fully 1,000 tons per day, so that

Ic

the equipment is now equal to a yearly production of close to 10,000,000 pounds.

The Mass Mining Company produced, during 1902, 2,345,805 pounds of fine copper from 3,273,835 pounds of mineral, obtained from stamping 152,562 tons of rock out of 203,769 tons hoisted. The receipts from copper and from assessments aggregated $509,602, while the expenditures included $302,394 for development, mining, and mill expenses; $39,468 for buildings and equipment at the mine; $75,000 for buildings and machinery at the mill; and $38,581 for smelting, marketing copper, and other expenses.

The production of the Isle Royale Copper Company was 3,569,748 pounds fine in 1902, as compared with 2,171,955 pounds in 1901, the receipts being $425,125.23 from the copper, at an average of 11.91 cents per pound; $8,881.61 from 18,523 ounces of silver, and $66,768.64 from interest receipts and other income. The running expenses at the mine were $400,539.52; the smelting charges, $25,461.83; transportation, $6,403.63; commissions, $11,179.97, and miscellaneous expenses, $17,401.14— a total of $460,986.09, leaving a profit of $39,789.39. From this must be deducted $10,291.56 for construction and $8,657.88 for exploration. Two heads of stamps were operated during the first quarter of 1902, three heads to the end of July, and for the remainder of the year only one.

The Isle Royale and Portage lodes have proven to be bunchy.

The Champion Copper Company is a very important addition to the producing mines of Lake Superior. During 1902 the company had the use of a small head at the Atlantic mill, which crushed 66,257 tons, and also since August, 1902, a larger head at the Baltic mill. From the total of 120,485 tons of rock crushed by these the company obtained 5,575,440 pounds of mineral, or 4,165,784 pounds of ingot. This was sold at 11.823 cents per pound. The Champion Compan}'- completed in December, 1902, a four-stamp mill which is to have a crushing capacity of 2,000 tons of rock per day, which would be equivalent to a yearly production of 20,000,000 pounds of copper. The firet head went into commission during December; the second in February, 1903, and the two others later. During 1903 two additional stamps are to be put in.

The Champion Copper Company was organized in November, 1899, the St. Mary's Mineral Land Company undertaking to provide onehalf of the cost of development and equipment. It was organized with 100,000 shares, $10.25 per share being paid for the land, and $14.75 per share cash in assessments. The mine, however, proved to be larger than expected and the total cash expenditures with a four-head stamp mill completed, and with the mine sufficiently opened to deliver daily 2,000 tons of rock through four fully equipped shafts reached about $1,700,000 over and above the cost of the land.

' ' 11

Coppeb. 178

One-half of the capital stock of the Champion Copper Company is held by the Copper Range Consolidated Company, who control all but 27 shares of the 100,000 shares of the Baltic Mining Company and the Copper Range Railroad. The Baltic hoisted, during 1902, 802,805 tons* of rock, of which 275,175 tons were stamped, producing 8,903,096 pounds of mineral, or 6,285,819 pounds of copper, which sold at 11.872 cents per pound. The Baltic Company has a capacity of about 11,000,000 pounds of copper per annum when its mill is running on its own rock exclusively. During 1902 the running expenses at the mine were $475,289, and the smelting, freight, and marketing $88,224, leaving a mining profit of $182,762. The construction, taxes, and interest, however, aggregated $828,032. The extraordinary construction for the Baltic is now practically completed.

The Trimountain entered the ranks of lake copper producers in

1902 with a total output of 5,730,807 pounds of ingot. This will be largely increased during 1903. The stamp mill of the company, with its three stamps, will be in full commission, a part of the mill having been started in 1902. The Trimountain will also use two of the stamps of the Arcadian mill, so that it is likely, during the second half of 1903, to be producing at the rate of about 18,000,000 pounds per annum.

Owing to delays by the contractors of the mill, the first head of the Mohawk Mining Company did not go into commission until December, 1902, and the second head was not started until January, 1903. The third head is still under construction. During the first two months of

1903 there were stamped 40,473 tons of rock, which gave 993,064 pounds of fine copper, or an average yield of 24i pounds per ton. This indicates a yearly production, when the whole plant is in full operation, of about 9,000,000 pounds. The total receipts were $444,666. 22, including $31,384.67 by balance, $308,026 from assessments, $77,991.23 from sales of " mohawkite," and $26,425.91 from copper. The expenditures were $463,433.02, including $446,070.79 at the mine.

The Winona Copper Company has developed rather rapidly and is expected to produce some copper with a leased head of the Atlantic mill during 1903. The expenses at the mine during 1902 were $48,059 and other expenses were $7,003. The receipts from assessments were $90,744, and there was obtained from the sale of 101,188 pounds of copper the sum of $13,028.

The Michigan Copper Mining Company has continued development work on the Branch, Calico, and Minnesota veins, producing a small amount of copper from the last. An arrangement has been made by which rock will be crushed at the Mass mill. The receipts were $225,876.81, including $13,972.08 by balance and $190,471 from assessments, while the expenditures were $164,944.86, includmg $157,563.65 at the mine.

The Phoenix Consolidated Mining Company has

tions on the St. Clair and West veins, which justified the beginning of the erection of a one-head stamp mill. The receipts were $201,891.50, including $200,000 for assessments Nos. 1 and 2, while the expenses were $93,052.43 for underground work, $43,753.81 forsurface expenses, $16,106.55 for construction, $36,932.06 for railroad, and $39,564. 77 for the mill.

The Adventure Mining Company commenced stamping rock in its stamp mill in September, 1902, over six months later than was expected. The company sold in 1902 606,211 pounds of copper for $70,791, and received from assessments $200,000, from interest $6,741, and from sales of silver $1,181. The expenditures for machinery, supplies, labor, buildings, and .permanent improvements aggregated $703,723, and for organization $15,082. It is expected that the Adventure mine will supply and the two stamp mills will crush 1,000 tons of rock per day, yielding about 1 per cent of ingot copper.

A number of South Range mines and the Stanton group have decided to build a refining plant on the shore of Portage Lake, 3 miles west of Houghton. The smelter, which will be erected by the Michigan Smelting Company, will have five reverberating furnaces and one eupola.

Montana.

The collection of statistics of the production of copper for Montana involves certain difficulties, because some of the smelting works, not having converting plants, or not operating them, ship the mattes produced to other works. There is therefore a danger of duplication which is avoided by the system of securing a statement from those works which treat custom mattes, giving the fine copper contents thereof. It is only natural, however, that the product of the initial plants and of the secondary works do not exactly agree, because the latter may fail to convert all the matte received or may draw on accumulated stocks of matte. In the former case the result may be too low; in the latter it may be excessive. In the long run, of course, the balance must be established, but there may be differences in individual years. It might be possible to arrive at exact figures for each individual year by taking into account the stocks at shipping and at receiving works, but it is believed that this introduces unnecessary complications.

The United Copper Company lost its concentrator by fire in August, 1902, and although a plant at Basin, Mont., was leased at once, the product was reduced for a time, in spite of the fact that the smelter was operated partially on first-class ore. It is expected that the output will be at the rate of 40,000,000 pounds per annum when the new concentrating plant is in commission. The production for the calendar year 1902 is given at 30,374,696 pounds of copper, 919,590 ounces of

Copper. 176

silver, and 11,269 dances of gold, as compared with 30,318,328 pounds of copper, 1,083,474 ounces of silver, and 4,631 ounces of gold in 1901. The properties developed in the Butte district by Franklin Farrel and his associates have been acquired by the Pittsburg and Montana Copper Mining Company, who are building a large smelting plant at Butte, which, it is expected, will begin production in 1903.

Arizona.

The production of Arizona was less in 1902 than it was in 1901, chiefly because some of the larger producers fell off considerably. The greater part of the decline was due to the restriction of output brought about at the United Verde mine at Jerome through a fire and through labor troubles. The Old Dominion and the Copper Queen, too, showed a falling off. On the other hand, the Arizona Copper Company increased over 10,000,000 pounds, the Detroit made a larger product, and there appeared as new contributors to the total the Shannon, the Calumet and Arizona, and the Val Verde.

The prospects are that the year 1903 will again witness a considerable increase, with at least a partial recovery by the United Verde, a full year's production on the part of the new mines of 1902, and with some additions by reason of the completion of plants still under construction.

There has been a great deal of activity in the Bisbee district in the opening up and development of new mines by strong interests from Lake Superior, Pittsburg, and New York. One of these companies, the Calumet and Arizona, reached the producing stage in 1902. Four others, controlled by substantially the same parties, are being vigorously pushed forward. The great mine of the district, the Copper Queen, did not, in 1902, reach the production of 1901. The work of building the new smelting plant at Douglas has been vigorously prosecuted during the year and will be completed during 1903.

A very important producer entered the ranks in 1902, the Qilumet and Arizona Mining Company having started its smelting plant at Douglas on November 15, 1902. The production for the year was 2,066,647 pounds from one furnace. A second furnace and stand of converters will be started in 1903 and a third furnace will be added as a reserve. It is expected that when the plant is in full opei*ation it will produce about 36,000,000 pounds of copper annually. The mines are at Bisbee, the ore going to Douglas, and the converter bars are refined by the Nichols Chemical Company, of New York, the copper being sold by Phelps, Dodge & Co. It is estimated that the mine is developed to furnish ore for a period of at least six years ahead.

In the Clifton district the Arizona Copper Company, limited, added over 10,000,000 pounds to its production in 1902 over 1901. During

Be

the half year ending September 30, 1902, the concentmting mills handled 195,849 tons of crude ore, which yielded 28,806 tons of concentrates. From the leaching of 36,721 tons of tailings 1,532,061 pounds of copper was obtained. These concentrates and richer ores, aggregating 54,486 tons and 1,653,209 pounds of copper derived from the leaching plant, were put through the smelting works and yielded 15,049,065 pounds of ingot copper for the six months. The average yield of all the copper ores treated was 3.37 per cent, and the yield from tiie concentrated ores was 2.76 per cent during the half year under consideration, as compared with 2.95 per cent during the preceding half year. During the year ending September 30, 1902, the accounts show net profits of £183,225 from the mines, and £113,662 from the railroad. The payments were £13,888 for mine administration, £8,306 for railroad administration, £2,506 for the Edinburgh office, and £25,718 for interest. There were placed to reserve £40,000, and there were paid on preference shares £24,531, which left a balance of £181,938. Out of this, dividends of 9s. 6d. per share were paid, absorbing £180,488. The general manager reports that the improvements on the railroad and on the metallurgical works are practically completed, so that the Arizona Copper Company is now in a position to produce annually a little over 30,000,000 pounds of refined copper.

The Shannon Copper Company, which was organized in 1899 to acquire properties then owned by C. M. Shannon, at Clifton, Arizona, began producing in 1902. The capital stock is 13,000,000 in 300,000 shares, of which 185,296 shares have been listed on the Boston Stock Exchange. There ar also $600,000 of 7 per cent bonds on the property, 20 per cent of the net earnings per annum being provided as a sinking fund. The mining property of the company consists of 43 claims over 600 acres in area, one block of which is 4,300 feet in width, and is located at Metcalf, 7 miles south of Clifton, the terminus of the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad. It is adiacent to the producing properties of the Arizona Copper Company and near the Detroit Copper Company's mines. The development consists of about 5 miles of tunnels, cross-cuts, drifts, winzes, and upraises, the various workings being connected with an incline tram, which delivers ore by gravity to the railroad at Metcalf, where it is transported 7 miles to the smelter at Clifton. The reduction plant consists of two 250-ton water-jacketed blast furnaces, one of which was in operation during the latter part of 1902, and made over 2,000,000 pounds of fine copper. There is a 500-ton concentrator, built in two sections of 250 tons each, the first section of which was completed early in 1903. The second furnace was blown in in April, 1903, the capacity of the whole plant being about 1,000,000 pounds of copper per month.

Copper. 177

In this district, Edward H. Strobel, as lessee of the New England Copper Company, of Arizona, is developing a property on a considerable scale. It has not yet, however, been decided to build a smelting plant.

The Producers' Mining and Smelting Company, of Chicago, whose mines are in southern Arizona, is erecting a smelter and is expected to become a producer of copper in September of 1903.

The report of the Old Dominion Copper Mining and Smelting Company shows a decline in the production from 10,004,787 pounds in 1901 to 7,992,550 pounds in 1902. During 1902 there were mined and smelted 68,840 tons of ore, which yielded 5.8 per cent. The product was 7,705,327 pounds of pig copper, averaging 95.95 per cent fine, and 850,078 pounds of matte at 70.52 per cent. The sales of product, including a considerable part of a large stock carried over, yielded $883,378, and the outlays for mining were $392,507; for smelting, $293,670; for handling, selling, and general expense, $130,559, and for construction and development, $47,175. The company is carrying out a comprehensive scheme of improvement, including the sinking of a new shaft and the construction of a new smelter and concentrating mill, so that a considerably larger product at a lower cost will be made. The aggregate freight rates on incoming and outgoing freight amounted to 3i cents per pound of copper produced. Under contracts made this will be reduced by about li cents per pound of copper. It is estimated that when the improvements have been completed the production will be at the rate of 20,000,000 pounds per annum, and that the cost will be reduced to about 8 cents per pound.

A small quantity of matte, containing about 50 per cent of copper and 30 ounces of silver, was produced by the Pride of the West Mining and Milling Company, but the property was closed down in the winter of 1902.

The Black Warrior Copper Company made a small quantity of copper, but it is expected that an output of some magnitude will be maintained during 1903.

The Imperial Copper Company, formerly the Silver Bell Copper Company, of Red Rock, Pinal County, is to start a new smelting plant to produce upward of 2,500,000 pounds fine copper per month. It is not expected, however, that the works will be in operation until the middle of 1904.

During the course of 1903 a new producer is to appear in the George A. Treadwell Mining Company, which controls property in the Verde and Big Bug districts, and proposes to use smelting furnaces in which oil is to be employed as a fuel.

The Valverde Copper Company, at Valverde, shipped a moderate amount of copper in the form of matte, no converting being done at

M R 1902 12 . ... ,.,,r>

Ic

the plant. It is considered probable that the production of 1902 will be doubled in 1903.

Among the mines equipped with smelting works which did not turn out any copper during 1902 were the Rosemont, the Helvetia, and the Azurite.

California.

There was quite a sharp decline in 1902 in the output of copper in California, chiefly because the mines of Shasta County did not make their normal quantity. Mine operations by the principal company, the Mountain Copper Company, were interfered with by a fire, and later in the year a strike of the workmen caused a cessation of operations by both the Mountain and the Bully Hill companies, the yield of the former being reduced altogether about 10,000,000 pounds. The Mountain Copper Company produced 139,903 tons of ore, the Keswick smelter handling 149,787 tons and producing 7,854 tons of Bessemer bars. The refining plant in New Jersey made 8,739 tons of ingots. The profit on sales of copper was £117,846, and the rentals and miscellaneous profits amounted to £8,462.

Utah.

Utah is forging to the front as one of the most important copper producing States, and it is notably in the Bingham camp that development has been most rapid. The largest producers are the Highland Boy Mining Company (controlled by the Utah Consolidated Company), the Bingham Mining Company, and the United States Mining Company, the last having begun production in 1902. In the spring of 1903, these were producing at the rate of 1,200,000 pounds, 700,000 pounds, and 800,000 pounds, respectively, or at the rate of over 36,000,000 pounds per annum. In the same district the Tintic Mining and Development Company is opening the Yampa mine and will build smelting furnaces during the present year. The Boston Consolidated Mining Company has also developed large bodies of ore at depth, but has not yet decided upon the erection of a smelting plant. The Columbia Copper Company, which has been successful with a small concentrating plant, will build a larger mill. The concentrates are sold to the smelters in the district.

The Bingham C-ompany has control of the Binghani and Tintic mines and of the Dalton & Lark and Brooklyn mines, into which the Dalton & Lark tunnel, 7,000 feet long, is being driven in order to unwater them. The smelter possesses four furnaces. The company is also working under an option the Eagle and Blue Bell property at Tintic.

The United States Mining Company reached the stage of active production late in 1902. The company owns the Coiimiemd mines at

igi ize y g

Coppeb. 179

Bingham, and draws its siliceous ores from the Centennial Eureka mine, and extensive development has been undertaken in the Old TelegrvLph. and Jordan mines on the Old Jordan vein. The company has completed a well-equipped smelting plant with five furnaces, which it is expected will reach a production of 1,000,000 pounds per month. Since January 1, 1900, there has been expended $1,706,164, of which $892,987 was for the construction and operation of the smelter and its auxiliary works and $813,177 in the purchase of new properties, in the development and equipment of the mines, and in the payment of interest and general expenses. The total amount received at the date of the report of the voting trustees from the sale of bullion was $382,500, the amount still unpaid upon bullion already shipped being estimated at $69,319.

The Highland Boy Company, controlled by the Utah Consolidated Company, treated in 1902, 167,713 tons of ore, which yielded 11,840,431 pounds of copper, 160,915 ounces of silver, and 19,078 ounces of gold, as compared with a tonnage of 167,823 tons in 1901, yielding, respectively, 9,043,967 pounds of copper, 176,331 ounces of silver, and 13,983 ounces of gold. Having carried over from 1901, 2,163,683 pounds of copper and 62,909 ounces of silver, the company sold 14,004,114 pounds of copper, 223,824 oimces of silver, and 19,083 ounces of gold, the average prices realized being 11.91 cents per pound for copper and 52.62 cents per ounce for silver. The total earnings were $1,992,049, and the expenses were $1,142,049, the net earnings being $850,000. The costs included $242,621 for mining, $497,346 for smelting, $239,968 for freight and refining, $83,891 for ore and matte purchases, $42,249 for development, and $35,979 for general and miscellaneous expenses. After paying $634,000 in dividends and writing off $68,333, the company added $267,667 to a previous balance of $649,469, making a total surplus of $907,136.

Outside of the Bingham camp, several important new enterprises are being undertaken. Among these is the Newhouse mines and smelters, which company is to take over the Cactus properties of Mr. Samuel Newhouse, 7 miles from Frisco, in southern Utah. A main shaft is being driven and a tunnel 5,800 feet long has been begun. It is proposed to erect a concentrating plant capable of handling 1,500 tons of ore per day, and to build a large smelting works. It is esti- " mated that the production of copper will he about 1,000,000 pounds per month.

The Majestic Copper Mining and Smelting Company, of which Mr. W. A. Farish is general manager, is opening a large property in Beaver County, and is building a smelting works which is expected to be in operation during 1903.

The Royal Crold and Copper Company has been organized to develop

Wyoming.

The production of copper in 1902 was lower than in previous years because the principal mines were being developed prior to the enlargement of local works and a much smaller quantity of ore was shipped to distant smelters. The smelting operations at Encampment ceased on February 16, 1902, in order that enlargement of the works might be begun. The North American Copper Company has purchased the Ferris-Haggerty mines and the Boston- Wyoming Smelter, Power and Light Company. In the New Rambler district the Rambler Mining and Smelting Company at Holmes has operated a melting furnace intermittently.

The Tully Copper Mining Company proposes to install a plant in

New Mexico.

The Santa Fe Gold and Copper Mining Company confined work to developing the principal ore body and to prospecting, no smelting operations being carried on. The Silver City works were idle also, so that the ores of the territory were chiefly treated at the El Paso plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company.

Tennessee.

During 1902 the work of modernizing the plant and equipment of the Tennessee Copper Company was brought to a close, and the company is now in a position to produce from 11,000,000 to 12,000,000 pounds of copper per annum. During 1902 there were mined from the Loudon mine, which produces the higher grade of ore, 81,741 tons of sulphide ore and 4,099 tons of siliceous ore. The equipment on the Burra Burra mine was completed, and 105,620 tons of sulphide ore were raised. The Polk County mine yielded 59,109 tons. Extensions of the roast yards were made and are being continued. For the first five months only one blast furnace was in operation, smelting 69,674i tons of ore. Then the second furnace was put into commission, and for the last seven months the two furnaces smelted 151,520 tons, making a total of 221,194 tons. In December, however, the two furnaces handled 26,804 tons of ore. Contracts have been let for a third furnace in order to prevent any delays through accidents. During 1902 a 25-ton refining furnace was built, so that during the latter half of the year a' considerable part of the product was shipped as refined copper. The production was 8,103,534 pounds of fine copper, of which 4,349,487 pounds of pig copper were sold at an average price of 11.35 cents, or, deducting freight and charges, 10.71 cents per pound net. The fine copper from pig copper refined at the Raritan works, 866,079 pounds, was sold at 11.76 cents, netting 10.63 cents, and the copper refined at the Tennessee works, 1,401,293 pounds, sold at 11,73 cents, netting

Coppeb. 181

The total receipts from copper sales were $760,450, and from rentals, etc,, $2,647. The net profit, after deducting working expenses and $71,903 for interest and depreciation, was $231,109.- There were also received $31,050 for iron-ore roj-alty, $17,358 for merchandise department, and $32,198 on toll account. The amount charged to construction was $47,505. During the year there were issued $5,000,000 5-percent bonds in order to pay floating debt and to furnish working capital.

Mr. J. Parke Channing, the consulting engineer, reports that the operating expenses were as follows per ton of ore:

Mining and development $0. S411

Crashing and sorting , 0827

Roasting 3399

Bailroad 1547

Engineering and laboratory 0268

General expenses 0866

Blastfurnace 1.0469

Converting 2172

Refining 1007

Total cost per ton 2.8966

Mr. Channing expresses the belief that by a gradual extension of the roasting and smelting facilities the company will be enabled to produce from 18,000,000 to 20,000,000 pounds of copper per annum, and that this large production will reduce the cost of fine copper at least 0..5 cent per pound.

The Ducktown Sulphur and Copper Company, the second producers in Tennessee, showed an increase in output in 1902 of nearly 500,000 pounds over 1901.

Alaska.

Only small quantities of copper ore have been shipped to Puget Sound smelters, but it is known that large deposits of copper ore exist whose development is being taken seriously in hand.

Oregon.

At Sumpter, Oregon, a plant is being constructed by the Oregon Smelting and Refining Company. It is a copper matte plant, having a capacity of 126 to 150 tons of ore per day. The copper is to be used chiefly as a carrier for the precious metals in the ore.

South Dakota.

The Horseshoe Mining Company, of Rapid City, which controls the National Smelting Company, Incorporated, smelts (in two matte furnaces, using hot blast heated by the escaping gases) ores which come from the Potsdam formation in the Ruby and Bald Mountain districts, Lawrence County. These highly siliceous silver-gold ores are mixed

Mikebal Besoubces.

with Colorado and Montana sulphide ores, the product being a matte which averages 40 ounces of silver, 15 ounces of gold, and 8 per cent of copper.

Imports.

In former volumes of Mineral Resources tables have been published showing the imports from 1867 to 1894, inclusive, of fine copper con-- tained in ores. From 1895 to 1902 only the gross weight of the ore and of the regulus (matte) and of black copper are given. These are presented in the following table:

Copper ore and regrdua and black copper imported and entered /or consumption in the

United SUUes, 1896-190fS.

Ore.

Regulus and black copper.

Total value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds.

Pounds.

The sources of the imports of copper in the form of pigs, bars, old material, etc., are shown in the following table for tlie calendar jears 1900, 1901, and 1902:

Imparts of copper pigs, bars, ingotSy plates, old and other unmanufactured in the calendar

years 1900, 1901, and 190S.

Country.

France

Germany

United Kingdom

Dominion of Canada:

Quebec and Ontario.

British Columbia

West Indlee:

Cuba

British

Santo Domingo

Mexico .'

Japan

British Australasia

All other countries

Total.

Quantity. Value.

Pounds.

Quantity.

Pounds. 1,022,178 3,117,951 43,838,699

Value.

S159,844

Quantity.

Pounds. 848,523 1,245,854 27,762,888

-rgitized by 5Utl-V-B6-

Copper.

A considerable part of the imports from the United Kingdom is blister copper originating in other countries, notably the Australian colonies, which comes to this country for refining. The Mexican copper is almost entirely in the form of converter bars, some American matte going to Mexican works for conversion to be returned to this country for refining.

Probably the imports of foreign mattes will soon cease, since Bessemer plants are being quite generally installed at the smelting works.

Copper imparled and entered for consumption in the United States 1890-190!.

Year ending December 81—

Bars, ingots, and pigs.

Old, fit only for remanufacture.

Quantity.

Value. ' Quantity.

S859

Pounds,

Value.

Ola, taken from bottoms of American ships.abroad.

Quantity.

Pound*.

Value.

Year ending December 31—

Plates rolled, sheets, pipes, etc.

Quantity.

Pounds.

Sheathing metal, in part copper.

Quantity. Value,

Pounds.

Manufactures not otherwise specified.

Value.

Total value.

Minebal B£Soubg£S.

The imports of ore and of matte are shown in the following* table for the calendar years 1900, 1901, and 1902.

Imports of copper ore and maUe, by countries, in the calendar years 1900, 1901, and 1902.

Country.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Germanv

Dmgiona.

Long Urns.

Dominion of Canada:

Quebec and Ontario

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador

Mexico

Chile

All other countries

Total

It is exceedingly difficult to arrive at the copper contents of this material, since it carries from very low-grade ores to high-grade mattes. The greater part of the Canadian tonnage is ore, while the greater part of the Mexican material is matte.

Exports.

The exports of copper in different forms have been printed in former volumes of Mineral Resources for the period beginning June 30, 1863. Below the figures are submitted from 1890:

Copper and copper ore of domestic production exported from the United States, 1890-1902. [. are long hundredweights of 112 pounds.]

Year ending December 31-

Ore and matte.

Pigs, bars, sheets, and old.

Value of manufactured product.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Total value.

Pounds.

Copper.

The destination of the exports of copper for a series of years is shown by the following table, the data having been furnished by the Bureau of Statistics:

Exports of copper bars and ingots for 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, and 190fS, and countries to which exported.

Goantry.

United Kingdom.

Belgium

Fnmce

Germany

Netherlandii

Italy

Austria

Mexico

British North America .

West Indies

Other countries

Total.

Country.

United Kingdom .

Belgium

Fiance

Germany

Netherlands

Italy

Austria

Mexico

British North America .

West Indies

Other countries

Total.

5,

1,

1,

8,

a Other Europe, including Austria and Russia.

The recovery of the export trade, which followed the collapse of the effort to hold prices up to a high level, is well shown in these figures. Practically all of the metal which goes to the Netherlands is in transit to Germany, and a considerable part of the copper shipped to England finds lodgment ultimately in other countries.

Besides the exports of copper shown in the above table, largely of domestic origin, some foreign copper is reexported directly. The Bureau of Statistics reports that in 1899 2,560,149 pounds, in 1900 1,281,782 pounds, in 1901 12,888,083 pounds, and in 1902 11,629,877 pounds of foreign copper were exported.

The following table shows the ports from which copper was exported:

Domestic exports of ingots, bars, and old copper in 1897 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, and

District.

Baltimore, Md

Boston and Charlestown Ma5is

Newark, N.J

Newport News, Va

Norfolk, Va

New York, N.Y

Philadelphia. Pa ,

New Orleans, La

Galveston, Tex

Detroit, Mich

Huron, Mich

Burlington, Vt

All others

Total

District.

Baltimore, Md

Boston and Charlestown, Mass .

Newport News, Va

Norfolk, Va

New York, N.Y

Philadelphia, Pa

New Orleans, La

Detroit, Mich

Huron, Mich

Burlington, Vt

All others

Total.

The exports of copper from New Orleans in 1897, 1898, and 1899 were Mexican bars, which were shipped through that port, and were merely in transit.

The available supply for the domestic marketii may be computed as follows:

Copper.

Supply of copper /or lh£ United States 189S-1909,

Source.

Production of domestic copper.

Imports:

Fine copper in ore, entered for oonamnptlon

a5,800,000 7,979,822

Fine copper in regulnn, entered for consumption

Bara and ingots

Old copper

Total

Exports:

Ingots and ban

Fine copper contents of matte

Total

Available supply

Source.

Production of domestic copper.

Imports:

Fine copper In ore, entered for consumption

a 19, 760, 000 54,166,467

Fine copper in rrulus, en ' tered for consumption

Bars, ingots, and old copper.

Total

Exports:

Ingots and bars- Domestic

a5, 420, 000

a3, 500, 000

a 9, 000, 000

Foreign

Fine copper contents of matte

Total

Available supply

o Estimated. Domestic.

o Foreign.

d Deducting estimated contents of foreign jnatte exported.

All the large producer of copper, with the exception of two leading producers of the Lake district, have submitted a statement of the stock of metal, the blanks calling for stock at works, in transit, or in agents' hands, exclusive of material in course of conversion at the works, but inclusive of converted bars, matte, etc., which must be shipped for further treatment. The stocks do not include the amounts on hand at the refining works nor those carried by merchants, bankers, or speculators, nor does the statement deal with the copper in stock at works of consumers. o

Mineral Be8Oub0Eb.

In the aggregate the reporting mines, which represent a total production in 1902 of 456,779,663 pounds of copper out of a total of 659,- 508,644 pounds, had a stock of 155,665,662 pounds of copper on January 1, 1903, as compared with 282,014,297 pounds on January 1, 1902, a decline of over 126,000,000 pounds during 1902.

Consumption.

The data submitted, subject as they are in a number of respects to the limitations which the estimates impose, still justify some conclusions as to the consumption of copper in the United States, the estimate for the years 1900, 1901, and 1902 being as follows:

EsHTnated consumption of copper in the United States in 1900, 1901 , and 190,

Available bupply

Deduct increase In producers' stocks. Add decrease in producers' stocks . . . ,

Estimated consumption.

Prices.

The following table summarizes the highest and lowest prices obtained for Lake copper yearly in the New York markets from 1860 to 1895:

Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper, liy years, 1860-1896,

Year.

Highest.

Lowest.

20j

m

28J

Year.

Highest.

18t

&quot;A

Jigitized ay

Lowest

n

Copper.

The foJlowing table shows the highest and lowest prices monthly during the last seven years:

Highest and lowest prices of Lake Superior ingot copper

f months, 1896-1902.

January.

February.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Year.

.5P

n

lOi 11* 11* 16* 16J 12*

n 11*

;r

lOA

m

Hi 11*

Ju

n

August.

September.

October.

November.

December.

Year.

lOJ 18* 16* 16*

S 10*

%

m 11* ii

The following table shows the fluctuations in prices in the English market:

Average values of copper in England, 1890-1909.

Year.

Chile bars or G. O. B.

Per long ton.

Ore, 25 per cent.

Per unit.

d.

5

Year.

Chile bars or G. O. B.

Per long ton.

Ore, 25 per cent.

PeruniL 8. d.

MINEBilL KE80UBCES.

From the annual reports of some of the Lake Superior companies it is possible to obtain a close estimate of the average selling price of copper during 1902. The following table gives the results:

Average selling price of Lake copper during 190g.

Company.

Quantity sold.

Average

price per

pound.

Tamarack..

Osceola

Atlantic

IsleRoyale. Baltic

Average.

Cents.

In detail the fluctuations, monthly, of good merchant copper in the English market were as follows from 1896 to 1902, inclusive.

Fluctuations in good merchant copper in England, ISOe-lSOS. [Per long ton.]

Month.

£ s.

d.

J£

s.

d.

£

d.

£

d.

£

d.

£

8i

Hi

Oi

Is

n

U

Oi

lOi

lOi

Oi

Hi

January.. February .

March

April

May :. June

July

August . . . September October... November , December .

The Copper Market In 1902.

The year 1902 was ushered in with the greatly unsettled condition precipitated by the collapse of the markets in the last months of 1901, following the prolonged attempt to hold values of copper at an artificial level. The nominal basis for Lake copper was 12 to 12 cents early in January, with electrolytic at llf cents; but before the middle of the month the metal declined to llj cents for Lake, and later to lOj cents, and electrolytic to lOf cents. This brought out enormous buying, both by the home trade and for export, and the market rapidly strengthened. Powerful interests came to its support, and purchases were made up to 13 cents for Lake copper. This continued into February,

Ivc

Ooppeb.

but large offerings brought about a reaction to 12 cents, with sales of Lake as high as 12-cents. Within these limits the market fluctuated during March, the demand being light. In April prices sagged slightly, and it was not until May that prices responded to a better inquiry, Lake selling as high as 121 cents. June, July, and August were dull, Lake copper receding to 11| cents and electrolytic copper to llf cents. There was a brief spurt in September, during which prices recovered to 12 cents. But the market soon receded, until during the latter part of October, when large sales caused a hopeful tone to develop. The withdrawal of buyers, however, led to a weakening until prices were back to Hi cents for Lake and llj cents for electrolytic copper in November. The settlement of the anthracite coal strike, a better inquiry from Europe, and some fair sales for 1903 delivery brought values back, until the year closed with Lake copper at 111 to 12 cents and electrolytic copper at llf to llf cents.

The English Copper Trade.

Since England is one of the leading copper markets of the world, the following tables, showing the import and export movement, are of great interest:

BrUuh imports and exporU of copper, [Long tons.]

Imports of—

Total imports.

Exports.

Apparent English consumption.

Year.

Ban, cakes, and ingots.

Copper in ores and furnace products.

a49,461 44,213

91,788 94,403 99,356 88,003 68,861 77,806 75,398 76,127 71,726 82,780 8-1, 6W 82,814 70,179

c48,d67 66,817 d50,330 rf50,692 rf76,036 rf69,787 d69,2M rf60,877 rf81,896 rf70,178 rfSO 223

1S98

a Including 8,601 tons of Chile ban transferred from France to England.

Mndudlng 8686 tonsf Chile bars transferred from France to England.

0 Add 4,001 tons for comparison with former years, the difference arising from the new method of making up stock.

({Deducting copper content of sulphate exported (13,078 tons in 1898, 10,045 tons in 1899, 10,728 tons in 1900, 9,004 tens in 1901, and 10,822 tons in 1902) .

Mineral B£80Ub0£8.

The following figures for the years from 1896 to 1902, both inclusive, taken from the board of trade returns, supplemented by Messi-s. James Lewis & Son, of Liverpool, show in detail the form in which the copper is brought into Great Britain:

Imports of oopper into Great BrUain 1896-190B. [Lous tons.]

Character.

im.

Pure in DTrltes

Pure In precipitate

Pure In ore

Pure in matte

Bars cakes, etc

Total

Messrs. James Lewis & Son, of Liverpool, estimate as follows the imports of copper product into Liverpool, Swansea, and London, which does not, however, include the imports of precipitate into certain outports like Newcastle and Cardiff, estimated in recent years at about 6,000 tons:

Imports of copper product into Liverpool Swansea, and London, 1896-1903.

Country.

1S99.

United States

Spain and Portugal

Australasia

Cape of Good Hope

Ven ezuela

Japan

Italy

Norway

Canada

Newfoundland

Mexico

Peru

Plata River

other countries

Total tons line.

16,847 17,529 j 17.085 ! 7,076 '

16,354 16,339 20,fi8G 8,281

2,044 &#x27; 5,679 I 63 &#x27; 8,232 I

a5

Copper.

The quantities of copper in different forms imported into Great Britain and France from the United States are given in the following table:

Imports of copi>€r into England and France from the United States, 1889-190.

Country.

England: Ore.

Matte

Bars and ingoto

Total

France

United Stated Into Kngland

Country.

England:

Matte

Bars and IngotH.

Total. France

United States into England and France

In recent years consideiiAle quantities of bars and matte reach Europe from Mexico and Canada in transit from this country. Therefore it is doubtful whether the quantities stated are really the product of the copper mines of the United States.

The exports of copper from (Jreat Britain, estimating the fine contents of allo38, have been as follows:

Jibrports of cojtper from Great Britain, 1896-190-J, [Long tons.]

Character.

English, wrought and unwrousrht. and sheets

Yellow metol. at 60 per cent. . . Bnuv). at 70 Pfti* cent

Sulphate of copper

Total

Fine foreign

Total

K R 1902 13

Mineral Besoubceb.

The German Copper Trade.

The consumption of copper in Germany is greater than in any other country, the United States excepted. It declined very suddenly as the result of the industrial crisis in 1901, but recovered somewhat in 1902. Aron Hirsch & Sohn, of Halberstadt, as the result of careful investigations have reached the results shown in the following table:

Copper consumption of Oermany, 1S95-190£. [Metric tons.]

Imports

Excess of Imports

Production

Total

Copper content of Imported a copper ore and iron pyrites.

Home consumption

a Deducted to avoid duplication, being included in both Imports and production.

The authority quoted above estimates the distribution of the consumption, by manufacturers' requirements, as follows:

Consumption, by manufacturers' requirements, 1900, 1901, and 190S. [Metric tons.]

Use specified.

Electrical works

Brass rolling mills and wire works

Chemical works, inclusive of blue vitriol

Shipyards, railroads, for castings, alloys, German silver, etc .

Total

87,000' 18,000 82,000 2,000 19,000

The German Government has taken increasing pains in recent years to trace the source of the ingot copper imported into Germany. In consequence it is possible to arrive at a close estimate of how much copper shipped from the United States has gone into Germany, even though passing at first in transit through other countries. The figures reflect the movement better, therefore, than bur export statistics, which stop at the first destination. Thus most of the copper exported to Holland ultimately reaches Germany. The copper imports in other forms are added.

Ooppeb.

Sowrce of Qerjnan imports of ingot copper. [Metric tons.]

C!ountry.

Belgium

France

Norway

Auatria-Himgary

Sweden

Switxerlond

Spain

England

Netherlands

United States

Japan .-

Chile

Australasia

Other countries

S3

Total ingot

Coins and scrap

Copper ores

Pyrites

Total.

Of course the quantities of ingot copper credited to England and to some minor countries are drawn from copper-producing countries. It is impossible to state to what extent the United States participates in them. In the case of copper credited to England it is probable that a considerable quantity originated in the mines of this country.

The production of copper in Germany for a series of years is shown in the table below. It should be noted that outside of the Mansfeld company, which is separately given, the production of copper from German mines is small, the mines at Stadtberge contributing 780 tons of it. By far the greater part of the difference between the total figures and those representing Mansfeld is product obtained at German metallurgical works from the treatment of foreign ores and furnace materials. The figures are interesting as showing the extent of the pyrites-extracting and copper-smelting industry of Germany.

Year.

18M.

Total production.

Production

of Mansfeld.

Year.

Total pro- Production duction. of Mansfeld.

Minebal Besouboes.

The export statistics of Germany are particularly interesting because that country has become an important factor in the world's markets. It will be observed from the following table that since 1894 the first decline has occurred in 1902:

Exports of copper manufactures from Germany, 1894-1902. [Metric tons.]

Product.

Rods and sheets

Wire

Cables

Miscellaneous

Coarse fonrinfifM

Cartridges, caps, etc

Perforated sheets and net- Umr

Total

Less imports

Net exports

The French Copper Trade.

Fourth in the list of the greater copper-consuming countries is France, which showed a recovery in 1902.

According to the French official statistics, the imports of bars, ingots, etc., have been as follows:

Imports and exjHrrts of bar and ingot copper into France 1895-1902. [Metric tons.]

Source.

Chile

United States

other countries

Total

Less exDorts

Net imports

Ic

Copper.

In order to arrive at the consumption, it is necessary to add the net imports of old material and the copper contents of foreign ores and pyrites, and to account for fluctuations in stocks. The following table summarizes the results:

Id94.

Net imports, raw material.. Contents of ore

Total

Coninimption

Other Countries.

The consumption of Russia increased during 1902, having be6n, according to estimates, 24,398 metric tons, as compared with 17,459 metric tons in 1901, and with 19,133 tons in 1900. In 1901 the consumption was of imports of fine copper 10,682 tons, imports of manufactures 344 tons, and of a home production of 6,263 tons. In 1902 the imports of copper were 16,098 tons, and the imports of manufactures are estimated at 300 tons and the production at 8,000 tons. It is interesting to note that of the imports of fine copper into St. Petersburg during 1902, which aggregated 8,160 tons, 7,580 tons was American copper.

Austria- Hungary imported, in 1902, 21,072 metric tons of copper in the form of ingots and bars, and in ores, pyrites, and manufactures as compared with 19,982 tons in 1901, and 21,574 tons in 1900. The production was, respectively, 1,368, 1,335, and 1,130 tons; and the exports of manufactures of ores, etc. , amounted to 3,636 tons in 1902, 3,459 tons in 1901, and 3,524 tons in 1900. According to official statistics the imports from America were 9,790 metric tons in 1902, 5,978 tons in 1901, and 10,487 tons in 1900.

Italy imported, in 1902, 10,563 metric tons, net, as compared with 8,589 tons in 1901, these totals including fine copper and manufactures, exports being deducted. The production of the country is estimated at 3,000 tons in 1901 and 3,500 tons in 1902.

Ic

Minebal Be80Ubces.

THE WORIiB'S PROBUCTION.

Messrs. Henry R. Merton & Co., of London, have compiled the following statement of the world's production, the figures being modified by this office where official statistics are available:

The copper production of the worlds 1896-190S, [Long tons.]

Country.

Great Britain

Spain and Portugal:

Thaisis

Mason and Bany

Savilla

Tinto and Santa Rosa. . .

Other mines

Gennany:

Mansfield

'Other German

Austria

Hungary

Sweden

Norway

Italy

Russia

Turkey

Total

North America.

United States

Canada

Newfoundland

Mexico:

Boleo

Other Mexican.

Total.

South America.

Chile

Corocoro

Peru

Argentina

Total

Africa.

Algiers

Cape of Good Hope:

Cape Company

Namaqua Company.

Total.

Japan.

<i4,100

as, 900

a4,300

I 500

I 2,550

a 11, 150

a 3, 000

a2,000

a6.000

o

Ooppeb. 199

The copper production of the world, ISQS-lBOg—Continued.

5,394 a6,500 a9,000

New South Wales

a5.600

a5,386

a 10. 000

South Australia

Queensland

Total

o Estimated. RECAPITULATION.

rOREIGN COUNTRIES. CANADA.

The production of copper in Canada is reported officially at 39,168,202 pounds fine, as compared with 40,951,196 pounds in 1901. British Columbia, which is the heaviest contributor, recorded a gain of from 9,997,080 pounds in 1900 to 27,603,746 pounds in 1901, and 29,636,057 pounds in 1902. The different districts contributed to this total as follows: Boundary, 14,955,582 pounds; Rossland, 11,667,807 pounds; Coast, 2,496,681 pounds; Nelson, 491,144; and other districts, 24,843 pounds.

British Columbia.

The development of the boundary district of British Columbia has been rapid and promises to exhibit a further steady growth, being dependent chiefly upon large deposits of practically

grade copper-gold ores, carrying from 25 to 35 pounds of copper, 25 to 40 cents of silver, and $1.50 to $2.50 of gold per ton. The tonnage of ore, which was 386,675 long tons in 1901, is estimated at 519,962 long tons in 1902, and would have been greater had it not been for a shortage of coke from the Crow's Nest district, and for low water which restricted the generation of electric power. The principal undertakings are the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company, Limited, in which New York, Boston, and Montreal capitalists are interested; the British Columbia Copper Company, Limited, a New York corporation, and the Montreal and Boston Copper Company, whose headquarters are also in New York.

The Granby Company, which owns a group of mines of which the Old Ironsides and Knob Hill are the most conspicuous, mined in 1902 310,601 tons of ore, which yields about 27 pounds of copper and $2 of gold per ton. The ore is extracted from open quarries. The company owns a smelting plant at Great Forks, which is equipped with four furnaces. Two additional furnaces and a converter plant are to be put in. When in full operation the output is expected to reach about 2,000,000 pounds of fine copper per month, the ultimate aim being double that quantity. Interests identified with the company have acquired an interest in coal property at Blairmore, in the district of Alberta, where coke ovens are to be erected.

The British Columbia Copper Company controls the Mother Lode at Dead wood Camp, near Greenwood, from which there was mined in 1902 137,577 tons of ore. The company owns a smelting plant at Greenwood.

The Montreal and Boston Copper Company, Limited, owns the Sunset and Crown silver group of mines near Deadwood Camp and a smelting plant at Boundary Falls.

There has been considerable activity in the copper districts of Vancouver. In the Mount Sicker district the Leonora and Tyre mines have become producers, and two smelting works have been started, one at Crofton on Osborne Bay, with two furnaces and a converter plant, and the other at Ladysmith. The Van Anda mines on Texada Island are also being worked.

In the Rossland district the Le Roi mine is the most important. During the fiscal year ending September 30, 1902, the amount of ore mined was 63,262 short tons, which yielded 3,001,027 pounds of copper, 32,435 ounces of gold, and 82,548 ounces of silver, the total value of which was $1,068,916, an average of $16.89 per ton. The cost was $5,021 for mining and $7,870 for smelting. The total receipts of the company were X117,S94, the expenses at the mine being £64,347, at the London office £3,086, and for miscellaneous purposes £5.434. The net balance was £44,987.

Ooppbb, 201

Newfoundland.

The production of copper ore in Newfoundland is officially stated to have been 71,485 long tons; 35,588 tons having been shipped during the year to the United States and 35,947 tons to Great Britain. It is estimated that the copper ore produced contained 2,586 long tons of fine copper.

Mexico.

There has been a good deal of activity in the development of copper properties in Mexico, and the production has greatly increased. In Sonora the Greene and Nacosari companies are yielding copper on a large scale. The Descubridora property in Durango is now equipped with a smelter, and the Jimulco Company is shipping ore steadily. In Coahuila the Coahuila Mining and Smelting Company has erected a furnace at Viesca and is treating local carbonates. At Mazapil in Zacatecas the Mazapil Copper Company is producing steadily. The French enterprise m Michoacan, the Inguaran Copjwr Company, of which so much is expected, has not yet become a contributor to the world's metal markets.

The production of copper at the Boleo mine in Lower California in 1902 was 10,953 metric tons, within a few tons of the output of 1901. There were mined 249,895 tons of ore in 1902, as compared with 275,685 tons during the previous year, but the yield has risen from 3.95 per cent to 4.383 per cent, due to a closer sorting. The Boleo ores are ferruginous, manganiferous, siliceous, and argillaceous. The latter do not smelt readily, but the bodies are large and they are cheaply mined. Their copper contents are more regular, but the grade is low. When the price of copper is high, the percentage of argillaceous ores mined is increased; but when the price is low, the necessity for reducing costs causes the quantity of the poorer ores, more difficult to reduce, to be lessened. The old smelting plant has been dismantled. The profits of the company in 1902 were 1,750,961.08 francs, or 544,705.48 francs greater than those of 1901.

The annual report of the Greene Consolidated Copper Company for the year 1902 gives full details relative to the mining property and the plant at Cananea, Sonora. The concentrating plant of 600 tons daily capacity is used to utilize some of the ores of the Capote and Veta Grande mines, which are highly siliceous. The smelting plant embraces eight Mitchell hot-blast furnaces, and the converting works are equipped with five stands, the production aimed at being 6,000,000 pounds of copper per month. From the beginning of the operations of the Greene Consolidated Copper Company, the company smelted 73,981 tons of iron ore, and 173,750 tons of copper ore, producing 31,519 net tons of matte carrying 28,540,980 pounds

jigi ize oy g

233,696 ounces of silver. The statement is made that the direct cost of labor, fuel, supplies and material for mining the ore, transportation to the smelter, and reduction to marketable form, amounts to 4.18 cents per pound of copper produced.

Tasmania.

The Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company is the largest producer. Duriujf the six months ending September 30, 1902, the smelter treated 183,676 long tons of ore, and produced blister copper containing 3,608 tons of fine copper, 341,346 ounces of silver, and 11,681 ounces of gold. This blister copper is shipped for refining to the United States, the company having arranged for a three years' extension of the contract. The net profit for the half year was £45,348, or less by £7,700 than that of the previous half year.

Germany

The year 1902 has not been a favorable one for Germany's great copper producer, the Mansfeld'sche Kupferschiefer bauende Gewerkschaft,of Eisleben. The production of the mines was 680,784 metric tons of ore in 1902, as compared with 696,321 tons in 1901, but the average cost was reduced from 32.88 marks per ton in the latter year to 28.60 marks in 1902. The four smelting plants treated in 1902 682,882 tons of ore and produced 49,179 metric tons of matte, which carried on an average 27.12 per cent of copper and 0.156 per cent of silver, the consumption of coke being 135,908 tons. There were roasted 47,360 tons of matte, producing 22,012 tons of chamber acid. In the second matte smelting there were handled at two plants 48,999 tons of roasted matte and 3,338 tons of raw ore, producing 25,041 tons of sex3ond matte and 70 tons of blister copper. The matte from one plant carried 74.2 per cent of copper and 0.4446 per cent of silver, and that from the second works contained 74.4 per cent of copper and 0.4202 per cent of silver". In the silver-extraction works -24,044 tons of second matte were roasted and 99,045 kilograms of cement silver were produced, yielding 98,446 kilograms fine silver. The leached matte yielded 17,094 tons of fine copper. There were also produced 1,548 tons of electrolytic copper and 107 tons of fine copper from foreign materials. The total production, therefore, was 18,749 metric tons of copper in 1902, as compared with 19,080 tons in 1901.

The total sales of the Mansfeld Company were 29,634,971.15 marks, as compared with 37,564,592. 35 marks in 1901. The costs of the mining and smelting were 29,634,971.15 marks in 1902, against 34,757,171.84 marks in 1901. A profit of 2,807,420.51 marks in 1901 was therefore converted into a loss of 590,891.65 marks in 1902, thus indicating an inability to compete at the low prices prevailing for coppand silver

Copper. 203

in 1902. The Mansfeld Company, however, makes some profit on a large number of incidental and subsidiary enterprises, including the manufacture of slag brick, a narrow-gauge railroad, an electrolytic plant, a copper mill, a colliery, and coke plant in Westphalia, the alkali mine, Ernsthall, in course of development, forests, real estate, etc. These converted the loss in 1902 on the mining operations proper into a profit of 108,110.24 marks.

Spain.

The Rio Tinto Company made a profit in 1902 of Je912,303, as comrpared with jS1,279,250 in 1901. The amount of copper marketed was 34,136 long tons in 1902, as compared with 34,604 tons in 1901, the production by treatment at the mines being 21,659 and 21,100 long tons in the respective years. The Rio Tinto completed a new Bessemer converting plant during the year.

Owing to . the exhaustion of the Tharsis and Laguanza mines, the copper production of the old Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company declined from 7,427 long tons in 1901 to 6,708 long tons in 1902, the ore extraction declining from 400,162 tons in 1901 to 342,692 tons in 1902. The Calanas mine, however, continues to do well. The deliveries of pyrites to consumers were 225,861 tons in 1902, as compared with 208,309 long tons in 1901. After writing off Jei5,000 on the mines £13,000 on the railroad property and the piers, and jS10,482 on property and plant in Spain, there remained a net profit of £213,388.

One of the more recent Spanish pyrites mines which is being developed is the Pena Copper Mines, Limited, in the Huelva district. During 1902 the company laid down for leaching 161,928 long tons, thus making the stock of ore on the heaps 351,574 tons. The production of precipitate has only begun. It was 413 tons in 1901 and 624 tons in 1902. There were reserved in 1902 33,928 long tons for export without treatment. There were shipped in 1902 92,057 long tons of ore, consisting of 19,927 tons of cupreous ore, 62,982 tons of roasted ore, and 9,148 tons of sulphur ore. The average content of the ore mined in 1901 was 47.06 per cent of sulphur and 1.296 per cent of copper; in 1902 the figures were, respectively, 47.24 per cent and 1.36 per cent.

Ic

Lea.D.

By Charlks Kiuchhofp.

Introduction.

Under the influence of a lower range of prices for lead, assisted in the case of the Rocky Mountain districts by low returns for the accompanying silver, the lead-mining industry did not prosper in 1902 as much as other branches of metal mining. The principal cause was that in the previous years a very large stock of lead had accumulated. This was successfully worked off during 1902, which was a year of enormous consumption in all the metals. The stock of lead, which was 58,733 short tons at the beginning of the year, had been carried down to 11,595 short tons at its close. If an effort had been made to force values up, it would have opened the door to importations, the markets abroad being low throughout the year.

Under the circumstances, the fact that production was as large in 1902 as it was in 1901 is encouraging, but there has been some shifting of the territorial source of production. Relatively, the Mississippi region has gained in importance, showing an increase in output at the expense of the Rocky Mountain districts, which declined in production. The one counterbalanced the other closely, the production of the country in 1902 having been practically the same as it was in 1901 and

Production.

The following table presents the figures of the total gross production of lead in the United States from 1825. Up to the year 1882 the figures have been compiled from the best data available. Since 1882 the statistics are those collected by this Office, with the exception of the year 1889, when they were gathered by the Census Office.

MIirEBAL BESOUBOES.

Productwn of lead in the Uniied StaUSy 18£6-1902.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year. Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Short Urns. 1,500 8,000 7,600 10,000 11,000 12,000 18,000 15,000 18,600 15,000 17,500 17,000 20,500 24,000 25,000 26,000 30,000 28,000

Short tons. 25,000 23,600 22,000 15,700 16,800 16,500 15,800 16,000 16,800 15,800 16,400 16,600 14,100 14,200 14,800 15,800 14,700 16,100

18T7

Short Ions. 130,629 145,700 151,919 143,630 178,664 163,982 170,000 188,000 212,000 222,000 210,600 270,824 270,700 270,000

For many years the only method for arriving closely at the lead product of the mines of the United States has been to depend upon the smelting works to furnish statistics showing the source of the material worked by them. These statistics of production do not necessarily agree with the commercial statistics which include the lead obtained by smelting foreign ores and by desilverizing foreign base bullion in bond. To avoid misapprehension, these must be clearly and sharply separated. The figures given in the table of production are arrived at by making an allowance for loss in smelting the ores and in refining the base bullion derived from that smelting.

The returns of the smelters in the United States aggregate as follows:

Lead content of ores smelted by the works in the United States, ISQJhlSOfS by Stales,

State or Territory.

Colorado

Idaho

Utah

Montana

New Mexico ,

Nevada

Arizona

California

Washington ,

Oregon, Alaska, South Dakota, Texas. . .

Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Illinois,

Iowa. Virginia, and Kentucky ,

Total lead content American ores

smelted

Content Mexican ores

Con tent Canad ian ores

Content miscellaneous or nnknown

Short tons.

Short Urns.

Short tons.

'ed

Short tons.

by Vj

Short tans.

Lie

a Estimated.

Lead.

Lead carUetd of ores smelted by the works in the United States, 18D4-190S, by States —

state or Territory.

Colorado

Idaho

Utah

Montana

New Mexico

Nevada

Aiiaona

California

Washington

Oregon, Alaska, South Dakota, Texas

Miasouri, Kansas, Wisoonsin, Illinois, Iowa, Yir-

I8m.

ginia, and Kentucky.

Total lead content American ores smelted .

Content Mexican ores

Content Canadian ores

Content miscellaneous or unknown

Short tons. 70,308 62,154 29,987 10,227 4,866 8,888 8,877

Short tons, 82,137 85,444 48,044

Short tons.

Short tons,

f 1,457

The total production to A, of 201,352 tons, includes the lead content of the ores smelted in 1902 by the works which treat argentiferous material. Besides this there was treated in one of these works domestic material, source unknown, containing 1,307 net tons of lead (included in B), which must be added in making the calculation. Then, there were treated in silver-lead works ores from Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, etc., to the extent of 5,395 tons of lead content, leaving 74,050 tons of direct nonargentiferous lead. The 5,395 tons which pass through the smelting and desilverizing process must undergo the usual allowance for waste in smelting and desilverizing. The total production of lead from argentiferous material was, therefore, 208,054 short tons. Assuming the yield of the ores smelted by silver-lead smelters and desilverizers to be 94 per cent, a total of 195,571 short tons of commercial lead is reached. To this must be added the 74,050 tons of pig lead produced by the soft-lead smelters, and a resulting total is reached of 269,621 short tons of lead as the production of the United States for 1902. To indicate the fact that it is an estimate, this figure is rounded off to 270,000 short tons.

Returns from the smelters show that considerably less of foreign ores were handled. This is due partly to the destruction by fire of the El Paso works of the American Smelting and Refining Company, and to the decline in the receipts of ore from Canada. On the other hand, considerably larger quantities of South American and Central American ores were smelted in smelting works in this country.

Production Of Desilverizers And Smelters.

It was first in 1886 that the treatment of foreign material in American works attained some importance. At first it was foreign ores that were smelted. Subsequently growing quantities of foreign base

Mineeal B£80Ubg£S.

bullion were imported to be desilverized in bond, the greater part of the refined lead thus made being exported. In the beginning it was possible to arrive at the net American production by deducting from the total pig lead production of the works the lead content of the foreign base bullion and ores. The conunercial statistics and the domestic production statistics were identical. Later on the supply to the home markets included, besides the product of our own mines, varying quantities of exempt" lead, being a certain tonnage of lead obtained from foreign material which did not pay a duty. The following table shows the total production of refined lead in the United States, irrespective of the source from which it was drawn, the production of desilverized lead, and of soft lead. A column is also added showing the amount of lead reported by the works as having been obtained from foreign base bullion and foreign ores.

Production of refined lead in the United States 188S-1902.

Year.

Total production.a

Desilverized lead.a

Soft lead.b

Short toM.

Short tons.

Short toM.

From for ignores and base bullion.

Short ioM,

c5,000 015,000 28,636 26,570 18,124 23,852 89,957 65,851 59,739 76,173 77,738 83,671 95,926 106,855 112,422 100,606

a Including foreign base bullion refined in bond.

b Including a small quantity of lead produced in the Southern States.

e Estimated.

ITard lead, — Since 1891 special returns from desilverizers have been made on the quantity of antimonial or hard lead produced. The quantity was 4,043 tons in 1891, 6,039 tons in 1892, and 5,013 tons in 1893. In 1896 the production of hard lead was 7,507 tons, rising to 8,867 tons in 1897, and declining again to 8,473 tons in 1898. It amounted to 6,345 tons in 1899, to 9,906 tons in 1900, to 10,656 tons in 1901, and to

Lead. 209

Domestic Producers.

On the whole, the production of lead in southeast Missouri and the Joplin-Gralena district in southwest Missouri and Kansas increased considerably. In the latter district the Serage works were idle in 1902, but a new plant has been established at Galena, Kans., by the C. V. Petraeus Smelting and Mining Company. The Granby Company added considerably to its production, and the St. Joseph Lead Company made its record production in 1902. The smelting operations of the Markle, Desloge, and Federal plants were considerably enlarged. The production of the Central, Mine la Motte, and Picher companies has remained stationary.

The desilverizers handle considerably less than formerly of the nonargentiferous ores, having smelted ores containing 5,395 tons out of a total of 79,445 tons.

The Joplin Galena district, however, did not come up to its record of 1901. Local statisticians estimate that the total ore sales, which were 35,177 short tons in 1901, fell oflf to 31,625 tons in 1902. The exact metal yield of this ore can not be stated, since a considerable quantity of the ore is converted into a pigment. The local smelters produced, however, in 1902, 18,628 short tons of pig lead, as compared with 15,464 short tons in 1901, thus proving that a larger proportion is being converted into pig lead in the immediate vicinity of the mines.

The heavy increase in the production of lead in Missouri is due to the rapid development of the mines of southeastern Missouri, a part of the ores being smelted at local works. During 1902 the St Joseph Lead Company, the Desloge, Central, and Mine la Motte mines made at their own works 41,192 short tons of lead, as compared with 35,132 tons in 1901. St. Louis has become a growing lead smelting center.

Practically the whole of the production of Idaho is derived from the Coeur d'Alene district, by far the most productive in the United States. Under an arrangement with the American Smelting and BejSning Company the leading producers were not running up to full capacity, nor have any steps been taken in 1902 to make important additions to either the mines or the mills. Under local tax laws sworn statements are filed, showing the quantity of ore mined, the gross value, the cost of extraction, freight, and other items. According to these statements there were mined in 1902 in the Coeur d'Alene 877,407 short tons of ore, with a gross value of $8,125,043, the principal producing mines being the Empire State, Idaho, 262,509 bons; the Morning, 209,852 tons; the Standard, 155,525 tons; the .Mammoth, 74,994 tons, and the Bunker Hill and Sullivan, 34,109 tons. The ores vary quite widely in metal content, but the average value per ton for the district is placed at about 10 per cent of lead and 7 ounces of silver. , vr.uuv ic

M R 1902 14

Mineral Besoubges.

The production of lead in Colorado was less than in former years, Leadville showing a further decline. The lead content of the ores mined was estimated at about 20,000 short tons. The Arkansas Valley plant, at Leadville, of the American Smelting and Kefining Company has been enlarged, so as to concentrate at a single works the operations hitherto carried on at a number of plants in the district. At Pueblo the work at the former Philadelphia smelter has been suspended, largely because the Utah ores are now treated at the new Muri*ay works; and the Durango smelter is being enlarged to smelt the ores of the San Juan region. The new plant of the Ohio and Colorado Smelting and Refining Company' at Salida, Coio., was blown in on October 25, the chief owners being interested in the New Monarch mine at Leadville. The plant is equipped with four lead furnaces, and is also arranged for copper smelting. It draws its ores from Colorado, Utah, and Idaho.

Utah has shown a further gain. In Park City the Daly- West Mining Company has acquired the Quincy property and produced in 1902 ore containing 14,300-short tons of lead, 2,851 ounces of gold, 3,245,460 ounces of silver, and 1,034,880 pounds of copper. Out of total receipts of $1,885,637, dividends aggregating $1,044,000 were paid. Among the other heavy shippers of the Park City district are the Silver King, the Daly-Judge, and Ontario. The concentrates and shipping ores average per ton about 35 per cent in lead, 50 ounces of silver, and $2 to $3 in gold.

The Tintic district has not made much progress in 1902. The Bingham, Ophir, and Stockton districts are expected to show an increase during the year 1903.

Consumption,

According to the direct returns from smelters and desilveiizers there were handled 100,606 short tons of foreign material.

The records of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor make the following exhibit, the monthly details being given in the table published elsewhere.

Official returns of warehouse transactions in lead during 1901 and 1902.

In warehouse at beginning of year

Ponnda. 42,379,270 221,030,779

Pounds.

Direct importation ...

Deduct in warehouse at end of year

Addition by liquidation . . .-

Total ' 230,777,349 186,233,064

Lead.

The disposition of this was as follows:

DispoitUion of lead in warehouses in 1901 and 1902,

Exported

Withdrawn for consumption.

Deducted by liquidation

Total

The consumption figured for 1901 and 1902, when a complete statement of stocks was first available, may be compared with estimates of previous years, which were made on a somewhat different basis, in some cases with partial data as to stocks, and in others without any reliable figures relating to them.

Estimate of the consumption of lead in the United States 189Jhl902,

Supply- Total product desilverized lead

Soft lead

Short ixyM.

Short ioM,

Short tons,

Imports, foreign refined

Stock, domestic, begining of year

Stock, foreign in bond, beginning of year o.

Total supply

Deductin bond and exported.

Lead in manufactures exported under drawback

Stock, domestic, close of year

Stock, foreign in bond a

Total

Apparent home consumption

Supply- Total product desilverized lead

Short Um.

Short tons,

Short tons. 828,790 57,898 89,060 21,190

Short tons, 808,011 74,060 1,644 53,738

Softlead

Imports, foreign refined

Stock, domestic, beginning of year

Stock, foreign in bond, beginning of

rear

Total supply

in bond

Deduct—

Foreign base bullion and ores refine and exported

Lead In manufactures exported under drawback. Stock, domestic, close of year

Stock, foreign in bond - -- -

Total

Jic

Apparent home consumption

itized by Vj

a Lead in ore and bullion.

Mineral Resources.

The striking feature is the decline in the stocks of domestic refined lead from 53,783 tons at the opening of 1902 to 11,595 tons at its close. The domestic consumption was greater than ever before in the history of the country.

Imports And Exports.

In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources tables of imports and exports of lead have been presented which go back to the year 1867, the figures being supplied by the Bureau of Statistics. The following tables supply the data since 1890:

Lead imported and entered for consumption in the United Slates, 1890-190'J.

Year ending December 31.

Ore and drofls.

PigB and bars.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds. 11,065,865 40,692,478 54,249,291 58,487,319 33,020,250 45,050,674 37, 829; 583 31,036,882 16,610,607 6,824,556 10,209,742 10,324,119 14,499,339

Pounds.

, Ijead imported and entered for conmimption in the United States, 1890-1902,

Year ending December 31.

Sheets, pipe, and shot.

Not otherwise specified.

Quantity.

Value.

Pound*.

Total value.

Lead. 213

Leadj and manufactures ofleadj of domestic production, exported y 1S90-190B,

Year ending December 81.

Manafactaresof lead.

Pigs, bars, and old.

Total

Quantity. Value.

Quantity.

Value.

value.

.

$181,030 173,887 154,375 606,090 466,768 164,083 164,877 <f49,816 160, 466 97,862

Pounds.

S181,080 178,887 154,876 608,090

a$41,240

r c265,0e2

f c363,600

'

a Not enumerated between 1868 and July 1, 1894.

b Part of this is foreign lead returned by collectors of customs by mistake as domestic lead.

<fValueof type.

Value of all other manufactures.

According to the returns of the Bureau of Statistics the sources of imports of lead in the calendar years 1896, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, and 1902 were as follows:

Sources of imports of lead.

Country.

United KInirdom

Pounds. 8,161,411 1,118,148

Pounds. 1,120,528

Pounds. 2,326,937

Germany -

Other Europe

Total refined pig lead

British North America

Mexico

Total ore and base bullion

Other countries

Total imports

Ic

MINERAL RESOURCES. Sources of imports of lead — Continued.

Country.

Kingdom - -

Pounds. 817,821

Poundt. 667,482 225,222 111,905

Pounds. 402,562 671,294 2,458

Pounds. 792,007

Qermwiy , .

Other Europe

TotHi refined pig lenl . . ,

British North America

Mexico

Total ore and base bullion

Other conntriefl

Total imports

The subdivision by groups representing refined pig lead and lead in ore and base bullion is made by this office.

Warehouse Transactions.

The following table, furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, shows the warehouse transactions of lead in ore and in base bullion monthly during 1902, and the corresponding totals for the years 1901, 1900, 1899, 1898, and 189T.

Imports of lead in ore and base bullion during the calendar year 190iSy showing warehouse

transactions by months.

Month.

January

February ,

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Remaining

in warehouse

first day of

each month.

Total.

Total, 1901. ToUl, 1900. Total, 1899. Total, 1898. Total, 1897.

Pounds.

Entered warehouse.

Of direct im- From other portation. districts.

Pounds.

Pounds. 8,466,782 5,893,168

Additions by liquidation.

Pounds. 63,387 27,239 48,633 28,660 45,870 20,967 16,066

Lead.

Imports of lead in ore and hose bullion during the calendar year 190£, showing warehouse transactions 6ywK>?U/w— Continued.

Month.

Withdrawn from warehouse.

For exportatation.

For transportation.

Forconsump- Uon.

Deductions by liquida- . tion.

January

Febroary

March

April

May

June

July

Augnst

September

October

November

December

Total .

Total, 1901. Total, 1900. Total, 1899. Total, 1896. Total. 1897.

Pounds, 15,845,487 11,264,720 16,859,670 19,111,188 14,144,364 11,078,151 12,662,495 15,681,907 12,587,420 9,505,430 8,970,067 11,333,918

Pounds.

Pounds.

Prices.

In previous volumes of the Mineral Resources the highest and the lowest prices of lead at New York were given for each month since 1870, the figures being compiled from market quotations. The following table shows the fluctuations since 1890:

Highest and lowest prices of lead at Neio York Oiti/y monthly 1890-190iS. [Cents per pound.]

Year.

January.

February.

March.

April.

Highest.

Lowest.

Highest 1 Lowest.

Highest.

Lowest.

Highest.

Lowest

Mineral Resources.

Highegt and lower prices of lead at New York City, monthly , 1890-190S — Continued.

Year.

Year.

May.

Highest. Lowest.

June.

Highest. Lowest,

July.

Highest. Lowest.

August.

Highest. Lowest

September.

Highest. Lowest,

October.

Highest. I Lowest.

November.

Highest. Lowest.

December.

Highest Lowest.

In January, 1902, the American Smelting and Refining Company advanced the price of lead from 4 cents, which had been named in December, 1901, to 4.10 cents for moderate lots, and at that price the metal was held during the remainder of the year.

Ic

By Charles Kirchhopp.

Production.

During 1902 the production of spelter in the United States was

greater than ever before, having attained a total of 156,927 short tons.

The development of the industry is shown by the following figures:

Production of spelter in the United States, 1873-190.

Year.

Quantity.

Short tons. 7,343 15,883 23,289 83,765 36,872 88,544 40,688 42,641 60,340 56,903 58,860 63,683

Year.

Quantity.

Ists...

Short tons. 80,878 87,260 78,882 75,328 89,686

In the different States the production has been as follows:

Production of spelter in the United ate, by Stales, 1882-1902.

Year.

EoAtern and Southern States.

Short tons.

a Easteni.

a 8, 945

"'"'1 64,217

If a9,582

"'"1l 54,913

jf a8,802

ft Southern.

Illinois.

Kansas.

Total.

Short tons.

Short tons.

Short tons.

Short tons.

&#x27;J6,243

I &lt;&#x27;31,383

I &#x27;&#x27;29,596

Minebal Be8Oub0Es.

Production of spelter in the United SUUeSf by States, 188-1909 — Continued.

Year.

EMtern and Southern States.

Short lOM.

f a7,400

1 a9,484

i 68,897

J 08, 189

f a7,218

Illinois.

Short tons. i 028,972

i 085,782

i 086,178

047,108 050,118 88,750 o44,896 047,096

.Kanaan.

Short tOM. 25,588

Minoori.

Short to 11,

Total.

dl40,822

a Eastern. 6 Southern,

d Including 2,716 short tons dross spelter.

o Including Indiana. 'Including 2,675 short tons dross spelter.

The statistics of the production of spelter include always the metal produced by several works that treat drosses exclusively. In 1901 these made 2,Y16 short tons and in 1902 they produced 2,675 short tons. This conveys an impression of the magnitude of this industry in recent years.

It may be of interest to note that the Edgar Zinc Company, controlled by the American Steel and Wire Company, a constituent company of the United States Steel Corporation, produced in 1902 in its Cherry dale, Kans., and Carondelet, Mo., plants 23,982 short tons of spelter.

During 1902 the Illinois Zinc Company began the erection of an additional furnace, increasing its capacity by 15 per cent. The furnace was completed early in 1903. The Granby Mining and Smelting Company, which ranked among the makers of spelter in the earlier days of the industry, and which produces a good deal of ore, acquired a plant at Neodesha, Kans. The Sandoval Zinc Company, which has produced spelter for some years at Sandoval, 111., has purchased and is operating the works at Marion, Ind. In Virginia the Bertha Mineral Company has purchased the property of the Wythe Lead and Zinc Company, which in former years produced spelter. The plant, however, has been idle for a long time, operations being confined to mining. A new works of two blocks is building at Laharpe,

Kans.

Consumption.

The consumption of spelter in 1902 was heavy, the principal industries in which it is a factor being extremely busy. The following table gives an estimate — which is approximate, however — in respect to stocks. All of the producers do not report, but the in,.

1 . II 1 r- 7 least partially reflect the movement:

ZINC. EdimaUd consumption of spelter y 1896-190e,

Source, etc.

Shori tons. 99,960 1,279 7,477

Short tons.

Prodactton

SkoH tout.

ShoH tons,

Short tons.

tOM.

Short tons.

ShoH tont.

TDipoitu

stock at beginning of year

Total supply

Deduct-

Exports of foreign

Exports of domestic

Stock at end of year

Total

Apparent home consumption..

The Zinc Mbstes.

Joplin-Galena District:

The Joplin-Galena district has had a prosperous year, production being large and prices satisfactory. Mr. Jesse A. Zook, of Joplin, has compiled for the Daily Globe the following statement of ore sales for 1902, by camps:

Sales of zinc and lead ore in the Joplinr Galena district in 190£.

Camp.

Galena and Empire

Webb City

Dnenweg

Anrora

Plrosperity

Oronoffo

Zlncite

Alba and Neck City

Granby

Carthage

Spnrgeon and Spring City.

Central City and Roaring Springs

Btottsaty

Miscellaneous

Total 1902. Total 1901. Total 1900. Total 1899.

Zinc ore.

Quantity. 1900. 1901. 1902.

Short tons. 73,690 30,339

256,338 '.66,920 244,629 255,088

Value,

. Lead ore.

Quantity.

ShoH tons. 10,206 3,096

9T2

, j;giii2ecl S

Value,

Motebal Resoub0E8.

The most striking increase has been made by the Duenweg district, but Carterville, Joplin, and Webb City have also done well. Among the camps whose product is grouped under ''Miscellaneous" is the new district of Fortuna, in central Missouri, 6 miles south of Tipton. It also includes Gillham, Harrison, and Imboden, in Arkansas.

For previous years the ore sales have been as follows:

Ort sales in the Joplin-GcUena district 1894-1902-

Year.

Zinc ore.

Short tans. 147,810 144,487 155,883 177,976 234,455 255,088 244,629 256,920 256,838

Leaflore.

Total value both ores.

Short tons. 82,199 81,294 27,721 30,105 28,687 28,888 29,176 34,938 30,142

The average base prices, from month to month, for the ores of the district have been as follows in 1900, 1901, and 1902:

Average base prices of zinc and lead ores in the Joplin- Oalena district in 1900, 1901, and

Month.

January... February .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September October . . . November December.

Year

Zinc, per Bhort ton.

S23.73

S30.28 W.55

Lead, per 1,000 pounds.

S22.80 22. a5

Prices, therefore, were quite satisfactory during the year, and the demand was such that no ore was exported. Toward the close of 1902 a surplus accumulated, however, and a proposition was being discussed to ship it out of the country. During the year the proposal was made to form an ore-purchasing company to handle the zinc ore of the district, warehousing and grading it and reselling to the smelters at an advance of 11.50. The scheme was not carried through, however.

Ic

Colorado.

Colorado has become an important producer of zinc ore, the output for the year 1902 placed by Mr. Harry Allen Lee, commissioner of mines, at 26,24:1 short tons, valued at $2,544,993.48. Of this quantity 23,819 short tons are credited to Lake County, 1,024 short tons were mined in Mineral County, and 665 short tons in Summit County. In Leadville increased attention has been paid to the handling of lowgrade zinc and lead ores and dumps. The United States Zinc Company has shipped considerable quantities from the Moyer dump of the Iron- Silver Company to its Canyon City plant. A mill was also successfully started by the A. Y. and Minnie Company, and a large new plant for the Resurrection mine was approaching completion at the end of 1902. Magnetic concentration plants for zinc ores have been built at Denver, Colo., by the Colorado Zinc Company, and the Empire Zinc Company, controlled by the New Jersey Zinc Company, has built works at Canyon City. The American Smelting and Refining Company has erected a small zinc smelting plant at Pueblo. The Colorado zinc ores have largely gone to Europe, while considerable quantities have also been shipped to the Kansas gas belt and to the zinc-white works in Wisconsin.

To the Kansas works have also gone some shipments of zinc ore from the Slocan district in British Columbia.

New Jersey.

According to the report of the State geologist of New Jersey the production of the zinc mines of the State was 209,386 short tons of ore in 1902 as compared with 191,221 short tons in 1901, the entire quantity being obtained from the Franklin mines of the New Jersey Zinc Company.

The South.

The mines in Marion County, Ky., have continued to ship ore; in Tennessee further prospecting has been done; and in Virginia operations were confined to the work of the Bertha Mineral Company, which had acquired the mines of the Wythe Lead and Zinc Company at Austinville.

Mineral Resources.

Imports And Exports.

The imports have continued light in 1902; the exports, however, of zinc ore have shown a further increase, as is exhibited in the following tables.

For a series of years the imports and exports have been as follows:

Ziiic imported and entered for cotisumption in the lhited Stalely 1867-1903,

Year ending-

June 30—

18d8.

December 31 —

Block or pigs.

Quantity.

Pounds,

Value.

Quantity. Value.

Pounds. 6,142,417 3,667,448 8,306,723 9,642,687 7,646,821 10,704,944 11,122,143 6,016,836 7,820,713 4,611,860 1,841,833 1,265,620 1,111,225 4,069,310 2,727,824 4,413,042 3,309,239 952,253 1,889,860

Ic

Zino.

Zinc impHjried and entered fur consumption in the United Stales, 1867-190iif — ContVl.

Year ending-

Old,

Value of

manufacturefl

.

Total

Quantity.

Value.

value.

June 80-

December 31—

3,417 ' 11,211 6,982 8,824 6,379 ' 24,257 3,277 89,549 8,299 82.708

Imports of zinc oxide, 1886-190,

Year ending-

June SO, 1885 December 31—

Dry.

In oil.

Pounds. 98,566

Year ending- December 81 —

Dry.

In oil.

Pounds. ...I 3,371,292 4,546,049 ...j 4,572,781

Pounds. 59,291 129,348 311,028 502,367 27,060 41,699 88,706 128,198 163,061

Mineral Besoubces.

Since 1864 the exports have been as follows:

ExportH of zinc and zinc ore of domestic jororfttrtion, 1864-190£.

Year ending-

June 30— 1866.., 1873. . .

December 31-

1S88

18W

Ore or oxide.

Quantity. Value.

Cwt. I 14,810 99,371 4,485 3,676 8,344

49,455 17,2S6 ; 73,802 195,113 I 149,435 I

PlateR, HheetM, , or I ,

bars. I Value of manufactures.

Quantity.

Value.

Total value.

142,920 65,411 56,116 26,606 6,960 23,6i9 25,904 82,248 150,708 800,978 211,063 161,800 149,378 138,374 83,224 30,927 35,085

During 1902 there was exported a fair quantity of New Jersey ore via New York, and Colorado shipped a larger quantity via Galveston.

Ic

Zinc.

Exports of zinc ore by cwOoms districts during 1900, 1901, and 190£.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

New York

Long tons. 15,187 10,209 2,278 9,150

Ijongion:

Long tons. 20,8fff

tMKL'KO

Galveston

New Orleans

Detroit

Huron

All other districts

Total

The following table shows the destination of the ore exports: Exports of zinc ore by countries during 1900, 1901, and 190£.

Country.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Aiifftrla-Hunfrary .

Long tons.

Long tons.

Long tons,

Belgium

U,280

Netherlands

Germany

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Total

The exports of spelter by customs districts and by countries of destination are exhibited in the following tables:

Exports of zinc, by customs districts, during 1900, 1901, and 190f.

Customs district.

Norfolk and Newport News. ,

Baltimore

Galveston

New Orleans

Detroit

Huron

All other districts

Total.

Quantity.

Pounds.

Value.

Quantity. Value.

Pounds. 8,827,740

Quantity. Value.

Pounds. 1,456,101

M R 1902-

Mineral Resouhoe8.

A very important part of the spelter exports from Atlantic ports is the high-grade spelter of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The Western spelter is exported from Gulf ports.

The destination of the exports of zinc is shown in the following table:

Exports of zinCf by countries, during the calendar years 1900, 1901, and 1902,

Country.

Quantity.

Value,

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Pound*.

Pounds. 88,545

Pounds.

Germany

Netherlands

United Kinom

Canada

All other countries

Total

Prices.

So faras the prices realized for spelter during 1902 are concerned, the year was a favorable one, since the demand was quite large. The year opened quietly, with spelter selling at New York at 4.25 to 4.30 cents per pound, but showed a weakening disposition, the price declining to 4 cents. Toward the end of Februar}' the market strengthened and prices recovered to 4.25 cents. Toward the close of Marcli a number of Missouri ore producers endeavored to organize a pool to force higher prices for ore, and spelter moved in sympathy, but its early failure left the market in an indifferent mood. May brought an advance to 4.65 cents. New York, as the result of threatened labor troubles at Kansas zinc works. The strike did take place in June and affected two plants, but it was of short duration. Heavy consumption, however, held up values and led to an advance in July to 4 J to 5 cents. New York. The activity continued during August, carrying the metal up to 5S cents. New York, and prices held well during September. October, however, brought a declining tendency, which was checked by a fire that crippled the Cherry vale works in Kansas. In November the market weakened, and showed a further decline in December, closing the year with spelter at 4.50 to 4.55 cents, New York.

Zinc. 227

The following table summarizes the prices of spelter since 1876:

Prices of common western speller in New York City, 1876-1895. [Cents per pound.]

Year.

Highest.

Lowest.

Year.

Highest.

Lowest.

1Jj75

Price of common Western spelter in New York (Hty 1896-190, [Cents per pound.]

Year.

January.

February.

March.

April.

Lowest.

Highest.

Lowest.

Highest.

Lowest.

Highest

Lowest.

Year.

May.

Highest Lowest.

June.

Highest. Lowest

July.

Highest. Lowest,

Highest Lowest

Year.

September.

Highest. Lowest.

October.

Highest. Lowest.

November.

Highest Lowest.

December.

Highest. Lowest.

HIKEBAL RESOURCES. THE WORIiD'S

Messrs. Henry R. Merton & Co. (Limited), of London, on the basis of detailed reports, make the production of spelter in Europe as follows:

Production of zinc in Europe 1896-190, [Long toiu.]

Country or district.

Rhipe, Belginm, and Holland ,

Silesia

Great Britain

Austria and Italy

France and Spain

Poland

Total

United States

Total world's production

United States percentage of world's production

The leading producers in Europe in 1902 were: Vieille Montagne Company, 69,965 long tons; Hohenlohe, 28,170 long tons; Schlesische Aktien-Gesellschaft, 27,660 tons; G. von Giesche's Erben, 25,530 tons; Socit Asturienne, 21,165 tons; Graf H. Henckel von Donnersmarck, 18,400 tons; Stolberg, 18,140 tons; G. Dumont & freres, 13,635 tons; Socit Prayon, 12,515 tons, and Rhein-Nassau, 10,016 tons. In this list the Lanyon Zinc Company would rank second, the Edgar Zinc Company would follow the fourth name, the Prime Western Spelter Company the fifth, and the Illinois Zinc Company and the Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Company the seventh.

None of the American producers and very few of the European spelter companies publish full annual reports. A conspicuous exception is the Vieille Montagne, which in 1902 produced 70,872 metric tons of crude zinc, the rolling mills making 62,945 metric tons of sheet zinc, and the zinc-white factories 8,642 tons of various products. The Baelen-Wezel works marketed 48,840 tons of sulphuric acid. The gross profit in 1902 was 5,736,017.87 francs, and deducting 1,210,685.64 francs for general expenses, interest, discounts, etc., the net profits were 4,625,332.33 francs. Besides setting aside for depreciation, according to law, 816,066.50 francs, paying 407,533.25 francs to the administration, and 101,883.30 francs to the directors, there were paid 5 per cent, or 450,000 francs, interest on the capital stock of 9,000,000 francs and 2,700,000 francs in dividends. The company has outstanding 8,000,000 francs of bonds, and has 3,978,447.18 francs in employit

ees' saving funds, and 1,527,678.99 in life and retirement funds of employees. There is a fund of 1,315,668.4:9 francs for emergencies; 822,602.04 francs for fire and maritime insurance; 1,000,000 francs of special reserve, and 1,585,000 francs of an emergency fund created in

Another company, the Socit Anonyme Mtallurgique de Prayon produced in 1902, 12,716 metric tons of crude zinc, of which 4,754 tons was rolled. The company realized a profit of 864,018.52 francs after, deducting general expenses. The company paid dividends of 275,000 francs on its capital of 2,000,000 francs, the bonded indebtedness being 800,000 francs at per cent. During the year the company erected two additional trains of rolls, to double the output of sheet zinc.

Ic

Ic

Aluminum And Bauxite.

By Joseph Struthers.

Production.

The production of aluminum in the United States during 1902 was approximately 7,300,000 pounds, as compared with 7,150,000 pounds in 1901, an increase of 160,000 pounds. The Pittsburg Reduction Company, operating the Hall patents, continues to be the sole producer of aluminum in the United States, and, although the company is in patent litigation with the Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company, of Cleveland, its plants are being developed vigorously. It has in operation 11,000 horsepower at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and 5,000 horsepower at Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Canada (the Royal Aluminum Company), a total of 16,000 horsepower, which is equivalent to a capacity of 4,600 tons of metal yearly, or moT*e than the output of the rest of the world. In addition, the Pittsburg company has purchased a large tract at Massena, N. Y., and is installing a large plant on the St. Lawrence River, which will consist of four 300-horsepower sets generating 1,500 volts. The increased activity on the part of the company has been due to the fact that some of its fundamental patents will expire within a few years, and it is striving to perfect the methods employed to such an extent that after the expiration of the patents it will be in position to compete successfully with new producers that may enter the field.

Although the demand for aluminum has increased from the more extended use of the metal for the manufacture of electrical conductors and special alloys, the price per pound has continued practically stationary throughout the years 1901 and 1902, as is detailed in the subjoined table:

Prices of aluminum and its alloys during 1901 and 1902.

Nickel-aluminum casting metal (10 percent nickel). Special caRting alloy (80 per cent aluminum)

Small 100-pound lots. lots. lots.

Cents.

Mineral B£Soub0£8.

An international agreement between all of the aluminum producers has been drawn up and the price of ingot aluminum fixed for 1903. The following table shows the production of aluminum in the United States for each year since the inception of the industry in 1883:

Production of aluminum in the United StateSj 1883-190S,

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

.

Pound, 660,000

Total

There are in the world at the present time five companies that produce aluminum at plants at nine locations, the details of their equipment being given in the subjoined table:

Aluminum works in Europe and America, 1902,

Locality of works.

Horsepower.

Process.

Name of company.

Available.

Inuae.a

Capital.

The Plttabuig Reduction Co. . . . Do

Niagara Palls

JHall

do

Shawinigan Falls . . Foyere

do

Heroult

do

Hall & Minet.

Heroult

do

do

Socidt Electro-MetalluTgique

Le Praz

Franaifie. Compagnie dea Prodults Chi-

Socit4 Anonyme pour I'lndufltrie de rAluminium.

Do

St. Michel

Neuhausen

Rhelnfelden

Do

a With the exception of the American and Canadian works, all these works manufacture other products in addition to aluminum.

For several years past the various companies have continued their secretive policy concerning the development of the industry, and practically nothing has been published in regard to modern improvements beyond the descriptions of patents, which have been granted mainly for the purification of bauxite — the chief raw material used in the manufacture of the motal.

Aluminum is used mainly for the transmission of electric currents, although a large proportion of the output is manufactured into articles for domestic and culinary use. It is also utilized for the construction

Aluminum And Bauxite. 233

of parts of machines and apparatus which require lightness rather than great strength, and in tiie manufacture of special alloys. Two other uses of growing importance are for lithographic work, the metal being used as a substitute for stone and zinc, and for the production of intense heat by the combustion of the metal in powder.

The use of aluminum as a substitute for uncovered overhead transmission lines is still expanding in the United States, and is one of the most important outlets for the metal produced here. Despite the severe criticism of this use of the light metal, chiefly on account of corrosion, a number of electric light and railway companies have purchased very large quantities for transmission purposes. Corrosion seems more vigorously to attack drawn wires than rods, and a ' weatherproof wire," coated with a preparation that forms an impervious cover, is now manufactured.

Another use of aluminum is for the manufacture of special alloys possessing exceptional physical and chemical properties. Apart from those alloys, .which contain a small proportion of aluminum with other metal or metals, as, for instance, aluminum bronze, the principal metals forming useful binary alloys with aluminum are magnesium, tungsten, and ziYic. Other metals forming useful ternary alloys with aluminum are copper, nickel, and zinc. A few of these alloys, with their trade names and approximate composition, are as follows:

(1) McLgnalium — Alloys containing aluminum and magnesium, of which there are two distinct products, in the definite chemical proportions of AlMg, and AlMg. Alloys of this class containing from 2 to 10 per cent of magnesium are found to be the most valuable on account of their ductility and malleability.

(2) Wolframinium — Alloys containing aluminum and tungsten. There are three distinct products of this class, containing the two metals in the i-respective proportions of AlW, AlgW, and AlW. An important alloy of this kind is known which is reported to have a tensile strength exceeding 49,000 pounds to the square inch.

(3) McAdamite — An alloy of aluminum, zinc, and copper containing approximately Al 72 per cent, Zn 24 per cent, and Cu 4 per cent. This is said to possess a tensile strength of more than 44,000 pounds .to the square inch.

(4) Aluminum-sUver — An alloy containing approximately Cu 57 per cent, Ni 20 per cent, Zn 20 per cent, and Al 3 per cent. Other alloys of this class are nickd-aluminum having a tensile strength of more than 35,000 pounds to the square inch, and minchin an alloy that contains a larger proportion of nickel than aluminum-silver and is used mainly on account of its resistance to the corrosive action of weak adds and alkali.

(5) Aliradium — An alloy of copper, nickel, zinc, phosphorus, and aluminum, BESOUBOES.

(6) Alumvrium.'2mc — Alloys containing various proportions of the two metals, of which the hardest and strongest is that formed of two parts of aluminum to one of zinc, although the alloy with three parts of aluminum to one of zinc is the one most generally used. An alloy of Zn 95 per cent and Al 5 per cent has a special use in the constiniction of minor parts of machines where very little strength is required.

In lithographic work the use of aluminum as a substitute for stone and zinc is rapidly extending, and many so-called rotary aluminum presses are in operation.

Another use of growing importance is for the production of intense heat by the combustion of powdered aluminum. There are two methods, one, the Goldschmidt process, used for the welding of tramway rails, and the other for the reduction of rare metals from their oxides, the necessary heat being supplied by the oxidation of the powdered aluminum, which is intermixed with the oxides to be reduced.

Very recently a new explosive called amnwnal has been invented, which consists of 25 per cent of powdered aluminum and 75 per cent of ammonium nitmte.

A new use of aluminum is for the manufacture of grindstones and whetstones, a purpose for which the metal is peculiarly suited on account of the property it possesses of forming under the whetting action a very fine mass which adheres strongly to steel. A microscopic examination at 1,000 diameters of a steel blade which had been sharpened on aluminum showed the cutting edge to be perfectly uniform and unbroken, which is not the case when steel is whetted on stone.

Imports.

In the first table below are given the quantities and values of the aluminum imported into the United States from 1870 to 1890, and in the second table are given the quantities and values of crude and manufactured aluminum imported from 1891 to 1902.

Aluminum imparled and entered for consumption in the United Stately 1S7 0-1890.

Year ending- June 30—

Quantity. Value.

Pound.

G88.00

Year ending-

June 30—

Dec. 31—

Quantity. Value.

Pound*.

Alominum Akd Bauxite.

Imparts of crude and manufactured aluminum lS91-190iS.

Calendar year.

Grade.

Leaf.

Plates, sheets, bars, and rods.

Manufactures.

Total

Quantity.

Value.

Packs of

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

value.

Pounds.

The import duty on aluminum in the United States is 8 cents per pound for ingot metal and 13 cents per sheet or manufactured metal.

World&#x27;S Production,

The following table shows the world's production of aluminum in 1900 and 1901:

World* 8 production of aluminum in 1900 and 1901,

Country.

United States

France

United Kingdom Switzerland

Total

Quantity.

Metric totis.

Value.

Quantity.

Metric torn.

Value.

Bauxite.

Production.

During the year 1902 the production of bauxite amounted to 29,222 long tons valued at $128,206 at the mines, as compared with 18,905 tons, valued at $79,914, during the preceding year. Georgia yielded the greater bulk of the product, the remainder being supplied by Alabama and Arkansas.

The mining plant of the Pittsburg Reduction Company at Bauxite, Ark., was not quite completed at the close of the year 1902. The equipment for the treatment of the crude mineral consists of a woodfired cylindrical dryer and a 60-foot rotary calciner fired by producer

Mineral Resources.

gas made in a 10 by 12 foot Duffs water-sealed producer; a second calciner also is being installed. A large proportion of the ground ore is calcined directly, although a small quantity is previously dried. The plant is designed with special reference to the mechanical handling of the materials, and elevators, conveyors, and cars replace hand labor to a great extent. The bauxite industry in Arkansas is still in an undeveloped state, and the exploration work that has been done at Bauxite is not sufficient to determine accurately the depth or quantity of ore in that region nor the character of the underlying stratum. The new plant will probably be in operation early in 1903, and it promises to contribute largely to the output of bauxite from Arkansa8. The new refining plant of the Pittsburg Reduction Company at East St. Louis is nearing completion, and will probably become operative in the early part of 1903.

The subjoined table gives the production and value of bauxite for each year since 1889:

ProductUm of bauxite in the Thited Staiea, 1889-1902 by Stales,

Calendar year.

Georgia.

Alabama. Long tons.

Arkansas. LoiigtoTU.

Total.

Value.

Ixmg tons. 1,844 3,301 5,110 2,415 2,050 7,313 7,507

Tong tons.

Iggo

The figures showing the output and value of the production of bauxite during 1902 have been received direct from the individual producers, and have also been confirmed by Mr. William G. Neilson, of the Republic Mining and Milling Company.

Bauxite is used mainly for the manufacture of aluminum, although a considerable quantity is used for the manufacture of aluminum sulphate and crystalized alum.

Consumption.

In order to show the annual consumption of bauxite and its value in the United States during the last five years, the following table has been (compiled, which includes the total production, imr and consumption, with the value of each:

ALmaNITX AND BAUXITE.

Production, imporU, exports, and consumption of bauxite in the United States, 1S9S~190£.

Total production.

Imports.

Exports.

Conaumption.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value,

Longtmu.

r5,487 125,596 89,676 79,914 121,465

Long torn. 1,201 6,666 8,656 18,313 15,790

m.

Long tons. 25,360 39,916 30,840 36,218 43,112

f77,675

The increased importation of bauxite during 1901 and 1902, as compared with the quantities annually imported prior to these years, was due mainly to the low ocean freight rates from foreign ports. Practically the entire quantity of bauxite imported was derived from the south of France at an average ocean rate to New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore of $2.25 per ton, which, with the duty on bauxite of $1 per ton, allowed the ore to be laid down at a c-ost at the mine of $3.25 per ton. This cost, contrasted with the freight rates from Georgia or Alabama of $3.85 per ton to Philadelphia and $5 or more per ton to Boston, shows that the French ore can be delivered to seaport cities more cheaply than the domestic ore. The high percentage of iron in the French bauxite precludes its for the manufacture of aluminum sulphate. It is consumed mainly for making aluminum hydrate, which is used in the manufacture of metallic aluminum.

World&#x27;S Production.

The following table shows the world's production of bauxite in 1900 and 1901:

Worlds production of bauxite in 1900 and 1901.

Country.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

United States

Metric tons.

Metric tons. 19,207 76,620 10,357

France

United Kingdom

Total

Aluminum Salts.

The principal salts of aluminum are aluminum sulphate and crystallized alum, for the manufacture of which bauxite and Greenland cryolite are consumed. The Pennsylvania Salt Company possesses the exclusive privilege of importing cryolite into North and South America. In 1902 the production of aluminum sulphate was 84,075

Mineral Re801Tkce8.

short tons, valued at $1,938,671, as compared with 74,721 short tons in 1901, and that of crystallized alum, 8,539 short tons, valued at $229,500, as compared with 7,755 short tons in 1901. The companies producing one or both of these salts during 1902, in the order of output, are: The General Chemical Company, the Pennsylvania Salt Company, Harrison Brothers, the Cochrane Chemical Company, Charles Lennig & Co., the Erie Chemical Company, the Detroit Chemical Company, and the Merrimac Chemical Company. In addition to the above list, the following companies will probably be producers during 1903: F. E. Atteaux & Co., Superior Chemical Company, and the Jarecki Chemical Company.

The production and imports of alum and aluminum sulphate into the United States from 1898 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the subjoined table:

Production and imports of alum and aluminum gulphale into the United SUttesj 1898-1902.

Production.

Year.

Alum.

Aluminum sulphate.

Short tons.

Value.

Per ton.

Short tons.

Value.

Per ton.

Short tons.

Value.

Per ton.

18

fr893

M,169

a Includes alumina, alum, alum cake, aluminum sulphate, aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground.

6There was also imported in 1898, 1,205 short tons ($76,884) of aluminum hydrate, or refined bauxite: in 1899, 1,926 short tons ($119,202); in 1900, 2,207 short tons ($148,832); In 1901, 1,966 short tons ($146,462); and in 1902, 339 short tons ($21,235).

Platinum.

By Joseph Steuthers.

Production.

The production of platinum in the world ranges annually between 160,000 and 170,000 troy ounces, about 90 per cent of the total output being obtained from Russia and the remainder coming mainly from Colombia, South America. Unfortunately in the latter country the revolutions prevalent in recent years have seriously hindered the development of this important industry.

The production of platinum from domestic ores in the United States during 1902 was 94 ounces, valued at $1,814, as compared with 1,408 ounces, valued at $27,526 in 1901, a notable decrease, although but slightly less than the output in 1894. The total annual production of platinum from domestic ores is a small portion only of the total domestic consumption. The production during 1901 was the largest annual output on record since statistics of platinum produced from domestic ores were first compiled in 1880. The next largest output was in 1890, when 600 ounces, valued at $2,600, were produced.

In connection with the production of platinum from domestic ores during 1902 there were obtained also 20 fine ounces of iridium, as compared with 253 ounces in 1901. Iridium is so closely allied to platinum in its physical and chemical properties that doubtless it has foi-med from 15 to 25 per cent of the platinum production reported in earlyyears.

The domestic supply of platinum in recent years has been obtained as a secondary product chiefly from gold placer deposits in Trinity and Shasta counties, Cal. The occurrence of the metal has been reported in many other gold placers of California, as well as in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Alaska; the deposits have not been sufficiently rich, however, to place the extraction of the metal on a profitable basis. There have been very few new

reports of discoveries of platinum during the year, among them being the occurrence of the metal in the auriferous sands of the Corozal River, Porto Rico. The Rambler mine, near Encampment, Albany County, Wjo.j continues to attract attention, and one or two other mines in that region claim to have covellite (CuS, copper monosulphide) carrying sperrylite (PtAs,, platinum diarsenide) in the ore. Nothing has been done to extract the metal on a commercial scale. A second district of interest is at Kerby, near Grants Pass, Josephine County, Oreg., where the Waratah Minerals Company operated a concentrator for the treatment of platinum ores. A considerable quantity of the metal was collected during the year, but was not put on the market. Samples of earth from the region of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, supposed to contain platinum, were examined by Dr. David T. Day. The material contained white pyrite, which has the appearance of platinum, but no platinum whatever was found on analysis. The reported occurrence of platinum in commercial quantities on an island in the Lake of the Woods, 12 miles from Rat Portage, has not been verified. Efforts have been made recently to extract the metal from the nickel -copper ores of the Sudbury district, Ontario, Canada. So far, the experiments have not been reported as successful. It is within the range of probability that platinum associated with chromite will be found in place in the basic magnesium rocks of (California and Oregon as well as in peridotite, the basic magnesium rock of North Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, which frequently contains chromite. An interesting occurrence of platinum is noted by Prof. James F. Kemp" in the ash of Australian coal of the following analysis:

Analysis of the ash of Australian coal.

Per cent.

Carbon 65.2

Hydrogen 4. 6

Oxygen 21 . 8

Nitrogen 1.9

Sulphur 3. 8

Water 7

Ash 1.7

Total 99.7

The ash contains 25.1 per cent vanadium and 3.6 per cent platinum metals, which makes the coal the richest platinum ore yet discovered.

The following table gives the production of crude platinum in the United States from 1880 to 1900, and of refined metal from domestic ores during 1901 and 1902, which shows the extremely small proportion of the domestic consumption supplied from domestic sources:

a Bull. U. S. Gcol. Survey No. 198, 1902. p. 36.

Ic

Platinum.

Production of erode platinum in the United States 1880 to 1900, and of refined metal from

domestic ores in 1901-2,

Year.

Quantity.

Value, a

Year.

Quantity.

Ouncci.

Value, a

oThe chief variations In price have heen due to the quality of the crude grains. In 1901 and 1902, however, the average price for the refined metal has been given.

Prof. James F. Kemp has prepared a very interesting and valuable report on The Geological Relations and Distribution of Platinum and Associated Metals.* The platinum deposits are classified into three types: (1) Placers, as exemplified by those in the Urals, Colombia, Brazil, and British Columbia. (2) Veins, as at Tilkerode in the Hartz; Minas Geraes, Brazil; Santa Rosa, California; Beresovsk, Russia; Gualdalcanal, Spain (with tetrahedrite and bournonite); and Rambler mine, Wyoming (sperrylite — platinum diarsenide — with covellite). (3) Disseminated in eruptive rocks, in two ways: {a) Sperrylite, with the copper-nickel ores in uralitized norite, Sudbury, Canada, and (i) the native metal in basic eruptive rocks, especially peridotites, frequently intimately associated with chromite.

The conclusions of practical value arrived at by Professor Kemp are: 1. That platinum is very sparsely distributed in the mother rock so that the chances of finding it in quantity sufficient to mine are small; also, if found, the recovery of the platinum other than by stamping and washing is yet to be solved; furthermore, the metal may be in a very finely disseminated state, and its extraction will necessarily be difficult. 2. Large and permanent placers may be sought only on very old land areas which have been subjected to protracted degradation and concentration. 3. In the assay of antimonial, arsenical, and other copper ores (especially tetrahedrite) it is advisable to search for small percentages of platinum. 4. Deposits of chromite should be tested for the presence of the metal.

The discovery of a use for osmium, which occurs to a considerable extent in the American platinum as the mineral osmiridium, will greatly benefit the platinum industry of the United States, as in the

a Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 193,

M B 1902 16

past this element has interfered most seriously with the sale of the crude platinum product. The demand for osmium for the new Auer and Nernst incandescent electric lights makes it almost as desirable as platinum.

Imports.

The imports of platinum during 1902 were valued at $1,987,980,. distributed as follows: Unmanufactured, 632 pounds ($171,967); ingots, bars, sheets, and wire, 6,713 pounds ($1,778,395); vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels and parts thereof for chemical uses ($34,913); manufactures of, not specially provided for ($2,706). The imports during 1901 were valued at $1,695,895, distributed as follows: Manufactured, and ingots, bars, sheets, and wire, 6,226 pounds ($1,673,926); vases, retorts, etc. ($21,969).

Prices.

The uses of the metal would be greatly increased if it could be obtained in sufficiently" large quantity to lower the price. Unfortunately, for many purposes there is no metal to take its place, and the limited supply maintains the price almost equal to that of gold. The attempts that have been so far made to replace platinum by other metals or alloys have been Ineffectual; the demand for it has continued to increase; and as a result the price has steadily risen. During 1901, until May 15, the price in New York was $18.20 per ounce for ingot platinum, rising to $20 and $21 later in the year. In January, 1902, the price continued at $20 to $21, but fell in February to $19.50, and in June to $19, a figure which prevailed to the close of the year. Best hammered platinum was quoted as follows: January, 1902, 82 cents per gram; eJune, 76 cents; July, 74 cents; August, 73.5 cents; and December, 72.5 cents. Osmiridium is quoted, at from $6 to $10 per ounce.

Practically the price of platinum is determined by Johnson, Matthey & Co., of London, who refine a large proportion of the Russian output. There are two platinum refineries at St. Petersburg, where a part of the domestic product is treated; the greater bulk, however, is exported in the crude state. In Russia crude platinum is sold at from $3,090 to $3,605 per pood (1 pood equals 36 pounds); 1.25 poods of concentrates yields 1 pood of refined metal, valued at from $8,240 to $9,270; the cost of refining is $154.50 per pood. The accompanying metals — iridium, palladium, and osmium — are also recovered. In the period from 1884 to 1897, 1,833 poods of platinum costing 29,748,953 francs were exported to the United States and sold for 42,472,276 francs, the net profit being 42.7 per cent. The recently formed Franco- Russian Platinum Industry Company, which was organized to free the Russian industry from the control of foreign smelters, did not accomplish its aim, although its efforts resulted in raising the paid by the refiner for the concentrates to $8,240 per

Platinum. 243

PliATIIUM IN RUSSIA.

The Russian sources of platinum supply, which furnish at least 90 per cent of the total consumption of the world, are comparatively limited. The platinum-bearing areas extend along the eastern watershed of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Perm and along the western watershed farther south. Until within a few years the greater part of the Russian output was derived from the district of Nijni-Tagilsk; but at present it is obtained in the Goroblagodat and Bisersk districts, 130 miles to the north. The platinum occurs chiefly in the sands of the Tura, Tagil, Salda, Lala, and Loswe rivers on the boundaries of the district of Goroblagodat, as well as on the property of Count Schuwalow and on that controlled by the manufacturing works of Bogoslovsk and Demidow. The richness of the ore varies from a few milligrams to from 10 and 13 grams per ton. The depth of the platinum sands is about 1 meter, and the depth of the overlying turf is usually from 2 to 3 meters although in some cases it is from 10 to 14 meters. Generally the platinum grains are small, but an occasional lump is found. Apart from the occurrence of the metal in sands, it is found in slight quantities in native gold. Recently a discovery of platinum in place was made on the Martian River in the Nijni-Tagilsk circle, where the metal is found in peridotite, diallage, and in serpentine. It has also been reported in the gold sands of Birussia.

PLATINUM IN THE RAMBLER MINE, WYOMING. By J. F. Kemp.

Great interest was excited in December, 1901, upon the announcement by Prof. W. C. Knight, of the University of Wyoming, that the platinum group of metals had been detected in the copper ores' of the Rambler mine, Wyoming. The further announcement two months later by Professors Wells and Penfield,* of Yale University, that they had found in the ore and had separated from it sperrylite (platinum diarsenide), drew additional attention from scientific men to this unique occurrence. In consequence, the writer was requested by Dr. David T. Day to visit the locality and to prepare the following brief description of its geologic relations:

GEOIiOGY OF THE RAMBIiER MIKE.

Situation.

The Rambler mine is an old discovery which has been developed on a serious scale only within the last two years. It is situated in the Medicine Bow Range, Wyoming, near the headwaters of Douglas Creek, a tributary of the North Platte River. It is reached by stage which nins from Laramie, at first due west for about 30 miles across the open plateau, then turns southward around the shoulder of Sheep Mountain and follows up the Little Laramie River to the divide at the head of one of its tributaries, crosses this divide and reaches the sources of Douglas Creek. The mine is about 10 miles north of the Colorado line, and is located in the SW. i, sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 79 W. The total distance from Laramie is about 45 miles, and the altitude is believed to be about 8,500 feet above tide.

Topography.

In the vicinity of the mine the topography is rolling and gentle. Mountain meadows, at times of considerable width, are traversed by brooks, while on the gentle slopes of the hills spruces flourish and afford the usual woodlands of the higher ranges. The roads are laid out through these forests. Down Douglas Creek, at a distance of 2

a Eng. and Min. Jour., December 28, 1901. & Am. Jour. Sci., 4th series, vol. 13, 1902, p. 96.

Platinum.

or 3 miles from the Rambler, the meadows cease, and the creek traverses a deep rocky gorge with precipitous cliffs. Almost the entire surface is by a capping of the products of weathering in the form of the so-called ''wash." Only rarely are natural outcrops

Iperidotile Granite Gneiss JUgiQuartzite

, Scale

Fig. 1.— Map of the Rambler mining district, Wyoming. Rl, R2, R3, R4, and Rfi meim Rambler claims 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The mine is on Rl.

of the country rock to be met. The extensive prospecting has, however, quite frequently cleared away the loose materials down to the bed rock, and, as the accompanying map shows, has served to reveal the essential rock formations which are present.

Geology.

Systematic observation in the area about the mine soon served to show that the commonest country rock in its immediate vicinity is a gneiss of the general mineralogy of granite. Its distribution and that of the other local formations are shown on the map, fig. 1. The gneiss is somewhat poorly foliated and is very badly broken by irregular sets of joints, which divide it into small angular fragments on the outcrops and in the prospects. Under the microscope, the rock exhibits in a still more pronounced WAy the effects of granulation. Central nuclei of the constituent minerals are surrounded by mosaics of fine grains.

Only rarely can a definite strike be obtained. Making a correction of 15° for the eastward declination of the needle, the following two cases were recorded: About 1 mile north of east from the Rambler, strike N. 70° W.; 4 miles farther, strike N. 62° E., dip 58° W. In the quartzite on Douglas Creek below the Douglas mine the strike is N. 35° W., dip 20° W. The strikes are therefore variable. Joints were recorded bearing N. 30° W. and N. 38°-40° W., respectively, a mile east and west from the Rambler. With the latter there was a minor set striking N. 60° E. In other respects the joints were too irregular to be considered of much significance. It is worthy of remark, however, that, so far as the streams appear on the map, they approximately follow one or the other of these directions.

Besides the gneisses which are so extensively developed near the Rambler mine, there are quartzites visible along Douglas Creek, near the Douglas mine. Likewise farther down, at the Kej'stone mine, there is more quartzite, forming the walls of the vein. Along the creek there is much gneiss and some eruptive granite, and east of the Keystone more granite appears again.

In addition* to the above varieties of rock and of more immediate importance in connection with the Rambler mine, there are in several places large dikes of dark and relatively basic rocks, which are in great contrast with those alreadj mentioned. The Rambler ore occurs in the outcrop of one of these dikes, and there is 'another along Douglas Creek, south of the Douglas mine, and one other northwest of the Cuprite claim. Though only exposed in a limited way, except in the second case, it will be assumed that these rocks constitute dikes of considerable size, and under this name they will be nore particularly described.

The Rambler Dike.

The Rambler dike is a dark, granitoid rock where revealed in the mine. It is a typical diorite in mineralogy. It consists of green hornblende as the chief component, with which is associated some

Platinum. 247

brown biotite. The hornblende contains many little inclusions of poikilitic quartz. Plagioclase is present in considerable abundance and from its extinction angles appears to belong in the labradorite or bytownite series. Apatite is likewise present in the usual relations, and pyrites and magnetite in more than the normal quantity. The last two appear in the perfectly fresh rock, so far as one may judge from the slides, and with no such evidence of alteration in the associated minerals as one would anticipate, if the sulphides were of later infiltration. The small metallic minerals especially appear in the dark silicates; they fail in the feldspars.

All around the Rambler shaft the surface is formed of loose wash. To the southwest, however, in the claims known as Rambler No. 2 and Alberta No. 1, dark basic rock is again encountered. The rock from Rambler No. 2 proves on microscopic examination to be a hornblende-peridotite of the marked poikilitic texture shown in the similar rocks of the Cortland series in the valley of the Hudson. The rock consists of green hornblende, olivine, and hypersthene, but the first and last are so thickly set with small augites as to be essentially large skeleton crystjils provided with inclusions almost greater in amount than the host itself. The rock may not belong to the same dike as the diorite appearing in the Rambler mine, but it probabl}' is a basic extension of it.

For nearly a mile to the north of the Rambler mine the bed rock is concealed by wash. On the north side, however, of a small brook and on the claims named Tinker No. 3 and No. 4, the dark basic rock appears again in a cliff which is roughly parallel with the brook. In thin section it reveals green, secondary hornblende, plagioclase, and magnetite, and it is obviously a crushed gabbro or diorite. Heavy wash covers the countr}' farther to the north, and no explorations were made in that direction.

It is impossible to say that the outcrops on the Tinker claims belong to the same intrusion as do the basic rocks at the Rambler claims, but it does appear that along a north-south belt from the Rambler No. 2 to the Tinker No. 4 the basic rock is met, and not elsewhere in this vicinity.

Somewhat over 2 miles to the southeast from the Rambler mine, and on a claim lying northwest from the Cuprite, there is another ledge of dark, basic rock, which appears, to the eye alone, to be the same as the peridotite on the Rambler No. 2 claim. It has not been examined microscopically.

The dike on Douglas Creek, just below the Douglas mine, shows about 30 feet of actual outcrop, and is then cut off by quartzite. Under the microscope it proves to be a diorite, with green hornblende, plagioclase, and magnetite. The hornblende is secondary and may

The above sketch of the geologic relations, fragmentary though it be, and based on scattered outcrops, nevertheless correctly gives what arc doubtless the main features of the local geology. An ancient series of much crushed, granitic gneisses is associated with assured quartzites, and both are penetrated by intrusions of granite, diorite, and peridotite. The ore which has thus far been discovered is in the area of a typical diorite, and does not appear outside of it. It remains to describe the local associations of the ore, which are peculiar and of great scientific interest.

Detaii Of The Ore Body.

The mine was first developed a short shaft about 88 feet west of the present one. The old shaft went down vertically about 30 feet, and then by incline eastward at an angle of to an oditional vertical depth of about 68 feet. It grounded at 98 feet from the surface. At a total depth from the surface of about 67 feet the incline struck rich ore. A level, called the first level, was run off to the south, and by it was developed a large bunch of so-called carbonate ore nearly 40 feet in diameter and doming upward to 30 to 35 feet. At this 67-foot level some minor drifting was done to the north and west in lean ore. The material through which the drifts and stopes were driven is kaolinized rock, much of it soft and plastic.

The new vertical shaft has been sunk in the wall rock at a point 88 feet almost due east of the old shaft. The first level from it, but really the second level of the mine, counting the level driven from the incline at the 67-foot point as the first level, was started at the same depth as the bottom of the incline, viz, 98 feet. This was driven westward about 30 feet, until it intersected the incline. A crosscut was then turned south for 16 feet, all through kaolinized materials, opening up within 12 or 15 feet a large stope of good ore. It was in part under the carbonate stope, but was not cut through to the latter. Its height was about 25 feet, and it developed in the kaolinized materials a large pocket of ore, whose horizontal dimensions were 30 feet north and south by 50 feet east and west.

From this stope a drift extends about 40 feet to the west, and then turns north through kaolinized materials, developing within 15 feet of the turn another large pocket of rich ore. It has been stoped out about 40 feet in length from north to south, by 25 feet in height and 12 to 20 feet in width. At the time of the writer's visit the kaolinized products, with one rich streak of covellite, formed the walls on all sides.

The third level of the mine has been turned off from the vertical shaft at a depth of 136 feet frorii the surface and 38 feet below the second level just described. It runs northwest for about 10 feet; then due west for about 55 feet. At 15 or 20 feet from lfeid IjBa cross-

u. s. oeolcxjIcal survey

Mineral Resources 1902 Pl. I

Polished Specimen Of Copper Ore From The Rambler Mine, Wyoming.

The dark mineral is covellite; the light, kaolinized feldsaagjtized by

Ic

Platinum. 249

cut has been turned north about 30 feet and another south about 20 feet. About 18 feet farther a second crosscut has been turned a little west of south and driven 30 feet. Its end was under the first stope mentioned on the second level, and a winze has been upraised to the latter.

No ore was cut in the third level, the walls heAng of much jointed and altered diorite. The change to chlorite was marked, and considerable pyrite could sometimes be noted in seams. It is possible, if the level were driven still farther west, with longer crosscuts south, so as to be under the stopes on the level above, that more ore might be found. It would, however, involve less uncertainty to follow the ore of the second level downward with winzes.

The fourth level is being driven from the bottom of the shaft, 177 feet from the surface, and again westward. Its 25 feet or so were all in fresh, unaltered diorite.

This ore body, therefore, presents some interesting and exceptional features. The usual vein minerals of the gangue, such as quartz, calcite, etc., are lacking. Instead we have over an area of nearly a hundred feet east and west and the same distance north and south, and we do not know to what extent bej'ond, the decomposition products of an eruptive dike in place. Whether a belt of shattering dips away to the west, along which alteration may be followed to still greater depths, is a question. This surmise would occur to an observer, but the proof is not at hand. Although it can not be denied that uprising waters may have served to decompose the rock and impregnate it with ore, it would seem more likely that a great dike of diorite originally charged with sulphides of copper and iron and with minerals involving the platinum group of metals has suffered from atmospheric weathering. The presence of the sulphides has facilitated its extensive alteration, and the secondary minerals thus formed have descended and become precipitated so as to impregnate and enrich the residual kaolins. A line of shattering and consequent alteration may have facilitated the process.

The presence of the platinum metals in an eruptive and moderately basic dike is thus in accord with experience gained elsewhere. The sperrylite separated by Professor Penfield from the covellite would then be in similar situation and relations to that from the Sudbury nickel-copper mines. From the chalcopyrite of the latter it has been separated by one of the writer's students, Mr. C. W. Dickson, as described in the American Journal of Science.

The texture of much of the ore, as is illustrated in PI. I, shows that the dark minerals of the diorite have been replaced by covellite, while the feldspar has been changed to some alteration product, whose appearance suggests kaolin. This ore presents the familiar textures

aAm. Jour. Sol.. 4th series, vol. 15, 1908, p. 187.

of the diorite, but they have not always been so well preserved. On the contrary, streaked masses of chalcopyrite and chalcocite are occasionally to be seen, and much cellular and open-textured covellite. Opaline silica was obtained in the midst of the kaolin in one stope. Further alteration has developed the blue and green carbonates of copper and the red oxide, and also much limonite.

The chemical changes involved in the above replacements deserve further investigation, but this the writer has not yet had opportunity to make, and he has entrusted them to C. W. Dickson, Ph. D. The geological relations appear to be equally unique with the occurrence of the platinum metals.

Ciordial thanks are due to Mr. Avery T. Holmes, the president of the company, and to Mr. J. T. Halliday, managing director, for every facility in the study of the mine. Acknowledgments should also be made to Mr. Frank Halliday for much assistance in the field work.

Note. — Since the above was written Dr. C. W. Dickson has treated, at the writer's request, 1,000 grams of covellite from the Rambler mine with nitric and hydrofluoric acids, after the manner followed by Professor Penfield, in the hope of obtaining an appreciable sample of sperrylite, which in this case no doubt contains palladium. Only three or four minute crystals resulted, apparently not as many as the assay values would lead one to anticipate. The Rambler ore-seems to have less of it platinum in this form than does the chalcopyrite of Sudbury, Ontario.

Quicksilver.

By Joseph Struthers.

Production.

The production of quicksilver in the United States during 1902 amounted to 34,291 flasks of 7H pounds each, valued at $1,467,848, as compared with 29,727 flasks, valued at 11,382,305, in 1901, an increase in quantity of 4,564 flasks and in value of $85,543. California contributed the greater part of the output, amounting to 28,972 flasks, as compared with 26,720 flasks in 1901. Texas reported 5,319 flasks, as compared with 2,932 flasks in 1901, both States thus showing an increase in the production above that of the preceding year. Oregon, which furnished 75 flasks in 1901, reported no production during 1902, the quicksilver-mining operations in that State being limited to development work.

California.

Cinnabar, or mercury sulphide (HgS), occurs widely distributed over the entire State of California. At present, however, the deposits of commercial importance lie within the Coast Range and are limited to an area bounded by Trinity County on the north and San Luis Obispo County on the south, both inclusive. During 1902 the mines in San Benito, Napa, and Santa Clara counties contributed nearly 20,000 flasks of the total of 29,199 flasks for the State. The chief producing companies during 1902 were, in the order of their outputs, as follows:

New Idria Quicksilver Mining Company San Benito County.

The Quicksilver Mining Company Santa Clara County.

Napa Consolidated Mine Napa County.

Karl Quicksilver Mining Company San Luis Obispo County.

Boston Quicksilver Mining Company Napa County.

Great Western Mine Lake County.

Empire Consolidated Quicksilver Mining Company Colusa County.

Great Eastern Quicksilver Mining Company Sonoma County.

The largest increase among the individual companies in the quantity produced during 1902 was that of the New Idria Quicksilver Mining Company, which reported an output nearly 2,500 flasks greater than that of 1901. In percentage of output the Karl Quicksilver Mining Company, of San Luis Obispo County, stands the highest, its production during 1902 amounting to four times that of the preceding yeai*.

a In addition to the quicksilver, there were produced but not treated nor marketed of cinnabar, or erode, in California 10,427 short tons, valued at 167,242, and in Texas 1,800 short tons, valued at $15,000.

Of the eight compaDievS mentioned in the preceding list, three reported a decreased output during 1902, which, however, was more than counterbalanced by the increased production of the remaining five companies, the net gain being almost flasks.

Several new mines were added to the list of producers during the year, those of an output of 100 flasks or more being the Helen mine, in Lake County; the Mercury Mining Company, in Sonoma County, and the Silver Creek mine, in Santa Clara County.

Other new companies reported to have begun operations in 1902 are the Montei-ey Quicksilver Mining Company, near New Idria, San Benito County; the Modoc Chief mine, 18 miles east of Reading, Shasta County; the Mariposa and Elizabeth mines and the Uncle Sam and Eureka quicksilver mines, near Cambria, San Luis Obispo County, and the Summit, Adobe Valley, and Orestimba properties, in Stanislaus County. Deposits of good grade cinnabar ore are reported 25 miles southeast of Cedarville, in Modoc County, which is in the extreme northwest part of the State, an entireW new section for cinnabar. The claims here have not been sufficiently developed to prove the commercial value of the property.

The following detailed review of the progress in quicksilver mining in California during 1902 has been contributed by Mr. William Forstner:

The quicksilver industry in California during 1902 has continued to experience a slight improvement in so far that there appears some desire to reopen a few more of the old mines and that capital, more especially from California, is to some extent invested in these undertakings. The old mines appear to hold their own, some with a steadily increasing output, as, for instance, the New Idria. The price of quicksilver in San Francisco, although not high, has been sufficient to render the operations in most mines profitable.

CalvMi County. — Mr. G. V. Northey, at the Manzanite mine. Sulphur Creek, has permanently established the fact that wet concentration is not only feasible, but can be made very profitable.

Lake CourUy. — The Sulphur Bank and Abbott mines, belonging to the Empire Consolidated Quicksilver Mining Company, have suffered from the litigation in which the company has lately been involved. The Great Western mine is continuing its regular output and developing its mine for future working. The Standard Company is still working the Bullion mine, and Mr. A. Rocen is opening the Helen mine, with a fair promise of success.

Napa County. — At the Oathill mines one of the t'wo furnaces has been entirely renovated, and the adjacent Corona and Twin Peak mines both produce quicksilver. In the iEtna mines prospecting work to determine the future of the property is being actively prosecuted. In the Knoxville district, the old Redington mine, now the Boston, has been reopened and is a steady producer; the Manhattan also is steadily operated and producing.

San Benito County. — The New Idria mine has entered upon a new era of prosperity, producing about 160 tons per day and having a great quantity of ore available. In the Cerro Benito mine some work has been done to reopen the jold workings, and the old furnace has been rebuilt. In the Picacho mine development work has been

iC

Quicksilver. 253

San Luis Obitpo County, — Considerable activity is shown in this county. The Karl mine is a steady producer, and the Oceanic, where the new Scott furnace has been recently put into operation, promises to become the same. Furthermore, development work has been actively pushed on a large number of smaller properties, as, for example, the Alice, Modoc, Libertad, Madrone, and Pine Mountain mines, while others have changed hands and been purchased or bonded by parties who intend active operation. The Stayton mine is being reopened by its former owners.

Sanla Clara County. — The New Almaden mine continues to be a large producer, and the Guadalupe mine is producing quicksilver from the works near the surface and seriously endeavoring to unwater the mine. At the Santa Teresa mine a new Scott furnace is in course of erection. The Summit mine, on the line of Santa Clara and Stanislaus counties, has recently passed into the hands of a corporation formed by the previous owners, which is also starting the erection of a Scott furnace.

Sonoma County. — A number of old mines were reopened during 1902 in the Pine Flat district. The Crown Point is reopening the old Sonoma mine; the Pacific Company has done sufficient work on the property adjoining that of the Crystal Company to justify the erection of a furnace, which will be installed during 1903. The Cloverdale is steadily operating its 7-ton furnace; the Culver Bear will begin to treat ore in its new modified Livermore furnace; the Great Western, near Guerneville, still continues to be a regular producer, and the Socrates has been producing during the last four or five months.

Trinity County. — The Altoona property is again producing quicksilver from the surface works and dumps; the Boston and Integral Companies and several minor concerns are steadily engaged in development work.

FremOf KingSj and Monterey counties. — Progress of more or less merit is being made on a number of prospects in these counties.

Under ordinary circumstances quicksilver can be produced in California at a cost of $3 per ton of ore mined and smelted, which makes it possible to work profitably ores averaging from 0.3 to 0.6 per cent of quicksilver, and occasionally ores of lower grade. The cost of producing quicksilver from the average mine in California equipped with a modern furnace plant is stated to exceed $35 per flask, not including interest on capital invested and the cost of development work. Despite the fact that the greater well-known quicksilver mines are in a measure exhau ted, it is practically assured that the future production of quicksilver in the State will occupy a prominent position of economic importance for many years to come. It is not probable that other mines equal in extent to the New Almaden or the New Idria will be discovered, yet, on the other hand, there are numerous smaller mines throughout the State, many of which contribute an output of from 20 to 300 flasks a month. Ten years ago it was the general belief that the New Idria, iEtna, Oat Hill, New Almaden, and other prominent mines were practically exhausted, a pessimistic view which has been disproved, as the production from these properties still continues to be an important factor in the total output of metals in the State.

California has produced nearly the entire output of quicksilver in the United States, and the subjoined table has been compiled to show the total product in that State from 1850 to 1902, inclusive. In the period of fifty-three years covered by this table the grand total of

Mineral Besoubces.

production has amounted to 1,913,031 flasks of 76i pounds net, which makes an average of 36,095 flasks per year. Of this quantity, one mine alone, the New Almaden, in Santa Clara County, has produced more than 50 per cent. The greatest activity in quicksilver mining in California was from 1875 to 1882, when an average of 64,000 flasks a year was produced. Since 1883 the production has approximated 30,000 flasks a year.

Total prodtidion of quicksilver in California 1860-190. [Flasks of 764 pounds net.]

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

' 1877

18W

a33,825

a Includes 65 flasks from Oron.

The production of quicksilver in California, by counties, for 1901 and 1902 is given in the subjoined table, permission to publish the production by individual mines having been withheld:

Production of quicksilver in California, by counties, during 1901 and 1902. [Flasks of 761 pounds net.]

County.

Quantity. Value. .Quantity. Value.

Colusa

Lake

Napa

San Benito

San Luis Obispo .

Santa Clara

Solano

Sonoma

Trinity

Total

f 10, 575 211,324 388,176 242,300 41,513 236,608

Quicksilver. 255

Oregon.

There was no production of quicksilver in Oregon during 1902, as compared with 75 flasks in the preceding year. Prospecting has been quite active and considerable development work has been accomplished at several properties. The smelting furnace of the Blackbutte Quicksilver Mining Company, at Blackbutte, Lane County, which furnished the output during 1901, was not operated during 1902 owing to delay in rebuilding the condensing plant.

Texas.

The production of quicksilver in Texas during 1902 was 5,319 flasks, valued at 1239,350, as compared with 2,932 flasks, valued at $132,438, in 1901, which shows a very active development of the industry in this State; the entire output for both jears was made by the Marfa and Mariposa Mining Company, operating at Terlingua, Brewster County. The total quantity of quicksilver produced since the inception of the industry in 1900 aggregates 9,001 flasks. According to Mr. B. F. Hill, in Bulletin No. 4 of the University of Texas Mineral Survey, cinnabar occurs in the Terlingua mines either in hard and durable limestones or in soft and friable argillaceous beds. In the Excelsior claims the quicksilver occurs mainly as cinnabar, but small quantities of native mercury, calomel, and terlinguaite (a new mineral species consisting of mercury oxychloride), are also found. A 10-ton Scott furnace to treat these ores was erected in August, 1900, by Messrs. Norman, Sharpe, and Golby (who formed the Marfa and Mariposa Company in February, 1901), and a second 10-ton furnace was installed early in 1902. The Terlingua Mining Company built a 40-ton Scott furnace in 1902, which, however, was closed down shortly after it was completed. The Colquit Mining Company is building a 10-ton Scott furnace to treat the ore from the Excelsior mines, which occurs in the veins from 8 inches to 3 feet in width and in occasional pockets. The operations of this company have been limited mainly to the surface. The present treatment of the ore consists in hand sorting, crushing to lumps of from 1 to 2 inches in size, and conveying by belts to the ore bins above the level of the top of the furnace. The crushed ore is charged into the furnace through hoppers. The greater part of the ore is oxidized or treated with lime in a Scott continuous furnace, a small quantity only being distilled directly in retorts.

Prices.

There was no very great variation in the average prices of quicksilver at San Francisco during 1902, the range being given by months in the table following based upon sales of 29,500 flasks during the year for both home and foreign consumption.

Average price of quichnlrer, per flask, cU San Francisco during 1901 and 190g, by months.

Price.

January $47. 25

February ; 47.00

March ' 46.75

April 46.26

May 46.76

June ' 47.60

July I 48.00

Price, j $46.80 46.00 '

August

September .

October

November . December..

Average.

Price.

Price.

The lower avemges during 1902, shown in this table, indicate the periods of largest sales for export; the higher averages indicate periods of sales for domestic consumption.

The average monthly price of quicksilver, per flask, at New York

during 1902 was $48.37 for January and $48 for the remainder of the

vear.

Imports.

Compared with the total production of quicksilver in the United States the quantity imported during the last ten years has been inconsiderable, as would naturally result from the fact that during this time about one-half of the domestic product has been exported. During the last five years the quantity of quicksilver imported has been merely nominal.

The following table shows the quantit}* and value of the imports of quicksilver from 1867 to 1902, inclusive:

Quicksilver imported and entered for consumption in the United State.% 1867-190S.

Year ending-

Quantity.

Value.

Year ending-

Quantity.

Value.

June 30—

Pounds.

December 31— ! 1886

Pounds.

8a5

niniti/Rd

a Not stated.

Quicksilver. Exports.

Many causes are operative in affecting prices at which quicksilver is sold, the two most important factors being quantity and whether the sale is for home consumption or for export. Quicksilver sold in this country for export must compete in all foreign markets with the European product, and hence brings the lowest prices. These prices, too, are varied by rates for transportation from the various entYy ports of consumption in competition with the European product. Higher prices, for instance, are obtained at western coast ports of Mexico than at interior points of consumption adjacent to railroads.

The following table gives the exports of quicksilver from San Francisco only during the year 1902, amounting to 8,913 flasks, valued at $383,578:

Exports of quicksilver from San Francisco during by countries. [Flasks of 76| pounds.]

Country.

Quantity.

Value.

S186, 750

Mexico

Alaska

Colombia

Salvador

Total

As stated above, during the last ten years nearly one-half of the total product of quicksilver in the United States has been, exported. Since 1880, when the records of the exports of quicksilver were first kept, the exports have greatly exceeded the imports, except during the years 1886 and 1890. In the following table the quantity and value of quicksilver exported from the United States are given, the quantities being expressed in flasks of 76 pounds net. Previous to 1901 nearly all the quicksilver exported was shipped from San Francisco, but during that year only 6,479 flasks of the total of 11,219 flasks exported were shipped from that port, practically the entire export being consigned to Mexico and Central America.

M R 1902 17

Mineral Resources.

Ej-ports of quicksilver from the IJniied Slateti, 1880-1902. [Flasks of 76} pounds net]

Year.

Quantity.' Value.

Year. Qnautitv.

Value.

f 133. 626

18W

WORIiD'S PRODUCTION AND VAIilTK.

The following table gives the production, in metric tons, and the value of quicksilver in various countries in the years 1899, 1900, and 1901:

Worlds 8 production and value of quicksilver tn 1899 1900 and 190

Country.

Quantity. Value. ;iuantity.l Value. [Quantity. Value.

United States .

Austria

Italy

Russia

1,057 I 91,462,746 536 I 492,021 205 i 246,000 862 321.814

Spain ' 1,361 I 1,481,229,

Total.

8,521 I 3.998,809 3,152 , -3,577,444

a Mexico exported 324 tons of quicksilver in 1899, 335 tons in 1900, and 886 tons in 1901. b Statistics not yet available.

Ic

Jlithium.

By Joseph Hyde Pratt.

Sources And Occurrbncb.

The two minerals that are mined as a source of lithium salts are lepidolite and spodumene. There is, however, another mineral, amblygonite, mentioned in the report for 1901, that will shortly be used for the same purpose. "

The deposits of lepidolite at Pala, San Diego County, Cal., continue to be the largest producers of lithium minerals in the United States. The nearest railroad points are Temecula, on the narrow-gage railroad, and Oceanside, on the Santa Fe Railroad, which are 12 miles and 22 miles, respectively, from Pala. The development work that has been done on the claims in the vicinity of the old Stewart claim, which at the present time is the chief producer of lepidolite, has shown the occurrence of this mineral, either as float pieces or in place, for a distance of over a mile.

One of the interesting results of this development work, as was stated in this report for 1901, has been the discovery of large deposits of amblygonite, a lithium phosphate. This mineral has proved to be nearly as continuous as the lepidolite, and was first discovered during the work on the Stewart claim. The lepidolite gave place to a whitish mineral, and it was at first supposed that the lithium minerals had been worked out in the direction that the mining was being carried on; but, upon testing this white mineral, it was found to contain a higher percentage of lithia than the lepidolite. A subsequent analysis identified the mineral as amblygonite.

Minebal Be8Oub0Es.

Analyses of amblygonite and lepidolite from Pala, made by Rudolph L. Seldner, of Brooklyn, N. Y., are given below:

Analyses of amblygonite and lepidolite from Pala, San Diego County, Cal,, 190£,

Constitaent.

Amblygonite.

Lepidolite.

Silica

Phosphorus pentoxide

Alumina

Iron oxide

Lime

Potash

Soda

Undetermined f chiefly manganese) .

Percent. Trace.

Percent,

Trace.

a Small amount.

The discovery of this large occurrence of amblygonite opens a new source of lithium salts, for the production of which it is to be utilized.

The width of the vein or dike carrying these minerals is about 30 f eet and it has been opened by means of tunnels and cuts. It is very probable that the deposits can be best worked by quarryitig.

Recently most of the claims known to contain lithium minerals have been brought under the control of the American Lithia and Chemical Company, of which Mr. William H. Crane, of New York, is president. Others who own claims in this vicinity upon which lithium minerals have been found arje Mr. Ed. Fletcher, of San Diego, Cal., and Messrs. Gay and Blakely, of Redlands, Cal.

The only locality where spodumene was mined during 1902 is at the Etta mine, in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Other mines in this vicinity that are known to contain spodumene in some quantity are the Sunday, the Golden Star, the Traction, and the Bob Ingersoll. It has also been found in some quantity at Branchville, Fairfield County, Conn.

Lithium is used almost exclusively in the form of the carbonate in the preparation of mineral waters for medicinal purposes and in the manufacture of effervescing lithia tablets. It has been estimated that 66,000 pounds will represent the annual consumption of lithium salts in the United States. To produce this amount, considering it all as carbonate (LigCO,), would require 371 tons of mineral containing at least 3 per cent of lithia (LijO). It will be seen from the above there is but a small proportion of the lithia minrybj

required to supply the home consumption of the lithium salts, and that the larger market will be found abroad. If the price of lithium carbonate can be reduced sufficiently, there should be a large demand for it, or for lithium nitrate, to be used in pyrotechnics for red fire.

Production.

The amount of lithium minerals produced in the United States during 1902, as reported to the Geological Survey, was 1,245 tons, valued at $25,750 at the railroad. This is a decrease of 505 tons in quantity, and of $17,450 in value, as compared with 'the production of 1901, which was 1,750 tons, valued at $43,200. The value of the lithium minerals varies with the percentage of lithia and the character of the mineral. As far as can be ascertained, the greater part of the lithium minerals mined during 1902 has not been shipped. Although the price of these minerals was lower in 1902 than in 1901 for the same grade of mineral, there was apparently no increase in the home demand. There is, however, an increase in the demand for these minerals from foreign chemical manufacturers. The American Lithia and Chemical Company, which has recently been organized, expects to erect a plant on the Pacific coast for the manufacture of lithium salts and other chemical compounds. As this company will also be a producer, there should be an increase in the home consumption of these minerals.

Imports.

Over a third of the lithium salts used in the United States are imported, and in 1902 the imports amounted to 21,216 pounds, valued at $22,951, or a little over $1 per pound. This importation included 5,530 pounds of lithium carbonate, valued at $8,088, and 15,686 pounds of other lithium salts, valued at $14,913.

Ic

Nickel And Cobalt.

By Joseph Hyde Pratt

Introduction.

The two metals, nickel and cobalt, are treated together for the reason that nearly all the ores that contain one of these metals contain also a small percentage of the other. Furthermore, in the reduction of the ores of these metals both the nickel and cobalt go into the matte which is afterwards refined. The Canadian nickel ores, which furnish most of the nickel used in this country, are smelted at the mines, but the resulting matte is for the most part shipped to the United States and England for refining, the greater part being sent to this country.

There has been a slight increa?e in the demand for .cobalt and at a slight advance in price, but the demand for salts of this metal is still limited, and there could readily be an overproduction. The demand for nickel still remains firm, and with the increased uses for it there should be a still further demand.

Occurrence.

In addition to the nickel and cobalt occurrences described in the report for 1901 there is an occurrence in Idaho that has attracted considerable attention on the Pacific coast. The deposits are on Meadow Creek, Blackbird district, Lemhi County, but on account of their distance from railroad transportation they are being but little developed. The minerals are in the form of sulphides, but it is not definitely known as yet what values in nickel and cobalt the ores will carry. Dr. A. H. Franklin, president of the Blackbird Mining Company, writes that in one of their properties they encountered a streak of ore on the foot wall 2 feet wide, which assayed 20 per cent of cobalt, no statement being made regarding the nickel contents.

Mr. William Beddig, of Nampa, Idaho, who has been prospecting in the nickel fields of Oregon, has located what he considers promising deposits, and during 1902 he took out about 6 tons of ore, which were shipped for experimental pui-poses.

The North Carolina nickel deposits near Webster, Jackson County, have been worked during the last year, and several carloads of ore were shipped for experimental purposes. As described in the last report, this nickel ore occurs in a peridotite rock in the form of the mineral genthite or gamierite, a variety of genthite. Good results are claimed from the development work thus far done. The mineral itself carries a good percentage of nickel, but it is not yet known what the ore will carry. It does not occur in defined veins, but as thin seams, filling the crevices and cracks in the rocks from which it has been leached.

It is rumored that the Gkip nickel mine, in Lancaster County, Pa., which formerly produced a considerable amount of nickel ore, will be reopened and explored for nickel-ore bodies that are still believed to exist in it. Since the shutting down of this mine there has been little or no nickel or cobalt produced in the United States, except from Mine La Motte, in Missouri, which is an important lead mine.

Practically no work was done in 1902 on the deposits of nickel and cobalt in Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Nevada, and Arizona, beyond the necessary assessment work. In most cases the deposits are too remote from railroad transportation to make them available at the present time.

At the Mohawk mine, in the Lake Superior copper district, Michigan, an arsenide of copper, nickel, and cobalt has been found in some quantity, and it is said to have been treated successfully by the company at their smelter at Hackensack Meadows, N. J.

Nearly all the nickel used in the United States is obtained from the large mines in the Sudbury district, Canada, and from the mines of New Caledonia, an island belonging to France, in the Pacific Ocean, off the east coast of Australia.

Uses.

New uses are continually being devised for nickel, and in addition to those enumerated in the report for 1901 should be added the growing demand for nickel-steel rails. These have been tried for a number of years at Cumberland Gap and have given the best satisfaction. The initial cost of rails of this character is considerably more, but it is claimed that they will outlast three ordinary rails. Another use that is being favorably considered is the manufacture of a nickel-steel wire rope. It would be less corrosive and have more tensile strength than the ordinary steel wire ropes used at present.

The use of nickel in the manufacture of dies and shoes in stamp mills should also receive favorable consideration. Mr. R. S. Tappenden, in The Iron Age, July 17, 1902, states that the fact that a fracture in nickel steel is not nearly so liable to increase in size as in common

a Western Min. World, Oct. 25, 1902. jigitized by Vj UV IC

Niokejl And Cobalt. 265

steel will tend to increase its use to a much larger extent in our merchant marine. .The Nickel Steel and Forge Company, of Philadelphia,* is erecting a plant in Carnegie, Pa., for the manufacture of a nickel steel that will contain a sufficient amount of nickel to make the alloy noncorrosive.

There is described in a British patent issued to Herr Kugel, of Berlin, a method of so depositing nickel electrolytically in layers of such thickness that the product is equivalent to rolled nickel in respect to its toughness, durability, and ductility.* The nickel solution is acidified with a mineral acid which is unalterable by the electric current, and it is prevented from spoiling the bath and causing the deposit to flake off by keeping the electrolyte at a temperature of over 30° C. A homogeneous noncrystalline metal is said to be deposited and may be put down in sheets of any required thickness.

An interesting article has recently appeared in the Electrochemical Industry on the "History and present development of electrolytic nickel refining," by Titus Ulke. A number of the different refining plants and their methods are described. He also discusses the proposed copper and nickel refining at Sault Ste. Marie by the Consolidated Lake Superior Company. In conclusion Mr. Ulke says:

In the processes for the electro-deposition of nickel with insoluble anodes no very recent progress has been shown. When the metal is re-covered on a large scale by the aid of soluble anodes the electrolyte is kept constantly at a predetermined degree of saturation and at the point of neutrality, on which condition largely depends the nature of the deposit and the commercial success of the process. When insoluble anodes are used in refining nickel, however, an equivalent of free acid is left in the electrolyte for every equivalent of metal deposited, and in consequence the nickel deposit is apt to deteriorate, the chemical and electrical conditions of the bath are changed, polarization ensues, and the resistance of the electrolyte increases. This, of course, means that the voltage and power required must be increased proportionately, and the cost of refining with insoluble anodes may thus become next to prohibitory, as compared with a similar process using soluble anodes. These and other difficulties have been the chief reasons why our electro-chemists, instead of making pure metallic nickel by electro-deposition, have preferred to work the nickel solutions into marketable sulphates, double sulphates, and chlorides, which have had a ready sale until recently, but which now seem likely to become a drug on the market, just as copper sulphate was before the adoption of electrolytic refining method&

Production.

Beyond the few carloads of nickel ore shipped from North Carolina, and the small amount from Oregon for experimental purposes, the only nickel and cobalt ores produced in the United States during 1902 were as by-products from ores obtained from Mine La Motte, Missouri. The 20 tons of matte containing these metals, which were refined at the works of the Mine La Motte Lead and Smelting Com-

a Am. Mfg., July 24, 1902. e Electrochemical Induatry, Vol. 1, Feb., 1903.

Mineral Besoubges.

pany, yielded 5,748 pounds of metallic nickel and 3,730 pounds of cobalt oxide. This is a decrease of 952 pounds in the production of nickel and of 9,630 pounds of cobalt oxide, as compared with 6,700 pounds of nickel and with 13,360 pounds of cobalt oxijle produced in

In the table following are shown the production and value of nickel obtained from domestic ores from 1887 to 1902, inclusive:

Production ofnickdfrom domestic ores in the United States, 1887-190$,

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds.

Pounds. 17,170 23,707 11,145 22,541 9,715 6,700 5,748

In the table following is given the production of cobalt oxide in the United States from domestic ores from 1869 to 1902, inclusive:

Production of cobalt oxide in the United States, 1869-190S. [Pound.s.]

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

Year.

Quantity.

a 18, 840 8,491

a Including cobalt oxide in ore and matte.

Nickel And Cobalt.

Canadian Production.

As most of the nickel vmed in the United States is obtained from Canada, a table is given below showing the amount' of nickel ore mined and smelted in Canada and the amount of matte obtained from it for the years 1896 to 1902, inclusive:.

Productimi of nickel in Canada, 1896-190£,<

Year.

I Ore pro- I duced.

Lo/ngiOfM,

Ore smelted.

Long torn. 73,505 121,924 171,280 211,960 270,380 288,338

Matte obtained.

Longtons. 9,733 14,034 21,101 23,448 46,184 24,691

Nickel In matte.

Pounds, 8,897,000 8,996,000 6,567,000 5,744,000 7,060,000 8,882,000

a Ab reported by the director of the bureau of mines, Ontario, Canada.

The final quantity of matte obtained and shipped for refinement in 1902 amounted to 24,691 long tons, this being but little more than one-half the amount of matte shipped in 1901, which was 46,134 tons. The nickel content of the matte shipped in 1902, however, was nearly 2,000,000 pounds greater than that shipped in 1901, the increase being due to the fact that a considerable proportion of the ordinary matte was re-treated and converted into a much higher grade of matte. There was also a certain amount of bessermerized matte produced by one of the plants, which does not make any low-grade matte. The total amount of this higher grade matte was 13,832 tons. This increase of 1,811,410 pounds in the production of nickel in 1902 illustrates the large growth in the nickel industry and the constantly increasing demand for the metal.

The Canadian Copper Company, of the International Nickel Company, is entirely remodeling its plant at Copper Cliflf, Ontario, Canada, at a cost of about $500,000. When finished, it will be the most complete and best equipped plant of its kind in the world. It will produce a high-grade matte, which will be refined in the United States.

Minebal Be80Ubge8.

Imports.

In the tables below are given the quantity and value of cobalt oxide and nickel imported into the United States since 1868, the larger part of the nickel being obtained from the Canadian mines:

CobaU oxide imported and entered for consumption in the United Slaieg, 1868-1902.

Year ending-

Oxide.

Year ending-

Oxide.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

June 30-

Pounds.

December 31—

Pounds. 19,866 26,882 27,446 41,455 33,338 23,643 32,833 24,020 36,155 27,180 24,771 83,731 46,791 54,073 71,969

Nickel imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1868-1902.

Year ending-

Nickel.

Nickel oxide, alloy of nickel with copper, and nickel matte.

Total Talue.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

June 80—

Pounds,

Pounds.

a 194, 711

5,978 7,48& 10,496 38,276 17,933 22,906 19,015

a Including metallic nickel.

Ic

Nickel And Oobalt.

Ifickd imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1868-1909— ContiDued,

Year ending-

Nickel.

Nickel oxide, alloy of nickel with copper, and nickel matte.

Total Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

December 31—

Pounds,

Pounds.

ni7,864,887

i33,942,710

S141.546

n, 849, 620

i 1,437. 649

a 1141, 546

tf 138, 290

d 156, 331

a Including $465 worth of manufactured nickel.

Mncluding 9879 worth of manufactured nickel.

Including $2,281 worth of manufactured nickel.

Including $131 worth of manufactured nickel.

eClasslfled as nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the element or material of chief value.

/Classified as nickel and nickel matte.

9 Includes all nickel imports except manufactures; nearly all of this is nickel in matte from Canada containing about 20 per cent nickel.

*Ore and matte; in addition 455,188 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, etc., were imported, valued at $139,786.

Including $209,966, the value of imports of 635,697 pounds of nickel, nickel oxide, alloy, etc., and $2,498, the value of Imported manufactures of nickel, not specially provided for.

/Besides nickel ore and nickel matte, these figures include 752,630 pounds, valued at $251,149, of nickel, nickel oxide, and alloys in which nickel is the chief constituent of value; and $30,128, the value of manufactures of nickel not specially provided for.

Although the importation of nickel in various forms in 1902 was over 83,000,000 pounds less than in 1901, the decrease in value of the imports was only $411,971. This decrease in quantit}' can readily be accounted for by the higher grade of matte shipped from the smelters and by the importation of a smaller amount of ore. This will also account for the proportionally small decrease in values.

Exports.

These figures do not mean that there was a smaller amount of nickel used in this country in 1902 than in 1901, for it must be taken into consideration that of the matte and ore imported a considerable amount is exported after refining. The amount and value of the nickel exported from the United States since 1894 are given in the following

-

Exports of nickel oxide and matte from the United States, 1894-1902,

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds. 1,235,588 1,061,285 2,766,604 4,255,566 5,657,620

Pounds. 5,004,877 5,869,906 5.869.655 3,228,607

a Last six months; not separately claasifled prior to July 1, 1894.

As is seen from this table, the exports were 2,641,048 pounds less in* quantity in 1902 than in 1901 and $696,712 less in value, which shows that there was proportionally a larger amount of nickel consuiiied in this country in 1902 than in 1901.

The International Nickel Company, which controls the refining of nickel matte in this country, also owns or controls some of the more important nickel deposits in Canada and New Caledonia, but does all its refining at the present time in this country.

Foreign Production.

There is given in the following table the production of nickel in Canada, France, and Germany from 1889 to 1901. The French production is from the New Caledonia mines, and the German from the New Caledonia and the Norwegian mines. In comparing this table with that of the nickel imported into the United States it must be borne in mind that the quantity given in the table of imports represents nickel matte, ore, etc., and not the metallic nickel as is given in the table below.

Production of nickel in Canada, France, and Germany, 1889-1902,

Year.

Canada.

Quantity. Value,

Pounds. 830,477 1,485,742 4,626,627 2,413,717 3,992,982 4,907,430 8,888.525 3,397,113 3,997.746 5,517,690 5,744,000 7,080,000 8,882,000 10.698.410

France.

Quantity. Value.

Metric tons.

Germany.

Quantity.

Metric totis.

Value.

uogle

Antimony.

By Joseph Struthers.

The process of smelting antimony ores and refining the metallic product is very difficult, and few metallurgists know the complete details of modem practice. Successful smelting, therefore, can be accomplished only under special conditions. This fact, together with the large production of the metal in foreign countries, the removal of the duty, in April, 1902, on ciiide antimony (which is partly refined antimony sulphide), and cheap ocean freight rates, precludes the profitable treatment of domestic antimony ores in the United States. The control of the production and trade in antimony continues to remain in the hands of Mathison & Co. , of London, which firm operates the smelting plant at Chelsea, Staten Island, New York., and the works of the affiliated concern, the Chapman Smelting Company, of San Francisco, Cal.

The sources of supply of antimony for consmnption in the United States are four in number, here given in the order of their importance:

1. Hard lead, derived from the smelting of foreign and domestic ores.

2. Regulus or metal imported into the United States.

3. Antimony ores imported into the United States.

4. Antimony ores from domestic sources.

The quantity of hard or antimonial lead produced in the smelting of foreign and domestic lead ores in 1902, was 20,970,000 pounds, containing approximately 6,808,000 pounds of metallic antimony, as compared with 17,878,000 pounds, containing approximately 4,469,600 pounds of antimony, during 1901. Hard lead is used for the manufacture of various alloys and is obviously an important source of the antimony consumption in the United States.

During 1902 the net imports of foreign antimony, as regulus oi refined metal, amounted to 5,388,739 pounds, valued at 1333,601, as compared with 3,640,505 pounds, valued at $254,529, for the year 1901.

The antimony content of all ores imported varies from 35 to 65 per cent, and for all practical purposes the average antimony content may be taken at 52.5 per centi Assuming a smelting extraction of 42 per cent, the quantity of antimony derivable from the net importation of foreign ores during 1902 was 1,314,000 pounds, as compared with 706,566 pounds in 1901.

The quantity of antimony metal derived from domestic ores during 1902 was nil, as compared with 100,000 pounds during 1901. The production of metal from domestic ores has always played a very unimportant part in the quantity of antimony needed to supply the consumption in the United States.

The aggregate quantity of antimony from the above-mentioned sources available as metal or as alloy in the United States during 1902 amounted to 12,510,739 pounds, as compared with 8,916,671 pounds, during 1901.

Antimony is used chiefly for making alloys with lead, tin, zinc, and other metals. The addition of antimony to lead increases its hardness up to twelvefold, and the addition of a small quantity (0.5 to 2 per cent) of bismuth to the lead-antimony alloy (type metal) causes it to expand at the moment of solidification, thus yielding a casting with clean, sharp faces, which is of special value in the manufacture of type. The most important alloys of antimony are: Type metal, composed of lead and antimony, with or without the addition of tin and bismuth; hard lead, produced in refining antimonial lead, containing genei-ally about 25 per cent antimony; britannia metal and pewter, used extensively for tableware, the former being an alloy of tin with from 10 to 16 per cent antimony and 3 per cent copper, and the latter an alloy of tin with a smaller content of antimony; antifriction metal, also called white metal and babbitt metal, which consists of antimony and tin, with the addition of small quantities of lead, copper, zinc, bismuth, and nickel.

The principal salts of antimony are tartar emetic, an antimonypotassium tartrate, used in medicine, and in dyeing as a mordant for vegetable fiber; antimony cinnabar, a fiery red colored pigment used in oil painting, consisting of antimony trisulphide with a small amount of antimony trioxide; and antimony pentasulphide, used as a red pigment for vulcanizing rubber.

The only antimony ore of commercial importance in the United States is stibnite, antimony trisulphide (SbjS,). Although many deposits of the mineral occur in the Western States, the production of metal from domestic ore has never reached an important position, the largest quantity produced in one year being but 295 short tons in 1895 in an estimated total production of 4,000 tons of metal from all

Antimony.

sources. Since 1895 the production of antimony from domestic ores has declined until there was practically none so produced in 1902, as compared with 60 short tons in 1901.

The annual production of antimony in the United States from 1880 to 1902, inclusive, is shown in the following table:

Pwductwn of metallic antimony from domestic and foreign ores and that contained in hard lead in the United States, 1880-190.

Year.

Contained In haid lead.a

Produced from foreign and domestic ores.

Total.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

ore 880

O460

O601

d408

d657

Short tons.

a Estimated at 25 per cent of the total quantity of hard lead produced from both foreign and domestic ores, except for the year 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken. b No statistics available. 0 Principally from imported ores. d Exclusive of foreign ores Imported and reexported.

Imports.

The subjoined table gives the aggregate quantity and value of antimony ore (including crude antimony) and metallic antimony (regulus) imported into the United States from 1867 to 1902, as reported by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department. An inspection of the table shows that the quantity of ore imported has increased from 116,496 pounds in 1893 to the maximum quantity of 6,089,134 pounds in 1900, a year in which there was a marked over-importation of both ore and metal. In 1901 the importation of antimony ore was 1,731,956 pounds, valued at $,266, of which quantity 49,656 pounds, valued at $1,536, were exported, leaving a net import of 1,682,301 pounds, M R 1902 18

Mineral Resources.

valued at $22,720. In 1902 the importation of antimony ore was 3,337,600 pounds, valued at $67,760, of which 208,531 pounds, valued at $4,602, were exported, leaving a net import of 3,129,069 pounds, valued at $62,968.

The imports of antimony as regulus or metal in 1902 were 5,425,923 pounds, valued at $336,311, of which 37,184 pounds, valued at $2,710, were exported, the remaining net import for 1902 being 5,388,739 pounds, valued at $333,601, as compared with 3,640,505 pounds of impoii;ed regulus or metal, valued at $254,529, in 1901.

Anlimony and antimony ore imported and entered for consumption in the IMUed States,

Year ending—

Metal and regulufi.

Quantity. Value.

Crude antimony and ore.

Quantity. Value.

Total value.

June 30, 1867., 1878.,

Dec. 31,1886.

Pounds.

Pounds.

M, 682, 301

a 18, 806

129,918 164,179 240,567 187,439 148,612 131,969 120,141 187,631 132,209 145,440 268,122 271,268 812,258 298,146 156,924 214,712 212,824 178,582 260,198 810,279 441,838 863,639 400,099 248,594 212,798 288,686 180,877 198,770 196,927 289,112 '868,806 278,066 896,669

a Includes 8737, value of ground antimony for which no quantity was given.

Antimony.

The large increase in the quantities of antimony regains and ore imported and exported during 1902 has been due to a peculiar condition of the freight rates from China, which, strangely enough, were about 10 shillings per ton from China to New York and 30 shillings from China to England. The freight rate from New York to England being about 10 shillings per ton, shipments were made first to New York, whence the metal was transshipped to England, and thus practically one-third of the cost of direct transportation was saved.

Consumption.

The consumption of antimony in the United States from 1880 to 1902 is given in the subjoined table, the imported ore being estimated to contain an average of 52 per cent antimony, and to yield 42 per cent of refined metal by smelting operations. Crude antimony, which is refined or concentrated ore and not metal, is included in the quantity of ore imported. Antimony regulus is taken as equivalent to the metal. The antimony contained in hard lead is calculated at 25 per cent, except for 1902, when an average of 27 per cent was taken.

Estimaied conmmpHan of antimony in the United SUxtes, 1SS0-19M,

Year.

im,

Contained

in hard

lead.

Sfiortions.

Short Uma.

Nil.

From imported ores and crude antimony.

Short Uma.

Imported metal or regulus.

Short tons, 1,010

Total.

Short tont.

al,oe7

a 1,615

al,775

ol,011

al,807

al,602

al,447

al,526

al,401

al,047

al,627

a2,200

a Not including antimony contained in hard lead, for which statistics are not ayailaUe. 5 Separation estimated. All antimony smelted, whether from domestic or foreign ores, was reported as of domestic production.

The decrease in the total quantity of antimony estimated to have been consumed in the United States in 1901, as compared with 1900,

Mineral Bb8Oub0B8.

was due to the very large overimportation of antimony ore and, to a less extent, of antimony regains in 1900. The above table shows the constantly increasing quantity of antimony obtained from foreign ores from 1898 to 1900, inclusive, which has been due mainly to the cheap ocean freight rates from foreign countries where the ores are mined and partly refined at a low cost.

The following table, showing the output and value of antimony metal of the world in 1901, has. been compiled from the official governmental reports of the respective countries:

WorlcPs production of antimony metal in 1901.

Country.

United Statesa .

Austria

France

Germanyo

Hungary

Quantity.

Short ions.

Value.

Country.

Italy.. Servia.

Quantity.

Short tofu. 1,896

Value.

a Does not include the antimony contained in hard lead. b Includes product of Algeria.

Prices,

o Includes manganese.

d Crude antimony and regulus.

From 1893 to July, 1897, there was a steady decline in the price of antimony, which dropped from 16 cents per pound for Cookson's brand to 7 cents. Beginning with August, 1897, the price began to advance, and in May, 1899, it reached 12 cents per pound, and then remained nearly constant throughout the rest of the year. During 1902 there was a slight falling off in price, and the year closed with Cookson's at lOi cents per pound. The tables below show, by months and years, the ruling prices of the several brands of antimony, as reported to The Iron Age and The Engineering and Mining Journal, from 1894 to 1902, inclusive:

Prices of antimony at New York, 189jhl90X, by months. [Cents per pound.]

Month.

Cookson's.

Hallen*8.

Cookson's.

Hallett's.

Japanese.

Cookson's.

Hallett's.

Japanese.

January . . .

lot

lOi

8t 7t 7f 7f

9t

8J 8t

84 to 81 8ito8* 8 to8i 71 to 71

;ito7i 7ito7i 7ito7i 7 to7J

7 to7i 7tto7J

7 to7t

61to7

8t

8 to8i

7ito7f

7tto7f

7ito7i

7ito7i

February..

March

April

May

June

July

August September. October November. December .

6J

6;to7 6tto7

ANTIMOlfY. Prices of antimony at lew York, 1894190, by months — Continued.

m

Month.

Cookson's.

Hallett'8.

Japanese.

CJookson's.

Hallett'B.

Japcmese.

Cooksou's.

Hallett's.

United States.

January...; to February.. to

61 to 61 to 7 to7* 7 to7* 6*to7 6Jto7* 71 to to 71

to 61 6*to7 7 to7* 61 to to 61 6*to7 7 to7* 7 to7* 7 to7* 7 to7*

8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8* 8*to9 to 91 91 to 91 91 to 91

8tto8*

8fto9

8f to9

10 tolOl 10* to 101 11* to 12 11* to 12 11* to 12 11* 11* 11* 11* 11* 11* to 11* 11* to 11*

9*to 91

to 10*

to 91

March to

April ' to

May

June

July

August

September. October November . December .

to 71 7 to7f

7 to8*

8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8*

Month.

Cookson's.

Hallett's.

Cookson's.

Hallett's.

Others.

Cookson's.

Hallett's.

Others.

January... February..

March

April

May

June

10* to 11 10* to 11 10* to 11 10* to 11 10* 10* 10* 10* 10*

9ftol0

to 91

10* to 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 10*

8*to8f

8*to8f

8tto8*

to 81

8*to9 to 81

to 91

9 to 9f

9 to

9 to

8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8*

8 to8* to 71 7*to7f

7f to8

July

August September. October November. December.

8 to8* 8 to8* 8 to8*

to 71

By Joseph Sibuthsbs.

Production.

The production of arsenious oxide (white arsenic) in the United States during 1902 was 1,353 short tons, as compared with 300 short tons in 1901. The entire product was made by the Puget Sound Reduction Company, at Everett, Wash., which began the manufacture of this important substance in 1901. The largely increased output in 1902 is a very favorable sign of the success of the new industry.

Arsenic occurs widely distributed in nature, but only in a few localities is it in sufficient quantity to be of commercial value. The most frequent combination is with iron and sulphur, forming the mineral arsenopyrite commonly called "mispickel." With sulphur alone it occurs as realgar (AsSg) and orpiment (AsjjS,), and at Nagy Ag, in Transylvania, Hungary, it is found in the metallic condition. Arsenical ores occur widespread in the United States, especially in the West, and the manufacture of arsenic and its compounds from domestic ores should be developed to supplant the large quantities that are imported from Europe and Canada.

Previous to 1899 the supply of arsenic and its compounds was derived almost entirely from the mines in Cornwall and Devon, England, and near Fi'eiberg, Germany; but the closing of the Devon Great Consols mine, near Tavistock, in 1901, called for an increased or new supply from other localities.

In 1900 Canada contributed a small quantity, which has since been largely increased; and in 1901 the United States became a producer on a small scale, and more than quadrupled its output in 1902.

Although arsenical pyrites (mispickel FeSg+FeAs) has been reported in many localities in Ontario, the entire production of arsenic in Canada during 1901 and 1902 was obtained from the arsenical gold ores of the Deloro mine in Hastings County, which is owned and operated by the Canadian Gold Fields, Limited, a London corporation.

In addition to the gold, which assays from 8 to 15 pennyweights per ton, the ore consists essentially of quartz impregnated with arsenical pyrites and occasionally with copper pyrites, frequently accompanied

&>'-

by a large proportion of iron pyrites. The ore is crushed and amalgamated, yielding directly from 57 to 60 per cent of the original gold value in the ore. The pulp is then concentrated, the concentrates carrying practically the balance of the gold and the arsenic, and the tailings containing less than 2 per cent of the gold in the ore and but 0.5 per cent of arsenic. The concentrates are treated by the Sulman- Teed bromo-cyanide process, and from 87 to 92 per cent of the gold content is extracted, the total recovery of the gold amounting to approximately 90 per cent of the original gold value in the ore. The concentrates contain approximately 30 per cent of arsenious oxide and 16 per cent of sulphur, and to extract the arsenic they are dried and roasted in a revolving cylindrical furnace, the condensed fumes therefrom forming a crude product of 85 per cent arsenious oxide and from 2 to 4 per cent of sulphur. The crude arsenious oxide (called crude arsenic) is refined by sublimation in a reverberatory furnace, and the hot gases therefrom containing the volatile arsenious oxide have the impurities settled out by passage through a number of heated flues. Finally the fumes are delivered to a large brick chamber where the refined arsenious oxide is collected, ground to 100-mesh size, and automatically packed in wooden kegs, each holding 600 pounds. The marketable product contains from 99.6 to 100 per cent of arsenious oxide, the remaining impurity consisting of silica in a finely divided condition.

By far the greater part of the arsenious acid manufactured at Deloro during the last four years has been shipped to New York to supply the demand of consumers in the United States. Indeed, practically the entire supply derived from Canada and the United States is consumed in this country. The domestic production, however, even though aided by imports from Canada, was not sufficient to supply the demand during 1902, and there were imported from Canada, England, Germany, and Spain during the year 1,385,700 pounds of arsenious oxide, valued at $42,424, and 6,725,198 pounds of arsenic sulphide and orpiment, valued at $237,631. The white arsenic industry is a peculiar one, in that the consumption of the substance depends on a number of variables. Much of the product is used by heep raisers to kill the parasite known as the " sheep tick," which lives in the wool of the animal. In the latter part of 1902 the demand in Australia for this purpose became greatly diminished, possibly due to the extermination of the tick or to the accumulation of stocks by the sheep raisers. At all events, the diminished demand in this field resulted in increased exports from Germany and England to the United States at prices which hindered to some extent the development of the industry in this countr5\

The production of white arsenic in Canada was 52 metric tons in 1899, 275 tons in 1900, 630 tons in 1901, and 726 tons in 1902.

Ab8Eni0.

In 1901 the world's production of arsenic (arsenious oxide) and arsenic sulphide (estimating the output of Turkey the same as in 1900) amounted to 7,794 metric tons (or 17,182,624 pounds), valued at $584,793, as compared with 8,128 metric tons (or 17,918,989 pounds), valued at $736,491, in 1900.

The statistics of the world's production of arsenic and Us compounds from 1895 to 1902, inclusive, are given in the following table:

The worlcPa annual production of arsenic, 1896-1909,0 [Metric tons.]

Year.

Canada.

Qermaiiy.6

Italy.ft

Japan.

Portugal.

Quan-

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Quantity.

Value.

1S86

. NU. NU. Nil. Nil.

Tons, 8,006 2,682 2,987 2,414 2,649

Tom.

Tona.

Year.

8palD.d

United Kingdom.

Turkey

United State&e

t-

Value.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Tons.

260,990 227,415 268,936 271,180 88&,140 197,270

Tom.

Tom.

a From official reports ol the reflective ooun tries.

& Metallic arsenic and arsenious oxide.

0 Statistics not available at time of publication.

dJABesAn sulphide.

Arsenious oxide.

Mineral Resources.

Imports,

The significance of the importation of arsenic and its compounds for the manufacturing industries of the United States may be appreciated from the statistics given in the following table:

Imports of metallic arsenic white arsenic {arsemous add), and arsenic sulphides {orpiment and realgar) in the United States, 189S-190S.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds.

.

Prices.

The price for white arsenic at New York during 1902 varied from 3.34 cents per pound in January to 2.94 cents in December, the monthly average for the year being 3.16 cents. Red arsenic ranged in price from 7.03 cents per pound in January to 6.88 cents in December, the monthly average for the year being 6.86 cents a pound.

Uses.

The chief use for arsenious oxide is in the manufacture of paris green, although it is used to a minor extent to make Scheele's green, London purple, lead arsenate, sodium arsenate, potassium arsenate, and other arsenic salts. In the arts or trades paris green is used to exterminate the potato beetle-and other insects injurious to vegetables. Paris green has a peculiar light green shade possessed by no other pigment; but, owing to its poisonous character, its use as a dyestuff is very restricted. Arsenic, as a vermicide, is used in various ways ; either in the form of the oxide or of an arsenate salt (called '' sheep dip") for parasites affecting sheep and cattle; also as a weed killer. The oxide is used in the manufacture of fine grade glassware and special enamels; as a fixing and conveying substance for analine dyes; as a preservative for raw hides, both in taxidermy and in storage for manufacture into leather, and to a minor extent in the preparation of certain medicinal compounds and embalming fluids.

Bismuth

By Joseph Strijthebs.

There was no production of bismuth ore in the United States during 1902, as compared with the marketed output of 318.6 short tons in 1901, and of 220 tons in 1900. The entire production has hitherto been obtained from Colorado. The production during 1901 was purchased by the Leadville Sampler, at Leadville; the State Ore Sampling Works, at Denver; or was shipped direct to Johnson, Matthey & Co., Limited, England.

Occurrence.

Bismuth occurs both free and combined in many of the Western States. In Colorado it has been found as metallic bismuth, bismuth carbonate, bismuth telluride, and bismuth tellurate. A recent discovery of bismuth-carbonate ore is reported in Arizona, on Salt River, near its junction with the Verde Kiver, between Fort McDowell and Superstition Mountain, and excellent specimens of bismuth tellurate (the mineral montanite, BiOj . TeO, . 2 H,0) have been obtained from Salida, Chaffee County, Colo. Bismuth ore varies greatly in composition. That produced during 1901 assayed from 4 to 12 per cent of bismuth, from 1 to 2 ounces of gold, and from 5 to 6 ounces of silver per ton. That produced in 1902 contained from 7.8 to 27.1 per cent of bismuth, from 3.5 to 22.6 ounces of gold, and from 3.45 to 3.5 ounces of silver per ton.

Price.

The production and price of bismuth and its ores continue under the control of Johnson, Matthey & Co., Limited, and the government of Saxony — a combination of interests formed in order to maintain for the products a price at which the mines could be operated with profit. The supply of metallic bismuth far exceeds the demand, and unless the output be restricted the price would fall to a point which

MINEBAL BESOtTBOES.

koala render the manufacture of the metal no longer profitable. The schedule of paces of ore is based on the market price of the metal. The latest published figures for Colorado, with metal at $1 . per pound, were: Ten per cent ore, $150 per ton; 15 per cent ore, $250 per ton; 20 per cent ore, $350 per ton; 30 per cent ore, $550 per ton; 40 per cent ore, $750 per ton; 50 per cent ore, $1,000 per ton.

The price in the United States for the bismuth content of the ore varies from $8 to $11 per unit, the producers being paid also for the gold and silver contents. No price was quoted for the output during 1902, but as near as can be ascertained the value of the output in 1901 was $80 per ton, not including charges for transportation or treatment. The wholesale price for metallic bismuth throughout 1902, f. o. b. works, was $1.50 per pound.

Bismuth is usually found in ores containing other metals which render its extraction somewhat complex. The trade and the price being under control and the domestic demand being comparatively small, the erection of new works to manufacture and refine this metal in the United States is hardly attractive from a commercial point of view.

Imports.

The imports of metallic bismuth into the United States in 1902 were 190,837 pounds, valued at $213,704, as compared with 165,182 pounds, valued at $239,061, in 1901. There was also imported a small quantity of bismuth salts in pharmaceutical compounds.

Uses.

The metal bismuth is utilized chiefly in the manufacture of alloys which melt at comparatively low temperatures, and are, consequently, of great value for special purposes, such as safety plugs for wire circuits carrying electric current, safety plugs for steam boilers, light solders, amalgams in dentistry for filling cavities in teeth, for taking impressions of woodcuts, coins, etc., and as a tempering bath in steel works. The chief alloys of bismuth used on account of their low melting points contain bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium, as shown in the subjoined table:

OomposUion of biamtUh aUoya of low melting points.

Name.

Composition.

Bismuth.

Lead.

Tin.

Cadmium.

Melting point.

Newton

Rose

Lictitenbeig

Wood..

Lipowitz

-Per cctU,

ao

Per cent,

PtT cent. Nil. Nil. Nil.

Tungsten, Molybdenum, Uranium, And Vanadium.

By Joseph Hyde Pratt,

Introdxjction.

Although there are still many inquiries being made regarding the occurrence and localities of minerals containing tungsten, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium, there has not been any decided change in the quantity of these minerals that the market demands. That they are of value in the manufacture of the different ferro-alloys has been demonstrated, and undoubtedly the use of all of these metals for this purpose will increase to a certain extent. One of the noticeable changes in the industry of these metals is the lower prices asked for them at the end of 1902, as compared with those of 1901. The outlook for 1903 is for a greater production of all these minerals than during 1902, and within the next few years there will undoubtedly be a constant demand for them, with a more stable market value. At the present time there is no large or fixed market, and the prices are apt to fluctuate very widely.

Although it has been determined that these metals do have beneficial effects upon steel, when used in its manufacture, considerable study of them is necessary before their commercial position with respect to one another or to nickel and chromium can be definitely determined. They offer an interesting field of investigation from both a scientific and a commercial point of view, in regard to their relative value in the manufacture of tools and their effect upon different forms of iron to be used in various parts of machinery. Questions come up as to which of these various hardened irons are the best adapted for steel drills, for dies and shoes in stamp mills, jaws in crushers, rolls, car axles, carpenters' tools, etc. ; as to which retain the best cutting edge; as to which will heat the least when in use, and as to which will make the toughest iron. These questions can be most satisfactorily answered by making comparative tests with the different alloy steels. Mr. A. B. Frenzel, of Denver, Colo., has offered prizes at a number of the schools of mines in the United States for investigations relating to these ferro-alloys, in respect of the questions-raised above with regard to the physical and chemical properties of the alloys, with regard to

the effect of the variation in amount of the hardening metal added, and with regard to the methods of analysis.

Sufficient deposits of all these ores are known to supply any demand that may arise for them, so that at the present time it is not a Question of supply, but of market.

Tungsten&quot;. Production.

The production of crude tungsten ores during 1902 was 184 short tons, of which not more than a few tons were sold. This does not represent the amount of tungsten ore sold in 1902, for there were 76 tons of concentrated ore mined in 1901 that were sold in 1902. Some of the tungsten ore was put on the market in the crude state and some was concentrated to from 60 to 66 per cent tungstic oxide. A product containing this percentage of tungstic oxide is valued at $2.50 to $3 per unit. In 1901 the production amounted to 179 tons of concentrated ore valued at f 27,720. The larger part of the production of 1902 was from Colorado, with a smaller amount from Connecticut. There were no new localities developed during 1902, and all the production was from the old deposits. The use of tungsten steel is being introduced for steels in drilling, and it seems very probable that it will be found especially adapted for this purpose.

The Great Western Exploration and Reduction Company, of Boulder, Colo., the largest producers, placed some of their product on the market as concentrated ore and some as ferro-tungsten alloy.

There were small amounts of tungsten ore (wolframite) and tungsten iron imported into the United States in 1902, which were valued, collectively, at $7,046.

As a result of the many inquiries made for the ores of molybdenum, there are a number of localities that have been developed in 1902, and preparations have been made to place their product on the market. The most work of this character has been in Washington County, Me., where the American Molybdenum Company has been developing a deposit of molybdenite near Cooper. It has erected a mill for treating the ore and expects to be in a position to ship the commercial product during 1903. The molybdenite is of good quality and is apparently in quantity.

Although there are a number of other good deposits of this mineral in the United States, there was but little development work done on them, owing chiefly to the uncertainty of the market.

Tungsten, Molybdenum, Uranium, And Vanadium. 287 Production.

With the exception of a few tons mined for experimental purposes, the entire production of commercial molybdenite was by the Crown Point Mining Company, of Seattle, Wash., from their property in the western part of Chelan County. This production amounted to 10 or 12 tons, approximately the same as that of 1901, but none of the product was shipped in 1902. The value of these molybdenum ores is very erratic, the highest price quoted up to this time being $1,600 per ton and the lowest $100. It is very probable that with any constant demand for these ores they would be furnished in quantity at a price varying from $100 to $200 per ton for a 50 to 55 per cent ore.

Uranium And Vanadium.

There has, perhaps, been more progress in the development of deposits of minerals containing uranium and vanadium during 1902 than of those containing tungsten or molybdenum. Mr. A. B. Frenzel, of Denver, Colo., has been carrying on extensive development work on the deposits at La Salle Creek, southwest of Paradox, Montrose County, Colo. The demand has increased for these metals for use in the manufacture of ferro-uranium and ferro-vanadium alloys, and also for the manufacture of salts of these metals. The larger proportion of the product mined is exported. Promising deposits of vanadinite, the vanadate of lead, have been found during the last year in Arizona and are now being investigated by Mr. Frenzel, who states that he has perfected a process for the extraction of vanadium oxide from these ores.

Production.

There was a marked increase in the production of uranium and vanadium minerals in 1902, which, as reported to the Survey, amounted to 3,810 tons, valued at $48,125, or $12.62 per ton. This, of course, represents the crude ore. In 1901 the production was 375 tons of crude ore. A portion of the uranium ore was treated, giving a concentrated product of 25 tons, which was valued at $8,000, or $320 per ton. What percentage of uranium oxide this concentrated ore contained is not known. The crude vanadium ore, of which there were 3,000 tons produced, contained from 2.5 to 4 per cent of vanadium oxide, and the crude uranium ore from 2.5 to 5 per cent of uranium oxide. All of this production was not sold in 1902. It consisted principally of the mineral camotite, with smaller amounts of uraninite (pitch blende) and vanadinite.

Imports.

Nearly all of the uranium and vanadium ores have been shipped abroad in the crude state, as mined. It has been estimated that there are manufactured annually different salts of these metals to the value of about $200,000. Of this amount, about $15,000 in value per annum has been imported into the United States. In 1902 the value of the imports of the salts of uranium and vanadium was $12,491.

By Edwakd W. Pabkeb.

Two prominent features connected with the coal-mining industry in 1902 were, first, the great strike in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania, and, second, the utterly inadequate transportation facilities throughout most of the bituminous-coal regions. Replete as is the history of the anthracite regions with strikes, lockouts, and boycotts, there has never before been a time when the mines were so completely tied up and the supply of anthracite so entirely shut off as during the summer and early fall months of 1902. Never before had the public of the Eastern States been made to feel how dependent it was upon this source for fuel. The strike, which began on May 12, was not terminated until October 25, when, at the request of the operators and miners, a Commission was appointed by the President of the United States 'to inquire into, consider, and pass upon the questions in connection with the strike in the anthracite region, and the causes out of which the controversy arose." It was agreed that upon the appointment of this Commission the miners should immediately return to work, in order that the needs of the public might be filled, and that both parties should, in good faith, abide by the findings and award* of the Commission. Owing to the fact that many of the mines had filled with water or been otherwise damaged by the five and a half months of idleness, full operations could not be resumed immediately, audit was several weeks before production assumed normal proportions. Fortunately, the winter was an unusually mild one, for otherwise great distress must have ensued. The Conunission completed its labors and made its report to the President on March 18. It was immediately transmitted to the Senate, sitting in extra session, read,, and ordered to be printed. It was given to the public on Saturday, March 21, five months after the date of the appointment of the Commission. Notwithstanding statements to the contrary which have appeared from

M R 1902-

Vic

time to time in the sensational press, there has evidently been an earnest effort on the part of both operators and nuners to abide by the decisions of the Commission, and it is believed that the agreement to do so for a period of three years will insure general peace in the region for that length of time at least. The effect of the strike upon the production is referred to in the subsequent pages. The report of the Commission, which can be obtained upon application, contains some interesting statistical data in addition to the decisions rendered upon the points in controversy.

What distress there was would have been appreciably mitigated had the railroads been able to meet the demands made upon them by the miners and shippers of bituminous coal, which commodity was in enormous demand. It has been impossible, however, for the transportation companies to provide equipment and motive power rapidly enough for the great increase in business of the last five years. Cars, locomotives, and even trackage facilities fell far short of the requirements, and the greater distance of the bituminous fields from the eastern markets simply added that much more of a burden to an already overloaded industry. Large quantities of soft coal did, of course, find their way to the eastern markets, and for three or four months the atmospheres of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other cities of the Atlantic coast States were nearly as smoke-laden as some of their industrial rivals in the Middle West. It is well within moderate bounds, however, to state that if the transportation companies had been able to take care of the business offered them the production of bituminous coal would have exceeded by 20,000,000 tons the record actually made.

Outside of these notable features, the most interesting facts brought out by the statistical inquiries for 1902 were (1) an increase of nearly 8,000,000 short tons in the total production, notwithstanding a loss of over 26,000,000 short tons in the output of anthracite; (2) a marked increase in the use of mining machines, and in the tonnage produced by them; (3) comparative immunity from strikes in the bituminous regions, with the exception of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Michigan; (4) the development of large areas of new coal lands and the opening of many new mines, and the combining or merging under one head of many formerly independent concerns; (5) a perceptible increase for 1902 in the productive capacity per man employed, both for the year and for each day worked, as compared with 1901. These features are all discussed in some detail in the following pages.

The United States retains its position as first among the coalproducing countries of the world, a position taken in 1899 and strengthened each year since that date. This country now produces about one-third the entire world's supply of coal, and consumes from 97 to 98 per cent of it within its own borders. j

Coal. 291

The writer desires to express again his sincere appreciation of the many courtesies extended to him in the preparation of this report by the individual mine operators and by the officials of mining companies, who have not only willingly furnished the statements of their production, but have, without exception, cheerfully replied to any special inquiries incident to the investigation. Acknowledgments are also due to the special agents and field assistants of the Geological Survey and to the special agents of the Twelfth United States Census, who have assisted in the collection of the statistical data compiled in this report. Reviews of the coal trade in some of the important industrial cities, which have been contributed by well-known local authorities, are acknowledged by name in connection with their contributions. The subchaptoron anthracite production has been, as formerly, prepared by Mr. William W. Ruley, Chief of the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics; in Philadelphia.

Unit Op Measurement.

The standard unit of measurement adopted for this report is the short ton of 2,000 pounds, although it is necessary in a few instances to use the long ton. All of the anthracite product is mined and sold upon the basis of the long ton of 2,240 pounds, and the laws of Maryland require the use of the long ton in that State. Hence, when considering the production of Pennsylvania anthracite the long tcm is used, and this unit is also employed in the table showing the shipments of bituminous coal from the Cumberland region. The long ton is also used in the statistics of imports and exports. In all other cases where the production is reported in long tons the figures have been reduced to short tons, and unless otherwise expressly stated the short ton is meant when any quantity is expressed in the text.

COAIi FIELDS OF THE ITNTTED STATES.

The coal areas of the United States are divided, for the sake of convenience, into two great divisions, anthracite and bituminous.

The areas in which anthracite is produced are confined almost exclusively to the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and as a usual thing, when the anthracite fields of the United States are referred to, those of eastem Pennsylvania are qpnsidered. This region is included in the counties of Susquehanna, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Schuylkill, Columbia, Northumberland, Dauphin, and Sullivan, and underlies an area of about 484 square miles. In addition to these well-known anthracite fields of Pennsylvania there are two small areas in the Rocky Mountain region where the coal has been locally anthracited, although the production from these districts has never amounted to as much as 100,000 tons in any one year. One of these localities is in Gunnison County, Colo., and the other in Santa Fe County, N. Mex.

The coal, although only locally metamorphosed, is a trae anthracite, and of a good quality. In previous years some coal which was classed as anthracite was mined and sold in New England. The productive area was confined to the eastern part of Rhode Island, and the counties of Bristol and Plymouth, in Massachusetts. This product, however, is in reality a graphitic and not an anthracite coal, and is no longer mined for fuel purposes. The production in the last few years has been included with the graphite production.

The bituminous areas are scattered widely over the United States, and include altogether an area of something over 335,000 square miles. They are divided into the following subdivisions:

(1) The Triassic field, embracing the coal beds of the Triassic or New Red Sandstone formation in the Richmond Basin, in Virginia, and in the coal basins along the Deep and Dan rivers in North Carolina; (2) the Appalachian field, which extends from the State of New York on the north to the State of Alabama on the south, having a length northeast and southwest of over 900 miles and a width ranging from 30 to 180 miles; (3) the northern field, which is confined exclusively to the central part of Michigan; (4) the central field, embracing the coal areas in Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky; (5) the western field, including the coal areas west of the Mississippi River, south of the forty *third parallel of north latitude and east of the Rocky Mountains; (6) the Rocky Mountain field, containing the coal areas in the States and Territories lying along the Rocky Mountains; (7) the Pacific coast field, embracing the coal districts of Washington, Oregon, and California.

By far the most important of these, from a productive standpoint, is the Appalachian system, which includes the areas contained in western Pennsylvania and in Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, Georgia, and Alabama. This region contains an area underlain by coal of 70,807 square miles, and it produced in 1902 173,274,861 short tons, or 66.6 per cent of the total bituminous product of the United States. Next in importance is the central field, which contains 58,000 square miles and produced in 1902 46,133,024 short tons, or 17.73 per cent of the total. The western coal field, the third in productive importance, contains 94,076 square miles, and produced in 1902 20,727,495 short tons, or 7.97 per cent of the total. The Rocky Mountain region is the Jargest in point of size, having a little over 100,000 square miles of area, and produced in 1902 16,149,645 short tons, or 6.21 per cent of the total.

For a more extended description of the coal producing areas of the United States the reader is referred to the Twenty-second Annual Report of the Survey, Part HI.

The following table shows the approximate areas of the coal fields in the various States, grouped according to the divisions mentioned ftbove, with the total output from each, from 1898 to

Goal. 298

CoaLfiddi of ihe United SkUes and their produdumy 1898-1909.

Area.

Sq.mae$,

Short tont.

Short toiu.

Short ioru. 41,873,605 93,987

Colorado and New Mexico

Trlaasic:

Viignia

r 16,206 1 28,000

North Carolina

Ohio

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia

KaHtem Kentucky

Tennessee

Georgia

Alabama

Northern:

Michigan

Central:

Indiana

Western Kentucky

Western:

Iowa

Kansas

Indian Territory

' 2,820,666

Texas

Rocky Mountain, etc.

North Dakota

Montana

Wyoming

Utah

Colorado

New Mexico

Neyada

Pacific coast:

Wfliihington

l,884,6n

7\>tal production, including colliery consumption

o Includes brown coal or lignite, semianthracite, semibituminous, etc., and scattering lots of anthracite.

Mikebal Besoubces.

The total production of each field since 1887 has been as follows:

Total production of each fidd, 1887-1 90S.

Anthracite.

Bituminous.

Triassic.

Appalachian.

Northern.

Area equare miles..

rear.

Short ton$, 39,548,255 43,971,688 45,600,487 46,468,641 60,665,981 62,537,467 54,061,121 51,992.671 58,066.516 54,425,578 62,680,756 53,429,739 60,514,201 57,466,319 67,688,686 41,467,682

Short totu. 30,000 33,000 49,633 29,608 87,645 48,889 86,878 68,979 82,682 103,483 116,960 38,938 28,853 57,912 12,000 89,206

Shoriioru, 55,888,068 60,966,245 62,972,222 78,008,102 77,984,563 83,122,190 81,207,168 76,278,748 90,167,696 90,748,806 97,128,220 114,289,156 129,843,906 142,298,206 160,601,214 173,274.861

Shorttons. 71,461

45,979 70,002 112,322 '92,882 223,592 815,722 849,475 1,241,241 964,718

Central.

Western.

Rocky Mountain, etc.

Pacific coasU

AfQj RQiiare mlleii..

Year,

Short tons. 10,172,634 11,842,764 10,086,366 10,470,439 11,023,817 11,685,185 11,651,296 11,608,623 11,749,803 U, 759, 966 13,164,069 13,987,897 15,820,373 17,549,628 19,665,965 20,727,496

Short tons. 3,646,280 4,583,719 6,048,418 6,205,782 7,245,707 7,577,422 8,468,860 7,175,628 7,998,594 7,925,280 8,854,182 10,043,798 11,949,468 13,898,556 14,090,862 16,149,545

Shorttons. 854,306 1,385,750 1,214,767 1,435,914 1,201,376 1,333,266 1,379,168 1,221,288 1,340,548 1,391,001 1,641,779 2,104,648 2,278,941 2,705,865 2,799,607 2,834,058

In order to show the development of the six principal bituminous areas since 1887, the following table has been prepared, which gives the amount produced in each field in that year, and also in 1900, 1901, and 1902, with the percentages of the total contributed by each, and the increases in 1902 as compared with 1901 and with 1887.

Co At.

Ptoduetion of the six principal bituminous coal fields in 1887, 1900, 1901, and 1902

compared.

Field.

Quantity.

Per cent of total.

Quantity.

Per cent of total

Quantity.

Per cent of total.

Quantity.

Per cent of total.

Appalachian —

Central

Western

Northern

Rocky Mountain Pacific coast

Short totu. 66,888,088 14.478,888 10,172,634 71,461 8,646,280 854,908

Short tons. 142,298,208 35,358,164 17,549,628 849,475 18,398,556 2,705,865

Short tons.

'6.2

Short tons. 173,274,861 46,138.024 20,727,495 964,718 16,149,545 2,834,058

Field.

Increase in 1902 over

Quantity. Percent.

Increase in 1902 over

Quantity. Per cent.

Appalachian

Central

Western

Northern ,

Bocky Mountain Pacific coast

Short tons. 117,386,773 31,654,141 10,654,861 893,257 12,603,265 1,979,760

Short tons.

22,778,647 8,682,158 1,061,510 a276,528 2,059,183 84,451

a Decrease.

Production.

The total production of anthracite and bituminous coal in the United States during 1902 amounted to 301,590,439 short tons, valued at $367,032,069 against 293,299,816 short tons, valued at $348,926,069 in 1901, and 269,684,027 short tons, valued at in 1900. The net increase in production in 1902 over 1901, notwithstanding a loss of over 26,000,000 short tons in the output of anthi-acite, was 8,290,623 short tons, or 2.8 per cent. |The gain in value amounted to $18,106,000, or 5.2 per cent, and represented $2 per ton on the increase in product.

It is just twenty years since the production of coal in the United States reached a total of 100,000,000 tons, that figure having been attained in 1882 when the output amounted to 103,285,789 short tons. Fifteen years later, in 1897, the production passed, for the first time, the 200,000,000-ton mark, and in five years from that date another 100,000,000 tons were added to the record. From the time that coal mining first began, about 1814, until the first 100,000,000 tons of production was reached, a period of over sixty years was required, the second 100,000,000 mark was passed in fifteen years and the third in five years. This great development in the last two decades has been due simply to the industrial growth of the United States, a fact abundantly proved by comparing the statistics of coal

production with the statistics of our increase in population. Unfortunately, from lack of reliable data, this comparison can not be carried back to an earlier date than the census year of 1870, but even for this period the comparisons are interesting. In 1870 the population of the United States was 38,558,371; the coal production in that year amounted to 36,806,560 short tons, an average of 0.95 ton per capita. Ten years later, when the population was 50,189,209 the output of coal amounted to 71,481,569 short tons, or 1.42 tons per capita. In 1890 the population had grown to 63,069,756, an increase of 26 per cent over 1880, while the coal production had more than doubled to 157,770,903 short tons, the per capita production being 2.50 tons. At the latest census, in 1900, the population had increased 21 per cent to 76,303,387, while more than 70 per cent had been added to the coal production of ten years before and it had reached a total of 269,684,027 short tons, or an average of 3.53 tons for each inhabitant. In other words, while the population from 1870 to 1900 had shown an increase of 98 per cent the production of coal had increased 633 per cent. Carrying this comparison a little further we find that the production of Pennsylvania anthracite, particularly in the last twenty years, has been more nearly in proportion to the population of the States in which it finds its chief market. In 1880 the per capita production of anthracite coal in the territory naturally tributary to it was 1.82 tons; in 1890 it was 2.47 tons, and in 1900, 2.53 tons. Bituminous coal production per capita on the other hand, taking the entire population as consumers, was 0.85 ton in 1880, 1.76 tons in 1890, and 2.78 tons in

The production of anthracite in Pennsylvania in 1902 amounted to 36,940,710 long tons, or 41,373,595 short tons, valued at $76,173,586, against 60,242,560 long tons, or 67,471,667 short tons, valued at $112,504,020, in 1901. The decrease in output in 1902, as compared with 1901, was 23,301,850 long tons, or 26,098,072 short tons, with a loss of $36,330,434 in value. The percentage of decrease in tonnage was 38.7, and in the value 32.3. The decrease was due entirely to tJie prolonged strike in the summer and fall of 1902, which is discussed elsewhere and need not be more fully referred to here.

The bituminous coal product, as collated for this report., includes the true bituminous coals, coking or noncoking, and also such other varieties as semianthracite, semibituminous, cannel, splint, block, and lignite-or brown coals. It also includes the small anthracite product of Colorado and New Mexico. This output in 1902 amounted to 260,216,844 short tons, valued at $290,858,483, which, as compared with the 225,828,149 short tons, valued at $236,422,049, in 1901, shows an increase of 34,388,695 short tons, or 15 per cent in quantity, and of $54,436,434, or 23 per cent in value. The average price of $1.12 per ton received for the bituminous coal product, of highest record made since 1885.

Goal. 297

Of the 30 States and Territories included in the following tables 23 increased their production over 1901, while 7 showed decreases. The most notable decrease was made in Pennsylvania, where, on account of the five-months' strike in the anthracite region the total output of the State fell off 9,829,651 short tons. In the other six States, where decreases were shown, only one, Michigan, is located east of the Mississippi River. Two, New Mexico and Wyoming, are among the Bocky Mountain States, and two, California and Oregon, are on the Pacific coast. The sixth, Texas, is included in the areas of the Western coal field. The largest decrease in the six bituminous-coal producing States was sustained by Michigan (276,523 tons), and was due to a strike called for the purpose of enforcing certain demands of the union in the coal mines of that State. The next heaviest loss was sustained by Texas, and was due to the competition of fuel oil, brought about by the large production of that fuel at Beaumont, Sour Lake, etc. The decrease in California is also attributed to the great increase of oil production and its consumption for fuel in that State, and this was also probably responsible for the decrease in Oregon, whose principal coal market is in California. No special cause is assigned to the decreases in New Mexico and Wyoming.

The principal labor troubles in 1902 were in the .anthracite regions of Pennsylvania, in the southern counties of West Virginia, and in Michigan. The total number of men on strike in 1902 was about 200,000, of whom 145,000 were anthracite workers. The aggregate time lost amounted to 16,672,217 days of ten hours. In 1901 the total number of men on strike during the year was 20,593 and the time lost 733,802 days.

The statistics regarding the use of machines in the bituminous coal mines of the United States show that in 1902 there were 5,418 machines in use, against 4,341 in 1901 and 3,907 in 1900. The machine-mined product has increased from 52,784,623 tons in 1900 to 57,843,335 tons in 1901 and to 69,611,582 tons in 1902. That the use of machines for mining coal is increasing in faster ratio than the total production is shown by the fact that the percentage of the total mined by machines has increased each year. The percentage of the total product mined by machines in the States using them was 27.09 in 1902, 25.68 in 1901, and 25.15 in 1900.

The total number of men employed in the coal mines of the United States in 1902 was 518,197, against 485,544 in 1901. The distribution of this labor in 1902 was as follows: In the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania 148,141 men, who averaged 116 days each in working time; in the bituminous coal mines, 370,056 men*- average working time 280 days.

In considering the coal product, these reports include not only the coal marketed either by shipment to distant points or sold locally, but also that consumed by mine employees and by the mine operators fn

MINEBAL BEBOUBOEd.

locomotives and for other power or heating purposes in connection with the mining operations. This latter factor is usually considered and reported as colliery consumption. There are occasional exceptions in the bituminous fields where operators use only slack, an otherwise wasted product, of which no record is kept and which is not reported in the production. It does not appear in the product nor is the miner paid for mining it. These exceptions are few and the amount is comparatively small. The coal consumed in the manufacture of coke is also considered in this report. The amount of coal made into coke at the mines in 1902 was 34,169,730 short tons. The coal sold to local trade and employees and used in the manufacture of coke is included in the marketable product. The colliery consumption in the anthracite region, which is not considered in the value of the anthracite product, ranges from 8 to 10 per cent of the total anthracite output. The colliery consumption of the bituminous mines averages between li and 2 per cent of the total bituminous product. Deducting the colliery consumption from the total in 1902, the marketable product is shown to have been 291,594,578 short tons, as compared with 282,920,270 short tons in 1901.

Coal production of the United States in 1901 j hy States,

State.

Alabama . . Arkanaas . . California . Colorado ..

Oeor$:ia and North Carolina .

Idaho

Indiana

Indian Territory .

Iowa

Kentucky

Maryland

Michigan

Missonrl

Montana

New Mexico

North Dakota

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Loaded at mines for shipment.

Sold to local trade and used by employees.

Short Urns.

Used at

mines

for steam

and heat.

Short tons.

Short tons.

Made into coke.

Short tons. 2,182,477

1,839,09619,120,261 60, 461 j 685,919 19,1471

Total quantity.

Total value.

Short tons.

27,831,552 6,918,225, 2,421,781 5,617,499 4,900,528 5,469,986| 5,113,127, 1,241,241 8,802,088' l,396,08l| 1,086,616 166,601

Average

price per ton.

Average number of days active.

Average number of employ-

Goal.

Coal production of the Uniied States in 1901, by SlkKea— Continued.

State.

Loaded at mines for shipment.

and used fortteam

Bold to local trade

by employees.

Used at mines

and heat.

Made into coke.

Total quantity.

Total value.

Averpnoeper

ton.

Average number of days active.

Average number of employ-

West Virginia . Wyoming

Short tons.

Short tons.

Short tons. 256,618 195,069

Short tons.

Short tons. i4, 068, 402 4,485,374

to. 87

Total bituminous . . ,

Pennsylvania anthracite

Grand total,

Coat prodiuiion of the United States in 190g, by States.

State.

Loaded at mines for shipment.

Sold to local trade and used by employees.

Used at mines for

steam and heat.

Made into coke.

Total quantity.

Total value.

Average price per ton.

Average number of days active.

Average number of employ-

Alabama

Arkansas

California and Alaska

Colorado

Georgia and North Carolina

Short tons. 7,271,146 1,864,912

Idaho

Indian Territory Iowa

Kentucky

Maryland ,

Michigan

Missouri

Montana

New Mexico

North Dakota ...

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania ...

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia... Wyoming

Short tons.

tons.

Short tons.

Short tons.

Total bituminous...

Pennsylvania anthracito

Grand total.

Los

Loo

Mineral Bs8Oub0E6.

Production In Previous Years.

In the following table are shown the quantity and value of the coal produced in the United States for the last five years, with the increases and decreases in 1902 as compared with 1901:

Quantity and value of coal produced in the United Staler, 1898-190.

State or Territory.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity. Value.

Alabama

Arkansas

California and Alaska

Colorado

Geoixla and North

Carolina

Idaho

Indiana

Indian Territory

Iowa

Eauflu

Kentucky

Maryland

Michigan

Montana

Nebraska

New Mexico

North Dakota

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania:

Anthracite

Bituminous

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wyoming

Total

Short tOM. 6,686,288 1,206,479

256,632 al,069 18,699,299 4,920,748 1,881,466 4,618,842 8,406,666 8,887,908 4,674,884 816,722 2,688,321 1,479,808

Short tOM, 8,394,276 1,447,946

a Includes Nebraska.

fr Included in Idaho.

Coal. 801

QuantUy and value of coal production in the United States, 1898-190 — Continued.

State or Territory.

Quantity. Value.

Quantity. Value.

Increase, 1902.

Quantity.

Value.

Per cent of increase.

Quantity.

Value.

Arkauav

California and Alaska'.

Colorado

GeoiiriA and North Carolina ,

Idaho ,

Illinois

Indian Territory . . . .

Iowa ,

Kansas

Kentucky

Maryland

Michigan

Missouri

Montana

New Mexico

North Dakota

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania:

Anthracite

Bituminous

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wyoming

SkoftUms. 9,099,0G2tlO, 1,816,136

Total 293,299,816848,926,069801,500,489

Short Uma.

a66,183 1,701,328

a 276, 523

a 37, 783

a8,S68

al86,806 1,965,921

1,453,891 533,378 a99,872 667,478 484,131 a 46, 422 111,816

a88.3

6861026, 098, 072 a86, 16,268,421 749,678 a206,041 261,907 457,120 102,997 502,424 a55,883

1,

a 429, 779

a 824, 123

a22.8

a3.5 a4.9

a88.7 a 18. 6 al.26

a5.7

a8.0

a7.8

a82.3 a22.5 a 13. 6

a Decrease.

In the following table is presented a statement of the annuai production of anthracite and bituminous coal from 1880 to the close of 1902, a period of twenty-three years. It is interesting to note in connection with this table the rapid growth of the bituminous, or soft, coal production as compared with that of anthracite. It is seen that while the production of anthracite has increased from 26,580,189 long tons in 1880 to 60,242,560 long tons in 1901 (owing to the abnormal conditions in 1902 that year is not taken as a basis for comparison), or an increase of 136 per cent, bituminous production has increased from 42,831,758 short tons in 1880 to 225,826,849 short tons, a gain of over 400 per cent in 1901, and to 260,216,844 short tons, an increase of over 500 per cent in 1902. ic

Minebal Resoubges.

It is not to be expected that anthracite production will increase materially in the future. In addition to the fact that the markets are becoming compar*ively more and more restricted on account of the increased use of other fuels and to the changing conditions of life in the large cities of the east, the 'bonanza" seams are Jecoming exhausted; and workings are being constantly carried to greater depths, which means gi*eater expense in the operation of the mines, and in getting rid of enormous quantities of water. As mining conditions become more exacting the higher are the wages to be paid foi mining; and the operators are therefore faced with a constantly to be expected increased cost of production, which must be added to the selling price of the fuel. The construction of the modern office buildings and apartments in the large cities of the east have had a perceptible influence on the consumption of anthracite, in the fact that thousands of former individual users of domestic sizes of anthracite now live in steam heated houses and use gas for cooking purposes. These buildings have, on the other hand, created a market for the small and formerly unusable sizes of coal, which to some extent makes up for the loss of markets for the domestic or profitable sizes.

When all the problems surrounding the future of the anthracite industry are considered, little hope can be held out to consumers that the prices for domestic sizes will be materially lower than those that are current at the present time.

Anntud production of coal in the United SUUes, 1880-1902.

Year.

Pennsylvania anthracite.

Bf tumlnouji coal.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Long Umt.

Short Umt.

18tf3

Coal

Annual production of coal in the United 8UU£y 1880-1909 — Continued.

Total.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Long ions. 63,822,830 76,865,357 92,219,454 102,867,969 106,906,295 99,069,216 101,500,024 116,651,974 132,731,613 126,097,869 140,866,931 160,505,954 160,115,242 162,814,977 152,447,791 172,426,366 171,416,390 178,771,130 196,407,382 226,554,635 240,789,309 261.874,836 269,277,178

Short iow. 71,481,669 85,881,080 103,286,789 116,212,125 119,735,051 110,957,522 113,680,027 180,650.211 148,659,407 141,229,613 157,770,968 168,566,668 179,329,071 182,352,774 170,741,526 193,117,680 191,986,857 200,229,199 219,976,267 253,741,192 269,684,027 293,299,816 801,590,439

The statistics regarding the distribution for consumption of the coal product of the United States have been collected only since 1889. They are shown in the following table, together with the value and the statistics of labor employed and the average working time miade:

Distribution of the coal product of the United States, 1889-1909,

Year.

Toaded at mines for shipment.

Sold to local trade and used by employees.

Used at mines

for steam and

heat.

Made into coke.

Short Urns. 113,776,701 128,383,658 92,615,738 146,372,098 152,941,890 142,838,319 158,380,289 159,176,165 165,603,626 180,960,111 208,764,746 223,782,088 245,010,812 247,642,852

ShoH tons. 8,508,699 9,009,286 7,816,891 9,704,678 9,728,815 8,764,688 9,665,505 9,502,927 9,922,276 8,927,614 9,076,766 9,077,242 9,595,308 9,781,996

Short tons. 6,382,265 5,063,963 1,750,169 6,210,767 6,712,284 6,307,296 6,677,639 7,184,832 6,941,419 7,921,289 8,662.864 9,189,746 10,379,546 9,995,861

Short tons. 13,661,848 15,331,760

DiarUnOion of the coal product of the United Stata i6;S9~i:?— Oontinaed.

Year.

Total product.

Total Talue.

Avenge

price per

ton.

Average number of days active.

Average number of employees.

Shortioru. 141,229,518 157,788,656 117,901,288 179,829,071 182,352,774 170,741,526 193,117,580 191,986,857 200,229,199 219,976,267 258,741,192 289,684,027 298,299,816 801,590,489

tL18

LOl

PRODUCTION OP COAL, BY STATES, PROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE CLOSE OP 1902.

The early hurtory of coal production in many States has not been recorded in any o£Bcial reports and the writer's efforts to secure some definite information regarding it have not met with the most abundant success. In some cases it has been possible to secure scattered statistics of production interspersed with more or less accurate estimates," but there are only one or two instances where consecutive records are obtainable. The accompanying table has been prepared from all available sources, missing data being supplied by estimates based upon the best information obtainable. The most complete record of coal production which we have is that of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania from which shipments began in 1820, and since that date the records have been carefully preserved. The earliest record of production I that region was six years earlier, when an output of 22 short tons is reported to have been obtained. An estimated production of about 800 tons is distributed through the period between 1814 and 1820. The records of anthracite shipments, as reported elsewhere, have in this table been reduced to short tons and 10 per cent has been added to the shipments as an estimate of the coal sold to local trade or consumed at the collieries. In the eighty-nine years from 1814 to 1902, inclusive, the total production, of anthracite in Pennsylvania has amounted to approximately 1,554,200,000 short tons.

So far as we know, the earliest production of bituminous coal was made in the Richmond basin of Virginia. One authority states that 54,000 short tons were produced there in 1822, and that in 1824 the production amounted to 67,040 tons; in 1826 to 88,720 tons, and in 1828

Ic

Goal. 805

to 100,080 tons. In each of these years the output exceeded that of Pennsylvania anthracite, but that condition ceased permanently in 1820, although the production of the Richmond basin continued to increase until 1832. It then began to decline and by the middle of the last century had almost disappeared.

The development of the Piedmont region, which at that time belonged to Virginia, began in 1855, and until the opening up of the Pocahontas region in 1882 and of the Wise County fields in 1891 and 1892, practically all of Virginia's production came from the northern part of the State.

Next to the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, the most authentic records we have of coal production in the United States are of the Cumberland-Piedmont district of Maryland and West Virginia. The first openings were made in Maryland on the north side of the Potomac River, and shipments began as early as 1842, 1,708 long tons of 2,240 pounds having been shipped in that year. In the accompanying table the production of the Cumberland field has been reduced to short tons and the percentage for colliery consumption has been added in order to arrive at the total production. Until 1855 all of the shipments were from Maryland.

The early records of Pennsylvania bituminous production are sadly wanting. The census for 1840 showed that the total production in that year was 464,826 short tons. This is the earliest date of which we have any record, although it is pi-actically certain that some bituminous coal was produced in Pennsylvania prior to that year. Another authority gives the bituminous production of the State in 1846 as 760,000 tons, while still another states that in 1847 it was only 399,840. From 1841 to 1845, inclusive, and from 1848 to 1869, inclusive, there are no records of production. The census of 1860 states that the output was 2,679,773 short tons. In 1864 the production had increased to 5,839,000 tons, and in 1870 it amounted to 8,736,399 tons, since which date the records are practically complete. Estimating the production in the years for which the records are not obtainable, we find that the total output of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania has amounted, approximately, to 1,251,000,000 short tons, or about 300,000,000 tons less than the production of anthracite in the same. State, making the entire production of coal in Pennsylvania during the history of the industry in that State, approximately, 2,805,000,000 short tons.

Next to anthracite mining in Pennsylvania and the records of the Richmond basin, in Virginia, the earliest statistics of coal mining which we have are for the State of Illinois. The report of the bureau of labor statistics of that State for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, sets forth that the records of the early history of coal mining in Illinois are very meager. The first record found is that coal was mined in Jackson County in 1810; the locality was on the Big Muddy River,

and the mine was worked by drift along the outcrop in the bluffs. A flatboat was loaded with coal at this place and shipped to New Orleans. Again it is stated that in 1832 several boat loads were sent from the same vicinity to the same market. Another record is found stating that in 1833, 160,000 bushels (6,000 tons) of coal were mined in St. Clair County and hauled by wagon to St. Louis. The census of 1840 states that coal was mined in 19 counties of Illinois, with a production of 16,968 tons. From 1840 to 1860 (a period of 20 years) the Bureau of Statistics is without any general or special data in regard to the development of the coal-mining industry in the State, although there are some scattering statistics to be found in the geological reports of the State. The statistics of production from 1841 to 1859, inclusive, and for the other years for which no special information is obtainable, have been estimated by the writer. From these statistics of production and from the statistics of such years for which there are records it has been found that the total output of the State in the seventy years from 1833 to 1902, has amounted to nearly 442,000,000 short tons.

In the well-known work, "Statistics of Coal," by R. C. Taylor (1848), the author states:

The exifltence of this combustible [coal] was proved by the French explorers at an early period. It was certainly known to Father Hennepin in 1679 (almost a hundred years before the Pennsylvania coal was discovered), and is marked on the map which illustrates his journal. He points out a "cole mine" about Fort Crevecoeur, on the Illinois River, near to the site of the present Ottawa.

Although some coal was undoubtedly produced in Ohio prior to 1838, that is the first year in which any production is recorded, the output being 119,952 tons. The census of 1840 shows that the production was 140,536 short tons, and the census of 1860 gives the State an output of 1,133,596 short tons, the history of production of the years between 1S40 and 1860 being entirely lacking. Since 1860 the records are fairly accurate. Estimating the production in such years of which there are no recoixls, as has been done in the case of Illinois and Pennsylvania, the production of Ohio is found to have been somewhat over 358,250,000 tons.

Among the States west of the Mississippi River the earliest production reported is in Missouri and Iowa, by the census of 1840, Missouri being credited with an output of 9,971 short tons and Iowa with 360 short tons. It is probable that very little coal was mined in either of these States prior to that time, and it may be considered that the industry began at about that date. The records of both States for the next twenty-five or thirty years are meager, but the production has been estimated from the best sources of information accessible.

The first coal discovered on the Pacific coast was in the State of Washington, in 1852, and the first mine was opened in Whatcom

Coal. 307

in 1854, shipments being made from there to San Francisco by water until 1870, when the Seattle, Renton, and Talbot mines, in King County, were opened and began shipping coal also to San Francisco. There are no records, however, of any production prior to 1870, when an output of 17,844 tons was reported.

Although California has never taken high rank as a coal-producing State, it comes next in order in the history of early production, an output of 6,620 tons being reported in 1861. This increased almost steadily each year until 1874, when the maximum output of the State (215,253 short tons) was attained. It then declined rapidly until 1876, when the production was just about one-half what it had been three years before. Since that time the industry has been rather irregular, the production depending upon many outside influences.

Among the States whose history of coal production does not antedate 1863, the records are fairly complete, although we can feel satisfied that in a number of instances coal mining began prior to the earliest dates given in the accompanying statement. In Indiana, for instance, the initial production is given for 1870, with an output of 490,414 short tons. Coal mining began in the State probably twenty-five years prior to that date, but records of production are entirely wanting. Four other States — Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Washington — whose initial reported coal production is given in the census of 1870, were undoubtedly producing coal before that time.

According to the following table, the entire coal output of the United States, from the earliest times to the close of 1902, has amounted to 4,853,844,191 short tons. It is doubtful if the production not reported here has amounted to more than 6,200,000 tons, so it is safe to estimate our total coal production to December 31, 1902, at 4,860,000,000 short tons. The cubical dimensions of a ton of coal will vary from 33 to 40 cubic feet. Taking 37 cubic feet as an average for the total product of the United States, we find that this mass of 4,860,000,000 tons would contain approximately 160,000,000,000 cubic feet. A pyramid built of this material as high as Pikes Peak (14,108 feet) would have for its base a rectangle 1.14 miles square. A cube constructed of it would cover an area of 2.4 square miles. If spread out over the States of lihode Island and Connecticut, it would cover both of them to the. depth of 12 inches.

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MIKEBAL RESOtTBGES.

BANK OF COAIi-PRODUCING STATES,

In the following table the coal-producing States are arranged according to rank in 1901 and 1902, first in amount of production and then in the value of the product, with the percentage of both quantity and value contributed by each State. There are comparatively few changes in i*ank during the two years. The first seven States retain their relative positions. Kentucky succeeds Iowa in eighth place, and Tennessee changes places with Missouri. The Indian Territory displaces Washington, and Montana drops below Utah. In the rank according to value the most notable change is the drop of Wyoming from ninth to fourteenth place.

Rank of coal-producing States in 1901, ivUh quantity and value of product, and percentage

of each.

Production.

Rank.

State or Territory.

Pennflylvania:

Anthracite

Bituminous . . .

niinois

West Virginia

Ohio

Alabama

Indiana

Colorado

Iowa

Kentucky

17 I Indian Territor>' - -

Quantity.

California

Oregon

Total.

Short ions.

Per cent of total production.

Value.

Rank.

State or Territory.

Value.

Pennsylvania:

Anthracite 1112,

Bituminous — I 81,

Illinois I 28,

Ohio I 20,

West Virginia 20,

Alabama 10,

Iowa 7,

Tfidin-Tni. 7|'

Colorado

Wyoming 6,

Kansas 5,

Kentucky ' 5,

Maryland 5,

Missouri I 4,

Washington 4,

Tennessee

Indian Territory.

Virghila

Arkansas

Montana

Texas

Michigan 1,

Utah 1,

New Mexico 1,

Georgia

California

North Dakota.. Oregon

Total 848,926,069

Per

cent

of total

value.

Digiti-zed by

Bamk of coal-producing fftates in 1902 wUk quantity and value ofprodudy and percentage

of each.

Production. 1

Value.

Rank.

State or Territory.

Quantity.

Per cent of total production.

Rank.

State or Territory.

Value.

Per

cent of total value.

Pennsylvania:

Anthracite

t Bituminous Illinois . . ;

Pennsylvania:

Anthracite

Bituminous Illinois

West Virginia

Ohio

Ohio

Alabama

Colorado

Iowa

Kentucky

Colorado

Iowa

Kansas

Maryland

Kentucky

Maryland

Tennessee

Tennessee

Miasouri

Mifflourl

Wyoming

Virginia

Washington

Indian Territory . . . Montanar

Indian Territory . . .

Washington

Artanwfl

Virginia...

Ariranms

Montana ! 1.560.823

Utah

New Mexico

Michigan

New Mexico

Texas

Texas

Georgia and North Carolina.

North Dakota

California and Alaska.

Oregon ..,

Georgia and North Carolina.

North Dakota

California and Alaska.

Oregon

Idaho

Total

Total

KINDS OF COAIi PRODUCED TS 1902.

In discussing elsewhere the coal production of the United States in 1902, only two general classes are considered — antiiracite (in Pennsylvania) and bituminous coTal, the latter including the small anthracite production of Colorado and New Mexico and comprehending lignites, semianthracite, and semibituminous coals, and the several subvarieties of bituminous coal. Inquiries are frequently received, however, for information as to the amount of these different varieties produced in each State. The following table has accordingly been prepared, classifying the total product in 1902 by varieties and States. It should be remembered that this classification makes to

MIKEBAL BESOtTBOES.

technical exactness. It is simply made up from replies by operators to the inquiry ''Kind of coal produced," and such replies are in some minor cases based on quite uncertain information. It is believed, however, that the classification indicates approximately the amount of each kind of coal produced an4 that it is sufficiently correct for practical purposes. The table is arranged to show the States and the kinds of coal according to their importance.

Classification of the coal product of the United States in 190S, by States and Territories,

state or Territory.

Bituminous.

Anthracite.

Semibltuminous.

Lignite.

Short torn,

Short tons. 41,373,695

Short txm.

Illinois

West Vlrolnia

Ohio

Alabama

Indiana

Colorado

Kentacky

Iowa

Maryland

Kansas

Wyoming

Tennessee

Mifflourl

Virginia

Indian Territory

Washington

Arkansas

Utah

Montana

New Mexico

Michigan

Texas

Georgia

North Dakota

California

OrfgOn ,,,..,.T,x---,-,,,,rrr.r,.T,

North Carolina

Alaska

Idaho

Total

Coal,

(XasstficcUion of the coal product of the United States in 1902y by States and Territories—

Continaed.

state or Territory.

Semianthracite.

Block.

Gannel.

Total.

Short toM.

Short tm.

Short tOM,

Short tons,

' Short tOM. 189,947.962

Illinois

a 184, 701 8,007

Ohio

Alftbama ,r. ,,t ,

Indians

M, 101, 644

Colorado

M,872

Kentnclcy

Iowa

Maryland

Tennfwee .t-,.,-,, ,

Mlnoari

Virginia.

Indian Territorv # r t

WMingtOn ,T ,,.r,-,r-,,.-,-.

Arkansas ,..T Tww-->.r-->

Utah

Montana

New Mexico

Michigan

,

Georgia

North Dakota

Calilomia

North Carolina

Alaska

Idaho

Total

a Includes 124,701 tons of semlcannel coal. Mncludes 27.482 tons of semihlock coal. 0 Includes 1,000 tons ol semicannel coal.