Arkansas, statistics and information : showing the agricultural and mineral resources : the opportunities for successful stock and fruit raising, manufacturing, mining and lumbering: the advantages of soil and climate

Missouri Pacific Railway Company (), corporate · 1888 · Historical

Arkansas, statistics and information : showing the agricultural and mineral resources : the opportunities for successful stock and fruit raising,…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

LEighth Edition.]

The

Iron JVIountain Route

With Its Lines And Branches Reaches

The Great Timber Districts,

The Valuable Mineral Deposits,

The Incomparable Fruit Lands, The Fine Grazing Territory,

The Broad Corn and Cotton Fields. The Cheap Railway

And

Government Lands Of

Arkansas.

4 Daily Trains 4

From St. Louis.

Solid Trains From Kansas City

Via Wagoner Route.

Statistics And Information

Showing The—

Agricultural and JUineral

Resources.

The Opportunities For Successful

Stock and Sruit Raising.

The Advantages Of

SOIL AND CLIMATE, AND NOTES ON SCENERY, GAME, FISH AND HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORTS OF THIS GREAT STATE.

With Compliments Of The-

Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1888, by H- C. Townsend, General Passenger Agent Missouri Pacific Railway, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, L>. C.

edieafior-).

those who desire a good, cheap home, with a fertile soil and genial climate, where water and timber are abundant, and all kinds of grain, fruits and vegetables grow in profusion, with all the advantages of churches, schools and society :

To those who have tilled the rock-ribbed hillsides of New England in a vain attempt to pay the farm mortgage and obtain a home of their own, and have seen the profits of the short summers eaten up to maintain the stock through the long cold winters ; where the smallest savings are made only by the severest toil and closest economy :

To those who are struggling to make both ends meet by renting the worn-out farms of the middle Northern States, and who yearly see their scanty harvests go to pay rents, with scarcely enough left to clothe the farmer's family:

To those who are tired of the blizzard-swept regions of the Northwest, and desire a milder and more congenial climate where the soil is as productive, where the winters are short and mild, where the problem of obtaining fuel and timber is not encountered :

To the capitalist who desires to invest his money in safe, sure and profitable enterprises, where mines of all kinds are awaiting development, where superior advantages are offered to

all lines of manufacturing, unsurpassed water power, cheap coal and timber, and the control of the Southwestern market :

To all who are honest and willing to work and who desire to get along in the world — to the man with capital, to the man with muscle, to the farmer, to the merchant, to the stock raiser, to the fruit grower, to the miller, to the mechanic, to the lumberman, to the school teacher, to the clerk, to the laboring man, to the health and pleasure seeker and the sportsman — to all who wish to obtain a good home, wealth, happiness and comfort : —

This Pamphlet on the Resources of Arkansas is dedicated.

Arkansas.

ft

RKANSAS is located in the milder portion of the Mississippi Valley and has an area of 52.198 square miles, or 33,406,720 acres. Owing to the difference in the elevation of the various portions of the State and its southern location, a greater varietyofproducts are raised than in any other of the States. In the southern section, semitropical fruits and plants are grown in great variety, and the products of the Northern States are successfully grown in all sections. The surface of the State is level in the east, gradually becoming more elevated toward the westward, the greatest elevation being reached in' the Ozark Mountains which are in the western part. The surface of the State presents a pleasing variety of hill, plain, prairie, woodland, valley

fi

Arkansas.

and stream. Perhaps no State in the country is better adapted by nature to all the industries and varieties of living from the land than Arkansas. The rich valleys are capable of producing cotton, corn, wheat, oats, and all varieties of grain. The genial warmth of the climate and rich soil make fruit raising one of the most successful and agreeable occupations. The magnificent apples grown in the State have taken the prizes at all the National pomological exhibits of recent years. As a peach growing State Arkansas is equal to Delaware. Its peach products have already made St. Louis the earliest and cheapest peach market in the country. The small fruits — cherries, berries and all others — are grown with surprising ease and success. Stock raising, for obvious reasons, is one of the most successful, and can be made one of the great industries of the State. The uplands and hill country make most excellent grazing, and water, the important feature of stock raising, is abundant everywhere. This, in addition to the short winters, during which very little feeding is necessary, the proximity to markets, shipping facilities, and cheap lands, makes stock raising one of the most desirable industries that can be engaged in. Unlimited opportunities for the investment of capital in mines of iron, manganese, antimony, kaolin, zinc, copper, lead, gypsum, coal, granite> silver and gold are offered. The water power of Arkansas is unsurpassed. The streams can be dotted with saw mills and flouring mills, and why should they not be with cotton mills ? Here is an opportunity for live capitalists.

In 1880 Arkansas cast 107,290 votes in the presidential election. The census for that year showed that the population was 802,525. In 1888 the vote cast at the presidential election was, as shown by the official returns, 155,941. The vote cast in 1880 was seven and one-half per cent of the population. Presuming the percentage to be the same in 1888, Arkansas has a population at this time of 1,080,615. This is doubtless a fair proposition, as there is always a much larger vote cast at the State election in September than in the National election in November. If this increase continues in the same proportion for the next two years (and it is far more likely to be greater than less), Arkansas will have in 1890, 1,117,030 inhabitants. Counting the basis for the representation in the House of Representatives at one member for every 150,000 inhabitants, as it is now. Arkansas will have eight members of Congress instead of five, as at present. Verily she grows.

Arkansas,

Arkansas Commercially Considered.

"BN point of commercial advantages Arkansas is second to no State in f the Union for internal trade. Three trunk lines of railroad traverse the State from north to south, all centering in St. Louis, thus putting all sections of the State in direct communication with the great commercial center of the Mississippi Valley. The Iron Mountain Route, with its branches, traverses the State diagonally through the center and drains, by means of the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas, and the Little Rock & Fort Smith divisions, the Arkansas River Valley from the Indian Territory to the Mississippi river. The Cotton Belt Route carries the commerce of the eastern section of the State, and the St. Louis & San Francisco furnishes an outlet for the western part. All these roads penetrate, with their connections, the State of Texas to the Gulf> furnishing an outlet to the southward for the surplus of the State. Numerous smaller lines and branches intersect the State in all directions, placing the larger cities in communication with each other and acting as feeders for the commerce of the main lines.

Very few of the States are provided with a system of navigable rivers as a factor in internal trade. In contrast, Arkansas has over 3,000 miles of water available for commercial purposes, which forms almost a complete system of river communication. The Mississippi river washes the eastern boundary about five hundred miles in length ; the Arkansas river, flowing by Little Rock, the capital, and navigable for 500 miles; the Red river in the south, 300 miles ; the St. Francis, the White and Black rivers, and several others, aggregating 3,250 miles of water available for steamboats, and about 500 additional miles for barges and rafts. New lines of railroad have been projected and surveyed. The tide of emigration, as evinced by inquiries, is clearly turning toward Arkansas. Railroads are anticipating the movement to make extensions wherever available.

That it is a beautiful country none can deny. Everything unites to make it so, and the result of all the combined influences of climate, soil and country render it one of the most marvelously healthy regions known. Then, too, its every hillside gives birth to some sparkling spring.

t

Arkansas.

which, surcharged with some mineral properties, restores to health those who come here ailing or suffering. Indeed the entire State has long been famous for its numberless mineral springs.

A comprehensive view of the whole — what a scene it presents to the observer. Could it but be held for a moment before the gaze of the toiling thousands, who are wearing away their lives in sterile fields, or breathing away their existence in the crowded haunts of the far East, what a change would come over their thoughts. With this happy land before their eyes could they be expected to rest contented ? No, indeed. And before many months had passed over their toil-bowed shoulders, they would be seen on the march for this Eldorado, which awaits them in the West — awaits with a warm welcome all worthy humanity, which may come and knock for admittance. Even the poor man, without a cent to bless his pocket, need not hesitate to come to this favored land, if he come armed with a determination to be a man, and work like a man. Labor may be easily obtained, and the laborer never fails to get every cent he earns. If he does not earn a living, then let him blame himself if he becomes a pauper and lives at the sufferance of common humanity. If such be his character let him keep away from here, for such as that receive little sympathy.

What An Arkansas Farmer Can Do.

He can raise from two hundred to three hundred bushels of sweet potatoes to the acre, and for fifty dollars he can build a house that will keep them the year round.

He can plant one acre of artichokes and fatten fifty hogs on it ; the hogs can do their own digging and waste nothing.

He can raise all kinds of stock 100 per cent cheaper than it can be done further north,

He will not have to fertilize his land to make it yield a good harvest. He can make a living easier than in any other State in the South, and at the same time enjoy a more equable climate.

He can run his farm without a mortgage on it.

He can raise finer fruit, a greater variety, and more of it than in any other country in the world.

He can have vegetables on his table the year round.

You can plant one acre in cane, and make 200 gallons of beautiful clear syrup with no sorghum twang to it.

Arkansas.

Bees require no attention further than taking what honey you wish .

You can raise four tons of clover hay per acre, and the ground does not have to be seeded but once in five years.

Five tons of German millet is not a large yield for one year.

Wet land, sown in red top, forms an everlasting meadow of the finest hay in the world.

One bale of cotton is the average yield, though one and one-half bales per acre is not an uncommon crop.

There has never been a total failure of crops since the war, and but few partial ones.

One hundred peach trees to the acre, and three to five bushels of choice fruit per tree can be counted upon after the third year.

Climate And Health.

fHE first question asked in considering a change of residence to a distant State is, " What is the climate, and how will my health be affected by the change? " etc., etc.

The climate of Arkansas is, in comparison with our northern climates, decidedly mild, and yet presents a greater diversity of temperature at any given time than any equal area of country. This is owing to the diversity of elevation and the many sheltered valleys. The season in the southeast is three weeks in advance of that of the northern part of the State. The rainfall is abundant, but days of sunshine largely predominate. The extreme heat of the South and the intense cold of the North are never known. The mountain range on the west shelters the State from the blizzards that sweep the northern country, and the cold waves of the Northwest, called northers. The seasons of seed-time and harvest are long and the period of winter is short and mild. Outdoor work can go on during the whole year. Stock live, for the most part, on the ranges during the winter months.

The following statistics, taken from the United States Signal Service and weather reports, give a general idea of the climate :

Rainfall for 1887 in inches 46.33

Temperature highest, August 97.8

Temperature lowest above zero, January 7.6

Temperature average for 1887 58.7

in ARKANSAS.

Thus it will be seen that neither extremes of heat or cold are reached in Arkansas, and that drought, which frequently injures the crops of the West and South, can never seriously affect those of Arkansas. At Little Rock the mean temperature for the months of June, July and August was several degrees lower than that of Saratoga, N. Y. Wisconsin, during the same months, was subjected to greater extremes of heat than Arkansas. United States statistics disclose the fact that the mortality rate at Little Rock is less than at any other military post in the Union. On the uplands and in the hilly and mountainous districts Arkansas is exceptionally healthy, and people afflicted with rheumatism, catarrh, bronchial and pulmonary troubles, are always relieved and frequently permanently cured by a residence in Arkansas. Pneumonia prevails but very little and fatal cases are rare. While it is true that malaria is prevalent in the districts lying in the river bottoms where the timber is heavy and all vegetation rank, yet it is no more true of Arkansas than of any other portions of the country with similar regions of dense vegetation and uncultivated soil. When the land is cleared up and brought under cultivation for a few years these influences disappear and the low lands of Arkansas become as healthy as the high lands, which are entirely free from malaria and challenge comparison for health with those of any part of the globe.

The long, warm, genial season is of great advantage to the farmers. In the North, the season being so short, as soon as the deep frost is out of the ground every energy must be bent, and the greatest possible amount of labor brought into requisition, in order that the crops may be planted in time to mature before the short season is passed. Thereby a great deal of extra expense is incurred which the farmer of Arkansas is not subject to. The plow7 in Arkansas may be kept going every month in the year. There need be no rush at seed time. The soil may be prepared easily, thoroughly and without haste for the planting, which takes place in February for the earlier crops, and the others in March

In addition to the general health of Arkansas, mineral springs are found at various points throughout the State, to which thousands make pilgrimages every year, not only from our own country, but their fame and healing powers have gone forth to all quarters of the world. Nature has added to her sunny, genial climate her own healing draughts- These springs and health resorts will be treated at greater length under a separate heading on another page of this pamphlet.

Arkansas.

The average rainfall of Arkansas during June, July and August is about 16 inches, in all parts of the State, except a narrow belt south from the center of the State, in which it is about 18 inches, and the western portion of the State, where it ranges from 8 to 14 inches.

The average for December, January and February is 14 to 16 inches in all parts of the State, except in the western part, where it is 10 to 12 inches, and a narrow belt south of the center of the State, where it is 18 to 20 inches.

An aggregate of 15 years' observation in Arkansas gives an average of 75 rainy days in the year.

A report of an investigation of 600 tornadoes in the United States and Territories gives 8 as occurring in Arkansas.

A report of 134 tornadoes, which were of an unusually destructive nature, and occurring in 23 States, shows only 4 were in Arkansas.

The change of mean daily temperature at Little Rock was less than 5 degrees

On 270 days in 1881 " 284 " 1882 :

" 246 - 1883;

" 274 " 1884 ;

On 263 days in 1885 ; " 262 " 1886 ; " 239 " 1887;

And the change in mean daily temperature was greater than 16 degrees in 1881 on four days; in 1882 on 4 days; in 1883, 1884 and 1885 on 7 days each ; in 1886 on 6 days, and in 1887 on 13 days.

For twelve months in the year there is not a land the sun shines on favored with a climate that can compare with Arkansas. While other countries have their delightful seasons, like winter in California, summer in Minnesota and so on, for all the year round give us Arkansas.

Arkansas.

Physical Features And Soil.

ANY mistaken ideas have gone abroad in regard to the topogra- 1 phy of Arkansas. It is popularly supposed by those ignorant of the State, to he a low-lying, swampy country, crossed by sluggish rivers, and breathing forth malarial poisons. This impression has been spread by persons who have seen that part of the State lying along the Mississippi river, or from some of the first railroads built through

A Country Ford

'

the State. These latter, to avoid the expense of heavy grading and deep cuts, were constructed through the creek and river bottoms and the lower lands of the State. Depending on his observation from such a standpoint, the traveler would be apt to obtain a somewhat erroneous impression of the State.

Arkansas.

Only about one-fourth of the lands of the whole State are level ; the other three-fourths are rolling, hilly or mountainous. The altitude of the State varies from 200 to 1,500 feet, and some of the highest mountains reach an elevation of 2,500 feet. The low lands are found mostly in the eastern portion of the State along the Mississippi river. It gradually rises towards the west, in rolling country, becoming more hilly and elevated until the greatest height is reached in the Ozark mountains in the West.

The rivers of the State intersect the mountains and hills at nearly right angles flow ina south-

they are elevated and dry and capable of yielding the richest harvests a s soon as cleared and brought under the plow.

I n the M ountain sections the

scenery is beautiful, frequently approaching the grand, and always interesting. The State, in respect to its water courses, is divided into the Mississippi Valley, or lands on the east, the wide valley of the Arkansas running through the center of the State, the Ouachita in the Southeast and the Red River Valley in the South.

The alluvial lands are found in the valleys of the numerous rivers of

A Rural Scene.

Arkansas.

the State, and these bottoms are often miles in width and are the most productive in the world. In some instances it has been cultivated for forty years with the same crop, and is still yielding remunerative returns without the aid of fertilizers. Near the streams the soil is usually a gray sandy loam, becoming a red or black stiff land as it recedes from the streams, and light gray in color as the hills are approached. This land has great durability and productiveness, and is covered with a heavy growth of timber, composed of gums, burr oak, white oak, elder, ash and white hickory, Spanish and post oak, dogwood, red and white elm, ash, etc. When cleared they are capable of producing, in great luxuriance and abundance, corn, cotton, oats, clover, timothy, red-top, millet, grapes, strawberries, pears, peaches, plums, etc.

The rolling and hilly lands comprise about one-half the whole area of the State. These are to be found all over the State, but lie principally south and east of the mountain ranges. The soil is light gray in color? loose, sandy, easily cultivated and very productive. Pears, grapes? plums, strawberries, peaches, potatoes, both sweet and Irish, rye, oats, cotton and corn are produced on this soil in abundance.

The geographical position of the State is greatly enhanced by the physical conformation of the country. Within the space of about two hundred and forty miles from north to south, in the limits of the State, are to be found all the climatic and other characteristics of ten degrees of latitude. In the southern section of Arkansas many varieties of semitropical fruits and plants are grown successfully, and the great southern staples are produced in luxuriance, and it has been proved beyond a doubt that the leading staples and products of the Northern States can be easily grown with good profits. In passing westward from the eastern border of Arkansas, the surface becomes more elevated, rising gradually ; near the center of the State the country becomes rolling and hilly, the Ozark Mountain portion being in the western part. The country north of the Arkansas river is a beautiful intermixture of hill, plain, prairie and woodland. It is generally very fertile, and is rapidly filling up with an enterprising people. It affords a fine stock range ; the various cereals and fruits are successfully raised, and it is equally well adapted to growing cotton. The country between the Arkansas and Ouachita rivers is partly alluvial and partly diluvial in its formation, and of great fertility, being composed of broad and fertile bottoms, and ridges and hills of no great elevation. The district south of the Ouachita, for a considerable distance,

Arkansas.

is divided into a series of ridges and valleys, intersected by numerous small streams rising in the mountains to the west. These streams afford superior water power for manufacturing purposes, and the lands are of great value for stock-raising and agricultural uses. South of the hill-land is a large tract of country extending to the southern boundary of the State, and nearly across from east to west, varied in surface and soil, but generally undulating and interspersed with pine forests.

Agriculture.

Its Present Condition And Future Outlook.

MTO State has better farming lands than Arkansas. No State, with Jf/i all the advantages of schools, churches, society, railroads, and close connection with the centers of commerce and population, can offer such a high order of farming lands so cheaply and on such reasonable terms.

The State of Arkansas has more navigable streams than any in the Union. The rich alluvial soil of her valleys rivals any lands on the continent for the production of cotton. Prior to the war slave labor was found better adapted to its culture than to other agricultural pursuits. The extreme poverty of the people, caused by the ravages of war, and the unsettled condition of public affairs for years afterwards, prevented the development of new resources. Consequently, until the past few years, the public attention wras devoted wholly to the production of cotton. The numerous waterways served for transportation, and naturally the development of the country was confined to the valleys of the rivers. Other portions of the State, embracing the uplands, hills and mountains, remained practically undeveloped. Prior to 1872 there was but one short line of railroad in operation in the State. General development is of recent date, but has been very rapid. Pure air, pure water, and variety in fertility of soil, coupled with an equable, salubrious climate, make the State one of great agricultural possibilities, capable of sustaining a dense population. The agricultural productions of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and

Arkansas.

Kansas are produced equally well in Arkansas. In addition to these, more cotton is grown per acre and per hand, on an average, than in any other Southern State, and Arkansas has earned, besides, a reputation not excelled as a fruit-growing country, having taken the premium over all competitors, except as to tropical fruits, at the Exposition at New Orleans. Its annual rainfall is much greater than in any of the States named ; consequently crops are less liable to be injured by drouth. Its equable climate and agricultural resources make it a good stock-growing country.

The following statistics were compiled for the report and use of the Arkansas State Board of Emigration, and are useful in showing the present status of agriculture in Arkansas, and the cheering prospects for the future :

No. acres in the State 33,500,000

No. acres of timber land 19,000,000

No. acres under cultivation 5,000,000

No. acres adapted to fruit growing 10,000,000

No. acres government land 5,000,000

No. acres State land 2,000,000

No. acres coal land 2,500,000

No. acres iron ore land 1,500,000

No. acres prairie land 1,800,000

By the above it will be seen that only 5,000,000 of the 33,500,000 acres of land in the State are under cultivation ; that there are still in the State subject to pre-emption and homestead entry, 7,000,000 acres.

Apropos of the above the following table reveals some interesting and surprising facts. It shows the comparative values of the farms and their products in some of the leading agricultural States :

States.

California . Arkansas . Nebraska ..

Iowa

Kansas

Minnesota.

Mississippi

Value Of

Farms.

Live Stock.

$262,051,282

74,249,655

105,932,541

507,430,227

235,178,631

193,724,260

275,633,307

$ 35,500,417 20,472,425

33,440,265

124,715,103

60,907,149

31,904,821

95,785,282

Products.

$ 59,721,215 43,796,261 31,708,914 36,103,073 52,240,561 49,468,967 95,912,660

It will be seen by these figures that the value of the farms of Arkansas is the least of any of the States enumerated, varying from 50 to 700 per cent less ; that the total value of farm products is about the average of the seven States, some of them being the richest agricultural States in the country ; that the percentage of products to value of farms of Ar-

Arkansas.

kansas is from 50 to 800 per cent greater than that of the other seven States. When it is taken into consideration that only 5,000,000 acres of Arkansas' total of 33.000.000 acres are under cultivation, the total product of nearly $44.000,000 reveals an interesting and startling fact; and it would be well for those who are searching for a location where a home may be obtained quickly and cheaply and where toil receives its greatest remuneration, to stick a pin here and bear this fact in mind when comparing the advantages offered by different localities.

It might be in place right here to give some of the reasons why the farmer receives greater rereturns for bis labor in Arkansas than in some of the less favored States. In the first place, the superior quality of her products is an important factor. Arkansas has repeatedly taken the highest prizes for cotton and fruit over all competitors at the national exhibits of those products.

In the region about Pine Bluff a quality of cotton, superior to any in fhe world in strength of fiber, is grown. An agent of Clark Bros., the famous cotton thread manufacturers of London, annually buys up the total product of this region and ships it to London to be manufactured into the famous O. N. T. thread. In addition to always carrying off the prize, Arkansas produces more cotton to the acre and hand than any other State. The principal cause, however, of the great returns from agricultural pursuits is the early season and the adaptability of the State to the growth of all kinds of fruits and vegetables. It is the only

Arkansas.

State in the West, south of Mason & Dixon's Line, where these are grown in great quantities for shipment. Arkansas commands the Western market with its early products. Its fruits and vegetables are before all others in the markets of St. Louis and Chicago, and always at the highest market prices. Ready markets are found for all that can be raised.

The following figures show the average cash value per acre of all crops taken together in the various States :

Alabama

$13.49

Arkansas

California

17. Is

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Iowa

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Louisiana

Massachusetts

Maine

Maryland

Michigan

Minnesota $10.29

Mississippi 14.76

Missouri 10.78

New Jersey 18.05

New York 14.15

New Hampshire 13.56

North Carolina 10.79

Ohio 15.58

Oregon 17.11

Pennsylvania 17.68

Rhode Island 29.32

South Carolina 10.09

Tennessee 12.39

Vermont 11.60

Virginia 10.91

West Virginia 12.74

The above figures may open the eyes of some of our readers, especially those of the North and East ; but it is to be remembered that this State is in the South, and, were the same attention given to preparing the soil and cultivating the crops as in the New England States, the results would be still more astonishing. It should be remembered that only a little more than one-seventh of the entire State is under cultivation, that large areas of the best fruit and farming lands are still unoccupied, that the latest and most improved methods of farming and fruit-raising are in use only in a few exceptional instances. With all these disadvantages against her, yet standing, in the general average, better than the best; with the tide of intelligent emigration setting strongly in that direction ; with change and improvement taking place in all branches of industry, the outlook for the future prosperity and rapid growth of Arkansas is bright indeed.

Arkansas.

A New Fibre.

tT a recent meeting of the Little Rock (Ark.) Board of Trade, Prof.

W. S. Thomas spoke at considerable length on the value of the textile fabrics, submitting samples of cotton fibre made from the ordinary cotton stalk. He stated that four years ago a New England scientist told him he believed that a valuable fibre could be evolved from the cotton stalk of the South. "This gentleman was an enthusiast," said the professor, "and he enthused me. He firmly believed that the cotton stalk had a fibre which it would pay to extract for commercial purposes. After this I lost connection with the gentleman, but his ringing words remained with me, and I devoted a great deal of my time to the study of the textile fibres of Arkansas. That I have been astonished by the result is known wherever I am known. I am now convinced that every textile fibre known to the arts can be produced in Arkansas. This fall Prof. Waterhouse, of Washington University, St. Louis, who has a National reputation, called to see me for the purpose of examining some jute I had raised on my farm in this county. He had devoted years to the study of jute, traveling all over this and other countries. He told me he found in the South the soil, the climate and every condition necessary to its successful cultivation; that he believed a quality as fine as that of India could be grown in Arkansas, and that my sample was as fine as any that he had ever seen anywhere. The only trouble in the jute question then, as now, is the cost, in this country, of separating the fibre from the stalk. We have not yet been able to perfect machinery which would enable us to compete with the cheap labor of foreign countries. The only question, so far as Arkansas is concerned, is its economic production. So much for one of our raw products. The next time I heard from Prof. Waterhouse he called my attention to the work of the American Consolidated Fibre Company, of New York. I wrote them, and have been watching their operations until success has crowned their efforts. They now produce the fibre from the stalk in from one to four hours. I have samples of the fibre, made from cotton stalks sent the company. They make 3,600

Arkansas.

pounds at one time, and in upward of 400 trials so far there has not been a single failure. They produce from our ordinary cotton stalks a fibre as soft as wool, with the lustre of silk and the stiength of linen. I suppose we shall next hear of the use of the leaf of the plant. 1 am glad to be able to report this matter, and to know that this Board will give the enterprise the encouragement it deserves. We want them to come here to produce the fibre, and to locate the factories here. We must encourage the consumption at home of our raw materials. We furnish the raw materials for the enrichment of other States. It is time to utilize them at home. Our resources undeveloped are of no value. Utilized they are wealth. We look to the North and see eight States turning out 75 per cent of the goods manufactured, and controling 75 per cent of the capital of the country. We must get up and work. Induce those capitalists to come and see. Tell them what we have, and in the end we shall see our hills dotted with factories, great cities on all sides, and a happy, prosperous people, endowed with plenty and all the conveniences of modern civilization."

Arkansas.

Lands Of Arkansas.

TtffflHERE are in Arkansas at present 5,000,000 acres of government i® lands subject to the pre-emption and homestead laws of the United States. Every citizen of the United States who is the head of a family or over 21 years of age is entitled to one entry under the homestead, pre-emption and timber-culture acts each. But one pr-e-emption filing, one homestead entry, one timber-culture entry is allowed to each citizen. An entry on one 40-acre tract exhausts a right as much as on a whole quarter section. Original homestead and pre-emption rights can not be held simultaneously, for both require residence on and cultivation of the land.

Homestead entries can be made for not more than 160 acres in a contiguous form; tracts "cornering" are not contiguous.

The Land Office fees and commissions, payable when application u made, are as follows :

Land At $2.50 Per Acre.

160 Acres Fee $10.00, Commissions $8.00, Total $18.00

120 " " 10.00 " 6.00 " 16.00

80 " " 5.00 " 4.00 " 9.00

40 " " 5.00 " 2.00 " 7.00

Land At $1.25 Per Acre.

160 Acres Fee $10.00, Commissions $4.00, Total $14.00

120 " " 10.00 " 3.00 " 13.00

80 " " 5.00 " 2.00 " 7.00

40 " " 5.00 " 1.00 " 6.00

A person desiring to enter a tract of land upon which he has not established a residence nor made improvements, must appear personally at the district land office and make his application before the Register and Receiver, after having seen the land.

He must then establish actual, bona fide residence (in a house) upon the land within six months from date of entry, and must reside upon it continuously for five years.

Arkansas.

Tlie period of actual inhabitancy, improvement and cultivation required under the homestead law, is five years.

In case of the death of a homestead settler, before making proof, the widow succeeds to the homestead right; but she must continue to cultivate the land until final proof is made and accepted.

In case of the death of both father and mother, the right and fee inure to the minor children, if any.

A homestead right can not be devised away from the widow anc, minor children.

A Union (or Federal) soldier or sailor of the late war is entitled to a deduction from the five years of the length of time (not exceeding four years) of his military or naval service. But the soldier (or his widow) must actually reside on the land at least one year before final proof can be made. Certified copy of discharge papers should be submitted with the proof.

The Pre-Emption Law.

The qualifications required of a pre-emptor are that he (or she) shall be a citizen of the United States, (or have declared an intention to become such ;) over 21 years of age or the head of a family; an actual inhabitant of the tract claimed; and not the proprietor of 320 acres of land in any State or Territory.

The declaration statement must be filed within thirty days from date of settlement

The Land Office fee for filing a declaratory statement is $2.

A pre-emption filing can be made only by an actual settler on the land. A filing without settlement is illegal, and no rights are acquired thereby.

The existence of a pre-emption tiling on a tract of land does not prevent another filing on the same land, subject to any valid rights acquired by virtue of the former filing and actual settlement, if any.

The requirements of actual inhabitancy and improvement must be observed as strictly under the pre-emption law as under the homestead law.

Proof and payment must be made within twelve months from date of settlement, and must show residence and cultivation for at least six months. Proof is to be made in the same manner as in homestead

cases.

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Settlement should precede a pre-emption filing. The notion that parties have thirty days after tiling to go on the land is erroneous. The first actual settler who files within one month after settlement is entitled to the land, while the first man who files may have been the last to make settlement, and hence have least claim to the land.

A settlement does not mean actual residence, but preparation for it, to be followed up in good faith. The claimant should, in person, not by agent, start the erection of a house, or begin some other improvement on the land he selects before he makes a pre-emption filing.

Declaratory statements should be witnessed, the date of settlement plainly stated, and the description clearly written.

The State of Arkansas has upwards of 2.000,000 acres of lands, held as

forfeited for taxes, internal improvements, lands, swamp lands, seminary and bank lands, which can be purchased at low figures. The following information regarding the manner of purchasing and the price per acre, was furnished to the committee by Hon. Paul M. Cobbs, Commissioner of Arkansas State Lands : The following will answer many questions that are daily received through the mails :

None except the lands forfeited for taxes are subject to donation.

In no case can more than 160 acres of land be donated to one person.

Applicants for donation simply apply for whatever right the State may have in and to the land desired, and the fee is for service rendered and not in payment for the land. The State gives a Quit Claim to the land, on the condition that it be improved, occupied and cultivated by the donee.

Forfeited land is subject to sale at $1.25 per acre. Sixty per cent of the amount may be paid in county scrip (of the county in which the lands

24

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are situated), and the remaining 40 per cent in State scrip or currency, or the whole amount may be paid in State scrip or currency.

Internal improvement, saline and swamp lands are sold at $1.25 per acre.

Seminary lands are sold at $1.00 per acre.

Bank lands are sold at the appraised value.

All sales are for cash. The purchase money and fee must be paid into the State Treasury before a deed can be issued from this office.

Forfeited lands come to this office by deeds or certificates from the county clerks, in which many errors occur, many of which are detected and corrected in this office, while others are of such a nature that it is impossible for the Commissioner to detect them— as in cases where persons hold receipts for the taxes paid for the same year reported forfeited, and where the United States homestead entries are reported forfeited before the land becomes taxable. Where persons purchase forfeited lands, and the forfeiture afterwards proves to be an error, the purchase money can not be refunded, as the legislature made no appropriation for paying such claims.

The courts have sustained tax titles where the land was subject to taxation at the date of forfeiture, and where the forfeiture was taken in conformity with law; for this, applicants must look out for themselves.

The Commissioner will not suffer any one to take up lands that are shown by the records to be erroneously forfeited; but, as stated above, the records do not show all the errors that exist. Applicants should acquaint themselves with the history of the land desired before paying out any money, or doing any work on the same.

A donation can not be floated from one tract to another. Applications can not be received, or money taken on deposit, in anticipation of lands which are expected thereafter to become subject to entry at the State Land Office. The law prohibits the Commissioner doing anything which would have a tendency to give one citizen the advantage of another in procuring State lands.

Donees can not legally sell any part of their donations, or cut or remove any timber therefrom, except for the specific improvement of such donation, until the deed is issued therefor.

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The following fees are required by law, to be certified by the Commissioner, and paid into the State Treasury direct, for the use of the State and can not be refunded under any circumstances:

For each Certificate of Donation $10 00

For each Deed or Patent of any description 1 00

For each Certificate (other than a Donation).. 1 00

For each Affidavit (made before the Commissioner) 50

For Copy of Field Notes of any Section 1 00

A tender to the State Treasurer of the requisite amount of money, including the fee, is necessary to constitute a legal application to obtain State lands through the State Land Office.

Railroad Lands.

1853 Congress passed an act, and subsequently confirmed it in f I860, whereby a certain number of sections of land were granted for every mile of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway constructed. This was a liberal grant, and extended for twenty miles on either side of the track. Out of the original amount a total of 847,- 270 acres still remain unsold, and subject to purchase by those desiring a home. By recent purchase of lands on the line of the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas Division, nearly 200,000 acres were added to the above amount, making a grand total of nearly 1,000,000 acres of good farming lands for sale at reasonable rates.

The price of this land varies according to quality and location. The uplands range in price from $2.50 to $8.00 per acre ; the creek bottoms from $4.00 to $10.00 ; the river bottoms from $9.00 to $25.00 per acre. As must necessarily be the case, these lands are near the railroads, and there are, consequently, always ready and good markets for produce within easy access.

Railway lands are offered on the following easy terms:

Terms Of Sale.

Credit Plan. — Under this plan the purchaser is required to pay onefourth of the purchase price at date of sale — the remaining three-fourths is divided into three equal annual payments, drawing interest at six per cent per annum.

Arkansas,

See following example for full explanation :

Forty acres sold March 1st, 1892, at $3.00 per acre, one-fourth cash being paid down, balance to be paid in three equal annual payments with six per cent annual interest.

Payments. When Due. Principal. Interest. Total.

$30 00

$1 80

$30 00

1st, or Cash March 1,1892,

2d, Deferred ... " 1,1893,

3d, " ... " 1,1894,

4th, " ... " 1,1895,

Cash Plan. — We offer a discount of ten per cent from the price per acre to those who will pay in full for the land at the time of purchase. Thus land at $3.00 per acre on credit terms, can be bought for $2.70 per acre. All cash down.

A great work has been done by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway by opening to settlement Central and Northeast Arkansas, and more recently the southern and southwestern portion of the State. This gives an opportunity for investment in all kinds of enterprises and industries, any of which will eventually lead to success, if the settler has the requisite energy and perseverance. The lands could not be better for general farming purposes. The season for cultivation is a very long one, lasting from February until November, and therefore highly favorable to many crops that require not only warm springs, but the moderate temperature of a long autumn. A climate and soil which thus secure the agriculturist against the fears of droughts, and also of early frosts, will be recognized at once as being as rare as it is propitious, and as offering unusual inducements to emigrants.

The land grant of the Little Rock & Ft. Smith Railway extends the length of the Arkansas River Valley from Little Rock to Ft. Smith. It lies on either side of the track, in alternate sections, and has the Arkansas river running through its entire length. A land grant, with a navigable river and a first-class railway running through it from end to end, is not found in every State. The soil of this tract is not only rich but versatile to a high degree in the variety of crops of which it is capable. It lies between the lines of latitude that stand as a barrier to the vigorous winds of winter and the intense heat of the semi-tropical summer. Here are but three short months of an open winter, with nine months of a long, balmy, golden season, when all crops come to perfection, and are harvested in their full maturity. It was not intended that such a wealth of natural resources should always remain unknown. But public notice was diverted for a time to less favored regions through the medium of the public press and highly colored

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advertising. This country could be overlooked only for a short time. Such advantages were bound to speak and demand an impartial hearing. The products of this valley have been placed before the gaze of the public at various expositions throughout the country. They have told their own story. The tide is turning, and the stream of homeseekers is turning toward this modern Eden, from which there is no danger of expulsion, if the candidate is industrious, honest, economical and energetic. You are welcome and bidden to enter. Study the array of natural advantages, and you will accept the invitation. Let everybody come — the farmer with his plow to turn the soil and reap the bountiful harvests ; the woodsman with his axe to clear the primeval forest of its giant trees ; the miner with his pick ; the artist with his brush ; the hunter with his dog and gun ; the fisherman with his rod and flies; the mechanic with his saw and hammer; the mason with his trowel ; and the man of money with his capital. Come to Arkansas, you are all wanted. One can get along only by the aid of the others.

Products.

The following is a Review of the Leading Agricultural Products of the State at the Little Rock Exposition in 1887 :

Cotton.

As might have been expected of a State that stands ahead of any other cotton producing center in the quality of this staple, this section was full of choice samples. While the world may dispute the supremacy of King Cotton, 'there is no question as to Arkansas being his chosen place. In view of the universality of this admission, we will not consume space in rehearsing the soil and climatic conditions that give Arkansas the conceded superiority over every other cotton State in quality of staple. Giant stalks covered with well-filled bolls, curiosities in every form, elicited loud exclamations of surprise from even the oldest planters. One bale from Phillips county was admittedly the

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finest sample ever grown In the State. It was of the Hutchinson improved variety, and spoke well for this seed, which is rapidly growing into favor among the planters of the State.

Corn.

The display of corn was such as might be expected from a State where its introduction forms such an important portion of our agricultural system, and whose soil and climatic conditions are favorable to the highest development. Choice grown samples of white and yellow Dent, white and yellow flint, gourd seed, Welborn corn, Bonham. Longfellow, Dutton, Strawberry, Grover, hominy and flour corn, from bottom and upland, from over thirty counties, and exceeding 400 exhibits, were sent in. Great ears were common, but the majority were exceedingly well tilled and grained to the tip. Comment on the corn department is unnecessary, as many years since Arkansas took according to her acreage, a high position among the corn producing States of the LTnion. Our average is uniformly high, and it is a maxim among old pioneer farmers that never was a farmer known to fail to secure a crop who planted in March. With the employment of fertilizers, so freely used in other States, our average yield could easily be doubled. Along our water courses are over 6.000,000 acres of the finest corn land in the world, while our "second bench " and uplands yield equally with the ordinary prairies of the most highly favored corn belt. Every visitor joined in eulogium over the magnificent display made. With our corn production and mild, brief winters, the problem of cheap meat is already half solved.

While dealing with the corn exhibit it may be well to make a few notes upon the "second growth"' section. There were quite a number of samples of good, perfect upland corn that had been followed by a full yield of millet on the same ground during one season. In one case an average crop each of corn, millet and turnips had been harvested. The possibility of this dual cropping renders the food supply of the newcomer on a recently cleared farm, for the first year, an easy task, and encourages the settler to bring his stock with him.

Fruits.

The reputation of Arkansas as a fruit-bearing section is too fully established to require extended comment. Our space is too restricted to criticise varieties and their adaptability to certain soils. We content ourselves with varieties listed. In reading this list, it

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must be borne in mind that the extreme Southern States, combined with the great prairie region both to the west and northwest, open a practically unlimited market. Those who have orchards in bearing now are reaping a golden harvest. All kinds of small fruits, with the exception of currants, yield abundantly in this State, and every planter near a line of railroad is prospering in their production. The experimental stage is past, and in almost every neighborhood varieties have been sufficiently tested to serve as a reliable guide for the orchardist. There has not been a complete failure of the peach crop in thirty years.

Apples, Peaches, Pears, Etc.

Nowhere outside of Arkansas was the lover of fine fruit ever regaled by such a feast of beautiful fruits as were on view in Agricultural Hall. Large, brilliantly -colored, well-flavored specimens were present from twenty-eight counties. We leave scientists to assign reasons for the accorded supremacy of Arkansas fruit. No State outside of Arkansas can duplicate this section. But why dwell on a fact that the world has been obliged to recognize. We wish those who thought the exhibit a fine one at New Orleans and Boston could have seen this, and their wonder would be tenfold increased.

In addition to the list of named varieties of apples as above, the Boston exhibit, consisting in part of sixty-eight varieties of seedling apples, and which was awarded the Wilder medal, the highest premium that is awarded at any time by any society. These were mainly shown by numbers ranging from No. 1 to No. 68 varieties. These seedlings were the wonder of the scientific pomologists at Boston. No living man can account for the production of choice seedling apples in Arkansas. An orchardist in the North might plant a bushel of apple seeds, and the chances are against his producing one valuable variety. While here, if he planted a quart, a score or more valuable seedling apples would be the result. We state an established fact and let the wise ones do the explaining.

Sorghltm And Products

Over forty samples of syrup, equal in appearance and taste to the best refined syrup. A home market is readily found for a good article, and money can be made out of its growth and manufacture In view of the incorrect naming of the many

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varieties, a few remarks are necessary. The sorghum sugar canes are generally classed into two great divisions — the Sorghos and the Imphee; the former chiefly of Asiatic origin, and in general distinguished by expanded panicles, more or less drooping; and the latter, exclusively of African origin, by closely contracted and erect panicles. Tne Imphee and Sorghos have been crossed, and the resulting hybrids intercrossed, until numerous varieties have been produced, more or less resembling each other, and possessing similar properties in common to a greater or less extent. Most of the syrup sent in was from the Imphee section, the favorite varieties bei ng Early Amber,

Early Orange and Gooseneck.

In this brief review of the sorghum interest it is impossible to do justice to its importance.

The people are to be congratulated upon the fact that they are determined to produce at home this suppi y. Both

syrups, produced from a luxuriant growth of the canes, demonstrate conclusively that sorghum is at home in every portion of our State. The recent sugar experiments with the diffusion process in making sugar, render it probable that this will be one of the important industries of the State. Irrespective of this, there is no longer a shadow of excuse for the farmers not producing in every neighborhood the sup-

Arkansas. 1

ply ; cultivation and manufacture are so simple, and the appliances so cheap.

There is a large and steady income waiting those who purchase improved machinery and manufacture a good article of syrup. The great number of saw mills and logging camps assure the producer a profitable market.

Wheat.

Owing to blind obedience to the rule of cotton, the people have lost sight of the importance of producing their home supply of flour. Owing to the mistaken idea that the profits on the production of cotton would enable them to purchase the food supply abroad, and then after selling the cotton have a surplus left, has prevented a large acreage in wheat, and created an impression that the soil of this State is not calculated to produce a fair sample. The contrary is true, and almost every county outside of the river tier had sent in varieties which were examined by competent judges and pronounced good.

The tine samples of flour convinced all that we should no longer import this article. This section upsets some of the old ideas. . While the northern tier of counties, such as Baxter and Washington, contributed magnificent samples, yet the extreme southern counties, such as Drew and Union, were equal in some varieties. As a matter of fact all the upland portions of our State are finely adapted to wheat production. The samples on the average were plump and heavy, and free from traces of any insect ravages. Chinch-bug and midge are comparatively unknown in our State, and wheat is singularly exempt from diseases.

Oats.

Over eighty entries attested the generality of growth. Eveiy section of the State is well adapted, and in evidence it may be put in that the finest sample was from Saline county, grown on upland, and the next was from Phillips county, immediately abutting on the lowlands of the Mississippi. Several exhibitors sent in fine German millet, sown as a second crop after the oats were harvested. Most of the grain was thin in the husks and heavy in the grain. Owing to the great humidity of our air, oats grow heavier than would be supposed possible in our latitude. The favorite varieties are the Red, rust-proof; Welcome, black and white.

Arkansas.

Barley

was not represented by over four samples. Yet these were good, and establish the fact that average yields can be made. Barley is not important in our system of agriculture, from the fact that there are so many better and more cheaply produced food crops, and we are also influenced by the fact that there are no malting establishments in the State.

Buckwheat.

Several entries of this were plump in berry and glossy in skin. It is not possible that this will ever play an important feature in our agricultural system. For either cleaning, feed, or fertilizing purposes, it is inferior to the cow pea. Under some circumstances it may be wise to employ it. but very rare will they be.

Rye.

The exhibits in this section were few, but very choice. The importance of this crop is forcing itself upon our farmers, and the acreage devoted to its production rapidly increasing. For winter pasturage and soiling purposes it is proving very valuable, in fact indispensable to farming, with an idea of increasing the nominal supply. True, we have the opeu range, but the droppings of the animal are lost, and our farmers have learned to pasture first, and then turn under the green crop, thus cheaply fertilizing the land for other crops.

Butter.

This section was respectable, not full. This action on the part of dairy men and farmers is unaccountable. For instance, in conversing with a party who makes over 5.000 pounds a year and finds a ready market in Little Rock at 25 cents per pound, we were informed that although surrounded by several large dairies in the best pasturing district of Lonoke, yet she was unable to induce the producers to send samples to the Exposition. This is to be regretted exceedingly, as it but strengthens the accusation so often made that Arkansas is not a good butter State. The contrary is the fact, and with the continually increasing area of pasturage lands, the home market will soon be independent of the creameries of the North. Carlisle sent a grand sample; from same place, a beautiful jar of granular butter, the product of a Holstein herd; Lonoke sent a fine sample, golden, and still only a natural color; and several other contributions from different sections completed the display.

Arkansas.

The increase in dairy products the last few years is remarkable. This activity springs from the fact that, as the tame grasses one by one are being found adapted for different sections, permanent pastures are being made, and with their creation naturally follows an increase of cows of better breed. Agitation is going on in several sections pointing to the establishment of creameries. The unqualified success of these institutions in Mississippi assures us against possible failure.

Evaporating Fruits.

This section was fairly filled, but not to the extent that its importance as a profitable industry in this State warranted. The leading exhibitor in this department was the Fort Smith Evaporating Company. Magnificent samples were shown of apples, peaches, pumpkins and sweet potatoes. There is a great future in this latter tuber by preparing it in this manner. Each bushel will yield fifteen pounds of marketable product, and the demand is growing. It is also prepared in the shape of flour. Alexander, Saline county, had the finest evaporated sweet potatoes in the Exposition.

Vegetables.

The warmest friends of the Exposition were apprehensive that in view of the unprecedented dry season this department would be scantily supplied. The contrary was the case, and the section was replete with large, perfectly-grown, well-flavored specimens of almost every vegetable known to the temperate zone, and several that are supposed to find their true habitat toward the tropics. While looking at these adjuncts of a generous diet we were forced to confess that the garden or "truck patch" had not been accorded the prominence that its merits demanded. There are few vegetables that do not succeed well with us. The gardeners of Little Rock and Fort Smith grow as fine vegetables as are found in any market of the world.

St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Exhibit.

A separate section was assigned to this corporation, and the exhibit was the center of attraction in the agricultural hall. All the samples were collected from points along this line of railway, the greater portion being contributed by settlers upon lands sold them by the company. The exhibit was most tastefully arranged by Prof. W. S. Thomas, the pioneer exhibitor of the resources of the State, and who has carried

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off so man}' prizes with our products at other State fairs. To give a list of separate articles is beyond our scope, but suffice it to say that it embraced almost every product of the State. Over seventy varieties of wild grasses ; seventy varieties of native timber ; every cereal grown within our borders ; every cultivated forage plant in which we are pre-eminently rich ; a large pottery section, showing the capability of our rich clay deposits to assume useful and beautiful forms ; every textile plant, with the manufacture and products thereof; an ornithological section replete with our native birds ; a novel collection of curious growths. In short, an epitome of the natural wealth of a— by nature — highly favored State. The Land Department and Col. Thos. Essex were congratulated on the display grouped so artistically.

Little Rock & Fort Smith Railway Exhibit.

This line was finely represented by products from the fertile lands through which it passes. Running, as this line does, through some of the richest bottom and upland, magnificent tribute has been gleaned. The display of apples from Johnson and Conway counties was really superb. As a sample, it may be mentioned that this section had a Northern Spy of fifteen inches in circumference and a weight of nineteen ounces ; also, a Keffer pear, weighing twenty ounces. Wine of a superior quality tickled the palate of the connoisseur. Field and garden crop samples, choice and perfect in growth, revealed new possibilities. The exhibit did not propose to cover all the products of the section tributary to the railway, and was got up hurriedly, yet enough was given to make the public, like Oliver twist, ask "for more." Col. Gibson and Capt. Dill spent much time and thought in grouping artistically their products.

Hay And Fodder Plants.

The array of cured products in this department was a cause of unalloyed gratification to every well-wisher of the State. The grass supply is the foundation of successful agriculture. Without grass there can be no stock, and without stock no possibility of maintaining the fertility of the soil. The Alpha and Omega of agriculture is found in the terse sentence, "More grass, more stock ; more stock, more grass." A fair measure of the agricultural prosperity of any people is the amount of the area in permanent pasture, or employed for restorative purposes in rotation. Before entering into the standard varieties, it may be well to remark that pendent from the

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beams of the agricultural hall were over eighty varieties of wild or native grasses. Most of them are eminently nutritious, and afford an open range of unrivalled character. A large hale of alfalfa (medicago sativa) from a farm near Little Rock, hears the placard, "This product was mowed middle of April, and every thirty days thereafter for four consecutive times, and is now, November 1, 1887. over one foot high." On all our deep-drained rich lands this grass will do well, and nothing else can equal it in quantity, while its quality is as good as the best. The past unusually dry season it was measured, and its growth found to be twenty-seven inches in twenty-four days. Pulaski county, also sent in a hale magnificently cured and of tine fibre.

Bermuda grass (cynodon dactylon) was represented both in plant and hale from many sections. A farmer of Arkadelphia, mowed from twenty acres, one sitting, fifty tons of Bermuda hay, a hale of which he sent to the Exposition. This was sold at $15 per ton — §750. Cost of saving, §55, exclusive of labor, and the pasturage more than paid for the labor. Drew county also sent Bermuda and fifteen other forage plants.

Japan clover (lespedeza straita) was present strongly. This grass is destined to occupy a very prominent point in our grass supply. It has rapidly taken possession of the State, and many who only know it as the small plant by the wayside, will scarcely recognize the growth of thirty inches from Bradley county, where it is cultivated.

Bales of crab grass, clover, timothy, orchard grass, prairie hay, peavines, millet, teasinti, Johnson grass, all choice samples, effectually dispose of the lie that Arkansas is not a good grass country. The contrary is the fact. The open range and our brief winters have been the cause of our people paying so little attention to permanent pastures. Of course our land varies, like that of other States, in its adaptability to grow' certain grasses, but whenever due attention has been paid to the habit of the special variety sown, success has crowned the undertaking. The rapid settlement of the State and the importance of blooded stock is forcing the attention of our farmers to a good tame grass supply, and after a fair acquaintance with the efforts in this behalf, in many portions of the State, we state confidently that in no State in the Union is a hay supply more easily provided. Care in preparing the seed-bed and favoring moisture to secure a good stand, are essential here as elsewhere. Yet the whole list, from timothy to Bermuda, can be profitably grown in almost every section of our State.

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Arkansas Exhibit.

AS SEEN BY THE PRESS AT THE St. LOUIS EXPOSITION.

Arkansas, The Wonderland.

tRKANSAS, with her unrivaled productions, continues to be a central attraction at the Exposition. The resources of this State are a revelation to almost every one. The great variety and quality she

exhibits have never been excelled — particularly her fruits, which, for size, flavor and color, no locality in the United States, or the world has ever surpassed. She not only shows the standard apples, pears and peaches of a superior quality, but is the acknowledged seedling ground of the United States, and was so pronounced at the New Orleans, Boston apd

Arkansas.

California fruit exhibits. Gold, silver medals and money premiums have been given her until it has come to be understood among fruit exhibitors that when Arkansas enters for a premium for apples, pears, peaches and grapes, it is useless for any other State to contend — and, in some instances, she has been refused space to exhibit against them. The climate, soil and other conditions combine to make the introduced fruits of this favored region, if anything, superior to where they had their origin. Arkansas has now on exhibit a number of new seedling apples that fruited this season for the first time, and they promise to be better than many of our highly prized standards.

We have not space to notice the many horticultural wonders of this almost undeveloped and unknown land, as we wish to call attention to her cereals, grasses, timber and minerals. Of these she makes a showing wholly unexpected; and we are informed by W. S. Thomas, who is in charge of the exhibit , and who grew and collected many of the specimens, that he shows nothing which can not be produced in quantity and of equal quality. He claims that Arkansas has more raw material for manufacture, let it be in the textile fibre line, woods or mineral, than in the same number of square miles on our continent, and that they are all accessible — though at the present time they have but little commercial value; that all farm crops yield well, both in quantity and quality, and on wild land that can be had for nothing (homesteads) to $5 per acre, according to condition and locality.

Arkansas.

Peaches, Strawberries, Grapes.

TIaHE natural habitat of the peach is Persia and Asiatic Turkey, lying

Jr between the parallels of 30 and 40 degrees of latitude. Arkansas being the very center of this belt, accounts for the perfection and profusion which this fruit attains in the State. For years a budded peach tree was unknown in Arkansas. Only seedlings were raised, but these were so superior in quality that the need of the improved varieties was not felt. Had these trees been grown at the North, hundreds of them would have been given popular names and put on the market, becoming at once famous and bringing fortunes to their owners. The seedlings flourished for years without fame and name. The family wants were supplied and the remainder went in a vain attempt to fatten the Arkansas hog. This regime is wholly changed in some sections, and the disintegration of the old ideas is going on throughout the whole State rapidly. The cultivation of this fruit is receiving the same attention as in the North and East. All the improved varieties have been introduced, and the superiority of Arkansas peaches is appreciated in all the Western and Southern markets. Along the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway the greater part of the peach crop is raised and shipped. All the improved varieties are grown. The trees commence to hear three yeai's from the seed. Trees are budded in August, and such is their vigor that they are rarely injured by borers, and the curl and yellow leaf are not known to have affected Arkansas orchards. Many of the best varieties ripen in May. This gives growers full command of the earliest Northern markets when fruit is in greatest demand and prices are highest.

The strawberry is indigenous to all lands and climates. It is an universal fruit. It matures in the torrid, temperate, and even in frigid

Arkansas

climes where only plants that require the shortest season of growth flourish. It was in the more northern parts of the temperate zones that this fruit was first brought under cultivation, and it was not supposed, for many years, that the improved varieties could be grown in the South.

The first strawberries were introduced into Arkansas by a gentleman

residing at Little Rock, who had lived sometime at the North, and on his return set out a few plants by way of experiment. Now, tons of this fruit are raised and shipped, and during the present season very extensive plantings have been made for the full demands of future markets. The peculiar adaptability of our country to this berry is shown by the

Arkansas.

rapidity with which it everywhere distributes itself. Arkansas supplies the early markets of the North and the later markets of the South with this fruit.

Of all the fruit in the world the grape in its highest cultivated state is the most celebrated, and no doubt was the chief one in the first garden. From its native countries between Persia and India, it was introduced into Greece by the Phcenicians, and from there into Europe by way of Marseilles. In the United States it finds in Arkansas the same climate and latitude as in its native land, and the success which has attended its culture in this State has been complete. About Little Rock there are several commercial vineyards, and their foreign owners say they have seen nothing in Europe to compare with our advantages. The vineyards of Ilot Springs county send very fine table grapes and wine to market, and the enterprise of Dr. Lawrence, who is an enthusiastic amateur pomologist, has done much to originate new varieties and quicken an interest in grape culture. The bouquet and body of our Arkansas wines cannot be surpassed. The vines are healthy, no disease prevailing among them, and many varieties fruiting to perfection which are not on the open-air lists farther north.

A New Agricultural Wonder.

From time to time during the past few years Arkansas has astonished the horticultural world with seedling apples and peaches. She has been awarded honors wherever she has shown her fruit, particularly at New Orleans, Boston and California. With no competitor in apples and peaches, she now brings forth an everbearing grape, which originates in Faulkner county, and is grown by Mr. R. Robinson. This grape matures its fruit continually from the early part of July till frost stops growth ; like the orange it has fruit in all stages from the blossom to the ripe berry. Do not misunderstand, it is not a ripe grape here and there, but in full bunches like the cut. It is good size and flavor, and is the coming grape for garden culture. Mr. Robinson has had this vine in cultivation for a number of years, and has layered cuttings from it now in bearing, so the character of the fruit is established, and is no mere sport. There is no knowing what Arkansas is liable to dp in fruits, her capabilities are unknown.

A New Agricultural Wonder.

Arkansas.

Minerals

tT this period of the world's progress it is conceded that iron is king. There is more capital and labor employed in the production and manufacture of iron to-day than in that of any other of the industries of the world. As a natural result that portion of the globe which possesses the requisite material for the production and the facilities for the manufacture of iron and its twin brother, steel, is peculiarly blessed. That all the requisites are found in abundance and of superior quality in this State, was amply demonstrated by the various displays at the Exposition. Upon the grounds was a pyramid of iron ore from the mines only fifteen miles from Little Rock, which assays 54 per cent metallic iron; and another pyramid of alternate layers of iron ore and limestone from the same locality. The limestone is necessary as a flux.

The mines at Batesville produce iron ore of good quality, and so far as developed, in ample quantity. These ores showed. nearly all the varieties found in this country.

In Polk county is found several varieties of iron ore, together with manganese of superior quality, some said by metallurgists to be the highest grade of manganese to be found in the United States. There is found manganiferous iron ore and the brown hematite ore which assays 55 per cent metallic iron. In the same district the manganese is of various qualities and forms, the richest being the crystallized, which analyzes GO per cent metallic manganese, and is specially adapted to the manufacture of fine quality of steel, and also of Bohemian glass. The mines of this district have been developed to a greater depth than in any other part of the State, and have done more to prove the permanent character of the veins than any other, which is demonstrated by the fact that the Arkansas Development Company are arranging for the erection of a plant at Antimony City for the reduction of these ores and the manufacture of steel.

The iron of Montgomery county has long been known as of good quality and the lack of transportation is all that has kept back the development of the industry in this as well as other localities.

The ores from these different localities were exhibited at the Expo-

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sition and formed a very convincing argument in favor of the solid resources and wealth of the State.

We wish to draw particular attention to the highly crystalline metamorphic and strangely changed rocks from their original character by heated gases and gaseous vapors, charged with the greatest variety of minerals and mineral products of the useful and precious classes, which has made this zone or mineral belt the wonder of the scientists, who have sought this region to gather the most valuable and most beautiful crystalline minerals to adorn their cabinets. Wre dare say there is not an institution in all European countries that does not contain mineral specimens collected from this wonderfully rich mineral zone. This belt or zone runs in a southward direction and gets wider and wider as it extends westward. It is continuous through Pulaski county bounded by hills of granite of every known character ; thence it passes through Saline county where there has been recently opened a rich and highly valuable mine for producing nickel, cobalt and silver. The quartz — the matrix of the nickel ore — is of clear, white color, semi-transparent, and this quartz, in some places, is full of hairy-like tufts of what is called by mineralogists "millerite," which assays 54.25 per cent of nickel. In depth " millerite " increases in quantity rapidly, a strong evidence of the great value of the mines. The accompanying minerals are cobalt, a good percentage of silver and a trace of gold. In Saline county have also been developed copper and argentiferous galena, together with the well-known large deposits of steatite, or soapstone, in connection with a beautiful variety of serpentine approaching the verde antique of Europe. This crystalline mineral zone passes through Hot Springs county, embracing Magnet Cove, a rich locality for mineralogists, from which the most beautiful crystals of various kinds of minerals have been and continue to be collected. The next county west embracing the crystalline zone is Garland, which contains its well-known healing springs of hot water. The valley is bounded by hills of novaculite — the Washita oil stone, equal to and superior, for some purposes, to the Turkey oil stone. Probably there is not a hardware store in America that does not contain the Washita oil stone. Garland county also contains valuable minerals of the precious and useful classes, as well as different kinds of colored slates for flooring and other purposes, and from the Arkansas river through all the counties before named, as well as those to be spoken of, are large deposits of school, roofing and slab slates, equal in their fossil character and quality to any quarried elsewhere. The next

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county through which the crystalline zone passes, is Montgomery, rich in argentiferous galena minerals, and containing many well-developed mines of silver-bearing quartz. The next west county is Howard, which, with Sevier, embraces regular well-defined crevices of argentiferous galena ores ; also the well-known mines of antimony, which are in richness of metal equal to any found in European countries and far superior in quality and quantity to such mines in Canada and the United States, which fact is well and satisfactorily proven by actual work. This mineral exists between regular walls in well defined crevices, nearly or quite vertical and has been sunk into upwards of 100 feet in some of the veins ; the pay streak being four feet vude. In fact the antimony is apparently inexhaustible in quantity and gradually increases in silver percentage in depth. In Polk, a county adjoining Sevier and Howard in the north, are rich silver and lead mines and immense deposits of rich manganese and hematite iron ores, now being extensively developed. In Sevier, and bordering on the Choctaw Nation, are the well-known Bellah mines of silver-lead, "which, owing to adverse circumstances and bad management, are idle. They were worked to some extent during the war, and many a brave man was shot with a silver bullet, the product of the Bellah mine. In point of comparison with the Kellogg mines in Pulaski county, the argentiferous galena carries with it carbonate and sulphate of zinc, gray copper and thin flakes of native copper — baryta and spathic iron— almost showing a continuation of the same lode throughout the Arkansas crystalline mineral zone. From the Bellah mine this rich zone of minerals continues through the Indian Nation and to Old Mexico, and the ore in this mine is far superior in variety and abundance than any other State in the Union possesses. The exhibition of the minerals of Arkansas, convinced all persons visiting this department of the truth of the foregoing assertions.

The zinc mines of Arkansas are located in the southern part of Marion county, on the Buffalo river and within seven miles of White river. The company owns 35 claims, covering about 700 acres, and each and every claim has zinc ore shining at the surface, which is said to be as good, if not better than that obtained from the Joplin mines. Indeed old Joplin miners state that the ore is equal to the Le High and Tipton, which have the reputation of being the best zinc producers in the world. The ore from these claims assays as high as 67 per cent, and is composed of both carbonate and blende, the former being found at the grass roots and the

On The White River, Ozark Mountains. Iron Mountain Route.

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latter under the carbonate and from there down. Instead of havingto go down from 40 to 500 feet to find the zinc, as other companies do, it is found in quantities on the surface. The deepest shaft is 60 feet, and the water that comes in is so little that it can he baled out in a half hour every morning. The shaft is in a solid vein of blue blende six feet wide and three to six feet high, with spurs running off in all directions. One of the best paying claims in the property is the Leader, the ore from which was .found at the grass roots and followed in. They are now in about a hundred feet in the mountain, and driven an entry eight feet wide and seven feet high, through a conglomerate mass of blende and rock in which are three separate and distinct blanket veins of zinc blende averaging from three to ten inches in thickness. Two other tunnels are being run on this same claim with good zinc in sight all the way. A shaft is being sunk on the surface claim, which, at a depth of 23 feet, struck zinc in the rock, and it is expected that a good body will be encountered 26 feet deeper. Every hole made in these claims has exposed quantities of zinc, and it is thought that with the force now employed there will be 20 good mines opened on this property by March next. The ore that is taken from these claims can be loaded into barges right at the property, on the banks of the Buffalo, carried to Batesville at a cost of 70 cents per ton, and reshipped from there to St. Louis at §2 per ton. When the Buffalo is too low for barges, which is the case about five months in the year, the ore is hauled seven miles to White River, loaded into barges and can be taken down that river at all seasons at a cost of $3 per ton.

Gypsum in Pike county is found in large blocks and of most excellent quality.

The coal fields of the State embrace an area of 2,000,000 acres of the finest quality.

Granite is quarried in Pulaski and Saline counties, which furnishes a building material without a superior in any part of the world.

Marble is found in great variety in the central and north part of the State, equal in every respect to the celebrated variegated marble from Tennessee.

While the discovery of gas has conferred on Arkansas the distinction of being the only Southern State where it has been struck in quantity sufficient to warrant the investment of large capital, there is no question of the natural gas find at Fort Smith having suddenly added a tremendous significance to the material resources of the State. For, at the same time,

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the flow or pressure is great as in other gas localities of the Union, the wide area of the carboniferous sandstone, under which it was struck, renders not wholly improbable the State soon ranking among the first in natural gas, as it is already the second in coal and cotton, and the first in timber, manganese, zinc, antimony, soapstone, clays and marble.

Education.

ARKANSAS has a well organized public school system, with a State Superintendent and a County Examiner in each county. Provision is made in the Constitution of the State for the support of public schools, requiring an annual tax of 20 cents upon each $100 of taxable property, to be levied and collected for that purpose, in addition to a per capita tax of $1 upon each adult male inhabitant. The territory of each county has been laid off by the respective county courts into convenient school districts, which are managed by three directors, elected by the electors of the district. In addition to the amount raised by State tax, each school district, by vote, can levy a tax of not in excess of 50 cents upon the $100 for the support of its school. A large portion of the districts vote the full amount allowed by law, paying in the aggregate for this laudable purpose 70 cents on the $100 of taxable property, together with a poll tax of $1. In towns and densely populated neighborhoods this enables the schools to be kept open for nine months in each year. In the sparsely settled sections the schools are kept open for so long as the amount of money available will justify. All are kept open at least three months in each year. Graded schools have been established in all of the cities and in the larger towns of the State. The Arkansas Industrial University, a part of the public school system of the State, is located at the town of Fayetteville in the county of Washington. For beauty and healthfulness its location is unsurpassed. The medical department of this University is established at Little Rock, with a full corps of professors, composed of men eminent in the medical profession. The course of study embraces three years, and is very thorough.

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The growth of her free schools within the last eight years has been unexampled. Free schools are taught in every neighborhood, village, town and city in the State, and thousands of children are receiving education and being prepared at these schools for intelligent useful citizenship. There are about 2,500 public school houses in the State; about 5,000 teachers, and about 390,000 pupils. For the year ending June the 30th, 1886, nearly $900,000 were expended for educational purposes in the common schools. Besides the public schools, there are in the State twenty colleges and private schools, including the Arkansas. Industrial University, the Institution for the Deaf Mutes, and the Arkansas School for the Blind. It is no doubt a matter of astonishment to those who have been wont to underrate our great State, that in proportion to her taxable values, Arkansas does more free school education than any State in the Union, the great State of Massachusetts not excepted. Among other attractions, the school buildings, displayed in photograph and drawing, were worthy of note. The old log house was not there. In the towns this has been displaced by more commodious and far more comfortable affairs. In these something of architectural skill has been displayed, and a proper regard for ventilation is evinced. Heat and the proper adaptation of light is more clearly marked than in the older houses.

Report Of The Superintendent Of Public Instruction

The report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction shows a gratifying condition and growth of the public schools of the State. The number of children in the State June 30, 1869, between the ages of six and twentyone years was 176,910. The number June 30, 1888, was 388,129, an increase in nineteen years of 212,819. The number of pupils enrolled June 30, 1869, was 67,412 ; June 30, 1888, 202,754 ; increase, 135,342. Number of teachers employed year ending June 30, 1869, 1,355 ; year ending June 30, 1888, 4,664. Within the year ending June 30, 1884, 245 school houses were erected in the State, and the total number in the State then was 1,453, and the value of the same $384,827.73. For the year ending June 30, 1888, there were 269 school houses erected in the State, and the total number in the State then was 2,452, the total value of which was $705,276.92. The total amount of money received for school purposes for the year ending June 30, 1868, was $300,669.69. For the year ending June 30, 1888, there was on hand from June 30, 1887, $370,942.25.

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Common School fund received $ 315,403 28

District School tax 505,060 92

Poll tax 146,604 22

From other sources 45,892 32

Total $ 1,683,909 99

The report shows that there are 4,208 school districts, and 12,624 school directors in the State. For the reasons given in the excellent report of the Superintendent, the districts should be made larger, and the number reduced.

It appears, from the Superintendent's report, that on the 30th of June, 1874, §128,840.32 of "State Scrip" belonging to the permanent school fund was erroneously destroyed by burning. (Auditor's record book 4, p. 153.) In the second quarter of 1879, §50,237.23 in scrip, belonging to said fund, was destroyed by burning, through mistake. The scrip was interest bearing, and, with accumulated interest, would now amount to about $300,000. By its destruction the State lost nothing. The fund could not legitimately have been used for any purpose other than as an investment for the benefit of the permanent school fund of the State. The State is bound by every consideration of equity and good policy to reimburse the permanent school fund of the State for this amount destroyed. The Superintendent says. "An act approved December 7, 1875, in addition to the other grants to the school fund, gave 'ten per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of all State lands,' and provided that the same should be invested for the benefit of said fund; " and that the school fund has not received anything from the sales of State lands. This matter should be examined into and the school fund should be indemnified for its proportion of the proceeds of the sales of State lands. The school interests of the State are of paramount importance, and the school fund is sacred, and ought to be preserved and increased by all legitimate, reasonable means.

The permanent school and sixteenth section funds of the State now amount, as per the Superintendent's report, to §458,888.34.

Let the good work of educating the masses of the people at free schools be pushed forward, as nothing is more economical and profitable to the State, as well as the individual, than the legitimate and proper education of the people. As knowledge increases, vice and crime decrease. "Wisdom and virtue are the offspring of knowledge." "Human happiness is founded upon wisdom and virtue."

Arkansas.

Timber.

JN the early days of the settlement of the Eastern, Middle and Southern States, the heavy timber which covered that portion of the country had to be cleared away before crops could be planted or a harvest gathered. The farmer was first a woodman. This method of obtaining a farm had its drawbacks. With the stream of emigration constantly pushing westward, came the discovery of the rich prairie lands of the Mississippi Valley. Here the axe was eliminated as a factor in farming. The soil required only to be tickled with a hoe to laugh with a harvest. This was a very favorable condition. There was enough timber in this belt and within easy access for fuel and building purposes. West of this, what was formerly known as the Great American Desert, was found to be available for farming purposes. Millions of acres of rich land were thrown open for settlement, but the conditions were not so favorable. There was scarcely no timber at all, except inferior qualities along the streams. Enormous prices were paid for fuel and building material. Large harvests were obtained, but the profits were eaten up in providing necessities which the land did not furnish. This was discouraging. The farmer longed for a portion of the forest he had left behind in the East.

It is a greater drawback to farming to be wholly without timber than to have too much of it to start with. A part of the land of Arkansas is prairie, but a large portion of it is heavily timbered. The timber of our country is rapidly becoming exhausted, and in Arkansas are to be found the only large bodies of timber still untouched. They are of the greatest variety and the most useful and valuable to be found in the world. The timber of Michigan and the North is being rapidly exhausted ; lumbermen are turning their attention toward Arkansas. A large tract of valuable timber was recently purchased by a Michigan syndicate, and in a few years it will be difficult to obtain such land in the State of Arkansas.

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Heavy forests cover the State with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined to Prairie and Arkansas counties, parts of the valley of the Arkansas river and the western borders of the State. North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short leaf pine, the only species found in Northern Arkansas, is mixed with the hardwoods. The northwestern part of the State, south of the Arkansas river and west of the broad level plain of the Mississippi river, is covered outside of the river bottom lands with an almost continuous forest of pine. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern border of the State or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Ouachita and Red rivers. The hardwood forests of the State are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable varieties of the finest oak, walnut, hickory and ash timber. The pine forests are almost intact. It has only been within the last decade that pine lumber has been manufactured except to supply a limited local demand. The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage from fire. Pine generally succeeds pine even on barren land, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the State, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands.

The amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas in 1888 is estimated at 41,315,000,000 feet board measure. The above estimate does not include trees below 15 inches in diameter, and ignores the fact that in Arkansas pine largely replaces pine, which would insure a continued supply.

That the forests remain in greater part untouched is shown by the comparatively small number of acres reported of improved lands in the State, by the average cut of the last seven years, wrhich has amounted only to 300,000,000 feet, staves and shingles included, and by the fact that the region of the densest forest of the State is also without sufficient outlet, if any at all. And at the same time it is shown in the fact that, notwithstanding the State has from 12,000 to 15,000 miles of river front, only a modicum of the supply reaches the mills by waterway. The varieties going to market are chiefly pine, white, red and post oak, gum and ash. This is due to nothing lacking in other varieties, such as hickory, walnut.

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cherry, save that having been culled immediately along the larger streams and along the railroads, they remain as so much interior forest growth, which, to obtain, Mahomet will have to go to the mountains. It is also due to the fact that the State is lacking in local industries, which, according to their demand, would make it worth while to bring merchantable stock from a distance either by rail, water or wagon ; such manufacturers for instances as make broom handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles, and the 101 articles which are made from rare, as well as odd bits of wood. And, indeed, in hopes that this may catch the eyes of such manufacturers, it were but due to add that there is more such stuff sent to the waste pile every day at Little Rock, Pine Bluff, Fort Smith, Helena, Camden, Newport or Batesville, than would supply a factory of the kind for a month's time. The counties north of the Arkansas river in which pine forests remain standing are as follows : Boone, Baxter, Carroll, Cross, Clay, Faulkner, Fulton, Greene, Independence, Izard, Johnson, Lonoke, Madison, Marion, Monroe, Newton, Phillips, Poinsette, Pope, St. Francis, Searcy, Sharp, Stone, Van Buren and White. Those situated south of Arkansas : Ashley, Bradley, Calhoun, Clark, Columbia, Dallas, Dorsey, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hempstead, Hot Springs, Howard, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lincoln, Little River, Logan, Miller, Montgomery, Nevada, Ouachita, Perry, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, Saline, Scott, Sebastian, Sevier Union and Yell.

During the year 1887, $20,000,000 worth of lumber was shipped out of the State, requiring 100,000 cars for its transportation.

When the attention of manufacturers is turned to the immense timber supply of this State and to the fact that the Southwest is no longer the sparsely settled country it formerly was, that it is rapidly filling up with intelligent, enterprising people, that it is rapidly becoming an excellent market for furniture, wagons, agricultural implements, stoves, paper, chairs, railway cars and other manufactured articles, the wealth of Arkansas will be greatly increased by reason of the transfer of old and the putting up of new manufacturing plants.

Arkansas abounds in valuable timber in all sections, and the revenues from it are of the first importance, constituting one base of great wealth yet to be realized in the improvement of the State. She has more varieties of timber, useful for various mechanical purposes, than all the New England States combined. While the Northern and West-

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era States are seeking aid from the general government by way of donations and legislation, for the encouragement of tree planting to supply a demand for lumber that is every year growing more and more pressing, and must continue to increase till reboisement is accomplished by the growth of a century, Arkansas has within her boundaries the largest and best variety of useful timber in the United States, if not on the globe, and possesses unsurpassed facilities for the transportation of the same to the great marts of the world. With the Mississippi river on the eastern border and live navigable rivers flowing from the western to her eastern confines, she has more miles of water communication, and with a more equal division of territory, than any other State in the Union. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, passing from the northeast to the southwest corner of the State, crossing all the navigable rivers at right angles, skirting the foot hills of the Boston and Ozark Mountains, gives unusual facilities for the shipment of lumber of all kinds, such as is confined to lowlands or uplands, placing within reach all the timber characteristic of ten degrees of latitude. What Arkansas needs most at present in order to receive the greatest benefit from her native forest, is the erection and operating of such manufactories as will fit her timbers for the use of consumers before transportation. With such in operation, making and finding a home market, an important element would be added to the prosperity of her people.

For the benefit of readers w'ho are not familiar with the products of this State, we will state that more than sixty kinds of wood are found in sufficient quantity for commercial purposes, consisting in part of pine, oaks in variety, black walnut, cherry, holly, ash, hickory of every kind found on the American continent, cypress, poplar, gum, beach, pecan, sycamore, elm, cottonwood, cedar, and many others; enabling Arkansas to supply her less favored neighbors with cheap building material and cabinet woods.

A few years more and the opportunity to secure this timber at reasonable figures will be among the things of the past. The operators of sawmills, machinery, barrel works, wagon and agricultural shops and furniture establishments, are now attracted to these new lands and the forests. Formerly the timber was prepared roughly, to be finished in other places. For fine work there was scarcely a turning lathe in the country; yet the same materials repassed the railway, polished up for

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sale to the people, and to lind markets even in Texas and Mexico. Now the woodworker seeks to establish his mill in connection with the

colonist, and thus, while one aids the other, constant labor is more regular for all.

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Springs And Resorts.

JN Arkansas are to be found many springs, whose waters hold in solution various kinds of minerals which impart to them properties adapted for healing certain classes of diseases incidental to the human race. Nature provides her own remedies, and has been very profuse in scattering them throughout Arkansas. The many smaller springs to be found in the mountain districts are overshadowed by the fame of Hot Springs, Eureka, Searcy and Ravenden. There is scarcely a county in the mountainous country that does not number from one to many of these mineral springs within its borders. The only ones known, however, outside of the State are those mentioned above, and the following brief description is as much as a work of this kind, which is devoted more particularly to the industrial resources of Arkansas, will allow :

Hot Springs.

History gives us reasonable assurance that DeSoto discovered the Hot Springs, and spent one winter in camp at that point. They were known to the Indians long before the white man's foot had wakened the forest echoes west of the Mississippi. The sick from all the surrounding tribes were brought there to be cured of diseases that baffled their medicine men. Their fame spread among all the southern tribes, and it was from these reports that Ponce De Leon conceived the idea of the Fountain of Youth, for which he searched in vain for many weary years. The early French settlers were the first to discover the true value of these thermal springs for healing diseases. During the early part of the present century French settlers, trappers and voyagers, made temporary use of these springs for the treatment of sick members of their families. Several log cabins were built in the valley, and they were refitted and used by any who chanced to come.

The Hot Springs are situated on one of the lower spurs of the Ozark Mountains, about sixty miles southwest of Little Rock. The surface of the surrounding country is mountainous and broken enough to rob it of all monotony, and add a large item of interest to a sojourn in the health valley of Hot Springs.

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5ti

These springs are reached from the North and East by way of St. Louis and the Iron Mountain route. Three trains every day run from St. Louis in connection with trains from all through trunk lines to that

point, and are equipped with Pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars and Reclining Chair Cars, the seats in which are free. Travelers from the South

Hotels And Bath-Houses At Hot Springs.

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arrive at Texarkana and take the Iron Mountain route from that point. The Iron Mountain route may be taken from the East at Memphis, and passengers are carried from that point via Little Rock to Malvern, where the change is made to the Hot Springs Railroad to Hot Springs, a distance of twenty-five miles.

These Springs are one of the great natural curiosities of the world. Seventy-two streams of hot mineral waters issue from the mountain side, from 50 to 75 feet above the valley, and from 650 to 700 feet above sea level, and pour their liquid streams of health forth for the afflicted of all the earth. It is established beyond a doubt that these waters have proven efficacious iu many diseases where medical skill has been baffled. Certain classes of afflictions yield to their healing influence for which the medical art knows no remedy. They are. therefore, at the same time the Meca toward which the ill and afflicted turn for relief, but are an object of curiosity for the sight-seer, and a favorite resort for the pleasure seeker and tourist. They are annually visited by thousands. Society is of the best, and many permanent and beautiful homes have been built.

Scientists do not agree as to the curative properties of these waters.

Physicians and others who have given the matter much study have not determined satisfactorily the medicinal virtues of the waters of any of the hot springs of the world. That they do possess them all admit, and that they perform some very remarkable cures none deny. Some contend that there is no preceptible difference between any of the hot springs, but class them all alike regarding their efficacy in the treatment of chronic diseases. All others have failed to prove any difference, but it may be stated that there are a few facts known here to be true, which go far to prove that there may be a difference. Many invalids have visited the springs of Europe and after months of bathing in and drinking of their thermal waters failed to receive the desired cure they afterwards found at the Hot Springs of Arkansas. May there be truth in the claim maintained by our physicians that these waters are more efficacious in the treatment of some forms of chronic diseases than any known.

The following diseases are successfully treated, the failure to cure being the exception ; where a perfect cure is not effected, a benefit is experienced by all where the waters are properly used : Rheumatism, Gout, Scrofula, Paralysis, Neuralgia, Ozena, Catarrh, Sore Throat, Syphilis— acquired or hereditary, iu all its different forms — Asthma,

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Gravel, Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder, Eczema, Psoriasis, Urticaria, Impetigo, Prurigo, Rupia, Chronic Ulcers, Glandular Enlargements, Ring Worm, Migraine or Sick Headache, Enlarged Tonsils, Menstruation Troubles and Sterility. This is a long list, yet the truth is not half told. Not a week passes but some remarkable cures are effected where all hope of recovery had been abandoned before a visit to these springs had been concluded upon.

An important item to visitors, and especially to the invalid, is a good hotel. Considering the unsettled condition of land titles for years, which prevented the erection of substantial brick or stone houses, the mountainous country for miles around the springs, and the distance from good markets at which to get supplies, several of the hotels of Hot Springs may be considered first-class. Some of them are large and well-built houses, and are kept much better than visitors usually expect.

The Eastman Hotel is one of the grandest resort hotels in the United States, containing 480 rooms, and was opened for the first time for the season of 1889. The fall of 1890 will witness the opening of another equally as magnificent, although not so large, namely the Park. The Arlington and Avenue Hotels can accommodate over 300 guests each; the Sumpter, Plateau and Waverly Hotels have room for about 100 each. With all the improvements now being made at the different hotels and boarding-houses, and the new ones that are being added to the list, there will soon be accommodations for 4,000 or 5,000 visitors at one time, and allowing thirty days as an average time for visitors to remain here, there could be entertained at our hotels and boarding-houses 50,000 visitors in one year.

There are ten or twelve houses that justly may be called hotels ; the others are only boarding-houses, though some of them give as good fare and accommodations as are to be had at some of the hotels. Private boarding-houses are numerous, and there is quite a difference between the cheapest boarding-houses and the high-priced hotel — $4 to $25 being the range of prices per week.

Ravenden Springs.

These perfectly pure waters come gushing from the base of a cliff almost perpendicular, clear as crystal and very cold. Alongside runs a small mountain stream, except in spots, where, with the work of ages,

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it has made for its waters beautiful pools, some of them twelve and fifteen feet deep.

The country is picturesque and romantic ; its elevation assuring pure air and pleasant, comfortable nights, even during the summer months. Plenty of game abounds throughout the surrounding hills and valleys; and within a few miles fish fit to tempt the palate of an epicure can be easily taken from Spring river, which is as clear, sparkling and beautiful as its name would indicate.

Although these springs have been known but a few years, yet they have a record of many remarkable cures of diseases. They are especially noted for curing dyspepsia, diseased eyes and affections of the kidneys. Their discovery arose from the cure of a case of dyspepsia of years' standing, the victim of that dread disease being a citizen of that locality and accidentally led to the use of the water. They are situated in the northwest corner of Randolph county, some thirty miles west of the Iron Mountain road. This long ride by stage has deterred many from going, but now that the opening of the Kansas City, Springfield & Memphis road brings the traveler within four miles of Ravenden, many will seek these waters who could not dare to venture heretofore.

Searcy Springs.

The White Sulphur Springs are located at Searcy, in White county, Ark., in the northwestern part of the State and are situated directly on the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway. They are possessed of great healing properties and are growing in popularity every year. Hotel accommodations are good, and Searcy is one of the most enterprising and progressive towns in the State.

Hot Springs And Surroundings (Looking West )

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Hunting And Fishing In Arkansas.

[ OW many fishermen and hunters have sought patiently the realization of their dream of a sportsman's paradise and yet found it not — a charmed spot, where fish and game were not yesterday, alas ! or will not be to-morrow, but are ever present targets for shot and ball, and eager for the gaudy fly and shining minnow. To unhappy anglers who have suffered through long marches and gone unrewarded, or have traveled far for little sport, the lakes and rivers of Arkansas may be commended with a clear conscience.

Arkansas is truly the paradise of the sportsman. The tide of industrial progress rolling westward drove the game before it. The northwest, the favorite hunt- i n g grounds for years, is becoming rapidly depopulated of bird and beast. In Arkansas only of the Mississippi valley States is to be found nearly

all the original varieties of wild animals, birds and fishes. It is true the larger game is disappearing before the rapid settlement of the State. Bear are still found in some of the more sparsely populated mountain districts, while deer are plentiful, and can be frequently seen from the windows of moving trains quietly feeding or drinking

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from the numerous streams. Smaller game of all varieties is abundant. The rivers and mountain streams are full of choice varieties of fish. Trout, croppie and bass swarm the smaller streams, eager for the fisherman's bait. The fisherman who goes to Arkansas always reports unparalleled success, and he brings the proofs with him.

Arkansas, throughout the whole State, is well stocked with game and fish. There are some parts, however, that, for obvious reasons, are better adapted to desirable sport of this kind than others. In the more sluggish rivers or bayous draining the low land near and immediately

tributary t o the Mississippi river there are numerous varieties of fish, but not of t h e kind known to the sportsman as game fish ; these arefound farther away from the large rivers in the higher altitudes of the State, in the mountain rivers and creeks.

in the ozark mountains, That portion ARKANSAS. 0f the State

lying on the eastern slope of the Ozark mountains is intersected at frequent intervals by rivers and streams that have their source up among the mountains. These are well stocked with trout, bass, salmon, croppie and shad, while the larger streams have, in addition, perch, buffalo, red-liorse and catfish. This is also the best part of the State for hunting. The largest game is found in the mountains. The hunter will sometimes, in the more remote localities, encounter a bear which he can easily bag if he is prepared for such large game. Deer are more plentiful, and during the season so

Arkansas.

great is the number killed that venison is the cheapest meat in the market. The smaller game, such as squirrel, turkey, quail, etc., abound in great profusion.

Following the universal inquiry in regard to the best hunting and fishing grounds of Arkansas, the General Passenger Department of the Iron Mountain Route has undertaken to compile a list of the points on its lines where hunting and fishing are good — the names of the streams, lakes and hunting resorts, and the varieties of game and fish to be found. As there has never been any detailed or reliable information given on this subject, considerable care has been taken in collecting the material for this article, looking toward accuracy, reliability and thoroughness of detail. The facts were furnished by residents of the localities here represented, and the reports would be given verbatim were it not that the space alloted for this article demands a condensation.

Entering Arkansas these points are taken up in their order toward the southward on the main line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway and branches.

"The Sportman's Retreat," Corning, lays claim to a position at the head of the procession in hunting and fishing. It is on the Iron Mountain Main Line and that famous fishing resort "Corning Lake" is only half a mile away. This lake is well-stocked with bass and pickerel and boats can be procured at any time for a trifle. But three miles from Corning flows the famous Black river which throughout its whole length is unsurpassed for the quality and quantity of its game fish.

Small houses for hunting parties have been built on the banks of this river which may be rented at small cost. Beyond Black river is a large tract of country known as " Deer Range," where large numbers of that choice variety of game are to be found. Deer are slaughtered here every season without limit and shipped to northern markets ; turkeys, squirrels and other small game abound on the " Range."

Knobel is one of the first towns on the main line after crossing the Arkansas State line. Black bass, jack salmon and croppie are caught in good numbers in Mill lake three and one-half miles distant, Maiden lake two and one-half miles, Allen lake four miles, Black river two and one-half miles and the famous Cache river six miles distant. Deer, turkey and squirrels abound in the hunting grounds about Knobel and

arkattisas.

from six to eight miles out. wagons are furnished at Knobel.

Good hotel accommodations, guides and

Gainesville on the Helena Branch has St. Francis lake in its vicinity which affords fine fishing as well as hunting. Trout, perch, carp, buffalo and catfish are ready to accommodate the

told by hunters turkeys, otter and

fisherman and all the stories of the capture of bear, deer, other game in this vicinity can be relied on implicitly.

Mart anna is on the Helena Branch not far from the mouth of the St. Francis river and near the confluence of the L'Anguille with the St. Francis, quantities of buffalo and catfish are taken from these rivers by northern fish dealers for the markets.

White perch, bass, etc , are caught by local anglers in profusion.

Between the two rivers just before their

junction is a large tract of unsettled country which is the natural home of all kinds of game from the smallest to the largest. It is the chosen haunt of the bear and deer, and panthers are occasionally encountered. Small game exists without limit.

Walnut Ridge is on the main line of the Iron Mountain Route exactly in the heart of the famous Black and Cache rivers fishing grounds. Here is to be found some of the finest fishing and hunting in the State. These streams are within eight miles of the town and any quantity of

Large

On The Black River, Arkansas.

Arkansas.

bass, croppie, white perch buffalo, cattish and trout are easily captured. In addition to these celebrated rivers there are several small lakes in this vicinity abounding in game fish. The bottoms of these rivers are as noted for game as the rivers themselves for fish. Deer, turkeys, squirrels and quails are very plentiful. A record of five deer and twenty-five turkeys in one day by one man speaks in glowing terms of this locality as a hunting resort. Large numbers of hunters annually visit this spot from Indiana, Illinois and Missouri and never go away empty handed.

Hoxie is on the main line, at the junction of the Kansas City, Springfield & Memphis Road, and reports excellent hunting and fishing in all directions. The Cache river is a little east of the town and on account of the bottoms being sparsely settled, it is full of all kinds of game and affords first-class hunting and fishing as well. The best fishing in this vicinity, however, is found at Clear Lake, a few miles west. The famous Black river is only eight miles away, from which can be taken here, as well as at other points, the usual complement of trout, bass, perch and catfish.

Swifton has in its vicinity Village creek, Black, White, Cache and Strawberry fivers, Hollingshead and Clear lakes, which are all noted, for fine fishing ; the varieties caught being cat, buffalo, trout, bass, croppie, white and sun perch. East and west of Swifton there is a vast tract of country, thinly settled, infested with deer, wolves, wild cats, squirrels, wild turkeys and numerous small game. There is plenty of pure, Clearwater, splendid camping facilities and it is the happy hunting ground of the Nimrod.

Newport is one of the important towns on the main line of the Iron Mountain Route. Waldo lake is about five miles from the city, Gambols lake about four and Burgon lake only three. Cache river flows near and affords some of the finest fishing in the State. The varieties of fish caught in this vicinity are black bass, striped bass, croppie. salmon, pike and all kinds of perch. There is excellent fishing and hunting on the White river which is easily accessible from this point. The game that abounds in this vicinity is deer, turkeys, ducks squirrels and quails, excellent facilities for boats and guides.

At Batesville on the White river branch is some of the finest scenery in the State, it being in a mountainous region. It is also the center of first-class sporting grounds, being located on the east bank of the White river. Polk Bayou, Spring and Miller's creeks and Spring Creek

66 Arkansas.

lake teem 'with cat, goggle-eyed perch, sun perch, trout, pike, striped bass, black bass, croppie, salmon, -white perch, sturgeon, buffalo and drum fish. These winters are all easily accessible from the city which is an enterprising one and has excellent hotel accommodations. The hunting grounds are the forests and hills around the towm, and deer, quail, turkey, teal duck, mallards, rabbits, squirrels, prairie chicken, woodcock and snipe can be taken in great quantities.

Ideal Hunting Grounds Arkansas.

Bradford is also a good town on the main line and is washed by that famous fishing stream, the White river, m which are to be found bass, trout, perch, etc. Big lake is one mile east and the water is so clear that the bottom can be seen at a depth of twenty feet. Little lake is one mile south and of about the same description as Big lake. There are numerous smaller lakes within a radius of three miles, in which are large quantities of bass, trout and all varieties of perch. Deer and turkey are found plentifully in their season and an occasional bear, at all times the smaller game abounds. In the mountains ten miles west there are all of the above varieties in large quantities.

Arkansas.

Russell is on the main line north of Bald Knob Junction and is four miles from White river which is noted for its fine bass, cat, trout and drum fishing. The hunting is good also, and game consists of deer, turkey and hear, and smaller game in large quantities.

Memphis is now the eastern terminus of the Memphis Extension of the Iron Mountain Route, and the completion of that branch made accessible both from the east and west, a large tract of country unsettled and wild and hitherto inaccessible, but which had long been known to abound in all kinds of game and fish. No point can be said to surpass another for hunting and fishing on this whole line, but at any point the sportsman chooses to embark he will find plenty of food for his ammunition and fish eager to snap his bait. The first train from Memphis took a party of hunters from that place and almost immediately on its opening the Bald Knob Rod and Gun Club was organized with headquarters at Earle, where they have erected a club house.

The following are the varieties of fish found: black bass, speckled perch, brim, goggle eye and pike. In game : bear, panther and wolf hunting will afford exciting sport enough for the most fastidious. While, if he is not seeking such fierce game, he will find ample enjoyment in bringing down deer, turkey, geese, duck, quail, rabbits, squirrel, etc.

Jacksonville is on the main line of the Iron Mountain Route, just north of Little Rock and in the spring very good fishing is found in Bayou Meto, Hills and Fears lakes, the varieties caught being cat, buffalo, trout, white perch, brim and bass. Plenty of boats may be had at these lakes.

At McAlmont, six miles north of Little Rock, on the main line of the Iron Mountain Route, both hunting and fishing in season are of the very best quality. Hills lake is five miles east, Frammel lake one mile, Peelar lake two miles, and Ink Bayou only one-half mile east of the town, all abounding in white and black bass, pike, perch, trout and catfish. Brush Island is three miles west and is considered very good hunting ground. Deer, turkey, quail, squirrel, rabbits and all the smaller game that can be found in any part of the State are the legitimate prey of the hunter. There is good wild goose and duck shooting also, in the proper season, and many follow it as a profitable business making five and six dollars a day

At Traskwood, the first station north of Malvern, the fishing is excellent. The Saline river is about two miles from the railroad and red

Arkansas.

liorse, catfish, perch, pike, buffalo and shad are found in great numbers Gigging is the favorite method of fishing and it always results in a large catch. In the matter of hunting the larger game is not so abundant, but squirrel, rabbits and snipe are plentiful in and near the bottoms of

the Saline river, and quail in the uplands.

Donaldson is the first sta- t i o n south of Malve'rn and boasts of the best hunting and fishing in Arkansas. The waters of Stillwater lake, Ouachita river and Fine Flat creek are as clear as crystal and a pin can be seen lying at the bottom at a depth of ten feet So clear is the water and so jreat the variety and number jf fish, that fishing with a hook s very rarely undertaken.

Hunting Scene— Arkansas. rphe gioq or

gun, is used, and it is no uncommon feat to shoot a thirty or fort}" Pound buffalo. Deer are abundant, and great numbers of turkeys, squill els, quails, and an occasional bear are to be found in the vicinity. All this excellent hunting and fishing is to be found within two miles and a half of the town. Flowing from the ground, at frequent intervals

Arkansas.

in this locality, are springs of clear, cold water which afford unsurpassed camping places for hunting parties.

Gurdon is south of Little Rock, on the main line. There is very good fishing here, and perch, cat and trout are found in Caney and Terre Noir creeks and Little Reel river. In the shape of game, deer and turkey afford fine shooting in season; squirrel and quails are abundant also.

Camden is the terminus of the Camden branch and is thirty-four miles from the main line. This is one of the oldest towns in the State and is built on the banks of the Ouachita river. Mustin, Bradley's, Woodard, Johnson, Pine, Mormon, Blue and Fishers' lakes are all from three to five miles from Camden, and all reached by good wagon roads in from thirty minutes to one hour. These, with the Ouachita river, furnish good fishing, and the varieties caught are the black bass, trout and white perch. The hunting is also good, the surrounding country abounding in deer, turkey, squirrel and ducks. The hotel accommodations are excellent.

Russellville is on the Little Rock & Fort Smith division, and reports good fishing. Illinois bayou, Piney .and Arkansas rivers, and smaller streams tributary to them, are wTell stocked with bass, cat, buffalo and other varieties of fish. The troll, bait and seine are used with equal success.

Atkins is on the Little Rock & Fort Smith division. Trout, bass, perch, drum, cat and buffalo fish are caught in large numbers in the Arkansas river, Galla creek, Point Betnore creek and Fish lake. Quail, squirrel, rabbits, opossum and other small game are plentiful. The Boston mountains are forty or fifty miles from the town and abound in deer and turkeys, and bears are frequently taken.

Piney is as good a point for fishing and hunting as can be found on the Little Rock & Fort Smith division. They have the Arkansas river, and Big and Little Piney creeks for fishing. The creeks are clear and no current, affording very fine fishing for game fish, i. e., trout, bass, salmon, cat, drum and perch of all kinds. On the first of September hunters will commence their annual campaign on deer and turkeys, which are found on the mountains. The hunting grounds for quail, squirrels, rabbits and jack rabbits of all kinds are on either side of the Arkansas river and up the creek bottoms. Wild geese and ducks are plentiful on the sand-bars of the river in the winter seasons.

Arkansas.

Spadra is the first station on the Little Rock & Fort Smith division west of Clarksville. Spadra creek is fed hy mountain springs. Its waters are clear as crystal, and abound in mountain trout and a fine variety of perch. The scenery along this stream has long been noted for its beauty and picturesqueness, and its rocky banks, resembling an Adirondack stream. The Arkansas river is near, where all the larger varieties of fish are found. In hunting, deer is the largest game. Turkeys, ducks and squirrels furnish ample sport for the hunter in their season. Higher up on the mountains great sport is afforded in hunting the gray fox, which is very plentiful and valuable for its fur.

Fort Smith is the western terminus of the Little Rock & Fort Smith division, and the region around about, especially to the north, south and west is one vast hunting and fishing paradise. The streams near the city, in which black bass, pike, croppie and catfish abound, are Lees creek, Yache Grasse and Frog bayou in the State, and the Poteau and Illinois rivers and Vian and Salisaw creeks in the Territory. The fishing is excellent, hut for genuine sport the hunter, with his gun and dog has the call here. This sport is not confined to any particular locality, hut parties are organized and excursions are made a hundred miles to the north, south and west, all of which territory is a vast hunting ground abounding in all kinds of game. The hunter will go prepared for encounters with panther, bear, cougars, wolves and wild- cats, which will be frequently met wrhile shooting deer, foxes, turkeys, quails, ducks and chickens. Local sportsmen are to be found w'ho are always ready to join and assist in expeditions of this kind.

Wrjgiitsville is twelve miles south of Little Rock, on the Arkansas City division, and, as a center for hunting and fishing, is unsurpassed. It is three miles from the Arkansas river, two and one-half miles from Horseshoe lake, and one mile from Pennington lake, which is fed by Fish creek. Buffalo, pike, bass, oat, -white perch, trout and sun fish are on the constant lookout for the fisherman's hook. Commencing at Pennington lake and extending westward to the Saline river is an expanse of uninhabited region known as the Pennington Forest. This is composed of pine and cypress timber, with large tracts of jungle and cypress brakes. Bear, deer and turkey have their favorite haunts here and small game abounds in unlimited quantities.

Hensley is on the Arkansas City section south of Little Rock. Pickerel, bass, pike, buffalo and speckled trout are plentiful in the Arkansas

Arkansas.

river and Harris, Remington and Kirkindol lakes. There is good goose and duck shooting in the spring and fall.

Redfield is on the Arkansas City section south of Hensley, and deer, turkey, squirrel, rabbit, quail and pheasant abound in large quantities in that vicinity, and the hunter will not have to go beyond a radius of ten miles from town to satisfy his desire to kill something. In the way of fishing, Harris and Lipscomb lakes, the Arkansas river, Bitter, Camp and Harrison creeks are all within three and a half miles of Redfield and are well stocked with black bass, trout, jack perch, grinnell, catfish and buffalo.

Jefferson Springs is between Little Rock and Pine Bluff, on the Arkansas City section, and has for fishing waters the Arkansas river and its bayous, in which are found cat-fish, perch, black bass and several other varieties in abundance. The woods in this vicinity have plenty of deer, foxes, rabbits, opossum, squirrels, and, in their season, turkeys, geese, ducks and quail. Pigeons are also to be found in great numbers.

Pine Bluff is the most important city on the Arkansas City division of the St. L., I. M. & S. Rv., south of Little Rock, and is the center of excellent hunting and fishing territory. The Saline river, Atkins lake, Walnut lake and Clear lake abound in mountain trout, speckled perch, black bass, catfish, etc., and splendid camping facilities are to be found around these lakes. The shooting is also fine, and deer, turkey, squirrel, rabbit, grouse, quail and duck are easily bagged. Occasionally a bear may be met, but they are becoming scarce. Foxes are so common that fox-hunting has ceased to be sport for the old hunters. The winter is very dry and pleasant, and after the first of October this is a veritable hunter's paradise.

Noble Lake, on the Arkansas City section, has in its vicinity the Arkansas river, Atkins lake and Noble lake, which are well -stocked with trout, catfish, buffalo, speckled perch, white perch and sunftsh. The whole country about this place is a vast hunting ground in which are found large quantities of deer, turkeys, squirrels, rabbits, foxes, geese, ducks and quails.

Arkansas.

Society In Arkansas.

SOCIETY in Arkansas is not in a chaotic and unorganized state, as some are led to suppose by "Arkansas Traveler" stories and other reports that have their foundation, if any at all, in isolated cases. The people do not engage three-fourths of their time in idleness, ruffianism and outlawry. It is a mistake that citizens of Arkansas carry pistols and bowie knives in their pockets in place of carpenters' rules and plug tobacco.

Arkansas is one of the strongest of temperance States. The sentiment against liquor took early hold on the minds of the people, and to-day it is one of the most advanced prohibition States. There are seventy- five counties in the State of Arkansas. By a popular vote of the citizens prohibition has been adopted in about four-fifths of these counties. There is not so much noise made in Arkansas on the temperance question as in some of her sister States. In fact, it is scarcely known outside of the State that there is any movement at all in that direction. This question is not taken into politics, but is settled quietly by the popular vote. When once adopted there is an end of it. There is no foolishness wasted in the enforcement of the law. County prohibition once adopted, it means there will be no liquor sold in that county, and there is none. There are no half-way measures. On the whole Iron Mountain route in Arkansas, between the Missouri and Texas State lines, there are but two places where intoxicating beverages can be obtained. This is a splendid showing for Arkansas on the side of public morals and good government. It gives a direct contradiction to false reports concerning the generally bad character of the Arkansas citizen. Wrhere can it be surpassed? You of Puritan New England, can you make a better showing ?

In the matter of education also, Arkansas occupies no second position. In addition to the large amount of lands reserved for school purposes, all assessable property is taxed ten mills on the dollar and a poll tax of one dollar on every male citizen of Arkansas goes into the general school fund. Through these channels is provided a large

Arkansas.

amount of money for building school houses and paying good teachers, so that the children of Arkansas parents are as well provided with educational facilities as those of any State in the Union. No one need hesitate about coming to Arkansas for fear that his children will not receive an education equal to his own or to what they might be able to obtain in any other State. If a higher education is desired, Arkansas can furnish this also. It will be as surprising to the outsider to learn that Arkansas has unsurpassed facilities for advanced education as that it is a temperance State. Every town has its well equipped and graded high school and, in addition, there are, in different parts of the State, numerous State and denominational colleges. No, don't be afraid of Arkansas on account of Munchausen reports of ignorance and crime. Don't come to Arkansas with the expectation of having to shoot your way to wealth and fame. If it has been necessary to carry a revolver to defend yourself in the State from whence you come, don't keep it loaded or concealed about your person when you come to Arkansas. You are a law-breaker whom the State of Arkansas, in its present backward condition of civilization thinks it necessary to place in very narrow limits for a short time or pay an exemplary sum into the judicial treasury. What mOst forcibly strikes the stranger who is thrown in contact with the people of Arkansas is the large proportion of college and educated men among the business and professional men of the State. Wide-awake business men, intelligent of outside affairs, enterprising and progressive in their business, cultured and sociable, deeply interested in the advancement of their State, are the rule. The leading men of the State are from all parts of the country. Like all new States, very few of the foremost men in public affairs and private enterprises were born within the State borders. From the North, from the East and from the South men meet on the soil of Arkansas in a friendly rivalry for individual success and unite in a fraternal fight for the advancement of their State to the front rank, industrially, socially, educa* tionally and religiously.

In the elements that make a desirable state of society the churches always hold an important place, and, in considering the advantages of a new State, an opinion will be formed, more or less correctly, by the disposition of the people toward religion. Among a peace-loving and law-abiding people this valuable adjunct of society, it is naturally expected, will receive a large degree of attention. The same God is worshiped in Arkansas as in Massachusetts. There are, perhaps, not so

Arkansas.

many costly belfries and spires in Arkansas, nor do those they have reach so far toward heaven, but earnest prayers are plentiful and generous deeds as frequent. There may not be so much outward show, the purple and fine linen of Christianity, but its spirit is manifested in the warm hearts and the generosity and hospitality of the people. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Catholics and the minor sects are all represented with comfortable and commodious churches in all quarters of the State. If you are coming to Arkansas with your plow, your hoe and axe, bring along your Bible, Testament and prayer-book. The only implements in use by modern civilization that you will have no use for in Arkansas, and -which the State will oppose your bringing, are the demijohn, bowie knife and pistol. Every community, village, town and city has its church or churches. The fear of a loss of such privileges need deter no one from coming.

It will be found that Arkansas is well provided with all that makes a desirable state of society. Life in Arkansas does not mean an existence in the wilderness among semi-barbarians. In Arkansas may be found all those influences that refine, elevate and ennoble life.

Immigration.

®T N impression has gained wide credence, and still wider circulation,

that Arkansas did not want immigration, particularly that en-

terprising kind from the North and East. This is owing to two causes, stupidity and maliciousness. There was a time, immediately following the war, during the reconstruction period, when the people of Arkansas conceived a hatred for Northern people. The adventures and officehunters that overran the State in hungry hordes were entirely responsible for this feeling. When their support was withdrawn, and they were driven out by an indignant people, their attention was then turned to other things. They gave their energies to retrieving their fortunes and building up the State. They saw they were able to succeed but

Arkansas.

slowly by their own unaided efforts. They wanted capital and improved methods of farming. They knew it could come only from the North. But here came the second obstacle to their progress. They wanted earnest citizens who were willing to work like themselves to get a home, and capital to develop their resources. When attention was called to their cheap and excellent lands, their mineral, lumber and other resources, certain maliciously disposed people and newspapers at the North, who for political reasons desired to keep alive the animosities of the war for base purposes, raised a cry that a Northern man could not live in Arkansas. He would be warned to leave ; personal violence would be used, or at least he would be ostracised, cut off from all intercourse with mankind about him, and, in other unmistakable ways, shown that he was not wanted in the community. In spite of all this a few earnest men at the North found their way to Arkansas. They were welcomed, and all the encouragement and assistance rendered that the impoverished condition of a hospitable people would permit. They communicated with their friends. Gradually the false impression born of malevolence gave way. Owing to the overwhelming evidence of the desire of the people of Arkansas for Northern immigration, only sporadic attempts are now made to revive sectional feeling by the more venal portions of the Northern press purely for political effect.

The citizens of Arkansas are unanimous on the question of immigration.

Responding to a call of Governor Hughes, over three hundred delegates from the different counties of Arkansas assembled at Little Rock, Jan. 31, 1888, and organized a State bureau of immigration.

In opening the convention Governor Hughes made the following telling speech:

Address Of Gov. Hughes.

Gentlemen and Fellow Citizens : It gives me great pleasure to extend to you a cordial welcome upon this occasion, and to state to you that the object of this convention is to devise ways and means to increase the population, the prosperity, the wealth and greatness of our State.

The progressive spirit, which is manifest in almost unanimous approbation of the object of this gathering from all parts of the State, and from other States, is a gratifying and hopeful sign. It indicates that we need, desire and are determined to have more people, more muscle, brains and enterprise, and that we mean to make known the great natural advantages and wealth of Arkansas to the outside world, and are determined to push her into the front rank, where she belongs by nature of

Arkansas.

right. We know that she abounds in all the material elements of wealth and greatness ; that she has over 2,000,000 acres of State lands to be donated to actual settlers, and that there are within her borders about 5,000,000 acres of public lands of the United States subject to homestead entry, to be had in 160 acre tracts at a cost of not over $20 per tract, and other cheap lands. That many of these lands have gathered fertility from the repose of centuries ; that the climate of Arkansas is equable, genial and healthful and free from extremes of heat and cold, and those terrible blizzards that, in many States, have recently filled the land with death, destitution and mourning. We know that these lands will produce fine Indian corn, wheat, oats, clover and other grasses, vegetables and melons, berries and small fruit in rich abundance, not to mention cotton, the staple production of the world, in which we excel every other State in the quantity grown per acre and the quality of the fibre, as evidenced at the World's Exposition at New Orleans in 1884 and 1885, and elsewhere; or apples, in the excellence, beauty, flavor and value of which we ha,ve excelled in all competition at New Orleans, Louisville, St. Louis and Boston at the meeting of the American Pomological Society in 1886. We are rich in timber, having 30,000 square miles of grand forests, of the most valuable varieties, with pine alone enough to make more than 40,000,000,000 feet of lumber. rich in minerals — having over 12,000 square miles of coal fields— an abundance of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, marble, granite, limestone, lithograph and soapstone, and clay unsurpassed in quality.

We have a greater length of navigable streams than any State in the Union — -between 3,000 and 4,000 miles.

We have an excellent State constitution, good statute laws, a small State debt which we are now paying off, a low rate of taxation— the State taxes all told being only 5 mills on the dollar ; our free school system is liberal and vigorous, being supported by a State school tax of 2 mills on the dollar and a 5 mills district school tax voluntarily voted by the people in nearly all the school districts of the State. We are paying more for free school education in proportion to our taxable values than any State in the Union. Our population has doubled within the last decade; our lumber and sawmill interests have quadrupled in the last five years, and Arkansas is decidedly on the upgrade. Her railroads, too, have kept pace with her growth, and the railroad men, who are always enterprising, energetic and liberal, are here with their shoulders to the wheel, ready, willing and anxious to push forward with accelerated speed the car of progress. What are we going to do here now ? We cannot lie supinely ; we must either do something or get out of the way, or be crushed by the wheels of advancement and progress that are rolling over the land from ocean to ocean and from lake to gulf. What are wonderfully productive soil, magnificent forests, inexhaustible mineral wealth, grand rivers, bright skies and all nature's rich abundance worth without development, utilization and subserviency to the great ends of a high and advanced civilization ?

The fundamental element of the wealth, strength and greatness of any State is an abundant, thrifty, good population, which will bring into cultivation its lands, develop its minerals, increase its taxable values, reduce its rate of taxation, build homes, public roads, school-houses, churches, towns, cities, manufactories, increase railroad facilities, cause the desert to blossom as the rose, and become the home of millions of intelligent, free, virtuous and happy people.

As a means of accomplishing these great ends the State should have an agricultural, mining and manufacturing bureau, which should be a bureau of statistics and immigration also.

We need more than a million of people added to our present population. Then let us organize a State immigration society, with local

Arkansas River, Near Pine Bluff, Ark , Iron Mountain Route

Arkansas.

societies, and when immigrants come to our State, let us be prepared to show them around and pay them some attention, and let us invite good people everywhere to come, by advertising our advantages, and a new era in Arkansas will date from the meeting of this immigration convention.

Col. Logan H. Roots was elected President, Gen'l Mandridge McRae, Vice-President, Hon. H. L. Remmel, Secretary, and Geo. H. Brown, Treasurer. Of these gentlemen Gov. Hughes was born in Tennessee, Col. Roots, in Illinois, Gen. McRae in the South and Mr. Remmel and Mr. Brown in New York State. These are representative business men of the State, are from all parts of the country and their names are a guarantee of the integrity and substantiality of any enterprise in which they engage. The State Bureau of Immigration, in addition to the other necessary general officers, is made up of one member from each county in the State, and its object will be clearly indicated by the following report of the Committee on Resolutions appointed by the Governor, Judge E. W. Kimball, Chairman.

Report Of The Committee On Resolutions.

Whereas, Arkansas possesses natural resources unsurpassed by any State in the Union, and in many respects superior to all others, which, when developed, will exalt her into a Commonwealth of prosperity, happiness and power, and enable her to assume that high position among her sister States to which she is justly entitled ; and

Whereas, Pier citizens, accustomed daily to witness her vast resources, are just now beginning to understand her. great capabilities, and to feel that they should only be seen and known by others to be fully appreciated; and, believing that new immigration and new capital, blended with her natural resources, will rapidly develop Arkansas and advance her among the foremost of the American States; therefore be it

Resolved, That this convention of the citizens of Arkansas, representing all classes of her people, have convened by the call of the chief magistrate, hereby organize and establish the Arkansas State Bureau of Immigration, for the purpose of gathering, publishing and distributing statistics of maps, reports and other reading matter respecting the agricultural, manufacturing, educational, mining, railroad and other interests of the State, and of encouraging and promoting immigration to Arkansas.

Pursuant to the object stated above, steps were at once taken for the collection of the proper material for a pamphlet on the resources and advantages of the State of Arkansas. Statistics and descriptive matter on agriculture in all its branches, especial attention being given to the adaptability of the State to fruit raising, an exposition of the mineral and lumber resources, educational and social advantages, etc., of the State. This is not a boom publication, nor are the statements overdrawn or filled with the buncombe which characterizes this class of publications. It is a careful compilation of facts, made by thoughtful, earnest and reliable men, and can be read with profit by all who contem-

Arkansas.

plate changing their location with a view of bettering their condition. A copy of this publication may be had by addressing the State Bureau of Immigration, Little Rock, Ark.

Already the effect of this organized effort is being felt in more ways than one throughout the State and country. Increased intelligence all over the United States in regard to Arkansas is observed. Inquiries are daily pouring in from all quarters in regard to her resources. The tide of immigration is setting steadily and surely toward Arkansas.

. "The first low wash of waves

Where soon shall roll a human sea."

Many of the counties show a gratifying increase for the past year. Some are just commencing to feel the effects of the human tide. That Arkansas will experience a boom the coming year all indications show. Many of the recruits to the ranks of industry will come from Dakota, Nebraska and many other of the Northwest States and Territories.

The Arkansas traveler of the present is the commercial traveler. His stories are more appropriate to the condition of the State to-day than the tales of the old Arkansas traveler. The two twin modern civilizers are the commercial traveler and the railway train. They go together — if the commercial traveler has paid his fare.

The following are the words of Judge Kimball, President of the Exposition, on the occasion of the banquet given to the commercial travelers in response to the toast, "The Arkansas Exposition : "

"But I need not speak to you to-night of the Exposition, gentlemen, the Exposition speaks for itself, in tones distinct and clear, with no dubious or uncertain sound, but in words that go ringing across and around the continent, that at last 'the promised land has been found.' The Exposition, not I, speaks with the golden notes of its yellow corn. It speaks with the silvery tones of its snow-white cotton. It speaks with the mellow voice of its peerless apples. It speaks with the murmuring whispers of its varied cereals and waving grains. It speaks with the myriad voices of its agricultural productions. It speaks with the clang of its mining pick and its geological hammer. It speaks with the sparkling bubbles of its purple vines. It speaks with the skilful brush of the artist's hand. It speaks with the busy whir of its manufactories. It speaks with the trained and intelligent voice of its educational departments. It speaks with the grand old anthem of its eternal forests. It speaks with the sweet song of the handi-work of its fair and beautiful daughters. It speaks, to-day, with the resonant, joyous sounds of trade and commerce, blended into harmony by the enlightened voices of her enterprising commercial travelers. And all these notes and sounds, and songs, and anthems flow and mingle and swell into one long, grand and exalted chorus of the developments of the resources and the progress of the State of Arkansas. Thus the Exposition speaks for itself, and I stand silent amidst the grand melody of its prolonged refrain. But, gentlemen, I give in response to this toast, the Commercial Traveler, the prince of trade, who dethroned the old 'Arkansaw Traveler.' "

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Valuable Assistance

The following Traveling and Passenger Agents of the MISSOURI PACIFIC RAIL- WAY and IRON MOUNTAIN ROUTE are constantly looking after the interests of the Line, and will call upon parties contemplating a trip, and cheerfully furnish them lowest rates of Fare, Maps, Guides, Time Tables, etc.

Or they may be addressed as follows :

ATCHISON, KAN.— C. E. Styles Passenger and Ticket Agent.

AUSTIN, TEX.— J. C. Lewis Traveling Passenger Agent.

BOSTON, MASS.— G. K. I) EL ah ant Y New England Pass. Agent, 300 Washington St.

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. — A. A. Gallagher Southern Pass. Agent, 103 Read House.

CHICAGO, ILL. — John E. Ennis. ..Traveling Passenger and Land Agent, 199 S. Clark St.

CINCINNATI, OHIO — N. R. Warwick District Passenger Agent, 131 Vine St.

DENVER, COLO.— C. A. Tripp. ..Gen! Western Freight and Tass'r Agt., 1G62 Larimer St.

E. E. Hoffman Traveling Passenger Agent, 1062 Larimer St.

INDIANAPOLIS, IXD. — Coke Alexander District Pass. Agent, 7 Jackson Place.

JACKSON, MICH.— II. D. Armstrong Traveling Passenger Agent.

KANSAS CITY, 510. — J. II. Lyon Western Passenger Agent, 800 Main St.

E. S. Jewett Passenger and Ticket Agent, 800 Main St.

Renton Quick, Passenger & Asst. Ticket Agent, 1048 Union Ave.

LEAVENWORTH, KAN. — J. N. Joerger Passenger and Ticket Agent.

LINCOLN, NEB.— R. P. R. Millar General Agent.

LITTLE ROCK, ARK.— II. F. Berkley Passenger and Ticket Agent.

LOUISVILLE, KY.— Bissell Wilson Southern Traveling Agent, 334 West JIain St.

MEMPHIS, TENN. — H. D. Wilson Passenger and Ticket Agent, 309 Main St.

NEW YORK CITY— W. E. IIoyt General Eastern Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway.

J. P. JIcCann Eastern Traveling Agent, 391 Broadway.

OMAHA, NEB. — J. O. Phii.i.ippi Assistant General Freight and Passenger Agent.

Thos. F. Godfrey Pass, and Tkt. Agt., X. E. cor. 13th & Farnam Sts.

G. E. Dop.rington Trav. Pass. Agent, N. E. cor. 13th and Farnam Sts.

PITTSBURGH, PENN. — S. H. Thompson Central Passenger Agent, 1119 Liberty St.

PUEBLO, COLO.— Wm. Hogg Passenger and, Ticket Agent.

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH — S.Y. Derrah Com., Ft. & Pass. Agt., 21 Jlorlan Block.

ST. JOSEPH, 5IO.— F. P. Wade Passenger and Ticket Agent.

ST. LOUIS, 5IO.— B. H. Payne Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent.

S. W. Elliott City Ticket Agent, N. W. Cor. Broadway & Olive St.

II. Lihou Ticket Agent, Union Depot.

M. Griffin ...City Passenger Agent, N.W. Cor Broadway and Olive St.

W. H. Morton Passenger Agent, Room 1, Union Depot.

WICHITA. KAN. — E. E. Bleckley Passenger and Ticket Agent, 114 N. 5Iain St.

Geo. C. Smith, H. C. Townsend,

Assistant General 5Ianager, General Passenger and Ticket Agent,

St. Louis, Mo.

Great Southwest

System,

Connecting The Commercial Centres And Rich Farms Of

Missouri,

The Broad Corn And Wheat Fields And Thriving Towns Of

The Fertile River Valleys And Trade Centres Of

THE GRAND, PICTURESQUE AND ENCHANTING SCENERY, AND THE FAMOUS MINING DISTRICTS OF

Colorado,

THE AGRICULTURAL, FRUIT, MINERAL AND TIMBER LANDS, AND FAMOUS HOT SPRINGS OF

The Beautiful Rolling Prairies And Woodlands Of The

Indihn Territory,

The Sugar, Cotton And Timber Plantations Of

Louisiana:,

The Cotton And Grain Fields, The Cattle Ranges And

Winter Resorts Of

Texhs,

Historical And Scenic

Old Hnd New Mexico,

And Forms With Its Connections The Popular Route To

Hrizonk Hnd Cklifornik.