The Economic Geology of the Central Coal-field of Scotland, Description of ...

Charles Thomas Clough , Ernest Masson Anderson, James Simpson Grant Wilson, Robert George Carruthers , Geological Survey of Great Britain, Charles Hawker Dinham, Murray Macgregor · 1920 · Historical

The general results of the revision of the western part of Area VII. are incorporated in "The Geology of the Glasgow District," which was published

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Index Map

Of The

Central Coalfield Of Scotland.

County Boundanea shown chute -

Boundaries and Roman numerals in red

indicate areas to be deseribed in sectional

memoirs, e.g. VII.

Thiek black lines and Arabic numerals denote six-inch sheets (divided into quartet

sheets), e.g. 13. Interrupted black lines indicate margins of one-inch sheets

Scnle KuiipihliLeti to One IricK abM4o

V yy'

so':

A Y Roo'S H I K

Memoirs Of The Geological Survey, Scotland.

The Economic Geology

Of

The Central Coalfield Of Scotland,

Description Of Area Vii.

Including The Vistricth Uf

Rutherglen, Hamilton, And Wisiiaw.

Thb latk C. T. CLOUGH, M.A., LL.D. ; the late J. 8. G. WILflON ; K M. ANDERSOV, M.A., B.Sc ; and M. MACGREOOK, M.A., J!.B<;.,

With Contributions By

R. G. CAKRUTHERS and C. H. DINHAM, ]J.A,

Edwrukoh :

PRDTTED rSDBB THE At'THORm OF HIS MAJESTTj*

Statioseev Ofhce

Bt MOEBI.SOX k OIBB, LIMITED, TA'.riELO

XaA to be piir':baaH froB

E. STASTOED. LTD., 12. 13 ted It Ia-.', A-k?, I>,:c>,t, W.C.2;

r. A. E. JORS.ST'JS. limited, 2 i+r, Kf.,-.).'* *.ri.r. ?.;.:ift-;cj,H ;

BODGES, FIGCI3 k CO.. LIMITHD. IH Gt*r7-,< n.i-K.-, lr:ki.:s.

Fnm aikj Aznc far ihe 'K<iz.Uifjt H-.tttj M'm.

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A V R'S H I

Memoirs Of The Geological Survey, Scotland.

The Economic Geology

Of

The Central Coalfield Of Scotland,

Description Of Area Vii.

Including The Districts Of

Rutherglen, Hamilton, And Wishaw.

Thb late C. T. CLOUGH, M.A., LL.D.; the late J. S. G. WILSON; E. M. ANDERSOV, M.A„ B.Sc. ; and M. MACGREGOR, M.A., B.Sc,

With Contributions By

K. G. CARKUTHERS and C. H. DINHAM, B.A.

Edinburoh :

Printed Undee The Authority Of His Majesty'S

Stationery Office

By MOREISON ft GIBB, LIMITED, Tasi-ibld

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W. ft A. K. JOHNSTON, LIMITED, 2 St. Andrew SgOAKE, Ebchuuruh ;

HODGES, FIGGIS k. CO., LIMITED, 104 Gbaiton Street, Dublin.

From WI7 Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps,

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H So?"

Preface.

The district described in this Memoir forms the seventh of the areas into which the Central Coalfield of Scotland has been divided for the purpose of describing the economic geology. It lies almost wholly within Lanarkshire, and includes some of the most important mining ground in that county. The original geological survey was made as regards the western part by Hull, and as regards the remainder by J. Geikie. The six-inch geological maps were published in 1870 and 1874; the one-inch maps, Sheets 23 and 31, in 1872 and 1875 respectively. The Explanations of these two sheets appeared in .1873 and 1879.

The revision of the area was completed in 1914, the work being distributed as follows : — Rutherglen District, Mr. R G. Carruthers ; District of XJddingston and Bothwell, the late Mr. J. S. G. Wilson ; Mossend and Motherwell District, the late Dr. C. T. Clough; District of Cleland and Newarthill, Mr. E. M. Anderson ; Hamilton District, Mr. M. Macgregor and Mr. C. H. Dinham; Wishaw District, Mr. Macgregor.

The general results of the revision of the western part of Area VII. are incorporated in "The Geology of the Glasgow District," which was published, along with a one-inch map of the district, in 1911, but the publication of the majority of the revised six-inch quarter sheets has been delayed for reasons connected with the War.

The editing of the Memoir had been entrusted to the late Dr. C. T. Clough, and was well in hand at the time of his death. It has been completed by Mr. Anderson.

Our thanks are due to many proprietors, to mining companies, mining engineers, and colliery managers, for information furnished during the revision, and now in part reproduced.

A. STRAHAN, Director.

Geological Survey Office, 28 Jermyn Street,

London, S.W. 1, bth May 1919.

Contents.

Chapter I.

Introduction

Area under Description General Structure Mining History . Acknowledgments

Page

CHAPTER ir.

Lower Part op Carboniferous Sequence

A. Calciperous Sandstone Series

B. Carboniferous Limestone Series

Aikenhead

West of High Blantjre

" New Ironstone " .

Extension of Limestone Coal Group beneath Coal Measures of the Area

Muirhouse Bore

Factors in Future Boring

C. Millstone Grit . . . .

Gk)odockhill

Goodockhill Slatyband Ironstone

Hareshaw Fireclay

Govan Colliery Bore

Chapter Iii.

Coal Measures, Ruthbrglen to Bothwell

A. Ruthbrglen District

Kiltongue Coal Virtuewell Coal Musselband Coal Splint Coal Upper Coal "Wants" . Barren Measures

Hi

M&GLtd Wt 2048-5 5/19 500 Q 2

Paob

B. Uddingston and Bothwbll Disthict .19

Strata below the Balmoral Coal .

Balmoral Coal

Lower Drumgray Coal

Upper Drumgray Coal

Kiltongue Coal

Kiltongue MnRselband

Virtuewell Coal .

Blackband Coal .

M UBselband Coal .

Splint and Virgin Coals .

Humph Coal

Main and Pyotshaw Coals

Cambuslang Marble

Ell Coal

Strata between Ell and Upper Coals

Upper Coal

Barren Measures .

General Structure

Faults

Whinstone Dykes

Pos.iible Reserves of Coal

Chapter Iv.

Coal Measures, Mossbnd, Motherwell, Cleland, and Nbwarthill

A. District op Mossend and Motherwell . . . .

Balmoral Coal and underlying Strata . . . ,

Shotts Gas Coal

Lower Drumgray Coal

Upper Drumgray Goal

Kiltongue Coal and Kennel burn Ironstone

Kiltongue Musselband Shale and Ironstone

Ladygrange Coal

Virtuewell Coal

Blackband Goal

Musselband Goal and Musselband Ironstone

Splint and Virgin Goals

Humph Coal

Main and Pyotshaw Coals

Ell Goal

Upper Goal and Palacecraig Blackband Ironstone

Higher Seams

Skipsey's Marine Band

Barren Measures

General Structure

Faults

Whinstone Dyke

Buried River Channel , , , , ,

Paob

B. District of Cleland and Newarthill . . . .70

Crofthead Coal

Clefted or Balmoral Coal .

Shotta Qas Coal .

Lowr Drumgray Coal

%

Mid Drumgray Coal

Upper Drumgray Coal

Kiltongue Coal

Kiltongue Musselband Shale and

Ironstone

Ladygrange Coal .

Bellside Ironstone

Virtuewell Coal .

Boughband Ironstone

Airdrie Blackband Ironstone

Blackband Coal

Musselband Coal

1

Virgin Coal

Splint Coal

Humph Coal

Main and Pyotshaw Coals

Ell Coal .

Seams above the £11 Coal

Structural Features

Intrusive Dolerite

Buried River Channels .

Future Developmi

ent of the Disti

rict

Chapter V.

Coal Measures, Hamilton and Wishaw

A. Hamilton District.

Base of Coal Measures to Lower Drumgray Coal Kiltongue — Drumgray Coal Group

Lower Drumgray Coal

" Lower Drumgray " of AUanton, etc.

Upper Drumgray (" Kiltongue " Coal of Hamilton)

Kiltongue Coal of Earnock

Kiltongue Coal Kiltongue Musselband Virtuewell Coal . Eoughband Ironstone Blackband Coal . Splint and Virgin Coals Humph Coal Main Coal Pyotshaw Coal Ell Coal .

Strata above the Ell Coal Avonbrae Coal Group

Paab

A. Hamilton District— (mltfMM<i—

Skipsej's Marine Band

Barren Measures

Structural Features

Buried Channels of Qlyde and Avon . . . .

Reserves of Coal . .

Armadale Coal Qroup

Shotts Gas Coal

Lower Drumgray (Smithy) Coal

Mid Drumgray Coal

Upper Drumgray Coal

Kiltongue Coal . . ...

Bellside Ironstone

Virtuewell Coal

Boughband Ironstone

Blackband Coal

Musselband Coal

Splint and Virgin Coals

Main and Pyotshaw Coals

Ell Coal

Strata between £11 Coal and Skipsey's Marine Band

"Upper Coal"

Skipsey's Marine Band

Calcareous "burning" of Coals

Structural Features

Buried River Channels

Reserves of Coal

Chapter Vi.

Sandstone Quarries

Auchinlea Quarries Bothwell Park Quarries .

Former Sources of Sandstone

Chapter Vii.

Superficial Deposits

Introduction

Sands and Gravels older than the Boulder-clay

Boulder-clay

Sands, Gravels, and Brick-clays overlying the Boulder-clay

Buried Channels of the Clyde and Avon

Deposits of 100-foot Terrace

Polmadie Brick-clay Recent Deposits

Appendix.

Glossary of Scottish Mining Terms ueed in this Memoir

Index

Figuees In Text.

Fig. 1. Index Map of Area VII., showing six-inch Quarter Sheets and

principal geological formations 2

„ 2. Horizontal Section from Dechmont Hill to Calderbank 4

„ 3. Horizontal Section from Motherwell to Woodhall . .68

„ 4. " Wants" in successive Coal Seams adjacent to a Fault, Spindleside

Pit, Cleland 82

Plates.

Plate I. Index Map of the Central Coalfield of Scotland Frontispiece

II. Sections of Strata above the Splint Coal ; Districts of Rutherglen, Uddingston, and Bothwell

III. Sections of Strata below the Splint Coal, mainly in Districts of Rutherglen, Uddingston, and Bothwell

IV. Sections of Strata above the Splint Coal ; District of Mossend and Motherwell

B

I— I o

V. Sections of Strata below the Splint Coal ; District of Mossend and Motherwell

VI. Sections of Strata, mainly in Districts of Hamilton and Wishaw

o

The Economic Geology Of The Central

Coalfield Of Scotland.

Area Vii.

Chapter L

Inteoduction.

The area under description extends from Rutherglen to Newmains, including Cambuslang, Uddingston and Bothwell, Hamilton, Motherwell, and Wishaw. The six-inch maps are as follows : —

Lanark, 10 N.E. ; 11 N.W., S.W., N.E., S.E. ; 12 N.W., S.W., N.E., S.E. ;

17 N.E. ; 18 N.W., N.E. Renfrew, 13 N.E ; 13 S.E. (in part).

The frontispiece shows the areas into which the Central Coalfield is being divided for purposes of description, and also indicates the boundaries and distinctive numbers of the new series geological six-inch quarter sheets.

In Fig. 1 the area described in this Memoir is illustrated on a somewhat larger scale. The new series quarter sheets showing the revised survey are now in course of publication (see advertisement). For the original mapping the reader may be referred to the old series geological six-inch Maps, Lanark 11, 12, 17, and 18, and Eenfrew 13, but these, of course, do not show the results of the recent revision. Alterations and additions have in many cases been extensive, and it should be noted that access to the revised manuscript maps may usually be had during office hours at the Geological Survey Office, 33 George Square, Edinburgh. Eenfrew 13 N.E., will not be published separately, as the small area comprised is all included in Lanark 10 N.E. Similarly Renfrew 13 S.E., will not be published as a geological map, as it does not contain much of economic importance, and is partly included in Lanark 10 N.W. and N.E. It should be mentioned that these new series geological maps are published in three diflferent forms — one uncoloured; another coloured to show the solid rocks and alluvia, but not the other superficial deposits, such as boulder clay and glacial sand ; and a third in which these

r

%-

General Sequence. -

surface deposits are all shown by colour. The last Ibrm may be useful to water engineers and local sanitary authorities, as well as to those interested in the surface deposits for their own sake, but will not as a rule be desired by those engaged in mining.

The mining of coal and ironstone is fully treated in Chapters III. to V. of this Memoir, which deal with the Coal Measure seams, while some account of the condition of those in the Carboniferous Limestone Series is given in Chapter II. Various references to fireclay will also be found in these chapters. Sandstone quarrying is treated separately in Chapter VI. Whinstone quarrying is practically non-existent, though some disused quarries are mentioned in Chapter II., and others in Chapter IV. The making of composition brick is mentioned incidentally in diflferent chapters, while brickmaking from surface clay is treated in the chapter on superficial deposits (Chapter VII.).

The Index Map (Fig. 1) also shows the surface distribution of the four divisions of Carboniferous rocks, which together occupy the whole of the present area. These are in descending order : —

Coal Measures. Millstone Grit.

Carboniferous Limestone Series. Galciferous Sandstone Series.

The Galciferous Sandstone Series is divided in the map into lavas (whinstone) and overlying sediments. Similarly the Coal Measures are divided into Productive Measures, and the overlying Barren or Red Measures.

The lava flows of Calciferous Sandstone age are the oldest rocks exposed in the area. They form part of the Cathkin Hills, which may be regarded as an elevated fault-block, since it is bounded on almost every side by faults.

The Carboniferous Limestone Series is subdivided into three groups, not shown separately on the Index Map, viz. : —

Upper Limestone Group. Limestone Coal Group. Lower Limestone Group.

These will be shown by separate colours on one-inch sheets 23 and 31 which still remain to be published. In the same way the Productive Coal Measures have been divided into two subordinate groups, the line of division being the Splint Coal. This subdivision has been shown by difference of colour in the geological one-inch map of the Glasgow District.

The division line between the Lower or Productive, and the Upper, Eed, or Barren Coal Measures has been drawn at a thin limestone with marine fossils, known as Skipsey's Marine Band, which is at a height of 55 fathoms above the Ell Coal near Motherwell. The total thickness of Productive Measures shows a steady increase from west to east, rising from about 140 fathoms near Eutherglen to approximately 200 fathoms to the east of Wishaw.

The Coal Measures within the area may be regarded as forming part of a deep basin striking roughly north-west, with its centre not

far from TJddingston. But the basin is by no means regular. It is limited on the south-west side by a huge dislocation known as the Dechmont Fault, which between High Blantyre and Dechmont brings the Ked or Barren Measutes against different parte of the Calciferous Sandstone Series. The whole of the Productive Measures, the Millstone Grit, and the Carboniferous Limestone Series are thus cut out by a throw which . must in this neighbourhood be g about 600 fathoms. The general direction of the fault is north- "S west and south-east, and it can S be traced for some miles in both S directions beyond the present 5 area.

The dip towards the centre

g of the basin is usually rather S gentle, rarely exceeding 1 in 4 S or 5. The effect is sometimes balanced by contrary faulting. I Fig. 2 shows a transverse section "Z across the deepest part of the basin, while Fig. 3 (p. 68) shows the alternate influence of dips and faults in a more outlying 1 part.

i With one triflii exception

s the Calciferous Sandstone and I Carboniferous Limestone Series ej come to the surface in this area cj) only to the south-west of the Dechmont Fault. The Millstone Grit is limited to a narrow axis which crosses the northeastern corner of the area.

The main faults in this, as in other parts of the Central Coalheld, have a tendency to run in two separate directions, which approximate to east and west, and to south-east and north-west. An example mainly of the latter type is the Dechmont Fault; many of both classes will be noted in considering the detailed structure of the area.

Mining History. 5

The only dyke-intrusions known, with one exception, run parallel to the system of north-westerly faults. Whin " floats " are fortunately almost absent, but one occurs between the Main and Splint Coals in the district to the east of Newarthill.

This area is perhaps at present the most important mining district in Lanarkshire, and it may be of interest to say a word or two about its historical development. Owing to the depth at which they were buried, the Uddingston Basin held a reserve of the Ell, Main, and Splint Coals, when these seams were approaching exhaustion in the surrounding districts. In " A New Geological Map of Scotland," published by Macculloch in 1840, the Red or Barren Measures which occupy the centre of the basin were shown as belonging to the underlying Old Bed Sandstone. This opinion, if shared by the mining community, would no doubt have had a deterrent effect on mining operations. Already in 183G, however, the Eev. William Patrick had come to the conclusion that the Red Measures overlay the coals, and both he, and later Craig, classed these deposits as " Upper Red Sandstone," i.e. Permian or Triassic. Nicol more correctly states that " they are truly a portion of the coal formation."

At what date the coals came to be worked below the Red Measures is unknown to the writer, but Dron says that " Most of the collieries in the deeper portion of the field, from Cambuslang to Hamilton, have been opened up since the year 1870, the development of the district being very much stimulated by the introduction of the Bothwell and Hamilton Railway in 1876-7."

The importance of the Uddingston Basin was largely due to the reserve of coal alluded to, and it is only during the last few years that the Ell, Main, and Splint Coals in the deeper part have begun to show signs of exhaustion. None of the underlying coals, from the Blackband to the Lower Drumgray, are persistent in thickness over the area as a whole. There are, however, many square miles in each case of workable coal. The still lower group of Armadale Coals is hardly represented in the present area. They suffer a progressive thinning when traced from east to west, and the only member which can be recognised over any large part of the district is the uppermost— the Mill or Balmoral Coal.

It is thus probable that while the output from this district may be maintained for a good many years, it will not be largely increased. The output for Lanarkshire as a whole attained in 1907 the maximum figure of 17,968,298 tons, and had diminished to 17,486,247 tons in 1913. In 1897 this county furnished more than half the total output for Scotland. In 1907 the proportion was 45, and in 1913 only 41 per cent.

In addition to the authorities already quoted, numerous references

New Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. vi., 1845, p. 772. " On the Carboniferous Formation of the Lower Ward of Lanarkshire." Trans. Highland and Agric. Soc., vol. vi., 1839, p. 341. 8 " Geology of Scotland," 1844, p. 101.

" The Coalfields of Scotland," 1902, p. 91

" Mines and Quarries. General Report with Statistics," Part HI, Output {Home Office Reports), For years mentioned.

to the geology and mining activity of the district will be found in the various volumes of "Transactions of the Glasgow Greological Society," " Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers," and other publications. All information of importance referring to the area other than such as is purely scientific from "Explanation of Sheet- 31 "1 and "The Geology of the Glasgow District" has been reproduced in the present Memoir.

In a district where mining is active any published map of the mineral field is liable to get quickly out of date. In some cases fresh knowledge has been acquired since the publication of the new series maps concerned, and this fresh knowledge has been partly incorporated in the following pages.

Neither the maps nor the Memoir could have been completed without the help of the mining community interested in the area. The solid rocks are for the most part deeply buried under superficial deposits, so that the crops of the various seams, and the faults that intersect them, have necessarily to a large extent to be drawn from mining evidence. To all those proprietors, colliery managers, or mining engineers, who have placed their information at our disposal, we are greatly indebted. It is hardly possible to mention in detail the assistance that has been received.

Permission has been generously given to publish in graphic form the journals of various bores and pit sections. For convenience these are printed on separate slips (Plates II. to VI.) which fold into the pocket at the end of this Memoir. They will be frequently referred to in the course of the following chapters.

c. T. c, E. M. A.

1 Mem, GeoL Surv., 1879. Mem. Geol, Surv., 1911.

Chapter Ii.

Lower Paet Of Caebonifeeous Sequence.

This chapter includes a description of those parts of the Carboniferous System which underlie the base of the Coal Measures. From this point downwards they are as follows : —

C. Millstone Grit.

B. Carboniferous Limestone Series (including the Limestone Coal Group).

A. Calciferous Sandstone Series.

A. Calcifbkous Sandstone Semes.

The upper part of this series consists of an underlying group of volcanic origin, mainly lavas, and an overlying group of sediments. Along with the Carboniferous Limestone Series the two groups occupy the whole of that part of the area to the south-west of the Dechmont Fault. The volcanic group is bounded to the north and east by this dislocation, its southern boundary being also in part a downthrow fault. From their resistance to atmospheric denudation, these rocks have formed the relatively high ground of the Cathkin Hills. They consist mainly of basaltic lavas, which may be divided into an underlying non-porphyritic, and an overlying porphyritic sequence. The former have not been quarried to any considerable extent. There are abandoned quarries in the upper group near Greenleeshill, and to the east of Dechmont Hill. These were wrought presumably for road metal ; the former is in a basalt of Dunsapie type, similar to that which was quarried on a rather larger scale to the south of Cathkin Braes public park.

The lavas are separated by thin bands of ash and sediment, which are often water-bearing. Outside the area the water so supplied has been used locally. Owing to the comparatively sparse population, the Cathkin Hills have a more important function as a catchment area " for water. Turnlaw and Cocksburn Reservoirs lie among the lavas and within the limits of Area VII. They form a part of the water-supply of Cambuslang.

The overlying sediments include sandstones, one of which has been locally quarried. At their base occurs a peculiar bed of whitish mudstone. They are exposed at the surface to the west of High Blantyre, on the upthrow side of the Dechmont Fault. E. M. A.

B. Carboniferous Limestone Series.

This series is subdivided as follows : —

Upper Limestone Group. Limestone Coal Group. Lower Limestone Group. T

8 Lower Part of Carboniferous Sequence,

In Scotland as a whole the Limestone Coal Group ranks next to the Productive Coal Measures in economic importance, while the Upper and Lower Limestone Groups also contain valuable seams.

Strata included in the middle group come to the surface southwest of liutherglen, between two branches of the Dechmont Fault, which splits at a point to the south of Burnside into branches running west and north-west respectively. Our knowledge of the sequence here is derived mainly from No. 4 bore Aikenhead, which was put down 160 yards north-east of Aikenhead House. Near the surface this bore passed through a " whinstone float " 40 fathoms in thickness, and a short distance below this ten coal seams belonging to the Possil Series were encountered. The seams could not however be individually named, and none of them exceeded 18 inches in thickness. At a lower horizon the bore passed through the Black Metals, or Logan's Bands position, in which one clayband ironstone was found measuring 7 inches, and another 11 inches in thickness. The Lower Garscadden or Govan Blackband Ironstone was represented by a 16-inch coal, and finally the Kilsyth Coking Coal, or a member of the group to which it belongs, was proved with a thickness of 17 inches.

An outcrop of dolerite, apparently corresponding to the " float " already mentioned, is seen north-east of Castlemilk, and is overlain by " burnt " sediments. R. G. c.

The Lower Limestone Group is brought to the surface by the Dechmont Fault south-west of High Blantyre. The "New Ironstone" was wrought to a small extent on the southern margin of Lanark, 11 S.W., the section being as follows : —

Ft. In. Blaes roof

Ironstone . . . . . 5J

Coal . . . . .08

Dark blaes (holing in lower half) . . 1 3

Ironstone . . . . . llj

Blaes pavement

This seam lies about 7 fathoms above the Main or Hurlet Limestone, and about 4 fathoms below the Wee Post Limestone, which is equivalent to the Foul Hosie Limestone of Carluke. The ironstones thus correspond in position to the Househill Claybands of Nitshill and Hurlet, and the coal to the Smithy Coal of Wilsontown. The heap of blaes which was formed while mining was in progress, was utilised, at a later date, for making composition brick.

A triangular area occupied in part by the Limestone Coal Group and in part by Upper Limestone strata, is included in Lanark 17 N.E., being bounded on the north-eastern side by the Dechmont Fault. No coal or ironstone appears to have been wrought within the area, although the old Crutherland Coal workings are only two or three miles to the west. Their position would be reached about 40 fathoms below the Index Limestone, which was worked in an old quarry just south of Dike-end. A blackband ironstone forming a member of the

1 " The Geology of the Glasgow District " {Meni. GeoL Surv.), 1911, p. 170. See "Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area VUI," {Mem. Geol Surv.), 1917, pp. 22 et Bec.

Carboniferous Idmestone Series,

same group was wrought a short distance to the south at Earnockmuir.

Although only an unimportant part of the area described in this Memoir is occupied by rocks of Carboniferous Limestone age, their underground extension beneath the Coal Measures is not open to doubt. It is thus of interest to consider the probability of their containing workable seams.

The rather poor development of the Limestone Coal Group near Rutherglen, and the fact that the Crutherland seams are nowhere of any great thickness, would tend to discourage boring for coal beneath the base of the Coal Measures in the western and south-western parts of the area. In the deepest part of the Uddingston Basin the Index Limestone is probably at a depth of 500 fathoms, and we have no evidence of any thickness of coal below it which would justify even putting a bore to such a depth.

The most important direct evidence in the north-eastern part of the area is the deep Muirhouse bore, situated close to the Tillan Burn, on the eastern margin of Lanark 12 N.E. Reference will be made in a future paragraph to the record obtained in the Millstone Grit. The following are the main items in the part of the bore which lies beneath {see Plate V., Section 5).

Base of Willstone Grit

Strata Calmy Limestone .

Strata Hirst Coal Strata Orchard Limestone

Strata Coal

Strata Index Limestone .

Strata Coal

Strata Blackband Ironstone

Strata ''Coal Fireclay Coal

Coaly Fireclay Coal Blaes VCoal

Strata I Coal

-j Hard faky fireclay . ' Coal

Strata /Parrot Coal I Parroty blaes Blackband Ironstone Fakes and blaes Coal

Strata Coal

Fms. Ft. In.

Depth. Fms. Ft.

In.

H

oi

n

10 Lower Part of Carhoniftnym Seqitence.

Thickness.

Depth.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Strata

Coal

Strata

m

Ironstone

Strata

Limy Ironstone .

H

Strata

fK

Top Hosib Limestone

Strata

IsT Kingshaw Limestone

Strata

2nd Kingshaw Limestone

Strata

BiRKFIELD OR MaIN HoSIE LIME-

Stone

Strata, mainly sandstone .

Eefereiice has been made in another Memoir to the Gartsherrie, Burnlip, and Haggmuir bores. These lie some miles to the north of the area at present under discussion, but are useful for purposes of correlation. From a comparison of the graphic sections of these bores, with the one of which details have just been given, it appears that there is probably a fault in the latter cutting out the position of the Kilsyth Coking Coal. This is confirmed by the unusual inclination of the metals at 220 fms., approximately the depth at which this coal would have been expected. As regards the remaining coals in the journal, all that can be said is that the probable Banuockburn Main Coal of Haggmuir and Burnlip must form one of the group ranging from 193 to 200 fms. at Muirhouse. The coal at 147 fms. at the latter locality is thin or absent in all three of the bores which have been cited for comparison. The Hirst Coal is thin at Haggmuir and Gartsherrie, but measures 1 ft. 9 in. of foul coal at Burnlip. This coal was also proved in a bore about a mile south of the Muirhouse bore, where a thickness of 1 ft. 5 in. is recorded.

A somewhat more satisfactory correlation can be made with the districts to the south and east. The two thin ironstones at 211 and 21 8 fms., the latter of which is associated with marine fossils, are attenuated representatives of the Hogg Fence Ironstones of Wilsontown. The two coals at 198 and 200 fms. together probably represent the Tower Coal of Carluke, which in turn is equivalent to the Main Coal of Wilsontown and Bathgate. Lastly the coal with a fireclay parting at 193 fms.*is most likely the Fireclay Craw Coal of Wilsontown, which passes laterally into the Ladymorton or Jewel Coal of the region near Bathgate.

The prospect of working Carboniferous Limestone Coals in the northern part of Area VII. cannot be said to be very encouraging. It seems likely that the Wilsontown Main Coal can be traced into the ground in question, and it is possible that this seam is an extension of the Bannockburn Main Coal of an area much farther north. The two are in any case somewhat close, but there is no coal about that horizon which could be worked under present conditions at the depths and with the sections recorded in the Muirhouse bore.

1 " Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area V." (Mem. Geol. Surv.) 1916, pp. 12 et seq.

Carboniferous Limestone Series, 11

Beference should also be made to an old chisel bore ''on the Woodhall Estate," which started from the Lower Drumgray position, and reached that of the Black Metals or Hogg Fence Ironstones. This bore shows a thirty-inch coal about 20 fathoms below the Index Limestone, and another of the same thickness about 30 fathoms lower. The former is approximately on the horizon of the Meiklehill Main Coal, though it would be rash to assume their identity. There is, however, perhaps sufl&cient evidence for thinking that the latter is the Bannockburn Main Coal of the Burnlip and Haggmuir bores. The position of the bore is not accurately known, but Woodhall House lies on the northern margin of Lanark 12 N.W. The reliability of the bore journal is also in question, but the part containing the supposed Bannockburn Main Coal agrees fairly well with the Haggmuir and Burnlip sections.

It may be stated in passing that, although the Kilsyth Coking Coal was missed in the Muirhouse bore, a coal or coals on its approximate horizon form a constant feature over much of the Central Coalfield. We have seen that both the Lower Garscadden Blackband and a possible equivalent of the Kilsyth were recognised near Eutherglen. Although individual correlations are impossible, these are both probably included in the group of Crutherland Coals, and the same applies to the Lesmahagow Gas Coal of a district a good deal farther south-east. A group of coals occurs in the same position in both the Haggmuir and Gartsherrie bores, and there seems some reason for thinking that an equivalent group, though probably of no great thickness, might have been found at Muirhouse but for the accidental presence of a fault.

In considering the advisability of further boring, it is worth while to note that the strata separating the Coal Measure coals from those in the Limestone Coal Group do not remain constant in thickness. Along the northern margin of the area, the interval between the Lower Drumgray Coal and the Index Limestone is about 200 fathoms. On the southern margin, near Cambusnethan House and elsewhere, it is probably not more than 100 fathoms, the decrease being due to the thinning of the Millstone Grit, and the absence of a part of the Upper Limestone Group. Somewhat south of Cambusnethan House, Carboniferous Limestone strata are perhaps again brought to the surface by faulting along a line which almost coincides with the margin of the present area.

In the event of future boring, careful search should be made for particular fossil bearing beds such as that of Edmondia punctatella, which underlies the Calmy Limestone. These are of value in fixing certain horizons, and a chapter on the subject has been included in another Memoir of this series ("Description of Area V.,'' Chapter X.).

E. M. A.

C. Millstone Grit.

A small inlier of Millstone Grit was shown in the older series of Survey maps near Goodockhill. This has now beqn proved to extend to the south, along the crest of an anticline, and to be

Supposed to be due to unconformity. See " Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area IX." {Mem, Geol, Surv,) in the press.

Thickness.

Depth.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

TFt.

In.

12 Lower Part of Carhoniferom Segtcenee.

continuous with the larger area of the same formation which extends to the south of AUanton. This strip of older rocks crosses the north-eastern corner, and runs for some distance along the eastern margin of the ground now under discussion. The following is an approximate section : —

Base of Coal Measures

Strata Wild Coal Hareshaw Fireclay

Strata, mainly sandstone Qoodockhill Slatyband Ironstone

Strata, mainly sandstone Blaes and fireclay, with ironstone balls Sandstone Cement Limestone

Strata, mainly sandstone Position of Levensbat Limestone (Top of Carboniferous Limestone Series).

The lower part of the above section is taken from the Muirhouse Bore, which was put down by the Tillan Burn half a mile to the north of Muirhouse (see Plate V., Section 5). In this bore the Cement Limestone was recognised by its characteristic Orthotetid fossil {Derhya The blaes and fireclay horizon at 47 fms. is also of use as an index, being very persistent in the country to the east of that under description. A part of the sandstone intervening between this and the Goodockhill Slatyband position is coarse and pebbly in character, and probably a pebbly sandstone which occurs on the moorland area to the east of the old Goodockhill workings belongs to this horizon.

Goodockhill Slatyband Ironstone. — This seam is the same as the Lower Slatyband of Earlshill or Duntillan. The abandoned workings in the present district are not extensive, and lie some distance to the north-east of the farm of Goodockhill. They are bounded on the north-east side by an upthrow, and on the south-west by a large downthrow, fault. In other directions they have very likely been limited by deterioration or thinning of the seam. Grossart speaks of the ironstone at Goodockhill as having been " wrought at six, four, and two feet thick, thinning out to a few inches, and again swelling out to its original thickness." He makes the observation that veins of galena were found in it running at right angles to the stratification, and up to a quarter of an inch in thickness, and again that quantities of mineral pitch have been found both in a fluid and solid condition in cavities in the ironstone, There is also a record of marine fossils having been got from this horizon. In the Muirhouse bore no ironstone is recorded, and according to the reading adopted the position is represented either by a 7-inch or by a 9-inch coal.

See "Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area V." {Menu Geol. Surv,\ 1916, Plate xii., Fig 2.

2 On the Upper Coal Measures of Lanarkshire," Trans. Geol, Soc. Glattgow, vol. iii., 1871, p. 96.

*J. W. Salter "On some of the Higher Crustacea from the British Coalmeasures," QiLart, Journ, Geol, Soc., vol, xvii., 1861, p. 628-

Millstone Orit.

Hareshaw Fireclay, — The fireclay shown in the section 10 fms. above the last horizon is wrought at the Hareshaw Fireclay Mine, close to the Drumbowie Branch Railway. The section is : —

Sandstone

Wild coal

Fireclay (with some ironstone balls)

Coaly fakes

Faky fireclay

Ft. In.

The clay is taken by rail to Whifflet, Coatbridge, where it is burnt in Newcastle kilns, and used for the manufacture of firebrick, and of blocks for furnaces and hot-blast stoves. An analysis of the calcined material, made by Messrs. E. R. Tatlock and Thomson at the Glasgow City Analyst's Laboratory, gave the following results : —

Silica .

Ahimina

Oxide of iron .

Titanic acid .

Lime . . . .

Magnesia

34

Potash

38

Soda . .

. . '16

The carbonaceous beds above and below che clay almost certainly correspond to divisions of the Bowhousebog Coal in the area farther east, which is usually in association with fireclays.

In the Muirhouse bore what is taken for this coal reads as

follows : —

In. Sandstone Coal . . . . .6

Blaes Coal Blaes Coal Dark blaes

A fireclay underlying a very hard parrot coal crosses the Tillan Burn due north of Birniehill. It is not likely to be of value, and its horizon is not known. The possible occurrence of the Bowhousebog Coal near Easthill will be referred to in a future chapter (p. 72). B. M. A.

Our knowledge of the condition of the Millstone Grit in other parts of the district is limited to one or two bore-journals. The most important of these is a diamond boring put down by Messrs. Wm. Dixon, Ltd., from the workings of their No. 5 Pit, Govan Colliery, liutherglen, which is shown graphically in Plate III. (Section 1). The thickness proved was 55 fathoms, and is thus the same as at Muirhouse, but the Levenseat or Castlecary Limestone, if present, was not quite reached. This seam is taken as the topmost member of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, but it is impersistent.

14 Lower Part of Carhoniferoua Sequence.

The Millstone Grit was entered 180 fathoms below the surface, and the bore continued for 35 fathoms in white and pinkish sandstones, with coarse bands containing quartz pebbles up to an inch in diameter. Fine grained sandstones, fireclays, coal streaks, and blaes were then encountered, the last often crowded with Lingula. Beneath these the Cement Limestone was cut at a depth of 230 fathoms, and the bore stopped a few fathoms lower. The Cement was developed in a highly characteristic manner, being a dark, dolomitic " bastard limestone with abundance of Orthotetid shells on top. As the section is of some interest, details are given

below : —

Ft. In. Hard dark blaes, with Lingula and small lamellibranchs ;

the lower two feet with Orthotetids also 8 3

Hard limy blaes (" Musselband crowded with Orthotetids

and Myalina vemeuili

Parrotj blaes, with fish scales, etc.

Eough, dark, and hard irony dolomite, with finely broken

crinoid and brachiopod debris (Cement Limestone) .

R.

G. C.

The thinning of the Millstone Grit towards the southern margin of the district has already been referred to. In two bores near Cambusnethan House it is probably represented by only 10 fathoms of strata, consisting mainly of sandstone. c. H. D.

Chapter Iii.

COAL MEASUKES. Butherglen tx> BothwelL

A. KUTfiBRGLKN DISTRICT.

(Part of Lanark 10 N.E.)

The Coal Measures near Eutherglen are bounded on the southwestern side by a branch of the large Dechmont Fault already referred to. Mining has been active for over two centuries, so that the thick coals, down to the Splint, are practically exhausted. The Kiltongue Coal was for a long time regarded as the lowest workable seam, and although several bores had been sunk through lower strata, their evidence was conflicting. A better knowledge of the sequence has now been attained, and work has been begun in at least one lower seam.

General Section of Coal Measures of Eutherglen District.

Thicknegs. Fms. Ft. In.

Depth. Fms. Ft. In

Strata, mostly red sandstones, with bands oi

variegated marl

(Position of Skipsey's Marine Band) . Reddish grey and white sandstones, with

partings of blaes and coal streaks Upper Coal . . . . .

v/OAL

Strata, with a soft Musselband " in

centre . . . . .

Ell Coal . . . . .

Sandstone with a hard Museelband "

(the Cambuslang Marble) in centre . Main Coal . . . . .

Strata, mostly sandstone Humph Coal .

Strata

Splint Coal

ViRaiN Coal .

Musselband Coal

Rlagkband Coal

Strata

Virtubwbll Coal

Strata

Coai Mecaures.

Thickness.

Depth. 1

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms. Ft.

In.

Ladtgrange Coal .0

Strata

ElLTONGUE MUSSELBAND

Strata

KiLTONGUB Coal

Strata

C Coal

? Upper Drumgrat Blaes

(Coal

Strata

? Mid Drumgrat Coal

Strata

1

Coal

Strata

? Lower Drumgrat i Strong coaly blaes

10*

(Coal

Strata

H

Coal

Strata

H

Coal

Strata

Coal

Rib .

Oj

Coal (strong splint)

Coal (free)

Strata

9;

Coaly blaes

11*

Coal

Blaes and Sandstone

H

Coal

11*

Strata

Coal

Strata

11*

Coal

Strata

Coal

The upper part of this section is compiled from various sources, among which may be mentioned the section of No. 4 Pit, Govan Colliery {see Plate II., Section 1). The lower part is taken direct from the bore from the Kiltongue Coal at No. 5 Pit, Govan Colliery, which has been referred to (p. 13), and is reproduced in graphic form in Plate III. (Section 1). The lowest coal is regarded as the base of the Coal Measures, since massive sandstones, with pebbly bands, such as characterise the Millstone Grit strata, were entered immediately below. It may be stated that the Crofthead Slatyband Ironstone position, which is elsewhere taken as the base, can nowhere be identified with confidence in the present area. It is consequently difficult to fix a dividing line between the two formations.

The supposed Lower Drumgray of the General Section is the coal already referred to as now being wrought beneath the Kiltongue seam.

The Kiltongue Coal is of excellent quality, and averages two feet in thickness over the district as a whole. It was wrought out some years ago in the Wellshot Colliery, and has mostly been taken out to the west of Eutherglen. Considerable areas remain however round Farme Colliery, also south of Bankhead and Crossbill.

-A

Rutherglen District.

The Kiltongue Musselband, with its so-called oil-shale, appears to be typically dieveloped in this district, but has never been wrought. A specimen from No. 6 Pit, Govan Colliery, shows the usual parroty "blaes, crowded with crushed "mussels** or Garhonicola. In sinking this pit to the Kiltongue Coal, the " shale is stated to have been found three feet in thickness.

The Ladygrangey Virtuewell, and Blackhand Coals are known, but are all too thin to work at present. In No. 6 Pit, Govan Colliery, the Virtuewell has been found to be 20 inches in thickness. In several bores which were put down by Kutherglen Corporation, about the year 1900, to the south of High Crossbill, this seam was in more than one division. One section was : —

Ft. In.

Soft blaes

Coal

Fireclay

Coal . . . .

Coaly blaes

Coal . . . .

Three of these bores also show the Blackhand Coal, which is in two leaves, averaging a foot each, and separated by two or three inches of parting. Other bores in the Kutherglen district on the whole give an inferior thickness.

The Musselband Coal has been worked in the disused Fishescoats Colliery, south-east of High Crossbill. The following average section was taken from these workings : —

Ft. In. Sandstone, fakes, etc.

Ironstone

Blaes and ironstone balls

Coal

Sclit and fireclay

Coal

Sandstone

In the Corporation borings at Crossbill the parting was greater. The two coals were each about a foot, and separated by 5 ft. 5 in. of blaes with " mussel rib and fireclay.

The Virgin or Sourmilk Coal is of little account in this district. In No. 4 Pit, Govan Colliery (close to Glasgow Eoad, and just north of the railway), it was 14 inches in thickness, and was known as the Splint Main, or Foot Main Coal.

The Splint Coaly which is the lowest of the thicker seams, is now practically exhausted. It was worked to the crop from the old Bankhead Pit, and also at Fishescoats, where the section was : —

Ft. In.

Faky blaes

Limy ironstone

Faky fireclay

Coal (wild)

Coal (splint) .

Coal (free)

Coarse fireclay

18 Coal Measures.

The Humph Coal is about 30 inches in thickness. It is possible that some of this seam may still be intact near the long disused Bankhead Pit, south-west of Crossbill.

The Main and EU Coals are practically wrought out. Between the two horizons is a 15-inch limy ironstone, packed with crushed shells of Carbonicola, known farther east as the "Cambuslang Marble" (see p. 36). Another musselband occurs between the £11 and the Upper Coal, but this is a soft band, the shells being embedded in blaes.

The Upper or Upper Ell Coal is as well developed near Eutherglen as in any part of the Lanarkshire iSeld, and averages 4 ft. 6 in. in thickness. In the Farme Colliery workings, north of Kutherglen, a remarkable aeries of sandstone " washouts," or wants, were found in this seam. Two channels were found, one of them about 200 yards east of the pit-bottom. In the discussion referred to, three channels were noted, but since that time the " Mid " and East wants " have been proved to run together, forming parts of a curious twisted course, which runs south towards the Clyde Paper Mills, then bends round sharply towards the north, in which direction it dies out. The breadth was about 80 yards. The western channel was more extensive. Passing through the pit-shaft, it ran south-west for over a mile, having been traced at least as far as the 45-fathom fault at the West Quarries. Under Main Street this channel was proved to be 400 yards wide, a curious little island of workable coal being found in the middle. The coal was frequently " doubled " along the sides of the channel, and was said also to be of better than average quality: at the same time the components of the original seam were repeated in their normal order — Top Coal, parting. Bottom Coal. As seen in the workings, the junctions of sandstone and coal were exceedingly sharp and clean They were also very irregular, narrow tongues of sandstone frequently projecting into the surrounding coal. It is reported that stone mines driven through the want found the sandstone coarse and pebbly at its base, as if it marked the bed of a stream.

The overlying Barren Measures are not seen in stream sections, and can only be partially studied in quarries which are now disused. Our knowledge of their character is chiefly derived from the records of bores and pit sections, especially at the pits of Messrs. Wm. Dixon, Ltd. These show that the strata are mostly red and grey sandstones, with partings of white and variegated marl, and containing some black blaes with coals which are not over 10 inches in thickness, In the journal of No. 5 Pit, Govan Colliery, a " marble band" is recorded at a height of 30 fathoms above the Upper Coal. This may perhaps be Skipsey's Marine Band, of which, however, we have no certain knowledge in this district.

The sandstones in the Barren Measures have been wrought at West, Stonelaw, and Eastfield Quarries, the last of which affords the best section. These will be further referred to in the chapter on Sandstone Quarries (p. 127).

1 Trans, Mining Institute (Scotland), vol. vi. (1884-6), PI. xxiv., pp. 234-237, in the discussion on Mr. Barrowman's paper, Doubliiu; of the Splint Coal at SwinhiU CoUiery."

ITddingston and BothwelL 19

The Coal Measures in the district are arranged in the form of a broad syncline, whose axis passes east and west through the town of Rutherglen. Apart from the Dechmont Fault, the chief fault is one which runs from west to east between Eutherglen and Crossbill, with a downthrow to the north of about 50 fathoms. R. o. c.

B. Uddingston and Bothwell District.

(Lanark, 11 N.W.. S.W., N.E., S.E.)

The Uddingston and Bothwell District contains the deepest part of the Central Coalfield. In Hallside Colliery the Upper Coal, which is the highest yet worked in Lanarkshire, lies at a depth of nearly 200 fathoms.

In the greater part of the district the Productive Coal Measures are covered by a considerable thickness of Upper, Eed, or Barren Measures, which in the colliery just named must amount to about 160 fathoms. Various pit and bore sections in Lanark 11, are drawn up in graphic form in Plates II. and III. While there is a certain amount of local variation, the following may be. regarded as an average sequence for the district.

General Section of Coal Measures of District of Uddingston

AND Bothwell.

Thickness. Depth.

Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In.

Red and purple sandstone and marls . . 110 110 White and brown sandstone, blaes and fireclay, with local reddening, and including

from 9 to 16 thin coal seams 79 1 189 I Upper, "Wandering" or Mossdale Coal

from 9 in. to 5 190

Strata, average . . . .764 197 5 4

Coal . . . . . . 8 198

Strata, average . . . . 8 6 206 5

Ell Coal, . . . from 4 ft. to 1 1 208

Strata, average . . . . 3 4 6 211 4 6 MussELBAND IRONSTONE (The "CambuslaDg

Marble") . . from 6 in. to 16 212

Strata, average . . . . 4 1 216 1

Pyotshaw Coal . from 2 ft. 6 in. to 5 217

Strata, average . . . . 3 6 220 6

Main Coal, . . . from 3 ft. to 5 6 221

Strata, average . . . . 7 3 228 3

Humph Coal, . . from 1 ft. to 3 229

Strata, average . . . . 6 1 235 1

Splint, . . . from 3 ft. to 5 236

Strata, average . . . . 3 6 236 3 6

Virgin or Sour-milk Coal from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 6 237

Strata, average . . . . 10 4 247 4

Blackband Coal . . . . 2 248

Strata, average . . . . 9 3 2 257 3 2

ViRTUEWBLL or Benhar Coal . from 8 in. to 2 10 258

Strata, average . . . . . 8 5 266 5

20 Goal Measures.

Thickness.

Depth.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms. Ft.

In

[ALE from 5 in.

to

from 6 in.

to

from 1 ft.

to

from 1 ft. 6 in.

to

Strata, average KiLTONGUB Coal

Strata, average Upper Drumqray Coal

Strata, average Lower Drumqray Coal

Strata, average Balmoral Coal , , . .

In the abore section the position of Skipsey's Marine Band, which is taken as the base of the Red or Barren Measures, is not indicated, as its occurrence in the district is not known with certainty. Its horizon does not coincide exactly with the change in colour of the sediments, which takes place at different levels in different parts of the coalfield. The estimate of the thickness of Barren Measures present at Hallside is made on the assumption that their base lies 50 fathoms above the Ell Coal. On the same supposition the underlying Productive Measures have a thickness of about 150 fathoms down to the Balmoral Coal. The Coal Measure strata which come below the latter seam in this district are so little known that it would be rash to represent them by a general section. If however we take as their base the lowest coal in the Craighead bore which will shortly be referred to, the total thickness of Productive Coal Measures is about 167 fathoms.

The coal seams are deepest over a comparatively restricted area in the centre of the district. They rise to all points of the compass, but on the south-west they are soon cut out by the large Dechmont Fault.

The district includes more than thirty working collieries, in which about 15,000 men were employed underground in 1914. In 1916 no seam below the Virgin was being wrought in the central or deepest part of the district, except at Dechmont Colliery. Here and at some collieries on the southern and eastern margins the Blackband Coal was also wrought. Those exploiting the lower group, which includes the seams from the Virtuewell to the Lower Drumgray, were confined mainly to the north. This group appears to deteriorate, so far at least as concerns this district, when followed from north to south, and cannot be looked on as containing any material reserve of coal in the deepest part of the basin. The Blackband Coal, on the other hand, although rather thin, is fairly constant in thickness, at an average of about two feet.

The upper group of coal seams, including the Ell, Main, and Splint, as well as certain thinner coals, is, owing to its depth in certain parts of this area, on the whole less exhausted than in the shallower districts to the north and east. This does not imply that considerable inroads have not been made, more especially in the Ell and Splint seams.

Strata below the Balmoral Coal, — A blind bore in Craighead No. 1 Pit went down to 92 fathoms below the Virgin Coal, and by the

Uddingston and BothwelL

courtesy of Messrs. Wm. Baird & Co., Ltd., is represented in graphic form on Plate III. (Section 4). Unfortunately no coal seam below the Blackband can be recognised with certainty, but it seems probable that the bore reached a point some 30 or 35 fathoms below the Lower Drumgray. The following section was met with a few fathoms above the base : —

Faky sandstone Faky blaes Coal. Dark fakes Blaes. Goal. Dark fakes Sandstone Coal.

Fms.

Ft.

In

The coals are all too low to correspond with the Balmoral, and the last item may be taken as representing roughly the base of the Coal Measures in this district.

Balmoral Coal of Coatbridge. — This seam is distinct from the Balmoral Coal of the Slamannan District, and is the same as the Mill Coal of Armadale. It is known to be in fairly good form in the southern portion of Lanark 7 S.W., and may be represented (though this is not certain) by a 2-foot coal in a blind bore in Broomhouse Colliery. As this lies only a few yards to the north of Lanark 11, a workable area of this seam may extend into the district at present under discussion. A seam named the Balmoral in the Home Office Keturns is in fact being worked at Carmyle Colliery. A blind bore in this colliery, and a bore near Bogleshole (No. 4) Pit of Clyde Ironworks Colliery, agree in showing a double coal, with a separation of 2 or 3 fathoms, about this horizon. The lower coal at Carmyle is the thicker, and is presumably the one which is worked. It is not known which of these two seams really represents the horizon, and the possibility of the seam having split cannot be excluded.

The coal may correspond to one or other of three seams at Craighead, the lowest of which is 9 inches, and the other two a foot each in thickness. It would appear however to measure only 6 inches in a blind bore in Gateside No. 2 Pit (Plate III., Section 2).

Lower Drumgray Coal. — This coal has only been wrought hitherto along the northern margin of the district. Although there are local variations it is usually a good house coal, with an average thickness of two feet in the workable area.

Four collieries were working this seam within the district in 1916. An extra seam occurs about two fathoms below the supposed Lower Drumgray at Carmyle Colliery, and is also represented in the bore near Bogleshole Pit already referred to. The accepted interpretation is on the whole the most probable, but perhaps the term Lower Drumgray should include both seams.

The pithead of Calderbank Colliery lies outside the district, to the

Coal Measures.

north, but the workings in this coal extend into Lanark 11 for some

considerable distance, to the east of Broomhouse. The section here

is: —

Ft In. Coal . . . ..16

Parting . . .'.05

Goal . . . . . 10

In the former workings from No. 3 Pit, Bredisholm, which also lies just off the map, the seam was generally 2 ft. 6 in. in thickness, but was sometimes split by a thin " dirt " parting. This parting is said to thicken towards the south-west. Boring operations are supposed to have proved the seam with a thickness of two feet at Hciughhead, and of 21 inches at Newton No. 2 Pit (see Plate III., Section 3). In both these cases there may be a doubt whether a lower division of the seam has actually been reached. At Gateside No. 2 Pit the section in the blind bore already referred to is as follows : —

Fm.

Ft.

In.

Blaes .

Coal . . . .

Blaes .

Fakes and sandstone ribs

Blaes . . . .

Coal . . . .

Fireclay

Faky sandstone

At Tannochside the worked seam measures 30 inches of coal with a blaes roof. In the middle and southern portions of the Eosehall field the average is : —

Ft. In. Grey fakes . . . . .30

Coal . . . .28

Bastard fireclay

The holing has here to be done in the seam itself, with a corresponding proportion of loss. An analysis of the coal kindly communicated by Mr. J, D. Miller gave the following results: —

Analysis of Lower Drumgray Coal, Bosehall Colliery,

Volatile constituents . 44*32

Coke

Gas tar, etc.

Sulphur .

Water ( Fixed carbon Sulphur . (Ash

26

39

The seam was formerly coked at this colliery for blast furnace use.

At East Parkhead Colliery a blind bore gives the following

record : —

Ft. In. Dark fak}- blaes .39

Coal . . . . .26

Derk fireclay , , , ,16

UddingsUm and Bothwelh

but another at Douglas Park Colliery, half a mile to the south, found only 1 ft. 5j in. of coal in the position {see Plate III., Section 6). The seam is very difficult to identify in the bores in the southern part of the district.. It is evidently thin, but may be represented by 1 ft. 8 in. of coal in the bore at Craighead already referred to.

We thus see that, so far as this district is concerned, the Lower Drumgray is at its best in the north-eastern quarter-sheet (11 N.E.). Westwards it probably splits, and southwards it deteriorates in thickness.

U'pper Drwmgray Coal, — The musselband, which forms a prominent feature a little above the Upper Drumgray in most of the Central Coalfield, has seldom been recorded in this district, and identification of this seam is thus rendered sometimes uncertain. It has been worked, for instance, at Broomhouse Colliery (just beyond the northern margin of Lansrk 11), under the name of "Under Kiltongue." Only one colliery — Kenmuir — was extracting the coal in 1916 in the Uddingston and Bothwell area, and the workings have since been abandoned. The section was : —

Blaes with sandstone ribs Dark hard blaes . Coal, Fireclay, .

1 ft. 4 in. to . 1 ft. to

Ft.

In.

The " Under Kiltongue " at Broomhouse has the section : —

Ft. In.

Fakes and sandstone

Coal

Daugh

Faky sandstone .

Coal

In spite of the difficulty referred to, the seam can be identified in

a good many bore sections in other parts of the district. In the

diamond bore at No. 2 Pit, Newton Colliery, it measures 14 inches,

with a blaes roof and a pavement of dark fakes {see Plate III.,

Section 3). In the blind bore from No. 2 Pit, Gateside (Plate III.,

Section 2), the thickness is only a foot, while at Clydeside Colliery it

is no more than six inches. Farther east it recovers its thickness

to some extent. The section in No. 2 Pit, Tannochside, is as

follows : —

Ft. In.

Strong fakes

Blaes

Coal

Fireclay .

Coal

The seam appears to have died out altogether in a bore at East Parkhead Colliery, but in the one at Douglas Park Colliery, not far to the south, it again measures 15 inches in thickness (Plate III., Section 6). From this point it is impossible to trace it with

Goal Measures,

confidence. In the blind bore in No. 1 Pit, Craighead, it may be

represented by a coal in two leaves : —

In. Coal 8

Parting 2

Coal 10

But the identification is very far from certain. In a bore in No. 4 Pit, Blantyre, the seam may be represented by a 15-inch coal.

It will thus be seen that except along the northern margin of Lanark 11 N.W., this coal hardly attains a thickness which is likely to make it workable under present conditions, more especially if we take into account its unusual depth.

Kiltongue Coal. — This seam, like the last described, is often identified by the presence a certain distance above it of a band of " mussels " accompanied by a shale or shaly blaes. The distance of the coal below the index bed is however greater, and the Musselband will be further referred to under a separate heading.

All the collieries, except Whistleberry, which are at present working this seam in the district, lie along its northern margin. The coal is here better developed than in the remainder of Lanark 11, where it barely attains a workable thickness.

At Kenmuirhill the seam was reached by a cross-cut from the Yirtuewell workings, and proved to be two feet thick. At Broomhouse Colliery it sometimes exceeds this figure, but the top two or three inches are often in a " burnt " condition. A recent blind bore at Clydeside found the coal 2 ft. 8 in. in thickness, about fathoms below the Musselband. Eastwards two or more partings make their appearance, while the total thickness of coal increases. In Bredisholm No. 3 Pit (the pithead is just ofiF the map" the coal is in three leaves, all of which are worked.

One section gives :-

Coal

Stone

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

On the north side of the east and west fault at Tannochside the seam is in four leaves. The section varies a good deal, but the following is given for a part of the workings :-

Ft.

In.

Sandstone

Coal

Stone

Coal

Sclit

Coal

Sclit

Coal

Fireclay

Ft. In.

The last item is 4 feet thick, and overlies an 11-inch coal. The seam is also in four leaves in one part of the Eosehall workings, but the lesves are usually thinner, and th lowest, being a " wild " coal,

UMingston and Bothwell,

is not taken out. The top leaf is 5 inches thick, and is described as splint. The underlying fireclay is here in places very white, and might perhaps prove useful.

The average section of the supposed Kiltongue Coal at Whistleberry Colliery is 17 inches. It lies 3 or 4 fathoms below a seam which is called the Upper Kiltongue, and about 11 fathoms below a shaly blaes which may be that which accompanies the Musselband.

Some attention may next be given to localities where the seam is still intact. In the northern part of the district the horizon can always be identified. In the bore in Gateside No, 2 Pit the coal is in three leaves as follows : —

Ft. In. Blaes

Coal

Blaes

Coal

Blaes .

Coal

Blaes

Tlie blind bore in Newton No. 2 Pit found the seam in one division, with a thickness of 19 inches. The similar bore in Douglas Park Colliery proved the position, but only 9 inches of coal were present, while at East Parkhead and Hamilton Palace Collieries it is still thinner.

The last three records show an agreement which is evidently not accidental, but indicates the inferiority of the seam for a square mile or more to the east of Bothwell. South of the Clyde it may again be better developed. A coal named the Kiltongue is, as we have seen, being worked at Whistleberry, but difficulties here arise as to the correlation. At Craighead the next coal above the one suggested as the Upper Drumgray is 17 inches in thickness, with a roof and pavement of sandstone. At No. 4 Pit, Blantyre Colliery, a coal one foot in thickness occurs about three fathoms above the 15-inch coal, about which a similar suggestion was made.

Kiltongue Miisselband. — The Kiltongue Musselband is of no economic value in this district, but its importance as an index has already been noticed. In the shaft at Bogleshole Pit (No. 4 Pit, Clyde Ironworks Colliery) the section is : —

Ft. In.

Shale Musselband Hard stoDe Coal

There is no coal or shale here between this position and the Kiltongue Coal. The shale and coal on the Musselband horizon are sometimes found in bores in which no " mussels " are recorded. The height varies from 3 to fathoms, and possibly sometimes more, above the Kiltongue Coal.

A thin coal seam has been proved a few fathoms below the Virtue well in many bores in this district. It may or may not be

26 Goal Measures.

the Ladygrange, which is rather better known in the adjoining district of Mossend. It is usually only a few inches thick, but it is on the whole probably this seam which measures 15 inches in the Craighead bore. The item was recorded in the bore journal as the Virtuewell Coal, the true Virtuewell being, as we take it, only 8 inches in thickness.

Virtuewell CoaL — In the Uddingston and Bothwell district this is often of little value. Nevertheless, it is coming to receive more attention, and in 1916 was being worked at the following collieries: — Clyde Iron Works, Kenmuir and Bogtield, Kenmuirhill, Bredisholm, Tannochside, and Rosehall. As is almost always the case with the seams so far considered, the field of operations is as yet confined to the northern margin of the district. The position is usually less than 10 fathoms above the Kiltongue Musselband, bub at Douglas Park and Hamilton Palace Collieries it is 13 or 15 fathoms.

At Clyde Ironworks Colliery the seam is in two leaves, with a

parting of fireclay. At Kenmuirhill No. 1 Pit it is also double, the

lection being : —

Ft. In.

Coal . . . 2

Faky blaes . . . 2 6

Coal . . . . 14

Only the upper leaf is at present being worked. At No. 3 Pit, Bredisholm*(just beyond the northern margin of Lanark 11), the section is : —

Ft. In. Rock

Coal 2

Fireclay

At Tannochside No. 1 Pit the thickness is 2 ft. 10 in., and it is interesting to note that the Cleland Eoughband Ironstone is represented a short distance above the top (see p. 77).

In the remainder of the district the development is decidedly inferior. Bores in Clydeside and Haughhead Collieries show the coal to be thinner in this vicinity than in the collieries working it on either side. In the blind bore at No. 2 Pit, Newton Colliery, the double section is repeated as follows : —

Ft. In.

Coal . . . . 8

Blaes . . . . 1 10

Coal . . . , 6

The similar bore at No. 2 Pit, Gateside, found a griaater thickness of coal, with, unfortunately, a greater separation : —

Ft. In.

Coal . . . . 16

Fireclay and blaes . . 5 8

Coal . . . . 18

A blind bore in No. 4 Pit, Blantyre, proved a thickness of 2 ft. 4 in., with a roof of blaes and sandstone plies. In

Uddingston and Bothwell.

al surface bore near No. 2 Pit, however, the seam was again divided : —

Ft. In. Grey fakes

Coal (strong splinty) ... 1 6

Light fireclay 1 4

Coal 10

Light grey fakes 4 3

A blind bore in Greenfield Colliery (see Plate III, Section 5) gave this section in the probable Virtuewell position : —

Ft.

In

Coal

Fakes . .

Faky sandstone

Faky fireclay . . . .

Coal

but another in the same colliery records no coal wliatever on the horizon. The poor development at Craighead has already been referred to. In No 1 Pit, Hamilton Palace Colliery, the coal has a thickness of 1 ft. 9 in., with a roof of fakes and pavement of fireclay. At Orbiston Colliery the seam was sunk to, and measured 15 inches. In ttie bore at Douglas Park Colliery the thickness was 13, and in another at East Parkhead only 8 inches.

We thus see the exceedingly variable nature of this coal seam, which except possibly at Blantyre, never attains a thickness in the rest of the area, similar to that of the workable areas to the north.

Blackhand Goal. — In contrast to the Virtuewell, the Blackband Coal maintains a fairly constant thickness over a large part of the area under discussion. It is worked in various collieries in the marginal or shallower parts of Lanark 11, and in one pit — Dechmont No. 3 — not very far from the central or deepest portion.

At Bredisholra No. 3 Pit (just beyond the northern margin of the area) the section is : —

Ft. In.

Rock Fakes . Coal . Stone . Coal . Sandstone

. 1 ft. to

In Tannochside No. 1 Pit the following

Sandstone Blaes . Ironstone ribs Coal . Dirt . Coal . Fireclay

Ft.

In.

In the shaft of Orbiston No. 2 Pit the thickness of the coal is recorded as 25 inches, while blind bores at Greenfield and Whistleberry give 23J and 21 inches respectively. In the latter case the roof is of blaes and the pavement of fakes.

Goal Measures.

The above information refers to localities where the coal is at present worked. In quality the seam is usually classed as a good house coal. The following additional details are taken from bores in or near collieries where the seam is still undeveloped (1916).

Depth below

Colliery.

Splint or Virgin.

Thickness.

Roof.

Pavement.

Fms.

Ft. In.

Gateside No. 2 Pit

(including 2 partings of "sclitty coal" each 1 in.)

Blaes and ironstone.

Newton No. 2 Pit .

lOJ

(inferior with hard slaty plies)

Fakes.

Fakes.

Haughhead .

Fakes and blaes.

Fakes.

Viewpark

Faky blaes.

Fakes.

Bothwell Park

East Parkhead

Douglas Park

Blaes 1 ft. overlain by sandstone.

Blaes and ribs.

Hamilton Palace —

Pit No. 1 .

Blaes.

Sandstone.

Pit No 2 .

Blaes.

Sandstone.

Craighead

11*

Black blaes.

Fakes.

Blantyre No. 4 Pit

Fakes.

Fakes.

„ No. 2 Pit

10

Blaes.

Blaes and

(top 4 in. foul.)

fakes.

It will thus be seen that this coal maintains a thickness which is on the whole remarkably uniform, and that if the same may be assumed as regards the quality there are important reserves of coal on this horizon, below the coals at present worked, over much of the Uddingston and Bothwell District. There is an area near Low Blantyre, and in the immediate neighbourhood of Bothwell, within which there is apparently no direct information regarding this seam. Assuming it to be as well developed here as in the adjoining areas to north and south, a very rough estimate shows that probably 20,000,000 tons of Blackband Coal still await development within the four quarter sheets of Lanark 11. As the Splint Coal has nearly everywhere been sunk to, the lower seam should easily be reached. The only part of the district in which the condition of this coal is unsatisfactory — so far as has at present been proved, and apart from individual records like that at Bothwell Park Colliery, — lies along the northern margin of Lanark 11 N.W. A cross cut at Broomhouse found a foot of wild coal in the Blackband position, while in Kenmuir No. 1 Pit, uorth of Carmyle, the seam is represented by only 6 inches of coal of a similar description.

No blackband ironstone is in this district included in the seam, and though occasionally, as at Tannochside, the coal is overlain by ribs of clayband, it is not known that any attempt has been made to work them,

't.

In

UddiTigston and BothwelL 29

Musselband Coal. — A musselband with an underlying coal is often present in this district in the position of the Musselband Coal and ironstone, the former of which has been wrought for instance in the district of Greengairs. The seam, however, is not probably of economic importance in the present area. The mussels " are often preserved in ribs of limy ironstone occurring at intervals in bbies or parroty blaes, but these ribs, as well as the underlying coal, are too thin and poor to be workable. The position is usually three or four fathoms below the Virgin Coal.

The blind bore in Newton No. 2 Pit gives the following record: —

Musselband Blaes and hard rib . . .

../OAIi

Wild Coal

and a surface bore 300 yards west of Blantyre No. 2 Pit gives : —

Ft. In. Blaes with ribs of ironstone from 1 to

3 in. thick . . . . 6

Blaes and small ribs ... 2 6

Coal (free) . . . .16

Coal (foul parrot) ... 6

Other bores show a thinner coal in the same position, but sometimes both coal and ironstone appear to be wanting. It is probable, however, that a careful search would have found the " mussels " in many cases where they have not been recorded.

Splint and Virgin Coals. — These two seams are occasionally united, and often so close as to form a single working. The Splint Coal is regarded as the most constant and regular of all the Lanarkshire seams, and owing to its hard splinty nature has long been much used for blast furnaces. It can be extracted in large blocks, without much dross, and these blocks withstand the pressure of a furnace without breaking up into small material, and thus choking the draught. It should be noted, however, that in this district the seam does not consist entirely of splint, but includes "free" and occasionally parrot coal.

Where the seams are separate the Virgin is usually distinctly the thinner. It is classed as a good house coal, but the value is often lessened by the presence of partings of sediment. The Splint Coal was being worked in 1916 in about half the collieries in the district. In a few cases old workings have been abandoned, perhaps owing to the local exhaustion of the seam.

In certain sometimes rather sharply defined areas the Splint Coal of this district is so "burnt" as to be unworkable. This applies for instance to Kenmuirhill Colliery, where, however, the Virgin Coal is in part at least quite " clean." Although the point has not been verified, it seems probable that in this, and the other instances which will presently be mentioned, the " burnt " coal is of the calcareous type, and not of the sort which is due to the influence

OoaX Measures

of intrusions. The two varieties have much in common, as they are both softer than ordinary coal, and readily break down into small material. They have both also an unusually high percentage of ash But the absence of any igtieous rock in certain cases compels us to assign the alteration to some different cause.

The parting between the Splint and Virgin Coals is at its maximum in the two northern quarter-sheets. The shaft section in Bogleshole Pit (No. 4 Pit, Clyde Iron Works Colliery) reads as follows (see Plate II., Section 2) : —

Ft.

In.

Blaes with ironstone balls .

Hard Spunt Coal

Fireclay . . .

Blaes

Kingle rib .

Blaes

Virgin Coal

Fireclav uith ribs of coal

Ft.

In.

At Kenmuir No. 2 Pit, to the east of Carmyle, which ceased working in 1882, the lower seam read : —

Sandstone . . . 9 in. to

Blaes

Coal

Sclit

Coal

Faky fireclay

At Westburn Colliery the Virgin is also divided, the section being : —

Ft. In. Coal 1 11

Coaly fireclay 6

Goal 6

Near Holmhills Farm, to the south of Cambuslang, the Splint Coal was proved near the crop by a shallow pit, and was three feet in thickness. At Gateside Colliery this coal is unusually thin, the section being : —

Ft.

In.

Ironstone rib

Blaes

Splint Coal

Free Coal

Daugh

Hard fireclay

In one part of Hallside Colliery this coal is again about 3 feet

thick, the roof being a strong sandstone. The Virgin lies about

1 2 feet below, with the section : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . . 1 3

Sclit Oi

Coal - 10

R. W. Dron. "The Occurrence of Calcareous Coal in a Lanarkshire Coalfield," Tram, Inst. Min, Eng.j vol. xxvii., 1904, p. 92. See also pp. 120-121 of the present volume, and " Econ. Qeol. Central Coalfield, Area V.," {Mem, OeoL Swv,), 1916, p. 76.

Ft.

In.

On the north-eastern side of the pit is an area of the " burnt " coal referred to, measuring 1600 feet by 400 feet, with its long axis perpendicular to the direction of a west-north-western dolerite dyke which happens to coincide with its northern margin.

At Haughhead Colliery the Splint Coal measured 40 inches, but the workings have long since been abandoned. At Both well Castle Colliery this seam averaged 44 inches with a sandstone roof, and the Virgin 25 inches in thickness. The two were here wrought in one working.

Towards the southern margin of the district, the two seams approach one another very closely. Thus in a bore near No. 4 Pit, Blantyre, which makes the Splint Coal 4 ft. 3 in., and the Virgin

2 ft. 8 in. in thickness, the separation consists only of 13 inches of black blaes. A somewhat similar parting is present at Whistleberry Colliery, but in the Greenfield workings it is further reduced to

3 inches. Two blind bores in another part of the Greenfield Pit found the seams without any parting whatever, with a joint thickness of 5 ft. 6 in., and 6 ft. 10 in.

An average section of the two coals for the whole Whistleberry and Greenfield area is given as : —

iHEAD Coal Splint Coal Parrot Coal Free Coal Stone Virgin Coal

At Hamilton Palace Colliery the section given for the Splint

seam is : —

Ft. In. Dark blaes Free Coal . Splint Coal Parting Splint Coai. Gas Coal . Free Coal Splint Coal Free Coal . Daugh Fireclay

It is probable that here too the seams are united, and that they are both represented in the above section. At Orbiston Colliery they have been assumed to be in this condition, the joint thickness being 6 feet.

Northwards the intercalation again makes its appearance. At

Viewpark the Splint Coal has the section ; —

Ft. In.

Sandstone . Calmy blaes Coal, free . „ splint

„ free .

Daugh

Coal Measures,

The Virgin Coal is 1 ft. 7 in. in thickness, with a separation from the last of at least 4 feet. Both the Splint, and the overlying Main and Pyotshaw Coals are in a very inferior condition over an area of about 40 acres, extending from near the Viewpark pits for about 600 yards to the north. This is probably another instance of the calcareous "burning" which has already been referred to.

At Tannochside the Splint seam contains two- bands of gas coal —

Ft.

In

Coal, free .

„ tree .

Daugn

One section gives the Virgin Coal as 2 feet, and the intercalation as 6 feet in thickness. The latter is even thicker at Bosehall, where the combined section is : —

Ft. In.

Sandstone Blaes .

( Coal, splint Splint „ gas

I „ free Daugh (holing) Bastard fireclay Bock . Fakes . Blaes .

Virgin Coal. Fireclay .

With regard to the district as a whole, the following points are worthy of comment. The parting between the two seams is greatest in the two northern quarter sheets, but dwindles to nothing in a part of Lanark 11 S.E. Kegarded as a separate seam the Splint Coal is thinnest in the southern part of Lanark 11 N.W., and reaches what is perhaps its maximum development near Greenfield and Whistleberry. The presence of a band or bands of gas coal in the upper member seems to be a very general feature in the two eastern quarter -sheets. In parts of the Bredisholm field this was formerly used for the distillation of oil. It is said to be very erratic, and where it comes in suddenly it appears to form an addition to the previous thickness of the seam. A curious linear want occurs in the Splint Coal at Douglas Park Colliery. It extends, in almost a straight line, from near Orbiston House, for about three-quartera of a mile to the north-west. It seems never to exceed a chain in width, and is in line with a similar want in Motherwell and North Motherwell Collieries, which will be described in the next chapter p. 59).

1 R. W. Dron. The Coalfields of Scotland," 1902, p. 94.

Uddingstan and BothwelL

At Bellshill Colliery there is a thin ferruginous musselband about 3 feet above the roof of the Splint Coal. The interval between the latter and the Humph Coal varies from about to about 9 fathoms. Where it is greatest it usually includes a large proportion of sandstone.

Humph Goal. — The Humph Coal maintains a workable thickness over about half the district under discussion. Although it is often split by dirt and stone partings, and generally of somewhat inferior quality, it is now rather widely wrought.

At Bogleshole Pit the shaft section is given as 2 ft. 6 in. of coal, with a blaes roof containing ironstone ribs, and a fakes pavement. At the old Orion Pit, near Eosebank Bridge, the section was: —

Ft. In. Blaes 4

Coal 9

Stone 3

Coal 1 6

Fireclay

The seam was wrought from an " ingoing eye " beneath the old quarry close to Holmhills Farm, to the south of Cambuslang. It is said to be there 3 feet in thickness. At Gateside Colliery it gives the following section : —

Sandstone

Blaes

Coal, " craw "

Coal

„ splint ' Coaly blaes Coal, free Coaly blaes Coal, free Daugh holing

and at No. 3 Pit, Bolhwell Castle Colliery : —

Fakes

Coaly blaes

Coal

Fireclay .

Coal

Blaes

Sandstone

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

At Blantyre Colliery the seam proved to be rather better near

Nos. 2 and 3 Pits than in the previous workings from No. 4. The

section in the later workings is : —

Ft. In. Blaes Ironstone rib . . .

Blaes with ironstone Coal, free Sclitty stone Coal, free

„ splint Bastara fireclay

34 Coal Measures,

In the shaft of No. 1 Pit, Whistleberry, the seam is in one division 3 feet thick, with a roof consisting of fakes, and a pavement of faky plies. Two blind bores at Greenfield Colliery gave thicknesses of 2 ft. 5 in. and 2 ft. 8 in. respectively.

All the localities hitherto mentioned lie on the south-west side of aline which runs diagonally across Lanark, 11, from its north-western to its south-eastern corner. To the north-east of this line the development of the coal is in some parts inferior, and it has not yet been wrought.

In the shaft of Hamilton Palace Colliery for instance the thickness is only 13, and at Bellsbill Colliery only 14 inches. A bore not far from Tannochside No. 3 Pit found the seam to be 1 ft. 5 in. thick, but foul. At Haughhead Colliery it is as follows : —

Ft. In.

Coal 1 4

Dirt 10

Coal 10

At the Glasgow Colliery Company's Kenmuirhill Colliery the Humph Coal is not considered to be a workable aeam. Bores in the Blantyreferme field, however, show it in much better condition, one section being : —

Ft. In. Dark blaes and ironstone ribs

Coal 7

Blaes . . . . 6

Coal . . . . . 1 11 Faky fireclay

This bore was situated near the pithead. Another about half a mile to the south proved a thickness of 2 ft. 1 in. of free coal, with a blaes roof and fireclay pavement. These bores show that the rule given above does not apply without exception, and further information is needed in order to form a decision as to the workable extension of the seam.

The interval between the Humph and the Main Coal is usually 6 or 7 fathoms, but reaches a maximum in the north-western portion of the district, where it consists almost wholly of sandstone. In the Gateside shaft as much as 13J fathoms of strata intervene between the two seams. The sandstone was formerly quarried in one of the Kirkburn Quarries (south of Cambuslang) and will be further referred to in Chapter VI. (p. 126).

Main and Pyotshaw Goals, — The interval between these seams varies rapidly, and is sometimes as much as 10 fathoms. It is only exceptionally, in this district, that the two come together, or so close as to form a single working subject. They are united, however, in most of the western half of Lanark 11 N.W., as well as in pajts of the Viewpark field. Where this is the case, the collective seam is usually known as the Main Coal.

The Main Coal proper is perhaps the most widely wrought at present of all those in this district, while the Pyotshaw is also widely wrought as a separate seam. Both contain in places separable bands of splinty coal, but this is more especially the case with the Pyotshaw, which is in consequence largely selected for blast furnace

Uddingston and BothwelL

use. The Main Coal has more generally the character of a second-class household coal with a white ash. In some places it contains a layer of inferior gas coal locally known as "pugs" which somewhat detracts from its value. The "burning" of this seam in an area near Viewpark has already been mentioned, and we shall come across one or two further instances where the coal has been made useless in a similar way.

The position of the crop is shown by an old day level, which opens on to the Kirk Bum to the south of Cambuslang. The Main and Pyotshaw seams are here in one, with a collective thickness which is stated to be six or seven feet. They are also united in the shaft of Gateside Colliery, though the adjacent workings have more often a section somewhat as follows : —

Ft.

In

Pyotshaw Coal

Fireclay . . . ,

'Coal

Main Coal-

Parting .

Coal

In the Hallside workings both seams are divided by partings, while the separation between them varies from to 30 inches.

At Haughhead Colliery the Main Coal is about 4 feet in thickness, but the upper part of the section is " burnt " in the way referred to above. The alteration also affects the lower part of the Pyotshaw, which is here somewhat thinner than the underlying seam. At Blantyreferme Colliery the Main Coal has been changed into " strains of coaly matter," while there has also been a certain amount of reddening of the roof. This feature is also associated with the calcareous alteration of the coals in a part of the Rosehall field. The local nature ot the " burning " at Blantyreferme is shown by the fact that 300 yards north-west of the pit bottom the coal had recovered a thickness of 3 ft. 3 in. The Pyotshaw Coal at this colliery comes 4 fathoms above the Main with a thickness of 2 ft. 4 in.

In Viewpark Colliery, as already stated, the two seams occasionally coalesce, though in other parts of the field they are as much as 7 fathoms apart. The interval is 4 or 5 fathoms at Tannochside No. 3 Pit, but decreases again to the north.

In No. 4 Pit, Blantyre, the gas coal or " pugs " previously referred to come into, the section of the Main Coal. At Whistleberry this seam is recorded as 4 ft. 4 in., and the Pyotshaw as 3 ft. 10 in. in thickness, with a separation of rather less than 5 fathoms.

At Hamilton Palace Colliery the Main Coal section is as follows : —

Ft. In. Fakes and sandstone plies Coal, free

„ free Parting . Coal, free

„ free Fireclay

1 See "Econ.Geol. Central Coalfield, Area V.," (Afdm. Geol 5urv,), 1916, p. 76.

oi

36 Coal Measiires,

In this field the Pyotshaw is stated to vary from 3 ft. 3 in. to 5 ft. 2 in. in thickness, and to be usually thinnest where it has a sandstone rooiP. Six or seven inches at the top consist of a very rich house coal, which goes by the name of " yolks." Below this are alternations of splint' coal, which extend to the base of the seam. The position is about 3 fathoms above the Main Coal, which is here the first taken out.

The strata between the Pyotshaw and the Ell Coal often contain a large proportion of sandstone. A thin coal and ironstone is found not uncommonly 3 or 4 fathoms above the former seam. This ironstone was formerly used to some extent for ornamental purposes, and was known as the " Camhuslang Marbled It was referred to by Ure, writing in 1793, who says, " It is from a few inches to two feet in thickness, and- lies in a stratum of till, above the main coal. The ground is a darkish grey, ornamented with white bivalve shells; but sometimes it is reddish. Both varieties take a good polish, and are used in the Marble Manufacture at Glasgow." These statements are repeated in substance in " The New Statistical Account of Scotland," with the following additional information : — The stratum of marble already noticed, from 6 to 18 inches thick, is known to extend over a great part of the parish " (of Camhuslang), " and to run into Rutherglen in the direction of Stonelaw. Like other strata of the district it dips towards the Clyde : and wherever coal pits have been sunk, it has been found at the depth of from 180 to 200 feet. At such a depth, it cannot easily be come at ; but there is a place on the Kirk-biirn, to the south-west of the church, where it has been wrought at several times. ... Of this marble there is a handsome mantlepiece at Chatelherault near Hamilton, and in the College library at Glasgow ; and at Duddingstone, near Queensferry, it has been still more amply made use of." The figures quoted probably apply to the thickness at the old Kirk- burn workings referred to, and the immediate neighbourhood of Camhuslang. In the shaft at Hallside Colliery the seam is given as " Musselbed 10 inches " over 3 inches of coal {see Plate II., Section 3). Bores in the remainder of the district either give a smaller thickness, or fail to record the horizon. The bivalves referred to seem to be a constant feature, and are shells of Carbonicola aquUina. It seems improbable that this bed could be of use as an iron ore.

Ml GoaL — This seam is, or was, before it became comparatively exhausted, perhaps the most important house coal of the Central Coalfield. It often considerably exceeds the old measure of length from which its name is taken. It reaches its maximum thickness somewhat to the south of Hamilton, and decreases in value from south to north in the area under description.

1 " The Natural History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride,'' p. 262. 2 Vol vi., Lanark, 1846, pp. 422-3.

The Scottish ell is said to have been slightly more than 37 inches in length.

tJddingston and BothwelL

The average section in the Blantyre Colliery workings is given as follows : —

Ft. In.

Coal, free . . . . .34

Fireclay . . . . .05

Coal (often foul) . . . .16 Fireclay

The thickness is greater at Whistleberry, where -we have : —

Ft. In. Faky ribs Coal, free

free

free

free Fireclay Coal, ribs „ free Fireclay

and the seam is even better at Hamilton Palace Colliery, where it is sub-divided as follows :—

Ft. In. Sandstone Head Coal (free) .

( free . Breast Coal splint

(free . Ground Coal (free) Fireclay

There is occasionally a thin parting of sedimentary material between the Breast and Ground Coals, but nothing between the Breast and Head Coals but a divisional plane of ready separation.

The same terminology is used at Douglas Park, East Parkhead, and Bothwell Park Collieries, where however the three divisions of the coal are always separate. The Breast Coal often exceeds 3 feet, while the Head and (Ground Coal each vary from about 1 ft. 3 in. to 1 ft. 10 in. in thickness. The maximum parting between the BreiBst and Ground Coals at Bothwell Park is about 2 ft. 6 in., but that between the Breast and Head Coals swells from 3 inches to 27 feet.

In view of the fact just quoted, there is some ground for doubting whether the Head Coal is included in the Eosehall workings, where the section is : —

Ft. In.

Blaes

Coal . . . .

Coal, wild

Coal .

Dirt

Coal .

Coai Measures.

At Taimochside Colliery the seam was only wrought, on a small scale, from No. 3 Pit, where it had a tliickness of 27 inches. At Viewpark the section of old workings is : —

Ft. In. Fakee

Wild Coal 6 Coal . . . . . 1 10

Strong blaes

At Blantyreferme Colliery the worked seam is 30 inches thick. This does not include a band of inferior or " craw " coal, often about 17 inches thick, and overlying the former at a distance of from 1 to 15 feet. At Haughhead Colliery the workable portion is 36 or 39 inches thick, with a fairly good roof of faky blaes, and with 15 inches of poor coal or coaly blaes immediately beneath. The latter feature is also present at Kenmuirhill, where the section is : —

Ft. In.

Fakes

Coal, free

„ parrot .

„ free

Coaly blaes and coal .

The seam has been wrought out at the Clyde Iron Works

Colliery (Carmyle and Bogleshole Pits), where it was comparatively

shallow, and had the section : —

Ft. In. Faky blaes Sclit . Coal, free „ splint „ free Stone Coal .

A band of foul coal occurs here a short distance above the workings, as at Blantyreferme.

The above sections give the impression that the inferior state of the Ell Coal along the northern margin of Lanark 11, is partly due to splitting, and partly to the deterioration of the seam. Where "head,*' "breast," and "ground" coal can be distinguished, the two latter usually make an excellent house coal, while the "head" coal is generally somewhat inferior.

Strata between Ml and Upper Coals. — A band of ferruginous limestone is known to occur about 3 fathoms above the Ell Coal at Hallside Colliery. It is sometimes as much as 9 inches in thickness, and displays very perfect cone-in-cone structure.

About 6 fathoms higher is a band of " blaes and mussels," which can be traced in a good many bore sections in the district. It lies a short distance below a thin coal, which is only 8 inches thick at Hallside, but is perhaps the one recorded as " gas coal, 1 ft. 4 in.," In the shaft of No. 1 Pit, Hamilton Palace Colliery (see Plate II., Section 8).

Between the last horizon and the Upper Coal there is another thin coal seam. It is usually under a foot in thickness, but measures

Uddingston and Bothwell,

1 ft. 2 in. at No. 1 Pit, Yiewpark (Plate II., Section 4). It is perhaps this seam which is described, in an old bore at Tannochside, as " foul coal, 1 ft. 7 in.," at a distance of two fathoms below the probable representative of the Upper Coal. A " gas coal, 1 ft. 2 in.," overlying

2 inches of free coal, occurs on possibly the same horizon at Hamilton Palace Colliery.

An isolated record of a clay band ironstone 10 inches in thickness occurs in the journal of a bore about a quarter of a mile to the south of No. 4 Pit, Blantyre. The position is 11 fathoms above the Ell, and about 4 fathoms above the musselband already referred to.

Upper Mossdale, or Wandering Coal, — This seam is sometimes known as the Upper Coal of Glasgow, as it is best developed in the immediate neighbourhood of that city. All the collieries at present working the coal in this district lie within a radius of seven miles from Glasgow Green. To the east of this it thins, and southwards it becomes unrecognisable with any certainty. Even in the worked area it is not of first class quality, and the pavement is generally a " bastard fireclay; so hard that it is necessary to make the holing in the coal itself.

The seam was formerly wrouglit at the Orion Pit, close to Rosebank Bridge. Here the section was : —

Ft. In. Fireclay Coal, foul „ clean Rib . Coal . Rib . Coal .

At Gateside Colliery : —

Blaes

Coal, "craw" Fireclay Coal, free „ parrot .

At Westburn Colliery the seam as a whole is thicker, with a parrot layer at the base which is somewhat more pronounced. At Dechmont the total thickness is 3 ft. 4 in., with a 1-inch parting somewhat below the middle of the seam. At Haughhead Colliery the coal varied from 29 to 34 inches in thickness, but the roof was of blaes, and the workings very wet, perhaps in consequence of water carried by a thick sandstone a short distance above. At Blantyreferme the seam is still worked, with the section : —

Ft. In. Blaes roof

Fireclay . . . .30

Coal . . . .20

„ wild . . . ,07

Fireclay pavement

At Bredisholm No. 3 Pit (just north ot Lanark 11 N.E.) the seam was opened up a few years ago, and has proved to have a section very similar to that of Blantyreferme. In the bore near Tannochside, referred to under the last heading, the thickness is probably 1 ft

Coat Mectmrei.

6 in., though there is some doubt as to the identification. In another bore near Tannochside New Buildings, the section is certainly as follows : —

Ft. In. Blaes and iron ribs

Coal . . . .04

Fireclay . . . . .02

Coal . . . . .18

Blaes .04

Fakes and sandstone

In the shaft of No. 1 Pit, Viewpark, the position is equally certain, and the coal measures 20 inches.

In the southern part of the district, as already stated, the

position of the seam cannot be recognised with confidence. The

supposed representative at Hamilton Palace Colliery lies about 18

fathoms above the Ell (Plate II., Section 8), and has a section as

follows : —

Ft. In. Black blaes Foul shale . Coal Fireclay Coal

Black shale Coal Fireclay Coal

At Whistleberry a possible equivalent has the section : —

Coal Stone Coal

but the seam may perhaps as probably occur some 3 fathoms lower, with a thickness of 13 inches (see Plate IL, Section 6).

Two bores in the Blantyre field show the Upper Coal to consist of 6 and 9 inches of foul coal respectively. It is thus rather curious that the coal was wrought at the old Letterick Colliery only half a mile north-west of High Blantyre. There were here 24 inches of clean coal, but the seam included two partings, and 4 inches at the top were described as foul.

The Palacecraig Blackband Ironstone is not known with certainty to occur in the present area. Its position may, however, be represented by a 16-inch musselband ironstone, occurring about 8 fathoms above the supposed Upper Coal in the shaft of Hamilton Palace Colliery. A 16-inch "limy ironstone" is also recorded, about 7 fathoms above the Upper Coal, in a bore slightly west of Haughhead

tie section :-

Ft. In.

L ne section reaas : —

Ft.

In.

Faky ironstone

Soft parting

Faky ironstone

Blaes . . . .

Coal . . . .

Blaes . . . .

LiMT Ibonstonb .

Uddingston and Bothwell, 41

A bed of coal 25 inches in thickness was cut at a height of 11 fathoms above the Upper Coal in a bore near Tannochside New Buildings. A further musselband, not described as ironstone, occurs about 15 fathoms above the supposed Upper Coal at Hamilton Palace Colliery, 8 fathoms above the mussejband previously referred to. It is directly overlain by a 16-inch gas coal. The bed would seem to have a certain persistence, as it is represented in at least one bore about half a mile away.

Other thin coals occur erratically in the interval between the Upper Coal and the base of the Barren Measures, but there is seldom anythmg which exceeds a foot in thickness.

Barren Measures, — Although thin beds of coal do occur in the lower part of these measures, there is, as the name implies, no seam of coal or ironstone which is likely to be of much economic value. Taking the base of the series as lying 50 fathoms above the Ell Coal, there must be about 160 fathoms of Barren Measures present in the deepest part of the basin. They consist to a large extent of reddisli sandstones, some of which have been extensively quarried (see pp. 125-129). These sandstones are usually soft, sometimes rather coarse in grain, and blotched in places with streaks and spots of a deep red colour. Not infrequently they contain hard red concretions, up to several yards in length, in which the sand grains are cemented by lime carbonate. Alternating with the sandstones are thick beds of marl or clay, usually described in journals as fireclay.' A limestone of a compact and usually unfossiliferous type, which is known in other localities to occur not uncommonly in the Barren Measures, is well seen in the South Calder south-west of Orbiston House', and is several feet in thickness. These limestones have not the persistent character of true marine horizons, and do not form good index beds.

Unfortunately our knowledge of these high measures is very incomplete, partly because few complete records of shaft sections of the deeper pits have been preserved. They include types such as the marl referred to, not usually met with in the better known Productive Measures. This fact has led to a confusion of nomenclature, but even allowing for this, it is probable that the series is unusually variable, both as regards colour and mineral composition. It is interesting in this connection to compare the journals of No. 3 Pit, Bothwell Castle Colliery (see Plate II., Section 5), and of a bore already referred to near Haughhead. The two localities ai'e only a mile and a half apart. In the former, no red beds are mentioned at a less distance than 53 fathoms above the Upper Coal ; in the latter, the coloration begins within 8 fathoms of the same coal seam.

The 'ournals just mentioned are the only two in the district which record a limestone above the Upper Coal. At Bothwell Castle the section is : —

Ft. In.

Limestone . . . . .06

Dark blaea and fakes . . .76

Coal . . . . .02

k

42 Coal MecLSfwres,

about 35 fathoms above the coal seam mentioned. At Haughhead, in a position 24 fathoms above the coal we read : —

In. Limy fake 7

Dark limestone . .5

Soft coaly blaes . .10

Light calmy limedtoue . . .7

It is uncertain whether in either case the limestone represents Skipsey's Marine Band, which is taken as the base of the Barren Measures, and whose importance as an index horizon will be further indicated (p. 66).

A group of coals of rather unusual thickness are given in the journal as occurring from 29 to 36 fathoms above the Upper Coal in the shaft of No. 1 Pit, Viewpark Colliery. The particulars are : —

Thickness. Height above Upper Coal. Ft. In. Fmp.

Coal ... 2 36

Thickness.

Ft. In.

Coal

„ (soft foul) .

„ (foul) .

Limestone

The nearest approach elsewhere to such a thickness of coal at this horizon occurs a short distance above the limestone in the bore at Haughhead already referred to. Here we have : —

Distance above Upper Coal. Fms.

An 18-inch coal has been worked a little at the crop, on the south side of the North Calder Water, just west of the Eosehall Railway bridge. Its position is believed to be about 30 fathoms above the Upper Coal, and it may belong to the same group, which, however, can hardly be traced in any other section in the district.

In Bredisholm No. 3 Pit a coal occurs about 47 fathoms above the Upper, and gave the following section in one exposure : —

Ft In. Coal . . . . .05

Fireclay and edit . . . .04

Coal . . . . .11

The shaft section of this seam appears to have been 23 inches of coal without any parting.

A mottled purplish marl or fireclay, very high in the Barren Measures, was formerly quarried at the Hallside Terra Cotta "Works, about three-quarters of a mile to the east of Hallside Steel Works. The quarry face showed 10 to 20 feet of surface material, including some brick-clay. This rested on a coarse sandstone overlying the marl referred to The bed itself was 10 feet in thickness, and was used for the making of wire-cut bricks. It rested in turn on a quarried sandstone, which will be further referred to in Chapter VI. (p. 129).

Uddingstan and Bothwell. 43

General Structure. — Although modified very largely by faulting, the general structure of the district is that of a deep irregular basin. This depression was previously termed the " Uddingston Syncline/' but, in view of the irregularity, it may be more correct to name it the Uddingston Basin.

The deepest part of the basin has, it is true, an elongated outline, and stretches from Hallside in an E.S.E. direction as far as Bothwell. The maximum depression is near Hallside Colliery, in the shafts of which the Upper Coal occurs at 197, and the Splint Coal at 241 fathoms. From this point the strata rise rapidly to the north and west, and even more steeply to the south-west, on which side the large Dechmont Fault is soon encountered. The inclination amounts to 1 in 3 in the last case mentioned. The rise to the west soon flattens out, and we pass in this direction into a much shallower trough or syncline, formmg a continuation ot the Rutherglen syncline which has already been referred to. The axis of this secondary structure runs east and west near Bogleshole, and the rise on the south side is strong enough to bring the Splint Coal to the surface some distance to the north of the Dechmont Fault.

In the two eastern quarter sheets the dips are on the whole rather gentle, and almost uniformly to the south or west. The fact that the seams become shallower on the south side of the basin is here due, not to any contrary rise, but to the Bothwell and Whistleberry Faults, which will be described in the sequel.

The horizontal section (Fig. 2, p. 4) crosses the deepest part of the basin in a KN.E. direction. It shows the actual dip of the strata and the effect of the Haughhead and Dechmont Faults.

Dechmont FauU,-This fault, which has already been repeatedly referred to, is by far the largest in the present district. Near Loanend strata 150 fathoms above the Splint Coal are brought on a level with lavas some distance down in the volcanic group of the Calciferous Sandstone Series. The most probable estimate of the amount of throw is here about 600 fathoms. The strata are usually found to rise as the fault is approached from the downthrow side, and it is also stated that there is an increased " draw " or tendency for the surface to be affected beyond the limits of underground workings. Near Loanend the line of fracture makes a sudden bend from N.N.W. to nearly east and west. The reasons for this alteration need not here be discussed.

Among smaller dislocations are three with courses nearly east and west, for which the names Haughhead, Bothwell, and Whistleberry Faults, are here suggested. The first of these begins close to the river Clyde, a little above Rosebank Bridge. Passing Carmyle it has attained a downthrow, to the north, of about 22 fathoms, which gradually increases to 40 at Haughhead Colliery, and about 45 fathoms in the Rosehall field. It is well exposed in the North Calder Water, a short distance below Kosehall Bridge. Both in the Haughhead and in the Kosehall workings the inclination of this fault is unusually low, the angle with the horizontal being less than 45°.

1 " The Geology of the Glasgow District " (Mem. Geol Surv.), 1911, p. 164.

2 See The Geology of the Glasgow District" {Mem. Geol. Surv.)y 1911, p. 170.

44 Coed Measures,

The Bothwell Fault runs a parallel course about two miles farther south. It is probably continuous in line with the east and west part of the Dechmont Fault, but has a throw (down to the north), of only about 28 fathoms, where it leaves the latter. Near Blantyre Station it has been crossed in an exploring mine ; it has here the form of a close succession of small " hitches," with a total northward downthrow of 43 fathoms. About half a mile to the east the amount has increased to 80 fathoms. The surface position of the fault appears to lie just south of the Clyde, where the latter is joined by the Park Burn, and from this point it runs due east to the margin of Lanark 11, which it crosses probably to the north of the Logans plantation.

From Hamilton Palace Colliery, as far as the mine referred to, this fault has also an unusually low inclination, the main division at the latter point being inclined at only 30' to the horizon. At Loanend, however, it is more nearly vertical. Perhaps the low inclinations referred to, as well as the lateral variation just mentioned, may be due to tilting of the fault planes, at a period subsequent to their formation, by the movement that caused the general dip of the strata in this part of the district from north to south.

The Whistleherry Fault follows a somewhat curving course a little to the south of the one last described, with which it appears to unite about a quarter of a mile south of Orbiston House. Its greatest throw is about 68 fathoms. The plane was cut in a blind bore in Craighead Colliery, and gave rise to an outburst of gas and water, which choked the bore hole with rock fragments for a distance of 25 feet.

Whinstone Dykes, — North-western whinstone dykes, or "gaws," cross the coalfield near Newton, Craighead House, the north of the town of Hamilton, and Kosehall Colliery. They are not of great thickness, and their surface exposures are covered by superficial deposits. Where specimens have been collected underground, the rocks were in too decomposed a state to admit of satisfactory petrological determination. It seems impossible therefore that they can be of any use as sources of road metal. Unfortunately they burn and spoil to some extent the coak they intersect.

The Newton dyke has a thickness of 5 feet in the Ell Coal seam at Westburn Colliery. On the Main Coal level the thickness is stated to be 22 feet. Burnt coal extends in the former case to 6 feet, and in the latter to 10 feet from the margin. The Craighead dyke varies from a few feet up to 40 feet in width. It gives off lateral sills or " floats " into every seam yet worked, which it encounters, but fortunately only on a small scale. They do not extend as a rule so far as two chains from the parent intrusion.

PossMe Reserves of Goal, — The thicknesses of the various seams have been carefully tabulated in areas where they have not yet been wrought. In pa,rticular, attention has been drawn to the possible reserve of Blackband Coal. At the time of the Survey revision there was an area to the north of Uddingston in which none of the coal seams had yet been developed. It is likely, however, that inroads in the thicker seams have since been made.

The coals have also been left intact in some of the troubled ground along the Dechmont Fault. It would, however, be difficult

Uddingston and BothwdL 45

to work them. So far as is known, none of the lower seams have yet been worked in the comparatively shallow area to the south of Cambuslang. Their condition here may be guessed at from the records in the blind bore at No. 2 Pit, Gateside, which has several times been quoted. We may recall the fact that the Blackband Coal is here 2 feet in thickness, including two partings of sclitty coal, each measuring an inch. The Virtue well is in two leaves, 18 and 20 inches thick respectively, with a separation of about a fathom. The main division of the Kiltongue Coal only measures 18 inches, while the lower Drumgray is in two leaves, 20 and 16 inches thick, with 4 ft. 6 in. of strata between them.

These figures may be compared with those in a bore at Whitlawburn, in Lanark 10 N.E., on the opposite side of the area in question. What is in all probability the Blackband Coal has here the section : —

Ft. In. Coal 11

Coaly blaes . . . .0 11

Coal 1 2

The Virtuewell is very poorly represented. The tiop leaf of the Kiltongue Coal, however, measured 1 ft. 11 in., and this seam was largely wrought at Wellshot Colliery, only a little to the north. While these data show nothing of great value, a bore in the area referred to would at least be of interest.

C.T.C, J.S.G:W., B.M.A.

Chapter Iv.

Coal Measures.

Mossend, Motherwell, Cleland, and Newarthill. A. District of Mossend and Motherwell.

(Lanark, 12 N.W., S.W.)

Over a large part of this district the surface formation consists of Productive Coal Measures, but the overlying Red or Barren Measures are also present. The latter occur in three separate areas, bounded in part by large faults. The largest extends along the western boundary of the district, and is continuous with the still larger area of these measures brought down by the Uddingston Basin. Over much of the area, however, the coals lie at shallow depths, and have been worked for so long that only the thinner seams are now usually available.

The collieries raising coal in the district in 1916 were nineteen in number, giving employment to between 6000 and 7000 men. Various pit and bore sections in the two quarter-sheets are drawn up graphically in Plates IV. and V. The following sequence may be taken as an average for the Coal Measures of this district, but there are many local variations.

General Section of Coal Measures of District of

Mossend and Motherwell.

Thickness. Depth.

Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In. Strata, with reddish coloration (Upper or Barren Measures) containing a lew thin

coals . . . . . 99 5 6 99 5 6

Skipsey's Marine Band (hard limestone) 6 100 Strata, not mainly red in colour, with thin

coals . . . . . ' 35 4 6 135 4 6

Palacecraig Blackband Ironstone

(impersistent) . . . . 1 6 136

Strata . . . . . 6 4 10 142 4 10

Upper Coal (impersistent) . . 1 2 143

Strata, with thin coals . . . 15 4 158 4

Ell Coal (with partings) . . . 1 2 160

Strata, including an impersistent

Musselband . . . . 8 3 168 3

Ptotshaw Coal . . . .030 169 -

Mossend and Motherwell.

Thickness

Depth.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Strata

Main Coal .

Strata .

Humph Coal

Strata .

Splint Coal

Strata .

Virgin Coal

Strata .

Musselband Coal

Strat-a .

Blackband Coal

Strata .

ViRTUEWELL COAL

Ladygrange Coal

Strata

Eiltongue Musselband, Shale, Iron-

stone, etc.

Strata . " .

Kiltonque Coal (replaced locally

by

Kennelburn Blackband Ironstone

and Shale) . . . 1 fr.

to

Strata, with Musselband i.ear base

Upper Drumgrat Coal .

Strata, with occasional ihin coal

Lower Drumgray Coal .

Strata .

Balmoral (Mill) Coal

Strata .

0"

? Bae of Coal Measu

res

Except possibly in the north-eastern corner of the dl-strict, no strata come to the surface which are lower than the Lower Drumgray Coal. The number of bores sunk below the Balmoral Coal is comparatively small. Skipsey's Marine Band is well exposed both on the north and south side of Motherwell, but its distance above the Ell Coal is variable. The maximunj thickness of the Barren Measures above it is probably not more than 100 fathoms.

Balmoral Coal and underlying strata, — Neither the Balmoral nor any lower coal is known to have been worked in this district. In a deep bore near Woodhall Cottage 29 inches of coal appear to have been recorded in the Balmoral position, though the correlation is not certain, and in any case the coal is much thinner (9 inches) in another bore about a quarter of a mile to the west. In the Thankerton field a 12-inch coal has been found by boring at a depth of about 9 fathoms below the Lower Drumgray. It is locally believed to represent the Shotts Gas Coal, but seems more likely to be the Balmoral. A blind bore in Milnwood No. 1 Pit gives the following section : —

Fms. Ft. In.

Hard fakes Fireclay

Coal Blaes . ...

Fakes

48 Coal Measures,

The coal is almost certainly the Balmoral which is also recorded (as the Mill Coal) in a bore in Biggins Farmyard, with the section below {see Plate V., Section 2) : —

Ft. In. Ironstone rib . . . .02

Dark blaes . . . . .09

Coal ... . 1

Sandstone . . . . .34

In Coursington (Dalzell) Colliery a blind bore gives the following section for a coal which is believed by the writer to occupy the same horizon {see Plate V., Section 8).

Ft.

In.

Sandstone

Blaes and balls

Coal

Fireclay

Fakes

This coal was taken to be the Lower Driimgray, and sunk to on this supposition, but proved too poor to work. Bores ib No. 2 and No. 4 Pits, Motherwell Colliery, show no coal more than a foot in thickness, that can represent the Balmoral on any hypothesis.

It is unlikely that there is any workable seam lower than the Balmoral in this district, so far at least as Coal Measures are concerned. The bore near Woodhall Cottage continues- for 60 fathoms below the supposed Balmoral Coal without finding auother which is above a foot in thickness. The bore from No. 4 Pit, Motherwell, shows no coal exceeding 16 inches in a vertical distance of 37 fathoms below the position which was sunk to at Coursington.

It should be noted that, for the purposes of this Memoir, the Balmoral Coal means the Balmoral Coal of Coatbridge, which is equivalent to the Jenny Peat Coal of Auldshields, the Clefted Coal, and the Blackball Parrot, while it is most extensively worked as the Mill Coal of Armadale. The Balmoral Coal of Slamannan is a higher horizon, perhaps equivalent to the Shotts Gas.

Shotts Gas Coal. — This coal has been worked a little at Lauchope, in the north-eastern corner of the district under description. Its depth was 3 fathoms below the Lower Drumgray, and the section as

follows : —

Ft. In.

Faky blaes . . . . .30

Soft blaes . . . . .12

Gas Coal . . . . .05

KouGH Coal . ' . . .11 Blaes, with nodules

In some parts of the workings a musselband was found just above the seam. The latter is not known to attain a thickness of a foot anywhere else in the district, except possibly at Thankerton, where, however, as already stated, we regard the supposed Shotts Gas as being more probably the Balmoral.

Lower Drumgray Goal, — In 1916 this coal was only wrought in the northern part of the district. Generally speaking, the depth is

Mosaend and Motherwell.

Ft.

In.

greater in the southern portion, and the thickness is less. Nevertheless there can be little doubt that its working area will be extended, as the quality is that of a good household coal.

At Hattonrig Colliery the Lower Drumgray averages 23 inches in thickness, with a blaes roof and a fireclay pavement. It is claimed as an excellent house coal. In the Woodhall field the worked

section is as follows : —

Ft. In. Eingle

Blaes . . .30

Coal . . . . .27

Fireclay

In the workings at Lauchope the section i$ : —

Blaes

Black blaes Coal

Hard fireclay

In Holy town No. 12 Pit (close to No. 5 Pit, see Plate V Section 5) the coal face shows an average section of 2 feet, with a clay roof. The seam is here rather " gassy."

The following figures and sections refer to localities where the seam is still unwrought.

Milnwood Pit : —

Hard sandstone

Blaes

Coal

Fireclay Sandstone

Biggins Farmyard Bore : — Soft sandstone . .

Fireclay

Qrey fakes and sandstone Depth from surface 63 fathoms.

Ft.

In.

Fme. Ft.

In

No. 3 Pit, North Motherwell No. 4 Pit, Motherwell : —

Blaes

Ironstone

Blaes

Coal

Coalv ribs

Sandstone

No. 2 Pit, Motherwell :—

Sandstone .

Blaes with ironstone balls

Blaes

Coal

Fakes and sandstone plies

: — Thickness 1 ft. 9 in.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In

50 Coal Measures,

Coursington (Dalzell) Colliery : — 21 inches of coal with blaes roof and fireclay pavement. The coal is stated to be of a hard splinty nature, and |)artly for this reason has been taken for the Upper Drumgray. The reasons stated below are, however, so strong that it is probably the lower seam.

No. 1 Bore Motherwell, near Parkneuk Ironworks ; — Thickness

11 inches, at a depth of 128 fms.

At Belhaven (Over Johnston) Colliery, a coal which is considered to be the Lower Drumgray has been found at a depth of rather more than 29 fathoms below the Virtuewell. Farther north the seam has a workable, or almost workable thickness, in different collieries just east of the area under description. (See p. 84).

Occasionally a thin representative of the Mid Drumgray Coal is met with in this district, but it is nowhere a workable subject.

Upper Drumgray Coal. — In the year 1916 the undoubted Upper Drumgray Coal was being wrought at Thankerton and Lauchope Collieries. It had formerly also been wrought at Legbrannock. All three localities are in the north-eastern part of the district. This seam has the general character of a hard splinty coal, contrasting strongly in this respect with the one last described. A section recorded in the Lauchope workings is as follows : —

Ft. In. Faky sandstone

Blaes . . . . .07

Coal . . . . .26

Fireclay

In the old workings at Legbrannock Colliery, somewhat farther to the south, the average section is 2 ft. 3 in. In the Thankerton field the Upper Drumgray seems to be thickest close to the shaft-bottom of No. 6 Pit, where it reaches 18 inches, or even 2 feet.

In Motherwell Colliery a coal which is worked under the name of the Kiltongue is believed after consideration to be more probably the Upper Drumgray seam. The reason for this conclusion is the depth of the coal below the Kiltongue Musselband, which is about

12 fathoms, as compared to from 4 to 7 fathoms, in the adjoining districts, for the Kiltongue Coal proper. In the same way, from comparison of the blind bore at Coursington (Dalzell) Colliery, with a similar bore in No. 3 Pit, "Cleland Colliery, where the seams can be identified with confidence, it appears to be probable that the coal wrought as the Kiltongue in the former locality is in reality the Upper Drumgray (see Plate III., Section 8, and Plate V., Section 8). This conclusion has been tentatively come to, in spite of the fact that the " Kiltongue Coal " of Coursington is a free coal, and a lower one, as stated above, is said to be of a splinty nature.

The "Kiltongue Coal" is here 2 ft. 1 in. in thickness, and is underlain by another measuring 13 inches, at a distance of about a fathom.

It is to be feared that in much of the remainder of the district the Upper Drumgray Coal is not thick enough to be workable under present conditions, but the following sections will show its local variations.

Mossend and Motherwell,

Localities in Lanark 12 N.W. : —

Bore at Unthank Farm (Plate V., Section 1)

Faky sandstone

Blaes

Coal

Fireclay

Fakes and fireclay

Ft.

In.

Blind bore in No. 1 Pit, Milnwood. Thickness, 11 inches.

Bore at Biggins Farmyard (Plate V , Section 2) : —

Ft. Sandstone . . . . .2

In.

Position fathoms

Ft.

In.

Blaes Coal

Fireclay (soft) Fireclay

Bore 800 ft. N.N.E. of Woodhall Cottage, below Kennelburn Seam : —

Fakes

Blaes

Coal.

Fireclay Fakes and plies

No. 12 Pit, Holytown :—

Dark fakes with ribs

Coal

Fireclay and daugh .

Sandy fireclay

Sandy fakes

Localities in Lanark 12 S.W. : —

No. 3 Pit, North Motherwell (Plate V., Section 6). Thickness,

2 feet.

No. 1 Bore, Motherwell, near Parkneuk Ironworks (Plate V., Section 7). Thickness, 11 inches.

No. 2 Pit, Motherwell :—

Ft. In. Sandstone Fakes and blaes .1

Ft.

In.

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fakes and Fireclay

Sandstone

No. 4 Pit, Motherwell : —

Sandstone

Fakes

Coal

Fakes

Coal

Fakes

Sandstone

Ft. In.

Goal Measures.

No. 2 Pit, Camp Colliery. Thickness, 1 ft. 4 in. Bore near Carfin village. Thickness, 1 foot.

In preparing the tables of thicknesses, for this and the previous seam, it has been assumed that the " Kiltongue " of Coursington and Motherwell Collieries is really the Upper Drumgray Coal. The question affects the reading of some of the bore sections from which the information is obtained.

The musselband which occiirs so frequently above the Upper Drumgray Coal, in other parts of the Central Coalfield, has been met with in only one or two localities in this district. At Lauchope the blaes just above the coal contains abundant '' mussels," and about 5 feet higher is a thin parrot shale, with a 4-inch blackband ironstone, also containing this fossil. "Mussels" also occur, at two similar levels, in one part of the Hattonrigg mine roads.

Kiltongue Coal and Kennelburn Ironstone, — The Kiltongue Coal

of this district is generally thin and of inferior quality. The only

colliery which was working what we believe to be the Kiltongue in

1916 was Hattonrigg, although, as has been seen, a supposed

Kiltongue Coal was also worked at Motherwell and Coursington.

In the north-western corner of the district, at Woodhall, and near

Lauchope, a seam corresponding to the upper part of the Kiltongue

Coal was formerly worked as the " Kennelburn," and in this part of

the area includes a blackband ironstone. In the old workings, from

No. 1 Pit, Woodhall, the section was as follows : —

Ft. In. Fakes, roof

Blaes . . . ,

Free Coal

Gas Coal

Sclit . . . .

Shale

Ironstone (inferior) .

Sclit .

Fireclay

Coal . . . .

Faky blaes

The seam is partly exposed in the stream 700 feet north-west of Lauchope, where the following items were recorded : —

In. Coal 2

Gas Coal 5 Parrot shale 8

Parrot and Ironstone Ribs . . 6

The section is, however, incomplete. In the Hattonrigg workings

the average section is : —

Ft. In. Sandstone roof Fakes (brushing) . . .3

Wild Coal C'dugger") Coal . Daugh .

In the Unthank Farm bore (Plate V., Section 1), about a third of a mile east of the Hattonrigg pits, the development is much poorer.

Mossend and Motherwell, 53

and the same applies to a blind bore in No. 1 Pit, Milnwood. In the latter locality the coal is in two leaves, separated by three feet of fakes and fireclay. The bottom leaf is the thicker, but only measures a foot. The Biggins Farmyard bore recorded the coal as in one leaf, 16 inches thick.

In a bore in No. 2 Pit, Motherwell, a bed of " mussels," which is taken to be the Kiltongue Musselband, lies 10 fathoms below the Virtuewell, and 7 fathoms above a coal which gives the following section : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . .10

Fireclay . . . ,02

Goal . . . . .02

Fakes and fireclay . .19

Coal . . . . .09

This is the coal which we take to be the true representative of the Kiltongue. For similar reasons we incline to the view that a 13-inch coal found in the blind bore at Coursington, about 10 fathoms above the so-called Kiltongue, is the true equivalent of that seam (see Plate V., Section 8).

At Belhaven (Over Johnston) Colliery, the Kiltongue Coal is said

to have the following section : —

Ft. In.

Goal (inferior parrot) . . .16

Dirt . . . . 10

Goal . . . : .07

A want occurs in the Kiltongue coal in Hattonrigg, No. 4 Pit, which does not appear to be due to a " wash-out." There is, on the other hand, good evidence of low-angled lines of movement, the sides of the want being glazed and " lipey," while the blaes near the edge has its lamination sometimes sharply twisted. The coal just outside the want is often a foot or so thicker than usual.

Kiltongue Mvsselband Shale and Ironstone. — This seam does not appear to be of any economic value in the district, but is often a useful index-bed for the identification of the lower seams. Its average distance above the Kiltongue coal varies, as already stated, from about 4 to about 7 fathoms. In one or two localities a thin coal occurs a short distance below the Musselband. A blind bore at Legbrannock records two ribs of ironstone, the upper inches and the lower 2 inches in thickness, in the Musselband position. The distance apart is about a foot, and a foot below the lower band is a 5-inch coal.

Two musselbands are recorded near this horizon in the journal of No. 12 Pit, Holytown. (See Plate V., Section 5.) The upper is only an inch in thickness. It rests on a 3-inch coal, and lies fathoms above the lower band, whose section is as follows : —

Shale (good) Shale

Musselband . Ironstone . Coal (rough)

Ft.

In

. Q

54 Coal Measured.

Ladygrange CoaL — A thin coal occurs in this district about the same distance below the Virtuewell as the seam wrought under the name of the Ladygrange near Longriggend and Slamannan. By comparison of a chain of graphic bore sections, it has been shown that the two are probably identical As far as is known, the seam has not been wrought anywhere in the district, and it is generally much too thin to be workable. In the northern quarter-sheet, however, it attains, though somewhat irregularly, a development of over a foot.

In a cross-cut in Woodhall No. 1 Pit, for instance, the coal, which is here 7i fathoms below the Virtuewell, has the following section : —

In. Coal 4 Sandy fireclay . . . .10

Coal 10

In the journal of a blind bore in the old Garden Pit, which lies half a mile farther west, the thickness is recorded as 18 inches (see Plate v., Section 3), while the roof and pavement are both described as fakes. Two similar bores in the Legbrannock field give thicknesses of 13 and 18 inches respectively. In the Unthank Farm bore the seam was found to be again in two leaves, a foot and 13 inches thick, and separated by 2 ft. 8 in. of fakes and blaes. (See Plate v.. Section 1). There were also two leaves in the shaft of No. 12 Pit, Holy town, the tipper being 5 inches, and the lower 13 inches in thickness, with a separation of 1 ft. 10 in. of fireclay.

Virtuewell Coal, — In the year 1916 this seam was being raised at nine collieries in the district, and it is known to have been formerly worked in other five or six. It rarely much exceeds three feet in thickness, and is usually ranked as a second-class household coal. It appears, however, to be generally rather thicker in the southern than in the northern quarter sheet. In some localities a parrot shale occurs in the roof, and was formerly used for the distillation of oil. A little above the shale comes the position of the Newarthill, or Cleland, Roughband Ironstone, — an unusual type of clayband — which is frequently recognisable, and in one case, at least, was formerly wrought.

In the Woodhall workings the average section is : —

Ft. In. Sandstone

Sandstone and blaes . . .36

Blaes . . . . .05

Coal . . . . . 1 10

Fireclay

In the Holytown field the thickness is greater, while the overlying shale forms a convenient roof to the roads. The section is : —

Ft. In. Shale

Fakes (brushing) . . . .30

Coal . . . . .28

Daugh . . . . 10

Mosend and Motherwell,

Four and a half feet above the coal occurs a 4-inch ironstone — the Soughband already referred to. This band was also in evidence in the now abandoned Carfin workings, where one section was : —

Freestone

Fireclay

Ironstone

Blaes

Shale

Blaes

Fireclay

Coal

Ft. In.

Another section gives 8 inches of ironstone, at a somewhat greater distance above the coal. An old kiln, in which the ironstone was calcined, is still standing.

In the Johnston field of the United Collieries, Ltd. (including Over Johnston, Middle Johnston, and Nether Johnston Collieries), the ironstone appears to be usually thicker. The section is given as : —

Ft. In. Black blaes

Rouqhband Ironstone . . .10

Faky Fireclay . .12

Shaly Blaes . . . 10

Coal . . . . .26 Fireclay

In Coursington (Dalzell) Colliery the coal is 33 inches in thickness, and is divisible as follows : —

Coal, free . splint . free .

Ft.

In.

The shale occurs immediately above, and the Eoughband overlying this is a foot or more in thickness. The latter is here, as usual, a calcareous clayband {see p. 77), and at the time of the revisionof the geological maps lay in the bings in massive rough-surfaced blocks. It is also conspicuous at the adjoining Parkhead Colliery, where the horizon contains scattered mussels, while the coal has much the same thickness as at Coursington.

In the Hattonrigg and Milnwood fields the coal is thinner, and has not up to the present been wrought. In Hattonrigg Colliery its thickness is only 17 inches, but in the neighbouring Unthank bore the section is : —

Ft.

In.

Fakes and sandstone

Blaes

Coal . . . .

Parting . . . .

Coal . . . .

Fireclay and balls .

Fakes

Ooat Measures.

Ft.

In.

In the blind bore in No. 1 Pit, Milnwood, the thickness is somewhat similar, but that in the Biggins Farmyard bore is not quite so great : —

Fakes

Light fireclay

Dark blaes .

Coal

Fireclay

Light fakes and sandstone

Blachhand Goal, — The Airdrie Blackband was wrought as an ironstone, at the old March Pit, Carnbroe, less than half a mile to the north of the ground under description. It is here sandwiched between two layers of coal, of which the lower is more than two feet in thickness. Between this point and the old Garden Pit, about half a mile to the west of Woodhall, the ironstone has ceased to exist as a workable subject. The section in the latter reads : —

Coal ("craw**)

Ironstone

Coal

In.

The ironstone dies out altogether to the west and south, but the coal recovers its thickness. The latter had not been worked in the present area until comparatively recently, and is still largely in situ. In 1916, however, it had been opened out in the large majority of the collieries of this district. Its distance below the Splint Coal varies from 12 to 20 fathoms.

The coal is usually divided into several leaves, of which the lowest is the thickest. The total thickness rarely exceeds 3 feet. The quality is generally that of a second-class household coal. The following general section is given for the workings in the Thankerton field :—

Faky blaes .

Ironstone rib

Faky blaes .

Coal

Blackband Ironbtonb

Coal

Coaly blaes .

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclay

In the shaft of No. 12 Pit, Holy town, the bottom leaf has a similar thickness, while the underlying fireclay is used for brick-making.

The journal of a bore to the east of the village of Carfin gives the section as follows : —

Ft. In.

rt.

In.

Fakes

Blaes and fireclay Blackband Ironstone, with coal strains Black blaes

Coal

Qrey fakes Coal

Faky fireclay

Mossend and Motherwell.

There is thus apparently some local recovery of thickness of the ironstone. The average section in the Parkhead workings is given as : —

Ft. In. Bock Fakes

Blaes, with balls Black blaes Coal

Coaly blaes Coal Sclit Coal

The blaes just above the Blackband Coal frequently contains '' mussels/' but these are not so crowded as to form a musselband.

Mtcsselband Coal and Musselband Ironstone. — The Musselband Ironstone, which lies a certain distance above the Blackband Coal, has often been remarked in the journals of bores in this district, and is believed to be generally present, even where unrecorded As in the type district to the north of Airdrie, the associated coal usually occurs a few feet below the ironstone, and where there is this relation there can be no doubt as regards the coal's identity.

The Unthank Farm bore, for instance, shows a 9-inch coal 5 feet below a 5-inch musselband ironstone. In the blind bore in No. 1 Pit, Milnwood, already alluded to, the coal has probably the same thickness, though a musselband ironstone is not here recorded. Farther east, the coal appears to attain a more nearly workable thickness. In a bore near No. 3 Pit, Thankerton, 21 inches of coal underlie the musselband at a distance of 16 feet. Near Kirklea, on the margin of the two quarter-sheets, the coal is 13 inches thick, though here also no musselband has been recorded.

On the northern margin of the district under consideration, a 17-inch coal in the bore in the old Garden Pit, Woodhall, is no donbt also on this horizon. A bore near Westfield shows a seam in the same position with the section : —

Sandstone .

Fakes and blaes

Coal

Soft ply

Coal

Soft ply

Coal

Fireclay

while another bore, slightly farther west, gives the seam a thickness of 19 inches in one leaf. None of the last three records shows any musselband, but a good natural section of the latter is seen on the south side of the Legbrannock Burn, about 300 yards south-west from Legbrannock farmhouse. Here we have : —

Blaes and ironstone ribs . Parroty musselband . in. to

Musselband (compact ferruginous limestone) . . 4 in. to Blaes, with scattered " mussels " . Ironstone rib, with mussels " 2 in. to Parroty blaes, with '' mussels " in. to Pale grey blaes, with ironstone ribs

't.

In.

Ft.

In.

Coal MecLSUfes.

So far as the present district is concerned, there does not, from the preceding figures, appear to be any workable ironstone on this horizon.

Splint and Virgin Coals, — As these two seams are so close that they can sometimes be worked together, they will be treated as a single subject. The Splint Coal maintains a rather constant thickness, which on an average is about 4 feet. It has also its usual character of being largely a hard furnace coal, and its value for this purpose led to the early exploitation of the seam. It was being worked at six collieries in 1916, as against eight in 1914.

The Virgin Coal, being much the thinner of the two, was at one time somewhat neglected, but is now receiving greater attention. In this district it lies a foot or two below the Splint, and is frequently too thin to repay extraction. In 1916 it was being wrought at two collieries in the district, Hattonrigg and Thankerton. It is known also to have been wrought to a small extent at No. 4 Pit, Cleland, near the western extremity of the village of Newarthill.

At Hattonrigg there is often 7 to 10 feet of blaes between the Virgin and the overlying waste of the Splint Coal. The latter was worked more than thirty years ago, and in the interval the waste has become consolidated into a fairly compact mass, so that there is less difficulty than might have been anticipated in working the lower seam. A bore at No. 3 Pit, Thankerton, shows the Virgin Coal to be 20 inches thick, and only 5 feet below the Splint Coal pavement. In a bore in the old Garden Pit, near Woodhall, the former has the same thickness at a depth of 7 feet below the overlying seam.

A good surface exposure of the two seams is seen in an old quarry near Townhead. Here we have : —

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Blaes, with irony bands

Coal . . . . .

Fireclay . . . ,

Blaes, with ironstone balls .

Coal

Fakes and fireclay .

Sandstone

In the Holytown field the Virgin is a foot in thickness, and is separated from the Splint by 10 to 14 inches of stone. The Unthank Farm bore shows more than one thin coal to occur below the upper seam. The section is : —

Splint Sbam

Blaes

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Blaes

Coal

In the Hattonrigg workings a section of the Splint Coal is :-

Ft. In. Sandstone

Fakes . . . .02

Coal . . . .34

Sandstone

In.

Mossend and Motherwdl.

t.

In.

At Milnwood Colliery the Splint and Virgin form a single working, with the following thicknesses. {See Plate IV., Section 2).

Splint Skah

Fireclay

Virgin Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Wild gas coal

Eighteen inches below the base of this section there is a 6-inch gas coal.

In one or two localities the upper seam is only in part a splint coal. Thus in the North Motherwell field the section is given as: —

Ft. In.

Soft Coal . Hard Coal Soft Coal . Qab Coal . Soft Coal . Black blaes . Soft Coal . Black blaes . Soft Coal .

Ft.

In.

and in the Carfin old workings

Frbs Coal Splint Coal Gas Coal . Free Coal . Fireclay Virgin Coal

Eeference has already been made to a curious rectilinear want which aflfects only the Splint seam at Douglas Park Colliery. This extends, with a similar south-easterly direction, into Lanark 12 S.W., having been proved in the Splint Coal in North Motherwell and Motherwell Collieries. Its width never exceeds 50 yards, for a distance of fully a mile. An inspection of a mine road running through it showed no evidence of local erosion, but distinct lines of movement, inclining towards one another, on opposite sides of the belt of removal. In some parts of the Motherwell field the sides are irregular, little promontories of Splint Coal running almost across the breadth. Where the Virtuewell has been mined beneath the want, it is unaffected by the movement referred to.

A musselband is sometimes found a short distance above the Splint Coal, as, for instance, at Hattonrigg. It is probably this bed which is seen at the south-eastern end of the Townhead Quarry, where we have : —

Wild parrot Irony musselband Fireclay

6 in. to

Ft.

In.

60 Coat Measures,

Humph Coal. — This coal is usually thin, and of rather inferior quality, and has not, as a consequence, been as yet very extensively worked. Occasionally, however, it is overlain by a rather good fireclay, which adds somewhat to the value of the

In 1916 it was being wrought in only two collieries in this district, namely, Woodhall and Parkhead, but it is known to have been previously wrought in others, including No. 3 Pit, Thankerton, Belhaven (Over Johnston), and Camp. The section in the Woodhall workings is given as : —

Ft. In. Sandstone

Fakes . . . . .30

Coal (wild) . . . .05

Fireclay . . . .05

Goal . . . . .19 Fireclay (hard)

as compared to the following at Parkhead : —

Ft. In. Blaes and boUs

Coal . . . . .18

Daueh . .04

Hara fireclay

These two localities are respectively on the northern and southern boundaries of the district. In the intervening area the thickness is not always so great, and in some bores just north of Motherwell the seam is not recorded. In No. 3 Pit, North Motherwell, however, the thickness is 18 inches, but the height above the Splint seam is only 13 feet (see Plate IV., Section 6).

A section of strata sunk through in No. 6 Pit, Carfin, gives 20 inches of coal about 4 fathoms above the Splint. In Milnwood No. 1 Pit, the Humph Coal is only a foot thick, while in a neighbouring bore to the south-west it measures 15 inches. In the Unthank Farm bore the section is as follows (see Plate IV., Section 1) : —

Ft. In. Fakes and sandstone

Blaes and ironstone ribs . .09

Dark blaes . . . . .05

Fireclay . . . . .09

Coal . . . . .15 Fakes

About 10 feet above the coal is a 4-inch musselband, the representative of a band which is elsewhere very prevalent.

With exceptions such as the one which has been noted, the distance of the Humph Coal above the Splint usually varies from 4 to 5 fathoms in this district. The figure is of importance, as whatever areas of coal remain to be wrought probably overlie old workings in the lower seam.

1 Dron : The Coalfields of Scotland,'* 1902, p. 93.

Mossend and Motherwell,

An analysis of the coal from Belbaven Colliery, by Mr. D. M'Queen, gave the following results : —

Volatile combustible matter Fixed carbon .

Aflb . . .

Moisture at 212'' F. .

Specific gravity, 1*27; Calorific value, 7397 calories.

Sulphur Phosphorus Coke .

Main and Pyotshaw Goals. — As in the area farther west, it is only rarely that these two combine, or approach so closely as to be recoverable in one working. They seem, however, to come together along the eastern margin of Lanark 12 N.W.,as is seen when the two crops are followed south-eastwards from the vicinity of No. 4 Pit, Thankerton. This is in accordance with the fact that they are in the conjoint condition in the quarter-sheet to the east (Lanark 12 N.E.). The two coals appear to reach their maximum separation north of Motherwell, and in a bore close to the Mill Soad are 8 fathoms apart. As would be expected, the intervening strata consist of sandstone and fakes, except for the fireclay underneath the Pyotshaw. The presence of a sandstone roof to the Pyotshaw is in fact a very general feature, and favourable to the working of the seam.

Near the western margin of the district, the two seams for a certain distance again coalesce. This occurs in the Orbiston and Bellshill workings, which lie partly within Lanark 12 N.W. and S.W. It has been recorded that in one instance the parting thickens from nothing to 40 feet in a distance of only 200 feet. Both seams often contain hard splinty layers, but this is especially a feature of the Pyotshaw, and has brought it into use for blast furnaces. The Main Coal is usually classed as a steam or second-class house coal.

In the year 1916 the Main Coal was being wrought in eight, and the Pyotshaw in twelve collieries in this district. No doubt in the former case the number would have been greater, but for the partial exhaustion of the seam.

In Milnwood No. 1 Pit the coals are separated by only two fathoms of strata. The thickness of the Main Coal is here given as 45 inches; of this 3 inches at the top consist of parrot. This gas coal is also found at North Motherwell Colliery, where the following section shows the alternations of character within the thickness of the seam : —

Fakes roof Gas Coal . Fbsb Coal SPLI17T Coal Free Coal Splint Coal Free Coal Fireclay holing Fakes

Ft. In.

Goal Measures,

)t8haw section

is here : —

Ft.

In.

Sandstone .

Blaes

Frbe Coal

Splint Coal

Freb Coal

Foul Coal

Fireclay

Sandstone

At Parkneuk Colliery the Main Coal is 4 feet in thickness, but the Pyotshaw has become reduced to 2 ft. 4 in. In the Carfin Brickworks, which belong the United Collieries, Ltd., the stratum overlying the latter is made into brick without admixture, the product being fairly refractory.

The massive sandstone seen on the east bank of the South Calder, near Motherwell Corn Mill, and again about 200 yards to the north of Coursington Bridge, is believed to be that which often separates the Main and Pyotshaw Coals, the former of which is probably the coal exposed immediately beneath the sandstone, with a thickness of feet.

A further musselband horizon, equivalent to the "Cambuslang Marble," often occurs a little above the Pyotshaw. In the shaft of Milnwood No. 1 Pit, this is recorded about 4 fathoms above the coal. It is 6 inches thick, described as " irony," and rests on a 6-inch coal {see Plate IV., Section 2).

Ell Goal, — This seam is of more economic value in Lanark 12 S.W., than in Lanark 12 N.W. In the former it is usually fairly thick, and in one division. In the latter it is divided into leaves by partings which are sometimes of an inconvenient thickness. In a part of Lanark 12 N.W., there are in addition two thin coals, often close together, at a height of about 4 fathoms above the main part of the seam. These are sometimes regarded as forming part of the Ell Coal, and will be described under the present heading, though it is uncertain whether either, or both, really correspond to any part of the undivided seam.

The Ell Coal was being worked at 11 collieries in the district in the year 1916. There were also abandoned workings in other fields. In the southern quarter-sheet portions of the seam are ranked as a first-class coal, but an upper part, often called " heads," is inferior, and is often left as a roof to the workings, as the coal is overlain by a soft fireclay. The seam is particularly liable to spontaneous combustion, and parts of the workings have had for this reason to be walled up and abandoned, both at Carfin Colliery (of Messrs. W, Dixon, Ltd.) and at Parkhead.

In the North Motherwell field the Ell Coal is in excellent condition, the average section being : —

Ft. In. Blaes

Hard flandstone

Brasst Coal

Faky blaes . . . .

Free Coal

Splint Coal . . - .

Mossend and Motherwell.

Ft.

In.

2J

?t.

In.

Free Coal

Dark only fireclay

Free Coal

Fireclay

Sandstone

In the shaft section of No. 3 Pit the total thickness is 7 feet. A fathom higher is a 2-foot foul gas coal. At Camp Colliery the coal measures 6 feet in one division, and, at Carfin No. 6 Pit, 10 feet with a parting of only half-an-inch. In the Holytown field the coal is in three not very widely separated leaves, as shown by the section in No. 12 Pit {see Plate IV., Section 5) :—

Fakes

Coal, foul . Coal, clean Fakes

Coal, clean Coal pugs . Fakes

Coal, clean Ddugh Fakes

All three leaves have been wrought, but the lowest is the best. The

practice is to take out this layer first, then the uppermost, and finally

the middle leaf. The " coal pugs " are not considered to be workable.

The seam is being worked at No. 3 Pit, Woodhall, where the

section is : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .31

Sandstone and fakes . . .33

Coal . . . . . 1 7J

The lower leaf is a good house coal ; the upper is used for manufacturing or steam. About 5 fathoms above the upper leaf occur the two thin coals already referred to (see Plate IV., Section 4) : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .08

Fireclay . . . . .12

Shale (brown) . . .30

Coal . . . . .17

The last item has been worked a little, but has not proved a paying subject.

At the time of the revision the Ell Coal had not been wrought either at Thankerton, Hattonrigg, or Milnwood, and it is of somewhat inferior value in this area. In the Thankerton field it is in three leaves, and the following may be taken as a representative section : —

Ft. In. Grey fakes . Black blaes . Coal

Black blaes Coal

Black blaes . Fakes Coal

Black blaes Grey fakes and sandstone ribs

64 Coal Measures

The following table shows the relations and thicknesses of the two leaves of the undoubted Ell Coal, and of what is probably the lower of the two upper seams recorded at Woodhall, in the Unthank Farm bore, and No. 1 Pit, Milnwood, respectively : —

Unthank

Milnwood.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Coal .

Strata .

Coal ,

Strata .

Coal .

The three thin seams were also found, with partings of about the

same thickness, in a bore on the site of No. 4 Pit, Hattonrigg

Colliery.

A coal seen high up in the clifif, on the west side of the South

Calder Water, about a quarter of a mile north-west of Coursington

Bridge, has the following section : —

Ft In. Blaes

Coal . . . . .08

Coaly blaes . . . . .10

Coal . . ' . . .20

Blaes and sandstone

About 100 yards north-west of the bridge, on the same side of the river, a coal measuring at least 3 feet overlies, at a distance of about a fathom, an inferior blackband ironstone about two feet in thickness. Both the coals just referred to must be in or near the Ell position.

Upper Coal {of Glasgow), Palaeeraig BlacM>and Ironstone, and certain higher seams. — It is unlikely that a seam formerly worked by a day-level in the wood a quarter of a mile south-east of Highsethead, and referred to as the " Upper Ell," corresponds to the Upper Coal. This seam is stated, by Mr. Miller of Legbrannock Colliery, to be the Ell Coal proper. If this supposition is correct, there appears to be no representative in the present area of the "Upper EU" of Greenside Pit (Newhouse Colliery), which is not far to the east (see p. 81). The coal referred to lies 12 fms. above the EIL

With this doubtful exception, the Upper Coal is not known for certain to be of economic value in any part of the gi'ound under description, and the same applies to the Palacecraig Blackband Ironstone, except at one point on the northern margin. The ironstone was worked near Orchard Farm, but no section of the workings is now available. In the shaft of the Crow Pit, Woodhall, about half a mile west-south-west of Woodhall House, the Upper Coal is 14 inches thick, about 16 fathoms above the lowest leaf of the Ell. {See Plate IV., Section 4.) Five fathoms higher the Palacecraig seam is represented as follows : —

Ft In. Shale and ironstone ribs . . .20

Coal . . . . .11

Two coals and an ironstone are exposed in a stream running into the Shirrel Burn, a little below the bridge at Shirrel, 1 mile N.KE. of Bellshill. The horizon is not far from that of the seams just

/

Ft

In

Mossend and Motherwell. 65

referred to, but cannot be determined more definitely. The section is

as follows : —

Ft. In. Blaes with sandstone ribs Parroty blaes and ironstone with occasional

mussels . . .20

Coal ... (at least) 1 6

Daugh . . . . .05

Fireclay . . . . .10

Sandstone . . . . .30

Blaes . .50

Blackband Ironstone, with some mussels 10 Blaes . . . . .08

Coal ... (at least) 6

A further exposure of blackband ironstone, about a foot in thickness, and also containing mussels, may be seen on the south bank of the Shirrel Burn, about 500 yards north of Unthank Farm.

In the bore at No. 3 Pit, North Motherwell, the following section occurs about 17 fathoms above the base of the Ell Coal.

Blaes and balls

Coal

Fireclay . . . .

Fakes

This is called the Upper Coal, and the position is about correct.

A fairly good coal, not less than 14 inches in thickness, is said to have been exposed at one time within the boundaries of Dalzell Iron and Steel Works. This may have been either the Upper Coal or some higher seam. In a railway cutting 200 yards south-east of Pit No. 3, Dalzell Colliery (marked No. 2 on the (3rdnance Survey Map), a 6-inch blackband ironstone containing "mussels" occurs at a height of perhaps 20 fathoms above the Ell Coal.

It may also possibly be the Upper Coal which occurs, with a thickness of at least a foot, on the right bank of the South Calder Water, about 300 yards west of Carfin House. What is possibly the same coal appears again on the same bank of the river about 200 yards farther west, and seems to have been wrought a little in this locality.

In the strata intervening between the Palacecraig llackband Ironstone position and Skipsey's Marine Band, various bores and shaft sections record the presence of thin coals, but, as in the case of the last two seams considered, it is impossible to trace them from section to section. Thus, at Hattonrigg No. 4 Pit, a thin coal occurs about 28 fathoms above the lowest member of the Ell Coal. The same coal is probably present in Milnwood No .1 Pit, with a thickness of 14 inches, but in a diamond bore 300 yards to the south-west seems to have dwindled to 8 inches. In the latter a 1 ft. 9 in. coal occurs 41 fathoms above the Ell, but this cannot be more than 10 inches thick in the shaft section, though it appears again to attain a thickness of 1 ft. 6 in. in the Unthank Farm bore.

We need only refer to a coal 1 ft. 4 in. thick, 28 fathoms above the Ell, in the shaft of No. 12 Pit, Holy town. The distance below surface is about 10 fathoms, and in a burn section close to the shaft

66 Coai Measures.

there is a wild parrot coal, 18 inches thick, and including a layer of mussels " near the base of the seam.

It may be stated that an ironstone containing lAngvla was detected by Mr. Tait, during the Survey revision, in the Shirrel Bum, about 500 feet north-east of Shirrel Farm. This bed is mentioned, not on account of any possible economic importance, but because the fossil indicates an approach to marine conditions, and actual marine beds are very rare in Scottish Coal Measures. The position is believed to be not very far below Skipsey's Marine Band, which is a marine horizon of a more decided type.

Skipseys Marine Band. — Although occasional thin coals, which may even exceed a foot in thickness, do occur above this horizon, the fact that it overlies by a certain distance all the seams of coal and ironstone which are workable under present conditions, gives this band a certain value as an index- bed, in various parts of Scotland.

Skipsey's Marine Band is a hard, dark grey limestone, with abundant marine fossils, but so thin that it has not been recorded in any of the bores or shafts of this district. It is, however, exposed in several natural sections, and should be searched for with its distinctive fossils, in any future boring operations that start from above its horizon.

Three of the exposures occur on the banks of the South Calder Water, near Jerviston Camp Bridge. The best of these is on the west of the river, 150 yards to the south of the bridge, the other two are on the same side of the river, between 200 and 250 yards farther north. In the southernmost exposure the band measures a foot or eighteen inches in thickness, and overlies a thin coal.

The limestone is also well seen on the east side of the Lesmahagow Branch Kail way, about half a mile south of Motherwell Station. Here it is folded into a gentle syncline, on the south side of which the section runs somewhat as follows : —

Fms. Ft. In.

Blaes, with ironstone courses, and irregular bands of sandstone .

Fakes, . 2 ft. to

Blaes, with ironstone courses

Skifsbt'b Marine Band .

Daugh

Coal

Fireclay

Calcareous sandstone and softer beds

Massive sandstone .

Soft rabbly sandstone, and clayey blaes

Sandstone

Blaes

Coal . . . .

From the Marine Band at this locality the following species have been collected by Mr. Tait : —

Crinoid joints. Ambocoelia urei (Flem.). Chonetes laguessiana de Kon.

See "Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area V." (Aferw. GeoL Surv.), 1916, Plate XII. 2 See " Econ. Geol. Central Coal field, Area V." {Mem. Geol.Surv.), 1916, ChapterX.

Mossend and MotherwelL 67

Linffula mytiloides /. Sow,

Productus anthrax Hind.

Productus sp. [novl].

Spirifer.

Posidoniella.

Posidonomya becheri Bronn.

Pterinopecten papyraceus (/. de C, Sow).

Glyphioceras.

Ortnoceras.

? Pleuronaatilus costatus Hind.

The limestone is seen again on the banks of the Clyde, a short distance south of the district now being considered {see p. 120), and is there 53 fathoms above the base of the Ell Coal. In the South Calder the distance is 56 fathoms, while just beyond the northern margin of the district it probably amounts to 74 fathomS;, There is thus evidence that the intervening strata progressively increase in thickness from south to north.

Barren Measures. — As stated in the introductory chapter, Skipsey's Marine Band is taken as forming the division between the Productive and the overlying Eed or Barren Coal Measures. This is, however, merely a convention, and the change is not a sharp one, either in the productive character or in the coloration of the beds. Thus, as already mentioned, there are thin coals quite commonly above the Marine Band, while none of the beds described in the section as underlying or overlying the limestone in the Motherwell railway cutting is either red or mottled in colour, nor distinguishable in type from beds associated with the well-known coals which lie below. In the Unthank Farm bore, on the other hand, red beds are found about 20 fathoms below the point where we should have expected the limestone to occur.

The shaft of No. 3 Pit, North Motherwell, must pierce about 65 fathoms of Barren Measures, but the Marine Band has not been identified. Thick beds in the highest portion of the section, described in the journal as "calmy fireclay," are probably some of the mottled marls so frequent in this position. The thickest coal occurs about 15 fathoms below rock-head, but is only 13 inches in thickness (see Plate IV., Section 6).

The South Calder valley, west and north-west of the pit, shows good natural sections of the same sequence. At and near the Corby Craig the following succession is observable : —

]

Yellow sandstone .

Ferruginous sandstone with coal streaks

Sandstone . . . .

Gap

Flaggy sandstone .

Grey-green clay shale, with plant

remains Coal

Grey, green, and dark fireclay Greenish-yellow sandstone Grey-green clay shale Dark-grey blaes, with plant remains Coal

Pale grey clay shale Flaggy sandstone and blaes

ns.

Ft.

In.

G

: I.

ti' .

Coal Measures.

Many of the beds in this section are different ia colour from any in the Productive MeAsures. The thick sandstone at the top can be traced for some distance, and croseea the river south of the railway viaduct. It is here surmounted, at a certain interval, by a coal which in one exposure is 17 inches in thickness.

General Structure. — The deepest part of the area lies on the western maiin, and is in a sense a part of the UddingstoD Basin. It is limited, however, not so much by any rise in the strata, as by the Shirrel and North Motherwell Faults. The greatest J number of seams are "off" in the north-eastern corner of the £ district, and the most prevalent 1 dip is to the south-west. There g are, however, local variations, and S the structure is much modified a by faulting (Fig. 3). a Faulis.—'rhe name " Tunnel 3 Fault " is given to one which g enters Lanark 12 N.W., near Orchard Farm, and runs with a CO general south-easterly direction 3 to near the village of Cleland. S The name is derived from the fact that it crossed the course of W the old railway tunnel, now re- I. placed by a deep cutting, between Coatbridge and Mossend. It Z seems probable that this fracture branches from the Shettleston Fault, which lies a little to the north of the area described in this Memoir. The downthrow, which is to the north - east, amounts near Orchard Farm to at least 50 fathoms. Near the old quarry at Townhead, the fault appears to have split into several branches. The most southerly of these is the largest, while the farthest north has a downthrow of only 11 fathoms. The former cannot be very de-

Mossend and Motherwell. 69

finitely traced between this locality and Legbrannock Farm, but it must pass between an old shaft and a bore-hole, the former of which is 300 yards and the latter 600 yards to the south-west of Highsethead. The throw is here about 50 fathoms, but it amounts to about 80 fathoms in the Legbrannock Burn, in several separate lines of movement.

Braidhurst FavU. — This is another important dislocation, with much the same general direction as the Tunnel Fault, but with a downthrow to the south-west. It was proved in the workings from Braidhurst Colliery, a little to the east of the South Calder Water, and has here an estimated throw of 100 fathoms. It was also pierced by an old water-level, which debouches on the South Calder a little above Milnwood House. From this point the course is not quite clear, but a probable continuation occurs in the Hattonrigg workings, about 500 yards north-east from the pit-bottom. In one part of the workings the fault is accompanied by a thin vein of white trap ; this is uncrushed, and thus almost certainly later than the movement. The throw has here diminished to about 33 fathoms, and the fault has not been traced beyond the edge of the quarter-sheet.

New Stevenston Fault — This name is suggested for a fault with nortnerly downthrow, which can be followed from the neighbourhood of Milnwood Junction to beyond the eastern margin of the district, with a direction which alters gradually, from considerably south, to somewhat north, of east. Between Milnwood No. 4 Pit (situated close to Milnwood Junction), and the Biggins Farmyard bore, it causes an alteration of level of at least 80 fathoms. In underground workings west of New Stevenston House, the Main Coal is thrown ahnost to the level of the Virtuewell, which indicates a throw of nearly 40 fathoms.

North Motherwell Fault — This name may conveniently be applied to the fault with a large downthrow to the north which intersects the North Motherwell field. It is formed by the confluence of the Bothwell and Whistleberry Faults, which have been described as separate fractures, in dealing with the district of Uddingston and Bothwell (p. 44). The resultant fault is well seen in a cross-cut, about 200 yards north-west of North Motherwell No. 2 Pit, where it has a displacement of about 92 fathoms, with an inclination from the horizontal which does not seem to exceed 35°. The throw at this point is probably a maximum ; the fault can be followed along the northern boundary of the Parkneuk workings, but does not seem to cross the South Calder.

A rather interesting belt of disturbance runs across the Motherwell field, passing about 200 yards west of No. 4 Pit. The belt is about 100 yards in width, and the net result is to move the coal seams about 27 fathoms down to south-west. Although faulting is present, the structure seems to be in the main that known to geologists as a monoclinal fold. The strata on both sides have a gentle dip, but witliin the zone of disturbance they are tilted to the south-west at angles as high as 35®.

A north-westerly fault with reversed throw occurs at Holytown Colliery. The downthrow is about 60 feet to the south-west, while the inclination of the fault is in the opposite direction, though not

70 Coal Measures.

far from vertical. As the dip in the neighbourhood is to the south and west, it is not unlikely that the reversal of hade is due to subsequent tilting.

Whinstone Dyke, — Only one whinstone " gaw," or dyke, has been proved within the district. This has a thickness of from 5 to 7 feet, and runs in a north-westerly direction through the workings from Hattonrigg Colliery. The material is somewhat different from basalt, being of the variety known to petrologists as camptonite. The dyke is almost in line with one having a similar direction at Bosehall Colliery, and it is likely that the two will prove to be continuous.

" Sand Dykes " or Buried Biver Channels, — The district contains one or two instances of " wants " in coal-seams, where they are near the surface, which are due to wash-outs along old buried river courses. The resulting channels have been filled with sand and gravel, and then sometimes covered over with boulder clay in such a way as to be now imperceptible at the surface. The erosion took place most probably during the glacial period, and was long subsequent to the deposition of the coal seams.

A channel of the type referred to occurs at Dalzell or Coursington Colliery, and has been described by E. W. Dron. It has cut down through the Ell and Main Coal seams, and can be traced for a mile in the north-west direction into the Parkneuk field. The bottom of the channel is about 90 feet above sea-level, though the surface of the ground is over 200 feet. In the Old Series Survey map (Lanark 12), this channel was drawn eastwards past Nether Johnston, and thence across the South Calder Water, near Cleland. A thickness of 24 fathoms of sand and gravel certainly does occur at Nether Johnston {see p. 130), but in default of further evidence this part of the channel will not be shown on the New Series map.

A similar " sand dyke " has been proved, in the Pyotshaw Coal level, at Carfin Colliery, and has removed the seam for a breadth of 40 yards. c. T. c.

B. District of Clbland and Nbwarthill.

(Comprising the larger part of Lanark, 12 N.E. and 12 S.E.)

This district extends from Newhouse by Newarthill and Cleland as far as the town of Newmains. It is limited on the north-east by the area of Millstone Grit before referred to (Chapter II., p. 11), and on the other sides by the boundaries of the quarter-sheets. Within this area are representatives of Coal Measure strata, extending from

1 " Notes on Buried River Channel at Motherwell," Trans, GeoL Soc, QUugow vol. XV., 1914, p. 1.

' For information used in this section we have especially to thank the following : — Auchinlea Coal Co., Ltd., and Mr. Stevenson ; Coltness Iron Co., Ltd. Messrs. T. Gibb & Sons, Ltd. ; Greenhill Colliery Co., Ltd., and Mr. Forsyth Horn (Glasgow), Ltd., Mr. T. Hill and Mr. Howieson ; Messrs. T. King & Co. Lynn Coal Co., Ltd., and Mr. Dyer ; Mr. Marshall of SandyforJ ; Mr. John Miller of Lbrannock Collieries; Murdostoun Colliery Co., Ltd., Mr. Colquhoun and Mr. Mackie ; Col. R. K. Stewart of Murdostoun ; Messrs. Stewarts and Lloyds ; United Collieries, Ltd., Mr. D. McQueen and Mr. J. Lowden.

Cleland and NeioarthUL

the base to some distance above the seam locally known as the Upper Ell, and including at least fourteen workable seams. The following is an average section : —

General Section of Coal Measures of District of Cleland

AND NeWARTHILL.

Thicknese

Depth.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

In

Uffsb Ell Goal.

Strata

Ell Goal .

Strata

Ptotshaw and Main Goal

Strata

Humph Goal

Strata

Splint Goal

Strata

Virgin Coal

Strata

Musselband Ironstone .

Strata

Goal

Strata

AlBDUIE BLACKBAND IRONSTONE

Strata

Auchinlba Sandstone .

Strata

RouoHBAND Ironstone .

Strata

Virtu EWBLL Goal

Strata

Bellside Ironstone

Strata

Goal

Strata

Shale, aad

Ironstone .

Strata

Kiltongue Goal .

Strata

Upper Drumgrat Goal

Strata

Mid Drumgrat Goal

8 in. to

Strata

Lower Drumgrat Goal

Strata

Shotts Gas Goal

.

Strata

GLE17ED or Balmoral Goal

Strata

Grofthead Goal

Q

Strata

Position of Grofthead Slattband Iron-

stone Base of Coal Measures

The Upper Slatyband Ironstooe of Earlshill, which corresponds roughly in position with the Grofthead Slatyband, is not known to extend into this area.

A Slatyband associated with a band of " mussels " (Carbonicola) was wrought from daylight on the banks of the Tillan Burn about

72 Coal Measured,

a quarter-mile north of Birniehill. The position of this seam is problematical, but the fresh water fossil shows that it is probably above the base of the Coal Measures. The Goodockhill Ironstone is marine, as we have seen (p. 12).

Crofthead Coal. — A coal varying from 1 ft. 7 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. was found in several bores near Easthill, about a mile to the east of Bellside. Nothing is known as to its quality. This coal has been shown on the map as the Crofthead, but although there is some evidence in favour of this view it may possibly be as low in the sequence as the Bowhousebog (see p. 13). In a bore beside the Hill Glen the Crofthead almost undoubtedly has a thickness of 1 ft. 8 in., but in another, about a quarter mile west of Murdostoun Saw Mill, it has shrunk to only 9 inches of coal overlain by 3f inches of ironstone. In two bores near Goodockhill what may be the Crofthead Coal is respectively 11 inches and 15 inches in thickness, in each case including a pai'rot top. In other bores in this district the recognition of the Crofthead Coal is in the main a matter of conjecture, but enough is known to show that except possibly near Easthill and Hill Glen it is not a payable subject.

Clefted or Balmoral Coal. — This coal, which is the equivalent of the Mill Coal of Armadale, is thin but fairly constant over at least a part of the two quarter-sheets. In the bore beside Hill Glen already referred to it is given as being 1 ft. 9 in. in thickness, but in the bore west of Murdostoun Saw Mill it is only 8J inches. A bore near Old Sandy ford (on the northern margin of 12 N.E.) proved this coal to be 1 ft. 8 in., while another near Newhouse gave the following section. (See Plate III., Section 7):—

Ft. In. Dark blaes

Coal . . . .' .13

Fireclay . . . .20

Coal . . . . .08

Fireclay . . . . .16

Sandtstone

A thin underlying seam is a constant feature near Armadale. It is

present also in the Hill Glen Bore, and very likely forms the lower

part of the Clefted Coal where the latter is wrought under that

name.

Shotts Gas Coal, — This coal is also a constant feature, and was

worked to a small extent at Lauchope No. 2 Pit. Here the section

was: —

Ft. In.

Faky blaes . . . ..30

Soft blaes . . . . .12

Gas Coal . . , . .05

Rough Coal . . . .11

Blaes and balls

There were occasionally mussels in the roof. In the Newhouse bore it measures a foot, without any gas coal, but at Knownoblehill Colliery near Omoa it consists of 6 inches of " wild gassy coal " over

1 The pits of this colliery are just north of the main railway line, 600 yards west from Omoa Station

Cletand and NewarthUL 73

3 inches of " rough gas coal." At Hill Glen the thickness given is

1 ft 6 in., again without any record of gas coal.

Lower Drumgray Good. — In the Bailliesmuir pit workings, just north of Newmains, this seam has a thickness of from 20 to 24 inches. This is also about the thickness in the pits of the Murdostoun Colliery Company, situated between Newmains and Cleland. Farther north the coal is wrought in the Howmuir, Greenhill, and Lynn Collieries, and it maintains an average thickness of rather over

2 feet. The seam is overlain by about a foot of poor fireclay. As in other districts it has the general character of a household coal.

Information as to areas where this coal and others described may be looked for in the unwrought condition will be found in a subsequent paragraph. The relative constancy of this seam gives it an importance out of proportion to its thickness. The following is an analysis by Mr. D. M'Queen of the coal, which had a thickness of 22 inches, at the old No. 43 Pit, Townhead, a short distance to the west of Westerhouse : —

Volatile matter 32*99

Fixed carbon 68*47

Ash 1-63

Moisture at 212'' F. 6*91

100*00

Sulphur . . . . . '678

Phopphoros '001

Coke 60*10

Calorific value, 8231 calories.

Mid Drumgray Coed. — This coal attains its maximum at Bailliesmuir pit, where the section is: —

Ft. In. Rock

Dark Fakes . . ..04

Coal . . . 1 ft. 11 in. to 2 2

Stone . . 5 in. to 8

Coal . , . 4 in. to 8

Fireclay

South-eastwards from the pit bottom the stone is thin ; northwards

it thickens. A section of the seam is exposed on the right bank of

the South Calder Water, south-west of Murdostoun House, where

we have —

Ft. In. Fakes

Coal . . . . .23

Mainly fireclay . .46

Coal . . . . .06

Fireclay

The seam is at present wrought from Murdostoun Colliery, wliere an average section is 18 inches of free coal of good quality for gas making. The pavement consists of hard fireclay, and 9 feet below is

Howmuir Colliery is just north of Omoa Railway Station ; Lynn Colliery (now abandoned, 1919) is on the highroad, half-way between Newhouse and Salsburgh.

74 Coal Measured,

a six- or twelve-inch coal which probably corresponds to the lower division of the seam at Bailliesmuir.

The strata forming the roof of the coal at Murdostoun are very variable. They ar6 pierced for a distance of a few feet by occasional nearly vertical fossil tree stems about a foot in diameter, in which the cortical layer has been partly converted into coal, while the interior is filled by a sandy non-bituminous shale with traces of horizontal bedding. These usually stop short of the coal itself, but in one case a stem was found to continue through most of the thickness of the coal with a filling of the nature mentioned. The fact is well authenticated, and is put on record because of its bearing on the rival theories of the origin of coal seams.

The seam deteriorates to the west, as is shown by a bore at No. 3 Pit, Cleland {see Plate III., Section 8). It is also poorer to the north, being almost absent in a bore which proved the position near Birniehill. It may, however, have been the Mid Drumgray Coal which was sunk or bored through, with a thickness of 2i\ inches in an old pit 500 yards to the south of Goodockhill, and the seam is certainly present at Lynn Colliery, where it consists of 13 or 14 inches of household coal, with a roof and pavement of fakes.

Upper Drumgray Goal, — This coal, while a more constant feature than the Mid Drumgray, is less regular in thickness than the Lower Drumgray seam. At Bailliesmuir it measures 18 or 20 inches, and was not being wrought at the time of the Survey revision. At Murdostoun Colliery it is still thinner. At Howmuir Pit (just north of Omoa Station) it has increased to 31 inches, but at Knownoblehill Colliery, not far to the west, it has again dwindled to 17, and at Townhead No. 43 Pit, near Chapelknowe, to only 14 inches in thickness. In the northern of the two quarter-sheets (Lanark, 12 N.E.), the coal maintains a fairly even section of a little over two feet. It has everywhere a one- or two-foot blaes roof, and a certain amount of fireclay as pavement. As in other districts it is a hard splint or furnace coal. The following is an analysis by Mr. D. McQueen of the seam from No. 43 Pit, Townhead : —

Volatile combustible matter . .33*87

Fixed carbon 64*56

Ash . 4*52

Moisture at 212* F. ! . .' ! 705

Sulphur -428

Phosphorus *003

Coke 59-08

Calorific value, 7211 calories.

The band of " mussels " occurring a few feet above this coal seems not to be so constant in this area as in other parts of the joint Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire coal-field. It is sometimes unrecorded in bore journals, but is well seen about a fathom above the tjoal where the latter outcrops in the Tillan Burn.

Cteland and JewarthitL 75

KiUongue Coal. — This coal is also very inconstant. At Bailliesmuir it measures 18 inches, and has not yet been worked. At Mnrdostoun Collieries the approximate section is : —

Ft. In. Rock

Blaes . . . . .

Free Coal . .

Habd Coal . .

Free Coal . . . ,

Fireclay . . . . ,

Eock

It has been pretty largely wrought in this district, and also near Bellside. At Enownoblehill Colliery the seam comprises 14 inches of clean overlying 4 inches of slaty coal. At Greenhill Colliery (Auchinlea Pit) the section is : —

Ft. In. Blaes and fakes, more than . .30

Coal . . . . .17

Sclit . . . . .01

Coal (wild) . . . .07

Fireclay

Northwards the coal appears to thin, and there seetns to be no record that it has been wrought in Lanark 12 KK, except near the locality just mentioned.

An analysis of this seam from Townhead No, 43 Pit, by Mr. D. M'Queen, gave the following results : —

Volatile combustible matter . . 30'03

Fixed carbon . . . 65*08

Ash 603

Moisture at 212® F. . ... . . 8-86

Sulphur 1*032

Phosphorus *002

Coke . . . . . 6111 Sp. Gr., 1*26; Calorific value, 6695 calories.

The KiUonffue Musselband Shaie and Ironstone is in this district, as elsewhere, fairly persistent, though not in the main a workable subject. At Knownoblehill Colliery the section is : —

In. Shaly blaes

QooD Shale . . . . .5

Inferior Shale. 4

Very poor musselband Ironstone . . 3

Free Coal 4

At No. 1 Pit, Biggarford Colliery : —

In. Shale 5

Inferior Shale. 9

Ironstone . . . . .4

The Musselband is well exposed in the Tillan Burn, where four feet of shale or shaly blaes, with courses of musselband ironstone at base, overlie 8 inches of clear coal. The Ironstone was wrought to a small extent in some pits a little to the north.

Ladygraifige Coal. — Certain bores in the two quarter-sheets show a coal nine inches or a foot in thickness at a distance of about

Coal Measures,

2 fathoms below the Bellside Ironstone. At No. 1 Pit, Biggarford Colliery, it measured 1 ft. 2 in., and was correlated with the Ladygrange.

Bellside Ironstone, — This seam, which derives its name from the village of Bellside, has a limited distribution. It has been wrought over an area extending from Bellside about two miles to the north, but the workings have long been discontinued, and not much can now be learned as regards the Ironstone. It was a blackband, and is stated by Grossart to have been 6 inches in thickness, and of excellent quality. The most recent workings in the seam appear to have been at the Langbyres, now known as the Howmuir Pit, north of Omoa Station. Here the section was : —

Ft. Fakes . . . .4

Blaes. Blackband Coal .

In.

The seam thins towards the west, being only 2 J inches thick at Knownoblehill, and apparently it does not extend into the adjoining quarter-sheets in this direction. Southwards it is more persistent, having been wrought, as we shall see (p. 110), near Wishaw.

Virtuewell Coal. — Thfs seam was at one time known in the district as the Wee Coal of ClelanJ. At No. 9 Pit, Greenhill Colliery, the section is : —

Ft In. Rock Fakea . . . . 1 10

Qas Coal, 2 in. to . . . .05

Coal . . . . . .20

Fakes

The following section is recorded at one of the Spindleside Pits, near Cleland : —

Ft. In. Rock Fakes Blaes

Shale with balls Gas shale . " Blankets " . Coal Daugh

At Foulsykes, No. 1 Pit, a layer of splint coal was included as

follows : —

Ft. In. Sandstone Faky fireclay Iron balls . Black blaes . Parrot Freb Coal. Splint Coal Freb Coal. Fireclay Hard fakes

On the Upper Coal Measures of Lanarkshire,'* Trans, Geol. Soc. GlasgoWy vol. iii., 1871, p. 96.

H

Cleland and Newarfhill, 77

It will thus be seen that the coal does not vary much in thickness throughout the district ; it is partly used as a steam and partly as a household coal. It has always an oil-shale, or parrot coal, on top, though this has not, so far as is known, been used for distillation in this district.

Roughband Ironstone, — Although this seam can be identified in other districts, the name " Boughband Ironstone " is most usually associated with the area under description. At Knownoblehill Colliery the ironstone was worked as a separate, seam, with the section : —

Ft.

In.

Hard rock

Fireclay

RouoHBAND Ironstone .

Blaes

Clatband Ironstone (foul)

Blaes and fakes

The Roughband itself came from 5 to 7 feet above the top of the Virtuewell Coal. It consists of clay ironstone in nodules, but differs from an ordinary clayband, being lighter in colour, speckled in appearance, and containing a larger quantity of carbonate of lime.

The ironstone was also worked from No. 3 Pit, Cleland, where it was 8 inches in thickness, and although 9 feet above the top of the coal seam, appears to have been extracted along with the latter. No. 1 bore at No. 2 Pit, Cleland (on the opposite side of Cleland House), gave the following section : —

Ft. Id.

Sandy ironstone . . . .08

Soft dark blaes

Fakes and blaes

Roughband Ironstone

the last item one fathom above the Virtuewell. A bore 650 feet west from Foulsykes, No. 1 Pit, shows 5 inches of ironstone two fathoms above the coal. An ironstone, 6 inches thick, and full of crushed lamellibranch fossils, which is seen in the South Calder gorge, a little below Murdostoun Mill, is more probably below the coal, and may be near the Bellside horizon.

The Auchinlea Sandstone comes between this seam and the next in order. It is perhaps 10 fathoms in thickness near Auchinlea and Hellside, and is shown in bores to be present, though usually thinner, in other parts of the area (see p. 124).

Airdrie Blackband Ironstone and Blackband Coal, — An ironstone, believed to be the Airdrie Blackband, was wrought somewhat extensively to the north and north-east of Newarthill. Little has been ascertained as to these workings, but a bore section reads : —

Ft. In. Dark elaty Coal . . . .06

Blackband* Ironstone . . .13

Coal and shale . . . .23

The locality of the bore is simply given as Newarthill. A record, which perhaps applies to the old workings near Greenside, gives a

78 Coal Measures,

thickness of from 6 to 11 inches of blackband, 11 fathoms above the Virtuewell. There can be little doubt, from the nature of its section, and from its position in the sequence, that this is really the Airdrie seam.

A difficulty arises from the fact that a coal was worked in the Greenside neighbourhood directly beneath the ironstone, at a distance of about 14 feet. This seam is stated to have varied from 15 to 42 inches in thickness, and was named the Blackband Coal. Ko such degree of separation between the coal and ironstone is elsewhere known. Where the position includes both minerals, they are in contact, as in the bore section already quoted. The difficulty appears to be most adequately met by supposing that the Greenside " Blackband Coal " is an additional seam. The latter appears to be represented, about 6 fathoms above the Virtuewell, in a section of No. 1 Pit, Biggarford Colliery, where it is 1 ft. 5 in. in thickness, and underlies, by about 4 fathoms, a nine-inch coal which may replace the Ironstone.

The Greenside Coal can perhaps also be identified in Lanark, 12 S.E. An old bore at Glencleland, whose position is not accurately known, shows 1 ft. 9J in. of coal, at a height of 6 fathoms above the Virtuewell, and immediately underlying the Auchinlea Sandstone. There is, however, no trace of the horizon in the bore at No. 2 Pit, Cleland, which cannot be very far away.

The undoubted Blackband Coal, on the exact horizon of the Ironstone, is well represented in the southern quarter-sheet. It attained a workable development in some old pits between Cleland Towuhead, and the main Caledonian line.

Here the section was : —

Ft. In. Blaes roof Coal Blaes Coal Blaes Coal

It was classed as a steam coal, of fairly good quality for locomotives. It was also worked from No. 3 Pit, Cleland Colliery.

In the bore from No. 2 Pit the section is : —

Ft. In. Grey fakes Dark blaes .

Coal'

Dark blaes . Soft Coal . Fireclay and blaes liglit grey fakes

Eastwards the coal appears to thin, though, it is always recognisable. It measures 1 ft. 5 in. in the Howmuir Pit, and is seen a short distance above the Auchinlea Sandstone, in the quarry close to Bellside House. It is only 10 inches in thickness in the bore already referred to near No. 1 Pit, Foulsykes.

.3 in. to

1 ft. 2 in. to

Cleland and NewarthUL

Musselband Goal, — In the Howmuir Pit the following section was recorded while sinking the shaft : —

Ft.

In.

Mussel Ironstone

Calmy blaes and balls Fireclay

Balls

White blaes

Coal

Coaly slate . Sandstone

The coal is referred to as a hard splint coal, giving a white and

abundant ash when burnt. In No. 1 bore, at No. 2 Pit, Cleland, the

ironstone was inches, and the coal in two divisions 9 inches and

4 inches, separated by 1 ft. 8 in. of dark blaes. The two seams are

apparently not persistent, and have not, so far as is known, been

recorded together in any other bore or sinking.

Virgin Coed, — Near Eavenscraig the Virgin Coal measured

10 inches, and was separated by 1 or 2 feet of stone from the base of

the Splint. At No. 2 Pit, Cleland, the coal measured a foot, and at

No. 1 Pit, Biggarford Colliery, 1 ft. 3 in., coming at least 2 feet

below the overlying coal. Though no further data are available it is

probable that this coal is universally present beneath the next in

order.

Splint Coal, — This coal is not now being wrought, but formerly it

ranked with the Ell and the Main as one of the most important

seams. At Newmains it measured 4 ft. 4 in., overlain by blaes and

balls, and underlain by fireclay. It was somewhat thinner on the

western margin of the area under discussion, at Meadowhead,

Eavenscraig, and Glencleland Collieries. Although it was largely

wrought, no record of its thickness in the northern quarter-sheet

(Lanark 12 N.K) is available to the writer. It is known, however,

to have been partly burnt by a sill which is intruded into the strata

somewhere between the Splint and the Main Coal.

Humph Coal, — At the time of the revision this seam was being

wrought from Nos. 1 and 2 Pits, Glencleland Colliery. The section

was : —

Ft. Fakes

Soft blacks . . .1

Coaly blaes . . . . .2

Fireclay . . .3

Coal 1

Hard sandstone

In.

The coal seam was found to be comparatively undisturbed despite the fact that the Splint had been wrought out only 3 fathoms underneath.

At Meadowhead Pit the section is given as : —

Bock

Coal

Parrot

Fakes

Fireclay

more than

Ft.

In.

Coal Measures.

Ft. In.

At Howmuir Pit : —

Blaes

Daugh

Blaes

Coal

Soft fireclay

Coal

Black fireclay

Coal

Faky fireclay

The following section is seen on the bank of the South Calder Water, about one quarter mile north-west from Coltness Mains.

Gassy shale .

Fireclay

Fakes

Coal

Fireclay

Coal (hard splinty)

Fireclay

Coal

Sandstone .

Ft.

In

There can be no doubt that this is the Humph Coal, which has been wrought farther down the stream, and must have somewhat improved in thickness in this direction.

The whin float to which reference has already been made occurs at a level of 4 fathoms above the Humph Coal in the Howmuir pit. It is here thin, but must expand considerably to the north, as it is stated that both the Splint and the Main Coal come under its influence.

Main and Pyotshaw Coals. — These two coals appear as a general rule to form one seam in all of Lanark 12 N.E., and in Lanark 1 2 S.E., except for the south-west corner. Near the Tillanburn Manure Works the joint thickness is stated to have been 9 feet, while near South Lanridge the Main alone measured 5 ft. 3 in., not including a parting.

At Townhead No. 43 Pit (near Chapelknowe) what is probably

the joint section is given as follows : —

Ft. In.

Fakes

I'Coal

Rock

A section of the seam is well exposed on the south bank of the South Calder, near where the latter is joined by the Temple Gill. Here it is 7 feet in one division, with sandstone roof and fireclay pavement. At Meadowhead Coal Pit, however, only half a mile to the west, a 7-foot parting has come between the two components, the lower or Main Coal measuring 4 feet, and the upper or Pyotshaw 3 feet in thickness. This splitting is continued in the sheet to the

Cleland and NewarthiU.

west, where, as we have stated (p. 61), the two are sometimes over 30 feet apart.

A 6-fathom " white clay sandstone " is shown in an old bore at Glencleland, between the Main and the Ell Coal. A yellow sandstone in this position was quarried to the north of Pickerstonhill.

Ell Goal, — The Ell Coal has all been wrought a first time, but,

at the time of the revision, work was proceeding on a small scale,

near Pickerstonhill, in the removal of " stoops." Here the section

was: —

Ft. In. Bock Fireclay Coal, free . Coal, splint Coal, free . Coal, slaty . Stone

Bottom Coal, free Daugh Rock

At Townhead, No. 43 Pit, already referred to, 6 feet of coal was present, with a 4-inch parting near the base. At Glencleland Colliery there was 7 ft. 6 in. of coal, of which 2 feet was reckoned as " Head Coal " and 5 ft. 6 in. as " Ell Coal." Near Newmains the thickness was equally great, but included two thin partings. On the whole, however, this was an unusual thickness for the present district, though the seam appears in a general way to be thickening towards the south.

Seams above the Ell Goal, — The " Upper Ell " coal workings, near Highsethead, have already been referred to (p. 64). They extend a short distance into the present area, about half a mile to the south of Lauchope, but, as has been stated, it is probable that the seam was really the Ell Coal. A coal 12 fathoms above the Ell was however wrought as the " Upper Ell " from the old Greenside Pit, at Newhouse Colliery.

On the south bank of the Legbrannock Burn, just north of NewarthiU, is the following section : —

Ft. In.

Blackband Ironstone

a

Blaes

over

Coal

. at least

Fakes and blaes

Coal

4 in. to

White fireclay

Fakes

The thicker of the two coals has apparently been wrought. This seam would appear to be at least 20 fathoms above the Ell, and therefore probably on a higher horizon than the last referred to. A bore in the neighbourhood of Cleland shows that there is no coal there more than 7 inches in thickness, in the 50 fathoms of strata which overlie the Ell Coal. It is thus probable that these higher seams are of very local occurrence.

Coal Measures.

Ft.

In.

Among the highest strata which are met with anywhere in the district, are those cut into by the South Calder Water in the Eavenscraig gorge. Here we have : —

Massive sandstone

Sandstone, with irregular lenticles of coal

Fakes and flaggy sandstone

Coal 1 ft. to

Fakes

Sandstone

This section must run approximately from 30 to 50 fathoms above the Ell Coal. There is no trace of reddening, and it is probable that the horizon of Skipsey's Marine Band is not attained.

Structural Features. — The general dip of the strata is to the west and south. Thus the highest measures in the district occur near Eavenscraig gorge. Beginning with the inlier of Millstone Grit, which lias been described in a previous chapter (p. 11), altogether nearly 200 fathoms of strata have their outcrops within the area. The region is, however, one of rather intense faulting, and the succession is by no means regular. As in other parts of Lanarkshire

Fig. 4. — " Wants " in successive Coal Seams adjacent to a Fault, Spindleside Pit,

Cleland.

the faults fall mainly into two classes, striking east and west, and south-east to north-west respectively. The east and west faults, without being actually the largest, are, perhaps, the most persistent. The largest fault in the two quarter-sheets appears to be the one which enters Lanark 12 S.E., near Chapelknowe, and has near No. 43 Townhead Pit a downthrow of 90 fathoms to the south-west, but it dies out comparatively quickly.

An interesting " want " occurs at Spindleside Pit, near Cleland. As is well known, wants often occur vertically, or almost vertically, above one another in successive coal seams. In this case the want is linear, running from west lo east. It affects the Kiltongue, the Upper Drumgray and Lower Drumgray Coals, occupying a position progressively farther north in the two lower seams {see Fig. 4). Its southern margin is formed in all three cases by an east and west fault, with downthrow to the north of only a foot or two, with which the wants are in evident connection.

Ivirusive Dolerite. — A whin float, or sill of intrusive dolerite, rises to the surface at Greenhill Farm, and has been wrought in

Cleland and Newarthill. 83

one or two small quarries. This is probably the float to which reference has been made in discussing the Humph and Splint Coal seams.

Buried River Channels, — In the Old Series Geological Survey Maps parts of two preglacial or inteilacial channels are shown not far from Cleland. The revision of the area has, however, rendered it doubtful whether a channel of this nature runs past Cleland Townhead in the course assigned to it. It runs from the main railway to the Tillan Burn as indicated, but from thence there is reason to think it bends south-eastward, and is continuous with the one which crosses the South Calder Water east of Wishaw House, where the sand which fills it is seen on both sides of the stream. Whether this was the course of the Tillan or South Calder it is impossible to say, but we are here most likely dealing with a single interglacial stream, flowing towards the line of the present Clyde valley, in which direction it can be traced for over three miles {see p. 122).

A smaller buried channel was proved in the Main Coal to the north of Auchinlea. These river courses have been cut down into solid rock, and subsequently filled with sand and gravel, most likely in interglacial times. They were afterwards covered by boulderclay, which, in the case of the small channel just referred to, is 20 feet thick in a railway cutting immediately above where the sand-bed was proved in the Main Coal. They are of importance as interrupting in some cases the working of the surface coals.

Future development of the District. — The following paragraph, quoted from the " Summary of Progress for 1911," sums up the status of the coalfield at the time of the Survey revision, more especially with regard to the thicker seams : —

" In this district the Ell Coal, the Main Coal, and the Splint have all been wrought a first time (on the stoop and room principle) over their entire area. In some cases the stoops have been removed in bulk, while in others a second, and in some cases a third system of rooms has been driven through them. Where any of these three coals remain it is in the form of narrow pillars, and in the case of the Ell Coal any attempt to work these is fraught with danger of spontaneous combustion. The Humph Coal is being wrought at one colliery in this district, and is not much disturbed in spite of the fact that the Splint Coal has been wrought out three fatiioms below it. The Virtuewell Coal is also mostly out, and what coal is left in the district is mainly in the Kiltongue, Upper, Mid and Lower Drumgray Seams.2 Of these the Kiltongue is usually thin, and although the Upper Drumgray is in places a good seam it is elsewhere hardly thick enough to form a workable subject. The Mid Drumgray is only present in any thickness near Newmains. It is the Lower Drumgray which is the most constant, and probably will be the greatest factor in the future development of this district."

A fairly large area exists round Cleland and Wishaw Houses, and round Coltness, in which these lower coals have not been wrought. There is one apparent record of a shaft having reached the Kiltongue ; and one bore only proving the group of coals is known to

Mem. Geol. Surv., 1912, p. 53.

This statement refers only to Coal-Measure seams.

84 Goal Measures.

the writer. This bore is from the bottom of No. 3 Pit, Cleland, and not far from the northern limit of the area. It gives the Kiltongue as 15 in., the Upper Drumgray as 7 in., and the Lower Drumgray as 1 ft. 8 in. in thickness. In the Quarry Bore, near Wishaw (Plate VI., Section 3), a little to the south of the area under consideration, the three coals are all poor. A little encouragement may be derived from the fact that what is taken in this Memoir to be the Upper Drumgray Coal is a workable subject at Coursington Colliery (Lanark 12 S.W.), and also in Shields Colliery, a little farther south (pp. 50 and 108). The Lower Drumgray measures 21 inches at Coursington, and there is a supposed equivalent at Belhaven (Over Johnston) Colliery. On the whole further boring is needed before a conclusion can be come to as to the reserves in this area, on the horizons of these lower coals.

A better case might be made out as regards the area occupied by higher strata, which extends for some distance on each side of the village of Newarthill. At Townhead No. 43 Pit, a little to the south of this area, the Lower Drumgray was wrought with a thickness of 22 inches, while the Upper Drumgray and Kiltongue Coals measured respectively 14 and 18 inches. At Legbrannock Colliery, just north of the area, and not far from Lauchope, both the Lower and Upper Drumgray Coals are workable subjects, the latter measuring 2 ft. 2 in. At Newhouse Colliery the former seam is 2 ft. 6 in. It is thus evident that nothing except the depth — or it may be difficulties with regard to water — has prevented the Lower Drumgray from being worked over this area. It would not be deeper than 120 fms.

With regard to the thinner seams there is in the first place little prospect that the Crofthead Coal will be wrought anywhere in the district except possibly near Easthill, if the coal there be in fact on that horizon. The Clefted Coal is thin but fairly constant over the northern and eastern part of the two sheets. Enough is not known as to its quality to justify a prediction as to whether it is likely to be wrought in the near future. The Shotts Gas Coal is even thinner.

The Virtuewell is fairly constant, and two bores near Meadowhead show it as 2 ft. and 2 ft. in. in thickness. It is therefore worth noting that there appears to be a good deal of ground in the southwestern part of Lanark 12 S.E., where the seam is still intact. It is also quite possible (though the writer has no definite knowledge) that much of the Humph Coal may have been left while attention was being given to the thicker surrounding seams. If of as good quality, and as little influenced by underlying workings, as at Nos. 1 and 2 Pits, Glencleland, it is likely that this seam will be further exploited. The local presence of probably three thin coal seams, above the Ell, is also worthy of remembrance.

In conclusion it may be mentioned that, even if none of the thinner seams prove remunerative, the series of coals at present wrought, — from the Virtuewell to the Lower Drumgray, — will keep the coalfield a busy one for many years to come.

E. M, A.

Chapter V.

Coal Measukes: Hamilton And Wishaw.

A. Hamilton District.

Including Lanark, 17 N.E., and 18 N.W. (south-west of the River Clyde).

The Hamilton district is separated from that of Wishaw, to be described later, by the Eiver Clyde between Eoss House and Upper Carbarns. From Ross House the boundary runs westwards to Udston, and thence follows the line of the Dechmont fault in a south-easterly direction towards Meikle Earnock Station. The district includes by far the larger part of the town of Hamilton, and has long been an important and active minin<; centre.

The general succession in the Productive Coal Measures of the Hamilton District is shown in the following table. The names in brackets are those that have been adopted in the detailed description of the seams.

General Section of Productive Coal Measures of

Hamilton District.

Thickness

Depth.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Skipsby's Marine Band .

Strata

Upper Coal of Mbrryton, local

Strata

Coal or coaly blaes

. up to

Strata

Ell Coal .

Strata

Pyotshaw Coal .

Strata a few

' in. to 7 fms.

Main Coal

Strata

Humph Coal 1 ft.

11 in. to 3 ft.

Strata

2 to 6 fms.

Splint Coal

Strata

to 18 in.

Virgin Coal

. up to

Strata

Blackband Coal .

Strata

ViRTUBWELL COAL

12 to 36 in.

Strata

KiLTONGUB MUSSELBAND ShALE .

CocU Measures.

Thickness

B

Depth.

Fms. Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In

Strata

Coal (Kiltongue)

Strata

1 to 2i fms.

Coal (Lower Kiltongue)

Strata

"Kiltongue" Coal Upper

Drumgray)

Strata

1 fm. to

Fireclay with one or

two thin coals

(Mid Drumgray)

Strata

"Upper Drumgray'

' Coal (Lower

Drumgray)

StratA with a few thin coals .

Conjectural Base of Coal

Measures

The colleries at present working in the Hamilton district and the seams mined are shown in the following table : —

Colliery.

Udston Earnock

Neilsland Bent .

Cadzow

Boss .

Ferniegair Allanton

Owners.

Udston Colliery Co., Ltd. John Watson, Ltd. .

Bent Colliery Co., Ltd. Cadzow Coal Co., Ltd. A. Russell, Ltd.

Seams worked.

Blackband.

Ell, Pyotshaw, Main, Humph, Splint, Blackband and Kiltongue.

Humph, Blackband, Virtuewell and Kiltongue.

Pyotshaw, Humph, Splint, Virtue well and Kiltongue.

Ell, Pyotshaw, Main, Humph, Splint, Blackband and Virtuewell.

jj

Bog

Home Farm

W. Barr & Sons, Ltd.

Hamilton, M*Culloch &Co., Ltd.

jj

))

))

Ell, Pyotshaw, Main, Splint,

Blackband, Virtuewell and

Lower Drumgray. Ell, Pyotshaw, Main, Splint,

Virtuewell and Lower

Drumgray. Humph, Blackband, Kiltongue

and Lower Drumgray.

The thinner seams in several abandoned fields are now wrought from adjoining collieries.

The Splint Coal is an excellent seam for furnace and manufacturing purposes, but unfortunately very little of it is now left. Characteristically it contains a rib of gas coal, about 7 to 9 inches thick. The '' Kiltongue Coal of Hamilton (see p. 90) is hard and splinty in nature, and furnishes a good steam-raising and manufacturing fuel. The other seams are mainly household coals.

Base of Coal Measures to Louver Drumgray Coal. — No coals of workable thickness are known to occur in the Coal Measures of the Hamilton district below the seam which we have tentatively designated the Lower Drumgray. The sequence is shown in a generalised form in Plate VI., Section 1, and little need be added to the data given there. No horizon corresponding to the Slatyband Ironstone has yet been recorded in any boring, and consequently the

ffamiltan District.

selection of a base-line to the Coal Measures is very largely arbitrary. Some five fathoms below the Lower Drumgray there is very constantly found a thin coal which may perhaps represent the Watstone Musselband of the Larkhall District. This rausselband there lies 4J fathoms under the Lower Drumgray, and is tentatively correlated with the Shotts Gas Coal, which in some localities at least is known to have " mussels " in the blaes above it. As far as the Hamilton district is concerned, however, there is no record of a musselband at the horizon referred to. Six to nine fathoms lower in the sequence another thin coal occurs in the position, approximately, of the Upper Slatyband Ironstone of Cherryhill, which is probably to be correlated with the Mill Coal of the Armadale coal group.

KiLTONGUK — Drumgray Coal Group.

A good deal of confusion has crept into the nomenclature of this group of coals. Eeference has been made in a previous chapter {see page 50) to the working of the Kiltongue Coal at Motherwell, and at Dalzell or Coursington Collieries, the former lying to the west, the latter to the east, of the town of Motherwell. Reasons were there advanced for believing that the Kiltongue Coal of these localities is in reality the Upper Drumgray of districts iarther north and east. It is also evident that the coal wrought near Motherwell as the Kiltongue is the same as the seam worked under this name at several collieries near Hamilton. This can be shown, for example, by a comparison of a boring at Motherwell Colliery with bores at Ross, Barncluith, Bent, Cadzow, Neilsland, and Udston. We therefore prefer to regard the so-called Kiltongue of the collieries mentioned as the equivalent of the Upper Drumgray of such districts as Airdrie, Newmains, Wishaw, etc. The following table, which gives the sequence at different places in the Hamilton area, is inserted as an illustration of our point of view : —

Ross.

Barncluith.

Bent.

Splint Coal

Strata . Blackband Coal

Strata .

ViRTUBWKLL COAL

Strata . Position of Kiltongue Musselband .

Strata . Coal (Upper Kiltongue) . Strata . Coal (Lower Kiltongue) . Strata . "Kiltongue" Coal (Upper Drumgray)

13 f ms. 26 in.

7i fms. 24 in. 12 fms.

13 fms. 12 fms.

25 in. 27 in.

7 fms. 9 fms.

15 in. 18 in.

Cadzow.

12 fms. 28 in. 18 in. f 12 fms.

Udston.

9 fms. 24 in.

7 fms. in leaves.

9 fms.

2 ft. shaly )- 18 fms. 17 fms. 8 in. shale 15 in. sbaly blaes I j blaes

6 fms. J

11 in.

2 fms.

5 in.

18 in.

L 5J fms. 9 fms.

13 in. 13 in. 12 in. 14 in.

4 in. f I 9 m. 15 in.

6 fms. J L 3J fms. 3 fms.

19 in. 33 in.

29 in. 20 in.

1 See " Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area VIII." {Mem. Geol. Surv.), 1917, pp. 37 and 40.

2 Op. cit, p. 39.

88 Coai Measures.

In none of these borings are " mussels " recorded at the Kiltongue Musselband horizon, but the shale itself is constantly noted, and there is no doubt of the correct identification of the position.

The lowest coal of the table given above is wrought as the Kiltongue, at Bent, Cadzow and Neilsland, and has recently been abandoned at Udston. Three arguments may be adduced in support of the view that it is really the equivalent of the Upper Drumgray.

(1) The distance between this so-called Kiltongue Coal and the Kiltongue Musselband in the Hamilton area varies from 10 to 13 fathoms, as compared with 5 or 6 fathoms in such districts as Airdrie, Fauldhouse, Newmains, Wishaw, etc.

(2) At Hamilton a somewhat variable coal is found a few fathoms above the so-called Kiltongue in the position of the Kiltongue Coal proper. As the table shows, it is frequently in two thin leaves, 1 J to 2 fathoms apart, which seem to correspond to the Kiltongue and Lower Kiltongue (or Jewel Coal) of Larkhall. We may note also that in the Quarter field, to the south of Hamilton, the Kiltongue Coal, lying some 7 to 8 fathoms under the Musselband, is poorly developed, and may even be wanting over considerable areas.

(3) The " Kiltongue " Coal wrought near Hamilton is of a hard splinty nature.

On the view that this seam is really the equivalent of the Upper Drumgray, the coal constantly occurring some 7 fathoms lower in the sequence, and referred to in borings under that name, ought to be termed the Lower Drumgray.

As regards the eastern part of Lanark 18 N.W., no exact correlation of the seams below the Kiltongue Musselband has yet been established. This uncertainty arises from several causes. There is greater variation here in the intervals between the coals of the Kiltongue-Drumgray Group, while the group as a whole shows in general a considerable attenuation as it is followed eastwards towards Larkhall. Further, in some critical areas we have little or no information regarding these lower seams, while in at least one instance the same coal has been wrought at different periods under different names. One important point that awaits explanation is the apparent disappearance on the south-west side of the Clyde of the Mid Drumgray Coal of Garriongill, which corresponds to the Low Coal of Shotts. It may possibly be the case that the Lower Drumgray of Bog, Home Farm, and AUanton Collieries represents the Mid Drumgray, but there is not suflScient evidence yet available to settle the point.

Lower Drumgray Goal, — About 7 fathoms below the " Kiltongue " Coal wrought at Bent, Cadzow, Neilsland and, until recently, at Udston, there is very constantly present a somewhat variable seam which is known locally sis the "Upper Drumgray," but which, as already explained, we prefer to regard as the equivalent of the Lower Drumgray. The coal referred to can generally be recognised in borings by the fact that it is overlain by several feet of blaes containing ribs and balls of clayband ironstone. In a bore at Eoss Colliery it is recorded as a " wild parrot," feet thick. At Barncluith and Cadzow its thickness in borings is 17 and 19 inches

Hamilton District

respectively. Westwards it thins however; at Fairhill and Eddiewood it is 13 inches in thickness; at Udston 12 inches.

The strata between the seam just mentioned and the coal wrought as the Kiltongue consist mainly of hard fakes and sandstones, but include a fairly constant horizon of coal and coaly blaes. This coal is frequently in leaves separated by partings of fireclay. Three sections may be given : —

BORB AT CaDZOW CoLLIKRY.

Ft. In. Coal

Fakes and blaes Coal Fireclay and fakes

Bore at Boss Collibrt.

Ft. In. Coal 6 Faky fireclay ... 1 9 Coal 2 Faky sandstone ..70

BoRB AT Udston Colliery.

Coal

Faky fireclay

Coal

Faky Fireclay

This'Coal may be tentatively termed the Mid Drumgray.

Lower Drumgray " of Allanton, Home Farm and Bog Collieries, — A coal seam is mined under the name of the Lower Drumgray at the three collieries mentioned. Its relation to the Virtuewell Coal is shown in the following table : —

Allanton. Bog.

Virtuewell Coal

.es

Ft.

In.

Strata Kiltongue Musselband

Strata Coal (Kiltongue Coal)

Strata Coal (Upper Drumgray)

Strata

13 fms.

12 in.

4 fms.

15 in.

6 fms.

6 to 22 in.

3 10 7 fms.

" Lower Drumgray Coal," with parting, up to 29 in.

The " Lower Drumgray " of Bog Colliery shows :—

Ft. Sandstone . . . .1

Coal . . .1

Rib . . . . . .0

Coal . . . . .0

12 fms. 10 in.

5 fms. 14 in.

6 fms.

6 to 18 in. up to 29 in.

In.

At Home Farm it is said to reach along with its parting a thickness of 39 inches. At Allanton, where the same seam has recently been opened out, a boring showed : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .15

Coaly blaes . . . . .13

Coal . . . . .10

The coaly blaes may be as much as 3 feet thick, however, and the lower leaf of coal completely absent. In the same colliery the undoubted Upper Drumgray is also wrought, and the distance between the seams is said to be as much as 40 feet in a blind pit, though in borings it amounts to only 14 or 15 feet. There is some reason for believing that the " Lower Drumgray " of Allanton, Home

Coal Measures

Farm, and Bog, may in reality represent the Mid Drumgray, which, as has been explained, is also possibly present nearer to Hamilton.

Upper Drumgray Goal Kiltongue*' Coal of Hamilton), — The undoubted Upper Drumgray Coal has quite recently been opened out at AUanton Colliery, where it varies in thickness from 6 to 22 inches. It is said to be a harder and cleaner coal than the Lower Drumgray of the same colliery {see p. 89). It lies about lOJ fms. below the Kiltongue Musselband, and about 23 fms. below the Virtuewell Coal. In borings at Ferniegair Colliery an 11- or 12-inch coal is recorded at the same horizon.

Under the name of Upper Drumgray we propose to deal also with the " Kiltongue " Coal of certain collieries near Hamilton. Some of the reasons for the adoption of this nomenclature have already been given and need not be repeated. The coal referred to is wrought at present at Bent, Cadzow, and Neilsland, where it lies 22 or 23 fms. below the VirtuewelL At Bent and Cadzow it shows : —

Bent.

Cadzow.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In

Black blaes

Dark fakes

Splint Coal .

Hard Coal .

Gas Coal

Gas Coal

Coaly blaes

Faky fireclay .

At Neilsland the " Kiltongue " Coal is stated to occur in two

leaves : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .17

Stone rib . . . . .03

Coal . . . . .04

but here and in the Eddlewood field borings record considerable variations in thickness. Sometimes the rib is not present, and the coal appears to vary from 16 to 28 inches

Westwards the seam deteriorates, and although mined for some years at Udston Colliery, was abandoned in December of 1917 as too thin for profitable working. Bores put down previous to the opening out of the seam had recorded as much as 24 inches of coal, but this thickness was not reached in the actual workings. A characteristic section of the Udston " Kiltongue at its best showed : —

Ft. In. Sandstone roof

Blaes

Coal

Dirt .

Coal

Dirt.

Fireclay

The seam lies about 23 fms. under the Virtuewell Coal.

Wherever this Hamilton " Kiltongue " Coal has been wrought it has proved to be of a somewhat splinty nature.

From the foregoing data it seems likely that the " Kiltongue " Coal is a workable subject over all the eastern half of Lanark 17 N.E. A boring at Barncluith Colliery records 19 inches of coal lying 26 fms. below the Virtuewell, and another at Eoss Colliery (Lanark 18 N.W.), shows an 18-inch seam at the same horizon.

Bamiltan District.

West of Hamilton, however, the " Eiltongue " appears to be thinner and more variable than at Bent and Cadzow. Its development at Udston has already been referred to. In the Earnock field, which lies between Bent and Udston, there is some dubiety regarding the stratigraphical position of the coal wrought as the Kiltongue. It will accordingly be separately treated.

Kiltongue Coal of JEamoeL — This seam occurs in No. 1 Pit, Earnock Colliery, at a depth of 161 fms., and lies some 19 fms. under the Virtuewell Coal. It is sometimes referred to as the Upper Kiltongue, and is locally considered to lie a few fathoms above the " Kiltongue " of Bent. If so, it may be a leaf of the true Kiltongue Coal (see table on page 87), which has in this locality attained a workable thickness. Its section is very similar to the Kiltongue Coal of Udston, and is given below : —

Ft. In.

Sandstone

Fakes

Coal

Daugh

Coal

Daugb

Kiltongice Coal. — The seam which we prefer to correlate with the Kiltongue Coal of other districts, where the sequence and nomenclature are well-established, lies on an average 4 or 5 fms. above the so-called " Kiltongue " of Hamilton. It is a rather poor and variable seam, often divided into leaves by partings of fireclay. Near Hamilton, if we except the somewhat doubtful instance of the seam wrought under this name at Earnock Colliery (see preceding paragraph), it has attracted no attention. At Barncluith and Bent it is recorded as 13 inches thick, at Udston as 14 inches, and one or two fathoms lower there occurs a second somewhat thinner seam, which may perhaps correspond to the Lower Kiltongue or Jewel Coal of Larkhall. As examples of the splitting of the Kiltongue Coal by fireclay partings, the following two sections may be quoted : —

Cadzow.

Eddlbwood.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Coal . . . .

Coal . . 7 in. to

Fireclay . . . .

Fireclay . . 2 in. to

Blaes

Coal . . 4 in. to

Coal . . . .

Faky fireclay 5J ft. to

Faky fireclay .

Coal

Blaes

Coal . . . .

At Eoss Colliery an 11-inch coal is recorded 6 fathoms under the Kiltongue Musselband position ; in two borings at Ferniegair the same seam is said to be 16 and 17 in. thick respectively. At AUanton the coal regarded locally, and probably rightly, as the Kiltongue has not yet been wrought, but where met with in roadways, etc., is about 15 in, thick. At Home Farm, where the seam is at present worked, it shows a thickness of 23 inches.

KUtoTigue Musselband. — It is certainly curious that none of the borings near Hamilton record " mussels " at this horizon. Neverthe-

Coal MeMures.

less its position can be generally recognised throughout the district by an 9 or 10-inch band of shale locally accompanied by a rib of clayband ironstone, one or two inches thick. The sections at Bent and Cadzow are as follows : —

Bent.

Cadzow.

Ft. In.

Ft. In.

Sandstone

Sandstone

Dark blaes

Dark blaes

Shale

Shale

Fireclay

Clayband Fireclay

Occasionally a thin coal is found in association with the shale. At Bog Colliery a 10-inch " musselband " is recorded at this horizon, below 4 inches of black shaly blaes.

The Kiltongue Musselband or Shale lies on an average 6 fathoms above the coal or coals we have taken as corresponding to the Kiltongue. The strata separating it from the Virtuewell Coal vary in thickness from 9 to 13 fathoms, and consist mainly of fakes and sandstones. Towards the middle of this interval there is found near Hamilton a fireclay horizon which may possibly correspond to the underseat of the Ladygrange Coal of other districts. The coal itself is by no means always present, though it measures 13 inches in a bore at Neilsland Colliery, and apparently 19 inches in another at Bog Colliery.

Virttiewell Coal. — This seam is best developed in the eastern part of the Hamilton district, where it is a valuable seam with the character of a first-class household coal. Westwards towards Hamilton, however, it becomes notably thinner, and is quite unworkable at Udston.

The Virtuewell Coal was in 1917 wrought at Bog, AUanton, Ferniegair, and Eoss Collieries, and has also been worked at Home Farm Colliery. At the last-mentioned it showed : —

Blaes

Clayband Ironstone balls .

Blaes

Fireclay

Blaes and balls

Coal

Fireclay

In the AUanton field the seam varies from 25 to 30 inches, rarely reaching 35 inches. At Ferniegair it is 23 inches thick, and has a sandstone roof. At Eoss Colliery it varies from 18 to 23 inches.

In Lanark 17 N.E., the Virtuewell has been wrought at Bent and Cadzow since 1914 and 1916 respectively. The sections are as follows : —

Ft.

In.

over

Bent.

Cadzow.

Coal

Blaes and balls

Free Coal

Splinty Coal

Free Coal

Fireclay

Ft.

In

Coal

Faky blaes

Coal

Faky Fireclay

12 in to

Ft.

In

Hamilton District 93

On a small scale the Virtuewell Coal has also been worked at Neilsland (1911-12), where it showed : —

Coal . . . . . 4 or 6 in.

Fireclay . . 16 to 20 in.

Coal . . . . . 17 to 20 in.

This tendency to splitting is shown also at Eddlewood, where the lower leaf is only 15 inches or so thick. A boring* at Allanshaw Colliery records at this horizon : —

In.

Fireclay 6

At Bamcluith, again, a blind bore recorded only 15 in. of coal in the same position. In the Eamock field it appears to range from 16 to 24 inches in thickness, and here, as elsewhere near Hamilton, has a variable fireclay parting. At Udston, as we have already seen, it is unworkable.

From the above data it would appear that from Hamilton southwards there is a considerable area of practically untouched Virtuewell Coal. It occurs here in two leaves, of which the lower and thicker varies from 15 to 20 inches. Farther east, however, it thickens considerably, and has been largely worked in Lanark 18 N.W. There is still much of it left here between the various colliery workings referred to.

The Eoughband Ironstone is in general unrepresented in the district. Occasionally a bed of fireclay containing ironstone ribs is found about 2 fathoms above the Virtuewell Coal ; and ironstones, 4 and 6 inches thick, are recorded in this position at Earnock.

Blackband Coal. — This seam has been rained for a number of years at Udston and Earnock Collieries, and was opened out at Bent and Cadzow in 1910. Its distance below the Splint Coal varies from 9 to 13 fathoms, and is greatest in the eastern part of the district. At Udston the Blackband Coal is 2 ft. thick, at Earnock 2 ft. to 2 ft. 4 inches, while the average section at Bent shows : —

Ft. In. Dark blaes

Splint Coal .01

Free Coal. . . .22

Fireclay

A bore at Barncluith records a thickness of 25 in., while at fioss Colliery the seam has the following section : —

Ft. In. Sandstone

Fireclay . . .40

Coal . . . 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 2

Hard fireclay

It has not been wrought between Bent and Eoss Collieries.

South-east of Hamilton the Blackband Coal is raised at Ferniegair, AUanton, Home Farm, and Bog Collieries. It was first opened out in this part of the area at Ferniegair in 1911. In the AUanton

Coai Measu/res,

workings the thickness varies from 22 to 27 in.; at Merryton it occurs in three leaves, the section given in a boring being as follows : —

Ft. In.

Coal

Black blaes .

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

The seam is also in leaves at Home Farm Colliery, where there is a total thickness of about 2 ft. 3 in. of coal.

In all the areas hitherto mentioned the Blackband is fairly constant in thickness, and, under present conditions, a workable subject. In the southern part of Lanark 17 N.E., it is a thinner and more variable seam. As already stated, it was opened out at Cadzow in 1910, but proved to be too variable and poor to work, and was soon abandoned. In the Neilsland-Eddlewood field it seems to vary from 1 to 2 ft. in thickness. Accordingly, little is likely to be done in this part of the Hamilton field in mining the Blackband Coal until the thicker and more constant seams are exhausted.

The strata between the Blackband and Splint Coals increase rather noticeably in an easterly direction in this district, from 9 to 13 fms. Towards the middle of the interval occurs a thin coal, 2 to 9 in. thick, which may perhaps represent the Musselband Coal of other areas. About 7 fms. under the Splint in a bore at " Avonbank Pit," near Avonbrae Cottages, a 2|-inch mussel-ironstone is noted lying 1 ft. above a 3-inch coal. At Bent No. 3 Pit a 6-inch musselband is recorded 10 ft. below the Splint.

Splint and Virgin Coals, — These coals in the Hamilton district form practically one seam which has nearly all been wrought out a first time by the "stoop and room" system. The removal of the old stoops or pillars is still in progress at the following collieries: — Earnock, Neilsland, Cadzow, Ross, Ferniegair, AUanton, and Bog One or two typical sections may be placed on record.

Udston.

Bent.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Splint Coal .

Free Coal

Free Coal

Splint Coal .

Parting . Free Coal

Oj

Gas Coal Free Coal

Parting . . . . Free Coal (Virgin)

Oj

Parting . . . .

Free Coal

Parting .

Foul Coal (Virgin)

Oj

In these sections the Virgin Coal of Udston seems to be represented by the three lowest items at Bent. At Barncluith and Cadzow, again, the Splint Coal shows : —

Barncluith.

Free Coal Splint Coal Gas Coal Free Coal Parting . Free Coal (Virgin) 1 ft.

9 in. to

Ft.

In.

Cadzow.

Splint Coal .

Gas Coal

Free Coal

Parting . . up to

Free Coal (Virgin)

Ft. In.

Hamilton District.

The Virgin Coal of the Cadzow section corresponds to that at Bent, but certainly not to the seam of the same name at Barncluith. The name Virgin Coal appears to be somewhat loosely used. At Eddlewood the section is very similar to that at Cadzow and shows : —

Splint Coal Gas Coal . Free Coal . Parting of fireclay . Free Coal (Virgin)

In.

Oi

Farther south again in the Quarter field the parting may increase to as much as nine feet.

In Lanark 18 N.W. (south of the Clyde), the Splint and Virgin Coals form one seam with an average thickness of 5 ft. 3 in. The section at Home Farm Colliery may be quoted here : —

Ft. In.

Sandstone

Blaes

Coaly blaes .

Free Coal .

Splint Coal

Free Coal .

Gas Coal .

1 ft. to

Free Coal .

The roof of the Splint Coal consists typically of blaes containing scattered ironstone balls. The seam itself is fairly constant throughout the district. The rib of gas coal is very characteristic ; in some cases it was picked out and separately sold. The hard splinty nature of the upper part of the seam created a large demand for it for furnace and manufacturing purposes.

The strata which separate the Splint Coal from the Humph vary from about two fathoms at Udston to nearly six at Neilsland. They maintain an average thickness not much inferior to that at Nielsland throughout the whole of the eastern part of the district.

Humph Goal, — The Humph Coal lies above the Splint at a distance varying from 14 feet at Udston to about 6 fathoms at Blantyre. At Bent the distance is 4 fathoms, at Cadzow and Barncluith 4J fathoms, and farther east in Lanark 18 N.W. it averages 5 fathoms.

The coal itself has been pretty extensively wrought in the northern part of Lanark 17 N.E. It is still raised at Earnock, Bent, Neilsland and Cadzow Collieries. At Udston, where the seam was abandoned in 1917, the Humph Coal showed.

Ft. In.

Blaes roof

Blaes brushing

Free Coal .

Coaly blaes .

Hard fireclay pavement

96 Coal Measfwres.

The sections at Bent, Barncluith and Cadzow may also be quoted.

Bent. Barncluith.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

Blaes roof Blaes roof

Blaes with fireclay ribs . 3 3 Blaes 3 Coal 2 10 Coal 4 Fireclay pavement Sclit

Coal 2 Blacks

Cadzow.

Ft In. Black blaes . .49

Coal . . .06

Dirt . . to 3

Coal . . . 1 11

Fireclay pavement

Near Fairhill the Humph Coal is 26 or 28 inches thick, and farther west may reach 36 inches. At Earnock it is about 2 ft. 8 in. in thickness, and oh Wellhall varies from 2J to 3 feet. There is still a considerable area of Humph Coal to be exploited to the south of Hamilton in the Neilsland, Eddlewood and Cadzow fields, although the seam decreases in thickness in tliis direction, and farther south at Quarter has little or no economic value. East of Barncluith and Cadzow it is a somewhat variable coal, but is still wrought at Boss and Ferniegair. The section at the latter colliery shows ; —

Ft. In. Blaes and ironstone ribs

Coal . . . .07

Rib . . .02

Coal . . . .18

Fireclay

A bore at AUanton Colliery records 32 inches of coal in the Humph position. At Home Farm Colliery the section shows : —

Ft. In. Coaly blaes .04

Coal . . . . .04

Sclit . .. . . .04

Coal . . . . .16

At Merryton also it occurs in two leaves, of which the upper is rather thicker than at Home Farm. At Bog Colliery again it is stated to consist mainly of ribs of coal, 1 to 2 inches thick, separated by one-inch dirt partings. Unless similar partings have been unrecorded in other bores it would appear that there is a good deal of ground within Lanark 18 KW., where the Humph is of a workable character.

Main Coal, — This coal in the Hamilton district shows a very uniform thickness of about 4 ft. 6 in. A few typical sections of the seam may be placed on record : —

Barncluith. Bent. Fairhill. Cadzow.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Free Coal

Splint Coal .

Free Coal

Splint Coal (" Pugs ") .

Free Coal

Hamilton IHstrict.

The roof consists typically of fakes, though locally a little blaes may occur immediately above the coal.

In Lanark 18 N.W. (south of the Eiver Clyde), the section of the Main Coal is very similar to those given above. We quote the following details of its development at Ferniegair and Home Farm Collieries :

F£RNIBaATR.

Home Farm.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In

Blaes and balls

Faky sandstone roof

Frsb Coal .

Freb Coal .

Splint Coal.

Splint Coal.

Freb Coal .

.

Free Coal (1-in. rib in centre)

Splint Coal.

.

Splint Coal.

Freb Coal .

Free Coal .

The strata intervening between the Main and Ell Coals average 11 or 12 fathoms in thickness, although at Blantyre No. 3 Pit the distance is stated to be only 8 J fathoms. In this interval occur two horizons that call for particular notice — the Pyotshaw Coal and the representative of the well-known " Cambuslang Marble."

Pyotshaw Coal. — This seam is wrought at present at nearly all the working collieries in the district. Its distance above the Main Coal varies from a few inches up to 44 feet. In some parts of the field the variation in thickness of the intervening beds is very rapid ; at Bog and Home Farm Collieries, for example, it is said that an increase from a few inches up to four or five fathoms may occur in 100 yards or less. The following table records the figures for different localities : —

Pyotshaw to Main Coal.

Name of Shaft or Boring. Blantyre Colliery (Nos. 2 and 3 Pits)

Udston

Eamock

Allanshaw

Bent

Fairhill

Neilsland

Bamcluith

Ross

n

n

No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 2 No. 1 No. 1

Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit

No. 2 Pit

Bore in No. 1 Pit, Ferniegair Allanton Farm, No. 2 bore Merry ton, No. 1 bore . Higblees Farm, bore on

17 to 25 ft.

18 ft.

21 ft.

16 ft.

lOi ft.

11 ft.

24 ft.

28 ft. 30 ft. 44 ft. 36 ft.

29 ft. 7 ft.

The averse thickness of the coal itself is about 36 inches. At Udston it increases to as much as 50 inches, and at Allanton falls to 27 inches. Typically the roof is of faky blaes and the pavement of fireclay. A few characteristic sections are added : —

Udston. Bent. Barnoluith. Allanton.

Free Coal Splint Coal Free Coal

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Ft. In,

Goal Measures,

At Earnock it varies from 39 to 45 inches in thickness and the roof is of fakes.

The other horizon referred to is a " musselband," 8 or 10 inches thick, which was got in Earnock Colliery some two fathoms above the Pyotshaw Coal. This bed represents the "Cambuslang Marble" described on page 36 of this Memoir. It has not often been recorded outside the type district, nor do the " mussels " occur anywhere else in such profusion or in such a good state of preservation as at Cambuslang.

Ell Coal, — Coal is still obtained from stoops in the old workings in this seam at Earnock and Neilsland Collieries, but the seam is practically exhausted so far as the Hamilton area is concerned. It averaged 7 or 7i feet in thickness. A typical section is that recorded for the abandoned colliery at AUanshaw : —

Ft.

In.

Sandstone . . . .

Hard fireclay . . . .

Head Coal . . . .

Coal . . . . .

- Stone . . . . .

H

Coal

Fireclay . . . . .

The bracket indicates the worked part of the seam.

The coal was wrought here on the " stoop and room " system, with

pillars of 20 by 30 yards. The section at Udston is somewhat

different, and shows : —

Ft. In. Sandstone

Fireclay . . . . 6 to 8

Coal . . . . .48

Sclit . . . . IJ .

Wild Coal . ..27

The upper portion of the seam, variously described as "head coal," "top coal," "brassy coal" (Eddlewood), or "inferior coal" (Bent), was left in as support to the workings. This custom arose from the fact that the overlying blaes or fireclay did not furnish a good roof to the seam, but it has in some cases been found possible to obtain the coal thus left in a second working. Around Hamilton the " head coal " varied from to feet. The part actually wrought, or the " breast coal," was about 5 to feet thick, and at least locally contained ribs of a splinty nature. One or two sections may be given : —

Bent.

Cadzow.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Inferior Coal .

Head Coal

a

Soft Coal

Coal

Splint Coal

Hard Coal

Free Coal

Soft Coal

Eddlewood.

Brasst Coal

i

Splint Coal

Free Coal.

Splint Coal

Free Coal.

Splint Coal

Free Coal.

Hamilton District,

In Lanark 18 N.W. (south of the E. Clyde) the Ell Coal is still raised at Eoss, Ferniegair, AUanton and Bog Collieries. Its average thickness here is feet. The following table shows the proportion of " head " to " breast " coal at different points : —

Head Coal. Breast Goal.

Barncluith . . . 1 ft. 8 in. 5 to ft.

Hauhhead .

Ferniegair

Merryton

Bog and Home Farm

2Jft. 2 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. 3 ft.

5 ft.

6 ft.

4 ft. 4 in.

5 ft. 4 in.

The breast coal has again a thin splint rib of about 6 inches in thickness. In this part of the Hamilton area also the seam is rapidly nearing exhaustion. At Merryton and Home Farm Collieries it was found possible to open up the head coal as a new seam.

Strata above the Ell CoaL — The beds intervening between the Ell Coal and Skipsey's Marine Band in the Hamilton district contain no index-horizon of any stratigraphical value. A few thin and inconstant seams of coal are locally recorded, but the evidence at our disposal is not sufficient to allow of any satisfactory correlation with other districts. Near Hamilton a thin coal or coaly blaes horizon, which may locally be as much as 14 inches in thickness, occurs some 11 or 12 fathoms above the Ell. This seam may perhaps correspond to the " Upper Coal " of the Glasgow district, which was worked about two and a half miles to the north-west at Letterick in Lanark 11 S.W. (see p. 40).

At Eoss Colliery, No. 2 Pit, an 18-inch coal is recorded some 16 fathoms above the Ell Coal.

A small area of " Upper " or " Upper Ell " Coal has been wrought at Merryton. This seam lies 22 fathoms above the Ell, and showed the following section : —

Ft.

In.

Dirt

Coal

Daugh

Goal

Faky plies, brushing

In a boring at Highlees Farm (south-east corner of Lanark 18 N.W.) what is almost certainly the same horizon showed : —

Ft In.

Sandstone fakes

Soft Coal .

Fireclay

Coal

Faky fireclay

The " Upper Coal " of Merryton may perhaps be the same as the seam of the same name formerly worked at Shawfield (Lanark, 18 S.E.), and to a slight extent at Father Colliery, near Wishaw (see p. 119). It is almost certainly on a higher horizon than the seam referred to above as perhaps representing the " Upper Coal " of Glasgow. Very variable and local in its occurrence, it is exceedingly diflBcult to recognise in borings near Hamilton, although at Eddiewood a 40-inch "foul coal" is recorded 21 fathoms above the Ell at what may be the same horizon.

100 Goal Measures,

No representative of the musselband which lies a few feet above the Upper Coal of the Dalserf-Shawfield area {see p. 119) has been yet recorded in the Hamilton district.

Avonbrae Goal Group. — At a height of 32 to 43 fms. above the Ell Coal occurs a group of strata containing some thin coal seams. From the fact that they are well exposed in the cliff opposite Avonbrae Cottages (Lanark 18 N.W.), they may conveniently be referred to as the Avonbrae Coal and Fireclay Group. Four coals occur here, varying from 9 to 16 inches in thickness, the lowest being a gas coal with a conspicuous rusty weathering. The highest of the four, a 10 to 16-inch bright coal, lies 8 fms. below Skipsey's Band. This group is known also from bores in the quarter-sheet to the west (Lanark 17 N.K). The coals are very thin and variable, however, though in one case a thickness of 19 inches is recorded.

The group is overlain in the Avon section by a thin sandstone, and above this comes about 5 fms. of blaes and fireclay of a reddish colour, with Skipsey*s Marine Band at the top.

Skipsey's Marine Band, — This thin limestone is exposed (1) on the side of the path along the east side of the Avon, 450 yds. south of Chatelherault, and (2) at the top of the tributary gully, about 350 yds. west-north-west of Avonbrae. At the former locality it is an earthy limestone, 8 in. in thickness, overlying a thin coal which rests in turn on a thick fireclay. In both cases it contains the usual assemblage of marine fossils. Its stratigraphical position in the Avon gorge is probably very nearly 50 fms. above the Ell Coal, so that, as indicated on page 67, there is a slight diminution of this interval from north to south.

Skipsey*s Band is nowhere exposed within Lanark 17 N.E., and has not been recorded in any bore. Its position can be fixed, however, within comparatively narrow limits by reference to the overlying Chatelherault Sandstone (see below), and the underlying Avonbrae Coal Group.

Barren Measures. — This group of strata, as developed in the Hamilton area, appears to be somewhat less variable thSm is usually the case. It has been possible to recognise a fairly constant succession of rock groups, and to some of these we have ventured to give names derived from localities where they are typically developed. The succession is approximately as follows : —

Red. Sandstones with some fireclays .

Purple fireclays and clays (blaes) with red marly

sandstones about Eed sandstones (Hamilton Sandstone Group) 12 fms. to Purplish fireclays and clays (blaes) with some thin

coals (Barncluith Coal Qroup) . 10 fms. to

Grey to reddish sandstones and faky sandstones

(Chatelherault Sandstone) Lilac- coloured clays (blaes) . . . 4 ft. to

Skipseys Marine Band

In the gorge of the Eiver Avon the marine band is overlain by 4 to 14 feet of lilac- coloured clays, and this in turn by a thick sandstone which is well exposed in the bed of the stream close to Chatelherault Bridge. This sandstone has accordingly been named

'ms.

Ft.

In.

Hamilton 2)istrict. \iOl

the Chatelherault Sandstone, and, since it can Be '<fetsciifBd:Jtf borings throughout the Hamilton field, it is an index-horizon of some local value. It varies in thickness from about 10 to about 15 fathoms, and only locally shows the red staining characteristic of the Barren Measures. Very probably it was this sandstone that was formerly quarried south of Bog Farm, beside the Lanark road.

The next item in the succession is the Barncluith Coal and Fireclay Group. This group consists of purple-coloured fireclays and blaes associated with thin coals. It is exposed in the Eiver Avon to the south-east of Laverock Hill and near Barncluith. Three coals, of which the thickest (and lowest) measures 12 inches, are visible here. The same group is again seen on the right bank of the Avon, below the viaduct. In the Earnock Water, above High Townhill, the Barncluith Coal Group seems to be partially exposed, and here again the thickest seam measures 12 inches.

Above the Barncluith Coal Group comes a massive red sandstone which underlies a large part of the town of Hamilton, and may therefore be fitly termed the Hamilton Sandstone. Good exposures can be seen at the old quarries where the Gas Works now stand, at Tuphall Quarries, in the lower part of the Cadzow Burn, at the top of the gorge in the Eiver Avon just south of Barncluith, etc.

The Hamilton Sandstone is followed in upward succession by a series of variegated fireclays, blaes and marly sandstones, some 12 fms. thick, and above this in turn comes another massive red sandstone with a proved thickness of over 24 fms. This sandstone is well exposed in the old quarries on both sides of the Cadzow Burn, near Cadzow, and is the highest part of the Coal Measure sequence of which we have definite knowledge near Hamilton.

A strongly marked feature of the Barren Bed Measures in the neighbourhood of Hamilton is their erosion into deep and relatively narrow gorges. This canon type of erosion is well seen in the course of the Earnock Burn, between Earnock House and Woodfoot.

It may be added that only very occasionally is there any reddening of the strata below Skipsey's Marine Band. The Chatelherault Sandstone is locally described in borings as grey " or " white," but above it the strata definitely assume the characteristic mottled tints.

Structural Features, — The area of Coal Measures under consideration is bounded on the south-west side by the Dechmont Fault (see p. 43), which is known at Udston as the " Universal Dyke." The deepest part of the basin lies along a belt of ground stretching from Meikle Earnock to Udston. Here the Ell Coal is usually 120 to 130 fms. deep. The whole of the Coal Measure area in Lanark 17 N.E., except for the narrow faulted strip at Dykehead, is occupied by rocks belonging to the Barren or Bed Measures. The same group of rocks covers the western part of Lanark 18 N.W., as far east as a line running from Bog Colliery approximately northwestwards to the Clyde west of Ross House. East of this line the Productive Coal 'Measures appear at the surface, and the shallowest part of the field lies along the Clyde between Upper Carbarns and Highlees.

Around Hamilton the strata are very flat, a commonly recorded angle of dip being three degrees.

v:{';Kft±t to;'ti|e.Dechmont fault the largest dislocation is one which has beVn termed the " Brockhill Dyke." This fault runs east and west, and follows roughly the southern boundary of the two quarter sheets. It has a downthrow to the north, which near the point where it crosses the Biver Avon amounts to 40 fms. Another east-and-west slip, with northerly downthrow, runs parallel to the last half-a-mile or so farther north. Its throw is smaller, however, but the fracture can be traced from beyond the Clyde as far as Meikle Eamock, passing just south of Home Farm, Allan ton, Cadzow, and Neilsland Collieries, It may be designated the Eddlewood Fault.

North-westerly faults are also frequent, especially in the eastern part of the area described. One of these, with a downthrow to the north-east, crosses the Kiver Avon between the old and the new Avon Bridges, and it is suggested that it may be called the Avon Bridge fault. Its throw at the ireighbouring Ferniegair Colliery is stated to be 24 fathoms. A smaUer member of this class near Eoss House appears to end off against an east-and-west fault. In the same way a 10-fathom slip of the north-western series, slightly east of the Avon, appears to terminate on one side against the " Brockhill Dyke" and on the other side against the Eddlewood fault. These cases are probably to be explained by deflection, and are recorded on account of the evidence they furnish as to the later age of the northwesterly faults.

Buried Channels of Clyde and Avon, — A considerable thickness of sand and mud, which is often water-bearing, overlies the boulder-clay or rests upon solid rock over much of the ground to the east of Hamilton. Sand is present in considerable thickness at Ferniegair {see p. 133), but the tract to which we particularly refer runs parallel to the Eiver Clyde from Boss Colliery to Upper Carbarns, and sends out a branch to the south at Merryton Colliery. These accumulations will be more fully dealt with on page 133 ; for the present it will be sufficient to state that they are regarded as filling old wide valleys hoUowed out by the Clyde and by its tributary the Avon.

The coal seams are in the main too deeply buried to be intersected by these hollows, but a portion of the Ell Coal was worked with too thin a rock-cover beneath the base of the old Clyde valley to the north of Home Farm Colliery. The result was a disastrous subsidence of the loose material into the workings, which took place in the year 1877. The site of the subsidence is still occupied by a pond in the Clyde alluvium.

Reserves of Coal, — Here, as in so many other districts, the thick coals from the Splint upwards are very largely worked out. Little remains of the Ell, Main, and Splint, and the Pyotshaw also is exhausted over large areas. There is a good deal of Humph Coal still intact ; this seam, for example, has only recently been opened out at Cadzow. There are still large reserves of Blackband Coal to be extracted, especially where, as at Barncluith, collieries were abandoned prior to the introduction of coal-cutters. The Virtuewell and the so-called Kiltongue Coals are locally too thin to work, but in both

1 See "Geology of the Glasgow District" (Afem. QeoL Surv,\ 1911, pp. 170 and 172.

Wishaw District, 103

cases there are still large areas to exploit. The remaining seams appear to be thin and unreliable, and, although one or two may be locally found to be of workable thickness, the district will be practically wrought out when those already named have been entirely removed. Upon the whole the future prospects of this district are perhaps less promising than those of the adjoining district of Wishaw. M. M., c. H. D.

B. Wishaw District.

Six-inch maps, Lanark, IB N.E. ; IB N.W. (north-east of the River Clyde).

The district to be now described covers an area of approximately nine square miles, extending from the Camp Viaduct which carries the Motherwell-Hamilton railway across the Clyde as far eastwards as a line joining Newmains and Law Junction Station. This strip of country, which includes on its north-central margin the town of Wishaw, has long been an active miniig centre. The account of Cambusnethan Parish (1839), given in the "New Statistical Account of Scotland," 1 mentions the Ell, Main and Splint seams as being worked in a shallow pit near Wishaw Distillery. These thick upper seams have been very extensively wrought, and probably very little of them remains. Coal is still obtained from all three, but the future of the district depends upon the thinner seams which underlie them. Over by far the greater part of the district the rocks that appear at the surface belong to the Productive Coal Measures, the general succession in which is shown in the two following representative sections. Bef erence should also be made to the graphic sections given on Plate VL, Sections 2, 3, and 4.

General Sections of Productive Coal Measures.

(1) East and South-bast op Wishaw.

Thickness.

Depth

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Fms.

Ft.

In

Horizon of Skipsby's Mabinb Band.

Strata .

estimated

" Upper Coal "

. variable, up to

Strata .

. about

Ell Coal .

. 9 ft. to

Strata .

8 f ms. to

Pyotshaw Coal

'6

Strata .

an inch or two to

Main Coal .

Humph Coal

Strata .

variable, average

Splint Coal

Strata .

1 in. to

Virgin Coal

8 in. to

Strata .

Blackband Coal

. up to

J Vol. vi., 1845, p. 610.

CocU Meamfei.

Strata ViRTUBWELL CoAL . 2 ft 6 in. to

Strata Bbllsidb Ibonstonb verj local

Strata . .

Coal, ? Ladtorangb in. to

Strata

ElLTONGUE MUSSBLBAMD ShALB

AND Ibonstonb .

Strata . 6 fma. to

EiLTONGUB Coal . up to

Strata . 5 fma. to

Ufpbr Drumgray Coal,

1 ft. 4 in. to

Strata . fms. to

Mid Drumgrat Coal . up to

Strata Lower Drumgrat or Smitht Coal

Strata Shotts Gas Coal .

Strata Mill Coal

Strata . . about

Ball Coal . very inconstant

Strata . . . about

Main Coal . very inconstant

Strata . . . about

Conjectural Base of Coal Measures.

Thickness. Fms. Ft In

Depth. Fma Ft

In.

(2) West and South-west op Wishaw.

Thickness.

Depth

Fms.

Ft

In.

Fms

Ft

In

Skipset's Marine Band 8 in. to

Strata .

. about

Coal

. very variable

Strata .

. up to

Ell Coal .

. up to

Strata .

. 6 fms. 3 ft to

Pyotshaw Coal

. 2 ft 4 in. to

Strata .

a few inches to

Main Coal .

Strata .

Humph Coal

. 1 ft 2 in. to

Strata .

Splint Coal

. 4 ft to

Strata .

3 in. to

Virgin Coal

7 in. to

Strata .

Blackband Coal

4 in. to

Strata . 7 to 15 fms., average

ViRTUEWETiL COAL

2 ft to

Strata .

Coal, ? Ladtgrange . 6 in. to

Strata .

Kiltongue Mubselband Shale

and Ironstone

. very variable

Strata .

(locally 10 fms.)

Kiltongue Coal

variable, up to

Strata .

4 fms. to

Upper Drumgrat Coal .

H'shaw

District

Thickness.

Deptb.

Fms.

Ft. In.

Fms. Ft.

In

Strata

Mid Dbuhgray Coal,

very variable

Strata

Lower DBUiiaBAY Coal . up to

Strata

Shotts Gab Coal . . up to

Strata

Mill Coal

Strata . variable

Conjectural Base of Coal Measures.

The extra thickness shown in the former section is an instance of the gradual eastward thickening (see p. 3) of the Productive Coal Measures. The lower part of the Barren or Red Measures is also represented in the district, while in the south-west corner of Lanark 18 KE., there is a very small area which is possibly part of a faulted inlier of Carboniferous Limestone rocks.

The collieries at present working, and the seams being raised, are shown in the following table : —

Collibrt. Coals Worked.

Herdshill . Law (Pit No. 6) . Thornlie

Wishaw (Heathery Pit) „ (Berryhill Pit) Shields

Dalzell and Broomside

Mid Drumgray, Lower Drumgray.

Eiltongue, Lower Drumgray.

Ell, Main, Splint

Virtuewell.

Main.

£11, Main, Splint, Virtuewell, Upper

Drumgray. Ell, Potsnaw, Main, Splint, Blackband,

V irtuewell, Eiltongue.

Armadale Coal Group. — This group of coals, which includes the Crofthead, Main, Ball and Mill seams, is of little economic value in the Wishaw area. The base of the Productive Coal Measures itself can be only very approximately determined since nowhere has any definite representative of the Crofthead Slatyband Ironstone been so far recorded (see Sections 1 to 4, Plate VI.). The position of the Crofthead Coal in the ground east of Wishaw is very probably to be referred to a group of thin coals associated with fireclays and clayband ribs. In No. 1 bore, Lanniesmuir, situated on the Garrion Gill not far from Garrionburn Cottage, two of these coals, 12 feet apart, and about 40 fms. below the Smithy Coal, measure 12 and 13 in. respectively. It is difficult to identify their equivalents in the few other bores in the district that reach the position, and they are not likely ever to attract attention. The Armadale Main Coal may be of workable thickness in the south-east corner of Lanark 18 N.K, where it appears to vary from 12 to 20 in., but the Ball Coal, separated from it by 2 or 3 fms. of fireclay, is of no value. Its position is sometimes occupied by a bed of blaes with clayband ribs lying 7 or 8 fms. under the representative of the Mill Coal. The latter seam is certainly the beet developed and most persistent

The Lower Drumgray of Law is the same as the Mid Drumgray of HerdshilL

106 Goal Measures,

of the Armadale group in the Wishaw district. As a workable subject, however, it is confined to the country east and south-east of Wishaw, where it perhaps averages 15 inches in thickness and may reach 20 inches. From its development in the adjoining Castlehill field, where it has recently been sunk to, the most likely area for exploitation would be that around Law Junction Station. West of Overton village it is nowhere known to be of value; a bore near Cambusnethan House records a 7-inch coal lying 8 fms. below the Shotts Gas, and in the deep bore at Wishaw Quarry (Plate VI., Section 3) the thickness is still less.

Shotts Gas Coal. — There are few available records of this seam, but it certainly has little economic value within the area considered. At Morningside it varies from 8 to 16 inches, averaging perhaps 13 J; and at Castlehill, though it locally reaches 20 inches, it is not considered workable. Around Herdshill and Lawmuir it appears to average 13 or 14 inches, varying from 9 to 22 inches. It is thin both at Wishaw and near Cambusnethan. In 18 N.W. it is nowhere known to exceed a foot, and is generally considerably less. " Mussels " have been recorded from the roof of this seam at Overton, and are known to occur at the same horizon at Shotts and elsewhere. The occurrence of these "mussels" is one of the reasons for correlating this seam with the Watstone Musselband Ironstone of Stonehouse.

The strata between the Shotts Gas and the Lower Drumgray (or Smithy) Coal amount to some 5 fathoms in the eastern part of the district here described. At Wishaw, near Cambusnethan House, and in Lanark 18 N.W. (so far as is known), the distance is only 2 to 3 fathoms.

Lower Drumgray {Smithy) Coal. — Two different seams are worked in the ground east and south-east of Wishaw under the name of Lower Drumgray. This title is reserved in these pages for the coal which occupies the position of the Smithy Coal of the Shotts field, and is almost certainly the genuine Lower Drumgray of the district to the north. It is wrought at Chapel (Lan. 19 N.W.), Castlehill, and Waterlands (Lan. 19 S.W.), just east , of the area under description, but within the limits of Lanark 18 N.E., it has been mined only at Herdshill Colliery (since 1911) and to a small extent at the abandoned colliery at Gillhead. It varies at these localities from 1 J to 2 feet in thickness ; the roof is very often of sandstone, but locally 2 to 18 inches of blaes immediately overlie the coal ; the floor is of fireclay or fireclay fakes.

At Wishaw the Smithy Coal is recorded in a boring as 21 inches, and the same seam at Shields Colliery shaft is given as 19 inches thick. Two old bores, near Cambusnethan House, record thicknesses of only 11 and 15 inches respectively.

There is, therefore, a considerable area east and south-east of Wishaw where the Smithy Coal may yet be exploited. Over most of the Wishaw area indeed it would seem to be a workable subject,

1 See " Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area VIII." {Mem, Geol. Surv.), 1917, p. 40 ; also " Area IX." (in preparation).

2 tke Plate VI., Section 3.

Wishaw District,

between 18 and 24 inches in thickness, but it thins to the west and south-west. The most promising field would seem to be the southern portion of Lanark 18 N.E., around Waterloo, Overton, and Lawmuir.

The strata between the Smithy Coal and the next highest seam, the Mid Drumgray, amount to about 5 fathoms at Herdshill and Lawmuir and consist of fakes and sandstones with some posts of single. Westwards, the distance is only 3 or 4 fathoms at Wishaw, Cambusnethan House, and Shields Colliery.

Mid Dimgray Coed. — The Mid Drumgray of the Coltness Iron Company's pits at Herdshill (Lanark 18 N.E.) and Garriongill (Lanark 18 S.E.) corresponds to the so-called Lower Drumgray of Chapel (Lanark 19 N.W.), Law (Lanark 18 N.E.), and Shawfield (Lanark 18 S.E.). At Castlehill (Lanark 19 S.W.) it is known as the 4-foot coal, and at Shotts is termed the Low or Laigh seam. It is much less persistent than either the Smithy or Upper Drumgray, but locally it reaches a thickness never attained in this area by either of these coals. A characteristic of the Mid Drumgray is its very common occurrence in two leaves separated by a fireclay parting of variable thickness. It is at present wrought at two collieries on the eastern margin of Lanark 18 N.E. For a number of years it has been raised along with its underlying fireclay at Herdshill, and has recently been opened out at No. 6 Pit, Law Colliery, about half a mile west of Law Junction Station. It was formerly raised from the abandoned No. 2 Law Pit a little north-east of the station. Throughout the area which includes these localities the Mid Drumgray averages perhaps 3 ft. 6 in., a typical section showing : —

Ft. In. Sandstone

Blaes . . . up to

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclay

ito up to

The coal is generally described as a first-class house coal, but is also used for steam-raising purposes. The fireclay underseat is wrought both at Chapel and Herdshill. As found at Chapel it is a grey, rooty, and fairly hard material with physical properties which make it specially valuable for the manufacture of the variouslyshaped bricks and blocks used in the construction of furnaces, oil retorts, cement kilns, etc. The clay from Herdshill is employed at the Coltness Company's works at Newmains in the manufacture of various kinds of enamelled ware.

Its deterioration to the west may be illustrated by the fact that in two bores near Cambusnethan House it measures 16 J and 20 inches respectively. In the deep bore at Wishaw Quarry (Plate VL, Section 3) the possible equivalent of the Mid Drumgray measures 17 inches, and at Shields Colliery Shaft we find, in the same position : —

Ft. In. Coal, top 4 in. "bad" Fireclay Faky sandstone Coal Fireclay

108 Coat Measura.

The strata between the Mid and Upper Drumgray Coals consist mainly of fakes and sandstone. At Harestonhills, Herdshill, and Lawmuir they amount to between and 7 fms., at Wishaw to about fms., and farther west in Lanark 18 N.W., may be only 3 fms. in thickness.

Upper Drumgray Coal, — This coal is reported to be 20 inches thick in the shaft section of Herdshill Colliery. In borings on Harestonhills, Herdshill, and Lawmuir it varies from 15 to 22 inches, a fairly characteristic section being : —

Ft

In.

Blaes and ballB

. about

Shalj blaes

6 in. to

Coal

Faky fireclay

In No. 14 bore, Harestonhills, situated 500 ft. east of Harestonhills Farm, and again in a boring near Eastmuir Quarry on the north edge of Greenhead Moss, the sections recorded are : —

Harestonhills. Gbeenhead Mosa

Ft. In. Ft. In.

Blaes and balls . .20 Fireclay and balls 3 6

Black blaes .08 Dark blaes .03

Coal . 1 10 Coal . .19

Fireclay .16 Fireclay. .02

In the deep boring at Wishaw Quarry (Plate VI., Section 3) the Upper Drumgray would seem to be poorly represented, and in a bore near Cambusnethan House it is recorded as only 11| inches of coal underlying inches of coaly blaes. The shaft section of Shields Colliery shows the following section in the Upper Drumgray position : —

Ft. In. Blaes and ironstone ribs . 11|

Coal . . . .23

Fireclay

The seam was recently opened out to a very small extent at No. 9 Pit, Shields Colliery, and proved to be 21 to 25 inches in thickness. A bore " on Carbarns " records 19 inches of coal in the Upper Drumgray position, and the seam at Dalzell is about 22 inches in thickness.

The Upper Drumgray is thus fairly constant, although thin, over much of the Wishaw area.

The strata intervening between the Upper Drumgray and Kiltongue Coals average 5 or 6 fms. in thickness, locally in the Harestonhills area reaching as much as fms. A thin coal a few inches in thickness sometimes occurs towards the middle of this interval.

KUtongue CloaZ.— The Kiltongue Coal is of little value in the Shotts district, but becomes of economic importance along the eastern edge of the Wishaw coalfield. It varies from 18 to 31 inches at Chapel Colliery, where the underlying fireclay is also worked to some extent, and is about 3 feet thick at Castlehill. In the south-east corner of Lanark 18 N.E., this seam was formerly raised at No. 2 Pit, Law Colliery, and at Herdshill (up to 1910). It is now being

Wi$haw District.

worked at the recently-sunk No. 6 Pit, Law Colliery, half a mile west of Law Junction Station. In this part of the Wishaw field the Kiltongue Coal is about feet thick, and a typical section shows : —

Ft. In. ' Sandstone roof Blaes or faky blaes variable

Parting . . . . 1 in. to

Fireclay

A partial section of the seam is exposed in the Garrion Burn, a

little west of south from Garrionbum Cottage, where at least 2 ft. 8 in.

of coal could recently be seen. South-west of this again, in Lanark,

18 S.E., the Kiltongue is worked at Shawfield and Garriongill

Collieries and at the latter shows : —

Ft. In.

Coal . . - . 2 ft. 3 in. to 2 6

Fireclay . . . up to 9

Coal . . . 8 in. to 1

The parting therefore appears to increase in thickness towards the south, leading to a division of the seam into two leaves known as the Upper and Under Kiltongue respectively (Larkhall district).

As a workable subject the Kiltongue Coal appears to underlie the whole of the eastern half of Lanark 18 N.E. A bore on the north edge of Greenhead Moss, for example, records a thickness of 27 inches. Farther west, however, its development is not so good, as bores at Wishaw give thicknesses of only 13, 18, and 20 inches, while at Cambusnethan House we find an old bore recording as little as inches at what is probably this horizon. It seems to be poor also at Shields Colliery, but has been wrought at Dalzell and Broomside for a number of years, and is of workable thickness in a boring at Carbarns. The three sections are as follows : —

Shields Collieby Shaft.

Dalzell.

Fms.

Ft. In.

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Sandstone

Sandstone .

Shale and ironstone

Coal

Shale

Parting

Coal

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclay

Cabbarns Bobe.

Fms.

Ft. In.

Sandstone

Coal .

Fireclay

The Kiltongue Coal is a uniform seam of bright, clean coal, producing a household fuel of excellent quality. It does not appear to

1 M. Macgregor. The Garrion Gill Section at Overton, near Wishaw.** Trans, Geol Soc, Glasgow, vol. xiv., 1911, p. 279.

110 CocU Measures,

have been worked anywhere between Herdshill in the east and Dalzell in the west. There is thus a large area which may reasonably be considered as reserve, and this coal is perhaps the most promising in regard to the future development of the ground which has yet been considered.

The strata between the Kiltongue Coal and Kiltongue Musselband vary from 5 fma near Wishaw to an average of about 10 fms. in the district which includes Shields, Carbarns, and Dalzell Collieries. The latter figure is due to the intervention of a thick post of sandstone.

The Kiltongue Musselband Shale and Ironstone is well exposed at several points along the Garrion Bum, the most easterly being in the neighbourhood of Gillhead Bridge. An average section is : —

Ft In. Thick sandstone

Dark shaly blaes Oannel Shale . . . 4 in. to

Musselband Shale . . .

Clayband Ironstone

Fireclay or blaes with small clay ironstone balls . Fakes and sandstone

The cannel shale is tough in texture and has a dull lustre ; it contains fish scales and teeth, entomostraca, and calamite stems. It has a brownish streak, " curls " readily under the knife, and, though difficult to kindle, burns with a bright flame. The underlying musselband is a reddish-weathering shale crowded with Carbonicola shells. Borings in the neighbourhood of Lanniesmuir, Herdshill, and Harestonhills give a somewhat similar section.

At a variable distance above the Musselband occurs a thin coal which may quite well correspond to the Ladygrange Coal of Longriggend and Slamannan. In the western part of the district this varies from 10 to 12 inches in thickness; in the eastern part it consists of about 6 inches of parrot coal overlying a thin rib of clayband ironstone.

Bellside Ironstone — This thin seam of blackband ironstone was wrought to a slight extent near Wishaw and from an old pit on the west side of Branchal Eoad at Cambusnethan, where it was only 4J or 5 inches thick. Bores near Wishaw record thicknesses of 7 to 10 inches, but there is no bore in any other part of the field showing as much as this.

The distance between the Kiltongue Musselband and the Virtuewell Coal decreases from east to west in the Wishaw district. At Harestonhills and Lawmuir it is about 19 fathoms; at Dalzell Collieries only some lOJ fathoms.

Virtuewell Coal. — This coal is wrought at Wishaw (Heathery Pit), at Shields, and at Dalzell and Broomside Collieries. It has also been worked to a considerable extent along the eastern edge of Lanark 18 N.E. In the Stonecraigs field, on the north and downthrow side of the Herdshill-Harestonhill fault {see p 122), it has been worked out between No. 4 Pit and Newmains House. To the south of the fault the Virtuewell is the highest seam that occurs in the Herdshill district. It is well exposed in the Garrion Burn

Wishaw District, 111

immediately opposite the Caledonian Eailway Company's pumping station. The sections of the seam at Stonecraigs and Herdshill may be given here : —

Stonbcraios. Herdshill.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

Faky blaes ... 5 8 Faky blaes . . . variable

Shalb . . . . 4' Shale . . 2 in. to 05

Coal . ... 2 6i Coal . . up to 31

Fireclay ... 1 3 Fireclay 1 4

The section in the Gajrion is as follows : —

Ft. In.

Shalb . . at least 3

Hard Coal . . .

Soft Coal . . .09 V Coal, 3 ft. 11 J in.

Hard Coal . . . 1

Hi

The little rib of parroty blaes or shale is a very characteristic feature of the Virtuewell Coal, not only here but in other parts of the Lanarkshire basin. A small area of this coal was recently worked at No. 6 Pit, Law Colliery, where it averaged some 40 inches.

West of the localities mentioned the Virtuewell has nowhere been worked until we reach Wishaw. At the Heathery Coal Pit, where the seam was opened out in 1911, it shows approximately: —

Ft. In.

Fireclay and balls . . . .46

Coal . . ., . .23

Fireclay . . .' . .06

Between this pit and Stonecraigs few records are available. A bore on Greenhead Moss gives a thickness of 22 inches ; two bores at Wishaw record only 17 and 18 inches, and two on Pather to the south of Wishaw show the Virtuewell as 10 J and 28 inches respectively.

At Shields and Parkhead Collieries (the latter lies on the south margin of Lanark 12 S.W.) the Virtuewell shows : —

Shields. Parkhead.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

Sandy Ironstone . . 2 Ironstone balls ..16 " Bonnets " . . . 14 Fireclay and balls ..11 Coal . . . . . 2 10 Faky fireclay ... 1 Fireclay pavement Coal . . . 2 10

Fireclay pavement

and in a bore at Shieldmuir we find —

Ft. In.

Ironstone . . . . .08

Fireclay . . . . .15

Black blaes . . . . .0

Coal . . . . .20

See Glossary, p. 135. The " bonnets " were not in this case worked with the coal seam.

Coal Mectsures.

In the ground around Dalzell and Broomside Colliery, and westwards towards Camp Viaduct, the Virtuewell is from 35 to 38 inches thick. A bore from the Splint Coal in No. 1 Pit, Camp Colliery, found 25 inches of coal in tins position.

The seam appears to be intact to the south-east of Shields Colliery and Dalzell House, and over a large area south and south-east of Wishaw. We have little information regarding its thickness in this part of the field. It is probably rather less than in the worked areas to west and east, but no doubt forms an important reserve which in time will be largely drawn upon. There is some evidence of an area of " thin coal " between Overton Village and Carbarns.

Botighband Ironstone, — This horizon is of little value in the Wishaw district. The sections already given of the Virtuewell Coal at Shieldmuir, Shields, and Parkhead may be referred to. In one bore at Wishaw an 8-inch clayband rib is recorded lying 5 feet above the Virtuewell Coal, but in other borings there is no mention of ironstone at this horizon. When traced south-eastwards the intervening strata appear to thicken. A bore near Lanniesmuir records 9 inches of clayband abont 4 fathoms above the coal, and another on Harestonhills shows 12 inches of clayband in the same position.

The strata between the Virtuewell Coal and the next highest seam — the Blackband Coal — consist mainly of sandstone and fakes. The distance is between 8 and 9 fms. on an average, but increases locally to 10 fms., and at Shields Colliery is 16 fms. This increase is due to the development of a thick sandstone in the position of the Auchinlea Sandstone of the Cleland - Newarthill district (see page 77). It is best developed af Shields Colliery where the shaft section records a thickness of approximately 11 fms.

Blackband Coal, — The Blackband Coal is at present raised within the Wishaw district only at Dalzell and Broomside Colliery. The workings in this seam from Parkhead Colliery (Lanark 12 S.W.) extend for some distance into Lanark 18 N.W. The following sections will illustrate its development over this area : —

Dalzell Colliery.

Parkhead Collibrt.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In.

Fakes .

Blaes and balls

Black blaes

Coal

Coal

Fireclay

Coaly blaes

Coal

Coal

Fireclay .

Sclit

Coal

Coal

No. 1 Pit Camp Colmert (bore)

Ft.

In.

Faky blaes and Ironstone ribs

Blaes and Ironstone ribs . .

Coal Blaes Coal Blaes

Coal

Wishaw District, 113

There is very little evidence regarding the thickness of the Blackband Coal south-east of these localities. There are two bores near Carbarns passing through the position, but the exact sites of these are unknown; one records 12 inches of coal lying 16 J fms. below the Splint, the other records 2 inches of blackband above 4 inches of coal about 16 fms. below the Splint. At the same time it should be pointed out that south of the Clyde, at Bog, Merryton, etc., the Blackband Coal is of workable thickness.

It is very doubtful if it will be found workable at any locality farther east. At Shields Colliery it seems to be represented in the shaft section by a 4-inch coal. At Wishaw 4 bores record thicknesses of 10, 10, 12, and 13 inches. A bore on Greenhead Moss gives 14 inches, and in another at Gillhead a 22-inch seam is recorded 11 J fms. above the VirtuewelL In the Garrion Bam again a 16 -inch coal with a slaty rib seems to represent the Blackband horizon. Probably a fair average thickness for the Wishaw district would be 12 inches.

Musselband Coal — Seven or eight fathoms above the Blackband Coal there is very constantly a thin seam in the position of the Musselband Coal of Greengairs and other districts of Lanarkshire. It has no value in this field where it varies, when present, from 5 to 9 inches in thickness. Only along the southern edge of the district in the neighbourhood of Overton does it appear to exceed these limits, and between this locality and Garriongill Colliery (Lanark 18 S.E.) it may reach as much as 15 inches. In the Garrion Burn section it is apparently represented by a 6-inch coal overlain by 3 fms. of blaes and ironstone ribs at the top of which a few " mussels " have been foimd.

Eight or nine fathoms higher in the sequence comes the lowest of the thick upper seams, the Splint Coal. This coal, like the Main, Pyotshaw, and Ell, has been for a long time extensively worked. It may be remarked that these seams are rapidly approaching exhaustion. There still remain areas left unworked for one reason or another by the old miners, and the stoops in some of the abandoned workings have of late years been removed. In the case of the Ell Coal again a large amoimt of coal must have been lost through the practice of leaving intact the top 3 or 4 feet of that seam in order to serve as a roof, the strata above the coal itself consisting typically of soft blaes.

Splint and Virgin Coals, — The Virgin or Sourmilk Coal in the Wishaw field forms practically one seam with the Splint, and the two will accordingly be dealt with together. The Splint Coal was formerly extensively worked, but no particular attention was paid to economy in working, and over large areas stoops of considerable size were left standing. There is probably also a considerable amount of coal in areas left as barriers or supports, or abandoned because more troublesome than usual to mine, but the coal in question must to a large extent be regarded as lost. Coal has been raised from the Splint seam at Thornlie (Wishaw) for a number of years in an area which had been long ago abandoned. The seam was wrought at Wishaw and Cambusnethan Collieries up to 1909-10, and farther west is still mined at Shields and Dalzell.

Coed Measures.

In the old Stonecraigs No. 4 Pit, to the south of Coltness Iron

Works, the Splint Coal showed : —

Ft In. Blaes and balls

Fkbe Coal.

Free and Splint Coal

Splint Coal

Feeb Coal . . . .

Parrot Coal

Free Coal .

Slate

Free Coal (Virgin Seam)

In the Waterloo, Overton, Overton Station, and Garriongill workings the combined seams were 4 to 6 feet in thickness. Two detailed sections may be quoted, one at Overton and one at Wishaw : —

Overton Colliery.

Wwhaw.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In

Blaes

Blaes

Splint and Free Coal. 2

Free Coal

Parrot Coal . .0

Splint Coal

Free Coal ...

Gas Coal

. 2 iD. to

Sclit

Free Coal

6 in. to

Free Coal (Virgin)

Stone

3 in. to

Free Coal

8 in. to

At Thornlie the section is

Ft. In.

Coal

Coal (Virgin)

At Cambusnethan Colliery the seam showed a thickness of 4 to feet, with a 5 to 10-inoh rib of gas coal. The Splint Coal was extensively wrought west and south-west of Wishaw at Shieldmuir, Muirhouse, Clydesdale, and Carbarns Collieries, and is still worked at Shields and at DalzelL Four sections are given below : —

Shields.

Shieldhuir.

Carbarns.

Dalzell.

Ft. In.

Ft. In.

Ft. In.

Ft. In.

Free Coal

Splint Coal

1 6 Splint Coal

Free Coal

6 Gas Coal .

Gas Coal

1 8 Parting

Parting . Free Coal

? Free Coal

?

The lowest leaf of coal in these sections represents the Virgin seam. The constituents enumerated vary much in thickness. The rib of gas coal may be considerably less than is recorded in the sections given, while locally the Virgin Coal reaches as much as 21 inches.

The strata between the Splint and Main Coals have an average thickness of 12 to 13 fms., and consist mainly of fakes and faky sandstones. Towards the middle of this interval, but rather nearer to the Splint than to the Main, occurs a very variable seam known as the Humph Coal. This has been wrought from Parkhead Colliery

Wiahaw District,

(Lanark 12 S.W.) over a small area to the west of the Fir Park Plantation on the north margin of Lanark 18 N.W., where it varied from 18 to 22 inches in thickness. An average section showed —

Ft. In. Blaes and balls .36

Blaes, falling . -. .05

Coal . . .18

Daugh .04

Nowhere else within the area dealt with has it been worked. Its thickness at various localities in 18 KW. is shown in the following table : —

Ft.

In.

Dalzell Sbaft

Lady Emily Pit

Shields Colliery

Bore on Baron's Haugh

Carbarns Colliery .

It is not represented at all in two bores at Shieldmuir, and farther east, within Lanark 18 N.E., is very poorly developed. In one bore at Wishaw it is recorded as 14 inches thick, but elsewhere within the sheet has no economic value. Bores near Greenhead and Gillhead give thicknesses of 9 and 6 inches, while in the Garrion Burn section the Humph Coal is represented by a 2-inch seam.

Main and Pyotshaw Coals, — The distance between these seams

varies from an inch or two up to seven fathoms. They are thus more

conveniently dealt with together. At Stonecraigs the section in the

old workings showed : —

Ft. In

Pyotshaw Coal . 2 ft. 9 in. to 3

Fireclay . . 4 in. to 2 6

Main Coal . . 3 ft. 10 in. to 4 4

In the Overton-Garriongill area the combined seam showed : —

Ft. In. . Pyotshaw Coal . 1 f t. 8 in. to

Fakes or blaes 6 in. to

C Coal 2 ft. 5 in. to

Main Coal Sclit or daugh

(Coal

The division between the seams thickened here to the south and at Castlehill Pit and again in the natural section exposed in the Garrion Bum we find : —

Pyotshaw Coal

Strata

Main Coal

about 1 ft. 2 in. 4 to f ms. about 4 ft. 7 in.

The detailed section of the Main Coal as worked at Castlehill

showed :-

Frbe Coal Splint Coal Free Coal. Slate (? sclit) Free Coal. Splint Coal Free Coal.

Ft.

In.

Coal Measures,

The parting of slaty coal, or daugh, which divides the seam into two approximately equal parts, is characteristic of the seam in the Wishaw district.

The stoops in the abandoned workings at Overton and at

Waterloo have been removed of late years. They were wrought at

Overton as late as 1911-12 and at Waterloo up to 1914. The

average section here was : —

Ft. In. Ptotshaw Coal . . . 2 ft to 2 5

Parting . IJ ft. to 9

{Coal . .03

Splint Coal ("pugs'*) . 1 Coal . . . 8 in. to 10

Dirt . . .03

Coal . . . .26

Two sections at Wishaw may also be recorded.

Sunnyside.

Pyotshaw Coal 16 in. to Stone . 3 in. to

Main Coal (with parting)

Ft. In.

Quarry Park.

Pyotshaw Coal

Dirt

Coal

Dirt .

Coal

10 in. to

Ft.

In.

At the latter locality (to the north of Wishaw), the coal was worked by mines on the edge of Templehall Plantation. The roof was formed by a post of sandstone quarried to some considerable extent for building purposes. This sandstone is at least 40 feet thick and is split by faky ribs into lenticular posts of freestone. It is a medium-grained yellowish rock, with brown limonite spots and (in places) single nodules. Sandstone also forms the roof of the seam at Sunnyside except in part of the workings of No. 6 Pit, where the course of a preglacial stream was struck, along which the roof was of sand.

To the south of Wishaw the Main Coal is still wrought at Thornlie. At the abandoned Green Colliery it showed : —

Ft.

In

Pyotshaw Coal .

Rib . . . . .

'Free Coal .

Sclit .

Main Coal- Freb Coal .

Splint Coal Free Coal .

At Cambusnethan Colliery the Pyotshaw was approximately 2 ft. 8 in., the Main 4 ft., while the parting between them was some 11 inches in thickness. South and south-east of this again the parting thickens {see Castlehill section above).

It is in Lanark 18 N.W., that the greatest variations occur. Along the eastern edge of the sheet we find : —

Clydesdale Colliery.

Shieldmuir Colliery.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

In

Pyotshaw Coal . . 2

Pyotshaw Coal . . 2

Parting (sandstone) . . 2

Fireclay 1 Main Coal ... 4

Main Coal ... 4

Wishaw District,

while the Main Coal is made up as follows : —

Fbeb Coal . Splint Coal Frbb Coal . Sclit or daugh Free Coal . Splint Coal Free Coal .

9 in. or

. 5 in to 6 in. or

Ft

In.

Farther west at the old Lady Emily Pit, and at Shields Colliery, the distance between the seams has increased to fathoms. Here and at Parkhead the Main Coal averages 4J feet while the Pyotshaw shows : —

Shields. Lady Emily Pit. Parkhead.

Coal .

. 6 to 9 in.

Coal.

. 10 in.

Coal .

. 10 in

Dirt .

4 to 6 in.

Dirt .

2 in.

Dirt .

1 in

Coal .

. 23 to 29 in.

Coal.

. 22 in.

Coal .

. 20in

Dirt .

2 in.

Coal .

7 or 8 in.

The strata between the Main and Ell Coal seams average some 11 or 12 fathoms in thickness. The excellent section of these beds seen in the Garrion Bum shows one or two features of interest. About 7 fathoms below the Ell Coal, and not far above the Pyotshaw, occurs a 7-inch rib of shaly blaes containing " mussels." This horizon no doubt represents the "Cambuslang Marble" of Eutherglen and Cambuslang {see p. 36), but the mussels " are few and badly preserved and have not been recorded in bores in this district. Close above this band occurs a rich plant-bed, from which 11 or 12 species of Coal Measure plants have been obtained. These strata are also marked by the presence of two or three thin beds of white trap.

Ml Coal. — Coal is still raised from this seam in the Wishaw district at Thornlie Colliery. The workings at Berryhill (Wishaw Colliery) have recently been suspended on account of fire breaking out in the blaes roof. The Ell was wrought at Overton and Waterloo up to 1912-13, and the Moss Pit workings at Woodhall, Cambusnethan, were abandoned in 1914. Much of the coal obtained at these localities in recent years came from the stoops of older workings.

The Ell Goal must be regarded as practically exhausted in the Wishaw field, though possibly untouched areas exist locally in places where it was considered difficult to work. The very constant practice of leaving the top three or four feet as a roof has also led to a regrettable waste.

A few sections of the seam in old workings may here be placed on record. At Stonecraigs and at the recently abandoned Moss Pit the seam showed : —

Stonecraigs.

Moss Pit.

Ft.

In.

Ft.

Blaes

Blaes

Coal, roof

Coal, roof

Coal . . 2 f t. to

Coal

Splint Coal . 4 in. to

Splint Coal .

Coal

Coal

Daugh

Fireclay

lid Ooat Measured

The roof coal was also known as "head coal," and in some workings {e,g, Greenhead) the lower 2 feet or so was got in stooping. Sometimes a two-inch rib of slate separated the head coal from the "breast coal," as the worked part was termed. In the Waterloo- Overton district the Ell Coal showed : —

Ft. In.

Blaes . . . . up to 20

Coal, roof (head coal) . . 2 ft. to 4

CoAji (brbast coal) . . 5 ft. to 6

Fireclay

while the detailed section of the "breast coal" at Castlehill showed : —

Ft. In. Free Coal . . . . 2 OJ

Splint Coal . . . .14

Free and Splint Coal . . 1 2J

Free Coal . . .12

In the Wishaw neighbourhood the Ell Coal averaged 7i to 9 feet. At Thornlie and Wishaw Collieries it shows approximately : —

Ft. In. Inferior (brassy) Coal 1 ft 3 in. to

Head Coal 2 ft. to

Parting Coal (breast coal) ft. to

Fireclay

It may be noted that in the workings of the Ell at Sunnyside No. 6 Pit (now the Heathery Pit of Wishaw Collieries) the seam was found to outcrop along the sides of a sand-filled preglacial channel (see accoimt of Main Coal, and also p. 122).

This seam was formerly extensively raised at Cambusnethan, Clydesdale, Muirhouse, Shieldmuir and (5arbarns Pits. The recorded section of the Cambusnethan workings shows : —

Ft In. "Burnt "Coal . . . .16

Coal . . (30 to 66 in) 3

"Burnt" Coal . . 4 in. to 9

The lower 2 feet at Clydesdale is also described as " burnt " {see note on p. 120), while at Carbarns the " breast coal " worked averaged 6 feet and was overlain by 3 feet of " head coal." The seam is still wrought at Shields and Dalzell Collieries where the section is very similar to that at Carbarns. Locally at Dalzell the "breast coal" shows : —

Ft In. Good Coal . . . . .28

Parting . . . . .01

Good Coal . . . . .10

" Burnt " Coal . . . .09

For further information regarding the burnt " coals of Dalzell and adjoining fields the reader is referred to the notes on page 120.

Strata between Ell Coal and Skipsey's Marine Band. — Skipsey's Marine Band, which is taken as the top of the Productive Coal Measures, is exposed on the north bank of the Clyde 70 yards or so

Wishaw Distit

below the Camp Eailway Viaduct. Its height above the Ell Coal is here about 53 fathoms. Unfortunately the horizon of Skipsey's Marine Band is not known in the neighbourhood of Wishaw, so that only a very conjectural line can here be assigned as an upper limit to the Productive Coal Measures. In Lanark 18 N.E., this difficulty arises only in a narrow area running north-westwards through Overton, Castlehill, and Netherton House. The section exposed in the Garrion includes beds as high as 51 fathoms above the Ell Coal, but no equivalent of Skipsey's Band has been detected. This section shows : —

Fms.

Ft.

In.

Coal (" mussels "

above)

Strata

Coal mnssels

' above)

Strata .

. approximately

Mussel Ironstone, very limy

Strata

.

Coal .

variable, up to

Strata

Coal, very f oiQ

Strata

%

Ell Coal

With regard to this section it may be noted that the 3 ft. 5 in. coal is the same as that once wrought to the south-east at Shawfield (Lanark 18 S.E.) as the Upper CoaL It was no doubt also this seam which was worked to a very small extent under the same name at Father No. 1 Pit, where it lay 25 fathoms above the £11, and showed : —

Ft.

In.

Coal

Fireclay

Coal

Fireclav

Coal ' .

It appears to be a very variable seam and is sometimes only 8 inches thick. A bore a little south-west of Overton and only a short distance west of the exposure in the Garrion records : —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .19

Blaes . .03

Coal . . . . . 1 10

There may therefore possibly be an area between Father and the Garrion Burn, just to the north of Overton, where the coal is workable, but even this is doubtful on account of the dirty coal or blaes partings. The detailed section of the seam as exposed in the Garrion at Castlehill Orchard is : —

Ft.

In.

Coal

Dirty Coal .

Harcl Coal .

Dirty Coal . Hard Coal .

6J

Also found at Auldton and Cornsilloch in Lanark 18 S.E.

120 Coal Measured,

It is not easy to recognise the equivalent of this seam in other parts of the Wishaw field. A bore on Greenhead Moss records two coals lying 21 and 28 fms. respectively above the Ell; the lower seam is 15 inches thick, the upper 12 inches. Farther east again we find a coal exposed in the cutting on the Momingside to Cleland Branch Eailway, just south-east of Coltness Iron Works. This section shows: —

Ft. In. Coal . . . . .20

Fireclay . . . . . 9J

Coal . . . . .29

Fireclay

The height of this seam above the Ell is not very accurately known, but it very likely represents the Upper Coal of Shawfield and Father. Unfortunately there is no area worth exploiting here as the seam is very soon thrown out by faulting.

West of Overton and Father again the so-called Upper Coal appears to be thin and variable. A bore on Cambusnethan estate, not far from Castlehill, shows it to be only 13 inches thick. At Shieldmuir, Kirkhill, and Lower Carbarns there occurs, about 21 fms. above the Ell, a coal averaging some 13 to 15 inches in thickness which we tentatively correlate with the " Upper " of Father Colliery. In regard to the use of the designation " Upper Coal," it is far from certain that the seam here described represents the true Upper of Glasgow, but it may be the same as the Upper Coal of Merryton {see page 99).

Skipsey*s Marine Band. — This thin limestone outcrops on the north bank of the Clyde about 70 yds. below the Camp railway viaduct. Here, as in the exposures already described (page 66), it is a dark grey limestone about a foot thick, breaking into big slabs, and with a tendency to form a projecting ledge on a weathered face. It overlies a 4-inch coal, which rests in turn on a 6-foot fireclay, and the height above the Ell Coal is about 53 fms.

Calcareous ''burning'' of Coals. — Quite apart from instances of genuine burning there occur, in various parts of Lanarkshire, areas of what is somewhat loosely termed " burnt coal." The " burning," which may affect the whole or part of a seam, has nothing to do with igneous intrusions and ought not to be described as comparable with the effects of these. It consists in the introduction of mineral matter, chiefly carbonates of lime, magnesia, and iron, into the coal to such an extent as to render it locally quite unworkable. Instances of this phenomenon have already been given in preceding pages and a notable example occurs at Dalzell and Broomside Colliery within the area here discussed. It has been described in detail by Mr. E. W. Dron in a paper contributed to the Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers. To this paper we are indebted for the following information. The seams affected are the Ell, Main, and Splint ; the area over which alteration has been noticed is at least

Pp. 29-35. See also account of " burning " in Rosehall field given on pp. 76-8 of "Econ. Qeol. Central Coalfield, Area V.'' (Mem. GeoL Surv.\

1904, vol. xxvii., pp. 92-4. Discussion, pp. 94-6, and 241-5.

Wishaw District 121

100 acres lying to the south of the shafts, and the vertical depth reached by the " burning " rarely exceeds 300 ft. In the case of the Splint Coal the alteration may be limited to the top 6 or 8 inches, or may affect the whole seam, or again the 22-inch cannel rib in the centre may be " unbumt." The Ell Coal in places shows feet of clean coal overlying 2 to feet of calcareous coal. Where the burning has affected the whole or the major part of a seam the total thickness is considerably reduced. Thus the Main Coal at one point changed within a distance of 50 feet from a normal seam feet thick to a completely " burnt " and useless one of only feet. At other points again the alteration is restricted to irregular nodules. The most marked " burning " occurs in the vicinity of faults, and the same seam may be calcareous on one side and quite normal on the other side of a fault. Mr. Dron suggests that " the local occurrence of the alteration, and the fact that it does not extend to the lower seams would lead to the conclusion that the lime had been deposited in the coal by infiltration from above at a period subsequent to the deposition of the coal-seams." This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the calcareous veins have in some places been shown to cross the bedding, but on the other hand it is difficult to account for the curiously selective action of the infiltrating material. Possibly we are dealing here with two different processes, first a kind of slow oxidation of pyritous portions of the seam soon after its formation, and secondly, a later infilling of calcareous material from circulating water.

The same type of " burning " appears to affect the Ell Coal at the old Clydesdale and Cambusnethan Pits, where the following sections are recorded : —

Clydesdale No. 6 Pit. Cambusnethan.

Blaes Fireclay and fakes

Head Coal . 1 ft. to 1 ft. 2 in. Burnt Coal . 1 ft. 6 in.

Coal . . . . 4 ft. 9 in. Coal . . . 3 ft.

Burnt Coal . . . . 2 f t. Burnt Coal . . 4 in.

Little information is available regarding the " burning " here, but the thickness of the seam at Cambusnethan is certainly not normal.

In the workings of Thornlie Colliery at Wishaw, along the 26- fathom fault which runs parallel and close to the Caledonian Eailway, there occurs a strip of " burnt coal " of varying width. This change affects all three seams worked (Splint, Main, and Ell), but is most marked in the Main. The so-called "burnt coal" is difficult to kindle, but furnishes an excellent fuel of high calorific value.

Structural Features, — The shallowest part of the Wishaw coalfield occurs in the south-east corner of Lanark 18 N.E., where the Kiltongue and Drumgray seams come to the surface on both sides of what may be termed the Law anticline. The deepest part lies in the neighbourhood of No. 3 Pit, Overton (abandoned), where the Ell Coal was wrought at 83 fms. The outcrops of the thick upper coals are several times repeated by faulting to the east and south-east of Wishaw, but west of it they are somewhat deeply buried.

1 See " Econ. Qeol. Central Coalfield, Area V." (Mem. Qeol Surv.), 1916, p. 76.

122 Coal Measures,

The master-faults have a general east-and-west or N.N.W.-S.S.E. trend, and of the two systems it would seem that the former is in the main the older. The later N.N.W. dislocations have apparently in some cases been deflected along the east-and-west lines of fracture for some part of their course, and may even shift them, but in many cases it is impossible to determine the relative ages. The Harestonhills fault, separating the Stonecraigs and Herdshill fields, is a continuation of that which forms the southern boundary of the Morningside-Chapel coalfield. Where it enters Lanark 18 N.E., it has a downthrow to the north of approximately 46 fms. It rims eastwards past Herdshill and Harestonhills to Waterloo Reservoir, where it meets a powerful N.N.W.-S.S.E. dislocation. The latter fault has an easterly throw of about 80 fms., and to it is due the preservation of the thick upper coals of Greenhead Moss. West of the reservoir the Harestonhills fault continues as far as Green House, gradually decreasing from 15 to 3 fms. in downthrow. The name Overton fault is applied here to the fracture which crosses the Garrion Burn near Overton village, running in a general north-westerly direction through Overton, past Netherton House, and into the field of the old Clydesdale Colliery. West of this point again there is a heavily faulted area at Muirhouse and Carbarns, while the Shields and Dalzell field is traversed by faults, some of considerable magnitude, belonging to both the systems mentioned above.

Buried River Channels. — As described in the account of the Main and Ell Coals, the workings of these seams from No. 6 Pit, Sunnyside (now the Heathery Pit), struck the course of a preglacial (or interglacial) stream to the west of Wishaw. The Main and Ell Coals outcrop along the sides of the buried channel, and as far south at least as Berryhill, the upper seam has a sand roof. The old stream flowed here in a direction slightly west of south, and was a continuation of the one referred to in treating of the Cleland district (p. 83). The channel was also proved in the Ell workings at Carbarns, just northwest of the Hall Gill, and can thus be traced, from north to south, for a distance of somewhat over three miles. Between Berryhill and Green House however, its course can only be approximately inferred, since all the worked coals lie well below it. What appears to be a portion of the preglacial Garrion has been proved between Law Junction station and Law No. 6 Pit.

Reserves of Coal, — Some indications of the areas likely to be exploited for coal in the future have already been given in treating of individual seams. It may be of some use to summarise the results in a brief statement. The thick upper seams must be regarded as practically exhausted, although the stoops in the abandoned workings, old barriers and supports, and small areas left unworked for one reason or another, may yield a supply for some time to come. The Virtuewell, Kiltongue and Mid Drumgray coals show prospects of future extensive development. The first named has been worked all along the eastern edge of Lanark 18 N.E., at Stonecraigs, Herdshill, and Law, and is now raised at Wishaw, Shields, and Dalzell Collieries, but large areas of presumably workable thickness are still intact. The Kiltongue is locally poorly developed, €,g, at Shields, Wishaw, and Cambusnethan House, but is of good

Wishaw Distrid. 123

thickness over most of the area. The Mid Drumgray is certainly workable over a large area in the eastern part of Lanark 18 N.E., but west of an irregular line running from Foulsykes through Greenhead Moss, and passing between Overton village and Cambusnethan House, it seems to be thin and variable. The Humph and Blackband Coals again are of workable thickness, so far as this district is concerned, only in the western part of Lanark 18 N.W. The Upper Drumgray and Smithy (or Lower Drumgray) Coals are fairly persistent, if thin, seams, and will no doubt be widely wrought in the future. A small area of Mill Coal of workable thickness occurs in the south-east comer of Lanark 18 N.E., around Law Junction Station.

A curious feature brought out by a study of the available boring evidence is that in the case of the Virtuewell, Kiltongue, and Upper Drumgray Coals a belt of minimum thickness appears to stretch from Wishaw towards Cambusnethan House. M. M.

Chapter Vi.

Sandstone Quareies.

An important building-stone industry was carried on before the War at Auchinlea Quarries, about a mile to the north-east of Cleland. The sandstone quarried lies some fathoms above the Virtuewell Coal, and immediately below the thin representative of the Blackband Coal, which is seen in some of the quarries. It can be traced in bores and otherwise over a widish area extending to the west and south of its outcrop, having been wrought at Cambusnethan, and being for instance 24 feet in thickness about a mile to the west of Cleland. At the Auchinlea, Bellside, and Greenhill Quarries its thickness appears to be quite exceptional, being 60 feet on the average, while at North Auchinlea Quarry there is a record of as much as 90 feet of sandstone having been once exposed.

Through all this thickness it maintains a fairly uniform character, being a yellowish freestone, not so hard as to be difl&cult to work. At the time of the revision of this area (1911) the sandstone of North Auchinlea Quarry was wrought by means of the IngersoU- Sargeant channelling machine, which was first introduced into Scotland by the owners of this quarry. Working from a horizontal surface this machine cuts vertical channels 8 or 9 feet deep and 4 or 5 inches in width. The stone is then removed by wedging, without the use of any explosive.

Cracks due to underlying coal workings cause a certain interruption of the quarry faces. The mining operations, however, have resulted in the thorough drainage of these quarries, in none of which is there any pumping machinery. At the time of the revision only Auchinlea and North Auchinlea Quarries were in actual operation. The market for the stone is mainly in Glasgow and the west of Scotland. The oldest portion of the Western Infirmary in Glasgow and the railway viaduct at Bellside, close to the group of quarries, may be cited as examples of its use. Forty years ago the material was largely used in Edinburgh, and Craig gives the following instauces : — " Tenements in South Buchanan Street, 1878-81; Eoseburn Terrace, Coltbridge, 1882; villas at Trinity, 1883 are weathering well." Merchiston Church, Dairy, was also built from these quarries prior to 1880. This source of supply fell into disuse in Edinburgh with the introduction of the harder Northumbrian stone.

At one part of North Auchinlea Quarry there is no less than 60 feet of cover, which includes 40 feet of boulder-clay. Both the

1 " On Building-Stones used in Edinburgh." Trans, Edin, GeoL Soc, vol. vi., 1893, p. 254.

Former Sources of Supply, 125

recent and the disused quarries show a heavy covering of boulderclay, and in most cases could not have been wrought to advantage except by the utilisation of this material for brick-making (see p. 131). In both the recent quarries odd corners of stone were ground down to form building sand, while grindstones have also been produced.

Northwards the area of sandstone recently wrought is limited by a downthrow fault, though the rock is present, and has been quarried on a small scale close to Hareshaw Farm. Eastwards it rises to an outcrop, and westwards the amount of cover would soon become too great. Southwards also the outcrop of the sandstone is interrupted by faulting, though between the limits indicated there is a good deal of ground so far unwrought. As indicating the former greater extent of the industry it may be mentioned that 390 men were employed in this group of quarries in 1893, as against 79 only in 1913.

The only other important sandstone quarries which have recently been wrought in the district are Bothwell Park and Bothwell Park No. 2 Quarries, on opposite sides of the main Caledonian Railway line, about a mile to the east of XJddingston. The material in both is a greyish-red sandstone, lying some distance above the base of the Barren Measures. The quarry to the north of the railway shows 100 feet of sandstone overlain by boulder-clay. In that to the south the cover consists of 20 feet of brick-clay lying on a similar amount of boulder clay, the former being used for brickmaking.

A detailed account of the quarries has been given by Mr. W. E. Smellie.2 He points out that the sandstone is divided into two vertical components, the White Top Eock and the lower or Liver Eock, the two being separated by bands of micaceous sandstone. Both rocks contain about 80 per cent, of quartz and 10 per cent, of felspar. These form the chief granular constituents. As the felspars are fresh, they are not a source of weakness. In the top rock the grains are of roughly equal size, while the cementing materials include haematite, kaolin, and secondary silica. The rock is, however, somewhat porous. The Liver Eock contains two sizes of grains, a factor which tends to reduce porosity. In addition to the cementing materials mentioned above, there is a small quantity of carbonate. Chemical analyses made by Mr. A. Scott are given by Mr. Smellie as follows : —

White Top Rock. Liver Bock.

Free Silica

4

Silicates .

fl

Iron (as haematite)

CaO

Alg O3 .

m

Water .

1

94

Co2

A trace

[ 93-37 ®;Ji[ 91-23

58

Sp. Gr. . . . 1-94 2-21

Home Ofl&ce Lists of Quarries for 1893 and 1913.

2 "The sandstones of the Upper Red Barren Measures to the east of Glasgow." Trans. GeoL Soc. Glasgow vol. xiv., 1913, p. 268.

126 Sandstone Qourries,

The top rock is white in colour when freshly fractured, the lower grey to liver-coloured. Both rocks assume a reddish tinge on weathering, a fact which is probably due to the spreading of the little botryoidal grains of hsematite.

Very large blocks can be obtained from both quarries, and in the past these have provided much building material, particularly to the towns of Uddingston, Bellshill, and Motherwell A part of the northern quarry is 200 years old, and the freshness of the faces is a proof of the good weathering quality of the stone.

The sandstone quarried is believed to form the highest part of the section in the Yiewpark Colliery shafts, which are half a mile distant along the strike. There are here about 20 fathoms of sandstone, lying roughly some 100 to 120 fathoms above the Ell Coal. The bed accordingly has some lateral extension in this direction. The surface deposits are, however, 31 feet thick, and it is not known whether any part of them consists of brick clay.

Various former sources of sandstone in different parts of the area will next be dealt with in stratigraphical order. There are certain disused quarries in the strip of Millstone Grit which comes to the surface in the north-eastern corner. The material is, however, usually somewhat coarse. Sandstone has also been wrought between the Drumgray Coals, near Old Sandyford, and above the Upper Drumgray Coal, near Lauchope. A post of sandstone usually overlies the Kiltongue Musselband in the Wishaw district. It is seen to be 25 feet thick in the Garrion Gill section, but enough is not known about its quality to determine whether it is a likely subject for quarrying.

An opening was made, to the south of Cambusnethan, in the Auchinlea Sandstone, which comes to the surface in diminished thickness in this locality. The old quarry at Townhead (Lanark 12 N.W.) shows 40 feet of sandstone on a slightly higher horizon, underlying the Virgin Coal. Calcareous " lunkers " are present near the top of the quarry, and are probably an unfavourable feature. A sandstone just above the Splint Coal was quarried near the village of Waterloo. The quarry face shows 20 feet of soft false-bedded sandstone, with faky bands, nodules of single, and coaly streaks.

A sandstone of rather superior quality was worked in the old Holmhills or Kirkburn Quarry to the south of Cambuslang. The rock is about 35 feet in thickness, and lies only a foot or two above the waste of the Humph Coal. As a result of its position no pumping was necessary, but cracks have been produced, especially in the lower part of the sandstone, which somewhat interfered with the working of the quarry. The rock as a whole is white in colour, and was all dressed into blocks ; hence no explosives could be used in its extraction. The refuse was riddled, and the sittings employed for building sand and in the making of concrete. The stone was in demand locally and in some parts of Glasgow, but the cover consisted of about 20 feet of hard blue boulder clay, and operations were discontinued about ten years ago. A feature of this sandstone was the somewhat notable development of kaolin ascertained by microscopical examination to occur interstitially between the sand grains.

See "The Geology of the Glasgow District " {Mem, Geol. Surv,\ 191 1, pp. 246-249.

Former Sov/rces of Supply, 127

A sandstone above the Main Coal was quarried a little to the north-west in the "Kirkburn Quarry," shown on Lanark 11 N.W. This was also the horizon of the old quarries in and near the Templehall Plantation, to the north of Wishaw. There were four distinct quarries at this locality, in a post of at least 35 feet yellow weathering, false-bedded sandstone (see p. 116), which, like those of Kirkburn and Auchinlea, is cracked by subsidences caused by the working of the underlying coal. It is probable that the rock continues near the surface, for a short distance to the north-west of the existing quarries. More correctly speaking this sandstone lies above the Pyotshaw Coal, which is united to the Main at Kirkbuin.

Where the coals are some distance apart, the intervening rock often consists largely of sandstone. A massive sandstone in this position has been quarried on the east bank of the South Calder, to the north of Coursingtoii Bridge. The rock is also well exposed, a little farther down the stream, where it is seen to be 40 or 50 feet in thickness, and has been carved into various life-sized figures.

A disused quarry occurs in a yellow false-bedded sandstone, just below the Ell Coal, at Pickerstonhill (Lanark 12 N.E.). Next in order of succession is a grey and reddish sandstone, about 30 fathoms above the Ell Coal, which was worked at Stonelaw, to the south of Rutherglen. A coarse yellow sandstone, probably about 33 fathoms above the Ell, was opened up in an old quarry, on the south side of the Thankerton Burn, about a quarter of a mile east of Mossend Station.

An old quarry on the Wishaw Estate, to the east of Shieldmuir, shows a light brown sandstone about 30 fathoms above the Ell Coal. The adjacent ground was very thoroughly proved by boring, in the year 1877, with a view to the extension of quarrying operations. The " stirring " was found to vary from 22 to 50 feet, and the rock itself from 60 to 68 feet in thickness.

There is also a disused quarry, in the lower of the two sandstones, seen in the banks of the South Calder Water near Eavenscraig (see p. 82). This sandstone must be over 30 fathoms above the Ell Coal, but there is here no trace of reddening.

The sandstones which remain to be noticed show, as a rule, the characteristic reddish staining of those in the Barren Measures, though it is uncertain whether that at Eastfield actually overlies Skipsey's Marine Band. These sandstones are often fairly good, so far as weathering properties are concerned. They are, however, disfigured by the irregularity of the staining and are further impaired by the presence of clay galls, and in consequence they have most generally been used for inside work and rubble. There are, however, exceptions to the above rule.

Apart from the Bothwell Park Quarries already described, perhaps the most important source of these reddish building-stones was at Eastfield, near Cambuslang. The latest quarry at this locality was in operation till 1910. A 60-foot face of sandstone was here exposed. The upper part contains galls of clayey haematitic matter, which are surrounded by deep red haloes, but these are almost absent from the lower portion of the quarry, which in consequence could be used for

Sandstone Quarries,

a superior class of work. Bothwell Street and Silverbank Street in Cambuslang as well as the south side of Calderwood Terrace in Eutherglen, are stated to have been entirely built from this material. The Eastfield rock lies about 40 fathoms above the Ell Coal. The old West Quarries, on the opposite side of Eutherglen, were on a horizon about 10 fathoms higher.

Two old quarries, somewhat west of Flemington Station, worked a rather coarse-grained brown or yellow sandstone at a level a little above the last referred to. The red Hamilton Sandstone, which forms a comparatively constant feature in the southern part of the area, was wrought at the two Tuphall Quarries, within the burgh of Hamilton. These are now practically filled up, but the more westerly showed at least 18 feet of solid sandstone, under 12 feet of a more "faky" character. The Hamilton Sandstone was also quarried to a small jextent on the banks of the Avon gorge, close to Chatelherault.

The material formerly worked at Thornwood Quarry (close to Uddingston West Station), and at Bredisholm Quarry (Lanark 11 N.E.), seems to have been very similar in character to that of Bothwell Park. Owing to rapid variation, it is difficult to trace any particular sandstone in the Barren Measures for any great distance. Judging by the height above the Ell Coal, the Bredisholm Sandstone would seem to be a little lower, and that of Thornwood Quarry a little higher, than the Bothwell Park Sandstone.

The stone from Bredisholm was much used for building in the town of Coatbridge, and the following structures may be cited as examples of its use : — Grartsherrie Public School, Coatbridge ; United Presbyterian Church, Blairhill ; St. Joseph*s Eoman Catholic School, Tollcross ; Established Church, Yoker, near Clydebank. An analysis by Dr. John Clark (former City Analyst, Glasgow) gave the following results : —

Silica

Alumina

70

Oxide of iron.

92

Carbonate of lime

Carbonate of magnesia

Combined water

Moisture

70

Specific gravity

Water absorbed by immersion of air- dried

stone, per cent.

This quarry has been disused since 1908. The rock-face was about 30 feet in height, with a cover which consisted of 10 or 15 feet of boulder-clay.

The thick sandstone at the top of the Corby Craig section {see p. 67) is on somewhat the same horizon as the group just referred to. It has been wrought to a small extent near Wallace's Cave, and is a yellow sandstone of medium grain, at least 50 feet in thickness. It contains some lenticles of clayey matter, and occasional pyrites nodules.

Former Sources of Supply. 129

A solid red sandstone, over 20 fathoms in thickness, occurs near Hamilton in a position extending roughly from 105 to 130 fathoms above the Ell Coal, and thus some distance above the Hamilton Sandstone. There is here also a general correspondence with the rock of the Bothwell Park Quarries, though the horizon cannot be traced between the two localities. It was this sandstone which was wrought, a few years ago, on opposite sides of the Cadzow Burn, to the north of Eddlewood. The rock is here rather coarse grained, soft, and friable. It was probably the same bed which was quarried near Laigh Townhill.

The highest sandstone known to have been utilised in the area is that which was quarried at the Hallside Terra Cotta Works, about three-quarters of a mile to the east of Hallside Steel Works. It is a purplish, streaky, fine-grained, micaceous sandstone, about 170 fathoms above the Ell Coal,* and immediately underlying the marl or fireclay already referred to (p. 42).

C. T. C, E. M. A., M. M.

Chapter Vii.

Superficial Deposits.

The clays of this district are of some degree of importance to the brickmaking industry, and the sands are also, in one or two cases, of industrial use. Apart from this, the surface deposits have an agricultural interest ; they have to be taken into account in the sinking of pits, in questions of drainage and sanitation, as well as for numerous other objects. As stated in the Introductory Chapter, a separate series of six-inch maps is issued by the Geological Survey, in which sands and clays, etc., are represented by means of distinctive colours. These surface materials may be roughly divided according to their order of formation, which in many cases is also an order of superposition. In the present area the order is as follows : —

(i.) Glacial deposits.

(ii.) Deposits of the 100-foot raised beach or terrace, (iii.) Recent deposits.

The first division includes the boulder-clay, which occupies so great a surface area, especially in the eastern part of the district. It includes also sand and gravel older than the great bulk of the boulderclay, and usually underlying it, though sometimes exposed at the surface. Certain sands and brick-clays interstratified with the boulder-clay must also be glacial in origin, but they are not of much economic importance. There are, however, in one part of the area, wide deposits of sand, gravel, and brick-clay which overlie the boulder-clay, but from their height above sea-level cannot belong to the 100 -foot deposits, which consist typically of brick-clay. The latter form a cover to those already mentioned over much of that part of the area which is less than 100 feet above sea-level. The third division includes stream and river alluvium, as well as peat.

Sands and gravels older than the hovlder-day. — The sand and gravel referred to as being older than the boulder-clay occurs mainly in the narrower series of buried river channels to which reference has already been made in Chapters IV. and V. The boulder-clay covering which is usually present prevents the material from being quaiTied. A possible exception occurs at Ravenscraig Sand-pit, near Nether Johnston, but, as already stated (p. 70), it is uncertain how the great thickness of sand and gravel, which is known to occur here, should actually be classed. The quarried face shows : —

Fms. Ft. In. Boulder-clay . . 2 ft. to 3

Gravel .600

Sand . . .230

Part of the sand is used for building; another part as an ingredient in a mixture which is used for the bottoms of steel furnaces. A bore from the bottom of this pit passed through a hundred feet of sand, without meeting with' the rock surface.

houlder-Clay, 131

A bore just east of Motherwell Iron and Steel Works shows about 15 fathoms of superficial deposits, mainly consisting of sand and gravel, resting directly on the solid rock. There can be no doubt, in this case, that the unusual thickness is due to the fact that the bore has struck the line of the buried channel which passes Coursington Colliery, and has been described on p. 70. Another buried channel is crossed by the South Calder Water near Wishaw House {see p. 83), and the boulder-clay covering has been removed by the erosive action of the stream. Two small sand-pits were formerly wrought in the material, on either side of the Temple Gill.

Even where there is no suspicion of an underlying channel, there is occasionally some thickness of sand beneath the boulder-clay. At Orbiston Colliery (Lanark, 11 S.E.) 60 feet of sand and gravel underlie 36 feet of the latter deposit.

The wider buried channels of the Clyde and Avon will be dealt with under a separate heading.

Boulder-Clay.

Boulder-clay is the surface formation over most of the eastern and southern part of the area, as well as of some of the higher ground in the district farther west. It is sometimes red, but perhaps more often grey in colour, and is not in the main arranged in drumlins, as in some parts of the area to the north (Area V.). It reaches perhaps a maximum thickness near Blantyre Colliery, where 76 feet of this material were shown in a bore to be overlain and underlain by sand and gravel.

The boulder-clay has been extensively utilised for brick -making at the Auchinlea Quarries {see p. 125) as well as at the disused Bellside Quarries, a little farther south. It here varies from about 12 to 40 feet in thickness. At North Auchinlea Quarry, at the time of the revision, the clay was removed by gelignite. Gunpowder had formerly been used, but was found to break the material into too large fragments. The larger stones were removed by hand; what remained was then ground and burnt in Newcastle kilns. In places the surface clay was free from stones, and yellow perhaps from oxidation. This finer material was used to give a part of the bricks a coating. The boulder-clay was not in itself a paying subject in these quarries, but had to be removed to obtain the sandstone.

Boulder-clay is also used at a brick-works near Carfin Colliery. About 12 feet were here exposed at the time of the revision. The beise was brownish-grey in colour, which gradually changed to a mottled pale grey, or pink, nearer the surface. This clay is freed from the larger boulders, then ground in a pug-mill, with blaes from the adjacent pit, to make composition brick.

An interlamination of the boulder-clay with beds of sand, gravel, and brick-clay, is a very common feature in the western and central parts of this district. It was at one time well seen, for instance, in a railway cutting to the north of Bellshill. The diflSculty of mapping this type of surface deposits can be readily imagined. Much of the " boulder-clay " shown in the published maps of Lanark 11 is really of this composite nature.

132 Superficial Deposits,

Sands, gravels, and brick-clays, overlying the boulder-clay. — These deposits often reach a considerable thickness. They extend in a vertical direction to more than 200 feet above sea-level, and on the north side of the Clyde form a fairly constant capping to the boulderclay up to about this contour. On the southern side the covering appears to be less regular, and has not always been mapped.

A brick-clay belonging to this series is being used for brickmaking at Bothwell Park Quarry. It is about 20 feet in thickness, and rests upon about 20 feet of boulder clay, which is mixed with sand and gravel. The brick-clay also occurs in a cutting on the Hamilton Palace Colliery Eailway, about half a mile to the south of the quarry referred to. A good natural section of the same material is visible on the north-east bank of the Clyde, about half a mile south-east of Hamilton Palace Colliery. At least 20 feet of the laminated clay rests on dark grey boulder clay, which overlies a laminated clay in one part of the section. The upper clay extends from the river bank almost as far as Motherwell, being indicated, for instance, by the absence of stones at the surface near Low Motherwell Farm.

There is also evidence of its occurrence on the opposite side of the river. At No. 1 Pit, Whistleberry, the surface deposits read as

Fms.

follows: —

Ft.

In.

Surface

Soil and yellow clay .

Fine muddy clay

Red sandy clay and stones

Rock-head

The second ai;id third items are no doubt the clay under discussion. There were former clay pits in this material at the old Birdsfield Tile Works (half a mile west of Greenfield), near Stonefield, and to the west of Caldergrove. A good section of laminated clay was formerly exposed at the top of the quarry attached to the Hallside Terra Cotta Works (see pp. 42 and 129). The material here rests on boulder clay, with which, near its base, it is somewhat mixed. There is thus, in all probability, a fairly wide spread of brick-clay between Uddingston and Motherwell, and on the south side of the river between Hallside and Hamilton. The covering is not likely, however, to be very regular, nor has it been ascertained whether, on a large scale, the material is suitable for brick-making.

Farther to the west there is a belt of moundy ground, in which the capping of the boulder-clay consists more generally of sand and gravel. This can be traced, from Broomhouse and Daldowie, southwards by Eedlawood and Hallside, as far as the flanks of Dechmont Hill, near Flemington Farm. Several deep cuttings have been made through it, and show the base of the sand and gravel to be often water-bearing, with a consequent tendency to the production of slip. The sand was dug in an old pit rather more than a quarter of a mile north-east, and in another just south, of East Hallside. In the former it is mixed with fine partings of red clay.

Another important spread of sand and gravel extends along the south side of the Clyde alluvium, from Hamilton to a point about a mile to the north of Larkhall. The lower part of the town of Hamilton is built on these deposits, which are rather extensively

Oladal Brick-Clays, 133

wrought at the Deer Park or Femiegair sand pit, a mile or so to the south-east. The quarried face is at one point 50 feet in depth, and the material includes both fine and sharp sand, with some thin beds of clay, and pockets of gravel. A rather persistent bed of coarse gravel runs round the top of the quarry, and forms perhaps the remains of a greater thickness of sediment, from which the finer material has been leached by atmospheric erosion. The gravel is used for concrete, and the sharper part of the sand is largely employed for pig-beds for blast furnaces. The material was formerly much used as a building sand, and is now used for moulding, for plaster, for bowling-greens and gardens, and for sanding the rails of tramways and railways. Xhe extent of the deposit is large enough to allow of considerable further development. The clay beds are spread over the floor of abandoned parts of the quarry, which can then be used for allotments. The total thickness of sand has not here been tested. At Ferniegair Colliery it does not amount to 60 feet.

Buried Channels of the Clyde and Avon, — An exceptional thickness of surface deposits occurs at Eoss Colliery, where nearly 19 fathoms of " mud and sand " overlie 2 fathoms of boulder-clay, which rests in turn on the solid rock. Large thicknesses of similar materials extend from this point in a continuous belt, over half a mile in width, which borders the River Clyde for some miles to the south-east. These were quite possibly laid down at the same period as the sands, gravels, and brick -clays described under the last heading, but they may with little doubt be regarded as filling an old hollow, which was formed, in. the first place, by the erosion of the river. The narrower channels already dealt with are mainly filled with sand which is earlier than the boulder-clay. In |he Clyde channel, on the other hand, boulderclay, where it has been recorded, is usually the lowest item. This is the case at Koss Colliery, and also to some extent in the Govan and Renfrew district, described in another section of this Memoir. It appears in fact as if any sandy deposits, which were earlier than the latest glaciation, had in this case been in the main removed by subglacial erosion. We might not inconsistently expect to find such deposits in the narrower valleys whose steeper sides would no doubt protect them.2 It seems likely also that subglacial erosion may have somewhat deepened and modified the form of the pre-existing Clyde valley. The latter can, for instance, be traced from Clydebank to Cambuslang, and from near Hamilton Palace Colliery, in a southeasterly direction, to beyond the limits of the present area. It attains a depth of 11 feet below sea-level as far up the river as Upper Carbarns. But between Bothwell and Cambuslang it has not yet been traced, and it seems unlikely that it can everywhere descend to sea -level. This peculiarity can be partly explained if we suppose the stretch above Hamilton to have been glacially over-deepened. Near Upper Carbarns the southern slope of the old valley can be ascertained by comparing the depth at which rock has been met with in numerous bores. Its gradient was here fairly steep.

1 " Econ. Geol. Central Coalfield, Area IV." (Mem. Geol. Surv.)y in the press. Cf. James Qeikie, '' The Great Ice Age," 1894, pp. 108, 109.

134 Superficial Deposits,

The present course of the Clyde is often near, but not usually directly above, the deepest part of its buried channel. It is outside the channel altogether (to the north-east) at Camp Railway Viaduct, where rock appears on the river bank.

Round Merryton and AUanton Collieries there is evidence of a similar, but tributary, channel. This must have been formed by a stream which drained somewhat the same area as the present river Avon. The depth of its base from the present surface is not less than 173 feet at a point to the south of Merryton. In sinking one of the shafts of AUanton Colliery the mud, clay, and gravel filling the channel were found to rest on a bed of coarse blocks and rubble, so loosely compacted that an arm could be thrust between. This rested directly on solid rock.

Deposits of 100-foot Terrace or Raised Beach.

These deposits consist largely of workable brick-clays to the west of Rutherglen. Disused clay-pits occur near Mount Florida, and at a number of points between this and Polmadie, as well as farther east. The material is still being worked by Messrs. J. Paterson and Son, Ltd., in a pit near Polmadie Road. Ten feet of sand and sandy clay are here exposed resting on 20 feet of purer clay, improving in quality downwards. The clay was worked to a depth of 70 feet in a pit not far to the north. It is mixed with the more sandy material of the surface layers, and with a little ash, for the making of wire-cut brick.

East of Rutherglen the clay appears either to change laterally into sand, or to become covered by that material. A bore near Stonelaw Colliery gave : —

Fms. Ft. In. Sand . . . ..646

Laminated mud . . .900

Sandstone

A sand-pit was at one time wrought to the north-east of Cambuslang, a short distance above the 50-foot contour, while at the adjacent Westburn Colliery the rock-covering consists entirely of sand and gravel. In the circumstances the actual presence of 100-foot beach deposits so far up the Clyde valley must remain an open question, but even if present they do not likely contain any workable brick-clay.

Recent Deposits.

Alluvium. — The Clyde alluvium in this district is on the whole a sandy deposit, but river alluvia seldom contain sand of sufficient purity to be useful for industrial purposes.

Peat. — Perhaps the greatest thickness of this deposit occurs in the Greenhead Moss, to the south of Cambusnethan. Bores show that the moss is sometimes as much as 26 feet in depth, and the lateral extent is about a quarter of a square mile. There is another extensive peat moss to the north-west of Newmains, and several occur in Lanark 12 N.E. None of them, so far as is known, has been used except locally for fuel,

C. T. c, ?:. M. A., c. H. p.

Appendix.

Glossaey Of Scottish Mining Terms Used In

This Memoir.

Definitions marked with an asterisk are taken from A Glossary of Scotch Mining Terms/' by James Barrowman, 1886.

Bastard. — Impure, e.g. bastard fireclay, impure fireclay.

J5ZacA.— Coaly blaes.

Blaes. — Mudstone, or shale in the geological sense, not containing much bituminous matter.

Blanks. — A term applied in the Cleland district to a layer of hard blaes coming between the Virtuewell Coal and the overlying oil-shale.

Blind Bore. — A bore put down from an underground working.

Bonnets. — Qas coal or shale overlying and sometimes worked along with a coal seam.

Brushing. — Strata above or below a worked seam taken out in making the roads.

Calmy Limestone. — Argillaceous limestone.

Composition Brick. — Brick made from ground blaes or fireclay of inferior quality. Often there is an admixture of some surface-clay, and occasionally the name is applied to a brick made entirely from boulder- clay.

Craw Coal. — Inferior coal.

Daugh. — Soft coaly fireclay, when found above, below, or as a parting in a coal seam.

Doggers, Doggar, DoagaH, or Dugger. — Irregularly shaped nodules or concretions. Sometimes uaed for inferior ironstone.

Dyke. — A "whinstone dyke" is a dyke, in the geological sense, consisting of igneous rock. Otherwise the term dyke is applied to a large fault. See however under " Sand Dyke."

Fakes. — Thin-bedded argillaceous sandstone, or sandy mudstone.

Float. — A sill or sheet of igneous rock, either horizontal or inclined more or less in accordance with the bedding.

Free Coal. — Coal with a bright lustre and cubical fracture, as opposed to Splint or Gas Coal.

Qaw. — A dyke of igneous rock.

Hitch.— A fault, and more especially a small fault.

Holing. — The excavation of a thin layer of soft material beneath, above, or in the centre of a coal seam, as a preliminary to working it ; or the layer so excavated.

136 Glossary.

Ingoing Eye or Ingaun Ee. — The mouth of a drift or mine from the surface.

Kingle. — Very hard sandstone, either siliceous or cemented by carbonates.

Lipey, — Intersected by ghized joint faces.

hunker. — A hardened lenticular mass of sandstone cemented by carbonates, or a big nodule, e.g. of clay band.

Mine. — A drift either from the surface (Ingoing Eye or Day Level) or from underground workings (Cross-cut, Stone Mine) ; not a pit.

Mussels. — Fossil bivalve remains, usually of species of Garbonicola, but Naiadites and Anthracomya are sometimes so referred to.

Musselhand. — An ironstone or blaes crowded with " mussels."

Parrot Goal. — A term for gas coal, often but not always restricted to such as is of inferior quality. The name has probably been derived from the crackling noise made by this type of coal in Durnipg.

Pavement — The layer immediately underlying a coal or other workable seam.

Plies. — Rapid alternations of strata of differing character.

Pugs. — A stratum of hard coal in a free coal seam, e.g. in the Main Coal seam

of Lanarkshire.

Rock. — Hard sandstone.

Roof. — The layer immediately overlying a coal or other workable seam.

iiand Dyke. — A narrow preglacial or interglacial channel filled with sand, such as sometimes interrupts the workings of a shallow coal seam.

Sclit. — Coaly blaes or slaty coal.

Shale. — In Scottish mining parlance used only for bituminous or oil shale.

Shaly Blaes. — Bituminous blaes, not so rich as to be termed " shale."

SkUyhand Ironstone. — A fissile ironstone consisting of alternating clayband and blackband laminse.

Splint Goal. — Hard coal with a dull lustre, which does not cake or break up in a furnace.

Stoop. — A broad pillar of coal or any other mineral left in to support the roof of a working.

Stoop and Room. — A system of working a seam by a network of galleries, separated by broad pillars or stoops.

Tirring. — The covering of useless material overlying the worked rock in a quarry.

WTiin or JVhinstone. — A term largely applied to hard igneous rock, though used also for other hard material.

Wild Goal or Wild Parrot. — Inferior coal or gas coal respectively.

Index.

Airdrie Blackband Coal, 56, 77.

Ironstone, 77.

Allanshaw Colliery, 93, 98. Allanton Colliery, 89, 97, 134. Alluvium, 134.

Analyses, 13, 22, 61, 73, 74, 75, 125, 128. Armadale Coal Group, 5, 105. Auchinlea Quarries, 124, 131.

Sandstone, 77.

Avon, Buried channel of, 102, 133.

Bridge Fault, 102.

Gorge, 100.

Avonbrae Coal Group, 100.

Bailliesmuir Pit, 73. Baird & Co. Ltd., Wm., 21. Balmoral Coal, 6, 20, 21, 72. See also

Mill Coal. Bankhead, 16, 17, 18. Bannockburn Main Coal, 10, 11. Barncluith, 94, 97, 101.

Coal Group, 101.

Barren Measures, 3, 5, 18, 19, 20, 41,

67, 100. Barrowman, J., 18. Bel haven Colliery, 53, 61. Bellshill Colliery, 33, 34. Bellside Ironstone, 76, 110. Bent Colliery, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97,

Biggins Farmyard bore, 48, 49, 56. Birniehill, 13. Black Metals, 8, 11. Blackband Coal, 5, 17, 20, 21, 27, 56,

93, 112.

Ironstone, 65, 76, 77, 81, 110.

Blantyre, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37,

Blantyreferme, 34.

Colliery, 35, 38, 39.

Bog Colliery, 89. Bogfield Colliery, 26. Bogleshole Pit, 21, 25, 38. Bothwell, 25.

Castle Colliery, 31, 33, 41.

district, 19-45.

Fault, 43, 44.

Park Colliery, 28.

Park Quarries, 125.

Boulder-clay, 131. Bowhousebog Coal, 13. Braidhurst Fault, 69.

Bredisholm Colliery, 22, 24, 26, 27, 32,

39, 42.

Quarry, 128.

Brick-clay, 132, 134.

Brick-making, 8, 13, 42, 56, 107, 131,

" Brockbill Ihrke," 102. Broombouse Colliery, 21, 23. Buried channels, 70, 83, 102, 122, 130,

Bumlip, 10. "Burnt" Coal, 29, 31, 32, 35, 120, 121.

Cadzow Colliery, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94,

95, 96, 98. Calcareous Coal, 29, 32, 120. Calciferous Sandstone Series, 3, 7. Calderbank Colliery, 21. Calmy Limestone, 9, 11. Cambuslang, 7, 30, 36.

Marble, 18, 36, 98.

Cambusnethan, 11, 14, 119, 122. Camp Colliery, 112. Carbarns, 109, 113, 114. Carhonicola, 17, 18.

aquilina, 36.

Carboniferous Limestone Series, 3, 7-11. Carfin, 56.

Colliery, 55, 59, 132.

Carmyle, 21, 38, 43. Castlecary Limestone, 13. Castlehill, 115, 118.

Orchard, 119.

Castlemilk, 8.

Cathkin Hills, 3, 7.

Cement Limestone, 12, 14.

Chatelherault Sandstone, 101.

Clark, Dr. J., 128.

Clayband Ironstone, 8, 54, 55, 77, 111,

Clefted Coal. See Balmoral Coal. Cleland Colliery, 77, 78.

district, 70-85.

Eoughband Ironstone, 26, 54, 77,

93, 112.

Townhead, 78, 80.

Clyde, Buried channel of, 102, 134.

River, 120.

Ironworks Colliery, 21, 26, 38.

Clydesdale Colliery, 116, 121. Clydeside Oolliery, 23, 26. Coal Measures, 3, 15-123. Cocksburn Reservoir, 7.

Index.

Coltness Iron Works, 114. Composition brick, 8, 131. Corby Craig, 67. Coursington Colliery 48, 55. Craig, G., 124. Craig, J., 5.

Craighead Colliery, 20, 23, 24. Crofthead Coal, 72.

Slatyband Ironstone, 16.

Crossbill, 16. Crutberland Coals, 8, 11,

Dalzell Colliery, 48, 55, 109, 112,

114, 118. Dechmont Fault, 4, 7, 8, 20, 43, 44,

Hill, 7.

Derhya, 12.

Dike-end, 8.

Dixon Ltd., Wm., 13, 18.

Dolerite sills, 8, 82.

Douglas Park Colliery, 23, 27, 32, 37.

Dron, R. W., 5, 30, 32, 60, 70, 120, 121.

Drumgray Coal Group, 87.

Dykes, sand, 70.

wbinstone, 44, 70.

Earnock Colliery, 91.

Earnockmuir, 9.

East Parkbead Colliery, 22, 23, 27, 37.

Eastfield Quarry, 18, 127.

Eddlewood, 91, 95, 98.

Edmondia punctatdla 11.

Ell Coal, 5, 18, 20, 36, 62, 81, 98, 117.

Fairhill, 96.

Farme Colliery, 16, 18.

Faults, 4, 19, 43, 68, 82, 102, 122.

Femiegair, 96, 97.

Fireclay, 13, 56, 107.

Craw Coal, 10.

Fisbescoats Colliery, 17. " Floats," 8, 80, 82. Foot Main Coal, 17. Foul Hosie Liuiestone, 8. Foulsykes, 76.

Galena, 12.

Garrion Burn, 111, 115, 119.

Garriongill Colliery, 109.

Gartsberrie 10.

Gateside, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 39.

Geikie, Prof. J., 133.

Glacial deposits, 130.

Glasgow Colliery Co., 34.

Glencleland Colliery, 79.

Glossary of Scottish Mining terms, 135-

Goodockbill Slatyband Ironstone, 12. Govan Blackband Ironstone, 8.

Colliery, 13, 16, 17.

Gravel, 130, 132, 133. Green Colliery, 116.

Greenffairs, 29.

Greenfield Colliery, 27, 32, 34.

Greenbead Moss, 108.

Greenbill Colliery, 76, 76.

Greenleesbill, 7.

Greenside, 78.

Grobbart, Dr., 12, 76.

Hallbide Colliery, 19, 30, 36, 38, 43.

Terra Cotta Works, 42, 129.

Hamilton, 86, 101, 132.

district, 85-103.

Palace Colliery, 26, 31, 34, 36,

37, 38, 40, 41.

Sandstone, 101, 128.

Haresbaw Fireclay, 13. Harestonbills 108.

Fault, 122.

Hattonrigg, 52, 58.

Haugbbead, 22, 26, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.

Fault, 43.

Heathery Coal Pit, 111. Herdshill Colliery, 107, 111. High Blantyre, 7, 8, 40.

Crossbill, 17.

Higblees, 99.

Hirst Coal, 9, 10.

Hogg Fence Ironstones, 10, 11.

Holmbills Farm, 30, 33.

Holytown Colliery, 53, 54, 63, 69.

Home Farm Colliery, 92, 95, 96, 97.

Hosie Limestones, 10.

Housebill Clayband Ironstones, 8.

Howmuir Pit, 76, 80.

Humph Coal, 18, 33, 34, 60, 79, 95,

Hundred-foot terrace, 134. Hurlet Limestone, 8.

Index Limestone, 8, 9, 11. Intrusive dolerite, 8, 80, 82. Ironstones, 8, 10, 12, 54, 65, 76, 77, 81, 110, 111, 112.

Jersey Bridge bore. See Moirbouse

bore. Jewel Coal, 10.

Kenmuir Colliery, 23, 30. Kenmuirbill, 24, 26, 29, 34, 38. Kennelbum Ironstone, 52. Kilsyth Coking Coal, 8, 10, 11. Kiltongue Coal, 15, 16, 17, 24, 50, 52,

75, 87, 88, 91, 108. Musselband Shale and Ironstone,

17, 53, 75, 91, 110. Kingsbaw Limestones, 10. Kirk Bum, 35, 36. Kirkbum Quarries, 34, 126. Knownoblebill, 77.

Lady Emily Pit, 117. Ladygrange Coal, 17, 26, 54, 76,

Index,

Ladymorton Coal, 10. Lauchope, 49, 52. Law Colliery, 109. Legbrannock Burn, 57, 81.

Colliery, 50.

Lesmahagow Gas Coal, 11. Letterick, 40.

Limestone Coal Group, 3, 7-11. Lingula 14, 66. Logans Bands, 8.

Lower Drumgray Coal, 5, 20, 21, 23, 48, 73, 83, 88, 89, 106.

Garscadden Ironstone, 8.

Limestone Group, 3, 7, 8, 10.

Macculloch, J., 5.

Macgregor, M., 109.

M'QuBBN, D., 61, 73, 74, 75.

Main Coal, 5, 18, 34, 61, 80, 96, 115.

Limestone, 8.

Maps, Styles of, 1.

Marble, Cambuslang, 18, 36.

Marl, 41, 42.

Meadowhead Pit, 79.

Meiklehill Main Coal, 11.

Merry town Colliery, 94, 99.

Mid Drumgray Coal, 73, 90, 107.

Middle Johnston Colliery, 55.

Mill Coal, 87, 105. See also Balmoral

Coal. Miller, J., 64. Miller, J.-D., 22. Millstone Grit, 3, 4, 11-14, 126. Milnwood Colliery, 47, 49, 56, 59, 64. Mining history, 5. Mining terms, 135-136. Moss Pit, 117. Mossdale Coal, 39. Mossend district, 46-70. Motherwell, 47, 66.

Colliery, 49, 53, 59, 69.

district, 46-70.

Muirhouse Bore, 9, 11, 12, 13. Murdostoun Colliery, 73, 75. Murdostoun House, 73. Musselband Coal, 17, 29, 57, 79, 113. Ironstone, 57.

Neilsland Colliery, 90, 93. Nether Johnston Colliery, 55. " New Ironstone," 8. New Stevenston Fault, 69. Newarthill, 5, 77.

district, 70-84.

Newhouse Bore, 72. Newton Colliery, 23, 25, 29. NicoL, J., 5. North Calder Water, 42, 43.

Motherwell Colliery, 32, 59, 61,

62, 65. Motherwell Fault, 69.

Oil, Distillation of, 32, 54,

Oil shale, 17, 26, 53, 64, 75, 77, 92,

110, 111. Orbiston Colliery, 27, 31. Orchard Limestone, 9. Orion Pit, 33, 39. Output of coal, 5. Over Johnston Colliery, 55. Overton, 115, 116, 119.

Fault, 122.

Palacbcraig Blackband Ironstone,

Parkhead Colliery, 57, 60, 111, 112,

114, 117. Parkneuk Colliery, 62. Pather Colliery, 119. Pabtick, Rev. W., 6. Peat, 134. Pickerstonhill, 81. Possil Series, 8. Pyotshaw Coal, 34, 35, 61, 62, 80, 97,

Quarries, Sandstone, 12, 18, 34, 42,

, Whinstone, 7, 83.

Raised beach deposits, 134.

Ravens craig Gorge, 82.

Red Barren Measures, 3, 5, 18, 19, 20,

41, 67, 100. Reserves of Coal, 28, 44, 102, 122. Road Metal, 7. Rosebank Bridge, 33, 39, 43. Rosehall Bridge, 43.

Colliery, 22, 26, 32, 37.

Ross Colliery, 89, 93. Rutherglen, 8, 18.

district, 15-19.

Roughband Ironstone, 26, 54, 77, 93,

Salter, J. W., 12. Sand, 130, 132-134.

dykes, 70

Sandstone quarries, 12, 18, 34, 42,

Scott, A., 125.

Shale, 17, 25, 53, 54, 75, 77, 92, 110, 112. Shieldmuir, Colliery, 111, 114, 116 Shields Colliery, 107, 108, 109, 111,

114, 117. Shirrel Bum, 64, 66. Shotts Gas Coal, 48, 72, 106. Sills, 8, 80, 82. Skipsey's Marine Band, 3, 18, 20, 42,

47, 65, 66, 99, 100, 119, 120. Slatyband Ironstone, 12, 71. Smellie, W. R., 125. Smithy Coal, 106. Sourmilk Coal, 17. Spindleside Pits, 76.

Index,

Splint Coal, 3, 5, 8, 17, 20, 29, 32, 79,

94, 113.

Main Coal, 17.

South Calder Water, 41, 66, 67, 73,

77, 80, 82, 127. Stonecraigs, 111, 115, 117. Stonelaw Quarry, 18. Sunny side, 116. Superficial deposits, 130. Swinhill Colliery, 18.

Tait, D., 66.

Tannochside Colliery, 22, 23. 24, 26,

27, 28, 32, 36, 39, 40, 41. Tatlock & Thomson, Mbssrs. R. R., 13. Temple Gill, 131. Thankerton, 56, 63. Thornlie Collieryr, 114, 118. Tillan Burn, 9, 71, 74, 75. Tower Coal, 10. Townhead, 68, 59.

(Cleland), 78, 80.

Tunnel Fault, 68. Turnlaw Reservoir, 7.

Uddingston, 44.

Basin, 4, 9, 43.

District, 19-45.

Udston Colliery, 89, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98. Under Kiltongne Coal, 23. United Collieries Ltd., 55. Unthank Farm bore, 51, 55, 58, 60, 64. Upper Coal, 39, 64, 81, 99, 119.

Upper Ell Coal, 18, 64, 81, 99.

Drumgray Coal, 16, 23, 60, 74,

90, 108.

Limestone Group, 3, 7-11.

Urb, D., 36.

ViBWPARK Colliery, 31, 34, 35, 38, 42. Virgin Coal, 17, 20, 29, 32, 58, 79, 94,

Virtuewell Coal, 17,20,26,76,84,92, 110.

Wandering Coal, 39. " Wants," 18, 32, 63, 59, 83. Water supply, 7. Waterloo, 116, 118. Wee Post Limestone, 8. Wellshot Colliery, 16. West Quarries, 18. Westburn Colliery, 30. Westfield bore, 67. Whinstone sills. 8, 80, 83. dykes, 44, 70.

auarries, 7, 83. eberry Colliery, 25, 27, 32, 34, 35, 37, 40, 132.

Fault, 43, 44.

Whitlawburn, 45. Wilsontown Main Coal, 10. Wishaw, 3, 103, 114, 118.

district, 103-123.

Quarry bore, 107.

Woodhall Colliery, 49, 62, 54, 60, 63. Estate bore, 11.

asoLoaioAL survey of Scotland.

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published.

Revisedi not (2nded.) published.

9S.E. 8 9 3 9 S.E. Revised, not

(2nd ed.) published. 10 N.W. 8 3 ♦10 N.W. Revised, not

(2nd ed.) published. 10S.W. 8 9 3 9 ♦10 S.W. Revised, not (2nd ed.) published.

11 N.E.

♦11 S.E. ♦12 N.W. 12 N.E. ♦12S.W.

♦7 N.E. ♦7S.E. ♦8 N.E. ♦8 S.W. ♦8 S.E. 9 N.W. ♦11 N.E.

*11 S.E. ♦12 N.W. 12 N.E. 12 S.W.

12 S.E. 18 N.W.

18 N.E.

18 S.W. ♦13 S.E.

14 S.E. ♦15 N.W.

16 N.E.

15 S.W. 15 S.E.

♦16 N.W. ♦16 N.B.

Dumbarton 23 S.W.

28S.E. 25 N.E.

Revised, not published.

Revised, uot published.

yet

yet

yet

yet

yet

yet

It )i

a

it

Included in Dumbarton 25 N.E.

Revised, not yet published.

4 8 4 ' 3 16 Revised, not yet

published. 4 3 4 3 16 Included in Lanark

6 S.W. and 10

N.W. Included in Lanark

10 N.E. 4 3 4 3 16 Revised, not yet

published. Included in Ayr 8

N.W. Revised, not yet

published. Partly included in

Ayr 9 N.W. Included in Ayr 8

N.W. Included in Ayr 8

N.B. and 9 N.W. Revised, not yet

published. Revised, not yet

published.

Revbed, not yet

published.

8 9 3 9 16

4 3 4 3 16

Ayr

♦7 S.E.

♦8 N.W.

♦8 N.E.

♦8 S.E.

♦9 N.W. ♦11 N.W. ♦11 N.E. ♦11 S.W. ♦11 S.E. ♦12 N.W. ♦12 S.W. ♦16 N.W. & S.W. ♦16 N.E. ♦16 S.E. ♦17 N.W. ♦17 S.W. 18 N. W, ♦18 S.W. ♦18 S.E. ♦22 N.W. 22 N.E. ♦23 N.W. ♦24 N.W.

Hand Coloured. ITn-

Solid. Drift, cold.

B. d. s. d. s. -d.

. Revised, not yet

published.

Edinburgh

ti tt

If It

n

lBS.E.i

1S.B. 2

8 N.W. 3 9

3 N.E. 4 3

3 S.W. 3 9

3 S.E. 4 3

4 N.W. 3 9 4 N.E. 2 3 4S.W. 4 3

4 S.E. 4 3 4As.W. 2 3

5 N.E. 3 5 S.E. 4 3

7 N.E. 4 3 7S.E. 4 3

8 N.W. 4 3 8 N.E. 4 3 8S.W. 6 3

8 S.E. 4 3

9 N.W. & 3

Haddington 14 N.W.

9 S.W. & 3 Haddington 14 S.W.

9 S.E. *10 N.E.

Revised,

uot

published.

[ 6

yet

10 S.W. 10 S.E.

11 N.W. 3 2 3 11S.W. 3 9 3

12 S.E. 3 9 4 3

13 N.W. 5 5 13 N.E. 4 3 4 3 13 S.W. 4 3 4 3

13 S.E. 3 9 4 3

14 N.W. 4 3 4 3 14 N.E. 4 3 4 3 14S.W. 4 3 4 3 14S.E. 4 3 4 3 16 N.W. 4 3 9 3 9

Haddington 18 N.W. 16 N.W. Included in Lanark

13 S.E. and 14 S.W.

16 N.E. Included in Lanark

14 S.W.

Copies can be supplied in manuscript.

Geological Survey of Scotland.

Edinburgh

Haddington

Hand Coloured.

Un-

Hand Coloured. Un-

SoUd. Drift.

cold.

Solid. Drift, cold.

s. d. s. d.

s. d.

s. d. 8. d. 8. d.

18 N.E.

Haddington 14 N.W.

See Edinburgh 9

19 N.W.

N.W.

19 N.E.

14 N.E.

4S.W.

1 9 —

14 S.W.

See Edinburgh 9

4S.E.

S.W.

9 N.W.

14 S.E.

See Edinburgh 9

9 N.E.

S.E.

9S.W.

See Edinburgh 4a

18 N.W.

See Edinburgh

S.W.

16 N.W.

9S.E.

Vertical Sections.

On scale of 1 in. =40 ft. Price Is. 8d. each.

1. Eidinburffhshire and Haddingtonshire Coalfields (1863). lA. Midlothian Coal Basin (middle portion) (1909).

IB. ,, ,, (western side) (1909).

IC. ,, ,f (western side) (1909).

ID. „ „ (eastern side) (1909).

IE. East Lothian Coal Basin (1909).

2. Fifeshire Coalfields (1889). 2A. „ „ (1904).

3. Kilmarnock and Hurlford Coalfield (1870).

4. Clyde Basin Coalfields (1874).

5. Stirlingshire and Clackmannanshire Coalfields (1877).

6. Muirkirk, Q-lenbnck, Lesmahagow, Douglas and Ponfeigh Coalfields (1879).

7. Clyde Valley Coalfield between Rutherglen and Carluke (1879).

For further particulars see List of Memoirs, Maps, Sections, etc., published by the Geological Surveys of Great Britain and Irel-and, to be obtained from the Ordnance Survey or from Agents for the sale of Ordnance maps. Price 6d.

Yc 18822